LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. OIKT OK erf. a Received fOM-. Accession No. o -Z Q. 3 ..*?. - Class No. of RULKS OP THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE AND COURSES OR STUDY MAY 1, 1899 CAMBRIDGE. MASS. : PRESS OF CAUSTIC & CLAFLIN, 26-28 BRATTLE STREET. of RULKS OF THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE MAY 1, 1899 CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: PRESS OF CAUSTIC & CLAFLIN, 26-28 BRATTLE STREET. RULES OF THE SCHOOL COMMITTEE CHAPTER I. Organization. SECTION 1. A meeting of the Board of School Com- First Meeting, mittee shall be called by the secretary during the first week of each municipal year. SECT. 2. At the first meeting of the year : A president shall be elected by ballot for the ensuing President. & 3, 11, 12, is. year. A secretary and a page shall be elected by ballot and Secretary, their salaries fixed. They shall hold office until their 3, 13. successors are chosen. The standing committees shall be appointed as follows : standing Committees. Committees of five, one from each ward : L^PilV* 1 O", TCO, 4*7, OUj On Teachers; Text-books; Schoolhouses ; High Schools ; 118) 119 ' Training School ; Kindergarieus^ , Evening Schools ; Special Studies. Committees of three members each : On Rules ; Finance ; Supplies ; Hygiene. Ward committees consisting of the members from each ward. Also the estimates for the current financial year as sub- Estimates. 25. mitted by the committee on finance shall be considered. CHAPTER II. Rules Governing Meetings. SECTION 3. Regular meetings of the Board shall be Meetings, held monthly at such times as shall be determined by vote. Special meetings of the Board may be called by direction of the mayor, or, in his absence from the city, of the president, and shall be called by the secretary upon the written request of three or more members of the Board. A notice stating the object of such meeting shall be sent to each member at least forty-eight hours previous to the meeting. 4 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Order of SECT. 4. The order of business shall be as follows : Business. 1. Approval of the records of the last meeting. 2. Communications from his Honor the Mayor, the City Coun- cil, or other city officers. 3. Nominations of teachers and other communications from the superintendent. 4. Reports of committees. 5. Unfinished business of previous meetings. 6. Orders, resolutions, petitions, etc. Quorum. SECT. 5. Eight members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but a less num- ber may adjourn to a definite date. Suspension of SECT. 6. The consent of three-fourths of the members present at any meeting shall be requisite for the suspen- sion of any of these rules. Amendment of SECT. 7. Any amendment of these rules shall be pro- Ttiilp^ 24. posed in writing and referred to the committee on rules, who shall report thereon in writing at the next regular meeting ; and a vote in favor of the proposed amendment of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary for adoption. Expenditure SECT. 8. A yea and nay vote shall be taken on all of Money. . . J J 25,26,27,39. orders authorizing the expenditure of money and on all orders increasing salaries. Action on SECT. 9. No nomination, except of candidates for Nominations. . 20, 21,33-37. re-election and of principals of evening schools, shall be acted upon before the next regular meeting succeeding that at which it is made. Vacancy in SECT. 10. When a vacancy occurs in the school corn- School Com- mittee, mittee, a committee of three members shall be appointed to confer with a committee of the board of aldermen, and they shall, one week before the time appointed for the convention, report to the members of both Boards, the names of one or more candidates for election to fill the vacancy. CHAPTER III. Duties of Officers and Committees. Chairman^ SECTION 11. The mayor, as chairman ex officio, or in ' his absence the president shall preside at the meetings of the Board. RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 5 SECT. 12. All committees shall be nominated by the Committees presiding officer unless otherwise ordered by the Board. 2< SECT. 13. The secretary shall notify in writing the Secretary.^ members of the Board of all meetings ; call special meet- ings of the Board when requested to do so by the mayor, by the president, or by three or more members of the Board ; attend the meetings of the Board ; record its votes, orders, and proceedings in a permanent record book ; report the same in some paper* printed in Cambridge ; and send a copy of this report to each member of the Board and to the principal of each school ; notify each member of every committee of his appointment, stating the names of the other members of the committee ; preserve files of communications and documents belonging to the Board ; furnish all teachers appointed by the Board with certifi- cates of their qualifications ; prepare the school returns required by the statutes ; act as secretary of all standing committees if so requested by them ; and perform such other duties as pertain to the office of secretary. SECT. 14. The committee on teachers shall consider Commmee on all nominations made by the superintendent for the posi- f/'^ ' 33) 34t tions specified in section thirty- three. They shall confer with the superintendent, consider the reports of the ex- aminers deputed by him, make further inquiry at discre- tion, and report to the Board for final action. SECT. 15. Any nomination referred to the committee Nomination LiHpses. on teachers shall lapse at the expiration of four months, 33 34 - not counting the summer vacation. A person who has failed of confirmation shall not be nominated to a similar position within two years, except on the approval of this committee. SECT. 16. This committee shall consider all recom- Promotions of mendations for promotion of teachers made by the super- 3S - intendent ; make such inquiry as seems best, and report to the Board for final action. SECT. 17. This committee shall inquire and report to Success of , -r, , . . . - * Teachers, the Board in executive session, as to the success ol any4i,67. teacher in the employment of the city, when so requested by any member of the Board or by the superintendent ; 6 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. and no teacher whose success is under inquiry shall re- ceive the regular increase of salary, except on the recom- mendation of this committee. Committee on SECT. 18. The committee on text-books shall report Text-Books. . 2, 19, 30, 43. to tne Board on all proposals involving changes in text- books. This committee shall examine the reports on text-books made by the superintendent and the persons de- puted by him, and make such further inquiry as they may deem needful. No change in text-books shall be made, and no text-book shall be adopted, except by a two-thirds vote of the Board, after notice has been given at a previous meeting. Books for SECT. 19. Whenever the committee on text-books Examination. 13, is. recommend the introduction of a text-book, the secretary shall request the author or publisher of the book to furnish each member of the Board with a copy thereof for exami- nation ; provided that the committee on text-books may at their discretion waive this requirement and request the author or publisher to deposit at the office of the super- intendent such number of copies as may be necessary for examination by members of the Board. Committee on SECT. 20. The committee on schoolhouses shall con- Schoolhouses. . . . 2, so. sider every matter relating to the erection or alteration of a schoolhouse that may be referred to them by the Board, and shall report in writing such recommendations in each case as they may deem expedient. They shall, from time to time, examine all the schoolhouses in the city, and annually, in the month of December, and at such other times as they may see fit, report upon the sanitary if 9?49 rs ' condition thereof. All nominations of janitors of school- houses shall be referred to this committee and the work of the janitors shall be done under their direction. offers. SECT> 21 ' TJlis committe e shall supervise the work 9,50,56-63. O f tne truant officers. Annually, at a meeting in June, and when vacancies occur, this committee shall nominate persons for election by the Board as truant officers. Various SECT. 22. The committee on high schools, training Standing Committees, school, kindergartens, and evening schools shall supervise 37, 53, 117, 118. these respective schools. RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 7 SECT. 23. The committee on special studies shall super- vise the instruction in botany, drawing, music, and sewing. e | f '3o, 33. SECT. 24. The committee on rules shall consider every Committee on J Rules. proposition to repeal or amend any rule, and report 2 > ?> so. thereon in writing at the next regular meeting of the Board, giving the reasons for or against the proposed change. SECT. 25. The committee on finance shall examine, Cornmittee on audit, and approve all bills and pay-rolls and make a | 9 2 27 ' ^ w report to the Board of all such accounts at the next meet- ing ; and they shall submit each month a statement show- ing the appropriations, expenditures, and balances unex- pended. Annually, in the month of December, this committee shall submit in print to the Board an estimate of the amount of money required for the support of the public schools during the current financial year, and this estimate shall be considered by the Board at its first meet- ing in January. SECT. 26. This committee shall consider all proposi- JJiarfeV^ tions referred to them relating to changes in the salaries o f^ 8>39>69 ' teachers and shall report in writing at the next regular meeting such recommendations as they may deem expedient. SECT. 27. The committee on supplies shall have exclu- committee on Supplies. sive authority to direct the purchase of all text-books and 2 > 25 30 > ^ 55 - supplies and to make regulations necessary for their care. All bills for expenditures by direction of this committee shall be approved by not less than two members thereof and submitted to the committee on finance. SECT. 28. The committee on hygiene shall consider Committee on Hygiene. matters relating to the health and physical welfare of the 2 > 30 ' 33 - pupils ; and supervise the work of the director of physical training. SECT. 29. The members of the Board from each ward Committees. shall constitute the ward committee. The schools in the 2 ' 33 - several wards, which are not under the direction of a stand- ing committee, shall be under the charge of the ward com- mittee. This committee may assign the schools to the members, who shall have oversight of their respective schools, and may make such temporary arrangements 8 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. as are found necessary in cases not provided for in the rules. Annual SECT. 30. Each standing committee except the ward Reports of i T i standing committees shall make a written report to the Board in Committees. December. CHAPTER IV. Duties of the Superintendent. Election. SECTION 31. Annually, at a meeting in June, the Board shall elect a superintendent of the public schools and fix his salary. He shall enter upon his duties the first day of September following. SECT. 32. The superintendent shall have the care and 9 79 shall lie upon the table at least one month. All papers, testimonials, and other evidence bearing upon the qualifica- tions of such nominees, shall be kept on file in the office of the superintendent and shall be open to inspection by members of the Board only. SECT. 36. The superintendent shall prepare and submit ^^of^ for to the Board annually, at a meeting in June, a list of teach- ff '^f^ 011 ' ers recommended by him for re-election. SECT. 37. He shall make nominations of principals of Teachers in Evening the evening schools at the regular meeting of the Board ^hoois^ in September. Assistants in the evening schools, not to exceed one for each eight pupils, shall be appointed by the superintendent, after consultation with the com- mittee on evening schools. SECT. 38. He shall make in writing all recommenda- proni tionof leachers. tions for promotion of teachers, and these shall be referred 1(J > 26 > 79 - to the committee on teachers. SECT. 39. He shall have authority to transfer teachers Transfer of from one school to another, but he shall report all trans- ' 26 - fers to the Board at its next regular meeting. Any change of salary of teachers transferred shall be referred to the committee on finance. SECT. 40. He shall have authority to employ as many Substitutes, substitutes and temporary teachers as may be necessary to take the places of absent teachers. SECT. 41. He shall have power to suspend any teacher Suspension of J Teachers, but shall report such suspension at the next regular meet- i7 - ing of the Board. SECT. 42. He shall advise the teachers as to the best Teachers' , /. . ,, Meetings, methods oi instruction and management, and for this pur- 32, 78. pose he may hold meetings of the teachers and may dismiss their respective schools at such time as he may think best, not exceeding one day in each term. SECT. 43. All proposals for changes in text- books shall ^ be made to the superintendent. If believed by him to de- is. 10 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. serve consideration, he shall appoint two persons, one of whom shall be a teacher in the service of the city, and they and the superintendent shall examine and each make a written report on the proposed books. These reports shall be kept on file in the office of the superintendent, and shall be open to inspection by members of the Board only. Changes so considered may be recommended to the Board for adoption, when they shall be referred to the committee on text-books. Attend Meet- SECT. 44. He shall be Dresent at all meetings of the ings of the fsf' Board except while the election of the superintendent is under consideration, and may speak on all questions. Annual SECT. 45. He shall make a written report to the Board annually, giving an account of the schools and making such suggestions as he may deem advisable. Suspend SECT. 46. He shall have authority to suspend the Schools on i i ' Stormy Days, grammar and primary schools and kindergartens on stormy days, and on very stormy days, the high schools. The signal for this is five strokes of the fire-alarm repeated once. When given at 8.15 A. M., the morning session of the grammar and primary schools and kindergartens shall be omitted; when given at 12.45 p. M., during the months of November, December, and January, or at 1.15 p. M., during the other months, the afternoon session shall be omitted. When given at 7.30 A. M., there shall be no session of the high schools. CHAPTER V. Duties of the Agent. Election. SECTION 47. Annually, at a meeting in June, the Board shall elect an agent and fix his salary. The agent shall be the executive officer of the standing committees of the Board, and shall enter upon his duties on the first day of September following. 8;27 i 808i SECT. 48. Under the direction of the committee on supplies, he shall purchase, distribute, and have the care of all books, apparatus, and supplies furnished for the use of pupils, teachers, or officers of the Board ; keep account RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 11 of the same, and, annually, in the month of November, make a detailed report to this committee of all such pur- chases and distributions, and also of the stock on hand. SECT. 49. Under the direction of the committee on J| nlt jors. schoolhouses, he shall supervise and direct the work of the janitors of schoolhouses and report to the committee such matters as seem to need their consideration. He shall pre- pare and approve, on behalf of the Board, the pay-rolls and bills of the janitors. SECT. 50. Under the direction of the committee on Jj^S 91 schoolhouses, he shall consider all cases of truancy, of per- sistent violation of the rules of school, or of juvenile vagrancy ; of unlawful detention from school, or neglect by parents ; or of any failure on the part of pupils or parents to comply with the rules of the school committee or the public statutes relating to the schools. He shall certify the records of any such case when it is presented before the district court, and shall exercise such supervision of the boys who are sent by the court from Cambridge to the Middlesex county truant school as may be allowed under the statutes. He shall, on the behalf of the Board, examine and approve all bills for the expenses incurred by the city because of such children. SECT. 51. He shall direct the taking of the school cen- School Census, sus required by the public statutes and shall obtain the statistics of the private schools in the city ; the expense so incurred shall be charged to the appropriation for incidental expenses. SECT. 52. He shall have supervision of the attendance state Wards, f -, i i n r i . Non-Resident of state wards in the schools and present bills for the tuition Pupils. of these children to the state board of charity ; he shall at- tend to the collection of the tuition of non-resident pupils. SECT. 53. Under the direction of the committee onf^ 60 *^ ocnoois. evening schools, he shall supervise the organization and 22) 63 ' 123 - 131 - management of these schools. SECT. 54. Under the direction of the superintendent Discipline, of schools, he shall consider all cases of tardiness, absence, or disobedience referred to him by the superintendent. CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Bills, Pay- Rolls, etc. 25, 27, 48. Election. 9, 21. Duties. 21, 50, 75. Prosecution of Offenders. 50. Inspection of Factories, etc. Records and Reports. 21, 50. Visit Schools. SECT. 55. He shall prepare and submit to the respec- tive committees all bills, pay-rolls, estimates of expendi- tures and financial reports ; shall purchase, distribute and keep account of tickets ordered for the use of members of the Board, the officers and special teachers ; and perform such other duties as the several committees may from time to time require. Annually, in the month of November, he shall report in writing to the several committees. CHAPTER VI. Truant Officers. SECTION 56. Annually, at a meeting in June, the Board shall elect the truant officers and fix their salaries. They shall enter upon their duties on the first day of September following. SECT. 57. They shall devote all their time to the duties of their office ; shall inquire into all cases of absence, truancy, juvenile vagrancy, persistent disobedience to the rules of school, or of unlawful detention from school ; and they shall report to parents all cases of suspension from school. SECT. 58. They shall prosecute in the name of the city, when so directed by the agent, all persons violating the public statutes relating to school attendance. SECT. 59. They shall visit and inspect each month while the public schools are in session, all factories, work- shops, and mercantile establishments in their respective districts, and ascertain if there is any violation of the pub- lic statutes relating to the employment of children therein. SECT. 60. They shall keep a record of all cases of truancy and other violations of the public statutes relating to school attendance, showing the name, age, and residence of the offender, and the nature of the offence. They shall make a monthly report in writing to the agent. SECT. 61. They shall visit each school at least once a day, unless otherwise directed by the agent. They shall prevent children from loitering about the school premises to the annoyance and disturbance of the neighborhood. RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 13 SECT. 6. They shall notify the teachers of all cases Contagious / _ m -* Diseases. of contagious and infectious diseases reported by the board s-9i. of health. SECT. 63. Truant officers may be detailed by the agent fg to attend the evening schools to assist in the preservation 53 - of order. CHAPTER VII. Election and Salaries of Teachers. SECTION 64. Annually, at a meeting of the Board in Election, 9j 3i7 June, the teachers shall be elected and their salaries fixed, service to begin on the first day of September following and to continue at the pleasure of the Board for one year. SECT. 65. A person to be eligible to the position of Person* teacher in a kindergarten must have had a course in a high school, a course in a -kindergarten normal school, and must be able to play the piano ; to be eligible to a posi- tion in a primary or grammar school, he must have had a course in a high school, a course in a normal school and a year's experience in teaching ; to be eligible to a posi- tion in a high school, except in the manual training de- partment of the manual training school, he must be a col- lege graduate. Equivalent preparation may be accepted. SECT. 66. The names of teachers who are temporarily Temporary J Teachers, employed in any school shall be placed on the pay-roll and^ 25 ' 40 - the correctness of their bills certified by the superintendent^ SECT. 67. All teachers, except those in the Rindge payment of manual training school and the evening schools, shall be25 dne paid one-tenth of their annual salaries at the beginning of each month except the months of August and September. The teachers in the Rindge manual training school shall be paid one-twelfth of their annual salary at the beginning of each month. The date of regular increase of salaries Regular in- shall be the first day of September, December, or March, Salaries, whichever is nearest the time of appointment, not counting July and August, or the one of said dates fixed at the time of appointment. SECT. 68. When a teacher has been absent, a sum Deduction for equal to two-thirds of the salary of that teacher for the 72. 