./
 
 A History of 
 
 Cleveland and Its Environs 
 
 The Heart of New Connecticut 
 
 By 
 ELROY McKENDREE AVERY 
 
 VOLUME I 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
 CHICAGO AND NEW YORK 
 1918
 
 COPTEIOHT, 1918 
 BY 
 
 ELEOY McKENDREE AVEBY
 
 PREFACE 
 
 Ever since my coming, in the sumiuer of 1871, to what is now the 
 City of Cleveland, I have been, from force of early habit, accumulating 
 matter relating to the history of Cleveland and its environs. These 
 accumulations include books, pamphlets, magazines, newspaper clip- 
 pings, etc. ; among these are histories, atlases, etc., of the city, the 
 county, and the Reserve, the Annah of the Early Settlers' Associa- 
 tion, the Tracts of the Western Reserve Historical Society, city direc- 
 tories, blue books, and annual summaries of municipal doings. All 
 of these, together with my personal recollections and the contribu- 
 tions that I solicited from many per.sons, I have combined as well as 
 I could in this historical volume of Cleveland and Its Environs. 
 
 As a matter of fairness to myself, I cheerfully state that I have 
 made free use of the labors of others who, in advance of me, have 
 trodden the path of Western Reserve historj'. In the preparation of 
 the early chapters of this volume, I had Colonel Whittlesey's Early 
 History of Clevela)id and Mr. Kennedy's History of Cleveland almost 
 constantly at my elbow, with Mr. Orth's History of Cleveland, the 
 Annals and the Tracts previously mentioned within easy reach, and 
 with the files of the Magazine of Western History easily accessible. 
 I have found Mr. Kennedy's work especially helpful and, if at any 
 point I have failed to make acknowledgment of matter quoted there- 
 from, I hope that this may be held as adequate atonement. It is 
 proper, however, to suggest that as Mr. Kennedy and I were continu- 
 ally dipping our buckets into the same wells of information, identity 
 of matter is not conclusive proof of plagiarism. In a few cases, I have 
 corrected errors in works that I have utilized ; to these corrections, I 
 possibly added errors of my own. I hope that such errors of mine 
 have not exceeded the percentage permissible to everybody in every 
 walk of life. 
 
 For the sake of the reader, I have made very sparing use of foot- 
 notes,* and, for my own sake, I respectfully call attention to the fact 
 
 * Such notes are necessary in some writings (like law text books), but they 
 are frequently more confusing than helpful to readers of volumes like this. They 
 cannot conscientiously ignore the foot-notes but, if they stop to read them, the 
 continuity of the story is interrupted. Even this foot-note is suggestive of the 
 injunction of the school master to his pupils, to never split an infinitve or use 
 a preposition to end a sentence with. 
 
 iii 
 
 13S7598
 
 iv PREFACE 
 
 that the initial paragraph of this preface did not begin with the 
 "perpendicular pronoun." Having accomplished so much in defer- 
 ence to the dicta of a certain class of critics, I am inclined to insist 
 upon my right to say " I " instead of " we " whenever I desire to do so. 
 
 It is, also, only fair to myseK to say that, in many cases, unifonnity 
 in tj-pographical style, and certain rhetorical desiderata (such as "the 
 unity of the paragraph") have been subordinated to the conservation 
 of space and matter demanded by war conditions. 
 
 To the manj- who have lent a helping hand (they are too numerous 
 for individual mention), I hereby tender my assurances of grateful 
 appreciation. I must, however, make specific mention of the assist- 
 ance given by Mr. H. G. Cutler, the general historian of the Lewis 
 Publishing Company. To enable me to complete the work on schedule 
 time, he came from Chicago to Cleveland and, for several weeks, was 
 my genial and able a.ssistant. Some of the later chapters of this vol- 
 ume were written by him. 
 
 Cleveland, November 1, 1918.
 
 Contents 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 IN OLD CONNECTICUT 
 
 Early Events ix Southern New England — Royal Land 
 Grants — Connecticut Cedes Most op Her Western Lands 
 — Sale of Western Reserve to Connecticut Land Company 
 — Persontstel of the Connecticut Land Company 1 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE QUEST OF THE PROMISED LAND 
 
 Cleaveland Buys Indian Land Clmms — At the Port of Inde- 
 pendence — "Stow Castle" — ExplorjVTIons of the New 
 Land — The Founding of Clevelaito — The Township op 
 Euclid — Exit General Cleaveland — Seth Pease, Principal 
 Surveyor — Arrival op Judge Kingsbury 12 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 IN NEW CONNECTICUT 
 
 Lorenzo Carter Arrives — Cleveland a General Hospital — 
 Industrial Birth — Cleveland and Ohio in 1800 36 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE PIONEERS 
 
 Historic Conservatism — Pioneer Education and Religion — 
 The Coming of Samuel Huntington — Major Spafford's 
 Resurvey 53
 
 vi CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 EOUNDING OUT THE FIRST DECADE 
 
 First Justices of the Pkvce — Le.\ding Business Men — The 
 hocAL. Militia — Clouded Titles to Indian Lands — Early 
 Mails and Postmasters — Beginning of Cleveland's Second 
 Decade — Nathan Perry Comes 62 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 GETTING SETTLED 
 
 Nathan Perry, Jr. — Cleveland and Huron Highway — Amos 
 Spafford and Stanley Griswold — Levi Johnson — Creation 
 OF Cuyahoga County — First Tanneries — Pioneer Legal 
 Matters — Dr. David Long — Clevelanders of 1811-12 — Kel- 
 ley 's Island 75 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 "CLEVELAND CITY" BECOMES A VILLAGE 
 
 The War of 1812 at Cleveland — The First Murder and Execu- 
 tion — Capt. Stanton Sholes at Cleveland — Cleveland 
 Village Incorporated 91 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 FIVE YEARS OF VILLAGE LIFE 
 
 First Village Legislation — Notable Arrivals of 1816 — First 
 Church Finally Organized — Kelley's L.vrge Stone House 
 — Cleveland's First Bank and Bankers — First School- 
 house Built in Clevel.\nd — Reuben Wood — " Walk-in-tiie- 
 Water" Makes Cleveland — Cleveland Herald Founded. . 100 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 A GOOD BEGINNING AND A BAD ENDING 
 
 First Presbyterian Church — Old Stone Chuiich — A Pioneer 
 Bridge Subscription — John W. Willey — The Cleveland 
 Academy — Rufus P. Spalding — The Second Courthouse — 
 George Worthington" — Various Impro\t5ments and Hap- 
 penings — The (Cleveland Advertiser Appears 126
 
 CONTENTS vu 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 GROWTH OF MIND AND BODY 
 
 The Fugitive Slave Law— Local Anti-Slavery Sentiment— 
 FiKST Baptist Church— Black Hawk and John Stair — 
 FiRK AND Water— Thomas Bolton— First Western Loco- 
 motive Works 1"*" 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE CANAL AND THE CHARTER 
 
 William Bingham— William A. Otis— Moses Kelley— The 
 C/isAi^ Era — "Boom" Following the Building op the 
 CjVNAl 
 
 162 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 THE CITY OF CLEVELAND AND THE CITY OF OHIO 
 
 Improvements in Cleveland and Ohio City— The Bridge War 
 
 Ohio City's First Election— Mayors op the Two Cities — 
 
 In the City of Cleveland — City Council First Meets- 
 First Board of School Managers l^l 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 THE YEAR OF THE FIRST DIRECTORY 
 
 Council Approved City Directory — Churches in 1837 — Court- 
 house Described — Associations and Institutions of 1837 — 
 Financlvl Institutions — Newspapers — Industries and Rail- 
 roads — Cleveland Harbor — Leading Cleveland Hotels — 
 Stage Lines — Judges op the Court op Common Pleas — Gov- 
 ernment Officials — Arrival and Departure op the Mails — 
 Rates of Postage — An Ordinance to Provide for the Es- 
 
 T.VBLISHMENT OP CoMMON SCHOOLS ARRIVAL OF THE PaNIC 
 
 of 1837 — Ohio Railroad Put to Rest. 184
 
 viii CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE RAILWAY ERA 
 
 Dr. Jared p. Kirtlaxd — Municipal, Officials op 1839-40 — City 
 Record of 1840-45 — Young IMen's Literary Association Or- 
 ganized — Municipal IVL\tters, 1846-48 — Railway Construc- 
 tion — Water Works Suggested — Plymouth Congrega- 
 tional Church — The C. C. & C. Enters Cleveland — Cleve- 
 land & ilAHONiNG Railroad Completed 205 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 THE UNION OF CLEVELAND AND OHIO CITY 
 
 Municipal Water Supply — The Cleveland of 1853 — Ohio City 
 OF 1853 — Destructive Fires — The Canal Bank Closes Its 
 Doors — Young Men's Christian Association Organized. . . . 220 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 
 ON THE WAY TO CIVIL WAR 
 
 The Mayors of Cleveland — Municipal Improvements— The 
 Courthouse op 1885— Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Cases — 
 The Hanging of John Brown — Journeys op the Perry 
 Monument — Capture and Return of the Slave Lucy — 
 Lincoln Visits Cleveland 233 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 
 AN ERA OF REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT 
 
 Cleveland's Trade — Commerce and Manufactures, 1865 — 
 Leading Shipbuilding Port — New Passenger Depot — Edu- 
 cational and Charitable — Founding of Cuyahoga County 
 Agricultural Society — A Projected City Hall — Cleve- 
 land Work House and House of Correction — East Cleve- 
 land Annexed — Organization of Cuyahoga County Medi- 
 cal Society — Origin of the Cleveland Humane Society — 
 Legal Matters op Moment — Newburo ViijLage Annexed — 
 The Panic of 1873 — Improvement of Water Supply — 
 Women's Christian Temperance Union — Harbor of Refuge 
 Constructed — Hotels and Amusement Halls — The Old 
 City Hall 247
 
 CONTENTS ix 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 ROUNDING OUT THE FIRST CENTURY 
 
 The First High Level Bridge — The Early Settlers' Associa- 
 tion — Leonard Case, Jr. — Cleveland Music Hall — James 
 A. Garfield — Fi/)od and Firk — The "Blinkey" Morgan 
 Affair — Second High Level Bridge — Largest Shipbltildixo 
 Center in the Country (1890) — Municipal-Federal Plan 
 Adopted — Regulating the Price op Gas — Cleveland 
 Wealth of 1891 — Revolutionary Descendants — Historical 
 Society and Chamber of Commerce — The Soldiers' and 
 Sailors' Monument — Convention of Christian Endeavorers 
 ■ — The Cleveland Postoffice — Cleveland's Centennial 
 Anniversary 268 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL YEAR 
 
 Celebration of Cleveland's Centennial — To the Women of 
 1996— To Women Unborn 289 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 
 THE METROPOLIS OF OHIO 
 
 War Emergency Committees, D. A. K. — Clevelanders Off for 
 Cuba — Mayors McKisson and Farley — Re.\l Queen City op 
 THE Lowt;r Lakes — The Mayor Johnson Era — Struggle 
 FOR 3-Cent Street R.ulway Fare — The Tayler FuiVNCHisE , 
 — Natural Gas, Street Names, Etc. — Belt Line Railway 
 Not Electrified — Moses Cleaveland's Burial Place 310 
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 THE SIXTH CITY 
 
 County Centennial Celebration — Home Rule Charter 
 Framed — Centennial Celebration op Perry's Victory — 
 Niagara Day — Perry Day — Children's and Women's Day
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 — Conclusion of the Celebration — Mayor Baker Enters 
 THE Wilson Cabinet — First City in American Spirit — 
 Cleveland as a Twentieth Century Pioneer — Increases 
 OF Ten YE.VRS 332 
 
 CHAPTER XXII 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF CLEVELAND 
 
 Under the Board op School Managers — Colored Children — 
 First Plea for High School — The Schools in 1845 — 
 Cleveland's First High School— Greater Interest in the 
 Public Schools — Under the Board op Education — The 
 Mayflower School — West High School — First Elected 
 Board op Education — The Public Schools, 1859-62 — An- 
 drew J. RicKOPP — Public School Record for 1867-72 — East 
 Cleveland Schools Annexed — Much of Newburg Town- 
 ship Annexed — Tax Levy for Building Schools Incre.\sed 
 — Superintendent Hinsd.vle's Administration — Manual 
 Training School Opened — Government of Schools Reor- 
 ganized — Columbus Day Observed — The Schools Under 
 Superintendent Draper — Expansion of School System — 
 First Woman Elected to Public Office in Ohio — Many 
 School Buildings Erected — Conclusion of Superintendent 
 Jones' Term — William H. Elson's Record — The Educa- 
 tional Commission — Superintendent Frank E. Spaulding 
 — Present School Organization — High Schools — Junior 
 High Schools — Elementary Schools — Special Schools.. 341 
 
 CHAPTER XXIIl 
 
 OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 
 
 Western Reserve University — Case School of Applied Science 
 — The University School — St. Ignatius College — Catholic 
 Schools — The Western Reserve Histohicai, Society — The 
 Cleveland I'tdlic Library— The Early Settlers' Associa- 
 tion 395
 
 CONTENTS xi 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV 
 
 STORY OF THE CORPORATION'S DEVELOPMENT 
 
 A City ok the Skcond Class — Water Supply and Protection 
 Against Fire — Trials of the Public Markets — Growth op 
 Fire and Police Departments During the Civil War — 
 The First Waterworks — The Tunnel and Works of 1870- 
 74 — General Municipal Code op 1870 — Home Rule op the 
 Police Department — ^Iunicipal Government by Boards — 
 Trial of the Federal Form — Decadal Expansion of Police, 
 Fire and Water Departments — The Great Tunnel and 
 iloDERN Water System of Today — Series of Casualties — 
 The W^aterworks as Completed — The Filtration Plant 
 and Other Works — The Baldwin Reservoir — Miles -and 
 Valuation of Water Works — Zones and Are.v op Supply — 
 Progress of the Fire Department — Adoption of the Fed- 
 eral Form op Government — Charters Unconstitutional 
 — Home Rule Agitation — The Fire Department Up to Date 
 — Methods Are Changed — Motor Tractors Bought — Pres- ' 
 ent Fire and Police Divisions — Department op Public 
 Service — Department op Parks and Public Property — De- 
 partment OF Public Welfare — Department op Public 
 Safety — Department of Finance — Department of Public 
 Utilities •. 429 
 
 CHAPTER XXV 
 
 MUNICIPAL MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 
 
 The Streets of Old Cleveland — Expansion in All Directions 
 — The Bridges and Viaducts — Getting the East and the 
 West Sides Together — First Permanent Bridge Across 
 the Cuyahoga — Other Bridges at the Strategic Point — 
 Direct Communication with Ohio City — A Bridge Story of 
 Mystery — Other Cleveland Bridges — Walworth Run Via- 
 duct — High-Level Bridge Demanded — Building of Old Su- 
 perior Street Viaduct — Formal Dedication op First High- 
 Level Bridge — Greater Viaduct for Greater Cleveland — 
 Centr.vl Viaduct — Kingsbury Run Improvements — Brook- 
 lyn-Brighton Connection with the Southwest — Other
 
 xii CONTENTS 
 
 Bridges and Vl\ducts — Proposed Lorain-Huron Bridge — 
 Street Car and Interurban Service — The Advent op 
 Electricity — Grand Consolidation and Expansion — The 
 Connections Outside of Cleveland — The Public Square 
 AND the Grand Group Plan — Origin op the Group Plan 
 of Public Buildings — Group Plan Commission Appointed 
 AND Plan Accepted — Building Sites Purchased — The Fed- 
 
 ERAL. OR POSTOFFICE BuiLDING ThE CoUNTY BuILDING ThE 
 
 Municipal Hall — The City Planning Commission 449 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI 
 
 PARKS AND MARKETS 
 
 Recreation Parks — Old Clinton Park — Changes in Park 
 AL^nagement — ^Franklin Circle — Early Attempts to 
 Pound East Cleveland Parks — Three City Parks Pro- 
 posed — Miles Park, Newburg — The Old South Side Park — 
 • Lake View Park — Gordon Park — Wade Park — Fairview 
 Park — The Cleveland Park Plan Adopted — Edgewater 
 Park — Brookside Park — Garfield Park — Ambler Parkway 
 Connection — Shaker Heights Park — The Rockefeller 
 Parks — Other Connecting Boulevards — "Washington Park 
 — -Parks in the Making — The Parks Truly Popularized — 
 The Parks Statistically Considered — The City Market 
 Houses 474 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII 
 
 BENCH AND BAR OF CLEVELAND 
 
 Justices of the Peace — James Kingsbury — Lorenzo Carter 
 Breaches tjie Peace — Samuel Huntington — When Justice 
 Was Young — Dr. Samuel Underihll — George Hoadley, the 
 Elder — John Bare and Other Leading Early Justices — 
 The Court of Common Pleas — First Court, a Strong Body 
 — First Cases Before Court — Daniel in the Lion's Den — 
 Alfred Kelley First Appears as Prosecutor — First Civil 
 Jury Trial — First Session op Supreme Court in Cleve- 
 land — Alfred Kelley, the First Active Lawyer — Court
 
 CONTENTS xiii 
 
 Business During First Four Ye^vrs — Leonard Case, Sr. — 
 Various Presiding Judges op the Court — Harvey Rice — 
 Brilliant, Eloquent and Versatile Sherlock J. Andrews 
 — John W. Allen — Mayor John W. Willey — Henry B. 
 Payne — Samuel Cowles — Samuel Starkweather and 
 Horace Foote — During the Civil War Period — Relief from 
 Over-Crowded Docket— Samuel B. Prentiss — Robert F. 
 Paine — President Garfield's Significant Compliment — 
 Superior Court Established — Court Aboijshed as Insuf- 
 ficient — Seneca 0. Griswold — William E. Sherwood — ■ 
 Now Twelve Common Ple^vs Judges — The Probate Court 
 and Judge Tilden — Henry Clay White — The Circuit 
 Court — Charles C. Baldwin — John C. Hale — The Munici- 
 pal, OR Police Court — Col. 0. J. Hodge — Bankruptcy 
 Courts and Registers — The Insolvency and Juvenile 
 Court — Clevelanders as Judges op the Higher Courts — 
 Chief Justice and Governor Wood — Rupus P. Ranney — 
 Franklin J. Dickman — John H. Clarke— United States 
 Court for the Northern Ohio District — Hiram V. Will- 
 son — President Gabpield and His Sons — John Hay, Diplo- 
 mat, Statesman and Scholar — Nevstton Diehl Baker — 
 Called to the United States Senate — Judge and Governor 
 Huntington — Myron T. Herrick — Governors Loosely Iden- 
 tified WITH Cleveland — Lawyer Congressmen from Cleve- 
 land — Rupus P. Spalding — Richard C. Parsons — The 
 Cleveland Bar Association — Law Library Association — 
 The Cbowell Law School — The Cleveland Law College 
 — The Franklin T. Backus Law School — The Cleveland 
 Law School — Some op the Early Practitioners 494 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII 
 
 PHYSICIANS AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS 
 
 First Physician in Cleveland — First Physician of Cleveland 
 — Ple.\sing Tales — Other Pioneer Physicians op Cleveland 
 — Nineteenth Medical District Society — First Prominent 
 Homeopathic Physician — Organization op Cleveland 
 Mewcvl College — College op Physicians and Surgeons — 
 Academy op Medicine — The Medical Library — Cleveland 
 School op Pharmacy — The Pioneer Homeopaths — The 
 Homeopathic Institutions— Cleveland Hospitals — A Few 
 Representative Physicians 539
 
 xiv CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX 
 POLITICAL. PHILOSOPHICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS 
 
 Social Work and Writings — Academy of Natural Science and 
 Its Founders — Dr. John S. Newberry — Dr. Theodore D. 
 Garlick — Dr. Elisha Sterling — Pioneer in Lake Superior 
 Mineral Regions — Professors Morley and Michelson — Dr. 
 Cady Staley — Professors Charles S. Howe and John N.- 
 Stockwell — Worcester R. Warner and Ambrose Swasey — 
 Charles F. Brush 553 
 
 CHAPTER XXX 
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN CLEVELAND 
 
 Music and Musicians — Cleveland Vocal Society and School 
 of Music — Bringing Music to the Masses — Composers of 
 Music — The Old Bohemians op Cleveland — Cleveland 
 School op Art — The Art Museum — Early Cleveland 
 Painters — Sculptors Matzen and Niehaus — Clara Morris 
 as a Cleveland Girl 561 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI 
 
 AUTHORS AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS 
 
 First Literary Societies and Lyceums — Dickens Hits Cleve- 
 land Jingoism — The Ark and the Arkites — The Western 
 Reserve Historical Society — The LmiiARiF^s— Contriuutors 
 to General Literature — Benjamin P. Tayu)r — Constance 
 Fenimore Woolson- — Sarah K. Bolton — Edmund Vance 
 Cooke — Cleveland Lawyers as Authors — Educational and 
 Historical — Colonel Wiu-itlesby and Judge Baldwin — 
 Identified with the Western Reserve University — Harvey 
 Rice — Samuel P. Orth — James H. Kennedy — Leading Edu- 
 cators as Writers 568
 
 CONTENTS XV 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII 
 
 NEWSPAPERS AND THEIR BUILDERS 
 
 First Newspaper Not a Sitccess — ('leveland Herald and Eben 
 D. Howe— JosiAH A. Harris— A. W. Fairbanks— Division of 
 the Herald — Founding ok the Plain Dealer — Quaint, 
 Lov.ujle "Artemus Ward" — Benjamin F. Taylor— The 
 West Side Produces Newspai-ers — Young Edwin Cowles 
 Introduced — Joseph Medill and Edwin Cowles Associated 
 —Becomes the Leader Under Cowles — Edwin Cowles, 
 Premier Clevei^and Journalist — Evening News Founded — 
 John C. Covert — The Present Cleveland News — Cleve- 
 land Press and the Scripps-McRae League — Cleveland 
 Newspaper Field, as a Whole 582 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 RELIGIOUS, DENOMINATIONAL, ETC. 
 
 Distinctive Religious Bodies — Trinity Episcopal Church op 
 Cle\'eland — The Presbyterians — The Congregational 
 Churches — Methodist Organizations — A Summary op 
 Methodism — Baptist Activities — Disciples op Christ, or 
 Christians — United Presbyterians — Lutheran Churches 
 • — Evangelical Organizations — German Baptists and Meth- 
 odists — The Unitarian and Christian Scientists — Catholi- 
 cism IN Cleveland — The Diocese op Cleveland — First 
 Bishop op Cleveland — Homes and Convents — Bishop Gil- 
 mour's Administr.\tion — Last Administrative Acts — Ap- 
 pointment OF Rev. Ignatius Horstmann — Apostolic 
 Mission Organized — Golden Jubilee Observed — Death of 
 Bishop Horstmann — Bishop Horstmann 's Successor and 
 Associates — German Catholic Churches of East and West 
 Sides — Irish Catholics — Other Catholic Churches in 
 Cleveland — Jew^ish Congregations — Making Christian 
 American Citizens — Institutional or Community Churches 
 — Cleveland's Foreign Groups in Figures — The Work of 
 the Federated Churches — Growth Shown in Figures — 
 Charit.vble and Benevolent Institutions — Cleveland As- 
 sociated Charities — The Children's Fresh Air Camp — 
 Other Institutions — The Homes for the De.\d — Social 
 Development in Cleveland — The Cleveland Young Men's 
 Christian Association — The Great War — The Last Year's 
 Record — The Young Women 's Christian Association .... 595
 
 xvi CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV 
 
 MILITARY AND WAR MATTERS 
 
 Capts. Lorenzo Carter and Nathaniel Doan — Cleveland in 
 THE War of 1812 — Mexican War Organizations — Cleve- 
 land Grays and Cleveland Light Artillery — First Ohio 
 Light Artillery — Company D, First Ohio Volunteer In- 
 fantry (Cleveland Grays) — Other Commands in Which 
 Cleveland Men Served — Toll of Death and Maimed — 
 Women's Relief Work — Originality of Civil War Cam- 
 paigns — From the Civil War to the War with Spain — The 
 Spanish-American War — Military Organization When the 
 World War Opened — Training School for Civilians — 
 Reckless Americanism — Pen Picture of Cleveland's Mili- 
 tary Service — Prominent War Civilians — Big Work in 
 Gener.yl — Individual Home Woricers — First Army Unit to 
 go Abroad — Lakeside Base Hospital — First University 
 War Unit — Consolidation of War Funds — The Y. M. C. A. 
 War Work — Facts About the Victory Chest Campaign — 
 Speclvl Contributions from the Foreign Sections — In- 
 vestments in Government Securities — Municipal War 
 Work — A Hint of the Women's War Work 654 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV 
 
 TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 The Ante-Canal Period — The Decade 1827-37 — The Worth- 
 INGTON Interests — Industrial and Ornamental — Origin of 
 Two Great Iron Industries — Three Good Banks — Stabiliz- 
 ing Cleveland's Finances — Other Early Banks op Sta- 
 bility — Panic of 1857 "Gets" but One Cleveland Bank — 
 Cleveland Industries op 1840 and 1860— Iron and Steel 
 Industries Up to the Civil War — Mining and Handling 
 Iron Ore — Marcus A. Hanna in Business — Cleveland 
 Clearing House Association — The Cleveland Federal Re- 
 serve Bank — Coal Mining and Trade — Oils and Paints 
 — The Carbon Industry — Manufacture of Auto Acces- 
 sories — Increase in Manufactured Products, 1904-14 — Fi- 
 nances and Commerce Since 1876 — Comparative Summary, 
 1907-17 — The Chamber of Commerce — Official Roster, 
 1848-1918 — The Chamber op Industry — The Standard Oil 
 Company — The Canal Period in Clevet.and's History.... 688
 
 Index 
 
 Abbey, Henry G., I, 371, 400, 571 
 Abbev, Seth A., I., 139, 244, 518 
 Abbott & Jenkins, III, 14 
 Abbott, David, I. 64 
 Abbott. II. P. A.. I. 5!)0 
 Abbott, Russell B.. Ill, 14 
 Abbott, Williird. Ill, 160 
 Aborn, Frank H., I, :U>3. 364, 375 
 Atademy Building (illustration), I, 131 
 Academy of Medicine, I, 258, 544 
 Academy of Music, I, 265; (illustra- 
 tion) 264 
 Academy of Natural Science, I, 555 
 Ackerman, .loseph N., II, 450 
 Acklev. Horace A., I, 543 
 AckleV. H. C, I, 230 
 Acklev, .lolin A.. I, 98 
 Acme Machinery Company, II, 433 
 Adams, Asacl, I, 74. 341 
 Adams, Asael, Jr., Ill, 185 
 Adams Bag Company. 111,191 
 Adams. Charles E.. "l, 677, 680, 709; 
 
 II. 24 
 
 Adams. George D., Ill, 185 
 
 Adams. Jarvis M.. I, 533 
 
 Adams. K. K. \V.. I. 545 
 
 Addams. George S.. I, 521 
 
 Addison. Hiram M. (Father), (por- 
 trait, I, 269; 287. 291, 426, 427», 624 
 
 Addison .hinior high school, I, 365, 386 
 
 Adelbcrt College of Western Reserve 
 University. 271, 398; College Cam- 
 pus (illustration). 397; Main Build- 
 ing (illustration). 396 
 
 Admire. E. K.. I. 711; III, 392 
 
 Admire. .Tames K., III. 394 
 
 Admire. Philomene E.. Ill, 393 
 
 Agnew. William. III. 27 
 
 Aiken, Samuel C, I, 129, 231; (por- 
 trait). 600 
 
 Ajax Manufacturing Company, II, 71 
 
 Akers, John M.. HI, 458 
 
 Akers. William .J.. I. 287, 346, 581; 
 
 III. 456 
 
 Akron, Bedford & Cleveland road. I. 
 
 464 
 Albl, Edward J.. II, 261 
 Albl, Michael, II. 260 
 
 Alburn, Cary R., Ill, 257 
 
 Alburn, John A., I, 723; II, 406 
 
 Alden, Charles E., II. 33 
 
 Alden. Knapp & Magee, II, 33 
 
 Aldricli. C. .1., I, 544 
 
 Alexander, Isabelle, I, 315 
 
 Alexander. W. D. B., II, 503 
 
 Allen. Albert M., Ill, 179 
 
 Allen. Dndlev P.. I, 544; II, 124 
 
 Allen, John R.. II, 40 
 
 Allen, John W., I, 100, 107, 136, 143, 
 
 179. 202, 209, 212, 426, 506, 529*, 
 
 568, 585 
 Allen. Luther. I, 709 
 Allen. Xehemiah. I, 149, 202 
 Allen. William F., Jr., I, 708, 710 
 Allison, Robert, I, 702 
 All-steel boats, II, 470 
 AUyne, E. E., I, 710 
 Almira school. I, 388 
 Along the Canal (illustration), I, 480 
 Alpers, William C, III, 514 
 "Ambitious" educational attempt, I, 74 
 Ambler, Martha B., I, 487 
 Ambler Parkway, I, 487, 490 
 Ambler, William E., II, 316 
 Ambler- Woodland Hills Boulevard, I, 
 
 490 
 American Civic Reform Union, The, II, 
 
 462 
 American Foundry and Equipment 
 
 Company, II, 557 
 American Multigraph Company, II, 
 
 303; III, 106 
 "American Notes" (Dickens), I, 569 
 American Pharmaceutical Association, 
 
 III, 514 
 American Protective League, I, 681 
 American Shipbuilding Company, III, 
 
 61 
 American Steel and Wire Company, I, 
 
 691, 694 
 Ames, C. E., I. 657 
 Amnion, John H., II, 113 
 Amnion, Mary J., TI, 113 
 Anderson, A."D.. Ill, 416 
 Anderson, Newton M., I, 403 
 Anderson, P., I, 710 
 
 * Whenever a * appears after a numeral in this index, it indicates that a 
 biography of the subject will be found on that page, in Vol. I. 
 
 XVII
 
 xvm 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Anderson, Valerius D., Ill, 414 
 
 Anderson, V. D. Company, III, 415 
 
 Andrews, Benjamin, I, 205, 583 
 
 Andrews, Earl J.. II, 363 
 
 Andrews, Frank T., HI, 236 
 
 Andrews, L. F. W.. I, 542 
 
 Andrews, Samuel, I, 700 
 
 Andrews. Sherlock J., I, 107: (portrait) 
 135; 136*. ISl, 250. 368, 506, 509, 529, 
 532, 555, 568 
 
 Angier House, I, 118 
 
 "Annals" (of the Early Settlers' As- 
 sociation), I, 58, 87, 114, 119, 132, 
 133, 141, 145, 154, 220, 428, 452 
 
 Annexations to the original village, 
 1829-1917 (map), I, 256; 257 
 
 Annunciation (French) church, I, 614 
 
 Anshe Chesed congregation, I, 615 
 
 Anti-slavery sentiment (local), I, 149 
 
 Anti-Tuberculosis League, I, 624 
 
 Apex Electrical Manufacturing Com- 
 pany, in, 305 
 
 Applegarth. H. C. I, 55. 153 
 
 Apthorp, Henry, II, 154 
 
 Architectural League of America, I, 
 467 
 
 Archwood church, I, 601 
 
 Archwood Congregational Cliurch, I, 
 126 
 
 Arc light. III, 258 
 
 Ark (The), 555, 570 
 
 Arkites (illustration), I, 570; 571 
 
 Arms, C. C, I, 544 
 
 Armstrong, George E., I, 258 
 
 Armstrong, William W., I, 275, 586 
 
 Arndt. Charles F.. I, 446 
 
 Arnold, Caroline T., II, 479 
 
 Arnold, Ceorge, I, 500 
 
 Arnold, (ieorge J., Ill, 224 
 
 Arrivals of 1816, I, 102 
 
 Artemus Ward (see Charles F. Browne) 
 
 Arter, Frank A., II, 66 
 
 Arter, Sherman, I. 438; II, 448 
 
 Arter, Theodore, II, 447 
 
 Art gallery ojiened, 1, 337 
 
 Art (ilass "Company, 111. 342 
 
 Art iluseum, \V!id'e I'ark, I, 482 
 
 Artists, 1, 5(i:i 
 
 Arthur, Alfred, i, 561 
 
 Associated Charities of Cleveland. I, 
 250, 630, 632; III, 229 
 
 Astronomy, II, 551 
 
 Astrup, W. C, 1, 713 
 
 Asylum for the Insane, I, 547 
 
 Atlas Bolt & Screw Company, II. 431 
 
 Atwatcr, Amzi, I. 26, 27, 36 
 
 Atwatcr (Amzi) .Journal, I, 36, 39 
 
 Alwater, Caleb, I, 7 
 
 Austin, Eliphalct, I, 51, 202 
 
 Auto aeccsHoriea, I, 702 
 
 "Autobiography of n Pioneer Printer" 
 (Howe). I. 121 
 
 AiMoiMoliile center, 1, 338 
 
 Automobile club, I, 702 
 Automobile industry, III, 474 
 Auxiliary No. 40, National Red Cross 
 
 Society. I, 313 
 Avery, Elrov M., I, 139, 278, 279, 282, 
 
 283, 328, 329, 365, 368, 380, 382, 417, 
 
 578, 624; IH. 565 
 Averv, Mrs. Elroy M., I, 290, 296, 306. 
 ' 310, 314, 328, 364, 365, 376, 425; lU, 
 
 566 
 
 Babcock, Brenton D., I, 233 
 Babcock, Mrs. P. H., I, 282 
 Babcock, P. H., I, 412 
 Babies' Dispensary and Hospital Asso- 
 ciation, I, 634 
 Bacher. Otto, I, 563 
 Backowski, Josejjh S., II, 254 
 Backus, Franklin T. (portrait), I. 162; 
 
 163, 337, 230, 337, 413, 533, 534*, 535 
 Backus, William, I, 658 
 Backus, William V, 11, 162 
 Bacon, Helen, I, 685 
 Bacon, Ralph, I, 26 
 Badger, Joseph, I, 56. 61, 604 
 Badin, Stephen, I, 607 
 Baer, George P., I, 447 
 Baehr, Herman C, I, 233, 332, 711, 713; 
 
 111. 194 
 Bailey Company, II, 190; department 
 
 store. III, 77 
 Bailev, Eugene R., Ill, 330 
 Bailey. Henry T.. I. 565; II, 398 
 Baker, A. R.. I, 544 
 Baker, Edward M., Ill, 553 
 Baker, Elbert H., I, 283, 587; II, 150 
 liaker. Newton D., I, 233, 333, 335, 337, 
 
 3S0; portrait, 441; 442, 472, 480, 
 
 536*, 671 
 Baldwin. Arthur 1)., 11, 166 
 Baldwin. Charles C, I, 411, 414, 514*; 
 
 portrait. 515; 573, 678 
 Baldwin. Dudley, I, 283 
 Ualdwin, D. C.."l, 414 
 Baldwin. ICdwanl. I, ISO, 184, 198, 207, 
 
 56S 
 Baldwin. Oliver P., I, 184 
 Baldwin, Xorman A., I, 658 
 Italdwin. Norman C., I, 139, 177, 178, 
 
 305, 308 
 Baldwin reservoir, I, 438 
 Baldwin, S, Prentiss, I, 417 
 Baldwin, Samuel S., I, 81 
 Ualdwin, William, I. 542 
 Hull, Webb C., II, 117 
 Ball. Wi'bb C. Company. The. II, 117, 
 
 II'.) 
 Ballard (John) & Company, 1, 693 
 liancroft, (ieorge. I, 114. 342 
 Bands. 1, 563 
 Bangs. F. C. I. 378, 484 
 Bank Note (illustration). 1. Ill 
 liaid< of Cli'velaiid. 1, lilO. 691
 
 INDEX 
 
 XIX 
 
 Bank of Cleveland Note (reproduction 
 
 of), I, 191 
 Bank of Commerce, I. 692 
 Hank street. 1868 (illustration), I, 264 
 Hanker, Newton S., II, 542 
 Hankrnptey courts, I, 519 
 lianks and bankers, first, I, 109; in 
 
 1837, 190; in 1848, 211; Canal Rank 
 
 closes its doors (18541, 229; (nu)d- 
 
 ern) II, 475; tirst of Cleveland, 111, 
 
 330 
 Baptist Home of Northern Ohio, 11. 393 
 Baptists, I, 604 
 Barber, Gershoni JI., I. 200. 510, 532, 
 
 660 
 Barber, .Tosiah, I, 107, 149, 159, 173, 
 
 177, 179. 197, 205 
 Barkwill seliool, I, 388 
 Barnes, Louis, II, 239 
 Barnett, C. A., I, 384 
 Barnett, James, I, 136, 250, 275, 287, 
 
 317, 624, 630; portrait, 631; 657, 
 
 690 
 Barnett, Melancthon. I, 136, 205, 211 
 Barnum, P. T., 1. 265 
 Barr. F. H., I, 546 
 Barr. .John. 1. 224, 351, 412, 499, 517, 
 
 518. 568. 572 
 Barris, Mrs. W. H., I, 310 
 Barron, Amos N., I, 710 
 Barstow, D„ I, 205 
 Barstow, H. N.. I, 178 
 Bartlett. C. 0., & Snow Company, III, 
 
 326, 391 
 Bartlett. .Joseph. T, 658 
 Bartlett, .losepli B., I, 198, 227 
 Bartlett, Samuel C. I, 395 
 Bartley, Mordecai, I, 151 
 Baskiii, Frank S., II, 204 
 Baskin. Roland A., II, 175 
 Bastille Day, I. 684 
 Bates. Albert H.. II. 240 
 Bates. Theodore M., I, 278, 280 
 Bathriek, Harry A., I, 394 
 Battell, Philip, "l, 200, 344 
 Battey, h. M. H.. I. 635 
 Bauder. Walter S.. I, 662 
 Baxter, Edwin, II, 71 
 Beach. Clifton B.. I. 531 
 Beardslev. A. C, I, 220 
 Beardsley, David H., I, 128, 138, 412 
 Beardslev, Joseph C. I, 662 
 Beattle, H. W., 11, 68 
 Beattie. William D., I, 353, 355, 555 
 Beck. .Iiihann H., I, 563 
 Beck. Robert 1... II. 59 
 Beekerman. Henry A.. II, 373 
 Beckwith. David "H.. I. 546 
 Beckwith, Mrs. D. H., I, 311 
 Beckwith, S. R., I, 546 
 Beehe, \Vm. B., I, 447 
 Beeman. E. E., I, 278 
 Begges, A. J., I, 709, 710 
 
 Bclilen, Clifford, I, 210 
 r.clden, Ceorge W., I, 238 
 lii-lden, Silas, I, 345 
 ISell, Alexander G., II, 353 
 11.11. Augustus W., II. 290 
 li.llaniv. George A., I, 632 
 Hellows. Charles C, II. 273 
 licit Line Railway, I, 328; II, 237 
 KcMian, Anson \\'., II. 64 
 It. man, Lamar T., I, 44fi; II, 64 
 Bench and Bar. I. 449-538; early law 
 suits (1808), 80; court of common 
 pleas organized, 80; pioneer legal 
 matters, 82; Rufus P. Spalding's 
 recollections (1823), 132; Thomas 
 Bolton, 157; Moses KcUey. 166; the 
 .-..uvtliouse of 1885. 234; Oberlin- 
 Wellington rescue cases, 236; case 
 and trial .)f the slave Lucy, 243; 
 Cleveland Bar Association, 260; su- 
 perior court created, 260; "Blinkey" 
 Morgan tragedy and trial, 275 
 "Bench and Bar of Cleveland" (Kenne- 
 dy), I, 494 
 "Bench and Bar of Cleveland" (Wal- 
 lace), I, 80 
 Benedict, George A., I, 208, 210, 221 
 Benham, Charles K., I, 713; III. 454 
 Benjamin Rose Institute, The, III, 11 
 Benko.ski, C. J., II, 280 
 I'ennett. .lohn A., I, 444. 544, 658 
 Bentlev. ( harles S., II. 416 
 Benton", Elbert J., I. 414. 417 
 Benton, Horace, I, 355, 357, 635 
 Benton, J. J., I, 247 
 Benton, L. A., I, 244 
 Benton, L. W., I, 178 
 Bi'nton, Stephen, I, 26 
 B.nton, William, I, 177 
 B.rea, II, 298 
 Bergcr, Julia A., I, 366 
 Bernet, John J.. Ill, 552 
 Bernsteen, Abraham E.. II, 223 
 Bcrnstecn. M. L.. II, 238 
 Bernstein. Ale.x.. I. 446. 447 
 Bernstein, Joseph M., 11, 358 
 Bernstein, Maurice, II, 144 
 Best Foundry Company, II, 495 
 Bethel Associated Charities, I, 624, 630 
 Bethel Union, I, 250 
 Hcthl. hi'in Congregational church, I, 601 
 Bctz, F. H.. I. 446 
 Beverlin. John, I, 179, 213 
 Bicknell, Warren, II, 188 
 Biiyclc Parade, Cleveland Centennial 
 
 ('illustration), I, 297 
 Bierce, Sarah E., I, 289, 306 
 Biggar, H. F., I. 546, 551* 
 Biggs, Charles L., IT, 417 
 Big Son, I, 65 
 
 Bingham, C. W.. I. 402. 417 
 Bingham, Flavel W„ I, 179, 211, 213, 
 214. 513
 
 xs. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Bingham, William, (portrait), I, 163; 
 
 164*, 251. 258, 414 
 Binyon. E. A., I, 532 
 Birinvi, Louis K., Ill, 272 
 Bisho'p. Jesse P., I, 508, 532 
 Bishop, Robert H., Jr., I. 682 
 Bissell. Clarence R.. II, 180 
 Black Hawk. I. 154 
 Black. Herman, III, 190 
 Black, Louis, I, 278; II, 190 
 Black, Jlorris A., I, 472, 709; III, 190 
 Blackett, Howard, II, 67 
 Blair, Elizabeth, I, 290, 306 
 Blair, George H., I, 546 
 Blair, Henry, I, 205 
 Blair, John, I, 124 
 Blakeslee, Frank, III, 34, 35 
 Blakeslee, Frank R., Ill, 35 
 Blakeslee, John Robert, II, 77 
 Blakeslee, John RoUin, II, 71 
 Blakeslee, Raymond F., II, 469 
 Blandin, E. J., I, 511 
 Blann, Josephine, II, 114 
 Blatt, J. M., I, 711 
 Blee, Robert, I, 233. 484 
 Bliss, Stoughton, I, 571 
 Bloch, Joseph C, II. 48 
 Bloomfield. Sol, III, 440 
 Blue, Ralph, II, 264 
 Blvth, L. W., I, 669 
 Blythe, Walter, I, 254 
 Board of Education created, I, 353; 
 
 elected, 357 
 Board of Elections authorized, I, 275 
 Board of Fire Commissioners, I, 433 
 Board of Fire Underwriters, I, 213 
 Board of Health, first, I, 101 
 Board of Park Commissioners created, 
 
 I, 477 
 Board of School Managers appointed, I, 
 
 344 
 Board of Trade, I, 247, 283, 708 
 Bciardman, Elijah, I, 7 
 
 Boardman, W. J., I, 532 
 
 BolT, F. M., I, 614 
 
 Bohemians in Cleveland, I, 630 
 
 Bohm, Max, I, 563, 565 
 
 Bole, F. J., I, 280 
 
 Bole, J. K., I, 278 
 
 Bolles, Henry, I, 141, 585 
 
 Bolles, James A., I, 598 
 
 B(dt, Ridiard A., II, 272 
 
 Bolton, (liester C, I, 669 
 
 Bolton, C. E., I, 637 
 
 Bolton. Sarah K. (portrait), I, 574* 
 
 Bolton school, I, 365, 388 
 
 Bolton. TlioniaB, I, 157*; portrait, 158; 
 210. .108 
 
 Boltz, Frederick W., Ill, 63 
 
 Bomberger, J. H., I, 623 
 
 Bond, 8cth M., HI, 462 
 
 Bonds, City, II, 444 
 
 Bone, J. If. A., I, 412, 585 
 
 Book store, first, I, 116 
 
 Boughton, Frank M., Ill, 199 
 
 Beughton, J. B., I, 586 
 
 Boulevard school, I, 388 
 
 Bourke, John T., Ill, 252 
 
 Bourne, Edward G., I, 395, 579 
 
 Bourne, Henrv E.. I. 579 
 
 Bowditch. E. W., I, 484 
 
 Bower. Edward, III, 42 
 
 Boyd, William H., II, 40 
 
 Bovden, Ebenezer, I, 597 
 
 Boyle, John J., I, 448; II, 330 
 
 Boyle, P. C, I. 714 
 
 Boys' school. I, 388 
 
 Brace, Jonathan, I, 8 
 
 Bradburn. Charles. I, 346, 347, 350, 353, 
 
 354, 355, 357, 366 
 Bradburn, George, I, 589 
 Bradford, Mary S.. I. 289, 306 
 Bradley, Alva, I, 400. 710; II, 426 
 Bradley, Dan F., I, 336, 662, 711 
 Bradley, Morris A., II, 428 
 Bradstreet, S. J., I, 129 
 
 Brady, Francis A., Ill, 235 
 
 Brady, Francis M., Ill, 494 
 
 Brady, Harry S., Ill, 236 
 
 Brainard, Asa, I, 173 
 
 Brainard, Enos, I, 173 
 
 Brainard, John, I, 545 
 
 Brainard, Mrs. H., I, 189 
 
 Brainard, Ozias, 1, 173 
 
 Brainard, Scth, I, 603 
 
 Brainard, Silas, I, 265 
 
 Brainard, Stephen, I, 173 
 
 Brainard, \^■arren, I, 173 
 
 Brainard. William. I, 603 
 
 Brainard's Hall, 1. 265 
 
 Brainard's Opera House, I, 265 
 
 Brainerd, Charles W., Ill, 152 
 
 Brainerd, Jesse K., Ill, 151 
 
 Brainerd, Mrs. Charles \V., Ill, 152 
 
 Bramley, Matthew F., I, 713; III, 463 
 
 Blanch high schools organized, 1, 369 
 
 Brand, Carl W.. III. 374 
 
 Brand. Fred P.. II, 457 
 
 Branson, Charles F., Ill, 139 
 
 Braund. Tiuney H., I, 446 
 
 Bravton, II. F., I, 151, 259 
 
 Breck, Charles A., I, 598 
 
 Brcitenstein, Joseph C, III, 399 
 
 Brenner, Charles, II, 172 
 
 Brethren Congregation, I, 606 
 
 Brett, William II.. 1, 423, (portrait) 
 424; 425*; II. 241 
 
 Brewer, A. T., I. 417 
 
 Brewer, Clara T.. I. 376, 384 
 
 Brickcr, Robert 11., II. 157 
 
 Bridges. I, 268, 276; second high level 
 bridge, 276; and viaducts, 451-61 
 
 Bridge War (1833), I, 174 
 
 Hrier Ilill mines, I, 698 
 
 Briggs, .lames A.. I. 317, 351, 355 
 
 Briggs, Lansing, I, 545
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXI 
 
 Hri{;t;s, Sam, I. 251, 414 
 
 Brigliam. Louise, I, 554 
 
 Brinsmade, Allen T., I. 268 
 
 Britton Iron & Steel Company, I. 694 
 
 Broadway market, I, 491 
 Broiidwav Methodist Kpiscopal ehurcli, 
 I, .618' 
 
 Broadway Play Ground, I, 490 
 
 Broadway soluiol, I, 388 
 
 Broekott." Blutord W., IT, 53 
 
 Brookway. A. \V., I. 231 
 ■Brodie, Warren .T., II, 124 
 
 Bronson, Edward, I, 178, 205 
 
 Brooklyn. I, 75, 98, 17,'), 174, 285 
 
 BrooklynBriffhton bridge, I, 460 
 
 Buioklyn Heights Cemetery Associa- 
 tion," III, 262 
 
 Biooklyn lee Company, The. II, 518 
 
 Brooklyn Memorial Methodist Episco- 
 pal church, I, 603 
 
 Brooklyn schools annexed, I. 376 
 
 Brooklyn Street Railway, I, 461 
 
 Brooklyn township organized, I, 173 
 
 Brooks". Stratton D., I, 378 
 
 Brookside Park, I, 486, 490 
 
 Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen, III, 
 176 
 
 Brown, A. C, I, 404 
 
 Brown, Alexander E., Ill, 533 
 
 Brown Auto Carriage Co., Ill, 300 
 
 Brown, Charles F., I, 573 
 
 Brown, Ephraim, II, 413 
 
 Bro\vn, Ethan A., I. 503 
 
 Brown, Fayette, II, 416 
 
 Brown, Harvey H., II, 414 
 
 Brown Hoisting Machinery Company, 
 III, 533 
 
 Brown, .John, I, 241 
 
 Brown. John W., I, 105, 598 
 
 Browne. Charles F.. I, 573, 586, 588 
 
 Bro\vnell. Ahner C. I. 179. 220, 224 
 
 Brownell junior high school, I, 386 
 
 Brownell school, I, 388 
 
 Biownell Street school, I, 353 
 
 Brudno, Ezra S., I, 576 
 
 Brunner, Arnold W.. I, 467, 470 
 
 Brunner, .John. I, 453 
 
 Brush, Charles F.. I. 267, 435, 559», 
 56.5. 701. 709; 11. 19; III, 258 
 
 Brush electric arc light, II, 19 
 
 Brush Electric Company, I, 267; II, 20 
 
 Brush, Irene, HI, 11 
 
 Brusstar. Benjamin F., II. 464 
 
 Bryant. David T, 43, 47, 65 
 
 Bryant. Oilman, I. 38 
 
 Bryant. Whitman. I. 43. 47 
 
 Bryant's distillery. I. 65 
 
 Bryce. Catherine T., I. 384 
 
 Buck. Ilorenco. I, 607 
 
 Bucket shop law in Ohio, HI, 48 
 
 Buckeye House (illustration), I, 38; 11, 
 148" 
 
 Buckeye Tavern. I, 39 
 
 Bucklen, H. E., Ill, 543 
 
 Buckler, Ernest C, HI, 380 
 
 Buckle"y. Hugh. Jr., HI, 452 
 
 Buel, J. C, I, 412, 414 
 
 lUillalo Company, I, 174 
 
 Builalo road, I, 449 
 
 Buhrer school, I, 388 
 
 Buhrer, Stephen, I, 233, 253, 268 
 
 Huick Automobile Company, II, 441 
 
 liulklf'v Boulevard, I, 490 
 
 Bulkley, Cliarles H., I, 484 
 
 Bulkley, Robert J., I, 404, 671; m, 
 499 
 
 Bull, James, I, 8 
 
 Bunts, Frank E., I, 312, 544, 662; III, 
 550 
 
 Burdiek, James, I, 658 
 
 Burdick, Russell E., I, 662 
 
 Bureau of Ideas, Complaints and Sug- 
 gestions, HI, 525 
 
 Burgess, Howard H.. I. 279; II, 234 
 
 Burgess, Oliver, II, 233 
 
 Burgess, Solon, I, 287 
 
 Burk, Sylvanus, I, 70 
 
 Burke, E. S., Jr.. I. 417, 710 
 
 Burke, Mrs. E. S., I, 687 
 
 Burke, Stevenson, I, 532, 535, 565, 699; 
 HI, 417 
 
 Burke Ten Per Cent Bill, TI, 258 
 
 Burke, Vernon H., II, 257 
 
 Burnham. Daniel H., I, 467 
 
 Burnham, Thomas. I, 151. 179, 214,215 
 
 Burr. Timothy. I. 7 
 
 Burrell. Edward P., Ill, 515 
 
 Burridge, Carlyle L.. I, 662 
 
 Burritt, Alfred H., I, 545 
 
 Burrows. Francis A., I, 177, 178, 179, 
 210 
 
 Burrows. George H., H, 41 
 
 Burton, Elijah. I, 542 
 
 Burton. Erasmus D., I, 258, 544 
 
 Burton Law, II, 26 
 
 Burton, Theodore E., I, 527*; II, 24 
 
 Burton, William, I. 178, 205 
 
 Bury, Richard, I, 597 
 
 Bushnell, Asa S., J, 289, 291, 292 
 
 Bnshnell. Simeon. I. 238 
 
 Bushnell, Thomas H., I. 521 
 
 Bvisiness men of Cleveland (1802), 1,65 
 
 Bustard. William W., IH. 69 
 
 Butts, Bolivar, I. 287, 291 
 
 Cadwallader, Starr, T, 685; II, 156 
 Cadwell, Darius, I, 511 
 CagAvin. Thomas P., IH, 366 
 Cain. Frank C. II. 54 
 Caine. Frank C, HL 60 
 Caldwell. Hugh .J., I, 514, 517 
 Caldwell, John, I, 7, 8 
 Caldwell, Perry D.. HI, 246 
 Calhoun, Patrick, I, 488 
 Callaghan, Thomas E., I, 520, 521 
 Calvary cemetery, I, 611
 
 XXll 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Calvary Evangelical church, I, 619 
 
 Calvert, Henry il.. Ill, 57 
 
 Calvert, Robert, III, 55 
 
 Campbell. Alexander, I, 65 
 
 Campbell. O. B., I, 544 
 
 Camp ilo-ses Cleaveland, I, 291 
 
 Camp Perry-Payne, Cleveland Centen- 
 nial (illustration) I, 300 
 
 Canal Bank, I, 692 
 
 Canal Bank of Cleveland, I, 229 
 
 Canal "boom,'' I, 169 
 
 Canal period in Cleveland's history, I, 
 723-27 
 
 Candv business. Ill, 167 
 
 Canfield, Horace, I, 180, 184, 200 
 
 Canfield. Lee, I, 157 
 
 Cantield. Martha A., IH, 47 
 
 Canniff. William H., Ill, 117 
 
 Canterbury Pilgrimage, I, 328 
 
 Capture and return of the slave Lucy, 
 I, 243 
 
 Carbon industry, I, 700 
 
 Card, George W., I, 542 
 
 Carlisle, Robert H., Ill, 101 
 
 Carnegie, Andrew, I, 419 
 
 Caron, John J., I, 532 
 
 Carpenter. Alfred G., II, 471 
 
 carpenter, Robert F., II, 472 
 
 Carran. Kdward F., Ill, 182 
 
 Carran, Lewis C, II, 365 
 
 Carran, Robert, II, 364 
 
 Carrere, John M.. I, 467 
 
 Car Rider's Car, The, II, 107, 108 
 
 t arson, OUie G., I, 384 
 
 Carter, Alonzo, I, 98, 171, 173 
 
 Carter, Lorenzo, I, 36; (portrait), 37; 
 52. 54, 61, 67, 68, 69, 75, 77, 98, 171, 
 495, 496, 655, 689 
 
