v/S83AIN(l-3\\v' ^lOS-ANGElfj^ 5 5 O uL. s? o ** ^ "%BA!Nfl3\\v < 2 S %v^x ,, ^OJI1VJ-JO V ? 1 HISTORICAL SKETCH nnecti cut (Indian QUsociatien. 1881-1888. V>^ HISTORICAL SKETCH Connecticut Indian Association 1881 TO 1888. AUGUST, 1888. HARTFORD : PRESS OF THE FOWLER & MILLER COMPANY, 341 MAIN STREET. 1*888. " The corner-stone of our Indian policy should be the recognition by the Gov- ernment, and by the people, that we owe the Indian, not endowments and lands only, but also forbearance, patience, care, and instruction. Savage as he is by no fault of his own, and stripped at once of savage independence and savage competence by our act, for our advantage, we have made ourselves responsible before God and the world for his rescue from destruction, and his elevation to social and industrial manhood, at whatever expense and whatever inconvenience." FRANCIS A. WALKER, Late U. S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Stack Annan ff'l 111- The Connecticut Indian Association. (INCORPORATED 1887.) THIS ASSOCIATION AIMS: First To INFLUENCE THE PEOPLE, By circulating, as widely as possible, knowledge concerning the political, financial, industrial, educational, and religious status of Indians. Second, To INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT: , To execute all laws and fulfil all treaties and compacts which will speed Indian civilization, industrial training, self-support, education, and citizenship; and to repeal all statutes and rules which hinder these objects ; b, To grant new and better legislation for securing the above ends. Third, To AID INDIANS, In civilization, industrial training, self-support, education, citizen- ship, and Christianization. Mrs. SARA T. KINNEY, President. Vice Presidents. 4 Winthrop Street, Hartford. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Hartford. Mrs. George Williamson Smith, Hartford. Miss Katherine Hunt, - - Guilford. Miss Sarah W. Adam, - - Canaan. Mrs. Homer Curtiss, Sr., - Meriden. Miss Sarah Porter, Farmington. Mrs. Edward Sterling, - Bridgeport. Mrs. J. N. Harris, - New London. Miss Katherine L. Peck, Waterhury. Mrs. John H. Whittemore, Naugatuck. Mrs. G. B Stevens, - New Haven. MJSS ElizabethVV Davenport. NewHaven. Mrs. Gardiner Greene, - Norwich. Mrs. Elizabeth S Tweedy, - Danbury. Mrs. P. C. Lounsbury, - Kidgefidd. Mrs. Caroline Washburn. East River. Mrs C. D. Talcott, Talcottville. Mrs. Frederick Gardiner, Middletown. Mrs. Charles Mitchell, - New Britain. Mrs. Allan McLane, Litchfield. 'UK CoNNKCTICrT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Mrs. CHARLES V. JOHNSON, Mrs. MATILDA A. BULL, General Secretary. Treasurer Executive Committee Mrs. Seth Talcott, Mrs. George Williamson Smith, Mrs. M. I). Thompson, - Mrs. W. H. Palmer, Mrs. Wm. II. Post, Mrs. James G. Batterson, Mrs. Theodore Lyman, - Mrs. Newman Smythe, - Mrs. Henry Rogers, Mrs. Wm. V. Blake, Mrs. Charles Fabrique, - Mrs. Ophelia Camp, Mrs. F. E. Hinman, Mrs. Henry K. Coit, 69 Vernon Street, Hartford. 95 Elm Street, Hartford. 863 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, 115 Vernon Street, Hartford. 137 High Street, Hartford. 1054 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. 61 Woodland Street, Hartford. - i Vine Street, Hartford. ii Myrtle Street, Hartford. 328 Temple Street, New Haven. 75 Broadway, New Haven. New Haven. 1 1 1 Martin Street, New Haven. - Canaan. Meriden. Litchfield. Committee on Pioneti Mrs. Wm. Fitch, - Miss Clara E. Collins, - Mrs. Justin E. Twitchell, Mrs. Wm. G. Abbott, Mrs. Charles B. Smith. - Mrs. George F. Stone, Mrs. C. D. Talcott, Miss Mary F. Miner, Mission Work. 185 Church Street, New Haven. - 35 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven. 56 Howe Street, New Haven. 314 Collins Street, Hartford. 42 Forest Street, Hartford. 991 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. Talcottville. New London. Committee on Indian Hi. Mrs. S. T. Kinney, Mrs. John \V. Cooke, Mrs. Siorrs O. Seymour, Miss Susan Clarke, Miss Mary P. Ouincy, Mrs. J. I, Totnlinson, Commit U Mrs C. C. Stearns, Mrs. Henry Ferguson, Miss Harriet C. Leete, Miss Susan Weeden, BuMing. 4 Wmthrop Street, Hartford. 218 Main Street, Hartford. 120 Sigourney Street, Hartford. 799 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. \1 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven. Simsbury. Indian Education 126 Garden Street, Hartford. 123 Vernon Street, Hartford. - Guilford. -9 College Street, New Haven THK CONNKCTICI'T INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Committee on Lea/lets Miss M. E. Ives, - - New Haven. Miss Mary K. Talcott, ... - 203 Sigourney Street, Hartford. Miss Martha Russell, - Guilford. Committee on Petitions. Miss Rose Munger, - 124 Wall Street, New Haven. Mrs. Eunice W. Perkins, . Meriden. Miss Mary Hall, - - 333 Main Street, Hanford. Committee on Distribution of Literature. Mrs. H. A. Whitman, . 79 Ann Street, Hartford. Mrs. Edward Jenkins, - New Haven. Mrs. W. H. Catlin, Meriden. Mrs. Mary Worcester Bill, 285 State Street, Bridgeport. Mrs Howard E. Gates, - Lilchfield. Committee on the Press. Miss Katherine Burbank, 714 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. Mrs. James McManus, - 13 Pratt Street, Hartford. Miss Helen H. Morris, - 230 Prospect Street, New Haven. Miss Mary Wood, - Meriden. Provisional Committee on Practical Farming. Mrs. George Woodruff, Litchfield. Mrs. S. A. Galpin, 87 Wall Street, New Haven. Miss Katherine E. Hunt, - - - Guilford. Mrs. Wm. H. Pelton, - 792 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. Advisory Committee. Hon. Joseph R. Hawley, Hartford. Rt. Rev. John Williams, Bishop of Connecticut, Middletown. Hon. Francis Wayland, - New Haven. Hon. Henry B. Harrison, - - New Haven. Mr. S. A. Galpin, - - New Haven. Mr. Moses Pierce, - Norwich. Rev. Joseph Anderson, D D , Waterbury. Hon. James L. Howard, Hartford. Rev. George Williamson Smith, S. T. I)., Hartford. Gen. William B. Franklin, Hartford. Col. Jacob L. Greene, Hartf..rd. Hon. J. Hammond Trumbull, ^ Hanford. Rev. Joseph H. Twichell. Hartford. Col. Charles M. Joslyn, - Hartford. Mr. James P. Andrews, - Hartford. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Auditor. Mr. CHARLES T. WELLES, - Hartford. CANAAN BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Miss Sarah W. Adam, - - Canaan. Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Ophelia Camp, ... - Canaan. GUILFORD BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Miss Katharine E. Hunt, - Guilford. Vice- President, Mrs. H. E. Fowler, - Guilford. Secretary, Miss Harriet E. Clark, - Guilford. Treasurer, Miss Mary H. Shepard, Guilford. HARTFORD BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Mrs. George Williamson Smith, 115 Vernon Street, Hartford. First Vice- President, Mrs. H. A. Whitman, 79 Ann Street, Hartford. Recording Secretary, Mrs. A. B. Bull, 95 Elm Street, Hartford. Corresponding Secretary, Miss Annie Elliot Trumbul I, 734 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. Treasurer, Mrs. Seth Talcott, 863 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. HARTFORD SEMINARY BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Miss Annie L. Barnes, .... Sonthington. Vice- President, Miss Elizabeth Smith, 30 Niles Street, Hartford. Treasurer, Miss Bessie Francis, ... Newington. Recording Secretary, Miss Hattie Butler, Niles Street, Hartford. Corresponding Secretary, Miss Clara A. Spaulding. - New Britain. "LEND A HAND" BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Miss Caroline C. Sweet, 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. Secretary, Miss Jane B. Kellogg, * 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. Treasurer, Miss Clara M. Gray, - 690 A*ylum Avenue, Hartford. Chairman Executive Committee, Miss Floia L. Noyes, 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. LITCHFIELD BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Mrs Allan McLane, - Litchfield. First Vice- President, Mrs. Origen S. Seymour, Litchfield. Recording Secretary, Miss Mary McNiel, - - Litchfield. Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. George M. Woodruff, - - Litchfield. Treasurer, Mrs. Harry Wessells, Litchfield. MERIDEN BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Mrs. Homer Curtiss, Sr., - . 48 Cook Avenue, Meriden. Secretary, Mrs. William Catlin, . Meriden. Treasurer, Miss Alice Porter, Meriden. Chairman Executive Committee, Mrs. F. E. Hinman, - - - Meriden. NEW HAVEN BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Miss Elizabeth W. Davenport, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven. First Vice- President, Mrs. W. II. Brewer, 246 Orange Street, New Haven. Corresponding Secretary, Miss Clara E. Collins, 35 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven. Recording Secretary, Mrs. S. A. Galpin, 87 Wall Street, New Haven. Treasurer, Miss S. H. Whedon, 29 College Street, New Haven. NORWICH BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Mrs. Gardiner Greene, Norwich. First Vice- President, Mrs. Lewellyn Pratt, Norwich. Secretary, Mrs. George W. Lane, - Norwich. Treasurer, Miss Ella M. Norton, Norwich. WATERBURY BRANCH OF THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Mrs. F. E Castle. - Waterbury. First Vice- President, Mrs.' C. F. Chapin, - Waterbury. Secretary, Mrs. Charles L. Stocking, Waterbury. Treasurer, Mrs. Thomas Donaldson, - - - Waterbury. THg CONNKCTICl'T INDIAN ASSOCIATION. WEST HARTFORD BRANCH OK THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION President, Mrs Fred Summer Smith, - - West Hartford. Secretary, Miss Mary W. Hamilton, - West Hartford. Treasurer, Miss Julia A. Butler, - ..... West Hartford. WINSTED BRANCH OK THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. President, Mrs. C. J. Camp, . . . Winsted. First Vice President, Mrs. Harriet Mil lard, . - . Winsted. Secretary, Mrs. David Strong, Winsted. Treasurer, Mrs. John Rippere, - - - - . . . Winsted should the public lend it the support it requires and invites. HISTORICAL SKETCH. The first attempt to establish in Connecticut organized work for the In- dians was made in the autumn of 1881, through the direct influence of the Women's National Indian Association. On the isth of November of that year, a meeting was called by Mrs. A. S. Quinton, the national