14 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Salary Contin- ued During Four Weeks. 25, 73. Leave of Absence. Before the Opening of the School Session. Notice of Absence and Return. Monthly Ke- turn of Ab- sence and Tardiness of Teachers. Principal to Report Ab- sence and Return. 13, 69, 81. time of such absence shall be deducted from the next pay- ment to the absentee ; but when a principal has been absent, the amount paid to the substitute shall be deducted. When a teacher has been absent and no substitute pro- vided, the superintendent may excuse such absence ; in which case no deduction shall be made from the salary. SECT. 69. One-third of the salary of a teacher shall be paid for the first four weeks of absence, but not for a longer time, unless, upon the written recommendation of the committee on finance, the Board shall vote that it be continued. SECT. 70. Any teacher who has served in the city for ten years may, on recommendation of the superintendent and vote of the Board, have leave of absence for one year for purposes of study or travel, and may receive one-third of his salary. CHAPTER VIII. Rules for the Teachers. SECTION 71. All teachers are required to be at their respective schoolrooms at least fifteen minutes before the time specified for beginning the session. All pupils when in or about their respective schoolhouses shall be subject to the rules of order for school hours. SECT. 72. When any teacher is absent from school, he shall immediately give notice of such absence and the reason therefor to the superintendent. He shall also give notice to the superintendent immediately upon his return. At the end of each month, each teacher shall send to the superintendent a report of the number of school sessions from which he has been absent during the month, the reason for such absence, the names of the sub- stitutes, and the number of school sessions each substitute has served ; and also the number of times he has failed to be present at school fifteen minutes before the opening of each session . SECT. 73. When a teacher has been absent from school more than four weeks, the principal of the school shall KULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 15 report the fact immediately to the secretary of the Board, and shall also report promptly the date of the teacher's return. SECT. 74. The teachers are to exercise vigilant, pru- Pi| ci 8 ^ line - dent, and firm discipline, and to govern by persuasion and gentle measures as far as possible. No teacher shall detain a pupil after the morning session more than fifteen min- utes, or after the afternoon session more than half an hour. The principal shall report to the superintendent any violation of this rule. SECT. 75. Any teacher may suspend a pupil from suspension of school for violation of the rules of the school, or for any 42 57 > 81 - other sufficient cause, and shall report such suspension immediately to the parent or guardian of the pupil, and to the superintendent, with a written statement of the cause. Except in an aggravated case, suspension shall take effect only at the end of the session ; and no pupil shall be sent from the school building during a school session because of misconduct or for any other reason, with- out the knowledge of the principal, who shall make a record of each case and send notice thereof at once to the parent or guardian by the truant officer. A pupil under censure in one school shall not be admitted to another. SECT. 76. No teacher shall inflict corporal punishment Corporal 1 r Punishment. in any form except by written permission of the superin- 42 - tendent. If a child persistently violates the rules of school, the superintendent may give authority to inflict such punishment for the remainder of any term, having sent due notice to the parent or guardian. SECT. 77. Each teacher shall keep a record of the Absence and Tardiness of absence and tardiness of pupils. A pupil who enters the| >u P i ' s / schoolroom after the time appointed for beginning the session shall be recorded as tardy. Any pupil not having a satisfactory excuse for absence or tardiness may be re- quired to bring from the committee in charge of the school or from the superintendent or agent a written per- mit to return to school. No child shall be sent home for an excuse for absence or tardiness during a school session. 16 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Visiting SECT. 78. The teachers may, under the direction of 42. the superintendent, visit other schools to observe the dis- Teachers' cipline and instruction. They may be required to attend teachers' meetings or courses of instruction in methods of teaching for one hour a week. Such meetings may be held on Saturday mornings during term time or at such other time, not in school hours, as the superintendent may direct. Meetings in addition to those, indicated above may be held by the superintendent or may be called by him, on request of directors in special subjects. Principal in SECT. 79. Each school shall be in charge of a princi- Schoof. pal who shall be appointed by the superintendent, with 33, 35, 38. _ / i ~r\ the approval of the Board. Text-Books SECT. 80. The principals of the several schools shall and Supplies. MI/. 27,48. order and be responsible for all books, apparatus, and materials supplied to their schools, and, annually at the end of the spring term, shall make a report to the agent of the stock on hand. Supervision of SECT. 81. The principals shall exercise supervision of Schoolhouses. the schoolhouses, and shall report monthly to the agent upon the work of the janitors and upon such other matters Records and as may need attention. They 'shall keep the records of the is, 32, 48, 73- schools, and make such reports and returns as may be re- quired by the superintendent, secretary, or agent. P rinci P als sha11 make sure th at the teachers under their charge are familiar with the rules and with the monthly proceedings of the School Board and that these rules and proceedings are interpreted correctly. CHAPTER IX. General Rules for the Schools. SECTION 83. The public schools of Cambridge shall be classified as kindergartens, primary schools, grammar schools, high schools, and evening schools. School f ^ ECT> ^' ^ e sc kl vear sna ll be divided into three terms, the autumn, the winter, and the spring term. The autumn term shall end December twenty- third. The winter term shall begin January second, or on the day RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 17 after that celebrated as New Year's Day. The time for beginning the autumn and spring terms and for closing the winter and spring terms shall be fixed annually at the meeting in February. SECT. 85. There shall be no session on Saturday. Holidays. Thanksgiving day with the day preceding and the day following, Washington's Birthday, the Nineteenth of April, Memorial day, the Seventeenth of June, and, for the high schools, Commencement day at Harvard University, shall be holidays. The chairman of the Board is authorized to g^ s a n s ^_ suspend the schools on such public occasions as he may "S^ 29. think proper; and each committee or member of the Board may suspend the schools under his immediate charge on such other occasions as he may think proper, not exceeding three days in a year. SECT. 86. Except as otherwise ordered by the Board. Time of the sessions of the Latin school and of the English high school shall be from 8.30 A.M. to 1.30 P.M.; of the Rindge manual training school from 8.30 A. M. to 2.30 p. M. ; of the grammar and primary schools, from 9 to 11.45 A.M. and from 2 to 4 P.M., except during the months of November, December, and January, when they shall be from 1.30 to 3.30 P.M.; and of the kinder- gartens from 9 to 11.50 A. M. SECT. 87. No child shall be admitted to a public vaccination, school without a certificate, signed by a regular practising physician, stating that the child has been duly vaccinated or that he is an unfit subject for vaccination. SECT. 88. No teacher or pupil who is ill with small- contagious pox, varioloid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, or measles, or has been exposed to the contagion of these diseases, shall attend school until the physician of the board of health has sent to the principal of the school & certificate that, in a case of smallpox, varioloid, diphtheria, or scarlet fever, two weeks, and in a case of measles, three days have elapsed since the termination of such illness or such contagion, and that danger of conveying the disease by such teacher or pupil has ceased. 18 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Whooping Cough. Exposure to Contagion. Doubtful Cases. 50. Text-Books Destroyed. 48. Instruction Elsewhere. Morning Exercises. No Agents or Collections. 32. No Lists of Pupils. No Exhibi- tions. 32. School Districts. SECT. 89. No teacher or pupil who is affected with whooping cough shall be allowed to attend school. SECT. 90. No pupil who has visited any apartment in which a person is, or within two weeks has been, sick with smallpox, varioloid, diphtheria, or scarlet fever, shall be allowed to attend school until the expiration of two weeks after such visit. SECT. 91. Teachers shall have authority by direction of the medical inspector to exclude temporarily from school any pupil affected with a disease or eruption of doubtful character; such cases shall be reported at once to the agent. SECT. 92. All text- books belonging to the city which are in homes exposed to contagion shall be destroyed by direction of the agent. SECT. 93. Pupils belonging to the public schools shall not be absent or be excused from any school exercise in order to receive regular instruction elsewhere without the consent of the superintendent. The absence or tardiness of any pupil so excused shall not be considered in making up the statistics of attendance. SECT. 94. The morning exercises in all the schools shall begin with reading from the scriptures and the repetition or reading of the Lord's prayer. SECT. 95. No person shall enter any school building for the purpose of soliciting subscriptions or of exhibiting to teachers or pupils any book or other article ; nor shall any collection of money be made except by written per- mission of the superintendent. No list of pupils shall be given by any teacher to any person who is not an officer of the Board. SECT. 96. No exhibition or lecture, for admission to which a fee shall be charged, shall be held in any school - house except by permission of the superintendent of pub- lic buildings and the superintendent of schools. SECT. 97. The city shall be divided into districts ; and no pupil shall be admitted to any school, except that for the district in which he resides without the written consent of the superintendent or agent. No pupil who RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 19 has been attending any public school shall be receiv into another school of the same grade unless he presents a certificate from his last teacher that he has been regu- larly dismissed. Pupils transferred from one school to ' another in this city during the month of September shall be enrolled and their attendance from the beginning of the term shall be recorded in the latter school only. SECT. 98. Non-resident pupils and those residing inNon-Kesi- dents. Cambridge for the purpose of attending school may be 52. admitted temporarily, but shall not be allowed to remain more than two weeks except by written permission of the agent. The agent is authorized to give permission to those pupils only who shall have paid tuition in advance to the city treasurer. CHAPTER X. Special Rules for the Schools. SECTION 99. There shall be a supervisor of primary Supervisor of schools who, under the direction of the superintendent, shall have general supervision of these schools and of the kindergartens. SECT. 100. Children between three and a half and Admission to Kindergar- five years of age may be admitted to the kindergarten tens. nearest their homes, by applying to the principal during the month of March or September. They may remain one year, or for a longer time if less than five years of age. SECT. 101. There shall be a principal in each kinder- Teachers in Kindergar- garten, and an assistant also when the average number of pupils belonging exceeds thirty. The superintendent may appoint an attendant for each kindergarten. SECT. 102. Teachers in kindergartens shall use their VisitingHomes of Pupils. afternoons in visiting the homes of their pupils with a view of maintaining friendly relations with the parents and of securing regularity of attendance, except when the time is needed for preparation for their work. SECT. 103. Children who are five years of age shall be Admission to admitted regularly to the primary schools on the first Scnools - 20 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. school week of March and September only; but pupils qualified to join existing classes may be admitted at any Classification, time on application to the principal of the school. They shall be classified in three grades to be known as the first, second, and third grades. Principals of SECT. 104. The principal of each primary school shall Schools. supervise and direct the work of all the teachers in the school under the direction of the superintendent and the supervisor of primary schools ; he shall make all necessary regulations for the management of the pupils when not assembled in their respective rooms ; re- ceive all applications for admission to the school ; assign each pupil to his proper class, and, after the annual pro- motion of classes, shall have charge of re- organizing the school. No pupil shall be transferred from one class to another without the consent of the principal or of the supervisor of primary schools. Promotions in SECT. 105. Promotions from grade to grade in the Primary Schools. primary schools and from the primary to the grammar schools shall be made by the primary teachers, under the direction of the supervisor of primary schools and the superintendent. Promotion by SECT. 106. Promotions by classes from the primary to 32,99.' the grammar schools shall be made annually at the begin- ing of the autumn term ; but individual pupils may be pro- moted at other times, if it is deemed expedient by the supervisor of primary schools and the superintendent. Gramma? ^ ECT ' 10 ^' ^ e WO1 ^ ^ tne g rammar schools shall be Schools. arranged in two courses, one to be accomplished in six Classification, years and the other in four years. The pupils pursuing the six-year course shall be classified in six grades, to be known as the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth grades ; and those pursuing the four-year course shall be classified in four grades, to be known as grades A, B, C, and D. Promotions in SECT. 108. Promotions from grade to grade in the Grammar . , Schools. grammar schools and from the grammar to the high schools shall be made by the teachers under the direction of the grammar school principals and the superintendent. Pupils RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOARD. 21 qualified to join existing classes may be admitted at any time on application to the principal of the school. SECT. 109. No regular pre-announced examinations Examinations. shall be held in the primary or grammar schools, but the results of such written exercises and reviews as the teach- ers and masters may hold from time to time without pre- vious announcement may be recorded and used as a part of the basis of promotion. SECT. 110. The masters of the grammar schools shall have charge of the organization, management, and disci- pline of the schools, shall have supervision of the work of the teachers and shall teach such subjects as they may elect for not less than two hours a day. SECT. 111. The sub-masters in the grammar sc shall assist in the care and distribution of books and sup- asj^aafiio. plies and in the maintenance of order as they may be directed by the masters. During the temporary absence of the master the sub-master shall have charge of the management of the school; during a prolonged absence he shall assume such other part of the duties of the master as the superintendent may direct. SECT. 112. The master's assistant shall keep the rec- Masters' Assistants. ords of the school, have charge of the master s room dur- 33, no. ing his absence, and teach such subjects as he may require. SECT. 113. In any grammar school of ten or more Special rooms a teacher may be appointed to assist pupils in the ^a^as? lib. several grades with a view to their more rapid promotion, under the direction of the master and superintendent of schools ; such teachers shall be designated as special teachers. SECT. 114. Diplomas of graduation signed by the Diplomas. mayor, the committee in charge of the school, and the master shall be awarded to those pupils of the graduating class of each grammar school who have successfully com- pleted the course of study and whose deportment during the last year has been satisfactory. SECT. 115. The masters of the grammar schools shall Lists of Pupils. send to the head masters of the high schools and to the superintendent lists of candidates for admission to the 22 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. respective schools two weeks before the end of the spring term. Training SECT. 116. The training school shall consist of pupils School Pupils. of all grades below those of the high school. Teachers in SECT. 117. The teachers of the training school shall Training School. consist of a master, three supervising teachers, and as many other teachers, including the training class, as the number of pupils shall require, but the cost of instruction per pupil shall not exceed the average cost of pupils in the other grammar and primary schools. SECT. 118. Graduates of high schools who have also graduated from one of the state normal schools or from the Boston normal school and persons of equal preparation may be appointed members of the training class by the superintendent after consultation with the committee on training school ; such teachers shall constitute the training class. Term in SECT. 119. The term of service in the training class Class. ne shall be one year, but any member of this class may be excused or dismissed at any time by the superintendent Training with the approval of the committee on training school. Latin school, SECT. 120. The pupils in the Latin school shall be clas- Classification. smed in five grades, but provision shall be made for the English High completion of the course in four years. The pupils of the School, Classi- -r, ..,,., Jbnglish high school and Rindge manual training school shall be classified in four grades. H?gh is schoois. SECT - 121- Pupils who have received the diploma of a grammar school may, on recommendation of the master, be admitted to either high school without an examination. For other persons who desire admission, an examination shall be held at the beginning of the autumn term under the direction of the superintendent, but pupils who are qualified to join existing classes may be admitted at any time on application to the principal. No pupil from any grade in a grammar school shall be examined who does not present a satisfactory certificate that he has pursued his studies during the summer vacation. Diplomas. SECT. 122. Diplomas of graduation signed by the mayor and the head master of the school shall be awarded RULES OF THE SCHOOL BOAKD. 