 Carter's log house in ISOl, III, 90 
 
 Cartter, David K., I, 537 
 
 Cartwright, A. A., HI, 248 
 
 Case Avenue Independent Lutheran 
 church, I, 605 
 
 Case Block, I, 266 
 
 Case, Eckstein, I, 400 
 
 Case, Frank C, I, 711 
 
 Case, Leonard, Jr., 1, 100, 103, 109, (por- 
 trait) 112; 113. 114, 116, 157, 205, 
 271, 398, 414, 568, 571, 615; III, 477 
 
 Case, Leonard, Sr., I, 398, 504*; III, 
 328 
 
 Case Library, II, 219; III, 478 
 
 Case school, I, 388 
 
 Case School of Applied Science, 1, 271, 
 398; Main Building (illustration), 
 399; 488; III, 280. 477, 478 
 
 Case, William, I, 179, 313, 214. 315, 
 216, 350, 555, 570*, 571 
 
 Case (Woodland) school, I, 388 
 
 CuHS, Lewis, I, 93 
 
 C'asHcls, John L., I, 555, 556 
 
 CasHclH, J. ]>ang, I, 543, 695 
 
 CasHidv, Janu-s T.. I, 416; II, 293 
 
 Castle, William B., I, 179, 226, 227, 
 233; (portrait) 234; 414, 415, 417 
 
 Caswell, J. H., I, 380 
 
 Cathan. Oirson, I, 100 
 
 Cathcart, Wallace H., I, 414; II, 564 
 
 Catholic cemeteries, I, 628 
 
 Catholic Church of Cleveland, The, II, 
 S9 
 
 Catholic schools, I, 410 
 
 "Catholic Universe," I, 594, 611; III, 
 205 
 
 Catholics, L 607; II, 89 
 
 Caunter, Aaron, I, 446 
 
 Cecil Savings and Loan Association, 
 in, 335 
 
 Cemeteries, I, 636 
 
 Centaur Lake and Museum of Art (il- 
 lustration), I, 482 
 
 Centaur Pond, I, 483 
 
 Centennial Anniversary celebration, I, 
 287, 289-309 
 
 Centennial Arch (illustration), I, 295 
 
 Centennial Commission of Cleveland, 
 II, 43 
 
 Centennial floral exposition, I, 300 
 
 Centennial Log Cabin (illustration), I, 
 392 
 
 Centennial Year, I, 389 
 
 Center Street Bridge, I, 455 
 
 Central Armory, I, 663; (illustration), 
 664 
 
 Central High school. I, 357, 366, 367 
 
 Central Highway, III, 91 
 
 Central Institut'e, III. 291 
 
 Central junior high school. I, 387, 365 
 
 Central Manual 'Iraining school, I, 386 
 
 Central market, I, 334. 491 
 
 Central school. I, 365, 386, 388 
 
 Central Senior high school, I, 365 
 
 Central viaduct. I. 459 
 
 Central viaduct casualty (1895), I, 287 
 
 ( luulwick. Cassic. II, 337 
 
 thamljerlain, Philo. I, 350. 709 
 
 Cliamberlin. Charles D., IT. 131 
 
 Cl]aml)er of Commerce. I, 383, 634 
 
 Champ. Jose|)]i H., Ill, 307 
 
 Cliauipion. Henry 3d. I, 7, 8 
 
 ( hampion, Roiben. I, 107 
 
 Champion Machine & Forging Com- 
 pany, III, 349 
 
 Chamn.iey. Mrs. William P.. I, 653 
 
 Cluindler." F. C, III, 470 
 
 Chandler, Geo. H., II, 264 
 
 Clian<ller Jlotor Company, The. 111. 470 
 
 Chapek. .1. \'.. I, 711 
 
 (hapin. Ilernuui M.. 1. 333. 350. 413 
 
 ( liapman, (ieorgc L.. I, 105, 178 
 
 Cliapmiin. George T.. 1, 533 
 
 Chapman. Nathan. J, 18. 36 
 
 Charitable and benevolent institutions, 
 I. 623-53 
 
 Charities (see (liinitable and lirnevo- 
 
 lelll InstilMtioMs)
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXlll 
 
 C'liarities Clearing House. I, fi:iO 
 Charity Hospital Modical College, I, 
 
 544 
 Charity Hospital (St. Vincent's), I, 547 
 Chase,' Charles W'., I. 289 
 Chase. Jlrs. Cliarles W.. I, 290, 306 
 Chase. T. R., I, 412, 414 
 Chase, William \V., II. 535 
 Chesnutt. Charles W., I, 577; II, IGG 
 Chesterfield school. I, 388 
 Children's Aid Societj'. I. 623 
 Children's and Women's Day, Perry 
 
 Centennial Celebration, I, 336 
 Children's Fresh Air Camp, I, 634, 633 
 Childs. Herriok, I, 305 
 Childs. Oscar A., I. 255 
 Chisholm, Alvah .S., I, 414, 417, 710 
 Chisholm, Bruce, III, 157 
 Chisholm, Henry, I, 267, 691, 694*; II, 
 
 504 
 Chisholm Jones & Co.. I. 691 
 Chisholm. Jlrs. Henry A., I, 554 
 Chisholm, Stewart H.. II. 503 
 Chisholm. Wilson B., Ill, 156 
 Cholera (epidemic of 1832), I, 143 
 Christ Evangelical Lutheran church, I, 
 
 605 
 Christ Methodist Episcopal <liiircli, I, 
 
 602 
 Christian, Charles H., til, 406 
 Christian Endeavorers' Convention 
 
 (18941, I, 285 
 Cliristianizing American citizens, I, 616 
 Christians (see Disciples of Christ) 
 Christian Scientists. I, 606, 607 
 Church Home, I. 598 
 Church, J. A., HI, 323 
 Ch irch, ,1. A., Box Company, III. 323 
 Church of Christ. Scientist (see Chris- 
 tian Scientists) 
 Church of the Immaculate Conception, 
 
 I. 614 - 
 Church of the Unity (Unitarian). I, 
 
 606 
 Church of Women's War Committee 
 
 (Federated Churches), I. 622 
 Churches, first. T, 103; of 1837. 180; 
 Trinity E|)iscopHl('hurch of Cleveland, 
 595:thc Presbyterians. 599; the Con- 
 gregational churches, 601 ; Methodist 
 organizations. 601; Baptist activi- 
 ties. 604 ; Christian churches. 605 ; 
 United Presbyterians, 605; Lutheran 
 churches. 605; Evangelical organiza- 
 tions, 606; German Baptists and 
 Methodists. 606; Unitarians and 
 Christian Scientists, 606: Catholi- 
 cism in Cleveland. 607; Diocese of 
 Cleveland. 607; first bishop of Cleve- 
 land. 608; homes and convents, 609; 
 Bishop fiilmour's administration. 
 610; appointment of Rev. Ignatius F. 
 Horstniann, 612; Apostolic Mission 
 
 or^'anized, 612; German Catholic 
 cliurchcs, 614; Irish Catholics, 614; 
 ■lewish congregations, 615; making 
 Christian American citizens, 616; In- 
 stitutioiuil or Connnunity churches, 
 617; work of the Federated Churches, 
 631; growth shown in figures, 033 
 
 ( luircliill, Mrs. S. P., I, 389, 316 
 
 t liurchill. S. P., I, 635 
 
 Circuit court, 1. 514 
 
 Cin'uit Rider, II, 234, :i70 
 
 Citizens Savings and Trust Company, 
 The, III, 30 
 
 City Bank, I. 693 
 
 City Bank of Cleveland, I, 693 
 
 City cemetery. I, 636 
 
 City directories, I, 175, 184; (1837- 
 1918), 186 
 
 City dii-ectory (1837) (illustration), I, 
 l"85 
 
 City (iuards, I, 656 
 
 City halls, 1, 354, 266, 337; perspective 
 of City Hall that was not built, 254; 
 projected (1870), 353; 1875 (illustra- 
 tion). 365; Of Today (illustration), 
 430 
 
 City Hall Bill, II, 258 
 
 City Hos]iital, 1, 546, 547, 548, 549 
 
 City Hospital Association. I, 546 
 
 City market. I, 308 
 
 City markets (1837), I. 300 
 
 City Planning Commission, I, 472 
 
 "City Planning Progress," I, 473 
 
 Civii jury trial, first, I, 503 
 
 Civil war organizations, I. 657 
 
 (lark & Rockefeller. I, 699 
 
 Clark, Aaron. I, 197 
 
 (lark, Ansel A., I, 375 
 
 Clark Avenue Savings Bank Company, 
 in. 384 
 
 Clark Avenue viaduct. I, 461 
 
 Clark, Bela B., I, 542 
 
 Clark, David, I, 47, 65, 71 
 
 t lark. Edmund, I, 157, 193, 210 
 
 Clark, Eugene, I, 659 
 
 Clark, Harold, I, 684 
 
 Clark. Harold T.. I. 666, 687 
 
 (lark, J. H.. L 710 
 
 Clark. James S.. I. 107, 151, 452, 568 
 
 Clark. Mervin, I, 660 
 
 Clark school, I, 388 
 
 Clark, Thomas, I, 660 
 
 Clark. William J., II, 456 
 
 Clark, W. J., I, 336 
 
 Clarke, James S., I, 157 
 
 Clarke, .John H.. I. 336, 523* 
 
 Clarke. .1. F.. I. 638 
 
 Clarke, J. W., I, 637 
 
 Clarke. Norris J., Ill, 75 
 
 Classen. Edward. I, 545 
 
 Cleaveland or Cleveland. I, 30 
 
 { leaveland. Camden, I, 51
 
 XSIV 
 
 INDEX 
 
 "Cleaveland Gazette and Commercial 
 Register." I, 116; reproduction of 
 first number, 117; 120 
 
 Cleaveland graves at Canterbury, I, 339 
 
 '•Cleaveland Herald," reproduction of 
 first number, I, 123 
 
 Cleaveland, Moses, I, 8; (portrait) 9; 
 10*, 15, IT, 39, 30, 31 
 
 Cleaveland (Jloses) Journal, I, 16 
 
 Cleaveland (Moses) Memorial at Can- 
 terbury (illustration). J, 330 
 
 Cleaveland (Moses) Statue (illustra- 
 tion), I, 370, 427 
 
 Cleaveland Pier Company, I, 104 
 
 Cleaveland Surveying Party (1796), I, 
 17-32 
 
 Cleaveland Township elections (1803), 
 I, 63 
 
 Cleaveland's (Moses) Commission, I, 13 
 
 Clegg, Robert I., I, 384 
 
 Clerk, F. E., I, 384 
 
 Cleveland, founded, I, 32; second sea- 
 son, 41 ; village and "suburbs" 
 (1797), 41; in 1797-98, 43; (1800), 
 45; clouded land titles, 50; taverns 
 licensed (1802), 61; postal receipts 
 (1806, 1918), 70; Griswold letter, 
 1809, 78; first active lawyer, 85; 
 becomes a village, 91; in 1813 (Capt. 
 Stanton Sholes), 96; in 1814 (map), 
 97, 98; village incorporated, 98; in 
 1816, 102; first bank and bankers, 
 109; schools (1821-22), 130; in 1833 
 (illustration), 152; 3 55; in 1835, 159; 
 mayors of city, 179; new charter, 
 179; first annual election, 180; first 
 council meeting, 180; first common 
 free school, 182; commerce in 1836- 
 37, 195: hotels in 1837, 197; munici- 
 pal oflficials of 1839-40, 207; election 
 of 1840, 208; officials, 1841-45, 309; 
 municipal matters (1846-48), 212; 
 water works suggested (1849), 214; 
 municipal officers (1850), 215; mu- 
 nicipal officers (1851), 216; Fourth 
 Ward added (1851). 216; municiiial 
 officers (1853), 220; early water sup- 
 ply. 220; development of water 
 works, 231; in 1853, 232; (map) 
 223; First board of water works 
 commissioners, 224; 1853 (illustra- 
 tion), 235; West Side water works, 
 226; consolidated with Ohio City, 
 237; mayors, 1855-1916, 233; early 
 municipal halls, 233; water works 
 (1856), 234; trade, commerce and 
 manufactures (1865), 347; Hoard of 
 Police Commissioners created, 250; 
 annexations to the original village, 
 1829-1917 (map). 256; as shijibuild- 
 ing center (1890), 276; municijial- 
 federal plan adopted, 277; municipal 
 ofTlcialH (1890), 278; wealth in 1891, 
 
 281; postoffice, 286; Cleveland in epi- 
 tome, 337 ; as Twentieth century 
 pioneer, 339; story of the corpora- 
 tion's development, 429-48; park sys- 
 tem (map), 475; foreign groups, I, 
 630; military organizations of the 
 present, 667; war fluids, 675; indus- 
 tries of 1840 and 1860, 693 ; chartered 
 as a village, II, 11; iron manufactur- 
 ing center. III, 2; first malleable iron 
 foundry, 7; federal reserve banks, 
 25; Iron City, 40; waterworks de- 
 partment. Ill; first bank, 330; first 
 charter for natiomal bank, 383 
 Clevelanders of 1811-12, I, 87 
 L leveland Academy, I, 130, 341 
 Cleveland Academy of Medicine, I, 258 
 Cleveland Academy of Natural Science, 
 
 I, 207 
 "Cleveland Advertiser" (reproduction of 
 
 first number), I, 140; 585 
 Cleveland and Environs in 1835 (map), 
 
 I. 160 
 Cleveland and Huron Highway, I, 76 
 Cleveland and Marquette Iron Com- 
 pany, I, 226 
 Cleveland Anti-slavery Society, I, 151, 
 
 189 
 Cleveland Apostolate, I, 613 
 Cleveland Architectiual Club, I, 466 
 Cleveland Armature Works, HI, 67 
 Cleveland Associated Charities. 1, 624 
 Cleveland Athletic Club, II. 33 
 Cleveland Automobile School Company, 
 
 The, II, 467 
 Cleveland Bar Association, I, 360, 531 
 Cleveland Baseball Companj'. II. 349 
 Cleveland Brass and Copper Mill, II, 
 
 305 
 Cleveland Centennial : Wheelmen's Day, 
 I, 396; Women's Day, 296; Early 
 Settlers' Day, 298; Western Reserve 
 Day, 398; Perry's Victory Day, 303; 
 To" the Women of 1996, 306 
 Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, I, 
 
 383. 706 
 Cleveland Chamber of Industry, I, 710- 
 
 14 
 Cleveland City Hosiiital, I, 351 
 Cleveland City Lodge, Free and Ac- 
 cepted Masons, I, 310 
 Cleveland City Railway Company. I, 
 
 463 
 Cleveland City Temperance Society, I, 
 
 189 
 Cleveliuul Clearing House Association, 
 
 I, 697 
 Cleveland-ClifTs Iron Comjiany. I, 696 
 Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Rail- 
 road Comiinnv, chartered, I, 182, 194; 
 enters Cleveland (1851). 217 
 ( levcliuid Company, I, 592
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXV 
 
 Cleveland Congregational City Mission- 
 ary Society, I, 601 
 Cleveland Conservatory of Music. T, 5G2 
 Cleveland Council of \\'(>uuii, II, 541 
 Clevolniid Kast liij;li school, I, 304 
 Cleveland IMoctiic Illuminating Com- 
 pany. The, III, 258 
 Cleveland Klectric Railway Company, 
 
 I, 320. 321. 463 
 "Cleveland Evening News." III. 45 
 Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank. I. 698 
 Cleveland Federation for C'Juuity and 
 
 riiilantlu'opy, I. 638 
 Cleveland Federation of I.alxir. 111. 5():'> 
 Cleveland Female Orphan Asylum. I, 
 
 189 
 Cleveland Female Seminary. I. 190 
 Cleveland First Troup, I, 268 
 Cleveland Foundation, II, 214 
 CIe\t'land free school, I, 188 
 Cleveland from Courthouse, 1834 (illus- 
 tration), I, 156 
 Cleveland's First School-liouse (illus- 
 tration), I, 115 
 Cleveland Galvanizing Works Company, 
 
 III, 137 
 Cleveland Cas Light and Coke Com- 
 pany, I, 213 
 Cleveland Catling Gun Battery, I, 268 
 Cleveland Gravs, I, 656, 657, 658, 667, 
 
 669 
 Cleveland, Grover, I, 294 
 Cleveland harlwr. first improvements, 
 1825. I, 135; second appropriation, 
 138; "in 1837. 194; harbor of refuge 
 constructed. 262 
 Cleveland Heights, II. 54 
 "Cleveland Herald" founded. I. 131, 583 
 Cleveland High School of Commerce, 
 
 m, 539 
 Cleveland Hippodrome, III, 202 
 Cleveland Home of the Oil King (illus- 
 tration). I. 715 
 Cleveland Hotel. I, 265 
 Cleveland Humane Society, I. 259 
 Cleveland in 1800 (illustration), I. 46 
 "Cleveland in 1824" (Rice), I, 133 
 Cleveland Insurance Company, I, 190 
 Cleveland Iron Company, I, 690, 696; 
 
 ni, 41 
 Cleveland Iron Mining Company. T. 691. 
 
 696; III. 2 
 Cleveland, James D., I. 159, 351, 400. 
 
 413. 500. 519, .533, 586 
 Cleveland Law College. I. 533 
 Cleveland Law Library. I. 251; III, 105 
 Cleveland Law Library Association, I, 
 
 611 
 Cleveland Law School, I, 534 
 "Cleveland Leader." I, 589-93 
 Cleveland I^eader Company, I, 591 
 Cleveland Library Association, I. 211, 
 411, 570 
 
 Cleveland Light Artillery, I. 656. 657 
 
 Cleveland Lyceum, I. 568 
 
 Cleveland Macaroni Company, The, III, 
 
 261, 404 
 Cleveland Maternal Association. I. 189 
 Cleveland Medical Association 1. 544 
 Cleveland Medical College. I. 543. 546 
 Cleveland Jledical Library Association, 
 
 I. 545 
 
 Cleveland Medical School. I. 398 
 Cleveland Milling Company. Ill, 211 
 "Cleveland Morning Leader." Ill, 45 
 Cleveland Mozart Society, I. 189 
 Cleveland Music Hall. I, 271 
 Cleveland Museum of Art in Wade 
 
 Park (illustration), I. 564 
 Cleveland National Bank. II, 39 
 "Cleveland News." I. 592; II, 31 
 Cleveland. Painesville &, Ashtabula 
 
 Railroad. I, 214 
 Cleveland. Painesville & Kastern Rail- 
 way. I, 464 
 Cleve"land Park Plan, I. 483 
 "Cleveland Plain Dealer." I. 584-89 
 Cleveland Preparatory School, II, 198 
 "Cleveland Press," 1.592; II. 224 
 Cleveland Protestant Orphanage, I, 633 
 Cleveland Provision Company. III. 403 
 Cleveland Public Library, I, 250. 417; 
 
 H. 241; IIL 197 
 Cleveland Railway Company. I. 323, 
 
 334 
 Cleveland Railway Supply Company, 
 
 II. 307 
 
 Cleveland Reading Room Association, 
 
 I, 188 
 Cleveland Real Estate Board, II, 104 
 Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. I. 694 
 Cleveland School of Art, I. 563; (illus- 
 tration). 564 
 Cleveland School of Music, I, 563 
 Cleveland School of Pharmacy. I. 545 
 Cleveland Seating Company. II. 204 
 Cleveland Society for tlie Prevention 
 
 of Cruelty to Animals, I. 259 
 Cleveland Sorosis. II, 313 
 Cleveland State Hospital. I. 547 ' 
 "Cleveland .Sunday Leader." Ill, 45 
 Cleveland Symj)hony Orchestra. I, 562 
 Cleveland Tanning Company. III. 277 
 Cleveland Telegraph Supply Company, 
 
 I, 267 
 Cleveland Telephone Company, The, II, 
 
 352 
 Cleveland Township of Trumbull 
 
 County, I. 53 
 Cleveland Trolley Supply Company, II, 
 
 395 
 Cleveland Trust Company. Ill, 97 
 Cleveland Vocal Society, I, 561 
 Cleveland War Council, I, 678
 
 XXVI 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Cleveland, Warren & Pittsburgl] liail- 
 road Company, chartered, I, 183, 19^, 
 205 
 
 Cleveland Water Company, incorpo- 
 rated, I, 153, 221 
 
 Cleveland Welfare Federation, I, 630 
 
 '•Cleveland Whig," I, 583 
 
 •'Cleveland Women," I, 594 
 
 Cleveland \\'orkhouse and House of 
 Correction (1871), I, 254 
 
 Cleveland Worm and Gear Company, 
 II, 529 
 
 Cleveland & Bedford Railroad Com- 
 pany, I, 194 
 
 Cleveland & Buffalo Transit Company, 
 II, 425 
 
 Cleveland & Eastern Railway Com- 
 pany, I, 464 
 
 Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad Com- 
 ])an}' completed, I, 218 
 
 Cleveland & Newburg Railroad Com- 
 Danv, I, 194, 461 
 
 Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad, I, 218 
 
 Cleveland & Southwestern Traction 
 Company, I, 464 
 
 Cleveland & Toledo Railroad, I, 213 
 
 Cliffs and bridges at Brookside (illus- 
 tration), I, 486 
 
 Clinton, DeWitt, I, 168, 169 
 
 Clinton Park, I, 255, 471, 490 
 
 Clouded Land Titles, I, 50 
 
 Clouded titles to Indian lands, I, 68 
 
 Clum, Alfred, I, 446; III, 44 
 
 Coal, first put on Cleveland market, I, 
 698 
 
 Coates, W. R., I, 713 
 
 Cobb. Ahira, III, 52 
 
 Cobb, G. W., I, 638 
 
 Cobb, Lester A., Ill, 53 
 
 Codv, Darwin D., II, 388 
 
 Cody, Henry B., Ill, 46 
 
 Cody, Lindus. HI, 48 
 
 Coe," aiarles W., I, 708, 710 
 
 Coe, Eben S., I, 660 
 
 Coe, S. S., I, 708, 710 
 
 Cdfrm, I. Vincent, I. 292, 293 
 
 Collinbcrry, .James M., I, 236, 456, 508 
 
 Coit. Daniel L., I, 7 
 
 Colahan, Thomas. I. 184, 205 
 
 Cole. W. B.. I. 446 
 
 College for Women. Western Reserve 
 University, I, 398 
 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, I, 
 544 
 
 (■(■ll.'t. .loshiia. T, 507 
 
 (ollinwood ((Bienville Annex) school, I, 
 :is6 
 
 (■(illinwood .lunior high school, I, 387 
 (■(.lliiiwond school, T, 388 
 Colonnade Company, The. Ill, 449 
 ('oluml)ia Savings and Loan Company, 
 
 nr, 316 
 (■(ihimbia school, I, 388 
 
 Columbus Day in the public schools, I, 
 
 374 
 Columbus Street (1833), I, 174; 451 
 Columbus Street bridge. I, 175, 452, 
 
 453; (illustration), 176 
 Colwell. Joseph, I, 710 
 Commerce and manufactures (1865), I, 
 
 247 
 Commercial arc lighting. I. 701 
 Commercial Bank Check (illustration), 
 
 I, 111 
 Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, I, 109, 
 
 190, 689, 692 
 Commercial electricity. I. 701 
 Commercial National" Bank. II, 28, 29 
 Comnu'rcial National Bank of Cleve- 
 land, II. 383 
 Common pleas court, I, 503, 504, 507, 
 
 508, 510, 511, 512 
 Common schools (1836) created by 
 
 ordinance. I. 341 
 Common School System of Ohio, 
 
 father of, II, 558 
 Community churches, I, 617 
 Comparative summary, 1907-17, I, 706- 
 
 10 
 Conger, James L., 1, 568 
 Conger, James W., II, 123 
 Congregational churches, I, 601 
 Congregationalists, I. 599 
 Conklin, Edward, I. 177, 178 
 Connecticut, I, 1-11 
 Connecticut Land Company, I, 6, 7, 8, 
 
 30. 31, 42, 44, 171 
 Connecticut Western Reserve, I, 6 
 Connecticut Western Reserve (1796) 
 
 (Map), I, 27 
 Council, Thomas F., I, 447 
 Convention hall, largest in the United 
 
 States, III, 460 
 Convents, I, 609 
 Cook, E. P.. I, 635 
 Cook, Otis R., HI. 68 
 Cook, Samuel, I, 156, 184 
 Cooke, Edmund V., I, 575* 
 Cooking school department opened 
 
 (1887). I. 372 
 Cooley, Harris R.. I. 255, 633 
 Cooley. Lathrop, I, 291 
 Coon. John, I, 571 
 Cooper, Silas H. L., II, 474 
 Cooi)er S])ring Company, II, 300 
 Copeland, Mark A., H, 366 
 Corlett. Alvah R.. T, 446; II, 210 
 Corlett, Harriet E., I, 384 
 Corlett. John F., II. 410 
 Corlett school, I, 388 
 Corlett, Spencer D., II, 231 
 Corlett, William T., I, 544, 550* 
 Corner, Horace B., I, 414 
 Corning. Henry W., I, 663; III, 465 
 Corning, Warren IL, III, 463
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXVll 
 
 Corporal punishment in sdiools abol- 
 ished (1886), I, 3G'J 
 
 "Corporate Birth and Growth of Cleve- 
 land" (Griswold), I, 23 
 
 Corrigan, James, I, 699 
 
 Couch, J. S., I, 505 
 
 Coulton. Geo. A., I, 710 
 
 Counts. A. Frank. Ill, 249 
 
 County Huiklin-. 1, 470 
 
 County centennial celebration, I, 333 
 
 County Courthouse, present (illustra- 
 tion), I, 495 
 
 Comity Inlirmary at Warrensville (il- 
 lustration) I. 548 
 
 Court-house addition of 1875, I, 235 
 
 Court-house of 1885, I, 234; (illustra- 
 tion) 235 
 
 Court of Common Pleas, I, organized, 
 80; in 1837, 197; 500 
 
 Court of insolvency, I, 520 
 
 Courts (See Bench and Bar) 
 
 Covert, .John C, 1. 287, 591 
 
 Cowan, William. I, 224 
 
 Cowins. Hattie J. A., II. 116 
 
 Cowles, Edwin, I, 589; (portrait), 590* 
 
 Cowles, Kdwin M., I, 542, 545 
 
 Cowles. J. G. W., I, 290, 391, 290, 380, 
 488, 709 
 
 Cowles, Samuel, I, 128, 149, 189, 300, 
 344, 507 
 
 Cowles, Solomon, T, 7 
 
 Cox, J. D.. Sr., Ill, 535 
 
 Cox, Jacob D., Sr., Ill, 535 
 
 Cox, John H., I. 713 
 
 Cox, Kenvon, III. 536 
 
 Coy. Walter A., II, 270 
 
 Cozad. Homer D.. Ill, 463 
 
 Crackel. M. U., I. 644 
 
 Cragin. Raymond T., II, 155 
 
 CraifT, Georpe L.. II. 62 
 
 Cramer. Charles F., I, 662 
 
 Craw, James A., I, 444 
 
 Craw. William V., I. 180 
 
 Crawford, John. I, 602 
 
 Crawford, J. M.. I. 446 
 
 Crawford, Willard. I, 210 
 
 Creij;hton. William R., I, 659 
 
 Crehore. .John D., I, 413 
 
 Crile, George W., 549*, 672, 673; III. 
 516 
 
 Critehfield. Lvman R., I, 260, 532 
 
 Crittenden, S. W., I. 188, 189, 570 
 
 Croatians in Cleveland. I. 620 
 
 Crobau<,'h, Frank L., 11. 208 
 
 Crobaugh. S. Chester, II, 208 
 
 Cross, D. W.. I, 414, 571 
 
 Crosser, Robert, I, 531 
 
 Crotty, Arthur B., II, 181 
 
 Crouse. J. Robert, I, 671 
 
 Crowell, Benedict. I, 670 
 
 Crowell, .John. I. 533 
 
 Crowell Law School, I, 533 
 
 Crura, Phelps, III, 557 
 
 Crum, Mrs. X. X., I, 310, 312 
 Crura, X. X., I, 710 
 Cukr, h. C, I, 447 
 Cull. Ihmiel B., I, 447; III, 59 
 Cummer Products Company, II, 483 
 Cuniminfis, Herbert C., II, 209 
 Cummins, Clyde R., II, 179 
 "Cumulative Index to Periodicals," !, 
 
 423 
 Cunningham, E. W., I, 447 
 C\irren, Robert G., Ill, 550 
 Curtis, A. H., I, 205 
 Curtis, .lames A., II, 56 
 Curtis, Laura M., I, 366 
 Curtis. Mat toon M., I, 336, 553* 
 Curtis, Monroe, III, 558 
 Ciirtiss, Ansel B., II, 58 
 Curtiss. .]. M.. I, 484, 711 
 ( urtiss, Lee C, II, 65 
 Curtiss, S. H., I, 414 
 Citshing. Erastus, I, 543 
 Gushing. H. K., I, 544 
 Cushing. William E., I, 402; III, 552 
 Cutler, H. G., I, 429, 654 
 Cutter, Orlando. I, 118, 689 
 Cuyahoga Agricultural Society, I, 315 
 Cuyahoga and Muskingum Navigation 
 
 Lottery, I, 75 
 Cuyahoga Antislavery Society, I, 189 
 Cuyahoga County Agricultural Society, 
 
 L 251 
 Cuyahoga County Antislavery Society, 
 
 I, 151 
 Cuyahoga County Colonization Society, 
 
 I, 149 
 Cuyahoga County created, I, 80 
 Cuyahoga County .Juvenile Court, I, 
 
 633 
 Cuvahoga County Homeopathic Society, 
 
 i, 546 
 Cuvahoga County Medical Society, I, 
 
 258, 544 
 Cuvahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' 
 
 Monument, I, 383 
 Cuvahoga River Scene (illustration), I, 
 
 705 
 Cuyahoga Savings & I,oan Company, 
 
 III. 156 
 Cuyahoga Spring Company, HI, 159 
 Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company, I, 
 
 i59, 691 
 
 '■Daily Forest City," I, 589 
 Dangler, D. Edward, HI, 549 
 Daoust, Edward C, II, 137 
 Daughters of the American Revolution, 
 
 Western Reserve Chapter, I, 282 
 Davenport. John, I, 3* 
 David, Edward, II, 320 
 David. Joseph. II, 218 
 Davidson. Charles A., L 278, 279, 280, 
 
 484 
 Davies, Arthur S., H, 189
 
 XXVlll 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Davies, Daniel R., II, 433 
 
 Davies, George C, I, 189 
 
 Davies, I. R., II, 213 
 
 Davies, Sydney A., II, 341 
 
 Davis, Emma C, I, 375 
 
 Davis. George C, I, 570 
 
 Davis; Harry L., I, 333, 337, 445, 680, 
 684; n, 316 
 
 Davis, Llewellyn R., I, 660 
 
 Davis, Seth. I, 597 
 
 Davis, William E., I, 447; III, 145 
 
 Dawning school, I, 388 
 
 Day, Frank S., II, 374 
 
 Day, Lewis W., I, 362, 363, 371 
 
 Day, Luther, II, 97 
 
 Day, William, I, 348 
 
 Day, William L., II, 120 
 
 Day, William R., I, 534; II, 96 
 
 Day. Wilson M., I, 287, 388, 289, 436, 
 7*09 
 
 Daylight saving. III, 211 
 
 Dayton. Bloomfield H., Ill, 338 
 
 Dean. William, I, 68 
 
 DeCumbe, J. William. Ill, 355 
 
 Deibel, Harry L.. 11, 436 
 
 Delamater. John I. 543 
 
 Dellenbaugh, Frank E., II, 47 
 
 Dempsey, James H., Ill, 549 
 
 Denison, Amos, I, 533 
 
 Denison sc}iool, I, 388 
 
 Dennis, R. B., I, 355, 357, 589 
 
 Dental School, Western Reserve Uni- 
 versity, I, 398 
 
 Dentist, first. I, 163 
 
 Destructive fires, I, 228 
 
 Detention Hospital, I, 549 
 
 Detroit Avenue .Savings and Banking 
 Company, III, 223 
 
 Detroit Junior high school, I, 387 
 
 Detroit Road, I, 77 
 
 Detroit school, I, 388 
 
 Detroit street, I, 451 
 
 Detroit surrender, news of, at Cleve- 
 land, I, 91 
 
 Dcutach, Ignatz W., II, 246 
 
 Deutseh, Louis A., I, 447 
 
 Deutscli. Sigmund J., II, 346 
 
 Devercaux, J. F., I. 669 
 
 Devereau.v, S. H., I, 660 
 
 Devcreux. J. H., I, 400 
 
 Devney. Richard K., II, 261 
 
 Devitt, .lames ()., III. 70 
 
 Do Witt. Elijah. L 542 
 
 DeWoIf. B. A., I. 709 
 
 DeWolf, Homer B., I, 532 
 
 Dexter, .lohn H., I, 677 
 
 Dibble, Lewis. I, 114 
 
 Dick Belt, III, 272 
 
 I^ick a)mpany. Ill, 272 
 
 Dick, R. & J.; Ltd., III. 372 
 
 Dickens, Cliarles, I, 569 
 
 Dickenson, John, III, 523 
 
 Dickenson, John Sr., Ill, 533 
 
 Dickinson, James W.. I. 435. 442. 444 
 Dickman. Franklin J., I, 531. 532* 
 Dietz, William G., I, 417; III, 234 
 Dike school, I, 389 
 Dille, Asa, I, 81 
 Dille, Charles W., II, 337 
 Dille, Lewis, I, 93 
 Hille, Lewis R., I, 149 
 Dillon, John, I, 608: II. 89 
 Oilworth. Charles M., Ill, 379 
 Diocese of Cleveland, II, 91 
 Directories 183"7 and 1918, L 186 
 Directory, first of Cleveland (1837), I, 
 
 137 
 Directory of Cleveland and Ohio City, 
 
 (reproduction of title page), I, 185 
 Disciples of Christ. I, 604 
 Dissette, Edward W., II, 355 
 Dissette, Mrs. T. K., I, 390, 306 
 Dissette. Thomas K.. I, 511; II, 43, 355 
 Di Teulada. Orazio S., III. 288 
 Division of parks and public grounds. 
 
 I, 477 
 Doan Brook. Gordon Park (illustra- 
 tion), I, 480 
 Doan Famil}', III, 90 
 Doan. John, I, 54. 58 
 Doan, Nathaniel, I, 43, 60, 63, 67, 70, 
 
 77, 81, 655 
 Doan, Sarah, I, 47. 74. 341 
 Doan school, I, 365, 389 
 Doan, Seth. I, 109 
 Dean, Timothy. I, 58, 60, 63, 64, 75, 80, 
 
 105, 496. 500 
 Doan. William H., I, 371, 373, 634 
 Doan's Corners, I. 43; III, 90 
 Doan's Corners Congregational church 
 
 (illustration), I, 137 
 Dockstader, C. J., I, 637 
 Dockstader, Nicholas, 1, 138*, 179, 180, 
 
 184. 194. 305. 308 
 Doctors (see physicians) 
 Dodge, Charles R., Ill, 36 
 Dodge Family. Ill, 90 
 Dodge, Fred B., I, 663 
 Dodge, George C, I, 205. 436; III, 91 
 Dodge, Henry IL, I, 198 
 Dodge, Henry W., I. 345 
 Dodge, Lewis, I, 545 
 Dodge. Sanuiel, I, 71 ; III, 00 
 Dodge. Samuel D., HI. 91 
 Dodge. W. H., 1, 593: III. 531 
 Dodge, Wilson S., I, 287 
 Docrller, Samuel, I, 448 
 Dolman, John. I, 660 
 Donulu'v, .lames H.. I, 565 
 Donalu-y, .lohn H., I, ,589 
 DoMahcV. Mary D., I. 5S0 
 Donnelly, John J., II, 363 
 Donnelly. William E.. II, 303 
 Dorcas Society, 11. 114 
 Doty, Oiarles' K., Ill, 471 
 Doty, Edward W., I, 317, 710
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXIX 
 
 \ 
 
 Doulileilny, Cluiilos. I. 059 
 Dovir Fill' Brick ('om|iiiiiy, II, 399 
 Uuwliii^', (■('orgc T., I, 554 
 Draper, Andrew S., I, 373, 375 
 DullVy. Hernnrd T., II, 350 
 l)u.\li"pulin, Frmik, I, 599. 023 
 Dunlin m sihool, I, 305, 389 
 Dunmore, Walter T.. 111. 55-1 
 Diitton. Bettie A., 111. 129 
 Diitton, C. F., I, 303, 544 
 
 Eagle school, I, 389 
 
 'Early History of t'leveland" (W'liiUle- 
 
 sey"), I, 32, 34, 148 
 '"Early History of the Cleveland I'lib 
 
 lie Schools" (Spanjiler) , I, 115 
 Early law suits (1808), I, 80 
 Early mails, I, 71 
 Early parks, I. 355 
 Early physicians, II, 381 
 Early postmasters, I, 70 
 Early Settlers' Association, I. 430 
 Early Settlers' Association of Cuya- 
 hoga County. I, 209; 11. 558 
 Early Settlers at the Log Cabin. Cen- 
 tennial Celebration (illustration), I, 
 299 
 Early Settlers' Dav, Cleveland Centen- 
 nial, I, 298 
 East Boulevard school, I, 389 
 East Clark (Collin wood) school, I, 389 
 East Cleveland annexed, I, 258 
 East Cleveland and Kinsman lines, I, 
 
 461 
 East Cleveland Central school (illus- 
 tration). I. 303 
 East Cleveland Hospital, III. 299 
 East Cleveland Railway Comjianv, I, 
 
 241 
 East Cleveland schools (1872), I, 363; 
 
 (1918), I, 305 
 East Cleveland Street Railroad Com- 
 pany, I, 463 
 East Denison school, I, 389 
 East End Community House, I, 619 
 East High school, I, 357 
 East High school (old), I, 365 
 East junior high school, I, 387; (new) 
 
 365 
 East lladison school, I, 365, 389 
 East Ohio Gas Company's Building 
 
 (illustration), I, 327 
 East school, I, 386 
 
 East (new) Senior High School. I, 365 
 East Technical High School (illustra- 
 tion), I, 385, 386 
 East Thirty-fifth street viaduct, I, 460 
 East 37th and East 38th Play (Jround, 
 
 I, 490 
 East 39th Play Ground, I, 490 
 Easterbrook Coal Company, III, 312 
 Easterbrook. George. III. 311 
 Eastman, Linda A., I, 425; III, 197 
 
 Eaton, Charles A., 11, 446 
 
 Eaton, Cyrus S., II, 447 
 
 Eaton, .Joseph 0., Ill, 168 
 
 Ebcrliard Manufacturing Coni|)any, II, 
 393 
 
 Eberling, Charles M., 111. 8 
 
 Fberling, Ruth M., HI, 8 
 
 I'Aonomy Building & Loan Company, 
 II. 346 
 
 Kddy Koad IIos])ital. I, 549 
 
 Edgcrton. \V. P.. 1. 533 
 
 IMgewatcr Park. I, 484, 490 
 
 l-.dgewater Park Entrance (illustra- 
 tion i. I, 485 
 
 i:(li.-.cin. Thomas A., Ill, 358 
 
 liiliiicindson, (ieorge II.. Ill, 468 
 
 Education. II, 193 
 
 Educational Conference, Cleveland Cen- 
 tennial, I, 303 
 
 Edwanls. Albert, I, 658 
 
 Kilwanls, Clarence R., I, 668* 
 
 Edwards, .John S., I, 504 
 
 ICdwards, Pierpoint, I. 8 
 
 Edwards. Ralph W.. I, 447, 533 
 
 Edwards. Hodolphus, I, 38, 60, 70, 80, 
 98. 495, 497 
 
 Edwards, Ruth A., I, 629 
 
 Edwards William, I, 253, 709 
 
 ICells, Dan P., I, 414, 635 
 
 Eclls Family, III, :i00 
 
 Eells. Howard P., Ill, 301 
 
 Eells, Mrs. Dan P.. I, 653 
 
 lOlirbar. Alois L., III. 222 
 
 Ehrkc, Charles W., III. 405 
 
 Eicliliorn, Charles H.. IH, 88 
 
 I'Milcn. .John A.. II, 120 
 
 i:idredge. A. C, I. 384 
 
 Eldridge, David, I, 36, 50 
 
 Kldridge, Moses A., I, 305 
 
 Electricity, introduction into cities, 11, 
 417 
 
 Electric Railway Improvement C\)in- 
 pany. III, 374 
 
 Electrocution, first in Cuyahoga 
 county. III, 48 
 
 Eliza .Jennings Home, I, 049 
 
 Elliott, Charles R., Ill, 391 
 
 Elliott, Harvey E., II, 138 
 
 Ellison, Henry C, I, 317, 710; III, 83 
 
 Ellsler. .lohn A., I, 205 
 
 Ellsworth, David V., Ill, 111 
 
 I'llson. William H.. I. 378 
 
 Elwell, J. J., 1, 393, 533, 600 
 
 lOly, (Jcorgc H., I, 696 
 
 Ely. Heman. I. 53, 202 
 
 ]',mergency Hospital, I, 549 
 
 Emerson. Frank A., I, 389 
 
 lOmerson, Henry I., 11, 106 
 
 Emerson, Hcnrj' .J., I, 531 
 
 lunerson, Oliver F., I, 578* 
 
 Emerson. Sam W., III. 443 
 
 Empire junior high school. I, 387 
 
 Kmpire school (illustration), I, 387
 
 XXX 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Enamel Products Company, III. 303 
 
 Kngeln Electric Company, HI, 103 
 
 Engeln. Henry P.. Ill, 103 
 
 Engeln Self "Contained Tankless Air 
 and Vacuum Pump, III. 103 
 
 Englander, Arthur L., Ill, 112 
 
 English Evangelical Lutheran Emman- 
 uel church, I, 605 
 
 Episcopal City Mission. I. 621 
 
 Epworth Jlemorial church, I, 602 
 
 Erie and Ohio Canal, I. 166-170 
 
 Erie Canal, I, 168; II, 27 
 
 Erlanger, III, 544 
 
 Erlanger, A. L., Ill, 544 
 
 Erlanger. Mitchell L.. Ill, 545 
 
 Ernst & Ernst, II, 400 
 
 Ernst, A. C„ II, 399 
 
 Ernst, Theodore C, II, 509 
 
 Erwin, John, I, 350 
 
 lOrwin, William, I, 69 
 
 Eshelman, Oriel D., II, 203 
 
 Estep, Charles J., I, 512; III, 109 
 
 Estep, E. .J., I, 533 
 
 Estv, Louis J., II, 155 
 
 Euclid avenue, I, 44U, 451 ; II, 104 
 
 Euclid Avenue Baptist Church. II, 446; 
 III, 69 
 
 Euclid avenue Business Section look- 
 ing West (illustration), I, 463 
 
 Euclid Avenue Church of Christ, I, 605 
 
 Euclid Avenue Congregational Church, 
 I, 126, 601 
 
 Euclid Avenue Opera House, I, 265 
 
 Euclid Beach, I, 476 
 
 Euclid Beach Park, II, 167 
 
 Euclid ( C o 1 1 a m e r ) Presbyterian 
 Church. I, 126; (illustration), 137 
 
 Euclid Heights Residences (illustra- 
 tion), L 451 
 
 Euclid Park school. I, 389 
 
 liuclid Road, I, 449 
 
 Euclid township, I, 28 
 
 Evangelical Association, I. (JOG; II, 36!) 
 
 Evangelical churches, I, 606 
 
 Evangelical l^utheran Trinity, I, 605 
 
 I'.vangelical ilagazine, II, 371 
 
 Evans, livron 11.. Ill, 476 
 
 Evans. Peter P.. Ill, 313 
 
 "Evening Leader," I, 591 
 
 '•Evening News," I, 591; HE 45 
 
 Everett, Azariah, 1, 351, 255, 484 
 
 Everett, Ilenrv A„ II, 508 
 
 Everett, Sylvester T.. Ill, 174 
 
 Ewers, .Tames E., II, 276 
 
 Ewing, Frank H., II, 81 
 
 Kwing, Roseoe M,, 11, 168 
 
 Exline Company, HI. 378 
 
 Exline, D. V., ill, 377 
 
 Fackler, .Tohn D.. I, 531 
 Factory Building Company, II, 236 
 FnirlmnkH. A. W'.. I, 584 
 Fairchild, Egbert N., Ill, 210 
 Fairchild, .lames II., 1, 337 
 
 Fairchild. J. C, I, 194 
 
 Fairmount Junior High school, I, 365, 
 
 387 
 Fairvievv Park and Play Ground, I, 490 
 Fairview (Reservoir) Park, I, 483 
 Fancher, Elvadore R., Ill, 549 
 fanning, M. A., I, 669 
 Farinacci, Antonio T., Ill, 400 
 Farley, Ira C, III, 9 
 Farley, John H., I, 233. 316 
 Farmer, Lydia H., I. 398 
 Farntield. John C, I, 378 
 Farnsworth, F. M., I, 713 
 Farnsworth. George B., I, 603 
 Farnsworth, H. M.. I, 473, 710, 713 
 Farrell. Thomas S.. I, 447; II. 401 
 Farrelly, John P., I, 614; II. 90 
 Fast Stage Line (reproduction of ad- 
 vertisement), I, 196 
 Faulhaber, Frank J.. Ill, 492 
 Faulhaber, F. \'., I, 711 
 Faulhaber, George, III, 225 
 Fav, William IL, L 713: III, 114 
 Fay, W, H. Company, The. Ill, 115 
 Feazel, Ernest A., Ill, 105 
 Federal (postoffice) building, I, 470; 
 
 completed, 333; (illustration), 468 
 lederal Food Administration Bureau, 
 
 I, 682 
 Federal form of city government, I, 
 
 434, 439 
 Federal Plan, II, 312 
 I'ederal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 
 
 in, 549 
 Federal Reserve Banks, III, 25 
 Federal school plan introduced (1892), 
 
 I, 372 
 I'ederal street, I, 450 
 Federated Churches of Cleveland, I, 
 
 616, 621 
 Fciss, Paul L., I, fiSO, 710 
 I'cis, Mrs. G. Leonard, I, 635 
 l''eneslra i)atcnts. III, 308 
 I'enian raid. Ill, 56 
 Fenn, Serano P., I, 637, 643; ([lortrait) 
 
 643; III, 104 
 Fenner, Charles W., III. 110 
 I'Viining. Karl. 11, 343 
 I'rrencik, John A,, 11, 338 
 Kcrencik, .lohn P,. II, 339 
 l''ergus(>n, Archie N., HI, 16 
 I'erguson, Charles II., III. 446 
 Ferguson, C. 11. Company, 111. 447 
 I'erguson. Richard, 111, 305 
 Ferris Shoe (\)mpany, 11. 449 
 j.'crry (up and Screw' Company, III, 213 
 I'erry, Thomas, III. 213 
 I'ert'ig. Frank J.. III. 58 
 l''evcr and ague (1798). 1, 43 
 l''i(ht, Fred W„ HI, 267 
 Field, Hurry IL, III, 483 
 I'ifteenlh Regiment, Ohio National 
 
 (Juard, I, 268
 
 INDEX 
 
 •X^X^X^ 
 
 Fiftli Oliio Infantry in tlie Stadium at 
 El I'aso. Texas (ilhistratioii), 1, 6tj3 
 
 riltratioii ))laiit, I, 437 
 
 I'iiianee di'iiartmeiit, 1, 447 
 
 Kiiumcial pro;,'r('ss, 1S87-1917, I, 70C 
 
 KiiicIli'V. WaltiT T.. ni, 2,S4 
 
 Fiiilcv", William F.. II, 453 
 
 I in III' V, .lames U.. I. 198, 208 
 
 Kinury. J. R. I, 347 
 
 Fire and jiolioe divisions, I, 445 
 
 Fire boat, first, I, 435 
 
 Fire department organized, I, 155; 
 (paid) organized. 247; 431, 433, 435, 
 439, 443-5 
 
 Fire Lands, I, 6, 69 
 
 Fire Lands (see SutVercrs' Lands) 
 
 Fire of 18S3, 1, 374 
 
 Fires, L 228; destructive, 435 
 
 Fires always waitinf; for the Lumber 
 District "(illustration), L 443 
 
 First City in American Spirit, L 337 
 
 First Things and Events — Maps, I, 23; 
 Cleveland cemetery, 36; Cleveland 
 wedding, 37; mill, 43; distillery 
 (1800), 47; election in the Reserve, 
 52; lawyer (Samuel Huntington), 
 57; town meeting for Cleveland. 60; 
 Cleveland school, 61; frame houses, 
 61; .Justices of the Peace, 64; mur- 
 der, 65; postmaster, 70; tanneries, 
 81; Courthouse (illustration), 93; 
 courthouse and jail, 94; murder and 
 execution, 94: village legislation, 
 100; board of health, 101; fire 
 engine, 101; church organized, 105; 
 banks and bankers, 109; school- 
 house in Cleveland. 115; frame ware- 
 house, 116; printing press, 116; 
 book-store, 116 ; Methodist church, 
 118; Presbyterian church, 126; Con- 
 gregational church, 126; directory of 
 Cleveland (1837), 137, 175, 184; 
 Baptist church (illustration), 153; 
 Western locomotive works, 159; 
 manufacturing corporation, 159; 
 dentist, 163; city directory (1837), 
 137, 175. 184; Catholic Church (illus- 
 tration), 187; telegram received, 
 213: municipal water works, 224; 
 iron ore received (water works), 226; 
 report of Cleveland Board of Trade, 
 347; iron ship, 250; Board of Park 
 Commissioners, 255 : high level 
 bridge (IS7S). 268; woman lawyer, 
 275; woman elected to public office 
 in Ohio, 376; fire boat, 435; high 
 level bridge dedicated, 4.57; electric 
 street car. 462; civil jury trial, 303; 
 I'niversity war unit, 674; locomotive 
 manufactured in the West, 691; coal 
 put on Cleveland market, 698; 
 American-built gasoline automobile, 
 702; village election. II, 11; resident 
 
 attorney, 11; bank in Cleveland, 13; 
 carriage, 12; train on the Cleveland, 
 Columbus & t:ineinnati, 13; electric 
 motor street car, 20; permanent 
 Catholic (lunch, 89; steam brick 
 plant. 123; fnime building, 146; ship 
 launched at Cleveland. 146; court 
 liouse and jail, 147; steamer, "Knter- 
 prise,'' 148; telephone office, 352; 
 electrocution in Cuyahoga county, 
 III, 48; frame barn, 91; town meet- 
 ing, 91 ; charter for a Cleveland na- 
 tional bank, 383 
 ]''irst Congregational church, I, 601 
 
 First Methodist Kjiiscoiial churches, 1, 
 
 603 
 First Ohio Light Artillery, I, 657 
 First National Bank, I, 690 
 First Presbyterian church, I, 600 
 
 Fischley, Alfred P., HI. 393 
 
 Fish, C'harles L., 11, 83 
 
 Fish, Ebenezer, I, 173. 603 
 
 Fish, F. Stillman, III, 159 
 
 I'ish, ,Iohn. II, 282 
 
 Fish, .Julia A., II. 84 
 
 Fish, Moses, I, 173, 603 
 
 Fisher Brothers Company, III, 407 
 
 Fisher, Charles C, III, 179 
 
 F'isher, (ieorge E., Ill, 499 
 
 Fisher, John F., I, 602 
 
 Fisher, Manning F., I, 713; III, 407 
 
 Fitch. Jabez W., I, 259, 524 
 
 Fitch, Sarah. I, 653 
 
 Fitzgerald, .John R., I. 500 
 
 I'itzGerald, William S., I, 445, 447; IT, 
 78 
 
 Fitzpatrick. Clarence J., Ill, 300 
 
 I'itzpatrick, David, II, 529 
 
 Fitzsimons, Thomas G., Ill, 401 
 
 Five Points, II, 177 
 
 "Flag, The," II, 129 
 
 Flag Presentation to Volunteers for 
 Cuba (illustration), I, 316 
 
 Flag raising. Cleveland Day, II, 366 
 
 Flagler. Henry M., I, 247, 714 
 
 Fleharty, .John L., Ill, 384 
 
 Fleming. Mrs. .J. N., I, 687 
 
 Fliedner. Helen M.. I, 384 
 
 Flint, Edward S., I, 233, 657 
 
 Flood of 1883, I, 274 
 
 h'loyd, Raymond G., Ill, 547 
 
 Focrstner, .John A.. Ill, 470 
 
 Fogg. William P., I. 250, 357, 412, 414 
 
 T'olsom, Ezekiel, I, 177, 178 
 
 Ft Isom. Oilman. I. 216 
 
 Folsom, Samuel W., Ill, 79 
 
 Foote, Asa. I, 178 
 
 Foote. A. Ward. II. 396 
 
 I'oote-Burt Company. II, 396 
 
 Foote, Herschel, I, 116 
 
 Foote, Horace, T, 508 
 
 Foote, .John A., L 151, 208, 317, 345 
 
 Foraker, .James B., I. 466
 
 XXXll 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Foran. JIartin A., I. 336, 512*, 537, 
 554; II, 270 
 
 Forbes. Alexander. I, 362. 366, 368 
 
 Force, Clayton H.. HI, 279 
 
 Force. C. (J., I. 456 
 
 Ford, H. Clark, I, 601 
 
 Ford. J. M., I, 691 
 
 Ford, Lewis W.. 1, 532 
 
 Ford, Simpson S.. I, 511; II. 343 
 
 Forest City House, I, 265 (1876, illus- 
 tration), 266 
 
 P'orest City Lyceum, I. 569 
 
 Forest City Oyster Company. II, 373 
 
 Forest City Park, I, 489 
 
 Forest CMty Railway Company, I, 320 
 
 Forest City Savings and Trust Com- 
 pany, III, 314 
 
 Foiest economist. Ill, 541 
 
 Forest Hill Parkway, I. 490 
 
 Forman, Jonathan C., Ill, 563 
 
 Forsch, Lawrence H., IH. 495 
 
 Forster, C. A., II. 451 
 
 Fortnightly Musical Club. I. 563 
 
 Forty-sixth street market. I, 491 
 
 Foster, Allen M., Ill, 490 
 
 Foster. Arthur B.. Ill, 89 
 
 Foster Bolt and Nut Company, III. 490 
 
 Foster, C. H., Ill, 303 
 
 Foster, Hanna, I, 296 
 
 Foster, James H.. Ill, 371 
 
 Foster. William L., Ill, 86 
 
 Four Minute Men, I, 683 
 
 Fourth of July (1800), I, 48 
 
 Fourth of July (1802), I, 60 
 
 Fowler school." I. 389 
 
 Fox, Mrs. E. A., I, 364 
 
 Francics, William E., III. 429 
 
 Francis, John 11., III. 388 
 
 Franklin Circle, I, 451, 477. 490 
 
 Iranklin Circle Church of Christ, 1, 604 
 
 I'ranklin House, I, 212 (1825 illustra- 
 tion) I, 103 
 
 I'raiiklii) Thomas Backus Law School, 
 Western Reserve University, 1, 398, 
 534 
 