secretary, in the city of Hartford, in order to organize a local branch of the general association. At this meeting representatives were present from the various city churches, and the address made by Mrs. Quinton sufficiently enlightened and stimu- lated them to lead to the formation of a society which should further, within the limits of the State, the interests of what was then known as the " Indian Treaty- Keeping and Protective Union." But while this meeting marks the inauguration of work for the Indian in Connecticut, yet the movement had undoubtedly an earlier impulse, given it in a way almost accidental. In October, 1880, five ladies, Mrs. J. C. Kinney, Mrs. Harriet Foote Hawley, Mrs. S. S. Cowan, Miss Louise Ripley, and Mrs. M. B. Riddle met at Mrs. Cowan's rooms in the City Hotel, Hartford, for other purposes, but on that occasion the importance of work for and among the Indians in the United States was considered, and the hope expressed that some effort in that direction might soon be undertaken in Connecticut. Without formal promise, those present mutually pledged themselves, in no set form of words, yet none the less earnestly, to endeavor to awaken gene- ral public interest in Indian matters, and to further the speedy organization of definite work in this cause. In the semi-consecration of that day was formed the germ that later developed into active life. The society organized on November 15, 1881, elected Mrs. Sarah S. Cowan as temporary president, and Mrs. M. B. Riddle as secretary. Its work for the first period of existence was necessarily preliminary, and directed by the conditions of public feeling. Like many other movements of a national character and importance, the beginnings of effort in behalf of the Indians have been feeble, and opposed by obstacles which require tiim- and more accurate knowledge of the merits of the case to overcome. Progress in the direction of righteous legislative action by the United States government was plainly impossible, until the public of the country and of the state became informed of the true grounds upon which such proposed action should be based. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. To secure for the new organization public sympathy and support was therefore the immediate work of its members, and their efforts were for a long period confined to making public the fullest possible information on Indian affairs, through the medium of the press, and by direct personal influ- ence. Another mode of disseminating such knowledge was through the pur- chase and distribution, to the clergy throughout the state, of the reports and other publications of the national association, the membership fees of the society being at first devoted to, that purpose. In 1883 a permanent organization of the society was effected, and a new board of officers elected. Mrs. J. C. Kinney was then made president, and has held this office through all the subsequent history of the association. The other officers then elected were: Mrs. M. B. Riddle, recording secretary; Miss M. M. Vermilye, treasurer; Mrs. J. W. Cooke, corresponding secre- tary. The work accomplished during the thirteen months from date of organiza- tion, aside from the dissemination of information on Indian affairs, included the circulation of petitions through the state, whose object, in substance, was to entreat the United States government to adhere to the existing treaties with Indians. The clergy of Connecticut were mainly instrumental in ob- taining signatures to these petitions, through their local influence. Upon the reorganization of the society in 1883 its name also underwent change, and became the Connecticut Indian Association, its existing title. At this date the society had a membership of one hundred and one, re- ceiving as sole reliable income the annual fee of one dollar per member. One feature of the Connecticut Indian Association's work has been the constant attempt to mold public opinion in its favor, by giving circulation to all that could enlighten and convince in relation to its work and its claims. Therefore, in addition to the influence of the local press, and to the national association publications, it has obtained the presence at its annual and special meetings of men and women prominent in Indian work, and versed in the history of effort in behalf of that people. Mrs. Quinton, secretary of the national association, was present at two of the early meetings held in Hartford, and the first annual meeting, on Jan. 31, 1884, was addressed by Mr. Herbert Welsh, of Philadelphia, and by Mrs. Emmeline Turtle, who spoke in behalf of the Cherokee and Modoc tribes. At this meeting the constitu- tion of the society, having undergone some changes, was re-adopted. In January', 1883, a general circular had been sent out through Connec- ticut defining the objects of the Indian Association as being: i St. The adoption by the government of a policy towards the Indians which, founded upon principles of equity and justice, should gradually bring them under the protection of the law as enjoyed by other races among us. ad. The forwarding, by means of educational and mission work among the Indians, their speedy civilization, Christianization, and enfranchisement. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. With this exposition before them, the people of Connecticut were asked to aid in supporting the association. At this early period of its history there were representatives upon the society's board of officers from New Haven, New London, Norwich, Meriden, Bridgeport, Farmington, and Danbtiry, although the organization of auxiliary associations in these towns did not at once take place. The second report, presented at the annual meeting held Jan. 14, 1885, showed not only a marked advance in the prosperity of the society, but indi- cated some change of character in the work which had hitherto been com- paratively preparatory. A contribution of $100 was made to the national association for the benefit of a school to be established among the Navajo Indians of New Mexico, and through the efforts of the association a petition, asking that representatives in Congress be instructed to favor all measures for promoting education among the Indians, was endorsed by both houses of the Legislature and was forwarded to the Connecticut congressmen at Washington. At the meeting held two months earlier, the president, Mrs. Kinney, had laid before the society a proposition, which has since developed into one of the most valuable and important departments of Indian work. She explained that the great drawback to the continuance of civilized habits of life among the graduates of training schools for Indians, lay in their en- forced return to the barbarous life of their tribes on the reservation, where, deprived of the appliances of comfort and decency, to the use of which they had become accustomed through residence among a civilized people, left to themselves, without the stimulus of example their own people being often strongly opposed to any change or improvement it was evident that many of them naturally fell back into their former ways. To aid in sustaining and helping such young people in their efforts to lead decent or civilized lives was proposed by its president to the Connecticut Indian Association, whose subsequent action in the premises was the first step in the accomplishment of most important results. By the advice of Miss Alice Fletcher, Rev. John Copley, missionary among the Indians, and General Armstrong, Mrs. Kinney suggested that the Connecticut Indian Association should aid Philip Stabler, a young Omaha Indian, who, with his wife Minnie, had been students at Hampton Institute, in building upon the reservation of his tribe a cottage for his own occupancy, which should be, so far as possible, the work of his own hands, but for which the necessary money should be loaned by the society, to be repaid in instalments at reasonable periods. This proposition was adopted, by formal vote of the association, November 13, 1884. At a public meeting held Nov. 21, 1884, General Armstrong, who pre- sented the claims of the Hampton School, made a strong and earnest plea in support of the proposed home-building plan. Thus, at the annual meet- ing held Jan. 14, 1885, a new department of work was reported, which was THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. in substance the establishing among the Indians of small centers of civili- zation which should be the property of the individual, not through charity, but as the prize of his own self-respecting industry. In thus helping the Indian to help himself, the new gospel of charity was preached. In the case of Philip Stabler, who was the especial charge of the Connecticut Indian Association, the sum advanced for building the cottage was not large, as through his own knowledge of the industrial arts, gained at Hampton, the work of construction was accomplished almost unaided. It was estimated that $500 would cover the loan, and the plans for a cottage prepared by Mr. Thomas Tryon, and by him. presented to the society, were adopted. In the following June a further advance was granted to Philip Stabler of $62.50, to enable him to break up twenty-five acres of his allotted land, in order to make it productive and profitable as early as possible. This money was sent as an unconditional gift. The entire cost of cottage and ground broken up eventually amounted to $429.99 somewhat less than the first estimate. A special effort to obtain funds for the purpose was made, during the winter of 1885, and a circular in which the above facts wera related, and contributions for this especial object asked, was sent throughout the state. Besides the cash contributions made to the cottage fund, the amount was increased by the proceeds of lectures delivered by Rev. Frederic Gardiner, of Dakota, February 3d, by Miss Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, March i8th, and by Mr. Chauncey Depew, of New York, May isth. A fair held by the young ladies of the Hartford Seminary branch yielded a handsome sum to the fund, as did also a sale of baskets, the work of the Maine and Alaska Indians. In March, 1886, the Connecticut cottage was completed and oc- cupied. Donations of clothing