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 EVERYDAY GREEK
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 
 
 THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 LONDON 
 
 THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIK.I-KAISHA 
 TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKL'OKA, SENDAr 
 
 THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED 
 SHANGHAI
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 GREEK WORDS IN ENGLISH, INCLUDING 
 SCIENTIFIC TERMS 
 
 By 
 HORACE ADDISON HOFFMAN 
 
 Professor Emeritus of Greek 
 Indiana University 
 
 
 < • . , ' : , . -• • • •• . f ' • 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
 
 COPYRIGHT I9I9 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PU B LI SHED J U LY Igip 
 
 TENTH IMPRESSION MARCH I935 
 
 COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 
 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. U.S.A.
 
 
 TA 
 
 ci PREFACE 
 
 This book has grown out of my own needs in giving a briet 
 
 course in the derivation of English words of Greek origin. I 
 
 have the hope that it will also be of service to many other 
 
 teachers in giving similar courses in colleges and high schools. 
 
 vj; believe also that many persons will find such a manual very 
 
 J helpful for private study and reference. Those who have 
 
 "^ studied Greek in the usual way will find the book helpful for 
 
 ^ purposes of review and in the application of their knowledge 
 
 ^ to the study of Greek words in English. Others can use the 
 
 5; book in private study as the means of acquiring in the shortest 
 
 and most direct way a sufficient knowledge of Greek to 
 
 ^ enable them to trace the origin and feel the force of scientific 
 
 ITS ° 
 
 £■• terms and other English words of Greek origin. 
 <sr The book is not intended to take the place of the English 
 ^' dictionary or the Greek lexicon, but only to prepare the stu- 
 ^ dent to make a more intelligent use of the dictionary. 
 
 One of the chief problems in preparing this manual has 
 been to decide just what to include in it and what to leave out, 
 so that it might contain neither too much nor too httle. I 
 ohave tried to strike a happy medium and to include only those 
 i ^things which are fundamental for the purposes of the book, 
 selecting my examples in such a way as to illustrate the differ- 
 ent types of words. I cannot expect to satisfy everyone by 
 my selections. No doubt many teachers and students will 
 find some things included which they consider superfluous, 
 and others will miss things which they would prefer to have 
 
 23621-50
 
 A PREFACE 
 
 included. This will be especially true of the vocabulary 
 and the lists of words given for study. It will, however, be 
 easy for anyone to omit words and sections which he does not 
 care to study, and those who wish different examples from 
 those given can collect lists of words in which they, or their 
 students, are particularly interested. It is to be hoped, 
 indeed, that students who use this book will not confine 
 themselves to the words given in it, but that each one, after 
 mastering the fundamental principles and enough of the 
 examples to illustrate them, will seek to apply his knowledge 
 to the words of Greek derivation which belong to his own 
 special field of study. 
 
 It will be noticed that, in so far as scientific terms are 
 concerned, I have given a preponderance of medical terms. 
 There are three reasons for this. In the first place, I have 
 tried to make this work especially helpful to medical students ; 
 secondly, the medical terminology has to a considerable 
 extent been handed down to us from the ancient Greek physi- 
 cians and preserves more fully the true Greek forms and 
 meanings than that of most other sciences; thirdly, many of 
 these medical terms have come into general use and belong 
 to everyday language, not merely to the professional language 
 of the physician. Even new terms in medicine often very 
 soon become widely known and a part of the common language 
 of educated people. I believe, therefore, that the amount of 
 attention given to medical terms is justified, even if the user 
 of the book does not intend to study medicine. 
 
 I have tried to present the material in the most convenient 
 and practical form rather than in a scientific and exhaustive 
 form. The Greek scholar will think that I have not dug very
 
 PREFACE vii 
 
 deep in my chapter on the formation of words, or in giving 
 the derivation of individual words. I feel, however, that I 
 have given quite as much as the ordinary student of this 
 book will be able to assimilate in the time which he can give 
 to the subject. 
 
 Classes using the book should study the first three divisions 
 — The Alphabet, Parts of Speech, and Word Formation^ 
 in the order given in the text. The matter in these divisions 
 is arranged by topics and in what has seemed to me the best 
 order for study. I have not divided it into lessons of definite 
 length, and the teacher can, therefore, adapt the length of 
 the assignments to the nature of his class and the conditions 
 under which the work is given. The remainder of the book 
 consists of a collection of material to be used in the application 
 of the principles learned in the first three divisions. The 
 order in which this is taken is of no special importance. The 
 teacher can select from this material such portions as best 
 suit the needs of his class and the time at their disposal. He 
 may substitute other words and groups if he prefers. 
 
 It is a good exercise to have students collect words of Greek 
 origin from the studies in which they are most interested, such 
 as philosophy, botany, zoology, poUtics, etc. This will add 
 to their interest in the work, and the words so collected may be 
 made a basis of study in the class. Suitable passages of 
 EngHsh may be read in class and the words of Greek origin 
 picked out and analyzed. Such practical exercises can be 
 extended indefinitely and will be limited only by the time at 
 the disposal of the class. After a student has covered the 
 first three divisions of the book the application of the prin- 
 ciples to the analysis of words and groups of related words
 
 viu PREFACE 
 
 will be the best means of fixing those principles in mind and of 
 making them useful to the student. Such exercises will 
 afford a constant review of the fundamental principles and 
 v^ocabulary. 
 
 The English index and key at the end of the book can be 
 used to find all the information given in the book about any 
 word. 
 
 Horace A. Hoffman 
 
 Bloomington, Indiana 
 February 17, 19 iq
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 I. The Alphabet i 
 
 Historical Sketch; The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time; 
 English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin 
 
 II. Parts of Speech 13 
 
 Nouns; Verbs; Adjectives; Pronouns; Prepositions; Adverbs; 
 Conjunctions 
 
 III. Formation of Words 23 
 
 Definitions of Terms; Euphony; Vowel Changes; Some 
 Common Suffixes; Verbal Adjectives; Denominative Adjec- 
 tives; Denominative Verbs; Compound Words 
 
 IV. Word Groups for Study 42 
 
 V. Vocabulary 63 
 
 VI. Index and Key to Derivation . 95 
 
 IX
 
 I. THE ALPHABET 
 
 (The Alpha-Beta: The A-B-C's) 
 
 Historical Sketch 
 
 1. The Greek alphabet is the parent of all modern Euro- 
 pean alphabets, including our own. 
 
 The ancient Greek alphabet was derived from the Phe- 
 nician alphabet. Modifications were made to some extent in 
 the forms of the letters, and still more in the sounds for which 
 they stood. The Phenician alphabet had no characters to 
 represent vowel sounds, and so some of the Phenician char- 
 acters which represented sounds not found in the Greek 
 language were used by the Greeks to represent vowel sounds. 
 
 2. Our knowledge of the ancient Greek alphabet is obtained 
 chiefly from inscriptions on such durable materials as stone, 
 bronze, and pottery. The oldest of the preserved inscriptions 
 date from about 600 B.C. As we come down to later times they 
 become more and more numerous. It is interesting to com- 
 pare these inscriptions and observe how the forms of the 
 letters, and sometimes their values, varied in different periods 
 and in different localities. Some of these variations are 
 especially interesting because we can find in them the origin 
 of differences which exist today in the European alphabets. 
 Our own alphabet comes from the Roman alphabet, which 
 originally was the Greek alphabet as found in the Chalcidian 
 Greek colonies in Southern Italy. 
 
 3. In ancient times the capital letters only were used in 
 both Greek and Latin. The capitals, therefore, represent the 
 original letters, and in studying the early history of the alpha- 
 bet we must confine ourselves to the capital letters. The
 
 2 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 small letters, or lower case letters, as they are called in modern 
 printing, grew up in cursive, or rapid, writing on parchment 
 and papyrus. We find such cursive writing used for letters, 
 contracts, accounts, and other non-literary purposes as early 
 as 242 B.C. But for centuries after cursive writing had come 
 into use for non-literary documents the capitals alone were 
 still used in formal books and in inscriptions. Our oldest 
 manuscripts of the New Testament are written wholly in 
 capitals. 
 
 4. At the present time ancient Greek books are printed in 
 modern Greek type, just as ancient Latin books are printed 
 in modern Roman type, or, as we commonly call it, English 
 type. The alphabet, therefore, which we learn when we first 
 study Greek is the modern Greek alphabet, and the small 
 letters are for practical purposes of far more importance than 
 the capitals, since the capitals are used chiefly at the begin- 
 ning of proper names, and at the beginning of paragraphs. 
 
 5. Before we pass from the consideration of the original 
 capital letters it will be interesting to notice a few differences 
 between the capitals in the Greek and Roman alphabets as 
 they are used today, and to point out their origin. We find 
 that these differences go back to differences in the ancient 
 Greek alphabets used in different periods of time and in 
 different localities. 
 
 For example, the Greek Rho (P) lacks the tail found in 
 its Roman equivalent, R, and so it is the same in form as our 
 English P, which is represented in the Greek alphabet by the 
 character called Pi (H). But this Roman form of R is found 
 in many of the older Greek inscriptions, and regularly so in 
 the inscriptions of those Greek settlements in Italy from which 
 the Romans got their alphabet. The same is true of practi- 
 cally all the differences between the later Greek and Roman
 
 THE ALPHABET 3 
 
 alphabets. The character X, which in the standard Greek 
 alphabet has the sound of kh, or German ch, was used in the 
 Greek settlements in Italy as equivalent to ks, which is its 
 sound in Latin and English. It is also found used in this 
 same way in many places in Greece proper, as in Laconia, 
 Euboea, and Boeotia. The character H in the older Greek 
 inscriptions has the same sound as in the Roman and EngUsh 
 alphabet, and E is used for both long and short e. The 
 Ionian Greeks, however, began very early to use this character, 
 H, to represent the long sound of e, and this was later adopted 
 at Athens, so that from about 400 B.C. this character, called 
 eta, became the common symbol for long e. 
 
 6. In writing with brush or pen there was a natural tend- 
 ency to round off the corners of the letters, so that many 
 letters which were originally angular became rounded, and 
 the Roman alphabet has more of these rounded forms than 
 the Greek. Thus the Greek Delta (>) became D. One form 
 of Gamma is <, which by rounding became C. One common 
 old form of Sigma is S, which by rounding became S, while 
 another form, made with four strokes instead of three (^), 
 was modified to 2. 
 
 The Greek Upsilon is found in ancient Greek inscriptions 
 in two forms, V and Y. The first form was adopted by the 
 Romans, and, eventually becoming rounded at the bottom, 
 gives us our U. At the time when the Romans first adopted 
 the Greek alphabet both the Greek Upsilon and the Roman u 
 ( V) had the same sound, that of 00 in "boot." The Latin V 
 retained this sound, but by the time that the Romans began 
 to borrow Greek words in considerable numbers the sound of 
 the Greek Upsilon had changed to that of the French u and 
 the form Y had come into general use. Therefore whenever 
 the Romans adopted a Greek word which contained Y, since
 
 4 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 they had no letter in their own alphabet to represent its 
 sound, they retained this character in spelling the word and 
 thereby added a new letter to the Roman alphabet, which 
 was used, however, only in Greek words containing it. This 
 is the origin of our English Y, and we have followed the fashion 
 of the Romans by continuing to write y for the Greek Upsilon 
 in words of Greek derivation, such as "psychic," "physics," 
 "rhythm," and the like. 
 
 From the two forms of the Greek Upsilon, V and Y, we 
 have gotten four letters in our English alphabet, U, V, W 
 (double u), and Y. 
 
 7. The Greek Lambda (A) and the Roman L do not at 
 first sight seem very much alike, but when in old Greek inscrip- 
 tions we find Lambda turned upside down and the right limb 
 depressed and shortened, thus L., we at once recognize the 
 source of L. 
 
 An interesting thing which comes out in the examination of 
 old Greek inscriptions is the fact that the Roman alphabet and 
 our own, though derived from the Greek alphabet, have, to 
 some extent, retained older forms than are now found in the 
 Greek alphabet; older even than were found in the Greek 
 alphabet used at Athens in the time of Plato and Demos- 
 thenes, although in most cases where the two alphabets differ 
 both forms may be traced back to very ancient times. 
 
 In the letter Q the Roman alphabet and our own retain 
 the old Greek and Phenician Koppa (?) which most of the 
 Greeks discarded very early, except as a numeral, because it 
 was superfluous, having the same sound as K. In our F we 
 have the old Greek Digamma, which also was discarded in 
 very early times by the Ionian Greeks, including the Athenians. 
 In old Greek it had the sound of our w, but the Romans used 
 it as an equivalent of the eastern Phi (4>), ph.
 
 THE ALPHABET 5 
 
 The Romans had dropped Z from their alphabet, but when 
 they began to take Greek words over into Latin they reinstated 
 it for use in spelHng Greek words which contained Zeta. This 
 explains how it came to be at the end of the Roman alphabet, 
 and consequently at the end of our own. How the Y came 
 to be the next to the last letter has already been explained 
 above. 
 
 Note. — Samples of Greek inscriptions and tables showing the different 
 •forms of the letters found in different periods and in different localities may be 
 seen conveniently in Roberts' Inlroduciion to Greek Epigraphy, published by 
 the Cambridge University Press. 
 
 The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time 
 
 8. The forms of the letters here given are those which are 
 now used in printing both ancient and modern Greek. 
 
 Characters 
 
 Names 
 
 
 Equivalents 
 
 A 
 
 a 
 
 alpha 
 
 a 
 
 as in father 
 
 B 
 
 ^ 
 
 beta 
 
 b 
 
 as in box 
 
 r 
 
 7 
 
 gamma 
 
 g 
 
 as in gun 
 
 A 
 
 h 
 
 delta 
 
 d 
 
 as in dog 
 
 E 
 
 e 
 
 epsilon 
 
 e 
 
 as in met 
 
 Z 
 
 r 
 
 zeta 
 
 2 
 
 as in zone 
 
 H 
 
 ■n 
 
 eta 
 
 g 
 
 as in fete 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 theta 
 
 th 
 
 as in thin 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 iota 
 
 i 
 
 as in machine 
 
 K 
 
 K 
 
 kappa 
 
 k 
 
 as in keep 
 
 A 
 
 X 
 
 lambda 
 
 I 
 
 as in log 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 mu 
 
 m 
 
 as in man 
 
 N 
 
 V 
 
 nu 
 
 n 
 
 as in no 
 
 E 
 
 ^ 
 
 xi 
 
 X 
 
 as in ox 
 
 
 
 
 
 omicron 
 
 
 
 as in obey 
 
 n 
 
 TT 
 
 pi 
 
 p 
 
 as in pin
 
 6 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 Characters Names Equivalents 
 
 P p rho r as in run 
 
 S as sigma 5 as in sun 
 
 T r tau t as in lop 
 
 T V upsilon u as in French u 
 
 ^ <p phi ph as in physics 
 
 X X chi ch as in machen (German) 
 
 ^ i/' psi /'^ as in ships 
 
 S2 0) omega o as in go 
 
 PRONUNCIATION 
 
 9. The pronunciation generally in use in American col- 
 leges is an attempt to approximate that used by the ancient 
 Athenians in the classical period. The pronunciation now 
 used in modern Greece differs greatly from this, is much more 
 difficult for English-speaking students, and obscures the rela- 
 tion between the Greek word and the English word, or words, 
 derived from it. In this book, therefore, the general usage 
 of American colleges is followed. 
 
 10. The consonants. — The consonants are, in general, 
 pronounced like the English equivalents given in the fore- 
 going table of the alphabet. 
 
 The following require special explanations: 
 
 7 is always pronounced like g in "go," except that before 
 K, 7, X, or s it has the sound of English ng, and is then repre- 
 sented in Latin and in English by n. Thus 0,776X05, messenger, 
 becomes in Latin angelus, and in English angel. Other illus- 
 trations are acfyiy^, sphinx; eyKOJ/jLtov, encomium; ^poyxio., 
 bronchia; 7 is never pronounced like g in gin. 
 
 6 is pronounced like th in thin, not like th in this. 
 
 a is pronounced like s in sun, not like 5 in his. 
 
 X is pronounced like German ch in machen.
 
 THE^PHABET 7 
 
 11. The vowels and diphthongs. — ;The vowels are pro- 
 nounced as follows: 
 
 a like a in father 
 
 € like e in met 
 
 77 like a in tnale 
 
 I like e in me 
 
 X like / in pin 
 
 like in obey 
 
 V like French u, or German il 
 o) like in go 
 
 Theoretically the short vowels differ from the long in 
 quantity only, that is in the length of time the sound is dwelt 
 upon. This distinction is practically impossible for English- 
 speaking persons, and the sounds indicated in the above table 
 will answer our purposes. 
 
 12. Following is a table of the diphthongs and their 
 approximate pronunciation: 
 
 at like i in mine 
 €L like ei in eight 
 
 01 like oi in oil 
 av like 011 in out 
 ev like eu in feud 
 ov like 00 in boot 
 VL like tii in quit 
 
 Besides these there are the so-called improper diphthongs, 
 a, V, w, with the i written under a long open vowel. This t 
 is called iota subscript, and is silent, so that these improper 
 diphthongs are pronounced the same as d, 77, 00. The iota 
 subscript is omitted in English derivatives. \ 
 
 13. Breathings. — Every vowel or diphthong at the begin- 
 ning of a word has either the rough breathing (') or the 
 ^..oii ti^ breathing ('). The rough breathing is pronounced 
 
 "•al.
 
 8 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 like the English h, the smooth breathing is not pronounced at 
 all and may be considered merely ornamental. The rough 
 breathing was also used with initial rho. 
 
 Examples: pbbov, rose. 
 
 14. Accents. — There are three marks of accent: the acute 
 ('), the grave ('), and the circumflex Q. There are compli- 
 cated rules for determining which accent shall be used and 
 where it shall be placed, but all we need to know for our pur- 
 pose is that in pronouncing Greek words we accent the syllable 
 over which the accent is placed and make no distinction with 
 regard to the kind of accent mark used. The vowel which 
 has a circumflex over it is long. 
 
 15. Suggestions in pronunciation. — There are no silent 
 letters in Greek except the iota subscript. There is a syllable 
 for each vowel or diphthong. In trying to pronounce Greek 
 words, think not of the names of the Greek letters, but of the 
 corresponding English letters with the sounds indicated above. 
 
 16. Pronounce the words in the following list; also write 
 them out in Greek letters. Then transliterate these words, 
 that is, write them in the corresponding Roman, or English, 
 letters. 
 
 Learn the meanings of these words and tell what English 
 words you think are derived from them. I S\ 
 
 (l>dr], song 
 
 
 ■jroTa/xSs, river 
 
 avTos, self 
 
 
 apdpoiiros, human being, man 
 
 4>6^os, fear 
 
 
 686s, road, way 
 
 v'eKTap, nectar 
 
 
 fxerpov, measure y 
 
 cf)Ciipr], sound, voice 
 
 
 t6tos, place 
 
 v€Kp6s, dead body, corpse 
 
 To\iTr]s, citizen 
 
 'iyyekos, messenger 
 
 *T 
 
 8€air6Tr]s, master (of slaves) 
 
 Ypd0w, / write 
 
 (pikos, friend, lover 
 
 Itttos, horse^^ 
 
 
 kTL(TTo\r}, letter '
 
 i.-' 
 
 
 ^ -^ THE 
 
 TTapabaaos, park 
 
 ALPHABET ( 
 
 iSAcris, step, foundation 
 
 aKfji-f], highest point, prime 
 
 ^ios, life 
 
 debs, a god, God 
 
 &pa, season, hour 
 
 (l)akay^, line of battle 
 
 a6\r]Tr]s, contestant 
 
 aarpov, star 
 
 (Sap OS, weight 
 
 xdp, hand 
 
 btvbpov, tree 
 
 epyov, work 
 
 a4>oupa, ball 
 
 (XTpaTTjyos, general 
 
 laTpos, healer, physician 
 
 avaTopi], dissection 
 
 peya, large, big, great 
 
 j3oTav7], grass, vegetation 
 
 piKpos, small 
 
 ripepa, day 
 
 eiprjui], peace 
 
 /cXtTTTco, / steal 
 
 diopa^, breast-plate, breast, chest 
 
 Kpariip, mixing bowl 
 
 ttoXls, city, state 
 
 Write the following words in Greek letters : 
 Analysis, genesis, skeleton, synthesis, parenthesis, sepsis, 
 diagnosis, idea, pathos, embryo (n), Philadelphia, Socrates. 
 
 TRANSLITEEATION 
 
 17. The first Greek words came into English through Latin 
 and retained the Latin spelling. Thus the custom was estab- 
 lished of spelling Greek words in English as they were spelled 
 in Latin, not merely using the Roman characters instead of 
 the Greek characters, but also making such changes in the 
 letters as the Romans made in order to represent the Greek 
 sounds by the letters and combinations of letters used to repre- 
 sent those sounds in Latin. Greek endings were also changed 
 to corresponding Latin endings. Furthermore, the Latin end- 
 ing is often dropped in English, or a familiar English ending 
 substituted. Thus "dramaticus" becomes dramatic, "poeta," 
 poet, "philosophia," philosophy, "nauticus," nautical, "prac- 
 ticus," practical. The familiar English adjective ending -at is 
 itself from the Latin ending -alis in such words as "navalis," 
 naval.
 
 lo EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 i8. For the reason already explained in section 6 the Greek 
 upsilon (T) was retained in Greek words taken over into Latin, 
 and this gives us our EngHsh Y, y. The Greek upsilon is 
 therefore represented by y when Greek words containing upsi- 
 lon are written in Latin or in English, unless the upsilon is part 
 of a diphthong, in which case it is transliterated as u. Thus 
 duaXvaLs is written analysis, but pavTiKos is"nauticus" in Latin, 
 nautical in English. 
 
 19. Most of the Greek consonants are transliterated by 
 the Latin or English equivalents given in the table of alpha- 
 bet (see p. 5). 
 
 K, however, is usually transliterated as c. 
 
 p at the beginning of a word always has the rough breath- 
 ing in Greek and becomes rh in Latin and in English. Thus 
 pr]ro)p becomes rhetor. 
 
 7 before k, 7, x, or ^ becomes n. Thus: a77eXo?, angelus, 
 angel; <T<l)Ly^, sphinx; eyKecpdXos, encephalus; iyxupl^iop, 
 enchiridion. 
 
 20. The largest number of changes occur in the case of the 
 diphthongs. These are indicated in the following table: 
 
 Greek at becomes in Latin ae 
 
 Greek et becomes in Latin i, occasionally e 
 
 Greek ol becomes in Latin oe 
 
 Greek ov becomes in Latin m 
 
 The older English followed the Latin spelling, but in the 
 simplified spelling of English in recent years ae and oe have 
 generally been shortened to e. Thus 4)aiv6pevov, formerly 
 spelled phaenomcnon, is now generally written phenomenon. 
 oUopofiia was formerly written oeconomy, but is now written 
 economy. 
 
 There is also a tendency in recent years in making new 
 scientific terms to retain the Greek spelling in some cases
 
 THE ALPHABET ii 
 
 instead of using the JLatin spelling. In these instances k 
 is used for k, ou for ov, at for ai, ei for ei, and oi for ot. 
 
 However, in tracing the derivation of most English words 
 of Greek origin it is necessary to take into account the Latin 
 spelling of Greek words. This is especially true of the older 
 and better known words. 
 
 21. These peculiarities of transliteration may be summar- 
 ized as follows: 
 
 K = c, p = rh, v = y, ai — ae, €t = z, or e, oL = oe, ov = u. 
 
 22. The Greek endings were also usually changed to the 
 corresponding Latin endings. The most important instances 
 for our purpose are the change of -os in Greek nouns and 
 adjectives of the o-declension to the corresponding Latin 
 ending -us, and of the neuter ending -ou of the same declension 
 to the corresponding Latin ending -um. 
 
 Thus xopos is chorus in Latin and English; Kvpos is 
 Cyrus. In EngHsh, however, the ending may be dropped 
 altogether. Thus: nvdos, Latin myilius, English ?nyth. 
 
 Examples of neuters are: Movaelov, museum; aripvov, 
 sternum; yvp-vdaiov, gymnasium. 
 
 English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin 
 
 23. While Greek words are usually taken into English 
 in a Latinized form, they are pronounced as English words with 
 the usual English sounds of the letters. The Greek accent is 
 disregarded both in Latin and in English, but the Latin 
 accent is very commonly retained in EngUsh; always so in 
 proper names. It is, therefore, important to recall the rules 
 for the accent of Latin words, which are as follows: 
 
 Words of two syllables are always accented on the first 
 syllable. Words of more than two syllables are accented on 
 the next to the last syllable (penult), if that is long in quantity; 
 otherwise on the preceding syllable (antepenult).
 
 12 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 24. The following points should also be noted in the Eng- 
 lish pronunciation of Greek derivatives: 
 
 K becomes c, which in Latin is pronounced like k, but in 
 English c is pronounced like ^ before e, i, and y. Likewise g 
 is pronounced like j before e, i, and y. 
 
 Examples: catalog, cycle, criticize, Cassandra, Cyrus, Cato, 
 Cicero, genesis, galaxy, geometry, trigonometry, Ganymede, George. 
 
 Greek x is transliterated as ch, but this ch is generally 
 pronounced like k. 
 
 Examples: anarchy, chromatic, architect, technical. "Arch- 
 bishop" and a few other similar words form an exception. 
 
 Greek \p, equivalent to ps, is very common at the beginning 
 of Greek words. Since we cannot easily pronounce ps at the 
 beginning of a word, we drop the p and pronounce the 5 only. 
 
 Examples: psalm, psychology, pseudonym. 
 
 The vowels are pronounced with the usual English sounds. 
 
 EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION AND PRONUNCIATION 
 
 25. Write the following words both in Greek and in their 
 
 Latinized English forms, 
 in English: 
 
 Pronounce them both in Greek and 
 
 Sai/cparrjs 
 
 'ttp68oTOS 
 
 Xopos 
 
 'Aptareldris 
 
 <I>Ot/577 
 
 ayyeXos 
 
 QovKv5idr]s 
 
 Kvpos 
 
 1 fxovaelov 
 
 'AttoXKwv 
 
 VToOeais 
 
 KpiTTipiov 
 
 'Adr]i/a 
 
 KplaLS 
 
 crepuov 
 
 'AcfipodLTrj 
 
 yeueais 
 
 bpaixa 
 
 Soc^o/v'Xrys 
 
 aKixi) 
 
 KXi/jLa^ 
 
 EvpLiridrjs 
 
 (hbi] 
 
 yecofJLeTpia 
 
 ,Al<TXV^OS 
 
 '■; X'-fJ'O.ipa 
 
 (fyCKodOc^La 
 
 UXaTcov 
 
 Bopeas 
 
 olKovoula 
 
 'EtUovpos 
 
 KOa/jLOS 
 
 ISaKTrjpia 
 
 EvKKeidrjS 
 
 ImOos 
 
 S-nuoKoaria
 
 II. PARTS OF SPEECH 
 
 26. The parts of speech in Greek are the same as in EngHsh, 
 namely: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, con- 
 junctions, and prepositions. The first four are inflected, that 
 is, they have different forms to indicate different cases, num- 
 bers, genders, persons, tenses, voices, and modes. 
 
 Greek is a highly inflected language, even more so than 
 Latin, and the number of forms is very great, especially in the 
 verbs. These different forms are produced mainly by differ- 
 ent endings, but to some extent by prefixes and other changes 
 in the stem. 
 
 For our purposes it is not necessary to learn the inflections, 
 but only such changes of forms as reappear in EngHsh words 
 derived from the Greek. These changes are such as belong 
 to word-formation, the process by which new stems and words 
 are formed from existing roots and stems. The study of 
 roots' and stems' is therefore important. 
 
 Nouns 
 
 27. The form in which we learn a Greek noun is the 
 nominative case singular number. This is the form given 
 first in dictionaries. 
 
 28. Declensions. — There are three declensions of Greek 
 nouns, the a-declension, the o-declension, and the consonant 
 declension, which are generally called the first, second, and 
 third declensions respectively. 
 
 29. The first, or a-declension. — In this declension the 
 stem ends in -a, often modified to 17. The nominative singular 
 
 ' For definitions of these terms see sections 55 and 56. 
 
 13
 
 14 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 of feminine nouns of this declension ends in a or rj. Masculine 
 nouns add s. 
 
 30. The following list of words will illustrate the a- 
 declension. These words and their meanings should be 
 learned. Words have been selected for the list which have 
 English derivatives, and these English derivatives will assist 
 in remembering the Greek words and their meanings. 
 
 cbpa, season, hour 
 
 cLK/jiri, highest point, prime, acme 
 
 0)617, song, ode 
 
 Idea, appearance, form, idea /" 
 
 IcTTopla, inquiry, information, 
 narrative, history 
 
 lj.r]xavT], cojitrivance, machine; 
 (English derivative, mechani- 
 cal) 
 
 (TxoKr), leisure, (school) 
 
 (/)ajfi7, voice, sound, (phonetic, 
 phonograph, telephone) 
 
 (T^aTpa, ball, sphere 
 
 SiaLTa, mode of life, (diet) 
 
 vyleLa, health, (hygiene) 
 KpLTTjs, judge, (critic) 
 Bopeas, north-wind, (boreal) 
 ToX'tTTjs, citizen, (political) 
 8eair6T7]s, master of slaves, despot 
 TTOLrjTrjs, maker, composer, poet 
 adXriTTis, contestant in games, 
 
 athlete 
 vTOKpLTr]s, actor, (hypocrite) 
 0tXocro0ta, love of wisdom, phi- 
 losophy 
 yevea, race, stock, family, (gene- 
 alogy) 
 
 31. The second declension, or o-declension. — The stem 
 ends in o. In the nom. sing, masculines and feminines add s, 
 neuters add v. There are very few feminines. 
 
 32. 
 
 LIST OF WORDS OF THE O-DECLENSION 
 
 iiyyeXos, messenger, fangel) 
 (x5tX06s, brother, (Philadelphia) 
 dvdpu)Tros, yuan, human being, 
 
 (anthropology) 
 apidfjLos, number, (arithmetic) 
 auXos, pipe, (hydraulic) 
 
 bpop.os, road, race-track, (hippo- 
 drome) 
 
 rfKios, sun, (heliograph, heUo- 
 trope) 
 
 debs, god, (theology, theism) 
 
 I'ttttos, horse, fhippodrome)
 
 PARTS OF SPEECH 
 
 15 
 
 Koa/jLos, order, universe, world, 
 (cosmopolitan) 
 
 \idos, stone, (monolith, litho- 
 
 ' graph) 
 
 ixvdos, story, (myth) 
 
 TVTTos, impress, type 
 
 voaos (fern.), disease, (nosology) 
 
 ypados (fern.), jaw, (progna- 
 thous) 
 
 656s, (fem.), way, journey, (exo- 
 dus) 
 
 ukrpov, measure, (meter, ther- 
 mometer) 
 
 (XKrJTTrpov, staff, scepter 
 
 b'evbpov, tree, (rhododendron) 
 
 dkarpov, theater 
 
 arepvov, breast, breast-bone, 
 (sternum) 
 
 fiovaelop, temple of the muses, 
 (museum) 
 
 bpyavov, instrument, organ 
 
 (jtapixaKov, drug, (pharmacy) 
 
 33. The third declension, or consonant declension. — 
 In this declension the stem ends in a consonant, or in one of 
 the close vowels, i, v. The genitive case in this declension adds 
 -OS to the stem and the stem may generally be found by drop- 
 ping this ending in the genitive. It is therefore usually 
 necessary to know the genitive case to find the stem of those 
 nouns whose stem ends in a consonant. Stems in t, or v, 
 if masculine or feminine, add sigma in the nominative singu- 
 lar and the stem can be found in such words by dropping this 
 sigma. A few stems in upsilon are neuter and have the 
 nominative singular like the stem. 
 