23 to pupils of the high schools who have successfully com- pleted the course of study and have sustained a good char- acter. SECT. 123. The evening schools shall be classified as Evening elementary, high, and drawing schools. SECT. 124. Adults and children who are unable to at- PupUs^in tend a day school may attend an evening school ; but no Schools. person who is under eighteen years of age shall be admit- ted except by request of the parent or guardian. Any pu- pil absent three successive sessions without a satisfactory excuse shall lose his membership. SECT. 125. The principal of each evening school shall be responsible for the management of the school ; he | ^J? 1 ^ 37 shall see that no books or supplies are lost and that no 53 ' damage is done to the furniture in the rooms occupied. He shall keep a record of the attendance of teachers and pupils and report to the agent at the end of each week. At the end of each term he shall report in writing to the superintendent. SECT. 126. There shall be two terms of the evening Terms^of schools. The first term shall begin on the second Monday Schools. of October, and continue every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evening until the end of the week before Christ- mas. The second term shall begin on the first Monday, Wednesday, or Friday evening after the opening of the day schools in January, and continue thirty-five evenings. Vacations and holidays shall be the same as in the day schools. There shall be no session of the evening schools when the afternoon session of the day schools has been omitted. SECT. 127. The sessions of the evening schools shall Sessions of Evening begin at 7.30 p. M. and continue until 9.30 p. M. The teachers |^J^ g shall be present and the schoolrooms open at least fifteen present< minutes before the beginning of each session. SECT. 128. In the evening high and drawing schools, Evening High 9 and Drawing no class shall be formed until at least ten pupils have ex- pressed an intention to take the course and continue it until the end of the term. Any course may be discon- inued by direction of the superintendent when the average 24 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Evening Draw iiig School Courses. Promotions in Evening High and Drawing Schools. Diplomas in Evening Schools. attendance on that course falls below eight for two suc- cessive weeks. SECT. 129. Freehand drawing, mechanical drawing, and modelling shall be taught in the evening drawing school, and there shall be a three-year course in each of these departments. SECT. 130. Pupils who have satisfactorily completed a year's work and passed the required examinations may re- ceive a written certificate^of promotion from the principal ; and no pupil shall be admitted to advanced standing with- out such certificate, except by passing the required exami- nations. SECT. 131. Diplomas of graduation signed by the mayor and the principal may be given to pupils of the evening high school and of the evening drawing school who have successfully completed the course of study of the respective schools. Principal. Head master, master, or other teacher in charge of a school. Teacher. Any person who, under the direction of the superintendent, is engaged in the instruction of pupils or in supervising their instruction. Committee in Charge. Any standing committee or mem- ber of the Board to whom is assigned the supervision of a particular school or group of schools. Text-Book. Any book used simultaneously by all the pupils in a class. By vote of the School Board, the principal of each school is to read section ninety of these rules at the beginning of each term in all the rooms under his charge. PROVISIONS OF THE PUBLIC STATUTES. 25 PROVISIONS OF THE PUBLIC STATUTES [These extracts are not complete, but contain important information.] PROVISIONS OF PUBLIC STATUTES RELATING TO SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. CHAP. 496. ACTS OF 1898. SCHOOL AGE. Every child between seven and fourteen years of age shall attend some day school in the town or city in which he resides during the entire time the public day schools are in session, sub- ject to such exceptions as to children, places of attendance and schools as are provided for in sections three, seven, ten and eleven of this act. HABITUAL TRUANTS. Every habitual truant, that is, every child between seven and fourteen years of age who wilfully and habitually absents himself from school contrary to the provisions of section twelve of this act, upon complaint by a truant officer, and conviction thereof, may be committed, if a boy, to a county truant school for a period not exceeding two years, and if a girl, to the state industrial school for girls, unless such child is placed on probation as provided in section twenty-eight of this act. HABITUAL ABSENTEES. Every habitual absentee, that is, every child between seven and sixteen years of age who may be found wandering about in the streets or public places of any town or city of the Commonwealth, having no lawful occupation, habitually not attending school, and growing up in idleness and ignorance, upon complaint by a truant officer or any other person, and conviction thereof, may be com- mitted, if a boy, at the discretion of the court, to a county truant school for a period not exceeding two years, or to the Lyman school for boys, and, if a girl, to the state industrial school for girls, unless such child is placed on probation as provided in sec- tion twenty-eight of this act. 26 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. HABITUAL SCHOOL OFFENDERS. Every habitual school offender, that is, every child under four- teen years of age who persistently violates the reasonable regula- tions of the school which he attends, or otherwise persistently misbehaves therein, so as to render himself a fit subject for exclu- sion therefrom, upon complaint by a truant officer, and conviction thereof, may be committed, if a boy, at the discretion of the court, to a county truant school for a period not exceeding two years, or to the Lyman school for boys, and, if a girl, to the state indus- trial school for girls, unless such child is placed on probation as provided in section twenty-eight of this act. UNLAWFUL DETENTION FROM SCHOOL. Any person having under his control a child between seven and fourteen years of age who fails for five day sessions or ten half day sessions within any period of six months while under such control, to cause such child to attend school as required by section twelve of this act, the physical or mental condition of such child not being such as to render his attendance at school harmful or impractica- ble, upon complaint by a truant officer, and conviction thereof, shall forfeit and pay a fine of not more than twenty dollars. Any person who induces or attempts to induce any child to absent him- self unlawfully from school, or employs or harbors while school is in session any child absent unlawfully from school, shall forfeit and pay a fine of not more than fifty dollars. PROVISION OF THE PUBLIC STATUTES RELATING TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN. CHAP. 494. ACTS OF 1898. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed in any factory, workshop or mercantile establishment. No such child shall be employed in any work performed for wages or other compensation, to whomsoever payable, during the hours when the public schools of the town or city in which he resides are in session, nor be employed at any work before the hour of six o'clock in the morning or after the hour of seven o'clock in the evening. No child under sixteen years of age shall be employed in any factory, workshop or mercantile establishment unless the person PROVISIONS OF THE PUBLIC STATUES. 27 or corporation employing him procures and keeps on file and accessible to the truant officers of the town or city, and to the district police and inspectors of factories, an age and schooling certificate as hereinafter prescribed, and keeps two complete lists of all such children employed therein, one on file and one con- spicuously posted near the principal entrance of the building in which such children are employed, and also keeps on file a com- plete list, and sends to the superintendent of schools, or, where there is no superintendent, to the school committee, the names of all minors employed therein who cannot read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools or by a person authorized by him in writing. An age and schooling certificate shall not be approved unless satisfactory evidence is furnished by the last school census, the certificate of birth or baptism of such child, the register of birth of such child with a town or city clerk, or in some other manner, that such child is of the age stated in the certificate. The age and schooling certificate of a child under sixteen years of age shall not be approved and signed until he presents to the person authorized to approve and sign the same an employment ticket as hereinafter prescribed, duly filled out and signed. Whoever employs a child under sixteen years of age, and who- ever having under his control a child under such age permits such child to be employed, in violation of section one or two of this act, shall for such offence be fined not more than fifty dollars; and whoever continues to employ any child in violation of either of said sections of this act after being notified by a truant officer or an inspector of factories thereof, shall for every day thereafter that such employment continues be fined not less than five nor more than twenty dollars. No person shall employ any minor over fourteen years of age, and no parent, guardian or custodian shall permit to be employed any such minor under his control, who cannot read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language, while a public evening school is maintained in the town or city in which such minor resides, unless such minor is a regular attendant at such evening school or at a day school. 28 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Truant officers may visit the factories, workshops and mercantile establishments in their several towns and cities and ascertain whether any minors are employed therein contrary to the pro- visions of this act, and they shall report any cases of such illegal employment to the school committee and to the chief of the district police, or to the inspector of factories for the district. Inspectors of factories and truant officers may require that the age and school- ing certificates and lists provided for in this act, of minors em- ployed in such factories, workshops or mercantile establishments, shall be produced for their inspection. Complaints for offences under this act shall be brought by inspectors of factories. PENALTY FOR DISTURBING SCHOOLS. Whoever wilfully interrupts or disturbs a school or other assem- bly of people met for a lawful purpose shall be punished by im- prisonment in the jail not exceeding thirty days, or by fine not exceeding fifty dollars. Pub. Stat., Chap. 207, Sect. 23. MALICIOUS INJURY TO BUILDINGS. Whoever wilfully and maliciously or wantonly and without cause, destroys, defaces, mars, or injures a schoolhouse, church, or other building erected or used for purposes of education or religious instruction, or for the general diffusion of knowledge, or an outbuilding, fence, well, or appurtenance of such schoolhouse, church, or other building, or furniture, apparatus, or other prop- erty belonging to or connected with such schoolhouse, church, or other building, shall be punished by fine not exceeding five hun- dred dollars, or by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding one year. Pub. Slat., Chap. 203, Sect. 78. INJURY TO LIBRARIES. Whoever wilfully and maliciously or wantonly and without cause writes upon, injures, defaces, tears, or destroys a book, plate, picture, engraving, or statue, belonging to a law, town, city, or other public library, shall be punished by fine of not less than five, nor more than fifty dollars, or by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding six months. Pub. Stat., Chap. 203, Sect. 79. PROVISIONS OF THE PUBLIC STATUTES. 29 NO LIQUOR TO BE SOLD WITHIN FOUR HUNDRED FEET OF A SCHOOL BUILDING. No license of the first, second, or third class, under the pro- visions of chapter one hundred of the Public Statutes, shall be granted for the sale of intoxicating liquors in any building or place on the same street within four hundred feet of any building occupied in whole or in part by a public school. Chap. 220, Acts of 1882. PATRIOTIC EXERCISES. In all the public schools of the Commonwealth the last regular session prior to Memorial Day, or a portion thereof, shall be de- voted to exercises of a patriotic nature. Acts of 1890, Chap. 111. 30 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. SCALE OF SALARIES OF TEACHERS FROM MARCH 1, 1899 LATIN SCHOOL AND ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. Head Masters $3,000 00 Masters 2,000 00 Masters' Assistants 1,200 00 Teachers, first year 700 00 with an annual increase of $50 until $950, the maximum, is reached. Assistant Teachers, first year 500 00 " " second year, and each succeeding year . 600 00 RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. Head Master $3,000 00 Master's Assistant 1,300 00 Teachers, academic side, first year 700 00 with an annual increase of $50 until $1,000, the maxi- mum, is reached. Teachers, manual training side, salaries range from $800 to $1,500. WELLINGTON TRAINING SCHOOL. Master $2,500 00 Supervising Teachers (three) first year 900 00 " " second year, and each succeeding year 1,00000 Teachers of the ninth grade, first year 750 00 " " " " second year, and each succeed- ing year 800 00 Teachers of the eighth grade 700 00 Teachers of the seventh grade (one year's experience) . . 450 00 Teachers of the other grades 250 00 GRAMMAR AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND KINDERGARTENS. Masters of grammar schools $2,000 00 Sub-masters, first year 1,000 00 with an annual increase of $100, until $1,400, the maxi- mum, is reached. Masters' Assistants, first year 800 00 " " second year, and each succeeding year . 900 00 Teachers of the ninth grade, first year 750 00 " " " " second year, and each succeed- ing year 800 00 SALARIES OF TEACHERS. 31 Special Teachers in grammar schools, first year .... 700 00 " " " " u second year and each succeeding 1 year 750 00 Principals of primary schools, first year 700 00 " " " " second year, and each suc- ceeding year 750 00 with five dollars additional for each room under her supervision. Teachers of grammar and primary schools, and principals of kindergartens 450 00 with an annual increase of $50 until $700 is reached. Upon the recommendation of the superintendent and the com- mittee on teachers the salary of a teacher who has served at least one year may be increased to $750 a year. The number of teachers whose salaries may thus be increased must not exceed one-third of the whole number of teachers in the grammar and primary schools. Assistant teachers, that is, teachers not in charge of a room, are paid $450 the first year, $500 the second, $550 the third and each succeeding year, and in the case of assistants in the kindergartens, $600 for the fourth and each succeeding year. Substitutes in the grammar and primary schools are paid one dollar a session. In the high schools and kindergartens they are paid two- thirds of the salary of the regular teacher. SPECIAL TEACHERS AND OFFICERS. Director of Music $2,000 00 Director of Drawing . 1,800 00 Assistant Teacher of Drawing 800 00 Teacher of Botany (three-fifths time) 1,000 00 Teachers of Sewing 600 00 Teacher of Gymnastics 850 00 Substitutes (continuously employed) 400 00 Superintendent of Schools 3,500 00 Supervisor of Primary Schools 1,200 00 Agent of the Committee on Supplies 2,100 00 Truant Officers (four are employed) 1,00000 Secretary of the School Committee 400 00 Page of the School Committee 25 00 Secretary and Librarian of the Latin School 550 00 Secretary and Librarian of the English High School . . . 600 00 32 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE CAMBRIDGE LATIN SCHOOL The course of study for this school is arranged to meet the requirements for admission to Harvard College. FIFTH CLASS. (TENTH GRADE.) Latin, every day during the year. Collar & DanielPs First Latin Book, entire. Algebra, every day during the year. The Metric System. Physiology and Hygiene, every other day the first four months. History of England, every other day the last six months. English, every other day during the year. Lewis's First Book in Writing English; The Lady of the Lake. Daily practice in writing English. X FOURTH CLASS. (ELEVENTH GRADE.) Latin, every day during the year. Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar ; Daniell's Latin Composition ; four or five of Nepos's Lives ; Caesar's Gallic War, four books. French, four times a week during the year. Grandgent's Short French Grammar; Rogers's French Sight Reading; Super's French Reader ; Peppino ; Siege de Berlin, or German, four times a week during the year. The first half of Collar's Eysenbach's Lessons ; Van DaelPs Preparatory Ger- man Reader ; Grimm's Marchen ; Guerber's Marchen und Erzahlungen ; Hoher als die Kirche. Geometry, every day the first six months. Greek and Roman History, every day the last four months. English, one exercise a week for the year. Reading of Books required for admission to Harvard College. Theme writing twice a week. THE CAMBRIDGE LATIN SCHOOL. 33 THIRD CLASS. (TWELFTH GRADE.) Latin, four times a week during the year. The JEneid, Books I., II., III., TV. ; Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. Greek, every day during the year. White's First Greek Book, Chapters I., II., III., of Book I. of the Anabasis. Instead of Greek, pupils can take German or French ; those who have had French in the fourth class take Ger- man ; and those who have had German in the fourth class take French. The text-books are the same as for the fourth class. French, every other day during the year. ChardenaPs Complete French Course ; L'Abbe Constantin ; Le Conscrit ; La Chute ; La Tulipe Noire ; French Composition (Anec- dotes) ; memorizing of Anecdotes ; sight reading, or German, every other day during the year. Collar's Eysenbach's Lessons ; Die Jungfrau von Orleans ; Grimm's Marchen ; Hoffman's Historische Erzahlungen ; Immensee. Physics or Chemistry, every other day during the year ; single or double periods as necessity demands. English, once a week during the year. Reading of books required for admission to Harvard College. Theme writing twice a week. SECOND CLASS. (THIRTEENTH GRADE.) Latin, every day during the year. The JEneid, Books V., VI., VII., VIII.,; Nepos's Lives of Miltiades, Themistocles, Aristides, Pausanius, Cimon, Alcibiades, Lysander, Thrasy- bulus; Sallust's Catiline ; Jones's Latin Composition, forty exercises ; Latin Grammar. Written exercises in Latin, or Latin at sight, once a week. Greek, every day during the year. Goodwin's Greek Reader to page 110; Goodwin's Greek Grammar; Jones's Greek Composition, ten exercises. Written exercises in Greek Grammar, or Greek at sight, once a week the last four months. Instead of Greek, continue German or French elected in the third class. The text-books are the same as for the third and second classes. 34 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. French, every other day during the year. L'Avare ; La Fon- taine's Fables; Le Facte de Famine; Mile, de la Seigliere ; French Composition (Anecdotes) ; French Grammar ; sight reading, or German, every other day during the year. Harris's German Composition ; Ekkehard ; Minna von Barnhelm ; Wilhelm Tell. Physics or Chemistry, every other day during the year. Ancient History, Greece and Rome, every other day during the year. Algebra, every other day during the year. Written exercises once a week during the last five months. English. Reading of books required for admission to Harvard College. Written essays. FIRST CLASS. (FOURTEENTH GRADE.) Latin, every day during the year. The JEneid, Books IX., X., XL, X1L, and the Bucolics and the Georgics ; Ci'cero ? twelve orations, of which two are at sight. Also written exercises twice a week during the year in Latin Composi- tion (including the review of Nepos for written work), or Latin at sight. Greek, every day during the year. Homer, Books I., II., III., IV., entire, and the other selections in Johnson's Iliad ; Jones's Greek Composition, last thirty exercises. Written exer- cises once a week in prose composition, Greek Grammar, or Greek at sight. Instead of Greek, continue German or French elected in the third class. Books yet to be assigned. Those who take this German or French, instead of Greek, will also take either Trigonometry or Solid Geometry. Geometry, every other day during the year. Written exercises including original demonstrations, once a week during the year. Trigonometry and Solid Geometry, (elective), every other day during the year. English, every other day during the year. This includes reading (for the first time, or in review) the books in English required for admission to Harvard College. THE CAMBRIDGE LATIN" SCHOOL. 35 This course of study gives, for the second class, four recitations a day during the week ; for the third class, three or four recita- tions ; and for the first, fourth, and fifth classes, three recitations a day. The extra time assigned to the second class is necessary for a proper preparation for the requirements in the preliminary examination for admission to Harvard College. Those who suc- ceed in passing the " Eight-Hour Requirements " in their pre- liminaries have less work left for the last year. Those who fail to pass any one or more of their preliminaries have as hard a year the last as the last but one. Some prefer to put a part of the work of the last year but one into the last year. Those who are good students and willing to work can. complete the five years' course in four years. In the class that entered college in June, 1898, there were two such ; in the class of 1899, three ; in the class of 1900, two; in the class of 1901, four; and in the class of 1902, four, who are trying to complete the course in four years. Those who do this usually stand at, or near, the head of their classes. TEXT-BOOKS IN THE LATIN SCHOOL. [These books may be used in the English High School or Rindge Manual Training School whenever the committee on high schools shall so direct.] English Literature. Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric ; Lewis's First Book in Writing English ; Lockwood's Lessons in English ; Strang's Exercises in English ; Arnold's Sohrab and Rus- tum ; Burke's Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies ; Carlyle's Essay on Burns ; Cooper's Last of the Mohicans ; Defoe's History of the Plague in London ; DeQuincey's Revolt of the Tartars; Dickens's David Copperfield; Dry- den's Palamon and Arcite ; George Eliot's Silas Marner ; Emerson's American Scholar ; Goldsmith's Vicar of Wake- field ; Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables, and Twice Told Tales; Irving's Alhambra, The Sketch Book, and Tales of a Traveller; Longfellow's Courtship of Miles Standish, and Evangeline ; Macaulay's Essay on the Earl of Chatham, Essays on Milton and Addison, and Life of Samuel Johnson ; Milton's Lyrics, and Paradise Lost, Books I. and II. ; Pope's Translation of the Iliad, Books I., VI., XXII., XXIV.; Sir Roger de Coverley Papers; Scott's Abbot, Ivanhoe, The Lady of the Lake, Marmion, and 36 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE Woodstock; Shakespeare's As You Like It, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Merchant of Venice, and Twelfth Night ; Southey's Life of Nelson; Tennyson's Princess; Webster's First Bunker Hill Oration. French. Blouet's Primer of French Composition ; Chardenal's Complete French Course; Grandgent's Short French Gram- mar; Grandgent's Materials for French Composition; La Petite Grammaire ; Rogers's French Sight Reading ; Super's Preparatory French Reader ; Worman's First French Book ; Gasc's French Dictionary ; Assollant's Recits de la Vieille France; Berthet's Le Pacte de Famine; Chazel's Le Chalet; Daudet's La Belle-Nivernaise, and Le Siege de Berlin; Dumas's La Tulipe Noire; Erckmann-Chatrian's Le Conscrit, and Histoire d'un Paysan ; Genoud's La Chrestomathie Moderne ; Halevy's L'Abbe Constantin ; Hugo's La Chute ; Julliot's Mile. Solange ; La Fontaine's Fables; Merimee's Colomba; Michelet's Recits d'Histoire de France, Part II. ; Moliere's L'Avare, and Les Femmes Savantes; Sandeau's Mile, de la Seigliere; Ventura's Peppino. German. Brandt's German Reader ; Collar's Eysenbach's German Lessons ; Harris's German Composition ; Mondan's Ger- man Selections for Sight Reading; Van Daell's Prepara- tory German Lessons ; Kohler's German Dictionary ; Bernhardt's Auf der Sonnenseite ; Chamisso's Peter Schlemihl ; Frey tag's Aus neuer Zeit ; Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea ; Grimm's Marchen ; Guerber's Marchen und Ezrahlungen ; Hillern's Hoher als die Kirche ; Hoff- man's Historische Erzahlungen ; Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm ; Scheffel's Ekkehard ; Schiller's Die Jung- frau von Orleans, and Wilhelm Tell ; Storm's Immensee. Latin. Collar and Daniell's First Latin Book ; Collar's Practical Latin Composition; Daniell's Exercises in Latin Prose Composition ; Jones's Latin Composition ; Allen and Green- ough's Latin Grammar, Caesar, Cicero, and Virgil; Chase and Stuart's Cornelius Nepos, and Sallust ; for sight read- ing, Harper's text editions of Csesar, Cicero, and Virgil. Greek. Jones's Greek Composition ; Goodwin's Greek Grammar, and Reader ; White's First Greek Book ; Woodruffs Greek THE CAMBRIDGE LATIN SCHOOL. 37 Prose Composition ; Crosby's Lexicon to the Anabasis ; Homeric Lexicon ; Liddell and Scott's Lexicon ; Johnson's Iliad ; Kendrick's Anabasis. History. Montgomery's History of England ; Allen's Short His- tory of the Roman People ; Botsford's History of Greece ; Creighton's History of Rome; Ginn's Ancient Atlas; Leighton's History of Rome ; Myers's History of Greece ; Oman's History of Greece ; Pennell's History of Greece ; Sheldon's Studies in Greek and Roman History. Mathematics. Bradbury's Elementary Algebra; Bradbury and Emery's Academic Algebra ; Bradbury's Academic Geom- etry, and Trigonometry and Surveying; Wentworth's Col- lege Algebra, and Plane Trigonometry. Music. Codas ; Beacon Series, Group A ; Harmony in Praise ; Mendelssohn's Four Part Songs. Science. Avery's Physics ; Gage's Introduction to Physical Sci- ence ; Harvard Descriptive List of Experiments in Physics ; Hall and Bergen's Physics; Hunt's Hygiene; Pierce's Problems in Elementary Physics. Miscellaneous. Edwards's Mythology; Harvard Examination Papers. 38 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. COURSES OF STUDY FOR THE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL These courses of study were adopted by the school committee, May 18, 1899, and replaced a course which had been followed, with minor changes, since the division of the Cambridge high school in 1886. The plan of the courses purposes that all pupils in the school shall pursue substantially the same subjects for their first year, but thereafter shall have increasingly divergent studies, open to choice within reasonable limitations and determined largely by aptitude and expectation of subsequent career. These general statements apply to all the courses : 1. All pupils will have a weekly exercise in music (choral singing). 2. Drawing is required of all once a week for the first year, and is open to all as an extra subject during the remaining three years. 3. It is expected that no two foreign languages will be begun the same year ; that any foreign language once begun will ordi- narily be continued for two years, and that a modern foreign language will not be continued longer than two years, except by work in conversation. 4. Variations from the courses as stated are permissible with the approval of the head master. The following outline presents the courses in detail : GENERAL COURSE. Hours Subjects. per week. FIRST YEAR. Latin, French or German 5 Algebra 5 English History (7 mos.) and Physiology (3 raos.) . 3 English 3 Drawing 1 THE CAMBEIDGE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. 39 SECOND YEAR. Latin, French or German 5 Physics 5 English 3 Geometry, 3 ; or History of Greece and Rome 3 THIRD YEAR. Latin 1 French . . . . }- (one or two) 5 or 10 German . . . . J Chemistry 3 Botany 2 English 3: History of the United States, elementary 3 Harmony, as an extra subject 2 Pupils who take two foreign languages this year may omit Botany and either Chemistry or History. FOURTH YEAR. Latin ] French .... \- (one or two) 5 or 10 German . . . . J English 5 Civics 2 Astronomy 2 History of the United States, elementary, or detailed study of a limited period 3 Counterpoint and Melodic Construction, as an extra subject .... 2 Pupils who take two foreign languages this year may omit Civics and Astronomy. COURSE PREPARATORY FOR THE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS. Hours Subjects. per week. FIRST YEAR. French or German 5 Algebra 5 English History (7 mos.) and Physiology (3 mos.) 3 English 3 Drawing 1 SECOND YEAR. French or German 5 Physics 5 Geometry 3 English 3 History of Greece, as an extra subject, (required after September, 1902) 3 THIRD YEAR. German or French 5 Reviews in Algebra and Geometry 5 Chemistry 5 40 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. English 3 History, as an extra subject, either of the United States, elementary, or of Rome, (required after September, 1902) 3 FOURTH YEAR. German or French 5 Advanced Mathematics (at present Solid Geometry and Advanced Algebra) 5 College English 3 History of the United States, elementary, or detailed study of a limited period * 3 Review of English History when required 2 Conversational French or German .... 2 COMMERCIAL COURSE. Hours Subjects. per week. FIRST YEAR. French or German 5 Algebra 5 English History (7 mos.) and Physiology (3 mos.) 3 English 3 Drawing 1 SECOND YEAR. French or German 5 Physics, 5 ; or Geometry, 3, and History of Greece and Rome, 3 . 5 or 6 English 3 Bookkeeping and Commercial Forms 3 THIRD YEAR. Stenography and Typewriting 5 Chemistry, 3, and Botany, 2 ; or French or German 5 English 3 Geometry, or History of Greece and Rome, or of the United States, elementary 3 FOURTH YEAR. Descriptive Economics, Commercial History and Geography ... 5 English 5 Civics, 2, Astronomy, 2 ; or French or German 5 History of the United States, elementary, or a detailed study of a limited period 3 DOMESTIC SCIENCE COURSE. Hours Subjects. per week. FIRST YEAR. Latin, French or German 5 Algebra 5 English History (7 mos.; and Physiology (3 mos.) 3 English 3 Drawing X THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. 41 SECOND YEAR. Latin, French or German 5 Sloyd ' 5 English 3 Geometry, or History of Greece and Rome . 3 THIRD YEAR. French or German 5 English . 3 Chemistry 3 Botany 2 Food and its preparation 5 History of Greece and Rome, or of the United States, elementary, as an extra subject 3 FOURTH YEAR. French or German . 5 English 5 Household Chemistry and Hygiene 5 History of the United States, elementary, or study of a detailed period 3 FIRST YEAR. The English of the first year deals with both literature and composition. The works of literature studied are Tennyson's Lancelot and Elaine and other Idylls of the King ; Scott's Mar- mion, and Ivanhoe ; Dickens's Tale of Two Cities ; and Shake- speare's Richard III. The composition work is based upon a manual and covers the following topics among others : punctua- tion, capitals, the combination and transformation of elements, the principles of expression, the figures of speech, and exercises in development, reproduction, paraphrasing, composition and letter writing. The work in algebra is a substantial grasp of the field as far as affected quadratics. The English history is carefully studied with the help of a text-book, note books, illustrative material, written work and some collateral reading. The work in physiology includes visits of classes with their teachers to the Agassiz Museum, and other objective helps. SECOND YEAR. The second year introduces important differences, yet gives certain subjects to all. 42 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. The foreign language begun in the previous year must be continued. Physics is required in two courses, is optional in one, and is replaced by sloyd in the fourth. It includes laboratory work by the pupils, experiments by the teacher, records of observation and inferences, the solution of practical problems, and the usual recita- tion and examination methods. The work in sloyd will follow as a suggestion and guide the Normal Course, so called, explained and illustrated in Larsson's Sloyd for American Schools. Selections will be made from among the thirty-one models therein described as the needs and capabil- ities of the pupils warrant. The English, which is required of all pupils on its literature side, will include Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales ; Dickens's Christmas Stories; Scott's Lady of the Lake, and The Abbot. The composition work, based on another manual, will give a review in new forms and a continuation of the first year's work ; a brief history of the English language, its Anglo-Saxon and classi- cal elements; and the more obvious properties of diction. Geometry is required in the course preparatory for higher in- stitutions and in the commercial course, but is optional in the other courses. The work is an introduction to plane geometry. Bookkeeping is required in the commercial course. The work is based on a text-book and accompanying papers. The pupil is led to make actual use of vouchers substantially as they are em- ployed in business and to write his bookkeeping records from them under the guidance of carefully arranged directions. The history of this year is an informational survey of the prog- ress of civilization in Greece and Rome. It is an optional subject in all the courses. The Latin of this year is selected from Nepos. THIRD YEAR. In this year somewhat broader options are possible in the several courses. Latin may be continued in the general course or may be dropped for a modern language. Those who have pursued either French or German for two years must now exchange that language for the other, or, in the commercial course, take certain sciences instead. Each course now provides work more distinc- THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. 43 tively its own, while offering also elements that make for general culture. In Latin, Caesar and Ovid are read. The work in chemistry consists largely in laboratory practice, great importance being attached to skilful manipulation, keen observation, logical reasoning, and the neat, orderly and accurate recording of work done and results reached. The course follows " An Outline of Requirements in Chemistry " issued by Harvard University. In botany similar methods are followed so far as the nature of the subject and the briefer time permit. The English work of this year deals chiefly with literature, and bases upon it the written work required. The works studied are Goldsmith's Deserted Village, Traveller, and Vicar of Wakefield ; the Sir Roger de Coverley Papers ; Scott's Quentin Durward ; Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, and Julius Caesar ; and Selec- tions from British Masterpieces. The pupils preparing for higher institutions read instead of the above the works designated for examination for entrance to those institutions. For the year 1900 these are: Dryden's Palamon and Arcite ; Pope's Iliad, Books I., VI, XXII., and XXIV. ; The Sir Roger de Coverley Papers in the Spectator ; Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield ; Scott's Ivanhoe ; DeQuincey's The Revolt of the Tartars ; Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans ; Tennyson's The Princess ; Lowell's The Vision of Sir Launfal ; Shakespeare's Macbeth ; Mil- ton's Paradise Lost, Books I. and II. ; Burke's Speech on Concilia- tion with America ; and Macaulay's Essays on Milton and Addison. The history of this year relates to the United States, and covers the entire period. Both Johnston's and Channing's text-books are used, much written work and collateral reading are secured, and maps are carefully studied and reproduced. Some attention is paid to the study of sources. Skill in selection is trained by topical work; skill in judgment, by the institution of comparisons and the search for causes ; skill in expression, by the acceptance of none but well written papers or recitations made in correct form. The reviews in algebra and plane geometry are designed to cover, by the use of a fresh and harder text-book, the entire re- quirement in these subjects for admission to the higher institutions* 44 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. so that those who are successful in them shall be adequately pre- pared for the preliminary examinations. In the domestic science course, the distinctive subject for this year is food and its preparation. In this subject the following topics will be treated by familiar talks and illustrated by practical work : A. The kitchen : its plan, arrangement and care ; cook- ing apparatus coal and gas stoves, electric appliances, the Aladdin oven; fuels kinds, comparative efficiency and cost. B. Cooking: canning and preserving ; bread-making ; cooking of breakfast dishes eggs, meats, cereals, muffins ; serving breakfast ; dinner dishes soups, fish, meats, vegetables, desserts ; practice in plan- ning, purchasing and serving a dinner ; luncheon and tea dishes salads, simple entrees, baking powder mixtures ; the luncheon basket. C. Special study of foods and food materials: classifica- tion, function, cost ; manufacturing processes ; adulterations ; physiology of digestion ; dietaries. I). Excursions to market, chocolate factory, bakery, and similar trips. FOURTH YEAR. The Latin of this year includes Virgil's JEneid and Cicero's Orations. The English embraces practice in composition, some instruction in the principles of rhetoric, the critical reading of several works, and a survey of the field of English literature. This survey is necessarily brief, but aims to note the more prominent writers and productions in right relations one to another and in their proper historical environment. The works read are Macaulay's Essays ; Selections from British Masterpieces ; parts of Milton's Para- dise Lost ; Tennyson's The Princess ; George Eliot's Silas Marner ; Scott's Woodstock; Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, and Macbeth ; Emerson's Ameri- can Scholar; Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum; and Carlyle's Essay on Burns. The English for the pupils preparing for higher insti- tutions is confined more narrowly to the requirements for admission for the given year. The advanced mathematics will for the present include solid geometry and advanced algebra, in preparation for the final ex- aminations at the higher institutions. The history for this year is that of the Ignited States. Those THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. 45 pupils electing history who have taken the course prescribed for the previous year in this subject will devote themselves with much care and thoroughness to the detailed study of a limited period within the history of this country, in which the general methods previously described will be carried as far as the capabilities of secondary students and the time at their disposal shall permit. The pupils preparing for higher institutions will also review their English history. The classes in conversational French and German are designed to freshen and extend the knowledge in those subjects obtained by earlier study. The work in descriptive economics, commercial history and geography will aim to show the pupils of the commercial course the leading facts in the economic history of the United States, to interest them in economic problems, and to help them to apply the principles of economics to commercial life. The subject of civics is treated both historically, with the use of Fiske's Civil Government, and practically, by constant reference to documents, actual experience, and observation. In the domestic science course attention will be given to house- hold chemistry and hygiene, with the following list of topics as a guide : I. Chemistry in the Household : A. Chemistry of cookery : testing of foods for proteid, starch and sugar ; effect of heat on albumen and starch ; effect of hard and soft water on food ; applications of fermentation; experiments with baking powder. B. Chemistry of cleaning : removal of dust and dirt ; solvents for grease ; soap and soap making ; laundry work ; removal of spots and stains from fabrics and from wood ; cleaning of metallic sur- faces. C. Analysis of washing powders, silver polishes, blueing, baking powders. II. The House and its Hygiene : A. Situation and surroundings ; study of soils and building sites ; the location from sanitary, aesthetic and practical points of view. B. Sanita- tion : a. Disposal of household waste ; modern plumbing ; study of plumbing in houses in process of construction ; care of plumb- ing ; use of disinfectants, b. Systems of ventilation ; tests for purity of air. c. Heating and lighting; relative merits and cost of different systems ; applications of physics in steam and hot water heating, the electric light, and the gas meter, d. Water supply ; visits to reservoir and pumping station ; chemical tests ; 46 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. microscopic examinations; filtration of water; consumption of water in households. C. Furnishing and decoration of the house : principles of decoration ; furnishing from an artistic and a sanitary standpoint. D. Clothing : study of clothing materials ; dress as affecting health and beauty. Music and drawing are regarded as important branches of the course of study. There is a weekly exercise in chorus singing, re- quired of all, in addition to the daily opening exercises which in- clude singing. In the third year there is an optional class in har- mony and in the fourth year a similar class in counterpoint and melodic construction, each with lessons twice a week. These are designed especially for pupils who intend to become teachers. Be- sides the required drawing of the first year, an optional class is formed open to pupils of the three later years. While the studies of the English high school are selected and arranged with main reference to the wants of those who are not to enter college, pupils of good capacity need only to supplement these studies by a moderate amount of outside work to gain admission to such colleges as offer courses that do not include Greek. In this way several graduates of the school have entered college and are maintaining an honorable standing there. The second of the four regular courses, also, leads directly to the Scientific Schools. Diplomas are awarded to those only who have honorably com- pleted a four years' course of study or its full equivalent. The number of recitations per day is usually three but sometimes four. But little more than one quarter of the school session is thus left for the preparation of lessons. Failure to do fair work is generally associated with a lack of proper daily application. For the pupil of average capacity who makes the most of his opportuni- ties at school, two hours of home study each school day will doubt- less suffice. If the pupil neglects to study at home, parents may assume that he is not doing at school what he ought. In those rare cases in which faithful pupils are overburdened because of frail health or lack of mental endurance, a seasonable conference between parents and teachers is desirable. Cards giving the standing of each pupil will be sent home once in two months for inspection and signature. Scholarship marks THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. 