and household articles have from time to time been sent the Stablers by various branch societies, and these wild Indians of ten years ago are to-day leading useful Christian lives in the home made possible to them through the efforts of Connecticut women. Minnie is a neat, orderly housekeeper, and Philip, according to the Ban- croft, Neb., Journal, is a man of "intelligence, energy, and integrity, who will, in a few years, be classed among our solid farmers." The value of this work was from the first recognized by the national association, and the advisability of adopting it upon a national basis was brought under consideration at the annual meeting held in Philadelphia in November, 1885, at which meeting a national committee on Indian home- building was appointed, with Mrs. Kinney of Connecticut as its chairman. During the year 1885 branch societies were organized at Guilford, New Haven, and in Hartford Young Ladies' Seminary. A subsidy of $100 was again paid to the Women's National Indian Association. The number of articles published in the press of the state during 1885, in the interest of Indian work, amounted to two hundred and thirty -eight, THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 13 and the membership of the association was reported at two hundred and fifty. In May, 1886, the Connecticut Indian Association adopted still another department of work, which is fully detailed in the annual report for that year. The proposition made to the society by Mrs. Kinney was formally accepted at the meeting of May aist, and the education of Susan LaFlesche, an Omaha girl, graduate of Hampton Institute, undertaken. At the suggestion, and with the approval, of those among her teachers and friends who were confident of the feasibility of preparing her to become a physician and teacher among her own people, the Connecticut Indian Association pledged itself to her support and medical education for a period of three years. The Woman's Medical College, of Philadelphia, was selected by the association as the best institution for Susan LaFlesche's education, and correspondence was entered into with the secretary of the executive committee of the college with reference to her becoming a beneficiary pupil. Through Mrs. Kinney's exertions the sum of $ 167 was obtained from the government through the Honorable Commissioner of Indian Affairs to defray, in part, the expenses of Susan LaFlesche's medical education for the year 1886-7. This was the sum paid by the government at that time for the education of Indian pupils at the Hampton and Carlisle Schools. As it was necessary to empower some rep- resentative of the Connecticut Indian Association to treat with the govern- ment in the matter of making application for the desired appropriation and receipting for the same, formal action upon the subject was taken at the meeting of the association held Oct. 9, 1886. On that occasion Mrs. Kinney, president of the society, through whom the formal correspondence had been held, was regularly appointed to represent the association in all dealings with the United States government in relation to moneys received for the education of Susan LaFlesche. Owing to the absence from the state of the treasurer, Miss Vermilye, this authorization was further extended by the action of the meeting of March 14, 1887, whereby Mrs. Kinney was em- powered to act for the association in any and all of its financial relations, signing checks, paying out and receipting for money, as its legal and re- sponsible agent. Mrs. Seth Talcott, chairman of the executive committee of the Connec- ticut Indian Association, went on to Philadelphia in the autumn of 1886 to enter Susan LaFlesche at the Woman's Medical College, to establish her at a suitable boarding place, and to provide her with what was necessary for her personal use and comfort. The report for 1886, presented at the meeting held February 14, iSS-, showed a year of unprecedented activity. In addition to the impor- tant work undertaken in the direction of home-building and Indian education, a new field had been opened through the efforts of the .recently organ i/ed New Haven branch. The first movement towards the formation of an auxil- ! 4 THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. iary society in New Haven dated from November, 1885, but its actual organi- zation was completed in January, 1886. It sprang almost full-grown into life, with a large membership and much zeal and energy. The special local interest inclining the members of this branch to the mission work, the society reported to the state association, at its meeting of September 10, 1886, its purpose of sending out a medical missionary, at its own expense, to the Piegan Indians in Montana. The detailed account of the further develop- ment of the mission, and the subsequent change of field of operations, will properly be related in the report of the standing committee on pioneer mis- sion work, and in the history of the New Haven branch. . A contribution was also made during this year, 1886, to the education ot an Apache boy at the Romona school at Santa Fe. The number of articles inserted in the newspapers of the state during 1886 amounted to 131, and a large number of pamphlets was put in circula- tion, which included the publications of the Indian Rights Association, of the Women's National Indian Association, and the leaflets prepared by the New Haven branch. Through the efforts of the association signatures were obtained to petitions for the passage of the Dawes "Allotment of Lands in Severalty " bill, of the " Relief of the Mission Indians in California" bill, and for one against the " Reduction of Appropriations for Government Schools at Hamp- ton and Carlisle," and against " Reduction in Price of Sioux Lands." These petitions, numerously signed, were sent to Washington. The subsidy granted to the Women's National Indian Association amounted in 1886 to $250. The Connecticut Indian Association is now represented in the National Council by Mrs. Kinney, who is vice-president, a member of the executive com- mittee, and chairman of the national committee on home-building, and by Mrs. Bull, who is a member of the national committee on finance. The conference at Mohonk has been yearly attended by the presi- dent of the association, and delegates have been appointed to represent it in the annual meetings of the national association. During the year 1886 the association lost one of its earliest and firmest friends, one of the five in whom the hope for, and belief in, properly consti- tuted work for the Indians originated. Mrs. Harriet Foote Hawley's influ- ence and interest in such work had recently been transferred to Washington, where, as president of the local Indian association, she had been most useful, and where her death was most deeply regretted. Miss Pynchon, another member of the association, one of its first vice- presidents, died in December of this year. Although of late unable to lend it active assistance, she had continued still her earnest interest in the local work. The close of the year found the association with five branch societies : Bridgeport, formed in 1884; Guilford, organized in 1885; the Hartford THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 15 Female Seminary, dating from 1885 ; New Haven, organized November-Jan- uary, 1886 ; and Canaan, which dated from October of the same year. Public meetings were held during the year in Hartford and other towns, and on these occasions General Armstrong, Governor Harrison, President Gates of Rutgers College, Miss Alice Fletcher, with Captain Tibbals of Nebraska, made addresses. A lecture, whose proceeds were for the benefit of the association, was also given by Mrs. Joseph Cook of Boston, on April 13, 1886. With the increasing prosperity of the Connecticut Indian Association, and the opening of its new departments of activity, the inadequacy of its existing organization had become evident. In October, 1886, a motion to incorporate the association was carried, and a committee appointed to con- sider the question of extending the society's facilities for work. As a first step in its reorganization, an application for a charter was made by the Con- necticut Indian Association, and a resolution to that effect was introduced into the Assembly by Mr. Hyde of Hartford, in February, 1887. This bill was referred to the committee on incorporations, and by it favorably reported March 3d. The bill passed the Assembly March nth and the Senate March i8th, and became a law on receiving the governor's approval March 24th, 1887. Under the act the following twenty-six persons constituted the body corporate of the Connecticut Indian Association: Sara T. Kinney, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sarah A. Talcott, Helen M. Post, Sarah S. Cowan, Anna W. Riddle, M. Louise Ripley, Hartford; Eliza- beth W. Davenport, Clara E. Collins, Mrs. James D. Dana, Mrs. Worthing- ton Hooker, Mrs. W. H. Brewer, New Haven; Katherine E. Hunt, Martha Russell, Guilford; Mrs. J. W. Harris, New London ; Sarah W. Adam, Mrs. Ophelia Camp, Canaan; Elizabeth S. Tweedy, Jennie B. Tweedy, Danbury; Lizzie M. Davenport, Mary Worcester Bill, Rebecca A. Sterling, Bridgeport; Mrs. Homer Curtiss, Sr,. Mrs. Eunice Perkins, Mrs. E. D. Stowe, Mrs. W. H. Catlin, Meriden. The objects of the Connecticut Indian Association, as stated in its act of incorporation, were : " To protect the rights and promote the education and civilization of the Indians in this country, with the view to their ultimate admission into full citizenship." By authority given in the act, the incorporators were empowered to hold and convey property for the benefit of the association, and all previous acts of the society before incorporation were declared valid. Upon the re- organization of the Connecticut Indian Association the propriety of separa- ting the interests of the general from the local Hartford society became evident, and at a meeting held April 25, 1887, an auxiliary was organized in this city, known as the Hartford branch, holding to the state association the same relations as those borne by the other branches. l6 THK CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. A meeting of the incorporators of the Connecticut Indian