'm'^K i^cruicnn.. .at ,, -<\U.I'Mi^ :"Dr,. , :.r\K.v]rv\tr ^ ^ '.rtrr. \\\E-UN!^'f-^^'" ^1 /Wl » *J J I I J ^ > \i.J T ■'_' M ; I J ^ ^' -M J JP ' OU I i.^^ ^.. -.f $•„ '.\;M'k.'!\Tf?r;>. . V, rS '. ..r^-^ ^\\\EL1NIVER% ^lOSAMCELfj^ ??.-• ^ ^ CP >ii ' c? <^^ ^J'il]ONV ELIKIVER5'//, M '/- >- '1- i -n % o ^TiJj'JNVSOl-^'^" '^/ISadAliNllJWV' \^^ ''^^<i/0di]V3'i^ ^^ C3 >■ \ ?- CI7 I 11 itr-^J - ,v^ '^^ aiH^"^ <rii20NVsoi^ %Ji3/> '^>&A. ns-*j '% rri CO ;33 .^VX-'JPRARY6k •SOl^^ %a3AIN(imV'''' -^.ifOJnVD-JO^' :5 1 I r*" "^ C3 ^OJIWO-JO'f^ ^\\E-UNIVER^ 6 '^^ -oax\iNfl]l\V ^ ^Of-CALIFO/?^ cc L\ / ..^ Tk CD .4,OF-CALIF0% ^ ft y^-V -^ ..,i#- ^ ^6'AavHan-i^^ AWEUNIVci,. m Or )JI1V3'J0>' <rii]DNVS01^' AWEI)NIV[R% vSclOS-ANGElfjv. o /■ ^^lliBRARY i? -^'.i/OJllVD-J' % ^\\EUN'IVER% CO ; s;j<lOSANCELfX^ o ■'" g ^ •«<»«(♦' =3 C' •*!.> "^aiAiNn^wv ^ ^OF-CALi iu/ EVERYDAY GREEK THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIK.I-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKL'OKA, SENDAr THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED SHANGHAI EVERYDAY GREEK GREEK WORDS IN ENGLISH, INCLUDING SCIENTIFIC TERMS By HORACE ADDISON HOFFMAN Professor Emeritus of Greek Indiana University < • . , ' : , . -• • • •• . f ' • THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS COPYRIGHT I9I9 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PU B LI SHED J U LY Igip TENTH IMPRESSION MARCH I935 COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. U.S.A. TA ci PREFACE This book has grown out of my own needs in giving a briet course in the derivation of English words of Greek origin. I have the hope that it will also be of service to many other teachers in giving similar courses in colleges and high schools. vj; believe also that many persons will find such a manual very J helpful for private study and reference. Those who have "^ studied Greek in the usual way will find the book helpful for ^ purposes of review and in the application of their knowledge ^ to the study of Greek words in English. Others can use the 5; book in private study as the means of acquiring in the shortest and most direct way a sufficient knowledge of Greek to ^ enable them to trace the origin and feel the force of scientific ITS ° £■• terms and other English words of Greek origin. <sr The book is not intended to take the place of the English ^' dictionary or the Greek lexicon, but only to prepare the stu- ^ dent to make a more intelligent use of the dictionary. One of the chief problems in preparing this manual has been to decide just what to include in it and what to leave out, so that it might contain neither too much nor too httle. I ohave tried to strike a happy medium and to include only those i ^things which are fundamental for the purposes of the book, selecting my examples in such a way as to illustrate the differ- ent types of words. I cannot expect to satisfy everyone by my selections. No doubt many teachers and students will find some things included which they consider superfluous, and others will miss things which they would prefer to have 23621-50 A PREFACE included. This will be especially true of the vocabulary and the lists of words given for study. It will, however, be easy for anyone to omit words and sections which he does not care to study, and those who wish different examples from those given can collect lists of words in which they, or their students, are particularly interested. It is to be hoped, indeed, that students who use this book will not confine themselves to the words given in it, but that each one, after mastering the fundamental principles and enough of the examples to illustrate them, will seek to apply his knowledge to the words of Greek derivation which belong to his own special field of study. It will be noticed that, in so far as scientific terms are concerned, I have given a preponderance of medical terms. There are three reasons for this. In the first place, I have tried to make this work especially helpful to medical students ; secondly, the medical terminology has to a considerable extent been handed down to us from the ancient Greek physi- cians and preserves more fully the true Greek forms and meanings than that of most other sciences; thirdly, many of these medical terms have come into general use and belong to everyday language, not merely to the professional language of the physician. Even new terms in medicine often very soon become widely known and a part of the common language of educated people. I believe, therefore, that the amount of attention given to medical terms is justified, even if the user of the book does not intend to study medicine. I have tried to present the material in the most convenient and practical form rather than in a scientific and exhaustive form. The Greek scholar will think that I have not dug very PREFACE vii deep in my chapter on the formation of words, or in giving the derivation of individual words. I feel, however, that I have given quite as much as the ordinary student of this book will be able to assimilate in the time which he can give to the subject. Classes using the book should study the first three divisions — The Alphabet, Parts of Speech, and Word Formation^ in the order given in the text. The matter in these divisions is arranged by topics and in what has seemed to me the best order for study. I have not divided it into lessons of definite length, and the teacher can, therefore, adapt the length of the assignments to the nature of his class and the conditions under which the work is given. The remainder of the book consists of a collection of material to be used in the application of the principles learned in the first three divisions. The order in which this is taken is of no special importance. The teacher can select from this material such portions as best suit the needs of his class and the time at their disposal. He may substitute other words and groups if he prefers. It is a good exercise to have students collect words of Greek origin from the studies in which they are most interested, such as philosophy, botany, zoology, poUtics, etc. This will add to their interest in the work, and the words so collected may be made a basis of study in the class. Suitable passages of EngHsh may be read in class and the words of Greek origin picked out and analyzed. Such practical exercises can be extended indefinitely and will be limited only by the time at the disposal of the class. After a student has covered the first three divisions of the book the application of the prin- ciples to the analysis of words and groups of related words viu PREFACE will be the best means of fixing those principles in mind and of making them useful to the student. Such exercises will afford a constant review of the fundamental principles and v^ocabulary. The English index and key at the end of the book can be used to find all the information given in the book about any word. Horace A. Hoffman Bloomington, Indiana February 17, 19 iq CONTENTS I. The Alphabet i Historical Sketch; The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time; English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin II. Parts of Speech 13 Nouns; Verbs; Adjectives; Pronouns; Prepositions; Adverbs; Conjunctions III. Formation of Words 23 Definitions of Terms; Euphony; Vowel Changes; Some Common Suffixes; Verbal Adjectives; Denominative Adjec- tives; Denominative Verbs; Compound Words IV. Word Groups for Study 42 V. Vocabulary 63 VI. Index and Key to Derivation . 95 IX I. THE ALPHABET (The Alpha-Beta: The A-B-C's) Historical Sketch 1. The Greek alphabet is the parent of all modern Euro- pean alphabets, including our own. The ancient Greek alphabet was derived from the Phe- nician alphabet. Modifications were made to some extent in the forms of the letters, and still more in the sounds for which they stood. The Phenician alphabet had no characters to represent vowel sounds, and so some of the Phenician char- acters which represented sounds not found in the Greek language were used by the Greeks to represent vowel sounds. 2. Our knowledge of the ancient Greek alphabet is obtained chiefly from inscriptions on such durable materials as stone, bronze, and pottery. The oldest of the preserved inscriptions date from about 600 B.C. As we come down to later times they become more and more numerous. It is interesting to com- pare these inscriptions and observe how the forms of the letters, and sometimes their values, varied in different periods and in different localities. Some of these variations are especially interesting because we can find in them the origin of differences which exist today in the European alphabets. Our own alphabet comes from the Roman alphabet, which originally was the Greek alphabet as found in the Chalcidian Greek colonies in Southern Italy. 3. In ancient times the capital letters only were used in both Greek and Latin. The capitals, therefore, represent the original letters, and in studying the early history of the alpha- bet we must confine ourselves to the capital letters. The 2 EVERYDAY GREEK small letters, or lower case letters, as they are called in modern printing, grew up in cursive, or rapid, writing on parchment and papyrus. We find such cursive writing used for letters, contracts, accounts, and other non-literary purposes as early as 242 B.C. But for centuries after cursive writing had come into use for non-literary documents the capitals alone were still used in formal books and in inscriptions. Our oldest manuscripts of the New Testament are written wholly in capitals. 4. At the present time ancient Greek books are printed in modern Greek type, just as ancient Latin books are printed in modern Roman type, or, as we commonly call it, English type. The alphabet, therefore, which we learn when we first study Greek is the modern Greek alphabet, and the small letters are for practical purposes of far more importance than the capitals, since the capitals are used chiefly at the begin- ning of proper names, and at the beginning of paragraphs. 5. Before we pass from the consideration of the original capital letters it will be interesting to notice a few differences between the capitals in the Greek and Roman alphabets as they are used today, and to point out their origin. We find that these differences go back to differences in the ancient Greek alphabets used in different periods of time and in different localities. For example, the Greek Rho (P) lacks the tail found in its Roman equivalent, R, and so it is the same in form as our English P, which is represented in the Greek alphabet by the character called Pi (H). But this Roman form of R is found in many of the older Greek inscriptions, and regularly so in the inscriptions of those Greek settlements in Italy from which the Romans got their alphabet. The same is true of practi- cally all the differences between the later Greek and Roman THE ALPHABET 3 alphabets. The character X, which in the standard Greek alphabet has the sound of kh, or German ch, was used in the Greek settlements in Italy as equivalent to ks, which is its sound in Latin and English. It is also found used in this same way in many places in Greece proper, as in Laconia, Euboea, and Boeotia. The character H in the older Greek inscriptions has the same sound as in the Roman and EngUsh alphabet, and E is used for both long and short e. The Ionian Greeks, however, began very early to use this character, H, to represent the long sound of e, and this was later adopted at Athens, so that from about 400 B.C. this character, called eta, became the common symbol for long e. 6. In writing with brush or pen there was a natural tend- ency to round off the corners of the letters, so that many letters which were originally angular became rounded, and the Roman alphabet has more of these rounded forms than the Greek. Thus the Greek Delta (>) became D. One form of Gamma is <, which by rounding became C. One common old form of Sigma is S, which by rounding became S, while another form, made with four strokes instead of three (^), was modified to 2. The Greek Upsilon is found in ancient Greek inscriptions in two forms, V and Y. The first form was adopted by the Romans, and, eventually becoming rounded at the bottom, gives us our U. At the time when the Romans first adopted the Greek alphabet both the Greek Upsilon and the Roman u ( V) had the same sound, that of 00 in "boot." The Latin V retained this sound, but by the time that the Romans began to borrow Greek words in considerable numbers the sound of the Greek Upsilon had changed to that of the French u and the form Y had come into general use. Therefore whenever the Romans adopted a Greek word which contained Y, since 4 EVERYDAY GREEK they had no letter in their own alphabet to represent its sound, they retained this character in spelling the word and thereby added a new letter to the Roman alphabet, which was used, however, only in Greek words containing it. This is the origin of our English Y, and we have followed the fashion of the Romans by continuing to write y for the Greek Upsilon in words of Greek derivation, such as "psychic," "physics," "rhythm," and the like. From the two forms of the Greek Upsilon, V and Y, we have gotten four letters in our English alphabet, U, V, W (double u), and Y. 7. The Greek Lambda (A) and the Roman L do not at first sight seem very much alike, but when in old Greek inscrip- tions we find Lambda turned upside down and the right limb depressed and shortened, thus L., we at once recognize the source of L. An interesting thing which comes out in the examination of old Greek inscriptions is the fact that the Roman alphabet and our own, though derived from the Greek alphabet, have, to some extent, retained older forms than are now found in the Greek alphabet; older even than were found in the Greek alphabet used at Athens in the time of Plato and Demos- thenes, although in most cases where the two alphabets differ both forms may be traced back to very ancient times. In the letter Q the Roman alphabet and our own retain the old Greek and Phenician Koppa (?) which most of the Greeks discarded very early, except as a numeral, because it was superfluous, having the same sound as K. In our F we have the old Greek Digamma, which also was discarded in very early times by the Ionian Greeks, including the Athenians. In old Greek it had the sound of our w, but the Romans used it as an equivalent of the eastern Phi (4>), ph. THE ALPHABET 5 The Romans had dropped Z from their alphabet, but when they began to take Greek words over into Latin they reinstated it for use in spelHng Greek words which contained Zeta. This explains how it came to be at the end of the Roman alphabet, and consequently at the end of our own. How the Y came to be the next to the last letter has already been explained above. Note. — Samples of Greek inscriptions and tables showing the different •forms of the letters found in different periods and in different localities may be seen conveniently in Roberts' Inlroduciion to Greek Epigraphy, published by the Cambridge University Press. The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time 8. The forms of the letters here given are those which are now used in printing both ancient and modern Greek. Characters Names Equivalents A a alpha a as in father B ^ beta b as in box r 7 gamma g as in gun A h delta d as in dog E e epsilon e as in met Z r zeta 2 as in zone H ■n eta g as in fete e theta th as in thin I I iota i as in machine K K kappa k as in keep A X lambda I as in log M M mu m as in man N V nu n as in no E ^ xi X as in ox omicron as in obey n TT pi p as in pin 6 EVERYDAY GREEK Characters Names Equivalents P p rho r as in run S as sigma 5 as in sun T r tau t as in lop T V upsilon u as in French u ^ <p phi ph as in physics X X chi ch as in machen (German) ^ i/' psi /'^ as in ships S2 0) omega o as in go PRONUNCIATION 9. The pronunciation generally in use in American col- leges is an attempt to approximate that used by the ancient Athenians in the classical period. The pronunciation now used in modern Greece differs greatly from this, is much more difficult for English-speaking students, and obscures the rela- tion between the Greek word and the English word, or words, derived from it. In this book, therefore, the general usage of American colleges is followed. 10. The consonants. — The consonants are, in general, pronounced like the English equivalents given in the fore- going table of the alphabet. The following require special explanations: 7 is always pronounced like g in "go," except that before K, 7, X, or s it has the sound of English ng, and is then repre- sented in Latin and in English by n. Thus 0,776X05, messenger, becomes in Latin angelus, and in English angel. Other illus- trations are acfyiy^, sphinx; eyKOJ/jLtov, encomium; ^poyxio., bronchia; 7 is never pronounced like g in gin. 6 is pronounced like th in thin, not like th in this. a is pronounced like s in sun, not like 5 in his. X is pronounced like German ch in machen. THE^PHABET 7 11. The vowels and diphthongs. — ;The vowels are pro- nounced as follows: a like a in father € like e in met 77 like a in tnale I like e in me X like / in pin like in obey V like French u, or German il o) like in go Theoretically the short vowels differ from the long in quantity only, that is in the length of time the sound is dwelt upon. This distinction is practically impossible for English- speaking persons, and the sounds indicated in the above table will answer our purposes. 12. Following is a table of the diphthongs and their approximate pronunciation: at like i in mine €L like ei in eight 01 like oi in oil av like 011 in out ev like eu in feud ov like 00 in boot VL like tii in quit Besides these there are the so-called improper diphthongs, a, V, w, with the i written under a long open vowel. This t is called iota subscript, and is silent, so that these improper diphthongs are pronounced the same as d, 77, 00. The iota subscript is omitted in English derivatives. \ 13. Breathings. — Every vowel or diphthong at the begin- ning of a word has either the rough breathing (') or the ^..oii ti^ breathing ('). The rough breathing is pronounced "•al. 8 EVERYDAY GREEK like the English h, the smooth breathing is not pronounced at all and may be considered merely ornamental. The rough breathing was also used with initial rho. Examples: pbbov, rose. 14. Accents. — There are three marks of accent: the acute ('), the grave ('), and the circumflex Q. There are compli- cated rules for determining which accent shall be used and where it shall be placed, but all we need to know for our pur- pose is that in pronouncing Greek words we accent the syllable over which the accent is placed and make no distinction with regard to the kind of accent mark used. The vowel which has a circumflex over it is long. 15. Suggestions in pronunciation. — There are no silent letters in Greek except the iota subscript. There is a syllable for each vowel or diphthong. In trying to pronounce Greek words, think not of the names of the Greek letters, but of the corresponding English letters with the sounds indicated above. 16. Pronounce the words in the following list; also write them out in Greek letters. Then transliterate these words, that is, write them in the corresponding Roman, or English, letters. Learn the meanings of these words and tell what English words you think are derived from them. I S\ (l>dr], song ■jroTa/xSs, river avTos, self apdpoiiros, human being, man 4>6^os, fear 686s, road, way v'eKTap, nectar fxerpov, measure y cf)Ciipr], sound, voice t6tos, place v€Kp6s, dead body, corpse To\iTr]s, citizen 'iyyekos, messenger *T 8€air6Tr]s, master (of slaves) Ypd0w, / write (pikos, friend, lover Itttos, horse^^ kTL(TTo\r}, letter ' i.-' ^ -^ THE TTapabaaos, park ALPHABET ( iSAcris, step, foundation aKfji-f], highest point, prime ^ios, life debs, a god, God &pa, season, hour (l)akay^, line of battle a6\r]Tr]s, contestant aarpov, star (Sap OS, weight xdp, hand btvbpov, tree epyov, work a4>oupa, ball (XTpaTTjyos, general laTpos, healer, physician avaTopi], dissection peya, large, big, great j3oTav7], grass, vegetation piKpos, small ripepa, day eiprjui], peace /cXtTTTco, / steal diopa^, breast-plate, breast, chest Kpariip, mixing bowl ttoXls, city, state Write the following words in Greek letters : Analysis, genesis, skeleton, synthesis, parenthesis, sepsis, diagnosis, idea, pathos, embryo (n), Philadelphia, Socrates. TRANSLITEEATION 17. The first Greek words came into English through Latin and retained the Latin spelling. Thus the custom was estab- lished of spelling Greek words in English as they were spelled in Latin, not merely using the Roman characters instead of the Greek characters, but also making such changes in the letters as the Romans made in order to represent the Greek sounds by the letters and combinations of letters used to repre- sent those sounds in Latin. Greek endings were also changed to corresponding Latin endings. Furthermore, the Latin end- ing is often dropped in English, or a familiar English ending substituted. Thus "dramaticus" becomes dramatic, "poeta," poet, "philosophia," philosophy, "nauticus," nautical, "prac- ticus," practical. The familiar English adjective ending -at is itself from the Latin ending -alis in such words as "navalis," naval. lo EVERYDAY GREEK i8. For the reason already explained in section 6 the Greek upsilon (T) was retained in Greek words taken over into Latin, and this gives us our EngHsh Y, y. The Greek upsilon is therefore represented by y when Greek words containing upsi- lon are written in Latin or in English, unless the upsilon is part of a diphthong, in which case it is transliterated as u. Thus duaXvaLs is written analysis, but pavTiKos is"nauticus" in Latin, nautical in English. 19. Most of the Greek consonants are transliterated by the Latin or English equivalents given in the table of alpha- bet (see p. 5). K, however, is usually transliterated as c. p at the beginning of a word always has the rough breath- ing in Greek and becomes rh in Latin and in English. Thus pr]ro)p becomes rhetor. 7 before k, 7, x, or ^ becomes n. Thus: a77eXo?, angelus, angel; <T<l)Ly^, sphinx; eyKecpdXos, encephalus; iyxupl^iop, enchiridion. 20. The largest number of changes occur in the case of the diphthongs. These are indicated in the following table: Greek at becomes in Latin ae Greek et becomes in Latin i, occasionally e Greek ol becomes in Latin oe Greek ov becomes in Latin m The older English followed the Latin spelling, but in the simplified spelling of English in recent years ae and oe have generally been shortened to e. Thus 4)aiv6pevov, formerly spelled phaenomcnon, is now generally written phenomenon. oUopofiia was formerly written oeconomy, but is now written economy. There is also a tendency in recent years in making new scientific terms to retain the Greek spelling in some cases THE ALPHABET ii instead of using the JLatin spelling. In these instances k is used for k, ou for ov, at for ai, ei for ei, and oi for ot. However, in tracing the derivation of most English words of Greek origin it is necessary to take into account the Latin spelling of Greek words. This is especially true of the older and better known words. 