 The genitive singular of nouns in this declension is given in 
 the dictionaries and vocabularies. The nominative singular of 
 nouns of this declension has various endings which we learn in 
 learning the word as we find it in the dictionary or vocabulary. 
 
 34. SOME TYPICAL WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 di7p, genitive aep-os, air; (aero- 
 naut) 
 8aifxo:v, 8al[xov-os, deity; (demon) 
 Sepfia, 8epiJ.aT-os, skin; (derma- 
 tology, pachyderm) 
 
 SpaiJLa, dpafxar-os, action, deed; 
 
 (drama, dramatic) 
 Kavuv, Kavbv-os, straight-edge, 
 
 rule, standard; (canon)
 
 i6 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 K\ina^, KXi/xaK-os, ladder, stair- ylyas, ylyavr-os, giant; (gigan- 
 
 case; (climax) tic) 
 
 86yixa, 86y/j.aT-os, opinion, con- opvLs, 6pvLd-os, bird; (orni- 
 
 viction, decree; (dogma) thology) 
 
 Kparrjp, KpaTTJp-os, mixing-boivl, rjirap, ^Trar-os, liver; (hepatic) 
 
 bowl; (crater) <f>>^i^, ^XejS-os, vein; (phlebot- 
 Xapvy^, \apvyy-os, larynx omy) 
 
 TTvp, Trvp-b%,fire; (pyrotechnic) Opl^, rpLX-os, hair; (trichina, 
 pis, piv-bs, nose; (rhinology, trichoblast; found in many 
 
 rhinoceros) scientific terms) 
 
 0WS, (j)(jOT-6s, light; (photograph) irovs, Tro8-6s, foot; (tripod, anti- 
 xdp, x€tp-6s, hand; (chirog- podes, polypous) 
 
 raphy) TraTs, TraiS-os, child; (pedagogue, 
 ovs, d>r-6s, ear; (otology) pediatric) 
 
 35. Words -with stems ending in t, or v. — In these words the 
 genitive is often irregular, but the nominative is regular and 
 the stem is best found by dropping the nominative singular 
 ending -?. The genitive of this class of words is not given in 
 the vocabularies of this book. 
 
 36. 
 
 TToXt-s, town, city, state; (politi- yeveai-s, birth, origin, genesis 
 
 cal, necropolis) /Sdcrt-s, foundation, base, basis 
 
 bbvajxi-s, power, force; (dynamic, vav-s, ship; (nausea, nautical) 
 
 dynamite) avaXvaL-s, analysis 
 
 lxQv-s,fish; (ichthyology) avvOeai-s, synthesis 
 
 4>vaL-$, nature; (physical) 
 
 37. Neuter nouns in -oj. — A special and important class 
 of nouns in the consonant declension are the neuters with 
 nominative in -os. All masculine and feminine nouns ending 
 in -OS belong to the c-declension, but neuter nouns in -os 
 belong to the consonant declension. The latter originall_^ 
 had stems ending in -es. The e of the stem is changed to
 
 PARTS OF SPEECH 17 
 
 o in the nominative, accusative, and vocative. In the other 
 cases the final c of the stem is dropped before the case 
 ending so that the stem seems to end in e. 
 
 38. EXAMPLES OF NEUTER NOUNS IN -OS 
 ykvos, yeve((T)-os, race, kind; (homogeneous, heterogeneous) 
 Trados, ■!rade{a)-os, feeling, sufering, disease; (pathology) 
 /Sdpos, weight; (barometer) 
 
 avdos, flower; (anther, polyanthous, anthology) 
 
 ubos, appearance, form , kind; (kaleidoscope, spheroid = a</)atp(>-€t5i7s; 
 
 \pev8os, falsehood; (pseudonym, pseudo-science) 
 
 KpcLTos, power, rule; (democratic) 
 
 Verbs 
 
 39. The form of the verb given first in dictionaries is 
 usually the first person singular of the present indicative 
 active. Thus: ypa4>o), I write; dido: /jll, I give. Some English 
 dictionaries in referring to Greek verbs give the infinitive, and 
 for that reason it is well to know how the infinitive ends also. 
 
 40. The most common class of verbs are those whose first 
 form ends in -00, and whose present active infinitive ends in 
 -eiv. Thus: ypacpo), I write; ypacf)€U', to write. In many of 
 these the verb stem may be found by merely dropping the 
 ending -co, or -eiv. But in many other verbs the simple verb 
 stem has been modified in some way in the present so that it 
 is more or less disguised. Thus: Trpaaaco, I do, I accomplish. 
 Here the verb stem is not irpaaa, but Trpay, as seen in irpay- 
 IxaTLKos, English pragmatic. The stem is the important part 
 for us in tracing derivatives. Accordingly, in this book 
 whenever the simple verb stem cannot be found by merely 
 dropping the ending, the stem is placed after the verb in 
 parentheses. Thus: irpaaaoo {irpay), I do, accomplish. This 
 stem should be learned in learning the verb since it is essential 
 for our purpose to know the stem.
 
 i8 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 41. Verbs in -co with infinitive in -av. — 
 
 7pd<^co, / write, dratv, paint Trpaaaoi (irpay), do, accomplish, 
 
 ■ypa.cl>Hv, to ivrite, draw, paint; (pragmatic, practical) 
 
 (geography, photograph) 7t-7J'a;-cr/cw (t*"*^)) know; (ag- 
 
 \vo),Iloose nostic) 
 
 \v€Lv, to loose; (electrolysis) Kpivu) {kpl), judge, decide; (crisis, 
 
 Note. — In the rest of this list the critic) 
 
 infinitive is not given and the subject ^^^^^ (^^ ^^) /^/^g. (crypto- 
 
 "I" is omitted in the translation for the ^ v p vy, > \ j i- 
 
 sake of brevity. The same practice gram) 
 
 will hereafter generally be observed. ireTrTco (ireir) , digest; (dyspepsia, 
 
 5pcLco, do, act; (drama) pepsin) 
 
 TFotew, make, compose; (poet) refj-uo: {rep), cut; (microtome) 
 
 bpaw, see; (panorama) tvtttoo (tvt), strike; (type) 
 
 TpkiTw, turn; (tropic) ax'^^ui {axi-^), split; (schism) 
 
 4>kpw, bear, carry; (phosphorous, ariirw, rot, decay; (sepsis, septic) 
 
 semaphore) Ttlvoi (rev), stretch; (tone) 
 
 42. Verbs in -/xt. — Several important verbs end in -/xt in 
 the first person singular of the active indicative. The infini- 
 tive of these ends in -mt. 
 
 TL-dt]-p.L (de), infinitive TL-d'e-vat, put, place; (thesis, synthesis) 
 5t-5w-/xt {bo), infinitive bi-bb-vai, give; (dose, antidote) 
 l-aT-q-pL {ara), infinitive l-ara-vaL, stand; (static, system) 
 
 43. Deponent verbs. — In Greek there are many so-called 
 deponent verbs which have the forms of the middle or passive 
 voice, but are either active or intransitive in meaning. The 
 middle and passive voices have the same form in the present 
 tense. In the first person singular of the indicative they end 
 in -ojuat instead of -co. The infinitive ends in -ecrdai. 
 
 aladavopai (alad), aiadaveadat, perceive; (aesthetic, anesthetic) 
 yiyvopaL, for yL-yh-opat (yev), become, be born; (genesis, eugenic) 
 fXLp.k-opaL, imitate; (mimetic, mimeograph) 
 o-KeTTTO/iat {aKeir), look at, examine, consider; (skeptic, telescope)
 
 PARTS OF SPEECH 19 
 
 44. Sometimes the active form has one meaning and the 
 middle or passive another. 
 
 (l)a'LVi>:(4)av), show; (hieTophant). <i)a'ivoiiaL, appear; (phenomenon) 
 
 A few deponent verbs omit the vowel or e before the endings. 
 bhva-jxaL {bvva), bvva-adai, be able, have poiver; (dynamic, dynasty) 
 
 45. There are also verbal roots which are not used in the 
 present tense, "But occur in other tenses. Nouns and adjec- 
 tives are often derived from such roots, and some of these 
 roots give us common English derivatives and are important 
 for our purposes. In these cases it will answer our purpose 
 to learn merely the root and its meaning. 
 
 Root 4>a'y, eat; (sarcophagus, ichthyophagous). 
 Root oTT, see; (optics, autopsy). 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 46. Adjectives have the same declensions as nouns. They 
 generally have different forms for different genders. Many 
 adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension and the 
 masculine and neuter in the o-declension. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 Neuter 
 
 txLKpbv, small; (microscope, microtome) 
 <jo4)bv, wise; (sophomore, philosopher) 
 ixbvov, alone, single; (monotone, monogamy) 
 
 47. Some adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension 
 and the masculine and neuter in the consonant declension. 
 Others are declined wholly in the o-declension or in the conso- 
 nant declension, the masculine and feminine being alike in 
 form. 
 
 Masculine 
 
 Feminine 
 
 /JLLKpOS 
 
 IXLKpa 
 
 ao4>6s 
 
 cro4>r] 
 
 [XOUOS 
 
 yLOvrj
 
 20 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 The differences in form which mark gender rarely appear 
 in English derivatives, and for our purposes it is sufficient in 
 most instances to learn merely the first form of the masculine 
 and its stem. In so far as the forms of adjectives are con- 
 cerned we can apply to them what we have already learned 
 about nouns. 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 
 lJLLKp6-s, small; (micro-scope, micro-cosm) 
 
 iJLOPo-s, alone, single; (mono-syllable, mono-gram) 
 
 iJLeya-s, fxeyaXrj, big, large; (mega-phone, megalo-mania) 
 
 iroXv-s, much, plur. many; (poly- theism, poly-technic) 
 
 ttSs, gen. iravT-Ss, neut. irdv, all; (pan-theism, panto-mime) 
 
 fxeXas, gen. iJ.e\av-os, black; (melan-choly, melan-urus) 
 
 6ijl6-s, same; (homo-geneous, homo-logous) 
 
 avro-s, self; (auto-graph, auto-matic) 
 
 apL(TTo-s, best; (aristo-cracy) 
 
 veo-s, new, young; (neo-Uthic, neo-phyte) 
 
 48. The article. — The Greek has an article corresponding 
 to the English definite article the. It is declined in full ii 
 each of the three genders. We need learn only the three forma 
 of the nominative singular, as follows: masc. 6, fem. 17, neut. to 
 
 These forms of the Greek article are used after nouns ii 
 Greek dictionaries as a convenient way of indicating th»! 
 gender of the nouns. Thus : 
 
 KpLTTjSf 6, indicates that Kpiriis is masculine. 
 656s, 17, indicates that 656s is feminine. 
 ykvo^, TO, indicates that ykvos is neuter. 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 49. The Greek personal pronouns do not appear in Englisl 
 derivatives, with the exception of eycb, /, which is found ii 
 egoism, egotism, egoistic, and egotistic.
 
 PARTS OF SPEECH 2i 
 
 Prepositions 
 
 50. The Greek prepositions nearly all appear in English 
 words, some of them very frequently, and they are very 
 important for our purposes. They are not inflected. They 
 are very common as the first part of a compound word. 
 
 51. The following hst should be learned with the meanings 
 there given. The meanings given are chiefly those which the 
 prepositions have in compound words, since the Greek prepo- 
 sitions appear in English only as parts of compound words. 
 
 d/i0t, about, on both sides; (amphi-theater, amphibious) 
 
 di'd, up, throughout; (anatomy, anathema, analysis) 
 
 avTL, opposite, against; (antidote, anti-German) 
 
 a.Trb,from, away from; (apostasy, apology) 
 
 5td, through; (diameter, diaphragm) 
 
 (v, in, at; (enhydrous, energy, encaustic). 
 
 k, e^, out of; (eccentric, exodus). 
 
 cTTt, upon; (epidermis, epidemic, epitaph, epigram) 
 
 Kara, down; (cataract, catastrophe, cataclysm) 
 
 jjLtTo., after, differently; (metacarpus, metamorphose) 
 
 Trapa, by, beside; (parasite, paragraph) 
 
 irepL, around; (perimeter, pericarp) 
 
 ■n-pb,for, before, forth; (prologue, prophet) 
 
 (Tvv, with, together; (synthesis, sympathy) 
 
 uTrep, above, over, ^ejow^/, (hypercritical, hyperbole, hypertrophy) 
 
 virb, under, Latin sub; (hypodermic, hypothesis) 
 
 Adverbs 
 
 52. The following adverbs appear in English words: 
 
 e^co, outside; (exoteric, exogen) 
 ecrco, within; (esoteric) 
 ivbov, within; (endogen) 
 d), well; (euphony, eugenic) 
 TTJXe, far; (telegraph, telepathy)
 
 22 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 53. Inseparable particles. — There are a few prefixes which 
 are common in composition with other words, but which never 
 occur as separate words. They are as follows: 
 
 av-, a- are negative like un- in English, or in- in Latin. 
 av- is used before words beginning with a vowel, d- befdre 
 words beginning with a consonant. Thus: an-esthetic, 
 a-pathetic, an-odyne, a-septic. 
 
 dv(T- has the meaning ill, bad. It is the opposite of eu, 
 well, good. 
 
 Examples: dyspepsia, dysentery. 
 
 rjiJLL-, half; (hemisphere). 
 
 8l-, two, double; (diphthong, dimeter, dilemma). 
 
 koXKl-, beautiful; (calligraphy, calisthenics). 
 
 Conjunctions 
 
 53a. The Greek conjunctions do not appear in English 
 derivatives and we can disregard them.
 
 III. FORMATION OF WORDS 
 
 54. New and longer words are formed very freely in Greek 
 from the shorter words, or rather, from their roots and stems. 
 Most of the longer words are made up of a number of distinct 
 parts each of which has its own special significance. Before 
 proceeding further with the process of word-building it is 
 necessary to learn the meaning of a few terms which we must 
 use repeatedly. 
 
 Definitions of Terms 
 
 55. Root. — A root is the fundamental part of a word, or a 
 group of related words. Longer sj£ms and words may be 
 derived from the root, but the root cannot itself be derived 
 from any more simple element existing in the language. 
 
 Thus in genesis, genetic, eugenic, hydrogen, endogen, etc., 
 there is a common syllable gen which is the root, meaning 
 become, or he horn. The same root with the vowel e changed to 
 appears in other words, such as theogony, cosmogony, 
 gonophore. 
 
 The root the, put, or place, appears in each of the following 
 words: Thesis, theme, synthesis, antithesis, apothecary, 
 hypothetical, anathema. 
 
 56. Stem. — The stem is the part of a word which remains 
 the same in a group of forms arising from inflection. Roots 
 are often used as stems, but most stems consist of the root 
 lengthened out by something added to it or prefixed to it. 
 
 Thus in genesis, Greek yepeat^, the root is yev, but the 
 stem is yeueai. To this we add the case ending s in the nomina- 
 tive and get the form yeveaLs; the accusative case is yepeaiu. 
 
 23
 
 24 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 57. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more syllables added to the 
 end of a root or stem to make a new stem. The suffixes do 
 not occur as separate words. They may be illustrated in 
 EngHsh by the syllable -er in such words as sing-er, work-er, 
 build-er; or by -ness in such words as ?me&i-ness, weari-we55, 
 idle-ness. 
 
 58. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more syllables placed before 
 a stem. Most of the prefixes are prepositions or adverbs, 
 which may occur as independent words, but there are some 
 prefixes which do not occur as separate words. (See section 
 53 above). We may illustrate the use of the prefix by the 
 following English words: ww-wise, m-human, aw/^'-Christian. 
 
 59. Verbal. — A verbal is a word derived from a verb-stem 
 or root. Words derived directly from roots are also called 
 primitives. 
 
 60. Denominative. — A denominative is a word derived 
 from the stem of a noun or an adjective. 
 
 61. Simple word. — A simple word is one formed from a 
 single root or stem. 
 
 62. Compound word. — A compound word is formed by 
 combining two or more stems. 
 
 Euphony 
 
 63. A great many changes are made in the spelling of 
 Greek words for the sake of euphony (Greek ev^ui^la, good 
 sound, from ev, good, and 4>cjOpr}, sound). 
 
 To explain these euphonic changes it is necessary first to 
 understand the classification of the Greek consonants. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS 
 
 64. Following are the classes of consonants: 
 
 (i). Mutes, or Stops. — These may best be given in the 
 form of a table.
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 25 
 
 
 Surds 
 
 Sonants 
 
 Aspirates 
 
 Labials, 
 
 IT 
 
 iS 
 
 
 
 Palatals, 
 
 K 
 
 7 
 
 X 
 
 Linguals, 
 
 T 
 
 5 
 
 d 
 
 In the surds the breath is stopped by the organs of speech, 
 and in the sonants the voice is stopped in the same way. 
 The aspirates consist of the surds followed by the aspirate 
 sound h. 
 
 (2). Liquids. — ^X, ju, v, p. These are so called from their 
 smooth, flowing sounds. 
 
 (3). Sibilant, a, s. 
 
 (4). Double consonants. f=dz, ^=ks, ^p=ps. 
 
 EUPHONIC CHANGES OF CONSONANTS 
 
 65. Before r a labial or palatal mute must be co-ordinate, 
 that is, in the same column with r in the above table. Thus 
 the root irpay, do, with the suffix -tlkos becomes not irpay- 
 TLKm, but irpaK-TLKos, practical. So ex-rcKos becomes h-TLKos, 
 hectic, and eTrtXry/S-riKos becomes eTrLKrjir-TLKo^, epileptic. 
 
 66. Before r a lingual mute becomes a. TrXar-rtKos 
 becomes wXaa-TLKos, plastic; (TxoXaS-rt/cos becomes axoKaa- 
 TLKos, scholastic. 
 
 67. Before p, a labial mute becomes p, a palatal mute 
 becomes 7, and a lingual mute becomes tr. ypa(f)-pa changes 
 to y pap-pa, from which we have the syllable gram in telegram, 
 program, grammar, etc.; Trapa8eiK-pa changes to Trapahay-pa, 
 paradigm; a64)id-pa changes to ff64>La-pa, sophism; irXar-pa 
 becomes -wKacr-pa, plasm. 
 
 68. Before a labial mute v becomes p. (xw-TradeLa, from 
 aw and irados, becomes avp-Tradna, sympathy. Compare 
 symphysis, symphony.
 
 26 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 69. TT, |8, or (f)-^(T=\l/ 
 
 K, 7, or x+o-=^ 
 
 T, 5, or 6-{-a=a-, that is, a lingual mute is dropped 
 before sigma. 
 
 70. V is dropped before a. (xw-(XTT]ixa becomes av-aT-q/xa, 
 
 system, v is usually assimilated before ix and X. Thus 
 (Tvi'-'\a(3r] becomes (ruX-Xa/S?;, syllable; avp-fxeTpla, avix-fxeTpla, 
 symmetry. 
 
 71. Initial p is doubled when a short vowel comes before 
 
 it in the formation of a compound word. This double rho 
 (pp) comes into English as rrk. 
 
 Thus: peoo,flow, with the preposition Kara becomes Karap- 
 pico, flow down, whence Karappoos, a down-flowing, a running 
 down of mucus from the head, English catarrh. 
 
 71a. The only consonants which can stand at the end of a 
 Greek word are v, p, and s. 
 
 Vowel Changes 
 
 72. The vowel in a root or stem is often changed to some 
 other vowel. Such changes are found also in English words 
 not of Greek origin. Thus: Sing, sang, sung, song; sit, sat, 
 set, seat; tell, told, tale. 
 
 In Greek the most common change of this kind is the 
 change of e in a verbal root to when a noun or adjective is 
 formed from the same root. Thus: rpeirco, turn, Tpoirr], a 
 turning, solstice, tropic; rfKio-TpoTos, turning to the sun, 
 heliotrope {r}\LOTpbTnov)\ Tduccirep) , stretch, topos, stretch of the 
 string, tone. 
 
 Many other vowel changes occur in Greek stems, both in 
 the formation of tenses in the verbs and in the formation of 
 nouns and adjectives from verb stems.
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 27 
 
 73. A final short vowel is usually lengthened before a 
 suffix beginning with a consonant. Both c and a become 77. 
 Toie-O), TroLr]-Tr]s ; apdpo-co, apdpoi-(n^:'i(JT7]ixi{(TTa), ffv-arrj-na, 
 system. 
 
 74. A final vowel is usually dropped before a suffix begin- 
 ning with a vowel. iJiovaa, p.ov(j-iK6s:ve(j)po-s, vec^p-lris. 
 
 Some Common SuflEixes 
 
 75. Verbal Nouns. — The simplest and most common 
 suffixes by which nouns are formed from verb stems are -a 
 and -0, forming respectively noun stems of the a-declension and 
 the o-declension. The nominative case of these words ends 
 in -a, -77, -OS, -ov. An e in the verbal root is regularly changed 
 to 0. The meanings vary. 
 
 TrejuTTco, send, escort'. ironiv-ri, an escort, a procession (Eng. deriv. 
 
 pomp) 
 rpeircx), turn', t poir-i] , a turning, solstice, (tropic) 
 
 TpoTT-os, turn, manner, turn, or figure of speech, trope 
 Ttjivw (re/i), cut'.TOjx-ri, a cutting, a section 
 
 TOfx-os, section of a book, volume, tome 
 ava-Tkp.voi, cut up, dissect: ava-TO/jL-r], dissection, anatomy 
 Telvo) (rev), stretch', tov-os, a stretching, tension, tone 
 
 76. Agent nouns are made with the suffixes -ttjs, -T-rip, -rcop. 
 
 TToieco, make, compose: iroL7]-Tr]s, maker, composer, poet 
 pe, root meaning speak: pr]-Twp, speaker, orator, rhetor 
 KepavvvixL (/cepa; Kpa), mix:Kpa-Tr]p, mixer, mixing-bowl, crater 
 a&Kkct), contend in games: ol^Xtj-t^s, contestant, athlete 
 
 77. Action nouns are made with the suffixes -cri?, -aia, -pos. 
 
 Kplvoi (kpl), judge, decide: Kpl-acs, decision, crisis 
 ava-\vw, loosen up, separate: aua-Xv-ats, separation, analysis 
 vvv-Tidripi (de), put together :<jvv-6t-(jL%, a putting together, synthesis 
 irriTTO), rot, decay :(T7]\pLs (arjir-ais) , a rotting, sepsis
 
 28 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 aladavo/xaL (alaO, aiade), perceive, feel:av-aLadr}-aLa, insensibility, 
 
 anesthesia 
 acpv^o) (acpvj), throb, beat:a(j)vy-ij,6s, throbbing, pulse. (Compare 
 
 sphygmo-graph) 
 ^ap^api^co {^ap^apib), barbarize :/3ap/3apta--/i6s, barbarism 
 
 78. Result nouns are made with the suffix -juar. These 
 are neuter nouns of the consonant declension and drop the 
 r in the nominative case, which therefore ends in -jua. 
 
 TTotew, make, compose: irol-q-ixa, what is made, or composed, poem 
 
 8pa(j}, do, act'.8pa-fia, deed, action, drama 
 
 ypcKpoo, ivrite'.ypan-iJia (ypa^-^ta), what is written; in the plural 
 
 {y paixiiaTo) , writings, literature, letters (compare Latin litterae) . 
 
 From ypafifxa come grammar, and the syllable gram in such 
 
 words as monogram, epigram, diagram, program, telegram, etc. 
 avv-'uTTrjiiL ((TTo), set together: a v{v)-(TTr]-fia, what has been set together, 
 
 a system. 
 
 79. Denominative nouns are made with the suffix -Tr]'s 
 denoting the person concerned with. 
 
 TToXi-s, city, state: TToXi-TTjs, citizen. Hence Eng. political, politics 
 j^aO-s, ship:vav-T')]s, sailor. Hence syllable naut in argonaut, aero- 
 naut, nautical, nautilus 
 irarpia, family, clan, tribe: -Karpiw-T-qs, clansman, compatriot, (patriot) 
 
 80. Quality nouns are made from adjectives with the 
 
 suffix -la. 
 
 ao(f)6s, wise:ao(f)la, wisdom. 
 
 4)L\6ao(f)os, wisdom-loving: 4)L\oao(l)-la, love of wisdom, philosophy 
 
 TToXv-yafxos, much-married, polygamous: ToXv-yafi-ia, polygamy 
 
 81. Place nouns are made with the suffix -elov. 
 
 Movaa, Muse:iJ.ova-elov, temple of the Muses, museum. 
 MavaoAos, Mausolus:MavaoA-eLov, tomb of Mausolus, mausoleum 
 wbri, song:(b8-e'iov, place of song, music hall, odeum
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 29 
 
 Verbal Adjectives 
 
 82. It will be observed that some of the sufl&xes used to 
 form adjectives are the same as those used for forming nouns. 
 Adjectives and nouns were not always clearly distinguished 
 among the Greeks. The fact that they were declined alike, 
 and that adjectives were often used substantively, that is 
 as nouns, tended to obliterate the distinction between them. 
 Thus the adjective "good" in the masculine form with the 
 masculine article before it meant "the good man," in the fem- 
 inine form with the feminine article meant " the good woman," 
 while the neuter meant "the good thing," or "whatever is 
 good," which practice we have carried over into English in 
 the expression "the good, the true, and the beautiful"; 
 that is, "whatever is good, whatever is true, and whatever is 
 beautiful." Generally, however, in English when we place 
 the definite article before an adjective and use it substantively 
 we think of it as plural in a universal or collective sense. 
 When we say "the wise," "the rich," "the young," etc., we 
 mean "all who are wise," etc. The Greeks expressed this 
 by putting the adjective and its article in the plural number, 
 which they indicated by the ending. We cannot make such 
 a distinction in English since the form of the adjective is the 
 same in all genders and numbers. 
 
 The practical purpose of this note is to make it clear that 
 many of the forms given in this section, while fundamentally 
 adjectives, may also be used as nouns, and some of them 
 generally, appear in English as nouns rather than as adjec- 
 tives. 
 
 83. Adjectives equivalent to perfect passive participles are 
 made with the suffix -ros, neuter -top. 
 
 ■pvTTToo {kpvcj)), hide, conceal: kpvtt-tos, hidden; English derivatives, 
 crypt, crypto-gram, crypto-gam
 
 so EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 SidcjOfjLL (So), give'.avTL-bo-Tov, antidote; av-'eK-bo-rov, anecdote • 
 
 e-KL-TlOriixL (9e), put upon, addieTL-de-Tou, epithet 
 
 aKkWco (aKeX-e), dry up'.aKeXe-ros, dried up'.cfKtKe-rbv (aco/JLo), a dried 
 
 up body^ a mummy, skeleton 
 (f)vo}, grow:(f)VT6v, something grown, a plant. Hence English -phyte 
 
 in such words as neophyte (a young plant), zoophyte, epiphyte 
 
 84. Verbal adjectives denoting relation, fitness, ability, 
 or inclination are made with the suffix -tlkos. 
 
 TTpaaaco (irpay), do, accomplishlTrpaK-TLKos, efficient, practical 
 aua-\v-o), analyze: aua-Xv-TLKos, analytic, analytical, analytics 
 aladavoixai (alad-e), perceive: aladyj-TLKos, able to perceive, aesthetic; 
 
 negative an-aesthetic 
 arjTTOj, rot, decay:ar]T-TLK6s, productive of decay, septic; negative 
 
 a-septic 
 
 85. Many compound adjectives with a verb stem in the 
 second part are made with the suffix -os. These are also used 
 as agent nouns, and it is in this sense chiefly that they give us 
 Enghsh derivatives. 
 
 An € in the verb stem is regularly changed to o. 
 4>oJs, genitive (^cor-6s, light; <^epco, bear, carry: 
 (t)wa-(l)6p-os, bearing light, light-bearer, phosphorus 
 7pd0co, write, draw, paint 
 *(t)WT-o-ypact)-os, light- painter, photographer 
 yafieoj (jaix), marry: ToKv-ya/jL-os, much married, polygamous 
 aarpov, star :\eyo:, speak, tell about: 
 
 aarpo-Xoy-os, one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer 
 jStos, life:^LO-ypa4)-os, life-writer, biographer 
 pvdos, story, myth 
 
 lxvdo-X6y-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist 
 ^Qiov, animal :*^o)o-X6y-os, zoologist 
 
 * Greek words marked by an asterisk (*) in this book are either assumed 
 forms, or modern forms, and are not found in Liddell and Scott's Greek-English 
 Lexicon. All such words given in this book are formed on the analogy of similar 
 words found in ancient Greek and from words actually found there. They 
 are given because they are the Greek equivalents of English words.
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 31 
 
   86. It may be noted in passing that from each of these 
 adjectives or agent nouns in -05 we may form an abstract 
 noun denoting the state, action, or process, by changing the 
 ending to -ia. (See section 80). 
 
 *0a;r-o-7pa0-os, photographer :*(j)WTO'Ypa(f)-la, photography 
 Tr6\v-yafj,-os, polygamous: iroXvyaiJ.- ia, polygamy 
 aarpo-Xoy-os, astrologer '.dar poKoj-la, astrology 
 /3to-7pa0-os, biographer :^Loypa(j)-la, biography 
 fjivdo-Xoy-os, mythologist:fjLvdo\oy-la, mythology 
 *fajo-Xo7-os, zoologist:* ^cooXoy-la, zoology 
 
 The ending -ta is changed to y in English. It is through 
 this class of words that we get in English the names of sciences 
 ending in -ology. 
 
 87. A common mistake is to derive these names of sciences 
 from, the noun X670S, word, or speech, \6yos is derived from 
 the same root as the last part of these compounds ending in 
 -Xoyla, and is brother to this ending, not its parent, -\oyia 
 does not occur in the Greek language as a separate word, 
 but only in such compounds as jxvdo-\oy[a, aaTpo-Xoyia, 6eo- 
 \oy'ia, etc., which always presuppose /xvdo-'Xoy-os, aarpo-Xoy- 
 os, deo-Xoy-os, etc. The -\6yos in the latter part of these and 
 similar words is not the noun X670S, speech, since it means not 
 speech, but speaker, or rather, one who speaks about, and obvi- 
 ously comes directly from the verb X6'7aj. The identity of form 
 is accidental and this has misled many. The situation is 
 made clear by comparing the similar compounds derived from 
 7pa</)co, write. In this case there is no noun ypa.(f)os to cause 
 confusion, and so every one says the latter part of these com- 
 pounds is from the verb 7pd0w. The change of e to in 
 the root \ey of Xe7co has also contributed to this confusion. 
 This change, however, is regular and very common. (See 
 sections 72 and 85).
 