 "Frankfort Street Handl)ill." I, 5U3 
 
 ITantz, Clarence G., Ill, 304 
 
 Traser, Archibald R., 111. 398 
 
 I'raser, Mrs. (;. O., 1, 311 
 
 Frayer, Roland F„ II, 538 
 
 Frazec, Henry, I, 662 
 
 Frederick, J. M. H., I, 379 
 
 Freenuin, J., I, 178 
 
 Fieeman, J. F., I, 710 
 
 Vr nan, Silas C, I, 107. 597 
 
 lice School, I, 344 
 
 Frccsp, Andrew, I, 115, 349, 359; 
 (portrait) 354 
 
 Kreiberger, Isadore F., HI, 97 
 
 Freight movement, 1894. 1904, 1917, I, 
 705 
 
 French, Henry S.. II, 355 
 
 French. Jolin'l!., 1, 414 
 
 Friebolin. Carl D., I, 520; II, 235 
 
 Fritzsche, Alfred L., II, 228 
 
 Fritzsche, Henry E., Ill, 196 
 
 Fruit land school, I, 389 
 
 Fry. James A., II, 394 
 
 Fugitive slave law, I, 149 
 
 Fuller. Benjamin D., III. 219 
 
 Fuller. Clifford W.. I. 062; II. 220 
 
 Fuller, Horace A., 111. 108 
 
 Fuller. Hubert B., I, 329, 577; III, 471 
 
 Fuller, Jeptha L.. Ill, 110 
 
 Fuller, Joel H.. Ill, 133 
 
 Fuller. Ralph L., I, 709 
 
 Fuller, Samuel A., Ill, 39 
 
 Fuller. Simeon, I, 197 
 
 Fuller, William, III, 133 
 
 Fullerton school, I, 389 
 
 Fulton Foundry & Machine Company, 
 
 U, 398 
 Fulton. John C. I, 662 
 Furst. Edward \V., III. 520 
 Futch, William E., II. 441 
 
 Gabriel Manufacturing Company, HI, 
 
 303 
 Gage, Benjamin A., II. 211 
 Gahn. H. C, I, 447 
 Gallagher. Michael. I, 234. 518 
 Gallup Farm. II, 215 
 Gammel. Karl. Ill, 361 
 Gammel, R. E., I, 380 
 Gammeter. Harry C. III. 106 
 Gandola, Attilio D., II, 563 
 Gandola Brothers M o n u m e n t and 
 
 Architectural Works, II, 563 
 Ganson, George H., II. 398 
 Garber. Aaron. 11, 285 
 (.'ardner, Burt M., II, 445 
 (ianlner. George W., I, 233, 709; II, 
 
 44:; 
 
 Gardner, S. S., I, 710 
 
 (Jarlield. Harry A., I, 288. 329, 414, 
 
 535. 709 
 Garfield, James A., I, 55, 372*, 509, 
 
 524, 604; III. 14S 
 Garfield. James R., I, 417, 525 
 Carlicld Memorial (illustration), 1, 373 
 (Garfield Jlemorial Fund. III. 13 
 Garfield Monunu'ut Interior (ilustra- 
 
 tion), I, 273 
 Garfield Park, I. 487, 490 
 Garfield Savings Bank, If, 409, 533; 
 
 III. 463 
 Garfield, 'J'homaa, I. 004 
 (.arfield's signilicnni compliment, I, 509 
 (iarlick, Ahel R., I, 689 
 Garlick. Theodore D., I, 556* 
 (iarretson. (Jeorge A.. I. 315; CMi*, 710 
 liurrelt, George M., 11. 402 
 (■arry. Thomas II., II. 56 
 (;ary. Marco B.. II. 375 
 (Jury, Marco W.. II. 376 
 (■'as ordinance, I. 379
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXXlll 
 
 fJas, reduction in cost. II, 310 
 
 (;as works built (1849), I. 215 
 
 (iasoline Automobile, first AmiTican- 
 built, r, 702 
 
 (Jates, Alvin S.. Til, 367 
 
 (iates. Clark S., I, 657 
 
 (.Hwne. V. v.. I. 436 
 
 (.awiie, Tluiinas L., II. 429 
 
 (iawne. William J., III. 339 
 
 iJaylord. Allen. I, 72. 568 
 
 liaylord. Mrs. L. C., I. 189 
 
 (iaylord. William. I. 116 
 
 "tiazette and (.'ommcrcial Register,"' I, 
 582 
 
 (iear. CTiarles, I, 105 
 
 (Jefline. Krnest L.. II. 532 
 
 (iegenheimer. Albert. III. 411 
 
 tjeiselman. William E.. III. 376 
 
 (Jeneral I^ducation Board. II. 8 
 
 Cent Vending Machine Company, II, 
 308 
 
 Gent, William. II. 308 
 
 Centsch, Charles. I. 380 
 
 ■c;eographv of Cleveland"' (Gregory), I, 
 21 
 
 Oeometrie Stamping Company. HI, 282 
 
 (ierman-American Savings Bank Com- 
 pany. III. 209 
 
 German Baptists, I. 606 
 
 German Catholics, I, 614 
 
 (German Hospital, I, 548 
 
 German Methodists, I, 606 
 
 I German schools (1870), I, 362 
 
 German Society of ("leveland, I, 189 
 
 Getzien. Gustave. III. 495 
 
 (iibbons. John W.. I. 278 
 
 Gibbs, Harley B.. HI, 105 
 
 Gibson. Charles D.. II, 461 
 
 Gibson-Homans Company. Ill, 253 
 
 Giddings. .Joshua R.. I. 53 
 
 Giddings school. I. 365, 389 
 
 (iilbert, Augustus. I. 80. 500 
 
 Gilbert, H. Ellsworth, III, 358 
 
 Gilbert. Levi. I. 302 
 
 Gilbert school. I, 389 
 
 I ilbert. Stephen, I, 39, 52 
 
 Gilchrist. H. L.. I. 673 
 
 Gill. John. I, 216, 352; III, 81 
 
 (iill. John T., Ill, 81 
 
 Gill. Kermode F.. IR. 371 
 
 Gillen. Mark J.. Ill, 491 
 
 Gillett. Harry. Ill, 72 
 
 (Jilmour. Richard, T, 405, 610, 612; II, 
 90 
 
 Girl. Christian. I. 671; II. 199 
 
 Gladstone Klementary School, I, 394 
 
 Glasier. .Jessie C, I, 589 
 
 Gleason. William J.. I, 275, 285 
 
 i;lenville Hospital, I. 549 
 
 Glenville racing track. I, 252 
 
 Glenville school. T. 386 
 
 Glick. Harry F.. IT. 220 
 
 <;lidden Company, The, II, 494 
 
 (Jlobe Iron Works, III, 251 
 
 (ilobe Theater. I. 265 
 
 (iloyd. .lames R., HI. 78 
 
 God'dard. Calvin. I. 660 
 
 Goddard. George S., I, 329 
 
 (iodiiian. Charles A., 11. 483 
 
 (Jodman. John X.. II. 483 
 
 Goff. Frederick H.. I, 671. 680, 710; 
 HI. 427 
 
 Gold. Benjamin, I, 67 
 
 (Joldeii jubilee of Catholic diocese, TT 
 613 
 
 Goldhamer. A. K.. II. 202 
 
 Goldsword. .Tames. III. 468 
 
 (ioUiiiar, Fred G.. II. 469 
 
 Goodman. Alfred T.. I. 412. 414, 572 
 
 (ioodiiian. .Max P.. II, 288 
 
 Goodrich .Social Settlement, II, 157 
 
 Goodspeed. W. F., I, 268 
 
 (iordon Park. I. 479, 490 
 
 (iordon school, I, 389 
 
 Gordon, William, I. 336, 531; Til, 467 
 
 Gordon. William J.. I. 414. 474. 479, 
 612. 691 
 
 Gormsen. .Tames, II, 374 
 
 (ioshorn. William S.. I, 244 
 
 Gott, Frank B.. I, 512; III, 73 
 
 Gottdiener. Henry. Ill, 321 
 
 Gottwald. F. C. I. 563, 565 
 
 Goulder. Harvey D., I, 329, 335, 336, 
 709; II. 44 
 
 Goulder. Robert F., Sr., II, 465 
 
 Government odicials in 1837, I. 198 
 
 Government pier. II, 148 
 
 Grabien. Fred, II. 43 
 
 Grace Episcopal Church, II, 326 
 
 Ciraduate School. Western Reserve Uni- 
 versity, I, 398 
 
 firain trade, 1894. 1904. 1917. I. 704 
 
 Grand Armj' of the Republic (National 
 Encampment 1901). I, 317 
 
 "Grand old lady of the public schools," 
 HI, 129 
 
 Granger. Gideon. Jr.. I. 7 
 
 • Granger's Hill. I. 171 
 
 (irannis. John C. I. 260. 532 
 
 (Irannis. -loseph S.. II, 193 
 
 Grant, .Tohn, III, 295 
 
 Grant. John C, 296 
 
 Grant-Lees Gear Company. HI, 305 
 
 (;rant. Roderick D., Ill, 556 
 
 Grasselli. Caesar A.. I, 414, 417, 529 
 
 Grasselli CTiemical Company, II, 105; 
 HI, 499 
 
 Grasselli. Thomas S.. H. 104 
 
 Graves. Forrest A.. Ill, 315 
 
 (iraves. Noah, I, 143 
 
 Grav, Admiral N., I, 585 
 
 Gray. J. W., I, 585. 586 
 
 Grays Armory, T, 663 
 
 Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Com- 
 pany. TIL 428 
 
 Grebe" Henrv. IIT. 86
 
 XXXIV 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Green, David E., II, 382 
 Green, John P., I, 500 
 Green, Virginia D., I, 3"6, 384 
 Greene, Edward B., Ill, 358 
 Greene, Thomas E., H, 40d 
 Greene, William B., HI. 1^6 
 Greenlund, W. A., I, j380 
 Greenough, M. S., I, TOO 
 Gree", Albert S., 11, 463 
 Gre?S, Frank M., I, 623; III, 403 
 Grelory, W. M., I, 21 
 Gribben. William, I, 635 
 Grief, William, I, 710 
 (.ries, Moses J., I, 291, 302, 336 
 (iriese, Clarence E., H, 439 
 Griese, David C, III, 410 
 Griese, George G., II, 438 
 Griess, Justin, HI, 483 
 Grieve. Edmond, III. 191 
 Griffin, Mrs. H. A., I, 290, 306 
 Griffith, David, I, 1T9, 213, 227 
 
 Griffith, J. Fremont. Ill, 421 
 
 Griffiths. Edwin S., II. 338 
 
 Grinnell Automatic Sjjnnkler, 11, ~-» 
 
 Griswold, A. M., I, 586 
 
 Griswold, .Seneca O.. I. 23, 130, lo., 
 238, 260, 510*, 532 
 
 Griswold, Solomon, I, 7 
 
 Griswold. Stanley, I. 77*, 526 
 
 Griswold, Sylvanus. I, 8 
 
 Grittner. John H.. Ill, 342 
 
 Groff, Henry R., I, 709 
 
 Groll, George C, H, 399 
 
 Grombacher, H., I, 711 
 
 Groot. George A., II, 406 
 
 Gross, Emma E., II, 284 
 
 Grossenbacher. Otto, III, 312 
 
 (irossman. George, I, 563 
 
 Group Plan Commission. I. 467 
 
 Croup Plan of public buildings, I, 465- 
 
 72- II, 480; HI, 158, 241, 507 
 Group Plan of public buildings (dia- 
 gram). I, 469 
 (iuarantco Title & Trust Comi)any, III, 
 
 71 
 Guardian Savings & Trust Company, 
 
 IT, 17 
 Guenther, Felix, II, 465 , , . 
 
 Guide Motor Lamp Manufacturing 
 
 Comjjany, H, 305 
 Guilbert, W. D.. I, 289 
 Guilford, Miss L. T., I, 302 
 Gun, Anna, I, IB, 42 
 Gun. Elijah, I, 18, 33, 34. 74. 452 
 (;undry, John M., HI, 319 
 
 Haag, Henry C, IH, 54 
 
 llaber, David C, HI, 213 
 
 Ilackenberg. Harvey E., I, 713; lll,lo4 
 
 Hacket. .lames, I, 26 
 
 Hadden, Alexander. T. 438. 448, 514; 
 
 HI, 125 
 Ifaeflinger, Henry A., HI, 315 
 
 Hafemeister. Fred C, HI, 250 
 Hafley, George C, H, 419 
 Hahn", Aaron, I, 531 
 Hahn, Emil P., Ill, 80 
 Hahn Manufacturing Company, HI, 80 
 Hale, Cleveland C. HI. 451 
 Hale, E. B., I, 400; HI. 451 
 Hale, E. V., I, 414 
 Hale, .John C, I, 517*; IH, 504 
 Hale, Willis B., HI, 376 
 Hall. Alfred, I, 184, 205 
 Hall. Francis W.. II, 131 
 Hall. Lvman W., I, 589 
 Hall. William B., I, 26 
 Halle Brothers Company, HI, 234 
 Halle, Carl, HI, 299 
 Halle, Samuel H.. HI. 233 
 Halle school. I. 389 
 Haller. Jacob, HI, 343 
 Hallock, Henry, HI, 94 
 Hamann. Carl A.. I, 544; HI. 52, 
 Hamilton, E. T., I, 511. 533 
 Hamilton. Harry L., HI. 490 
 Hamilton. James. I. 26 
 Hamrael. ilonte C. HI. 224 
 Hammil. Susannah. I, 74 
 Hampton. Harry H.. HI. 469 ^ 
 
 Ilanderson, Henry E., I. 544, 550 
 Handrick, Franklin A., II, 423 
 Handrick, Gertrude M., II. 423 
 Ilandv, Truman P. (portrait). I, HO; 
 114, 143. 189. 317, 298, 347, 348, 
 353^ 400, 689*, 692 
 Hanging of John Brown, I, 241 
 Hanna, D. R., I, 593 
 Hanna, Gustave H., HI, 395 
 Hanna. Howard M.. Jr.. HI, 506 
 Hanna. Leonard C. II, 53 
 Hanna Leonard C. Jr.. IH. 500 
 Hanna. JIarcus A., I, 265, 697*; II, 53, 
 
 408; HI, 195 
 Hanna, Mrs, M. A., T, 290 
 Hanna (M. A-) & Company, I, 69.; 
 
 Ill, 500, 506 
 Hanrattv, Edward .L, I. 448 ; 11,294 
 Hansen,' Fred E., IH, 94 
 Hansen, George C, H, 145 
 Hansen Manufacturing Company, HI, 
 
 94 
 Harbaugh, Aaron G., II. 381 
 Harbaugh. George E., H, 382 
 Harbor of Cleveland (1837) (map of 
 
 |)lans), I, 172 
 Iliirbor of refuge constructed, I, 26~ 
 Hiirdic. William M., UK ^>>~ 
 Harding, J. H.. I, 151 
 Hare, William A., IH, 405 
 Harkness, S. V., T. 714 
 Harmon, Frank S., IH, 87 
 Harmon school, 1, 389 
 Harper. P.. I. 302 
 Harper, William, H. 374 
 Huriinglou. Benjamin. I, 205, 210
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXXV 
 
 Harrington Electrical Company, III, 
 
 an 
 
 Harrington, William t'., Ill, 317 
 
 Harris C'alorilic Company, 11, 302 
 
 Harris, Charles L., Ill, 2iH 
 
 Harris. John, I, 542; II, 302 
 
 Harris, John K., Ill, 116 
 
 Harris, Josiah A., 1, 179, 208, 213, 349, 
 
 383, 584 
 Harris, \V. H., I, 268 
 Harrison, Ceorgc L., Ill, 279 
 Harrison, Henry T., II, 349 
 Harrison, •!. Frank, II, 431 
 Harron, .liilia S., 1. 417 
 Hart, Albert B., I, 579* 
 Hart, George F., I, 713; IT, 2G0 
 Hart, George V., HI. 3.-)0 
 Hart, J. Wayne. Ill, 503 
 Hart, Seth, I, 32, 37 
 Hart, William I, 7 
 Hartness, William, I. 213 
 llarty, William M., II. 300 
 Ilart/ell, -lonas, 1. 604 
 Harvard (irove cemetery, I, 628 
 Harvard school, I, 389 
 Harvey, H., I, 710 
 Harvey, Mervin C, II, 441 
 Harvev Kice Monnment, I. 134 
 Haseail. (ieorge C, III, 99 
 Hasial! Paint Company, III, 116 
 Has<Todt. E. I!., I, 448" 
 Haserodt, I'anl M., Ill, 397 
 Haserot, Francis H., Ill, 362 
 Haserot, S. F., I, 288 
 Hasse, Otto A.. II, 301 
 Hatcher, Samuel, I, 447 
 Hatfield, Frank, I, 380 
 Hathaway. Asahel, I, 7 
 Hauseman, ICarl F., Ill, 308 
 Hausheer, I.oiiis, 111, 165 
 Havens, .\Iunson, 1. 329. 671. 680, 710 
 Havlicek. .John, 1. 279 
 Hawken .'iciiool. II, 422 
 Hawkins. Richard R.. II. 359 
 Hawley, David R., Ill, 289 
 Hawley, Davis, III, 156 
 Hawley, Ezekiel, I, 37 
 Hawley, Joseph R., I, 293 
 Hay, John, I, 523* 
 Haydcn. Anson. I, 182, 344 
 Haydcn, Chester. I, 533 
 Hayden. Warren G., I, 680 
 Hayden, Warren S.. I, 414, 709 
 Hayden. William, I. 604 
 Havdn. Hiram C, I, 600* 
 Haves, Lester, I, 357; II, 539 
 Haves, Philip C. I, 659 
 Haves, Rutherford B.. I, 414, 659 
 Haves, Webb C. I, 288, 417, 662 
 Hayne, C. C. F., I, 412 
 Haynes, George R., II, 417 
 Hays, Eugene K., Ill, 122 
 Hays, Joseph, III, 119 
 
 Hays, Louis H., Ill, 123 
 
 ihnward, George L., I, 660 
 
 Havward, .Nelson, I, 179, 210 
 
 Hayward, W. H., I, 657 
 
 Hazeldell school, 1, 389, (illustration) 
 
 390 
 Hazen, William B., I, 659 
 lleald, .lohn C. 11, 333 
 Healy. John I, 604 
 ll.'anl. Charles W., I, 555 
 Ilealli. Charles E., II, 563 
 llclircw cemeteries, I, 628 
 llihrew llilief Association, I, 616 
 Heckler Karl, 111, 347 
 lleckman, Ijouis, I, 658 
 Hecne, .lohn E., I, 603 
 lleideloir, William L., II, 524 
 Ilcil. K. C. I, 713 
 Heina, Edwin, II, 536 
 Heinsohn, Edwin I., Ill, 490 
 Heisley, .lohn W., I, 2.''>8, 260, 511, 531, 
 
 5,32 ■ 
 Helm, Edwin JI., Ill, 98 
 Helper. Moses, II, 224 
 Hemler, Frank J., III. 355 
 Henderson, John M,, I, 532, 536, 542; 
 
 II, 141 
 Hender.son, Seth S., I. 198 
 Henn. Albert W.. Ill, 107 
 Henn. Edwin C. I. 710; 111, 394 
 Henry. Frederick A.. I. 517, 622 
 HenrV, Peter J., I, 448 
 Henry, William R., I, 193 
 Hepburn, Morris, I, 180 
 "Herald and Gazette," I, 584 
 Herkonier, Herman, I, 563 
 Herkomer, John, I, 563 
 Herr. Donald D., II, 448 
 Herr. Milton J.. III. 527 
 Ilerrick. O. E., I. 532 
 Herrick, H. J., I, 544, 638 
 Herrick, John F., I, 531, 535*, 659 
 Ilerrick, Jlyron T., I. 457. 528*, 677, 
 
 680, 684," 709, 710; U, 25; III, 560 
 Ilerrick. Parmley W., I, 671 
 Herrick, R. R., T, 233, 278 
 Uerron. .Tames H., Ill, 43 
 Hertel, Henry, III, 169 
 Hessenmueller, Edward, I, 500, 519 
 Hessenmueller, E. L., I, 711 
 Heward. Thomas A., III. 165 
 Hewitt. Isaac L.. I, 355 
 Heydler, William, I, 562 
 Hickok, Laurens P., I, 395 
 Hickox, C. V. J., I, 583 
 Hickox. Carlos I., I, 596 
 Hickox, Charles, I. 699, 709; II, 99 
 Hickox, Charles G.. 11, 100 
 Hickox, Irene P., I, 125 
 Hickox. Milo H.. I. 139 
 Hickox. "Uncle"' Abrani (portrait), I, 
 
 76; 689 
 Hickox, Wilson B.. Ill, 510
 
 XXXVl 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Hicks school, I. 390 
 Higbee Companv. Ill, 85 
 Higbee, Edwin C., II, 94 
 High-level bridges. I, 45G-59; first ded- 
 icated), 457; new (illustration), 
 458 
 High pressure water system, I, 442 
 High School building "(1851), I, 353 
 High School, suggested (1844), I, 347; 
 
 opposed, I. 350; first, I, 349-51 
 High School of Commerce, I, 386; East 
 
 branch, I, 386 
 Higlev. Warren, I, 366 
 Hill, "diaries K., III. 534 
 Hill, thristopher E.. I. 177. 178, 205, 
 
 210. 211, 213, 216, 220, 226, 227 
 Hill. Hosea E.. Ill, 277 
 Hill, Harry N., Ill, 277 
 Hill, James, I, 444 
 Hill. Louis E., Ill, 344 
 Hill. William H.. T, 205 
 Killer. Frank B., Ill, 337 
 Hilliard. Richard I. 100, 131", 157, 180, 
 
 207, 212. 224 
 Hills. .James S.. I, 656 
 Himes, I. X.. I, 544 
 Hinchliffe. .James R.. Ill, 77 
 Hinckley, Isaac, I, 173 
 Hinds, Calvin J., II, 269 
 Hinkcl. Mathias .J.. Ill, 97 
 Hinman. Wilbur F., 1, 660 
 Hinsdale, Burke A.. I, 55, 302, 360; 
 
 (portrait) 370; 579 
 Hipp, .John C III, 160 
 Hiram House, I, 632 
 Hird. Urbane W., Ill, 79 
 Hirker, Charles, I, 350 
 Hirt, John M., I, 711 
 "History of Cleveland"' (Kennedy), 1, 
 
 22, 34, 57, 92, 340 
 -History of Cleveland" (Orth), 1, 159. 
 
 175, 246, 380, 382 
 "History of Cievelimd Schools in the 
 Xinctecnth Century" (Aki'rsI, 1. 346 
 "llistorv of Cuyahoga County" (.Iiihn- 
 
 son|,"l, 31, 41. 173 
 "History of the United States and Its 
 
 IVopfe" (Avery). I, 98, 119, 146 
 '•History of the Western Reserve" (Up- 
 ton)."!. 14 
 Hitchcock. Mrs. P. M.. I. 290 
 Hitchcock. Peter, 1. 94. 504. 506 
 (litclicock. Hcuhcn, I. 400 
 lloadlcy. f;eorge. I, 139, 179, 212, 348, 
 
 497, "498* 
 Hoadliy, George, Jr., I, 529 
 Hoag. ileorpe B., II, 442 
 Hoak. Harry O., Ill, .'jSl 
 Hoard, Ilarrv H., III. 8 
 Ilobbie, JanicH (J.. Ill, 290 
 Mot>bH. Caleb S., IT. 86 
 Hobbs. Marv E.. II. 86 
 HobbH, IVrry 1.., II, 84 
 
 Hodell, Fred C. III. 137 
 
 Hodell. Henry H., III. 137 
 
 Hodell. Howard H.. Ill, 137 
 
 Hodge bill, I, 434 
 
 Hodge. Mrs. 0. J., I. 290, 306, 310 
 
 Hodge, Orlando J., I, 224, 259, 414, 427, 
 
 434. 518, 519 
 Hodge school. I, 390 
 Hoehn. Henry. I, 275 
 Hoffman Bronze & Aluminum Casting 
 
 Company. III. 92 
 Hoffman. "Earl M., II, 496 
 Hoffman Ice Cream &. Dairy Company, 
 
 The. II. 496 
 Hoffman, R. L., IT, 496 
 Hoffman, Robert. I. 446 
 Hoffman. Robert S.. III. 92 
 Hogen. Frank tJ., I. 384; III, 70 
 Hogsett. Thomas H., II, 1S9 
 Holbrook, Daniel I, 7, 31 
 Holden. E. B.. I, 637 
 Holden Liberty E.. I. 283, 289, 291, 293, 
 :;39, 364, 412. 414, 436. 584, 586, 587, 
 709 
 Holden, Jlrs. Liberty E., I, 483 
 Hole, Warren W., I, 602 
 Holland. Henry. II, 395 
 Hollaway. J. F., I. 456 
 Hollev. John M., I, 17, 27 
 
 Holl.'y. Jlilton. I, 26 
 
 Hollev's (John M.) Journal, I. 14, 15, 
 26 " 
 
 Holmes, Uriel, .Jr.. I, 7 
 
 Holy Name church I, 614 
 
 Hoiiians, Albert H., Ill, 253 
 
 Home for Aged Protestant Women, I, 
 649 
 
 Home for Aged Women. T. 649 
 
 Home Rule charter framed. I. 333 
 
 Home Rule government. I. 440 
 
 lloMU'opathic College for Women. 1,546 
 
 llomcopatliic Hospital College, T, 546 
 
 lliinicopiitliic institutions, I, 545 
 
 lloTiicopalhic jihysicians, T, 551 
 
 llomeo]iaths. I. 545 
 
 Hook. Arthur ('.. III. 100 
 
 Hopkins. Benjamin F.. II. 343 
 
 Hopkins. David H.. II. 198 
 
 Hopkins, Evan H.. II, 168 
 
 Hopkins, W. R.. I. 336 
 
 llopkinson. A. G. (portrait), I, 356 
 
 llopkinson. Alan .S.. II. 390 
 
 Hii]ikiii>on. .lohn. I, 604 
 
 Hopp. L. v.. I. 545 
 
 llopwiiod. Erie C, I, 588; II, 440 
 
 ll.irn. Joseph. III. 135 
 
 Horn. ().scar J., II, 372 
 
 Horn, William. I, 606: II. 369 
 
 Ilorsburgh Forge Co., III. 420 
 
 llorsburgli. Robert, HI. 420 
 
 H.irstMiann. Ignatius F., 1, 612, 613; II, 
 90 
 
 llorvath, Mi<hael H., Ill, 269
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXXVll 
 
 Hosford. Harry W., II, 429 
 
 HosmtT, F. ],.". 1, 006, 607 
 
 Hosmcr. (k-or^f W.. I, 606 
 
 Hospitals. T. 546. 6:t,') 
 
 Hotel (.'levolaiid. H. 22 
 
 Hotpl ytatler of Clpvcland. Tlit>. III. 
 
 365; formal opeiiin<;. III. 366 
 Houck. G. F., I, 554 
 Hough, U. W., I, 664 
 Hough School. I. 365. 390 
 House, Allan C, HI, 51 
 House. J. Arthur. I. 710; II, 277 
 House of the (iood Shepherd, I, 623 
 Housum, B. W., I. 671 
 Houtz, Olia A.. I. 364 
 Hovev. Miss Frank C I, 364 
 Howard. John .T., II, 394 
 ••How Did Vou Die?" (Cooke), I, 576 
 Howe, Charles S.. I, 380, 400, 558», 709; 
 
 III, 280 
 Howe, Eben D., I, 131, 583 
 Howe, Frederick C, I, 553* 
 Howland, .loseph, I, 7 
 Howland, Paul I. 531, 662, 710 
 Hoynesite, III, 527 
 Hoynes Safety Powder Company, III, 
 
 528 
 Hovnes, \V. J., IH. 528 
 Hovt, Charles, I, 159 
 Hovt, Colgate. II. 516 
 Hovt, Daniel ()., I. 545 
 Hovt, Elton. II, 516 
 Hoyt. Ceorge. I. 586 
 Hovt, .lames H., I, 293; H, 515 
 Hovt, .lames M., I, 630; II, 514 . 
 Hub. .John C, ,Tr.. Ill, 101 
 Hubbard. Addison T.. MI, 312 
 Hubbard. Nehemiah. .Jr., I, 7 
 Hubbeil. Oliver S., Ill, 265 
 Hubbv. Leander M., I. 212, 220 
 Hubef, William E.. HI, 274 
 Hubert V, (Jeorge. Ill, 139 
 Hubert'v, Peter, HI, 139 
 Huck School, I, 390 
 Hudson, Arthur J., H, 206 
 Hudson, David, I, 47 
 Hudson, W. N., I, 412 
 Huggins, Blanche. I. 364 
 Hughes. Arthur. I, 710 
 Hughes, Ernest. Ill, 227 
 Hughes Provision Companv, III, 228 
 Hughes, Sam T.. HI. 358 " 
 Hughes. William. I. 713 
 Hulett Car Dumper Machine, III, 131 
 Hulett George H., HI, 130 
 Hulett. Ralph M., II, 267 
 Hull, .lohn B.. H. 419 
 Hulligan, William H., I, 275 
 Humphrev. Dudlev S.. Ill, 331 
 Humphrey. Van R., I, 197 
 Hungarian Bene Jeshurum, I, 616 
 Hungarians in Cleveland, I, 620 
 Hungerford, Florence A., I, 384 
 
 Hunt, Chester W., Ill, 303 
 Hunt. Edward P.. HI, 177 
 Hunt, Marv R., HI, 178 
 jhuit. Xatl'ian. I. 453 
 Hunt. William H., II, 456 
 lluntiufiton, (ieorge C, I, 205 
 Huntington, .John, I, 258, 505; II, 8 
 Huntington, Mrs. John. I, 290 
 Huntington. Sanuiel. I, 47, 48, 57, 61, 
 
 03, 68, 72, 74, 75, 496, 503, 521, 527", 
 
 689 
 Huntington (Samuel) diary, I, 48 
 llurd. .lov .S.. Ill, 247 
 llurlbut. 11. B., I, 565 
 Hurllmt. John E., I, 258 
 Huron Road Hospital, I, 549 
 Hussev, Richard, I. 568 
 Huston, Arthur J., Ill, 441 
 llutchings. Samuel, I, 129 
 Hutcliins. John ('., I, 511, 519; II, 57 
 Hutchinson. Hubbard C, II, 383 
 Hutson Coal Company, III, 87 
 Hvatt, Harrv C, I. 446 
 Hvde, Arthur G., II, 247 
 Hvde, Elisha, I, 7 
 Hyde. Wilbur H.. Ill, 297 
 llvdraulic Pressed .Steel Company, HI, 
 
 '371 
 Hvre, Alonzo E., I, 713 
 Hyre, Sarah E., I, 376, 384 
 
 Ice Plant Ordinance, III, 460 
 
 Ideal Tire and Rubber Company, The, 
 II, 189, 212 
 
 Illustrations (see also Maps and Por- 
 traits) : Moses Cleaveland's Com- 
 mission, I, 13; The Buckeye House, 
 38; Cleveland in 1800, 46; Judge 
 Kingsbury's House. 71; First Court- 
 house. 93; Franklin House, 1825, 
 103; Old Trinity Church. 1828-29; 
 106; .St. .John's Clmrch, 1828-29, 107; 
 Alfred Kelley's Home. 109; Commer- 
 cial Bank C^heck. Ill; Bank Note, 
 111; Shinplasters, 113; Cleveland's 
 First Schoolhouse, 115; First Num- 
 ber of the "Cleaveland Gazette 
 and Commercial Register." 117; 
 Walk-in-the-Watcr. 120; A Present 
 Day JIamnioth of the Lake, 121; 
 First Number of the "Cleaveland 
 Herald," 122; Old Weddell House, 
 124; Euclid (Collamer) Presbyterian 
 Church, 127; Doan's Corners Congre- 
 gational Church, 127; Old Stone 
 Church. 128; The Academy Building, 
 131; Harvev Rice Monument. 134; 
 The Second Courthouse, 1828-1858, 
 137; First Number of the "Cleveland 
 
 Advertiser." 140: Runaway Slave Ad- 
 vertisement, 150; Cleveland in 1833, 
 152: First Baptist Church, 153; 
 Cleveland from Court House in
 
 xxxvm 
 
 INDEX 
 
 1834, 156; Columbus Street Bridge, 
 176; Directory of Cleveland and 
 Ohio City. 185; First Catholic 
 Church, 187; Western Reserve Real 
 Estate Association Notes, 191; Bank 
 of Cleveland Xote, 191; 'The Cleve- 
 land Liberalist," 192; Ohio Canal 
 Packets and Fast Stage Line, 196; 
 First Number of the "Cleaveland Ga- 
 zette and Commercial Register." 117; 
 Ohio Railroad Company Notes, 203; 
 Home of Doctor Kirtland, 207; 
 Stoekley's Pier. 215; Cleveland in 
 1853, 225; New England House, 238; 
 Northrop and Spangler Block. 231; 
 Strickland Block, 232; The Court- 
 house in 1885. 235; The Perry Monu- 
 ment. 243; Superior Street in 1865, 
 248; Northern Ohio Fair Grounds, 
 252; A City Hall that Was Not 
 Built, 254; The Old Workhouse. 255; 
 The 'Old Union Clubhouse. 259; On 
 the Lake Front. 263 ; Bank Street, 
 1868. 264; Academy of Music, 264; 
 Forest City Hall, 1875, 265; City 
 House, 1876, 266; Moses Cleaveland 
 Statue, 370; Garfield Memorial, 272; 
 Interior of Garfield Monument. 273; 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, 
 284; Old Postoffice, 286; Centennial 
 Log Cabin, 292; Centennial Arcli, 
 295; Bicycle Parade, 297; Wheel- 
 men's Day Crowd, 397; Early Set- 
 tlers at the Log Cabin, 398; Camp 
 Perry-Payne, 300; Pioneer Parade, 
 301; Put-in-Bay Memorial, 303; 
 Perry Day Parade, 304; Flag Pres- 
 entation to Volunteers for Cuba, 
 316; Tom Johnson Statue in the 
 Public Square, 319; East Ohio Gas 
 Company's Building, 327; Moses 
 Cleaveland's Memorial at Canter- 
 bury, 330; The Day Before the 
 Launching, 335; Tlie Niagara Enter- 
 ing Cleveland Harbor, 336; Prospect 
 School, 345; West High School, 359; 
 East Cleveland Central School. 363; 
 New Central High School, 307; East 
 Technical High .School, 385; West 
 Technical Higli School. 3S5; Empire 
 School. 387; llazcldell School, 390; 
 The Main Building, Adelbert College, 
 390; Adelbert College Campus. 397; 
 Main Building of the Case School 
 of Applied .Science, 399; The Uni- 
 versity .School Building. 403; St. 
 Ignatius College Building. 406; 
 Western Reserve HiHtorical Society's 
 Building on the T'ublic .'8<|uare. 4 111; 
 Historical Society Building of To- 
 day, 416; Library liuilding of 1879. 
 41 H; Elevation of the Coming Pub- 
 lic Library Building, 420; I'ublic 
 
 Branch Libraries, 423; The City Hall 
 of Today. 430; Fires Always Wait- 
 ing for the Lumber District, 443; 
 Public Square, Showing Superior and 
 Euclid Avenues, 450; Residences on 
 Euclid Heights. 451; The New High 
 Level Bridge, 458; Superior Avenue, 
 Looking East from the Square. 463; 
 Euclid Avenue Business Section 
 Looking West, 463 ; Rocky River 
 Bridge and Its Concrete Span. 464; 
 The Federal Building. 468; Doan 
 Brook, Gordon Park, 480; Along the 
 Canal, 480; Centaur Lake and Mu- 
 seum of Art, 482; Entrance to Edge- 
 water Park, 485; Municipal Bath 
 House. 485: Cliffs and Bridges at 
 Brookside, 486; West Side Municipal 
 Market House. 492; Present County 
 Courthouse. 495; St. Alexis Hospital. 
 547; County Infirmary at Warrens- 
 ville. 548; " Saengerfest Hall. 563; 
 Cleveland Museum of Art in Wade 
 Park. 564; The Cleveland School of 
 Art. 564: The Arkites. 570; Trinity 
 Cathedral. 599: In Lake View Cem"- 
 etery. Showing the Garfield Memorial, 
 627; Perkins Block, 637; Northwest 
 Corner of Superior Avenue and Sen- 
 eca Street, 638 ; Y. M. C. A. Building 
 (1875), 639; Y. M. C. A. Building on 
 Euclid Avenue and East Fourth 
 Street, 640; Y. M. C. A. Building 
 (1891), 641; Y. M. C. A. Building 
 (19J8), 645; Naval Recruits in Y. M. 
 C. A. Building, 646: Y. W. C. A. 
 Building (1918). 650; Dining Room 
 of the Y. W. C. A.. 651; Slimmer 
 Camji of the Y. W. C. A., f.52: Fifth 
 Ohio Infantry in the .Stadium at El 
 Paso. Texas. 663; Central Armory, 
 664; Lakeside Hospital (War Unit 
 No. 4), 673; Iron Ore Docks of the 
 Present, 695; The Union Club House, 
 703; Cuyahoga River Scene. 705; 
 (Cleveland Home of the Oil King. 715; 
 The Koikcfcller and Andrews Build- 
 ing, 717; .Standard Oil Works in 
 Cleveland. I. 721. 
 Iiulcpendent Monteliore Shelter Home, 
 
 1. 616 
 Independent Protestant Evangelical 
 
 Church. I. 005 
 Indian land claims. I. 15, 69, 171 
 "Indian Trails" (Whittlesey). I, 171 
 Indian Treaty. I. 69 
 Industrial Welfare tympany, III. 182 
 Inihistries (see also Manufactures): In 
 1837. 1. 193; of Cuyahoga county in 
 1840. 209: of 1840 and 1860. 693." 
 Ingersoll. Alvan V.. I. 530; II. 337 
 Ingersoll. .lonathan E.. II, 336 
 Ingham. Mary B.. I, 383, 389, 296, 306
 
 INDEX 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Tiisiahnm, Timothy, I, 208 
 Iiiitintivc ami ri'lcrcnduiii. III, 271 
 Insolvi'iicy ami juvenile court, I, 520 
 liiter-dcnoniiiiational exchange of pas- 
 tors. I, 633 
 Interstate Foundry Co., III. 290 
 Interurban .service (see Street Cars) 
 Investment Securities Company. II, 385 
 Investors Mortgage Conipanv, The, 11, 
 
 209 
 Ireland, Joseph, I, 413 
 Ireland. Mrs. Robert L.. I, 625; HI, 384 
 Irelanil. Robert L.. Ill, 384 
 Irish Catholics, I, 614 
 Iron, in, 40; first shipment. III. 41 
 Iron and steel industries (1890), I, 377 
 Iron city of the country. III. 40 
 Iron ind'ustries (1865). "l, 348 
 Iron manufacturing center. Ill, 2 
 Iron Ore Docks of the Present (illus- 
 tration), I, 695 
 Iron ore, first received, I, 226; trade 
 (1865), 247; traffic, 376; commerce, 
 338; movements (1876, 1896, 1917), 
 704. 
 Iron ship, first, I, 250 
 Iron steamer. III, 38 
 "Iron Trade Review," I, 693 
 Irving .Street Society, I, 601 
 Irwin. Robert B.. I. 384, 394 
 Irwin. William W., I, 503 
 Italian Hall, I, 265 
 Italians in Cleveland, I, 630 
 
 Jackson, B. W., I, 378, 380 
 
 Jackson Iron Company, II. 415 
 
 Jackson. James F.. I." 633; III. 328 
 
 Jacobi, Stella Ml. Haves. II, 540 
 
 JafTa, Eva L., Ill, 353 
 
 Jaglinski, Joseph P., HI, 45 
 
 James, David R.. HI, 412 
 
 James. Henrv .M.. 1. 362. 363 
 
 Jamieson, Frank T.. Ill, 291 
 
 Janes, Edwin H., HI, 399 
 
 Janes, Julius F., II. 131 
 
 Jared, I^uis W., IH, 453 
 
 Jasienski, John F., II, 411 
 
 Jeavons, Albert N., 11, 435 
 
 Jeavons, William R., Ill, 489 
 
 Jefferson avenue bridge, I, 455 
 
 Jefferson Park, 490 
 
 Jenkins, J. Verne. Ill, 14 
 
 Jenkins. W. 0.. I. 544 
 
 Jennings Avenue Evangelical church, I, 
 606 
 
 .Tennings, David .T., HI. 17 
 
 Jennings, John G., I, 710, 711; III, 33 
 
 Jennings Sanitary Milk Bottle Com- 
 pany, The. IH, 'l7 
 
 Jerka." Joseph P.. HI. 155 
 
 Jerome. Frank J.. Ill, 38 
 
 Jewett, Cyrus A., III. 93 
 
 Jewett, John H., Ill, 272 
 
 .lewish congregations. I, 615 
 
 .Icwish Orphan Asvluni. 1, 616, 633 
 
 ■Mcwish World," 11, 386 
 
 .lohns, S. CD., Ill, 361 
 
 .Johnson, Crisfield, I, 31 
 
 .lohnson, Frank D., IH, 51 
 
 Johnson, George C, HI, 301 
 
 Johnson, H. H., I, 709 
 
 .lohnson, Henrv J., II, 482 
 
 .lolmson, John'F.. IH, 440 
 
 .Iohns(m. Levi. I. 78», (portrait) 79; 94, 
 
 98. 120, 504; II, 146 
 .lohnson, Levi A., H, 149 
 .lohnson, L. D.. I. 208 
 Johnson. M. B.. I, 677 
 J(.hnson, Mayor, era. I, 317-31 
 .Johnson, Philander L.. II, 149 
 .lohnson. Robert C, I, 7 
 .lohnson, Russell V.. 1, 447 
 .lohnson, Samuel W., I, 8 
 .Johnson, Tom L., I, 333, 317, 318, 339, 
 
 380. 440. 442. 489; II, 479; III, 461 
 •lohnston. .lames. I, 7 
 J(,nes. Asa W., I. 289 
 .lones Avenue Congregational church, I, 
 
 601 
 Jones, Dave R., HI. 333 
 Jones, G. J.. I. 546 
 Jones, George W.. Ill, 383 
 .Jones, Howard G., Ill, 98 
 Jones, J. D., I, 544 
 Jones, J. Horace HI. 310 
 Jones, J. Powell, I. 384 
 Jones, James M.. I, 260, 510, 511, 532 
 Jones, John, I. 333 
 .Jones, Louis H.. I, 303. 376, 378 
 Jones. Norton T., HI, 377 
 .Jones, Paul D., H, 357 
 .Jones. R. G.. I. 384 
 .Jones, Ralph J.. HI, 344 
 Jones, Robert F., I, 378 
 Jones, .Samuel, I. 70, 94 
 .Jones. Thomas. .Jr.. I. 258 
 Joseph. Emil, I, 425 
 Joseph, Isaac, II, 322 
 Joseph, Moritz. II. 321 
 .Joyce. Adrian D.. II. 494 
 Judd. Bernard A., IIL 317 
 Judd. J. Frank, .Jr., HI, 197 
 .Judd, William, I, 7 
 .Judges (see Bench and Bar) 
 Juncker. H. D., I, 608 
 .Junction Railroad, I, 313 
 Junior high schools, I, 383 
 Justh, Louis G., II, 438 
 .lustices of the Peace, I, 494 
 Juvenile court, I, 520, 536 
 
 Kaiser, Peter H., I. 532, 536' 
 Kalina, Procop V., HI, 335 
 Kalish, Abram A.. Ill, 129 
 Kalsch, .John, Jr., Ill, 446 
 Karaerer, Edwin A., II, 526
 
 xl 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Kane. \V. A., I, 410 
 
 ■Kant Krack" products, III, 43 
 
 Kassiilker, Paul G., II. 161 
 
 Kaufman, Albert H.. III. 321 
 
 Kavanagh. Francis B.. Ill, 480 
 
 Kayler. George W., II, 563 
 
 Kaynee Company, The, III, 134 
 
 Kean, .Jeflerson R.. I, 673 
 
 Kearns, ilichael F.. III. 419 
 
 Keating. Michael C. III. 413 
 
 Kedslie, F. T., I, 713 
 
 Keeler, Harriet L., I, 344, 363, 379, 581" 
 
 Keenan, Joseph B., 11, 377 
 
 Keep. John, I, 139 
 
 .Keese. Philip H., Ill, 378 
 
 Keffer, John, III, 296 
 
 Keiser, Forrest E., Ill, 283 
 
 Keith, Myron R., I, 520 
 
 Keller, Henrv G., I, 565 
 
 Kellev. Alfred I. 81, 85*, (portrait) 86; 
 
 91.' 92, 94, 98, 100, 108, 109, 110, 157, 
 
 168, 212, 314, 317, 501, 502. 503, 504, 
 
 692: II. 11 
 Kellev art galleries. I. 565 
 KelleV, Daniel. I, 100; II. 10 
 Kellev. Uatus. I. 89*. 149 
 "Kelley Family History." I. 108 
 Kelley". Hermo'n A., I. 90; II, 9 
 Kelley, Horace, II. 8 
 Kellev, Irad. I, 568 
 Kelley, Madison, I, 141, 346, 348. 585 
 Kellev, Moses, I, 157, 163, 166*, (por- 
 
 tra'it) 167; 208 
 Kelley-Perkins Play Ground, I, 491 
 Kellev, Samuel W.! I, 550* ; III, 389 
 KelleV. Thomas, I, 157, 565 
 Kelley, Thomas M., I, 568 
 Kellev's (Alfred) Home (illustration). 
 
 I. 109 
 Kelley's Island. I. 89; TI. 9 
 Kellev's large stone house, I, 108 
 Kellman. John. Ill, 337 
 Kellogg, David, I, 74 
 Kellv. Daniel, I, 55 
 Kelly. Frank A, II, 340 
 Kellv, Frank H., I, 519 
 Kelly. John T.. II. 213 
 Kelly Springfield Tiro Company, III, 60 
 Kcls'cv. Lorenzo A.. I, 179, 213 
 Kendill Mrs. F. A.. I, 372, 290, 310 
 Kendrick. 0. C, I, 364 
 Keniian. ('. I.,., 311 
 Kennard House, I. 341 ; II, 154 
 Kennard's school, I, 390 
 Kennedy, diaries K.. I. 425, 587, 592 
 Kennedy, James, I, 592 
 Kennedy, James H., I, 580* 
 Kennedy, Thomas M., I. 511, 512; III. 
 
 514 
 Kenney. William A.. I. 446 
 Kentucky reservoir abandoned, I. 435 
 Kentucky school, I, 390; III. 129 
 Kentucky Street school. I. 356 
 Kerns, Theodore I.. II. ."i.'ll 
 
 Kerr. Clarence V., III. 137 
 
 Kerr. Levi. I. 400 
 
 Kerruish, Sheldon Q., II, 161 
 
 Kerruish, William S., I, 428; H, 160 
 
 Keyes. M. J., I, 336 
 
 Kiefer, Henry, I, 711 
 
 Kilbourne, George, I. 74 
 
 Kilbv. Daniel J., Ill, 389 
 
 Kilby, .Joseph F., Ill, 388 
 
 Kilbv JIanufacturing Conipanv. 111,388 
 
 Kimball. Anna W.. 111. 365 " 
 
 Kimball. Jlrs. S. H., I, 563 
 
 Kimberly. Robert L., I, 659 
 
 Kimniel," Daniel D.. III. 115 
 
 King, Albert E., Ill, 176 
 
 King. David, I, 7 
 
 King, Ebenezer, Jr., I, 7 
 
 King Iron Bridge Company, I, 459 
 
 King. John A., II, 556 
 
 King, Ralph. I, 415. 417 
 
 Kingsbury. James. I. 33. 43, 51. 60, 63, 
 
 (portra'it) 64: 67, 74, 75, 98, 495 
 Kingsbury Run Park, I, 489, 491 
 Kingsbury Run viaduct, I, 460 
 Kingsbury's House (illustration), I, 71 
 Kingsland, ,T. S.. I, 412 
 Kingsley, Charles W., Ill, 237 
 Kingsley, George T., I, 188 
 Kingsley, Henry C, I, 555 
 Kingsley. Herbert B.. III. 64 
 Kingsley. Hiram F.. III. 64 
 Kinney." Frank A., Ill, 430 
 Kinney, (ieorge W., I, 288, 709. 710 
 Kinsman school, I. 390 
 Kinsman street. I. 450 
 Kinsnutn Street Railway Company, I, 
 
 341 
 Kirby, Ephraim. I. 7. 8 
 Kirk", (ieorge. I. 180, 184. 305 
 Kirkpatrick. John H.. 11. 501 
 Kirtland. Jared P. (portrait), I, 306*; 
 
 504. 543. 555 
 Kirtland (.Tared P.) Home (illustra- 
 tion). I. 207 
 Kirtland Society of Natural Science, I, 
 
 555 
 Kirtland. Turhand. I, 44. 51. 75 
 Kirtland (Turliaiul) letters, I, 44 
 Kiser. Samuel K.. I. 593 
 Kissani. Wilmot H., Ill, 385 
 Kitchen, Mrs. H. W., I. 311 
 Kittredge. Lewis IT., HI, 30 
 Klaus. Fred R.. ITT. 404 
 Klaw & Krlanger, HI, 545 
 Kleinman, S. TI.. Ill, 268 
 Klemm. Louis R.. I. 362 
 Kline, Mrs. Virgil I'., I, 310 
 Kline. Virgil P.. I, 260, 532, 533, 536*; 
 
 II. 13 
 Kling. John A., 1, 671 
 Kling. Louis A., TIT. 44.'> 
 KloBsen. Harry J.. ITT, 19S 
 Klumph, Arcli, T, 684, 685, 710; 11, 
 
 481
 
 INDEX 
 
 xli 
 
 Kimpp, TIarry B., II, 530 
 
 Knight, Thomas A., Ill, 81 
 
 Knights of Columbus, I, 625 
 
 Knirk. Curl F., HI. 295 
 
 Knowlton, \V. A., I, 544 
 
 Koch & BacrwaUlc Mauufiicturiiig 
 
 Company. HI. 318 
 Koch, Frocl C. Ill, 218 
 Koch, George H., I, 710 
 Koch, George D., II, 54fi 
 Koch, George D. & Son Company, 11. 
 