47 are on a scale of 100. A mark above 90 indicates excellent rank ; between 80 and 90, good rank ; between 70 and 80, fair rank ; below 70, poor rank. The fact is recognized, however, that cer- tain elements of a sound scholarly spirit, such as self-reliance, zeal, persistency, conscientiousness, love of truth, cannot adequately be expressed in figures. Those whose marks fall below 60 are re- ported to the head master for advice, warning, reference to the high school committee, or removal to a lower class. In this con- nection attention is called to the following vote of the school com- mittee : "Pupils recommended by the committee on examinations and promo- tions shall be admitted to the Latin school and the English high school in September on trial. Should any of these pupils fail to maintain a suitable rank during the autumn term, that fact shall be reported to the high school committee at the close of said term, and no pupil thus reported shall continue in either school except by a vote of the high school committee." It is very important that at the beginning the pupil shall thoroughly master principles, and thereby make his later work successful. When this is not done, the recovery of lost ground is extremely difficult. He is earnestly urged to cultivate from the outset sound habits of work, such habits as will give him a reputation for promptness, punctuality, order, neatness, system, concentration, thoroughness. Aside from the immediate scholarly results of such habits, they have in their bearing upon the pupil's subsequent life a value that cannot be too highly regarded. Many of the exercises of the school, like experiments by the teacher, illustrations with the camera, object lessons, much of the laboratory work in science, are of such a nature that, if the pupil misses them, they cannot be made good to him. Moreover, ab- sence embarrasses the instruction of the class, and thus serious- ly affects its progress. It is excusable only when it cannot be avoided. It is presumed that pupils in this school mean to conduct them- selves honorably and becomingly, a presumption justified by the commendable behavior of nearly all. It is the aim of the school to strengthen the sense of propriety, duty, and honor by trusting it. Boys and girls at school are citizens as fully as they can ever be (see Sect. I., Art. XIV., Const. U. S.) ; it becomes them, therefore, in 48 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. school and elsewhere, now as throughout their lives, to practice the duties, cultivate the graces, and display the loyalty of good Ameri- can citizenship. Only in cases of conspicuous failure in conduct will a deportment record be kept. It is hoped that parents will note carefully such reports as they may receive, and, if they are unsatisfactory, cooperate with teachers in efforts to secure closer attention to duty. TEXT-BOOKS IN THE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. [These books may be used in the Latin School or Kindge Manual Training School whenever the committee on high schools shall so direct.] English Literature. Brooke's Primer of English Literature ; Hill's Foundations of Rhetoric; Lewis's First Book in Writing English ; Lock wood's Lessons in English ; Strang's Exer- cises in English ; Swett's Elocution ; American Poetry ; American Prose ; Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum ; Burke's Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies; Carlyle's Essay on Burns ; Cooper's Last of the Mohicans ; Defoe's His- tory of the Plague in London ; DeQuincey's Revolt of the Tartars ; Dickens's Christmas Stories, David Copperfield, and Tale of Two Cities ; Dryden's Palamon and Arcite ; George Eliot's Silas Marner ; Emerson's American Scholar ; Gold- smith's Deserted Village, The Traveller, and The Vicar of Wakefield ; Gray's Select Poems ; Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables, and Twice- Told Tales ; Irving's Al- hambra, The Sketch Book, and The Tales of a Traveller ; Macaulay's Essay on the Earl of Chatham, Essays on Milton and Addison, Select Essays, and Life of Samuel Johnson ; Masterpieces of British Literature ; Milton's Lyrics, and Paradise Lost ; Pope's Translation of the Iliad, Books L, VI., XXII., XXIV. ; Scott's Abbot, Ivanhoe, The Lady of the Lake, Marmion, Quentin Durward, The Talisman, and Woodstock; Shakespeare's As You Like It, Julius Csesar, Macbeth, Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer-Night's Dream, Richard III., and Twelfth Night ; Sir Roger de Coverley Papers ; Southey's Life of Nelson ; Tennyson's Lancelot and Elaine and other Idylls of the King, and The Princess ; Webster's First Bunker Hill Oration. French. Chardenal's Complete French Course ; Grandgent's Short French Grammar ; Grandgent's Materials for French Com- THE CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH HIGH SCHOOL. 49 position ; Rogers's French Sight Reading ; Super's Prepar- atory French Reader ; Worman's First French Book ; Gasc's French Dictionary ; Assollant's Recits de la Vieille France ; Berthet's Le Pacte de Famine ; Daudet's La Belle-Nivernaise, Le Siege de Berlin ; Erckmann-Chatri- an's Le Conscrit, and Histoire d'un Paysan ; Halevy's L'Abbe Constantin ; Hugo's La Chute ; Julliot's Mile. Solange ; Merimee's Colomba ; Michelet's Recits d'His- toire de France, Part II. ; Moliere's L'Avare ; Sandeau's Mile, de la Seigliere ; Ventura's Peppino. German. Brandt's German Reader ; Collar's Eysenbach's German Lessons ; Dippold's Scientific German Reader ; Guerber's Marchen und Erzahlungen ; Harris's German Composi- tion ; Mondan's German Selections for Sight Translation ; Worman's First German Book ; Kohler's German Diction- ary ; Bernhardt's Auf der Sonnenseite ; Freytag's Aus dem Staat Friedrichs des Grossen, and Aus neuer Zeit ; Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea ; Grimm's Marchen ; Hillern's Hoher als die Kirche ; Hoffmann's Historische Erzahlun- gen ; Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm ; Scheffel's Ekkehard ; Schiller's Die Jungfrau von Orleans, and Wilhelm Tell ; Storm's Immensee. Latin. Collar and DanielPs First Latin Book ; Allen and Green- ough's Latin Grammar, Caesar, Ovid, and Virgil; Chase and Stuart's Cornelius Nepos. History. Channing's Students' History of the United States ; Johnson's United States History ; Montgomery's History of England ; Allen's Short History of the Roman People ; Botsford's History of Greece ; Colbeck's Historical Atlas ; Ginn's Ancient Atlas ; Myers's History of Greece ; Oman's History of Greece. Mathematics. Bradbury's Elementary Algebra ; Bradbury and Emery's Academic Algebra ; Bradbury's Academic Geom- etry, and Trigonometry and Surveying ; Crittenden's Com- mercial Arithmetic; Schwartz's Office Routine and Book- keeping; Wells's University Algebra; Wentworth and Hill's Exercises in Arithmetic ; Wentworth's Elements of Algebra, College Algebra, Elements of Geometry, and Solid Geometry. 50 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Music. Codas; Beacon Series, Group A; Mendelssohn's Four- Part Songs. Science. Appletons' School Physics; Bergen's Elements of Bot- any ; Gage's Introduction to Physical Science ; Gray's School and Field Book of Botany ; Hall and Bergen's Physics ; Hunt's Hygiene ; Pierce's Problems in Elemen- tary Physics; Williams's Chemistry; Young's Astronomy. Miscellaneous. Dawes's How We Are Governed ; Edwards's My- thology; Fiske's Civil Government. THE HIXDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. 51 COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL The course of instruction covers four years. An effort is made to give proper emphasis to the academic features of the course, and to make that work interesting and effective by bringing it into in- timate relation with instruction in the mechanic arts. The manual dexterity and the thorough knowledge of tools, ma- chinery, and mechanical processes acquired in the shops, at an age when time can be most easily spared for such training, is of inesti- mable value in any scientific pursuit. FOURTH CLASS. (TENTH GRADE.) Hours per week Months per year 5 10 5 10 3 7 Phvsioloj?v 3 3 Supervised Study ( Algebra) 2 10 Drawing ^ 10 10 Shopwork $ Study 5 10 The course in algebra includes definitions and notations, addi- tion, subtraction, multiplication and division, factoring, fractions, equations of the first degree with one or more than one unknown quantity, powers and roots, radicals and affected quadratic equa- tions. The instruction in English follows the plan of Lewis's First Book in Writing English. Frequent themes are required. The 52 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. literature studied is selected from the leading authors, and in- cludes both prose and poetry. The text-book prescribed for the course in English history is Montgomery's Leading Facts. The topical method of instruction is employed, and the boys' note-books contain topics, historical maps, notes of collateral reading, important dates, and various other memory aids. Photographs of persons, places, and scenes, guide-books of the Tower of London and Westminster, fac-similes of the Magna Charta, of famous death warrants, and of the earliest newspapers printed are utilized as helps in this study. The course in physiology is based upon a series of talks given by leading physicians. Such subjects as " First Aid to the Injured" and " Red Cross Work " are discussed. It is often found that boys of the entering class fail to use their time to the best advantage when left to themselves in the prepara- tion of their lessons ; two hours a week, therefore, are given to systematic instruction in methods of study. The course in mechanical drawing includes the following : Use of T-square, triangles, scale, pencil and compass, mechanical alphabet and its applications, geometrical constructions, projec- tions, prisms, cylinders, etc., dimensioning, intersections and devel- opments, and tests. The course in free-hand drawing includes drawing from orna- ment in the flat, elementary design and free-hand perspective from models. Tlie course in carpentry and joinery is as follows : Saw and chisel exercises, halved joints, blind mortise and tenon joints, open mortise and tenon joints, halved dovetailed joints, dovetailed joints, brace joints, boring exercises, dowel joints, table leg and rail, glued triangle having angles of 30, 60, and 90 degrees, model of a newel post, tool chest, shoe-blacking stand, etc. The tools used are : Rip, cross-cut, back, and keyhole saws ,* block, jack, rabbet planes and jointer ; try-square, chisels, gouges, bit stock, bits, level marking-gauge, hammer, nail set, mallet, screw driver, counter sink, brad awl, spoke shave, clamps, wood files, drawing-knife, mitre box, oilstone and grindstone. THE RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. 53 THIRD CLASS. (ELEVENTH GRADE.) Hours per week Months per year French 5 10 3 10 English .... 2 10 Drawing 5 10 Shopwork .... 10 10 Study 5 10 The course in French is elementary, being largely based upon oral teaching and conversation with translation of such French as is contained in Worman's First French Book, Peppino, and Le Siege de Berlin. The instruction in geometry follows closely the plan of the first three books of Bradbury's Academic Plane Geometry, i.e., through the geometry of the circle. Very little is required in Books IV. and V., because the ground is covered by the practice in mechani- cal drawing. The aim of the course is to cultivate the power of close and accurate reasoning, by a careful study of model demon- strations. As much original work is required as seems consistent with a satisfactory study of the formal demonstrations outlined in this course. The work in English is based upon Lockwood's Lessons in English. This course embraces an outline of the history of the English language and the elementary principals of rhetoric. Com- positions form a part of nearly every lesson. The authors studied are Scott, Dickens, and Hawthorne. The work in mechanical drawing includes the following : Ink- ing with ruling pen and compass pen, shade lines, the standard bolt with formulas, machine drawing, dimensioning and specifying, free-hand outline drawing, mechanical perspective, free-hand per- spective from models, free-hand machine drawing, dimensioned constructions, intersection and development of plane surface solids requiring cutting planes, oblique projections, and tests. All sheets are executed in ink, except those for free-hand and mechanical perspective. The course in free-hand drawing includes drawing from ornament 54 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. in the round, applied design, laying of flat color washes with the brush, model and object drawing. The course in wood-turning is preparatory to pattern-making, and consists of exercises in measuring with calipers and dividers, and in cylindrical, compound, conical, globe chuck, and face-plate turning. The tools used are : Wood-turning lathe, inside calipers, out- side calipers, dividers, gouges, chisels, cutting-off tool, round-nose and diamond-point tools, oil-stone, and oiler. The pattern-making work consists of instruction concerning mould- ing, draught of patterns, use of shrink rule, core prints, and core boxes ; followed by exercises in laying out patterns, building up cone-patterns, jig-sawing, and all operations involved in making both solid and split patterns. The course in forging and blacJcsmithing is as follows : Exer- cises in care of fire, and in drawing, upsetting, bending, riveting, welding, punching, and tempering. Some of the articles made are : The wedge, square point, sign dogs, stone dogs, S-hooks, bent welded rings, harness hooks, truck-hangers, hooks and staples, swivels, shafting-keys, shaft with shoulders, bent angle-irons for strengthening joints, welded angle-irons, chain links, eye bolts and ring, device with bolt and cotter, bolts and nuts, square and hex- agonal lathe tools, tempered spring, flat drill, hammer, blacksmith tongs, etc. The tools used are : Portable forge, anvil, hand hammer, rule, square, swedges, fullers, set hammer, hot chisel, cold chisel, hardy, outside spring calipers, heading tools, and various tools used in caring for the forge fire. SECOND CLASS. (TWELFTH GRADE.) Hours Months Hours Months College Course per per General Course per per week year week year Algebra and Geometry 5 10 Phyics 5 10 10 10 English ) and > 5 10 English ) and [ 5 10 History J History J Drawing 1 10 10 Drawing ^| 10 10 Shopwork J Shop work J Study 5 10 Sfnd v PJ 10 THE RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. 55 At the beginning of the third year a choice is offered between the college course designed for boys fitting for higher scientific schools, and the general course for those who do not intend to enter the higher schools. The mathematical work of this year is designed to meet the ad- mission requirements of the Institute of Technology and the Law- rence Scientific School in elementary algebra and plane geometry, which include all the topics of academic algebra, through geometri- cal progression, and the first five books of plane geometry. The text-books used are Bradbury and Emery's Academic Algebra and Wentworth's Elements of Plane Geometry. The course in French is a continuation of conversational methods, supplemented by translations from Les Recits de la Vieille France, L'Histoire d'un Paysan, and other similar books. The work in English and history follows the entrance require- ments of the Institute of Technology and the Lawrence Scientific School. In English the books agreed upon by the colleges are read, and much written work is required. In history the class fol- lows Johnston's United States, and Montgomery's Leading Facts of English History, but these books furnish only a small part of the work done. From topics assigned with reference to larger histori- cal works, a thorough study is made of the more important phases of American history; essays are written upon the lives of our great statesmen and different historical movements ; and something is attempted in the way of individual and voluntary study of some epoch or event. The general course in physics is conducted on substantially the same lines as that indicated under the college course for the fourth year. It is not influenced by college requirements, and thus ad- mits of greater variation in the choice of experiments and topics. A somewhat more extended study of electricity is usually under- taken in this course than in the other. The course in mechanical drawing is as follows : Projections ; measurements of inclined lines with applications ; geometrical con- structions, such as mathematical curves, the helix with applications to screws, theory of conic sections, intersection and development of solids bounded by curved surfaces requiring the cutting plane ; theory and execution of the spur gears ; machine drawing (detail and assembled) specified and dimensioned for use. CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Each student is treated as an assistant draughtsman in a large office. A complete machine is selected and each assistant draughts- man is given an idea of some part which he must develop, and of which he must produce a correct working drawing. At least two parts are thus treated, and each student makes two or more tracings of sheets not his own. From these he makes blue prints on paper prepared by the class. The total time in the drawing office is about seventy hours. The course in free-hand drawing includes light and shade in char- coal, drawing from the plaster cast, drawing from groups of com- mon objects, corner of room, furniture, etc., and advanced design, The machine-shop course includes iron fitting and elementary machine-tool work. The course in iron fitting is as follows : chipping, filing, fitting of sliding parts, scraping, polishing, drilling, tapping, bolt cutting, hand turning, etc. The tools used are : Scratch awl, machinist's hammer, prick- punch, centre-punch, spring dividers, spring calipers, try-square, flat, cape and round nosed chisels, various forms and sizes of files, and the hand lathe. The elementary machine-tool course consists of engine lathe work, including the cutting action and setting of tools, preparation of work for the lathe, straight and taper turning and boring, chuck drilling, and the use of measuring tools. The tools used are : Engine lathe, lathe tools, chuck drill, cal- ipers, reference gauge, micrometer caliper, and limit gauge. FIRST CLASS. (THIRTEENTH GRADE.) Hours Months Hours Months College Course per per General Course pei- per week year week year Advanced French 5 10 Chemistry 5 10 English } Physics 3 10 5 10 Solid Geometry ) Civil Government... 2 10 Physics 10 10 Ensrlish 5 10 Drawing ^ 5 10 Drawing } 10 10 Shopwork ) Shopwork > Study .... 5 10 Studv 5 10 THE RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. 