21. These peculiarities of transliteration may be summar- ized as follows: K = c, p = rh, v = y, ai — ae, €t = z, or e, oL = oe, ov = u. 22. The Greek endings were also usually changed to the corresponding Latin endings. The most important instances for our purpose are the change of -os in Greek nouns and adjectives of the o-declension to the corresponding Latin ending -us, and of the neuter ending -ou of the same declension to the corresponding Latin ending -um. Thus xopos is chorus in Latin and English; Kvpos is Cyrus. In EngHsh, however, the ending may be dropped altogether. Thus: nvdos, Latin myilius, English ?nyth. Examples of neuters are: Movaelov, museum; aripvov, sternum; yvp-vdaiov, gymnasium. English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin 23. While Greek words are usually taken into English in a Latinized form, they are pronounced as English words with the usual English sounds of the letters. The Greek accent is disregarded both in Latin and in English, but the Latin accent is very commonly retained in EngUsh; always so in proper names. It is, therefore, important to recall the rules for the accent of Latin words, which are as follows: Words of two syllables are always accented on the first syllable. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the next to the last syllable (penult), if that is long in quantity; otherwise on the preceding syllable (antepenult). 12 EVERYDAY GREEK 24. The following points should also be noted in the Eng- lish pronunciation of Greek derivatives: K becomes c, which in Latin is pronounced like k, but in English c is pronounced like ^ before e, i, and y. Likewise g is pronounced like j before e, i, and y. Examples: catalog, cycle, criticize, Cassandra, Cyrus, Cato, Cicero, genesis, galaxy, geometry, trigonometry, Ganymede, George. Greek x is transliterated as ch, but this ch is generally pronounced like k. Examples: anarchy, chromatic, architect, technical. "Arch- bishop" and a few other similar words form an exception. Greek \p, equivalent to ps, is very common at the beginning of Greek words. Since we cannot easily pronounce ps at the beginning of a word, we drop the p and pronounce the 5 only. Examples: psalm, psychology, pseudonym. The vowels are pronounced with the usual English sounds. EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION AND PRONUNCIATION 25. Write the following words both in Greek and in their Latinized English forms, in English: Pronounce them both in Greek and Sai/cparrjs 'ttp68oTOS Xopos 'Aptareldris <I>Ot/577 ayyeXos QovKv5idr]s Kvpos 1 fxovaelov 'AttoXKwv VToOeais KpiTTipiov 'Adr]i/a KplaLS crepuov 'AcfipodLTrj yeueais bpaixa Soc^o/v'Xrys aKixi) KXi/jLa^ EvpLiridrjs (hbi] yecofJLeTpia ,Al<TXV^OS '■; X'-fJ'O.ipa (fyCKodOc^La UXaTcov Bopeas olKovoula 'EtUovpos KOa/jLOS ISaKTrjpia EvKKeidrjS ImOos S-nuoKoaria II. PARTS OF SPEECH 26. The parts of speech in Greek are the same as in EngHsh, namely: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, con- junctions, and prepositions. The first four are inflected, that is, they have different forms to indicate different cases, num- bers, genders, persons, tenses, voices, and modes. Greek is a highly inflected language, even more so than Latin, and the number of forms is very great, especially in the verbs. These different forms are produced mainly by differ- ent endings, but to some extent by prefixes and other changes in the stem. For our purposes it is not necessary to learn the inflections, but only such changes of forms as reappear in EngHsh words derived from the Greek. These changes are such as belong to word-formation, the process by which new stems and words are formed from existing roots and stems. The study of roots' and stems' is therefore important. Nouns 27. The form in which we learn a Greek noun is the nominative case singular number. This is the form given first in dictionaries. 28. Declensions. — There are three declensions of Greek nouns, the a-declension, the o-declension, and the consonant declension, which are generally called the first, second, and third declensions respectively. 29. The first, or a-declension. — In this declension the stem ends in -a, often modified to 17. The nominative singular ' For definitions of these terms see sections 55 and 56. 13 14 EVERYDAY GREEK of feminine nouns of this declension ends in a or rj. Masculine nouns add s. 30. The following list of words will illustrate the a- declension. These words and their meanings should be learned. Words have been selected for the list which have English derivatives, and these English derivatives will assist in remembering the Greek words and their meanings. cbpa, season, hour cLK/jiri, highest point, prime, acme 0)617, song, ode Idea, appearance, form, idea /" IcTTopla, inquiry, information, narrative, history lj.r]xavT], cojitrivance, machine; (English derivative, mechani- cal) (TxoKr), leisure, (school) (/)ajfi7, voice, sound, (phonetic, phonograph, telephone) (T^aTpa, ball, sphere SiaLTa, mode of life, (diet) vyleLa, health, (hygiene) KpLTTjs, judge, (critic) Bopeas, north-wind, (boreal) ToX'tTTjs, citizen, (political) 8eair6T7]s, master of slaves, despot TTOLrjTrjs, maker, composer, poet adXriTTis, contestant in games, athlete vTOKpLTr]s, actor, (hypocrite) 0tXocro0ta, love of wisdom, phi- losophy yevea, race, stock, family, (gene- alogy) 31. The second declension, or o-declension. — The stem ends in o. In the nom. sing, masculines and feminines add s, neuters add v. There are very few feminines. 32. LIST OF WORDS OF THE O-DECLENSION iiyyeXos, messenger, fangel) (x5tX06s, brother, (Philadelphia) dvdpu)Tros, yuan, human being, (anthropology) apidfjLos, number, (arithmetic) auXos, pipe, (hydraulic) bpop.os, road, race-track, (hippo- drome) rfKios, sun, (heliograph, heUo- trope) debs, god, (theology, theism) I'ttttos, horse, fhippodrome) PARTS OF SPEECH 15 Koa/jLos, order, universe, world, (cosmopolitan) \idos, stone, (monolith, litho- ' graph) ixvdos, story, (myth) TVTTos, impress, type voaos (fern.), disease, (nosology) ypados (fern.), jaw, (progna- thous) 656s, (fem.), way, journey, (exo- dus) ukrpov, measure, (meter, ther- mometer) (XKrJTTrpov, staff, scepter b'evbpov, tree, (rhododendron) dkarpov, theater arepvov, breast, breast-bone, (sternum) fiovaelop, temple of the muses, (museum) bpyavov, instrument, organ (jtapixaKov, drug, (pharmacy) 33. The third declension, or consonant declension. — In this declension the stem ends in a consonant, or in one of the close vowels, i, v. The genitive case in this declension adds -OS to the stem and the stem may generally be found by drop- ping this ending in the genitive. It is therefore usually necessary to know the genitive case to find the stem of those nouns whose stem ends in a consonant. Stems in t, or v, if masculine or feminine, add sigma in the nominative singu- lar and the stem can be found in such words by dropping this sigma. A few stems in upsilon are neuter and have the nominative singular like the stem. The genitive singular of nouns in this declension is given in the dictionaries and vocabularies. The nominative singular of nouns of this declension has various endings which we learn in learning the word as we find it in the dictionary or vocabulary. 34. SOME TYPICAL WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION di7p, genitive aep-os, air; (aero- naut) 8aifxo:v, 8al[xov-os, deity; (demon) Sepfia, 8epiJ.aT-os, skin; (derma- tology, pachyderm) SpaiJLa, dpafxar-os, action, deed; (drama, dramatic) Kavuv, Kavbv-os, straight-edge, rule, standard; (canon) i6 EVERYDAY GREEK K\ina^, KXi/xaK-os, ladder, stair- ylyas, ylyavr-os, giant; (gigan- case; (climax) tic) 86yixa, 86y/j.aT-os, opinion, con- opvLs, 6pvLd-os, bird; (orni- viction, decree; (dogma) thology) Kparrjp, KpaTTJp-os, mixing-boivl, rjirap, ^Trar-os, liver; (hepatic) bowl; (crater) <f>>^i^, ^XejS-os, vein; (phlebot- Xapvy^, \apvyy-os, larynx omy) TTvp, Trvp-b%,fire; (pyrotechnic) Opl^, rpLX-os, hair; (trichina, pis, piv-bs, nose; (rhinology, trichoblast; found in many rhinoceros) scientific terms) 0WS, (j)(jOT-6s, light; (photograph) irovs, Tro8-6s, foot; (tripod, anti- xdp, x€tp-6s, hand; (chirog- podes, polypous) raphy) TraTs, TraiS-os, child; (pedagogue, ovs, d>r-6s, ear; (otology) pediatric) 35. Words -with stems ending in t, or v. — In these words the genitive is often irregular, but the nominative is regular and the stem is best found by dropping the nominative singular ending -?. The genitive of this class of words is not given in the vocabularies of this book. 36. TToXt-s, town, city, state; (politi- yeveai-s, birth, origin, genesis cal, necropolis) /Sdcrt-s, foundation, base, basis bbvajxi-s, power, force; (dynamic, vav-s, ship; (nausea, nautical) dynamite) avaXvaL-s, analysis lxQv-s,fish; (ichthyology) avvOeai-s, synthesis 4>vaL-$, nature; (physical) 37. Neuter nouns in -oj. — A special and important class of nouns in the consonant declension are the neuters with nominative in -os. All masculine and feminine nouns ending in -OS belong to the c-declension, but neuter nouns in -os belong to the consonant declension. The latter originall_^ had stems ending in -es. The e of the stem is changed to PARTS OF SPEECH 17 o in the nominative, accusative, and vocative. In the other cases the final c of the stem is dropped before the case ending so that the stem seems to end in e. 38. EXAMPLES OF NEUTER NOUNS IN -OS ykvos, yeve((T)-os, race, kind; (homogeneous, heterogeneous) Trados, ■!rade{a)-os, feeling, sufering, disease; (pathology) /Sdpos, weight; (barometer) avdos, flower; (anther, polyanthous, anthology) ubos, appearance, form , kind; (kaleidoscope, spheroid = a</)atp(>-€t5i7s; \pev8os, falsehood; (pseudonym, pseudo-science) KpcLTos, power, rule; (democratic) Verbs 39. The form of the verb given first in dictionaries is usually the first person singular of the present indicative active. Thus: ypa4>o), I write; dido: /jll, I give. Some English dictionaries in referring to Greek verbs give the infinitive, and for that reason it is well to know how the infinitive ends also. 40. The most common class of verbs are those whose first form ends in -00, and whose present active infinitive ends in -eiv. Thus: ypacpo), I write; ypacf)€U', to write. In many of these the verb stem may be found by merely dropping the ending -co, or -eiv. But in many other verbs the simple verb stem has been modified in some way in the present so that it is more or less disguised. Thus: Trpaaaco, I do, I accomplish. Here the verb stem is not irpaaa, but Trpay, as seen in irpay- IxaTLKos, English pragmatic. The stem is the important part for us in tracing derivatives. Accordingly, in this book whenever the simple verb stem cannot be found by merely dropping the ending, the stem is placed after the verb in parentheses. Thus: irpaaaoo {irpay), I do, accomplish. This stem should be learned in learning the verb since it is essential for our purpose to know the stem. i8 EVERYDAY GREEK 41. Verbs in -co with infinitive in -av. — 7pd<^co, / write, dratv, paint Trpaaaoi (irpay), do, accomplish, ■ypa.cl>Hv, to ivrite, draw, paint; (pragmatic, practical) (geography, photograph) 7t-7J'a;-cr/cw (t*"*^)) know; (ag- \vo),Iloose nostic) \v€Lv, to loose; (electrolysis) Kpivu) {kpl), judge, decide; (crisis, Note. — In the rest of this list the critic) infinitive is not given and the subject ^^^^^ (^^ ^^) /^/^g. (crypto- "I" is omitted in the translation for the ^ v p vy, > \ j i- sake of brevity. The same practice gram) will hereafter generally be observed. ireTrTco (ireir) , digest; (dyspepsia, 5pcLco, do, act; (drama) pepsin) TFotew, make, compose; (poet) refj-uo: {rep), cut; (microtome) bpaw, see; (panorama) tvtttoo (tvt), strike; (type) TpkiTw, turn; (tropic) ax'^^ui {axi-^), split; (schism) 4>kpw, bear, carry; (phosphorous, ariirw, rot, decay; (sepsis, septic) semaphore) Ttlvoi (rev), stretch; (tone) 42. Verbs in -/xt. — Several important verbs end in -/xt in the first person singular of the active indicative. The infini- tive of these ends in -mt. TL-dt]-p.L (de), infinitive TL-d'e-vat, put, place; (thesis, synthesis) 5t-5w-/xt {bo), infinitive bi-bb-vai, give; (dose, antidote) l-aT-q-pL {ara), infinitive l-ara-vaL, stand; (static, system) 43. Deponent verbs. — In Greek there are many so-called deponent verbs which have the forms of the middle or passive voice, but are either active or intransitive in meaning. The middle and passive voices have the same form in the present tense. In the first person singular of the indicative they end in -ojuat instead of -co. The infinitive ends in -ecrdai. aladavopai (alad), aiadaveadat, perceive; (aesthetic, anesthetic) yiyvopaL, for yL-yh-opat (yev), become, be born; (genesis, eugenic) fXLp.k-opaL, imitate; (mimetic, mimeograph) o-KeTTTO/iat {aKeir), look at, examine, consider; (skeptic, telescope) PARTS OF SPEECH 19 44. Sometimes the active form has one meaning and the middle or passive another. (l)a'LVi>:(4)av), show; (hieTophant). <i)a'ivoiiaL, appear; (phenomenon) A few deponent verbs omit the vowel or e before the endings. bhva-jxaL {bvva), bvva-adai, be able, have poiver; (dynamic, dynasty) 45. There are also verbal roots which are not used in the present tense, "But occur in other tenses. Nouns and adjec- tives are often derived from such roots, and some of these roots give us common English derivatives and are important for our purposes. In these cases it will answer our purpose to learn merely the root and its meaning. Root 4>a'y, eat; (sarcophagus, ichthyophagous). Root oTT, see; (optics, autopsy). Adjectives 46. Adjectives have the same declensions as nouns. They generally have different forms for different genders. Many adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension and the masculine and neuter in the o-declension. EXAMPLES Neuter txLKpbv, small; (microscope, microtome) <jo4)bv, wise; (sophomore, philosopher) ixbvov, alone, single; (monotone, monogamy) 47. Some adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension and the masculine and neuter in the consonant declension. Others are declined wholly in the o-declension or in the conso- nant declension, the masculine and feminine being alike in form. Masculine Feminine /JLLKpOS IXLKpa ao4>6s cro4>r] [XOUOS yLOvrj 20 EVERYDAY GREEK The differences in form which mark gender rarely appear in English derivatives, and for our purposes it is sufficient in most instances to learn merely the first form of the masculine and its stem. In so far as the forms of adjectives are con- cerned we can apply to them what we have already learned about nouns. EXAMPLES lJLLKp6-s, small; (micro-scope, micro-cosm) iJLOPo-s, alone, single; (mono-syllable, mono-gram) iJLeya-s, fxeyaXrj, big, large; (mega-phone, megalo-mania) iroXv-s, much, plur. many; (poly- theism, poly-technic) ttSs, gen. iravT-Ss, neut. irdv, all; (pan-theism, panto-mime) fxeXas, gen. iJ.e\av-os, black; (melan-choly, melan-urus) 6ijl6-s, same; (homo-geneous, homo-logous) avro-s, self; (auto-graph, auto-matic) apL(TTo-s, best; (aristo-cracy) veo-s, new, young; (neo-Uthic, neo-phyte) 48. The article. — The Greek has an article corresponding to the English definite article the. It is declined in full ii each of the three genders. We need learn only the three forma of the nominative singular, as follows: masc. 6, fem. 17, neut. to These forms of the Greek article are used after nouns ii Greek dictionaries as a convenient way of indicating th»! gender of the nouns. Thus : KpLTTjSf 6, indicates that Kpiriis is masculine. 656s, 17, indicates that 656s is feminine. ykvo^, TO, indicates that ykvos is neuter. Pronouns 49. The Greek personal pronouns do not appear in Englisl derivatives, with the exception of eycb, /, which is found ii egoism, egotism, egoistic, and egotistic. PARTS OF SPEECH 2i Prepositions 50. The Greek prepositions nearly all appear in English words, some of them very frequently, and they are very important for our purposes. They are not inflected. They are very common as the first part of a compound word. 51. The following hst should be learned with the meanings there given. The meanings given are chiefly those which the prepositions have in compound words, since the Greek prepo- sitions appear in English only as parts of compound words. d/i0t, about, on both sides; (amphi-theater, amphibious) di'd, up, throughout; (anatomy, anathema, analysis) avTL, opposite, against; (antidote, anti-German) a.Trb,from, away from; (apostasy, apology) 5td, through; (diameter, diaphragm) (v, in, at; (enhydrous, energy, encaustic). k, e^, out of; (eccentric, exodus). cTTt, upon; (epidermis, epidemic, epitaph, epigram) Kara, down; (cataract, catastrophe, cataclysm) jjLtTo., after, differently; (metacarpus, metamorphose) Trapa, by, beside; (parasite, paragraph) irepL, around; (perimeter, pericarp) ■n-pb,for, before, forth; (prologue, prophet) (Tvv, with, together; (synthesis, sympathy) uTrep, above, over, ^ejow^/, (hypercritical, hyperbole, hypertrophy) virb, under, Latin sub; (hypodermic, hypothesis) Adverbs 52. The following adverbs appear in English words: e^co, outside; (exoteric, exogen) ecrco, within; (esoteric) ivbov, within; (endogen) d), well; (euphony, eugenic) TTJXe, far; (telegraph, telepathy) 22 EVERYDAY GREEK 53. Inseparable particles. — There are a few prefixes which are common in composition with other words, but which never occur as separate words. They are as follows: av-, a- are negative like un- in English, or in- in Latin. av- is used before words beginning with a vowel, d- befdre words beginning with a consonant. Thus: an-esthetic, a-pathetic, an-odyne, a-septic. dv(T- has the meaning ill, bad. It is the opposite of eu, well, good. Examples: dyspepsia, dysentery. rjiJLL-, half; (hemisphere). 8l-, two, double; (diphthong, dimeter, dilemma). koXKl-, beautiful; (calligraphy, calisthenics). Conjunctions 53a. The Greek conjunctions do not appear in English derivatives and we can disregard them. III. FORMATION OF WORDS 54. New and longer words are formed very freely in Greek from the shorter words, or rather, from their roots and stems. Most of the longer words are made up of a number of distinct parts each of which has its own special significance. Before proceeding further with the process of word-building it is necessary to learn the meaning of a few terms which we must use repeatedly. Definitions of Terms 55. Root. — A root is the fundamental part of a word, or a group of related words. Longer sj£ms and words may be derived from the root, but the root cannot itself be derived from any more simple element existing in the language. Thus in genesis, genetic, eugenic, hydrogen, endogen, etc., there is a common syllable gen which is the root, meaning become, or he horn. The same root with the vowel e changed to appears in other words, such as theogony, cosmogony, gonophore. The root the, put, or place, appears in each of the following words: Thesis, theme, synthesis, antithesis, apothecary, hypothetical, anathema. 56. Stem. — The stem is the part of a word which remains the same in a group of forms arising from inflection. Roots are often used as stems, but most stems consist of the root lengthened out by something added to it or prefixed to it. Thus in genesis, Greek yepeat^, the root is yev, but the stem is yeueai. To this we add the case ending s in the nomina- tive and get the form yeveaLs; the accusative case is yepeaiu. 23 24 EVERYDAY GREEK 57. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more syllables added to the end of a root or stem to make a new stem. The suffixes do not occur as separate words. They may be illustrated in EngHsh by the syllable -er in such words as sing-er, work-er, build-er; or by -ness in such words as ?me&i-ness, weari-we55, idle-ness. 58. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more syllables placed before a stem. Most of the prefixes are prepositions or adverbs, which may occur as independent words, but there are some prefixes which do not occur as separate words. (See section 53 above). We may illustrate the use of the prefix by the following English words: ww-wise, m-human, aw/^'-Christian. 59. Verbal. — A verbal is a word derived from a verb-stem or root. Words derived directly from roots are also called primitives. 60. Denominative. — A denominative is a word derived from the stem of a noun or an adjective. 61. Simple word. — A simple word is one formed from a single root or stem. 62. Compound word. — A compound word is formed by combining two or more stems. Euphony 63. A great many changes are made in the spelling of Greek words for the sake of euphony (Greek ev^ui^la, good sound, from ev, good, and 4>cjOpr}, sound). To explain these euphonic changes it is necessary first to understand the classification of the Greek consonants. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS 64. Following are the classes of consonants: (i). Mutes, or Stops. — These may best be given in the form of a table. FORMATION OF WORDS 25 Surds Sonants Aspirates Labials, IT iS Palatals, K 7 X Linguals, T 5 d In the surds the breath is stopped by the organs of speech, and in the sonants the voice is stopped in the same way. The aspirates consist of the surds followed by the aspirate sound h. (2). Liquids. — ^X, ju, v, p. These are so called from their smooth, flowing sounds. (3). Sibilant, a, s. (4). Double consonants. f=dz, ^=ks, ^p=ps. EUPHONIC CHANGES OF CONSONANTS 65. Before r a labial or palatal mute must be co-ordinate, that is, in the same column with r in the above table. Thus the root irpay, do, with the suffix -tlkos becomes not irpay- TLKm, but irpaK-TLKos, practical. So ex-rcKos becomes h-TLKos, hectic, and eTrtXry/S-riKos becomes eTrLKrjir-TLKo^, epileptic. 66. Before r a lingual mute becomes a. TrXar-rtKos becomes wXaa-TLKos, plastic; (TxoXaS-rt/cos becomes axoKaa- TLKos, scholastic. 67. Before p, a labial mute becomes p, a palatal mute becomes 7, and a lingual mute becomes tr. ypa(f)-pa changes to y pap-pa, from which we have the syllable gram in telegram, program, grammar, etc.; Trapa8eiK-pa changes to Trapahay-pa, paradigm; a64)id-pa changes to ff64>La-pa, sophism; irXar-pa becomes -wKacr-pa, plasm. 68. Before a labial mute v becomes p. (xw-TradeLa, from aw and irados, becomes avp-Tradna, sympathy. Compare symphysis, symphony. 26 EVERYDAY GREEK 69. TT, |8, or (f)-^(T=\l/ K, 7, or x+o-=^ T, 5, or 6-{-a=a-, that is, a lingual mute is dropped before sigma. 70. V is dropped before a. (xw-(XTT]ixa becomes av-aT-q/xa, system, v is usually assimilated before ix and X. Thus (Tvi'-'\a(3r] becomes (ruX-Xa/S?;, syllable; avp-fxeTpla, avix-fxeTpla, symmetry. 