 546 
 Koebler. William. HI. 180 
 Koelliker. Goijrge 1'.. II, 35" 
 Kohn, Joseph, III, 460 
 Kohn, iSolomon. HI, 459 
 Kolbe, George .\.. I. 500 
 Komlos, Emerv H., HI. 529 
 Kortan, K.hvanl .1.. Ill, .440 
 Kramer, Samuel K.. I, 448 
 Kraus, Alexander S., II. 351 
 Kraus. J. R.. I, 710 
 Krause, Frank S., Ill, 524 
 Krause, Lester L.. III. 170 
 Krauss, Herman D.. Ill, 348 
 Kreps, John E., Ill, 324 
 Kroehle, Albert K.. III. 487 
 Kroehle. Paul E., IH. 135, 
 KroU, Herman K.. HI, 424 
 Krug, Joseph, I, 375 
 Knise, Alfred C, III, 336 
 Kuhlman, G. C. Car Company, III, 445 
 Kujaw ski. Leon A.. II, 245 
 Kundt/., Theodor. III. 406 
 Kundtz, Theodor. Company, III, 407 
 Kysela, Frank, HI, 181 
 Kyscla, Joseph A.. HI. 181 
 K. & M. Brass and Aluminum Castings 
 
 Company, III, 441 
 
 Lafayette, coach, II. 356 
 
 Laganke. Charles F., Ill, 74 
 
 Lake Erie Builders Supply Company, 
 
 in, 155 
 Lake Erie Telegraph Company, I, 213 
 Lake Front (illustration), I. 263 
 Lake Front litisation. II. 83 
 Lake Front Park. I, 491 
 Lake Shore Banking & Trust Company, 
 
 III, 320 
 Lake Shore Moving and Storage Com- 
 pany. Ill, 343 
 Lakeside Base Hospital Unit. I, 672 
 Lakeside Hospital, I, 471, 548 
 Lakeside Hospital Unit, III, 536 
 Lakeside Hospital (War Unit No. 4) 
 
 (illustration), I, 073 
 I^ke (Watterson Relief) school, I, 390 
 Lake Superior ore, first cargo of, IH, 2 
 Lake View Cemetery (showing Garfield 
 Memorial) (illustration), I. 627, 628 
 Lake View Park. I. 255. 479, 491 
 Lakewood Engineering Company, III, 
 375, 555 
 
 Lakewood Hospital, I, 549 
 
 Lamb. Daniel H.. I, 179, 211, 212 . 
 
 l.an\oreaux, Fred M., HI, 430 
 
 Lamson, Alfred W., I, 511 
 
 Lamson. Isaac P.. I. 710 
 
 Land. Alfred D.. Ill, 423 
 
 Land speculation in 183:!-35. I, 157 
 
 Lander. Frank K., I, 458 
 
 l.andon. Charles N.. H, 498 
 
 LandoM, Joseph, I. 20, 28, 32, 39 
 
 Lanilon school, I, 390 
 
 l.,ane. Edwin G., I, 662 
 
 Lang. Charles F.. Ill, 375 
 
 Lang. Lawrence H., HI, 303 
 
 Langston, Charles. I. 238 
 
 Lanza. Louis R., 11. 356 
 
 Lapp. Charles W., I. 713 
 
 Laronge. Joseph, IH, 351 
 
 Laronge, Joseph, Real Estate Company, 
 HI. 351 
 
 Latinu'r. Howard. III. 475 
 
 Latimer. Jay E.. III. 553 
 
 Laub. Jacob, HI. 369 
 
 Lanb. .lacob. Baking Company, III, 369 
 
 Law Department, I. 445 
 
 Law Library Association, I, 532 
 
 Lawn school, I, 390 
 
 Lawrence, A. G., I, 519 
 
 Lawrence, F. D., I. 713 
 
 Lawrence, James, II, 82 
 
 Lawrence, James H., Ill, 65 
 
 Lawrence. Keith, 11. 83 
 
 Lawyers (see Bench and Bar) 
 
 Lazarus. Myron E.. Ill, 63 
 
 Leader Brass Foundry & Manufactur- 
 ing Company, III, 267 
 
 Leader Printing Company (The). I, 591 
 
 Leading shipbuilding port, I, 249 
 
 LeBel, John D.. Ill, 522 
 
 LeBlond, C. H., II, 519 
 
 Lee, Mrs. H. J., I, 282, 311 
 
 Leech. William P.. I. 592 
 
 Lefkowitz. Isador. IH, 427 
 
 Leggett. Mortimer D.. I, 535* 
 
 Lehr, Adam. I. 563 
 
 Leibel. Jonas. HI. 437 
 
 I.einard. H. 0.. II, 483 
 
 Leland, C. P.. I, 258 
 
 Lemen. Tom. I, -205 
 
 Lemperly. Charles M., Ill, 363 
 
 Leonard. Bishop. I. 402 
 
 Leonard, William A., I, 290, 554, 596, 
 598 
 
 Leopold, A. F., I, 710 
 
 Lester, S. F., I. 709 
 
 Leutner. Winfred G.. Ill, 556 
 
 Leuty. Demaline, I. 710 
 
 Levi." Max. IH, 209 
 
 Levine. Manuel, I, 512 
 
 Levison. Emanuel, III, 416 
 
 Lewis, Alfred H.. II, 133 
 
 Lewis. Claude C, III, 287 
 
 Lewis, E. H., I, 217
 
 xlii 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Lewis Family, 11, 132 
 
 Lewis, George W., L 709 
 
 Lewis, Irving J., II, 134 
 
 Lewis Jewelry Company. Ill, 2S8 
 
 Lewis. Milford, III. 425 
 
 Lewis, Robert E., I, 642, 643, 677 
 
 Lewis, Sanford ,J., I. 213, 220, 226, 227 
 
 Lewis, Tracy H., 11, 135 
 
 Lewis, William E., II, 132, 135 
 
 Liberty loans. I, 679 
 
 Liberty Trucks, II, 205 
 
 Libraries. I. 572 
 
 Library Building of 1879 (illustration), 
 
 I, 4i8 
 Library Park, I, 489, 491 
 Library school. Western Reserve Uni- 
 versity. I, 398 
 Liebich, Arthur K. A., I, 663 
 Lieghlev. Per Lee A., I, 532; III, 47 
 Liggett", Clarence V., II, 842 
 Light Horse Troops, I, 656 
 Light house built, I, 138 
 Lighthouse street bridge, I, 454 
 Lincoln Fire Pioof Storage Company, 
 
 III, 475 
 Lincoln high school building, I, 377 
 Lincoln junior high school, I, 387 
 Lincoln school, I, 386, 391 
 Lincoln Square, I, 478, 491 
 Lincoln visits Cleveland, I, 345 
 Lind, James L.. I, 446 
 Linden. Hugo, I, 545 
 Lindcrman, J. C. W., I, 605 
 Lindsay, Hamilton L., III. 481 
 Lingenfelter. Horace D., HI, 113 
 l.ippincott. Gideon W„ HI, 497 
 Lister, Walter S., II, 301 
 Litluumians in Cleveland, I, 631 
 Little, Bascom, I. 669, 709 
 Little. Mrs. George W., I. 382 
 Little Sisters of the Poor (Homo for 
 
 the Aged), I, 610 
 Live stock trade (1865), I, 248 
 Loan sharks. II, 159 
 Local militia. I. 66 
 Locher, Milton L.. II, 200 
 Locke. David R., I. 586 
 Locomotive Engineers' Mutual Life and 
 
 Accident Ins\irance Association. II, 
 
 442 
 Locomotive, first maiiut'aclurcil in the 
 
 West. I, 691 
 Locomotive works, first western, I, 159 
 Loeb, Louis, I, 563 
 Loftus. Donald A., HI, 408 
 Logan, Andrew, I, 116 
 Logue, Joseph T., I, 511 
 Long. Clement, I, 395 
 Long, David, J, 83* ; portrait 84; 90, 
 
 urn, 109, 136. 151, 251, 539, 542; II, 
 
 321 
 U)iiK, Mrs. Dr., T, 656 
 Long. Theodore T.. HI. 103 
 
 Longwood High School of Commerce, I, 
 
 394 
 Longwood school, I, 391 
 Loomis, Elias, I, 395 
 Loomis, Henry T., II, 476 
 Loomis, Leroy H., II, 477 
 Loomis, Luther, I, 7 
 Loomis, Walter H.. HI. 398 
 Lorain & Cleveland Railway, I, 465 
 Loran-Huron bridge proposed, I, 461 
 Lord. Richard. I, 159, 173, 177, 178, 
 
 179. 210, 311 
 Lord. Samuel P., I. 8, 75, 171, 173 
 Lorenz, Carl, I, 435 
 Lougee. William S., II, 30 
 Love, William. I. 7 
 Lower, William E., Ill, 509 
 Lowry, Hugh F., Ill, 513 
 Loyola high school, I, 409 
 Luce. Frank W., I. 602; HI, 300 
 Ludlow, Arthur C, I, 378 
 Luetkemeyer Company, The, III, 505 
 Luetkemeyer, Edmund H., HI, 505 
 Lxietkemever, Gustave W., HI, 333 
 Luhr. John H., I, 614 
 Lukens, Mrs. O. A., I, 364 
 Luna Park, I, 476 
 Lutherans, I. • 605 
 Lyceum Theatre, II, 560 
 Lyke, Fred J., HI. 370 
 Lyman. William, I, 7 
 Lynch, Charles P., HI. 496 
 Lynch. Clara E., I, 394 
 Lynch, Frank. I, 660 
 Lynch. John S.. II. 387 
 Lynch, \'ictor C, II, 387 
 Lyon, Richard T., I, 348, 708, 709, 710 
 Lyons. .loseph H., HI, 345 
 Lyster, William N., I, 597 
 Lyttle, George II., HI, 270 
 
 Al. & M. Cninpany. 111. 301 
 
 :\lacCabe. Julius 'P. B., 1, 300 
 
 Madi. Henry L.. II, 455 
 
 :Macourek, Frank S., H, 514 
 
 Mahcr, Thomas K.. Ill, 138 
 
 Slail coaches. H. 414 
 
 -Mails lu 1S37, r, 198 
 
 Main Building, Adelbert College (illus- 
 tration). 1, 396 
 
 ^lain street .bridge, I. 455 
 
 Malleable iron foundry, first in Cleve- 
 land. 111. 7 
 
 .Mallorv. Itonnie L., TIL 339 
 
 Malloy. M. C. 1. 379, 280 
 
 Malm' Rudolf A., HI, 410 
 
 Malone. Mrs. M. J., I, 310 
 
 Mammoth of the Lake (illustration), 1, 
 121 
 
 Alanak, Frank C, III, 349 
 
 Alanehester, C, E., T. 305 
 
 :\Ianchester. Daniel W., f, 383, 414 
 
 :\lanheim, Samuel W., Ill, 307
 
 INDEX 
 
 xliii 
 
 Mmislield, J. C, I, 446 
 
 .MiiiitiT. X. H., I, 542 
 
 Miuiual training school opened (188G), 
 I. 372 
 
 Mamifiu'tnres, 1904-14. ]. 70;i 
 
 .Mamitiuturiii^ I'oiporation, lirst in 
 I'levelanil, I, 159 
 
 :Many, Frank B., III. I(i4 
 
 iiaps: iSoutlu'in New Kiij;lan(l, 1, 2; 
 The Location of New Conneotieut, 4; 
 SpaH'ord's Clevehind (17U0). 24;iSeth 
 Pease Clevehind (1796), 24; Connec- 
 ticut Western Keserve (1796), 27; 
 Windham I Conn.) County hy Town- 
 ships, 29; Oliio Counties in ISOO, 49; 
 Trumbull. County of, 1800, 51 ; 
 Spafford's Cleveland (1801), 59; 
 Cleaveland in 1814, 97; Cleveland 
 and Environs in ISaS. IflO; The Sec- 
 ond Plans for Cleveland Harbor 
 (1837), 172; Cleveland in 1853, 223; 
 Annexations to the Original Village, 
 1S29-1917, 25fi; Diagram of Grou]) 
 Plan of Public Buildings, 469; The 
 Cleveland Park Svstem, 475 
 
 Marble. Henry D.. III. 87 
 
 Marine tonnage (1892), I, 283 
 
 Marion Play Grouiul, I, 491 
 
 Marion school, 1, 391 
 
 -Markets, I, 430. 491 
 
 Marquette Iron Company, 1, 696 
 
 Marshall, George F., I, 287 
 
 Marshall. George JI., I, 586 
 
 ilarshall, George T., I, 217 
 
 .Marshall. Isaac H.. JI, 87 
 
 ilarshall. J. D.. I, 446 
 
 Martin, Daniel. I, 709 
 
 ilartin. Earl E., I, 593; III, 531 
 
 Martin, Franklin, I. 686. 687 
 
 Martin, George F., Ill, 498 
 
 Martin. .John T.. I. 447; HI, 111 
 
 Martin Luther National Slovak 
 church. I. 619 
 
 Martin. Thomas, I, 607 
 
 Marty, Albert H.. III. 281 
 
 Marvin, Charles A., II, 140 
 
 Marvin. Francis R., II, 140 
 
 Marvin, Ulysses L., II, 139 
 
 Maska. A. E.. I. 446 
 
 Maskell, R. T., III. 189 
 
 Mason. James. I. 260. 533 
 
 Mason. Owen M., III. 510 
 
 Massillon coal district. I, 699 
 
 Masten, Blanche C. II, 379 
 
 Masten. Frank S., II, 378 
 
 .Masters. Irvine U.. I. 233 
 
 Maternitv Hospital, I. 549 
 
 Mather, Flora S., I, 624 
 
 Mather, Mrs. Samuel. 1. 313, 314 
 
 Mather, Samuel, I. 402, 436, 677, 710; 
 UI, 1 
 
 Mather, Samuel H., I, 353, 354, 357, 635 
 
 Mather, Samuel, Jr., I, 7, 8 
 
 Mather, .^^amnel L., I, 598, 691 
 Mather. Samuel L., HI, 543 
 Jlatlicr. Samuel W., Ill, 275 
 .Mather. Thos., I, 12 
 Mather, Wm. (J., I, 417, 472 
 Matthew Smith Tea, Coll'ec & Grocery 
 
 Company, HI. 428 
 Mathews. James A., II, 229 
 Matzen, Herman N., I, 566 
 Mauldin, James L., Ill, 66 
 Maxa. Lewis, HI, 431 
 May. I). Todd. HI, 135 
 Mayflower School, I, 354, 391 
 Maynard. AUeyne, I, 357, 571 
 Mayor's Advisory War Committee, I, 
 
 680 
 Mayor Johnson era, I, 317-31 
 Mayor's War Advisory Board, I, 676 
 ilciiane. Alexander, I, 384 
 :\IcBride. Herbert, III, 519 
 McBride, John H., I, 402; III, 518 
 McBride, Leander, IH, 546 
 McBride, Malcolm L., I, 402, 671 
 McCashen, James F., HI, 326 
 McCausland. Benjamin W., HI, 172 
 McClure, Joseph C, III, 334 
 McClure, Samuel G., I. 289 
 McClure. Walter, II. 106 
 McConnell, George T., I, 662 
 McConnell. William. I, 506 
 McCormack, Frank W., HI, 214 
 McCormick, C. W., 1, 380 
 McCornack, Walter R., I, 384 
 McCowatt. Walter R., I, 599 
 McCrea, James B., Ill, 188 
 McDole. Nathan K., I. 220. 226, 227 
 McDonald. Roy A., HI, 62 
 McElroy. James, I, 597 
 McFadden. James A., II, 500 
 :McFadden. Wayne S., Ill, 133 
 .Mc(iattin. Alexander, I, 623 
 McGannon. William H., I, 447, 519; III, 
 
 141 
 McGee, John B., I, 552 
 McGeorge. Ernest. II, 520 
 McGcorge. John. II, 520 
 McGlu'ei Edward W.. II, 142 
 McGorray, J. V., I, 711 
 McGowai'i. F. S., I, 648 
 McGrath. John. H, 484 
 McHenry, James, I, 380 
 Mcllratli, Benson, HI, 537 
 Mcllvaine, Cliarles P., I, 597 
 Mcintosh, Alexander, II, 16 
 Mclntosli. Donald. I, 541, 542 
 Mcintosh. George T., I, 709; II, 17 
 Mclntosli. Henry P., H, 17 
 Mcintosh. Henry P., Jr., II, 18 
 Mclntvre. Seward B., HI, 409 
 Mclsaac, Frederick H.. Ill, 220 
 McKay. Edward C, 11, 348 
 McKay. George A., II, 346 
 McKav. George R., II, 384
 
 xliv 
 
 INDEX 
 
 JIcKay, Robert H., 11, 178 
 McKearnev, William A., 1, 60, ; HI. 206 
 McKee. Henry H., II, o33 
 McKenney, Patrick J.. I, 2.8, 280 
 MeKinlev, William, I, 293, 294, 466, 
 
 659: II, 25 
 McKinneV. Henry, I, 511 
 McKinney. Price, I, 417 
 McKisson, Robert E., 1, 233, 263, 288, 
 
 •>89 291, 292, 303, 316, 435 
 McLaren, William EI, 586, 598 
 McLaiichlan, Mrs. William, I, 313, 314 
 McLaughlin, Peter, I, 608 
 AIcLean, David, I, 711 
 McLean, John C, IH, 300 
 McLean. John, I, 505 
 McLean. William, I. 129, 131 
 McMahon, Walter, I, 447 
 McManus, Thomas J., I. 428 
 McMaster, Harry W., HI, 266 
 McMath, J. H., I, 511 
 McMichael, Stanley L., II,. 79 
 McMorris, William H., II, 334 
 McNairy, Amos B., I, 709 
 McNamara, Andrew J., Hi. -^o^ 
 McNamara, William J., Ill, 67 
 McNaughton, William E., II, 239 
 McNultv Bros. Co., Ill, 237 
 McQuigg, John R., I, 662. 669'; III, 515 
 Meacham, Roland T.. II, 48 
 Meade, Franklin B.. I, 467; III, 507 
 Meat curing by electricity, 111-67 
 Mechanical Rubber Company, The, HI, 
 
 405 
 Meckes. John, I, 710 
 Medill, Joseph. 1, 589 
 Meier, Louis. I, 713 
 Melaragno. Olindo G., HI, 318 
 Mellen, Lucius F., I, 128, 302, 624, 635 
 Melodeon Hall. I, 265 
 "Memorial Record of Cuyahoga Coun- 
 ty." I. 10 
 Memorial school. T, 391 
 'Memphis schoiil, 1, 391 
 Mendclson, Albert, 111, 134 
 Memielssohn Singing Society, 1, 501 
 Menning, Joseph, I, 448; III, 36b 
 Menompsy, I, 65 
 
 Mercantile National Bank, I, 689 
 Merchant, Ahaz. I, 118. 194, 450, 452 
 Merchant's Bank, I, C93 
 Merchants' Bank of Cleveland, I, 692 
 Merchant, Silas, I, 118, 353 _ 
 Merrell. George B., Ill, 346 
 Merriam, C. J., I, 657 
 Merriam, Joseph B.. I, 635. 639 
 Merrick. Frank J., HI. 171 
 Mersum, Mrs. George B., I, 220 
 Merville, Ernest E., II, 477 
 Merwin, David, I, 104 
 Merwin, George B., 1, 116. 181, 184 
 Merwin, Mrs. Noble H., I. 55 
 Merwin, Noble H., I, 103, 104 
 
 Metal Shop Manufacturing Company, 
 
 HI. 353 
 Metcalf, C. S., I. 447 
 Methodist Centenary, I, 603 
 Methodist church, first, I, 118 
 Methodist organizations, I, 601 
 Metropolitan police system organized, 
 
 I. 250 
 Mexican war, I, 656 
 Meyer, Edward S., I. 278 
 MeVer school, I, 391 
 Meyer, William, I, 247 
 Meyer, William L., I, 713 
 Michael, A. J.. I, 484 
 Michell, Frank A., HI. 555 
 Michell. Samuel B., II, 496 _ 
 Michelson, Albert A., I, 557" • 
 Milan State Road, I, 77 
 Miles and valuation of water works, 1, 
 
 438 
 Miles, Erastus, I, 109 
 Miles Park, I, 491 
 Miles Park Methodist Episcopal church, 
 
 I, 602 
 ]Miles Park, Newburg, I. 478 
 Miles Park Presbyterian church, 1, 600 
 Miles Park school, I, 391 
 Miles school, I, 391 
 Miles, Theodore, I, 568 
 Milford school, 1, 391 
 Milford, William, I, 194. 208, 707, 708 
 Military organizations effected (1877), 
 
 I. 268 
 Milk bottle, sanitary, III. 17 
 Mill school. I, 391 
 Millar, J. Hamilton, II, 524 
 Miller. Albin J., II, 543 
 Miller, Asher, I, 7 
 Miller, Bernard, I, 713 
 Miller. Burt A.. II, 200 
 Miller, t'harles H., I, 711 
 Miller. Charles R., I, 337; HI, 18 
 :Miller, Cloyd W., Ill, 136 
 Miller, George II., HI, 173 
 Miller. Hervey E., II, 297 
 Miller, Josejih K., I, 184 
 Miller. Otto, 1. 680 
 Miller, Pliny, II, 537 
 Miller. Sampson II.. H, 319 
 Miller, T. Clarke. I, 544 
 MillerWells Lumber Company. The, 
 
 III, 130 
 Milligan, John R,, HI. 23 
 Mills. Bert F.. HI, 519 
 Alills. Charles A., I, 601 
 Jlills, David W., HI, 1K4 
 iAIills. Joshua A.. I. 179, ISO, 181, 181, 
 
 2(>.-). 207, 210, 543, 543 
 Alinderliout, Christ, II, 530 
 Miner. Daniel. I, 502 
 Miner. George G., I. 660 
 Miskell. James T., I, 713 
 Mitchell, William R.. III. 465
 
 INDEX 
 
 xlv 
 
 Mizor. Conrad, I, 562 
 
 Mizpah ooiigregatioii. I. 018 
 
 Mock. Ralph D.. III. 372 
 
 Madt'in J^lcthods Si'liool L'oiinianv, II. 
 436 
 
 Modoc Park (Franklin Circle). I. 477 
 
 Mohrnian. Edwin JI.. III. 338 
 
 Holder, Henry M.. II. 493 
 
 Moldovan. Dion. Ill, 439 
 
 Monks. Thomas E., II. 39 
 
 Monks. Zerah C, II, 38 
 
 Monroe, James, III, LW 
 
 Monroe, William M.. III. 153 
 
 Monson. Hugh J.. It. 203 
 
 Monumental Park. I. 491 
 
 Mocmey. M. P.. 1. 680 
 
 Moore, Edward W.. III. 159 
 
 Moore. Edward Y., Ill, 214 
 
 Moran. Francis T., I, 336, 711 
 
 Moran, George F., I. 592 
 
 Moran. Joseph W., III. 361 
 
 Morgan. Charles. I, 276 
 
 Morgan, (^ifford J.. III. 3S0 
 
 .Morgan. Elias. I. 7 
 
 Morgan. Cilbcrt E.. II, 299 
 
 Morgan. Isham A.. I. 88. 92 
 
 Morgan. Robert D.. II. 175 
 
 Morgan. Robert M.. I. 513 
 
 Morgan. Victor. I. 593: II. 224 
 
 Morgan, Y. L., I. 87, 604 
 
 Morgan, Y'elverton P.. I, 598 
 
 Morganthaler. H. ^V., I, 662 
 
 Morison, David, I. 278; III, 201 
 
 Moritz, Albert. T, 446 
 
 Morley, Charles 11.. HI. 272 
 
 Morlev. Jlrs. Edward \V.. 1. 563 
 
 Morley. William E.. I. 557 
 
 "Morning Leader." Cleveland, III, 45 
 
 Morrill, Cordon N., Ill, 536 
 
 Morris, Clara. I. 566* 
 
 Morris Coal Company. TI, 274 
 
 Mofrow. James B., T. 592 
 
 Morrow. Thomas D., Ill, 211 
 
 Morse. Aaron P., I. 331 
 
 Morse. Frank H., I. 709; 111. 511 
 
 Morton. W. A.. I. 224 
 
 Mosel, Joseph H.. III. 269 
 
 Moses, Augustus L.. II, 186 
 
 Moses, Charles W., II, 186 
 
 Moses Cleaveland .Statue (illustration), 
 I. 370: 427. 466 
 
 Moses Cleaveland's Memorial at Can- 
 terbury (illustration). 1.330 
 
 Moses. Louis A.. II. 187 
 
 Moses. Nelson. II. 185 
 
 Mosher. C. F.. I, 593 
 
 Motor-drawn fire apparatus. I. 444 
 
 Moulton. Edwin F.. I. 375. 378 
 
 Moulton school. I. 391 
 
 Mound school, I, 391 
 
 Blount Sinai Hospital. I. 616 
 
 Mowe. .John V., III. 75 
 
 Mower, Samuel. I, 603 
 
 .Moylan. David. I. 447 
 
 Mt." Pleasant school, I. 391 
 
 Mmkley.' Henry C, I. 375 
 
 .Mueller. Ernst W., II, 546 
 
 Miieller. William C. II. 429 
 
 .Muhlhauser, Frank. Ill, 421 
 
 ■Muhlhauser, Frederick. III. 420 
 
 .Miilholland. Harry H., II. 490 
 
 .MuUigraph, III, 106 
 
 Municijial hath house, Edgewater Park 
 
 I. 485; (illustration) 486 
 Municipal Code of 1870, I, 432 
 Municipal c(nirt. I, 517 
 
 Muiiirlpal government by boards. I. 433 
 .M\inici|ml halls. I. 333. 470 
 .Municipal markets. 111. 460 
 Municipal ollicials of 1839-40, I, 207 
 Municipal Traction Company, I, 320, 
 
 321 
 Municipal war work. 1. 680 
 Municipal water works, first. I. 234 
 Munson. Titus V.. I. 26 
 Murdock. Marion. I. 306. 607 
 Murphv. Edmund A.. I. 713; III, 381 
 Murphy. John G.. Ill, 402 
 JIurray. Ebenezer. I. 77 
 Murray. Harvey, I. 92 
 Murray Hill school. 1. 391 
 Murray. John E.. III. 231 
 Murray. William P.. Ill, 35 
 Museum of Art, IT, 8 
 Music. I. 561 
 Musical composers, I. 503 
 .Musicians, I, 561 
 Mussun. William (i.. III. 532 
 Mustcrole Company, III. 173 
 Muth. W. F., Ill, 193 
 Myers. Walter C. III. 438 
 Myers. Walter E.. II. 143 
 Mygatt. George, I, 412 
 
 "Xasby" (see David R. Locke) 
 
 Xash. Atigustus. I. 643 
 
 Xash. William F., 111. 401 
 
 National Acme Comi)anj% III. 107, 4(>5 
 
 National .Armv. first death in. II. 227 
 
 Nat onal Bank Act of 1863. 11. 12 
 
 National Rronze & Aluminum Foundry 
 
 Company. Ill, 193 
 National Carbon Company. Ill, 154 
 N^ational City Bank, II, 137 
 National Commercial Bank, The, II, 
 
 194 
 National Conservation Commission, lit, 
 
 542 
 National ^ilalleable Castings Company, 
 
 II, 59. 292 
 
 National Railroad Men's Christian As- 
 sociation, I, 638 
 
 National Red Cross Society, Auxiliary 
 No. 40. I, 313 
 
 National Tool Company. II, 195 
 
 Native trees. II, 146
 
 xlvi 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Natural gas, I, 326 
 
 Nau, Carl H., Ill, 264 
 
 Naval Recruits in Y. M. C. A. Building 
 (illustration). I. 646 
 
 Neal, Arthur W., Ill, 132 
 
 Jfeal, Clarence J., I, 447, 713 
 
 Xeal Fireproof Storage Company, III, 
 132 
 
 Xeal Institute. Ill, 283 
 
 Needs. Samuel H.. II, 368 
 
 Netr. Clifford A., II, 80 
 
 Neff. Edward W. S.. II. 79 
 
 Neff. Elizabeth H., I, 554; III, 146 
 
 Neff', Frank H.. III. 131 
 
 Neff, Horace. II, 247 
 
 Netr, Mrs. W. B.. I, 200, 306, 554 
 
 Neff, William A., I, 258 
 
 Neff', William B., I. 511, 512; III, 146 
 
 Xelan, Charles, I, 593 
 
 Nelson, Andrew E., Ill, 238 
 
 Nesper, Arthur E., Ill, 161 
 
 Nettleship, George M.. Ill, 292 
 
 Neuberger, Jno.. I. 713 
 
 Nevin. Edwin H.. I. 601 
 
 New-, Harry. III. 54 
 
 Newark-Trent Play Ground. I. 491 
 
 Newberry, Henry, I, 693, 698 
 
 Newberry, John S., I, 231, 555'*, 636; 
 II, 295 
 
 Newberry. Roger. I, 8 
 
 Newberry. Spencer B.. II, 296 
 
 Newburg. I, 69, 98; in 1806, 72; vil- 
 lage annexed, 260 
 
 Nowburg Literary Society, I, 568 
 
 New Central High school building 
 (1878), I. 367. (illustration) 367 
 
 New City Hall. II. 20 
 
 New Connecticut (map). I, 4, 36-52 
 
 Newell, Charles E., II, 381 
 
 Newell. Clarence L.. II, 396 
 
 New-ell, Harry F.. II, 396 
 
 Newell. Lyman 0., I, 446; III. 486 
 
 New England House (illustration), I, 
 228 
 
 Ncwhall, Walter S., Ill, 20 
 
 New High Level Bridge (illustration), 
 I, 458 
 
 Newman. Arthur R.. II. 291 
 
 Newman, Charles IL, II, 379 
 
 Newman, Edward E., II, 432 
 
 Newman. Samuel, I, 477; III, 263 
 
 Newman, Thomas F., II. 425 
 
 New passenger depot, I, 249 
 
 "News and Herald." I. 591 
 
 Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home, I, 
 639 
 
 Newspapers. I. 116. 498, 583; "Cleavc- 
 land (fazettc and Commercial Regis- 
 ter." 116. 120; "Cleveland Herald" 
 founded. 121; "Cleveland Advertiser" 
 appears, 141: in 1837,190; firsl news- 
 paper not a Buccess, 582; "Cleveland 
 
 Herald" and Eben D. Howe, 583; 
 'Cleveland Plain Dealer," 584-89; The 
 west side produces newspaper, 589; 
 Young Edwin Cowles introduced, 
 589: Edwin Cowles. premier Cleve- 
 land journalist. 590; the present 
 "Cleveland News," 592; "Cleveland 
 Press" and Seripps-McRae League, 
 592; Cleveland newspaper tield as a 
 whole, 594 
 
 Newton. Thomas G.. HI. 26 
 
 Newton. William H., I, 212, 213. 214, 
 216 
 
 Niagara Day. Perry Centennial cele- 
 bration. I. "334 
 
 Niagara Entering Cleveland Harbor 
 (illustration). I. 336 
 
 Niagara. The Da.y Before the Launch- 
 ing (illustration). I, 335 
 
 Nichols. William M., II, 380 
 
 Nicholson. Ezra, HI, 512 
 
 Nicholson. E. Louis. Ill, 512 
 
 Nicholson Ship Log Manufacturing 
 Company, III. 512 
 
 Niedzwiedzki, Henry DuL., II, 231 
 
 Niehaus. Carl. I. 566 
 
 Nierath. John C, III. 58 
 
 Nierman. Robert G., III. 538 
 
 Nineteenth Medical District Society, I, 
 543 
 
 Noble. Henry L.. I, 107, 180. 184 
 
 Noble. Louis E.. II. 439 
 
 Nock. Charles H., II, 432 
 
 Noll. Edward A.. I. 662; II, 195 
 
 Norbcrg, Rudolph C, II, 445 
 
 Nord. Herman J.. II. 316 
 
 Normal High school. I, 365 
 
 Normal school. I. 366. 384 
 
 Norrington. Ralph M.. II. 375 
 
 Norris, Harry M.. II. 380 
 
 Norris. W. W., I, 446 
 
 North. Clare C, II, 207 
 
 North Congregational church. I. 618 
 
 Xorth Doan school. I, 391 
 
 North Electric Company, II, 560 
 
 North Highway (St. Clair street), I, 
 450 
 
 North Presbyterian church. I, 619 
 
 North Royal'ton. III. 193 
 
 Northern Ohio Fair Association. T. 251 
 
 Northern Ohio Fair Grounds (illustra- 
 tion), I, 252 
 
 Northern Ohio Traction system, I, 464 
 
 Northrop & Spangler Hlock (illustra- 
 tion). 1. 231 
 
 Norton. David Z.. I. 402. 417; III, 20 
 
 Norton, Elisha. T. 65, 70 
 
 Norton, (leorgic L.. I. 565 
 
 Norton, .Minor G.. I. 289 
 
 Nottingham school, I, 391 
 
 Xoville. lli^nry. II, 373 
 
 Nunn, Isidor C, III, 233
 
 INDEX 
 
 xlvii 
 
 Nunn, John I., I; 278, 280 
 
 Nunn, John I., Company, III, 234 
 
 Nutt, Willard L., Ill, 217 
 
 Oatman, W. G., 1, 189, 570 
 
 OberlinWt'llington rescue cases, I, 236- 
 41 
 
 O'Brien, Charles C. Ill, 84 
 
 O'Brien Hoisting & Contractin;; Com- 
 pany, 111. 84 
 
 O'Brien, .lolm, II, 2f..5 
 
 O'Brien. John E., Ill, 84 
 
 O'Brien, 1». C, I. 378, 280 
 
 Observation school, I, 365 
 
 Observation (Normal Training) school, 
 I, 391 
 
 O'Connor, James P. A., Ill, 366 
 
 O'Dwyer, Patrick, I, 608 
 
 Ograiii. Edward N., I, 662 
 
 "Ohio American," I, 589 
 
 Ohio and Cleveland cities incorporated, 
 I, 170 
 
 Ohio Association of Remedial Loan 
 Men, II, 346 
 
 Ohio becomes a state, T, 63 
 
 Ohio Building and Loan Company, III, 
 84 
 
 Ohio Business College, III, 394 
 
 Ohio Canal. IL 11, 13; III, 40 
 
 Ohio Canal T'ackets (reproduction of 
 advertisement I, I, 196 
 
 Ohio City, I, 174. 205; first election 
 (1836), 177: mayors of, 179; elec- 
 tion of 1839, 208; election of 1840. 
 208: officials, 1841-45. 310; Munici- 
 pal matters (1846-48), 212; Munici- 
 pal officers (1851), 215; municipal 
 officers (1851), 316: municipal offi- 
 cers 1852, 320: in 1853. 236; annexed-, 
 227; school-houses (1854), 355 
 
 ■'Ohio City Argus," I, 589 
 
 nliio Counties in 1800 (map), I, 49 
 
 Ohio Mutual Savings & Loan Com- 
 pany, III, 84 
 
 Ohio National Guard, I. 368 
 
 Ohio National Guard Jlilitary Train- 
 ing .School for Civilians, I. 664 
 
 Ohio Provision Company. Ill, 188 
 
 Ohio Railroad Company Notes (repro- 
 duction of), I. 303 
 
 Ohio Kailroad put to rest, I, 202 
 
 Ohio Rubber Company, III, 94 
 
 Ohio .State Bar Association, first presi- 
 dent, II, 554 
 
 Oils and paints, I, 699 
 
 Oil refining, I, 700 
 
 Old Bohemians. I. 563 
 
 Old Postoffice (illustration). I. 286 
 
 Old Stone church. I, 126: burned. I. 
 236: (illustration) 128, 600; U, 561; 
 III. 104 
 
 Old Trinity Church, 1828-29 (illustra- 
 tion), I, 106 
 
 Old I'nion Clubhouse (illustration), I, 
 
 259 
 Old Weddell House (illustration), I, 
 
 124 
 Old workhouse (illustration), I, 355 
 olds. Charles H., Ill, 4 
 Oliver. Raymond B., II, 403 
 Oliustcad. Frederick L., I, 467 
 Olmsted. Aaron, I, 8 
 Olnev. Charles, I, 565 
 OIncy. Charles F., I. 383, 467 
 Olstyii. Stanley J., II. 450 
 O'.Mic murder trial, I, 94 
 O'Mic sequel. I, 541 
 One Hundred Fifth street market, I, 
 
 491 
 Ong, Walter C, II. 60 
 Oppenheim, Leo, II, 320 
 Oram, John S., II. 305 
 Oram. Oscar T., II, 306 
 Orange Avciuie Play Ground, I, 491 
 Orchard school, I, 393 
 Ordinance to establish common schools, 
 
 I, 300 
 
 Ore, fiist cargo of Lake Superior, III, 
 2 
 
 O'Reilly, Thomas C, II, 91 
 
 O'Rourke Engineering Company, I, 458 
 
 Orphan Asylums, U, 262 
 
 Orth, Samuel P., I, 383, 580" 
 
 Osborn, Prank C, III, 554 
 
 Osborn, Henry C, II, 303 
 
 Osborn, Mrs. H. W., I, 311 
 
 Osborne, Archibald L., II, 435 
 
 Osmun, George. L 211, 312, 216, 217 
 
 Otis & Company, II, 31 
 
 Otis, Charles A.. I, 233, 592, 671, 680, 
 694, 709; II, 31 
 
 Otis, Charles A., Sr., H, 29 
 
 Otis Steel Company, I, 691; II, 29 
 
 Otis, William A.. 'l. 163, 164*; (por- 
 trait) 165; 237, 691, 693; II, 27 
 
 Otis, W. F., I, 709 
 
 Oul Building and Loan Association, HI, 
 349 
 
 "Our Young Men," I, 641 
 
 Outhwaite school, I, 393 
 
 Overbeke, Edward A.. Ill, 210 
 
 Overseership of the poor not wanted, I, 
 102 
 
 Oviatt, Luther M„ I, 359 
 
 Owen Tire & Rubber Company, III, 107 
 
 Owen, William C, III, 106 
 
 Pach, Oscar, III, 32 
 
 Pack. Charles L., I. 329, 709; III, 541 
 
 Packard-Cleveland Motor Company, II, 
 
 451 
 Packard, J. W., Ill, 474 
 Paddock. Martin L., I. 658 
 Paddock, Thomas S.. I. 657, 658 
 Paid fire department organized, I, 247 
 Paine, Charles A., I, 710; II, 137
 
 xlviii 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Paine, Charles C, I, 202 
 
 Paine, Charles W., II, 1G4 
 
 Paine, Edward. I, 29, 52, 62, 688 
 
 Paine, Jewett, I, 583 
 
 Paine, Robert F., I, 53, 509. 593 
 
 Painter, Mrs. Kenvon V.. I, 313, 314 
 
 Painter, W. 11.. I," 603 ' 
 
 Painters, I, 565 
 
 Paints, I, 699 
 
 Palmer, C. W.. I, 244, 456 
 
 Palmer, J. D., I. 247 
 
 Palmer, William P.. I. 246. 414, 415. 
 
 417; III. 5 
 Palmers-DeMooy Foundry Company, 
 
 III. 187 
 Panic of 1837. I. 201; 11, 11, 12; III, 
 
 39: of 1857. I. 236; of 1873. I. 261 
 Pankhurst. John F.. I. 484; UI. 251 
 Pardee, James T.. I. 453 
 Park Commissioners, first board of, I. 
 
 255 
 Parker. Charles. I. 26 
 Parkman. Robert B., I. 504 
 Parks, I, 474-91; popularized, 489; sta- 
 tistically considered, 490 
 Parks and public property department, 
 
 I, 446 
 Parks, Horace F., II, 228 
 Parks, Leonard B., II, 227 
 Parks. Sheldon. II. 227 
 Parkwood school. I. 392 
 Parmely, Benjamin, I. 447 
 Parsons, Ernest P.. III. 42 
 Parsons, Fred W., III. 23 
 Parsons. Richard C, I. 227. 262. 287, 
 
 427. 530', 584 
 Passenger depot. I. 249 
 Paton. .James L.. III. 316 
 I'aton. Robert W.. II. 434 
 Paton. Willis U., HI, 78 
 Patterson, Charles A.. II. 298 
 Patterson. William D., I. 255 
 Paul. Hosea. I, 448; II, 92 
 Payne avenue, I. 450 
 Payne, Henry B., I. 141*; (portrait) 
 
 142; 181, 212, 217, 224, 258, 350, 400, 
 
 507, 527, 531 
 Paviie, Nathan !>., I. 233, 357 
 Payne, Oliver 11.. 1, 659 
 Pearl school, I, 392 
 Pearson, A. J.. I, 512 
 Pearson, Eleanor McK. R., III. 447 
 Pease, Calvin, I, 504, 505 
 Pease Map of Cleveland (1796), I, 24 
 Pease, Setli. I. 12, 17, 32, 26, 28, 31. 
 
 40 
 Pease (Setlil Journal. I. 32, 40 
 Pease (Seth) Survey of 1797, I, 31-33 
 Pease, Sheldon, I. 157 
 Peck EnKraving Company. HI. 413 
 Peck, Eugene C, II, 425" 
 Peck, Frank A.. II. 307 
 Peck, John A., Ill, 412 
 
 Peck. Joseph H., I. 643 
 
 Peckham, George G. G., II, 440 
 
 Peek, Allen B., Ill, 343 
 
 Peerless Motor Car Company, HI, '31 
 
 Peet, David, I, 143 
 
 Peet. Lewis, I, 568 
 
 Pelton, Frederick W., I, 233 
 
 Pelton Park. I. 479 
 
 Pelton. Thirsa, I. 479 
 
 Penfield. Rose. HI. 448 
 
 Penfield. Suela. HI. 448 
 
 Pennewell. C. E.. I, 533 
 
 Pennock, Alvin C III, 558 
 
 Pennsylvania Rubber & Supply Com- 
 pany, III. 160 
 
 Percy. Frank E., HI. 322 
 
 Perfection Spring Company, II, 199 
 
 Perkins Block (illustration). I, 637 
 
 Perkins, Douglas. I, 414, 417 
 
 Perkins. Emma. I, 376 
 
 Perkins. Emma M.. HI, 195 
 
 Perkins. Edwin R.. I, 412; HI. 15 
 
 Perkins, Edwin R,, Jr., III. 16 
 
 Perkins. I^noch. I. 8 
 
 Perkins. Harry B., HI. 359 
 
 Perkins. Henry B.. I. 414. 624 
 
 Perkins. .Jacob B.. I. 291. 414. 417 
 
 Perkins. Joseph 1, 400, 412, 572 
 
 Perkins, Simon. I, 93 
 
 Permanent Products Company, HI, 227 
 
 Perrin. John W.. II, 219 
 
 Perrine, William E.. II. 283 
 
 Perry Centennial celebration. I, 334 
 
 Perry Centennial parade. 1, 337 
 
 Perry. Commodore, II, 147 
 
 Perry Day, Centennial celebration, I, 
 335 
 
 Perry Day Parade, Cleveland Centen- 
 nial (illustration). I. 304 
 
 Perry, Horace, 1. 98. 100 
 
 Perry, Louis A.. II, 142 
 
 Perry Monument, I, 242, 465; (illus- 
 tration), 243 
 
 Perry, Nathan, I, 18, 72; (portrait) 73; 
 SO. 103. 129. 478, 500. 501, 089 
 
 Perry. Nathan. Jr.. I, 75* 
 
 Perry, Oliver. I. 317 
 
 Perry statue, I. 481 
 
 Perry Victory Centennial Commission, 
 Hi, 554 
 
 Perry's Corners. I. 689 
 
 Perry's Victory Day, Cleveland Cen- 
 tennial. I. 302 
 
 Peters. Frederick W.. III. 6 
 
 Peters, Harry A., I. 402; 11. 430 
 
 Peterson. Er'win A.. I. 384 
 
 IVttee. Ceorge 1).. 1. 403 
 
 I'ettee. Harold F.. Ill, 58 
 
 Pettibone. Arthur D., HI. 339 
 
 Phare. William G.. II, 222 
 
 I'lielps. .Icsse. 1. 73 
 
 I'lielps. Oliver. I. 7, 8 
 
 I'lielps. Samuel W., I, 504 
 
 Phillips, Frank C. 1, 448
 
 INDEX 
 
 xlix 
 
 riiillips, Oorpe L.. I, 511, 512 
 
 I'liilliiis. Kegiimid G. A.. 111. 74 
 
 Phyllis Wlicatlfv Home 11, 393 
 
 Phvsiiians. 1. 5:i9-4;i 
 
 I'iiitt. .Joliii H., 1, 293 
 
 I'Kkiimls. lU'iirv S., I. 402; III, 215 
 
 riikaiuls, J. D." I. 710 
 
 I'iikaiuls, .Tames, III, 216 
 
 I'iikaiuls, .lav M., III. 216 
 
 Pierce, Robert B., Ill, 77 
 
 Pierce, Stephen L., I, 710; II, 449 
 
 Pike road, II, 116 
 
 Pilgrim Congregational ihurcli, I, 601, 
 619 
 
 Pinkerton. F.. I. 591 
 
 Pinkett, William .!„ II, 307 
 
 Pinnev, Edwin J., II. 376 
 
 Pintner, Charles, III. 349 
 
 Pioneer education and religion, I, 55 
 
 Pioneer legal matters. I, 82 
 
 "Pioneer Medicine on the Reserve" 
 (Dudley Allen I. I. 83 
 
 Pioneer ministers of the Western Re- 
 serve. I. 56 
 
 Pioneer Parade, Cleveland Centennial 
 (illustration), I, 301 
 
 Pioneers, II, 55U; III, 505 
 
 "Pioneers of the Western Reserve" 
 (Rice), I, 20, 44 
 
 Pioneers of the Western Reserve, I, 53 
 
 Pirc, Louis J., Ill, 531 
 
 Pitkin, Stephen H., II, 300 
 
 Pitts, William E., Ill, 564 
 
 Plain Dealer, II, 440 
 
 Plain Dealer Publishing Company, II, 
 150 
 
 Plav Grounds for children, I, 490; III, 
 460 
 
 Pleines. Henry T.. III. 486 
 
 Plymouth church, I. 126 
 
 PIvmouth Congregational church, I, 216 
 
 Poe, Adam W., II, 531 
 
 Polak. John, III, 548 
 
 Poles in Cleveland, I, 621 
 
 Police (see Municipal court) 
 
 Police department, I, 431, 432 
 
 Police pension fund, I, 435 
 
 Pollock, Wilfred S., m. 386 
 
 Pomerene, H., I, 709 
 
 Pond, Daniel H., I, 662; U, 345 
 
 Pope, Alfred A.. II. 391 
 
 Pope, Charles E.. II, 315 
 
 Pope, E. C, I, 637 
 
 Pope, Henrv F., II, 293 
 
 Population. 1825-37. I. 199; of Cleve- 
 land (1840), 209; (1851-52), 218 
 (1850-60), 243; (1860-70), 252 
 (1870), 371; (1890-1900). 317 
 (1890. 1900. 1910). 332; (1860-70) 
 431: (1890), 435 
 
 Port of Independence. I. 16 
 
 Porter. Augustus. I, 17. 18. 32. 26 
 
 Portraits: Moses Cleaveland, I, 9 
 
 Seth Pease. 32; Lorenzo Carter, 37; 
 James Kingsbury, 64; Nathan Perry, 
 73; "Uncle" Abram Hickox, 76; I^'vi 
 Johnson, 79; Samuel Williamson, 82; 
 David Long, 84; Alfred Kelley, 86; 
 A. W, Walworth, 101; T. P, llandy, 
 110; Leonard Case, 113; Reuben 
 Wood, 118; Joel Scranton, 123; 
 Rufus P. Spalding, 132; Sherlock J. 
 Andrews. 135; George Worthington, 
 i:!9: Henry B, Payne, 142; Colonel 
 Charles Whittlesey, 147; Thomas 
 Bolton. 158; Franklin T. Backus, 
 162: William Bingham, 163: William 
 A, Otis, 165: Moses Kellev, 167; 
 Mavor Jolm W. Willcv, 18]'; .lared 
 P. kirtland, 206; William B. Castle, 
 234; Hiram M. (Father) Addison, 
 369; Andrew Freese, 354; A. (i. Hop- 
 kinson, 356: Andrew J, Rickoff, 361; 
 Burke A, Hinsdale, 370; Rev, Wil- 
 liam B. iSommerhauser, S. J., 408; 
 William H, Brett, 424; Newton D. 
 Baker, 441; Charles C, Baldwin, 515; 
 Sarah J. Bolton, 574; I'Mwin Cowles. 
 59(1 : Rev. S. C, Aiken. 600; General 
 .James Barnett. 631; Robert K. 
 Lewis, 642; Serano P. Fenn, 642; 
 Ambrose Swasev, 647 
 
 Post, Charles A., I, 710 
 
 Post, .Tames R,. HI, 7 
 
 Post, Nathan, III, 7 
 
 Postage rates in 1837, I, 199 
 
 PostofTicc (old) (illustration), I, 386 
 
 I'dstoflice (see Federal building) 
 
 Potts, J. F., T, 446 
 
 Poulson. Francis W.. 11. 158 
 
 Powell. Albert, I. 336, 327 ; 
 
 Powell. Homer G.. 513. 544 
 
 Powell. William, I, 379, 380 
 
 Pratt, Charles W., Ill, 157 
 
 Pratt, Clvde H,. IL 468 
 
 Pratt, F.B., I, 314, 357 
 
 Pratt. George W., I, 189 
 
 Prentice. Mrs. N. B., I, 390, 311 
 
 Prentiss, Francis F„ I, 329, 380, 415, 
 417, 425, 472, 709 
 
 Prentiss, Loren, I, 231, 635 
 
 Prentiss, -Mrs. Francis F., I, 653 
 
 Prentiss, Samuel B., 1, 508*, 511 
 
 Presbvterians, I, 599 
 
 Preseott, Charles H.. HI, 18 
 
 Prescott school, I, 393 
 
 Preseott, W. H., I, 677 
 
 Present County Courthouse (illustra- 
 tion), I, 495" 
 
 Present War Activities: Y, M, C. A. 
 work. T. 645 
 
 Presley. Mrs. George. Jr., I, 389 
 
 Press (see Newspapers) 
 
 Price. John, I, 237 
 
 Price, .Tohn H.. TI, 130 
 
 Prices for land, I, 45
 
 1 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Primary schools establislied, I, 352 
 Pringle Barge Line Co., The, lU, 336 
 Pringle, John C, III, 336 
 Printing press, first, I, 116 
 Printz, Alexander, III, 502 
 Printz-Biederman Company, III, 503 
 Printz. Michael, ni, 99 
 Prison Reform, II, 115 
 Probate court, I, 513 
 Probeck, Philip J., III. 203 
 Progressive Building, Savings and Loan 
 
 Company, III, 349 
 Prospect School (illustration), I, 345 
 Prospect street, I, 450 
 Prospect Street School, I, 347 
 Proudfoot, George, I, 26 
 Pruclia. John, I, 446 
 Ptak, Joseph J., I, 279, 289; II, 387 
 Public Branch Libraries (illustrated), I, 
 
 422 
 Public institutions (1837), I, 187 
 Public Library, I, 368; branches, 419; 
 
 elevation of the Coming Building, 
 
 420; building (projected), 471, 572; 
 
 Open shelf policy, II, 242; Cumula- 
 tive Index, 242 " 
 Public safety department, I, 446 
 Public School Library (see Cleveland 
 
 Public Library) 
 Public schools, I, 341-94; 1859-62, I, 
 
 358 
 Public service department, I, 446 
 Public Square, showing Superior and 
 
 Euclid avenues (illustration), I, 450 
 Public utilities department, I, 447 
 Public welfare department, I, 446 
 PuUen, Jennie D., I, 384 
 Pumphrey, Henry B., II, 391 
 Purdy, Nelson, L 250 
 Puritas Springs line, I, 465 
 Pursglove, Joseph, III, 117 
 Put-inBav Memorial (illustration), I, 
 
 303 
 
 Quarrie, Bertram I)., I, 384 
 Quayle, John H., II, 550 
 Queisser, Robert L., II, 353 
 Quick, Ivan T., II, 368 
 Quincy school, I, 365, 392 
 Quif;ley. Peter D., II, 388 
 Quimbv, I'-jihraim, I, 64 
 Quiiin," Arthur II., I, 710 
 Quintrell, Mary C, II, 242 
 
 Race track gambling, III, 563 
 
 Railroad Rolling Mill, I, 694 
 
 Railroad standard watches, II, 117, 120 
 
 Ruilroads: Cleveland, Columbus & 
 Cincinnati Railroad Company char- 
 tered, T, 183, 194; Cleveland, Warren 
 & PittHburgli Railroad Company char- 
 tered. 182, 193. an.l, 212; Ch'velanil 
 & Newburg Railroad Company, 194; 
 
 Cleveland & Bedford Railroad Com- 
 pany, 194; Ohio Railroad put to rest, 
 202; beginning of the railway era, 
 305: Junction Railroad, 213; Cleve- 
 land & Toledo Railroad, 213; Cleve- 
 land, Painesville & Ashtabula Rail- 
 road, 214; Cleveland Columbus & 
 Cincinnati enters Cleveland (1851), 
 217; Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad 
 completed. 318; Cleveland & Pitts- 
 burgh Railroad, 318 
 
 Railroads abolishing grade crossings, 
 II, 289 
 
 Railway strike (1877), I. 268; II, 309 
 
 Ramsey, F. W., I, 710 
 
 Ranney, Henry C, I, 309, 414, 532 
 
 Rannev. Rufus P., I, 400, 521, 522*, 
 533:" II, 553 
 
 Ransom, Albert G., I, 658 
 
 Ranson, Walter C, 11, 169 
 
 Rappe. Amadeus, I, 608; II, 90 
 
 Rapprich, William F.. III. 314 
 
 Rattle, William J., III. 493 
 
 Rauch, Charles, I, 710 
 
 Rawlings school, I, 393 
 
 Rawson. Levi, 710 
 
 Rawson, L. Q., I, 713 
 
 Rawson, Mrs. M. E., I. 313, 314 
 
 Ray, Joseph R., I, 446 
 
 Reasner, James C, II, 137 
 
 Recreation parks, I, 476 
 
 Redick, D., I, 504 
 
 Redick, H. F., Ill, 337 
 
 Redington, J. A., I, 214, 316 
 
 Redmond, William T., II, 181 
 
 Reese, diaries S., I, 357 
 
 Reflex Ignition Company, III, 110 
 
 Kegisters of bankruptcy, I, 530 
 
 Religious (see Churches) 
 
 lU'inington, Harold, I, 530 
 
 Reveler. Ellen G., I, 375 
 
 Reynolds Child Labor Law, II, 110 
 
 Revnolds. James A., II, 109 
 
 Rhodes. C. S., 1, 337 
 
 Rhodes, Daniel P., I, 357 
 
 Rhodes. James F., I, 579 
 
 Rhodes, Mrs. Robert R., I, 313, 314 
 
 Rhodes. R. R., I, 625 
 
 Rice, Charles W., I, 384 
 
 Rice. Harvey, I, 10, 18. 30, 197, 207, 
 343. 370, 345, 3.'>0, 413, 436, 437, 506, 
 507. 580; II, 557; IlL 178 
 
 Rice Heights Subdivision, II, 315 
 
 Rice, L. L. I, 151, 583 
 
 Rice, Olnev, I, 26 
 
 Rice, Percival W., II, 558 
 
 Rice, Walter P., I, 453; II, 559 
 
 Rice. Walter P., Engineering Company, 
 II, 559 
 
 lilchard, Francois, HI, 304 
 liichanls. F. B., I, 669 
 IJichanlson. Clarence 1''-., II. 197 
 
 Richard.-^on, Wesley C, 11, 196
 
 INDEX 
 
 Kiilimoiul, Tlioinas, I, 347 
 
 KiilniioiHl. Warren W., II, 265 
 
 Kitkoy. U. N., I, :>'Xi 
 
 RirkofV. Andrew J.. I. 'AdO, 3G3, 368, 
 581; (portrait), 361 
 
 Kieks, A. J., 1, 534 
 
 Kidille. Albert G., I, 237. 244, 529, 577 
 
 Kiddle, .lolin. 1, 99 
 
 Kieli'V. Charles F., IT, 460 
 
 Kielev, Frank, II, 459 
 
 Hieley. Oliver R., II, 461 
 
 Hiley", Miehael, I, 279, 280 
 
 Rise" selniol. 1, 392 
 
 Kisley, Luke, I, 159, 177, 17S 
 
 Kitehie, .lames, II, 421 
 
 Kiteliie. Kyerson, I, 709, 710 
 
 Hiver iniproveiucnts, I, 75 
 
 Kivirside eenietery. I, 628 
 
 Koads (early), 1, 76; in Western Re- 
 serve, 44 
 
 Roberts. Kdward A., I, 289, 295 
 
 Roberts, William V... I, 375, 384, 394 
 
 Robertson, .lames. Ill, 342 
 
 Robertson I'aint & Varnish Company, 
 The. III. 343 
 
 Robertson. Thomas A., I. 593; III, 45 
 
 Robinette. Roy B., Ill, 158 
 
 Robinson. Harry C, II, 69 
 
 Robinson, ,J. P., I. 258 
 
 Roby. K. W.. I. 231 
 
 Rockefeller. Alice M., HI, 96 
 
 Rockefeller & Andrews, I, 700, 714 
 
 Rockefeller & Andrews Building (illus- 
 tration), I. 717 
 
 Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, I, 714 
 
 Rockefeller Boulevard, I, 488 
 
 Rockefeller Foundation. II, 8 
 
 Rockefeller. Frank, III. 95 
 
 Rockefeller, Helen R., Ill, 96 
 
 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re- 
 search. II, 8 
 
 Rockefeller. John D.. I, 247, 355, 414, 
 417. 419, 474, 488, 604, 624, 625, 699, 
 714. 718, 719; II. 1 
 