57 The course in French is preparatory for the advanced work re- quired for college admission, and includes advanced grammar work and translation of some of the French classics. The English in the college course is a continuation of the second class work. In the general course it is planned to give a broad and helpful knowledge of our best English literature in connection with more critical composition work than has hitherto been offered. The course in solid geometry follows college requirements. The course in physics, in the college preparatory schedule, is based on the requirements for admission to the Lawrence Scientific School and the Institute of Technology. Each pupil is required to perform a large number of experiments, making his own observa- tions and keeping a careful record of them in his note book. This individual experimental work occupies about two-fifths of the time, the remainder being devoted to lectures, recitations, and the solu- tion of practical problems depending upon the principles developed in the experiments and in the lectures. The course in civil government follows Fiske's Civil Government as a text-book, but it is also intended to give the boys an insight into the practical working of our municipal and state methods, by visits to the city hall and to the state house, and by the careful watching of current events. The mechanical drawing in the general course consists of ma- chine mechanism, belting principles, bevel gears (elective), worm gears, rack and pinion (elective), assembling a machine from details (elective), projection and cast shadows, isometric projec- tion and shadows, use of color washes and tints. The student may, if he desires, substitute the following for the drawing marked " elective " : Architectural details, as sections through a building, window casings, inside and outside finish and decorations, etc., and the plans and elevations of at least two houses. The work for the college course is as follows : Orthographic projections and shadows with color washes and tints, isometric projection, simple and complicated shadows, isometric intersections, etc., and descriptive geometry. The course in free-hand drawing includes drawing in charcoal (optional) or water color, and advanced design. The machine-shop course includes the use of the engine lathe 58 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. fixtures, (compound, back and follow rests, taper attachments, etc.,) screw cutting, use of planer and shaper, milling, drilling, and boring in drill press, forming and grinding cutting tools, con- struction and assembling of machines, and the use of special tools. The tools used are those of the third year, and also the planer, shaper, milling machine, sensitive drill, upright drill, drills, ream- ers, arbors, taps, and any other tools needed to complete a piece of work. Throughout the entire course the pupils in each shop work from blue prints giving details and specifications, or from drawings specially prepared by themselves. TEXT-BOOKS OF THE RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. [These books may be used in the Latin School or English High School whenever the committee on high schools shall so direct.] English Literature. Lewis's First Book in Writing English ; Lockwood's Lessons in English ; American Poetry ; Burke's Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies ; Carlyle's Essay on Burns ; Cooper's Last of the Mohicans ; Dickens's Christmas Stories, and Tale of Two Cities ; DeQuincey's Revolt of the Tartars ; Dryden's Palamon and Arcite ; Gold- smith's Vicar of Wakefield ; Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables, and Twice Told Tales ; Masterpieces of British Literature ; Milton's Paradise Lost ; Pope's Trans- lation of the Iliad, Books I., VI., XXII., XXIV. ; Scott's Abbot, Ivanhoe, The Lady of the Lake, Marmion, and Quentin Durward ; Shakespeare's As You Like It, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer- Night's Dream, Richard III., and Twelfth Night; Sir Roger de Cover ley Papers ; Tennyson's Lancelot and Elaine and other Idylls of the King. French. Chardenal's Complete French Course ; Grandgent's Short French Grammar ; Grandgent's Materials for French Composition ; Rogers's French Sight Reading ; Super's Pre- paratory French Reader ; Worman's First French Book ; Gasc's French Dictionary ; Assollant's Recits de la Vieille France ; Berthet's Le Pacte de Famine ; Daudet's La Belle-Nivernaise, and Le Siege de Berlin ; Erckmann-Chat- rian's Histoire d'un Paysan ; Halevy's L'Abbe Constantin ; THE RINDGE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL. 59 Hugo's La Chute ; Julliot's Mile. Solange ; Merimee's Colomba ; Michelet's Recits d'Histoire de France, Part II. ; Moliere's L'Avare ; Sandeau's Mile, de la Seigliere ; Ven- tura's Peppino. German. Brandt's German Grammar ; Collar's Eysenbach's Ger- man Lessons; Dippold's Scientific German Reader ; Harris's German Composition ; Mondan's German Selections for Sight Translation ; Wor man's First German Book ; Koh- ler's German Dictionary ; Bernhardt's Auf der Sonnenseite ; Freytag's Aus dem Staat Friedrichs des Grossen ; Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea; Grimm's Marchen ; Guerber's M archen und Erzahlungen ; Hillern's Hb'her als die Kirche ; Hoffmann's Historische Erzahlungen ; Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm ; SheffeFs Ekkehard ; Schiller's Die Jungfrau von Orleans, and Wilhelm Tell ; Storm's Immensee. History. Channing's Students' History of the United States ; Johnston's United States History; Montgomery's History of England. Mathematics. Bradbury's Elementary Algebra; Bradbury and Emery's Academic Algebra; Bradbury's Academic Geome- try ; Well's University Algebra ; Wentworth's Elements of Algebra, College Algebra, and Elements of Geometry, Solid Geometry. Science. Appletons' School Physics ; Gage's Introduction to Physical Science ; Hall and Bergen's Physics ; Pierce's Problems in Elementary Physics ; Williams's Chemistry. Miscellaneous. Dawes's How We Are Governed. Fiske's Civil Government. 60 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS The course of study is divided in two ways: (1) into six sec- tions; () into four sections; each section covering a year's work. Pupils taking the course in six years are classified in six grades, called the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. 9 Those taking it in four years are classi- 2 3 fied in four grades, called grades A, B, ** ^\ ^> ^ C, and D. When pupils are promoted to the grammar schools they begin the first year's work together. After two or three months they are separated into two divisions. One division advances more rapidly than the other, and during the year com- pletes one-fourth of the whole course of o study. The other division completes one-sixth of the course. During the second year the pupils in 2 grade B are in the same room with the sixth grade. At the beginning of the year they are five months (one-half the & school year) behind those in the sixth grade. After two or three months*grade B is able to recite with the sixth grade, J and at the end of the year both divisions have completed one-half the course of study the one in two years and the other in three years. The plan for the last half of the course is the same as for the first half, the grades being known as the seventh, eighth, and ninth in the one case, and as C and D in the other. Arrow No. 1 indicates the four years' course; grades A, B, C, D. Arrow No. 2 in- dicates one of the five years' courses; grades A, B, 7, 8, 9. Arrow No. 3 indicates the other five years' course; grades 4, 5, 6, C, D. Arrow No. 4 indicates the six years' course , grades 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 61 There are also two ways of completing the course in five years : (1) any pupil who has completed one-half the course in two years may at the end of that time be transferred to the seventh grade and finish the course in three years ; (2) any pupil who has com- pleted one-half of the course in three years may at the end of that time be transferred to grade C, and finish the course in two years. In both cases these changes can be made without omitting or repeating any part of the course. READING. Fourth Grade and Grade A. Hans Andersen's Stories, Stories of American Life and Adventures, and one or more of the au- thorized Readers. Selections of poetry and prose (minimum number of lines, 100) are to be committed to memory and recited, not in concert only, but by each pupil ; also to be written frequently from memory. Additional for Grade A. Old Greek Stories, Ruskin's King of the Golden River, and selections from the author- ized Readers used in the fifth grade. Filth Grade. Ruskin's King of the Golden River, Old Greek Stories, and one or more of the authorized Readers. Se- lections of poetry and prose (minimum number of lines, 150) are to be committed to memory and recited, not in concert only, but by each pupil ; also to be written frequently from memory. Sixth Grade and Grade B. Hawthorne's Little Daffydowndilly and Biographical Stories, Longfellow's The Children's Hour, Eggleston's First Book in American History, and one or more of the authorized Readers. Selection of po- etry and prose (minimum number of lines, 200) are to be committed to memory and recited, not in concert only, but by each pupil ; also to be written frequently from memory. Seventh Grade and Grade C. Hawthorne's Wonder Book, Hig- ginson's Young Folks' History of the United States, and selections from the authorized Readers. Selections of po- etry and prose (minimum number of lines, 200) are to be committed to memory and recited, not in concert only, but by each pupil; also to be written frequently from memory. 62 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Additional for Grade C. Burroughs's Birds and Bees, Hawthorne's Grandfather's Chair and Tanglewood Tales. The last two books may be read at home, the pupils being required to give an account of them, at school. Eighth Grade. Burroughs's Birds and Bees, Hawthorne's Grand- father's Chair and Tanglewood Tales. Selections of poetry and prose (minimum number of lines, 200) are to be com- mitted to memory and recited, not in concert only, but by each pupil ; also to be written frequently from memory. Ninth Grade and Grade D. Masterpieces of American Literature. Selections of poetry and prose (minimum number of lines, 200) are to be committed to memory and recited, not in concert only, but by each pupil ; also to be written fre- quently from memory. Additional Books for Each Grade. For the purpose of cultivating a taste for good reading, additional books will be supplied in sets containing a sufficient number of copies to enable one-half the pupils in a class to read the same book at the same time. These books will be selected by the principal from a list approved by the committee. REMARKS. The " additional books " are to be read at home, or silently in the schoolroom, or aloud by one division while the other listens. The reading of each book should be an occasion for teach- ing language. The pupils should be required to give an account of what they read, both orally and in writing. LANGUAGE. Fourth Grade and Grade A. Such lessons in Hyde's Practical Lessons in the use of English for Fourth Year of School as shall be especially helpful in teaching pupils to express their thoughts correctly. Additional for Grade A. A short composition each week which may be prepared at home. Fifth Grade. Such lessons in the first half of Southworth and Goddard's First Lessons in Language as shall be especially helpful in teaching pupils to express their thoughts cor- rectly. Give especial attention to letter writing. Sixth Grade and Grade B. Such lessons in Southworth and God- UNIVERSITY CAL dard's First Lessons in Language as shall tend to awaken THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. V n. 63 ^\^ and stimulate thought, and be helpful in teaching pupils to write fluently and correctly. Seventh Grade and Grade C. Southworth and Goddard's Ele- ments of Composition and Grammar, chapters X. to XV. inclusive, with such parts of the first nine chapters as shall be especially helpful in teaching pupils of these grades to understand and write good English. Continue letter writ- ing, make out bills, and write frequently short compositions on familiar subjects. Additional for Grade C. A short composition each week which may be prepared at home. Eighth Grade. Southworth and Goddard's Elements of Composi- tion and Grammar, chapters XVI. to XXIII. inclusive, with a review of the previous chapters. Continue the writ- ten work of the seventh grade. Ninth Grade and Grade D. Southworth and Goddard's Elements of Composition and Grammar; The study of Evangeline, Snow Bound, The Chambered Nautilus, Thanatopsis, The Great Stone Face, Webster's Address at the Laying of the Corner Stone of Bunker Hill Monument, Lincoln's Gettys- burg Speech, and The Prelude to Part First of the Vision of Sir Launfal. Compositions of from five to ten lines each day, and longer compositions once in two weeks. REMARKS. Too much time is often given to what may be called the mechanical part of language work. The use of capitals and punctuation marks, and even spelling, can be taught equally well, if not better, in connection with what pupils write in giving expres- sion to their thoughts. It should be the aim of teachers to awaken and stimulate thought on the part of their pupils and guide them in giving expression to it. Every lesson should become a lan- guage lesson, and drawing as well as the written and spoken word should be used as means of expression. SPELLING. Fourth Grade. Harrington's Spelling Book, Part First to page 60. Grade A. Harrington's Spelling Book, Part First. 64 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Fifth Grade. Harrington's Spelling Book, Part First, and Part Second to page 25. Sixth Grade and Grade B. Harrington's Spelling Book, Part Second to page 61, and page 91. Seventh Grade and Grade C. Harrington's Spelling Book. Part Second. REMARKS. The pupils in each room should be taught to write the names of one another, the name of their teacher, the name of their school, the names of the streets and of the trees in the vicinity of their school, and of the shrubs and flowers in their gardens. The spelling of the names of cities, states, countries, rivers, mountains, etc., and of technical words, should be taught in connec- tion with the subjects in which they are used. The pupils in the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth grades should have constant practice, in finding the pronunciation and meaning of words from the dictionary. GEOGRAPHY. Fourth Grade and Grade A. The topics in Frye's Primary Ge- ography, to page 54. Additional for Grade A. The topics between pages 54 and 79. Fifth Grade. The topics in Frye's Primary Geography. Sixth Grade and Grade B. The topics in Frye's Complete Geog- raphy to page 62. Additional for Grade B. The unfinished work of the fifth grade. Seventh Grade and Grade C. The United States (pages INS- IST), Canada, Mexico, West Indies (pages 158, 159, 160), Europe (pages 75-86, 161-167), the political geography of South America (pages 168, 169, 170), and a review of the prominent physical features of North and South America. Read from time to time what is printed in large type on races of men, plants, animals, and commerce (pages 99- Additional for Grade G. The physical and political geog- raphy of Asia, Africa, and Australia. Eighth Grade. The physical and political geography of Asia CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 65 (pages 63-74, 170, 171, 172), of Africa (pages 87-94, 173, 174), of Australia (pages 95-98, 175 ; the New Eng- land States (pages 28, 1884 in the Supplement) ; races of men, plants, animals, and commerce (pages 99-122), with a general review of the work of the sixth and seventh grades. REMARKS. Pupils should be made familiar with geographical terms, and definitions as their use is required. Frye's Teachers' Manual should be in constant use. Attention is called to topic 3, page 17. MATHEMATICAL STUDIES. Fourth Grade and Grade A. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers and of decimals, using no whole number of more than five figures, no divisor of more than three, and no decimal beyond thousandths. In the division of decimals the divisor is to be a whole number. Addition and subtraction of like fractions, and of fractions whose common denominator does not exceed twelve. Teach the tables of United States money, liquid measure, and dry measure, with practical examples in changing num- bers of one denomination to the next higher or lower. Additional for Grade A. Avoirdupois weight, multiplica- tion and division of fractions, including mixed numbers ; also the greatest common factor and the least common mul- tiple of two and three numbers, each less than 100, and cancellation. Fifth Grade. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers, of decimals, and of common fractions, in- cluding mixed numbers; also the greatest common factor and the least common multiple of two and three numbers, each less than 100, and cancellation. No decimal to extend beyond thousandths, no fraction to have a denominator greater than twelve, and no example to contain more than three fractions. In the division of decimals the divisor is to be a whole number. Teach the table of avoirdupois weight, a part of the tables of long measure, square measure, cubic measure (inches, feet, yards), and time measure (seconds, minutes, hours, days, 66 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. weeks), with practical examples in changing numbers of one denomination to the next higher or lower. Percentage with simple practical examples. Sixth Grade and Grade B. Common fractions and decimal frac- tions. Teach the tables of long measure, square measure, cubic measure (inches, feet, yards), avoirdupois weight, liquid measure, dry measure, time measure (seconds, min- utes, hours, days, weeks), and miscellaneous measures, with practical examples in changing a compound number to a simple number of a lower denomination, and a simple number to a compound number of higher denomination. Simple interest at 6 per cent. Additional for Grade B. The unfinished work of the fifth grade. Seventh Grade and Grade C. Compound numbers, including the mensuration of rectangular surfaces and solids ; percentage ; profit and loss; commission and brokerage; insurance; taxes ; and simple interest. Additional for Grade C. Partial payments ; problems in interest; bank discount; and commercial discount. Eighth Grade. Partial payments ; problems in interest ; bank discount ; commercial discount ; compound interest ; bonds ; and ratio and proportion. Ninth Grade and Grade D. Partnership ; involution ; evolution ; square root ; metric system ; bookkeeping, confined to sim- ple, personal and business accounts ; and concrete geometry. The application of elementary algebra to arithmetical prob- lems may be added at the option of the teacher. Additional for Grade D. The unfinished work of the eighth grade. REMARKS. In teaching these subjects the examples should be of a simple practical character. Save time by using small num- bers. Many of the examples should be made by the pupils. Those in the text-books are to be used according to the judgment of the teacher. Methods of doing work are more important than the amount of work done. A single example carefully performed, with the reasons for every operation given either orally or in writing, will do more for the advancement of the pupil than the working of many examples without explanation. THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 67 PHYSICS. The following outline of the work in physics was arranged by Professor Edwin H. Hall of Harvard University. It will be seen that the list does not contain any exercise in heat, sound, electricity, or magnetism. Professor Hall explains this by saying : " It is my opinion at present that laboratory work in these divisions of physics is too difficult or too expensive for grammar school classes.'' LIST OF EXPERIMENTS. 1. Volume of a solid by overflow of water from a vessel filled before the immersion of the solid. 2. Weight of a cubic centimeter of wood by measuring and weighing a block of rectangular or other convenient shape. 3. Weight of water displaced by a floating body compared with weight of the body. 4. Demonstration of the principle of Archimedes. 5. Specific gravity of a solid that sinks in water. 6. Specific gravity of wood by immersion with a sinker in water. 7. Specific gravity of wood by flotation. 8. Specific gravity of a liquid by specific gravity bottle. 9. Specific gravity of a liquid by loss of weight of a solid immersed therein. 10. The straight lever. 11. Experiment upon the centre of gravity of an irregular body, and the influence of its weight when it is used as a lever. 12. Levers of the second and third classes. 13. Force exerted at the fulcrum of a lever. 14. Laws of the simple pendulum. 15. Images in a plane mirror. 16. Index of refraction of glass. 