71. Initial p is doubled when a short vowel comes before it in the formation of a compound word. This double rho (pp) comes into English as rrk. Thus: peoo,flow, with the preposition Kara becomes Karap- pico, flow down, whence Karappoos, a down-flowing, a running down of mucus from the head, English catarrh. 71a. The only consonants which can stand at the end of a Greek word are v, p, and s. Vowel Changes 72. The vowel in a root or stem is often changed to some other vowel. Such changes are found also in English words not of Greek origin. Thus: Sing, sang, sung, song; sit, sat, set, seat; tell, told, tale. In Greek the most common change of this kind is the change of e in a verbal root to when a noun or adjective is formed from the same root. Thus: rpeirco, turn, Tpoirr], a turning, solstice, tropic; rfKio-TpoTos, turning to the sun, heliotrope {r}\LOTpbTnov)\ Tduccirep) , stretch, topos, stretch of the string, tone. Many other vowel changes occur in Greek stems, both in the formation of tenses in the verbs and in the formation of nouns and adjectives from verb stems. FORMATION OF WORDS 27 73. A final short vowel is usually lengthened before a suffix beginning with a consonant. Both c and a become 77. Toie-O), TroLr]-Tr]s ; apdpo-co, apdpoi-(n^:'i(JT7]ixi{(TTa), ffv-arrj-na, system. 74. A final vowel is usually dropped before a suffix begin- ning with a vowel. iJiovaa, p.ov(j-iK6s:ve(j)po-s, vec^p-lris. Some Common SuflEixes 75. Verbal Nouns. — The simplest and most common suffixes by which nouns are formed from verb stems are -a and -0, forming respectively noun stems of the a-declension and the o-declension. The nominative case of these words ends in -a, -77, -OS, -ov. An e in the verbal root is regularly changed to 0. The meanings vary. TrejuTTco, send, escort'. ironiv-ri, an escort, a procession (Eng. deriv. pomp) rpeircx), turn', t poir-i] , a turning, solstice, (tropic) TpoTT-os, turn, manner, turn, or figure of speech, trope Ttjivw (re/i), cut'.TOjx-ri, a cutting, a section TOfx-os, section of a book, volume, tome ava-Tkp.voi, cut up, dissect: ava-TO/jL-r], dissection, anatomy Telvo) (rev), stretch', tov-os, a stretching, tension, tone 76. Agent nouns are made with the suffixes -ttjs, -T-rip, -rcop. TToieco, make, compose: iroL7]-Tr]s, maker, composer, poet pe, root meaning speak: pr]-Twp, speaker, orator, rhetor KepavvvixL (/cepa; Kpa), mix:Kpa-Tr]p, mixer, mixing-bowl, crater a&Kkct), contend in games: ol^Xtj-t^s, contestant, athlete 77. Action nouns are made with the suffixes -cri?, -aia, -pos. Kplvoi (kpl), judge, decide: Kpl-acs, decision, crisis ava-\vw, loosen up, separate: aua-Xv-ats, separation, analysis vvv-Tidripi (de), put together :<jvv-6t-(jL%, a putting together, synthesis irriTTO), rot, decay :(T7]\pLs (arjir-ais) , a rotting, sepsis 28 EVERYDAY GREEK aladavo/xaL (alaO, aiade), perceive, feel:av-aLadr}-aLa, insensibility, anesthesia acpv^o) (acpvj), throb, beat:a(j)vy-ij,6s, throbbing, pulse. (Compare sphygmo-graph) ^ap^api^co {^ap^apib), barbarize :/3ap/3apta--/i6s, barbarism 78. Result nouns are made with the suffix -juar. These are neuter nouns of the consonant declension and drop the r in the nominative case, which therefore ends in -jua. TTotew, make, compose: irol-q-ixa, what is made, or composed, poem 8pa(j}, do, act'.8pa-fia, deed, action, drama ypcKpoo, ivrite'.ypan-iJia (ypa^-^ta), what is written; in the plural {y paixiiaTo) , writings, literature, letters (compare Latin litterae) . From ypafifxa come grammar, and the syllable gram in such words as monogram, epigram, diagram, program, telegram, etc. avv-'uTTrjiiL ((TTo), set together: a v{v)-(TTr]-fia, what has been set together, a system. 79. Denominative nouns are made with the suffix -Tr]'s denoting the person concerned with. TToXi-s, city, state: TToXi-TTjs, citizen. Hence Eng. political, politics j^aO-s, ship:vav-T')]s, sailor. Hence syllable naut in argonaut, aero- naut, nautical, nautilus irarpia, family, clan, tribe: -Karpiw-T-qs, clansman, compatriot, (patriot) 80. Quality nouns are made from adjectives with the suffix -la. ao(f)6s, wise:ao(f)la, wisdom. 4)L\6ao(f)os, wisdom-loving: 4)L\oao(l)-la, love of wisdom, philosophy TToXv-yafxos, much-married, polygamous: ToXv-yafi-ia, polygamy 81. Place nouns are made with the suffix -elov. Movaa, Muse:iJ.ova-elov, temple of the Muses, museum. MavaoAos, Mausolus:MavaoA-eLov, tomb of Mausolus, mausoleum wbri, song:(b8-e'iov, place of song, music hall, odeum FORMATION OF WORDS 29 Verbal Adjectives 82. It will be observed that some of the sufl&xes used to form adjectives are the same as those used for forming nouns. Adjectives and nouns were not always clearly distinguished among the Greeks. The fact that they were declined alike, and that adjectives were often used substantively, that is as nouns, tended to obliterate the distinction between them. Thus the adjective "good" in the masculine form with the masculine article before it meant "the good man," in the fem- inine form with the feminine article meant " the good woman," while the neuter meant "the good thing," or "whatever is good," which practice we have carried over into English in the expression "the good, the true, and the beautiful"; that is, "whatever is good, whatever is true, and whatever is beautiful." Generally, however, in English when we place the definite article before an adjective and use it substantively we think of it as plural in a universal or collective sense. When we say "the wise," "the rich," "the young," etc., we mean "all who are wise," etc. The Greeks expressed this by putting the adjective and its article in the plural number, which they indicated by the ending. We cannot make such a distinction in English since the form of the adjective is the same in all genders and numbers. The practical purpose of this note is to make it clear that many of the forms given in this section, while fundamentally adjectives, may also be used as nouns, and some of them generally, appear in English as nouns rather than as adjec- tives. 83. Adjectives equivalent to perfect passive participles are made with the suffix -ros, neuter -top. ■pvTTToo {kpvcj)), hide, conceal: kpvtt-tos, hidden; English derivatives, crypt, crypto-gram, crypto-gam so EVERYDAY GREEK SidcjOfjLL (So), give'.avTL-bo-Tov, antidote; av-'eK-bo-rov, anecdote • e-KL-TlOriixL (9e), put upon, addieTL-de-Tou, epithet aKkWco (aKeX-e), dry up'.aKeXe-ros, dried up'.cfKtKe-rbv (aco/JLo), a dried up body^ a mummy, skeleton (f)vo}, grow:(f)VT6v, something grown, a plant. Hence English -phyte in such words as neophyte (a young plant), zoophyte, epiphyte 84. Verbal adjectives denoting relation, fitness, ability, or inclination are made with the suffix -tlkos. TTpaaaco (irpay), do, accomplishlTrpaK-TLKos, efficient, practical aua-\v-o), analyze: aua-Xv-TLKos, analytic, analytical, analytics aladavoixai (alad-e), perceive: aladyj-TLKos, able to perceive, aesthetic; negative an-aesthetic arjTTOj, rot, decay:ar]T-TLK6s, productive of decay, septic; negative a-septic 85. Many compound adjectives with a verb stem in the second part are made with the suffix -os. These are also used as agent nouns, and it is in this sense chiefly that they give us Enghsh derivatives. An € in the verb stem is regularly changed to o. 4>oJs, genitive (^cor-6s, light; <^epco, bear, carry: (t)wa-(l)6p-os, bearing light, light-bearer, phosphorus 7pd0co, write, draw, paint *(t)WT-o-ypact)-os, light- painter, photographer yafieoj (jaix), marry: ToKv-ya/jL-os, much married, polygamous aarpov, star :\eyo:, speak, tell about: aarpo-Xoy-os, one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer jStos, life:^LO-ypa4)-os, life-writer, biographer pvdos, story, myth lxvdo-X6y-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist ^Qiov, animal :*^o)o-X6y-os, zoologist * Greek words marked by an asterisk (*) in this book are either assumed forms, or modern forms, and are not found in Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon. All such words given in this book are formed on the analogy of similar words found in ancient Greek and from words actually found there. They are given because they are the Greek equivalents of English words. FORMATION OF WORDS 31 86. It may be noted in passing that from each of these adjectives or agent nouns in -05 we may form an abstract noun denoting the state, action, or process, by changing the ending to -ia. (See section 80). *0a;r-o-7pa0-os, photographer :*(j)WTO'Ypa(f)-la, photography Tr6\v-yafj,-os, polygamous: iroXvyaiJ.- ia, polygamy aarpo-Xoy-os, astrologer '.dar poKoj-la, astrology /3to-7pa0-os, biographer :^Loypa(j)-la, biography fjivdo-Xoy-os, mythologist:fjLvdo\oy-la, mythology *fajo-Xo7-os, zoologist:* ^cooXoy-la, zoology The ending -ta is changed to y in English. It is through this class of words that we get in English the names of sciences ending in -ology. 87. A common mistake is to derive these names of sciences from, the noun X670S, word, or speech, \6yos is derived from the same root as the last part of these compounds ending in -Xoyla, and is brother to this ending, not its parent, -\oyia does not occur in the Greek language as a separate word, but only in such compounds as jxvdo-\oy[a, aaTpo-Xoyia, 6eo- \oy'ia, etc., which always presuppose /xvdo-'Xoy-os, aarpo-Xoy- os, deo-Xoy-os, etc. The -\6yos in the latter part of these and similar words is not the noun X670S, speech, since it means not speech, but speaker, or rather, one who speaks about, and obvi- ously comes directly from the verb X6'7aj. The identity of form is accidental and this has misled many. The situation is made clear by comparing the similar compounds derived from 7pa</)co, write. In this case there is no noun ypa.(f)os to cause confusion, and so every one says the latter part of these com- pounds is from the verb 7pd0w. The change of e to in the root \ey of Xe7co has also contributed to this confusion. This change, however, is regular and very common. (See sections 72 and 85). 32 EVERYDAY GREEK What has just been said will be illustrated and made clearer by the following examples: *dLo-ypa<f)-os, biographer: ^Lo-ypact)-ia, biography 7€a>-7pd0-os, geographer :yecjj-ypa4)-ia, geography 4>o}a-<j)6p-os (0€pa)), light-bearer: (f)ooa-({)op-ia, a bringing of light acrrpo-Xoy-os, astrologer: aaTpo-Xoy-ia, astrology acTTpo-voix-os (vkfjLco), astronomer :acrTpo-von-ia, astronomy deo-\6y-os (\eyco), theologian: deo-Xoy-ia, theology Denominative Adjectives 88. The following sufiSxes are used to make adjectives from nouns, or rather, from noun stems: 89. -to-s, belonging to, pertaining to. It appears in English derivatives mostly in adjectives derived from proper names, the Greek ending -tos being replaced in English by the Latin sufhx -ian (-ianus). "OXu;U7ro-s, Olympus :'0\viJLir- LOS, Olympian KopLvOo-s, Corinth:Koplvd-Los, Corinthian 8ri\t-oiJ,aL, hurt, harm:br]\r]-Trip, one who hurts, or harms: drjX-q-Trjp- los, hurtful, harmful, deleterious 90. -Ko-s, -LKo-s, denoting relation, fitness, resemblatice, and corresponding to the ending -tlkos in verbals given above (Sec. 84). ^ ^ TToXlTrjs, citizen: to\lt-lk6s, political prjToip, orator: prjTop-iKos, rhetorical (f>v(ns, nature: 4>v<n-Kbs, natural, physical KapSia, heart: KapSia-Kos, relating to the heart, cardiac 91. The Greek endings -lkos and -tlkos are the source of the common English endings -ic and -tic, the last syllable -os being dropped in English. After the ending -ic, or -tic, in English there is commonly added the ending -al, which is from the Latin sufl&x -alis. Sometimes we have the English FORMATION OF WORDS 33 word ending in -ic, sometimes in -ical, and in some cases we can use either. We can say either poetic or poetical, tragic or tragical. We say magnetic, eccentric, graphic, energetic, enthusiastic. But we say practical, physical, rhetorical, theological, etc. Sometimes the word occurs with both the endings -ic and -ical, but the two forms have different mean- ings, as politic and political. 92. The neuter plural forms of these adjectives were used in Greek as names for arts and sciences. The neater plural nominative and accusative in all Greek nouns and adjectives ends in -a short. 4>v(nKa, matters pertaining to nature, the study of things belonging to nature, natural science, physics TTokiTLKa, things pertaining to the citizens, or to the state, politics ridos, moral character :ridLKa, things pertaining to moral character, ethics In these and similar words the English usage imitates the Greek plural by adding -s, the English plural ending. Hence we have our names for sciences ending in -ics. A plural adjective is, however, so foreign to our usage that we forget that these words are plural, and, as a matter of fact, in our use of them they are not plural. We have also names of arts and sciences ending in -ic, such as music, rhetoric, arithmetic, logic. These correspond to the Greek practice of using the feminine singular of the adjec- tives in agreement with the noun rix^r], art, or eiriaT-qiJir], science. The noun was usually omitted in Greek. Thus: /jLovacKT] (Texv'-i), musical (art), music apid^x-qTiKri (rexv]), the art of counting or computation, arithmetic The Greeks used either form. Aristotle has at times ToXiTLKTi {rexvi}, iinaTrjiir]), political science, and at times TToXirt/cd, politics, in the same sense. L 34 EVERYDAY GREEK 93. -trts, making feminine adjectives. With the feminine noun voaos, disease, understood these adjectives were used as names of diseases. vk4>pos, kidney'.vt<f)p-'LTLs (voaos), kidney disease, nephritis In modern medicine the ending -itis signifies inflammation ^pbyxia, bronchial tubes :*^poyx-'irLs, bronchitis apdpov, joint'.apdp-lTLs, inflammation of joint, arthritis 94. -rjs (stem -es) is used to make both compound adjec- tives in which the latter part is from a verb stem and com- pound adjectives in which the latter part is from a neuter noun ending in -os (stem in -es. See section 38.). ev-yev-rjs, (from ev, well, and yev, stem of yiyvo/jLai, be born), well- born, noble. From this we have in English the proper name Eugene, and, with a changed ending, eugenic and eugenics oixo-yewqs (from 6/jl6-s, same, and 76^-0$, race, kind, genus), of the same kind, homogeneous aaTep-o-ei8r]s (from aarrjp, genitive aarep-os, star, and el8os, stem eiSes, appearance, form), having the appearance or form of a star, like a star, asteroid. This is the origin of our English ending -oid, meaning like. auOpcoTro-etdrjs having the appearance of a human being, anthropoid a4)aLpo-eL8r]s, sphere-like, spheroid 7€co-et5i7s contracts to yeccdrjs, earth-like; (geode) aira(XfjLw8r]s, spasmodic from crxaajuos, shows a similar ending. Denominative Verbs 95. These are verbs derived from nouns or adjectives, chiefly from nouns. The most important for our purpose are those ending in -aco, -eco, -oco, -evco, -a^co, -tfco. The only one of these endings appearing in verbs in English is -ifco, from which comes our common verb ending -ize, some- times changed to -ise. We have, however, in English many nouns and adjectives derived from denominative verbs with the other endings given above. Sy^* Sy>^ FORMATION OF WORDS 35 96. The following will illustrate these words and the series of derivatives which may come from each: (a) Trelpa, trial, attempt, attack TTctpa-oj, try, attack TVHpa-rqs, one who attacks (ships), pirate ■KHpa-TLKos, piratical {b) apidjibs, number apLdfie-co, number, count, reckon apidix-q-TLKos, arithmetical: apt^Ai 7?- Tt/c?) (rex^^), arithmetic Koapios, order, adornment Koapk-co, set in order, adorn Kocrp-q-TLKos, suited for adorjiing, cosmetic (c) veKpos, dead; dead body, corpse veKpo-u, deaden veKpu-ffLs, a deadening, necrosis (TKkrjpos, hard *(jKKr}p6-co, harden (TK\r]pcc-(XLs, a hardening, sclerosis *<jK\7]pu)-TLKbs, hard, sclerotic vapKf], numbness vapKo-o), benumb vapKco-CLs, a benumbing, narcosis vapKco-TLKos, narcotic irvp, fire TTvpb-oi, burn TTvpw-aLs, burning, pyrosis TTvov, pus TTvo-oo, suppurate TTvw-cns, suppiiration, pyosis It will be observed from the foregoing illustrations that the common ending -osis in medical terms comes from this group of words, that is, from the nouns in -ais from verbs in -ooj. 36 EVERYDAY GREEK (d) <t)6.piiaKov, drug (pap/iaKev-o:, deal in drugs, administer a drug, poison (pap/xaKev-TLKos, pharmaceutic Trais, 7rat5-6s, child TraL8ev-co, bring up a child, educate xaiSev-TLKos, suited for education, educative, paedeutic (pae- deutics) irpo-Traidev-TLKSs, propaedeutic (propaedeutics) (e) yv/jLvos, naked yvfjLva^o: (yv/xvaS), exercise naked, exercise yviJLvaa-Trjs, one who exercises, gymnast yv/jLvacr-TiKos, gymnastic (gymnastics) yvixvda-Lov, place for exercising, gymnasium (/) (T0(f)6s, wise <ro4>l^cjo, ao4>i^o/jLai {ao(})L8), act wise, pretend to be wise (To4)La-Tr]s, sophist aocpLCT-TLKos, sophistic a6(f)L(j-fxa, sophism aycov, a contest ayoivi^op-aL {aywvib), contend avT-aycovi^ofjLaL, contend against, antagonize avT-ayoovLa-Tr]s, antagonist cLPT-ayojvLCT-TLKos, antagonistic avT-ayojvLa-iJLos, antagonism /3apjSapos, barbarian ^apl3api^o), barbarize )3ap/3apt(7-/x6s, barbarism "EXKrjp, a Greek, a Hellene 'EWrju-LKos, Greek, Hellenic 'EXXTji^-tfco, Hellenize 'EW-qvL<7-Tr]s, Hellenist (a foreigner who adopted the Greek language and customs) 'EWrjVLa-TLKos, Hellenistic 'FAXrjVia-fjLos, Hellenism FORMATION OF WORDS 37 97. From this group of words we get our English suflfixes -ize, -ism, -ist, -istic. These sufl&xes are now added to many words which are not Greek. Thus* Americanize, American- ism, civihze, ritualist, ritualistic. Compound Words 98. Most of the English words derived from Greek are compounds. This is especially true of scientific terms. The principles upon which Greek compounds are formed are, therefore, of especial importance. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 99. Compound nouns and adjectives are closely related in form and in mode of formation and may best be considered together. 100. Three things must be considered in treating of com- pound nouns and adjectives: I. The first member of the compound ; II. the second, or last, member of the compound; III. the meaning of the compound as a whole. Most of these compounds contain only two words, that is, two stems. If there are more than two stems which enter into a compound, this arises from combining an additional word with a word which is already a compound. When three words are combined in a single compound word one of the words is practically always a preposition, or adverbial prefix. I. The first member. — If this is a noun or an adjective the stem only is used. If the second member begins with a consonant the first member usually ends in 0. Stems of the o-declension are taken as the norm, or pattern, for the first member of the compounds. A word of the a-declension usually changes the final a of the stem to 0, and stems of the consonant declension regularly add an 0. 2,lf>2R0 38 EVERYDAY GREEK Thus appears as a sort of connecting link at the middle of many compound nouns and adjectives. There are, how- ever, some exceptions in which a noun of the a-declension retains its final a, or changes it to 77. If the second member of the compound begins with a vowel, a vowel at the end of the first stem is usually dropped. II. Second, or last, member. — If this begins with a short vowel it is usually lengthened, both a and e becoming 77, while becomes co. The endings of the second member, which are the endings of the compound word as a whole, vary, but are generally some of the endings already given above for nouns and adjectives. Compounds with a verb stem in the second part and with the ending -os are very common. A verb stem is rarely used in the first part. III. Meaning of compound nouns and adjectives. — Com- pound nouns and adjectives may be divided into three classes with reference to their meanings, as follows: (a) Objective compounds. — In these the first member stands in the relation of object to the second, either direct or indirect. (TTpaTo-s, army; aycj, lead <7TpaT-7}y-6s, army-leader, general; (strategy, strategic) 7ed (7^), earth, land; ypa4>-<jo, ivrite, write about, describe yecx}-ypa<p-os, land-describer , geographer aarpo-v, star; Xe7-co, speak, tell about aarpo-Kdy-os, one ivho tells about the stars, astrologer (&) Descriptive compounds. — In these the first member describes the second and has the force of an adjective, or adverb, modifying the second member. firjTrjp, fxr]Tp-6s, mother; ttoXis, city /LtTjrp-o-TToXts, mother-city, metropolis FORMATION OF WORDS 39 Trjkejfar; aKeinoixaL {aKeir), look, see, spy out T7jXe-cr/c6x-os, far-seeing, far-looker, telescope an4>i-6kaTpov, double-theater, amphitheater (c) Possessive compounds. — These are adjectives. The tirst member modifies the second, and the whole compound means having, or possessing, this modified object. They may be iUustrated by English words like "bright-eyed," having bright eyes; "smooth-barked," having smooth bark, etc. fxovb-Tovos, having a single tone, monotonous Tpi-Tovs, Tpi-To8-os, three-footed, tripod Traxv-8epjj,-os, thick-skinned, pachydermous, pachyderm 6fxo-jev-r]s, of the same kind, homogeneous COMPOUND VERBS 101. Verbs are not compounded directly Vv'ith any part of speech except prepositions. Verbs with prepositions are very common. The preposition is simply placed at the begin- ning of the verb without any change except that before a verb beginning with a vowel the final vowel of a preposition is usually omitted. If the verb begins with a vowel having the rough breathing, the breathing combines with a preceding surd mute and changes it to the corresponding aspirate mute. jSaXXco i^aX), throw: Kara- ^aXKo), throw down (cataboUsm) Tapa-^aXKcc, throw beside, place beside, compare (parable) alpeco, take'.h-aLpk(ji (5td^-atpew), take apart, separate Compare English diaeresis, h-alpe-ai^ a^-aipkw (dTTo-fatpeco), take away from (aphaeresis) XajjL^avo} (Xa|8, Xr?i3), take, seize avX-Xaid^avo) ((rw+Xa/x^dj'aj), take together (TvK-Xa^-T], that part of a word taken together, or at one impulse in pro- nunciation, a syllable tTi-Xan^avco, seize upon:eir'L-\r]\pLs, a seizing upon, a fit, epilepsy 40 EVERYDAY GREEK SECONDARY COMPOUNDS 102, The classes of compounds described above are what may be termed primary compounds, those which are formed at first hand directly from the constituent stems. From these primary compounds other parts of speech may be formed by changing the suffixes. These may be called secondary com- pounds. Thus from any one of the compound adjectives and agent nouns described above (see sections 85, 86) we may form an abstract noun which is the name of the quahty, or process, expressed in the adjective, or agent noun. See sec- tion 100, III, (a). (TTpaT-r]y-6s, general '.aTpaT-tjy-la, generalship, strategy yeco-ypd(l)-os, geographer: 7eco-7pa0-ta, geography a(TTpo-\6y-os, astrologer :a<TTpo-\oy-la, astrology *^o}o-\6y-os, zoologist :*fwo-Xo7-ta, zoology In these pairs of words the first word in each pair is a primary compound and the second a secondary compound. 