 Rockefeller Park North. I, 491 
 
 Rockefeller Park South, I, 491 
 
 Rockefeller Parks, I, 488 
 
 Rockefeller. William, I, 714; III, 476 
 
 Rockefeller. William A. & Co., I, 700 
 
 Rocker. Henry A.. II, 344 
 
 Rocker, .Samuel, II, 386 
 
 Rockwell. Samuel. II. 361 
 
 Rockwell school, I, 392 
 
 Rockwell. William, II, 281 
 
 Rockwell, William, II, 362 
 
 Rockwood. II. L.. I, 446 
 
 Rocky River Bridge and Its Concrete 
 Span (illustration), I, 464 
 
 Rodgers, Albert S., II. 537 
 
 Rogers. Arthur C. I. 662 
 
 Rogers, Ethan, I, 159 
 
 Rogers. .Tames II., I, 563 
 
 "Roinaniil," HI, 439 
 
 Root & McBride Company, II, 33; III, 
 518, 546 
 
 Root, A. 1'., I, 363, 364 
 
 Root, Kphraim, I, 7 
 
 Root, Frederic P., 11, 33 
 
 Root, Paul I'., Ill, 234 
 
 Knot. Ralph H., II. 32 
 
 Rose. Benjamin, HI, 11, 12 
 
 Rose Benjamin Institute, HI, 11 
 
 Rose. Mrs. W. 0., I, 390, 306; II, 311 
 
 Rose, William G., I, 233. 268, 440, 458, 
 472. 588; II, 308 
 
 Rose, William R., I, 317, 588 
 
 Rose. W. Louis, II, 176 
 
 Rosedah' school, I. 365, 392 
 
 Rosenblatt, Charles, ITT, 5 
 
 Rosenburg, Felix, I, 337 
 
 Rossiter, William T., II, 244 
 
 Rothenberg, William, II, 359 
 
 Riithkopf, David R., If, 340 
 
 RothschiUl, Klias, II, 251 
 
 Rothschild, Isidore .1., II. 251 
 
 Rothschild, Julius, II, 252 
 
 Roueche, R. C, I. 685 
 
 Roumanians in Cleveland, I. 621 
 
 Roupp. N., I, 614 
 
 Rouse, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin, I, 634 
 
 Rowland, \'ernon C, II, 542 
 
 Royal land grants, I, 5 
 
 Royce, Abner, Company, III, 184, 297 
 
 Rudd. Frank H.. 11, 498 
 
 Rudd, William C, II, 497 
 
 Ruetenik, Herman J., I, 291, 606 
 
 Itufus Ranney Law School, II, 478 
 
 Ruggles, Benjamin, I, 80, 500, 501 
 
 Run-away Slave Advertisement (re- 
 production of), I, 150 
 
 Rusk, Stephen G., IT, 239 
 
 Russel, C. L., I, 177, 178, 316 
 
 Russell, Geo. S., J, 710 
 
 Russell, Mrs. L. A., I, 290, 306 
 
 Russian .Tews in Cleveland. I, 620 
 
 Rust, .Tohn P., Sr., IT, 259 
 
 Rust, J. Howard. II, 499 
 
 Rutherford, George A., Ill, 241 
 
 Ryan, Malachi, I. 279, 280 
 
 Ryan, William R., .Ir., II, 167 
 
 Ryan, William R., Sr., II, 167 
 
 Sabin, Julia S., I, 364 
 
 Saekett school, I, 392 
 
 Sackrider, C. W., I, 412 
 
 Saeger, Wilford C, I, 671 
 
 .Saengerfest, I, 561 
 
 Saengerfest Hall, I, 285, (illustration) 
 
 562 
 SafTold, S. S., n, 143 
 SafTord, Mrs. William JI., 11, 88 
 Sage, .T. C. I. 710 
 Saginaw Bay Company, III, 19 
 Salem church, T, 606 
 Salisbury, J. H., I, 414 
 Salvation Army, I, 625 
 Salzcr, Cliarles L., I, 447
 
 lii 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Samaritau Home, II, 116 
 Samman, George P., I, 446 
 Sanborn, Ralph W., 11, 290 
 Sanders, Fielder, I. 447; II, 137 
 Sanders, William B., I, 511; II, 335 
 Sanderson, Frederick M., Ill, 501 
 Sanderson, Julius C, III, 502 
 Sanderson, Thomas W., I, 659 
 Sandusky Cement Company, II, 296 
 Sanford, A, S., I, 657 
 San ford, Mrs. Henry L., I, 685, 687 
 Sanford, Peleg, I, 7 
 Sanitary milk bottle, III, 17 
 Sanymetal doors, II, 472 
 Sargeant, Levi, I, 107, 118 
 .Sargent, Edwin T., Ill, 311 
 Saigent, H. Q., I, 289, 373 
 Sargent, John H., I, 119, 217, 255, 412, 
 
 414, 586 
 Saum, O. C, II, 318 
 •Save the Babies" campaign, I, 683 
 Sawicki, Joseph F., II, 98 
 Sawyer, J. P., I, 544 
 Sawyer. Jlrs. P, H,, I, 310, 311 
 Sawyer, P. H,, I, 544 
 Saxton. Jehiel C„ II, 115 
 Savles, S. W., I, 178, 205, 210, 311, 312 
 Schade. Otto M., I, 662 
 Schaefer, Carl W., II, 430 
 Schaefer, Gustav, Wagon Company, III, 
 
 324 
 Schaefer, Henry G., I, 713; III, 323 
 Schauffler, Fred, II, 235, 237 
 Sehauffler Realty Company, The, II, 
 
 235 
 Schellentrager, E. A., I, 371, 545 
 Sehmi<lt, Thomas P.. I. 710, 713 
 Schmitt, Jacob W.. Ill, 254 
 Schneider, A. B., I, 551 
 Schneider, Albert E. R., Ill, 450 
 Schneider, Arthur, I, 563 
 Schneider, Geo., I, 684, 685 
 Schneider, George A., I, 671 
 Schneider, J. H., I, 275 
 School census (1849). I, 3.52, (1881- 
 
 82), 368; (1900), 377; (1917, 1918), 
 
 394 
 School for Colored Chililren, 1. 346 
 School for Cripjiled ('hildrcn, I, 39.'! 
 School for the Deaf, I, 393 
 School of .\pplied Social Sciences, 
 
 Western Reserve University, 1, 3&8, 
 
 634 
 School of Education, Western Reserve 
 
 University, I, 398 
 School of Pharmacy, Western Reserve 
 
 University, I, 398 
 Schools. I, 341-394; first Boar.l of 
 
 School Aliinagers, 182; second Hoard 
 
 of .School Managers, 300; ordinance 
 
 to cstabllKli common schools, 200; 
 
 in 1845, 347 
 Schoolcy, Listen G., II, 332 
 
 Schram-Forsch Company, III, 495 
 
 Scripps, E. W., III. 530' 
 
 Schryver, George H., II, 418 
 
 Schubert, O. V., I, 563 
 
 Schuh. David, I, 605 
 
 Schultz, Carlton F., Ill, 10 
 
 Schultz, Malvern E., II, 319 
 
 Schwab, Mrs. M. B.. I, 390, 306 
 
 Scofield, Elizabeth C, U, 393 
 
 Scotield, Levi T., II, 391 
 
 Scoileld, ilrs. Levi T., I, 653 
 
 Scofield, Sherman W., ll, 392 
 
 Scotield, Shermer & Teagle, III, 90 
 
 Scofield, William C, III. 96 
 
 Scofield, William M., I, 663 
 
 Scott, Frank A.. I. 710; II. 491 
 
 Scott, M. B,, I, 413, 414, 710 
 
 Scott, W. J. 1, 544 
 
 Scott, Xenophon C, II, 460 
 
 Scovill, Charles W., I, 658 
 
 Scovill, Edward A., I, 571, 657 
 
 Scovill, Mrs. Pliilo, I, 114 
 
 Scovill, Philo, I, 103*, 478 
 
 Scovil, Samuel, I, 071 
 
 Scranton, Joel, (portrait) I, 123; 124 
 
 Scranton school, I, 393 
 
 Scribner, Charles H,, II, 417 
 
 Scripps, James E., I, 593* 
 
 Scripps, James G., I, 593 
 
 Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers, 
 
 I, 593, 593; III, 530 
 Scripps Publishing Company, I, 593 
 Scullen, William A., I, 677; 11, 91 
 Sculptors, I, 566 
 Seabrook, Eva T., I. 384 
 Seaman. John, I, 154 
 Searle, Roger, I, 595 
 Scarles, F. M., I, 603 
 Second Courthouse (1828-58), I, 136; 
 
 (illustration) 137 
 Second high level bridge, I, 276 
 Second National Bank of Cleveland, I, 
 
 692 
 Second Presbvterian church, 1, (iOO 
 Seibig. Arthur H., Ill, 450 
 Sclzer, Iharles L., Ill, 143 
 Sclzer, Jacob U, HI. 143 
 Selzer. Robert J., Ill, 144 
 Semoii, .John, I, 563 
 Seneca street bridge, 1, 454 
 Senter, (icorge B„ 1, 333 
 Sergeant & Company, III, 498 
 Service Flag, II, 253 
 Sessions, John, I, 129 
 Scth Pease Journal, I, 13, 16 
 Severance. .lohn L., I, 417: II, 326 
 Severance, Louis H„ H, 324 
 Severance. Mary H,, I, 351 ; II, 322 
 Severance, Solon L., I, 151, 635; II, 
 
 323 
 .Scveram-e. 'P. ('., I, 189 
 Sewall, May W,. I, 298 
 Sexton, Henry, I, 345
 
 INDEX 
 
 liii 
 
 Sexton. John J., II. 354 
 .Seymour, Alexaiuler, I, 189, 215 
 Seyniour. Belden, I. 456; II, 458 
 iSeynunir. Liioien. II, 367 
 Seymour, Xatliun !>., I, 395 
 Seymour, Thomas 1).. I. 395 
 .Slmker llei^'hts, II. 157; III, 508 
 SImker Heights Park. 1. 487. 491 
 Shaker Heights viUago. I. 488; IT, 21 
 Shaker settlement. I, 488 
 Shannon. Karl 'B.. II. 194 
 Sharp Spark I'lug Comi>aiiv, III, 51, 
 
 440 
 Shattuck. Edward. I. 447 
 ShaufHer, H. A., 1, 601 
 Shaw, (Jeorjie \V.. II. 151 
 Shaw. Samuel B.. I. 231. 635 
 Shaw, William J., II, 151 
 Shcair. I.anf;. I, 638 
 Shellield. Henry E.. I. 677 
 Sheldon. Henjiimin. I. 179, 212, 213, 
 
 220, 355 
 Shepard. Tlieodore, I, 17, 32. 539 
 She|ilienl, I'hiiu>as, I, 105, 107, 595, 596, 
 Shepherd, Warctiam, I, 26 
 SherilV street market, I, 491 
 Sherman, t'harles, I, 524 
 Sherman, C. T., I, 412 
 Sherman, H. S., I. 402. 404 
 Sherman, .John. I. 293. 294 
 Sherry. Clillord E„ III, 529 
 Sherwin, Belle, I, 687 
 Sherwood, Kate B., I, 298 
 Sherwood. William E., I, 511 
 Shields. Joseph C. I, 658 
 Shier. John. I. 181 
 Shinplasters (illustrations). I. 113 
 Shipbuilding. I. 276; in 1865. 249 
 IShiverirk. Asa, III, 85 
 Wholes. Stanton. I. 95. 541, 546, 655 
 Sholl. William H., I. 224 
 Short Creek Coal Company, The, III, 
 
 140 
 Short. Everett J.. IT. 266 
 Shupe, Henry P., I, 669. 684, 685; II, 
 
 383 
 Shurmer. Edward D.. I, 662 
 ShurtlcfT, Glen K,, I, 520, 643 
 Siber, Edward, I. 659 
 Sibley school. I. 392 
 .Sickness general (1797). I, 40 
 Siddall. George B.. II. 37 
 Sigler, Gilbert L.. Ill, 119 
 Sigler. Lucius M.. HI. 118 
 Silbert, Samuel H., I. 447; HI, 71 
 Silver, Abba H.. I. 677 
 Simmons. Theo., I. 710 
 Simon. I^ouis, I, 447 
 Simons, Jlinot 0., I, 710 
 Simplex Machine Tool Company, H, 
 
 506, 
 Sincere, Victor W.. II, 213 
 Sinram, Frederick W., Ill, 163 
 
 Sir Moses Montefiore Kosher Home for 
 Aged and Inlirm Israelites, I, 616 
 
 Skinner. Orville B.. I, 568 
 
 Skvrm. .John. 1. 279, 280 
 
 Sla'de. Albert, I. 518 
 
 Slaght. Edgar, I. 177, 211 
 
 Sleeper. D. L., I, 289 
 
 Slovaks in Cleveland, I, 620 
 
 Slovaninns in Cleveland, I, 620 
 
 Smart. John II.. Ill, 170 
 
 Smart, .Samuel W.. Ill, 169 
 
 Smead. T. H.. I, 589 
 
 Smies, Jacob H., I, 412 
 
 Smith, Albert W., II, 544 
 
 Smith, Allard, II, 354 
 
 Smith, Archibald M. C, I, 180 
 
 Smith, A. J., I, 694 
 
 Smith, Erastus, I, 156 
 
 Smith, Frank W.. I, 445. 446; HI, 256 
 
 Smith. Hamilton H.. I, 545, 555 
 
 Smith. Harry G., Ill, 161 
 
 Smitli, Henry A., I, 412, 572 
 
 Smith, Jeremiah, I, 303 
 
 Smith, .lohn A., II. 165 
 
 Smith, John H., Ill, 38 
 
 Smith, John H., Sr., Ill, 37 
 
 Smith, Matthew, III, 428 
 
 Smith, Samuel L., HI, 423 
 
 Smith, Stiles C, HI, 423 
 
 Smith, W. Arthur, I, 603 
 
 Smith, William T., I, 154 
 
 Smith, Wilson G., I, 563 
 
 Smyth, William. I, 351 
 
 Smythe. Alfred B., II, 152 
 
 Smythe, Anson, I, 360 
 
 Snake meat, I, 40 
 
 Snedden. Ricliard. HI. 327 
 
 Snider. Martin, II, 500 
 
 Snow, Frank K., HI, 391 
 
 Snow, Jane E., I. 576; HI, 147 
 
 Snow. Karl F.. HI, 335 
 
 .Snow, Kandolph, I, 149 
 
 Snyder, Harvey R., H, 112 
 
 Snyder, John R., II, 111 
 
 Social Betterment Committee, I, 622 
 
 Society for Organized Charities, I, 624 
 
 Society for Organizing Charity, I, 250, 
 630 
 
 Society for Savings, I, 692; II, 485 
 
 Society of the Medical Sciences of 
 Cleveland. I. 544 
 
 Solders, George B., I, 511. 519 
 
 Soldiers' and .Sailors' Mf>nMment (illus- 
 tration). I. 284; II, 391. 409 
 
 Somers, Charles W^., II, 249 
 
 Somers, J. H., II, 248 
 
 Sommerliauser, William B., I, 405, 409; 
 (portrait), 408 
 
 Sons of the American Revolution, 
 Western Reserve Chapter, I, 282 
 
 Soper, Albert L., II, 226 
 
 South Case school, I, 392 
 
 South junior high school, I, 387
 
 Uv 
 
 INDEX 
 
 South Presbyterian church, I, 143 
 
 South school, I. 3S6. 392 
 
 South Side Park (Lincoln Square), I, 
 
 478 
 South Side Railroad, I. 461 
 Southern New England, I, 1; map 2 
 Southwick, Ernest B., III. 33 
 Southworth, W. P., I, 352 
 Sowinski school, I, 392 
 Spafford, Amos, I, 17, 23, 31, 32, 47, 
 
 60, 61, 63, 64, 75, 77, 104, 504 
 Spatford, Anna, I, 75, 341 
 Spafford's Map of Cleveland (1796), I, 
 
 23 
 Spafford's Cleveland (1801) (map), I, 
 
 59 
 Spafford's resurvey, I, 60 
 Spafford's Tavern, I, 104 
 Spalding, Rufus P. (portrait), I, 132, 
 
 133*, 237, 239, 244. 530, 532 
 Spangler, B. L., I, 224 
 Spangler, Michael, I, 104, 125 
 Spangler, Miller M., I, 115, 230 
 Spanish-American war, I, 661; Cleve- 
 
 landers off for Cuba, 315; War 
 
 emergency committees, D. A. R., 310; 
 
 War Emergency Relief Board, 313 
 Spargo, Mary P.,' I, 275, 537 
 Sparks. Stanley W., II, 505 
 Spaulding, Frank E., I, 383, 384, 670; 
 
 II, 191 
 Spaulding, Z. S., I, 660 
 Special park policemen, I, 490 
 Spelman, Laura C. I. 355 
 Spencer, A. K., I, 413, 414 
 Spencer, Timothy P., I, 143 
 Spenoerian school, II, 476; III, 171 
 Spii-akus, Stanley, I, 447 
 "Spirit of '76," I, 471, 566; III, 353 
 Sprecher, Samuel P., I, 294 
 Sprosty, A. B., I, 446, 447 
 Sproui Herbert R., IL 256 
 Sproul, Rufus C„ II, 256 
 Squire, Andrew, I, 680; II, 294 
 Squire, Eleanor S. S., I, 311 
 Squire, Mrs. Andrew, I, 312, 313, 314 
 St. Ale.xis Hospital (illustration), I, 
 
 547 
 St. Ann's Asylum, I, 549 
 St. Alexis Hospital, I, 548, 611 
 St. Augustine's church, I, 614 
 St. Bridget's church. ], 014 
 St. Clair hospital, I, 548 
 St. Clair market, I, 493 
 St. Clair school, T, 392 
 St. Clair street. I, 450 
 St. Francis' Orphan Asylum and Home 
 
 for the Aged. I. 610 
 St. Ignatius (Jollege, I, 405, (illustra- 
 tion) 406; fill 
 St. Ignatius high school, I, 409 
 St. John. .lohn R., I, 180, 583 
 
 St. .John. Oran, I, 542 
 
 St. John, Samuel, I, 395, 543, 555 
 
 St. .John's Church, 1828-29 (illustra- 
 tion), I, 107 
 
 St. John's Hospital, I, 548, 612 
 
 St. John's parish, I, 107 
 
 St. Joseph's Asylum, I, 610 
 
 St. Luke's Evangelical Lutheran church 
 I, 605 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital. I. 549 
 
 St. JIalachy's church, I, 614 
 
 St. Mary's church, I, 60S 
 
 St, Mary's Church on the Flats, I, 614 
 
 St. Mary's of the Assumption, I, 614 
 
 St. Mary's Orplian Asylum. I. 609 
 
 St. Slarv's Theological Seminary, II, 
 500 
 
 St, Matthew's Evangelical Lutheran 
 chiu-ch, I, 605 
 
 St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church, 
 I, 605 
 
 St. Peter's Catholic church, I, 614 
 
 St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran 
 church, I, 605 
 
 St. Stanislaus parish, I, 614 
 
 St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, I, 609 
 
 St. Wencelas (Bohemian) church, I, 
 614 
 
 Stadler, John L., I, 711 
 
 Stafford, 0. M.. I, 288 
 
 Stafford. Theodore, I, 604 
 
 Stage lines in 1837, I. 197 
 
 Stager, Anson, I, 660 
 
 Stager, Henry W., I, 638 
 
 Stahl. Howard A., lU, 231 
 
 Stair, John, I, 154 
 
 Stalev, Cadv, I, 400, 557 
 
 Standard Oi'l Company, I, 247, 699, 714- 
 2;i; H, 5, 6 
 
 Standard Oil Works in Cleveland (illus- 
 tration), I, 721 
 
 Standard Parts Company, II, 200 . 
 
 Standard school, I, 392 
 
 Standard Steel Castings Company, II, 
 
 . 131; HI, 399 
 
 Standard Top and Equipment Com- 
 pany, HI, 294 
 
 Standart, Henry N., HI. 76 
 
 Standart. Needham M., I, 179, 205, 208, 
 
 210, 227 
 
 Stanford, Vernon L,. II, 136 
 Stanley, George A., I, 414. 571, 640 
 Stanley, John J., II, 101 
 Stanley, William H,, I, 357 
 Stannard, B. A., T, 571 
 Slansbury. Clement W., II, 382 
 Stanton, "Elizabeth, I, 290 
 Stanton, I'rank W'.. II, 45 
 Sliuiton, Frederick P., I, 236 
 Starkey, Thonnis A.. I, 598 
 Starkweather, Samiud, 1, 179, 184, 198, 
 
 211, 233, 348, 353, 412, 507
 
 INDEX 
 
 Iv 
 
 Starr. Kpliraim, I, 8 
 
 Slato Umiking & Trust Conipanv, III, 
 
 30, 206 
 State Bank of Ohio. I, G92 
 State Hospital, II, 248 
 ■Stearns, Arthur A., I, 425; II, 178 
 Stedman. Uuekley, I, 353, 355 
 Steel makiniL,' by electricity. III, 43 
 Stetlen. 1<". William, I, 384; U, 521 
 Slephan, Kate E., I, 363, 366 
 Stephens, Mrs. J. A., I, 311 
 Sterl, Oscar W., I, 659 
 Sterling & Welch t'onipany. III, 396 
 Sterling, Elisha, 1, 414, 556, 571 
 Sterling, Frederick A., Ill, 396 
 Sterling, ,Tohn JL, I, 188 
 Sterling Play Ground, I, 491 
 Sterling school, I, 392 
 Stetson, fharles, I, 346 
 Steuer, Alfred L.. II. 289 
 Stevens, Francis L., II, 171 
 Stevens, Frank E., I, 513; III, 66 
 Stevens. Garrett. II. 378 
 Stevens, J. H., I, 546 
 Stevenson, R. D., Ill, 237 
 Stewart, James W., I, 428 
 Stewart, N. Coe. I, 363. 375 
 Stewart, William H., Ill, 154 
 Stiles, .Job, r, 18, 36, 28 
 Stiles, Tabilha, I, 18, 43 
 Stillman Witt Home, I, 649 
 Stilson, S. H., I, 637 
 Stinchcomb, W. A., I, 44S, 452, 458 
 Stoeker, Charles L., II, 253 
 Stocking. Joseb, I, 8 
 Stockly, John G.. I, 315 
 Stockly's pier, I. 104; (illustration), 215 
 Stockwell, John X.. Jr., II, 553 
 Stockwell. John X., Sr., I. 558; n, 551 
 Stoddard. ,Iohn, I, 7 
 Stoddard, Kichard M., I, 17. 36, 32 
 Stoer. Hcnrv W.. Ill, 330 
 Stone, Adelbert. I, 398 
 Stone, Amasa, I, 251, 271, 398, 624. 
 
 649 
 Stone, Carlos H.. I, 511. 
 Stone, Cliisholm & Jones, I, 694 
 Stone, Ella A.. J I. 52 
 Stone, Flora, I. 624 
 Stone, Norman ().. II. 52 
 Stone, Randolph. I, 138, 139 
 Stone, Ruth F.. I. 687 
 Storer. .James, I. 658 
 Storrs, Charles B., I, 395 
 "Stow Castle," I, 18 
 Stow, Joshua. I, 8, 17, 40, 504 
 Straus, Albert. I, 278, 280 
 Streator, Worthy S., I, 251, 400 
 Street cars, T, 461; H, 108 
 Street illumination, II, 19 
 Street lights, first, HI, 259 
 Street names, I, 326 
 
 Street Railways, I, 241, 462; three- 
 cent fare, 319 
 
 Street, Titus, I, 8 
 
 Streets, I, 449, 450 
 
 .Strickland, Aaron T., 1, ISO 
 
 Sfrickland. Benjamin, I, 163 
 
 Strickland Block (illustration), I, 232 
 
 Strimple, Theodore L., I, 511; II, 160 
 
 .Strong, Carlisle & Hammond Company, 
 III. 101. 386 
 
 Strong. Charles H., I. 456 
 
 Strong. Edgar E., HI. 386 
 
 Strong. John H., I, 109, 211, 313 
 
 Stmirt, William R., II, 192 
 
 Stucky, Albert G., H, 383 
 
 Sturgess, .Stephen B., I, 657 
 
 Suffrage for Ohio women, II, 109 
 
 .Sufferers' Lands (see Fire Lands) 
 
 Sul/mann, ,Iohn M., Ill, 460 
 
 Sullivan. Jeremiah J., I. 709; III, 24 
 
 Summer Camp. Young Women's Chris- 
 tian Association ( illustralion), I, 653 
 
 Summer school for nurses, 1, 683 
 
 Summers, David 0., II, 349 
 
 .Sunday Leader, III, 45 
 
 Superintendent of markets, I, 434 
 
 Superior avenue and Seneca street 
 (Northwest Corner), (illustration), I, 
 638 
 
 Superior avenue. Looking East from 
 the Square (illustration), I, 463 
 
 Superior court, I, 501, 509; created, 
 360 
 
 Superior-Luther Play Ground, I, 491 
 
 Superior street, I, 450; in 1865 (illus- 
 tration), 348 
 
 Superior Street Evangelical church, I, 
 006 
 
 Superior street viaduct, I, 369, 456 
 
 Siiiireme court in Cleveland, I, 503 
 
 Sutton. Clarence W., I, 384 
 
 Swartzel. Charles W.. II, 182 
 
 Swasey, Ambrose, I, 329, 417, 559, 647, 
 648, 709; II, 16 
 
 Sweeney, .John S., I, 593 
 
 Sweeney, Martin L., II, 163 
 
 Tabor. Frank B.. Ill, 26 
 Tabor Ice Cream Company, The, III, 36 
 Tadloo, Alfred, III, 417 
 Taggart, Richmond. I, 153 
 Taintor. J. F.. I, 208 
 Talcott. Albert L.. II, 34 
 Talcott, .John C, II, 36 
 Talcott. William E.. II, 37 
 Taplin, Charles G., Ill, 426 
 Tappan. Abraham. I, 69 
 Tappan, Benjamin, I. 64 
 Tavern Club'. The, III. 268 
 Taxicab Company. II. 375 
 Tax levy for building schools (1874), 
 I, 366
 
 Ivj 
 
 INDEX 
 
 lax School, II, 108 
 
 Tax title sales, abolition of, II, 331 
 
 Tayler Franchise, I, 322-26, 462 
 
 Tayler, Robert W., I, 323 
 
 Tavlor & Boggis Foundry Company, 
 
 III, 380 
 Tavlor, Alexander S., II, 217 
 Taylor, Benjamin F., I, 573*. 588 
 Taylor Brothers Companj^, III, 357 
 Taylor, Charles, I, 107 
 Tavlor. Daniel R., II, 103 
 Tavlor, Elisha. I. 126, 600 
 Tavlor. Isaac, I, 208 
 'lavlor, -John E., Ill, 356 
 Tavlor. Mrs. Benjamin F.. I, 296, 376 
 Tavlor, Philo. I, 109 
 Tavlor, Robert W., I, 524 
 Tavlor, Royal, II, 101 
 Tavlor, Samuel G., Ill, 263 
 Tavlor, S. M., I, 289 
 Tavlor, Vincent A., I, 531 
 Tavlor, Virgil C, I. 364; II, 46 
 Tavlor, W. D., I, 690 
 Taylor. William W., III. 189 
 Teachers' pension fund, I, 383 
 Teachout, Abraham, III, 193 
 Teachout, Albert R.. Ill, 193, 194 
 Teachout, David W.. III. 194 
 Teagle, Mrs. John, III, 11 
 Teare. Elmer E., Ill, 187 
 Telegram, first received, I, 213 
 Telephone. 11, 352: growth of, 353 
 Telc]ihone Company exchange, II, 353 
 Telling-Belle Vernon Company, The, III, 
 
 29 
 Telling, William E., Ill, 29 
 Temperance hotel, II, 115 
 Temperance question. III, 562 
 Templar Motors Company, The, III, 
 
 463 
 Tenirler, William T.. HI, 352 
 Terrill. CUirence E.. Ill, 250 
 Thalheimer. H. S.. I. 592 
 Thatcher, Peter. I. 412 
 "The Ice Age" (Wright), I, 22 
 "The Cleveland Liberalist" (reproduc- 
 tion of), I, 192 
 "The Spirit of '76," I, 471, 566; III, 
 
 353 
 Theatrical business. Ill, 544 
 Tliomas. Kdgar B.. Ill, 138 
 Tliomas, Fred \V.. I. 445, 447 
 Thomas, Raymond C, 111, 442 
 Thomas, William K., HI, 192 
 Thompson, Albert IC, III, 443 
 Thompson, Carmi A., Ill, 554 
 Thompson, William A., Ill, 244 
 Tliomsen, Mark L., I. 383, 384 
 ThomKon-IIouHton Company, III, 259 
 Thomson. Tliomas. II, 544 
 Thome, .1. A., I. 357 
 Thorp. W. C, III, 208 
 Thorpe, Thomas 1',, I, 291, 302, Oil 
 
 Three-cent street railway fare, I, 319; 
 
 II, 4S0; franchise, II, 400 
 Thumm, ,T. Martin, III, 125 
 Thurber, Frank L., Ill, 340 
 Thurman, Ed, III, 198 
 Thurston, Edwin L., II, 211 
 
 Thwing, Charles F., I, 302, 375, 380, 
 
 395, 417; II, 412 
 Tibbetts, George B.. I. 500 
 Tifereth Israel congregation, I, 616 
 Tiffin. Edward. I. 62. 63 
 Tilden, Daniel, I. 426 
 Tilden, Daniel R., I, 239, 241, 244, 513* 
 Tjllotson & Wolcott Company, II, 62 
 Tillotson, Edwin G., II. 62 
 Tillotson, George H., I, 658 
 Tinker, Joseph, I, 26 
 Tinnerman, G. A., I, 711 
 Tippv, Worth M., I, 622 
 Tod. David I, 193. 528 
 Tod. George. I, 61, 504 
 Tod scliool, I. 393 
 Tom .Johnson Statue in the Public 
 
 Square (illustration). I, 319 
 Tomlinson, Alfred E., Ill, 370 
 Tonilinson Steam Specialty Company, 
 
 III. 371 
 
 Tomson. John G.. I. 446; III, 357 
 Torbenscn Axle Company, The, II, 453 
 Torbensen, Viggo V., II, 453 
 Toth, Alexander, III, 444 
 To the Women of 1996, Cleveland Cen- 
 tennial, I. 306 
 Town. Israel, I, 542 
 Towner, J. W., I, 519 
 Townsend, Amos, I, 251, 458, 484, 657 
 Tozier. Kathleen B.. Ill, 433 
 Tozier, Mrs. Charles B., Ill, 432 
 Traeey, Criah. I, 7 
 Tracy, James J., I, 400, 571 
 Train Aveiuic Play Ground, I, 491 
 Training school for nurses, I, 549 
 Treadway, Lyman H.. I, 709 
 Tremont scliool, 1, 393 
 Trinity Bajitist cluirch, I, 619 
 Trinity Cathedral. 1. 107; (illustration), 
 
 599' 
 Trinity Episcopal church, I, 595 
 Trinity Parish, T, 105 
 Tro)ii("al Paint & Oil Company, III, 100 
 "True Democrat," I, 589 
 Truman, (icorgc ,1., Ill, 488 
 Trumbull County Court of General 
 ' (.Miarter Sessions (1800), I, 51 
 Trumbull C<mnty of 1800 (map), I, 51 
 Trundle. George" T. .Ir.. III. 287 
 Tuberculosis Hospital. 1. 549 
 Tucker. Charles H.. HI. 484 
 Tungsten lamps, 111, 259 
 Tuiuicl construction casualties, I, 436 
 Turner, A. P., I. 214, 355 
 linnev, .Mrs. Joseph, I, 289 
 Turner, William 11.. HI. 422
 
 INDEX 
 
 Ivii 
 
 Tuttlc, George R., I, 412 
 Tuttlp. il. 15., I, 412, 710 
 Twinsbiiifj. II, 202 
 Tylec, Charlos H., Ill, 341 
 Tyl.T. H. !•'., I, 177 
 
 Ll.I, Carl F. Jr., 11. 513 
 
 UiuierliiU. Siinuipl, I, 497 
 
 Uniform Rank. K. of P., Cleveland Cen- 
 tennial. I, :iOO 
 
 I'nion tlub. 1. 238 
 
 I'nion Club House (illustration). I, 703 
 
 Union passenger station (proposed), I, 
 472 
 
 Union Rolling Mills. I. 694 
 
 Union school, I. 393 
 
 Unitarians. I. 606 
 
 United Hanking & Savings Company, 
 II, ■)4i); III. 450 
 
 United Knit Goods Company, III, 212 
 
 United Presbyterian church, I, 605 
 
 United States Court for the Northern 
 Oliio District, I, 523 
 
 United States llarine Hospital. I, 211, 
 471, 546 
 
 Universal Military Training, II. 106 
 
 University Heights Union Sabbath 
 school." I, 601 
 
 Universitv of Chicago founded by Mr. 
 Rockefeller, II, 7 
 
 University school, I, 402; II, 431 
 
 Universitv School Building (illustra- 
 tion), I, 403 
 
 Universitv war unit (first), I. 674 
 
 Upton. Harriet T., I, 298 
 
 Vail. Harrv L., H, 174 
 
 Van Aken, William .J., Ill, 508 
 
 Van Camp, (ieorge W., II, 523 
 
 Xandercook. .Inhn, I. 593 
 
 \'an Densen, Francis F., II. 409 
 
 Van Dorn & Dutton Conipanv. The. 
 
 in. 163 
 Van Kpps, John S., 11. 338 
 \an Kpps. Leslie 1., II, 340 
 Van Swcringcn, M. J.. II, 21 
 Van Swcringcn. O. P.. IT. 21 
 Van Umm. .John X., HI. 159 
 \'aughan, Thomas S.. HI. 520 
 Vcela Building and Loan Association, 
 
 III, 181 
 Venning. Frank J., Ill, 479 
 Visiting Xurses' Association. I. 624 
 Vlchek. Frank J.. Til. 201 
 "Voce Del Popolo Italiano," III, 319 
 Vocke. (icorge \V.. IT, 153 
 Volmar. Hiirvcy K.. II. 525 
 Volunteers of America, I. 625 
 Vortex Manufacturing Company. 111. 
 
 58 
 
 Wade, Edward. I, 151, 529 
 Wade, Frank, III. 563 
 
 iulc, 
 
 ade. 
 
 417, 
 
 510 
 
 ailc. 
 
 ade, 
 
 ade, 
 
 a(h' 
 
 111. 
 
 ade 
 
 ade. 
 
 ade 
 
 .Teptlia, III, 175 
 
 Jeptha H., I. 251, 398, 400, 415, 
 
 474, 481, 484, 488, 565, 624; II, 
 
 J. 
 
 H., II, 513 
 
 ,1. H., Sr., 510 
 
 J. W., II, 510 
 
 Park, I, 481, 491; II, 364, 511; 
 
 175 
 
 Park school, I, 365, 393 
 Randall P.. II, 512 
 
 school, I, 393 
 adsworfh. T'^lijah, I, 66, 67, 93, 655 
 adsworth, Howard L., II, 557 
 adsworth. Joe L., Ill, 206 
 adsworth, Mrs. .John, I, 656 
 agiier, F. J., Ill, 364 
 ahl. John F.. III. 479 
 aibcl. Henry, I, 713 
 ain, Lewis H., II, 215 
 aite. Floyd E., I, 446, 447 
 aite. Morrison R., I, 520 
 akutt, William, I, 242 
 alforth. William, I, 658 
 alker, Frank R.. Ill, 241 
 alker. Mary I.. III. 541 
 alk-inthe-Water. I, 119; (illustra- 
 tion), 120 
 
 allace, Frederick T., I, 494 
 a 1 lace, (icorge, I, 99, 109 
 allace, George A., I, 247, 444, 447 
 allace House, I, 104 
 allace, James C, III, 61 
 allace, James L., Ill, 62 
 allace, John H., Ill, 557 
 'allace, Mrs. George, I, 656 
 allace. Robert. I, 643; 11, 470 
 allace, Robert B., II, 471 
 'aller, C. C, I, 208 
 "alsh, Thomas R., Ill, 414 
 'alter, Raymond L., II, 518 
 alton, J. W., I, 637 
 'alton scliool. I, 393 
 alton. Thomas, I, 709 
 altz, Allen S., Ill, 240 
 altz. A. L., I, 540 
 
 alwnrth, Ashbel W'.. I, 149, 157: 
 (portrait), 101 
 alworth, .Tuhn. I. 70*, 73, 75, 81, 501, 
 
 ^m 
 
 alworth Run viaduct, I, 455 
 
 ai Council of Cleveland, I, 675 
 
 ar emergency committees, D. A. R . 
 
 Spanish-American war, I, 310 
 
 ar of 1S12 at Cleveland, I, 92, 655 
 
 ar Iniuistries Board, II, 492 
 
 ar nurses. I, 686 
 
 ar Relief Committee (Federated 
 
 Churches), I, 622 
 
 ard, Artemus (see Cliarles F. Brown) 
 
 ard. H. X., T, 177, 178. 205. 210, 211 
 
 arehouse, first frame. I. 116 
 
 aring Play Ground, I. 491
 
 Iviii 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Waring school, I, 393 
 
 Warner, Clavton H., II, 306 
 
 Warner, Franz C, III, 345 
 
 Warner school, I, 393 
 
 Warner, Worcester R., I, 339, 559*, 
 
 709; 11, 15 
 ^^'arner & Swasey Company, The, IT, 
 
 14 
 Warren, Charles A., II, 528 
 Warren, Moses, I, 17, 28, 32 
 Warren, Moses, Jr.. I, 31 
 Warren school. I. 393 
 Warrensville Farms, I, 633 
 Warwick, .James W., Ill, 503 
 Warwick, Nathan E., II, 473 
 Washington Park, I, 489, 491 
 Wiisliinpton Park school. 1, 393 
 Wasmcr, Chas. L., I, 713 
 Watch inspection service on railway, 
 
 II, 118 
 Waterman, Eleaznr, I, 100 
 Water supply, zones and area, I, 438 
 \\ater tunnels, 1874-1890, I, 262, 432 
 Water works, I. 221. 334. 338, 334, 361, 
 
 430, 431. 432. 435. 436, 437, 438, 439; 
 
 miles and valuation. I, 438 
 Waterworks department. III, 111 
 Watson's Hall, I, 265 
 Watson, .T. W.. I, 265 
 Watson, W. W.. Ill, 437 
 Watterson, Henry. I, 334 
 Watterson, Horace A., II, 547 
 Watterson, Moses G., I, 414 
 Watterson school, I, 393 
 Watterson, William W., II, 545 
 Waverly school, I, 393 
 Weaker, Theodore A., Ill, 16 
 Wealth in 1891, I, 281 
 Weatherly, Joseph L., I, 213, 707, 708, 
 
 709 
 Weaver, William E., Ill, 345 
 Webb, Ella S., I. 289, 306 
 Webb, Thomas P.. I, 501. 504 
 Weber. Oustavc C. E.. I, 544 
 A\'eber. Herman, I, 275 
 Webster, Mrs. J. H., I, 310, 313, 314, 
 
 562 
 Weddell. Margaret C, T, 649 
 \A'eddell. Peter M., T, 125, 128, 202 
 Weed. Mrs. Charles H., I, 290 
 Wehrsrhmidt, Daniel, 1, 563 
 Wehrschmidt, Emil. I, 563 
 Wcideiiian. Henry W., IT, 510 
 MCitlciithal, Maiirice. H. 550 
 ^\■(■iIll(■r, Solumoii, III, 539 
 A\eiiitraul), (Jerson Z., 111. 126 
 Weitz. T,eonhardt V... Hi, 217 
 Weldon, Henry (',., I, 197 
 Weldon. S. J.," T, 542 
 Welker, Martin. T. 524 
 Wells, Frank, 1, 544 
 Welsbaeh, Alier V., III. 259 
 Weiinenian. .Tos(|ili [I., II, 170 
 
 West Boulevard, I. 491 
 
 West Cleveland. I, 385, 451 
 
 West Cleveland schools annexed, I, 376 
 
 West High school, I, 356, 360, 366 (il- 
 lustration), 359 
 
 West junior high school, I, 387 
 
 West Manual Training school, I, 372 
 
 ^V'est Park, II, 266 
 
 West school, I, 386 
 
 West Side market, I, 491 
 
 West Side Mimicipal Market House 
 (illustration), I, 492 
 
 West Side Railway Company, I, 241 
 
 West Side Savings and Loan Associa- 
 tion, III, 243 
 
 West Side Street Railway Company, I, 
 461 
 
 West, Sylvester S., Ill, 183 
 
 \\est Technical school, I, 386 
 
 West technical high school, I, 383; (il- 
 lustration) 385 
 
 West Technical junior high school, I, 
 387 
 
 West Thirty-eighth Play Ground, I, 
 491 
 
 Westenhaver, David C, I, 524; II, 22 
 
 Western College of Homeopathy, I, 545 
 
 Western Reserve Almanac for 1853, II, 
 552 
 
 Western Reserve Centennial. II, 315 
 
 M'estern Reserve Day, Cleveland Cen- 
 tennial, I, 298 
 
 Western Reserve Historical Society, I, 
 109, 129, 350, 283. 411. 573; II, 564 
 
 Western Reserve Historical Society's 
 Building on the Public Square (illus- 
 tration). I, 413 
 
 Western Reserve Historical Society 
 Building of Today (illustration), I, 
 416 
 
 Western Reserve Historical Society's 
 Collections. I, 415 
 
 Western Reserve Real Estate Associa- 
 tion Notes (reproductions of), T, 191 
 
 Western Reserve University, I, 271, 
 395, 3!)S. 578; II, 413 
 
 iWestern Reserve I'niversity war unit, 
 I, 674 
 
 Western Reserve Varnish Comjiany, 
 ni, 341 
 
 Western Seamnii's Friend Society, I, 
 189, 623, 630 
 
 Western Union Tclegrajih Company, 
 IT. 511 
 
 Westinghouse Electric & Jlanufactur- 
 ing Ciiinpany, HI. 219 
 
 \\CtlierclI, iMlwin C. T, 545 
 
 Wlialing, G. E, &. Son Company, III, 
 538 
 
 Whaling. George E., Til. 538 
 
 Whaling. Ralph A.. HI, 539 
 
 WheelcT, .\nron. I. 73 
 
 Wheeler, .lohn, I, 545
 
 INDEX 
 
 lix 
 
 AV 
 \V 
 W 
 W 
 \V 
 \V 
 
 \\ 
 \V 
 
 \v 
 w 
 w 
 
 w 
 w 
 
 AY 
 
 AX- 
 AX 
 AV 
 AA 
 
 AA' 
 AA' 
 AV 
 AV 
 
 Iieelnien's Dav. Cleveland Ceiitiniiiiil, 
 I, 296 
 
 heeliiu'ii's Day Crowd, Cleveland Cen- 
 tennial (illustialiun I, I, 297 
 lielpley. Thomas, 1. 178 
 hi|)|)le". Edward I)., HI. 333 
 hite, An<lrew, I. 210 
 hitc, liuslinell, I, 224, 518, 524, 571 
 hite Conipaiiv, The, JII, 309 
 hite, Fred R.", II, 491 
 hite, Henry C. I, 129, 513, 532 
 hite, John"G., I, 425, 536* 
 hite, John P., II. 445 
 hite, Jloses, I, 55 
 hite ]\Iotor Companv. III. 501 
 hite. X. n.. I, 213 
 hite, Pierre A., II, 279 
 hite, Roland AV., Ill, 448 
 hite Sewinj; Machine Company, II, 
 534: III, 501 
 hite, Thomas H., I, 565 
 hite, AA"ilcnian, I, 130 
 hite, AA'. J., I, 565 
 hite, AV. S., I, 446 
 hitloek, K. H., I, 425 
 hitloek, Fred B., Ill, 290 
 hitman. F. P.. I, 402 
 hitney. Lyman, I, 213 
 hittaker. '.May C. I, 376 
 hittemore. Edward L., II, 59 
 hittlesev. Charles. I, 146*; portrait, 
 147; 189, 193, 412, 555, 570, 572, 577, 
 583, 659; II, 85 
 hittlesev. Elisha. I, 504 
 iek Block. II. 560 
 ick, Dudlev B., II, 559 
 iek, Dudley B., .Jr.. 1 1. 561 
 ick, Henry, II. 560 
 iek. Warren C, II, 562 
 iek, William. I. 56 
 ickhani. Certrude A'. R., I, 282, 290, 
 306 
 
 idlar Company, III, 374 
 idlar, Francis. III. 373 
 iebenson. E., I, 711 
 ieland. Gustavus A., Ill, 492 
 iener. A.. I, 710 
 iese, A. D.. II. 194 
 ightman. David L., I, 604 
 ilcox, John M., I, 434 
 ilhelra, John. I. 279, 280 
 
 Hard. Archibald II., I, 471, 565; 
 III, 353 
 
 illard. Byron AV., HI, 355 
 illard. Daniel, I, 669 
 illard school, I, 393 
 illard Storage Battery Company, II, 
 467 
 illard. Theodore A., II, 466 
 
 lies, L., I. 583 
 
 illett avenue bridge. I, 460 
 illey, Georpe, I, 346, 348, 350, 351, 
 353, 355, 357, 412, 456 
 
 W illev. John AV., I, 130, 179, IHO, 182, 
 184, 193, 194, 341, 344, 452, 506; 
 (portrait), 181 
 
 Uillevville, I, 174 
 
 Williams, A. J., I, 287, 289 
 
 Williams, Charles D., I, 545, 599 
 
 Williams, Cyrus, I, 178, 205 
 
 Williams, C, I, 177 
 
 Williams, C. C, I, 669 
 
 Williams, E. il., I, 384, 625 
 
 Williams, E. P., I, 402 
 
 Williams, Jonathan, I, 184 
 
 Williams, Joseph, I, 7 
 
 Williams mill, I, 43 
 
 Williams, Mrs. A. J., I, 290, 306 
 
 Williams Park, I, 478 
 
 Williams, Robert F., HI, 526 
 
 Williams, Samuel G., I, 366, 368 
 
 W illiams, William W., I, 60, 69, 72, 74, 
 089 
 
 Williams, AA'hecler AV., I, 42 
 
 W illiamson, J, D., I, 428 
 
 Williamson, James D., H, 489 
 
 AVilliamson. Samuel, I, 81*; (portrait) 
 82; 99, 109, 129, 198, 200, 205, 208, 
 344, 351, 400, 402. 412, 414; H, 485 
 
 AA'illiamson. Samuel E., I, 511, 533, 
 533; II, 488 
 
 AVilliamson Tannery, I, 65 
 
 Willis, Genevieve E., II, 182 
 
 \\illis, George W., II, 183 
 
 AVillis. Harriet J., II, 183 
 
 A\'illoughby, III, 169 
 
 AA'illson Avenue Baptist church, I, 618 
 
 Willson, H. A'., I, 237, 532 
 
 Willson, Hiram A^, I, 523, 524 
 
 Willson. S. A'., T, 412 
 
 Willson school. I, 365 
 
 Willson School for Cripples. I, 365 
 
 Willson Street Hospital, I, 547 
 
 Willson (Training) school, I, 393 
 
 AVilmot, James C, III, 242 
 
 Wilshire Building, I, 265 
 
 Wilson, J. J., I, 637 
 
 Wilson, J. AV.. II, 522 
 
 AVilson, Sidney S., I, 417; II, 507 
 
 AA'ilson, Sidney V., II, 507 
 
 AVilson, Thos.'H., I, 710 
 
 AVilson, T. P., I, 546 
 
 AVinch, L. H., I, 517 
 
 AA'indham County, Connecticut (map), 
 I. 29 
 
 Windsor. Lloyd, I. 597 
 
 Wing, F. J.. "l, 534 
 
 AVing, Francis J., I, 534; II, 51 
 
 Wing, George C, TI, 50 
 
 AVing, Joseph K., II. 49 
 
 AVing. Marie R., II, 51 
 
 Winslow. Charles, I, 205, 211, 212, 213, 
 214. 220 
 
 Winslow. Richard, I, 139; why he re- 
 mained, 141 
 
 AA'insIow, Rufus K., I, 555, 571
 
 INDEX 
 
 VVinthrop, John Jr., I, 3* 
 
 Winton, Alexander, I, 702; III. 472 
 
 Winton Company, The, III, 473 
 
 Wiseman. John J., 1, 660 
 
 Wiswall, William T., I, 283 
 
 Witt. Peter, I. 320: 11, 107 
 
 Witt, Stillman. I, 649 
 
 Wolfe. Herman, in, 263 
 
 Wolfville books. II, 133 
 
 Woltman. William, II, 493 
 
 Woman, first elected to public office in 
 
 Ohio. I, 376 
 Woman lawyer, first, I, 275 
 Woman Suffrage, II, 109, 424 
 Woman's Club of Cleveland, II. 43 
 Women's Christian Temperance Union, 
 
 I, 262 
 Women's Dav, Cleveland Centennial, I, 
 
 296 
 Women's war committee. I, 681 
 Women's war work, I, 685 
 Wood, David L., I, 658 
 Wood. Henry W. S.. I. 456; II. 548 
 Wood. Herbert C, HI, 226 
 Wood, James C, I, 551 
 Wood, Reuben, I, 100, 118'; (portrait) 
 
 118: 505, 507, 521", 528 
 Woodland avenue (Kinsman street), I, 
 
 450 
 Woodland Avenue Presbyterian church, 
 
 1, 618 
 Woodland cemetery, I, 219, 626 
 Woodland HillOarfield Boulevard. I, 
 
 491 
 \\'oodland Hills Park. I. 476. 491 
 Woodland Hills school. 1, 393 
 Woodland school, I, 393 
 Woods, David L., I, 518 
 Wooldridoe school, I, 393 
 Woolsev, I, 157 
 Woolsey, John M., I, 212 
 Woolson, Constance F., I, 573* 
 Wooltex coats and suits, III, 196 
 Worbs, Andrew V.. Ill, 484 
 Worcester, Xoah, I, 543 
 WorkiuKmcn's Loan Association, I, 024 
 WorI<l war activities, I, 663-87 
 Worlev, Daniel, I, 180, 182, 184, 198, 
 
 344' 
 Worthinpton Company, I, 690; III, 383 
 Worthinjjton, Kdward I-., II, 327 
 Wortliinfrton, Kdward W., II. 326 
 \\'(jrlliinf;lon, (Jeorge, I, 138; (portrait) 
 
 139; 690* 
 Worthington, Oeorge, Jr., Ill, 382 
 \\ orthington, (ieorge II., Ill, 554 
 
 AVortliington, Thomas, I, 62 
 Wright, A. S., I, 398 
 Wright, Darwin E.. I. 289 
 ^\'right, Edward R., I, 623, 677 
 Wright, Howell, III, 306 
 Wright. .Jabez, I, 81 
 "\\'right, Martin L., Ill, 208 
 Wright, Mrs. R. H.. I, 298 
 Wright, Nat C, I, 592 
 \\right'3 Hospital, III, 365 
 Wyatt, Major. I, 42 
 Wyles, John, I, 8 
 U'yman, George, II, 527 
 
 X-rays, II, 561 
 
 Yoder, Harvey O.. Ill, 82 
 
 York, B. H., I, 709 
 
 York, George W., II, 420 
 
 York, Harrison B., I. 658 
 
 Young, Arthur F., II, 318 
 
 Young, Charles A., I, 395 
 
 Young, E. F.. I, 635 
 
 Young, Elijah, I, 173 
 
 'i'oung Furniture Company, HI, 286 
 
 Young, John, I, 51 
 
 Young, John L., IH, 285 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association, I, 
 231, 623, 625, 635-649; Association 
 Building, 1875 (illustration), 639; 
 Association Building on Euclid ave- 
 nue and East Fourth street (illus- 
 tration), 640; Association Building, 
 1891 (illustration). 641; Association 
 Building. 1918 (illustration), 645; 
 Association branch buildings, 643, 
 644; war work, 677 
 
 Young Men's Literary Association, I, 
 188, 211, 570 
 
 Young. P. F.. I. 519 
 
 Young. Thos O.. I. 129 
 
 Young People's Council of (he Fed- 
 erated Churches, 1, 622 
 
 Young Women's Christian Association, 
 I, 250, 623, 625, 649-53: II, 393; 
 -Vssociation Bviilding (illustration), 
 I. 650; dining room (illustration), 
 651 
 
 Younglove, Moses C, I, 586; III, 166 
 
 Zangerle, John A., I, 448 
 Zimerman, Charles X.. I, 662, 609 
 /ion church. I, 605 
 
 Zones and area of water supply, I, 438 
 "Zoo." Bro(iksi<Ie Park. I, 487 " 
 Zoul, William J., II, 378
 
 Cleveland and Its Environs 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 IN OLD CONNECTICUT 
 
 In Ifi.'il, au Indian sajxamore went to Boston with the storj^ of a 
 delightful country in the valley of what is now known as the Con- 
 necticut River. For various reasons, some of the people of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay soon began to think that their province was too crowded 
 and to express a desire to emigrate westward. About that time the 
 earl of Warwick assigned to Lord Say and Scale, Lord Brooke, and 
 others his dubious title to the territory between the Narragansetl and 
 the Pacific, the bounds of which were stated with exasperating indefi- 
 niteness. The grantees planned the planting of a colony, but the 
 New Xetlu'i-land Dutch penetrated the Connecticut River valley, 
 bouglit lands from the Indians as was tlieir honest custom, built Fort 
 Good Hope on the site of Hartford, aiul claimed the whole valley as 
 their own. In T63.1, the Pilgrims at New Plymouth sent a vessel to 
 carry William Holmes and others thither, and the Dutch commander of 
 Fort Good Hope threatened to fire if Holmes attempted to sail by. 
 But Holmes iniderstood English better than he did Dutch, obeyed his 
 New Plymouth orders, .sailed by the quiescent fort, and, si.x miles 
 further up the river, began a settlement on the site of Windsor. 
 Connecticut had been begun. 
 