 32 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 What has just been said will be illustrated and made 
 clearer by the following examples: 
 
 *dLo-ypa<f)-os, biographer: ^Lo-ypact)-ia, biography 
 7€a>-7pd0-os, geographer :yecjj-ypa4)-ia, geography 
 4>o}a-<j)6p-os (0€pa)), light-bearer: (f)ooa-({)op-ia, a bringing of light 
 acrrpo-Xoy-os, astrologer: aaTpo-Xoy-ia, astrology 
 acTTpo-voix-os (vkfjLco), astronomer :acrTpo-von-ia, astronomy 
 deo-\6y-os (\eyco), theologian: deo-Xoy-ia, theology 
 
 Denominative Adjectives 
 
 88. The following sufiSxes are used to make adjectives 
 from nouns, or rather, from noun stems: 
 
 89. -to-s, belonging to, pertaining to. It appears in English 
 derivatives mostly in adjectives derived from proper names, 
 the Greek ending -tos being replaced in English by the Latin 
 sufhx -ian (-ianus). 
 
 "OXu;U7ro-s, Olympus :'0\viJLir- LOS, Olympian 
 KopLvOo-s, Corinth:Koplvd-Los, Corinthian 
 
 8ri\t-oiJ,aL, hurt, harm:br]\r]-Trip, one who hurts, or harms: drjX-q-Trjp- 
 los, hurtful, harmful, deleterious 
 
 90. -Ko-s, -LKo-s, denoting relation, fitness, resemblatice, and 
 corresponding to the ending -tlkos in verbals given above 
 (Sec. 84). ^ ^ 
 
 TToXlTrjs, citizen: to\lt-lk6s, political 
 
 prjToip, orator: prjTop-iKos, rhetorical 
 
 (f>v(ns, nature: 4>v<n-Kbs, natural, physical 
 
 KapSia, heart: KapSia-Kos, relating to the heart, cardiac 
 
 91. The Greek endings -lkos and -tlkos are the source of 
 the common English endings -ic and -tic, the last syllable -os 
 being dropped in English. After the ending -ic, or -tic, in 
 English there is commonly added the ending -al, which is 
 from the Latin sufl&x -alis. Sometimes we have the English
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 33 
 
 word ending in -ic, sometimes in -ical, and in some cases we 
 can use either. We can say either poetic or poetical, tragic 
 or tragical. We say magnetic, eccentric, graphic, energetic, 
 enthusiastic. But we say practical, physical, rhetorical, 
 theological, etc. Sometimes the word occurs with both the 
 endings -ic and -ical, but the two forms have different mean- 
 ings, as politic and political. 
 
 92. The neuter plural forms of these adjectives were used 
 in Greek as names for arts and sciences. The neater plural 
 nominative and accusative in all Greek nouns and adjectives 
 ends in -a short. 
 
 4>v(nKa, matters pertaining to nature, the study of things belonging to 
 
 nature, natural science, physics 
 TTokiTLKa, things pertaining to the citizens, or to the state, politics 
 ridos, moral character :ridLKa, things pertaining to moral character, 
 
 ethics 
 
 In these and similar words the English usage imitates the 
 Greek plural by adding -s, the English plural ending. Hence 
 we have our names for sciences ending in -ics. A plural 
 adjective is, however, so foreign to our usage that we forget 
 that these words are plural, and, as a matter of fact, in our 
 use of them they are not plural. 
 
 We have also names of arts and sciences ending in -ic, such 
 as music, rhetoric, arithmetic, logic. These correspond to 
 the Greek practice of using the feminine singular of the adjec- 
 tives in agreement with the noun rix^r], art, or eiriaT-qiJir], 
 science. The noun was usually omitted in Greek. Thus: 
 /jLovacKT] (Texv'-i), musical (art), music 
 apid^x-qTiKri (rexv]), the art of counting or computation, arithmetic 
 
 The Greeks used either form. Aristotle has at times 
 ToXiTLKTi {rexvi}, iinaTrjiir]), political science, and at times 
 TToXirt/cd, politics, in the same sense. 
 
 L
 
 34 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 93. -trts, making feminine adjectives. With the feminine 
 noun voaos, disease, understood these adjectives were used as 
 names of diseases. 
 
 vk4>pos, kidney'.vt<f)p-'LTLs (voaos), kidney disease, nephritis 
 In modern medicine the ending -itis signifies inflammation 
 ^pbyxia, bronchial tubes :*^poyx-'irLs, bronchitis 
 apdpov, joint'.apdp-lTLs, inflammation of joint, arthritis 
 
 94. -rjs (stem -es) is used to make both compound adjec- 
 tives in which the latter part is from a verb stem and com- 
 pound adjectives in which the latter part is from a neuter noun 
 ending in -os (stem in -es. See section 38.). 
 
 ev-yev-rjs, (from ev, well, and yev, stem of yiyvo/jLai, be born), well- 
 born, noble. From this we have in English the proper name 
 Eugene, and, with a changed ending, eugenic and eugenics 
 
 oixo-yewqs (from 6/jl6-s, same, and 76^-0$, race, kind, genus), of the same 
 kind, homogeneous 
 
 aaTep-o-ei8r]s (from aarrjp, genitive aarep-os, star, and el8os, stem 
 eiSes, appearance, form), having the appearance or form of a 
 star, like a star, asteroid. This is the origin of our English 
 ending -oid, meaning like. 
 
 auOpcoTro-etdrjs having the appearance of a human being, anthropoid 
 
 a4)aLpo-eL8r]s, sphere-like, spheroid 
 
 7€co-et5i7s contracts to yeccdrjs, earth-like; (geode) 
 
 aira(XfjLw8r]s, spasmodic from crxaajuos, shows a similar ending. 
 
 Denominative Verbs 
 
 95. These are verbs derived from nouns or adjectives, 
 chiefly from nouns. The most important for our purpose are 
 those ending in -aco, -eco, -oco, -evco, -a^co, -tfco. 
 
 The only one of these endings appearing in verbs in English 
 is -ifco, from which comes our common verb ending -ize, some- 
 times changed to -ise. We have, however, in English many 
 nouns and adjectives derived from denominative verbs with 
 the other endings given above.
 
 Sy^* Sy>^ FORMATION OF WORDS 35 
 
 96. The following will illustrate these words and the series 
 of derivatives which may come from each: 
 
 (a) Trelpa, trial, attempt, attack 
 TTctpa-oj, try, attack 
 
 TVHpa-rqs, one who attacks (ships), pirate 
 ■KHpa-TLKos, piratical 
 
 {b) apidjibs, number 
 
 apLdfie-co, number, count, reckon 
 
 apidix-q-TLKos, arithmetical: apt^Ai 7?- Tt/c?) (rex^^), arithmetic 
 
 Koapios, order, adornment 
 
 Koapk-co, set in order, adorn 
 
 Kocrp-q-TLKos, suited for adorjiing, cosmetic 
 
 (c) veKpos, dead; dead body, corpse 
 veKpo-u, deaden 
 veKpu-ffLs, a deadening, necrosis 
 
 (TKkrjpos, hard 
 
 *(jKKr}p6-co, harden 
 
 (TK\r]pcc-(XLs, a hardening, sclerosis 
 
 *<jK\7]pu)-TLKbs, hard, sclerotic 
 
 vapKf], numbness 
 
 vapKo-o), benumb 
 
 vapKco-CLs, a benumbing, narcosis 
 
 vapKco-TLKos, narcotic 
 
 irvp, fire 
 
 TTvpb-oi, burn 
 
 TTvpw-aLs, burning, pyrosis 
 
 TTvov, pus 
 
 TTvo-oo, suppurate 
 
 TTvw-cns, suppiiration, pyosis 
 
 It will be observed from the foregoing illustrations that the 
 common ending -osis in medical terms comes from this group 
 of words, that is, from the nouns in -ais from verbs in -ooj.
 
 36 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 (d) <t)6.piiaKov, drug 
 
 (pap/iaKev-o:, deal in drugs, administer a drug, poison 
 (pap/xaKev-TLKos, pharmaceutic 
 
 Trais, 7rat5-6s, child 
 
 TraL8ev-co, bring up a child, educate 
 
 xaiSev-TLKos, suited for education, educative, paedeutic (pae- 
 
 deutics) 
 irpo-Traidev-TLKSs, propaedeutic (propaedeutics) 
 
 (e) yv/jLvos, naked 
 
 yvfjLva^o: (yv/xvaS), exercise naked, exercise 
 yviJLvaa-Trjs, one who exercises, gymnast 
 yv/jLvacr-TiKos, gymnastic (gymnastics) 
 yvixvda-Lov, place for exercising, gymnasium 
 
 (/) (T0(f)6s, wise 
 
 <ro4>l^cjo, ao4>i^o/jLai {ao(})L8), act wise, pretend to be wise 
 (To4)La-Tr]s, sophist 
 aocpLCT-TLKos, sophistic 
 a6(f)L(j-fxa, sophism 
 
 aycov, a contest 
 ayoivi^op-aL {aywvib), contend 
 avT-aycovi^ofjLaL, contend against, antagonize 
 avT-ayoovLa-Tr]s, antagonist 
 cLPT-ayojvLCT-TLKos, antagonistic 
 avT-ayojvLa-iJLos, antagonism 
 
 /3apjSapos, barbarian 
 ^apl3api^o), barbarize 
 )3ap/3apt(7-/x6s, barbarism 
 
 "EXKrjp, a Greek, a Hellene 
 
 'EWrju-LKos, Greek, Hellenic 
 
 'EXXTji^-tfco, Hellenize 
 
 'EW-qvL<7-Tr]s, Hellenist (a foreigner who adopted the Greek 
 
 language and customs) 
 'EWrjVLa-TLKos, Hellenistic 
 'FAXrjVia-fjLos, Hellenism
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 37 
 
 97. From this group of words we get our English suflfixes 
 -ize, -ism, -ist, -istic. These sufl&xes are now added to many 
 words which are not Greek. Thus* Americanize, American- 
 ism, civihze, ritualist, ritualistic. 
 
 Compound Words 
 
 98. Most of the English words derived from Greek are 
 compounds. This is especially true of scientific terms. The 
 principles upon which Greek compounds are formed are, 
 therefore, of especial importance. 
 
 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 
 
 99. Compound nouns and adjectives are closely related in 
 form and in mode of formation and may best be considered 
 together. 
 
 100. Three things must be considered in treating of com- 
 pound nouns and adjectives: 
 
 I. The first member of the compound ; 
 
 II. the second, or last, member of the compound; 
 
 III. the meaning of the compound as a whole. 
 
 Most of these compounds contain only two words, that is, 
 two stems. If there are more than two stems which enter into 
 a compound, this arises from combining an additional word 
 with a word which is already a compound. When three 
 words are combined in a single compound word one of the 
 words is practically always a preposition, or adverbial prefix. 
 
 I. The first member. — If this is a noun or an adjective 
 the stem only is used. If the second member begins with a 
 consonant the first member usually ends in 0. Stems of the 
 o-declension are taken as the norm, or pattern, for the first 
 member of the compounds. A word of the a-declension 
 usually changes the final a of the stem to 0, and stems of the 
 consonant declension regularly add an 0. 
 
 2,lf>2R0
 
 38 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 Thus appears as a sort of connecting link at the middle 
 of many compound nouns and adjectives. There are, how- 
 ever, some exceptions in which a noun of the a-declension 
 retains its final a, or changes it to 77. 
 
 If the second member of the compound begins with a 
 vowel, a vowel at the end of the first stem is usually dropped. 
 
 II. Second, or last, member. — If this begins with a short 
 vowel it is usually lengthened, both a and e becoming 77, while 
 becomes co. 
 
 The endings of the second member, which are the endings 
 of the compound word as a whole, vary, but are generally some 
 of the endings already given above for nouns and adjectives. 
 
 Compounds with a verb stem in the second part and with 
 the ending -os are very common. A verb stem is rarely used 
 in the first part. 
 
 III. Meaning of compound nouns and adjectives. — Com- 
 pound nouns and adjectives may be divided into three classes 
 with reference to their meanings, as follows: 
 
 (a) Objective compounds. — In these the first member 
 stands in the relation of object to the second, either direct or 
 indirect. 
 
 (TTpaTo-s, army; aycj, lead 
 
 <7TpaT-7}y-6s, army-leader, general; (strategy, strategic) 
 
 7ed (7^), earth, land; ypa4>-<jo, ivrite, write about, describe 
 
 yecx}-ypa<p-os, land-describer , geographer 
 
 aarpo-v, star; Xe7-co, speak, tell about 
 
 aarpo-Kdy-os, one ivho tells about the stars, astrologer 
 
 (&) Descriptive compounds. — In these the first member 
 describes the second and has the force of an adjective, or 
 adverb, modifying the second member. 
 
 firjTrjp, fxr]Tp-6s, mother; ttoXis, city 
 /LtTjrp-o-TToXts, mother-city, metropolis
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 39 
 
 Trjkejfar; aKeinoixaL {aKeir), look, see, spy out 
 T7jXe-cr/c6x-os, far-seeing, far-looker, telescope 
 an4>i-6kaTpov, double-theater, amphitheater 
 
 (c) Possessive compounds. — These are adjectives. The 
 tirst member modifies the second, and the whole compound 
 means having, or possessing, this modified object. They 
 may be iUustrated by English words like "bright-eyed," 
 having bright eyes; "smooth-barked," having smooth bark, etc. 
 
 fxovb-Tovos, having a single tone, monotonous 
 Tpi-Tovs, Tpi-To8-os, three-footed, tripod 
 Traxv-8epjj,-os, thick-skinned, pachydermous, pachyderm 
 6fxo-jev-r]s, of the same kind, homogeneous 
 
 COMPOUND VERBS 
 
 101. Verbs are not compounded directly Vv'ith any part of 
 speech except prepositions. Verbs with prepositions are very 
 common. The preposition is simply placed at the begin- 
 ning of the verb without any change except that before a 
 verb beginning with a vowel the final vowel of a preposition 
 is usually omitted. If the verb begins with a vowel having 
 the rough breathing, the breathing combines with a preceding 
 surd mute and changes it to the corresponding aspirate mute. 
 
 jSaXXco i^aX), throw: Kara- ^aXKo), throw down (cataboUsm) 
 Tapa-^aXKcc, throw beside, place beside, compare (parable) 
 alpeco, take'.h-aLpk(ji (5td^-atpew), take apart, separate 
 
 Compare English diaeresis, h-alpe-ai^ 
 a^-aipkw (dTTo-fatpeco), take away from (aphaeresis) 
 XajjL^avo} (Xa|8, Xr?i3), take, seize 
 avX-Xaid^avo) ((rw+Xa/x^dj'aj), take together 
 
 (TvK-Xa^-T], that part of a word taken together, or at one impulse in pro- 
 nunciation, a syllable 
 tTi-Xan^avco, seize upon:eir'L-\r]\pLs, a seizing upon, a fit, epilepsy
 
 40 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 SECONDARY COMPOUNDS 
 
 102, The classes of compounds described above are what 
 may be termed primary compounds, those which are formed 
 at first hand directly from the constituent stems. From these 
 primary compounds other parts of speech may be formed by 
 changing the suffixes. These may be called secondary com- 
 pounds. Thus from any one of the compound adjectives 
 and agent nouns described above (see sections 85, 86) we may 
 form an abstract noun which is the name of the quahty, or 
 process, expressed in the adjective, or agent noun. See sec- 
 tion 100, III, (a). 
 
 (TTpaT-r]y-6s, general '.aTpaT-tjy-la, generalship, strategy 
 yeco-ypd(l)-os, geographer: 7eco-7pa0-ta, geography 
 a(TTpo-\6y-os, astrologer :a<TTpo-\oy-la, astrology 
 *^o}o-\6y-os, zoologist :*fwo-Xo7-ta, zoology 
 
 In these pairs of words the first word in each pair is a 
 primary compound and the second a secondary compound. 
 
 103. From these compound nouns and adjectives there are 
 also formed denominative verbs in -eco, -ocjo, -t^co. 
 
 In classical Greek the denominative verbs from such 
 compounds as are given above nearly all end in -eco, but in our 
 English equivalents we always use the ending -ize, the same 
 as if they ended in -tfco in Greek. 
 
 a.(TTpo-\6y-os, astrologer: dcr7po-Xo7-€co, astrologize, as if from a 
 Greek form aarpo-Xoy-i^o: 
 
 Notice that we cannot compound the noun aarpov and the 
 verb Xe7co directly into aarpo-Xeyo). Such combinations were 
 never made by the ancient Greeks. We must first form the inter- 
 mediate noun or adjective aarpo-Xoy-os with the e of the stem of 
 Xeyco changed to 0, and then make from this the denominative 
 x'erb in -eco, aarpo-Xoy-eo}. This is a secondary compound. All
 
 FORMATION OF WORDS 41 
 
 Greek compound verbs in which one part is a noun stem, or an 
 adjective stem, are secondary compounds. 
 
 aaTpo-voji-os, astronomer :dcrrpo-i'o/x-ta, astronomy 
 aarpo-vofi-ecx}, rare form aarpo-voix-l^oi, astronomize 
 
 Note. — The words astrology and astronomy were both in use among the 
 ancient Greeks and meant substantially the same thing. They should really 
 both be translated astronomy. In later times, however, the name astrology 
 came to be used for the pseudo-science of telling the fortunes of men from the 
 stars, while the name astronomy has been retained for the true science of the 
 stars. 
 
 aarpo'von-os is from aarpo-v, star, and veixcj), deal out, distribute, arrange, 
 manage. It probably meant originally one who distributes or arranges the 
 stars, that is, one who studies their arrangement and tries to map it out and 
 describe it. 
 
 104. Further examples of secondary compounds: 
 
 venoi, distribute, manage: oIkos, house, estate, property 
 oIko-v6ix-os, manager of a house or property, oeconomist 
 oUo-vofi-ia, management of a house, or an estate, thrift, economy 
 olKo-vo/jL-eoo, mafiage property, exercise thrift, economize 
 i;5cop, water (stem in compounds generally v8po-) : (j)epco, carry 
 v8po-4)6p-os, water-carrier (hydrophore) 
 
 v5po-(j>op-e(jo, carry water. There is no corresponding verb in Eng- 
 lish. There are many of these secondary compound verbs in 
 Greek, but relatively few of them from which we have corre- 
 sponding verbs in English, although we have English deriva 
 tives from many nouns and adjectives from which such verb„ 
 are formed in Greek.
 
 IV. WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 
 
 105. Explain the formation of these words and their 
 relation to one another in accordance with the principles 
 given above, pointing out the stem, sufi&xes, prefixes, and 
 other elements wliich enter into the formation of each. Give 
 the English words derived from these Greek words, and 
 explain the relations of form and meaning in each instance. 
 
 Use a large English dictionary for getting EngHsh deriva- 
 tives and their meanings. The Century Dictionary is best for 
 this purpose. 
 
 106. 
 
 yMdo-s, story, legend. 
 
 \ky-u), speak, tell, tell about. 
 
 fjLvd-LKos, iJ,v9o-\6y-os, fivdo-'Koy-la, /xvOo-Xoy-LKSs, nvdo-Xoy-ew. 
 
 107. 
 
 ^iop4>i], form, shape. fj,op(j)6-co, nopcpu-cns, ij.op4>co-tik6s, 
 p.era-p.op4>br-(ji, p.eTa-iJ.6p(l)(j:-(ns , *fj,eTa.-iJLop(t)-os, *fXiTa-ixop(l>-LK6s, 
 a-/xop(/)-os, Tr6\v-iJLop(f)-os, Mop0-e6$ (morphine). 
 
 108. 
 
 Idaivofxai. (nav), rage, be mad, crazy, be inspired. 
 jjLap-ia, *{j.avLa-K6s, fidv-ris {soothsayer, prophet), 
 veKpo-ixavTela, *X'^i-p-o- p.a.vr€la. 
 
 109. 
 
 funos, imitator, mime. 
 
 pn/JL-LKOs, 7ravT-6-iJiitxos, /JLLfxe-ofxaL, fxifj.r]-aLS, fXLfxrj-TLKds. 
 
 IIO. 
 
 apdpo-v, joint; apdpb-00, apOpco-ats, aw-apdpco-aLS, di-dpdpu-ais, 
 apOp-lris. 
 
 A.2
 
 I 
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 43 
 
 III. 
 
 Ti-6r]-ni (de), put, place; Oe-cns, 6e-iJ,a(T), avv-dt-ais, avv-de-nKos, 
 avri-Oe-ffLS, avrt-de-TiKos, viro-de-aLS, viro-Oe-TLKos, Trap-kv-d^-ais, 
 *'irap-ev-de-TiK6s, ha-de-ais, *8La-de-TLK6s, fiera-de-aLS, kirl-de-TOV, 
 eTrl-9rj-fj.a(T), kiri-de-aLS, airo-dij-KT], ^L^Xio-drj-Kr}. 
 
 112. 
 
 larrj-fXL {cto), stand, set; ara-cns, ^eK-ara-aLS, e/c-ara-rt/cos, 
 ara-TLKOs, *vdpo-a-Ta-TLK6s, airo-aTa-ats, airo-dTa-T-qs , a v{v)-(jTT]-fj.a{T) , 
 av-aTrj-jjiar-LKos, *av-aTr]-iiaT-i^(j}, Std-ora-ats, dia-ara-TLKos, 5id- 
 
 113- 
 
 (Txtfco (axtS), split; o-xto'-/xa(T), ax'-<^-l^<^'''-i-'ios, axi-cr-ros, *crxto-r6- 
 y\<j)a(70s, *axi-<^TO-y\(t>a(7ia, *ax'-<^Tb-KVTO%. 
 
 114. 
 
 7ed (old uncontracted form of 7^), earth, land; yeu-ypa(f)-os, 
 yeu-y pa<t)-la, *yeo)-'K6y-os,*yeco-\oy-la, yeoo-nerpris, yeco-iJ.eTp-ia, yecc- 
 lierp-iKOs, yeoj-8aL-aia {dal-co),. *yeoo-8aL-TLK6s, yewpyos (for 7eco- 
 epyos), yecopy-ia, yewpy-cKos. 
 
 115- 
 
 Taaaio (707), arrange, station; raK-TLKOs, raK-TLKo., avp-ra^LS, 
 
 avv-raK-TiKos. 
 
 116. 
 
 dpx-w, begin, take the lead, conunand, rule, govern; apx-v, 
 beginning, rule, government; iiv-apx-os, av-apx-la, iep-apx-v^ {lepo-s, 
 sacred, religious), iep-apx-io., TarpL-apx-V^i TraTpc-apx-i-o. (Trarptd, 
 tribe, clan, race, those descended from a common father, -jrarrjp, 
 genitive irarp-os) ; apxa-'^os, of the beginning, ancient; apxcuov, 
 ancient thing, antiquity; apxcua, archives; apxaio-Xoy-os, apxo.10- 
 \oy-ia, dpxa-i/c6s; reKTwv (reKTOv), carpenter, builder; apxt-re/CTwi', 
 apxL-TeKTOi'-LKOs, apx-ciyye\os, apx^-Tvirov, *apxi-^^o.aros. This 
 verbal stem at the beginning of a compound takes the forms dpx-, 
 dpxe-, dpxi-. Compare English arch-bishop, arche-type, archi- 
 tect.
 
 44 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 117. 
 
 /SdXXco {^aX, /SXrj), throw, place. irapa-^akXcj, place beside, 
 compare. Tzapa-^oXi], comparison, parable. vivep-^aWw, throw 
 beyond, the mark, go to excess, exaggerate, virep-^ok-i), exaggeration, 
 hyperbole. 7rpo-/3aXXa), throw before one, propose. irpo-^X-n-fxa, 
 ivhat is throivn before one, a proposition, problem. Trpo-^X-q-fiar- 
 LKos, problematic. kfx-^aXXco, insert, inlay. €fj.-P:Xr]-p,a, thing 
 inserted, or inlaid, emBlem. ahu-^dX-ov, symbol. fxera-jSaXXo), 
 place differently, change, trails pose. ixera-^oX-i], change, transposi- 
 tion. ^uera-jSoX-tKos, metabolic. */iera-/3oXtfw, *fX€Ta-^oXL(T-fx6s, 
 metabolism. 
 
 KaTa-^aXXco, throw doivn, destroy. Kara-^oX-i], *KaTa-^oX-LKbs, 
 catabolic. *KaTa-^oXLa-nbs, catabolism. Contrasted terms are 
 anabolic, anabolism. - ,'■ . fy ^ / • 
 
 118. 
 
 Trdo-xco (7ra(9), suffer, feel, experience. -rraOos (xa0-es), feeling, 
 suffering, disease. iraO-rj-TiKOs, avfi-Tad-ris, aviJ.-Ta6-ei.a, avfi-irad- 
 ew, avfi-iradTj-TLKOs, a--ira6-r]s, a-7ra6-ei,a, *a-Tadr]-TLK6s, *Trado-X6y-os, 
 *ira6o-Xoy-la, -jrado-Xoy-LKos. Compare allopathy, homeopathy, 
 osteopathy, pathogenic, pathogenetic. 
 
 119. 
 
 (f)aivoj {4>av), show, reveal. (l)aiv-oiJ,ai, be shown, show itself, 
 appear. (paLv-o/xevov, that which is shown or appears, phenomenon. 
 0d-o-ts, appearance, phase, tju-^a-crts, a showing in or among, 
 emphasis, e/x-c^ar-t/cos, 4>av-ep6$, visible. *(j)av-ep6-yafx-os, phan- 
 erogamous, phanerogam. 
 
 (jiav-ra^oj {<pav-Tad), shoiv; middle and passive, appear, often 
 of assumed or unreal appearance. ({)avTaa-na, an appearance, 
 phantasm, phantom, ^av-raa-ta, imagination, fantasy, fancy. 
 <f)ai>Taa-TLK6s, fantastic. *^avTa<Tp.-ayopLa, phantasmagory. 5ia- 
 ^av-T]s, showing through, transparent, diaphanous. 
 
 120. 
 
 Trpaaaix) (irpay), do, accomplish 
 
 irpaK-TLKos, able to accomplish, efficient, practical
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 4 5 
 
 Tpay-fiair), deed, thing; in the plural, affairs, business 
 irpay-fxaT-iKos, pertaining to things or affairs, pragmatic 
 Trpa^ts (for tt pay-aLs) , doing, practice, praxis 
 
 From the stem irpay-nar- we also have in English pragmatize, pragmatism, 
 and pragmatist, the Greek forms of which would be irpayfiaT-i^o}, wpaytxana- 
 1x6%, trpay fiaTLff-T-qs, but these do not occur in classical Greek. Chiropractic 
 would be xe'Po-i'paKTiKos, from x<'P) hand, and irpa/cn/cos. 
 
 121. 
 
 venco, deal out, distribute, arrange, manage; feed, pasture, {ykfioi and 
 
 its derivatives show a wide range of meanings in Greek) 
 veix-e-ais, a dealing out (of justice), divine retribution, righteous 
 
 indignation, nemesis 
 aarpo-von-os, one who studies the distribution of the stars, astronomer 
 atTTpo-voix-ia, astronomy 
 oiKos, house, estate, property 
 oiKo-vbu-os, manager of a house, estate, or property 
 olKo-vofx-la, management of house or property, good management . 
 
 thrift, economy 
 olKo-vop.-i.Kbs, fitted for management of property, economic; oUo- 
 
 vop-LKCL, economics 
 
 From the same stem we have in English economize and economist 
 
 ay pos, field, land 
 
 dypo-vbp-os, land-manager , superintendent of public lands 
 
 *aypo-voiJL-la, management of land, agronomy 
 
 * ay po-voix-LKos, ay po-vop.-LKa, agronomic, agronomics 
 
 vbp-os, custom, law 
 
 avTL-vop.-la, opposition to laiv, antinomy 
 
 vop-bs, pasture, district, nome 
 
 vopas, vopa8-os, roving about for pasture, nomad 
 
 vopab-LKbs, nomadic 
 
 4)'CKos, friend, lover. 4)Lkkw,love. Frefix <J)l\o-, loving 
 (j)L\b-ao<l)os, loving wisdom (crot^ta), lover of wisdom, philosopher 
 4>Lko-ao4>la, love of wisdom, philosophy
 
 46 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 (j)L\o-ao4>-iK6s , philosophic 
 
 (f>L\-a.p6puiros, lover of mankind, philanthropist 
 
 4>L\-avd p(jiivla, love of mankind, philanthropy 
 
 *4>L\-avdp(j}T-LK6s, philanthropic 
 
 </)tX6-Xo7os (second part from the noun \6yos, word, speech, litera- 
 ture), loving words, speech, language and literature, a lover of 
 words, language and literature, philologist 
 
 <i)iko-\oy-ia, love of language and literature, philology 
 
 Observe that this differs from the other -ologies in the fact that the second 
 part is from the noun X670S, not from the verb \e7a;, and that the verbal element 
 is in the first part, 4>iKo- (from 4>iKkui), meaning loving, equivalent to a participle 
 of which X670S is the object, loving speech, loving literature. 
 
 If the second part of philology were directly from the verb Xeyco and had 
 a verbal force and the first part were the noun ^tXos, friend, it would mean 
 science of friends, or science of friendship. (See section 87). 
 
 "Philology" does not belong in the group of -ologies, but in the group of 
 words beginning with the verbal member 0tXo-. 
 
 tf>L\o-(j.adr]s, loving learning (iiados) , fond of learning, philomath 
 4>i\-LTTros,fo7td of horses {'iTnros), Philipp, Phillip 
 (f)L\6-dr]fjLos, loving the people (Stjixos), philodemic 
 
 On the same model we have philharmonic, fond of harmony or 
 
 music 
 
 123. To the group of words beginning with philo- corre- 
 sponds a group beginning with miso-, Jiating. 
 
 /uaos, TO, hatred, fjnaew, hate 
 
 ULa-avdpoiTTos, hating mankind, hater of mankind, misanthropic, mis- 
 anthrope 
 lxL(T-avdpu)-KLa, hatred of mankind, misanthropy 
 /jLLao-y vvrjs (yvvrj, woman), woman-hater , misogynist 
 ixiab-yvvos, hating women, misogynous 
 ULao-yvvla, hatred of women, misogyny 
 
 124. 
 
 Xe7co, say, speak, tell, tell about 
 
 debs, a god, God 
 
 deo-\6y-os, one who speaks about God, theologian
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 47 
 
 d€o-\oy-ia, speaking about the gods, or God; the science of divine 
 
 things, theology 
 deo-'Koy-LKos, theological 
 
 a(TTpo-\6y-os, one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer 
 a.aTpo-\oy-la, the science of the stars, astronomy, astrology 
 affTpo-Xoy-LKos, astronomical, astrological 
 
 IJLvOos, story, legend, myth 
 
 lxv9o-\6y-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist 
 fjivdo-\oy-la, story-telling, mythology 
 
 Hvdo-Xoy-LKos, good at telling stories. English derivative mytho- 
 logical, with a different shade of meaning 
 
 ({>v(jLs, nature 
 
 <f)V(n-o-'\6y-os, one who tells about nature, a natural philosopher 
 
 4>v(jL-o-\oy-[a, natural philosophy. English derivative physiology 
 
 ct)vaL-o-\oy-LK6s, physiological 
 
 (j)V(n-o-\oy-eco, discourse about nature, tell about natural phenomena. 
 The corresponding English verb is physiologize, as if from 
 0uo-toXo7tfw. The English derivatives of this group have a 
 much more restricted meaning than the corresponding Greek 
 words. See next section. 
 
 125. The words given in section 124 are all found in 
 ancient Greek authors and are interesting and important as 
 furnishing models for the modern names of sciences ending 
 in -ology. Other words of this form occur in ancient writers, 
 but these four groups will serve our purpose here. 
 