103. From these compound nouns and adjectives there are also formed denominative verbs in -eco, -ocjo, -t^co. In classical Greek the denominative verbs from such compounds as are given above nearly all end in -eco, but in our English equivalents we always use the ending -ize, the same as if they ended in -tfco in Greek. a.(TTpo-\6y-os, astrologer: dcr7po-Xo7-€co, astrologize, as if from a Greek form aarpo-Xoy-i^o: Notice that we cannot compound the noun aarpov and the verb Xe7co directly into aarpo-Xeyo). Such combinations were never made by the ancient Greeks. We must first form the inter- mediate noun or adjective aarpo-Xoy-os with the e of the stem of Xeyco changed to 0, and then make from this the denominative x'erb in -eco, aarpo-Xoy-eo}. This is a secondary compound. All FORMATION OF WORDS 41 Greek compound verbs in which one part is a noun stem, or an adjective stem, are secondary compounds. aaTpo-voji-os, astronomer :dcrrpo-i'o/x-ta, astronomy aarpo-vofi-ecx}, rare form aarpo-voix-l^oi, astronomize Note. — The words astrology and astronomy were both in use among the ancient Greeks and meant substantially the same thing. They should really both be translated astronomy. In later times, however, the name astrology came to be used for the pseudo-science of telling the fortunes of men from the stars, while the name astronomy has been retained for the true science of the stars. aarpo'von-os is from aarpo-v, star, and veixcj), deal out, distribute, arrange, manage. It probably meant originally one who distributes or arranges the stars, that is, one who studies their arrangement and tries to map it out and describe it. 104. Further examples of secondary compounds: venoi, distribute, manage: oIkos, house, estate, property oIko-v6ix-os, manager of a house or property, oeconomist oUo-vofi-ia, management of a house, or an estate, thrift, economy olKo-vo/jL-eoo, mafiage property, exercise thrift, economize i;5cop, water (stem in compounds generally v8po-) : (j)epco, carry v8po-4)6p-os, water-carrier (hydrophore) v5po-(j>op-e(jo, carry water. There is no corresponding verb in Eng- lish. There are many of these secondary compound verbs in Greek, but relatively few of them from which we have corre- sponding verbs in English, although we have English deriva tives from many nouns and adjectives from which such verb„ are formed in Greek. IV. WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 105. Explain the formation of these words and their relation to one another in accordance with the principles given above, pointing out the stem, sufi&xes, prefixes, and other elements wliich enter into the formation of each. Give the English words derived from these Greek words, and explain the relations of form and meaning in each instance. Use a large English dictionary for getting EngHsh deriva- tives and their meanings. The Century Dictionary is best for this purpose. 106. yMdo-s, story, legend. \ky-u), speak, tell, tell about. fjLvd-LKos, iJ,v9o-\6y-os, fivdo-'Koy-la, /xvOo-Xoy-LKSs, nvdo-Xoy-ew. 107. ^iop4>i], form, shape. fj,op(j)6-co, nopcpu-cns, ij.op4>co-tik6s, p.era-p.op4>br-(ji, p.eTa-iJ.6p(l)(j:-(ns , *fj,eTa.-iJLop(t)-os, *fXiTa-ixop(l>-LK6s, a-/xop(/)-os, Tr6\v-iJLop(f)-os, Mop0-e6$ (morphine). 108. Idaivofxai. (nav), rage, be mad, crazy, be inspired. jjLap-ia, *{j.avLa-K6s, fidv-ris {soothsayer, prophet), veKpo-ixavTela, *X'^i-p-o- p.a.vr€la. 109. funos, imitator, mime. pn/JL-LKOs, 7ravT-6-iJiitxos, /JLLfxe-ofxaL, fxifj.r]-aLS, fXLfxrj-TLKds. IIO. apdpo-v, joint; apdpb-00, apOpco-ats, aw-apdpco-aLS, di-dpdpu-ais, apOp-lris. A.2 I WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 43 III. Ti-6r]-ni (de), put, place; Oe-cns, 6e-iJ,a(T), avv-dt-ais, avv-de-nKos, avri-Oe-ffLS, avrt-de-TiKos, viro-de-aLS, viro-Oe-TLKos, Trap-kv-d^-ais, *'irap-ev-de-TiK6s, ha-de-ais, *8La-de-TLK6s, fiera-de-aLS, kirl-de-TOV, eTrl-9rj-fj.a(T), kiri-de-aLS, airo-dij-KT], ^L^Xio-drj-Kr}. 112. larrj-fXL {cto), stand, set; ara-cns, ^eK-ara-aLS, e/c-ara-rt/cos, ara-TLKOs, *vdpo-a-Ta-TLK6s, airo-aTa-ats, airo-dTa-T-qs , a v{v)-(jTT]-fj.a{T) , av-aTrj-jjiar-LKos, *av-aTr]-iiaT-i^(j}, Std-ora-ats, dia-ara-TLKos, 5id- 113- (Txtfco (axtS), split; o-xto'-/xa(T), ax'-<^-l^<^'''-i-'ios, axi-cr-ros, *crxto-r6- y\<j)a(70s, *axi-<^TO-y\(t>a(7ia, *ax'-<^Tb-KVTO%. 114. 7ed (old uncontracted form of 7^), earth, land; yeu-ypa(f)-os, yeu-y pa<t)-la, *yeo)-'K6y-os,*yeco-\oy-la, yeoo-nerpris, yeco-iJ.eTp-ia, yecc- lierp-iKOs, yeoj-8aL-aia {dal-co),. *yeoo-8aL-TLK6s, yewpyos (for 7eco- epyos), yecopy-ia, yewpy-cKos. 115- Taaaio (707), arrange, station; raK-TLKOs, raK-TLKo., avp-ra^LS, avv-raK-TiKos. 116. dpx-w, begin, take the lead, conunand, rule, govern; apx-v, beginning, rule, government; iiv-apx-os, av-apx-la, iep-apx-v^ {lepo-s, sacred, religious), iep-apx-io., TarpL-apx-V^i TraTpc-apx-i-o. (Trarptd, tribe, clan, race, those descended from a common father, -jrarrjp, genitive irarp-os) ; apxa-'^os, of the beginning, ancient; apxcuov, ancient thing, antiquity; apxcua, archives; apxaio-Xoy-os, apxo.10- \oy-ia, dpxa-i/c6s; reKTwv (reKTOv), carpenter, builder; apxt-re/CTwi', apxL-TeKTOi'-LKOs, apx-ciyye\os, apx^-Tvirov, *apxi-^^o.aros. This verbal stem at the beginning of a compound takes the forms dpx-, dpxe-, dpxi-. Compare English arch-bishop, arche-type, archi- tect. 44 EVERYDAY GREEK 117. /SdXXco {^aX, /SXrj), throw, place. irapa-^akXcj, place beside, compare. Tzapa-^oXi], comparison, parable. vivep-^aWw, throw beyond, the mark, go to excess, exaggerate, virep-^ok-i), exaggeration, hyperbole. 7rpo-/3aXXa), throw before one, propose. irpo-^X-n-fxa, ivhat is throivn before one, a proposition, problem. Trpo-^X-q-fiar- LKos, problematic. kfx-^aXXco, insert, inlay. €fj.-P:Xr]-p,a, thing inserted, or inlaid, emBlem. ahu-^dX-ov, symbol. fxera-jSaXXo), place differently, change, trails pose. ixera-^oX-i], change, transposi- tion. ^uera-jSoX-tKos, metabolic. */iera-/3oXtfw, *fX€Ta-^oXL(T-fx6s, metabolism. KaTa-^aXXco, throw doivn, destroy. Kara-^oX-i], *KaTa-^oX-LKbs, catabolic. *KaTa-^oXLa-nbs, catabolism. Contrasted terms are anabolic, anabolism. - ,'■ . fy ^ / • 118. Trdo-xco (7ra(9), suffer, feel, experience. -rraOos (xa0-es), feeling, suffering, disease. iraO-rj-TiKOs, avfi-Tad-ris, aviJ.-Ta6-ei.a, avfi-irad- ew, avfi-iradTj-TLKOs, a--ira6-r]s, a-7ra6-ei,a, *a-Tadr]-TLK6s, *Trado-X6y-os, *ira6o-Xoy-la, -jrado-Xoy-LKos. Compare allopathy, homeopathy, osteopathy, pathogenic, pathogenetic. 119. (f)aivoj {4>av), show, reveal. (l)aiv-oiJ,ai, be shown, show itself, appear. (paLv-o/xevov, that which is shown or appears, phenomenon. 0d-o-ts, appearance, phase, tju-^a-crts, a showing in or among, emphasis, e/x-c^ar-t/cos, 4>av-ep6$, visible. *(j)av-ep6-yafx-os, phan- erogamous, phanerogam. (jiav-ra^oj {<pav-Tad), shoiv; middle and passive, appear, often of assumed or unreal appearance. ({)avTaa-na, an appearance, phantasm, phantom, ^av-raa-ta, imagination, fantasy, fancy. <f)ai>Taa-TLK6s, fantastic. *^avTa<Tp.-ayopLa, phantasmagory. 5ia- ^av-T]s, showing through, transparent, diaphanous. 120. Trpaaaix) (irpay), do, accomplish irpaK-TLKos, able to accomplish, efficient, practical WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 4 5 Tpay-fiair), deed, thing; in the plural, affairs, business irpay-fxaT-iKos, pertaining to things or affairs, pragmatic Trpa^ts (for tt pay-aLs) , doing, practice, praxis From the stem irpay-nar- we also have in English pragmatize, pragmatism, and pragmatist, the Greek forms of which would be irpayfiaT-i^o}, wpaytxana- 1x6%, trpay fiaTLff-T-qs, but these do not occur in classical Greek. Chiropractic would be xe'Po-i'paKTiKos, from x<'P) hand, and irpa/cn/cos. 121. venco, deal out, distribute, arrange, manage; feed, pasture, {ykfioi and its derivatives show a wide range of meanings in Greek) veix-e-ais, a dealing out (of justice), divine retribution, righteous indignation, nemesis aarpo-von-os, one who studies the distribution of the stars, astronomer atTTpo-voix-ia, astronomy oiKos, house, estate, property oiKo-vbu-os, manager of a house, estate, or property olKo-vofx-la, management of house or property, good management . thrift, economy olKo-vop.-i.Kbs, fitted for management of property, economic; oUo- vop-LKCL, economics From the same stem we have in English economize and economist ay pos, field, land dypo-vbp-os, land-manager , superintendent of public lands *aypo-voiJL-la, management of land, agronomy * ay po-voix-LKos, ay po-vop.-LKa, agronomic, agronomics vbp-os, custom, law avTL-vop.-la, opposition to laiv, antinomy vop-bs, pasture, district, nome vopas, vopa8-os, roving about for pasture, nomad vopab-LKbs, nomadic 4)'CKos, friend, lover. 4)Lkkw,love. Frefix <J)l\o-, loving (j)L\b-ao<l)os, loving wisdom (crot^ta), lover of wisdom, philosopher 4>Lko-ao4>la, love of wisdom, philosophy 46 EVERYDAY GREEK (j)L\o-ao4>-iK6s , philosophic (f>L\-a.p6puiros, lover of mankind, philanthropist 4>L\-avd p(jiivla, love of mankind, philanthropy *4>L\-avdp(j}T-LK6s, philanthropic </)tX6-Xo7os (second part from the noun \6yos, word, speech, litera- ture), loving words, speech, language and literature, a lover of words, language and literature, philologist <i)iko-\oy-ia, love of language and literature, philology Observe that this differs from the other -ologies in the fact that the second part is from the noun X670S, not from the verb \e7a;, and that the verbal element is in the first part, 4>iKo- (from 4>iKkui), meaning loving, equivalent to a participle of which X670S is the object, loving speech, loving literature. If the second part of philology were directly from the verb Xeyco and had a verbal force and the first part were the noun ^tXos, friend, it would mean science of friends, or science of friendship. (See section 87). "Philology" does not belong in the group of -ologies, but in the group of words beginning with the verbal member 0tXo-. tf>L\o-(j.adr]s, loving learning (iiados) , fond of learning, philomath 4>i\-LTTros,fo7td of horses {'iTnros), Philipp, Phillip (f)L\6-dr]fjLos, loving the people (Stjixos), philodemic On the same model we have philharmonic, fond of harmony or music 123. To the group of words beginning with philo- corre- sponds a group beginning with miso-, Jiating. /uaos, TO, hatred, fjnaew, hate ULa-avdpoiTTos, hating mankind, hater of mankind, misanthropic, mis- anthrope lxL(T-avdpu)-KLa, hatred of mankind, misanthropy /jLLao-y vvrjs (yvvrj, woman), woman-hater , misogynist ixiab-yvvos, hating women, misogynous ULao-yvvla, hatred of women, misogyny 124. Xe7co, say, speak, tell, tell about debs, a god, God deo-\6y-os, one who speaks about God, theologian WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 47 d€o-\oy-ia, speaking about the gods, or God; the science of divine things, theology deo-'Koy-LKos, theological a(TTpo-\6y-os, one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer a.aTpo-\oy-la, the science of the stars, astronomy, astrology affTpo-Xoy-LKos, astronomical, astrological IJLvOos, story, legend, myth lxv9o-\6y-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist fjivdo-\oy-la, story-telling, mythology Hvdo-Xoy-LKos, good at telling stories. English derivative mytho- logical, with a different shade of meaning ({>v(jLs, nature <f)V(n-o-'\6y-os, one who tells about nature, a natural philosopher 4>v(jL-o-\oy-[a, natural philosophy. English derivative physiology ct)vaL-o-\oy-LK6s, physiological (j)V(n-o-\oy-eco, discourse about nature, tell about natural phenomena. The corresponding English verb is physiologize, as if from 0uo-toXo7tfw. The English derivatives of this group have a much more restricted meaning than the corresponding Greek words. See next section. 125. The words given in section 124 are all found in ancient Greek authors and are interesting and important as furnishing models for the modern names of sciences ending in -ology. Other words of this form occur in ancient writers, but these four groups will serve our purpose here. The meanings of these words at first were not so technical and specialized as these and similar words have now become. For example, nvdoXoyos was simply a story-teller, and fxvdo- \oyia, the act or process of telling stories, not mythology in the modern sense of that term — the whole body of myths, or the scientific study of the myths. Theology was probably the first of these words to take a sense somewhat like that which 48 EVERYDAY GREEK the word has today. Astrology was used as a synonym for astronomy and may be considered the name of the science such as it was in those times. Physiology was used to signify natural science in general, not in the very restricted sense in which we use the term now. From the time of Aristotle, however, these words ending in ■\oyia came to be regarded more and more as names of sci- ences, or systematic bodies of knowledge. Many of the modern sciences with names ending in -ology were entirely unknown to the ancients, but the names we have given them are formed on the analogy of the similar names in use in ancient times and would have been understood by an ancient Greek. 126. If we take as a model the words already given, all we have to do to form similar names for other sciences is to change the first part of the word, to substitute the stem of some other noun in the first part of the compound. In each instance we may have in English as in Greek a group of four words — an abstract noun as name of the science, an agent noun as name of the person who studies the science, a verb, and an adjective. In the evolution of these terms in Greek, however, the name of the person or agent came first, and the abstract name of the science was derived from this. Now we think of the name of the science first and derive the other terms from this. In English the name of the science ends in^ instead of the Greek and Latin -da, and-rthe verb ends in -ize, while in Greek it ends in -ecoj This difference is necessary since -ize, Greek -t^co, is the only ending of a Greek verb takeu over into English, and so, whatever the ending of the verb may be in Greek, if we use a corresponding verb in English it must end in -ize just the same as if the Greek verb ended in -t^co, as it sometimes does, though not in this group of words. From Greek verbs WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 49 in -tfco are formed agent nouns in Harris which is the source of our English ending -ist. The name of the agent, or scientist, therefore, regularly ends in -ist in English, occasionally in -er, while in Greek it ends in -os. 127. The following examples will serve as illustrations: acTTpo-Xoy-os, astrologer *yeo:-\6y-os, geologist aaTpo-Xoy-ia, astrology *yeo}-\oy-ia, geology aarpo-Xoy-LKos, astrological *yeoo-\oy-LK6s, geological aarpo-Xoy-eoj, astrologize *yew-\oy-€(j}, geologize The following are given in Enghsh form only and in the English order: Biology, biologist, biological, (biologize) Zoology, zoologist, zoological, (zoologize) Physiology, physiologist, physiological, physiologize Psychology, psychologist, psychological, psychologize The verb in this class of words is not very common in English. In many cases it is not in use at all. "Zoologize" is not given in the Century Dictionary. "Biologize" is rare and used in the sense of mesmerize. "Physiologize" is used chiefly in the old Greek sense of speculate concerning nature. 128. All the additional knowledge needed for other words of this type is to know what the first part of the compound comes from. Following is a list of nouns so used. Give the group of English words derived from each of these correspond- ing to the groups given above. ixvdpcjjTTos, man, mankind bkvhpov, tree a'LTLov, cause Koyxv, shell-fish, shell \pvxv, soul, mind ix6v-s,fish iaros, iveb, tissue opvLs, opviO-o^, bird vevpov, sinew, nerve 'iji^pvo-v, foetus, embryo 50 EVERYDAY GREEK 6 TcKos, reXe-os, end, purpose according to its origin; also l3aKTripL0-v, a little staff, bac- root of a word terium oh, (br-ds, ear Tado^, the way a person is pis, ptv-bs, nose a,&ected, feeling, suffering, dis- 6<i>da\p.bs, eye ease yvvq, yvvaLK-os, woman 'irv/xos, tnie'.neut. 'irvixov, true aeia/jLos, earthquake literal meaning of a ivord 129. From 'Kiyco, say, speak, come also the following words: X670S, word, speech, reason, proportion, prose \oyo-ypa4>-os, speech-writer, prose-writer, logographer Xoyo-ypacfj-la, speech-ivriting, prose-ivriting, logography Xoy-iKos, reasonable, rational, logical Xoy-LKT], logic ava-Xoyos, according to a fixed proportion, proportional, analogous Xe^ts (for Xey-cTLs), a speaking, speech, word Xe^L-Kov (jSl^XIov), word-book, lexicon 5ta-Xe7-o/xat, converse Sia-XeK-TLKos, conversatiojial, dialectic ha-XtK-Tos, conversation, style of speaking, dialect bia-Xoyos, conversation, dialogue ■wpb-Xoyos, fore-word, prologue kiri-Xoyos, after-speech, epilogue tv-Xoy-ia, well-speaking, praise, eulogy; we also have eulogize, eulogist, and eulogistic 130. Xkyw, pick, gather eK-XeK-TLKos, inclined to pick out or select, eclectic (jvX-Xkyw {avv-\-Xkyw), gather together, collect avX-Xoy-T], a collection (of poems, etc.), sylloge eK-Xoy-i], a picking out, selection, eclogue 131. Kparos, TO, might, power, rule'.Kparkw, exercise power, rule Sfjuos, people, common people WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 51 t^qiio-K par-la, rule by the people, democracy brjiio-KpaT-LKos, democratic; as a noun, democrat In the same way we have from apiaros, best, aristocracy, aristocratic, and aristocrat From aiiTos, self, we get autocracy, autocratic, and autocrat From TrXoOros, wealth, we get plutocracy, plutocratic, and plutocrat From oxXos, crowd, mob, we get ochlocracy, etc. I once heard a dis- tinguished scholar use very effectively the expressive word cleptocratic, from KkeivT-qs, thief, although "cleptocratic" is not in the English dictionary. 132. boKeo) {8ok), think, seem, seem good, seem best boy- iia^T)"^ what seems best, one's opinion or conviction of what is right and good, dogma The dogma of a governing body in state or church is its decree. A law, ordinance or decree passed by the Athenian assembly began regularly with the words eSo^e r^ /SouXg /cat toj 5riiJ,o}, "It seemed best to the senate and the popular assembly," equivalent to our enacting clause: "Be it enacted by the senate and general assembly." The decree itself was called a 56y^ia — what seemed best to the governing body. oo^a, opinion, reputation, honor, glory 8o^o-\oy-ia, the expression df glory to God, doxology, as in the well- known doxology: "Glory (do^a) be to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost" • Trapa-So^os, contrary to opinion or expectation, paradoxical; as a noun, paradox opdos, upright, straight, right opdb-ho^os, having right opinion, orthodox tTtpos, other (of two), dijfferent, wrong erepo-do^os, of other opinion, of wrong opinion, heterodox 6pdo-8o^ia, orthodoxy. tTepo-bo^la, heterodoxy 133. ay 00 {ay, reduplicated stem ay ay), lead briix-aywy-bs, leader of the people (generally in a bad sense, one who misleads the people), demagogue. 52 EVERYDAY GREEK Sijfi-aycoy-la, demagogy drf/jL-aycoy-LKos, demagogical Tots, TaiS-os, child, boy iraid-ayooy-os, boy-leader, pedagogue TmS-aywy-La, pedagogy Tai,8-ayoiy-iK6s, pedagogical arparos, army (XTpaT-rjy-os, army-leader, general aTpaT-rjy-la, generalship, strategy aTpar-rjy-LKos, strategic ' ' arpaT-rjy-eci}, be a general cTTpaT-riyq-fia, an act of generalship, stratagem 134. vhoip, vbaT-os (stem in compounds takes the form vbpo- before consonants, vbp- before vowels), water. av\6s, pipe vdp-avK-iKos, pertaining to water-pipes, hydraulic Note. — oi;X6s is a pipe in the sense of a musical instrument. The term " hydraulic " has probably come into scientific language from the Greek vSpavXis, a sort of musical instrument with pipes made to sound by means of moving water, a water organ, also called vSpav\i.K6p ipyavov. It was invented by Ctesibius, a Greek who lived at Alexandria in Egypt. See Athenaeus 174. iVrrj/it (era), set, stand *v8po-(TTa-TLK6s, having to do with the standing of water, hydrostatic, hydrostatics 4>o^kop.aL, fear vbpo-4)6^-os, water-f ear ing:vSpo-(})o^-ia, fear of water, hydrophobia v8pa, a water-snake, hydra In Greek mythology the Lernaean Hydra was a monster with nine heads, each of which when cut off was replaced by two. The monster was slain by Hercules, who cut off the heads and cauterized the wounds so that they could not sprout new heads. The stem v8p- with the ending -ant, of Latin origin, gives hydrant. With the sufl&x -ate we get hydrate. WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 53 There is a very large number of technical and scientific terms beginning with hydro-, or hydr-. They can be found in any large EngHsh dictionary. 135. €p8co (kpy), work h-epj-rts, at work, active kv-kpy-€La, activity, energy h-epy-eoj, be at work, be active h-epy-q-TiKos, able to be at work, inclined to work, energetic /jLeraXKov, a mine; later, a metal pLtToKKovpybs {fxeraWo-epyos), mine-worker, metal-worker fxeraWovpy-ia, mine-working, metal-working, metallurgy xetpovpyos (xetp-o-epy-6s), hand-worker, surgeon X^i-povpy-ia, hand-work, surgery, cliirurgery Xtipovpy-LKos, surgical, chirurgical a-epy-6s, contracted form apyos, not working, idle; hence argon bpy-avov, thing to work with, tool, instrument, organ From the word organ with the usual suffixes we form organic, organize, organism, organist Note.