 E.VRLY Events in Southern New England 
 
 The water route to the beautiful valley having been thus opened 
 by Holmes, the overland route through Massachusetts was explored 
 by John Oldham, whose "appetizing accounts of the upper Connecti- 
 cut valley . . . seem to have suggested a way out of a serious 
 difficulty which had come to a head in Massachu.setts Bay." Five of 
 the eight Massachusetts towns had limited suffrage and office-holding 
 
 1
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS 
 
 [Chap. I 
 
 to church members. For this and perhaps other reasons, the three 
 more democratic towns fell into opposition. In 1636, came a mem- 
 orable migration, led by such men as Thomas Hooker and William 
 Pynchon, and urged on by the restless pioneer spirit characteristic 
 of our fathers, the desire for more fertile lands than those of eastern 
 ilassachusetts, a longing for less of political and ecclesiastical restric- 
 tion than that imposed by the Puritan hierarchy, and, in some cases, 
 no doubt, by a weariness of the overshadowing influence of Wilson, 
 Cotton, Endicott, Dudley and the elder Winthrop. In March of that 
 year (1636), the ilassaehusetts general court issued a commission 
 
 A T J. A 
 
 y T I C 
 
 Southern New England 
 
 to eight persons "to govern the people at Coiinoctirut " for the ensu- 
 ing year, but before the Massachusetts commission expiicil, Connecti- 
 cut liad a W('ll-cstal)lished govornincut of i1s own. hi Ili37. Sj.ring- 
 field withdrew from the association, but in .hmuary, 163S-3!!, the other 
 towns on the river, Hartford, Wethcrsticld ami Windsor, took iij) tlic 
 powers of self-government, a somewhat iieliidous comnioiiwcalth with 
 its authority derived chiefly from the democratic principles of its 
 citizens; its constitution, known a.s "The Fundamental Orders of 
 Connecticut," niiide no mention of king or pai-liamcnt. Thei'c soon 
 came a voluminous correspondence lietwccn Tiiomas Hookei- and Gov- 
 ernor Winthrop concerning the boundaries of the cnninionwcalths
 
 1637-62] IN OLD CONXECTICUT 3 
 
 and general prineiples of government. This corres)iondcnce shows 
 clearly the nneonipromising denioeracy of the Hartford pastor who 
 urged tliat "the foundation of antliority is laid in the free consent of 
 the people." On the other hand. Governor Winthrop insisted that 
 "the best part is always the least, and of that best part the wiser part 
 is always the lesser." This disposition of the Connecticut freemen 
 to make their democracy the chief cornerstone of commonwealth still 
 pemsts in their descendants in New Connecticut. 
 
 In June, 1637, a band of English Calvinists landed at Boston. 
 Their leader was their pastor, John Davenport, after whom their 
 leading man was Theophilus Eaton, a merchant. In proportion to 
 their numbers, they formed the richest colony in America, and they 
 were free from entangling alliances. Unwilling to subordinate them- 
 selves to others when they could constitute a commonwealth of their 
 own, and without any patent from king or concessionaire, they sailed 
 from Boston in March, 1638, and began a settlement at what is now 
 New Haven. At first, as was the case at Plymouth, the town and the 
 colony were identical, but, one after another, neighboring towns were 
 planted and, in 1643, the deputies from several of these towns met 
 as a general court and adopted a constitution for the commonwealth 
 of New Haven. 
 
 In 1645, John Winthrop, Jr., son of the Jlassachu-setts governor, 
 began a plantation at the mouth of the Pequot River; the plantation 
 became New London and the river became tiie Thames. In 1646, 
 Winthrop received a commis.sion from the Ma-ssachu.setts general 
 court, but, in tlie following year, the commissioners of the United 
 Colonics concluded that "the jurisdiction of that plantation doth 
 and ought to belong to Connecticut." Settlements were soon made 
 at Stonington and elsewhere in ea.stern Connecticut. In 1658, the 
 commissioners of the United Colonies awarded the territory west of 
 the Mystic River to Connecticut and the country between the Mystic 
 and the Pawcatuck to Massachusetts. In 1662, the long-sought Con- 
 necticut charter fixed the eastern boundary of the colony at the Paw- 
 catuck River. Ma.s,sachusetts acquiesced, and, in June of that year, 
 Thomas ^Fincr of Stonington wrote in his famous diary tliat "mr 
 plaisted [and] ould Cheesbrough was going to norig [Norwich] To 
 surrender the Towne to Coneticut." 
 
 In 1657, the yf)unger Winthrop was elected governor of Connecti- 
 cut, for a year. In 1659. lie was again elected and held the office until 
 1676. Connecticut was tardy, but less tardy tlian the other members 
 of the New England confederacy, in her acknowledgment of Charles 
 II. as king of England. In 1661, her general court voted an address
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS 
 
 1 Chap. I 
 
 to the king "declaring and professing themselves, all the inhabitants 
 of the colony, to be his Highness 's lawful and faithful subjects." 
 Governor "Winthrop was sent to England with the address and instruc- 
 tions to seek a royal charter with provisions "not inferior or short 
 of what was granted to the Ma.ssaehusetts. " In England, he had the 
 influential support of Lord Say and Scale and of the earl of Man- 
 chester. AVinthrop's mi.ssion was successful, and, in April, 1662, the 
 monarch who has been fittingly described as "indolent, unamliitious, 
 and depraved in morals" granted a charter of extraordinary liberality. 
 
 The Loc.\tion of New Connecticut 
 
 The charter thus granted to Connecticut conveyed a licit of land 
 reaching from the Massachusetts line to Long Island Sound and ex- 
 tending vvestwai'd from Narragansett Bay "to the South Sea [Pacific 
 Ocean] on the west part with the islands thereunto adjoining." It 
 consolidated the Connecticut and the New Haven plantations, jumped 
 half the claim of Rhode Island and the lately estaMislicd claim of 
 Massachusetts, and ignored the existence of llie Dutch. New Haven 
 liked it not and, under the lead of Davciijiort, resisted annexation 
 until 1665, when she submitted. For yeai's befni'e and after this, the 
 policy of Connecticut was what, in inodcrn political parlance, is cidlcd 
 a still hunt; or, in the words of I'rofessor Johnston, "to say as little 
 as possililc, yield as little as possible, and evade as nuich as possible
 
 1783-86] IN OLD CONNECTICUT 5 
 
 when open resistaiiec was evident folly." Her statesmen never forgot 
 their laek of a eliarter. and the importance of securing an increase 
 of territory. Their success in cairyiiiir <iut this policy w.is remarkable. 
 
 KiivAL L.vND Grants 
 
 But it was not in good form for kings in those days to be accurate 
 in the matter of the title deeds they gave. In fact, their disregard 
 of geography and equity was phenomenal. The grants overlapped 
 alarmingly and bred conflicts that gave no end of trouble to American 
 colonists and of exas])erati()n to American historians. Subsequent 
 grants to the duke of York and to AVilliam Peun cut sorry gashes in the 
 domain granted by this charter of 1662. The northern boundary of 
 Connecticut is the parallel of 42° 2' ; the westei-n boundary happens to 
 fall at the seashore on the forty-first parallel of north latitude. At 
 the close of the war of independence. Connecticut still upheld her 
 claim to the western territory lying between the parallels of 41° and 
 of 42°. 2' and extending from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi. By a 
 resolution of her legislature in 1783, she affirmed "the undoubted 
 and exclusive right of .iurisdiction and preemi^tion to all the lands 
 lying we.st of the western limits of the state of Pennsylvania, and 
 east of the Mississippi River, and extending throughout, from the 
 latitude of the forty-first degree to the latitude of the forty-second 
 degree and two minutes, north ; by virtue of the charter granted by 
 King Chai'les IT, to the late colony and luiw state of Connecticut, 
 and being dated April 23, 1662, which claim and title to make 
 known for the information of all, that they may conform themselves . 
 thereto : 
 
 Resolved, that his excellency, the governor, be desired to issue 
 his j)roclamation. declaiming and asserting the right of this state to 
 all the lands within the limits aforesaid, and strictly forbidding all 
 persons to enter or settle thereon, without special license and authority 
 first obtained from the cfcneral assembly of this state. 
 
 CONNECTICfT CkDES MOST OF HeR "WESTERN LaNDS 
 
 A few yeai's later, tiie cKiiinaiit states of the old confedei'ation cCdcd 
 their western lands to the general government. On the fourteenth 
 of September, 1786, by deed of cession, Connecticut released to the 
 United States all right, title, .iurisdiction, and claim that she had 
 north of the forty-first panillcl and west of a meridian to be run 
 one hundred and twenty miles west of the west line of Pennsylvania. 
 The deed made no disposition of the territory between this meridian
 
 6 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. I 
 
 and the Pennsylvania line and north of the forty-fii'st parallel; in 
 other words, the territory in the northeastern part of the Ohio of to- 
 day, bounded on the north by the international line, on the east 
 by Pennsylvania, on the south by the forty-first parallel, and on the 
 west by a line pai*allel to the western boundary of Pennsylvania 
 and a hundred and twenty miles from it was excluded from the re- 
 lease. Connecticut was said "to reserve" this territory, and the 
 popular expression, "The Connecticut Western Reserve" soon worked 
 its way into legal and historical documents. In October, 1786, the 
 general assembly of Connecticut authorized the sale of the eastern 
 part of her reservation. The resolution provided for the survey of 
 six ranges of townships lying west of the Pennsylvania line. The 
 townships were to be six miles square and numbered from Lake 
 Erie southward ; a plan of survey that was subsequently modified. 
 The price per acre was limited to three shillings currency (half a 
 dollar). In each township, 500 acres were to be resei-ved for the 
 support of the gospel ministry, and 500 more for the stipport of 
 schools. The first minister who settled in a township was to be 
 given 240 acres. Until local civil government could be established, 
 the preservation of peace and good order was to devolve iipon the 
 general assembly. In the following year, congress enacted the 
 famous Ordinance of 1787, thus establishing national authority over 
 the Western Reserve. Although no attempt was made to execute 
 the surveys authorized in 1786 by the general assembly, 24,000 
 acres, described by ranges and townships as though the lines had 
 been run and marked upon the ground, and afterwards known as 
 the "Salt Spring Tract" in Trumbull County, was sold in February. 
 1788, to Gen. Samuel H. Parsons of IMiddletown, Connecticut. 
 
 Salb op Western Reserve to Connecticut Land Company 
 
 In May, 1792, the general assembly set apart 500,000 acres lying 
 across the western end of the Reserve for the benefit of her citi- 
 zens who had suffered losses by British incursions in the Revolu- 
 tion. In Connecticut history, these lands are known as "The Suf- 
 ferer's Lands;" in Ohio history, as "The Fire Lands." In May, 
 1795, the general assembly ofTered for sale the remaining part of 
 its western lands, flic i)roceeds thereof to constitute a perpetual 
 fund, the interest of which sliould lie approju-iated for th(> siip- 
 jiort of schools. The Connecticut school fund, wliich now amounts 
 to more than !)^2, 000,000, consists wholly of |)roco(>ds of the sale of 
 these western lands and of the capitalized intei'cst thereon. The
 
 1792-95] IN OLD CONNECTICUT 7 
 
 time was propitious, for the triumphal march of Gen. Anthony 
 Wayne through the Indian country from the Ohio River to Lake 
 Erie in 179-4 had added new zest to the speculation in western lands. 
 In the followinsT ^^cptenlber (1795), a legislative committee sold 
 these lauds to the Connecticut Land Company which was organized 
 for the purpose of the purchase. This company was not incor- 
 porated; it was simply a "syndicate" of land speculators. The 
 price agreed upon was .$1, 200,000; the sale was made on credit, the 
 purchasers giving their bonds with personal security, and subse- 
 quently supplementing them by mortgages on the lands. The Re- 
 serve was sold without survey or measurement. The committee made 
 as many deeds as there were purchasers and each deed granted all 
 riglit, title and interest, jui'idical and territorial, to as many twelvc- 
 hundred-thousanilths of the land as the number of dollars that the 
 purchasers had agreed to pay. "These deeds were quitclaims only, 
 the State guaranteeing nothing as against such Indian titles as still 
 remained unextinguished." Each purchaser was a tenant in common 
 of the whole territory. The names of the purchasers and the amount 
 of each one 's subscription are as follows : 
 
 Joseph Howland and Daniel L. Coit .$ 30.461 
 
 Elias :\Iorgan 51,402 
 
 Caleb Atwater 22,846 
 
 Daniel Ilolbrook 8,750 
 
 Joseph Williams 15,231 
 
 AVilliam Love 10,500 
 
 William Judd 16,256 
 
 Elisha Hyde and Uriah Tracey 57,400 
 
 James Johnston 30,000 
 
 Samuel :Mather, Jr .' . . . 18,461 
 
 Ephraim Kirbv, Elijah Boardman and Uriel Holmes, Jr. . . 60,000 
 
 Solomon Griswold 10,000 
 
 Oliver Plielps and Gideon Granger, Jr 80,000 
 
 William Hart 30,462 
 
 Henry Champion, 2d 85.675 
 
 Asher Miller 34.000 
 
 Robert C. Johnson 60,000 
 
 Ephraim Root 42,000 
 
 Nehemiah Hubl)ard, Jr 19,039 
 
 Solomon Cowles 10,000 
 
 Oliver Phelps 168,185 
 
 Asahel Hathawav 12,000 
 
 John Caldwell and Peleg Sanford 15,000 
 
 Timothy Burr 15,231 
 
 Luther Loomis and Ebenezer King, Jr 44,318 
 
 William Lyman, John Stoddard and David King 24,730
 
 8 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. I 
 
 Moses Cleaveland 32,600 
 
 Samuel P. Lord 14,092 
 
 Roger Newberry, Eiiocli Perkins and Jonathan Brace .... 38,000 
 
 Ephraim Starr 17,415 
 
 Sylvanns Griswold 1,683 
 
 Joseb Stocking and Joshua Stow 11,423 
 
 Titus Street 22,846 
 
 James Bull. Aaron Olmsted and John "Wyles 30,000 
 
 Pierpoint Edwards " 60,000 
 
 $1,200,000 
 
 The deeds and subsequent drafts by which the lands were dis- 
 tributed were recorded in the office of the secretary of state at Hart- 
 ford and subsequently transferred to the recorder's office at War- 
 ren. For convenience in the transaction of business, the holders of 
 these deeds conveyed (September 5, 1795) their respective interests 
 to three trustees, John Caldwell, John Morgan, and Jonathan Brace. 
 The original of this deed of tiiist is in the archives of the AYestern 
 Reserve Historical Society. Such was the largest sale of Ohio lands 
 ever made. The deeds given by these trustees constitute the source 
 of all land titles in the "Western Reserve. The somewhat elaboi-ate 
 articles of association provided that annual meetings should be held 
 at Hartford in October and that the proprietors were to draM' by 
 townships, receive their deeds, and make their own subdivisions. As 
 a speculation, the purchase proved unfortunate; the survey showed 
 that instead of buying 4,000,000 acres as was supposed, the share- 
 holders had bought not more than 3,000,000; instead of paying 
 thirty cents per acre, they had paid more than forty. The expenses 
 of the survey were heavier than had been anticipated and a jurisdic- 
 tional question caused much vexation iuul peeuniai-y loss. "For 
 a state to alienate the jurisdiction of half its territory to a company 
 of land speculators that never rose to the dignity of a body corporate 
 and politic was certainly a remarkable proceeding." 
 
 Personnel op the Connecticut L.\nd Comp.\ny 
 
 The directors of the company were Oliver Phelps of Sufficld ; 
 Henry Champion, 2d, of Colchester; Moses Cleaveland of Canter- 
 bury; Samuel AV. Johnson, Ejihraim Kii-by and Samuel Mather, Jr., 
 of Lynn ; and Roger Newberry of West Windsor. The articles of 
 association authorized the directors "to procure an extinguishment 
 of the Lidian tifle to said Reserve" and "to survey the whole of 
 said Reserve, and to lay tlie same out into tnwiisliips cuntaiiiing
 
 General Moses Cleaveland 
 
 Pirst reproduction from a portrait, by the courtesy of The Western 
 
 Reserve Historical Society.
 
 10 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. I 
 
 16,000 acres each; to fix on a township in which the first settle- 
 ment shall be made, to survey that township into small lots in such 
 manner as they shall think proper, and to sell and dispose of said 
 lots to actual settlers only; to erect in said township a saw-mill and 
 grist-mill at the expense of said company, to lay out and sell live 
 other townships of 16,000 acres each to actual settlers only." In 
 the spring of 1796, the directors sent out a surveying party (fifty 
 pei*sons, all told) under the command of Gen. ]Moses Cleaveland, 
 a man of few words and prompt action, a man of true courage and 
 as shrewd in his tactics as he was courageous. This ]Moses Cleave- 
 land was born at Canterbury in Windham County, Connecticut, on 
 the twenty-ninth of January, 1754, the second son of Aaron and 
 Thankful (Paine) Cleaveland. In the Memorial Record of Cuya- 
 hoga County published in 1894, it is recorded, on the authority of 
 "an eminent antiquarian," (Harvey Rice) that the name Cleave- 
 land or Cleveland appears to be "of Saxon origin and was given 
 to a distinguished family in Yorkshire, England, prior to the Nor- 
 man conquest. The family occupied a large landed estate w-hich was 
 peculiarly marked by open fissures in its rocky soil, styled 'cleft' 
 or 'eleves' by the Saxons, and by reason of the peculiarity of the 
 estate its occupants were called ' Clefflauds, ' which name was ac- 
 cepted by the family." It may be well, however, to remember that, 
 while the art of patronymic derivation is interesting, some of its 
 results are amazingly ingenious. On the same authority it is said 
 that a William Cleaveland removed from York to Ilincklej' in 
 Leicestershire, England, where he died in 1630. This William had a 
 son, Thomas, who became vicar of Hinckley, and another son, Samuel. 
 This Samuel Cleaveland had a son, Moses, who migrated to America 
 in 16;?.5 and became the ancestor of all the Cleavelands and Cleve- 
 lands who are of New England origin. After living several veal's at 
 Boston, he became one of the founders of Woburn, Massachusetts, 
 where he died in 1701. By way of Chelmsford, some of his descend- 
 ants moved to the town of Canterbury where Aaron Cleaveland, the 
 fifth son and (ruth (tliild of Josiali Cleaveland, was born in 1727. 
 In 1748, this Aaron Clcvelaiul married Thankful Paine, and their 
 second .son was the Moses Cleaveland with whom we are the most 
 directly coneenied. .Vai'oii and Thankfid were persons of educa- 
 tion and refinement and decided that their son should have a col- 
 lege education. After the usual preparation, he was sent to Yale 
 where he was graduated in 1777. He then studied law, was ad- 
 mitted to the l)ar, and began the i)ractice of his profession in his 
 native town. In 1779, he became captain of a company of sajjpers
 
 1779-95] IN OLD CONNECTICUT 11 
 
 and miners in the scrvii'c of the United States, served as such for 
 several years, and then returned to the practice of the law. He 
 became a prominent member of the Masonic order and served several 
 terms in the state legislature. In 1794, he mari-ied Esther, the 
 daughter of Henry Champion; she is spoken of as "a young lady of 
 rare accomplishments;" by her, he had two sons and two daughters. 
 In 1796, he was commissioned as brigadier-general of the Connecticut 
 militia and, in the same year, was chosen to lead the pioneers of 
 the Connecticut Land Company to the Western Reserve. It is said 
 that in his bearing he was manly and dignified. "He wore such a 
 sedate look that strangei-s often took him for a clergyman. He had 
 a somewhat swarthy complexion, which induced the Indians to be- 
 lieve him akin to their own race. He had black hair, quick and 
 penetrating eyes. He was of medium height, erect, thick-set, and 
 portly, and was of muscular limbs and his step was of a military air."
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE QUEST OF THE PROMISED LAND 
 
 He whose name our city bears was commissioned to superintend 
 "the agents and men sent to survey and make locations on said 
 land, and to enter into friendly negotiations with the natives who 
 are on said land or contiguous thereto and may liave any pretended 
 claim to the same," and was "fully authorized to act and transact 
 the above business in as full a manner as we oui-selves could do." 
 The journey from Connecticut to the Reserve was toilsome and 
 tedious, but there were some variations from the i-outine. For in- 
 stance, the journal of Seth Pease contains the following: "I began 
 my journey, Monday, May 9, 1796. Fare from Suffield to Hartford, 
 six sliillings : expenses, four shillings, six pence. ... At break- 
 fast, expense two shillings. Fare on my chest from Hartford to 
 Middletown, one shilling, six pence." The trip to New York cost 
 for "Passage and liquor, 4 dollars and three quarters." His 
 recorded expenses for "seeing" the metropolis were "Ticket for 
 play, 75c; Liquor, 14e ; Show of elephants, 50e; shaving and comb- 
 ing, 13e." On the nineteenth of May, General Cleaveland wrote 
 from Albany to Oliver Phelps as follows: "I have in rain 
 and bad roads arrived at this place. I\Ir. Porter loft Schenectady 
 on last Sunday, one man was drowned. I find it inconvenient and 
 at present imi)ossible to ol)tain a loan of money witliout sacrifice, 
 •as our credit as a comiiany is not yet sufficiently known. It must 
 then rest on drafts on Thos. Matlier & Company, dependent on 
 their early being supplied with money from Hartford. . . . Sir. 
 Porter has proceeded, as I ol)t;iiii information, with all the dispatch 
 and attention possible, but we shall all fall short, tho' our exer- 
 tions arc ever so great, without pecuniary aid. I have concluded, 
 without adequate sujiiily, to proceed, and as my presence is miu'h 
 wanted to risque consequences, shall nuike drafts on Thos. Mather 
 and Company, resting assured that you will immediately, if at the 
 expense of a person on ]inr|)(iM' send on the money imniecliately that 
 can be procured, to Messrs. .Mather, who will attend to all orders 
 and dircM-tions you may please to give. A credit once establislied, 
 
 12
 
 
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 d 
 
 Moses Cleaveland's Co^imtsston
 
 U CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. II 
 
 the business eau with great ease and less expense be transacted, but 
 if we shall be obliged to draw orders, and once protested, I am ap- 
 prehensive that consequences will be fatal, at least to the persons 
 employed." The party was at Schenectady early in June. The 
 horses and cattle were driven thence to BuflPalo, while most of the 
 men went in open boats, up the Mohawk River, across the "Great 
 Carrj'ing Place" near Fort Stanwix (Rome, New York), down the 
 narrow, crooked "Wood Creek, through Oneida Lake, down the Os- 
 wego River into Lake Ontario, and around Niagara to Buffalo, a 
 journey of several heavy portages and througli an unexplored wil- 
 derness. The boats were the batteaux common for the navigation of 
 rivers and lakes in those daj-s; each was supplied with oars and 
 paddles and a movable mast and sail. As recorded by Mrs. Har- 
 riet Taylor Upton in her History of the Western Reserve, the "bat- 
 teaux filled with provisions, baggage, and men were heavy and most 
 of the men were unused to river boating. One of them records that 
 ]nilling up the ^Mohawk was as hard work as he ever did in his life. 
 It was a relief when they began going down the Oswego." Fort 
 Oswego and Fort Niagara were then held by the British, but were 
 to be delivered to the LTnited States in accordance w\i\\ the provi- 
 sions of the Jay treaty. Unfortunatel.y, the old orders to the officers 
 at Fort Oswego allowed no Americans to pass and the new orders 
 had not yet arrived from Fort Niagara. But Commissaiy Stow was 
 in a hurry and when, in disobedience of his instructions, he passed 
 the fort with only one of his four boats, the British officers thought 
 that he was simply going to Fort Niagara to get the needed per- 
 mission for the party to go on. The other three boats passed the 
 fort under cover of the night and the party reached Lake Ontario 
 in safety. Then came a violent storm with attendant losses. In his 
 journal, John ^Milton Holley, one of the surveyors, wrote that "on 
 Saturday morning there sprang up in the northwest a storm, and 
 blew most violently on tlie .shore of the lake. This proved fatal to 
 one of the boats, and damaged another very much, though we went 
 a little forward to a safe harbor, and built several fires on the bank 
 of the lake, as a beacon to those coming on. After the disaster had 
 hapijcned, the boat that was safe went on to the Gerundicut [Iron- 
 dequoit] with a load, and left the other three, including the one 
 that was stove, at Little Sodus, encamped near the lake. Among the 
 passengers were two families, one of the women with a little child. 
 . . . All of these misfortunes happened in consequence of not 
 having liberty to pass the fort at Oswego. Such are the effects of 
 allowing the British (jovernment to exist on the continent of Ameriea."
 
 1796] FIWM SCllEXECTAUY TO BUFP^ALO 15 
 
 The party finally arrived at Iroiulotiuoit, the port for Rochester, and 
 thcuee moved on to Canaiulaigua and were at Buflt'alo on the seven- 
 teenth of .hine. On Sunday (June 19), Mr. IloUey "left Buffalo 
 in Winney's boat, for Chipi)e\va, had a fair wind down, and arrived 
 about 1 o'clock at Chippewa, dined at Fanning's, found our goods 
 were not at the Gore, in Chippewa, and was obliged to go to Queens- 
 town after them, and as T could not get a horse was obliged to walk. 
 I got to QuccnstowH before night, and lodged at Caleb Ingersoll's; 
 next morning set out for Buffalo. On the way I stopped to look at 
 Niagara Falls. That river a little above Fort Slusher, is two and 
 a half miles wide. Soon after this the water is very rapid, and con- 
 tinuing on, is hurried witli amazing impetuosity down the most 
 stupendous precipice perhaps in nature. There is a fog continually 
 arising, occasioned by the tumbling of the water, which, in a clear 
 morning, is seen from Lake Erie, at the distance of thirty or forty 
 miles, as is the noise also hoard. As the hands were very dilatory 
 in leaving Chippewa, we were obliged to encamp on the great island 
 in the river. We struck a fire and cooked some squirrels and pigeons, 
 and a young partridge. I slept very sound all night, between a 
 large log and the bank of the river. The next day arrived at Buffalo." 
 
 Cleaveland Buys Indian Land Claims 
 
 At Buffalo, General Cleaveland bought the Indian claim to the 
 lands east of the Cuyahoga River (June 23d) for 500 pounds 
 (New York currency in trade), two beef cattle, and a hundred gal- 
 lons of whiskey. The Connecticut pilgrims had been "confronted 
 by representatives of the Mohawk and Seneca Indians, headed by the 
 famous Red Jacket, and Joseph Brant otherwise known to fame by 
 his Indian name of Thayendanega, who were determined to use force 
 if necessarv, to oppose the further progress of the expedition toward 
 the West. In the skill and address with which he met this danger 
 and averted it, the General showed himself a diplomat as well as 
 a soldier." In his journal, Surve.yor Holley wrote: "At two o'clock 
 this afternoon, the council fire with the Six Nations was uncovered, 
 and at evening was again covered until morning, when it was opened 
 again, and after some considerable delay. Captain Brant gave Gen- 
 eral Cleaveland a speech in writing. The chiefs, after this, were 
 determined to get drank. No more business was done this day. In 
 the evening the Indians had one of their old ceremonial dances, 
 where one gets up and walks up and down between them, singing 
 something, and those who sit around keep tune by grunting. Next
 
 16 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. II 
 
 morniiior, which was tlie 23rd, after several speeclies back' and fortli, 
 from Red Jacket to General Cleaveland, Captain Chapin, Brant, etc.. 
 General Cleaveland answered Brant's speech. In short, the business 
 was concluded in this waj'. General Cleaveland offered Brant one 
 thousand dollars as a present. Brant, in answer, told General Cleave- 
 land that their minds were easily satisfied, but that they thought his 
 offer was not enough, and added this to it, that if he would use his 
 influence with the United States to procure an annuity of five hun- 
 dred dollars par, and if this should fail that the Connecticut Land 
 Company should, in a reasonable time, make an additional present 
 of one thousand five hundred dollars, which was agreed to. The 
 Mohawks are to give one hundred dollars to the Seneeas^ and Cleave- 
 land gave two beef cattle and whiskey to make a feast for them." 
 In consideration of payments and promises, the chiefs guaranteed 
 that the settlers upon the Western Reserve should not be molested 
 by their people, an agreement that was faithfully carried out. On 
 the twenty-seventh of June, General Cleaveland and his party left 
 Buffalo Creek in two divisions, one by land and one by lake. On 
 Monday, the Fourth of July, they arrived at the place where the 
 dividing line between Pennsylvania and their "Reserve"' struck 
 Lake Erie. Seth Pease WTote in his journal: '"We that came by 
 land arrived at the confines of New Connecticut and gave three 
 cheers precisely at 5 o'clock, p. m. We then proceeded to Conneaut 
 [Creek] at five hours, thirty uiiuutes; our boats got on an hour 
 after; we pitched our tents on the east side." That evening, the 
 I^ioneers celebrated the twentieth anniversary of American indepen- 
 dence at the mouth of Conneaut C'rcek and christened the place the 
 Port of lnile|)eiHl('iu'e. In liis Jnnnial, (lenrriil Cleaveland wrote: 
 
 At the Port of Independence 
 
 On this croek ("Conucaught") in New Connecticut land, Jul.v 
 4th, ]?!)(), under General Moses Cleaveland, the .surveyors, and men 
 sent by the Connecticut Land Company to survey and settle the 
 Connecticut Reserve, and were the first English people who took 
 possession of it. Tlie day, memorable as tho birthday of Ameriean 
 Independence, and freedom from Bi'itish tyranny, and commemorated 
 by all good fTCcborn sons of America, and memorable as the day on 
 which the settlement of this new country was commenced, and in time 
 may raise hor head amongst tlie most eidightened and improved States. 
 And after many difficidtics perplexities aiul hardships were s\ir- 
 inouiited, and we were on the good and promised land, felt that a .inst 
 tribute of respect 1o the day ouglil to lie paid. Tliere were in all. 
 inc'liiding men, women and children, fil'ly in number. The men, undei'
 
 1796] AT CONNEAUT 17 
 
 Captain Tinker ranged flicnisolvcs on the beach, and fired a Federal 
 salute of fifteen rounds, and then the sixteenth in honor of New Con- 
 iieetient. We p-ave three eheers and christened the place Port liide- 
 pendenee. Drank several toasts, viz.: 
 
 1st. Tlie I'l-esident of tlie United States. 
 
 2d. Tlie State of Xew (^mneefieut. 
 
 ;Jd. The Conneetieut Land Companj'. 
 
 4th. ;May the Port of Independence and the fifty sons and 
 daughters who have entered it this day he successful and prosperous. 
 
 5th. May these sons and danijhters multiply in sixteen years 
 sixteen times fifty. 
 
 tith. Jlay every person havo his bowsprit trimmed and ready to 
 enter every jxii-t that opens. 
 
 Closed with three eheei-s. Hi'ank several pails of grog, supped and 
 retired in remarkable good ordei-. 
 
 One of these toasts, thus drunk in "several pails of grog," "May 
 these sons and daughters multiply in sixteen years sixteen times 
 fifty," expressed a hope that was more than made good. Another 
 toast, "The State of New Connecticut," hinted at a notion on the 
 part of the proprietors that they might organize a state as William 
 Penn had done, and govern it from Hartford as the Council of 
 Plymouth had governed New England from old England. If such 
 notions actually existed, the plans all went awry; the United States 
 objected to that way of setting up a state, and, by the famous Ordi- 
 nance of 1787, had included the Western Reserve in the Northwest 
 Territory, an imperial domain bounded on the north by the Great 
 Lakes, on the east by Pennsylvania and Virginia, on the south by 
 the Ohio River, and on the west by the Mississippi. 
 
 The surveying party that had thus reached the Promised Land 
 was made up as follows : 
 
 General Moses Cleaveland, Si(prri7itendent. 
 
 Augustus Porter, Principal Surveyor and Deputy Superintendent. 
 Seth Pease. Aftfronomcr and Surveyor. 
 
 Amos Spafford, John Milton Ilolley, Richard M. Stoddard, and 
 Moses Warren, Surveyors. 
 Joshua Stow, Commisaary. 
 Theodore Shepard, Physician. 
 
 Employees of the Company 
 
 Joseph Tinker, Boatman. Joseph ^M'lntyre, 
 
 George Proudfoot, Francis Gray, 
 
 Samuel Forbes, Amos Sawtel, 
 
 Stephen Benton, Amos Barber, 
 
 Samiu'l TTungerford, William B. Hall. 
 
 Samuel Davenport, Asa Mason,
 
 18 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. II 
 
 Amzi Atwater, Jliehael Coffin, 
 
 Elisha Ayres, Thomas Harris, 
 
 Norman Wilcox, Timothy Dunham, 
 
 George Gooding, Shadraeh Benham, 
 
 Samuel Agnew, Wareham Shepard, 
 
 David Beard, John Briant, 
 
 Titus V. Munson, Joseph Landon, 
 
 Charles Parker, Ezekiel jMorly, 
 
 Nathaniel Doan, Luke Ilanchet, 
 
 James Halket, James Hamilton, 
 
 Olney F. Rice, John Look, 
 
 Samuel Barnes, Stephen Burhank. 
 Daniel Shulay, 
 
 As several of the old manuscripts state that there were fifty 
 in the party, it seems necessary to add the names of Elijah Gun, 
 who was to have charge of the stores at Conneaut; Job Stiles, who 
 was to have a similar position at Cleveland; Nathan Chapman and 
 Nathan Perry, who were to furnish fresh meat and to trade with 
 the Indians. In some of the old records, the names of the men are 
 followed by the words, "and two females." The two women thus 
 referred to, the first who made real homes on the Westeni Reserve, 
 were Mrs. Anna Gun, later of Conneaut, and Mrs. Tabitha Stiles, 
 later of Cleveland. The party had thirteen horses and some cattle. 
 It is said that the organization of the surveyors and employees, "was 
 of the military order, and they were enlisted the same as in the 
 army, for two years, providing it took so long." This Augustus 
 Porter, "principal surveyor and deputy superintendent," had been 
 surveyor of the great "Holland Purchase" in western New York. 
 
 "Stow Castle" 
 
 On the fifth of July, laborers began the building of a log cabin, 
 later known as "Stow Ca,st]e," on the cast side of Conneaut Creek; 
 Harvey Rice tells us that its "style of architecture w-as entirely 
 unique, and its uncouth aitpearancc such as to provoke the laughter 
 of the builders and the ridicule of the Indians." A second house 
 was later built for the shelter of the surveyors. It was tlien supposed 
 that Conneaut would be the hea(l(|uarters of the jiarty. On the same 
 day, Captain Tiid^cr was sent with two boats back to Fort Erie for 
 supplies lliiit liiid been left there and General Cleaveland "received 
 a message from the Paqua chief of the Massasagoes residing in 
 Conneaut that they wished a council held that day. I pre]>are(l 
 to meet them and, after they were all seated, tciok niv seat in tlie
 
 1796] TlIK SIKVKYOHS AT WORK 19 
 
 micUllo." Tlio tuu'asy natives naturally wanted to know the plans 
 of tlie white strangoi-s and how tlioy would he affected tlierehy. The 
 wise superintendent gave them "a chain of wampum, silver trinkets, 
 and other presents, and whiskey, to the amount of about twenty- 
 five dollars," tofjether with assurances of kind treatment and with 
 gootl advice that "not only closed the business but cheeked their 
 begging for more whiskey." 
 
 Explorations of the New Land 
 
 On the seventh of July, the surveyors set out to find the inter- 
 section of the forty-first i)arallel and the Pennsylvania line and 
 thence to run a base line 120 miles westward. From this base line, 
 they were to draw lines, five miles apart, due north to Lake Erie, 
 thus creating twentj'-four ranges that were to be numbered, covinting 
 from the Pennsylvania line. These meridian lines were to be crossed 
 by east and west lines, five miles apart, thus dividing each range 
 into survey townships five miles square to be numbered northward 
 from the base line. Thus Cleveland, before it had a name as a town- 
 sliip, was known at town No. 7 in range 12, it being seven town- 
 ships north of the forty-first parallel and twelve townships west of 
 the Pennsylvania line. The eastern end of the base line was fixed 
 on the twenty-third of July and marked by a chestnut post. 
 
 About this time. General Cleaveland and a few of his party rowed 
 and sailed westward in an open boat along the shore of Lake Erie 
 until they came to a stream that they thought to be the Cuyahoga. 
 After going as far up this stream as the sand-bars and fallen timber 
 would permit, they found that they had made the mistake of entering 
 a stream not shown on their map and had to retrace their way to 
 the lake. There is a doubtful story to the effect that in his disap- 
 pointment General Cleaveland called the stream the Chagrin River, 
 the name by which it is known today. Still coasting westward, the 
 party entered at the mouth of the Cii3'ahoga on the morning of 
 the twenty-second of July, 1796, a date to be remembered by every 
 .student of the history of what now is the metropolis of Ohio. On an 
 old map, printed in 1760, it is recorded that "Cayahoga, a creek 
 that leads to Lake Erie, which is muddy and not very swift, and 
 nowhere obstructed with falls or rifts, is the best portage between 
 the Ohio and Lake Erie. The mouth is wide, and deep enough 
 to receive large sloops from the lake, and will hereafter be of great 
 importance." At the time of General Cleaveland 's coming, the river 
 flowed into the lake west of its present artificial mouth while, still
 
 20 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. 11 
 
 further west, a stagnant pool marked the location of a still earlier 
 bed. Across the mouth of the river ran a sand-bar that, "in the 
 spring and fall, was torn open by the floods, but in summer rose so 
 high that even the small schooners of the day had difficulty in 
 passing in and out. Once inside, a fairly good harborage was found." 
 As already' recorded, the Indian claims to the lands east of the river 
 had been bought by General Cleaveland at Buffalo in June, but their 
 claims to the lands west of the river had not yet been extinguished. 
 
 In his Pioneers of tlve ^¥cster■n Reserve, Harvey Rice tells us that 
 after reaching the veritable Cuyahoga and advancing a little way 
 up its channel, the party "attempted to land, but in their efforts 
 to do so ran their boat into the marshy growth of wild vegetation 
 which skirted the easterly bank of the river, and stranded her. Here 
 'Moses,' like his ancient name's sake, found himself cradled in the 
 bullrushes. This occurred near the foot of Union Lane (see map on 
 Page 24), which was at that time the termination of an Indian trail. 
 The party soon succeeded in effecting a safe landing. They thou 
 ascended the precipitous bluff", which overlooked the valley of the river, 
 and were astonished to find a broad and beautiful plain of woodland 
 stretching far away to the east, west and south of them, and lying at an 
 elevation of some eighty feet above the dark blue waters of Lake Erie. 
 The entire party became enamored of the scene." 
 
 In the party were Commissary Stow and probably Mr. and Mrs. 
 Stiles. They were not the first white persons to visit that region; 
 travelers, missionaries, soldiers, and traders had lieon there long 
 before, but they' were "transients," not settlers. The story of the 
 men, Europeans and autoclitiiones, who lived in what we have 
 called New Connecticut or who had visited it before the coming 
 of Moses Cleaveland and his comiiaiiions, or of its prehistoric changes 
 in geology and occupation, althougli intensely intei-esting, need not 
 long detain us here; a few words will answer pi'rsent uoimIs. AVliile 
 the great ice sheet was i-eceding northward as it slowly melted at 
 its southern margin at the close of the ice age (in'obalily ton thousand 
 years or so ago), and the passage of northward flowing sfi'oams wa.s 
 still blocked so that water from the melting glacier tiiat hail covered 
 the greater part of Ohio could not escape by way of the closed 
 St. Lawrence River, it gathered as a groat lake, known to glacial 
 geologists as I/akc Iroquois. The site of Niagara was beneath the 
 ice or the waters of the lake that bordered the ice; there was no 
 river there. When the glacier withdrew far encnigli f(ir those accu- 
 mulated wafers to flow- out by way of the valley of the Jlohawk, Lake 
 Iroquois was largely drained and cut in twain; the contracted see-
 
 1796] AT CLKVKLAXD 21 
 
 tions ai'C now known as Lake Krie and Lake Ontario. Then Niagara 
 was Ixirn and began the Mork of cutting its famous gorge. When 
 Lake Erie was thus expanded and stood far above its present level, 
 it covered a large part of the site of Cleveland.* In gradually falling 
 to its pi-esent limits, the lake stood, at several successive levels still 
 plainly marked by former beach lines or ridges. As the Cuyahoga 
 flowed from the south into the lake, it built up a delta by carrying 
 down sand and silt and depositing it near the border of the water. 
 This delta is roughly outlined as a triangle with a base extending 
 from the present Gordon Park on the east to Edgwater Park on 
 the west and t-aporing to an apex in the valley of the Cuyalioga 
 River. The surface of this delta is practically a smooth plain slightly 
 sloping toward the lake but at a considerable elevation above it. 
 The streams that cross what Professor Gregory has called this area 
 of unconsolidated sand and clay have cut their channels down to the 
 present level of the lake ; thus the Cuyahoga River now divides Cleve- 
 land into "Ea.st Side" and "AVest Side." while :\lill Creek, Big 
 Creek, ilorgan Run and Kingsbury Run form tlistinct physical 
 boundaries that have had great influence in determining the location 
 and direction of streets and the development of their sections of 
 the city. Some of these gullies and their side ravines have long 
 constituted dumping grounds and are now being i-iii)idly filled. "On 
 the smooth, sandy delta and lake plain witli its ridges, excepting the 
 gully regions of Big Creek and Newburg, there is every natural 
 advantage offered for the development and growth of a modern city. 
 The sandy soil offers a splendid natural drainage," and lessens the 
 labor and cost of sewers, conduits, etc. "The floodplains or the flats 
 along the Cuyahoga river are the oidy lowlands in the city. They 
 have an elevation of from ten to fifteen feet above the level of 
 Lake Erie. These flats are the bottom lands in the narrow and steep 
 sided Cuyahoga valley, which was formed by the rapid cutting of 
 the loose delta material by the river. The unusual erosive action of 
 the river was due to the lake level falling, allowing the stream a 
 steep slope upon which to erode the unconsolidated material of the 
 lake plain. "When the bed of the river was lowered to the lake level, 
 the stream could no longer erode vertically, and then it began to 
 meander or wind from side to side back and forth across the valley, 
 forming the great loops in the river in which the cutting is on the 
 outer curve of the bends. This is the present condition of that part 
 
 * I desire gratefully to acknowledge m_v indebtedness to an able article on the 
 Geooraphfi nf Cleveland, by Professor W. M. Gregory, and printed in S. P. Orth 's 
 history of the city.
 
 22 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. II 
 
 of the river which lies withiu the city limits. The material carried 
 by the river is deposited along the inner bank of these great bends 
 and forms the river plain, wliich is the rich&st land of this region, 
 and was the tirst cultivated by the early settlers. The Cuyahoga 
 flats lie eighty feet below the general level of the old delta." The 
 reader who is eager for fuller information concerning these matters 
 will find them ably discussed in Whittlesey's Early History of 
 Cleveland (pages 9-164), in Kennedy's History of Cleveland, 1796- 
 1896 (pages 1-20), and in Pi-ofessor George Frederick Wright's 
 great work, The Ice Age. I yield, however, to the temptation to 
 make a brief and solitary exception to this general elimination. After 
 the ruthless massacre (March, 17S2) at Gnadenhutten, the peaceful 
 and prosperous village established in the Tuscarawas Valley in Ohio 
 by Indians who had been Christianized by the Moravians, a new Mora- 
 vian mission, called New Gnadenhutten, was begun in Michigan. But 
 the new mission was ill placed and unprosperous. On the twentieth of 
 April, 1786, the congregation met for the last time in their chapel at 
 New Gnadenhutten, made their way through swamps and forests to 
 Detroit, crossed Lake Erie in a vessel called the "Mackinaw," and, 
 on the eighth of June, arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. They 
 went about ten miles up the river and settled in an abandoned village 
 of the Ottawa tribe, within the present limits of Independence Town- 
 ship, and called their refuge "Pilgrim's Rest." They did not linger 
 long and soon removed from tlie lianks of the Cuyahoga River to those 
 of the Huron River in what is now Erie County. The coming of the 
 agent of the Connecticut Land Comjiany inaugurated a new order; 
 since that July day thei'e have been white men on the site of the city 
 which, with a more compact orthography, bears tlii> name of the 
 Puritan Moses who had the faith, the courage and thi' wisdom to lead 
 Ihe fir.st colony into the Western Resej've and there to lay the founda- 
 tions of this mighty, ever-growing monument to his niemoi'v. 
 
 The Pounding of Cleveland 
 
 General Cleaveland was hack at Coiuieant by the fifth of August 
 and thence sent his first formal report to the eonijiany. After his 
 return to the Cuyahoga, lie made up his miiid tliiit that was the 
 most desirable "])]aee for the ciiiiital." The site of the city was 
 chosen after due delilx-ration, and a survey, a mile square, was 
 then made (if tlw pliitcau at tlic juiictidn nl' the river and the lake. 
 The survey was begun on the sixteenth of Seiitember by Scth Pease 
 and Amos Spaliford under the superintendence of Augustus Porter.
 
 1796] THE FIKST I\IAPS 23 
 
 On tlie twenty-second of September, Spafford was detailed for work 
 on the survey of Cleveland Township, but he seems to have made 
 the fii"st map of the eity. This map was drawu on sheets of foolscap 
 paper pasted together and was endorsed in Spaflford's handwriting 
 as "Original Plan of the Town and Village of Cleveland, Ohio, Octo- 
 ber 1, 1796." The map is preserved in the archives of the Western 
 Reserve Historical Society. The official report of the survey was 
 compiled by Scth Pease and to accompany the report he made a 
 map that he endorsed, "A Plan of the City of Cleaveland." The 
 original of this map was long treasured by the Western Reserve 
 Historical Society, but it cannot now (1918) be found. Both maps 
 show the names of fourteen streets, the numbers of the 220 two-acre 
 lots, and indicate the reservation of the Public Square by a blank 
 space, like an enlargement of Superior and Ontario streets at their 
 intersection. Spaft'ord's map shows the changes in some of the 
 street names, and indicates the location of the lots selected by half 
 a dozen persons and later enumerated by Colonel Whittlesey as fol- 
 lows: "Stoddard, lot 49, northeast corner of Water [West Ninth | 
 and Superior streets ; Stiles, lot 53, northeast corner of Bank [West 
 Sixth] and Superior streets; Landon, lot 77, directly opposite, on 
 the south side of Superior street ; Baum, lot 65, sixteen rods east 
 of the Public Square; Shepherd, lot 69, and Chapman, lot 72, all 
 on the north side of the same street. 'Pease's Hotel,' as they styled 
 the surveyor's cabin, is placed on the line between lots 202 and 203, 
 between Union street and the river. Northwest of it, about ten rods, 
 on lot 201, their store house is laid down. Vineyard, Union and 
 ^Mandrake streets were laid out to secure access to the upper and 
 lower landings on the river. Bath street provided a way of reaching 
 the lake shore and the mimth of the river." One of the maps spells 
 the name of the proposed city "Cleveland" and the other spells it 
 "Cleaveland" and Pea.se 's map was drawn up-side-down, i. e., the 
 top of the map is south instead of north. Streets were laid out 
 through the forest, certain of the two-acre lots were reserved for 
 public use, and the rest were put up for sale at $50 each, with a 
 condition of immediate settlement. 
 
 As these maps and minutes are historically very important and 
 are of determinative legal effect in numerous possible eases, it seems 
 worth W'hile to make the following f|uotation from a monograph on 
 The Corporate Birth and Growth of Cleveland, prepared by Judge 
 Seneca 0. Griswold as the fifth annual address (July 22, 1884) before 
 the Early Settlers' Association, and printed in the Annals of that 
 organization :
 
 3 
 
 V 
 
 If I /lie is^ iSfsy m 
 
 Ovxo S-r/am 
 
 yxJisjRAj. 'St. 
 
 '*7 ft 
 
 I 
 
 jSupsr 
 
 J^AKJ£ 
 
 JtlBT
 
 Seth Pease Map of 1796
 
 1796J THE F1K.ST ilAPS 25 
 
 III the (lid tit'ld map. tlic iiainc of Superior street was first wi-itteii 
 "Broad"", Ontario "•('(iiii't", and iliaiui "Deer", but these words 
 were crossed with ink, and tiie same names written as given in Pease's 
 map and minutes. In Spafl'ord's map, "^laiden Lane," which led 
 from Ontario Street along the side of the hill to Vineyard Lane, was 
 omitted, and the same was never worked or used. Spafford also laid 
 out Superior Lane, Avliieh was not on the Pease map, which has since 
 heen widened, and become that portion of Superior street from Water 
 down the hill to tiic river. " Hatii street " is not described in the Pease 
 minutes, liut is laid out on the inaji, and is referred to in the minutes, 
 and the bountlaries <'ind extent appear on the map. The Stpiarc also 
 is not ilescribetl in the Pease minutes, but is referred to in the descrip- 
 tion of Ontario and Superior streets, and is marked and laid out on 
 the map. In Spatford's minutes the Square is thus described: "The 
 Square is laid out at the intersection of Superior street and Ontario 
 street, and contains ten acres. The center of the junction of the two 
 roads is the exact center of the Square." These surveys, the laying 
 out of the lots bounding on the Square, their adoption by the Land 
 Company, the subsequent sale by said Company of the surrounding 
 lots abutting u])on it, make the "Square" as much land devoted to 
 public ilse as the streets themselves, and forever forbids the same 
 being given up to private uses. The easterly line of the eity was the 
 east line of one tier of lots, beyond Erie street, coinciding with the 
 ]n-esent line of Canfield (East Fourteenth] street. The east line 
 liegan at the lake, and extended southerly one tier of lots south of 
 Ohio street [Central Avenue]. The line then ran to the river, down 
 the river skipping the lower bend of the river to Vineyard Lane, 
 thence along Vineyard Lane to the junction of Water with Superior 
 street, thence to the river, thence dowii the river to its mouth. 
 Superior .street, as the survey shows, was 132 feet in width, the other 
 streets 99 feet. It is hardly possible to fully appreciate the sagac- 
 ity and foresight of this leader of the surveying party. With full 
 consciousness of what would arise in its future growth, he knew the city 
 would have a suburban jiopulation, and he directed the immediate 
 outlying land to be laid off in ten acre lots, and the rest of the town- 
 ship into 100 acre lots, instead of the larger tracts into which the other 
 townships were divided. The next year, the ten acre lots were sur- 
 veyed and laid out. They extended on the east to the line of what is 
 now Wilson avenue [Ea.st Fifty-fifth Street], and on the south to 
 the top of the brow of the ravine formed by Kingsbury Run, and 
 extended westwardly to the river bank. Owing to the peculiar topog- 
 raphy of the place, some of the two acre lots had more and others 
 less than the named quantity of land, and the same occurred in the 
 survey and laying out of the ten acre lots. The flats were not sur- 
 veyed off into lots, and there was an unsurveyed strip between the 
 west line of the ten acre lots and the river, above and below the 
 mouth of the Kingsbury Run, running south to a point west of hun- 
 dred acre lot 278. Three streets were laid out through the ten acre 
 lots, each 99 feet in width to correspond with the city streets 
 called the South, Middle and North Highway. The southerly one
 
 26 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. II 
 
 becoming Kinsman street, the Middle, Euclid street at its intersec- 
 tion with Huron ; the southerly one received its name from the fact 
 that Kinsman, the east township of the seventh line of townships, was 
 at a very early period distinguished for its wealth and population. 
 The ^Middle was called Euclid, because that was the name of the 
 next township east. The North Highway was a continuation of Fed- 
 eral street, but changed to St. Clair, after the name of the territorial 
 governor, whose name, in the minds of his admirers, was a synonym 
 of Federal. 
 
 In the summer, a cabin for Stiles was built, -probably on the lot 
 that he had selected, number 53. Other houses were also built, 
 one for the surveyors, "Pease's Hotel," and another for the stores, 
 on lots 202 and 203, near the river as appears on record on 
 Spatford's map. We have only scant record of the laboi's of these 
 pioneers that season, but we may be sure that theii-s were not lives 
 of ease and pleasure. Colonel "Whittlesey tells us that the surveyors 
 "were not always sure of supper at night, nor of their drink of 
 New England rum, which constituted an important part of their 
 rations ; their well provided clothing began to show rents, from so 
 much clambering over logs and through thickets; their shoes gave 
 out rapidly, as they were incessantly on foot, and were where no 
 cobblers could be found to repair them ; every da^y wa.s one of toil, 
 and frequently of discomfort. The woods, and particularly the 
 swamps, were filled with ravenous mosquitoes, which were never idle, 
 day or night: in rainy weather the bushes were wet, and in clear 
 weather the heat was oppressive."' This first survey of Cleveland 
 was finished in a month, for on the seventeenth of October Hilton 
 Hollejf wrote in his journal: "Finished surveying in New Connecti- 
 cut, weather raining.'' On the following day he wrote: "We left 
 Cuyahoga at 3 o'clock, seventeen minutes, for hoinr. We left at 
 Cuyahoga, Job Stiles and wife, and Joseph Landon, with provisions 
 for the winter. William B. Hall, Titus V. IVIunson and Olney Eice, 
 engaged to take all the pack horses to Oeneva. Day pleasant and 
 fair winds; about southeast; rowed about seven and a half miles, and 
 encamped for the night on the beach. Tiiere were fourteen men 
 on board the boat, and never, T ])resumc, were fourteen men more 
 anxious to pursue an object than we wot to go forward. Names 
 of men in the boat. Augustus Porter, Scth {'ease, Richard Stoddard, 
 Joseph Tinker, Charles Parker, Wareham Shepherd, Amzi Atwater, 
 James Ilaeket [Ilalket?], Stephen Benton, George Proudfoot, James 
 Hamilton, Nathan Ciiapman, Ralph Bacon, Milton Holley." The 
 returning pilgrims hoisted sail at three o'clock on tlie following morn- 
 ing (Octo])ei' 1!)) and, continues bni- industrious journalist, "Just
 
 17961 
 
 HOMKWARD BOUND 
 
 27 
 
 iH'fdiv sunrise wo jiMssed tho first scttlenuMit (excci)t those maile by 
 ourselves) tliat is ou the sliore of tlie hilvo in New Coniiei'tieut. Tliis is 
 done by the Canandaigua Association Co., under tlic direction of 
 IMayor Wells and Mr. AVildair." Because of a high wind, they went 
 into cauip about, a mile east of the Chagrin Kiver. They arrived 
 at Conneaut about noon of the twenty-first and "took inventory of 
 the articles left there, and about four o'clock in the morning, that 
 
 
 Map op the Connecticut Western Reserve, 1796 
 
 First reproduction from the original printed map of the Connecticut Western Reserve en- 
 graved by Amos Doolittle from the drawing of Seth Pease, by the courtesy of The Western 
 Reserve Historical Society. 
 
 is. on Saturday the 22d, we hoisted sail for Presque Isle," (i. e., 
 Erie, Pennsylvania). They were at Buffalo Creek on the twenty- 
 third and at Canandaigua on the twenty-ninth. We here bid fare- 
 . well to our faithful chronicler, John Milton IloUey. In his sketches 
 of his associates, Amzi Atwater says that Holley "was then a very 
 young man, only alwut eighteen years of age, though he appeared 
 to be older; tall, stout, and handsomely built, with a fair and smiling 
 face, and general good appearance." :Mr. Holley settled at Salisbury, 
 Connecticut, of which state his son, Alexander, became governor, 
 1857-58.
 