Association was held in June, 1887, for the purpose of re-adopting the constitution and electing a board of officers to hold until the regular annual meeting in Jan- uary, 1888. The board then chosen, and subsequently adopted by the society, was the same as that at present in office, with one or two changes. The con- stitution of the Connecticut Indian Association, with the amendments of January, 1882, January, 1884, and February, 1887, underwent careful recon- sideration and revision at the hands of the committee appointed for the pur- pose. In this revised form it has been found thoroughly adapted to the society's greater present and possible future usefulness, embracing various de- partments of work for the Indians, and sufficiently pliable to admit of still greater expansion. By its provisions the board of officers and standing com- mittees contain representatives from each auxiliary society, whose officers are, ex officio, members of the central association, and entitled to vote at its general meetings. The state association is, therefore, actually only the executive department of the combined auxiliaries, having no annual mem- bers, and sustaining to the national association the relation held by its branches to itself. As the head, therefore, of the body, it makes no special effort to raise or collect funds to supply its treasury, depending upon the subsidies of its branches, who are, in fact, the sources of supply, which enable it to support its active work. This theory of inter-dependence in the relation of the central society and auxiliaries has proved the most effective working organization which experiment has produced. The active work of the Connecticut Indian Association is divided into committees : on Pioneer Mission Work, on Indian Education, on Home Building, on the Press, on Distribution of Literature, on Leaflets, on Petitions, on Practical Farming, and an Advisory Committee, the latter composed of gentlemen. Under these several heads are grouped the possibilities of work in varying form, which are more or less potent in calling out individual sympathy. With a correct appreciation of the relation comprehended by the constitu- tion, this system should be entirely successful. It must be said, however, that the utmost attention is paid by the central body to the special wishes and sympathies of the auxiliaries. It desires to encourage each and every effort m whatever direction bent, to awaken local interest, and secure local suffrage. In the winter of 1886-7 the association contributed $50 to the fund re- quested by the Molionk Conference, to aid in the work of testing in the Cal- ifornia courts of justice the validity of the claims of the Mission Indians, who hold their lands by Mexican titles. In November, 1887, a conference was held of all the members of the Connecticut Indian Association. It was the first assembling under the new regime, and valuable because affording occasion to explain more clearly to the newly-appointed officers and members of committees the nature of their duties than could be done by correspondence. Its true value, however, lay THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. in the comparison of mutual experience and hopes, and the expression of common zeal for earnest future work. At this general assembly branches and central society were represented, and some brief review of what had been accomplished in the past was asked from each organization. A sum- mary was presented of the special work of each committee, and a detailed state- ment of the provisions of the constitution of the Connecticut Indian Asso- ciation was given by Mrs. Kinney, its president. The sixth annual meeting of the Connecticut Indian Association, and the first under the charter, was held Jan. 25, 1888, and was attended by over sixty members of the general and auxiliary societies. Each branch was here represented, and within the year their number had been increased by the newly organized societies in Meriden, Litchfield, Hartford, and the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. The constitution had been formally adopted by the association as a whole at the conference in November, but, according to its requirements, the board of officers was now re-elected to serve during the succeeding year. The reports of the secretaries of the branch societies, and of chiefs of committees, exhibited the progress made since the preceding year, in each and every department of work, and so marked was this advance, so cheering the future, that the Connecticut Indian Association may mark its first regenerate new year as a year of jubilee. The financial system of the Connecticut Indian Association comprises memberships of three kinds: honorary members, made such by the payment of fifty dollars; patrons, members who pay twenty -five dollars; and life members, who are so constituted by the payment often dollars. In all these cases mem- bership in the National Indian Association is conferred as well as in the state society. The Connecticut Indian Association has at present twelve honorary- members, twenty-three patrons, and fifty-seven life members. The annual subscribers number seven hundred and seven, these being the members of its auxiliary societies and paying their dues to local treasurers. The state association pays an annual tax of twenty-five cents per capita to the national association, and expects a subsidy from its branches to re-imburse it for this outlay. As the proportion of their receipts conveyed to the central society by its branches rests entirely with themselves, and as the association, without fixed income from any source, has yet undertaken important and pressing work in various directions, the question is now under consideration as to the way in which its obligations shall be met. It has been proposed to raise a perma- nent fund, not so large as to put a limit to constant endeavor and earnest striving, but sufficiently important to guarantee against failure the work undertaken for Indian education, for pioneer mission work, and for practical farming, if such can be carried out. The financial statement of Mrs. A. B. Bull, treasurer of the Connecticut Indian Association, shows more clearly than any other record the relative 18 THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. progress of the society since its organization. During 1881 and 1882 the bills incurred for printing, postage, and the purchase of literature for distribution, were paid by individual generosity. From 1883, when the permanent value of the organization became apparent, and an element of stability was ensured, the receipts in cash of the association were as follows: 1883 *5i co 1884 - - 246 59 1885 - - 854 24 1886 - - 934 5 2 1887 - - i94i 45 1888 - - 2,665 20 Since this statement was submitted the funds of the association have been still farther increased by the receipts of a lawn festival held by the Hart- ford Branch, by the proceeds of an entertainment given by the pupils of Miss Haines' school, and of a fair held by " Lend a Hand " Branch. Three regular and two special meetings were held by the Connecticut Indian Association during the year 1887, and meetings, addressed by Captain and Mrs. Tibbals, Miss Elaine Goodale, Mrs. Hiles of Wisconsin, Mrs. A. S. Quinton, Rev. Dr. Stone, and Susan LaFlesche, were held in Hartford and in other towns where there are branch societies. The sixth annual meeting's second session was very largely attended, and most earnest and inspiring addresses were made by Rev. Lyman Abbott, by Rev. W. J. Cleveland, long a missionary at the Rosebud Agency in Dakota, by Joshua Givens, a full-blooded Kiowa Indian, a graduate of the Carlisle school, and a student of theology at Lincoln Institute, Pennsylvania, and by Mrs. A. S. Quinton, president of the Women's National Indian Association. Since the date of the annual meeting, January 25, 1888, the association has undertaken some important operations, which, if carried out, will greatly increase its usefulness, and open still another field for active work. The recommendations of Agent Gallagher, in his last official report upon the affairs of his station at Fort Hall, Idaho, sustain the theory of practical farming among the Indians which has long been entertained by the Connect- icut Indian Association. It means simply placing upon a reservation a farmer and his wife, assigning to them an allotment of land equal in quantity to that held by their neighbors, and alike in quality of soil, and thus giving the Indians a practical instructor in the art of agriculture, and in the modes of civilized life. The value of such a plan would be unquestionable, and in this instance would harmonize with what the association has already under- taken in the direction of educational and mission work. At a meeting of the executive and missionary committees held in New Haven, May n, 1888, it was voted to undertake practical farming among the THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 19 Indians as a regular department of the general work, a standing committee was appointed, and a special committee named by the president to proceed to Washington to consult with Mr. Gallagher, upon the practical measures to be undertaken in carrying out the proposed work. An application for an allotment of land to be used for the purpose thus explained has beeif sub- mitted by the association to the Indian office in Washington. In March, 1888, the first number of the Bulletin was issued by the asso- ciation, followed by a second upon a more extended scale which appeared in April following. The purpose of the Iliillctin is to convey to the branch societies and to individual members of the association the information upon Indian affairs which is needed to stimulate and encourage them in their efforts. The summary of the year's work of the committee on the press gives a more detailed account of the character of the association's organ, and the success- ful accomplishment of its original purpose. At a meeting of the executive committee of the association held July u, 1888, the missionary station at Fort Hall, Idaho, was formally adopted as the sole and especial charge of the Connecticut Indian Association. This action was taken at the suggestion of the Women's National Indian Association, who