17. Focal length of a lens. 18. Law of conjugate foci of a lens. 19. Position, size and shape of a real image formed by a lens. 20. Position, size and shape of a virtual image formed by a lens. 68 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. HISTORY. Sixth Grade and Grade B. Eggleston's First Book in American History used as a reading book. Seventh Grade and Grade C. Higginson's Young Folks' History of the United States used as a reading book. Eighth Grade and Grade C. The first twelve chapters of Fiske's History of the United States. Ninth Grade and Grade D. Thomas's History of the United States. FOR ALL THE GRADES. Physiology and Hygiene. Give instruction in these subjects- in accordance with the requirements of the Commonwealth. The law is as follows : ." Physiology and hygiene, which, in both divisions of the subject, shall include special instruction as to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics on the human system, shall be taught as a regular branch of study to all pupils in all schools supported wholly or in part by public money." Moral Instruction. The duty of every teacher is clearly defined by the following extract from the laws of our Commonwealth : " It shall be the duty of all instructors of youth to exert their best endeavors to impress on the minds of children and youth, committed to their care and instruction, the principles of piety and justice, and a sacred regard to truth ; love of their country, humanity, and universal benevolence; sobriety, industry, and frugality; chastity, moderation, and temperance ; and those other virtues which are the ornament of human society, and the basis upon which a republican constitution is founded ; and it shall be the duty of such instructors to endeavor to lead their pupils, as their ages and capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of the tendency of the above-mentioned virtues, to pre- serve and perfect a republican constitution, and secure the blessings of liberty, as well as to promote their future happiness, and also to point out to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices.'' Patriotic Songs. Teach the following songs : America ; The Star Spangled Banner ; Hail Columbia ; Our Flag is There ; The Red, White, and Blue ; the Battle Hymn of the Republic ; Home,. Sweet Home. REMARK. Each pupil should be able to repeat and write the words. It is recommended that in singing " America " the pupils always rise. THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 69 Physical Exercises. Fifteen minutes are to be used each day for physical exercises in the primary and grammar schools, of which the Ling system of Swedish gymnastics is to be a part. During this time the schoolrooms should be thoroughly ventilated. Music. See directions of the director of music. Drawing. See directions of the director of drawing. Botany. See directions of the special teacher of botany. Penmanship. Each master will select from the authorized list the books for his own school. NATURE STUDY. The following is the outline of the work in nature study pre- pared by Miss Sarah E. Brassill, the special teacher. (See primary course of study for the outline of the work in the primary grades.) FOURTH YEAR FOURTH GRADE. September. Autumn flowers. Review the acquaintance with the flowers of the month. Add to past work the study of com- posites, using sunflower or marigold as the type. Compare them with the simpler clusters in the number, size, and arrangement of parts. Account for differences. Search all specimens for cocoons they may contain. Watch the spinning of cocoons to be saved for further observation. October. Native trees. Insects. Learn to recognize from seven to twelve trees, choosing those most common in the neighbor- hood. As the leaves fall, observe the general shape of the trees, the manner of branching, and the character of the bark. Study one characteristic fall insect, as the cricket. November. Nests. As the leaves fall, locate deserted birds' nests. From specimens or from pictures, study various types, noting especially their adaptation to their use. Make note of any favorite nesting places for reference later. December. Study the habits of our common winter birds crow, sparrow, and pigeon to learn how to observe the living bird. From museum specimens and from pictures, learn terms in common use in describing birds and simple facts of structure. January. Continue the bird study. Make an effort to attract 70 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. such birds as are in the neighborhood to the school grounds by providing food and shelter. Search for any traces of winter plant or animal life which might be a source of food to the birds. February. Minerals. Develop the idea of a mineral world. Learn to recognize minerals in common use in daily life. Show any connection they may have with plant or animal life. Collect any specimens of minerals or building stones to be found in the district. March. Folding of leaves in a bud. Gather twigs having large, well-formed buds. Place some in water and watch the un- folding of the leaves. Make cross-sections of others and determine the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Look for a similar ar- rangement of parts in flower buds. Watch again the return of the birds. April. Development of animal life. Gather frogs' eggs and keep them in pond water in the schoolroom for observation. Note their first appearance and all subsequent changes. Watch for all signs of awakening life out-of-doors. Make an effort to attract birds about the school building by providing material for their nests. May. Incomplete and imperfect flowers. Gather catkins from the willow, poplar, and oak ; also blossoms of the elm and maple. Determine what parts of the flower are present. Try to discover how the work of the blossom is done. Note es- pecially any insects found among the blossoms. June. Insects. Study the bee and the beetle as types of insect life. Review all previous work on insects and flowers, tracing the adaptation of one to the other. Follow the cycle of plant, insect, and bird life in its relation to the life of people. THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 71 SEALS OF THE STATE, CITY, AND HARVARD COLLEGE. Teach the inscription and motto on the State seal, the City seal, and the seal of Harvard College. Official description of the State seal. The great seal of the Com- monwealth shall be circular in form, and shall bear upon its face a represen- tation of the arms of the Common- wealth, with an inscription round about such representation, consisting of the words "SIGILLUM BEIPUBLKLE MASSACHUSETTENSIS ; " but the colors of such arms shall not be an essential part of said seal, and an impression from an engraved se;il according to said design, on any com- mission,paper,or document of any kind, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, whether such colors, or the representation of such colors by the customary heraldic lines or marks, be employed or not. The arms of the Commonwealth shall consist of a shield, whereof the field or surface is blue, and thereon an Indian dressed in his shirt and moc- casins, holding in his right hand a bow, in his left hand an arrow, point down- ward, all of gold; and in the upper cor- ner above his right arm a silver star with five points. The crest shall be a wreath of blue and gold, whereon is a right arm bent at the elbow, and clothed and ruffled, the hand grasping a broadsword, all of gold. The motto shall be ^EXSE PETIT PL ACID AM SUB LIBERTATE QUIETEM." INSCRIPTION (translated): Seal of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts. MOTTO (translated): With the sword she seeks calm peace under liberty; or, With the sword she seeks peaceful quiet with freedom; or, With the sword she seeks the tranquil peace of f ive lorn. 72 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. ARMS OF THE COMMONWEALTH. The following account of the origin of the State seal given by Dr. Morrill Wyman is of special interest. He says : " Of the seal of Massachusetts many may know the history ; some, however, may like to be reminded or informed how its motto came to be adopted by the founders of our Commonwealth. The following is probably its origin : Algernon Sidney, an English statesman, at the end of Charles the First's reign, wrote his most celebrated work, his " Discourses on Government," in which, for the first time, the sovereignty of the people, as the foundation of government, was distinctly maintained and the propriety of resistance to kingly oppression or misrule vin- dicated. He also wrote in the album of the royal library at Copen- hagen and again in Utrecht these two Latin lines : "Manus haec., inimica tyrannis, Ense petit placidam sab libertate quietem." " This hand the rule of tyrants to oppose. Seeks, with the sword, fair freedom's soft repose/' The second line was selected as the motto for the seal of our Commonwealth. The hand in the arms grasping a broadsword takes the place of the word manus in the omitted first line of the couplet, and thus completes the grammatical construction. By the splendid " Discourse on Government," and by these lines, the profligate Charles II. was so angered that Algernon Sid- ney was arrested, thrown into the Tower, and after a trial, con- ducted with a shameless absence of equity, beheaded December 17, 1683. THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 73 Official description of the City seal. The following shall be the device of the seal of the city, to wit : In the centre thereof a shield bearing upon it a view, on the right the towers of Gore hall, and on the left the Washington elm ; under the shield the inscription shall be, "CAXTABRIGIA COXDITA A. D. 1630: Cin CO REGIMIXE DOXATA A. D. 1846. Around the seal, as the city motto, shall be the words, "LITERIS AXTIQVIS NOVIS IXSTITVTIS DECORA." INSCRIPTION (translated) : Cambridge founded A. I). 1630. Made a city A. D. 1846. MOTTO (translated) : Adorned with ancient letters and new institu- tions. Arms Gules; three open Official description of the College seal. books Argent, edges covers and clasps Or; on the books the letters VE RI TAS Sable. The seal contains a shield with the arms placed on a circular field Or, on which the words CHRISTO ET ECCLESIAE Azure; and around the words SIGILLVM ACADEMIAE HARVARDIANAE IN NOV ANG. INSCRIPTION (translated): Seal of Harvard College in Xew England. MOTTO (translated): Truth.* To Christ and the Church. 74 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS 1899 The time in hours and minutes given each week to the work required by the course of study. GRADES. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. 30 30 30 30 30 30 4-30 4-30 4-40 5 4-30 4-30 4-30 4-30 4 4 4 3-30 3 3 3 3-20 3 1-30 1-30 1-30 1-20 1-20 1-00 \Vrittcn arithmetic* 3-30 3-30 3-30 3-35 3-35 3-25 1-20 Historv * 30 40 3 3-00 Writino" (Copybooks) 1-40 1-40 1-30 1-30 1-20 1-20 1-20 1-20 1-20 1-20 SeWinG" ... .... .... 45 45 45 Music . 50 50 50 50 50 50 70 70 70 70 70 70 30 30 30 30 30 30 1-20 "pV)VMpS! 1-20 50 Total time 23-45 23-45 23-45 23-45 23-45 23-45 A. Language includes spelling, sentence writing, letter writing, business forms, copying selections of poetry and prose from memory, compositions, technical grammar. B. A part of the reading should be for the purpose of cultivating a taste for reading C. Physiology and hygiene are to be taught with special reference to the effect of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics on the human system. D. The time required for lessons on patriotism, morals, manners, etc., is to be taken whenever a favorable occasion is presented for inculcating these virtues. * Including the elements of civil government in the ninth grade. tTime to be taken from that as signed to language and drawing. THE CAMBRIDGE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. 75 TEXT-BOOKS IN THE GRAMMAR SCHOOLS. Reading Books. Barnes's ; Franklin ; Harper's ; Heart of Oak Books ; Lippincott's (new series) ; Monroe's ; Stickney's American Prose ; Baldwin's Fifty Famous Stories Retold*, and Old Greek Stories ; Burroughs's Birds and Bees ; By Land and Sea (The Companion Series) ; Carpenter's Geographi- cal Reader* ; Cooper's Spy* ; Defoe's Robinson Crusoe ; Dickens's Christmas Carols ; Eggleston's Stories of Ameri- can Life and Adventure, and Stories of Great Americans for Little Americans* ; Frye's Brooks and Brook Basins ; Gil- man's Historical Readers ; Hans Andersen's Stories ; Haw- thorne's American Classic Series, Grandfather's Chair, Lit- tle Daffydowndilly, Tanglewood Tales, and Wonder Book ; Hughes's Tom Brown's School Days at Rugby* ; Irving's Sketch Book (selections); King's Picturesque Geographical Readers, Part 1.; Longfellow's Children's Hour, Evange- line, and Hiawatha ; Masterpieces of American Literature ; Ruskin'sKing of the Golden River; Scott's Ivanhoe* ; Talks About Animals (The Companion Series) ; Whittier's Child Life (selections), and Snow Bound; Wiggin's Lessons on Manners ; Wood's Natural History Readers ; Wright's Sea- side and Way-side. Dictionaries. Worcester's Comprehensive, and New School. For Ref- erence, Worcester's and Webster's Unabridged, and Web- ster's International. Arithmetic. Bradbury Eaton's Practical ; Bradbury's Sight ; Col- burn's First Lessons ; Franklin (Cambridge Ed.) ; Seaver and Walton's Mental. Bookkeeping. Meservey's Single Entry. Geography. Frye's Complete ; Frye's Primary ; Frye's Home and School Atlas. Geometry. Hornbrook's Concrete. History. Thomas's, used in the ninth grade ; Fiske's, used in the eighth grade; Higginson's, used as a reading book in the seventh grade ; Eggleston's First Book in American His- tory used as a reading book in the sixth grade. Language. Hyde's Practical Lessons in English ; Metcalf's Lan- guage Exercises ; Southworth and Goddard's First Lessons in Language, and Elements of Composition and Grammar. * These books will be supplied in sets of from fifteen to thirty copies. 76 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Music. Carey's Graded Exercises ; National New Second, New Third, and New Fourth Readers ; The Educational Sixth Reader ; Mason's New National Music Charts ; The Edu- cational Music Chart. Spelling Books. Harrington's ; Metcalf's. Copy Books. Common Sense (vertical). Drawing Books. Prang's Complete Course. THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 77 COURSE OF STUDY FOR THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS READING. FIRST YEAR FIRST GRADE. (1) Teach reading at first from the blackboard, using short sen- tences expressing in the pupils' own words thoughts suggested to them by observation and conversation. Reading from the black- board should be continued throughout the year. () As soon as the pupils understand that written or printed sentences stand for thought, teach them to recognize the words of the sentences, and then the sounds and letters composing those words. (3) After the first six weeks of school life, use the authorized reading books for the first grade. (4) Teach a few pieces of standard poetry, also quotations and maxims, as a part of the regular exercises, and copy what is taught each term into a blank book. REMARKS. (1) Pleasant conversational tones should be cultiva- ted in the pupils in speaking to one another, and the same tones should be used in their reading. () " To give ease and natural- ness, nothing is more important than to read in phrases. Thus, ' I can see,' should be spoken as fluently as if it were one word, like < repartee.' (3) The articles a and the should be joined to the fol- lowing word, as if they formed the first syllable of it." (4) The pupils should be so guided as gradually to gain the power of making out the words of a sentence and of getting its thought. (5) A portion of the time devoted to reading should be set apart for reading aloud by the teacher. Standard literature suited to the capacity of the pupils should be used. SPELLING AND DICTATION. FIRST YEAR FIRST GRADE. (1) Give the pupils careful, persistent drill in analyzing the spoken word into its elementary sounds, and the written word in- 78 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. to the letters or combinations of letters representing those sounds. (2) By the middle of the year let the pupils write words and' short sentences from dictation. (3) Lead them to observe (a) that the first word of every sentence begins with a capital letter; (6) that the word, I, is a capital letter ; (c) that the names of persons, days of the week, and months of the year begin with capital letters ; (d) that a period is placed after every complete statement; (e) that every question is followed by a question mark. (4) Teach the use of the apostrophe when it denotes possession. (5) Teach the names and sounds of all the letters before the close of the year. REMARKS. (1) Pupils should have much practice in the use of letter tablets in word and sentence building. () The spelling of words from memory should not be required until pupils can spell them readily at sight and point to each letter as it is named. (3) The sentences used for the spelling and dictation lessons should contain words selected from the other lessons of the day. (4) The work in dictation should be the means for teaching the technical part of written language. (5) This technical work should include, among other exercises, the copying of sentences from the reading book, blackboard, or cards ; the writing of sentences dictated by the teacher ; and the writing of sentences containing certain words specified by the teacher, the spelling of which has already been taught. WRITING. FIRST YEAR FIRST GRADE. (1) Teach the forms and the names of the letters and the Arabic numerals in the order given in the vertical writing books. (2) Let the pupils copy words and sentences from the blackboard and from cards. (3) Teach them to write their own names, first copying them from cards, and then writing them from memory. (4)' Use the authorized writing book for the first grade. REMARKS. (1) All blackboard work intended for the pupils' use in copying should be large and clear, of correct form, and easy to read from every seat in the schoolroom. (2) From the begin- ning the pupils should be taught the use and care of pen, ink, and paper, and great attention should be given to the form and size of the letters. Teach spacing as soon as possible. (3) The greatest care should be taken that the pupils in all their written work, THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 79 maintain a correct and healthful position of the body. (4) Dur- ing each writing lesson the pupils' work should be constantly exam- ined and needed help and suggestions given. (5) The small let- ters, the capital letters, and the Arabic numerals should be on the blackboard at all times. NUMBER. FIRST YEAR FIRST GRADE. Teach the numbers from 1 to 10 inclusive. Adding and subtracting with objects : a. Without figures. b. With figures. Multiplying and dividing with objects : a. Without figures. b. With figures. Teach the equal fractional parts of the numbers taught by means of objects. Uneven division should also be taught. Give much practice in adding short columns of figures, the sum not to exceed ten ; verify by subtraction. Let the numbers be written in words. Teach the Roman numerals to 10. Teach the pupils to divide an object into halves, thirds and fourths ; and to combine halves, thirds, and fourths to form the whole again. Teach the one-cent and two-cent pieces, the nickel and the dime . Teach the number of pints in a quart, days in a week, and months in a year. Use the Cambridge Number Card : First Year's Work. A variety of easy problems should be invented by both teacher and pupils in connection with the work in number. READING. SECOND YEAR SECOND GRADE. (1) Use the authorized reading books for the second grade. () Teach a few pieces of standard poetry, also quotations and maxims, as a part of the regular exercises, and copy what is taught each term into a blank book. REMARKS. (1) See remarks for the first grade. (2) The 80 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. blackboard should be in constant use. Each day the pupils should find upon it new reading matter some interesting fact, an ex- ample in number, a story, a question, or a direction. (3) To train pupils to get the thought as they read, they should be questioned upon the text, and be required to give in their own words the sub- stance of the story read. (4) Pupils should be allowed to read frequently without correction or comment on the part of the teacher. (5) The reading of poetry should not be omitted. (6) A portion of the time devoted to reading should be set apart for reading standard literature suited to the capacity of the pupils. A part of this should be done by the pupils, the selections being simple enough to be read without hesitation, "interesting enough to keep the attention of the class, and valuable enough to be worthy of becoming a permanent possession of the children's minds." (7) Pupils should have practice in the elementary sounds of the conso- nants and consonant combinations, separately and in combination with the vowels. This will help to secure good tone and correct pronunciation, and will enable them to find out words for them- selves. (8) Give simple, well chosen exercises in enunciation, emphasis, force and pitch of voice. SPELLING AND DICTATION. SECOND YEAR SECOND GRADE. (1) Continue phonic analysis, and oral spelling of words by let- ter, also the writing of words and sentences from dictation. (2) Review the use of capital letters given for the first grade. (3) Lead the pupil to observe (a) that the word " O" is a capital letter ; (6) that the first word of every line of poetry begins with a cap- ital letter ; (c) that the names of countries, cities, or towns, schools, streets, squares, parks, states, and holidays begin with capital letters. (4) Review the use of the period given for the first grade, and teach that every abbreviation should be followed by a period. (5) Review the use of the question mark. (6) Review the use of the apostrophe to denote possession, and teach its use in contractions. (7) Teach the arrangement of work upon paper. (8) Teach the abbreviations Mr., Mrs., A.ns., A.M., and P.M. (9) Pupils should know the order of the letters in the alphabet before the close of the year. THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 81 WRITING. SECOND YEAR SECOND GRADE. (1) Continue the practice in writing the letters separately, also in making the Arabic numerals, and in copying words and senten- ces from the blackboard, cards, and books. (2) Let the pupils write their own addresses and the name of their teacher and of their school. (3) Use the authorized writing book for the second grade. REMARKS. See remarks for the first grade. NUMBER. SECOND YEAR SECOND GRADE. Review the work for the first grade. Teach addition and subtraction, multiplication and division of numbers to 50, no multiplier or divisor greater than 12 being required. The numbers to 20 should be taught objectively. Teach the equal fractional parts of numbers to 50. The frac- tional parts of the numbers to 20 should be taught objectively. Uneven division should also be taught. Give much practice in rapid work, especially the addition of short columns of figures. Verify the work in addition by subtrac- tion. Let the pupils write in words and in figures the numbers to 50. Teach the Roman numerals to 50. Add by twos, threes, fours, etc., to 50 ; subtract by twos, threes, fours, etc., from 50. Continue the work in the invention of problems by both teacher and pupils. Teach operations in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division to 50, one of the numbers being greater than 10, the other 10 or less than 10. Teach the number of dimes and cents in a dollar, the number of quarts in a gallon, quarts in a peck, pecks in a bushel, and units in a dozen. Use Cogswell's Lessons in Number. READING. THIRD YEAR THIRD GRADE. (1) Use the authorized reading books for the third grade. 