— The word opyavov had in Greek about the same range of meanings as its English derivative organ. The musical instrument called a water-pipe organ, v8pav\i.K6v opyavov, has already been referred to above (see section 134, note). From this in course of time was evolved the church organ. The word was also used by the ancients for an organ of the body, such as the eye. epyov, work; (ergograph) 136. Changes in the meaning of words. — It must have been observed already by the student of this book that in many of the English words derived from Greek the meaning of the English word corresponds only in part to that of the Greek word from which it is derived, and that sometimes the connection is rather remote. The meaning of words changes with their use and with changing ideas and processes. The history of words and their changes in meaning and application 54 EVERYDAY GREEK is, to a large extent, a history of civilization, of the intellectual and moral development of the people who used these words. There are various ways in which the meanings of words change. Sometimes the meaning is generalized and becomes broader; sometimes it is specialized and restricted to a part of what it originally covered. New ideas are usually expressed by using old words in a new sense. Often the name is given to a new discovery in a more or less arbitrary way. If the name is made from a Greek word, or from two or more Greek words, the namer tries to use Greek words which express some- thing more or less characteristic of the thing he is naming. Sometimes the name is based upon a misapprehension or false conception, and while the name sticks the etymological meaning becomes inappropriate when the facts are better understood. The word, however, serves its purpose by taking on a new meaning. The Enghsh words of Greek origin may be divided his- torically into two classes. The first class includes those words which were used by the ancient Greeks themselves in approximately the same sense in which we now use them, and which have been in use more or less continuously by scholars from ancient times to the present. These constitute the basis of all our Greek terms in English, and furnish the models upon which the later scien- tific and philosophical terms have been formed. The words of this first class have come into our language along with the ideas which they express, both the thing designated and its name being of Greek origin. Such words are poetry, drama, epic, theater, history, philosophy, theology, mythology, astronomy, mathematics, politics, democracy, physics, geome- try, organ, energy, analysis, S5^nthesis, and many others. These words, too, have changed in meaning with increasing WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 55 knowledge and changing ideas, but the change has been a gradual growth. The second cla^s consists of words introduced in modern times as names of new inventions and discoveries, or new ideas of any kind which required new names. Examples of such words are telegraph, telephone, photograph, protoplasm, phagocyte, microbe, and indeed most of our modern scientific terms of G/eek origin. Etymologically physics and physiology, both of which are derived from the Greek word <^ucrts, nature, mean the same thing, science of nature, or natural science in general. Both these words were used in this general sense by Aristotle and other ancient Greek writers, and apparently without any dis- tinction in meaning. Each of these terms has now become restricted to a special division of natural science. On the other hand economy, which originally meant the management of a house and its belongings, has been broadened out to include much more. It had acquired much of this broader meaning already in ancient times. The same may be said of the related words, "economic," "economics," and "economical." Geometry was at first merely the measurement of land, but it came very early to have a much broader meaning and application. On the whole, however, the instances in which a word has been restricted in its meaning to a part of the ground originally covered by it are much more numerous than those in which it has become more general in its meaning, and this is especially true of scientific terms. In modern scientific terms Greek words are often used in a specialized technical sense which was entirely unknown to the ancient Greeks. Thus the Greek word /euros which meant a 56 EVERYDAY GREEK bowl, vase, or jar, or anything shaped like them, has been adopted in modern science to designate a cell, a thing of which the ancient scientists had no knowledge. The word vevpov used in scientific language to designate nerve had the meaning sinew or tendon in ancient Greek. It was first used in the modern sense of nerve by the physician Galen in the second century after Christ. The Greek word rjXeKrpou meaning amber, or an amber-colored metal, is used in modern science to designate electricity. Many other similar illustrations might be given but these will be sufficient here. There are naturally no words for things hitherto unknown and the best that can be done in making a new name for a new discovery is to take an old word which designated something partially like the new idea and give this old word a changed meaning. 137. The older generation of scientists were, for the most part, also Greek scholars and made their scientific terms con- form in the main to the genius and rules of the Greek language. In recent years with the rapid growth of scientific discovery and with intense specialization there has come into use a flood of new scientific terms formed from Greek words, and it was inevitable that some of these should be clumsily formed and impossible of explanation in accordance with the principles and usages of the Greek language. Still it is true of these words that they may be understood and remembered much better by knowing the Greek words from which they are formed. 138. Scientific terms are now so numerous and for the most part so highly technical that they cannot to any con- siderable extent be included in a manual hke the present one, but each student must specialize upon those which he needs for his own special field of study. The general knowledge given in this handbook should assist him greatly in learning WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 57 '•■*. the derivation and meaning of the special terms belonging to ^ his own specialty. 139. Attention may here be called to a class of words spoken of by etymologists as corruptions. When a word of classical origin came to be used not merely by scholars and educated people, but also by the illiterate masses, changes were brought about by mistaken or careless pronunciation, and a word might change little by Httle until its original source could scarcely be recognized. In such cases we can usually find intermediate forms preserved in books of different dates and places by means of which the later corrupted form can be traced back to its original source. Examples of such words are, bishop, from the Greek Ittl- aKOTT-os, overseer; devil, from the Greek 6td/3oXos; surgeon, from the Greek x^i-povpyos; priest, from irpea-^uTepos. The intermediate forms may be seen in any large English dictionary under the English words. 140. Metaphysics, [xeTo. <^i;(n/ca,, after physics. This term was first applied in Roman times to a group of treatises which came after the Physics (idera 0u(n/cd) in the collected works of Aristotle. Later the origin of the title was forgotten and it was supposed to describe the subject-matter of these treatises. From Aristotle's works the term was transferred to other dis- cussions of a similar character and finally became the name for a branch of philosophy. Aristotle did not give this name to his work, and the term has no special significance except as it acquired it in later times. 141. Following are a few groups of English words of Greek derivation arranged so far as practicable by departments of thought and endeavor. None of the groups is complete, and some of the words might with equal reason be placed in other groups. The first word in each group will be suggestive 58 EVERYDAY GREEK of the nature of the group. The plan has been to get typical words in each group and to present both some common words and some highly technical terms. The student should use these words as material for prac- tice in tracing derivations. It is hoped that with the help of the principles and illustrations already given he may be able to think out many of these derivations without looking up the words in a dictionary. After trying what he can do unaified he may resort to the index and vocabulary at the ■^lid ofthis book, and finally to some large English dictionary. The Century Dictionary is one of the best for words of Greek origin. Additional words for study may be found in the index. I. gymnastics doxology patriot gymnasium organ hero athlete metronome cosmopolitan athletic monopoly acrobat 3. politics emporium trophy' policy epoch political ostracize 2. music economic melody ethnic 4. mathematics harmony aristocracy arithmetic tone autocracy geometry tune oligarchy trigonometry monotone monarchy analytics meter tyranny cone chorus despotism cube chord dynasty sphere symphony democracy cylinder antiphony democratic prism anthem plutocracy pentagon psalm anarchy polygon WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 59 diameter taxonomy hypnotic perimeter protoplasm ergograph diagonal cytoplasm base stigma 8. zoology center anther ichthyology hypotenuse petal ' ornithology parallel calyx ^embryology diagram cryptogam ehtomoleg'y' ' > problem phanerogam protozoon axiom spore metaboKsm theorem endogen xiphoid scholium exogen azygos angiosperm entomostraca 5. physics gymnosperm malacostraca dynamics chlorophyl aptera mechanics perianth diptera optics parasite ctenophora acoustics epiphyte coelenterata hydraulics geotropism arthropoda hydrostatics heHotropism xiphosura eccentric . notochord electric 7. philosophy coelomata elastic psychology chaetognatha telegraph psychic telegram logic 9. poetry telephone ethics poet pneumatic stoic poem electrolysis skeptic epic magnetic pragmatic lyric thermodynam- scholastic drama ics category dramatic stereopticon idea tragedy ideal tragic 6. botany idealism comedy ecology hypnosis comic 6o EVERYDAY GREEK bucolic idiom eleemosynary elegy dialogue apostasy epigram apology prophet idyl comma liturgy theater' colon anthropomor- scene hyphen phism melodrama dieresis theism '*' prologue' synonym atheism episode anonymous pantheism epilogue pseudonym J. mystic rhythm sarcasm idol ode / idolatry threnody II. ecclesiastic theology strophe Catholic theosophy antistrophe Presbyterian cemetery dactyl Methodist epitaph anapest Episcopalian cenotaph Christ angel lo. rhetoric apostle hierarchy theme evangelist demon thesis bishop devil topic presbyter epitome deacon 12. physician apothegm cathedral anatomy emphasis diocese physiology apostrophe synagogue neurology metaphor ascetic hygiene trope hermit (eremite) anodyne phrase priest epidermis paraphrase monk hypodermic paragraph heresy symptom parenthetic heretic diet period agnostic nausea graphic schism chronic laconic alms anesthetic WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 6i anaemia phagocyte clinic epidemic (should be sphygmograph osmosis cytophag) hemorrhage ptomaine sepsis neurosis antitoxin antiseptic neurotic therapeutic symphysis neuritis pediatry synarthrosis neurocyte prophylaxis synchondrosis neuriatry atrophy cyst cystectomy hypertrophy myelocyst chondroid microbe poliomyelitis hj^pochondriac bacteria gastritis psychiatry cytogenesis pericardium cytoblast peritoneum 142. The following list contains some names of men and women. Look up the Greek words in the vocabulary. Alexander, from dXefo? and avrip Bernice, BepevlK'r]=^epev'LKr], from (fjepw and vUi] Catharine, or Catherine, from Kadapos Christopher, Xpt.aTo4>6pos, Xptcrros, 0epa; Cora, from Kopr], Kopa Dorothea, Dorothy, from Scopov and Beds Eugene, 'Evyei'rjs, from eu and yiyvo/jLaL {yev) Eunice, from ev and vUt] George, Tewpyios, from yecopyos Georgia, Tecapyia, feminine of TeoopyLos Helen, 'EXevrj, a prominent character in the Homeric poems Homer, "O/xTjpos, reputed author of the Iliad and the Odyssey Ida, "Ut] and "Ida, t8r] and Ua Irene, from eipr]vr] Iris, 'Ipts, tptj Leon, Xecov Margaret, /jLapyapiri)^ 62 EVERYDAY GREEK Melissa, neXiaaa Myron, Mvpcov, name of a famous Greek sculptor Nicholas, NuoXdos, from vIkt] and Xdos Peter, Trerpos Phoebe, Phebe, from (i>oL^os, feminine ^ol^-q Philip, Phillip, ^iXittttos, from ^tXos and I'ttttos Phyllis, from 4)vK\ov Sophia, ao4>la Stephen, Steven, from aTe4>avos Theodore, from 9e6s and dcopov Theophilus, from deos and (plXos V. VOCABULARY 143. In this vocabulary if the stem of a verb is not obvious it is added in parentheses after the verb. Greek words in parentheses after other words in the vocabulary are intended to suggest the derivation of the Greek word which they follow. These words in parentheses may be found defined in their proper places in the vocabulary. Not all the meanings of the Greek words are given in this vocabulary, but only those meanings which are helpful in tracing the derivation of Enghsh words. Quite often it is the rarer meaning of a Greek word which appears in its Eng- lish derivative; especially so in scientific terms. The meanings are given in such an order as to lead up to the meanings of the English derivatives. Very often none of the meanings of the Greek word are exactly the same as that of its English derivative, or derivatives, and the meanings given for Greek words in this vocabulary must not be taken as definitions of the English derivative which is usually given at the end of the list of meanings. To get the exact signifi- cance of the English word as used at the present time the English dictionary should be consulted. In the case of medical and other scientific terms a special dictionary, such as Stedman's Medical Dictionary, may be consulted. A a-yvcoa-TLKos (yLyvojcTKO}): un- ci- before consonants, ap- before <^^^^ ^o know, agnostic, vowels. Negative prefix like *ay po-vo/jL-ia: management of un- in English: not, without. land, agronomy. 0,77610;^: vessel, vase, jar. aypo-pofx-os: manager of land, ayyeXos : messenger, angel. superintendent of lands, 63 64 EVERYDAY GREEK aypos: field, land, country, iiyoo (d7, 0,707, reduplicated stem): lead, aycov: contest, trial, aycovia: struggle, anguish, agony. aycjovi^oiJLaL {ayuPid) : contend, struggle. a8e\<t>6s, dSeXc^i?: brother, sister, a-^vyos i^vyov) : without a yoke, unyoked. ar]p, gen. dep-os: air. adXeui: contend for a prize in feats of strength and skill, especially in the public games. ad\t]-T'i]%: contestant in the games, athlete. ad\ov'. prize in the games. aWrjp : the clear upper air, aether. aljua, gen. a'liiaT-os: blood, aifxop-pay-ia, from alfjLa-[-pr]y- vviii (pay) : bursting forth of the blood, hemorrhage. atvLyna, gen. alvlyixaT-os: dark saying, riddle, enigma. aivlaaoixai (amy) : speak in rid- dles, hint. a'ipe-aLs: a choosing, choice, sect, heresy. atpe-TLKos: sectarian, heretic. alpkcjo, mid. alp'toixat.: take, mid. choose. aladavoixaL (ahd, aiaOe) : perceive. aicfdri-ais'. perception. aia6r]-TLK6s: able to perceive, good at perceiving, aesthetic. aiTLO-\oy-la (from atrtoi'+X€7a;) : discussion of causes, aetiology. oLTiov: cause, reason. dKeo/xat: heal, cure. aKixi] : point, highest point, prime, acme. cLKpo-^a-TTis, from aKpos-\- ^aivc>} i^a): one who goes highest, high-goer, acrobat. aKpo%: highest, topmost. aKova-TLKos: pertaining to hear- ing, acoustic. cLKovco: hear. aXyeoo: feel pain, suffer, grieve. 0X705 (stem dX7€s) : pain, suffer- ing. dXe^w (dXe^, dXe^e): ward off. aK\r]\oLv: of one another, to or for one another. aXXos: other, another. a-nedva-Tos, verbal adjective of fjLedvo) with neg. prefix: not drunken; a-ixeduaros Xi0os, the stone which prevents drunken- ness, amethyst. a/jLOL^T] : exchange, requital, recom- pense. a-jjiopcpos: formless, shapeless, amorphous. afx<f)l : about, on both sides. aix^i-GeaTpov: double theater, amphitheater. ova', up; in composition some- times back, again. ava-^aWcJ (jSaX) : throw Up, build Up. ava-^oXij: what is thrown up, or built up, a mound. *dva-/3oXt/c6s : building up, con- structive, anabolic. VOCABULARY 65 *ava-^o\L<Tfx6s: upbuilding, con- structive metabolism. Note. — The last word is purely modern and the meanings given for the three preceding words have been selected so as to lead" up to this modern derivative, anabolism. av-aiadrjala {aladavoixaC) : insensi- bility, anesthesia. *av-aLadr]-TLKbs: anesthetic. av-aiaOr]-Tos: without sense or feeling, insensate. av-oKyri-ala: freedom from pain, insensibility, analgesia. ava-\oyos: according to pro- portion, comparable, analo- gous. ava-\v-aLs: a loosing up, separa- tion into parts, analysis. ava-Xv-TLKos: pertaining to analy- sis, analytic. ava-Xvco: loosen up, dissolve, analyze. av-apxio.: absence of rule or government, anarchy, cLv-apxo% '. without rider or govern- ment, anarchical. ava-refxvo: {refj) : cut Up, dissect. ava-TOfjL-r]: dissection, anatomy. ave/xos: wind. avefjLwvr]: wind flower, anemone. avrip, gen. av8p-6s: man, male human being. avde/jLov (longer form of cii'^os): flower. avdos (audes) : flower, blossom. apOpcoiros: man, mankind, hu- man being (either male or female). avT-aywvl^oiiai: contend against, antagonize. *avT-aycovLaiJ.6s: antagonism. cLPT-ayojuLCTTris: antagonist. *dvT-aywPLcrTLi{6s: antagonistic. avri: against, opposite. avrl-de-ffLs: a putting opposite, what is put opposite, antithesis. avTi-OeriKos: put in opposition, antithetic. *a.vTi-vop.ia: opposition to law, antinomy. avT'i-4>wvos: sounding opposite, or in response, responsive; in neut. avrlcpwvov, responsive singing, antiphony, anthem. a.v-o)8vvos, -ov {obvvrj): without pain, allaying pain; dvo^bwov <<papnaKov> , a drug allevi- ating pain, anodyne. dj'-co/iaXta {avdo /jloXos) : uneven- ness, irregularity, anomaly. av-coixa\os (oAtaXos) : uneven, out of level, anomalous. a^icona: that which is demanded as a basis for reasoning, that which is assumed as self- evident, axiom. a^cov: axle, axis. aopTT] (from aeipco, stem aep, lift-up): aorta. a-TraOeLa (Tciax^, iraO) : lack of feeling, insensibility, apathy. *a-Tra6r]TLK6s: without feeling or sensibility; apathetic. d-TTo: from, away from. airo-driKr]: a place in which to put things away, a store-house, apothecary. 66 EVERYDAY GREEK airoXoyeonaL: speak in one's de- fense, defend one's self. aTToXoyrjTLKos: inclined to defend one's self, of the nature of a defense, apologetic. airoXoyla: defense by speech, apology. diro-aTa-aLS {^LaTrjiii, ara) : a standing away from, ivith- drawal, desertion, apostasy. dTTo-o-Td-TTjs: one who deserts, a run-away slave, an apostate. dTTO-crroXos (aTro-crreXXco) : one who is sent away on a mis- sion, a messenger, envoy, am- bassador; in the New Testa- ment, a missionary , an apostle. dTTO-o-Tpec^co : turn away from. aTvo-<TTpo4)T]: a turning away, that is, from all others to address one specially, an apostrophe. aTro-4>6eyyoiJLaL: speak out plain- ly and to the point. a.ir6-(t>6eyna: a terse pointed saying, an apophthegm. a-TTTepos (TTepov) : without wings, wingless, apaxvrj : a spider, apyos (contracted from a-epyos) : not working, inactive, idle. apdp-lTLs: inflammation of a joint, arthritis. apdpov. joint. apdpoco : make a joint, unite by means of a joint, articulate. ap9pco-aLs : union by means of a joint, arthrosis. apidjjikoi: count, number, reckon up. apLO/jLTj-TLKos '. pertaining to count- ing or reckoning, arithmetical. apLdfxrjTLK'fi <.Tkxvt]'> '. art of counting and reckoning, arith- metic. apid/jLos: number. apiaros '. best. apKTos : a bear, a constellation in the northern heavens, the north. Hence apKTLKos, northern, arc- tic. apfiovla: a fitting together, har- mony. aprripia: windpipe, artery. dpx-d77eXos: chief messenger, archangel. dpxaTa (neut. plur. of dpxaTos) : ancient things, antiquities, archives. dpxat/cos: old-fashioned, primi- tive, archaic. dpxa(.o-Xo7ta : account of ancient things, archaeology. dpxato-X67-os : one who tells about ancient things, an antiquarian. apxa'Los: belonging to the begin- ning, ancient. apxe-TVTTOv. first type, archetype dpxi? : beginning, leadership, rule, government. *dpxt-i8Xao-ros: the initial sprout or germ, archiblast. apx^-'T^K-Tov-iKos : pertaining to the master-builder, architectonic. dpxt - reKTccv : master - builder, architect. VOCABULARY 67 apxw: begin, be first; lead, com- mand, rule. a-a^ecTTos {a^'evvvn.C) : unquench- able; later, unburnable, as- bestos. a-adevris (adhos) : without strength, weak, sick, asthenic. a-aOeveLa: iveakness, sickness, asthenia. aad/j-a: shortness of breath, pant- ing, difficulty in breathing, asthma. dcTKeco: exercise, train, discip- line. aaKrj-TLKos: suited for discip- line, ascetic. aaTepo-eiSrjs: having the for fn or appearance of a star, asteroid. a.aT7]p, gen. aarep-os: star. aarpo-Xoy-ia: astronomy, as- trology. aaTpo-\6y-os: one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrolo- ger. aarpov (another form of aarrjp) : star. aarpo-vofji-la: arrangement and distribution of the stars, as- tronomy. See vkyLw. aaTpo-vojj.-o'i: one ivho studies the distribution or arrange- ment of the stars, an astron- omer. ii-avXos (crvXao)) : safe from vio- lence, inviolate; aavXav lepov: an inviolable shrine, a refuge, an asylum. 0.71X0%: steam, vapor a-TOfjL-os (reiuLPui): uncut, indi- visible; cLTopLov, an indivisible particle, atom. a.-Tpo4)ia (Tpk(f)co) : lack of nu- trition, atrophy. a-Tpo0os: without nourishment. avd-ePTTjs {avT6s-\-evTr}s, doer): self-doer, real author. avOepTLKos: belonging to the real author, authentic. avXos : a pipe (a musical instru- ment somewhat like a clari- net). *avTo-iJiaT-i.K6s: like an auto- maton, automatic. auTo-jua-ros (root fxa, desire, wish, will) : self-willed, self- impelled, acting of one's own accord; neut. avTbp.aTov: a thing which acts of its own accord, an automaton. avTos : self, himself, herself, itself. avT-o\}/la: a seeing it one's self, autopsy. cKpalpeafi (aTro-f-atpeco) : a tak- ing aivay, apheresis. d^atpew: take away. B ^aivoi (^a) : step, stand, walk, go. ^aKTTjpLov, plur. ^aKTTjpLa: a little slajf, a little cane; bacterium, bacteria. jSdXXco (iSaX, /SXtj): throw, cast, put. ^ap^api^oo: behave like a bar- barian. Pap^apianos: barbarism. 68 EVERYDAY GREEK ,3dp(3apos: barbarous, a barbari- an. /Sdpos: weight, ^opvs: heavy. ^apv-Tovos: heavy-toned, bary- tone. 0aaLs i^alvui) : a stepping, stand- ing, that on which anything stands, pedestal, basis, base. ^L^XLo-drjKrj (tLOt^hl) : book-casc, library. ^L^\iov: book; to. /St/3\ta: the books, the Bible. /Si'os: life, especially, course of life, life history. pXaaros: sprout, shoot, germ. Bopeas: north wind, the north, Boreas. 0oTavrj: grass, fodder, vegetation. I3ovk6Klk6s: pertaining to cattle- herdsmen, bucolic. ^ov-k6\os: cowherd, herdsman. l3ovs (stem /Soy): cow, ox; in plur., cattle. ^ov-Tvpov (rvpos): butter. ^paxMV. upper arm (between shoulder and elbow). jSpoYxta (plural) : hronchxaX tubes. *^poyx-lTi.s: bronchitis. ^poyxos: ivindpipe, trachea. ydXa, gen. yaXaKT-os : milk. yaXa^ias: Milky Way, galaxy, ya/xeco (ya/x) : marry, yaarrjp, gen. yacxTp-os'. stomach, belly. yaarp-LKos: relating to the stom- ach, gastric. 7€d, contracted form, 7^: earth, land. Note. — The old uncontracted form yea. was generally used in the first part of a compound word, the final -d changing to -w, so that the stem as- sumes the form yew-, as in yeu-ypa<j>ia. yej'ed {ylyvonai) : race, stock, family. yepea-Xoyla: an account of one^s pedigree, genealogy. ykvi-aLs {ylyvo/jLai.) : becoming, origin, creation, genesis. yhos (stem yeves): race, kind, genus (Latin equivalent). ytpavLov: name of a plant, crane- bill, geranium. 7epai'os: a crane. 7eco-7pd0-os: one who writes about the earth, a geographer. 7€co-5at(rta {baioi) : a dividing of land, geodesy. *7eco-5ai-Tt/c6s: relating to geo- desy, geodetic. 7ecb5rjs {yeco-\-dbo{): earth-like, earthy; geode. *yibi-\6y-os : one who tells about the earth; hence *ye<j)-\oyia, geology. yeco-ixerpTjs: land-measurer, ge- ometer. yeco-ixerpia: measurement of land, geometry. yecc-p-eTp-LKos: geometrical. yewpyla: tillage of land, farm- ing, agriculture. yewpyiKos: agricultural, georgic. VOCABULARY 69 yecopyos (second part from root kpy): one who works the ground, a farmer. yiyas, gen. yiyavr-os: giant. yiy avT-LKos: like a giant, gigantic. yiyvo/jLaL, syncopated from 71- yev-ofxai (yev): become, come into being, be born. yi-yvdo-cTKoi {yvw) : know. yXoJaaa, yXuTra: tongue, speech, language. yuados: the jaw. ypuicT-TiKos {yLyvwaKO}) : able to know, gnostic. ypaniJLa, gen. ypafJifxaT-os: what has been written, writing; plur. ypanixara, writings, docu- ments, literature. y papinaT-LKr] < TexJ"?