established the mission, and whose practice it is to transfer such posts, when placed on stable footing, to other societies. Connecticut, the only state Whose Indian association is an incorporated body, is therefore the pio- neer in adopting a missionary station. As the association has from the first borne the expenses of the missionary force at Fort Hall, the transfer does not increase its financial obligations, but renders them only more binding, and places the administration of the affairs of the mission wholly within the con- trol of the association. At the meeting of July nth, Mrs. Kinney stated the agreement of the Hartford Hospital to receive two Indian girls into its training school for nurses. The value of this permission is thoroughly appreciated by the asso- ciation, furthering as it does so greatly its own efforts in the line of Indian education. Connecticut, sending three trained nurses into its missionary field, is again first among the state organizations in opening this new and impor- tant department of work. The candidates for admission to the training school for nurses will be selected from the graduates of the Hampton or Carlisle schools, on the recommendation of the respective principals. There remains now upon the roll ol membership of the Connecticut Indian Association only one name of the five persons who inaugurated the work. Mrs. M. B. Riddle, having removed from Hartford, resigned her office of secretary of the association, Mrs. John W. Cooke, corresponding sec- retary, and Miss Vermilye, treasurer, gave up their positions on account of other engagements. These ladies were members of the earliest board ol < )l'li(vrs, and preserve undiminished their interest in work they were unwillingly compelled to lay aside. THK roNNKCTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Within the past year, Mrs. Sarah S. Cowan, one of the earliest and most earnest friends of the Indian Association, died at a time when her interest was more fervent than ever before, as the future of the cause had become brighter. Another member of the association, who was also one of the incorporators, as well as one of that early organization, died during the summer of 1887. Miss M. Louise Ripley had been an earnest advocate of the Indian rights cause, since its first feeble beginnings in Connecticut, and had preserved to the last firm faith and belief in its ultimate success, lending it always her best efforts in counsels and action. Still more recently, the Rev. Dr. Burton, a member of the advisory board, died most beloved and regretted. With the the exception of these who have been withdrawn, by death or by removal from the state, from the association's work and councils, the first friends and members of the early organization are those on whom now depends its progress and prosperity. There are, however, others at present to share their labors, and the public upon whose sympathies and support they rely is not the public of 1881, but a people more enlightened, more earnest, and more sympathetic in its relations with the cause for which the Connecticut Indian Association labors. The president of the Connecticut Indian Association, Mrs. Kinney, has been so closely associated with every act of the society, from its organiza- tion until the present writing, that a sketch of its history must be necessa- rily the story of her own connection with it. As she has almost become identified with the Indian work in Connecticut, her devotion to this cause requires no other showing than that of the association's early struggles, its hard-won hold upon public sympathy, and its present prospect of useful- ness. The general interest in Indian affairs, which has undoubtedly of late been greatly quickened, has shown itself in the formation within the last six months of four branch societies, in West Hartford, Waterbury, Norwich and Winsted. Correspondence has been entered into with several towns ot the state, with the view of soon establishing other similar associations. The branch established in Bridgeport became extinct chiefly through the continued illness of its prominent officers, but it is believed that interest in the local work is reviving, and that hopes of re-organizing the society may be entertained. At the last annual meeting of the Association, the announcement of the passage of Senator Dawes' bill for the allotment of Indian lands in sev- erally opened a future of new possibilities and new hopes for the Indian people. A year earlier all effort had been directed towards bringing to bear upon members of Congress such enlightenment and such moral influ- ence as should lend support to a noble measure. The bill has become a THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. law, and so much definite progress has been made toward the ultimate aims of this association, but the worthy administration of this trust, by the placing of responsibility in safe hands, affords still grounds for anxiety and gives occasion for further earnest effort. The work of the Connecticut Indian Association for the coming years is therefore not that of the past. With the Indian's change of political sta- tus comes a grave responsibility upon those who have urged this step upon the nation the task of directing the use to be made of this new freedom. Upon our own state society devolves, as upon the national association, the duty of greater energy in the development of our cause, more devotion to the privilege of educating and Christianizing, and more zeal in the future in removing public indifference to the Indian's claims, a sentiment which is a more effectual barrier to progress than aught else. The division of the work of the association into standing committees renders proper a summary of its present status and its future hopes, grouped under these several heads. The inauguration of PIONEER MISSION WORK under the auspices of the state association properly began with the action of the New Haven Branch, who in 1886 sent out to Montana a medical missionary, with a thorough outfit, and with every prospect of usefulness in her field of labor. The Blackfeet Agency, where the first missionary post was established, proved too extensive a field for this especial enterprise, and in March, 1887, the appeal made by Agent Gallagher for help in Christianizing and civiliz- ing the 1,500 Shoshonee and Bannock Indians at Fort Hall, Idaho, was brought to the consideration of the Connecticut Indian Association. Upon the favorable report of the Rev. David Peebles sent to examine into the advantages of this post as a missionary station, it was determined to adopt Fort Hall as the especial field for Connecticut's labor. In July, 1887, Miss Frost, engaged under the special interest and support of the New Haven Branch, arrived at Fort Hall and began her important task, so great, as at first considered, that the hope of making improvement seemed visionary and far distant. In September, 1887, the Connecticut Indian Association sent a second missionary and teacher, Miss Stiles, to Fort Hall. To the value and useful- ness of these two brave women none has testified more earnestly than the government agent at the post. To cheer them by sympathy expressed by means of frequent corres- pondence, and by material assistance for their pupils and themselves lias been one of the duties and pleasures of the committee on pioneer mission work, during the past year. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. The term for which Miss Frost had engaged with the national associa- tion having expired, her engagement was renewed by the Connecticut Indian Association, by virtue of the action of the meeting of July n, 1888. Miss Stiles, whose period of service ends September ist, will also be re-engaged by the association, both women having given it faithful and devoted service. With time, patience, and public support, the missionary station at Fort Hall may become a center from which the highest pos- sibilities for the Indian race will proceed. It will certainly, it is hoped, be the first established of many similar points of activity, if the Connecticut Indian Association can be enabled to fulfil the grand work which seems opening before it. The work of the HOME-BUILDING COMMITTEE, undertaken in 1884-5, has become a department of the Connecticut Indian Association's organ- ized operations. The cottage of Connecticut is now occupied by Philip Stabler, his wife, and their three children, and on the whole amount loaned, 1367.49, two payments have already been made, and a third is prom- ised for the current year. This venture, apparently so insignificant, has given stimulus and direction to a national movement of the same kind. The value of a successful experiment in presenting to barbarism a working model of the methods of civilized life has been quickly apprehended, and this branch of the Connecticut Indian Association's work will steadily in- crease in importance, and, while offering new and ever widening oppor- tunity for self-sacrifice and devotion to the home corps, promises results for the Indians themselves whose possibilities cannot now be estimated. Each point from which enlightenment proceeds may become the center of circles of vast circumference. From the report of the committee on home-building of the Women's National Indian Association we find that " seventeen applications for loans have been received within the past year ; four applications have been granted, and two houses are in process of building." Of the nine Indians who, within the past two years, have received aid from this committee, seven have begun making payments upon loans. The work of the COMMITTEE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATURE has always filled an important place in the history of the association. Its first duty has been to thoroughly enlighten the public upon the merits of the cause the society advocates. Whatever published matter bearing upon the strong points in the case could be obtained has been acquired by purchase, if not by gift, and distributed generally throughout the state. The harvest of seed thus sown can never be directly estimated, but must certainly be numbered among the causes of the association's growing prosperity. The whole number of reports, leaflets and other