 The meanings of these words at first were not so technical 
 and specialized as these and similar words have now become. 
 For example, nvdoXoyos was simply a story-teller, and fxvdo- 
 \oyia, the act or process of telling stories, not mythology in the 
 modern sense of that term — the whole body of myths, or the 
 scientific study of the myths. Theology was probably the 
 first of these words to take a sense somewhat like that which
 
 48 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 the word has today. Astrology was used as a synonym for 
 astronomy and may be considered the name of the science 
 such as it was in those times. Physiology was used to signify 
 natural science in general, not in the very restricted sense in 
 which we use the term now. 
 
 From the time of Aristotle, however, these words ending in 
 ■\oyia came to be regarded more and more as names of sci- 
 ences, or systematic bodies of knowledge. 
 
 Many of the modern sciences with names ending in -ology 
 were entirely unknown to the ancients, but the names we have 
 given them are formed on the analogy of the similar names in 
 use in ancient times and would have been understood by an 
 ancient Greek. 
 
 126. If we take as a model the words already given, all we 
 have to do to form similar names for other sciences is to change 
 the first part of the word, to substitute the stem of some other 
 noun in the first part of the compound. In each instance we 
 may have in English as in Greek a group of four words — an 
 abstract noun as name of the science, an agent noun as name 
 of the person who studies the science, a verb, and an adjective. 
 In the evolution of these terms in Greek, however, the name of 
 the person or agent came first, and the abstract name of the 
 science was derived from this. Now we think of the name of 
 the science first and derive the other terms from this. 
 
 In English the name of the science ends in^ instead of the 
 Greek and Latin -da, and-rthe verb ends in -ize, while in Greek 
 it ends in -ecoj This difference is necessary since -ize, Greek 
 -t^co, is the only ending of a Greek verb takeu over into English, 
 and so, whatever the ending of the verb may be in Greek, if 
 we use a corresponding verb in English it must end in -ize 
 just the same as if the Greek verb ended in -t^co, as it sometimes 
 does, though not in this group of words. From Greek verbs
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 49 
 
 in -tfco are formed agent nouns in Harris which is the source of 
 our English ending -ist. The name of the agent, or scientist, 
 therefore, regularly ends in -ist in English, occasionally in 
 -er, while in Greek it ends in -os. 
 
 127. The following examples will serve as illustrations: 
 
 acTTpo-Xoy-os, astrologer *yeo:-\6y-os, geologist 
 
 aaTpo-Xoy-ia, astrology *yeo}-\oy-ia, geology 
 
 aarpo-Xoy-LKos, astrological *yeoo-\oy-LK6s, geological 
 
 aarpo-Xoy-eoj, astrologize *yew-\oy-€(j}, geologize 
 
 The following are given in Enghsh form only and in the 
 English order: 
 
 Biology, biologist, biological, (biologize) 
 Zoology, zoologist, zoological, (zoologize) 
 Physiology, physiologist, physiological, physiologize 
 Psychology, psychologist, psychological, psychologize 
 
 The verb in this class of words is not very common in 
 English. In many cases it is not in use at all. "Zoologize" 
 is not given in the Century Dictionary. "Biologize" is rare 
 and used in the sense of mesmerize. "Physiologize" is used 
 chiefly in the old Greek sense of speculate concerning nature. 
 
 128. All the additional knowledge needed for other words 
 of this type is to know what the first part of the compound 
 comes from. Following is a list of nouns so used. Give the 
 group of English words derived from each of these correspond- 
 ing to the groups given above. 
 
 ixvdpcjjTTos, man, mankind bkvhpov, tree 
 
 a'LTLov, cause Koyxv, shell-fish, shell 
 
 \pvxv, soul, mind ix6v-s,fish 
 
 iaros, iveb, tissue opvLs, opviO-o^, bird 
 
 vevpov, sinew, nerve 'iji^pvo-v, foetus, embryo
 
 50 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 6 TcKos, reXe-os, end, purpose according to its origin; also 
 
 l3aKTripL0-v, a little staff, bac- root of a word 
 
 terium oh, (br-ds, ear 
 
 Tado^, the way a person is pis, ptv-bs, nose 
 
 a,&ected, feeling, suffering, dis- 6<i>da\p.bs, eye 
 
 ease yvvq, yvvaLK-os, woman 
 
 'irv/xos, tnie'.neut. 'irvixov, true aeia/jLos, earthquake 
 
 literal meaning of a ivord 
 
 129. From 'Kiyco, say, speak, come also the following words: 
 
 X670S, word, speech, reason, proportion, prose 
 \oyo-ypa4>-os, speech-writer, prose-writer, logographer 
 Xoyo-ypacfj-la, speech-ivriting, prose-ivriting, logography 
 Xoy-iKos, reasonable, rational, logical 
 Xoy-LKT], logic 
 
 ava-Xoyos, according to a fixed proportion, proportional, analogous 
 Xe^ts (for Xey-cTLs), a speaking, speech, word 
 Xe^L-Kov (jSl^XIov), word-book, lexicon 
 5ta-Xe7-o/xat, converse 
 Sia-XeK-TLKos, conversatiojial, dialectic 
 ha-XtK-Tos, conversation, style of speaking, dialect 
 bia-Xoyos, conversation, dialogue 
 ■wpb-Xoyos, fore-word, prologue 
 kiri-Xoyos, after-speech, epilogue 
 
 tv-Xoy-ia, well-speaking, praise, eulogy; we also have eulogize, 
 eulogist, and eulogistic 
 
 130. 
 
 Xkyw, pick, gather 
 
 eK-XeK-TLKos, inclined to pick out or select, eclectic 
 (jvX-Xkyw {avv-\-Xkyw), gather together, collect 
 avX-Xoy-T], a collection (of poems, etc.), sylloge 
 eK-Xoy-i], a picking out, selection, eclogue 
 
 131. 
 
 Kparos, TO, might, power, rule'.Kparkw, exercise power, rule 
 Sfjuos, people, common people
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 51 
 
 t^qiio-K par-la, rule by the people, democracy 
 
 brjiio-KpaT-LKos, democratic; as a noun, democrat 
 
 In the same way we have from apiaros, best, aristocracy, aristocratic, 
 
 and aristocrat 
 From aiiTos, self, we get autocracy, autocratic, and autocrat 
 From TrXoOros, wealth, we get plutocracy, plutocratic, and plutocrat 
 From oxXos, crowd, mob, we get ochlocracy, etc. I once heard a dis- 
 tinguished scholar use very effectively the expressive word 
 cleptocratic, from KkeivT-qs, thief, although "cleptocratic" is 
 not in the English dictionary. 
 
 132. 
 
 boKeo) {8ok), think, seem, seem good, seem best 
 boy- iia^T)"^ what seems best, one's opinion or conviction of what is 
 right and good, dogma 
 
 The dogma of a governing body in state or church is its decree. A law, 
 ordinance or decree passed by the Athenian assembly began regularly with the 
 words eSo^e r^ /SouXg /cat toj 5riiJ,o}, "It seemed best to the senate and the popular 
 assembly," equivalent to our enacting clause: "Be it enacted by the senate and 
 general assembly." The decree itself was called a 56y^ia — what seemed best 
 to the governing body. 
 
 oo^a, opinion, reputation, honor, glory 
 
 8o^o-\oy-ia, the expression df glory to God, doxology, as in the well- 
 known doxology: "Glory (do^a) be to the Father, to the Son, 
 and to the Holy Ghost" • 
 
 Trapa-So^os, contrary to opinion or expectation, paradoxical; as a 
 noun, paradox 
 
 opdos, upright, straight, right 
 
 opdb-ho^os, having right opinion, orthodox 
 
 tTtpos, other (of two), dijfferent, wrong 
 
 erepo-do^os, of other opinion, of wrong opinion, heterodox 
 
 6pdo-8o^ia, orthodoxy. tTepo-bo^la, heterodoxy 
 
 133. 
 
 ay 00 {ay, reduplicated stem ay ay), lead 
 
 briix-aywy-bs, leader of the people (generally in a bad sense, one who 
 misleads the people), demagogue.
 
 52 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 Sijfi-aycoy-la, demagogy 
 
 drf/jL-aycoy-LKos, demagogical 
 
 Tots, TaiS-os, child, boy 
 
 iraid-ayooy-os, boy-leader, pedagogue 
 
 TmS-aywy-La, pedagogy 
 
 Tai,8-ayoiy-iK6s, pedagogical 
 
 arparos, army 
 
 (XTpaT-rjy-os, army-leader, general 
 
 aTpaT-rjy-la, generalship, strategy 
 
 aTpar-rjy-LKos, strategic ' ' 
 
 arpaT-rjy-eci}, be a general 
 
 cTTpaT-riyq-fia, an act of generalship, stratagem 
 
 134. vhoip, vbaT-os (stem in compounds takes the form 
 vbpo- before consonants, vbp- before vowels), water. 
 
 av\6s, pipe 
 
 vdp-avK-iKos, pertaining to water-pipes, hydraulic 
 
 Note. — oi;X6s is a pipe in the sense of a musical instrument. The term 
 " hydraulic " has probably come into scientific language from the Greek vSpavXis, 
 a sort of musical instrument with pipes made to sound by means of moving 
 water, a water organ, also called vSpav\i.K6p ipyavov. It was invented by 
 Ctesibius, a Greek who lived at Alexandria in Egypt. See Athenaeus 174. 
 
 iVrrj/it (era), set, stand 
 
 *v8po-(TTa-TLK6s, having to do with the standing of water, hydrostatic, 
 
 hydrostatics 
 4>o^kop.aL, fear 
 
 vbpo-4)6^-os, water-f ear ing:vSpo-(})o^-ia, fear of water, hydrophobia 
 v8pa, a water-snake, hydra 
 
 In Greek mythology the Lernaean Hydra was a monster with nine heads, 
 each of which when cut off was replaced by two. The monster was slain by 
 Hercules, who cut off the heads and cauterized the wounds so that they could 
 not sprout new heads. 
 
 The stem v8p- with the ending -ant, of Latin origin, gives 
 hydrant. With the sufl&x -ate we get hydrate.
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 53 
 
 There is a very large number of technical and scientific 
 terms beginning with hydro-, or hydr-. They can be found 
 in any large EngHsh dictionary. 
 
 135. 
 
 €p8co (kpy), work 
 
 h-epj-rts, at work, active 
 
 kv-kpy-€La, activity, energy 
 
 h-epy-eoj, be at work, be active 
 
 h-epy-q-TiKos, able to be at work, inclined to work, energetic 
 
 /jLeraXKov, a mine; later, a metal 
 
 pLtToKKovpybs {fxeraWo-epyos), mine-worker, metal-worker 
 
 fxeraWovpy-ia, mine-working, metal-working, metallurgy 
 
 xetpovpyos (xetp-o-epy-6s), hand-worker, surgeon 
 
 X^i-povpy-ia, hand-work, surgery, cliirurgery 
 
 Xtipovpy-LKos, surgical, chirurgical 
 
 a-epy-6s, contracted form apyos, not working, idle; hence argon 
 
 bpy-avov, thing to work with, tool, instrument, organ 
 
 From the word organ with the usual suffixes we form organic, 
 organize, organism, organist 
 
 Note.— The word opyavov had in Greek about the same range of meanings 
 as its English derivative organ. The musical instrument called a water-pipe 
 organ, v8pav\i.K6v opyavov, has already been referred to above (see section 134, 
 note). From this in course of time was evolved the church organ. The word 
 was also used by the ancients for an organ of the body, such as the eye. 
 
 epyov, work; (ergograph) 
 
 136. Changes in the meaning of words. — It must have 
 been observed already by the student of this book that in 
 many of the English words derived from Greek the meaning 
 of the English word corresponds only in part to that of the 
 Greek word from which it is derived, and that sometimes the 
 connection is rather remote. The meaning of words changes 
 with their use and with changing ideas and processes. The 
 history of words and their changes in meaning and application
 
 54 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 is, to a large extent, a history of civilization, of the intellectual 
 and moral development of the people who used these words. 
 
 There are various ways in which the meanings of words 
 change. Sometimes the meaning is generalized and becomes 
 broader; sometimes it is specialized and restricted to a part 
 of what it originally covered. New ideas are usually expressed 
 by using old words in a new sense. Often the name is given 
 to a new discovery in a more or less arbitrary way. If the 
 name is made from a Greek word, or from two or more Greek 
 words, the namer tries to use Greek words which express some- 
 thing more or less characteristic of the thing he is naming. 
 Sometimes the name is based upon a misapprehension or 
 false conception, and while the name sticks the etymological 
 meaning becomes inappropriate when the facts are better 
 understood. The word, however, serves its purpose by taking 
 on a new meaning. 
 
 The Enghsh words of Greek origin may be divided his- 
 torically into two classes. 
 
 The first class includes those words which were used by the 
 ancient Greeks themselves in approximately the same sense 
 in which we now use them, and which have been in use more 
 or less continuously by scholars from ancient times to the 
 present. These constitute the basis of all our Greek terms 
 in English, and furnish the models upon which the later scien- 
 tific and philosophical terms have been formed. The words 
 of this first class have come into our language along with the 
 ideas which they express, both the thing designated and its 
 name being of Greek origin. Such words are poetry, drama, 
 epic, theater, history, philosophy, theology, mythology, 
 astronomy, mathematics, politics, democracy, physics, geome- 
 try, organ, energy, analysis, S5^nthesis, and many others. 
 These words, too, have changed in meaning with increasing
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 55 
 
 knowledge and changing ideas, but the change has been a 
 gradual growth. 
 
 The second cla^s consists of words introduced in modern 
 times as names of new inventions and discoveries, or new ideas 
 of any kind which required new names. Examples of such 
 words are telegraph, telephone, photograph, protoplasm, 
 phagocyte, microbe, and indeed most of our modern scientific 
 terms of G/eek origin. 
 
 Etymologically physics and physiology, both of which are 
 derived from the Greek word <^ucrts, nature, mean the same 
 thing, science of nature, or natural science in general. Both 
 these words were used in this general sense by Aristotle and 
 other ancient Greek writers, and apparently without any dis- 
 tinction in meaning. Each of these terms has now become 
 restricted to a special division of natural science. 
 
 On the other hand economy, which originally meant the 
 management of a house and its belongings, has been broadened 
 out to include much more. It had acquired much of this 
 broader meaning already in ancient times. The same may be 
 said of the related words, "economic," "economics," and 
 "economical." 
 
 Geometry was at first merely the measurement of land, 
 but it came very early to have a much broader meaning and 
 application. 
 
 On the whole, however, the instances in which a word has 
 been restricted in its meaning to a part of the ground originally 
 covered by it are much more numerous than those in which it 
 has become more general in its meaning, and this is especially 
 true of scientific terms. 
 
 In modern scientific terms Greek words are often used in a 
 specialized technical sense which was entirely unknown to the 
 ancient Greeks. Thus the Greek word /euros which meant a
 
 56 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 bowl, vase, or jar, or anything shaped like them, has been 
 adopted in modern science to designate a cell, a thing of which 
 the ancient scientists had no knowledge. The word vevpov 
 used in scientific language to designate nerve had the meaning 
 sinew or tendon in ancient Greek. It was first used in the 
 modern sense of nerve by the physician Galen in the second 
 century after Christ. The Greek word rjXeKrpou meaning 
 amber, or an amber-colored metal, is used in modern science 
 to designate electricity. Many other similar illustrations 
 might be given but these will be sufficient here. There are 
 naturally no words for things hitherto unknown and the best 
 that can be done in making a new name for a new discovery 
 is to take an old word which designated something partially 
 like the new idea and give this old word a changed meaning. 
 
 137. The older generation of scientists were, for the most 
 part, also Greek scholars and made their scientific terms con- 
 form in the main to the genius and rules of the Greek language. 
 In recent years with the rapid growth of scientific discovery 
 and with intense specialization there has come into use a 
 flood of new scientific terms formed from Greek words, and it 
 was inevitable that some of these should be clumsily formed 
 and impossible of explanation in accordance with the principles 
 and usages of the Greek language. Still it is true of these 
 words that they may be understood and remembered much 
 better by knowing the Greek words from which they are 
 formed. 
 
 138. Scientific terms are now so numerous and for the 
 most part so highly technical that they cannot to any con- 
 siderable extent be included in a manual hke the present one, 
 but each student must specialize upon those which he needs 
 for his own special field of study. The general knowledge 
 given in this handbook should assist him greatly in learning
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 57 
 
 '•■*. 
 
 the derivation and meaning of the special terms belonging to ^ 
 his own specialty. 
 
 139. Attention may here be called to a class of words 
 spoken of by etymologists as corruptions. When a word of 
 classical origin came to be used not merely by scholars and 
 educated people, but also by the illiterate masses, changes 
 were brought about by mistaken or careless pronunciation, and 
 a word might change little by Httle until its original source 
 could scarcely be recognized. In such cases we can usually 
 find intermediate forms preserved in books of different dates 
 and places by means of which the later corrupted form can 
 be traced back to its original source. 
 
 Examples of such words are, bishop, from the Greek Ittl- 
 aKOTT-os, overseer; devil, from the Greek 6td/3oXos; surgeon, 
 from the Greek x^i-povpyos; priest, from irpea-^uTepos. The 
 intermediate forms may be seen in any large English dictionary 
 under the English words. 
 
 140. Metaphysics, [xeTo. <^i;(n/ca,, after physics. This term 
 was first applied in Roman times to a group of treatises which 
 came after the Physics (idera 0u(n/cd) in the collected works of 
 Aristotle. Later the origin of the title was forgotten and it 
 was supposed to describe the subject-matter of these treatises. 
 From Aristotle's works the term was transferred to other dis- 
 cussions of a similar character and finally became the name 
 for a branch of philosophy. Aristotle did not give this name 
 to his work, and the term has no special significance except as 
 it acquired it in later times. 
 
 141. Following are a few groups of English words of Greek 
 derivation arranged so far as practicable by departments of 
 thought and endeavor. None of the groups is complete, 
 and some of the words might with equal reason be placed in 
 other groups. The first word in each group will be suggestive
 
 58 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
   of the nature of the group. The plan has been to get typical 
 words in each group and to present both some common words 
 and some highly technical terms. 
 
 The student should use these words as material for prac- 
 tice in tracing derivations. It is hoped that with the help 
 of the principles and illustrations already given he may be 
 able to think out many of these derivations without looking up 
 the words in a dictionary. After trying what he can do 
 unaified he may resort to the index and vocabulary at the 
 ■^lid ofthis book, and finally to some large English dictionary. 
 The Century Dictionary is one of the best for words of Greek 
 origin. 
 
 Additional words for study may be found in the index. 
 
 I. gymnastics 
 
 doxology 
 
 patriot 
 
 gymnasium 
 
 organ 
 
 hero 
 
 athlete 
 
 metronome 
 
 cosmopolitan 
 
 athletic 
 
 
 monopoly 
 
 acrobat 
 
 3. politics 
 
 emporium 
 
 trophy' 
 
 policy 
 
 epoch 
 
 
 political 
 
 ostracize 
 
 2. music 
 
 economic 
 
 
 melody 
 
 ethnic 
 
 4. mathematics 
 
 harmony 
 
 aristocracy 
 
 arithmetic 
 
 tone 
 
 autocracy 
 
 geometry 
 
 tune 
 
 oligarchy 
 
 trigonometry 
 
 monotone 
 
 monarchy 
 
 analytics 
 
 meter 
 
 tyranny 
 
 cone 
 
 chorus 
 
 despotism 
 
 cube 
 
 chord 
 
 dynasty 
 
 sphere 
 
 symphony 
 
 democracy 
 
 cylinder 
 
 antiphony 
 
 democratic 
 
 prism 
 
 anthem 
 
 plutocracy 
 
 pentagon 
 
 psalm 
 
 anarchy 
 
 polygon
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 
 
 59 
 
 diameter 
 
 taxonomy 
 
 hypnotic 
 
 perimeter 
 
 protoplasm 
 
 ergograph 
 
 diagonal 
 
 cytoplasm 
 
 
 base 
 
 stigma 
 
 8. zoology 
 
 center 
 
 anther 
 
 ichthyology 
 
 hypotenuse 
 
 petal ' 
 
 ornithology 
 
 parallel 
 
 calyx 
 
 ^embryology 
 
 diagram 
 
 cryptogam 
 
 ehtomoleg'y' ' 
 
 > problem 
 
 phanerogam 
 
 protozoon 
 
 axiom 
 
 spore 
 
 metaboKsm 
 
 theorem 
 
 endogen 
 
 xiphoid 
 
 scholium 
 
 exogen 
 
 azygos 
 
 
 angiosperm 
 
 entomostraca 
 
 5. physics 
 
 gymnosperm 
 
 malacostraca 
 
 dynamics 
 
 chlorophyl 
 
 aptera 
 
 mechanics 
 
 perianth 
 
 diptera 
 
 optics 
 
 parasite 
 
 ctenophora 
 
 acoustics 
 
 epiphyte 
 
 coelenterata 
 
 hydraulics 
 
 geotropism 
 
 arthropoda 
 
 hydrostatics 
 
 heHotropism 
 
 xiphosura 
 
 eccentric 
 
 . 
 
 notochord 
 
 electric 
 
 7. philosophy 
 
 coelomata 
 
 elastic 
 
 psychology 
 
 chaetognatha 
 
 telegraph 
 
 psychic 
 
 
 telegram 
 
 logic 
 
 9. poetry 
 
 telephone 
 
 ethics 
 
 poet 
 
 pneumatic 
 
 stoic 
 
 poem 
 
 electrolysis 
 
 skeptic 
 
 epic 
 
 magnetic 
 
 pragmatic 
 
 lyric 
 
 thermodynam- 
 
 scholastic 
 
 drama 
 
 ics 
 
 category 
 
 dramatic 
 
 stereopticon 
 
 idea 
 
 tragedy 
 
 
 ideal 
 
 tragic 
 
 6. botany 
 
 idealism 
 
 comedy 
 
 ecology 
 
 hypnosis 
 
 comic
 
 6o 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 bucolic 
 
 idiom 
 
 eleemosynary 
 
 elegy 
 
 dialogue 
 
 apostasy 
 
 epigram 
 
 apology 
 
 prophet 
 
 idyl 
 
 comma 
 
 liturgy 
 
 theater' 
 
 colon 
 
 anthropomor- 
 
 scene 
 
 hyphen 
 
 phism 
 
 melodrama 
 
 dieresis 
 
 theism 
 
 '*' prologue' 
 
 synonym 
 
 atheism 
 
 episode 
 
 anonymous 
 
 pantheism 
 
 epilogue 
 
 pseudonym 
 
 J. 
 
 mystic 
 
 rhythm 
 
 sarcasm 
 
 idol 
 
 ode 
 
 / 
 
 idolatry 
 
 threnody 
 
 II. ecclesiastic 
 
 theology 
 
 strophe 
 
 Catholic 
 
 theosophy 
 
 antistrophe 
 
 Presbyterian 
 
 cemetery 
 
 dactyl 
 
 Methodist 
 
 epitaph 
 
 anapest 
 
 Episcopalian 
 
 cenotaph 
 
 
 Christ 
 
 angel 
 
 lo. rhetoric 
 
 apostle 
 
 hierarchy 
 
 theme 
 
 evangelist 
 
 demon 
 
 thesis 
 
 bishop 
 
 devil 
 
 topic 
 
 presbyter 
 
 
 epitome 
 
 deacon 
 
 12. physician 
 
 apothegm 
 
 cathedral 
 
 anatomy 
 
 emphasis 
 
 diocese 
 
 physiology 
 
 apostrophe 
 
 synagogue 
 
 neurology 
 
 metaphor 
 
 ascetic 
 
 hygiene 
 
 trope 
 
 hermit (eremite) 
 
 anodyne 
 
 phrase 
 
 priest 
 
 epidermis 
 
 paraphrase 
 
 monk 
 
 hypodermic 
 
 paragraph 
 
 heresy 
 
 symptom 
 
 parenthetic 
 
 heretic 
 
 diet 
 
 period 
 
 agnostic 
 
 nausea 
 
 graphic 
 
 schism 
 
 chronic 
 
 laconic 
 
 alms 
 
 anesthetic
 
 WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 
 
 6i 
 
 anaemia 
 
 phagocyte 
 
 clinic 
 
 epidemic 
 
 (should be 
 
 sphygmograph 
 
 osmosis 
 
 cytophag) 
 
 hemorrhage 
 
 ptomaine 
 
 sepsis 
 
 neurosis 
 
 antitoxin 
 
 antiseptic 
 
 neurotic 
 
 therapeutic 
 
 symphysis 
 
 neuritis 
 
 pediatry 
 
 synarthrosis 
 
 neurocyte 
 
 prophylaxis 
 
 synchondrosis 
 
 neuriatry 
 
 atrophy 
 
 cyst 
 
 cystectomy 
 
 hypertrophy 
 
 myelocyst 
 
 chondroid 
 
 microbe 
 
 poliomyelitis 
 
 hj^pochondriac 
 
 bacteria 
 
 gastritis 
 
 psychiatry 
 
 cytogenesis 
 
 pericardium 
 
 
 cytoblast 
 
 peritoneum 
 
 
 142. The following list contains some names of men and 
 women. Look up the Greek words in the vocabulary. 
 
 Alexander, from dXefo? and avrip 
 
 Bernice, BepevlK'r]=^epev'LKr], from (fjepw and vUi] 
 
 Catharine, or Catherine, from Kadapos 
 
 Christopher, Xpt.aTo4>6pos, Xptcrros, 0epa; 
 
 Cora, from Kopr], Kopa 
 
 Dorothea, Dorothy, from Scopov and Beds 
 
 Eugene, 'Evyei'rjs, from eu and yiyvo/jLaL {yev) 
 
 Eunice, from ev and vUt] 
 
 George, Tewpyios, from yecopyos 
 
 Georgia, Tecapyia, feminine of TeoopyLos 
 
 Helen, 'EXevrj, a prominent character in the Homeric poems 
 
 Homer, "O/xTjpos, reputed author of the Iliad and the Odyssey 
 
 Ida, "Ut] and "Ida, t8r] and Ua 
 
 Irene, from eipr]vr] 
 
 Iris, 'Ipts, tptj 
 
 Leon, Xecov 
 
 Margaret, /jLapyapiri)^
 
 62 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 Melissa, neXiaaa 
 
 Myron, Mvpcov, name of a famous Greek sculptor 
 
 Nicholas, NuoXdos, from vIkt] and Xdos 
 
 Peter, Trerpos 
 
 Phoebe, Phebe, from (i>oL^os, feminine ^ol^-q 
 
 Philip, Phillip, ^iXittttos, from ^tXos and I'ttttos 
 
 Phyllis, from 4)vK\ov 
 
 Sophia, ao4>la 
 
 Stephen, Steven, from aTe4>avos 
 
 Theodore, from 9e6s and dcopov 
 
 Theophilus, from deos and (plXos
 
 V. VOCABULARY 
 
 143. In this vocabulary if the stem of a verb is not obvious 
 it is added in parentheses after the verb. Greek words in 
 parentheses after other words in the vocabulary are intended 
 to suggest the derivation of the Greek word which they follow. 
 These words in parentheses may be found defined in their 
 proper places in the vocabulary. 
 
 Not all the meanings of the Greek words are given in this 
 vocabulary, but only those meanings which are helpful in 
 tracing the derivation of Enghsh words. Quite often it is 
 the rarer meaning of a Greek word which appears in its Eng- 
 lish derivative; especially so in scientific terms. 
 
 The meanings are given in such an order as to lead up to the 
 meanings of the English derivatives. Very often none of the 
 meanings of the Greek word are exactly the same as that of 
 its English derivative, or derivatives, and the meanings 
 given for Greek words in this vocabulary must not be taken 
 as definitions of the English derivative which is usually given 
 at the end of the list of meanings. To get the exact signifi- 
 cance of the English word as used at the present time the 
 English dictionary should be consulted. In the case of 
 medical and other scientific terms a special dictionary, such 
 as Stedman's Medical Dictionary, may be consulted. 
 
 A a-yvcoa-TLKos (yLyvojcTKO}): un- 
 ci- before consonants, ap- before <^^^^ ^o know, agnostic, 
 vowels. Negative prefix like *ay po-vo/jL-ia: management of 
 un- in English: not, without. land, agronomy. 
 0,77610;^: vessel, vase, jar. aypo-pofx-os: manager of land, 
 ayyeXos : messenger, angel. superintendent of lands, 
 
 63
 
 64 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 aypos: field, land, country, 
 iiyoo (d7, 0,707, reduplicated 
 
 stem): lead, 
 aycov: contest, trial, 
 aycovia: struggle, anguish, agony. 
 aycjovi^oiJLaL {ayuPid) : contend, 
 
 struggle. 
 a8e\<t>6s, dSeXc^i?: brother, sister, 
 a-^vyos i^vyov) : without a yoke, 
 
 unyoked. 
 ar]p, gen. dep-os: air. 
 adXeui: contend for a prize in 
 
 feats of strength and skill, 
 
 especially in the public games. 
 ad\t]-T'i]%: contestant in the games, 
 
 athlete. 
 ad\ov'. prize in the games. 
 aWrjp : the clear upper air, aether. 
 aljua, gen. a'liiaT-os: blood, 
 aifxop-pay-ia, from alfjLa-[-pr]y- 
 
 vviii (pay) : bursting forth of 
 
 the blood, hemorrhage. 
 
 atvLyna, gen. alvlyixaT-os: dark 
 saying, riddle, enigma. 
 
 aivlaaoixai (amy) : speak in rid- 
 dles, hint. 
 
 a'ipe-aLs: a choosing, choice, sect, 
 heresy. 
 
 atpe-TLKos: sectarian, heretic. 
 
 alpkcjo, mid. alp'toixat.: take, mid. 
 choose. 
 
 aladavoixaL (ahd, aiaOe) : perceive. 
 
 aicfdri-ais'. perception. 
 
 aia6r]-TLK6s: able to perceive, good 
 at perceiving, aesthetic. 
 
 aiTLO-\oy-la (from atrtoi'+X€7a;) : 
 discussion of causes, aetiology. 
 
 oLTiov: cause, reason. 
 
 dKeo/xat: heal, cure. 
 
 aKixi] : point, highest point, prime, 
 acme. 
 
 cLKpo-^a-TTis, from aKpos-\- ^aivc>} 
 i^a): one who goes highest, 
 high-goer, acrobat. 
 
 aKpo%: highest, topmost. 
 
 aKova-TLKos: pertaining to hear- 
 ing, acoustic. 
 
 cLKovco: hear. 
 
 aXyeoo: feel pain, suffer, grieve. 
 
 0X705 (stem dX7€s) : pain, suffer- 
 ing. 
 
 dXe^w (dXe^, dXe^e): ward off. 
 
 aK\r]\oLv: of one another, to or 
 for one another. 
 
 aXXos: other, another. 
 
 a-nedva-Tos, verbal adjective of 
 fjLedvo) with neg. prefix: not 
 drunken; a-ixeduaros Xi0os, the 
 stone which prevents drunken- 
 ness, amethyst. 
 
 a/jLOL^T] : exchange, requital, recom- 
 pense. 
 
 a-jjiopcpos: formless, shapeless, 
 amorphous. 
 
 afx<f)l : about, on both sides. 
 aix^i-GeaTpov: double theater, 
 
 amphitheater. 
 ova', up; in composition some- 
 times back, again. 
 ava-^aWcJ (jSaX) : throw Up, 
 
 build Up. 
 ava-^oXij: what is thrown up, or 
 
 built up, a mound. 
 *dva-/3oXt/c6s : building up, con- 
 structive, anabolic.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 65 
 
 *ava-^o\L<Tfx6s: upbuilding, con- 
 structive metabolism. 
 