> : the art of writing, grammar. y pajxp-aT-LKos : pertaining to writ- ing, skilled in writing, gram- matical. ypa(j)r]: drawing, painting, pic- ture. ypa(f)-iK6s: like a picture, graphic. ypa(f)Cjo: draw, paint, write. yvfjiva^co {yvpva6): from yvp.v6s: exercise naked, exercise, train. yvpLPacnov: a place for exercising or training, a gymnasium. yv{jivaa-Tr]s: one who exercises, a trainer, gymnast. yvpvacr-TLKos: pertaining to exer- cising, or skilled in athletic exercises, gymnastic. yvp.p6s: naked. yciovla: a corner, angle. Saipcov: a god or goddess, a divine being, a spirit; in Christian writers, an evil spirit, demon. Note. — The word Sat^wj' is of much broader meaning than 6e6s and in- cludes all sorts of supernatural beings. It may be used to designate the gods {oi deoL), but more often is used of divine beings of lower rank than the gods. The term is often used of the spirit or genius which presides over a person's life for either goodor evil. A person with a good genius was called tvbaljxuiv, one with an evil genius SvaSai/jLuv, Or KaKoSaiiiuv. 5atw: divide. dcLKpv and baKpvov: a tear; gen- erally the plural is used for tears, but sometimes the sing, is used collectively in the sense of tears. baKpvppoia (^eco): a flowing of tears, dacryrrhea. dekvvpL (5et/c): show, point out. bkvbpov. tree. dtppa, gen. 8epp.aTos: skin, hide. deairoT-qs: slave-master, despot. Bevrepos: second. 8eco: bind, tie. oriXe-onaf. hurt, harm. 87]\'q-Tr]pLos: harmful, noxious, poisonous, deleterious. brtp-aycoyiKos: like a demagogue, demagogical. 8r] p.- ay (joy OS {8r]pos-]r-(iyuj): a leader of the people, a dema- gogue, often in a bad sense. 8r]po-KpaTla: rule by the people, popular government, democ- racy. 70 EVERYDAY GREEK 8r}no-KpaT-iK6s: democratic, democrat. drjiios: the people, the common people. * 5t-: a prefix meaning two. ha: tJnough, across; in com- pounds sometimes apart. 5ta-/3dXXco: throw apart, set at variance, especially by means of false accusations, hence slander, malign. bia-^okiKos: devilish, diabolical. 5ta-j86X-os: slanderer, devil. dLa-yLyvua-Kw : know things apart, distinguish, discern, decide. 8La-yvo)-(XLs : a distinguishing and deciding, diagnosis. dta-yuvos (■yoovia) : through the angles, diagonal. bid-brifia (6eco) : ivhat is hound across or around otie's head, diadem. dia-deais: arrangement, disposi- tion, condition, diathesis. *8Lad€Ti,K6s: relating to the dia- thesis, diathetic. diaipeaLs: separation, dieresis. dL-aipeco: take apart, separate. 8iaLTa: mode of life, kind of food, diet. Statrdw: feed in a certain way, diet. 8iai,Tr}-TLK6s: relating to food, dietetic. Sta/coj'os: servant, minister, dea- con. 8La-\'t'yop.aL: talk back and forth, argue, converse. 8ia-\eK-TLKri <TexJ'i7> : the art of evolving truth by the method of question and answer, dialectic. Sta-Xefc-Ti/cos: of the nature of conversation, skilled in argu- ment, dialectical. Std-XcKTos <7Xcocr(Ta> : conver- sational language, dialect. 8ia.-\oyos : conversation, dialogue. 8LaixeTpos K.y pap.p.i]'> : the line measuring through or across, diameter. 8i.-apdp(joaLs: a joining apart, connection by a movable joint, diarthrosis. 8LappoLa(peco) : a flowing through, diarrhea. 8ia-aTaaLs {'IffTrjixL) : a standing apart, separation, diastasis. 8LaaTa-TLK6s: separative, relating to diastasis, diastatic. 8LaaT7]-iJ.a: interval. 8ia-4>av-ijs {(palpu) : showing through, transparent, dia- phanous. 8La.-(j)payp.a {(f) paaaw , stem (ppay) : a ivall through or across any- thing, a partition, diaphragm. 8i.8a.aKU! (5t5ax) : teach. 8i-8o)-fjLL {80): give. 8'L-\r]fj.fj.a (Xa/z/3dj/co) : a double assufuption, a double premiss, a dilemma. See X^/xyua. Stot/cecrts (5i-oi/ceaj) : housekeep- ing, administration, jurisdic- tion, diocese. 5t7rXoos: two-fold, double. SiirXoco : double, fold. VOCABULARY 71 5txXco-/ia: a folded document, a letter of recommendation, di- ploma. 8L<l)depa: a tanned hide, a piece ' of leather. di-cjiOoyyos: having two sounds, a diphthong. bbyixa, gen. bbyixar-os (doKeco) : what seems best to one, opinion, conclusion; in the case of those in authority a decree, an ordinance, a dogma. doyixaT-LKos: of the nature of a decree or ordinance, dogmatic. 8oKecj} (5ok), generally used in the third person singular as an impersonal verb, 8ok€l: it seems, it seems best. 86^a (5ok:6co): opinion, reputa- tion, honor, glory. 8o^o-\oyla: an expression of glory to God, doxology. 8pa.fxa, gen. Spa^tar-os {8paco) : what is done or acted out, deed, act, drama. 8pacr-TLK6s: active, elective, dras- tic. 8paxi^ri '■ drachme, a weight, also a coin; Eng. drachm. Spaco: do, perform. 5p6/ios: a running, race, race- course, race-track. 8pv-s'. a tree, an oak. 8 vva-jxai : be able, be powerful. 8vva-iJ.Ls: ability, power. Swa-ffTela: lordship, domination, dynasty. 8vvaaT7]s: lord, ruler, potentate. 8v(x-: a preiix meaning bad, badly, with difficulty. 803 pou: gift. E ky-Ke(f)a\os {kv-\-Ke4>a\r]) : in the head; as a noun, brain; neut. eyK€cj)aKov: encephalon. eyu: I. 'ey-x(i-pt8Lov (x^ip) : a hand-book , manual, enchiridion. kdvLKos: relating to a nation, national, ethnic. Wvos: a tribe, nation. eiSos (stem el8es) : appearance, form, kind, species. ei8v\\Lov (diminutive of el8os): a little image, a short, highly wrought descriptive poem on a pastoral subject, an idyl. e'i8coKov : an image, idol. etScoXo-Xarpeta : idol-worship, idolatry. Note that the Eng- lish word drops out one syl- lable. HKwv: image, icon. €lpi]vr}: peace; hence the proper name, Irene. els: into eK, before a vowel, e^: out of. eK-KevrpiKos (Kevrpov) : out of center, eccentric. tK-'Keyoo: pick out, select. eK-XeKTLKos: inclined to select, eclectic. CK-X0717: a selection, eclogue. 72 EVERYDAY GREEK eK-ara-ais {'l(tt7]ijll) : a standing outside of the proper place, a displacement, a being beside one's self, ecstasy. eK-(TTa-TLK6s: of the nature of ecstasy, ecstatic. h-TLKos (ex"^) • habitual, consti- tutional, consumptive, hectic. eKTOjjLr] {kK-Tkjivw) : a cutting out; -ectomy in the latter part of medical terms. e/CTos : outside, without. *eXaa-rLK6s, from eXawco (eXa) drive: able to drive, as a bent bow which drives the arrow by returning to its original form, elastic. eXeyeiaKos: having the nature of an elegy, elegiac. eXeyeLov (eXeyos): an elegiac couplet, in the plural, a poem made up of such couplets, an elegy. eXe7os : a lament. eXer] /jLoavpT] : pity, mercy, charity, alms. eXe(f)as, gen. eXecpavT-os: ele- phant, ivory. "EXXr]v: a Greek, a Hellene. 'EXXrjvi^o): speak Greek, imi- tate the Greeks; in active sense, make a Greek of one, Hellenize, 'EXXrjv-iKos: Grecian, Hellenic. 'EXXr]VLafj,6s: imitation of the Greeks, adoption of Greek lan- guage and civilization, Hel- lenism. 'EX\r]VLaTr]s: one not of Greek race who uses the Greek lan- guage, a Hellenist; in New Testament, a Greek-Jew. *'EXXijw(Tri/c6s: relating to Hel- lenism and Hellenists, Hel- lenistic. efji-jSaXXo) (jSaX, iSXtj) : throw in, put in, insert, inlay. efx-^Xri/jLa: something inserted or inlaid, an emblem. tix^pvov: foetus, embryo. efiTrXaarpov (TrXdacrco) : plaster, salve. eix-wbpiov: a trading place, port of entry, emporium. efXTopos (h-\- TTopos) : a traveling merchant, importing merchant, wholesale merchant. ep.4>a(jL'i {kv-^4>a'ivco): a showing of something in or among other things so as to make it stand out prominently, em- phasis. ep.<i)aTLKbs: with emphasis, em- phatic. kv. in, among. tvbov: inside, within. kvkpyeia (ez^-j-root kpy, work): action, energy. evepyeco: be in action. hepyrj-TLKos: active, energetic. ev-deos, contracted form, evdovs: having the god in one's self, possessed by a god, inspired, frenzied. evdovcna^co: be possessed by a god, be inspired. VOCABULARY 73 hdovaLaafios: inspiration, en- thusiasm. hdovaLaa-T-qs : one who is inspired, enthusiast. evdovaiaaTLKos : like an enthusiast, enthusiastic. evrepov: entrail, intestine. ev-Toixov {ev-\-Tk^voi): that which is cut into, insect. e^-obos'. a way out, a going out, exodus, e^co: outside, without. eir-eicr-bbLOV {odds, eta-odos, an entrance, a coming in) : some- thing which comes in besides, or afterward, the part of a Greek tragedy between two choric songs, an episode. eirl: upon, on, after, besides. h.irl-'Y paixixa : what is written upon a monument, an inscription in verse, epigram. 'ein.-y pa4)ri : an inscription. This is the more general term for an inscription of any kind, hence epigraphy, the study of inscriptions. hTi-de-Tov: what is put upon, or added, an adjective, epithet. eTi-drj-iia: something put on, a lid, cover, poultice, epithem. eiTLKos (eTTOs) : epic. eTrL-Xafji(3av(X): seize upon, lay hold of, attack. eiriXrjipLs and evrtXiji/'ta: a seizure, attack, fit, epilepsy. eiri-Xoyos: after speech, con- chiding speech, epilogue. eTrl-ffKOTTos {aKkirTOjiaC) : one who watches over, overseer, super- intendent, bishop. Hence the English word episcopal. eirLcrTTiixT]: knowledge, science; sometimes contrasted with eTTL-aToXr] (eTrt-areXXaj:) a letter, an epistle. kirL-TidriiJLL: put upon, add. kirL-Topi] {kiTL-TeixvcS) : a ciittns, upon, an abridgement, epi- tome, just as we say "a cut- ting down." eTTos, gen. e7re-os (from root e7r, speak) : anything spoken, word, speech; especially a line of heroic hexameter; in the plural, heroic verses, epic poetry. e-Koxh (er-exw): a holding on, a waiting, the halting of a star, a portion of time, an epoch. epyov: ivork, deed, action. ep8o: (ep7): work, do. kpr]pla: an uninhabited place, solitude, desert, wilderness. ep'qni-T7]s: a man of the solitary place, eremite, hermit. kpvdpos: red. ecrco: inside, within. eTepo-5o^ia {86^a): wrong opin- ion or belief, heterodoxy. €T€p6-8o^os: having wrong opin- ion, heterodox. erepos: other of two, other than good or rie,ht, wrong. 74 EVERYDAY GREEK €rf'juo-Xo7[a : telling the true sense of a word according to its origin, giving the etyma of words, etymology. ervnov: the true sense of a word according to its origin, the root-meaning, root of a word. eTVfj,os: true, real. €v: well, good. evajyeXl^ofjLaL (evayyeXos) : bring good tidings, preach the gospel, evangelize. tvayy<c\Lov: good news, glad tid- ings, the gospel. evayyeXos: bringing good neivs; one ivho brings good news, an evangel. euyevqs {ylyvo^iai) : well born, noble. evXoyla: a speaking well of one, praise, eulogy. exw (ex, (^ex, ex, <Txe) : have, hold, hold oneself, keep oneself <so and so>, be <so and so>. ^aw. live, be alive. ^vybv. a yoke. ^ui] : life. ^covT]: girdle, belt, zone. ^Qop: a living being, animal. H ijOiKos {rjdos): relating to moral character, ethical; TjdLKa, eth- ics. ^dos: character, moral character. ^XeKTpov: amber. ^Xlos : the sun. r}KLo-T pbiTLOv : heliotrope, so called because it turns to the sun. rfKLO-Tpbizos (rpeTTCo) : turning to the sun. rjfxepa: day. 17 /it-: a prefix meaning half. ■qp.L-(X(i>aipLov (c^atpa) : a hemi- sphere. rjirap, gen. ^7rar-os: liver. riiraT-LKos: of the liver, hepatic. Tjpojs: ivarrior, hero. ^X'^' echo. daXafxos: inner room, bed-cham- ber. 6ea.-op.ai: see, observe, gaze upon. dka-Tpov: a place for seeing, a theater. Q'e-pa {TiQ-qixC} : wliat is put down for disctission, a proposition, theme. deo-Xoy-la: a telling about the gods, or about God, theology, 6eo-\oy-LKbs : theological. deo-\by-os: one who tells about the gods, or God, a theologian. debs: a god, God. depa-n-ela : service, attendance, care of the sick, treatment of disease, therapy. Oepairev-TiKos: relating to care of the sick, or to medical treat- ment, therapeutic. dipairevb): serve, care for, give medical treatment to. Oeppbs: warm, hot. VOCABULARY 75 deciipeoj : view, contemplate, specu- late, philosophize. de6:pr]-iJLa: that which is viewed or contemplated; in mathe- matics, a theorem. deoiprj-TLKos: contemplative, spec- ulative, theoretical. dt<jip'ia\ a vieiv, a theory. decopos: a spectator, sight-seer, delegate to a religious festival, or to the national games. 6pi^, gen. Tpix-os: hair. dCipa^: breast- plate, part of the body covered by the breast-plate, chest, thorax. I lao/jLai: heal, cure. iarpda: healing, medical treat- ment. larpLKos: relating to a physician, or to medical treatment, cura- tive, medical. iarpos: a physician, or surgeon. "I5a : a wooded hill. Mount Ida. idea (from root ^5, see, appear): appearance, form, image, men- tal image, idea. 18los: one's own, private, person- al, peculiar. IbiO-avyKpaala {avyKepavvvpLL) : one's own mixture, peculiar temperament or habit, idiosyn- crasy. IdicoiJLa, gen. i5tco/iar-os : a peculi- arity, especially a peculiarity of speech, idiom. iStwTTjs: a private person; one who is unskilled, ignorant, or stupid. Eng. deriv., idiot. lep-apxv^ (o'PXw) : a ruler of sacred things, high priest, hier- arch. lep-apx'ta: rule of a hierarch, hierarchy. Upos: sacred. LTTTTos: a liorse. IpLs: rainbow, halo; a flower, the iris; the iris of the eye; name of a goddess, Iris. 'Laos: equal. 'laTTjiJiL (crra) : stand, set up. IdTopla'. inquiry, research, knowledge gained by inquiry or research, a written report of such knowledge, narrative, his- tory, story. ioTos: loom, web. IxOiis: fish. K Kadaipo: (Kadap) : cleanse, purify, purge. Kadapos: clean, pure. Kadap-TLKos: cleansing, purga- tive, cathartic. Kadedpa: seat, chair, bishop's chair; hence cathedral. KadokLKos (/cara+oXos) : relating to the whole, general, universal, catholic. Kaiw (kuv) : burn. KaXKi-: form which the stem of Kokos, beautiful, usually takes at the beginning of a com- pound. 76 EVERYDAY GREEK KaX6s: beautiful, noble, good. KoKv^, gen. Ka\vK-o^: seed-pod, cup of a flower, calyx. Kaucjpi straight rod, straight-edge, rule, canon. KapSla: heart. KapSta-Kos: pertaining to the heart, cardiac. KapKLvos : a crab; a cancer. Kapiros: fruit, grain, produce. KapTTos: the wrisf , csiTpus. KaTo,: down; in accordance with. Kara-^aWco: throw down, over- throw, destroy. Kara-^oXr]: a throwing down. *KaTa-^6\LK6s: tending to throw down, destructive, catabolic. *KaTa-^6XLafi6s : a throwing down, catabolism. Kara-Xkyo): pick out, enlist, en- rol. KaTa-\ri4'it (Kara-Xa/i/Sdvco): a seizing, catalepsy. Kara-Xoyos (Kara-XeYco) : a regis- ter, a roll, list, catalog. Kara-Xvais (/cara-Xyoj) : a loosing, a dissolving, catalysis. Kara-Xvu: dissolve, break up. KaT-apaaacx) (apay) : dash doivn; KaT-apaK-Trjs: down-dasher, cataract. Kara-p-pecc (peoi) : flow down. KOLTappoos: flowing down; as a noun, a running from the head or nose, catarrh. KaTa-<TTp€4>(jo: turn down, upset, overthrow. Kara-ffTpocf)!] : an overturning, sudden reverse, catastrophe. KaT-rjyopia: an accusation, de- claration, predicate, category. Kava-TLKos {Kalco, root Kav, burn) : inclined to burn, caustic. Kav-TT]p (Kalco) : a burner, a branding iron. icauTTjptdf CO : sear, cauterize. Kav-rijpiov: a branding iron; also a brand, cautery. Kevos: empty. KevTpov: a sharp point, a goad, a puncture, the puncture made by the stationary limb of the compass in drawing a circle, the center of a circle, center. KepavvviXL {Kepa, Kpa) : mix. Kepas, gen. Kepar-os: a horn. Ke(f)a\7] : head. KXa5os: a young shoot, a twig, a branch. KXaw. break. KXeT-T7]s: a thief. KXeTTO} (kXctt) : steal. KXIfxa^, gen. /cXt/xa/c-os: a ladder, a stair-case, climax. kX'lvt}: couch, bed. kXlvlkos: pertaining to a bed, or beds; a physician who visits the sick in their beds, clinical. Koyxv : a shell-fish, a shell. KolXos : hollow. kolXocjo: make hollow, hollow out. KoiXcc-fjia, gen. KotXco/zar-os: a hollow, a cavity. VOCABULARY 77 Koinaw. put to sleep; KOLn&ofiai: go to sleep. KOLfXTj-TTipLov: Sleeping place, cemetery. KoXeos: a sheath, a scabbard; in Aristotle, the sheath or shard of a beetle's wings. KOfxr] : the hair of the head, espe- cially of long hair. Kofxii-Tr]s: a long-haired fellow; a comet. KOfxfxa {kotttw, strike, cut) : what is cut of, a short clause. In English the point used tomark off a short clause, a comma. KopT], Kopa: a girl, a maiden. Kopivdios: Corinthian. KopLvdos: Corinth. KocrfjLeco : order, arrange, adoi %. Koafxri-TLKos: suited for adorning, cosmetic. Koa/j.o-yopia {Koap-os and yiyvo- /xai): birth or origin of the universe, cosmogony. KoafjLO-TroXlTrjs: a citizen of the world, cosmopolite. k6(tp.os: order, adornment; the universe, the world. KOTvKri'. a cup. KOTv\y]bwv: anything cup-shaped. In botany a cotyledon. Kpa-aLS (Kepavuvpi): a mixing, blending, combination, crasis, Kpa-rrip: a mixer, mixing-bowl, bowl, crater. Kpdros: strength, power, rule. Kpivia (kpl): separate, distin- guish, decide, judge. Kpl-(Tis: a decision, judgment, decisive point, crisis. KpL-TTjpcov: a means of judging, a criterion. Kpi-TTjs: a judge. Kpi-TiKos: able to judge, critical; as noun, a critic. KpoKos: saffron. Hence Eng. crocus. KpvT-Tos: hidden, concealed; KpvKTov. a crypt. KpvTTco (Kpv(f>): hide, conceal. KpvaToWos: ice; rock-crystal , crystal. KTHs, gen. KTev-b$: a comb, a rake, a cockle. Kv0os: a cube, a die for playing dice. KVKXaiJLi.vos (kvkXos): cyclamen. kvkXos: a circle, cycle. Kv\Lv8pos: a roller, a cyUnder. KvXlvdco: roll. Kvvos-ovpa: a dog's tail, name of a constellation, cynosure. Kvpos: Cyrus. KvaTLs: a bladder, a pouch; cyst. KVTos: a hollow, a hollow thing, a vase, a jar. In modern science, a cell, cyte. icvcov, gen. kvv-os: a dog. KcoXov: a limb, a member; a mem- ber of a sentence, a colon. KconLKos: of the nature of a revel, or of a comedy, comic. KcojLtos: a revel, a band of revellers, the ode sung by a band of revellers, a comus. 78 EVERYDAY GREEK Kcoju-qjSta (deiSo), sing, aotdds, singer) : revel-song, comedy. Kihvos'. a cone. KaKoiv: a Laconian, or Lace- daemonian, a Spartan. AaKoiVLKos: Laconian, like a Laconian, laconic. XafxlSavcj (XajS, Xrj/S) : take, take hold of, seize. Xaos: people, men. Xapvy^, gen. Xdpii77-os: upper part of the windpipe, larynx; also used loosely for throat. Xarpela: service. Xe7co: say, speak, tell. Xe7co : pick, gather, count, reckon. \HTovpyla (from Xetroj, of the people, public, and root epy, work); a working for the people, public service, liturgy. Xe^LKos, -6v (Xe^ts): relating to words, or speech; Xe^iKov < jQt/3- X'iov> : aword book, dictionary, lexi:;on. Xe^ts (Xe7aj): speech, word. XevKos: white. Xecoj', gen. Xeoj/T-os: lion; proper name Leon. X7]dapyla: drowsiness, lethargy. Xr]9apyos {Xrjdr]) : forgetful, drowsy, lethargic. Xrjdrj: forgetfulness, lethe. Xfj/jLiJia (XafjLJSavco) : what is taken, or assumed, an assumption, a premiss , lemma.. Cf.St-Xijju/ia. Xldos: stone. XoyLK6s{X6yos): reasonable, logi- cal] XoyLKT] <.Texvr]> : the art of reasoning, logic. Xoyo-ypcKpos: a speech-writer, logographer. X670S (X€7aj): word, speech, reason, account. Xvpa: a lyre. XvpiKos: relating to the lyre, lyric, lyrical. Xuco: loose, loosen, dissolve. M jxayLKos (Md7os) : belonging to or suited to a Magi an, or magician; magic, magical. MayvrJTLs <Xidos> : the Magne- sian stone, magnet. Md7os: a Magian, a Persian priest and wise man; a wizard, a magician. p.aOy]ixa {[xavdavco) : what is learnt, a lesson, learning, knowledge, especially mathematical knowl- edge. IxadriixaT-iKos: fond of learning, concerned with learning, mathematical; rd /xa^Tj/xa- TLKa, mathematics. fiaivoixaL (iJ.av) : rage, rave, be mad, be crazy, be inspired. liaXaKos: soft. fxavdavo) (fiad, {j-ade) : learn, un- derstand. fxav-la (fxalvofxaL) : madness, frenzy, insanity, mania. ndv-Tcs: an inspired person, a seer, a prophet. VOCABULARY 79 napyaplTfjs: a pearl. uaprvs, [xapTvp-os: a witness; in ecclesiastical language, a martyr. M-avcruiKeLov: tomb of Mausolus, mausoleum. MaucrcoXos: Mausolus king of Halicarnassus. ueyas (stems fxeya and fxeyaKo) : large, big, great. MeSovaa: Medusa, a Gorgon with snaky locks the sight of whom turned people to stone. lj.edo8os {fxeTCL and 656s) : a going after, pursuit of knowledge, process, method. jieOho): be drunken. fxeXas, p.e\av-os: black. /jLekiaaa: a bee; hence proper name Melissa. ^leXos: song, tune, music. /jLeKudla (yueXos+uSco) : tune- singing, melody. fiea-evrepLOV <8ep/jia> (/j,eaos-\- evTcpop) : mesentery. Ij-kaos: in the middle, between, middle, mid. (jLera: with, among, after; in composition often denoting change like the Latin trans, across (trans), differently. yueTtt-jSaXXco: place differently, change, transpose. neTa^oKt]: a changing, change, transition. p.iTa^o\LK6<i: relating to change, changeable; metabolic. */jL€Ta^o\iajj.6s: metabolism. fiera-dea-ts {Tid-q/jLi.): a placing across, transposition, meta- thesis. iJLeTaWov: a mwe; in late Greek, a metal. *lj.eTaX\ovpyia (epy) : mine- working, metal-working, metal- lurgy. (jLeToWovpyos: one who works mines, or metals, a miner; metallurgist. *neTa-ixop(})LK6s (iJ.op(j)T}) : of changed form, metamorphic. *fi€Ta-fxop(j)os: with changed form, metamorphous. ljL€Ta-iJ.op<i)6co: change the form of, transform, metamorphose. liera-iJ.6p(l)W(XL$ '. transformation, metamorphosis. HeTa-4>(tpw: carry across, trans- fer. /jL€Ta-ct>opa.: transference, espe- cially of a word to a new sense, metaphor. perewpos: lifted up, on high, in the heavens; fiereajpov, a heav- enly body, meteor. IJLerpov: measure. (J^VTVP, gen. n7]Tp-6s: mother. IJLr]Tp6iroKis: mother city, chief city, metropolis. fjLr]xapri: a contrivance, a ma- chine. pialvoi ((jLLav): defile, pollute. liiacT-fjLa: pollution, miasma. HLKp6% : small, little pipkonai: imitate. p'ip.ri-ai.%'. imitation, mimesis. 