 28 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS 1 Chap. II 
 
 The Township op Euc-lid 
 
 In July, at Conneaut, most of the survcj'ors and other employes 
 had asked for compensation greater than that previously agreed 
 upon, and the superintendent, acting for the company, made an "in- 
 formal agreement" with them. The township next east of Cleveland, 
 No. 8, Range 11, was named Euclid in honor of the patron saint 
 of all surveyors, and this township was to be divided among what 
 one of them called "the mutineers." On the thirtieth of Septem- 
 ber, a contract was made "at Cleaveland between JMoses Cleaveland, 
 agent of the Connecticut Land Company, and the employees of 
 the Company, in reference to the sale and settlement of the town- 
 ship of Euclid." General Cleaveland signed for the company and 
 forty-one of the men for themselves. Each of the forty-one was to have 
 an equal share in the township at one dollar per acre and pledged 
 himself to remain in the service of the company until the end of 
 the year. These new proprietors of the to\niship also agreed "to 
 settle, in the year 1797, eleven families, build eleven houses, and 
 sow two acres of wheat around each house — to be on different lots. 
 In the year 1798 to settle eighteen more families, build eighteen 
 more houses on different lots, and to clear and sow five acres of 
 M-heat on each. There must be also fifty acres in grass in the 
 township. In the year 1799, there must be twelve more families 
 occupying twelve more lots, (in all forty-one,) with eight acres in 
 wheat. On all the other lots three acres additional in wheat for 
 this year, and in all seventy acres to be in grass. There must be, 
 in the year 1800, forty-one families resident in the township. In 
 case of failure to perform any of the conditions, whatever had been 
 done or paid was to be forfeited to the company. But the failure 
 of other parties not to affect those who perform. If salt springs 
 are discovered on a lot it is to be excepted from the agreement 
 and other lands given instead." On the same day, the forty-one 
 proprietors held a meeting, Seth Pease acting as chairman and Moses 
 Warren as clerk. At this meeting, it was "determined b,y a lottery 
 wliich of the said i)ro])riet()rs shall do the first, second, and third 
 years the settling duties as required by our i)atent this day exe- 
 cuted." Thus, for example, it was determiTicd that Seth Pease and 
 ten others were "to do said settling duties in 1797," Moses Warren 
 and seventeen others in 1798, and Amos Spafford and eleven others 
 in 1799. About the middle of October, as already stated, tlie sur- 
 veyors set out for their homes in the East, leaving in the embryo 
 Cleveland but three white persons, Mr. and Mrs. Stiles and Joseph
 
 1796] 
 
 EXIT MOSES CLEAVELAND 
 
 21) 
 
 Laiulon. Landon soon (lisappoarod and his place seems to have 
 
 been taken by Edward Paine who began to trade with the Indians 
 
 (Chippewas, Ottawas, etc.) "who made their winter eamps upon 
 
 the west side of the river and trapped and hunted upon both sides." 
 
 This Edward Paine subsequently became the founder of Paines- 
 
 ville, Ohio, and is generally spoken of as "General" Paine. In 
 
 camp, at the foot of the bhiff that winter were some Seneca Indians, 
 
 • 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 Towxsmi' Mm- ok Windham County. Connecticut 
 
 whose chief, "Old Seneca," was friendly to the whites. These 
 Indians supplied their white neighbors in the cabin on the hill with 
 game, and showed their friendship in various wa^-s. 
 
 Exit Gener.u, Cleaveland 
 
 It is not known that General Cleaveland ever revisited tiie Re- 
 serve, but he wrote: "While I was in New Connecticut I laid out 
 a town on the bank of Lake Erie, which was called by my name.* 
 
 * General Cleavelaml generally (bnt not always) spelled his name witli an "a" 
 in the first syllable, and for more than thirty years the name of the town that he
 
 30 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS |Ch<ip. II 
 
 and I believe the child is now bom tliat may live to see that place 
 as large as Old Windham." This AVindham is the southwest town 
 of "Windham County, the northeast county of Connecticut. The next 
 town eastward is Scotland which separates it from Canterlmry. 
 Windham Town was incorporated in 1692, and by 1796 was some- 
 times " aifectionately called" Old Windham. At that time, the town 
 had a population of about fifteen hundred. There were in the town 
 four villages, Windham, North Windham, South Windham, and Wil- 
 limantie. Years ago, the business of the town was transacted at 
 Windham Village (Windham Green or Center) which had several 
 stores, two churches, a hotel, and a court-house. Three of the vil- 
 lages are still villages, but Willimantic is an incorporated city with- 
 in the territorial limits of Windham Town. In 1910, Windham 
 Town, including the city, had a population of 12,604; Willimantic 
 had 11,230; Cleveland's population was 560,663. In 1918, Willi- 
 mantic claimed a population of 14,000, and Cleveland one of 720,000. 
 After his return to Connecticut, General Cleaveland lived at Can- 
 terbuiy where he died in 1806. A century later, his burial place 
 was appropriately marked as will be told in a later chapter. In 
 ]y96. the first centennial of the town that General Moses Cleaveland 
 thus laid out in New Connecticut and on the bank of Lake Erie waf5 
 celebrated with much pomp and circumstance. 
 
 As we have seen, the articles of association of the Connecticut 
 Land Company authorized the directors "to fix on a township in 
 which the first settlement shall be made, to survey that township 
 into small lots in such manner as they may think proper, and to 
 sell and dispose said lots to actual settlers only ; ... to lay out 
 and sell five other towaiships of sixteen thousand acres each to 
 actual settlers only." These six townships were to be sold for the 
 benefit of the land company and not divided among the stockholders. 
 The plan was to sell, at first, only a iiuartcr of oacji township, and 
 
 founded was generally (Imt not always) spelleil in the same way in the local 
 records. As if following the path of least resistance, outsiders in increasing 
 numbers, geographies, gazetteers, sketches of tours and travels, etc., adojited the 
 shorter s]ielling now in universal use. The village charter granted by the state 
 legislature in 1814, and most of the legislative acts relating to the place used the 
 shorter form but the townships and village records and the newspaper headings 
 spelled it "Cleaveland" until about 1832. See facsimile reproduction of news- 
 paper headings in Chapter XXXII. There are many varied statements as to when 
 and why the local newspapers dropped the letter, but the important fact that they 
 did 80 and that the rest of the world quickly followed suit is beyond question. 
 For the sake of uniformity, the later usage will lie followed in this volume except 
 in quoted passages in which the longer form was used.
 
 1797] DISSATISFIKI) STUCKIIOLDEKS 31 
 
 Cliief-snrvcyor Porter's jn-opositidii for the method of carrying out 
 that phm, as deseribed in ("ristield Johnson's History of (.'utjuhoya 
 County, was: 
 
 In tlie tii'st i)liU'(', city lots Nunilier r)S to 63 inclusive, and 81 to 87 
 inclusive, coiiiiirisin": all the lots borilcring on the Public Square, and 
 one more, wci'e to be reserved for public purposes, as were also "the 
 point of land west of the town" (which we take to be the low penin- 
 sula southwest of the viaduct), and some other portions of the tiats 
 if thought advisable. Then ]\Ir. Porter proposed to begin with lot 
 number one, and otfer for sale every fourth number in succession 
 throughout the towns, on these terms. P]ach person who would engage 
 to become an actual settler in 1797 might purchase one town lot, one 
 ten or twenty-acre lot. and one hundred-acre lot, or as nuich less as 
 he might choose: settlement, however, to be imperative in every case. 
 The price of town lots was to be fifty dollars ; that of ten-acre lots 
 three dollars per acre; that of twenty-acre lots two dollars per acre; 
 and that of hundred-acre lots a dollar and a half per acre. The town 
 lots were to be paid for in ready cash ; for the larger tracts twenty 
 per cent, was to be paid down, and the rest in three annual install- 
 ments with annual interest. 
 
 At this time, the eastern part of the present Cuyahoga County 
 belonged to "Washington County of the Northwest Territory ; the part 
 west of the Cuyahoga River belonged to' Wayne County the seat 
 of which was Detroit ; and it was a mooted question whether the 
 legal jurisdiction belonged to the territory or the Connecticut com- 
 pany. Cleveland was still only a survey township ; the civil town- 
 ship was not created until the year 1800. 
 
 Seth Pease, Principal Surveyor 
 
 At a meeting of the Connecticut Land Company held in January, 
 1797, "Moses Cleaveland's contract with Joseph Brant, Esq., in 
 behalf of the Mohawks of Grand River, Canada," was ratified and 
 a committee was appointed to investigate the causes of the "very 
 great expense of the company during the first year; the causes 
 which have prevented the completion of the survey ; and why the 
 surveyors and agents have not made their report." An assessment 
 of five dollars per share of the company stock was ordered and Seth 
 Pease, Amos Spafford, Daniel Ilolbrook, and Moses "Warren, Jr., were 
 constituted a committee on partition. Another committee was ap- 
 pointed to make inquiry into the conduct of the directors; in February, 
 this committee made a i-eport exonerating the directors in all respects. 
 The oflBcial record does not show why General Cleaveland was not
 
 32 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. II 
 
 again appointed as superintendent, Init reading between the lines 
 of these pi-occedings, it seems to be clear that the stocliholders were 
 in no amiable mood and far from being satisfied with what had 
 been done. In the spring, the surveyors returned to the Reserve. 
 The Rev. Seth Hart was now the superintendent and Seth Pease 
 the principal surveyor. With them were several who had gone out 
 the year before, among them Amos Spafford, Richard ^I. Stoddard, 
 Moses Warren, Tlieodore Shepard, Joseph Tinker, and Joseph Lan- 
 don. The party assembled at Schenectady, with ]Mr. Pease in charge 
 
 of the funds and details of outfitting, and assisted by Thomas 
 Mather of Albany. Under date of the fourteentli of April, 1797, 
 Pease wrote in his journal: "Spent the week thus far in getting 
 necessary supplies. The want of I'cady casli subjects me to con- 
 siderable inconvenience, ^ir. ^Mather ))urchascs the greater part 
 on his own cretlit; and takes my order on ]\Ir. Ephraim Root, treas- 
 urer." On tlie twentieth of April, six boats moved np tlie Mohawk. 
 They were similar to those used the year before. In -Vugust, 1850. 
 Amzi Atwater, wlio had joined the party at Schenectady, made a 
 statement relating to the surveys of 1797, in wliicli lie says: 
 
 We ascended llie Mobawk rivci- tbi'ougb the old locks at Little 
 Falls, up to the carrying place at Rome. The canal there was in 
 progress, but not completed. The boats and stores were got across 
 into Wood creek. Down that narrow, crooked stream, we got along 
 somewhat easier than up the Moliawk river, which I may say was 
 a .sore job for i-aw ami inexperienced liaiids like myself. In passing
 
 1797] THE RETURN OF THE SURVEYORS 33 
 
 down this stream which had hmg boon known by boatmen, we passed, 
 in a small inlot stream, two large, formidable looking boats, or small 
 vessels, which renunded us of a seaport harbor. We were told that 
 they were the season before oonveyed from the Hudson river, partly 
 by water and finally on wheels, and to be conveyed to Lake Ontario ; 
 that they w-ero built of tho lightest materials, and intended for no other 
 use than to have it i>ublishod in Europe that vessels of those dimen- 
 sions had passed those waters, to aid huid speculation. We passed 
 down ami across the Oneida lake, and past the Oswego Palls into lake 
 Ontario. At Oswego Falls tho boats were unloaded, and were run 
 down a slide into a natural basin, and a pilot employed to steer them 
 to the lower landing. The stream looked dreadful (in my eye) to run 
 a boat. But 1 considered that as we had a pilot who followed the 
 business at fifty cents a trip, 1 would risk myself for once. I belonged 
 to the first boat, and took my station in the bow strictly attending to 
 the pilot's orders. We went quick and safe, and I was cured of all 
 my former fears. 1 went back to attend my own luggage. 1 met the 
 pilot on his return ivom his second trip, who requested me to go down 
 with the other boats, and 1 accordingly did. We passed down to the 
 lake and stayed some time for fair weather, then went on as far as 
 Gerundigut [Irondequoit] bay and up to the landing, where the boats 
 took in provisions. This was a slow and tedious w'ay of conveyance, 
 but it was the way whicli some of the early settlers of this country 
 moved here for want of a better. I was sent with a party of those men 
 who could be best spared from tho boats, to Canandaigua and its 
 vicinity to collect cattle and pack horses for the use of tho company. 
 In a few days I was ordered with those men to drive to Buffalo, and 
 take care of them until Maj. Shepard of the exploring and equalizing 
 committee came on. We drove there and across the creek for safe 
 and convenient keeping. In a few days the Indian chiefs came and 
 demanded of me throe dollars for pasturing the cattle and hoi'ses. I 
 thought it unreasonable as the land all lay open to the common aa I 
 considered it, but I went with them up to Capt. Johnson, the Inter- 
 preter, and plead my case as well as I could, but I was no match for 
 them in pleas and arguments. I concluded to pay their demand with 
 their consent that we might stay as long as we pleased. 
 
 Arrfval of Judge Kingsbury 
 
 A month after the beginning of their voyage, the boats were at 
 Buffalo where they waited until the twenty-fifth of IMay for the 
 party that had come by land. On the night of the twenty-sixth 
 of May, they were at Port Independence where "we found fhat Mr. 
 Gun's family had removed to Cuyahoga. Mr. Kingsbury, his vrife 
 and one child were in a low state of health, to whom we adminis- 
 tered what relief we could." Elijah Gun and his wife had left Con- 
 neaut in May, the second family to make a home in Cleveland. 
 Colonel Whittlesey calls Mr. Kingsbury "the first adventurer on
 
 34 CLEVELAND AND ITS EXVIKONS [Chap. II 
 
 his own account who arrived on the company's purchase." With 
 his wife and three children, one of them an infant, he had come 
 from New Hampshire to Conneaut soon after the arrival of the 
 surveyors in 1796. After the return of the surveyors in the fall, he 
 made a journey back to his old New England home, going on horse- 
 back and expecting to complete his journey in a few weeks. He 
 made the trip eastward without accident or special delay, but at 
 his old home he was attacked by fever. What next happened may 
 well be told in the words of Mr. Kennedy : 
 
 As soon as he dared mount a hoi'se he set out for home, filled with 
 anxiety for those w'ho were awaiting his return. He reached Buffalo 
 in a state of exhaustion, on December 3rd, and on the following day 
 pushed forward into the snowy wilderness. He was accompanied by 
 an Indian p;uard. For three weeks the snow fell without intermission, 
 until at places it was up to tlie chin. Weak in body, and full of 
 trouble for his loved ones, he pushed on and on, although it was 
 December 2-4th before his cabin was reached. His horse had died from 
 exhaustion, and he was not in a much better condition. Meanwhile 
 the wife and children subsisted as best they could. The Indians 
 supplied her with meat until the real weather of winter came on. She 
 had for company a nephew of her husband's, a boy of thirteen, whose 
 especial cliarge was a yoke of oxen and a cow. Day after day went 
 by, and still her husband did not come; and as if cold and loneliness 
 were not enough, the supreme pain of motherhood was added, and 
 the first white native son of the Reserve became a member of the 
 household. She had regained sufficient strength to move about the 
 house, and had about decided to remove to Erie, Avheu towards even- 
 ing she looked up, and her husband was at the door. Mrs. Kingsbury 
 was then taken with fever; tlie food left by the surveyors was about 
 exhausted: and tlie snow prevent<'d calls upon tlieir Indian friends. 
 Before his strcngtli had fully returned. .Mr. Kingsbury was forced 
 to make a journey to Erie, to procure food. He could not take the 
 oxen, because of the lack of a path through the snow, and so he set 
 forth hauling a hand sled. He reached Eric, obtained a bushel of 
 wheat, and hauled it back to Coimeaut, where it was cracked and 
 boiled and eaten. 'I'bc cow died from the effects of eating the browse 
 of oak trees, and with it gone, the chances of life for the little one 
 were meagre indeed. In a montli it died. l\lr. Kingsbury and the 
 boy made a rude coffin from a pine box wliich the surveyors luul left. 
 
 The rest of the stoiy is quoted from that indispensable repository 
 of useful knowledge, Colonel Whittlesey's Early History of Cleve- 
 land: 
 
 As they carried the remains from the liouse, the sick mother raised 
 herself in bed, following with her eyes the lonely party to a rise of 
 ground wliere they bad dug a grave. She fell backward and for two
 
 1191] THE KINGSBURY FAMILY 35 
 
 wi'i'ks was scarcely cmiscious of what was passing or of what had 
 passed. Late in February or early in .March, Mr. Kingsbury, who 
 was still feeble, made an cH'ort to obtain something which his wife 
 could eat, for it was evident that nutriment was her principal neces- 
 sity. The severest rigors of winter began to relax. Instead of fierce 
 northern blasts sweeping over the frozen surface of the lake, there 
 were southern breezes which softened the snow and moderated the 
 atmosphere. Scai'cely able to walk, he loaded an old "Queen's Arm" 
 which his uncle had carried in the war of the revolution and which 
 is still in tiie keeiiing of the family. He succeeded in reaching the 
 woods and sat down upon a log. A solitary pigeon came, and perched 
 upon the highest branches of a tree. It was not only high, but distant. 
 The chances of hitting the bird w'ere few indeed, but a human life 
 seemed to depend upon those chances. A single shot found its way to 
 the mark, and the bird fell. It was well cooked and the broth given 
 to his wife, who was immediately revived. For the first time in two 
 weeks she spoke in a natural and rational way, saying, "James, where 
 did you get this .' " 
 
 When the surveying party of 1797 moved on from Conneaut to 
 Cleveland, the King.sbury family accompanied them. They found a 
 temporary shelter in a dilapidated log house on the west side of the 
 river, said to have been left by some of the early traders with the 
 Indians. There stands today (1918) on Vermont Avenue and Hanover 
 Court a house that is said to be the oldest one in Cleveland and that 
 is claimed to be the one in which, for a time, the King.sbury family 
 dwelt. "Tradition states that it was built by agents of the North- 
 western Fur Company, at the head of the old river bed, for a trading 
 house, manj' years before the arrival of Moses Cleaveland ; that it was 
 moved from place to place, and finally found a resting-place in its 
 present location. It was originally covered with hewn timbers, but 
 as it stands today it has a modern planed covering. It is further 
 claimed that between 178.3 and 1800 it was used as a blockhouse. It 
 was once owned by Joel Scranton, but was purchased, near 1844, by 
 Robert Sanderson, who moved it to its present location."
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 IN NEW CONNECTICUT 
 
 Some of the boats from Comieaut arrived at Cleveland on the 
 first of June. The land party and the other boats arrived a few 
 days later. On the way, David Eldi'idge was drowned in trjdng 
 to cross Grand River. The body was brought to Cleveland and 
 buried in its first cemetery on the east side of Ontario Street just 
 north of Prospect Avenue, i. e., on the north parts of lots 97 and 98. 
 (See the Seth Pease map on page 24.) In Pease's journal, under 
 date of Sunday, June 4, it is written: "Attended the funeral 
 of the deceased with as much decency and solemnity as could pos- 
 sibly be expected. Mr. Hart read [the Episcopal] chui'ch service."' 
 In his "statement," from which I have already quoted, Amzi Atwater 
 says : 
 
 I' was ordered with a party of men to take the horses and cattle 
 to Cleveland. We got along very well until we got to Grand river; 
 we had no boat or other means of conveyance across, except we found 
 an old Indian bark canoe which was very leaky — we had one horse 
 which I knew was a good swimmer. T mounted him and directed the 
 men to drive the others after me. I had got i)erhaps half way when 
 I heard the men on .shore scream — I looked back and saw two men, 
 with horses in the water but had parted from them — one of them got 
 ashore, and the other, David Eldridge made poor progress. T turned 
 my hor.se as quick as I could and guided liim up within reach of him, 
 when 1 very inconsiderately took hold of liis luind, as soon as I could. 
 This turned the h(jrsc over, and we were liotli under tlie water an 
 instant; lint we separated and T again mounted tlic horse, and looked 
 back and saw him just raise his head al)ove the water, but he sunk 
 to rise no more — this was June 3d. We built a raft of flood-wood, 
 lashed together with barks, and placing on it three men who were 
 good swimmers, they with hooks drew up tlie body, but this took some 
 time — perhaps two liours. We took some pains to restore the body to 
 life, ])ut in vain. Two of our boats came up soon after with a large 
 portion of tlie men. They took the body to Cleveland and buried it 
 in tlie then newly laid o)it linrying-ground. 
 
 Lorenzo Carter Arrives 
 
 Lorenzo Carter, "quite a Nimrod," a native of Vermont who had 
 spent the preceding winter in Canada, had come in ]May and soon 
 
 :!6
 
 1796] AT ("LEVELAXD AGAIN 37 
 
 iiiade liimself a cunspicuous figure in the pioneer community. About 
 the same time came Ezekiel Ilawley, his brother-in-law. On lot 
 199, near the river (See the S<^'th Pease map on page 2-1) he built a log 
 cabin "more pretentious than the rude affairs constructed by the sur- 
 veyors, having two ajiartments on the gi'ound floor and a spacious 
 garret."' He soon liuilt a boat, establislicd a ferry at the foot of 
 Superior Street, and kejit a small stock of goods for trade with 
 the Indians. Ilis cabin served as a hotel for strangers and general 
 headquarters for the early Clevelanders, and wa.s the scene of many 
 of their social festivities. The first Cleveland wedding was held 
 
 Lorenzo Carter 
 
 there on the Fourth of July, 1797, with Superintendent Seth Hart as 
 the officiating clergyman ; the high contracting parties were Miss Chloe 
 Inches, who was in Carter's employ, and a Canadian by the name 
 of Clement. In 1804, as we shall soon see, Lorenzo Carter was 
 elected to office in the state militia and, after that, was generally 
 referred to as JIa,ior Carter or ''the Major." He is described as 
 being six feet tall, of swarthy complexion, with long black hair, 
 and the muscular power of a giant. "He was brave to the edge 
 of daring, but amiable in temper and spirit; and while he never 
 picked a quarrel, he saw the end of any upon which he entered." It 
 was a common saying that Ma.jor Carter was all the law Cleveland 
 had and he had unbounded influence with the Indians who came 
 to believe that he was a favorite of the Great Spirit and could
 
 38 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 uot be killed. The records of early Cleveland have man.y stories of 
 his dealing's with white men and red men, and the following pages 
 will record many of his doings. 
 
 Another recruit of that year was Rodolphus Edwards. There is 
 a tradition among his descendants that he was one of the surveyors 
 of the Connecticut Land Company and that the land that he soon 
 recei^'cd was wholly or in part in payment for services rendered. His 
 surveyor's compass is preserved in the collections of the Western 
 
 7$ 
 
 
 
 CT'T 
 
 The Buckkye House 
 
 
 Reserve Historical Society. But I have found no definite or circum- 
 stantial account of when, how, or why he came. In a letter to whicli 
 further reference will be made, Gilman IJryant says that "in the fall 
 of 1797, I found Mr. Rodoljihus Edwards in a cabin under the hill, at 
 the west end of Su])ci'i()r Street." He soon secured a tract of ;500 
 acres of land on Buttcrinit Ridge, later known as Woodbind Hills, 
 and built a cabin just east of the "fever and ague line,"' on what is 
 now Steinway Avenue and about four hundred feet west of Wooilhill
 
 1797] RODOLPHUS EDWARDS 39 
 
 Road, lie soon built, at what is now tlio intersection of Woodliill and 
 Buckeye roads, a niueh lai'gcr and more elaborate house, the timbers 
 of whieh were liewcd and the boards of whieh were sawed b^' hand, 
 the long-famous Buckeye Tavern (later called the Pioneer) and favor- 
 ite resort for the dances of two generations of Cleveland society. Here, 
 keej)ing public inn and managing his farm, "Dolph" Kdwards, rough, 
 ready, aud popular, lived until his death in 1836. In 1873, the old 
 inn gave way for public improvements. Kingsbury and his family 
 soon moved to a new cabin near the Public Square, and, in December, 
 settled on a tract of 500 acres on the ridge a short distance south of 
 Edwards and near what is Woodland Hills Pai-k. Elijah Gun went 
 to the same section. Joseph Landon, who had come back, aud Stephen 
 Gilbert "cleared a piece of ground which they sowed to wheat, while 
 a couple of acres giveu to corn on Water street [now West Ninth] 
 showed the agricultural activity of Lorenzo Carter." 
 
 In the latter part of this season (1797), there was much sickness 
 in the little community, two of the men died of dysentery, and boat- 
 loads of the sick were sent off early in the fall. In relating the experi- 
 ences of that year, Amzi Atwater says: 
 
 I was taken sick with the ague and fever. Sickness prevailed the 
 latter part of the season to an alarming degree, and but a few escaped 
 entirel.v. William Andrews, one of our men, and Peleg Washburn, 
 an apprentice to llr. Nathaniel Doan, died of dysentery at Cleveland, 
 in August or September. All those that died that season were of my 
 party who came on with me, with the cattle and horses, in the spring, 
 and were much endeared to me as companions, except Tinker, our 
 principal boatman, who was drowned on his return in the fall. At 
 Cleveland I was confined for several weeks, with several others much 
 in the same situation as myself, with little or no help, except what we 
 could do for oui-selves. The inhabitants there were not much better 
 off than we were, and all our men were required in the woods. My 
 fits came on generally every night, and long nights they appeared to 
 me; in day-time. I made out to get to the spring and get some water, 
 but it was a hard task to get back again. My fits became lighter and 
 not so frequent, until the boats went down the lake as far as the 
 township of Perry, which they were then lotting out. The cold night 
 winds and fatigue to which I was exposed brought on the fits faster 
 and harder. T considered that I had a long journey before me to get 
 home, and no means but my exertions, a large portion of the way. 
 T procured a portion of Peruvian bark and took it. it broke up my fits 
 and gave me an extra appetite, but very fortunately for me we were 
 short of provisions and on short allowance. My strength gained, and 
 I did not spoil my appetite by over-eating, as people are in danger of 
 in such case.s. I soon began to recover my health, but soon after Maj. 
 Spafford started with a boat down the lake, with a sufficient number 
 of well hands, and a load of us invalids to the number of fourteen in
 
 40 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 all. We passed on tolerable well down beyond Erie, opposite the rocky 
 shore; there arose a dreadful looking cloud with a threatening, windy 
 appearance ; the wind was rather high, but some in our favor. Maj. 
 Spafford was a good hand to steer and manage a boat, they double 
 manned the oars on the land side to keep off shore, and we went fast 
 till we got past the rocky shore ; few or no words spoken, but imme- 
 diately the wind came very heavy so that no boat could have stood it. 
 There we staid thre^ days without being able to get away. We got out 
 in the evening, went below Cataraugus where we were driven ashore 
 again, where we la.y about two days, still on short allowance of provi- 
 sion. The next time we had a tolerable calm lake and safely arrived 
 at Buffalo. By that time I had so recovered as to feel tolerably com- 
 fortable, and pursued my journey home on foot to Connecticut. 
 
 Cleveland a General Hospital 
 
 The headquarters at Cleveland took on the character of a general 
 hospital and the well-written journal of Seth Pease for this period 
 (Augu.st-November, 1797), is an almost continuous record of sickness. 
 But there were snakes as well as "shakes"; in 1883, Colonel Whittle- 
 sey told the members of the Early Settlers' Association that, "in its 
 forest condition this region was very prolific in snakes. The notes 
 of the survey contain frequent mention of them, particularly tlie great 
 yellow rattlesnake. In times of drouth they seek streams and moist 
 places, and were frequently seen with their brilliant black and orange 
 spots crossing the lake beach to find water. Joshua Stow, the com- 
 missary of the survey, had a positive liking for snake meat. Holly 
 could endure it when provisions were short. General Cleveland was 
 disgusted with snakes, living or cooked, and with those who cooked 
 them. They were more numerous because the Indians had an affec- 
 tion or a superstitious reverence for tliem, and did not kill them." 
 In the summer and fall, "the equalizing committee was veiy busy 
 exploring and surveying, comparing notes and arranging the parcels 
 for a draft; fully determined that the work should be closed that 
 season. Clevclaiul was the central point of all operations, and par- 
 ticularly as a general hospital." The survey of the Reserve east of 
 the Cuyahoga having been completed. Captain Tinker, the principal 
 boatman, was discharged. In going down the lake, his boat was cap- 
 sized near tlie mouth of Chautauqua Creek, and Tinker and two of 
 the other men were drowned (October 3). On the twelfth of October, 
 Surveyor Pease left Cleveland by boat; he was at Conneaut on the 
 twenty -second. On the twenty-third he had a fit of ague and fever ; on 
 the twenty-fourth he "sold the roan mare and saddle to Nathaniel 
 Doan and took his note for thirty-two dollars." The Pease journal
 
 1797] END OP THE SECOND SEASON 41 
 
 for the twenty-fifth reeords that: "We are short of pork, not having 
 more tliaii three-quarters of a barrel, and receiving none by Mr. Hart's 
 boat, must send one boat over to Chippewa. Accordingly fitted out 
 one under Major Spafford. She took on board all the men, sick and 
 well, except Mr. Ilart, Wm. P>arker and myself. They were Colonel 
 Ezra Wait, Arazi Atwater, Doctor Shepard, George Giddings, Samuel 
 Spafford, David Clark, Eli Kellogg, Alexander and Chester Allen, H. 
 V. Linsley, James Berry and Asa Mason. Major Spafford to wait at 
 Queenstown for the other boat. Ma.jor Shepard started by land, for 
 Buffalo creek, with Warham Shepard and Thomas Tuppcr. Parker 
 agreed with. Mr. Kart to take the Stow lioi-se to Buffalo creek." The 
 journal for the thirty-first says: "jMr. Hart and myself started from 
 Conneaut. after sunset. Our hands were Landon, Goodsel, Smith, 
 Kenney (Keeny), Forbes, Chapman and James and Richard Stoddard, 
 with a land breeze and our oars, got within two miles of Presque Isle." 
 On the afternoon of the third of November they arrived at Buffalo 
 Creek, where they found JIajor Spafford, who had gotten there the day 
 before : the rear guard came on tlie sixth. Mr. Pease, the surveyors, 
 and the committeemen seem to have lingered at Canandaigua "to finish 
 the partition and make up their reports; a work which the stockholders 
 expected would have been concluded a year sooner." 
 
 Recognizing the needs of the coming suburban population, Gen- 
 eral Cleaveland had directed that the land immediately outlying the 
 surveyed tract should be laid off in 10-acre lots and the rest of the 
 township in 100-acre lots instead of the larger tracts into which the 
 other towniships were to be divided. While the price of the 2-acre 
 town lots was to be $50 each, that of the 10-acre lots was fixed at $3 
 per acre, and that of the 100-acre lots at .$1.50 per acre. According 
 to Crisfield Johnson's Uistory of Cuijahoga Count]], "the town lots 
 were to be paid for in ready cash ; for the larger tracts, twenty per 
 cent wa.s to be paid down, and the rest in three annual installments 
 with annual interest. It will be seen that even at that time the pro- 
 jectors of Cleveland had a pretty good opinion of its future ; valuing 
 the almost unbroken forest which constituted the city at twenty-five 
 dollars per acre in cash, while equally good land outside its limifs 
 was to be sold for from throe dollars down to a dollar and a half per 
 acre, with three years' credit." The 10-acre lots were now surveyed; 
 they extended eastward to the line of East Fifty-fifth Street (for- 
 merly called Willson Avenue), and southward "to the top of the brow 
 of the ravine formed by Kingsbury Run and extended westwardly tvi 
 the river bank." By August, three streets had been laid out through 
 the 10-acre lots, the South, Middle (or Central) and North highways.
 
 42 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 South Street became Kiusmau Street, the part of the present Wood- 
 laud Aveuue that lies west of East Fifty-fifth Street. Middle Street 
 became Euclid Avenue; in 1816, it was- extended from its junction 
 with Huron at what is now East Ninth Street westward to the Public 
 Square, as is indicated on Spafford's maj). North Street was a con- 
 tinuation of Federal Street and is now known as St. Clair Avenue. 
 
 In the minutes of the Connecticut Land Compan.y it is recorded 
 that: "Whereas,- The Directors have given to Tabitha Cumi Stiles, 
 wife of Job P. Stiles, one city lot, one ten-acre lot, and one oue- 
 hundred-aere lot; to Anna Gun, wife of Elijah Guu, one one-hundred- 
 acre lot ; to James Kiugsltury and wife, one one-huudred-acre lot ; to 
 Nathaniel Doan, one city lot, he being obliged to reside thereon as a 
 blacksmith, and all in the city and town of Cleaveland. Voted, that 
 these grants be approved." Nathaniel Doan was one of the original 
 surveying party and one of the proprietors of Euclid township. In- 
 duced probably by this gift of a city lot, he brought his family to 
 Cleveland in 1798, and built a cabin in the woods near the river. 
 "The fire of his forge was soon seen arising from a little shop on 
 Superior Street near the corner of Bank [now West Sixth Street] 
 and the ring of his anvil was heard as he sliarpencd the tools and 
 shod the horses of the little community." In January of 1799, he 
 moved eastward to the vicinit.v of Eiiclid Avenue and East One Hun- 
 dred and Seventh Street, a locality long known as Doan's Corners. 
 Here he lived "both beloved and respected until his decease in 1815." 
 
 In 1798, the fever and ague scourge, common to new western lands, 
 came with viralence. "At one time nearly every memlier of the 
 settlement became a victim to its power and the burden of providing 
 food and the necessaries of life fell upon the few who were equal to 
 it. A mainstay in. many close places was tli'e redoubtalile Carter, whose 
 gun and dogs enabled him to ()l)tain wild game wlien nothing else 
 was to be had." The nine memlicrs of Nathaniel Doan's family were 
 sick at the same time, Avhich fact liad not a little to do witli his removal 
 to Doan's Corners, as already recorded. Tlie numerous removals east- 
 ward reduced the population of Cleveland "to two families, those of 
 Carter and SpafTord. The major and the ex-surveyor kei:)t tavern, 
 dickered with the Indians, and cultivated the soil of their city lots." 
 In this year, Turhaud Kirtland made his fii-st visit to the Reserve, 
 apparently as agent of the Connecticut Land Company. 
 
 Industrial Birth 
 
 In 1799, Wheeler W. Williams and Major Wyatt, two newcomei"s, 
 built at the falls of Mill Creek the first grist mill in that neighbor-
 
 1798-99] THE FIRST MILL 43 
 
 hood and probalily the third on tlic Kosei'vc. The niillstoiios were 
 made by Da\id l?ryant and his son Wliitniaii. In IS')?, tliis Wliitiuan 
 Brj'aiit wrote a letter I'roni which I freely (|uote, because of its 
 description of this mill and tiie light tiiat it throws on other matters 
 relating: to the history of those days on the Reserve: 
 
 ]My father, David Hi-yanI, and myself, landeil at ("leveland in 
 June, 1797. There was but one fanuly there at that time, viz.: 
 Lorenzo Carter, who lived in a log eabin, under the high sand bank, 
 near the Cuyahoga river, aud al)out thirty rods below the bend of the 
 river, at the west end of Sui)erior street. I went up the hill to view 
 the town. I found one log cabin creeted by the surveyors, on the 
 south side of SnjjeiMor street, near the place whei'e the old Mansion 
 liouse formei-ly stood. There was no cleared land, only where the 
 logs were cut to erect the cabin, and for tire-wood. I saw the stakes 
 at the corners of the lots, among the logs and large oak and chestnut 
 trees. We were on our way to a grindstone quarry, near Vermillion 
 river. We made two trips that summer, and stopped at Mr. Carter's 
 each time. In the fall of 1797. I found Mr. Rodolphus Edwards in a 
 cabin under the hill, at the west end of Superior street. We made 
 two trips in the sununer of 1798. 1 found ]\Iajor Spatford in the old 
 surveyors' cabin. The same fall ^Ir. David Clark erected a cabin on 
 the other sido of the street, and about five rods northwest of Spafford's. 
 We made two trips in the summer of 1799, and in the fall, father and 
 myself returned to Cleveland, to make a pair of millstones for Mr. 
 Williams, about five miles east of Clevelaiid. near the trail to Hudson. 
 We made the millstones on the right hand side of the stream as you 
 go up, fifteen or twenty feet from the stream, and about half a mile 
 from the mill, which was under a high bank, and near a fall in said 
 stream of forty or fifty feet. . . . The water was conveyed to the 
 mill in a dugout trough, to an under-shot wlieel about twelve feet over, 
 with one set of arms, and buckets fifteen inches long, to run inside of 
 the trough, which went down the hank at an angle of forty-five degrees, 
 perhaps. The dam was about four rods above the fall ; the millstones 
 were three and a half feet in diameter, of gray rock. On my way from 
 the town to Mr. Williams' mill, I found the cabin of ]\lr. li. Edwards, 
 who had left the town, about three miles out ; the next cabin was Judge 
 Kingsburv's, and the next old Mr. Gunn, thence half a mile to Mr. 
 Williams' ndll. 
 
 The completion of the mill was celebrated with joy and festivity 
 by the ten or more families on the ridge aud, "during the following 
 winter, our citizens enjoyed the luxury of bolted flour, made in their 
 own mills, from wheat raised by themselves." The rivalry between 
 Newburg and Cleveland had been fairly begun. By virtue of her 
 situation on the shore of the lake. Cleveland had an importance that 
 could not be denied, but the town on the higher land farther east 
 took the lead in population. It was not long before Cleveland was
 
 44 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 described as "a small village on the shoi-e of Lake Erie, six miles from 
 Newburg. ' ' 
 
 ' In those days, it took courage of several kinds to make the west- 
 ward venture. In itself, the jouniey was a veiy serious thing. The 
 springless wagon or the sled, drawn by horses or oxeu and loaded with 
 household goods, farming implements, M'eapons of defense, and food, 
 with wife and children stowed in corners, were the chief vehicles of 
 transportation ; the road was a mere path through the woods or a trail 
 along which room for passage must be cut through the trees. Of 
 course, there were no bridges, and streams had to be crossed by ford- 
 ing if the water was not too deep, or on the ice or on rafts, etc., if it 
 was. The way to the promised land was long and tedious, and sick- 
 ness and suffering were common experiences. In his Pioneers of the 
 Western Reserve, Harvey Rice tells us that the only highways in this 
 part of the country at that time were narrow paths, "which had 
 existed from time immemorial, leading from one distant point of the 
 country to another. One led from Buffalo along the lake shore to 
 Detroit. Another from the Ohio River by way of the portage, as it 
 was called, to the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. They concentrated 
 at Cleveland, where the river was crossed by a feri-y established by 
 the Indians. In this way the principal trading posts erected by the 
 French and English wei'e made accessible, and furnished the early 
 pioneers with the facilities of securing an important commercial inter- 
 course with those distant points of trade." Goods and needed pro- 
 visions were transported by boat or on pack horses. In February, 
 1797, the Connecticut Land Company appointed a committee to "en- 
 quire into the expediency of laying and cutting out roads on the 
 Reserve. ' ' In the following January, they recommended the building 
 of a road from Pennsylvania to the Cuyahoga. The road was cut out 
 and the timber girdled according to the recommendation of the com- 
 mittee and at the expense of the company. 
 
 Cleveianp .\nd Ohio in 1800 
 
 At this time, the territory that had lieen marked out as tlie City 
 of Cleveland had a population numbering a score or so, including, of 
 course, the families of the pei-sistent Carter and Spafford, "while 
 some sixty or seventy made up the population of the immediate neigh- 
 liorhood. Affairs were not progressing, in a material sense, with the 
 successful push which the managers of the Connecticut Land Com- 
 pany had probably looked for."' Turhand Kirtland made his tliird 
 annual visit to the Reserve. In a letter dated "Cleaveland, Ohio, 17lli
 
 1800] PRICES FOR LAND 45 
 
 July, 1800," and superscribed "Gen. JI. Cleavcland, Canterbury 
 Conn., to be left at Norwich, Post Oflice, " he said: 
 
 Dear Sir: — On my arrival at this place, I found Ma.jor Spaft'ord, 
 Mr. Lorenzo Carter and j\lr. David Chirk, who arc the only inhabitants 
 residing in the city, have been an.xiously waiting with expectations of 
 purchasing a number of lots, Init wlien 1 produceil my instructions, 
 they were greatly disappointed, both as to price and terms. They 
 assured me, that they had encouragement last year, from Col. Thomas 
 Sheldon ; that thcj- would have lands at ten dollars per acre, and from 
 Major Austin at twelve dollars at most ; which they think would be a 
 generous price, for such a quantity as they wish to purchase. You 
 will please excuse me. for giving my opinion, but it really seems to me 
 good policy to sell the city lots, at a less price than twenty-five dollars, 
 (two acres ^ or I siiall never expect to sec it settled. Mr. ('artcr was 
 an early adventurer, has been of essential advantage to the inhabitants 
 here, in helping them to provisions in times of danger and scarcity, has 
 never experienced any gratuity from the company, but complains of 
 being hardly dealt by, in sundry instances. He has money to pay for 
 about thirty acres, which lie expected to have taken, if the price had 
 met his expectation ; but he- now declares that he will leave the pur- 
 chase, and never own an acre in New Connecticut. Ma.i'or Spafford 
 has stated his wishes to the company, in his letter of January last, 
 and I am not authorized to add. any thing. He says he has no idea 
 of giving the present price, for sixteen or eighteen lots. He con- 
 templated building a Ikuisc, and making large improvements this sea- 
 son, which he thinks would indemnify the company fully, in case he 
 should fail to fulfill his contract; and he is determined to remove to 
 some other part of the purchase immediately, unless he can obtain 
 better terms than I am authorized to give. Mr. Clark is to be included 
 in the same contract, with Jla,ior Spafford, but his circumstances will 
 not admit of his making any advances. I have reciuested the .settlers 
 not to leave the place, until I can obtain further information from the 
 Board, and request you to consult General Champion, to whom I have 
 written, and favor me with despatches by first mail. ... I have 
 given a sketch of these circumstances, in order that you may under- 
 stand my embarra-ssments, and expect you will give me particular 
 directions how to proceed, and also, whether I shall make new eon- 
 tracts with the settlers, whose old ones are forfeited. They seem 
 unwilling to rely on the generosity of the company, and want new 
 writings. . . " I have the pleasure of your brother's company at 
 this time. He held his first talk with the Smooth Nation, at Mr. Car- 
 ter's this morning. Appearances are very jjromising. I flatter myself 
 he will do no discredit to his elder brother, in his negotiations with 
 the aborigines. 
 
 T am dear, sir, with much esteem, yours, &c., ' 
 
 TURIIAND KiRTLAND. 
 
 Before long, "city lots which had been held for fifty dollars with 
 down payment were offered for twenty-five dollars with time given.
 
 1800] THE FIRST DISTILLERY 47 
 
 The trcasurj' was replenished hy assessments upon the stockholders 
 instead of from proceeds of sales." In fact, the prospects of the 
 venture were rather gloomy. Colonel Whittlesey tells us that by 
 individual exertion, some of the "private ownci's under the previous 
 drafts had disposed of limited amounts of lands, on terms which did 
 not create verj* brilliant expectations of the speculation. In truth, 
 the most fortunate of the adventurers realized a very meagre profit, 
 and more of them were losers than gainers. Those who were able 
 to make their payments and keep the property for their children, 
 made a fair and safe investment. It was not until the next genera- 
 tion came to maturity, that lands on the Reserve began to command 
 good prices. Taxes, trouble and interest, had been long accumulating. 
 Such of the proprietors as became settlers secured an excellent home 
 at a cheap rate, and left as a legacy to their heirs a cheerful future." 
 Early in the spring of 1800, "David Hudson passed here in com- 
 pany with Thaddeus Laey and David Kellog and their. families to 
 settle in Hudson." It is pleasant to note the fact that "a school- 
 house was built this season, jiear Kingsbury's, on the ridge road, and 
 Miss Sarah Doan, daughter of Nathaniel Doan, was the teacher." In 
 spite of their dissatisfaction with the terms offered by Turhand Kirt- 
 land, as recorded in his letter of July, Amos Spafford and David 
 Clark seem to have brought their wives and children to Cleveland 
 before the end of the year. In the fall, David Bryant and his son, 
 who, iu the previous year, had played an important part in building 
 the grist-mill at Newburg, came to Cleveland with the purpose of 
 making it their permanent home. In a letter from which I have 
 already quoted, the son. Oilman, tells us that his father brought a 
 still that had seen service in Virginia "and built a still-house under 
 the sand bank, about twenty rods above L. Carter's and fifteen feet 
 from the river. The house was made of hewed logs, twenty by twenty- 
 six, one and a half stories high. We took the water in a trough, out 
 of some small springs which came out of the bank, into the second 
 story of the house, and made the whiskey out of wheat. My father 
 purchased ten acres of land about one-fourth of a mile from the town 
 plat, on the bank of the river, east of the town. In the winter of 
 1800 and spring of 1801, I helped my father to clear five acres on 
 said lot, which was planted with corn in the spring. Said ten acres 
 was sold by my father in the spring of 1802, at the rate of two dol- 
 lars and fifty cents per acre. Mr. Samuel Huntington came to Cleve- 
 land in the spring of 1801, and built a hewed log house near the bank 
 of the Cuyahoga river, about fifteen rods south-east of the old sur- 
 veyor's cabin, occupied by Mr. Spafford." By way of illustration
 
 48 CLEVP:LAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 of customs aud costumes of that day, and at the risk of being thought 
 somewhat flippant, I quote, from the same letter, Gilmau Bryant's 
 account of the Fourth of July ball : 
 
 I waited on Miss Doan, who liad just arrived at the Corners, four 
 miles east of town. I was then about seventeen years of age, and Miss 
 Doan about fourteen. 1 was dressed in the then st\-le — a gingham 
 suit — ray hair queued with one and a half yards of black ribbon, about 
 as long and as thick as a corncob, with a little tuft at the lower end ; 
 and for the want of pomatum, 1 had a piece of candle rubbed on my 
 hair, and then as much flour sprinkled on as could stay without fall- 
 ing off. I had a good wool hat, and a pair of brogans that would help 
 to play "Fisher's Hornpipe," or "High Bettie Martin," when I 
 danced: When I went for Miss Doan I took an old horse; when she 
 was ready I rode up to a stump near the cabin, she mounted the stump 
 and spread her under petticoat on "Old Tib" behind me, secured her 
 calico dress to keep it clean, and then mounted on behind me. I had 
 a fine time ! 
 
 In this same summer of 1800, i\Ir. Samuel Huntington, of Nor- 
 wich, Connecticut, visited the Reserve. In July, he was at Youngs- 
 town (the whole of which township liad previously been bouglit by 
 John Young), and, in October, left David Abbott's mill at Willougliby 
 and came to Cleveland and "stayed at Carter's at night. Day pleas- 
 ant and cool." For the next few days, his diarj' records the following: 
 "Friday, 3d. — Explored the city and town; land high and flat, cov- 
 ered with white oak. On the west side of the river is a long, deep 
 stagnant pond of water, which produces fever and ague, among those 
 who settle near 'the river. There are only three families near the 
 point, and they have the fever. Saturday, 4tli. — Sailed out of the 
 Cuyahoga, along the coast, to explore the land west of the river. 
 Chainiel at the mouth about five feet deep. On the west side is a 
 prairie, where one hundred tons of hay might be cut each year. A little 
 way back is a ridge, from which the land descends to the lake, affording 
 a prospect indescribably beautiful. In the afternoon went to Wil- 
 liams' gri.st and saw mill (New burg,) which are nearly completed. 
 Sunday, 5th — Stayed at Williams'. Monday, 6th. — Went through 
 Towns 7, 6 and 5, of Range 11, to Hudson." He returned to Con- 
 necticut in the fall and, early in the summer of the following year, 
 moved with his family to Youngstowii and, soon after that, moved 
 to Cleveland, a notable addition to the little community. We shall 
 hear of him again. 
 
 Ohio was not yet a state. Marietta had been settled on the Ohio 
 Company's purchase in 1787; Losantiville (later rechristened Cinci?i- 
 nati) and one or two other colonies had been planted in the Symmes
 
 1800] 
 
 IN WHAT COUNTY? 
 
 49 
 
 purchase in 1788; and in 1796, the year of General Cleavcland's 
 expedition to the Cuyahoga, General Nathaniel Massie and Duncan 5Ic- 
 Arthur founded Chillicothc on the Scioto Kivcr in the Virginia mili- 
 tary lands ; it was to become the first capital of the state that was to 
 be. By 1800, Ohio had a population of a little more than 45,000 and 
 there were twenty or thirty settlements on the Reserve with a total 
 population of about 1,300. But there was no government ; there were 
 no laws or records ; no magistrates or police. The people were orderly 
 and fully competent to govern themselves and yet, in those three or 
 
 "v.omio counties 
 
 *-» 1789. 
 
 Map of Ohio Counties in 1800 
 
 four years, the need of civil institutions began to be severely felt. In 
 1788, General Arthur St. Clair, the somewhat arbitrary governor of the 
 Northwest Territory, by proclamation, had established Washington 
 County, including all of the present state east of a meridian line 
 drawn from the mouth of tlie Cu.yahoga to the Ohio Tliver ; the county 
 seat was Marietta. In 1796, he included the part of the Reserve that 
 lies west of the Cuyahoga in Wayne County, the seat of which was 
 Detroit. In 1797, he included the eastern part of the Reserve in Jef- 
 ferson County, with Steubenville as the county seat. It is not certain 
 whether the relation of the Western Reserve to the Northwest Terri-
 
 50 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 toiy was considered at the time of enacting the immortal Ordinance 
 of 1787, which made no distinction between ceded and unceded lauds, 
 but St. Clair's attempt to exercise jurisdiction emphasized the doubt 
 as to the sufficiency of the original Connecticut claim and, conse- 
 quently, to the validity of the title deeds to the soil itself. The lands 
 ceded and the lands reserved by Connecticut had been claimed by 
 New York and Virginia, and the clouded title was understood at the 
 time of the purchase by the Connecticut Land Companj'. Connecticut 
 had held the soil by the same title that she had held jurisdiction, and 
 both had been quit-claimed by the state to the syndicate. If the juris- 
 diction was in the L^nited States, the ownership of the soil was there 
 too. St. Clair's claim to jurisdiction was a menace to the title by 
 which the settlers held their lands. Therefore, they, with great una- 
 nimity, denied the territorial jurisdiction and simply laughed when 
 the Jefferson County authorities sent an agent to inquire into the 
 matter of taxation. The agent "returned to Steubenville, no richer 
 and no wiser than he came. ' ' 
 
 Naturally enough, men desiring western lands hesitated about 
 bu3'ing in a district where there was no government and where the 
 titles to the lands were clouded, and the men who owned the lands 
 hesitated to sell when payments could not be enforced. Connecticut 
 was indifferent to the controversy and even refused to assert her 
 jurisdiction when the land company importuned her to do so. The 
 settlers and the shareholders called for help both from the state 
 assembly and from congress. In Febniar^y, 1800, the national house 
 of representatives appointed a committee, with John Marshall as 
 chairman, to take into consideration the acceptance of jurisdiction. 
 The report of the committee stated the dilemma of the company in a 
 single sentence: "As the pui'chasers of the land commonly called the 
 Connecticut Reserve hold their title under the state of Connecticut, 
 they cannot submit to the government established by the United States 
 in the Northwest Territory without endangering their titles, and the 
 jurisdiction of Connecticut could not be extended over Ihcm without 
 much inconvenience." The report was accompanied by a bill for tlie 
 purpose of vesting jurisdiction in the LTnited States and establishing 
 the validity of the Connecticut title to the soil. This hill passed 
 both houses of congress and, on the twenty-eighth of April, 1800, 
 President Adams gave it his approval. The Connecticut general as- 
 sembly promptly complied with the provisions of the quieting act. In 
 July of the same year. Governor St. Clair issued a proclamation con- 
 stituting Trumbull County, which was to include the Western Resen'e. 
 At that time, the govcnior of Connecticut was Jonathan Trumbull, a
 
 1800J 
 
 IN TKUJMBULL COUNTY 
 
 51 
 
 son of the original "'Brotlior Jonathaji." The first court sat at 
 Warren, ■■between two eorn-i-rilis" we are told, on the last Monday of 
 August, 1800, at wliieh time the county was organized. In the short 
 Ilistort/ of Cleveland that constitutes the opening chapter of the first 
 city directory (published in 1837), the reader is told that: "To that 
 place [Warren] the good citizens of the then city of Cleveland (for 
 it was even then called a city) had to repair to see that justice was 
 administered according to law, previous to which time, but few of them 
 were aware that they were subject to any other law than the law of 
 God and a good conscience, which, if not in all cases effectual, there 
 were a less number of complaints then, than now, of grievances un- 
 redressed." 
 