publications distributed through the medium of this committee amounts to something over ten THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 23 thousand. Of this number over four thousand were issued by the Con- necticut Indian Association. COMMITTEE ON INDIAN EDUCATION. The earlier steps which led to the adoption of Susan LaFlesche by the Connecticut Indian Association have been already narrated. The excellent record she obtained during her attendance at the Hampton Institute, Virginia, recommended her to the favorable notice of the association, this proficiency as student, and her stability of character as woman, obtaining for her the warm com- mendation of Gen. Armstrong and the teachers of the Institute. Two courses of lectures at the Woman's Medical College, Philadel- phia, have been attended by Susan LaFlesche, and the most recent infor- mation regarding her progress in study comes from the despatch sent by her upon the successful result of the recent annual examinations. It says simply, "Mulium in parvo passed in all." One year more of study will complete her medical education, and she will then return to her own peo- ple, the Omahas, as physician and teacher. Her whole earnest nature is kindled at the thought of carrying to them the hope of better things, and her mission is one of those untried ventures upon which the Connecticut Indian Association has already entered one begun in weakness and with limited powers, but holding the promise of great hope for the not distant future. Attention to Susan LaFlesche's studies and personal comfort has not been the only care of the Connecticut society. She has been in constant communication with Mrs. Kinney and others, and has awakened the interest of more than one of the branch societies, who have sent her friendly tokens as the occasion of holidays was presented. The young ladies of the school in Farmington have shown special and continuing interest in the association, and contribute the sum of $75 a year to the cause of Indian education. It should be mentioned that the sum re- ceived from the government towards Susan LaFlesche's support was, in 1887, reduced from $167 to $125, on account of the smaller appropriation made by congress in that year for the expenses of the Indian Bureau. As has been stated, the committee on Indian education has now in view the development of another form of the same work. The training of Indian nurses in the hospitals at New Haven and Hartford will carry out the edu- cational plan in another form. As the pupils become almost at once self- supporting in the training schools, the expense attending the project is lim- ited to the traveling and incidental expenses of the students. No form of benefit conferred upon the Indian race is more self-justifying than this which sends skilled nursing where it is so greatly needed, as the mission- aries' reports indicate. The work of the CO.MMITTKK ON LKAKI.KTS contemplates the issuing, from time to time, of small sheets containing brief items of Indian news, 24 THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. pithy extracts from speeches of public men on Indian affairs, and short state- ments of facts, whose value lies in brevity and point. Such leaflets, to the number of seventeen, prepared under the supervision of Mrs. I. M. Hop- pin, late chairman of the state committee, were issued by the New Haven Branch and very generally distributed. The essay upon organization, pre- pared by the president of the association, was issued as a leaflet, five hundred copies being printed, and one thousand copies of the sheet con- taining the organization of the Connecticut Indian Association were distri- buted. The recently appointed chairman of the state committee on leaflets, Miss M. E. Ives, of New Haven, has prepared an article upon the annual meeting of the association for "Lend a Hand," and also another leaflet which is published by the New Haven Branch. The COMMITTEE ON PETITIONS has found exercise for its functions from an early period in the history cf the association. In 1881 petitions were circulated throughout the state, to which signatures were obtained, chiefly through the influence of the clergy, asking that Connecticut repre- sentatives be instructed to vote favorably in Congress upon all measures looking to the mental, moral, and physical advancement of the Indian. Since then petitions, numerously signed, have been forwarded to members of Congress, upon the introduction of all important measures bearing on Indian affairs. The last petitions prepared by the committee were sent to Washington in support of the Dawes " Lands-in-Severalty " bill, and in pro- test against the withdrawal of government support from the Indian schools at Hampton and Carlisle. Any effort to bring to the notice of the legislature the merits of pro- posed action on Indian affairs is properly comprised in the work of the committee on petitions, even should the form taken by protest or advocacy be not that of previous years. To the success of the work of the COMMITTEE ON THE PRESS of the association, the support of the newspapers throughout the state was essential, and such assistance has been rendered in fullest measure. From the inaugu- ration of the work of the Connecticut Indian Association to the present writing, the columns of the city and state press have been unfailingly open to information regarding Indian affairs furnished by this committee, to the association's appeals in behalf of local enterprises for raising funds, and to its attempts to .call attention to proposed legislation in Congress in this direc- tion. Upon the city press of Hartford and New Haven the demands have, naturally, been most frequent, and the gratitude of the association for the favors thus freely granted was formally acknowledged in the action of the society at the general conference of its members, held Nov. i, 1887, when a vote of thanks to the press of the city and state was passed. The whole number of articles inserted in the press by means of this standing committee has been about six hundred and fifty. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 25 In March, 1888, a new and important enterprise was undertaken by the committee on the press of the association. In order to present to the mem- bers of the society throughout the state a brief summary of the latest infor- mation upon Indian affairs, the publication of a small bulletin was under- taken, and the first number appeared in March, 1888, under the editorship of Miss Katherine Burbank, chairman of the committee. This issue, a small sheet, 9X6 inches, contained a brief account of the annual meeting of the association, held Jan. 25, 1888, short statements of the current work of the branch societies, news from the mission-field of the state in Idaho, from the student in the charge of the Connecticut Indian Association, from the Stablers on the Omaha reservation, and, finally, a review of the bills relating to Indians before Congress. Five hundred copies of this issue were distributed throughout the state, and were so cordially welcomed that a second number was published, in April, upon a somewhat larger scale, which was warranted by a page of advertising matter secured by the committee. This Bulletin was a sheet 12X10 inches, of which 1,000 copies were printed and distributed gratuitously, as before. It contained full and interesting letters from Miss Frost and Susan LaFlesche, reports from auxiliaries, very interesting extracts from letters of government agents, a notice of the Indian Friend the first number of the organ of the Women's National Indian Association and a reprint, by permission of the author, of the "One Little Injun," with its ap- propriate wood-cut, as it originally appeared in Harper's Young Folks. The intention of the Connecticut Indian Association is to publish six or eight numbers of The Bulletin each year, between October and April. COMMITTEE ON PRACTICAL FARMING. As already stated, the work of practical farming among the Indians has been formally undertaken by the association. It harmonizes with what has already been inaugurated in the direction of educational and missionary work, but so complicated are the relations involved in the establishment of this special form of practical phi- lanthropy that the initial steps must be taken with the utmost discretion. The character of the soil in the immediate vicinity of the government station at Fort Hall renders that point unfit for a base of operations in the direc- tion of practical farming, while the advantages of establishing such in con- nection with the Connecticut mission yet are evident, and warrant the delay which may present counterbalancing advantages to the objections that are urged, not against the measure itself, but against the particular field wherein it has been thought possible to operate. The formal application of the Connecticut Association is now on file at the Indian office in Washington, asking that one hundred and sixty arivs of land, suitable for the- purpose, be set apart, at, or near, Fort Hall, for the joint use of the resident missionaries (for whom a cottage is to be built) and the practical farmer, and his family, who, in due time, will have charge of the experimental farm. 26 THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. This new department of the association's work has already awakened the special interest of certain of the branch societies, one of which has pledged an annual contribution of $100 to the fund for practical farming. This sketch of the history of the Connecticut Indian Association shows tlie feebleness of its origin, and its present condition, with facilities for great future usefulness, but with comparatively limited powers in a financial point of view. As has been shown, the association has inaugurated and undertaken departments of work almost limitless in their possibilities for good to the Indian race. To carry out plans which have originated with the Connecticut Indian Association, and will be always associated with its history, requires more assurance of financial support than the society can as yet com- mand. Without fixed income, can permanent obligations be undertaken, and yet can we consent to let such opportunity pass by ? The association believes that it will not appeal in vain, in the light of what, with insufficient means and partial public sympathy, has been already accomplished. Nature's processes of growth are not always gradual, certain accessions of development are at times apparent, though prompted by what greater intensity of vital forces, we cannot tell. A similar stimulated growth has been noted in the development of all the great truths w r hich have made their impression with difficulty upon the race. The history of every great move- ment shows that after years of obstruction and struggle it will seem suddenly to find the way open before it, while its own system seems infused with new energy and life. With the opening of this new year, we must recognize that the horizon has changed for this work; what seemed insurmountable obstacles in perspec- tive have been found practicable when approached. Any movement of national importance, which deals with the interests of a people, needs only the evidence of assured growth to render its future one of promise and hope. If there is vital force in any cause, the question of development is sec- ondary only, and a matter of time and favorable surroundings. ELLEN TERRY JOHNSON, Secretary. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 2J BRANCH SOCIETIES. The following summary of the work of the societies auxiliary to the Connecticut Indian Association is taken from the reports rendered by their secretaries to the central association. CANAAN BRANCH. A branch of the Connecticut Indian Association was organized in Canaan, in 1886, and now has a membership of twenty-one. The general plan of the state association has been carried out in this auxiliary society, which has made the dissemination of fuller information regarding the Indian work its first duty. By means of the publications of the Indian associations, freely distributed throughout the community, and through the influence of the pub- lic meetings held in Canaan from time to time in the interests of the Indian work, something tangible has been done towards forming a right sentiment upon this question. One public meeting was addressed by Miss Elaine Goodale, and a collection of $17 made and turned into the state treasury, while more recently the general interest was greatly stimulated by the pres- ence, at a special meeting, of Joshua Givens, the Kiowa Indian. A box of clothing has been sent from the Canaan Branch to Fort Hall, Idaho, and a similar contribution made to one of Bishop Hare's schools, the latter gift being an indirect outgrowth of the society's work. An excellent practice of this branch has been the reading aloud at the regular meetings of articles upon the general subject of work for the Indian. The society feels that in this little corner of the state a real and growing in- terest has been kindled in the work, which, witli careful nurture, may in time develop greater results. Canaan Branch has one life member of the state and national associations. GUILFORD BRANCH. This society now has twenty-nine members, holds regular quarterly meetings, and within the past year has called special meetings to hear Miss Kate Foote's account of the Turtle Mt. Indians, and Miss Elaine Goodale's story of her own efforts in Dakota. Like the other auxiliary societies, the 28 THE CONNF.CTICfT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Guilford Branch has devoted much of its time and energy to the distribution of literature upon the Indian question supplied by the state association. A valuable gift of clothing has been sent by this society to the Pine Ridge Agency, Dakota, and another of still greater value to the Turtle Mt. Indians, Dakota. Christmas boxes were also sent this last year to Miss Elaine Goodale's scholars, and to Susan LaFlesche. To the indirect agency of the Guilford Branch may be ascribed the inter- est in Indian work manifested in the town. The Sunday school of the Third Congregational Church made a contribution of $36.68 towards the comple- tion of the new dormitory at the Carlisle Training School. A portion of this sum was raised by the scholars' cultivation of squashes for market. A con- tribution of $70 in cash, with clothing estimated at #112.85, was made by the First Congregational Church and Sunday School to the support of young Indians at the Sumter Agency. In these young workers the society hopes to secure in the future laborers in its own field. The Guilford Branch has one honorary member and one patron in the state and national associations. HARTFORD BRANCH. With the reorganization of the Connecticut Indian Association, the necessity of detaching from it the local interests became evident. The framers of the first definite plan of work for the Indians in the state were the persons who, on May 24, 1888, organized a new auxiliary society, with its own constitution and laws, and bearing to the central association the relation common to all its branches. Thus while the Hartford Branch,, as a body, has lived a year only, its individual membership is co-existent with the cen- tral association. Among the latest formed of all the dependent societies, it has been established on the model supplied by the state constitution, accept- ing its representation in the state association as its guarantee of satisfactory administration, and regarding its functions as chiefly those of a source of supply to what is its executive body. The constitution of the Connecticut Indian Association, not including annual memberships, those existing as local subsidy naturally became the portion of the Hartford Branch, and at present it numbers two hundred and one members. It has four honorary mem- bers of the state and national associations, twelve patrons, and fifteen life members. Since its organization it has held regular monthly meetings, and by- means of a lawn festival held in October, of 1887, which was most successful both financially and socially, and of a dramatic entertainment given by some of the young ladies and gentlemen of Hartford, in February, 1888, some- thing over $600 was netted for the benefit of the local treasury. THE CONNECTICIT TXPIAN ASSOCIATION. 29 As the objects of the Hartford Branch, as set forth in the constitution, are to create right public sentiment which shall aid the government in abolishing all oppression of Indians within our natural limits, imparting; to them the same protection by law that other nations among us enjoy ; and to aid in the educational, mission, and Christianizing work of the Connecticut Indian Association, the society has turned over the entire sums raised by special effort, as well as its yearly income arising from subscriptions, to the state treasurer, reserving only what amount was necessary to meet current expenses. While its sympathies have not been directed into any one department of Indian work, the Hartford Branch has always maintained personal relations with the association's protege by correspondence, and has given her many evidences of interest and regard. Susan LaFlesche visited Hartford on the occasion of the entertainment given on the Retreat grounds, in October, 1887, and made personal acquaintance with friends to whom, though unknown, she had long been an object of sincere interest. At Christmas, of the past year, the members of the Hartford Branch sent to the mission at Fort Hall, Idaho, a contribution of clothing and gifts appropriate to the season, for the use of the missionaries who are Connecti- cut's representatives at that post, and for their pupils. The society also joined with the New Haven Branch in purchasing an organ for use in the chapel of the mission house, at the same Christmas season. A lawn festival was held June 2ist, on the grounds of Mr. James G. Batterson, the proceeds of which will be turned over into the treasury of the state society. "LEND A HAND" BRANCH. HARTFORD. This little society was formed in the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at Hartford, for the two-fold purpose of working for the Indians and awakening in the minds of its youthful members an interest in unselfish labor for others, at a period when personal improvement seems not seldom the limit of obligation. This " Lend a Hand " Branch was formed Jan. 4, 1887, and lias held regular meetings every two weeks, save during the summer va- cation. In June, 1887, a sale of the fancy articles made by young members of the branch was held, and the sum of $95 was realized $So of which was paid to the Connecticut Indian Association, the balance being held for the contin- gent expenses oC the society. At the request of the young ladies this contri- bution of .-... New Haven. Gibbons, Mrs. T. P., New Haven. Harrison, Hon. H. B , New Haven. Harris, Mrs. Samuel, New Haven. Harris, Mrs. J. N., ......... New London. Hooker, Mrs. Worthington, . New Haven. j-Hooker, Dr. A. E., New Haven. Hotchkiss, Mr. Justus, . . New Haven. Ives, Miss M. E., New Haven. Kingsbury, Mrs. F. J., Waterbury. Miner, Mrs. Sidney New London. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Moseley, Mr. S. H. . New Haven. New London. Norton Mrs H B ..... Norwich. Porter, Miss Sarah, . Raynolds, Mrs. M. G , . Farmington. . New Haven. Reed Mrs. E. C., . New Haven. fRipley, MissjM. L Robertson, Mrs. J. B., Sheffield, Mrs. Joseph E Shipman, Mrs. Nathaniel. Sterling Mrs Edward, ....-. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Bridgeport. Sterling Miss Emma P ...... Bridgeport. Stowe Mrs T P Meriden. Skinner, Miss M. L., Smith, Mrs. Charles B. Thomson, Mrs. S. C. B., Thompson, Mrs. M. B., Thurston, Mr. Wm. R., Thurston, Miss Anna Day, Trowbridge, Mrs. Thomas R. Van Winkle, Miss M. D., Wayland Mrs Francis, . ... . . . New Haven. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. . New York. . New York. . New Haven. Litchfield. . New Haven. Way land, Judge Francis, fWells, Miss Mary Welles Mrs Daniel . New Haven. Hartford. Hartford Wheedon Miss S H . New Haven. Wheeler, Mrs. J. H., Williams, Miss L. L Litchfield. . New York. ANNUAL SUBSCRIBERS. Abbe, Mrs. B. R., Abbott, Miss Mary M., Abbott, Mrs. Wm., Abbott, Mrs. Wm. G Adam, Mrs. H. M., Adam, Mrs. Mary G., ....... Adam, Miss Sarah W Adams, Mrs Chester, ....... Allen, Mrs. Walter, Hartford. Waterbury. Passaic, N. Y. Hartford. Canaan. Canaan. Canaan. Hartford. . New Haven. t Deceased. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Allen, Mrs. B. R., Allen, Mrs. H. B., Allen, Mrs. John, Anderson, Mrs. Joseph, Andrews, Mrs. Myron A , . Andrews, Miss Mamie, Arnold, Mrs. E. H., . Arnold, Miss Addie S , Atkinson, Miss M. Emma, . Atwater, Mrs. E. E., . Atwater, Mrs. H. J., . Atwater, Mrs. W. J., . Augur, Mrs. C. P., Augur, Miss M. M., . Austin, Mrs. E. A., . Avery, Mrs. G. W., . Averill, Mrs. Betsey, . Bacon, Mrs., Bacon, Miss Louise, . Bailey, Miss T., . . Baker, Mrs. Wm. E., Baldwin, Miss M. E., Bancroft, Miss Edith, Barbour, Miss Daisy F., Barbour, Mrs. Lucius, Barbour, Miss Lucy A., Barnes, Miss Annie L., Barnes, Miss Clara, Barnes, Mrs. Elizabeth, Barnes, Mrs. E. H., . Barnes, Miss Hattie, . Barnet, Mrs. Mary, . Barnum, Mrs. S. H., . Bartlett, Miss S. A., . Batterson, Mrs. J. G., Bayliss, Mrs. Fannie, . Beach, Mrs. C. C., . Beach, Mrs. G. W., Bean, Mrs. S. B., Beckley, Mrs. W. A., Beecher, Mrs. E. B., . Beers, Mrs. J., . Belden, Mrs. Harriet, Hartford. West Han ford. Hartford. Walerbury. West Hartford. . New Britain. West Hartford. West Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford New Preston. . New Haven. Hartford. . New Haven. Hartford. . New Haven. California. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. . Southington. . New Haven. Canaan. . New Haven. . New Haven. Canaan. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Guilford. Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Litchfield. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Bencher, Miss Mary A , Benedict, Mrs. F. W. ( Benedict, Miss S. M., Benedict, Mrs. H. H., Benjamin, Miss Mary, Bennett, Mrs. Bessie, . Bennett, Mrs. S. A., . Bennett, Mrs. L. T., . Bennett, Mrs. Thomas, Bennett, Mrs. T. G., . Bigelow, Mrs. H. B , Bigelow, Mrs. F. L., . Bill, Mrs. Curtis H., . Billard, Mrs. J. L., . Billings, Mrs. C. K., . Bissell, Mrs. L. P., . Bissell, Miss Mamie, . Blake, Mrs. Henry, . Bogardus, Mrs. H. M , Bolter, Miss Alice, Booth, Mrs. Wm. T., Bowen, Mrs. M. M., Bradin, Mrs. J. W., . Bradley, Miss E., Bradley, Mr. Henry, . Bradley, Miss Anna, . Breed, Miss , Brewer, Mrs. W. H., . Bridgman, Mrs. Federal, Briggs, Mrs. Charles H., Brinley, Miss Nellie, . Bronson, Mrs. S. L., . Brown, Miss Annie, . Brown, Miss Belle E., Brown, Mrs. Hannah, Brown, Miss Helen, . Brown, Miss Emma, . Brown, Miss Lillie, Brown, Mrs. Robert, . Brush, Mrs. G. J., Bryan, Mrs. Scott, Buck, Mrs. John R. . Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Canaan. . New Haven. Canaan. Guilford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Bridgeport. Meriden. . New Haven. Litchfield. Hartford. . New Haven. West Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Canaan. Newinglon. . New Haven. . Wethersfield. Hartford. Guilford. . New Haven. . New Haven. Bloomfield. . New Haven. . New Haven. Guilford. Hartford. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Buell, Miss Minnie, Bulkeley, Mrs. G. L., Bull, Mrs. A. B., Bullock, Miss Lillie, . Bunce, Mrs. F. M., Burbank, Miss Julia, Burbank, Miss Katherine, Burnham, Mrs Dayton, Burnham, Mrs. M. B., Burnham, Miss Julie, . Burr, Miss Mary, Burr, Miss F. E., Burr, Mrs. W. O., Burrall, Mrs Chatles W., . Burton, Mrs. J. H., Burton, Mrs. N. J., Butler, Miss Hattie, Butler, Mrs. Joel, Butler, Mrs. F. G., . Butler, Miss Julia A., . Butler, Mrs. J. S., Bulterfield, Miss Fannie, Cady, Mrs. S. L., Camp, Miss C. E., Camp, Mrs, Ellery, . Camp, Mrs. Hiram, Camp. Miss K. C., Camp, Mrs. Ophelia, . Candee, Mrs. Susan, . Cannon, Mrs. F. C., . Carew, Miss Mary, Case, Miss Ellen, Castle, Mrs. F. E., . Catlin, Mrs. Abijah, . Catlin, Mrs. W. H , . Chamberlin, Mrs. Franklin, . Champion, Mrs S. E., Chandler, Mrs. W. E., Chapin, Mrs. C. F., . Chapin, Miss Lydia J., Chaplain, Miss F. E., Chapman, Mrs. Chas., . Litchfield. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. New Preston. Hartford. Hartford- Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Waterbury. . New Haven. Hartford. Hartford. Meriden. West Hartford. West Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Canaan. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Waterbury. Hartford. Meriden. Hanford. . New Haven. . New Haven. Waterbury. Springfield, Mass. . New Haven. Hartford. 4" THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Chapman, Mrs. Eliza, Chase, Mrs. A. S., Chase, Mrs. George L., Chatfield, Mrs. Philo, Child, Mrs. E. P., Chittenden, Miss L. D., Clapp, Mrs. C. W., . Clark, Mrs. Charles Hopkins, Clark, Mrs. E. D., Clark, Mrs. C. P., Clark, Mrs. Edmond G., Clark, Mrs. E. L., . Clark, Mrs. H. D., . Clark, Miss Harriet E., Clark, Miss Susan, Clark, Mrs. Wm. B , . Clarke, Miss Alice, . Clarke, Miss Charlotte, Coan, Mrs. Lydia, Coe, Mrs. C. C., Coit, Mrs. George, Coit, Mrs. George D., Coit, Mrs. Henry R., . Coit, Miss Kate, Collins, Mrs. David, . Collins, Miss C. E., . Collins, Miss M. F., . Collins, Mrs. Wm. Erastus, . Colton, Miss Lillian, . Colvocorresses, Mrs. George, Cone, Mrs. James B., . Cone, Mrs. Joseph H., Converse, Mrs. , Cook, Mrs. Adiu, Cook, Miss Mary E., . Cooke, Miss Annie E., Cooke, Mrs. J. W., . Cooley, Mrs. F. P., . Cooley, Miss Sarah, . Cooley, Mrs. J. R., . Corbit, Mrs. J Corwin, Miss Edith, . Guilford. . Waterbury. Hartford. . New Haven. Litchfield. Guilford. . New Haven. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. Litchfield. . New Haven. . New Haven. Guilford. Hartford. Norwich. Hartford. Hartford. Guilford. Hartford. Norwich. Norwich. Litchfield. Litchfield. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Hartford. Windsor Locks. Litchfield. Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. Norwich. Waterbury. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. . New Haven. . Canaan* Hartford. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Corwin, Miss Marie, Hartford. Couch, Mrs. Robert T., .... New Haven. Cruttenden, Mrs. George, . New Haven. Cummings, Mrs. P. C., Canaan . Curtis, Mrs. G. W., . New Haven. Curtiss, Mrs. Homer, Sr., Meriden. Daggett, Miss E. H., . New Haven. Daggett, Miss Susan, . . . . New Haven. Dana, Mrs. J. D., . New Haven. Daniels, Mrs. A. M., . Hartford. Davenport, Miss Elizabeth, . New Haven. Davenport, Mrs. J. G., Davies, Mrs. John, .... Waterbury. Norwich. Day, Miss Caroline E., Hartford. Day, Mrs. George E., . New Haven. Day, Mrs. H. M., . New Haven. Day, Mrs. J. C., Hartford. Day, Mrs. Wilbur . New Haven. DeForest, Mrs. A. W., N H DeForest, Mrs. C. S., . New Haven. Deming, Miss Clarissa B , . Litchfield. Deming, Mrs. T. L., . New Haven. Deming, Mrs. Wm., ..... Litchfield. Dewell, Mrs. James D., . New Haven. Dewell, Mrs. John, . New Haven. Dewell, Mrs. J. K., . New Haven. Dexter, Mrs. F. B., . New Haven. Dickerman, Mrs., ..... . New Haven. Dickerman, Mrs. Elias, .... . New Haven. Dickerman, Mrs. George, .... . New Haven. Dickerman, Miss M. S., . New Haven. Dodd, Mrs. W. H., Hartford. Donaldson, Mrs. Thomas, .... Waterbury. Driggs, Mrs. T. I., Waterbury. Driggs, Miss Martha S., Waterbury. DuHois, Mrs. A. J . New Haven. Dudley, Miss Kate M., Guilford. Dunning, Mrs. A. O'B , Canaan. Dutton, Mrs. S. T., . New Haven. Dwight, Mrs. T., . New Haven. Dyes, Miss Pauline, ..... Hartford. Eaton, Mrs. W. H . New Haven. Eaton, Miss Gracie J., .... Hartford. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Eddy, Mrs. F. C., Eddy, Miss S. A., Elliot, Mrs. E., Elliott, Mrs. R., Elliott, Mrs. Wm., . Ellsworth, Miss M. A., Elton, Mrs. James S., Ely, Miss Charlotte, . English, Mrs. Edwin, English, Miss Lillie, . Ensign, Mrs. T. L., . Enswoith, Miss Nettie, Fabrique, Mrs. Charles, Farnam, Mrs. G. B., . Fellowes, Mrs. James, Ferguson, Mrs. Henry, Field, Mrs. A. D., Fifield, Mrs. A. B., . Fisher, Miss Edith, . Fitch, Mrs. E. T., Fitch, Miss Ina, Fitch, Miss Georgie, . Fitch, Mrs. J. T., Flagg, Mrs. Augusta S., Flagg, Mrs. E. A., Foote, Miss Kate, Foote, Mrs. Sherman, . Foster, Mrs. Frederick R., . Fowler, Mrs. H. E., . Fowler, Miss Annette A., Ford, Mrs. George H., Francis, Miss Bessie, . Francis, Mrs. U. G., . Francis, Mrs. Wm., Franklin, Mrs. Wm. B., Freeman, Mrs. S. S., . Gage, Mrs. W. L., Gale, Mrs. Charles, . Galpin, Mrs. S. A., . Gardner, Mrs. J., Gaskell. Miss Ida E., Carton, Mrs. J. V., . Gates, Mrs. Howard E., Canaan. . New Haven. . New Haven. Guilford. West Hartford. Waterbury. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Waterbury. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Canaan. . New Haven. . New Haven. West Hartford. West Hartford. Guilford. . New Haven. Hartford. Guilford. Guilford. . New Haven. Newington. West Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Canaan. Hartford. Norwich. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Meriden. Litchfield. THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. 43 Gates, Mrs. L. C., Gaylord, Miss, Gesner, Mrs. Wm., Gibbons, Mrs. T. P., Gilbert, Mrs. S. D., . Gilbert, Mrs. F. P., . Gilbert, Mrs. C. E., . Gilbert, Miss L. P., . Gillette, Mrs. Mary, . Gilman, Miss M. P , . Gladwin, Mrs Sydney, .Goldthwait, Miss Charlotte, Goldthwaite, Miss Jane, Goodrich, Mrs. Charles, Goodwin, Miss Mary E., Gordon, Miss C., Graves, Mrs. Aletha, . Graves, Miss Eliza, Graves, Miss Nannie, . Gray, Miss Ellen W., Gray, Mrs. C., . Greene, Mrs. Gardiner, Griffing, Mrs. J. S., Gridley, Mrs. M. T., . Griswold, Miss Jennie, Griswold, Mrs. Wm., . Hadley, Mrs. J. D., . Hague, Miss Ida, Haight, Miss J., Hale, Mrs. C. B., . . Hall, Mrs. A. P., Hall, Miss Mary, Hall, Mrs. Nelson, Hall, Mrs. T. S., Hamersley, Miss Elizabeth, . Hamilton, Miss Mary W., Hanmer, Miss Daisy, . Harrison, Mrs. M. E., Hart, Mrs. F. E , Haskell, Miss N. G , . Hatch, Miss Bessie, Haviland, Mrs. J. 1)., Hay den, Mrs. H. R., . Hartford. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Hartford. Hartford. Canaan. Norwich. Hartford. Hartford . Hartford. Hartford. Hartford. Norwich. Guilford. Guilford. Guilford. Hartford. . New Haven. Norwich. . New Haven. . New Haven. Wethersfield. Meriden. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. . New Haven. Guilford. Hartford. . New Haven. Meriden. Hartford. West Hartford. Burnside. Hartford. . New Haven. Norwich. . Springfield, Mass. Norwich. Hartford. II THE CONNECTICUT INDIAN ASSOCIATION. Hemingway, Mrs. Win., Hendee, Mi -^VOS-ANCI APR112005 1994 ^clOS- ^UIBRARYJ 11171 o^-lOS ANCElfj /Dr- A 000105653 o