8o EVERYDAY GREEK iJLLiJLrj-TLKos: imitative, mimetic. ijLifXLKos (fu/jLos) : like an imitator, mimic. ijiilJLos: an imitator , an imperson- ator; also a mime, a little dramatic composition depict- ing scenes from every-day life. jjLLa-avdpcoiros: hating mankind, misanthropic. (jLLaeco: hate. /jLLao-y vv7]s: hating women; a woman-hater, a misogynist. Hiaoyvvla: hatred of women, mis- ogyny. Ijuaos: hate, hatred. ixovaxos i/jLovos) : solitary; a soli- tary man, monk. Hovo-TTOiKia (TTcoXeco, sell) : a lone-selling, exclusive sale, monopoly. liovos: alone, only; in com- pounds, single, one. ixovb-Tovos: of a single tone, monotonous. Mop(t)evs {nop^ri): the former, maker of the forms and images seen in sleep, the god of dreams, Morpheus; hence morphine, morphia. lj.op(f)rj: form, shape. fjLop(})6c>): give form to, form, shape. pibp<i>waLs'. a forming, shaping, morphosis. Moma: goddess of song and inspiration. Muse. Mova-ttov: temple of the Muses, a school of art and poetry, a library, museum. Ixovcr-LK-f] < rex^v^ • ^he art of the Muses, music. Hova-LKos: of or for the Muses, musical. nveXos: marrow, spinal cord, brain. fxvew (ixvoi): initiate into the mysteries. fxvOo-Xoykco : tell myths or legends. jjLvOo-Xoyla: the telling of myths or legends, mythology. fxvOo-'Koyos (Xkyo)) : a teller of legends, mythologist. fjLvOos: a speech, tale, story, legend, myth. [xvKr]s, gen. iJ.vK7]T-os'. a mush- room, fungus. IxvaTrjpLOV (/xueoj, jxhoi): a secret doctrine, mystery. fivaTTjs: one who has been initi- ated into the mysteries. IxvGTLKos: secret, mystic. livw: close the eyes, close the mouth. N Natds, gen. Natd5-os {vaoi): a river-nymph, a fountain- ny^nph. Naiad. vapK-rj: numbness. vapKLaaos : narcissus, name of a plant and its flower. vapKocjo (vapKr]) : benumb. vapKoj-ais: a benumbing, nar- cosis. vapKw-TiKos'. able to benumb, benumbing, narcotic. va.v%'. a ship. VOCABULARY 8i i'au(7ta, also written vaurta: ship sickness, sea-sickness, nausea. vav-T-qs: ship-man, seaman, sail- or. vavT-iKos: relating to sailors, nautical. vaoi: flow. veKpo-fxavrela (/xdirts) : prophecy by means of the dead, that is, by calling up their spirits, necromancy. vcKpos: a dead body, a corpse; also as an adjective, dead; in plural, ol veKpoi, the dead. ueKpSco : make dead, mortify. veKpcio-aLs: a deadening, deadness, necrosis. veKTap: the drink of the gods, nectar. venearts (vk/jLu) : a dealing out of what is due, righteous indig- nation, divine wrath, divine retribution, nemesis; personi- fied as the goddess of retribu- tion. Nemesis. vkp-w {vefjL, vefxe) : deal out, dis- tribute, arrange, manage; feed, pasture. vkos: new, young. vevpov: sinew, tendon, cord; in late writers, especially the physician Galen, a nerve. ve4)pXTLs: kidney disease, inflam- mation of the kidneys, ne- phritis. pe4>p6s: the kidneys, a kidney. viKri: victory. vojiah-LKos: like the nomads, nomadic. vofxas, gen. vona5-os {vkfio}): a herdsman, nomad. vS/jLos (vkfxui) : what is dealt out or established by custom or legislation, custom, convention, law. vofjLos {vkixw): a pasture, a dis- trict, a nome. voaos: disease, sickness. vvpLcjiri: a bride, a young woman, a nymph. vo)Tov: the back. ^L<l)o-ei6r]s (el8os): having the form or appearance of a sword (^l(j)os) , sword- shaped, xiphoid. ^i4>os: sword. 6, 17, to: definite article in its three genders, the. 656s: road, way, journey, a going. 68vvrj: pain. oueco: dwell, live in, inhabit. olKo-vofj.la {oLKos and veixui) : man- agement of a house, estate, or property; good management, thrift, economy. oIko-voixlk6s : skilled in financial management, thrifty, econom- ical. oIko-v6ij.os : manager of a house, or an estate, manager, adminis- trator, business manager. oLKos: house, home, estate, prop- erty. 82 EVERYDAY GREEK o'iao), future of verb (fjepoo: bear, carry. oXiyos: little, few. oXos: whole, entire, all. 'OXv/JLTTLos: Olympian. "OXv/jLiros: Olympus, Mount Olympus, home of the gods. d/jLoXos: even, level. oido-yevijs (6pLos-\-yevos): of the same race, of the same kind, homogeneous. ofiolos : of the same sort, like. ofioLo-TradeLa: a being affected in like manner, likeness of stiffer- ing. Hence homeopathy. bixbs: same. ovofia, gen. duo/jLar-os; old form generally used in second part of a compound, 6pviJ,a: name. Compare ap-chvvixos, anony- mous. o^vs: sharp, keen, acid; of sounds, sharp, shrill; of mo- tion, swift. 6w, root found in some tenses of bpaoi'. see. oTT-TLKos: pertaining to seeing or sight, optical; b-wTLKa, things belonging to vision, optics. opdco {bpa, OTT, lb; an irregular verb showing three entirely different stems in its different tenses): see. opyavov (from root epy, work) : a tool, an instrument, an organ, bpdb-bo^os (bpdbs-\-8b^a) : of right opinion, orthodox. bpdbs: straight, upright, right. optf CO (opos) : bound, limit. bpi^oov <.kvk\os'> : the bounding circle, horizon. opvLs, gen. opvtO-os: bird, fowl, opos: boundary, border, limit, definition. bp4)avbs: without parents, father- less, orphan. opxeoyuat: dance. bpxwT'-Kos: suited for dancing, relating to dancing, orchestic. bpxwTpa: a dancing place, the orchestra or dancing place in a Greek theater. baTeov: a bone. barpaKi^oo (ocTTpaKov) : to banish by votes written on potsherds, ostracize. barpaKLcr libs', ostracism. ocrrpaKov: a potsherd, a*, clay tablet used in voting; a shell. oh pa : tail. ovpov: urine. ovs, gen. d)T-6s: ear. 60^aXju6s : eye. oxXos: a crowd, a mob. n iraOrjTLKbs: able to feel, sensitive; stiited to arouse feeling, pa- thetic. *7rado-\oyia: the science of dis- eases, pathology. irado-XoyLKbs: relating to telling about diseases, concerned with the science of diseases, patho- logical, TraOoKoyLKii Krexvii^ was the ancient Greek term for pathology. VOCABULARY 83 iraBos (Trdcrx"): feeling, sufer- ing, disease. iraid-aywyia: the office of a irat- daycoyos. Eng. deriv. peda- gogy. 7rat5-a7aj76s {TroLS-i-ayw) : a boy- leader, a trusty slave who cared for a boy, took him to school, and brought him home after school was over. The school teacher was called 5t5d- aKoXos. The English word pedagogue, derived from Trat- Saywyos, has the meaning of the Greek word 6t5dcr/caXos. Traidev-TLKos: of or for teaching, instructional, paedeutic. TvaLdevb) {irais) : bring up a child, train, teach. irah, gen. 7rat5-6s : child, boy, girl. YlaLo^u, also Uatav: Apollo as god of healing. Paeon; a song of thanksgiving, or triumph, originally addressed to Apollo as Paeon or god of healing, a paean. iraLcovLos: belonging to Paeon, healing, medicinal; hence Trat- cjvia, peony, supposed to be medicinal in ancient times. ■jrav-cLKeLa: a cure-all, panacea. -irav-aKTjs (dKco/iat) : all-healing. *irav-6paiJLa (opdco) : a seeing of all, panorama. iravTo-ixLixos: an imitator of all, an actor in a dumb-show. Hence Eng. pantomime. Trapd: beside, by the side of; also beside in the sense of in violation of, contrary to. Trapa-jSdXXco: throw beside, placp beside, compare. irapa-l3o\rj: a placing beside, a comparison, a parable; also in mathematics a parabola. irapaSeLffos: a park, paradise. irapa-do^os: beside or contrary to opinion, incredible, para- doxical; irapaSo^ov, a para- dox. Trap-aX\r]\os {oKXtjXoli') : beside one another, side by side, parallel. ■Kapa-aLTos (atros, food): one who eats at another's table, a parasite. 7rapd-(/)paats: a telling beside, a retelling in dijferetit form, a paraphrase. irap-ep-d€(jLs: a putting in beside, an insertion, a parenthesis. TrapevOeTLKos: parenthetic. ttSs, gen. -rravT-os, neut. nom. irdv. all, every. iraax^ (7ra0, irade) : be acted upon, be affected, suffer, feel, experience. Tcar-qp, gen. iraTp-6s: father. Trarptd: a group of people de- scended from a common father, a clan, a tribe, a family, a race. TrarptdpxTjs: a ruler of a tribe, or race, chief of the tribe, father of the race, patriarch. In ecclesiastical usage the bishop of an important city or dis- trict, as the patriarch of Rome, of Antioch, etc. 84 EVERYDAY GREEK TraTpiapx'i-o-'- the office of a patri- arch, a patriarchy. TrarptcoTTjs {iTaTpLo.) : a clans- man, tribesman, countryman, citizen; especially one who was loyal to his clan, tribe, or country, a patriot. iraxv-depfxos : thick-skinned, pach- ydermous;Traxv5epfxov<.^(Joov'>, a pachyderm. IT axis: thick. iretpa: trial, attejnpt, attack. TreLpaTrjs: one who attacks, a pirate. Tretpdw: try, attempt, attack. irefxirw: send, escort. wevTo.-'Ywvos (•ywvla) : having five angles, pentagonal, pentagon. irevTe: five, usually wevTa- at the beginning of a compound word. irepi: around, about. Tv^pl-lxeTpov: measure around, circumference, perimeter. wepl-oSos: a going around, a circuit, a cycle of time, a period; a well-rounded sen- tence, a period. irepi-aTv\ov (arvKos) : a row of columns around a building or court, a colonnade, a peristyle. TrepL-TovaLov (reipcc): that which is stretched around, the peri- tonaeum. Trepi-cfipaaLs: a talking around, circumlocution, periphrasis. ireaao) (Teir) : soften, cook, digest. -4^*Xoj': leaf, petal. 7^€\^ls {irkaao)): cooking, diges- tion. TTITTTCO (ir€T, TTTCo) '. fall. irXavris , gen. ir\avT]T-os: a wan- derer, a wandering star, a planet. 7rXdcr-^a (TXaaaco) : what is formed or molded, a formation ; plasm in protoplasm, etc. TrXdcrcrw (TrXar): form, mold, shape. irXaa-TLKos: capable of being molded, relating to molding, plastic. irXevpa: a rib, the ribs, the side of a human being or animal. irX-qyri: a stroke, a blow, a plague. lik-qdcopri: fullness, plethora. irXtjOcopLKos: plethoric. ttXoDtos: riches, wealth. TTvevpa (TTj-ew) : wind, air, breath, spirit. TrvevfxaT-LKos: having to do with wind or air, pneumatic. ■Kvevjxwv: the lungs. TTveo} (irvev): breathe, blow. TToteco: make, compose. irolrj/jia: what is made, a work, composition, poem. TTotTyo-ts: creation, poetry, poesy. TvoLt]Tr]s: maker, composer, poet. TTokep-LKos: warlike, polemic. TToXeyuos: war. ttoXlos: gray. TToXts: city, state. TToXtTT/s: citizen. VOCABULARY 8S woKv-yafila: a being much mar- ried, or having many wives, polygamy. iroXv-yaiJios {yaixecS): often mar- ried, polygamous. TToXv-'Ywvos (ycovia): having many angles, polygonal. TToX v-fxopcpos : having many forms, polymorphous. TToXvs: much, many. TTOfxirii (TTe^uTTO)) : a sending, an escort, parade, procession, pomp. Topos: way, passage, pore. iroTa/JLOs: river. Tovs, gen. TToo-os: foot. irpay/xa, gen. TrpaypLar-os (irpaa- aw) : that which has been done, deed, act, fact, thing, matter, afair, business. •KpayixaTLKos: suited for affairs or business, business-like, prac- tical, having to do with matter of fact, pragmatic, pragmatical. TcpaKTLKos: fit for action, able to accomplish, effective, practical. TrpS^ts: a doing, transaction, accomplishing. Trpdcrcrco {irpay) : do, accomplish. irpea^vTepos: elder; an elder, presbyter. TTplaixa: that which has been saivn, prism. xpico: saw, i.e., cut with a saw. 7rp6: before, for, forth. 7rpo-/3dXXco {^ak, ^Xrj) : throw before, place before, put for- ward, propose. Tpo-pX-qiJLa: what is put for- ward, or proposed, proposition, problem. Tpo-^XriiiaTLKos: like a problem, problematic. ■jrpo-Xoyos: a speech before, a fore-word, prologue. xpo-7rai5eta : preparatory teach- ing. *Tpo-TraL8evTLK6s'. suited for pre- paratory instruction, propae- deutic. See iraLbevco. IT poor-ay (jovLarrjs : first contestant, chief contestant, protagonist. Trpcoros: first. Tpo-4>VTr)s {4>vi^''-) '■ one who speaks , for a god and interprets his will, an interpreter, prophet; also one who speaks forth, or proclaims; later, one who fore- tells, or predicts. Trpo-cjyiiXaKTLKOs ((f)vXaacru>)'. able to guard before, preventive, prophylactic. TTTepov: wing. ■KTwiia (ttixtco) : a fallen body, corpse, carcass. ■Kvov : discharge from a sore, pus. TTvbw. suppurate. TrOp: fire. TTvpaiiis, gen. irvpafJLld-os: fl pyra- mid. TTvpi] : a funeral fire, pyre. irvpoco: burn, set on fire, inflame. xupcoo-ts : a burning, pyrosis. TvcoffLs (irvoco) : suppuration, pyosis. TTcoXcco : sell. 86 EVERYDAY GREEK pevfxa: a flow, current, stream; med. a discharge, rheum, peco (pe, pev, pv) : flow. p-qyvvfiL (priy, pay) : break. Compare hemorrhage. pr]-TO)p (from root pe, speak) : a speaker, orator, rhetor. Hence prjrop-iKos, rhetorical, and prjTopLKT] <T6x^'^>, the art of speaking, rhetoric. pi.voKepccs (p'LS-\-Kepas, horn): nose-horn, rhinoceros. pis, gen. piv-os: nose. poSov: a rose. pvdpos (peco): flow, rhythm. aapKa^o: (aapKaS): tear the flesh, bile the lips in rage, speak hit- in^ words. (xapKaapos: mockery , sarcasia. *aapKa(rTLK6s'. sarcastic. <TapKo-(payos: flesh-eating, flesh- eater, sarcophagus. aap^, gen. capK-os: flesh. aarvpos: a satyr. The satyrs were imaginary creatures, half man and half goat, which formed the retinue of Diony- sus the god of wine, who was also called Bacchus. creicrjuos: c shaking, an earth- quake. crcico: shake, quake. ar}p.a: a sign. arjTT-TLKos: productive of decay, septic. ar}Trco: make rotten; rot, decay. aijtpLs: a rotting, decay, putre- faction, sepsis. adevos {(jQeves) : strength. (tItos: grain, bread, food. (TKCivdaXov: a trap, snare; scan- dal. aKeKerov: a dried-tip body, mum- my, skeleton. cr/ceXXw: make dry, dry up. (jKeT-TLKos: inclined to look at and examine, skeptical. (XKeTTTopai {aKeiv) : look, look at, examine, consider. oK-qvi] : a tent, a booth; the tent or building which formed the back- ground in a Greek theater, scene. aKrJTT-Tpov: stafl, scepter. (jKrjTVTO) (aKrjTr) : prop, prop one's self, lean upon. aK\r]p6s: hard, stiff. *(rK\r]p6w. harden. aKXrjpuiaLs: a hardening, sclero- sis. *aKXr]pcoTLK6s: hard, stiff, scler- otic. aKOirSs (aKeTTTopuL) : a looker, look-out, watcher; the object at which one looks, mark, aim, scope. aoffila: wisdom. ao4>i^o), mid. cro(f)L^opaL: be wise, act wise, be crafty, pretend to be wise. a6(j)Lcrpa: a sly trick, quibble, fallacy, sophism. VOCABULARY 87 (jo4>t(JTr]s'. a wise man, a pro- fessor of wisdom, a pretender to wisdom, a sophist. aoc^ios: ivise. airacr/jLos (crTraco) : a convulsion, spasm. (Tiraafjicodris (elSos) : like a spas in, spasmodic. uTrdco: draw, pull, wrench, con- vulse. cnreipco (crTrep) : scatter, sow. (Tivkpixa, gen. (TTepfjLaT-os: what is sown, seed. aw'K'qu: the spleen. (TTTopd {(TTreipco) : sowing, seed. airopos: sowing, seed, spore. ara-ffis (iVrrj^tt) : a standing, state, condition. ffTa-TLKos: causing to stand still, standing still, static. oreXXco (crreX) : send, despatch, arepeos: solid. cfTepvov. the breast, chest; in modern medicine, breastbone, sternum. (XTk4>o.vos: a wreath, garland, crown. (TTLyiJ.a: a prick made with a pointed instrument, puncture, mark, brand, stigma. o-ro/xaxos: throat, gullet; late Greek, stomach. arpaTrjykco: be a general, exer- cise generalship. orpaTrjytjfjLa: an act of general- ship, a stratagem. crTpar?j7ta: generalship, strategy. arpaTTjyLKos : suited for a general, strategic. (TTpar-qyos {(TTpaT6s-\-ayco): an army-leader, general. (XTpaTos: army, camp. (TTp(cl)co: turn. arpocpr] : a turning; a portion of a song sung during a turn or evolution of the chorus, a strophe, a stanza. aTvXos: pillar, post, column. (jvy-xovdpwcns {xovbpos) : a unit- ing of cartilage, or by means of cartilage, synchondrosis. avKdw: strip of, carry of, plun- der. avX-Xafii] : what is taken together, a syllable. avX-Xan^apa: (Xa/3, X'7i8) : take together. avX-Xeyco: gather, collect. avX-Xoyf]: a gathering together, a collection, sylloge. avWoyi^oiJiaL: collect or con- clude from preinises, reason, infer, conclude. avWoyL(TiJ.6s: a conclusion from premises, an argument from premises, a syllogism. crvp^oXov (/SdXXo)): what is put together with something, a sign or token by which something, or some person, is recognized, a token, sign, badge, symbol. avfi-TadHa: a feeling with one, a fellow-feeling, sympathy. avp-iradeo}'. feel with one, sym- pathize. 88 EVERYDAY GREEK ovuTTad-qTLKbs'. able to feel with one, sympathetic. (jvix-irl-KTo: (tttw) : fall together with, happen with, occur with. avuTTOjfia: what occurs with anything, a symptom. crvn(f)vcrLs (^vo)): a growing to- gether, symphysis. avfj.(t>o}via {(fxjivi]): a sounding with, a concord of sounds, symphony. avn(})oovos: sotfnding together, ac- cordant, harmonious. ahv: with, together with, together, avv in compounds takes dif- ferent forms, depending upon the letter which follows it, and so appears as cvv-, avK-, (Tvn-, av-. (Tw-ajwyrj (ayoi) : a bringing to- gether, an assembly, a meeting, a place of meeting, synagogue. avv-apdpcoaLs: a joining together, union by an immovable joint, synarthrosis. See apdpcoaLs. (jvv-8eap.os (Seco): that which binds together, a band, bond; a binding together, like avv- *avv-bk(Tp.(ji(n%: a binding to- gether, syndesmosis. avv-6e-aLS {ridrifxC): a putting together, synthesis. cvv-de-TLKos {Tidrj/jLL) : able to put together, constructive, synthetic. <xvv-Io-t7]hl: set together, stand together. (TVV-080S {686s): a coming to- gether, meeting, synod. <TVP-TaKTiK6s (rdaerco) : /elating to arranging together, having to do with syntax, syntactical. avv-ra^Ls: an arranging together , primarily of soldiers in an army; in grammar, syntax. (Tvv-TWr]fjLL: put together, con- struct. avpLj^, gen. avpiyy-os: a shep- herd's pipe, Panspipe, syrinx; a pipe, or tube. Eng. syringe. (xv-aT-Qiia {(jvv-[(XTy]ixi): any- thing set together, an organized whole, system. (rv(XTr]ixaTiK6s: systematic. acpatpa: a ball, globe, sphere. a4>aipo-a8i}^ (etSos): like a sphere, spheroid. <x4>lyyw: bind, tie. (TipLyKTrjp: a binder, band, sphinc- ter. 20t7^, gen. (r0i77-6s: the Sphinx. (j^vyp.o-ii8r]%'. like a pulse, sphygmoid. (r(pvyix6s: a throbbing, the beat- ing of the heart, the pulse. a(j)v^cc((T(t>vy): throb, beat, pul- sate. (jxni^o., gen. axwo-T-os (exco): the way a thing holds itself, form, figure, appearance, bear- ing, character, plan, scheme. o-xtf CO (o-xtS) : split, cleave. ax'^ap-a: a cleft, split, division, schism. cxtcr/xar-tKos: like a schism, schismatic. VOCABUI.ARY 89 *(rxto"To-7Xcocro'ia: a congenital fissure or cleft of the tongue. *axi-crT6-KVTos : a split cell, schis- tocyte. axi-(rT6s: split, cleft, divided, divisible; schist. (TxoXdf CO (axoXad) : have leisure, attend lectures of a philosopher, devote one's self to learning. axokacTTLKos: inclined to learn- ing; a scholar, scholastic. axoXi]: leisure; leisure spent in learning, learned discussion, lecture; the place of lectures and discussions, school. TaK-TLKos {jaaaoi) : able to ar- range or draw up troops, re- lating to the arrangement of soldiers, "tactical; TaKTiKo.: matters relatijig to the arrange- ment of troops, tactics. TCL^is: an arranging of troops, battle array, arrangement, order, arranging, taxis. TCKxaco (ray) : arrange, put in order, assign to a post. Ta.(j>os: a grave, tomb. rdvco (rev, to) : stretch. TeKTcov: carpenter, builder, work- man, craftsman. reXos: end, completion, purpose. T€fjLvoo (Tefx): cut. Texv] '■ art, skill, craft, trade. ■nfXe: far, afar. tWtjim (de): put, place. Tltclv: a Titan. Ttravi/cos: like a Titan, Titanic. To/Jir] (refxvo:) : a cutting, a surgi- cal operation; what is cut off, a stump, a section. To/xos: a cut, slice, section; part of a book, volume, tome. TovLKos (tovos) '. relating to ten- sion, or tone, tonic. TOVOS (reti^co): a stretching, ten- sion, tone, tune. TOVLKOS : of or for the bow; to^ikov (t)apfjLaKov: poison for smearing arrows; toxic, toxin. To^ov: a bow. TOTiKos: relating to a place, local, topical. TOTTos : place, position, part, pas- sage in a book, topic. TpayiKos : of a goat, or of goats; tragic. See Tpayudla. T pay OS', a goat. Tpayiodia (from rpayos and ael8<j}, sing, aoiobs, singer): goat-song, tragedy. The Greek tragedy grew out of the old dithyrambic songs which were sung by a chorus of satyrs, or goat-like creatures, and so could be called goat- song. The name tragedy was a survival from the early times and was retained after it was no longer appropriate in its etymological sense. The Greek tragedy of the classical period was a very serious composition and did not have a chorus of goats or satyrs, except in an after- piece, or farce, which closed the day's performances. 90 EVERYDAY GREEK rpaxvs, fern, rpaxeia: rough. 17 Tpax^'io. <.apTr]pia'> : the windpipe, trachea. Tpeiroo: turn. Tpe</)co: nourish, nurture, rpi-i prefix meaning ///ree, being the stem of rpels, three. '^TpL-ywifo-fxerpia : triangle-meas- urement, trigonometry. rpi-ywvos: having three angles, triangular; in tlie neuter, a triangle. rpt-TTous, gen. rpi-TroS-os: having three feet, three-legged; a three- legged stool, or table, a tripod. TpoTOLOv (rpoTrr]) : a monument or sign wliich marlced tiie spot wliere tlie enemy was routed, a trophy. TpoTrr] (rpeTco): a turning; turn- ing back of the sun, solstice, tropic; a turning, or routing of the enemy, rout, defeat. Tpoiros: a turn, ivay, matiner; a turn of speech, figure of speech, trope. TVTos (ryTTTco): a bloiv, impres- sion of a blow, imprint, mark, character, form, original form, type. TVTTO) (tvt): strike, beat. Tvpavvo%: king, tyrant. Tvpos: cheese. 'TaKLvdos : Hyacinthus, a legend- ary youth beloved by the god Apollo and accidentally slain by him. The hyacinth, a flower said to have sprung from the blood of Hyacinthus. vylaa: health. vyieL-v6s: healthful, healthy, hy- gienic; vyieivri <rexJ^ry>: the art or science of health, hy- giene. vSarls, gen. v8aTL5-o$ (vScop): a drop of water; in med. a watery vesicle, a hydatid. v8pa: a water-serpent, hydra. vSpavXLKos (vSpavXis) : of water- pipes; vdpavXiKov bpyavov: a musical instrument with pipes operated by the movement of wsiiev , a water-organ, hydraulic organ. Hence English hy- draulic. i55p-ai;Xts (v8<jop-{-av\6s, a pipe): a musical instrument con- sisting of pipes made to sound by means of moving water, a water-organ, same as vSpavXi- Kov opyavov. See section 134. *vbpo-(TTaTiKbs (^LaTrifjiL) : having to do with standing water, hydrostatic. vdpo-<l>oPia: horror of water, hydrophobia. vbpo-4>6^os {(jio^eoidai) : having a horror of water. v8po-4>6pos (0epc<;) : a water- carrier; hydrophore. v8oip, gen. v8aT-os: water. In compounds the stem usually takes the form v8p- before vowels and \}8po- before con- sonants. VOCABULARY 91 vniiv, gen. v/xev-os: a thin skin, membrane; the hymen. "Tp.i]v, Hymen, the god of mar- riage. Hence vnevatos, wed- ding-song, hymenaeus. Eng. deriv. hymeneal. vixvos'. a song of praise to gods and heroes, a hymn. viJiv-co8ia (deiSco) : hymn-singing, hymnody. uirep: over, above, beyond, be- yond due measure. uTrepiSaXXco: throw beyond, ex- ceed; throw beyond the mark, go to excess. uTrep^oXr]: excess, exaggeration, hyperbole, hyperbola. *virep-Tpo(f)ia (rpecpco) : over- nourishment, hypertrophy. virvos: sleep. inrvoon: put to sleep. *inrvooaLs: a state of sleep, hyp- nosis. vTTVcjTLKos: causing sleep, hyp- notic. vTvb: under. vir6-9eaLs {Tidrnjn): a placing under, ivJiat is placed under, a foundation, supposition, hy- pothesis. vTTO-OeTLKos: of the nature of a hypothesis, hypothetical. vTTOKpLTTjs: OH octor, pretender, hypocrite. VTTo-Teiuovaa (reti'w) : stretching under, subtending, hypotenuse. This form is the feminine of the present participle of vTTOTdvw and agrees with the noun y pajjLixi] , a line. 17 invo- Teivovaa ypafxpiri means liter- ally '7//g line stretching under." vTTo-rdvo} : stretch under, subtend. *vTro-Tpo(})ia (rpe0co) : under- nourishment, hypotrophy. viro-x6v8pios: under the carti- lage of the breastbone; neut. xnroxovbpiov, the part of the body immediately under or below the cartilage of the breast- bone. v4)kv {vivo-{-h, one) : under one, together; a sign for joining two words into one, a hyphen. 0a7 (root of second aorist 4>aye'li>, to eat) : eat, devour'. ^aivbiJLevov {(palvofxaL) : what is shown or appears, anything manifest to the senses, phenom- enon. (l)alvcc (^av), mid. and pass. 4>aivoixai'. show, manifest; be shown, show itself, appear. 4>aXay^, gen. 0dXa77-os: line of battle, phalanx; also a round piece of wood, a roller, the bone between tivo joints of the fingers and toes, plural pha- langes. *(l)avep6-yafxos: having visible marriage, phanerogamous; a phanerogam. 0ai'ep6s ((/)atj'co): shown, visible, manifest. 92 EVERYDAY GREEK (t>avTa.^w (lengthened form from </)atvco) : make visible, make to appear; mid. and pass. <j)av- raf o/xat : become visible, appear, take on an appearance, appear like, assume the appearance of. 4>avTa^w and its deriva- tives often have in them the suggestion of an unreal, or deceptive, appearance unlike 4>a[voi which is used of real, or actual, manifestations. <t>avTa<Tla (^avraf co) : appear- ance, imagination, fantasy, fancy. cf)avTa(TiJLa: that ivhich has ap- peared, a phantasm, a phan- tom. *(j>avTaaiJ.ayopia: an assemblage of phantasms, a phantasma- gory. 4>apixaKi'i.a: the use of drugs, pharmacy. ([)apfxaKev-TiK6s: relating to drugs or pharmacy, pharmaceutic. ^apixaKtvw. drug, administer drugs, deal in drugs. 