 Note. — The last word is purely 
 modern and the meanings given for 
 the three preceding words have been 
 selected so as to lead" up to this modern 
 derivative, anabolism. 
 
 av-aiadrjala {aladavoixaC) : insensi- 
 bility, anesthesia. 
 
 *av-aLadr]-TLKbs: anesthetic. 
 
 av-aiaOr]-Tos: without sense or 
 feeling, insensate. 
 
 av-oKyri-ala: freedom from pain, 
 insensibility, analgesia. 
 
 ava-\oyos: according to pro- 
 portion, comparable, analo- 
 gous. 
 
 ava-\v-aLs: a loosing up, separa- 
 tion into parts, analysis. 
 
 ava-Xv-TLKos: pertaining to analy- 
 sis, analytic. 
 
 ava-Xvco: loosen up, dissolve, 
 analyze. 
 
 av-apxio.: absence of rule or 
 government, anarchy, 
 
 cLv-apxo% '. without rider or govern- 
 ment, anarchical. 
 
 ava-refxvo: {refj) : cut Up, dissect. 
 
 ava-TOfjL-r]: dissection, anatomy. 
 
 ave/xos: wind. 
 
 avefjLwvr]: wind flower, anemone. 
 
 avrip, gen. av8p-6s: man, male 
 
 human being. 
 avde/jLov (longer form of cii'^os): 
 
 flower. 
 
 avdos (audes) : flower, blossom. 
 
 apOpcoiros: man, mankind, hu- 
 man being (either male or 
 female). 
 
 avT-aywvl^oiiai: contend against, 
 
 antagonize. 
 *avT-aycovLaiJ.6s: antagonism. 
 cLPT-ayojuLCTTris: antagonist. 
 *dvT-aywPLcrTLi{6s: antagonistic. 
 avri: against, opposite. 
 
 avrl-de-ffLs: a putting opposite, 
 what is put opposite, antithesis. 
 
 avTi-OeriKos: put in opposition, 
 antithetic. 
 
 *a.vTi-vop.ia: opposition to law, 
 antinomy. 
 
 avT'i-4>wvos: sounding opposite, 
 or in response, responsive; 
 in neut. avrlcpwvov, responsive 
 singing, antiphony, anthem. 
 
 a.v-o)8vvos, -ov {obvvrj): without 
 pain, allaying pain; dvo^bwov 
 <<papnaKov> , a drug allevi- 
 ating pain, anodyne. 
 
 dj'-co/iaXta {avdo /jloXos) : uneven- 
 ness, irregularity, anomaly. 
 
 av-coixa\os (oAtaXos) : uneven, out 
 of level, anomalous. 
 
 a^icona: that which is demanded 
 as a basis for reasoning, that 
 which is assumed as self- 
 evident, axiom. 
 
 a^cov: axle, axis. 
 
 aopTT] (from aeipco, stem aep, 
 lift-up): aorta. 
 
 a-TraOeLa (Tciax^, iraO) : lack of 
 feeling, insensibility, apathy. 
 
 *a-Tra6r]TLK6s: without feeling or 
 
 sensibility; apathetic. 
 d-TTo: from, away from. 
 airo-driKr]: a place in which to 
 
 put things away, a store-house, 
 
 apothecary.
 
 66 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 airoXoyeonaL: speak in one's de- 
 fense, defend one's self. 
 
 aTToXoyrjTLKos: inclined to defend 
 one's self, of the nature of a 
 defense, apologetic. 
 
 airoXoyla: defense by speech, 
 apology. 
 
 diro-aTa-aLS {^LaTrjiii, ara) : a 
 standing away from, ivith- 
 drawal, desertion, apostasy. 
 
 dTTo-o-Td-TTjs: one who deserts, 
 a run-away slave, an apostate. 
 
 dTTO-crroXos (aTro-crreXXco) : one 
 who is sent away on a mis- 
 sion, a messenger, envoy, am- 
 bassador; in the New Testa- 
 ment, a missionary , an apostle. 
 
 dTTO-o-Tpec^co : turn away from. 
 
 aTvo-<TTpo4)T]: a turning away, 
 that is, from all others to 
 address one specially, an 
 apostrophe. 
 
 aTro-4>6eyyoiJLaL: speak out plain- 
 ly and to the point. 
 
 a.ir6-(t>6eyna: a terse pointed 
 saying, an apophthegm. 
 
 a-TTTepos (TTepov) : without wings, 
 
 wingless, 
 apaxvrj : a spider, 
 apyos (contracted from a-epyos) : 
 
 not working, inactive, idle. 
 
 apdp-lTLs: inflammation of a 
 joint, arthritis. 
 
 apdpov. joint. 
 
 apdpoco : make a joint, unite by 
 means of a joint, articulate. 
 
 ap9pco-aLs : union by means of a 
 joint, arthrosis. 
 
 apidjjikoi: count, number, reckon 
 up. 
 
 apLO/jLTj-TLKos '. pertaining to count- 
 ing or reckoning, arithmetical. 
 
 apLdfxrjTLK'fi <.Tkxvt]'> '. art of 
 counting and reckoning, arith- 
 metic. 
 
 apid/jLos: number. 
 
 apiaros '. best. 
 
 apKTos : a bear, a constellation in 
 the northern heavens, the north. 
 Hence apKTLKos, northern, arc- 
 tic. 
 
 apfiovla: a fitting together, har- 
 mony. 
 
 aprripia: windpipe, artery. 
 dpx-d77eXos: chief messenger, 
 archangel. 
 
 dpxaTa (neut. plur. of dpxaTos) : 
 ancient things, antiquities, 
 archives. 
 
 dpxat/cos: old-fashioned, primi- 
 tive, archaic. 
 
 dpxa(.o-Xo7ta : account of ancient 
 things, archaeology. 
 
 dpxato-X67-os : one who tells about 
 ancient things, an antiquarian. 
 
 apxa'Los: belonging to the begin- 
 ning, ancient. 
 
 apxe-TVTTOv. first type, archetype 
 
 dpxi? : beginning, leadership, rule, 
 government. 
 
 *dpxt-i8Xao-ros: the initial sprout 
 or germ, archiblast. 
 
 apx^-'T^K-Tov-iKos : pertaining to the 
 master-builder, architectonic. 
 
 dpxt - reKTccv : master - builder, 
 architect.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 67 
 
 apxw: begin, be first; lead, com- 
 mand, rule. 
 
 a-a^ecTTos {a^'evvvn.C) : unquench- 
 able; later, unburnable, as- 
 bestos. 
 
 a-adevris (adhos) : without strength, 
 weak, sick, asthenic. 
 
 a-aOeveLa: iveakness, sickness, 
 asthenia. 
 
 aad/j-a: shortness of breath, pant- 
 ing, difficulty in breathing, 
 asthma. 
 
 dcTKeco: exercise, train, discip- 
 line. 
 
 aaKrj-TLKos: suited for discip- 
 line, ascetic. 
 
 aaTepo-eiSrjs: having the for fn or 
 appearance of a star, asteroid. 
 
 a.aT7]p, gen. aarep-os: star. 
 
 aarpo-Xoy-ia: astronomy, as- 
 trology. 
 
 aaTpo-\6y-os: one who tells about 
 the stars, astronomer, astrolo- 
 ger. 
 
 aarpov (another form of aarrjp) : 
 star. 
 
 aarpo-vofji-la: arrangement and 
 distribution of the stars, as- 
 tronomy. See vkyLw. 
 
 aaTpo-vojj.-o'i: one ivho studies 
 the distribution or arrange- 
 ment of the stars, an astron- 
 omer. 
 
 ii-avXos (crvXao)) : safe from vio- 
 lence, inviolate; aavXav lepov: 
 an inviolable shrine, a refuge, 
 an asylum. 
 
 0.71X0%: steam, vapor 
 
 a-TOfjL-os (reiuLPui): uncut, indi- 
 visible; cLTopLov, an indivisible 
 particle, atom. 
 
 a.-Tpo4)ia (Tpk(f)co) : lack of nu- 
 trition, atrophy. 
 
 a-Tpo0os: without nourishment. 
 
 avd-ePTTjs {avT6s-\-evTr}s, doer): 
 self-doer, real author. 
 
 avOepTLKos: belonging to the real 
 author, authentic. 
 
 avXos : a pipe (a musical instru- 
 ment somewhat like a clari- 
 net). 
 
 *avTo-iJiaT-i.K6s: like an auto- 
 maton, automatic. 
 
 auTo-jua-ros (root fxa, desire, 
 wish, will) : self-willed, self- 
 impelled, acting of one's own 
 accord; neut. avTbp.aTov: a 
 thing which acts of its own 
 accord, an automaton. 
 
 avTos : self, himself, herself, itself. 
 avT-o\}/la: a seeing it one's self, 
 autopsy. 
 
 cKpalpeafi (aTro-f-atpeco) : a tak- 
 ing aivay, apheresis. 
 
 d^atpew: take away. 
 
 B 
 
 ^aivoi (^a) : step, stand, walk, go. 
 
 ^aKTTjpLov, plur. ^aKTTjpLa: a little 
 slajf, a little cane; bacterium, 
 bacteria. 
 
 jSdXXco (iSaX, /SXtj): throw, cast, 
 put. 
 
 ^ap^api^oo: behave like a bar- 
 barian. 
 
 Pap^apianos: barbarism.
 
 68 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 ,3dp(3apos: barbarous, a barbari- 
 an. 
 
 /Sdpos: weight, 
 ^opvs: heavy. 
 
 ^apv-Tovos: heavy-toned, bary- 
 tone. 
 
 0aaLs i^alvui) : a stepping, stand- 
 ing, that on which anything 
 stands, pedestal, basis, base. 
 
 ^L^XLo-drjKrj (tLOt^hl) : book-casc, 
 library. 
 
 ^L^\iov: book; to. /St/3\ta: the 
 books, the Bible. 
 
 /Si'os: life, especially, course of 
 life, life history. 
 
 pXaaros: sprout, shoot, germ. 
 Bopeas: north wind, the north, 
 
 Boreas. 
 0oTavrj: grass, fodder, vegetation. 
 
 I3ovk6Klk6s: pertaining to cattle- 
 herdsmen, bucolic. 
 
 ^ov-k6\os: cowherd, herdsman. 
 
 l3ovs (stem /Soy): cow, ox; in 
 
 plur., cattle. 
 ^ov-Tvpov (rvpos): butter. 
 ^paxMV. upper arm (between 
 
 shoulder and elbow). 
 jSpoYxta (plural) : hronchxaX tubes. 
 *^poyx-lTi.s: bronchitis. 
 ^poyxos: ivindpipe, trachea. 
 
 ydXa, gen. yaXaKT-os : milk. 
 yaXa^ias: Milky Way, galaxy, 
 ya/xeco (ya/x) : marry, 
 yaarrjp, gen. yacxTp-os'. stomach, 
 belly. 
 
 yaarp-LKos: relating to the stom- 
 ach, gastric. 
 
 7€d, contracted form, 7^: earth, 
 
 land. 
 
 Note. — The old uncontracted form 
 yea. was generally used in the first 
 part of a compound word, the final -d 
 changing to -w, so that the stem as- 
 sumes the form yew-, as in yeu-ypa<j>ia. 
 
 yej'ed {ylyvonai) : race, stock, 
 family. 
 
 yepea-Xoyla: an account of one^s 
 pedigree, genealogy. 
 
 ykvi-aLs {ylyvo/jLai.) : becoming, 
 origin, creation, genesis. 
 
 yhos (stem yeves): race, kind, 
 genus (Latin equivalent). 
 
 ytpavLov: name of a plant, crane- 
 bill, geranium. 
 
 7epai'os: a crane. 
 
 7eco-7pd0-os: one who writes 
 about the earth, a geographer. 
 
 7€co-5at(rta {baioi) : a dividing of 
 land, geodesy. 
 
 *7eco-5ai-Tt/c6s: relating to geo- 
 desy, geodetic. 
 
 7ecb5rjs {yeco-\-dbo{): earth-like, 
 earthy; geode. 
 
 *yibi-\6y-os : one who tells about 
 the earth; hence *ye<j)-\oyia, 
 geology. 
 
 yeco-ixerpTjs: land-measurer, ge- 
 ometer. 
 
 yeco-ixerpia: measurement of land, 
 geometry. 
 
 yecc-p-eTp-LKos: geometrical. 
 
 yewpyla: tillage of land, farm- 
 ing, agriculture. 
 
 yewpyiKos: agricultural, georgic.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 69 
 
 yecopyos (second part from root 
 kpy): one who works the 
 ground, a farmer. 
 
 yiyas, gen. yiyavr-os: giant. 
 
 yiy avT-LKos: like a giant, gigantic. 
 
 yiyvo/jLaL, syncopated from 71- 
 yev-ofxai (yev): become, come 
 into being, be born. 
 
 yi-yvdo-cTKoi {yvw) : know. 
 
 yXoJaaa, yXuTra: tongue, speech, 
 language. 
 
 yuados: the jaw. 
 
 ypuicT-TiKos {yLyvwaKO}) : able to 
 know, gnostic. 
 
 ypaniJLa, gen. ypafJifxaT-os: what 
 has been written, writing; plur. 
 ypanixara, writings, docu- 
 ments, literature. 
 
 y papinaT-LKr] < TexJ"?> : the art of 
 writing, grammar. 
 
 y pajxp-aT-LKos : pertaining to writ- 
 ing, skilled in writing, gram- 
 matical. 
 
 ypa(j)r]: drawing, painting, pic- 
 ture. 
 
 ypa(f)-iK6s: like a picture, graphic. 
 
 ypa(f)Cjo: draw, paint, write. 
 
 yvfjiva^co {yvpva6): from yvp.v6s: 
 exercise naked, exercise, train. 
 
 yvpLPacnov: a place for exercising 
 or training, a gymnasium. 
 
 yv{jivaa-Tr]s: one who exercises, a 
 trainer, gymnast. 
 
 yvpvacr-TLKos: pertaining to exer- 
 cising, or skilled in athletic 
 exercises, gymnastic. 
 
 yvp.p6s: naked. 
 
 yciovla: a corner, angle. 
 
 Saipcov: a god or goddess, a divine 
 being, a spirit; in Christian 
 writers, an evil spirit, demon. 
 Note. — The word Sat^wj' is of much 
 broader meaning than 6e6s and in- 
 cludes all sorts of supernatural beings. 
 It may be used to designate the gods 
 {oi deoL), but more often is used of 
 divine beings of lower rank than the 
 gods. The term is often used of the 
 spirit or genius which presides over 
 a person's life for either goodor evil. 
 A person with a good genius was 
 called tvbaljxuiv, one with an evil genius 
 SvaSai/jLuv, Or KaKoSaiiiuv. 
 
 5atw: divide. 
 
 dcLKpv and baKpvov: a tear; gen- 
 erally the plural is used for 
 tears, but sometimes the sing, 
 is used collectively in the 
 sense of tears. 
 
 baKpvppoia (^eco): a flowing of 
 tears, dacryrrhea. 
 
 dekvvpL (5et/c): show, point out. 
 
 bkvbpov. tree. 
 
 dtppa, gen. 8epp.aTos: skin, hide. 
 
 deairoT-qs: slave-master, despot. 
 
 Bevrepos: second. 
 
 8eco: bind, tie. 
 
 oriXe-onaf. hurt, harm. 
 
 87]\'q-Tr]pLos: harmful, noxious, 
 poisonous, deleterious. 
 
 brtp-aycoyiKos: like a demagogue, 
 demagogical. 
 
 8r] p.- ay (joy OS {8r]pos-]r-(iyuj): a 
 leader of the people, a dema- 
 gogue, often in a bad sense. 
 
 8r]po-KpaTla: rule by the people, 
 popular government, democ- 
 racy.
 
 70 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 8r}no-KpaT-iK6s: democratic, 
 democrat. 
 
 drjiios: the people, the common 
 people. * 
 
 5t-: a prefix meaning two. 
 ha: tJnough, across; in com- 
 pounds sometimes apart. 
 
 5ta-/3dXXco: throw apart, set at 
 variance, especially by means 
 of false accusations, hence 
 slander, malign. 
 
 bia-^okiKos: devilish, diabolical. 
 
 5ta-j86X-os: slanderer, devil. 
 
 dLa-yLyvua-Kw : know things apart, 
 distinguish, discern, decide. 
 
 8La-yvo)-(XLs : a distinguishing and 
 deciding, diagnosis. 
 
 dta-yuvos (■yoovia) : through the 
 angles, diagonal. 
 
 bid-brifia (6eco) : ivhat is hound 
 across or around otie's head, 
 diadem. 
 
 dia-deais: arrangement, disposi- 
 tion, condition, diathesis. 
 
 *8Lad€Ti,K6s: relating to the dia- 
 thesis, diathetic. 
 
 diaipeaLs: separation, dieresis. 
 
 dL-aipeco: take apart, separate. 
 
 8iaLTa: mode of life, kind of food, 
 
 diet. 
 Statrdw: feed in a certain way, 
 
 diet. 
 
 8iai,Tr}-TLK6s: relating to food, 
 dietetic. 
 
 Sta/coj'os: servant, minister, dea- 
 con. 
 
 8La-\'t'yop.aL: talk back and forth, 
 argue, converse. 
 
 8ia-\eK-TLKri <TexJ'i7> : the art of 
 evolving truth by the method of 
 question and answer, dialectic. 
 
 Sta-Xefc-Ti/cos: of the nature of 
 conversation, skilled in argu- 
 ment, dialectical. 
 
 Std-XcKTos <7Xcocr(Ta> : conver- 
 sational language, dialect. 
 
 8ia.-\oyos : conversation, dialogue. 
 
 8LaixeTpos K.y pap.p.i]'> : the line 
 measuring through or across, 
 diameter. 
 
 8i.-apdp(joaLs: a joining apart, 
 connection by a movable joint, 
 diarthrosis. 
 
 8LappoLa(peco) : a flowing through, 
 diarrhea. 
 
 8ia-aTaaLs {'IffTrjixL) : a standing 
 apart, separation, diastasis. 
 
 8LaaTa-TLK6s: separative, relating 
 to diastasis, diastatic. 
 
 8LaaT7]-iJ.a: interval. 
 
 8ia-4>av-ijs {(palpu) : showing 
 through, transparent, dia- 
 phanous. 
 
 8La.-(j)payp.a {(f) paaaw , stem (ppay) : 
 a ivall through or across any- 
 thing, a partition, diaphragm. 
 
 8i.8a.aKU! (5t5ax) : teach. 
 
 8i-8o)-fjLL {80): give. 
 
 8'L-\r]fj.fj.a (Xa/z/3dj/co) : a double 
 assufuption, a double premiss, 
 a dilemma. See X^/xyua. 
 
 Stot/cecrts (5i-oi/ceaj) : housekeep- 
 ing, administration, jurisdic- 
 tion, diocese. 
 
 5t7rXoos: two-fold, double. 
 
 SiirXoco : double, fold.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 71 
 
 5txXco-/ia: a folded document, a 
 letter of recommendation, di- 
 ploma. 
 
 8L<l)depa: a tanned hide, a piece 
 ' of leather. 
 
 di-cjiOoyyos: having two sounds, 
 a diphthong. 
 
 bbyixa, gen. bbyixar-os (doKeco) : 
 what seems best to one, opinion, 
 conclusion; in the case of 
 those in authority a decree, 
 an ordinance, a dogma. 
 
 doyixaT-LKos: of the nature of a 
 decree or ordinance, dogmatic. 
 
 8oKecj} (5ok), generally used in the 
 third person singular as an 
 impersonal verb, 8ok€l: it 
 seems, it seems best. 
 
 86^a (5ok:6co): opinion, reputa- 
 tion, honor, glory. 
 
 8o^o-\oyla: an expression of 
 glory to God, doxology. 
 
 8pa.fxa, gen. Spa^tar-os {8paco) : 
 what is done or acted out, deed, 
 act, drama. 
 
 8pacr-TLK6s: active, elective, dras- 
 tic. 
 
 8paxi^ri '■ drachme, a weight, also 
 a coin; Eng. drachm. 
 
 Spaco: do, perform. 
 
 5p6/ios: a running, race, race- 
 course, race-track. 
 
 8pv-s'. a tree, an oak. 
 
 8 vva-jxai : be able, be powerful. 
 
 8vva-iJ.Ls: ability, power. 
 
 Swa-ffTela: lordship, domination, 
 dynasty. 
 
 8vvaaT7]s: lord, ruler, potentate. 
 8v(x-: a preiix meaning bad, 
 
 badly, with difficulty. 
 803 pou: gift. 
 
 E 
 
 ky-Ke(f)a\os {kv-\-Ke4>a\r]) : in the 
 head; as a noun, brain; neut. 
 eyK€cj)aKov: encephalon. 
 
 eyu: I. 
 
 'ey-x(i-pt8Lov (x^ip) : a hand-book , 
 manual, enchiridion. 
 
 kdvLKos: relating to a nation, 
 
 national, ethnic. 
 Wvos: a tribe, nation. 
 
 eiSos (stem el8es) : appearance, 
 form, kind, species. 
 
 ei8v\\Lov (diminutive of el8os): 
 a little image, a short, highly 
 wrought descriptive poem on a 
 pastoral subject, an idyl. 
 
 e'i8coKov : an image, idol. 
 
 etScoXo-Xarpeta : idol-worship, 
 idolatry. Note that the Eng- 
 lish word drops out one syl- 
 lable. 
 
 HKwv: image, icon. 
 
 €lpi]vr}: peace; hence the proper 
 name, Irene. 
 
 els: into 
 
 eK, before a vowel, e^: out of. 
 
 eK-KevrpiKos (Kevrpov) : out of 
 center, eccentric. 
 
 tK-'Keyoo: pick out, select. 
 
 eK-XeKTLKos: inclined to select, 
 
 eclectic. 
 CK-X0717: a selection, eclogue.
 
 72 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 eK-ara-ais {'l(tt7]ijll) : a standing 
 outside of the proper place, a 
 displacement, a being beside 
 one's self, ecstasy. 
 
 eK-(TTa-TLK6s: of the nature of 
 ecstasy, ecstatic. 
 
 h-TLKos (ex"^) • habitual, consti- 
 tutional, consumptive, hectic. 
 
 eKTOjjLr] {kK-Tkjivw) : a cutting out; 
 -ectomy in the latter part of 
 medical terms. 
 
 e/CTos : outside, without. 
 
 *eXaa-rLK6s, from eXawco (eXa) 
 drive: able to drive, as a bent 
 bow which drives the arrow 
 by returning to its original 
 form, elastic. 
 
 eXeyeiaKos: having the nature of 
 an elegy, elegiac. 
 
 eXeyeLov (eXeyos): an elegiac 
 couplet, in the plural, a poem 
 made up of such couplets, 
 an elegy. 
 
 eXe7os : a lament. 
 
 eXer] /jLoavpT] : pity, mercy, charity, 
 alms. 
 
 eXe(f)as, gen. eXecpavT-os: ele- 
 phant, ivory. 
 
 "EXXr]v: a Greek, a Hellene. 
 
 'EXXrjvi^o): speak Greek, imi- 
 tate the Greeks; in active 
 sense, make a Greek of one, 
 Hellenize, 
 
 'EXXrjv-iKos: Grecian, Hellenic. 
 
 'EXXr]VLafj,6s: imitation of the 
 Greeks, adoption of Greek lan- 
 guage and civilization, Hel- 
 lenism. 
 
 'EX\r]VLaTr]s: one not of Greek 
 race who uses the Greek lan- 
 guage, a Hellenist; in New 
 Testament, a Greek-Jew. 
 
 *'EXXijw(Tri/c6s: relating to Hel- 
 lenism and Hellenists, Hel- 
 lenistic. 
 
 efji-jSaXXo) (jSaX, iSXtj) : throw in, 
 put in, insert, inlay. 
 
 efx-^Xri/jLa: something inserted or 
 inlaid, an emblem. 
 
 tix^pvov: foetus, embryo. 
 efiTrXaarpov (TrXdacrco) : plaster, 
 salve. 
 
 eix-wbpiov: a trading place, port 
 of entry, emporium. 
 
 efXTopos (h-\- TTopos) : a traveling 
 merchant, importing merchant, 
 wholesale merchant. 
 
 ep.4>a(jL'i {kv-^4>a'ivco): a showing 
 of something in or among 
 other things so as to make it 
 stand out prominently, em- 
 phasis. 
 
 ep.<i)aTLKbs: with emphasis, em- 
 phatic. 
 
 kv. in, among. 
 
 tvbov: inside, within. 
 
 kvkpyeia (ez^-j-root kpy, work): 
 action, energy. 
 
 evepyeco: be in action. 
 
 hepyrj-TLKos: active, energetic. 
 
 ev-deos, contracted form, evdovs: 
 having the god in one's self, 
 possessed by a god, inspired, 
 frenzied. 
 
 evdovcna^co: be possessed by a 
 god, be inspired.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 73 
 
 hdovaLaafios: inspiration, en- 
 thusiasm. 
 
 hdovaLaa-T-qs : one who is inspired, 
 
 enthusiast. 
 evdovaiaaTLKos : like an enthusiast, 
 
 enthusiastic. 
 evrepov: entrail, intestine. 
 ev-Toixov {ev-\-Tk^voi): that which 
 
 is cut into, insect. 
 
 e^-obos'. a way out, a going out, 
 exodus, 
 
 e^co: outside, without. 
 
 eir-eicr-bbLOV {odds, eta-odos, an 
 entrance, a coming in) : some- 
 thing which comes in besides, 
 or afterward, the part of a 
 Greek tragedy between two 
 choric songs, an episode. 
 
 eirl: upon, on, after, besides. 
 
 h.irl-'Y paixixa : what is written upon 
 
 a monument, an inscription in 
 
 verse, epigram. 
 
 'ein.-y pa4)ri : an inscription. This 
 is the more general term for 
 an inscription of any kind, 
 hence epigraphy, the study of 
 inscriptions. 
 
 hTi-de-Tov: what is put upon, or 
 added, an adjective, epithet. 
 
 eTi-drj-iia: something put on, a 
 lid, cover, poultice, epithem. 
 
 eiTLKos (eTTOs) : epic. 
 
 eTrL-Xafji(3av(X): seize upon, lay 
 hold of, attack. 
 
 eiriXrjipLs and evrtXiji/'ta: a seizure, 
 attack, fit, epilepsy. 
 
 eiri-Xoyos: after speech, con- 
 chiding speech, epilogue. 
 
 eTrl-ffKOTTos {aKkirTOjiaC) : one who 
 watches over, overseer, super- 
 intendent, bishop. Hence the 
 English word episcopal. 
 
 eirLcrTTiixT]: knowledge, science; 
 sometimes contrasted with 
 
 eTTL-aToXr] (eTrt-areXXaj:) a letter, 
 an epistle. 
 
 kirL-TidriiJLL: put upon, add. 
 
 kirL-Topi] {kiTL-TeixvcS) : a ciittns, 
 upon, an abridgement, epi- 
 tome, just as we say "a cut- 
 ting down." 
 
 eTTos, gen. e7re-os (from root e7r, 
 speak) : anything spoken, word, 
 speech; especially a line of 
 heroic hexameter; in the 
 plural, heroic verses, epic 
 poetry. 
 
 e-Koxh (er-exw): a holding on, 
 a waiting, the halting of a star, 
 a portion of time, an epoch. 
 
 epyov: ivork, deed, action. 
 
 ep8o: (ep7): work, do. 
 
 kpr]pla: an uninhabited place, 
 solitude, desert, wilderness. 
 
 ep'qni-T7]s: a man of the solitary 
 place, eremite, hermit. 
 
 kpvdpos: red. 
 
 ecrco: inside, within. 
 
 eTepo-5o^ia {86^a): wrong opin- 
 ion or belief, heterodoxy. 
 
 €T€p6-8o^os: having wrong opin- 
 ion, heterodox. 
 
 erepos: other of two, other than 
 good or rie,ht, wrong.
 
 74 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 €rf'juo-Xo7[a : telling the true sense 
 of a word according to its 
 origin, giving the etyma of 
 words, etymology. 
 
 ervnov: the true sense of a word 
 according to its origin, the 
 root-meaning, root of a word. 
 
 eTVfj,os: true, real. 
 
 €v: well, good. 
 
 evajyeXl^ofjLaL (evayyeXos) : bring 
 
 good tidings, preach the gospel, 
 
 evangelize. 
 tvayy<c\Lov: good news, glad tid- 
 ings, the gospel. 
 evayyeXos: bringing good neivs; 
 
 one ivho brings good news, 
 
 an evangel. 
 euyevqs {ylyvo^iai) : well born, 
 
 noble. 
 evXoyla: a speaking well of one, 
 
 praise, eulogy. 
 
 exw (ex, (^ex, ex, <Txe) : have, hold, 
 hold oneself, keep oneself <so 
 and so>, be <so and so>. 
 
 ^aw. live, be alive. 
 
 ^vybv. a yoke. 
 
 ^ui] : life. 
 
 ^covT]: girdle, belt, zone. 
 
 ^Qop: a living being, animal. 
 
 H 
 
 ijOiKos {rjdos): relating to moral 
 character, ethical; TjdLKa, eth- 
 ics. 
 
 ^dos: character, moral character. 
 
 ^XeKTpov: amber. 
 
 ^Xlos : the sun. 
 
 r}KLo-T pbiTLOv : heliotrope, so called 
 because it turns to the sun. 
 
 rfKLO-Tpbizos (rpeTTCo) : turning to 
 the sun. 
 
 rjfxepa: day. 
 
 17 /it-: a prefix meaning half. 
 
 ■qp.L-(X(i>aipLov (c^atpa) : a hemi- 
 sphere. 
 
 rjirap, gen. ^7rar-os: liver. 
 
 riiraT-LKos: of the liver, hepatic. 
 
 Tjpojs: ivarrior, hero. 
 
 ^X'^' echo. 
 
 
 
 daXafxos: inner room, bed-cham- 
 ber. 
 
 6ea.-op.ai: see, observe, gaze upon. 
 
 dka-Tpov: a place for seeing, a 
 theater. 
 
 Q'e-pa {TiQ-qixC} : wliat is put down 
 
 for disctission, a proposition, 
 
 theme. 
 deo-Xoy-la: a telling about the 
 
 gods, or about God, theology, 
 6eo-\oy-LKbs : theological. 
 deo-\by-os: one who tells about 
 
 the gods, or God, a theologian. 
 
 debs: a god, God. 
 
 depa-n-ela : service, attendance, care 
 of the sick, treatment of disease, 
 therapy. 
 
 Oepairev-TiKos: relating to care of 
 the sick, or to medical treat- 
 ment, therapeutic. 
 
 dipairevb): serve, care for, give 
 medical treatment to. 
 
 Oeppbs: warm, hot.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 75 
 
 deciipeoj : view, contemplate, specu- 
 late, philosophize. 
 
 de6:pr]-iJLa: that which is viewed 
 or contemplated; in mathe- 
 matics, a theorem. 
 
 deoiprj-TLKos: contemplative, spec- 
 ulative, theoretical. 
 
 dt<jip'ia\ a vieiv, a theory. 
 
 decopos: a spectator, sight-seer, 
 delegate to a religious festival, 
 or to the national games. 
 