82 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. () Teach a few pieces of standard poetry, also quotations and maxims, as a part of the regular exercises, and copy what is taught each term into a blank book. REMARKS. (1) See remarks for the second grade. (2) Occa- sionally assign a piece to be read silently ; and, without having it read orally, require pupils to give in their own words the substance of what they have read. SPELLING AND DICTATION. THIRD YEAR THIRD GRADE. (1) Review the work for the previous grade. () Teach the use of the exclamation point. (3) Continue phonic analysis and oral spelling of words by letter, also the writing of words and sentences from dictation. (4) Before the close of the year the pupils shall know the Alphabet Song as arranged by the director of music. WRITING. THIRD YEAR THIRD GRADE. (1) Continue the work as suggested for the second grade. (2) Let the pupils write their own addresses, the name of their teacher and of their school, and the names of other pupils in the class. Use the authorized writing book for the third grade. REMARKS. See remarks for the first grade. NUMBER. THIRD YEAR THIRD GRADE. Review the work for the second grade. Teach addition and subtraction, multiplication and division of numbers to 144 inclusive, no multiplier or divisor greater than 12 being required. Teach the fractional parts of numbers to 144 inclusive, using no fraction smaller than T ^ Continue the practice in rapid work, especially the addition of columns of figures, and aim to secure accuracy as well as rapidity. Verify the work in addition by subtraction. Add by twos, threes, fours, etc., to 100 ; subtract by twos, threes, fours, etc.. from 100, THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 83 Teach easy problems involving the use of denominate numbers. Let the pupils write numbers in words and in figures to thou- sands; also let them perform simple examples in addition, subtrac- tion, multiplication, and division, using no numbers of more than four figures. Continue the work in the invention of problems by both teacher and pupils. Teach Roman numerals to 100. Teach the number of gills in a pint, ounces in a pound, seconds in a minute, minutes in an hour, hours in a day, days in a year, inches in a foot, feet in a yard, square inches in a square foot, and square feet in a square yard. Give exercises in buying and selling and making change, telling the time of day, and weighing and measuring. Use Cogswell's Lessons in Number. LANGUAGE. ALL THE GRADES. (1) Give pupils daily practice in speaking and writing their own thoughts, in order that they may be trained to speak and write fluently and correctly. The following subjects may be used for this purpose : Color, form, size, qualities of objects, the human body, plants, animals, natural phenomena, the reading lessons, pictures, short stories chosen from myths, lives of heroes and hero- ines, and events in our own and in other countries. (2) The writ- ten language should include exercises to teach the correct use of capital letters, punctuation marks, etc., as suggested under Spelling and Dictation, also the writing of the pupils' own thoughts as sug- gested by their observation and conversation lessons. (3) Occas- ionally have pupils make requests in writing. (4) In the third grade use Hyde's Practical Lessons in English, For Third Year of School. DESK WORK. ALL THE GRADES. The purpose of this work is to cultivate in pupils habits of study and industry, to furnish profitable employment for the hours of school not occupied by oral work, and to train the pupils so that they will know how to employ usefully their leisure time out of school. 84 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. Let the program for desk work be as carefully prepared as for oral class exercises. Place upon the board the program of desk work for one session. Give enough work to employ the quickest of the pupils during the session. Do not require the slower pupils to accomplish all the work, but require them to be studious and to do as much as they can do well. Connect the desk work as closely as possible with the oral class exercises, and let the one depend upon, or be a partial preparation for, the other. Let the desk work be as varied as possible, and include exer- cises in reading, writing, language, and number ; in the use of letter tablets ; in drawing and in manual training. Have regular times for the examination of the desk work, and require all work to be well done. FOR ALL THE GRADES. Physiology and Hygiene. Give instruction in these subjects in accordance with the requirements of the Commonwealth. The law is as follows : " Physiology and hygiene, which, in both divisions of the subject shall include special instruction as to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics on the human system, shall be taught as a regular branch of study to all pupils in all schools supported wholly or in part by public money." Moral Instruction. The duty of every teacher is clearly denned by the following extract from the laws of our Commonwealth : " It shall be the duty of all instructors of youth to exert their best endeavors to impress on the minds of children and youth, committed to their care and instruction, the principles of piety and justice, and a sacred regard to truth ; love of their country, humanity, and universal benevolence; sobriety, industry, and frugality; chastity, moderation, and temperance ; and those other virtues which are the ornament of human society, and the basis upon which a republican constitution is founded ; and it shall be the duty of such instructors to endeavor to lead their pupils, as their ages and capacities will admit, into a clear understanding of the tendency of the above-mentioned virtues, to pre- serve and perfect a republican constitution, and secure the blessings of liberty, as well as to promote their future happiness, and also to point out to them the evil tendency of the opposite vices." Physical Exercises. Fifteen minutes each day are to be used for THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 85 physical exercises in the primary and grammar schools, of which the Ling system of Swedish gymnastics is to be a part. During this time the schoolrooms should be thoroughly ventilated. Music. See directions of the director of music. Drawing. See directions of the director of drawing. Botany. See directions of the special teacher of botany. NATURE STUDY. The following is the outline of the work in Nature Study pre- pared by Miss Sarah E. Brassill, the special teacher. FIRST YEAR FIRST GRADE. September. Wild flowers. Gather wild flowers and keep them growing in the schoolroom. Learn to recognize at least seven. Observe the parts of the plant, their color, shape, size, and use. Describe and draw from the first. Teach the words most frequently used, as part of the reading lesson. Let the pupils help to gather and care for the plants. October. Autumn leaves and twigs. Gather autumn leaves from trees in the neighborhood, also twigs on which the leaves are still clinging. Recognize at least three. Observe the attachment to the stem, the parts and qualities of the leaf, and the buds which remain when the leaves fall. Begin the teaching of memory gems. November. Fruit. Bring to school fruits found in the market at this season. Study carefully such typical ones as apple, grape, and pumpkin. Learn to recognize many. Find the parts and think of their uses in protecting and distributing the seeds. Con- nect this work with harvest and Thanksgiving. December. Evergreen trees. Study the white pine as a type. Observe the character of the trunk ; the number, arrangement, and growth of the branches, leaves, and buds ; and the kind of cones. Think of the adaptation to outdoor life in winter. Learn to recog- nize other evergreens. Connect this work with Christmas. January and February. Review. Use plants growing in the schoolroom for a review of parts of a plant and leaf. As the blos- soms fade watch the change from flower to fruit. Teach the pupils to care for house plants. Begin observations of the weather phe- nomena. March. Contents of seeds and buds. Bring into the school- 86 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. room large buds, such as lilac, horse-chestnut, or hickory. Observe the number, character, and arrangement of the scales and leaves. Recall the autumn work on twigs, and think why protection is needed. Place buds in water in a sunny window and watch the development day by day. Examine large seeds such as bean, pea, and squash, to find the coverings, germ, and food supply. Think of the use of each. April. Germination. Start typical seeds in sawdust, on blot- ting paper, and in earth. Review the work done in March, and observe carefully all changes in the growing seeds. Plant a few seeds of each kind in the school yard or in window boxes for later use. Watch during this month for any returning birds. May. Flowers and birds. Gather wild plants having simple, perfect flowers, and keep them growing in the schoolroom. Learn to recognize many. Observe the parts of the flower, their position, color, shape, and use. Continue to watch for the birds. June. Flowers and leaves. Continue the May work on flow- ers. Add the careful study of leaves, using such leaves as pear or cherry for the type. Learn to recognize flowers and shrubs found in any park or public grounds near by. Examine any insects found on the flowers. Look for leaves showing traces of insect life. Review the work of the year as an incentive to home work during the summer. SECOND YEAR SECOND GRADE. September. Wild Flowers. Review and extend the work of the first year. Learn to recognize from ten to twenty new flowers. Study the arrangement of parts in irregular and unsymmetrical flowers. Learn to find the nectar and any nectar guides in such flowers. Watch for insects on or about the flowers. October. Simple and compound leaves. Gather twigs with the leaves attached. Think of reasons for the different shape, size, and arrangement of the leaves. Learn to distinguish simple and com- pound leaves. Watch the development of any caterpillars found on the twigs. November. Fruits and seeds. Gather seed pods of various kinds. Observe the attachment of the seeds to the pod, the coverings which protect them, and the means by which they escape from the pod when ripe. THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 87 December and January. Evergreen trees. Review the white pine. Examine spruce, fir, and juniper, according to the same plan. Compare each with the pine and think of the effect of the differences on the life of the tree. Gather specimens of the wood, bark, and spray, for the school collection. February. Development of buds. Review and extend the work of the first year. Observe the position, number, form, size, color, and covering of the buds. Watch the buds as they unfold and note the number, character, and arrangement of scales and leaves. Compare all buds with ones previously studied to empha- size differences. March. Roots. Bring to school such vegetables as turnips, parsnips, and beets. Compare them with ordinary roots and also with stems. Find the evidences of the past year's growth and the preparation for a future growth. Place one specimen in water or in earth and watch its development. Continue the bird work be- gun during the first year. April. Seeds. Choose the bean and corn as types of mono- cotyledon and dicotyledon. Compare in the number and position of parts, kind of food supply, first and subsequent steps of growth, and arrangement and kind of leaves. Find other seeds of each kind. Plant many and compare in growth. As growth continues, note the habits, especially of the stems. Study a few peculiar stems, as tubers. May. Flower clusters. Study the arrangement of flowers in clusters. Find as great a variety of clusters as possible. Search for something in the life of the plant to account for each arrange- ment. June. Leaves. Select thick, fleshy leaves, and examine them to find the skin, pulp, and skeleton. Think of the use of each to the leaf. Show by simple experiments the breathing and motions of leaves. Make lists of leaves useful to man for food or medicine. Collect and press as many as possible. THIRD YEAR THIRD GRADE. September. Autumn fruits. Study such fruits as pear, peach, and locust, as types of fleshy, stony, and dry fruits. Read of foreign fruits. Add as many specimens as possible to the collec- tion. 88 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. October. Leaf changes. Study the venation of leaves, and note any connection between the shape of the leaf and the arrangement of the veins. As the leaves change color, try to discover any uni- formity in the time and order of the change, and the distribution of color in different species. November and December. Bulbs. Select such bulbs as lily, hyacinth, and onion, for study and development in the schoolroom. Compare them with the buds studied and note the similarity in general appearance, coverings, development, and contents. Account for the early start of bulbous plants in springtime. January. Evergreen trees. Continue the work of earlier years. Add a careful comparative study of the common varieties of native evergreens. Study the uses of each and the relative value of their products. February. Trees in winter. Choose long, branching twigs of elm, horse-chestnut, or hickory. Account for differences in color in different parts of the twig. Compare the arrangement of the branches with that of the undeveloped buds. Account for the rings, scars, and markings found on the twig. March. Buds. Watch again the development of buds. Search for buds in unexpected positions. Review all previous work on the subject, emphasizing the connection between the type and the va- riations. April. Stems. Plant a few stems to show variations in habits of growth, especially of stems. Study a few peculiar stems, as tubers, mint, sedge, and grass stems. Think of the adaptation of each kind to its use. May. Flower families. Study carefully many plants of some common family, as the rose family. Compare the blossoms to de- termine the qualities in which they are alike. Decide upon the marks of the family. Make a list of plants belonging to it. Col- lect and press as many specimens as possible. June. Flower family, continued. Study specimens of the mint, pulse, and mustard families. Compare these with the rose family and determine the family marks. FOURTH YEAR FOURTH GRADE. September. Autumn flowers. Eeview the acquaintance with THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 89 the flowers of the month. Add to past work the study of com- posites, using sunflower or marigold as the type. Compare them with the simpler clusters in the number, size, and arrangement of parts. Account for differences. Search all specimens for cocoons they may contain. Watch the spinning of cocoons to be saved for further observation. October. Native trees. Insects. Learn to recognize from seven to twelve trees, choosing those most common in the neighborhood. As the leaves fall, observe the general shape of the tree, the man- ner of branching, and the character of the bark. Study one characteristic fall insect, as the cricket. November. Nests. As the leaves fall, locate deserted birds' nests. From specimens or from pictures, study various types ? noting especially their adaptation to their use. Make note of any favorite nesting places for reference later. December. Study the habits of our common winter birds, crow, sparrow, and pigeon, to learn how to observe the living bird. From museum specimens and pictures, learn terms in com- mon use in describing birds and simple facts of structure. January. Continue the bird study. Make an effort to attract such birds as are in the neighborhood to the school grounds by providing food and shelter. Search for any traces of winter plant or animal life which might be a source of food to the birds. February. Minerals. Develop the idea of a mineral world. Learn to recognize minerals in common use in daily life. Show any connection they may have with plant or animal life. Collect any specimens of minerals or building stones to be found in the district. March. Folding of leaves in a bud. Gather twigs having large, well-formed buds. Place some in water and watch the un- folding of the leaves. Make cross-sections of others and determine the arrangement of the leaves in the bud. Look for a similar ar- rangement of parts in flower buds. Watch again the return of the birds. April. Development of animal life. Gather frogs' eggs and keep them in pond water in the schoolroom for observation. Note their first appearance and all subsequent changes. Watch for all signs of awakening life out-of-doors. Make an effort to attract 90 CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL COMMITTEE. birds about the school building by providing material for their nests. May. Incomplete and imperfect flowers. Gather catkins from the willow, poplar, and oak ; also blossoms of the elm and maple. Determine what parts of the flower are present. Try to discover how the work of the blossom is done. Note especially any insects found among the blossoms. June. Insects. Study the bee and the beetle as types of insect life. Review all previous work on insects and flowers, tracing the adaptation of one to the other. Follow the cycle of plant, insect, and bird life in its relation to the life of people. TEXT- BOOKS IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. Reading Books. Arnold's Stepping Stones to Literature, First and Second; Barnes's Second; Cyr's Children's Primer, and Interstate Primer ; Davis's Second ; Finch Primer ; Ford's Nature's Byways ; Foulke's Twilight Stories ; New Franklin Second ; Harper's First and Second ; Heart of Oak Books, First and Second ; Monroe's First and Second ; Nash's First; Scudder's Book of Fables, and Fables and Folk Stories ; Stickney's First, Second, Third, and Earth and Sky ; Swinton's Golden Book ; Werner Primer ; Wood's Natural History Readers, First and Second; Wright's Sea-side and Way-side, Nos. 1 and . For Teaching Number. Cogswell's Lessons in Number; Cam- bridge Number Cards. Music. Mason's New National Music Charts, and National New First Music Reader. Language. Hyde's Practical Lessons in English, For Third Year of School. THE CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. 91 CAMBRIDGE PRIMARY SCHOOLS 1899 The time in hours and minutes given each week to the work required by the course of study. Grades. I. II. III. 50 50 50 9 7-50 7-40 dumber. . . 4-30 5 5 1-55 2-35 2-55 1-20 1-20 1-20 Physiology 20 20 20 1-15 1-15 1-15 1-40 1-40 1-30 Music 1-40 1-40 1-40 1-15 1-15 1-15 Total time. 23-45 23-45 23-45 A. Phonetic drill and exercises in pronouncing and in oral reproduction are to be included in the reading lessons. B. A part of the time given to desk work should be spent in silent reading. C. Spelling is taught as a part of the reading, language, number, and nature lessons. D. Facts obtained in nature study furnish part of the material for language lessons. E. Physiology and hygiene are to be taught with special reference to the effect of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics on the human system. F. The time required for lessons on patriotism, morals, manners, etc., is to be taken whenever a favorable occasion is presented for inculcating these virtues. UNIVERSITY OF no. g --. . '23