4>apiiaKQv: a drug, medicine, philter, poison. (papfxaKo-Toda {-woLkw) : drug- making, pharmacopeia. (t)apvy^: the throat, the pharynx. <^do-ts (for <pav-aLS from (j)aivoo, stem (t>av) : appearance, phase. 0epa>: bear, carry, bring. (t>r]fii {4)0.) : say, affirm. (f)de'yyofxaL: utter a sound, speak loud and clear. 006770s: a sound, voice. 4>L\-avdpoi3irla: love of human beings, humanity, benevolence, philanthropy. (j)i.\-av6po)Tros: loving mankind, benevolent, humane, philan- thropic. (j&tXew: love, be fond of, be a friend to. (jyiX-LTiros (ittttos) : loving horses, fond of horses; Philip. (f)L\6-8riijLos: loving the people. (f)L\6-\oyos: loving speech or ivords, fond of literature; a student of language and litera- ture, a philologue, philologist. (t)L\o-}xadr]s (ixados, p.av9apu) : fond of learning; a person who is fond of learning, a philo- math. (/)tXos: friend, lover. cl)L\o-ao<j)ia: love of wisdom, ■phi- losophy. (f)L\6-ao4>os: a lover of wisdom, philosopher. (pXeyw. burn, flame, blaze. 4>\e\l/, gen. (^Xe/3-6s: a vein. cj)\6^, gen. (fAoy-os {(jAeyui): a flame, blaze, phlox. (f)o^eofj.aL: be afraid, fear. 4)6^0$ : fear, dread, terror. 4)01^0%, fem. 001/377 : pure, bright, radiant; used as an epithet of Apollo and his twin sister Artemis, so that Apollo was often called $ot/3os, Phoebus, and Artemis ^oi^r], Phoebe. 4>payp.a (4) pacra-o}) : fence, screen, defence. VOCABULARY 93 (i)pb.^oi (<j>pa8) : show, tell, declare. (f)pa(TLs : utterance, expression, phrase, phraseology. (^pacrcrw {(f>pa'y) : build a fence, fence in, fortify. (})vKa^Ls: a watching, guarding, phylaxis. 4>vKa(xaw {(f)v\aK): guard, pro- tect. (f)vWov: a leaf. (j}v\ov: a race, a tribe. (jivaiKos: relating to nature, natu- ral, physical. 4>vaLo\oyia : study of nature, nat- ural philosophy, physiology. (pvffLoXoyos ((})V(ns-^\ey(jo): one who discourses about nature, a natural philosopher, a physi- ologist. (f)vaLs ((^Lico): growing, what grows, nature. 4)vt6v: that which has grown, a plant, a tree. (f)vca: grow, (pccvrj: sound, voice, (pojs, gen. (f)0}T-6s: light. <j)cj)(T-<p6pos {4>epco) : light-bearing; a light-bearer. Eng. deriv. phosphorous. xatTTj: hair, especiaWy long flow- ing hair. Xaos: chaos. XapaKTTip (xapa<T<70)) : a mark, impress, stamp, character. xapAcro-co (xapafc): scratch, fur- row, engrave. xaa/JLa : a yawning, a chasm. X€tp: hand. *X^i-po-iJ.avTda (iiavrLs) : fortune- telling from the hand, palmis- try, chiromancy. Xd-povpyia (epy, work) : a work- ing with the hand, handicraft; in medicine, operating with the hand, surgery, chirurgery. xecpovpyLKos: relating to surgery, surgical, chirurgical. xei-povpyos: a handworker, a surgeon, chirurgeon. xip-ai-po. : a she-goat; a fabulous monster part lion, part goaf, and part serpent; hence Eng- lish chimera, and chimerical. xXwpos : light green, green, xoavr] (xeco) : a funnel, xovhpos: groat, grit, lump; gristle, cartilage. xop^'f]' O' pi'l'j o, string made of gtitfor a lyre or harp, a chord, a cord. xopos: a dancing place, a dance, a band of dancers and singers, a chorus, choir. Xpic^Tos (xptw) * anointed; 6 XpLCFTos, the anointed one, Christ. xptw: anoint. XpovLKos: relating to time; of long duration, chronic. xpopos : time. Xpvaos: gold. xpco^ia: color, chrome. 94 EVERYDAY GREEK i/'dXXco: twang a bow string, play a lyre, or harp. xf/aX/xa: a tune played on the harp, or lyre. \pa\ij.6s : a song sung to the music of the harp, a psalm. \pev8os: a falsehood, lie. ^pvxf]'- breath, life, soul, spirit, mind. w8t] (contracted form of aoiSri from detSoj, sing): song, ode. (^Setov: place of song, music hall, odeum. di)deo) {(h9) : push, thrust, shove, i^bv. egg. (bpa: season, hour. cbo-juos (oj^eco) : a pushing, thrust- ing, shoving. *c6o-jUco(ns: a pushing, osmosis. .r VI. INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 144. The Greek words are intended to suggest the deriva- tion of the English words which they follow. These Greek words and the words related to them should be looked up in the vocabulary by anyone who wishes to trace the derivation of the English words. The numbers refer to sections in this book. acme, aK/xr] acoustic, CLKOVaTLKOS acrobat, aKpo^arris acrobatic aeronaut 34, 79, arjp, vaurrjs aesthetic 43, 84, alady]TU(.bs agnostic 41, a'^/vwaTiKos agonize, a.'yuviaiji agony, o.'yLovia agronomy 121 alms, eXerinoavvr] alphabet i amethyst, an'tdvaros amoeba, d/xot/3i7 amorphous 107 amphioxus, dju^t, o^us amphitheater 51, 100, III {b) anabolic 117, dva^okiKos anabolism 117, ava^oKLa/jLos anaemia (anemia), ai'-, al/xa anaesthesia 77, avaiadrjaia anaesthetic 53, 84 analgesia, avoK-yqaia analogous 129, avoKoyos analysis 77, avakvaL% analytic, analytical 84 anarchy 116 anathema 51, dva, TiOrmi anatomy 75, dvaTo/jir} anecdote 83 anemometer iiveiJLos, jikTpov anemone, dve/jLcovri angel 10 angiosperm, dyyelou, airkpixa anodyne 53 anomalous, dvo^jiakos anomaly, dvwp.aK'ia anonymous, av-, 6vv}j.a; see opo/xa antagonism 96 (/) antagonist 96 (/), avTayuuiarr]'; antagonistic 96 (/) antagonize 96 (/), duraycj^i'l^o- fxac antarctic, clptI, apKTos anthem, dvTi(})wvos anther 38 anthophorous, avdos, 0epco anthropoid 94 anthropology, audpuwos, Xeyco anthropomorphism, avOpo^iros, fxop(l)rj antidote 42, 51, 83 antinomy 121 antistrophe, avrl, aTpo<t)i] antithesis iii antithetic iii 95 96 EVERYDAY GREEK antitoxin, avH, to^lkos apathetic 53, 118 apathy Ii8, airadeLa apheresis loi apology 51, aTToKoyla apostasy 51, 112 apostate 112, aToaT&Tris apostle, CLToaToXos apostrophe, a-KocFTpoc^ii apothecary 11 1 apothegm, aTr64>6eyixa aptera, d-, irrepov arachnida, apaxv] archaeologist 116 archaeology 116 archaic 116 archangel 116 archetype 116 archiblast 116 architect 116 architectonic 116 archives 116 arctic, ap/cros argon 135 argonaut 79 aristocracy 47, 131 aristocrat 131 aristocratic 131 arithmetic 32, 92, 96 {h) artery, apTrjpia arthritis 93, no arthropoda, apdpov, irovs arthrosis 73, no article 48 asbestos, aa^earos ascetic, aaKrirtKos aseptic 53 aspirates 64 (i) aster, darrjp asteroid 94 asthenia, aadeveia asthma, h.aOiia astrologer 85, 86, 100, III (a), 102, 124 astrological 124 astrologize 103 astrology 86, 102, 103, 124 astronomer 121, 103 note astronomize 103 astronomy 103, 121 asylum, acrvko^ atheism, a-, deos athlete 76 atmosphere, dr/x6s, a^aipa atom, oLToiJLos atrophy, dTpo(^ta • authentic, avdevTuos autobiography, avros, /Sioj, 7pd0aj autocracy 131 autocratic, avrbs, kpLtos autograph 47 automatic, avro/jLarLKOs automaton, avrop-aros autopsy 45, avTO\pia axiom, a^iwixa azygos, a^vyos barbarian 96 (/) barbarism 77, 96 (/) barbarize 77, 96 (/) baritone (barytone), ^apvTovos barometer, ^apos, ixerpov base, basis 36 Bible, ^i^\Lov bibliotheca in, ^ijSXiodrjKr] biographer 85, 86 biography 86 biologize 127 biology, /3tos, Xctoj bionomics, jSios, vofxos bishop 139, eirlaKOTTOs botany, ^OTavrj brachiopod, fipax't-o^v, ttoDs INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 97 bronchia lo bronchitis 93 bucohc, ^ovko\lk6s butter, ^ovTvpov cahsthenics 53, koXXl-, adkvos calligraphy, /caXXt-, jpcKpco calyx, KoXv^ canon 34 carcinoma, Kapdvos cardiac 90 carpophore, Kapiros, 4>epo} catabolic 117 catabolism 117 catalepsy, KardXr^i/'ts catalog 51, KaToKoyos cataract 51, Karapaaaoi catarrh 71, Karappoos catastrophe 51, KaraGTpo<l>r] category, KaTrjyopla cathedral, KadepSa Catholic, KadoKiKos caustic, KaVCTTLKOS cauterize, KavT-qpLa^cc cemetery, KOLp-rj-rripLov cenotaph, Kevos, Ta4>os center, Kevrpov chaetognatha, x^'-'-''"^, yvados chaos, xotos chaotic character, xoipo-XTtjp characterize chasm, x«.o-Ma chirography 34, x^tp chiromancy 108, x^<-poiJ-o.v7da chirurgery 135 chirurgical 135 chlorophyll, x)^wpb$, 4)vX\ov choanocyte, xoo-pt], kvtos choir, xopos chondrectomy, xo'^^pos, k, repvu chondrotome, xov^po^, repvoo chord, xopSr] chorus 22 Christ, xpi^) xpi-f^Ths chronic, xpovlkos chronology, xpovcs, \k'yw chronometer, xpofos, perpov chrysanthemum, xP^<^os,avde,uov cladophyl, Kkados, (f>vK\ov cleptocratic 131 cleptomania, /cXeTrrrjs, navla climax 34 clinic, kKlvlkos coelenterata, kolXos, evrepor coelomata, KoiXwpa coleoptera, KoXeos, irrkpov colon, KoiKov comedy, Kcopudla comet, KopTjTrjs comic, KcopLKos comma, Koppa compound words 62, 98 ff. cord,'xop§i7 Corinth 89 Corinthian 89 corruptions 139 cosmetic 96 (b) cosmogony, Koapos, ylyvopai cosmopolitan 32 cosmos, Kocrpos cotyledon, KOTvKrjSwv crasis, /cpdcrts crater 76 crisis 41, 77 critic 30 critical 41 crocus, KpOKOS crypt 83 cryptogam 83 cryptogram 41, 83 crystal, KprnraWos ctenophore, Krets, <^epco cube, KujSos 98 EVERYDAY GREEK cyclamen, kvkXolijllvos cycle, kvkXos cylinder, kvKlvBpos cynosure, Kvv6$-ovpa Cyrus 22 cyst, cystis, kvctls cystectomy, kvcftls, eKrefj-vo: cyte, KVTos cytoblast, kvtos, jSXao-ros cytogenesis, kvtos, yeueaLS cytoplasm, kvtos, TrXaa/xa dacryrrhea, baKpvppoia deacon, haKovos deleterious, b-qKeopLai demagogic 133 demagogue 133 demagogy 133 democracy 131 democrat 131 democratic 38, 131 demon 34 denominative 60 dermatology 34 despot, deairoTTjs despotic despotism deuteroplasm, SevTepos, irXaGjia devil 139, 5td/3oXos diadem, biabriiia diagonal, biaywvos diagram, b<.a, ypacfxj} dialect 129, biokk'yop.aL dialectic 129 dialogue 129 diameter 51 diaphanous 119 diaphragm 51 diarrhea, biappoia diarthrosis no diastase 112 diastasis 112 diastatic 112 diastem 112 diathesis in diathetic iii didactic, StSdcrKco dieresis loi diet 30, blaiTa dilemma 53, b'Ck-qixixa diocese, Stouects diosmosis, bia, ooa/jLos diphtheria, 5t(/)^epa diphthong 12, 53. diploma, diirXcopa diplomat diplomatic diptera, 8l~, -KTkpov dogma 34, 132 dogmatic 132 dogmatism 132 dogmatist 132 dogmatize 132 dose 42 double consonants 64 (4) doxology 132 drachm, 8paxpv drama 34, 41, 78 drastic, bpaaTiKos dryad, bpvs dynamic 36, 44 dynamite, bmap^ts dynamo (dynamo-electric ma- chine), bvvapts dynasty 44, bwaaTeia dysentery 53, bus-, IvTepov dyspepsia 41, 53 eccentric 51, eKKevrpiKos echo, ^x'*^ eclectic 130 eclogue 130 ecology, oLKos, Xeyw economic 121 INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 99 economics 121 economist 121 economize 121 economy 20, 104, 121 ecstasy 112 ecstatic 112 -ectomy, €/ctoju^, kKreixvo) egoism 49 egoistic 49 egotism 49 egotistic 49 elastic, tkaaTiKos electric 136, ^XeKrpov electrolysis 41 electro-magnet, riKtKTpov, Ma7- elegiac, €Xe7etaK'6s elegy, eKeytiov elephant, eXe0as emblem 117 embryo, lix^pvov emphasis 119 emphatic 119 emporium, efj-wopLov encaustic 51, h, KavcrriKos encephalus 19, eyKecj^aXos enchiridion 19, eyx^i-pi-^i-ov encomium 10 endemic, ev, Srjuos endocarp, ei'dov, KapTos endogen 52 endosmosis, evBov, coap-coaLs energetic 135 energy 51, 135 enhydrous 51, tv, vocop enigma, aiviypa enthusiasm, evdovaiaaiJios enthusiast, kvdovaiaari]'; enthusiastic, h6ovai.aaTi.K6s entomology, 'ivTop.ov, Xkyto entomostraca, evropov, oarpaKov ephemeral, ctti, -qpepa epiblast, kiri, ^XaarSs epic, klTLKOS epidemic, kiri, drjpos epidermis 51, eirl, bkpixa epigram 51, 78, k-wly pap-p-a epigrammatic, kivLy pap.par-iK6^ epigraphy, eirty pa4>'n epileptic 65 epilepsy loi epilogue 129, kTrlXoyos epiphyte 83 Episcopalian, kirlaKoiros episode, kireiabbLov epistle, kinaToXr] epitaph 51, eiri, rdijbos epithem iii epithesis iii epithet 83, iii epitome, kinTOj.ii] epizoon, k-wi, ^Qov epoch, kiroxv ergograph 135, end erythrocyte, epvdpos, kvtos esophagus, o'iacc, (po-y esoteric 52 ether, al6i]p ethics 92, rjdLKos ethnic, kdviKos ethnology, Wvos, \eyco Eugene 94 eugenic 43, 94 eulogist 129 eulogistic 129 eulogize 129 eulogy 129 -eum 81 euphony 52, 63 evangelical, ei;a77eXtoj' evangelist evangelize, evayyeXi^ofiai exocarp, e^w, Kapiros exodus 51, e^oSos lOO EVERYDAY GREEK exogen 52, e^co, ylyvoixai exoteric 52 exosmosis, e^, daixoiais fancy 119 fantastic 119 fantasy 119 galaxy, yaXa^las gastrectomy, yaarrip, eKTo/i-fj gastric, yaarpLKos gastrology, yaarrjp, Xeyu genealogy 30, yeveaXoyia genesis 36 genetic 43 geocentric, 7ea, Kevrpov geode 94 geodesy 114 geodetic 114 geographer 100, III (a), 102, 114 geography 41, 102, 114 geologist 114 geology 114 geometer 114 geometric 114 geometry 114 George 114 Georgia 114 georgic 114 geotropism, yea, rpeTrco geranium, yepavLov gigantic 34 ^ glossary, yXibaaa grammar, ypamxanKif grammatical, ypafxixaTLKos graphic, ypa4>iKb% gymnasium 96 (e) gymnast 96 (e) gymnastic 96 (e) gymnosperm, yvpvb%, airepfxa harmony, ap/iovia hectic 65 heliocentric, ^Xios, Kkvrpov heliograph 32 heliotrope 72 Hellene 96 ( f) Hellenic 96 (/) Hellenism 96 (/) Hellenist 96 (/) Hellenistic 96 (/) Hellenize 96 (/) hematocytolysis, oXp,a, kvtos, hematophyte, at/xa, 4>vrbv hematorrhea, al/xa, pew hemisphere 53 hemorrhage, aip.oppa.yla hepatic 34 hepatica, rjiraTiKds heresy loi heretic, alperLKos hermit (eremite), kp-qplr-qs hero, rypojs heroic, rjpcciKos heterodox 132 heterodoxy 132 hierarch 116 hierarchy 116 hierophant 44 hippodrome 32 hippopotamus, ittttos, irorapo^ history 30, laropla hodometer, 686s, p'trpov holocaust, oXos, Katw homogeneous 38, 47, 94, 100, ni (c) homonym, 6p6s, ovvpa, ovopa horizon, 6pL^ccv horoscope, d)pa, aKoiros hyacinth, vauvdos hydatid, vbarh hydr-, i55c<;p INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION lOI hydra 134 hydrangea, i;5cop, dyyeiov hydrant 134 hydrate 134 hydraulic 134 and note hydro- 134 hydrocyst, vdoop, Kvaris hydrogen, vdcop, yiyvoiJLaL hydromedusa, OSwp, MeSovaa hydrometer, u5cop, ^itrpov hydrophobia 134 hydrophore 104 hydrostatic 112, 134 hydrotomy, vhuip, re/ivco hygiene 30, vyieLvos hymenoptera, vfiiju, irrkpov hymn, vp,vos hymnody, vixv<^b'ia hyperbole 51, 117 hypercritical 51 hypertrophy, virkp, Tpk<i»(ji hyphen, v^ikv hypnosis, virvoco hypoblast, vtto, /SXaaros hypochondriac, viroxovSpios hypodermic 51, utto, depfia hypotenuse, viroTelvovaa hypothesis 51, iii hypothetical 11 1 hypotrophy, viro, Tpe4>(a -ic 90 -ical 91 ichthyology 36 ichthyohagous 45 iconoclast, dKcoi', kAolco -ics 92 idea 30 idiom, idiojfxa idiomatic idiosyncrasy, idioavyKpaaia idol, etSwXoj' idolatry, elSuiKo-XaTpela idyl, elSvWLOv idyllic, ddvWiKds Irene, eipijvr] irenic, dprjvLKos iris, Ipis -ism 97 isotherm, tcros, depp.U -ist 97 -istic 97 -itis 93 -ize 95, 97 kaleidoscope 38 labials 64 (i) laconic, AaKcot'tK^s larynx 34 lemma, \riiip.a lethargy, X-qdapyia leucocyte, XeuKos, /euros lexicon 129 liquids 64 (i), (2) lithograph 32 liturgy, XeLTovpyia logic 92, 129 logical 129 logographer 129 logography 129 lyre, Xi;pa lyric, Xupt/cos magic, jjLayLKos malacostraca, paXa/cis, ZarpaKov mania 108 maniac 108 martyr, /laprvs mausoleum 81 mechanic 30 megaphone 47 melancholy 47 melodrama, peXos, Spa/jia I02 EVERYDAY GREEK melody, fxe'Kcodla mesentery^ fieaevrkpLov mesoblast, fieaos, /SXao-ros mesocarp, /xecros, Kapiros Mesopotamia, ukaos, -Kora^ibs metabolic 117 metabolism 117 metacarpus 51, Kapvos metallurgy 135 metamorphic 107 metamorphose 51, 107 metamorphosis 107 metamorphous 107 metaphor, iJ.eTa4>opa metaphysics 140, iieTa, 4>vaLKa metathesis iii meteor, /xerecopos meter, fxerpou method 32, nera, 686s Methodist, method metonymy, /xerd, oi^o/xa metrical, ixerpov metronome, fierpov, vkp.w metropolis 100, III {b) miasma, niaafia miasmatic, juaapLaTiKos microbe, p.LKp6s, /3ios microscope 47 microtome 41, 47 mime 109 mimeograph, jut/xeo/iat, ypa(f)co mimesis 109 mimetic 43, 109 mimic 109 misanthrope 123 misanthropic 123 misanthropy, fjnaecv, ixudpoinros misogynism 123 misogynist 123 misogyny 123 monarch, n6vos, apxco, novap- Xos monarchy, idovapxla monk, p.opax6s monogram 78 monolith 32 monopoly, jxovo-KiSKla monosyllable, p.6vos, avKkaQi] monotone 46 monotonous 100, III (c) Morpheus 107 morphine 107 morphosis 107 museum 22, 81 music 74, 92 mutes 64 (i) mycetozoon, nmrjs, fwoj' myelitis, fiveXos myelocyst, jiveXos, kvcttls myelocyte, juueXos, /euros mystery, nvarripLov mystic, ixvctlkos myth 22, 124 mythic 106 mythological 106, 124 mythologist 85, 86 mythology 86, 106, 124 naiad, Nai'ds narcissus, vapKLaaos narcosis 96 (c) narcotic 96 (c) nausea, vavala nautical 79 necromancy 108 necropolis, veKpos, it6\ls necrosis 96 (c) nectar, vkKrap nemesis 121 neolithic 47 neophyte 47, 83 nephritis 74, 93 neuralgia, vevpov, ixXyos neurasthenia. feOpoi/. aaBki'eia INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 103 neuraxon, vevpov, a^uv neurocyte, vevpov, kvtos neurology, vevpov, \eyo} neuroma, vevpov neuron 136 neurosis, vevpov neurotic, vevpov nomad 121 nomadic 121 nome 121 nosology 32 notochord, vcotov, xop^'h nymph, vvficpr] ochlocracy 131 ode, wdi] odeum 81 old 94 oligarch, dXljos, apx(^ -ology 86, 87, 122, 125 Olympian 89 Olympus 89 oospore, wot-, cnropos optical, OTTTLKOS optician, otttuos optics 45 orchestra, 6pxv<^Tpa organ 32, 135 aiid note organic 135 organism 135 organize 135 ornithology 34 orphan, 6p4>av6s orthodox 132 orthodoxy 132 orthography, opOos, ypacfyw orthoptera, 6p66s, Tnepov -osis 96 (c) osmosis, uafiooaLS ostracize, oarpaKi^oo otology 34, ovs, Xeyco oxygen, o^vs, yiyvo/jLaL pachyderm 34 pachydermous 100, III (c) paedeutic 96 (d) palatals 64 (i) panacea, iravaKeLa panorama 41 pantheism 47 pantograph 47 pantomime 109 paradigm 67 paradise, TrapdSetaos paradox 132 paradoxical 132 paragraph 51 parallel, -KapdWriXos paralysis, irapa, Xyco paraphrase, Trapdc^pacrts parasite 51, irapaaLTos parenthesis iii parenthetical iii pathetic 118 pathological 118 pathology 38, 118 pathos 118 patriarch 116 patriarchy, -waTpiapxia patriot 79 pedagogical 133 pedagogue 34, 133 pedagogy 133 pediatric 34 pediatry, Trats, larpela pentagon, ■KevTo.ywvos peony, iraioivios pepsin 41 perianth, Trept, avdos pericardium, irepl, Kapdia pericarp 51, Trept, Kapiros perimeter 51 period, TreptoSos periodic, vreptoS-tKos periphrasis, irepicfipacrLS I04 EVERYDAY GREEK perisarc, irepl, aap^ peristyle, irepicTTvXov peritoneiun, irepLTovaLov petal, TrkraXov phagocyte, 4>ay, kvtos phalanx, (f)aKay^ phanerogam 119 phantasm 119 phantasmagory 119 phantom 119 pharmaceutic 96 {d) pharmacopeia, <{)apixaKOTroua pharmacy 32 pharynx, cfiapvy^ phase 119 phenomenon 20, 44, 119 Philadelphia 32 philanthropic 122 philanthropist 122 philanthropy 122 philharmonic 122 Philip 122, ^tXlTTTTOS philodemic 122 philologist 122 philology 122 philomath 122 philosopher 122 philosophy 80, 122 phlebotomy 34, (j)Ke\p, reixvo} phlox, 0X6^ phonetic, (fxjjvq, (jicoveoo phonograph, 4)ooi''fi, ypcKpui phosphorous 85 photograph 34 photographer 85, 86 photography 86 photosphere, 0cos, acjyaipa phyllophorous, (pvXKov, 4>kp(j> phyllopoda, 4>vXkov, ttovs phylum, (f)vXov physical 36, 90 physician, <f>vaLK6s physics 36, 92, 136 physiography, (t)vcns, ypacfxi} physiological 124 physiologize 124 physiology 124, 136 -phyte 83 pirate 96 (a) piratical 96 (a) plague, ■Kk-qyi] planet, TrXdi'Tjs plasm 67 plaster, enivKaaTpov plastic 66 plethora, ivXrjOwpr] pleura, irXevpd plutocracy 131 pneumatic, irueufxaTLKOi pneumonia, irvev/jLCOP poem 78 poet 30, 41, 73, 76 polemic, TroXe/^iKos poliomyelitis, ttoXios, /xueXos political 79, 90 politics 36, 79, 92 polyanthous 38 polygamous 80, 85, 86 polygamy 80, 86 polyglot, 7roXi's,7XcorTa = 7Xcocr(Ta polygon, iroXvyuiPos polymorphous 107 polypus 34 polytechnic, iroXvs, rexvrj polytheism 47 pomp 75 pore, iropos practical 65, 84, 120 practice 120 pragmatic 40, 41, 120 praxis 120 prefix 58 Presbyterian, irpea^vTepos priest, 139, TT pea/3 urepos INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 105 prism, irplafia problem 117 problematic 117 prognathous 32 prologue 51, 129 propaedeutic 96 (d) prophet 51, 7rp6, (f)-i]i.d prophylaxis, irpo, (pv'Kaa-ao) protagonist, TrpUTayo:vLaTr]s protoplasm, irpcoros, irXaana protozoon, vrpcoros, fcpo^- psalm, \pakiJ.6s pseudonym 38 pseudopodia, \pev8os, ttovs psychiatry, i^i'x^, larpeta psychotherapy, ^vxv, O^paTreia ptomaine, vrrco/xa pyosis 96 (c) pyramid, Tvpan'is , pyre, irvpri pyrography, irvp, ypa(f)0) . pyrosis 96 (c) pyrotechnic 34 rhetor 19, 76 rhetoric 92 rhetorical 90 rhinoceros, ptPOKepus rhinology 34 rhododendron, pbbov, btvbpov rhythm, pvdjj-bs rhythmical, pvdfjLLKos root 55 sarcasm, aapKaaiiSs sarcastic, aapKaariKos sarcoma, aap^ sarcophagus 45, aap^, 4>ay satyr, crarupos scandal, aKavdaXov scene, aKrjv-q scenic, (XKrjviKds scepter 32 scheme, axvi^o. schism 41, 113 schismatic 113 schist 113 schistocyte 113 schistoglossia 113 scholar, crxoXi?, Latin schola-1 ris, scholar is scholastic 66 scholium, crxoXtov from <rxoXii school 30, axoXv sclerosis 96 (c) sclerotic 96 (c) scope, (FKOTTOS semaphore 41 sepsis 77 septic 84 sibilant 64 (3) simple word 61 skeleton 83 skeptic 43 sonants 64 (i) sophism 67, 96 ( sophist 96 (/) sophistic 96 (/) spasm, cnraa/jLOS spasmodic 94 sphere, a(j>a1pa spheroid 94 sphincter, ffcpLyKTrjp sphinx, 0-017^ sphygmic, aipvyp-os sphygmograph 77 spleen, airXrjv sporadic, a-Koph., <TTopa8r]v, a-wo- paSiKos spore, airopos static 42, 112 stem 56 stereoscope, (XTtptos, aKoiros stereopticon, (rrepeos, ottlkos io6 EVERYDAY GREEK stereotype, arepeds, rinros sternum 22 stigma, (XTiyfia stomach, (XTOfxaxos story, shortened form of history, IffTopla stratagem 133 strategic 133 strategy 100, III (a), 102, 133 strophe, aTpo4>r] suffix 57 surds 64 (i) surgeon 135, 139 surgery 135 surgical 135 syllable 70, loi sylloge 130 symbol 117 symmetry, avp-ixeTpia, ovv-\-ij.kr- pov sympathetic 118 sympathize 118 sympathy 68, 118 symphony 68 symphysis 68 symptom, avp-TTTw/ia symptomatic, avixTTTccjiaT-LKos synagogue, avpaywyr) synarthrosis no synchondrosis, cvv, xov^pos syndesmosis, avvbk(jpwaL% synod, avvoSos synonym, avp, 6vop.a syntactical 115 syntax 115 synthesis 42, 77, in synthetic in syringe, ovpiy^ system 70, 73, 78, 112 systematic 112 systematize 112 tactical 115 tactics 115 taxonomy, rd^ty, vbpLos technical, rexvLKos, Texvr} telegram 78 telegraph 52 telephone, ryjXe, (f)wi'eoo telescope 43, 100, III (b) theater 32, dkarpov theism 32, debs theme in theologian 124 theological 124 theology 124 theorem, decoprina theoretical, OecopyjTLKos theory, decopla theosophy, Beds, aocpia therapeutic, OepawevTiKos therapy, depaireia thermometer, depfxos, jxerpov thesis III thoracic, dojpaK-LKos, 601 pa^ thorax, Oupa^ -tic 84 titanic, TnavLKos tome 75 tone 72, 75 tonic, TovLKos topic, TOTTLKOS, rOTTOS topography, tottos, 7pd0w toxic, TO^LKOS toxin, To^LKos trachea, rpaxvs tragedy, Tpaywdla tragic, TpaytKos trichina 34, dpi^ trichoblast 34, 6pl^, ^Xaaros tricycle, rpt-, kvkXos trigonometry, TpLy^vofxerpia tripod, 34, 100, III (c) INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 107 trope 75 verbal 59 trophy, rpotraiov tropic 41, 72, 75 xiphoid, ^t0oet5i7s tune, Tovos xiphosura, ^i0os, ovpa type 32, 41 ^ ^ typical, TDTTt/cos, tuttos zone, ^wvr\ tyrannical, rvpavv-iKos, rhpav- zoologist 85, 86, 102 vos zoologize 127 tyranny, Tvpavv-[$, rvpavpos zoology 86, 102 tyrant, Tvpavvo% zoophyte, ^Qov, 4>vt6v FEINTED IN THE U.S.A. f/^/r- cc t\ u ; - UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 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