 6pi^, gen. Tpix-os: hair. 
 
 dCipa^: breast- plate, part of the 
 body covered by the breast-plate, 
 chest, thorax. 
 
 I 
 
 lao/jLai: heal, cure. 
 
 iarpda: healing, medical treat- 
 ment. 
 
 larpLKos: relating to a physician, 
 or to medical treatment, cura- 
 tive, medical. 
 
 iarpos: a physician, or surgeon. 
 
 "I5a : a wooded hill. Mount Ida. 
 
 idea (from root ^5, see, appear): 
 appearance, form, image, men- 
 tal image, idea. 
 
 18los: one's own, private, person- 
 al, peculiar. 
 
 IbiO-avyKpaala {avyKepavvvpLL) : 
 one's own mixture, peculiar 
 temperament or habit, idiosyn- 
 crasy. 
 
 IdicoiJLa, gen. i5tco/iar-os : a peculi- 
 arity, especially a peculiarity 
 of speech, idiom. 
 
 iStwTTjs: a private person; one 
 who is unskilled, ignorant, or 
 stupid. Eng. deriv., idiot. 
 
 lep-apxv^ (o'PXw) : a ruler of 
 sacred things, high priest, hier- 
 arch. 
 
 lep-apx'ta: rule of a hierarch, 
 hierarchy. 
 
 Upos: sacred. 
 
 LTTTTos: a liorse. 
 
 IpLs: rainbow, halo; a flower, 
 
 the iris; the iris of the eye; 
 
 name of a goddess, Iris. 
 
 'Laos: equal. 
 
 'laTTjiJiL (crra) : stand, set up. 
 
 IdTopla'. inquiry, research, 
 knowledge gained by inquiry or 
 research, a written report of 
 such knowledge, narrative, his- 
 tory, story. 
 
 ioTos: loom, web. 
 
 IxOiis: fish. 
 
 K 
 
 Kadaipo: (Kadap) : cleanse, purify, 
 purge. 
 
 Kadapos: clean, pure. 
 
 Kadap-TLKos: cleansing, purga- 
 tive, cathartic. 
 
 Kadedpa: seat, chair, bishop's 
 chair; hence cathedral. 
 
 KadokLKos (/cara+oXos) : relating 
 to the whole, general, universal, 
 catholic. 
 
 Kaiw (kuv) : burn. 
 
 KaXKi-: form which the stem of 
 Kokos, beautiful, usually takes 
 at the beginning of a com- 
 pound.
 
 76 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 KaX6s: beautiful, noble, good. 
 
 KoKv^, gen. Ka\vK-o^: seed-pod, 
 cup of a flower, calyx. 
 
 Kaucjpi straight rod, straight-edge, 
 rule, canon. 
 
 KapSla: heart. 
 
 KapSta-Kos: pertaining to the 
 heart, cardiac. 
 
 KapKLvos : a crab; a cancer. 
 Kapiros: fruit, grain, produce. 
 KapTTos: the wrisf , csiTpus. 
 KaTo,: down; in accordance with. 
 Kara-^aWco: throw down, over- 
 throw, destroy. 
 
 Kara-^oXr]: a throwing down. 
 
 *KaTa-^6\LK6s: tending to throw 
 down, destructive, catabolic. 
 
 *KaTa-^6XLafi6s : a throwing down, 
 catabolism. 
 
 Kara-Xkyo): pick out, enlist, en- 
 rol. 
 
 KaTa-\ri4'it (Kara-Xa/i/Sdvco): a 
 seizing, catalepsy. 
 
 Kara-Xoyos (Kara-XeYco) : a regis- 
 ter, a roll, list, catalog. 
 
 Kara-Xvais (/cara-Xyoj) : a loosing, 
 a dissolving, catalysis. 
 
 Kara-Xvu: dissolve, break up. 
 
 KaT-apaaacx) (apay) : dash doivn; 
 KaT-apaK-Trjs: down-dasher, 
 cataract. 
 
 Kara-p-pecc (peoi) : flow down. 
 
 KOLTappoos: flowing down; as a 
 noun, a running from the 
 head or nose, catarrh. 
 
 KaTa-<TTp€4>(jo: turn down, upset, 
 overthrow. 
 
 Kara-ffTpocf)!] : an overturning, 
 sudden reverse, catastrophe. 
 
 KaT-rjyopia: an accusation, de- 
 claration, predicate, category. 
 
 Kava-TLKos {Kalco, root Kav, burn) : 
 inclined to burn, caustic. 
 
 Kav-TT]p (Kalco) : a burner, a 
 branding iron. 
 
 icauTTjptdf CO : sear, cauterize. 
 
 Kav-rijpiov: a branding iron; 
 also a brand, cautery. 
 
 Kevos: empty. 
 
 KevTpov: a sharp point, a goad, a 
 puncture, the puncture made 
 by the stationary limb of the 
 compass in drawing a circle, 
 the center of a circle, center. 
 
 KepavvviXL {Kepa, Kpa) : mix. 
 Kepas, gen. Kepar-os: a horn. 
 Ke(f)a\7] : head. 
 
 KXa5os: a young shoot, a twig, a 
 branch. 
 
 KXaw. break. 
 
 KXeT-T7]s: a thief. 
 
 KXeTTO} (kXctt) : steal. 
 
 KXIfxa^, gen. /cXt/xa/c-os: a ladder, 
 a stair-case, climax. 
 
 kX'lvt}: couch, bed. 
 
 kXlvlkos: pertaining to a bed, or 
 beds; a physician who visits 
 the sick in their beds, clinical. 
 
 Koyxv : a shell-fish, a shell. 
 KolXos : hollow. 
 
 kolXocjo: make hollow, hollow out. 
 KoiXcc-fjia, gen. KotXco/zar-os: a 
 hollow, a cavity.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 77 
 
 Koinaw. put to sleep; KOLn&ofiai: 
 
 go to sleep. 
 
 KOLfXTj-TTipLov: Sleeping place, 
 cemetery. 
 
 KoXeos: a sheath, a scabbard; in 
 Aristotle, the sheath or shard 
 of a beetle's wings. 
 
 KOfxr] : the hair of the head, espe- 
 cially of long hair. 
 
 Kofxii-Tr]s: a long-haired fellow; 
 a comet. 
 
 KOfxfxa {kotttw, strike, cut) : what 
 is cut of, a short clause. In 
 English the point used tomark 
 off a short clause, a comma. 
 
 KopT], Kopa: a girl, a maiden. 
 
 Kopivdios: Corinthian. 
 
 KopLvdos: Corinth. 
 
 KocrfjLeco : order, arrange, adoi %. 
 
 Koafxri-TLKos: suited for adorning, 
 cosmetic. 
 
 Koa/j.o-yopia {Koap-os and yiyvo- 
 /xai): birth or origin of the 
 universe, cosmogony. 
 
 KoafjLO-TroXlTrjs: a citizen of the 
 world, cosmopolite. 
 
 k6(tp.os: order, adornment; the 
 
 universe, the world. 
 KOTvKri'. a cup. 
 
 KOTv\y]bwv: anything cup-shaped. 
 In botany a cotyledon. 
 
 Kpa-aLS (Kepavuvpi): a mixing, 
 blending, combination, crasis, 
 
 Kpa-rrip: a mixer, mixing-bowl, 
 bowl, crater. 
 
 Kpdros: strength, power, rule. 
 Kpivia (kpl): separate, distin- 
 guish, decide, judge. 
 
 Kpl-(Tis: a decision, judgment, 
 decisive point, crisis. 
 
 KpL-TTjpcov: a means of judging, 
 a criterion. 
 
 Kpi-TTjs: a judge. 
 
 Kpi-TiKos: able to judge, critical; 
 as noun, a critic. 
 
 KpoKos: saffron. Hence Eng. 
 crocus. 
 
 KpvT-Tos: hidden, concealed; 
 KpvKTov. a crypt. 
 
 KpvTTco (Kpv(f>): hide, conceal. 
 
 KpvaToWos: ice; rock-crystal , 
 crystal. 
 
 KTHs, gen. KTev-b$: a comb, a 
 rake, a cockle. 
 
 Kv0os: a cube, a die for playing 
 dice. 
 
 KVKXaiJLi.vos (kvkXos): cyclamen. 
 
 kvkXos: a circle, cycle. 
 
 Kv\Lv8pos: a roller, a cyUnder. 
 
 KvXlvdco: roll. 
 
 Kvvos-ovpa: a dog's tail, name of 
 a constellation, cynosure. 
 
 Kvpos: Cyrus. 
 
 KvaTLs: a bladder, a pouch; cyst. 
 
 KVTos: a hollow, a hollow thing, 
 a vase, a jar. In modern 
 science, a cell, cyte. 
 
 icvcov, gen. kvv-os: a dog. 
 KcoXov: a limb, a member; a mem- 
 ber of a sentence, a colon. 
 
 KconLKos: of the nature of a revel, 
 or of a comedy, comic. 
 
 KcojLtos: a revel, a band of revellers, 
 the ode sung by a band of 
 revellers, a comus.
 
 78 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 Kcoju-qjSta (deiSo), sing, aotdds, 
 singer) : revel-song, comedy. 
 
 Kihvos'. a cone. 
 
 KaKoiv: a Laconian, or Lace- 
 daemonian, a Spartan. 
 
 AaKoiVLKos: Laconian, like a 
 
 Laconian, laconic. 
 XafxlSavcj (XajS, Xrj/S) : take, take 
 
 hold of, seize. 
 Xaos: people, men. 
 Xapvy^, gen. Xdpii77-os: upper 
 part of the windpipe, larynx; 
 also used loosely for throat. 
 
 Xarpela: service. 
 
 Xe7co: say, speak, tell. 
 
 Xe7co : pick, gather, count, reckon. 
 
 \HTovpyla (from Xetroj, of the 
 people, public, and root epy, 
 work); a working for the 
 people, public service, liturgy. 
 
 Xe^LKos, -6v (Xe^ts): relating to 
 words, or speech; Xe^iKov < jQt/3- 
 X'iov> : aword book, dictionary, 
 lexi:;on. 
 
 Xe^ts (Xe7aj): speech, word. 
 
 XevKos: white. 
 
 Xecoj', gen. Xeoj/T-os: lion; proper 
 
 name Leon. 
 X7]dapyla: drowsiness, lethargy. 
 
 Xr]9apyos {Xrjdr]) : forgetful, 
 drowsy, lethargic. 
 
 Xrjdrj: forgetfulness, lethe. 
 
 Xfj/jLiJia (XafjLJSavco) : what is taken, 
 or assumed, an assumption, a 
 premiss , lemma.. Cf.St-Xijju/ia. 
 
 Xldos: stone. 
 
 XoyLK6s{X6yos): reasonable, logi- 
 cal] XoyLKT] <.Texvr]> : the art 
 of reasoning, logic. 
 
 Xoyo-ypcKpos: a speech-writer, 
 logographer. 
 
 X670S (X€7aj): word, speech, 
 reason, account. 
 
 Xvpa: a lyre. 
 
 XvpiKos: relating to the lyre, 
 lyric, lyrical. 
 
 Xuco: loose, loosen, dissolve. 
 
 M 
 
 jxayLKos (Md7os) : belonging to 
 or suited to a Magi an, or 
 magician; magic, magical. 
 
 MayvrJTLs <Xidos> : the Magne- 
 sian stone, magnet. 
 
 Md7os: a Magian, a Persian 
 priest and wise man; a wizard, 
 a magician. 
 
 p.aOy]ixa {[xavdavco) : what is learnt, 
 a lesson, learning, knowledge, 
 especially mathematical knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 IxadriixaT-iKos: fond of learning, 
 concerned with learning, 
 mathematical; rd /xa^Tj/xa- 
 TLKa, mathematics. 
 
 fiaivoixaL (iJ.av) : rage, rave, be 
 mad, be crazy, be inspired. 
 
 liaXaKos: soft. 
 
 fxavdavo) (fiad, {j-ade) : learn, un- 
 derstand. 
 
 fxav-la (fxalvofxaL) : madness, 
 frenzy, insanity, mania. 
 
 ndv-Tcs: an inspired person, a 
 seer, a prophet.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 79 
 
 napyaplTfjs: a pearl. 
 
 uaprvs, [xapTvp-os: a witness; 
 in ecclesiastical language, a 
 martyr. 
 
 M-avcruiKeLov: tomb of Mausolus, 
 mausoleum. 
 
 MaucrcoXos: Mausolus king of 
 Halicarnassus. 
 
 ueyas (stems fxeya and fxeyaKo) : 
 large, big, great. 
 
 MeSovaa: Medusa, a Gorgon 
 with snaky locks the sight of 
 whom turned people to stone. 
 
 lj.edo8os {fxeTCL and 656s) : a going 
 after, pursuit of knowledge, 
 process, method. 
 
 jieOho): be drunken. 
 
 fxeXas, p.e\av-os: black. 
 
 /jLekiaaa: a bee; hence proper 
 name Melissa. 
 
 ^leXos: song, tune, music. 
 
 /jLeKudla (yueXos+uSco) : tune- 
 singing, melody. 
 
 fiea-evrepLOV <8ep/jia> (/j,eaos-\- 
 evTcpop) : mesentery. 
 
 Ij-kaos: in the middle, between, 
 middle, mid. 
 
 (jLera: with, among, after; in 
 composition often denoting 
 change like the Latin trans, 
 across (trans), differently. 
 
 yueTtt-jSaXXco: place differently, 
 change, transpose. 
 
 neTa^oKt]: a changing, change, 
 transition. 
 
 p.iTa^o\LK6<i: relating to change, 
 changeable; metabolic. 
 
 */jL€Ta^o\iajj.6s: metabolism. 
 
 fiera-dea-ts {Tid-q/jLi.): a placing 
 across, transposition, meta- 
 thesis. 
 
 iJLeTaWov: a mwe; in late Greek, 
 a metal. 
 
 *lj.eTaX\ovpyia (epy) : mine- 
 working, metal-working, metal- 
 lurgy. 
 
 (jLeToWovpyos: one who works 
 mines, or metals, a miner; 
 metallurgist. 
 
 *neTa-ixop(})LK6s (iJ.op(j)T}) : of 
 
 changed form, metamorphic. 
 *fi€Ta-fxop(j)os: with changed 
 
 form, metamorphous. 
 ljL€Ta-iJ.op<i)6co: change the form 
 
 of, transform, metamorphose. 
 liera-iJ.6p(l)W(XL$ '. transformation, 
 
 metamorphosis. 
 
 HeTa-4>(tpw: carry across, trans- 
 fer. 
 
 /jL€Ta-ct>opa.: transference, espe- 
 cially of a word to a new 
 sense, metaphor. 
 
 perewpos: lifted up, on high, in 
 the heavens; fiereajpov, a heav- 
 enly body, meteor. 
 
 IJLerpov: measure. 
 (J^VTVP, gen. n7]Tp-6s: mother. 
 IJLr]Tp6iroKis: mother city, chief 
 city, metropolis. 
 
 fjLr]xapri: a contrivance, a ma- 
 chine. 
 
 pialvoi ((jLLav): defile, pollute. 
 
 liiacT-fjLa: pollution, miasma. 
 
 HLKp6% : small, little 
 
 pipkonai: imitate. 
 
 p'ip.ri-ai.%'. imitation, mimesis.
 
 8o 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 iJLLiJLrj-TLKos: imitative, mimetic. 
 
 ijLifXLKos (fu/jLos) : like an imitator, 
 mimic. 
 
 ijiilJLos: an imitator , an imperson- 
 ator; also a mime, a little 
 dramatic composition depict- 
 ing scenes from every-day life. 
 
 jjLLa-avdpcoiros: hating mankind, 
 misanthropic. 
 
 (jLLaeco: hate. 
 
 /jLLao-y vv7]s: hating women; a 
 woman-hater, a misogynist. 
 
 Hiaoyvvla: hatred of women, mis- 
 ogyny. 
 
 Ijuaos: hate, hatred. 
 
 ixovaxos i/jLovos) : solitary; a soli- 
 tary man, monk. 
 
 Hovo-TTOiKia (TTcoXeco, sell) : a 
 lone-selling, exclusive sale, 
 monopoly. 
 
 liovos: alone, only; in com- 
 pounds, single, one. 
 
 ixovb-Tovos: of a single tone, 
 monotonous. 
 
 Mop(t)evs {nop^ri): the former, 
 maker of the forms and images 
 seen in sleep, the god of dreams, 
 Morpheus; hence morphine, 
 morphia. 
 
 lj.op(f)rj: form, shape. 
 
 fjLop(})6c>): give form to, form, shape. 
 
 pibp<i>waLs'. a forming, shaping, 
 morphosis. 
 
 Moma: goddess of song and 
 inspiration. Muse. 
 
 Mova-ttov: temple of the Muses, 
 a school of art and poetry, 
 a library, museum. 
 
 Ixovcr-LK-f] < rex^v^ • ^he art of the 
 Muses, music. 
 
 Hova-LKos: of or for the Muses, 
 musical. 
 
 nveXos: marrow, spinal cord, 
 brain. 
 
 fxvew (ixvoi): initiate into the 
 
 mysteries. 
 fxvOo-Xoykco : tell myths or legends. 
 jjLvOo-Xoyla: the telling of myths 
 
 or legends, mythology. 
 fxvOo-'Koyos (Xkyo)) : a teller of 
 
 legends, mythologist. 
 
 fjLvOos: a speech, tale, story, 
 legend, myth. 
 
 [xvKr]s, gen. iJ.vK7]T-os'. a mush- 
 room, fungus. 
 
 IxvaTrjpLOV (/xueoj, jxhoi): a secret 
 doctrine, mystery. 
 
 fivaTTjs: one who has been initi- 
 ated into the mysteries. 
 
 IxvGTLKos: secret, mystic. 
 livw: close the eyes, close the 
 mouth. 
 
 N 
 
 Natds, gen. Natd5-os {vaoi): a 
 river-nymph, a fountain- 
 ny^nph. Naiad. 
 
 vapK-rj: numbness. 
 
 vapKLaaos : narcissus, name of a 
 plant and its flower. 
 
 vapKocjo (vapKr]) : benumb. 
 
 vapKoj-ais: a benumbing, nar- 
 cosis. 
 
 vapKw-TiKos'. able to benumb, 
 benumbing, narcotic. 
 
 va.v%'. a ship.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 8i 
 
 i'au(7ta, also written vaurta: ship 
 sickness, sea-sickness, nausea. 
 
 vav-T-qs: ship-man, seaman, sail- 
 or. 
 
 vavT-iKos: relating to sailors, 
 nautical. 
 
 vaoi: flow. 
 
 veKpo-fxavrela (/xdirts) : prophecy 
 by means of the dead, that is, 
 by calling up their spirits, 
 necromancy. 
 
 vcKpos: a dead body, a corpse; 
 also as an adjective, dead; 
 in plural, ol veKpoi, the dead. 
 
 ueKpSco : make dead, mortify. 
 
 veKpcio-aLs: a deadening, deadness, 
 necrosis. 
 
 veKTap: the drink of the gods, 
 nectar. 
 
 venearts (vk/jLu) : a dealing out of 
 what is due, righteous indig- 
 nation, divine wrath, divine 
 retribution, nemesis; personi- 
 fied as the goddess of retribu- 
 tion. Nemesis. 
 
 vkp-w {vefjL, vefxe) : deal out, dis- 
 tribute, arrange, manage; feed, 
 pasture. 
 
 vkos: new, young. 
 
 vevpov: sinew, tendon, cord; in 
 late writers, especially the 
 physician Galen, a nerve. 
 
 ve4)pXTLs: kidney disease, inflam- 
 mation of the kidneys, ne- 
 phritis. 
 
 pe4>p6s: the kidneys, a kidney. 
 
 viKri: victory. 
 
 vojiah-LKos: like the nomads, 
 nomadic. 
 
 vofxas, gen. vona5-os {vkfio}): a 
 herdsman, nomad. 
 
 vS/jLos (vkfxui) : what is dealt out 
 or established by custom or 
 legislation, custom, convention, 
 law. 
 
 vofjLos {vkixw): a pasture, a dis- 
 trict, a nome. 
 
 voaos: disease, sickness. 
 
 vvpLcjiri: a bride, a young woman, 
 a nymph. 
 
 vo)Tov: the back. 
 
 ^L<l)o-ei6r]s (el8os): having the 
 form or appearance of a sword 
 (^l(j)os) , sword- shaped, xiphoid. 
 
 ^i4>os: sword. 
 
 
 
 6, 17, to: definite article in its 
 
 three genders, the. 
 656s: road, way, journey, a 
 
 going. 
 68vvrj: pain. 
 oueco: dwell, live in, inhabit. 
 
 olKo-vofj.la {oLKos and veixui) : man- 
 agement of a house, estate, or 
 property; good management, 
 thrift, economy. 
 
 oIko-voixlk6s : skilled in financial 
 management, thrifty, econom- 
 ical. 
 
 oIko-v6ij.os : manager of a house, 
 or an estate, manager, adminis- 
 trator, business manager. 
 
 oLKos: house, home, estate, prop- 
 erty.
 
 82 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 o'iao), future of verb (fjepoo: bear, 
 
 carry. 
 oXiyos: little, few. 
 oXos: whole, entire, all. 
 'OXv/JLTTLos: Olympian. 
 "OXv/jLiros: Olympus, Mount 
 
 Olympus, home of the gods. 
 
 d/jLoXos: even, level. 
 
 oido-yevijs (6pLos-\-yevos): of the 
 same race, of the same kind, 
 homogeneous. 
 
 ofiolos : of the same sort, like. 
 
 ofioLo-TradeLa: a being affected in 
 like manner, likeness of stiffer- 
 ing. Hence homeopathy. 
 
 bixbs: same. 
 
 ovofia, gen. duo/jLar-os; old form 
 generally used in second part 
 of a compound, 6pviJ,a: name. 
 Compare ap-chvvixos, anony- 
 mous. 
 
 o^vs: sharp, keen, acid; of 
 sounds, sharp, shrill; of mo- 
 tion, swift. 
 
 6w, root found in some tenses 
 of bpaoi'. see. 
 
 oTT-TLKos: pertaining to seeing 
 or sight, optical; b-wTLKa, things 
 belonging to vision, optics. 
 
 opdco {bpa, OTT, lb; an irregular 
 verb showing three entirely 
 different stems in its different 
 tenses): see. 
 
 opyavov (from root epy, work) : 
 a tool, an instrument, an organ, 
 
 bpdb-bo^os (bpdbs-\-8b^a) : of right 
 opinion, orthodox. 
 
 bpdbs: straight, upright, right. 
 
 optf CO (opos) : bound, limit. 
 
 bpi^oov <.kvk\os'> : the bounding 
 
 circle, horizon. 
 opvLs, gen. opvtO-os: bird, fowl, 
 opos: boundary, border, limit, 
 
 definition. 
 
 bp4)avbs: without parents, father- 
 less, orphan. 
 
 opxeoyuat: dance. 
 
 bpxwT'-Kos: suited for dancing, 
 relating to dancing, orchestic. 
 
 bpxwTpa: a dancing place, the 
 orchestra or dancing place in 
 a Greek theater. 
 
 baTeov: a bone. 
 
 barpaKi^oo (ocTTpaKov) : to banish 
 
 by votes written on potsherds, 
 
 ostracize. 
 
 barpaKLcr libs', ostracism. 
 
 ocrrpaKov: a potsherd, a*, clay 
 tablet used in voting; a shell. 
 
 oh pa : tail. 
 
 ovpov: urine. 
 
 ovs, gen. d)T-6s: ear. 
 
 60^aXju6s : eye. 
 
 oxXos: a crowd, a mob. 
 
 n 
 
 iraOrjTLKbs: able to feel, sensitive; 
 stiited to arouse feeling, pa- 
 thetic. 
 
 *7rado-\oyia: the science of dis- 
 eases, pathology. 
 
 irado-XoyLKbs: relating to telling 
 about diseases, concerned with 
 the science of diseases, patho- 
 logical, TraOoKoyLKii Krexvii^ 
 was the ancient Greek term 
 for pathology.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 83 
 
 iraBos (Trdcrx"): feeling, sufer- 
 ing, disease. 
 
 iraid-aywyia: the office of a irat- 
 daycoyos. Eng. deriv. peda- 
 gogy. 
 
 7rat5-a7aj76s {TroLS-i-ayw) : a boy- 
 leader, a trusty slave who 
 cared for a boy, took him to 
 school, and brought him home 
 after school was over. The 
 school teacher was called 5t5d- 
 aKoXos. The English word 
 pedagogue, derived from Trat- 
 Saywyos, has the meaning of 
 the Greek word 6t5dcr/caXos. 
 
 Traidev-TLKos: of or for teaching, 
 instructional, paedeutic. 
 
 TvaLdevb) {irais) : bring up a child, 
 train, teach. 
 
 irah, gen. 7rat5-6s : child, boy, girl. 
 
 YlaLo^u, also Uatav: Apollo as 
 god of healing. Paeon; a song 
 of thanksgiving, or triumph, 
 originally addressed to Apollo 
 as Paeon or god of healing, a 
 paean. 
 
 iraLcovLos: belonging to Paeon, 
 healing, medicinal; hence Trat- 
 cjvia, peony, supposed to be 
 medicinal in ancient times. 
 
 ■jrav-cLKeLa: a cure-all, panacea. 
 
 -irav-aKTjs (dKco/iat) : all-healing. 
 
 *irav-6paiJLa (opdco) : a seeing of 
 all, panorama. 
 
 iravTo-ixLixos: an imitator of all, 
 an actor in a dumb-show. 
 Hence Eng. pantomime. 
 
 Trapd: beside, by the side of; 
 also beside in the sense of in 
 violation of, contrary to. 
 
 Trapa-jSdXXco: throw beside, placp 
 beside, compare. 
 
 irapa-l3o\rj: a placing beside, a 
 comparison, a parable; also 
 in mathematics a parabola. 
 
 irapaSeLffos: a park, paradise. 
 
 irapa-do^os: beside or contrary 
 to opinion, incredible, para- 
 doxical; irapaSo^ov, a para- 
 dox. 
 
 Trap-aX\r]\os {oKXtjXoli') : beside 
 one another, side by side, 
 parallel. 
 
 ■Kapa-aLTos (atros, food): one 
 
 who eats at another's table, a 
 
 parasite. 
 7rapd-(/)paats: a telling beside, a 
 
 retelling in dijferetit form, a 
 
 paraphrase. 
 
 irap-ep-d€(jLs: a putting in beside, 
 an insertion, a parenthesis. 
 
 TrapevOeTLKos: parenthetic. 
 
 ttSs, gen. -rravT-os, neut. nom. 
 irdv. all, every. 
 
 iraax^ (7ra0, irade) : be acted 
 upon, be affected, suffer, feel, 
 experience. 
 
 Tcar-qp, gen. iraTp-6s: father. 
 
 Trarptd: a group of people de- 
 scended from a common father, 
 a clan, a tribe, a family, a 
 race. 
 
 TrarptdpxTjs: a ruler of a tribe, 
 or race, chief of the tribe, father 
 of the race, patriarch. In 
 ecclesiastical usage the bishop 
 of an important city or dis- 
 trict, as the patriarch of 
 Rome, of Antioch, etc.
 
 84 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 TraTpiapx'i-o-'- the office of a patri- 
 arch, a patriarchy. 
 
 TrarptcoTTjs {iTaTpLo.) : a clans- 
 man, tribesman, countryman, 
 citizen; especially one who 
 was loyal to his clan, tribe, or 
 country, a patriot. 
 
 iraxv-depfxos : thick-skinned, pach- 
 ydermous;Traxv5epfxov<.^(Joov'>, 
 a pachyderm. 
 
 IT axis: thick. 
 
 iretpa: trial, attejnpt, attack. 
 
 TreLpaTrjs: one who attacks, a 
 pirate. 
 
 Tretpdw: try, attempt, attack. 
 
 irefxirw: send, escort. 
 
 wevTo.-'Ywvos (•ywvla) : having five 
 angles, pentagonal, pentagon. 
 
 irevTe: five, usually wevTa- at 
 the beginning of a compound 
 word. 
 
 irepi: around, about. 
 
 Tv^pl-lxeTpov: measure around, 
 circumference, perimeter. 
 
 wepl-oSos: a going around, a 
 circuit, a cycle of time, a 
 period; a well-rounded sen- 
 tence, a period. 
 
 irepi-aTv\ov (arvKos) : a row of 
 columns around a building or 
 court, a colonnade, a peristyle. 
 
 TrepL-TovaLov (reipcc): that which 
 is stretched around, the peri- 
 tonaeum. 
 
 Trepi-cfipaaLs: a talking around, 
 circumlocution, periphrasis. 
 
 ireaao) (Teir) : soften, cook, digest. 
 
 -4^*Xoj': leaf, petal. 
 
 7^€\^ls {irkaao)): cooking, diges- 
 tion. 
 
 TTITTTCO (ir€T, TTTCo) '. fall. 
 
 irXavris , gen. ir\avT]T-os: a wan- 
 derer, a wandering star, a 
 planet. 
 
 7rXdcr-^a (TXaaaco) : what is 
 formed or molded, a formation ; 
 plasm in protoplasm, etc. 
 
 TrXdcrcrw (TrXar): form, mold, 
 shape. 
 
 irXaa-TLKos: capable of being 
 molded, relating to molding, 
 plastic. 
 
 irXevpa: a rib, the ribs, the side 
 of a human being or animal. 
 
 irX-qyri: a stroke, a blow, a 
 plague. 
 
 lik-qdcopri: fullness, plethora. 
 
 irXtjOcopLKos: plethoric. 
 
 ttXoDtos: riches, wealth. 
 
 TTvevpa (TTj-ew) : wind, air, breath, 
 spirit. 
 
 TrvevfxaT-LKos: having to do with 
 wind or air, pneumatic. 
 
 ■Kvevjxwv: the lungs. 
 
 TTveo} (irvev): breathe, blow. 
 
 TToteco: make, compose. 
 
 irolrj/jia: what is made, a work, 
 composition, poem. 
 
 TTotTyo-ts: creation, poetry, poesy. 
 
 TvoLt]Tr]s: maker, composer, poet. 
 
 TTokep-LKos: warlike, polemic. 
 
 TToXeyuos: war. 
 
 ttoXlos: gray. 
 
 TToXts: city, state. 
 
 TToXtTT/s: citizen.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 8S 
 
 woKv-yafila: a being much mar- 
 ried, or having many wives, 
 polygamy. 
 
 iroXv-yaiJios {yaixecS): often mar- 
 ried, polygamous. 
 
 TToXv-'Ywvos (ycovia): having 
 many angles, polygonal. 
 
 TToX v-fxopcpos : having many forms, 
 polymorphous. 
 
 TToXvs: much, many. 
 
 TTOfxirii (TTe^uTTO)) : a sending, an 
 
 escort, parade, procession, 
 
 pomp. 
 
 Topos: way, passage, pore. 
 
 iroTa/JLOs: river. 
 
 Tovs, gen. TToo-os: foot. 
 
 irpay/xa, gen. TrpaypLar-os (irpaa- 
 aw) : that which has been done, 
 deed, act, fact, thing, matter, 
 afair, business. 
 
 •KpayixaTLKos: suited for affairs 
 or business, business-like, prac- 
 tical, having to do with matter of 
 fact, pragmatic, pragmatical. 
 
 TcpaKTLKos: fit for action, able to 
 accomplish, effective, practical. 
 
 TrpS^ts: a doing, transaction, 
 accomplishing. 
 
 Trpdcrcrco {irpay) : do, accomplish. 
 
 irpea^vTepos: elder; an elder, 
 presbyter. 
 
 TTplaixa: that which has been 
 saivn, prism. 
 
 xpico: saw, i.e., cut with a saw. 
 
 7rp6: before, for, forth. 
 
 7rpo-/3dXXco {^ak, ^Xrj) : throw 
 before, place before, put for- 
 ward, propose. 
 
 Tpo-pX-qiJLa: what is put for- 
 ward, or proposed, proposition, 
 problem. 
 
 Tpo-^XriiiaTLKos: like a problem, 
 problematic. 
 
 ■jrpo-Xoyos: a speech before, a 
 fore-word, prologue. 
 
 xpo-7rai5eta : preparatory teach- 
 ing. 
 
 *Tpo-TraL8evTLK6s'. suited for pre- 
 paratory instruction, propae- 
 deutic. See iraLbevco. 
 
 IT poor-ay (jovLarrjs : first contestant, 
 chief contestant, protagonist. 
 
 Trpcoros: first. 
 
 Tpo-4>VTr)s {4>vi^''-) '■ one who speaks , 
 for a god and interprets his 
 will, an interpreter, prophet; 
 also one who speaks forth, or 
 proclaims; later, one who fore- 
 tells, or predicts. 
 
 Trpo-cjyiiXaKTLKOs ((f)vXaacru>)'. able 
 to guard before, preventive, 
 prophylactic. 
 
 TTTepov: wing. 
 
 ■KTwiia (ttixtco) : a fallen body, 
 corpse, carcass. 
 
 ■Kvov : discharge from a sore, pus. 
 
 TTvbw. suppurate. 
 
 TrOp: fire. 
 
 TTvpaiiis, gen. irvpafJLld-os: fl pyra- 
 mid. 
 
 TTvpi] : a funeral fire, pyre. 
 
 irvpoco: burn, set on fire, inflame. 
 
 xupcoo-ts : a burning, pyrosis. 
 
 TvcoffLs (irvoco) : suppuration, 
 pyosis. 
 
 TTcoXcco : sell.
 
 86 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 pevfxa: a flow, current, stream; 
 
 med. a discharge, rheum, 
 peco (pe, pev, pv) : flow. 
 p-qyvvfiL (priy, pay) : break. 
 
 Compare hemorrhage. 
 pr]-TO)p (from root pe, speak) : 
 
 a speaker, orator, rhetor. 
 
 Hence prjrop-iKos, rhetorical, 
 
 and prjTopLKT] <T6x^'^>, the 
 
 art of speaking, rhetoric. 
 pi.voKepccs (p'LS-\-Kepas, horn): 
 
 nose-horn, rhinoceros. 
 
 pis, gen. piv-os: nose. 
 
 poSov: a rose. 
 
 pvdpos (peco): flow, rhythm. 
 
 aapKa^o: (aapKaS): tear the flesh, 
 bile the lips in rage, speak hit- 
 in^ words. 
 
 (xapKaapos: mockery , sarcasia. 
 
 *aapKa(rTLK6s'. sarcastic. 
 
 <TapKo-(payos: flesh-eating, flesh- 
 eater, sarcophagus. 
 
 aap^, gen. capK-os: flesh. 
 
 aarvpos: a satyr. The satyrs 
 were imaginary creatures, half 
 man and half goat, which 
 formed the retinue of Diony- 
 sus the god of wine, who was 
 also called Bacchus. 
 
 creicrjuos: c shaking, an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 crcico: shake, quake. 
 
 ar}p.a: a sign. 
 
 arjTT-TLKos: productive of decay, 
 septic. 
 
 ar}Trco: make rotten; rot, decay. 
 
 aijtpLs: a rotting, decay, putre- 
 faction, sepsis. 
 
 adevos {(jQeves) : strength. 
 
 (tItos: grain, bread, food. 
 
 (TKCivdaXov: a trap, snare; scan- 
 dal. 
 
 aKeKerov: a dried-tip body, mum- 
 my, skeleton. 
 
 cr/ceXXw: make dry, dry up. 
 
 (jKeT-TLKos: inclined to look at 
 and examine, skeptical. 
 
 (XKeTTTopai {aKeiv) : look, look at, 
 examine, consider. 
 
 oK-qvi] : a tent, a booth; the tent or 
 building which formed the back- 
 ground in a Greek theater, 
 scene. 
 
 aKrJTT-Tpov: stafl, scepter. 
 
 (jKrjTVTO) (aKrjTr) : prop, prop one's 
 self, lean upon. 
 
 aK\r]p6s: hard, stiff. 
 
 *(rK\r]p6w. harden. 
 
 aKXrjpuiaLs: a hardening, sclero- 
 sis. 
 
 *aKXr]pcoTLK6s: hard, stiff, scler- 
 otic. 
 
 aKOirSs (aKeTTTopuL) : a looker, 
 look-out, watcher; the object 
 at which one looks, mark, aim, 
 scope. 
 
 aoffila: wisdom. 
 
 ao4>i^o), mid. cro(f)L^opaL: be wise, 
 act wise, be crafty, pretend to 
 be wise. 
 
 a6(j)Lcrpa: a sly trick, quibble, 
 fallacy, sophism.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 87 
 
 (jo4>t(JTr]s'. a wise man, a pro- 
 fessor of wisdom, a pretender 
 to wisdom, a sophist. 
 
 aoc^ios: ivise. 
 
 airacr/jLos (crTraco) : a convulsion, 
 spasm. 
 
 (Tiraafjicodris (elSos) : like a spas in, 
 spasmodic. 
 
 uTrdco: draw, pull, wrench, con- 
 vulse. 
 
 cnreipco (crTrep) : scatter, sow. 
 
 (Tivkpixa, gen. (TTepfjLaT-os: what 
 is sown, seed. 
 
 aw'K'qu: the spleen. 
 
 (TTTopd {(TTreipco) : sowing, seed. 
 
 airopos: sowing, seed, spore. 
 
 ara-ffis (iVrrj^tt) : a standing, 
 state, condition. 
 
 ffTa-TLKos: causing to stand still, 
 
 standing still, static. 
 oreXXco (crreX) : send, despatch, 
 arepeos: solid. 
 
 cfTepvov. the breast, chest; in 
 modern medicine, breastbone, 
 sternum. 
 
 (XTk4>o.vos: a wreath, garland, 
 crown. 
 
 (TTLyiJ.a: a prick made with a 
 pointed instrument, puncture, 
 mark, brand, stigma. 
 
 o-ro/xaxos: throat, gullet; late 
 Greek, stomach. 
 
 arpaTrjykco: be a general, exer- 
 cise generalship. 
 
 orpaTrjytjfjLa: an act of general- 
 ship, a stratagem. 
 
 crTpar?j7ta: generalship, strategy. 
 
 arpaTTjyLKos : suited for a general, 
 strategic. 
 
 (TTpar-qyos {(TTpaT6s-\-ayco): an 
 army-leader, general. 
 
 (XTpaTos: army, camp. 
 (TTp(cl)co: turn. 
 
 arpocpr] : a turning; a portion of 
 a song sung during a turn or 
 evolution of the chorus, a 
 strophe, a stanza. 
 
 aTvXos: pillar, post, column. 
 
 (jvy-xovdpwcns {xovbpos) : a unit- 
 ing of cartilage, or by means of 
 cartilage, synchondrosis. 
 
 avKdw: strip of, carry of, plun- 
 der. 
 
 avX-Xafii] : what is taken together, 
 a syllable. 
 
 avX-Xan^apa: (Xa/3, X'7i8) : take 
 together. 
 
 avX-Xeyco: gather, collect. 
 
 avX-Xoyf]: a gathering together, a 
 collection, sylloge. 
 
 avWoyi^oiJiaL: collect or con- 
 clude from preinises, reason, 
 infer, conclude. 
 
 avWoyL(TiJ.6s: a conclusion from 
 premises, an argument from 
 premises, a syllogism. 
 
 crvp^oXov (/SdXXo)): what is put 
 together with something, a sign 
 or token by which something, 
 or some person, is recognized, 
 a token, sign, badge, symbol. 
 
 avfi-TadHa: a feeling with one, a 
 fellow-feeling, sympathy. 
 
 avp-iradeo}'. feel with one, sym- 
 pathize.
 
 88 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 ovuTTad-qTLKbs'. able to feel with 
 one, sympathetic. 
 
 (jvix-irl-KTo: (tttw) : fall together 
 with, happen with, occur with. 
 
 avuTTOjfia: what occurs with 
 anything, a symptom. 
 
 crvn(f)vcrLs (^vo)): a growing to- 
 gether, symphysis. 
 
 avfj.(t>o}via {(fxjivi]): a sounding 
 with, a concord of sounds, 
 symphony. 
 
 avn(})oovos: sotfnding together, ac- 
 cordant, harmonious. 
 
 ahv: with, together with, together, 
 avv in compounds takes dif- 
 ferent forms, depending upon 
 the letter which follows it, 
 and so appears as cvv-, avK-, 
 (Tvn-, av-. 
 
 (Tw-ajwyrj (ayoi) : a bringing to- 
 gether, an assembly, a meeting, 
 a place of meeting, synagogue. 
 
 avv-apdpcoaLs: a joining together, 
 union by an immovable joint, 
 synarthrosis. See apdpcoaLs. 
 
 (jvv-8eap.os (Seco): that which 
 binds together, a band, bond; 
 a binding together, like avv- 
 
 *avv-bk(Tp.(ji(n%: a binding to- 
 gether, syndesmosis. 
 
 avv-6e-aLS {ridrifxC): a putting 
 together, synthesis. 
 
 cvv-de-TLKos {Tidrj/jLL) : able to put 
 together, constructive, synthetic. 
 
 <xvv-Io-t7]hl: set together, stand 
 together. 
 
 (TVV-080S {686s): a coming to- 
 gether, meeting, synod. 
 
 <TVP-TaKTiK6s (rdaerco) : /elating 
 to arranging together, having 
 to do with syntax, syntactical. 
 
 avv-ra^Ls: an arranging together , 
 primarily of soldiers in an 
 army; in grammar, syntax. 
 
 (Tvv-TWr]fjLL: put together, con- 
 struct. 
 
 avpLj^, gen. avpiyy-os: a shep- 
 herd's pipe, Panspipe, syrinx; 
 a pipe, or tube. Eng. syringe. 
 
 (xv-aT-Qiia {(jvv-[(XTy]ixi): any- 
 thing set together, an organized 
 whole, system. 
 
 (rv(XTr]ixaTiK6s: systematic. 
 
 acpatpa: a ball, globe, sphere. 
 
 a4>aipo-a8i}^ (etSos): like a 
 sphere, spheroid. 
 
 <x4>lyyw: bind, tie. 
 
 (TipLyKTrjp: a binder, band, sphinc- 
 ter. 
 
 20t7^, gen. (r0i77-6s: the 
 Sphinx. 
 
 (j^vyp.o-ii8r]%'. like a pulse, 
 sphygmoid. 
 
 (r(pvyix6s: a throbbing, the beat- 
 ing of the heart, the pulse. 
 
 a(j)v^cc((T(t>vy): throb, beat, pul- 
 sate. 
 
 (jxni^o., gen. axwo-T-os (exco): 
 the way a thing holds itself, 
 form, figure, appearance, bear- 
 ing, character, plan, scheme. 
 
 o-xtf CO (o-xtS) : split, cleave. 
 
 ax'^ap-a: a cleft, split, division, 
 schism. 
 
 cxtcr/xar-tKos: like a schism, 
 schismatic.
 
 VOCABUI.ARY 
 
 89 
 
 *(rxto"To-7Xcocro'ia: a congenital 
 fissure or cleft of the tongue. 
 
 *axi-crT6-KVTos : a split cell, schis- 
 tocyte. 
 
 axi-(rT6s: split, cleft, divided, 
 divisible; schist. 
 
 (TxoXdf CO (axoXad) : have leisure, 
 attend lectures of a philosopher, 
 devote one's self to learning. 
 
 axokacTTLKos: inclined to learn- 
 ing; a scholar, scholastic. 
 
 axoXi]: leisure; leisure spent in 
 learning, learned discussion, 
 lecture; the place of lectures 
 and discussions, school. 
 
 TaK-TLKos {jaaaoi) : able to ar- 
 range or draw up troops, re- 
 lating to the arrangement of 
 soldiers, "tactical; TaKTiKo.: 
 matters relatijig to the arrange- 
 ment of troops, tactics. 
 
 TCL^is: an arranging of troops, 
 battle array, arrangement, 
 order, arranging, taxis. 
 
 TCKxaco (ray) : arrange, put in 
 order, assign to a post. 
 
 Ta.(j>os: a grave, tomb. 
 
 rdvco (rev, to) : stretch. 
 
 TeKTcov: carpenter, builder, work- 
 man, craftsman. 
 
 reXos: end, completion, purpose. 
 
 T€fjLvoo (Tefx): cut. 
 
 Texv] '■ art, skill, craft, trade. 
 
 ■nfXe: far, afar. 
 
 tWtjim (de): put, place. 
 
 Tltclv: a Titan. 
 
 Ttravi/cos: like a Titan, Titanic. 
 
 To/Jir] (refxvo:) : a cutting, a surgi- 
 cal operation; what is cut off, 
 a stump, a section. 
 
 To/xos: a cut, slice, section; 
 part of a book, volume, tome. 
 
 TovLKos (tovos) '. relating to ten- 
 sion, or tone, tonic. 
 
 TOVOS (reti^co): a stretching, ten- 
 sion, tone, tune. 
 
 TOVLKOS : of or for the bow; to^ikov 
 (t)apfjLaKov: poison for smearing 
 arrows; toxic, toxin. 
 
 To^ov: a bow. 
 
 TOTiKos: relating to a place, local, 
 topical. 
 
 TOTTos : place, position, part, pas- 
 sage in a book, topic. 
 
 TpayiKos : of a goat, or of goats; 
 tragic. See Tpayudla. 
 
 T pay OS', a goat. 
 
 Tpayiodia (from rpayos and 
 ael8<j}, sing, aoiobs, singer): 
 goat-song, tragedy. The 
 Greek tragedy grew out of the 
 old dithyrambic songs which 
 were sung by a chorus of 
 satyrs, or goat-like creatures, 
 and so could be called goat- 
 song. The name tragedy was 
 a survival from the early 
 times and was retained after 
 it was no longer appropriate 
 in its etymological sense. 
 The Greek tragedy of the 
 classical period was a very 
 serious composition and did 
 not have a chorus of goats or 
 satyrs, except in an after- 
 piece, or farce, which closed 
 the day's performances.
 
 90 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 rpaxvs, fern, rpaxeia: rough. 
 17 Tpax^'io. <.apTr]pia'> : the 
 windpipe, trachea. 
 
 Tpeiroo: turn. 
 Tpe</)co: nourish, nurture, 
 rpi-i prefix meaning ///ree, being 
 the stem of rpels, three. 
 
 '^TpL-ywifo-fxerpia : triangle-meas- 
 urement, trigonometry. 
 
 rpi-ywvos: having three angles, 
 triangular; in tlie neuter, a 
 triangle. 
 
 rpt-TTous, gen. rpi-TroS-os: having 
 three feet, three-legged; a three- 
 legged stool, or table, a tripod. 
 
 TpoTOLOv (rpoTrr]) : a monument 
 or sign wliich marlced tiie 
 spot wliere tlie enemy was 
 routed, a trophy. 
 
 TpoTrr] (rpeTco): a turning; turn- 
 ing back of the sun, solstice, 
 tropic; a turning, or routing 
 of the enemy, rout, defeat. 
 
 Tpoiros: a turn, ivay, matiner; 
 a turn of speech, figure of 
 speech, trope. 
 
 TVTos (ryTTTco): a bloiv, impres- 
 sion of a blow, imprint, mark, 
 character, form, original form, 
 type. 
 
 TVTTO) (tvt): strike, beat. 
 
 Tvpavvo%: king, tyrant. 
 
 Tvpos: cheese. 
 
 'TaKLvdos : Hyacinthus, a legend- 
 ary youth beloved by the god 
 Apollo and accidentally slain 
 
 by him. The hyacinth, a 
 
 flower said to have sprung 
 from the blood of Hyacinthus. 
 vylaa: health. 
 
 vyieL-v6s: healthful, healthy, hy- 
 gienic; vyieivri <rexJ^ry>: the 
 art or science of health, hy- 
 giene. 
 
 vSarls, gen. v8aTL5-o$ (vScop): a 
 drop of water; in med. a 
 watery vesicle, a hydatid. 
 
 v8pa: a water-serpent, hydra. 
 
 vSpavXLKos (vSpavXis) : of water- 
 pipes; vdpavXiKov bpyavov: a 
 musical instrument with pipes 
 operated by the movement of 
 wsiiev , a water-organ, hydraulic 
 organ. Hence English hy- 
 draulic. 
 
 i55p-ai;Xts (v8<jop-{-av\6s, a pipe): 
 a musical instrument con- 
 sisting of pipes made to sound 
 by means of moving water, a 
 water-organ, same as vSpavXi- 
 Kov opyavov. See section 134. 
 
 *vbpo-(TTaTiKbs (^LaTrifjiL) : having 
 to do with standing water, 
 hydrostatic. 
 
 vdpo-<l>oPia: horror of water, 
 hydrophobia. 
 
 vbpo-4>6^os {(jio^eoidai) : having 
 a horror of water. 
 
 v8po-4>6pos (0epc<;) : a water- 
 carrier; hydrophore. 
 
 v8oip, gen. v8aT-os: water. In 
 compounds the stem usually 
 takes the form v8p- before 
 vowels and \}8po- before con- 
 sonants.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 91 
 
 vniiv, gen. v/xev-os: a thin skin, 
 membrane; the hymen. "Tp.i]v, 
 Hymen, the god of mar- 
 riage. Hence vnevatos, wed- 
 ding-song, hymenaeus. Eng. 
 deriv. hymeneal. 
 
 vixvos'. a song of praise to gods 
 and heroes, a hymn. 
 
 viJiv-co8ia (deiSco) : hymn-singing, 
 hymnody. 
 
 uirep: over, above, beyond, be- 
 yond due measure. 
 
 uTrepiSaXXco: throw beyond, ex- 
 ceed; throw beyond the mark, 
 go to excess. 
 
 uTrep^oXr]: excess, exaggeration, 
 hyperbole, hyperbola. 
 
 *virep-Tpo(f)ia (rpecpco) : over- 
 nourishment, hypertrophy. 
 
 virvos: sleep. 
 
 inrvoon: put to sleep. 
 
 *inrvooaLs: a state of sleep, hyp- 
 nosis. 
 
 vTTVcjTLKos: causing sleep, hyp- 
 notic. 
 
 vTvb: under. 
 
 vir6-9eaLs {Tidrnjn): a placing 
 under, ivJiat is placed under, 
 a foundation, supposition, hy- 
 pothesis. 
 
 vTTO-OeTLKos: of the nature of a 
 hypothesis, hypothetical. 
 
 vTTOKpLTTjs: OH octor, pretender, 
 hypocrite. 
 
 VTTo-Teiuovaa (reti'w) : stretching 
 under, subtending, hypotenuse. 
 This form is the feminine 
 of the present participle of 
 
 vTTOTdvw and agrees with the 
 noun y pajjLixi] , a line. 17 invo- 
 Teivovaa ypafxpiri means liter- 
 ally '7//g line stretching under." 
 
 vTTo-rdvo} : stretch under, subtend. 
 
 *vTro-Tpo(})ia (rpe0co) : under- 
 nourishment, hypotrophy. 
 
 viro-x6v8pios: under the carti- 
 lage of the breastbone; neut. 
 xnroxovbpiov, the part of the 
 body immediately under or 
 below the cartilage of the breast- 
 bone. 
 
 v4)kv {vivo-{-h, one) : under one, 
 together; a sign for joining 
 two words into one, a hyphen. 
 
 0a7 (root of second aorist 
 4>aye'li>, to eat) : eat, devour'. 
 
 ^aivbiJLevov {(palvofxaL) : what is 
 shown or appears, anything 
 manifest to the senses, phenom- 
 enon. 
 
 (l)alvcc (^av), mid. and pass. 
 4>aivoixai'. show, manifest; be 
 shown, show itself, appear. 
 
 4>aXay^, gen. 0dXa77-os: line 
 of battle, phalanx; also a 
 round piece of wood, a roller, 
 the bone between tivo joints of 
 the fingers and toes, plural pha- 
 langes. 
 
 *(l)avep6-yafxos: having visible 
 marriage, phanerogamous; a 
 phanerogam. 
 
 0ai'ep6s ((/)atj'co): shown, visible, 
 manifest.
 
 92 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 (t>avTa.^w (lengthened form from 
 </)atvco) : make visible, make to 
 appear; mid. and pass. <j)av- 
 raf o/xat : become visible, appear, 
 take on an appearance, appear 
 like, assume the appearance 
 of. 4>avTa^w and its deriva- 
 tives often have in them the 
 suggestion of an unreal, or 
 deceptive, appearance unlike 
 4>a[voi which is used of real, 
 or actual, manifestations. 
 
 <t>avTa<Tla (^avraf co) : appear- 
 ance, imagination, fantasy, 
 fancy. 
 
 cf)avTa(TiJLa: that ivhich has ap- 
 peared, a phantasm, a phan- 
 tom. 
 
 *(j>avTaaiJ.ayopia: an assemblage 
 of phantasms, a phantasma- 
 gory. 
 
 4>apixaKi'i.a: the use of drugs, 
 pharmacy. 
 
 ([)apfxaKev-TiK6s: relating to drugs 
 or pharmacy, pharmaceutic. 
 
 ^apixaKtvw. drug, administer 
 drugs, deal in drugs. 
 
 4>apiiaKQv: a drug, medicine, 
 philter, poison. 
 
 (papfxaKo-Toda {-woLkw) : drug- 
 making, pharmacopeia. 
 
 (t)apvy^: the throat, the pharynx. 
 
 <^do-ts (for <pav-aLS from (j)aivoo, 
 stem (t>av) : appearance, phase. 
 
 0epa>: bear, carry, bring. 
 
 (t>r]fii {4)0.) : say, affirm. 
 
 (f)de'yyofxaL: utter a sound, speak 
 loud and clear. 
 
 006770s: a sound, voice. 
 
 4>L\-avdpoi3irla: love of human 
 beings, humanity, benevolence, 
 philanthropy. 
 
 (j)i.\-av6po)Tros: loving mankind, 
 benevolent, humane, philan- 
 thropic. 
 
 (j&tXew: love, be fond of, be a 
 
 friend to. 
 
 (jyiX-LTiros (ittttos) : loving horses, 
 fond of horses; Philip. 
 
 (f)L\6-8riijLos: loving the people. 
 
 (f)L\6-\oyos: loving speech or 
 ivords, fond of literature; a 
 student of language and litera- 
 ture, a philologue, philologist. 
 
 (t)L\o-}xadr]s (ixados, p.av9apu) : 
 fond of learning; a person who 
 is fond of learning, a philo- 
 math. 
 
 (/)tXos: friend, lover. 
 
 cl)L\o-ao<j)ia: love of wisdom, ■phi- 
 losophy. 
 
 (f)L\6-ao4>os: a lover of wisdom, 
 philosopher. 
 
 (pXeyw. burn, flame, blaze. 
 
 4>\e\l/, gen. (^Xe/3-6s: a vein. 
 
 cj)\6^, gen. (fAoy-os {(jAeyui): a 
 flame, blaze, phlox. 
 
 (f)o^eofj.aL: be afraid, fear. 
 
 4)6^0$ : fear, dread, terror. 
 
 4)01^0%, fem. 001/377 : pure, bright, 
 radiant; used as an epithet of 
 Apollo and his twin sister 
 Artemis, so that Apollo was 
 often called $ot/3os, Phoebus, 
 and Artemis ^oi^r], Phoebe. 
 
 4>payp.a (4) pacra-o}) : fence, screen, 
 defence.
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 93 
 
 (i)pb.^oi (<j>pa8) : show, tell, declare. 
 
 (f)pa(TLs : utterance, expression, 
 phrase, phraseology. 
 
 (^pacrcrw {(f>pa'y) : build a fence, 
 fence in, fortify. 
 
 (})vKa^Ls: a watching, guarding, 
 phylaxis. 
 
 4>vKa(xaw {(f)v\aK): guard, pro- 
 tect. 
 
 (f)vWov: a leaf. 
 
 (j}v\ov: a race, a tribe. 
 
 (jivaiKos: relating to nature, natu- 
 ral, physical. 
 
 4>vaLo\oyia : study of nature, nat- 
 ural philosophy, physiology. 
 
 (pvffLoXoyos ((})V(ns-^\ey(jo): one 
 who discourses about nature, 
 a natural philosopher, a physi- 
 ologist. 
 
 (f)vaLs ((^Lico): growing, what 
 grows, nature. 
 
 4)vt6v: that which has grown, a 
 
 plant, a tree. 
 (f)vca: grow, 
 (pccvrj: sound, voice, 
 (pojs, gen. (f)0}T-6s: light. 
 
 <j)cj)(T-<p6pos {4>epco) : light-bearing; 
 a light-bearer. Eng. deriv. 
 phosphorous. 
 
 xatTTj: hair, especiaWy long flow- 
 ing hair. 
 
 Xaos: chaos. 
 
 XapaKTTip (xapa<T<70)) : a mark, 
 impress, stamp, character. 
 
 xapAcro-co (xapafc): scratch, fur- 
 row, engrave. 
 
 xaa/JLa : a yawning, a chasm. 
 
 X€tp: hand. 
 
 *X^i-po-iJ.avTda (iiavrLs) : fortune- 
 telling from the hand, palmis- 
 try, chiromancy. 
 
 Xd-povpyia (epy, work) : a work- 
 ing with the hand, handicraft; 
 in medicine, operating with 
 the hand, surgery, chirurgery. 
 
 xecpovpyLKos: relating to surgery, 
 surgical, chirurgical. 
 
 xei-povpyos: a handworker, a 
 surgeon, chirurgeon. 
 
 xip-ai-po. : a she-goat; a fabulous 
 monster part lion, part goaf, 
 and part serpent; hence Eng- 
 lish chimera, and chimerical. 
 
 xXwpos : light green, green, 
 xoavr] (xeco) : a funnel, 
 xovhpos: groat, grit, lump; 
 gristle, cartilage. 
 
 xop^'f]' O' pi'l'j o, string made of 
 
 gtitfor a lyre or harp, a chord, 
 
 a cord. 
 xopos: a dancing place, a dance, 
 
 a band of dancers and singers, 
 
 a chorus, choir. 
 
 Xpic^Tos (xptw) * anointed; 6 
 XpLCFTos, the anointed one, 
 Christ. 
 
 xptw: anoint. 
 
 XpovLKos: relating to time; of 
 long duration, chronic. 
 
 xpopos : time. 
 
 Xpvaos: gold. 
 
 xpco^ia: color, chrome.
 
 94 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 i/'dXXco: twang a bow string, 
 play a lyre, or harp. 
 
 xf/aX/xa: a tune played on the 
 harp, or lyre. 
 
 \pa\ij.6s : a song sung to the music 
 of the harp, a psalm. 
 
 \pev8os: a falsehood, lie. 
 
 ^pvxf]'- breath, life, soul, spirit, 
 mind. 
 
 w8t] (contracted form of aoiSri 
 from detSoj, sing): song, ode. 
 
 (^Setov: place of song, music hall, 
 
 odeum. 
 di)deo) {(h9) : push, thrust, shove, 
 i^bv. egg. 
 (bpa: season, hour. 
 
 cbo-juos (oj^eco) : a pushing, thrust- 
 ing, shoving. 
 *c6o-jUco(ns: a pushing, osmosis. 
 
 .r
 
 VI. INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 
 
 144. The Greek words are intended to suggest the deriva- 
 tion of the English words which they follow. These Greek 
 words and the words related to them should be looked up in 
 the vocabulary by anyone who wishes to trace the derivation 
 of the English words. The numbers refer to sections in this 
 book. 
 
 acme, aK/xr] 
 
 acoustic, CLKOVaTLKOS 
 
 acrobat, aKpo^arris 
 acrobatic 
 
 aeronaut 34, 79, arjp, vaurrjs 
 aesthetic 43, 84, alady]TU(.bs 
 agnostic 41, a'^/vwaTiKos 
 agonize, a.'yuviaiji 
 agony, o.'yLovia 
 agronomy 121 
 alms, eXerinoavvr] 
 alphabet i 
 amethyst, an'tdvaros 
 amoeba, d/xot/3i7 
 amorphous 107 
 amphioxus, dju^t, o^us 
 amphitheater 51, 100, III {b) 
 anabolic 117, dva^okiKos 
 anabolism 117, ava^oKLa/jLos 
 anaemia (anemia), ai'-, al/xa 
 anaesthesia 77, avaiadrjaia 
 anaesthetic 53, 84 
 analgesia, avoK-yqaia 
 analogous 129, avoKoyos 
 analysis 77, avakvaL% 
 analytic, analytical 84 
 anarchy 116 
 anathema 51, dva, TiOrmi 
 
 anatomy 75, dvaTo/jir} 
 
 anecdote 83 
 
 anemometer iiveiJLos, jikTpov 
 
 anemone, dve/jLcovri 
 
 angel 10 
 
 angiosperm, dyyelou, airkpixa 
 
 anodyne 53 
 
 anomalous, dvo^jiakos 
 
 anomaly, dvwp.aK'ia 
 
 anonymous, av-, 6vv}j.a; see opo/xa 
 
 antagonism 96 (/) 
 
 antagonist 96 (/), avTayuuiarr]'; 
 
 antagonistic 96 (/) 
 
 antagonize 96 (/), duraycj^i'l^o- 
 
 fxac 
 antarctic, clptI, apKTos 
 anthem, dvTi(})wvos 
 anther 38 
 
 anthophorous, avdos, 0epco 
 anthropoid 94 
 
 anthropology, audpuwos, Xeyco 
 anthropomorphism, avOpo^iros, 
 
 fxop(l)rj 
 antidote 42, 51, 83 
 antinomy 121 
 antistrophe, avrl, aTpo<t)i] 
 antithesis iii 
 antithetic iii 
 
 95
 
 96 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 antitoxin, avH, to^lkos 
 apathetic 53, 118 
 apathy Ii8, airadeLa 
 apheresis loi 
 apology 51, aTToKoyla 
 apostasy 51, 112 
 apostate 112, aToaT&Tris 
 apostle, CLToaToXos 
 apostrophe, a-KocFTpoc^ii 
 apothecary 11 1 
 apothegm, aTr64>6eyixa 
 aptera, d-, irrepov 
 arachnida, apaxv] 
 archaeologist 116 
 archaeology 116 
 archaic 116 
 archangel 116 
 archetype 116 
 archiblast 116 
 architect 116 
 architectonic 116 
 archives 116 
 arctic, ap/cros 
 argon 135 
 argonaut 79 
 aristocracy 47, 131 
 aristocrat 131 
 aristocratic 131 
 arithmetic 32, 92, 96 {h) 
 artery, apTrjpia 
 arthritis 93, no 
 arthropoda, apdpov, irovs 
 arthrosis 73, no 
 article 48 
 asbestos, aa^earos 
 ascetic, aaKrirtKos 
 aseptic 53 
 aspirates 64 (i) 
 aster, darrjp 
 asteroid 94 
 asthenia, aadeveia 
 asthma, h.aOiia 
 
 astrologer 85, 86, 100, III (a), 
 
 102, 124 
 astrological 124 
 astrologize 103 
 astrology 86, 102, 103, 124 
 astronomer 121, 103 note 
 astronomize 103 
 astronomy 103, 121 
 asylum, acrvko^ 
 atheism, a-, deos 
 athlete 76 
 
 atmosphere, dr/x6s, a^aipa 
 atom, oLToiJLos 
 atrophy, dTpo(^ta • 
 authentic, avdevTuos 
 autobiography, avros, /Sioj, 
 
 7pd0aj 
 autocracy 131 
 autocratic, avrbs, kpLtos 
 autograph 47 
 automatic, avro/jLarLKOs 
 automaton, avrop-aros 
 autopsy 45, avTO\pia 
 axiom, a^iwixa 
 azygos, a^vyos 
 
 barbarian 96 (/) 
 barbarism 77, 96 (/) 
 barbarize 77, 96 (/) 
 baritone (barytone), ^apvTovos 
 barometer, ^apos, ixerpov 
 base, basis 36 
 Bible, ^i^\Lov 
 
 bibliotheca in, ^ijSXiodrjKr] 
 biographer 85, 86 
 biography 86 
 biologize 127 
 biology, /3tos, Xctoj 
 bionomics, jSios, vofxos 
 bishop 139, eirlaKOTTOs 
 botany, ^OTavrj 
 brachiopod, fipax't-o^v, ttoDs
 
 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 
 
 97 
 
 bronchia lo 
 bronchitis 93 
 bucohc, ^ovko\lk6s 
 butter, ^ovTvpov 
 
 cahsthenics 53, koXXl-, adkvos 
 calligraphy, /caXXt-, jpcKpco 
 calyx, KoXv^ 
 canon 34 
 
 carcinoma, Kapdvos 
 cardiac 90 
 
 carpophore, Kapiros, 4>epo} 
 catabolic 117 
 catabolism 117 
 catalepsy, KardXr^i/'ts 
 catalog 51, KaToKoyos 
 cataract 51, Karapaaaoi 
 catarrh 71, Karappoos 
 catastrophe 51, KaraGTpo<l>r] 
 category, KaTrjyopla 
 cathedral, KadepSa 
 Catholic, KadoKiKos 
 
 caustic, KaVCTTLKOS 
 
 cauterize, KavT-qpLa^cc 
 
 cemetery, KOLp-rj-rripLov 
 
 cenotaph, Kevos, Ta4>os 
 
 center, Kevrpov 
 
 chaetognatha, x^'-'-''"^, yvados 
 
 chaos, xotos 
 
 chaotic 
 
 character, xoipo-XTtjp 
 
 characterize 
 
 chasm, x«.o-Ma 
 
 chirography 34, x^tp 
 
 chiromancy 108, x^<-poiJ-o.v7da 
 
 chirurgery 135 
 
 chirurgical 135 
 
 chlorophyll, x)^wpb$, 4)vX\ov 
 
 choanocyte, xoo-pt], kvtos 
 
 choir, xopos 
 
 chondrectomy, xo'^^pos, k, repvu 
 
 chondrotome, xov^po^, repvoo 
 
 chord, xopSr] 
 
 chorus 22 
 
 Christ, xpi^) xpi-f^Ths 
 
 chronic, xpovlkos 
 
 chronology, xpovcs, \k'yw 
 
 chronometer, xpofos, perpov 
 
 chrysanthemum, xP^<^os,avde,uov 
 
 cladophyl, Kkados, (f>vK\ov 
 
 cleptocratic 131 
 
 cleptomania, /cXeTrrrjs, navla 
 
 climax 34 
 
 clinic, kKlvlkos 
 
 coelenterata, kolXos, evrepor 
 
 coelomata, KoiXwpa 
 
 coleoptera, KoXeos, irrkpov 
 
 colon, KoiKov 
 
 comedy, Kcopudla 
 
 comet, KopTjTrjs 
 
 comic, KcopLKos 
 
 comma, Koppa 
 
 compound words 62, 98 ff. 
 
 cord,'xop§i7 
 
 Corinth 89 
 
 Corinthian 89 
 
 corruptions 139 
 
 cosmetic 96 (b) 
 
 cosmogony, Koapos, ylyvopai 
 
 cosmopolitan 32 
 
 cosmos, Kocrpos 
 
 cotyledon, KOTvKrjSwv 
 
 crasis, /cpdcrts 
 
 crater 76 
 
 crisis 41, 77 
 
 critic 30 
 
 critical 41 
 
 crocus, KpOKOS 
 
 crypt 83 
 cryptogam 83 
 cryptogram 41, 83 
 crystal, KprnraWos 
 ctenophore, Krets, <^epco 
 cube, KujSos
 
 98 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 cyclamen, kvkXolijllvos 
 
 cycle, kvkXos 
 
 cylinder, kvKlvBpos 
 
 cynosure, Kvv6$-ovpa 
 
 Cyrus 22 
 
 cyst, cystis, kvctls 
 
 cystectomy, kvcftls, eKrefj-vo: 
 
 cyte, KVTos 
 
 cytoblast, kvtos, jSXao-ros 
 
 cytogenesis, kvtos, yeueaLS 
 
 cytoplasm, kvtos, TrXaa/xa 
 
 dacryrrhea, baKpvppoia 
 
 deacon, haKovos 
 
 deleterious, b-qKeopLai 
 
 demagogic 133 
 
 demagogue 133 
 
 demagogy 133 
 
 democracy 131 
 
 democrat 131 
 
 democratic 38, 131 
 
 demon 34 
 
 denominative 60 
 
 dermatology 34 
 
 despot, deairoTTjs 
 
 despotic 
 
 despotism 
 
 deuteroplasm, SevTepos, irXaGjia 
 
 devil 139, 5td/3oXos 
 
 diadem, biabriiia 
 
 diagonal, biaywvos 
 
 diagram, b<.a, ypacfxj} 
 
 dialect 129, biokk'yop.aL 
 
 dialectic 129 
 
 dialogue 129 
 
 diameter 51 
 
 diaphanous 119 
 
 diaphragm 51 
 
 diarrhea, biappoia 
 
 diarthrosis no 
 
 diastase 112 
 
 diastasis 112 
 
 diastatic 112 
 diastem 112 
 diathesis in 
 diathetic iii 
 didactic, StSdcrKco 
 dieresis loi 
 diet 30, blaiTa 
 dilemma 53, b'Ck-qixixa 
 diocese, Stouects 
 diosmosis, bia, ooa/jLos 
 diphtheria, 5t(/)^epa 
 diphthong 12, 53. 
 diploma, diirXcopa 
 diplomat 
 diplomatic 
 diptera, 8l~, -KTkpov 
 dogma 34, 132 
 dogmatic 132 
 dogmatism 132 
 dogmatist 132 
 dogmatize 132 
 dose 42 
 
 double consonants 64 (4) 
 doxology 132 
 drachm, 8paxpv 
 drama 34, 41, 78 
 drastic, bpaaTiKos 
 dryad, bpvs 
 dynamic 36, 44 
 dynamite, bmap^ts 
 dynamo (dynamo-electric ma- 
 chine), bvvapts 
 dynasty 44, bwaaTeia 
 dysentery 53, bus-, IvTepov 
 dyspepsia 41, 53 
 
 eccentric 51, eKKevrpiKos 
 echo, ^x'*^ 
 eclectic 130 
 eclogue 130 
 ecology, oLKos, Xeyw 
 economic 121
 
 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 
 
 99 
 
 economics 121 
 
 economist 121 
 
 economize 121 
 
 economy 20, 104, 121 
 
 ecstasy 112 
 
 ecstatic 112 
 
 -ectomy, €/ctoju^, kKreixvo) 
 
 egoism 49 
 
 egoistic 49 
 
 egotism 49 
 
 egotistic 49 
 
 elastic, tkaaTiKos 
 
 electric 136, ^XeKrpov 
 
 electrolysis 41 
 
 electro-magnet, riKtKTpov, Ma7- 
 
 elegiac, €Xe7etaK'6s 
 
 elegy, eKeytiov 
 
 elephant, eXe0as 
 
 emblem 117 
 
 embryo, lix^pvov 
 
 emphasis 119 
 
 emphatic 119 
 
 emporium, efj-wopLov 
 
 encaustic 51, h, KavcrriKos 
 
 encephalus 19, eyKecj^aXos 
 
 enchiridion 19, eyx^i-pi-^i-ov 
 
 encomium 10 
 
 endemic, ev, Srjuos 
 
 endocarp, ei'dov, KapTos 
 
 endogen 52 
 
 endosmosis, evBov, coap-coaLs 
 
 energetic 135 
 
 energy 51, 135 
 
 enhydrous 51, tv, vocop 
 
 enigma, aiviypa 
 
 enthusiasm, evdovaiaaiJios 
 
 enthusiast, kvdovaiaari]'; 
 
 enthusiastic, h6ovai.aaTi.K6s 
 
 entomology, 'ivTop.ov, Xkyto 
 
 entomostraca, evropov, oarpaKov 
 
 ephemeral, ctti, -qpepa 
 
 epiblast, kiri, ^XaarSs 
 
 epic, klTLKOS 
 
 epidemic, kiri, drjpos 
 
 epidermis 51, eirl, bkpixa 
 
 epigram 51, 78, k-wly pap-p-a 
 
 epigrammatic, kivLy pap.par-iK6^ 
 
 epigraphy, eirty pa4>'n 
 
 epileptic 65 
 
 epilepsy loi 
 
 epilogue 129, kTrlXoyos 
 
 epiphyte 83 
 
 Episcopalian, kirlaKoiros 
 
 episode, kireiabbLov 
 
 epistle, kinaToXr] 
 
 epitaph 51, eiri, rdijbos 
 
 epithem iii 
 
 epithesis iii 
 
 epithet 83, iii 
 
 epitome, kinTOj.ii] 
 
 epizoon, k-wi, ^Qov 
 
 epoch, kiroxv 
 
 ergograph 135, end 
 
 erythrocyte, epvdpos, kvtos 
 
 esophagus, o'iacc, (po-y 
 
 esoteric 52 
 
 ether, al6i]p 
 
 ethics 92, rjdLKos 
 
 ethnic, kdviKos 
 
 ethnology, Wvos, \eyco 
 
 Eugene 94 
 
 eugenic 43, 94 
 
 eulogist 129 
 
 eulogistic 129 
 
 eulogize 129 
 
 eulogy 129 
 
 -eum 81 
 
 euphony 52, 63 
 
 evangelical, ei;a77eXtoj' 
 
 evangelist 
 
 evangelize, evayyeXi^ofiai 
 
 exocarp, e^w, Kapiros 
 
 exodus 51, e^oSos
 
 lOO 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 exogen 52, e^co, ylyvoixai 
 exoteric 52 
 exosmosis, e^, daixoiais 
 
 fancy 119 
 fantastic 119 
 fantasy 119 
 
 galaxy, yaXa^las 
 
 gastrectomy, yaarrip, eKTo/i-fj 
 
 gastric, yaarpLKos 
 
 gastrology, yaarrjp, Xeyu 
 
 genealogy 30, yeveaXoyia 
 
 genesis 36 
 
 genetic 43 
 
 geocentric, 7ea, Kevrpov 
 
 geode 94 
 
 geodesy 114 
 
 geodetic 114 
 
 geographer 100, III (a), 102, 
 
 114 
 geography 41, 102, 114 
 geologist 114 
 geology 114 
 geometer 114 
 geometric 114 
 geometry 114 
 George 114 
 Georgia 114 
 georgic 114 
 
 geotropism, yea, rpeTrco 
 geranium, yepavLov 
 gigantic 34 ^ 
 glossary, yXibaaa 
 grammar, ypamxanKif 
 grammatical, ypafxixaTLKos 
 graphic, ypa4>iKb% 
 gymnasium 96 (e) 
 gymnast 96 (e) 
 gymnastic 96 (e) 
 gymnosperm, yvpvb%, airepfxa 
 
 harmony, ap/iovia 
 
 hectic 65 
 
 heliocentric, ^Xios, Kkvrpov 
 
 heliograph 32 
 
 heliotrope 72 
 
 Hellene 96 ( f) 
 
 Hellenic 96 (/) 
 
 Hellenism 96 (/) 
 
 Hellenist 96 (/) 
 
 Hellenistic 96 (/) 
 
 Hellenize 96 (/) 
 
 hematocytolysis, oXp,a, kvtos, 
 
 hematophyte, at/xa, 4>vrbv 
 
 hematorrhea, al/xa, pew 
 
 hemisphere 53 
 
 hemorrhage, aip.oppa.yla 
 
 hepatic 34 
 
 hepatica, rjiraTiKds 
 
 heresy loi 
 
 heretic, alperLKos 
 
 hermit (eremite), kp-qplr-qs 
 
 hero, rypojs 
 
 heroic, rjpcciKos 
 
 heterodox 132 
 
 heterodoxy 132 
 
 hierarch 116 
 
 hierarchy 116 
 
 hierophant 44 
 
 hippodrome 32 
 
 hippopotamus, ittttos, irorapo^ 
 
 history 30, laropla 
 
 hodometer, 686s, p'trpov 
 
 holocaust, oXos, Katw 
 
 homogeneous 38, 47, 94, 100, 
 
 ni (c) 
 
 homonym, 6p6s, ovvpa, ovopa 
 horizon, 6pL^ccv 
 horoscope, d)pa, aKoiros 
 hyacinth, vauvdos 
 hydatid, vbarh 
 hydr-, i55c<;p
 
 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 
 
 lOI 
 
 hydra 134 
 
 hydrangea, i;5cop, dyyeiov 
 hydrant 134 
 hydrate 134 
 hydraulic 134 and note 
 hydro- 134 
 
 hydrocyst, vdoop, Kvaris 
 hydrogen, vdcop, yiyvoiJLaL 
 hydromedusa, OSwp, MeSovaa 
 hydrometer, u5cop, ^itrpov 
 hydrophobia 134 
 hydrophore 104 
 hydrostatic 112, 134 
 hydrotomy, vhuip, re/ivco 
 hygiene 30, vyieLvos 
 hymenoptera, vfiiju, irrkpov 
 hymn, vp,vos 
 hymnody, vixv<^b'ia 
 hyperbole 51, 117 
 hypercritical 51 
 hypertrophy, virkp, Tpk<i»(ji 
 hyphen, v^ikv 
 hypnosis, virvoco 
 hypoblast, vtto, /SXaaros 
 hypochondriac, viroxovSpios 
 hypodermic 51, utto, depfia 
 hypotenuse, viroTelvovaa 
 hypothesis 51, iii 
 hypothetical 11 1 
 hypotrophy, viro, Tpe4>(a 
 
 -ic 90 
 
 -ical 91 
 
 ichthyology 36 
 
 ichthyohagous 45 
 
 iconoclast, dKcoi', kAolco 
 
 -ics 92 
 
 idea 30 
 
 idiom, idiojfxa 
 
 idiomatic 
 
 idiosyncrasy, idioavyKpaaia 
 
 idol, etSwXoj' 
 
 idolatry, elSuiKo-XaTpela 
 
 idyl, elSvWLOv 
 
 idyllic, ddvWiKds 
 
 Irene, eipijvr] 
 
 irenic, dprjvLKos 
 
 iris, Ipis 
 
 -ism 97 
 
 isotherm, tcros, depp.U 
 
 -ist 97 
 
 -istic 97 
 
 -itis 93 
 
 -ize 95, 97 
 
 kaleidoscope 38 
 
 labials 64 (i) 
 laconic, AaKcot'tK^s 
 larynx 34 
 lemma, \riiip.a 
 lethargy, X-qdapyia 
 leucocyte, XeuKos, /euros 
 lexicon 129 
 liquids 64 (i), (2) 
 lithograph 32 
 liturgy, XeLTovpyia 
 logic 92, 129 
 logical 129 
 logographer 129 
 logography 129 
 lyre, Xi;pa 
 lyric, Xupt/cos 
 
 magic, jjLayLKos 
 
 malacostraca, paXa/cis, ZarpaKov 
 
 mania 108 
 
 maniac 108 
 
 martyr, /laprvs 
 
 mausoleum 81 
 
 mechanic 30 
 
 megaphone 47 
 
 melancholy 47 
 
 melodrama, peXos, Spa/jia
 
 I02 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 melody, fxe'Kcodla 
 mesentery^ fieaevrkpLov 
 mesoblast, fieaos, /SXao-ros 
 mesocarp, /xecros, Kapiros 
 Mesopotamia, ukaos, -Kora^ibs 
 metabolic 117 
 metabolism 117 
 metacarpus 51, Kapvos 
 metallurgy 135 
 metamorphic 107 
 metamorphose 51, 107 
 metamorphosis 107 
 metamorphous 107 
 metaphor, iJ.eTa4>opa 
 metaphysics 140, iieTa, 4>vaLKa 
 metathesis iii 
 meteor, /xerecopos 
 meter, fxerpou 
 method 32, nera, 686s 
 Methodist, method 
 metonymy, /xerd, oi^o/xa 
 metrical, ixerpov 
 metronome, fierpov, vkp.w 
 metropolis 100, III {b) 
 miasma, niaafia 
 miasmatic, juaapLaTiKos 
 microbe, p.LKp6s, /3ios 
 microscope 47 
 microtome 41, 47 
 mime 109 
 
 mimeograph, jut/xeo/iat, ypa(f)co 
 mimesis 109 
 mimetic 43, 109 
 mimic 109 
 misanthrope 123 
 misanthropic 123 
 misanthropy, fjnaecv, ixudpoinros 
 misogynism 123 
 misogynist 123 
 misogyny 123 
 
 monarch, n6vos, apxco, novap- 
 Xos 
 
 monarchy, idovapxla 
 monk, p.opax6s 
 monogram 78 
 monolith 32 
 monopoly, jxovo-KiSKla 
 monosyllable, p.6vos, avKkaQi] 
 monotone 46 
 monotonous 100, III (c) 
 Morpheus 107 
 morphine 107 
 morphosis 107 
 museum 22, 81 
 music 74, 92 
 mutes 64 (i) 
 mycetozoon, nmrjs, fwoj' 
 myelitis, fiveXos 
 myelocyst, jiveXos, kvcttls 
 myelocyte, juueXos, /euros 
 mystery, nvarripLov 
 mystic, ixvctlkos 
 myth 22, 124 
 mythic 106 
 mythological 106, 124 
 mythologist 85, 86 
 mythology 86, 106, 124 
 
 naiad, Nai'ds 
 narcissus, vapKLaaos 
 narcosis 96 (c) 
 narcotic 96 (c) 
 nausea, vavala 
 nautical 79 
 necromancy 108 
 necropolis, veKpos, it6\ls 
 necrosis 96 (c) 
 nectar, vkKrap 
 nemesis 121 
 neolithic 47 
 neophyte 47, 83 
 nephritis 74, 93 
 neuralgia, vevpov, ixXyos 
 neurasthenia. feOpoi/. aaBki'eia
 
 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 
 
 103 
 
 neuraxon, vevpov, a^uv 
 neurocyte, vevpov, kvtos 
 neurology, vevpov, \eyo} 
 neuroma, vevpov 
 neuron 136 
 neurosis, vevpov 
 neurotic, vevpov 
 nomad 121 
 nomadic 121 
 nome 121 
 nosology 32 
 
 notochord, vcotov, xop^'h 
 nymph, vvficpr] 
 
 ochlocracy 131 
 ode, wdi] 
 odeum 81 
 old 94 
 
 oligarch, dXljos, apx(^ 
 -ology 86, 87, 122, 125 
 Olympian 89 
 Olympus 89 
 oospore, wot-, cnropos 
 
 optical, OTTTLKOS 
 
 optician, otttuos 
 optics 45 
 
 orchestra, 6pxv<^Tpa 
 organ 32, 135 aiid note 
 organic 135 
 organism 135 
 organize 135 
 ornithology 34 
 orphan, 6p4>av6s 
 orthodox 132 
 orthodoxy 132 
 orthography, opOos, ypacfyw 
 orthoptera, 6p66s, Tnepov 
 -osis 96 (c) 
 osmosis, uafiooaLS 
 ostracize, oarpaKi^oo 
 otology 34, ovs, Xeyco 
 oxygen, o^vs, yiyvo/jLaL 
 
 pachyderm 34 
 pachydermous 100, III (c) 
 paedeutic 96 (d) 
 palatals 64 (i) 
 panacea, iravaKeLa 
 panorama 41 
 pantheism 47 
 pantograph 47 
 pantomime 109 
 paradigm 67 
 paradise, TrapdSetaos 
 paradox 132 
 paradoxical 132 
 paragraph 51 
 parallel, -KapdWriXos 
 paralysis, irapa, Xyco 
 paraphrase, Trapdc^pacrts 
 parasite 51, irapaaLTos 
 parenthesis iii 
 parenthetical iii 
 pathetic 118 
 pathological 118 
 pathology 38, 118 
 pathos 118 
 patriarch 116 
 patriarchy, -waTpiapxia 
 patriot 79 
 pedagogical 133 
 pedagogue 34, 133 
 pedagogy 133 
 pediatric 34 
 pediatry, Trats, larpela 
 pentagon, ■KevTo.ywvos 
 peony, iraioivios 
 pepsin 41 
 
 perianth, Trept, avdos 
 pericardium, irepl, Kapdia 
 pericarp 51, Trept, Kapiros 
 perimeter 51 
 period, TreptoSos 
 periodic, vreptoS-tKos 
 periphrasis, irepicfipacrLS
 
 I04 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 perisarc, irepl, aap^ 
 peristyle, irepicTTvXov 
 peritoneiun, irepLTovaLov 
 petal, TrkraXov 
 phagocyte, 4>ay, kvtos 
 phalanx, (f)aKay^ 
 phanerogam 119 
 phantasm 119 
 phantasmagory 119 
 phantom 119 
 pharmaceutic 96 {d) 
 pharmacopeia, <{)apixaKOTroua 
 pharmacy 32 
 pharynx, cfiapvy^ 
 phase 119 
 
 phenomenon 20, 44, 119 
 Philadelphia 32 
 philanthropic 122 
 philanthropist 122 
 philanthropy 122 
 philharmonic 122 
 
 Philip 122, ^tXlTTTTOS 
 
 philodemic 122 
 philologist 122 
 philology 122 
 philomath 122 
 philosopher 122 
 philosophy 80, 122 
 phlebotomy 34, (j)Ke\p, reixvo} 
 phlox, 0X6^ 
 phonetic, (fxjjvq, (jicoveoo 
 phonograph, 4)ooi''fi, ypcKpui 
 phosphorous 85 
 photograph 34 
 photographer 85, 86 
 photography 86 
 photosphere, 0cos, acjyaipa 
 phyllophorous, (pvXKov, 4>kp(j> 
 phyllopoda, 4>vXkov, ttovs 
 phylum, (f)vXov 
 physical 36, 90 
 physician, <f>vaLK6s 
 
 physics 36, 92, 136 
 
 physiography, (t)vcns, ypacfxi} 
 
 physiological 124 
 
 physiologize 124 
 
 physiology 124, 136 
 
 -phyte 83 
 
 pirate 96 (a) 
 
 piratical 96 (a) 
 
 plague, ■Kk-qyi] 
 
 planet, TrXdi'Tjs 
 
 plasm 67 
 
 plaster, enivKaaTpov 
 
 plastic 66 
 
 plethora, ivXrjOwpr] 
 
 pleura, irXevpd 
 
 plutocracy 131 
 
 pneumatic, irueufxaTLKOi 
 
 pneumonia, irvev/jLCOP 
 
 poem 78 
 
 poet 30, 41, 73, 76 
 
 polemic, TroXe/^iKos 
 
 poliomyelitis, ttoXios, /xueXos 
 
 political 79, 90 
 
 politics 36, 79, 92 
 
 polyanthous 38 
 
 polygamous 80, 85, 86 
 
 polygamy 80, 86 
 
 polyglot, 7roXi's,7XcorTa = 7Xcocr(Ta 
 
 polygon, iroXvyuiPos 
 
 polymorphous 107 
 
 polypus 34 
 
 polytechnic, iroXvs, rexvrj 
 
 polytheism 47 
 
 pomp 75 
 
 pore, iropos 
 
 practical 65, 84, 120 
 
 practice 120 
 
 pragmatic 40, 41, 120 
 
 praxis 120 
 
 prefix 58 
 
 Presbyterian, irpea^vTepos 
 
 priest, 139, TT pea/3 urepos
 
 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 
 
 105 
 
 prism, irplafia 
 
 problem 117 
 
 problematic 117 
 
 prognathous 32 
 
 prologue 51, 129 
 
 propaedeutic 96 (d) 
 
 prophet 51, 7rp6, (f)-i]i.d 
 
 prophylaxis, irpo, (pv'Kaa-ao) 
 
 protagonist, TrpUTayo:vLaTr]s 
 
 protoplasm, irpcoros, irXaana 
 
 protozoon, vrpcoros, fcpo^- 
 
 psalm, \pakiJ.6s 
 
 pseudonym 38 
 
 pseudopodia, \pev8os, ttovs 
 
 psychiatry, i^i'x^, larpeta 
 
 psychotherapy, ^vxv, O^paTreia 
 
 ptomaine, vrrco/xa 
 
 pyosis 96 (c) 
 
 pyramid, Tvpan'is , 
 
 pyre, irvpri 
 
 pyrography, irvp, ypa(f)0) . 
 
 pyrosis 96 (c) 
 
 pyrotechnic 34 
 
 rhetor 19, 76 
 rhetoric 92 
 rhetorical 90 
 rhinoceros, ptPOKepus 
 rhinology 34 
 
 rhododendron, pbbov, btvbpov 
 rhythm, pvdjj-bs 
 rhythmical, pvdfjLLKos 
 root 55 
 
 sarcasm, aapKaaiiSs 
 sarcastic, aapKaariKos 
 sarcoma, aap^ 
 sarcophagus 45, aap^, 4>ay 
 satyr, crarupos 
 scandal, aKavdaXov 
 scene, aKrjv-q 
 scenic, (XKrjviKds 
 
 scepter 32 
 
 scheme, axvi^o. 
 
 schism 41, 113 
 
 schismatic 113 
 
 schist 113 
 
 schistocyte 113 
 
 schistoglossia 113 
 
 scholar, crxoXi?, Latin schola-1 
 
 ris, scholar is 
 scholastic 66 
 
 scholium, crxoXtov from <rxoXii 
 school 30, axoXv 
 sclerosis 96 (c) 
 sclerotic 96 (c) 
 
 scope, (FKOTTOS 
 
 semaphore 41 
 
 sepsis 77 
 
 septic 84 
 
 sibilant 64 (3) 
 
 simple word 61 
 
 skeleton 83 
 
 skeptic 43 
 
 sonants 64 (i) 
 
 sophism 67, 96 ( 
 
 sophist 96 (/) 
 
 sophistic 96 (/) 
 
 spasm, cnraa/jLOS 
 
 spasmodic 94 
 
 sphere, a(j>a1pa 
 
 spheroid 94 
 
 sphincter, ffcpLyKTrjp 
 
 sphinx, 0-017^ 
 
 sphygmic, aipvyp-os 
 
 sphygmograph 77 
 
 spleen, airXrjv 
 
 sporadic, a-Koph., <TTopa8r]v, a-wo- 
 
 paSiKos 
 spore, airopos 
 static 42, 112 
 stem 56 
 
 stereoscope, (XTtptos, aKoiros 
 stereopticon, (rrepeos, ottlkos
 
 io6 
 
 EVERYDAY GREEK 
 
 stereotype, arepeds, rinros 
 
 sternum 22 
 
 stigma, (XTiyfia 
 
 stomach, (XTOfxaxos 
 
 story, shortened form of history, 
 
 IffTopla 
 stratagem 133 
 strategic 133 
 
 strategy 100, III (a), 102, 133 
 strophe, aTpo4>r] 
 suffix 57 
 surds 64 (i) 
 surgeon 135, 139 
 surgery 135 
 surgical 135 
 syllable 70, loi 
 sylloge 130 
 symbol 117 
 symmetry, avp-ixeTpia, ovv-\-ij.kr- 
 
 pov 
 sympathetic 118 
 sympathize 118 
 sympathy 68, 118 
 symphony 68 
 symphysis 68 
 symptom, avp-TTTw/ia 
 symptomatic, avixTTTccjiaT-LKos 
 synagogue, avpaywyr) 
 synarthrosis no 
 synchondrosis, cvv, xov^pos 
 syndesmosis, avvbk(jpwaL% 
 synod, avvoSos 
 synonym, avp, 6vop.a 
 syntactical 115 
 syntax 115 
 synthesis 42, 77, in 
 synthetic in 
 syringe, ovpiy^ 
 system 70, 73, 78, 112 
 systematic 112 
 systematize 112 
 
 tactical 115 
 
 tactics 115 
 
 taxonomy, rd^ty, vbpLos 
 
 technical, rexvLKos, Texvr} 
 
 telegram 78 
 
 telegraph 52 
 
 telephone, ryjXe, (f)wi'eoo 
 
 telescope 43, 100, III (b) 
 
 theater 32, dkarpov 
 
 theism 32, debs 
 
 theme in 
 
 theologian 124 
 
 theological 124 
 
 theology 124 
 
 theorem, decoprina 
 
 theoretical, OecopyjTLKos 
 
 theory, decopla 
 
 theosophy, Beds, aocpia 
 
 therapeutic, OepawevTiKos 
 
 therapy, depaireia 
 
 thermometer, depfxos, jxerpov 
 
 thesis III 
 
 thoracic, dojpaK-LKos, 601 pa^ 
 
 thorax, Oupa^ 
 
 -tic 84 
 
 titanic, TnavLKos 
 
 tome 75 
 
 tone 72, 75 
 
 tonic, TovLKos 
 
 topic, TOTTLKOS, rOTTOS 
 
 topography, tottos, 7pd0w 
 
 toxic, TO^LKOS 
 
 toxin, To^LKos 
 trachea, rpaxvs 
 tragedy, Tpaywdla 
 tragic, TpaytKos 
 trichina 34, dpi^ 
 trichoblast 34, 6pl^, ^Xaaros 
 tricycle, rpt-, kvkXos 
 trigonometry, TpLy^vofxerpia 
 tripod, 34, 100, III (c)
 
 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 107 
 
 trope 75 verbal 59 
 
 trophy, rpotraiov 
 
 tropic 41, 72, 75 xiphoid, ^t0oet5i7s 
 
 tune, Tovos xiphosura, ^i0os, ovpa 
 
 type 32, 41 ^ ^ 
 
 typical, TDTTt/cos, tuttos zone, ^wvr\ 
 
 tyrannical, rvpavv-iKos, rhpav- zoologist 85, 86, 102 
 
 vos zoologize 127 
 
 tyranny, Tvpavv-[$, rvpavpos zoology 86, 102 
 
 tyrant, Tvpavvo% zoophyte, ^Qov, 4>vt6v 
 
 FEINTED IN THE U.S.A.
 
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