 TRUMBUUl- COUNTY 
 
 CMBKUiNO AILO' THt wU^t^N «UCRvE *M0 THE TpRE CANOO 
 
 Trumbull County of 1800 
 
 From a synopsis of the record, I quote the following: "Court of 
 General Quarter-Sessions of the Peace, begun and holden at Warren, 
 within and for said county of Trumbull, on the fourth Monday of 
 August, in the year of our Lord eighteen hundred, and of the inde- 
 pendence of the United States, the twenty-fifth. Present. Jolui Young, 
 Turhand Kirtland, Camden Cleaveland [a brother of Moses Cleave- 
 land], James Kingsbury, and Eliphalet Austin. Esquires, justices of 
 the quorum, and others, their associates, justices of the peace, holding 
 said court." Among the a-ssociate justices was Amos Spaiford. In 
 the hands of the members of this court rested the entire civil jurisdic- 
 tion of the county. Anumg the things done at this five-days' session, 
 the court appointed Amos Spaiford, David Hudson. Simon Perkins, 
 John ;Miuor, Aaron Wheeler, Edward Paine, and Benjamin Davidson 
 a committee "to divide the county of Trumbull into townships, to 
 describe the limits and boundaries of each township, and to make
 
 52 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. Ill 
 
 report to the court thereof." This committee divided the couuty iuto 
 eight townships — Cleveland, Warren, Youngstown, Hudson, Vernon, 
 Richfield, iliddlefield and Painesville — and the court confirmed the 
 action of the committee. The Cleveland township of Trumbull County 
 thus created included all of the present couuty of Cuyahoga east of 
 the Cuyahoga River, all of the Indian country from the Cuyahoga 
 River to the ivest line of the Reserve, and three of the townships of 
 what is now Geauga County. Constables for each of the eight town- 
 ships were appointed, Lorenzo Carter and Stephen Gilbert being thus 
 named for Cleveland township. In September, Governor St. Clair 
 issued a proclamation in accoi'dance with which David Abbott, the 
 sheriff, caused an election to be held on the second Tuesday of October 
 "for the purpose of electing one person to represent the county in 
 the territorial legislature. ' ' Under the laws then existing, all elections 
 in the territory were to be held at the county seats, and so this first 
 election in the Reserve was held at Warren. Colonel Whittlese.y gives 
 us this description of it : " The manner of conducting the election 
 was after the English mode. That is, the sheriff of the county assem- 
 bled the electors by proclamation, he presided at the election, and 
 received the votes of the electors orally or viva voce. It will readily 
 be conceded, that in a county, embracing as Trumbull then did, a 
 large Territory, only a portion of the electors would attend. The 
 number convened at that election was forty-two. Out of this number 
 General Edward Paine received 38 votes, and was the member elect. 
 General Paine took his seat in the Territorial Legislature in 180L" 
 Thus, on the threshold of a new century, the organization of Trumbull 
 County was completed and civil government was established in the 
 Western Reserve.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE PIONEERS 
 
 The diffiexilties of the journey from the East have been passed over 
 very liglitly in tliis narrative for the reason that they have been 
 described so often that they probably are familiar to most of the 
 readers of this volume. After the weariness of the way came the 
 building of the inevitable log cabin with its improvised equipment, 
 with windows of gi-eased paper, and floor of split logs ; sometimes there 
 was a door made of split boards and with wooden hinges and some- 
 times the door had to wait, as in the case of him who wrote: "We 
 hung up a quilt and that, with a big bull-dog, constituted the door." 
 Bedsteads, seats, tables, etc., were pi'ovided as time and the skill of 
 the pioneers made them possible. Mr. Kennedy tells us that "the 
 first bed on which Heman Ely, the founder of Elyria, slept on his 
 arrival in this section was made of the cloth covering of the wagon 
 in which he came, and filled with straw brought, with the greatest dif- 
 ficulty, from a barn located miles away''; bedsteads made of smooth, 
 round poles and corded witli elm bark were more common. Judge 
 Robert F. Paine says that in liis boyhood in Portage County "we ate 
 on what we called trenchers, a wooden affair in shape something like a 
 plate. Our neighbors were in the same condition as we, using wooden 
 plates, wooden bowls, wooden everything, and it was years before we 
 could secure dishes harder than wood, and when we did they were made 
 of yellow claj'. " But these things have been often described and need 
 not detain us long. The omissions of the menu were numerous and 
 many of the makeshifts were ingenious. The famous and heroic 
 Joshua R. Giddiugs once said: "The first mince-pie I ever ate on 
 the Reserve was composed of pumpkin instead of apple, vinegar in 
 place of wine or cider, and bear's meat instead of beef. The whole 
 was sweetened with wild honey instead of sugar, and seasoned with 
 domestic pepper pulverized instead of cloves, cinnamon and allspice, 
 and never did I taste pastiy with a better relish." Appetite is a good 
 sauce. Salt tiat came from Onondaga, via Buffalo, or from Pittsburgh, 
 sold in Trumbull County for twenty dollars a barrel and many of 
 the pioneers carried kettles to the "Salt Spring Tract," mentioned in 
 
 53
 
 54 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IV 
 
 the previous chapter, and there made their own supply by boiling 
 down the saline waters. Cane sugar was expensive, but maple sugar 
 soon became a convenient and delicious substitute. Corn bread was 
 a staple article of diet, the appetizing and satisfying qualities of 
 which were rediscovered by many under the pressure of a Mr. Hoover 
 and his potent food administration, to the end that wheat might be 
 sent to "our boys" and our allies "over there." As Lorenzo Carter 
 was not the only one who kept a gun and knew how to use it, an 
 occasional wild turkey or piece of venison graced the rough table and 
 amplified the menu. Prior to the building of a few grist-mills, grain 
 was prepared for kitchen use by pounding — the mortar and pestle 
 process; the mortar was made by hollowing out the top of an oak 
 stump; the pestle was a rude stone dependent from a spring-pole. 
 Soon came the little hand-mills. "There were two stones about two 
 and a half feet in diameter, one above the other, the upper one being 
 turned with a pole. The corn was poured in through a hole in the 
 upper stone." It is a matter of veritable history that young John 
 Doan "had two attacks of fever and ague daily. He walked to the 
 house of a neighbor five miles distant, with a peck of corn, ground 
 it in a hand-mill, and then carried it home. He adjusted his labors 
 and his shakings to a system. In the morning, on the ending of his 
 first attack, he would start on his journey, grind his grist, wait until 
 his second spell was over, and then set out on his return." 
 
 But above the forty-first parallel clothing is necessary as well as 
 is food. Eastern textile fabrics were beyond the reach of the pioneers 
 of the Reserve, for they had little money and practically no market 
 for their produce. But the hide of the occasional deer was readily 
 available for buckskin garments and before long the cultivation of 
 flax was introduced, looms were set up, and then the industi-y of wife 
 and mother completed the solution of the problem. "Leather was 
 expensive and difficult to ol)tain ; therefore the men went barefoot 
 when they could, while the women carried their shoes to church, 
 sitting down on a log near the raceting-house to slip them on." But, 
 notwithstanding these and countless other hardshijjs and incon- 
 veniences, hospitality was in every home and the stranger seldom 
 found a door wilh flu; latch-string pulled in. 
 
 Historic Conservatism 
 
 Much has been written and spoken to einplinsize the fact that the 
 civilized life of tlie Western Reserve has rui'ihmic l>lood in its veins. 
 We often have been told that flic early settlers .nbsorlied and nssimi-
 
 1800] SOMEWHAT NON-RELIGIOUS 55 
 
 lated the grand elements of Puritan civilization, land, law, and lib- 
 erty, characteristics well worthy of our admiration and counnemora- 
 tion. Thus, General James A. Garfield has told us that 'these pioneers 
 knew well that the three great forces which constitute the strength 
 and glory of a free government are the Family, the School and the 
 Church. These three they planted here, and they nourished and 
 cherished them with an energy and devotion scarcely equaled in any 
 other quarter of the world. On this height were planted in the wilder- 
 ness the symbols of this trinity of powers ; and here let us hope may 
 be maintained forever the ancient faith of our fathers in the sanctity 
 of the Home, the intelligence of the School, and the faithfulness of 
 the Church." Still, it is no less true, as stated by another, that "it 
 is not our office, in the light of historic truth, to exalt to the stature 
 of heroes all who carried the compass or chain, or plied the settler's 
 axe in the forests of New Connecticut. . . . They did not leave 
 their homes because they were there the victims of intolerance, and 
 could not there follow the dictates of a tender and enlightened con- 
 science. They came here to improve their material condition — to 
 better their worldly fortunes. Like the rest of us, they had an eye 
 to the main chance in life ; but they richly earned and paid a hundred- 
 fold for all they received." Still more to the point, we have the 
 statement of Burke A. Hinsdale, once superintendent of the public 
 schools of Cleveland and editor of the Works of James Ahram Gar- 
 field, to the effect that the first settlers of the Reserve were not as 
 religious and service-loving as we have always supposed them to have 
 been. Dr. H. C. Applegarth assures that "prior to the year 1800, 
 the Western Reserve was a land where might gave right, and where 
 every man was a law unto himself. The tone of public sentiment and 
 morals was veiy low. Even in lSl6, when the population was about 
 one hundred and fifty, there were only two professing Christians in 
 the place, namely. Judge Daniel Kelly and Mrs. Noble H. IMerwin. 
 Moses Wliite, who afterward became a useful citizen, and who died 
 in Cleveland at an advanced age, in September, 1881, long hesitated 
 about settling here because the place was so godless. The religious 
 destitution was so great that he called it a heathen land." The 
 records left by some of the early missionaries agi'ee with these state- 
 ments. 
 
 Pioneer Education and Religion 
 
 As already noted, a schoolhouse was built in 1800 "near Kings- 
 bury's on the ridge road." In fact, we have been assured, almost 
 times without number, to the effect that "it was a characteristic fea-
 
 56 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. IV 
 
 tiire of this transplanted New England life and thought that in the 
 pursuit of material things the church and schoolhouse were not for- 
 gotten. As a general thing, as soon as the things absolutely essential 
 to physical life were provided, steps were taken for the support of 
 the gospel and the instruction of the young. ' ' The superintendent of 
 the surveying party of 1797 was a clergyman, but we have no record 
 of any exercise of clerical offices by him except at the funeral of 
 David Eldridge and at Cleveland's first wedding. Probably the first 
 sermon heard on the Reserve was delivered by the Rev. William Wick 
 at Youngstowii in September, 1799, but in 1800 the Rev. Joseph 
 Badger, a soldier of the Revolution, an orthodox Presbyterian, and 
 the best known of the early preachers, was sent by the Connecticut 
 Missionary Society as a missionary to the Western Reserve. On horse- 
 back he crossed the mountains of Western Pennsylvania in a snow- 
 storm and was at Pittsburgh on the fourteenth of December. After a 
 few days' rest, he pushed on through the woods to Youngstown, where 
 he preached his first sermon on the Reserve. He was at Cleveland 
 on the eighteenth of August, 1801, and lodged at Lorenzo Carter's. As 
 recorded by him on the sixth of September: "We swam our horses 
 across the Cuyahoga by means of a canoe and took an Indian path 
 up the lake ; came to Rocky River, the banks of which were very high, 
 on the west side almost perpendicular. While cutting the brush to 
 open a way for our horses, we were saluted by the song of a large 
 yellow rattlesnake, which we removed out of our way." In this way, 
 says Harvey Rice, he "visited, in the course of the year 1801, every 
 settlement and nearly every family thi'oughout the Western Reserve. 
 In doing this, he often rode from five to twenty-five or thirty miles a 
 day, carrying with him in saddle-bags a scanty supply of clothing 
 and eatables, and often traversing pathless woodlands amid storms and 
 tempests, swimming unbi-idged rivers, and suffering from cold and 
 hunger, and at the same time, here and there, visiting lone families, 
 giving them and their children religious instruction and wholesome 
 advice, and preaching at points wherever a few could be gathered 
 together, sometimes in a log-cabin or m a barn, and sometimes in the 
 open field or in a woodland, beneath the shadows of the trees." In 
 the fall, he visited Detroit and found no one that he could call a 
 Christian "except a black man who appeared pious." A little later, 
 he visited Hudson and there oi-ganized a church with a membership 
 of ten men and six women — the first church organized on the Reserve. 
 Ill October, he returned to New England and made arrangements to 
 take his family to New Connecticut in the following year and there 
 to labor at a salary of seven dollars per week.
 
 1801] LARGE STORIES 57 
 
 The Coming of Samuel Huntington 
 
 As we were told in Gilnian Bnaut's letter, quoted in the preceding 
 chapter, Samuel Huntington came to Clevehmd in this year "and 
 built a hewed log house near the Cuyahoga River." Colonel Whit- 
 tlesey tells us, more definitely, that he "contracted with Amos Spatford 
 to superintend the erection of a well-built block house of considerable 
 pretensions near the blutl" south of Superior Street, in rear of the 
 site of the American House. Huntington was then about thirty- 
 five years of age." He was the adopted son of his uncle, Samuel 
 Huntington, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and gov- 
 ernor of Connecticut. The nephew wa.s graduated at Yale in 1785 
 and admitted to the bar at Norwich in 1793. Thus Mr. Huntington 
 and Mr. Badger became our "first bodily exponents of the law and 
 the gospel." In illustration of the fact that life and travel in the 
 early days were not without bodily danger, Mr. Kennedy has rehearsed 
 a "reputed experience" of each and, with like purpose, I transcribe 
 them here : 
 
 It is told of .Mr. Huntington that, while a resident of Cleveland, 
 he came near being devoured by wolves, as he rode in from Paines- 
 ville, on the Euclid I'oad. He was on horseback, alone, in the dark, 
 and floundered through the swamp near the present corner of Willson 
 [East Fifty-fifth Street] and Euclid avenues. A pack of hungry 
 wolves fell upon his traiK and made a combined attack upon horse and 
 man. The former, in desperate fright, made the' best possible use of 
 his heels, while the latter laid about him with the only weapon at com- 
 mand — an umbrella. Between speed and defense, both were saved, 
 and brought up in safety at the log-house down near Superior Street. 
 The experience of Mr. Badger was of a similar character. He was 
 urging his faithful horse through the woods of tlie Grand River bot- 
 toms, while the rain was pouring down in torrents, and a place of 
 shelter was one of the vuicertain i)ossibi]ities of the future. There 
 came to him after a time the knowledge that some wild animal Avas 
 on his trail and, raising his voice, he sent up a shout that would have 
 frightened many of the smaller denizens of the forast. But it had no 
 such effect on the big bear that was on his trail. On the contrary, 
 the brute was aroused to immediate action, and made a rush for the 
 missionary, with hair on end and eyes of fire. The only weapon Mr. 
 Badger had about him. if such it might be called, was a large horse- 
 shoe, which he threw at the bear's nose, and missed. Then he rode 
 imder a beech tree, tied his horsC to a branch, deserted the saddle 
 with eelerit.v, and climbed upward. He kept on for a long distance, 
 found a convenient seat, tied himself to the tree with a large bandanna, 
 and awaited results. The bear was meanwhile nosing about the horse, 
 as though preparing for an attack. The wind came up, the thunder 
 rolled, and the rain fell in torrents. The occasional flashes of light-
 
 58 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IV 
 
 nmg showed that the horse was still safe, with the bear on guard. 
 And there the poor missionary clung all night, cold, wet through, tired 
 and sleepy ; and there the bear waited for him to come down. But at 
 daybreak he made for his lair, while Mr. Badger worked his way down 
 as "well as he could, and rode for the nearest settlement. 
 
 The stories seem to be rather "large," but Mr. Badger's cloth 
 raises a presumption in his favor, while Mr. Huntington, although a 
 lawyer, probably would not take undue liberties with the truth. 
 
 In the sirring of 1801, Timothy Doan, a brother of Nathaniel Doan, 
 being "seized with the western fever," set out from Herkimer County 
 in New York for the Reserve, accompanied by his wife and six chil- 
 dren. The youngest of these children was John Doan, then three 
 years old; to the sketch of The Doan Family written by this son, 
 John, and preserved in the Aimals of the Early Settlers' Association, 
 w'e are indebted for much interesting and valuable information. They 
 traveled with ox teams and two horses; besides their furniture and 
 household goods, they brought a box of live geese, said to be "the 
 first domesticated birds of the kind ever brought into Ohio." From 
 Buffalo, Timothy and one of his sons pushed on ahead carrying some 
 of their goods on the backs of the horses and oxen; the road from 
 the Pennsylvania line to the Cuyahoga had been surveyed, "but no 
 bridge had been built over the intervening streams. Thej^ pushed 
 through to Uncle Nathaniel's house in East Cleveland and were soon 
 enjoying their first attack of ague." From' Buffalo, the mother and 
 the other children made the trip to the Cuyahoga in a rowboat, 
 assisted by an Indian and several white men engaged for that pur- 
 pose. At the mouth of Gralid River, the boat was capsized and the 
 mother, children, goods, and geese were thrown into the water. But the 
 water was shallow and there were no serious losses. Here the pilgrims 
 were met by Nathaniel and Timothy. Thence the boat was taken on 
 to Cleveland without further adventure, while two horses bore "Uncle 
 Nathaniel," Mrs. Doan, and three of the children overland by way of 
 Willoughby, where 'Squire Abbott had built a mill in 1798, perhaps 
 the first mill in the vicinity of Cleveland. Says John Doan: "We 
 arrived at Uncle Nathaniel Doan's log cabin in April, 1801." For 
 a little more than a dollar an acre, Timothy Doan bought ;i20 acres 
 in Euclid, and there, on the south side of Euclid Road and about six; 
 miles ea.st of the Public Squai-c, he l)uilt a log house into which the 
 family moved in November. In this year also came Sanuu-l Hainillon 
 and family; they settled in Newbnrg. 
 
 Clevelanders enjoyed unusually good hcnllli lliat season and, 
 Colonel "Wliittlospv tells us, the vear "became uotoi'ious, on account of
 
 60 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IV 
 
 a Fourth of July celebration and ball. It was held in one end of 
 Major Carter's double log house, on the hill iiear the corner of Union 
 and Superior lanes. John Wood, Ben Wood and R. H. Blinn were 
 managers. Major Samuel Jones was chief musician and master of 
 ceremonies. About a dozen ladies and twenty gentlemen constituted 
 the company. Notwithstanding the floors were rough puncheons, and 
 their best beverage was made of maple sugar, hot water and whiskej^, 
 probably no celebration of American independence in this city was 
 ever more joyous than this." 
 
 Major Sp afford 's Eesurvet 
 
 In November, Major Spafford made a resurvey of the streets and 
 lanes of the city and "planted fifty-four posts of oak, about one foot 
 square, at. the principal corners, for M'hich he charged fifty cents 
 each, and fifty cents for grubbing out a tree at the north-east comer 
 of the Square. ' ' 
 
 In February, 1802, the Trumbull County Court of Quarter Ses- 
 sions ordered that, the first town meeting for Cleveland should be 
 held at the h(mse of James Kingsbury. Of that meeting, we have the 
 following official report : 
 
 Agreeably to order of the Court of General Quarter Sessions, 
 the inhabitants of the town of Cleaveland met at the house of James 
 Kingsbury, Esq., the 5th day of April, A. D. 1802, for town meeting, 
 and chose 
 
 ('hairm(i)i, Toivn Clerk, 
 
 Rodolphus Edwards. Nathaniel Doan. 
 
 Trustees, 
 
 Amos Spafford, Esq., Timothy Doan, Wm. W. Williams. 
 
 Appraisers of Ilouses, 
 
 Samuel Hamilton, Elijah Oun. 
 
 Lister, 
 
 Ebenezer Ayrs. 
 
 Supervisors of Tlighivays, 
 
 Sam'l Huntington, Esq., Nat'l Doan, Sam'l Hamilton. 
 
 Overseers of tlie Poor, 
 
 William W. Williams, Samuel Huntington, Esq. 
 
 Fence Vimvers, 
 
 Lorenzo Carter, Nathan Chapman. 
 
 Constables, 
 
 Ezekiel Hawley, Ricluird Craw. 
 
 A true copy of the proceedings of the inhabitants of Cleaveland 
 
 at their town meeting, examined per me, 
 
 Nathaniel Doan, Town Clerk.
 
 1802] THE LABORER AND HIS HIRE 61 
 
 The officers named were chosen viva voce; the election of justices 
 of the peace and militia oftioers had not yet been authorized. In this 
 year, the governor appointed Samuel Huntington one of the justices 
 of the qnorum : he had previously commissioned him as lieutenant- 
 colonel of the Trumbull County militia. 
 
 At the next term of the Court of General Quarter Sessions (Au- 
 gust, 1802), Lorenzo Carter and Amos Spafford were each licensed to 
 keep a tavern at Cleveland, the fee for each license being fixed at four 
 dollars. At the same session of the court, George Tod of Youngstovvn 
 was appointed ajipraiser of taxal)le i)roi)erty. About this time, Carter 
 and Spafford built, near the western end of Superior Street, the first 
 frame houses in Cleveland, and Anna Spafford opened, in Major 
 Carter's well-known "front room," a school for children — the first 
 in "the city," but antedated by Sarah Doan's school on "the ridge" 
 by two years. Earlier in the .year, the Rev. Mr. Badger loaded his 
 family and household goods in a wagon drawn by four horses and, in 
 sixty da.ys, made the journey back to the Reserve, where he bought a 
 piece of land and put up a log cabin at Aiistinburg, in what now is Ash- 
 tabula County. He soon resumed his missionary labors, and organized 
 many churches and schools, although the raissionarj- society reduced 
 his pay to six dollars a week. That year, he again came to Cleve- 
 land, where, he says, he "visited the only two families there, and went 
 on to Newburg, where I preached on the Sabbath. There were five 
 families here, but no apparent piety. They seemed to glory in their 
 infidelity." Mr. Badger was later in the employ of the Massachusetts 
 Missionary Society and went to work among the Indians at Sandusky, 
 but in 1808 he returned to Austinburg, and subsequently was pastor 
 of churches of several towns of the Reserve. In his old age he was 
 very poor, as appears from the following letter written to Joshua 
 R. Giddings under date of October 4, 1844: 
 
 "I hope the Ashtabula County Historical Society will not forget 
 the fifteen dollars remaining due to me. I am in want of it to a.ssist 
 in procuring means of daily support. I am an old, worn-out man, not 
 able to do an.vthing to help myself. I hope the society will not wrong 
 me out of this sum. ... I am sure if they could see my helpless 
 condition, unable to get out of my chair without help, they would not 
 withhold that little sum. It's honestly my due." Mr. Badger died 
 at Perrysburg, Ohio, in 1846.
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 ROUNDING OUT THE FIRST DECADE 
 
 When Edward Paine took his seat in the territorial legislature 
 in ISOl, he found that body discussing the question of a state govern- 
 ment for Ohio. The opponents of the somewhat arbitrary goveraor, 
 General St. Clair, succeeded in sending Thomas Worthington to con- 
 gress and, largely through his efforts, that body authorized a conven- 
 tion to form a state constitution if the people of Ohio so desired. 
 This enabling act, approved on the thirtieth of April, 1802, 
 provided "that the inhabitants of the eastern division of 
 the territory northwest of the river Oliio be, and they are 
 hereby, authorized to form for themselves a constitution and 
 State government, and to assume such name as they shall deem 
 proper, and the said State, when formed, shall be admitted 
 into the Union upon the same footing with the original States in all 
 respects whatever.'' Tbe act fixed the number of representatives 
 from each count}', elections were to be held "on the second Tuesday 
 of October next," and the delegates then elected were "authorized 
 to meet at Chillicothe on the first ]\Ionday in November next." Sam- 
 uel Huntington was elected as one of Trumbull County's two dele- 
 gates; for nearly half the session he was the only representative that 
 Trumbull County had in that body. The convention met as prescribed 
 on the first day of November, chose as its president Edward Tiffin of 
 Chillicothe, a local preacher and physician and a brother-in-law of 
 Thomas Worthington, and completed its labors on the twenty-ninth. 
 The constitution then and thus framed clipped the veto from the func- 
 tions of the governor — a direct effect of wliat was felt to be an abuse 
 of that power by the territorial governor. The famous Ordinance of 
 1787 for the government of the territory of the United States north- 
 west of the Ohio River provided that "if Congress .shall hereafter find 
 it expedient, they .shall have authority to form one or two States in 
 that part of the said territory whicli lies north of an east and west 
 line drawn through the southerly lieiid or e.xin'iiic of Lake Michigan," 
 and the enabling act of 1802 designated such a line as the northern 
 l>oundarv of the proposed state. But the convention modified this 
 boundary line by ackling the following: "Provided (diraijs, and it is 
 
 02
 
 1802] OHIO BECOMES A STATE 63 
 
 hereby fully uiidcrsfood and declared by this convention, That if tlie 
 southerly beiul «r cxtivme of Lake Micliigan should extend so far 
 south that a line drawn due east from it should not intersect Lake Eric, 
 or if it should intersect the said Lake Erie east of the mouth of the 
 Miami River of tlie Lake, thi'u, and in that case, with the assent 
 of the Congress of the United States, the northern boundary of this 
 State shall be established by, and extending to, a direct line running 
 from tlie southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly 
 cape of the Miami Bay, after intersecting the due-north line from 
 the moutli of the Great Miami Kivcr as aforesaid; thence northeast 
 to tlie territorial, and by the said territorial line to the Pennsylvania 
 line." This important proviso was destined to breed trouble with 
 Michigan and, in fact, three decades later led to an armed invasion 
 of northwest Ohio and the serio-comic incident known in history as 
 "The Toledo War." But, on the whole, the Ohio constitution of 1802 
 was a workable, sensilile, and satisfactory creation and remained as 
 the organic law of the Buckeye State until the second constitution was 
 framed in 1851. Adopted formally by the body that built it, it was 
 not submitted to the people for ratification. It has never been defi- 
 nitely dctc-rmincd just when Ohio was admitted to the Union, but a 
 congressional act of February, 1803, recognized the fact of her 
 admission in these words: "whereby the said State has become one of 
 the United States of America." 
 
 A constitution having been adopted and Ohio having taken her 
 place as the seventeenth state in the Union, her first legislature met 
 at Chillicothe on the first of March, 1803. Courts were created and 
 election laws were passed ; new counties were organized and state offi- 
 cers were chosen. Edward Tiffin became the first governor of the 
 new commonwealth, and Samuel Huntington took his seat as one of 
 the first judges of the Ohio supreme court. In the same spring, "the 
 inhabitants of the Town of Cleaveland met at the house of James 
 Kingsbury, Esq., for a township meeting, and proceed and chose, 
 
 Amos Spafford, Esq., Chairman. 
 
 Xathl. Doan. Town Clerk. 
 
 Amos Spafiford, Esq., James Kingsbury, Esq., and Timothy Doan, 
 Truatces. 
 
 James Kingsbury, Es(i., and James Hamilton, Ocerseers of the 
 Poor. 
 
 Rodolphus Edwards and Ezekiel Hawley and Amos Spafford, Esq., 
 Fence Vieuers. 
 
 Elijah Gun and Samuel Huntington, Esq., Appraisers of Houses. 
 
 James Kingsbury, Esq., Lister.
 
 64 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS 
 
 [Chap. V 
 
 Wm. Elivin. James Kingsbury, Esq., and Tiraothj- Doan, Supervi- 
 sors of Highways. 
 
 Rodolphus Edwards. Constable." 
 
 First Justices of the Peace 
 
 In June, the electors again met at the same place and chose Amos 
 Si>afford and Timothy Doan as justices of the peace. On the eleventh 
 of October, the voters of the township of Cleveland met at the house 
 of James Kingsbury. "When met, proceeded and appointed James 
 Kingsbury, Esq., Timothy Doan, Esq., and Nath. Doan judges, and 
 Rodolphus Edwards and Stephen Gilbert, clerks of the election." 
 
 Judge James Kingsbury 
 
 They were "sworn in by Timothy Doan, Jiustice of the Peace." Ben- 
 jamin Tappan was elected senator; David Abbott and Ephraim Quim- 
 by were elected representatives in the general a.ssembly. This Ben- 
 jamin Tappan had come to the Reserve in 1799 and settled where 
 Ravenna now is. According to the mami.script of the Rev. Thomas 
 Barr, as quoted by Colonel Whittlesey, this was "a healthy year, 
 marked by increased emigration." Under date of this year, Harris' 
 Journal of a 'four mentions Cleveland as "a pleasant little town, 
 favorably situated on the borders of Lake Erie, at the mouth of 
 Cuvahoga River."
 
 1802] THE FIRST MURDER 65 
 
 LejVding Business Men 
 
 At this time, the leading business naen of Cleveland, other than 
 Major Amos Spafford, who kept the tavern, were David Bryant, David 
 Clark, Elisha Norton and Alexander Canipboll. The Iniildiug of 
 Bryant's distillery has already been noted; the other three "kejit 
 store" for the settlers and traded with the Indians. Campbell, a 
 Scotchman, "saw that here was a good place to traffic with the stoic 
 of the woods. He biiilt a rude store a little further up the hill, near 
 the spring, but more towards the junction of Union and Mandrake 
 lanes [see Spafford 's map, page 59]. . . . The same spring 
 afterwards supplied the tannery of Samuel and Matthew William- 
 son's establishment, on lot 202, the vats of which were directl.y across 
 River Street." In this little cluster of cabins around the distillery 
 under the hill the principal traffic of Cleveland was carried on. "Here 
 the red man became supremely happy over a very small quantity of 
 raw whisk.v, for which he paid the proceeds of many a hunt. If any- 
 thing remained of his stock of skins after paying for his whisky, the 
 beads, ribbons and trinkets of Mr. Campbell's store absorbed the entire 
 stock. Here the squaws bartered and coquetted with the trader, who 
 in their eyes was the .most important personage in the country. Here 
 the wild hunter, in his dirty blanket, made the woods ring with his 
 savage liowls, when exhilarated with drink." "Whatever one may think 
 of David Bryant's business and commodity, one must judge him and 
 them by the accepted standards of his day and not by those of today. 
 "We have no reason to think that these New England pioneers were 
 dissipated men, and even the Indians, "upon the whole, seem to have 
 been moderately well behaved." Still it is on record that the first 
 murder committed wdthin the limits of this city was caused by over- 
 indulgence in strong drink. The traditional story is to the effect that 
 one Menompsy, a medicine-man of the Chippewa or of the Ottawa 
 tribe, had prescribed professionally for the wife of a certain Big Son 
 of the Seneca tribe, and that the patient had died. In the dusk of 
 an evening in 1802 or 1803 (the exact date is uncertain), Big Son 
 and Menompsy, "somewhat elevated by the fire-water of Bryant's 
 still," had an altercation. Big Son claimed that his wife had been 
 killed and threatened to kill the medicine-man, but the latter claimed 
 that he bore a charmed life and could not be hurt. "Me no 'fraid, " 
 said Menompsy "as they walked out of the store [Campbell's] and 
 took the trail that wound up the bluff, along Union Lane. "The 
 Senecas were encamped on the east side of the river below Carter's 
 and the Chippewas and Ottawas on the west side, partly up the hill. 
 
 Vol. 1—5
 
 66 CLEVELAND AND ITS EXVTROXS [Chap. V 
 
 As they went along the path, Big Son put out his hand as though he 
 intended a friendly shake, after the manner of white men. At the 
 same time he drew a knife and stabbed Menompsy in the side. The 
 blood spurted from his body, which Carter tried to stop with his hand, 
 as the Indian fell. 'Nobsy broke now, yes, Nobsy broke,' were his 
 last words. In a few minutes he was dead. The Chippewas took up 
 the corpse and carried it to their camp on the west side. Major Carter 
 knew full well what would happen unless the friends of Menompsy 
 were appeased. During the night, the valley of the Cuyahoga echoed 
 with their savage voices, infuriated by liquor and revenge. The 
 Chippewas and Ottawas were more numerous than the Senecas. In 
 the morning, the warriors of the first named nation were seen with 
 their faces painted black, a certain symbol of war . . . The 
 murder of Menompsy was compromised for a gallon of whisky, which 
 Bryant was to make that day, being the next after the killing. One 
 of the stipulations was that the body should be taken to Rocky River 
 before it was 'covered,' or mourned for, with the help of the whisky. 
 Bryant was busy and did not make the promised gallon of spirits. 
 The Chippewas waited all day, and went over the river decidedly 
 out of humor. They were followed and promised two gallons on the 
 coming day, Avhieh reduced their camp halloo to the tone of a mere 
 sullen murmur. But Carter and his party well knew that in this sup- 
 pressed anger tliere was as much vengeance as iu the bowlings of 
 the previous night. They fulfilled their promise and, upon receiving 
 two gallons, the Chippewas and Ottawas took up the corpse, according 
 to agreement, went to Rocky River and held their pow wow there. 
 Carter did not sleep for two nights, and few of the residents enjoyed 
 their beds very much until the funeral procession was out of sight." 
 
 The Local MiIjItia 
 
 Early in 1804, Captain Elijah "VVadswortli of Canfield was made 
 major-general of the fourth division of the Ohio militia, which divi- 
 sion embraced the northeastern part of the state. In April, General 
 "Wadsworth divided his district into two brigade districts, the second 
 of which embraced Ti-umbuU County. This brigade district was sub- 
 divided into two regimental districts, which, in turn, were divided into 
 company districts, the foui'th of which consisted of the townsliip of 
 Cleveland. The several companies were ordered to choose their own 
 officers. That the election of tlie fourth company was not in the nature 
 of a love-feast appears from the report and the consequent remon- 
 strance. The report, with its remarkable orthography, is as follows:
 
 1804] A REGRETTABLE REMONSTRANCE 67 
 
 To Elijah Wadswoitli Mnj. Gcnl. ith Division: 
 
 Agreeable to General orders, the (.Qualified Electors of the fourth 
 Company district, in the second Brij^aile, of the fourth Division of the 
 Ohio -Militia: met at the house of James Kingrsbery, Esc]., at eleven 
 o'clock forenoon, and maid choice of three Jiidges and a clerk, and 
 when duely sworn preceded and made choice of Loranzo Carter Cap- 
 tain, and Nathaniel Doan Lieutenant, and Samuel Jones Ensign for 
 sd Company given under our hands and seals at Cleveland Trunible 
 county ; this seventh day of ^lay one thousand eight hundred and four. 
 
 James Kingsbery, 
 Nathaniel Doan, 
 Benjamin Gold, 
 
 Judges 
 of the 
 
 Election. 
 
 The remonstrance is as follows: 
 
 To Elijah Wadsworth, Major General of the 3d Division of Militia 
 of the State of Ohio: 
 
 Sir: — AYe, the undersigned, hereby beg leave to represent that the 
 proceedings of the company of IMilitia, on Monday, the 7th day of 
 instant I\Iay, in choosing ofificers. in our opinion, illegal and improper. 
 Firstly. By admitting persons under the age of eighteen years to vote, 
 and SeconcJh/. By admitting persons not liable to do military duty to 
 vote. Thirdly. In admitting men to vote who did not belong to the 
 town. Fourthly. By not comparing the votes with the poll book at the 
 close of the election. "We also consider the man who is returned as 
 chosen Captain inelagiblc to the office. Firstly. By giving spiritous 
 liquors to the voters previous to the election. Secondly. On account 
 of having fref|uently threatened to set the savages ag^ainst the inhabi- 
 tants. All which charges we consider proveable and able to be sub- 
 staneiated by good and sufficient witnesses. We therefore beg leave to 
 request that the appointment of officers in the township of Cleaveland 
 may be set aside, and the said company led to a new choice. 
 
 Thadeus Lacey, William W. Williams, 
 
 Rodolfus Edwards, Amos Spafford, 
 
 Joel Thorp, Robert Carr, 
 
 James Hamilton, Abner Cochran." 
 
 The fact that Judge Kingsbury's name was misspelled suggests 
 that someone else WTote the report and its signatures, while the 
 fact that the remonstrance ascribed General Wadsworth to the third 
 division of the state militia instead of the fourth, and the general 
 tone of the document seem to indicate an intensity of bitterness that 
 the successors of these early settlers of New Connecticut must regret. 
 There is nothing to show that General Wadsworth made any inves-
 
 68 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. V 
 
 tigation of the charges. Captain Carter held the office to which he 
 had been elected until the following August when he was made a 
 major of militia. All in all, IMr. Kennedy's comments on this un- 
 fortunate incident undoubtedly contain the essential truth. He 
 says: "Viewing the charges against him [Carter] in the calm light 
 of this later day, and from what is known of the man, we must set 
 down the second charge as the hasty and ill-considered action of 
 disappointed men. That Major Carter may have been a little free 
 among the electors with the pi'oducts of the still across the way — 
 he was an ambitious man, and those were convivial days — ^we do 
 not doubt; if the objectors had drank and voted upon the same 
 side that day, we should have heard nothing upon that point. But 
 that Lorenzo Carter ever, for a moment, held an idea of acting the 
 part of Simon Girty — of inciting the red man to deeds of violence 
 against the white, we cannot for a moment believe." 
 
 Clouded Titles to Indl\n Lands 
 
 It will be remembered that Moses Cleaveland, while on his way 
 to the Reserve in 1796, bought the Indian claims to the lands east 
 of the Cuyahoga River, but the titles to lands west of the river, the 
 holdings of the Connecticut Land Company and the Fire Lands 
 alike were still clouded. Negotiations looking to the quieting of the 
 Indian claims to these lands led to an agreement to hold a council 
 at Cleveland in 1805. The council was to be held under the auspices 
 of the United States government. The New York Indians sent an 
 interpreter with' twenty-five or thirty delegates. In June, they were 
 here a.s were also representatives of the general government, the 
 Connecticut Laud Company, and tlie Fii-e Lands Company, but the 
 western Indians, influenced it is said by certain parties in Detroit, 
 failed to appear. After waiting a few days, the commissioners who 
 were in attendance, "being well assured that the Indians would not 
 meet them in treaty there," put their dignity in their pockets and 
 journeyed westward. A formal council was finally held somewhere, 
 perhaps at the Ogontz Place near Sandusky, perhaps at Fort In- 
 dustry on the Maumce, seven or eight tribes being rein'cscnted. On 
 the Fourth of July, a treaty was signed, b,y the terms of wliich the 
 Indians surrendered all claims to all the lands of the Reserve. On the 
 way back from the council, "William Dean wrote a letter that was 
 addressed to "The Hon'l Sam'l Huntington, at the mills near Cleave- 
 land." Judge Huntington had recently "abandoned his hewed log
 
 1805] AN INDIAN TREATY 69 
 
 house, the most aristocratic rosideiice in f'leavolaml city and re- 
 moved to the mills he had purchased at the falls of Mill creek." As 
 compared with Cleveland City, Newburg was then much the larger 
 settlement. Mr. Dean's letter was dated "On board the sloop Con- 
 tractor, near Black river, July 7, 1805." It announced the making 
 of the treaty "for the unextinguished part of the Connecticut Re- 
 serve, and on account of the United States; for all the lands south 
 of it, to the west line. Mv. Phelps and myself to pay about $7,000 
 in cash, and about $12,000 in six yearly payments of $2,000 each. 
 The government pays $13,760, that is the annual interest, to the 
 "Wyandots, Delawares, Munsecs, and to those Seneeas on the land 
 forever. The expense of the treaty will be about $5,000, including 
 rum, tobacco, bread, meat, presents, expenses of the seraglio, the 
 commissioners, agents and conti-actors. " Mr. Dean intimated "some 
 intention of making a purchase of considerable tracts of land, in 
 different parts of the Reserve, amounting to about 30,000 acres; I 
 beg of you to inform me what I should allow per acre, payments 
 equal to cash; and address me at Easton, Pa. From thence, if I 
 make a contract, I expect, with all speed, to send fifteen or twenty 
 families of prancing Dutchmen." According to a statement by 
 Abraham Tappan, the Indians, in making sale of their lands, "did 
 so with much reluctance and, after the treaty was signed, many 
 of them wept. On the day that the treaty was brought to a close, 
 the specie in payment of the purchase money arrived on the treaty 
 ground. The specie came from Pittsburgh, and was conveyed by 
 the way of Warren, Cleaveland, and the lake shore to the place 
 where wanted." It was in charge of an escort of half a dozen, in- 
 cluding Lorenzo Carter, "all resolute men and well armed. The 
 money and other property as presents to the Indians was distributed 
 to them the next day after the signing of the treaty. The evening 
 of the last day of the treaty, a barrel of whiskey was dealt out to 
 the Indians. The consequent results of such a proceeding were all 
 experienced at that time." In the following month, Abraham Tap- 
 pan and a Mr. A. Sessions (Amos, Anson or Aaron) made an offer 
 to measure off for the Fire Lands Company the half million acres 
 at the western end of the Reserve and to survey and lay off into 
 townships the lands between the Fire Lands and the Cuyahoga. The 
 offer was accepted and, at the middle of May of 1806, the work was 
 begun; it was vigorou.sly pushed forward to completion. 
 
 The annual military election was held in May with Lorenzo Car- 
 ter, William W. Williams, and William Erwin acting as .judges, and
 
 70 CLEVELAND AND ITS EN^aRONS [Chap. V 
 
 Rodolphus Edwards as clerk. Thirty votes were cast ; Nathaniel Doan 
 was elected as captain, Samuel Jones as "leuf tenant," and Sylvamis 
 Burk as ensign. The captain and the lieutenant received twenty- 
 nine votes each and the ensign twent.y-four ; we have no record of 
 any remonstrance. 
 
 Early Mails and Postmasters 
 
 For two yeai's after 1801, a fortnightly mail came via Youngs- 
 town to Warren, the county seat and western terminus of the mail 
 route. Subsequently the route was extended, via Ravenna and Hud- 
 son, to Cleveland and thence along the old Indian trail via San- 
 dusky and Toledo to Detroit. From Cleveland, the route ran via 
 Painesville and Jelferson back to Warren. But in June, 1805, Gideon 
 Granger, the postmaster-general, who was interested in lands on the 
 west side of the river, visited Cleveland and made his famous pro- 
 phecy that "within fifty yeai's an extensive city will occupy these 
 grounds, and vessels will sail directly from this port into the At- 
 lantic ocean." Soon after this, Elisha Norton became the first post- 
 master of the future queen city of the lower lakes and the metropolis 
 of Ohio. In the same year, John Walworth of Painesville, a native 
 of Groton, Connecticut, became collector of the newly established 
 district for the south shore of the lake — the district of Erie it was 
 called. When Postmaster Norton gave up his office and moved into 
 another county, as he soon did, JMr. Walworth was appointed his 
 successor (October 22, 1805), sold his farm on the Grand River, and 
 bought 300 acres in what is now the heart of the city, the region be- 
 tween Huron and Erie (East Ninth) streets and the river. In April, 
 1806, he brought his family to Cleveland. Colonel Whittlesey tells 
 us that Mr. Walworth "at fii"st occupied the uj)per part of a frame 
 building on the north side of Superior street near Water [West 
 Ninth I .street." In 1809, his family moved from this building to 
 their home on the Walworth farm, Pittsburg street, and a small 
 frame office was erected south of Superior street, where the American 
 House now .stands (Nos. 639-649 Superior Avenue, West), "and 
 was regarded as a novelty with metropolitan suggestions." For the 
 fii-st quarter of 1806, the receipts of the Cleveland po.st-office aggre- 
 gated two dollars and eighty-three cents. For the corresponding 
 quarter of 1918, the receipts of the Cleveland i)Ostoffice amounted to 
 $1,314,893.48. The postmaster and collector was soon appointed by 
 President Jefferson as inspector of revenue for the port of Cuyahoga 
 and, in 1806, Governor Tiffin made him. associate .iudge of the court
 
 1805] 
 
 END OF THE FIRST DECADE 
 
 71 
 
 of coniinnii picas for a term of seven years "if he shall so long be- 
 have well." Thus Judge Walworth's little office housed the local 
 authority of the city, the county, and the nation ; it soon accommodated 
 also the solitary attorney and the only physician in tlie place. 
 
 In this last year of C'levehind's first decade, Samuel Dodge, who 
 had married a daughter of Timothy Doan, Iniilt his log cabin on 
 Euclid Road and was named by the town.ship trustees as a .juryman. 
 Judge Kingsbury put up the frame of a house that was finished in 
 the following year, the luml)er being sawed in a mill newly built 
 for him and the brick for the chimney being made on his own land ; 
 "part of the upper story was finished off in a large room in which 
 dances were held, and also Masonic communications, the Judge being 
 a zealous member of the mystic order." In the same year, David 
 
 Judge KiNGSBURi's House 
 
 Clark died, the eleven-year-old son of ^lajor Carter was drowned at 
 the mouth of the river, and the schooner "Washington" cleared at 
 the port and sailed into the lake, the last that was ever heard of 
 ship, cargo or crew. By this time, the unorganized settlement at 
 the mouth of the Cuyahoga, although numericallj- smaller than New- 
 burg, "was becoming a place large enough to be recognized by the 
 world at large." Its further growth being assured, it will not be 
 necessarj' to follow it with the minuteness of detail that has been 
 given to the first germinations of the seed planted by General Cleave- 
 land ten years before. 
 
 Beginning of Cleveland 's Second Decade 
 
 A letter written in 1860 by John Harmon of Ravenna gives some 
 interesting glimpses of Cleveland at the beginning of its second dec- 
 ade. ■ He says: "I first visited Cleaveland, that part now called
 
 72 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap.V 
 
 Newburg, in August, 1806, a boy sixteen and a half years, and spent 
 some ten days, perhaps more, in the family of W. W. Williams. Dur- 
 ing my stay there, I formed some acquaintance with those of the 
 neighborhood, especially with those young men or youths of my age, 
 among whom were the Williams,' the Hamiltons, the Plumbs and 
 Kingsburys, the Burks and the Guns. The Miles' had not then ar- 
 rived. We attended meetings in a log barn at Doan's Corners once 
 or twice, to hear the announcement of a new sect, by one Daniel 
 Parker, who preached what he called Halcyonism — since, I believe, 
 it has become extinct. We bathed together under the fall of Mill 
 Creek, gathered cranberries in the marshes westward of the Edward's 
 place, and danced to the music of Major Samuel Jones' violin at 
 his house, afterwards the residejice of my old friend. Captain Allen 
 Gaylord. Judge Huntington, afterwards Governor, lived then, I 
 believe, at the place afterwards occupied by Dexter or Brastus Miles. 
 Newburg street was opened previously, from the mill north to Doan 's 
 Cornel's, and was then lined with cultivated fields on both sides, 
 nearly the whole distance from Judge Kingsbury's to the mill. But 
 much dead timber remained on the fields. There were some orchards 
 of apple trees on .some of the farms, and Judge Kingsbury's orchard 
 bore a few apples that season, which was probably the first season 
 of bearing. The Judge had a small nursery of apple trees, and there 
 was a larger nursery of smaller trees on Mr. Williams' place." In 
 the "latter part of the same letter, Mr. Harmon reminds us that, even 
 then, Newburg 's rival was known as "Cleave! and City." As indi- 
 cated in this letter, Samuel Huntington was then li\'ing in Newburg. 
 His hewn timber mansion on the rear of the lot on lower Superior 
 Street was too near the malarial "stagiumt pool" and so he bought 
 the Williams' grist and saw mill at Newburg and moved to that 
 vicinity. In the following year, he moved to his large estate near 
 Painesville. In 1808, he resigned as a member of the Ohio supreme 
 court and was elected as governor of the state. 
 
 Nathan Perry Comes 
 
 One of the most important arrivals of Ihis year was that of Nathan 
 Peny, Sr., and his family. He had come to Ohio in 1796, and had 
 bought, at fifty cents per acre, a thousand acres of land in what is 
 now Lake County. He also secured five acres in "down-town" Cleve- 
 land, the section bounded by the present Superior and St. Clair 
 avenues and West Sixth (Bank) and West Ninth (Water) streets, 
 and a larger tract, later known as the Horace Perry Farm, near
 
 1806] IN GEAUGA COUNTY 73 
 
 the iiitcrecction of Broadway with what was long called Perry Street, 
 the East Twenty-second Strjct of today. He made a further invest- 
 ment at Black River, twenty-five or thirty miles west of the Cuya- 
 hoga. In this year, Geauga County was set off from Trumbull County 
 and included the greater part of what is now Cuyahoga County. The 
 legislative act was dated on tlic thirty-first of December, 1805, and 
 was to take effect on the first day of .Marcii. lcS06. The new county 
 was organized as a civil body by establishing a court of common 
 pleas and a board of county commissioners. The court held its 
 first meeting on the first Tuesday of March, the .judges present being 
 
 Nathan Perky 
 
 Aaron "Wheeler, John Walworth, and Jesse Phelps. The first meet- 
 ing of the board of commissioners was held on the sixth day of the 
 following June. 
 
 Although the Ordinance of 1787 establishing the territory north- 
 west of the Ohio River required that schools and the means of educa- 
 tion should be encouraged, and the Ohio constitution of 1802 reiter- 
 ated the requirement and further declared that "no law shall be 
 passed to prevent the poor in the several counties and townships 
 within this State, from an equal participation in the schools, acade- 
 mies, colleges, and universities within this State, which are endowed, 
 in whole or in part, from the revenues arising from the donations 
 made by the United States for the support of schools and colleges; 
 and the doors of the said schools, academies, and universities shall 
 be open for the reception of scholars, students, and teachers of every 
 grade, without any distinction or preference whatever, contrary to
 
 74 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. V 
 
 the intent for which the said donations were made," nothing had yet 
 been done for the support of schools by local or general taxation; in 
 other words, the Ohio common-school law had not been enacted and 
 such schools as existed were provided by private means. The schools 
 kept by Miss Sarah Doan and Miss Anna Sijaffoi-d have been men- 
 tioned; now came a more "ambitious endeavor" to teach the young 
 idea how to shoot. Asael Adams, aged twenty, a native of Canter- 
 bury', Connecticut, came to Cleveland and, in October, 1806, entered 
 into contract as follows : 
 
 Articles of agreement made and entered into between Asael Adams 
 on the one part and the undersigned on the other, witnes.seth, that we, 
 the undersigned, do agree to hire the said Adams for the sum of Ten 
 Dollars ($10.00) a month, to be paid in money or wheat at the market 
 price, whenever such time may be that the school doth end, and to make 
 said house comfortable for the school to be taught in, and to furnish 
 benches and fire-wood sufficient. And I, the said Adams, do agree to 
 keep six hours in each day, and to keep good order in said school. 
 
 Mr. Kennedy, from whose work I have quoted this contract, tells 
 us that this log school house stood near the foot of Superior Street 
 and that, among its patrons were Samuel Huntington, James Kings- 
 buiy, W. W. Williams, George Kilbourne, Susannah Hammil, Elijah 
 Gun, and David Kellogg. One of the school houses of that period 
 has been thus described: "A log-cabin with a I'ough stone chimney; 
 a foot or two cut here and there to admit the light, with greased 
 paper over the openings: a large fire-i)lace: puncheon floor; a few 
 benches made of split logs with the flat side up, and a well developed 
 birch rod over the master's seat."
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 GETTING SETTLED 
 
 The year 1807 was well marked by the last division of the Re- 
 serve lands, the drawing for which was made at Hartford, Connecti- 
 cut; Samuel P. Lord and others drew the township later known aa 
 Brooklyn which then extended along the west baidi of the Cuya- 
 hoga River to its mouth. The Brooklyn lots were soon surveyed 
 and put upon the market. In the same year, a grand scheme for an 
 improvement of the route that the Indians from time immemorial 
 had followed from Lake Erie to the Ohio River made its appearance. 
 The Cuyahoga and the Tuscarawas rivers were to be cleared of ob- 
 struction and deepened where needed and the intervening portage 
 path was to be made passable for wagons. It was thought that the 
 improvement could be made for about twelve thousand dollars and an 
 appeal was made to the Ohio legislature which authorized "The Cuya- 
 hoga and Muskingum Navigation Lottery" for "improving the navi- 
 gation between Lake Erie and the river Ohio through the Cuyahoga 
 and JIuskingum, " — an easy way, it was thought, for raising the needed 
 funds. At that time, such lotteries were in good repute and very 
 much in fashion. The list of commissioners who were to manage 
 the lottery included the names of such prominent Clevelanders as 
 Lorenzo Carter, Timothy Doan, Samuel Huntington, James Kings- 
 bury, Turhaiid Kirtland. Amos Spafford, and John Walworth. The 
 scheme formulated by the commissioners provided for the sale of 
 12,800 tickets at five dollars each. The resultant $64,000 was to be dis- 
 tributed in 3,568 prizes varying in value from ten dollars to five thou- 
 sand dollars each, all prizes subject to a deduction of one-eighth. But 
 the public did not buy more than a cjuarter of the tickets offered, the 
 money that had been paid in was returned, the drawing was declared 
 "off," and the scheme was abandoned. 
 
 Nathan Peery, Jr. 
 
 When Nathan Perry came to Ohio, his son, Nathan, was placed 
 in the camp of Red Jacket, the famous and eloquent chief of the 
 
 75
 
 76 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENA^RONS [Chap. VI 
 
 Wolf Tribe of the Seueca Indians. Here the boy beeauie familiar 
 with the langruage and peculiarities of the red men. In 1804, Nathan 
 Perry, Jr., opened a trading station at Black River for the purchase 
 of fui"s, etc., fi'om the Indians; in 1808, he moved to Cleveland and 
 built a store and dwelling at what is now the northeast corner of 
 Superior Avenue and West Ninth (Water) Street. He became one 
 of the leading merchants of the city; his daughter married Henry 
 B. Payne, later a member of the United States senate — whence the 
 names of the Periy-Payne building on lower Superior Avenue, and 
 what was, in the seventies, known as "Payne's Pastures," and through 
 which Payne Avenue now runs. In the same year, came "Uncle" 
 Abram Hickox as successor to Nathaniel Doan who had moved "into 
 the country" out Euclid way. The new village blacksmith established 
 
 'Uncle" Abram Hickox 
 
 himself on the north side of Superior Avenue, where the Jolmson 
 House later stood, just west of the Rockefeller Building of today, 
 and "soon become a local celebrity in his way." He afterwards 
 built a small shop at tlie corner of Euclid Aveinie and Hickox (now 
 East Third) Street which was named for him. In 1808, Major 
 Carter built the "Zephyr of thirty tons burthen" for the lake trade, 
 the beginning of the shi])-building industry of Cleveland. In April 
 of the same year, a batteau that was carrying a jiarty on a fishing 
 trip to Black River was upset by a sudden si|uail lialf a mile off 
 the shore near Dover Point and four jxtsohs were drowned. 
 
 Cleveland and Huron Highway 
 
 in 1809, tlie Ohio legislalure apjiropriated mori(\v for Iho build- 
 ing of a road from Cleveland to the uioulii of the Huron River and
 
 1809] SENATOR GRISWOLD 77 
 
 the work was done under the supervision of Lorenzo Carter and 
 Nathaniel Doan of Cleveland and Ebcnezer Murray of Mentor. This 
 Cleveland and Huron higliway followed the ridge near the bank 
 of the lake, was later called the Milan State Road, and still later 
 the Detroit Road; its initial stretch is now known as Detroit Avenue. 
 The mail between Cleveland and Detroit weighed from five to seven 
 pounds and was carried in a satchel by a man who went on foot and 
 traveled about thirty miles a day. After the beginning of the "War 
 of 1S12, the United States mail between Cleveland and Detroit was 
 carried on horseback until about 1820 wlien the stage-coach sup- 
 planted the pony express. At this time, the eastern mail between 
 Cleveland and "Warren was carried alternately by the two sons of 
 Joseph Burke of Euclid, "on horseback in summer when the roads 
 permitted and on foot the rest of the time." Going, their route 
 ran through Hudson and Ravenna; coming back, it ran via Jef- 
 ferson, Austinburg and Painesville. According to the formal re- 
 port of Collector "Walworth, the value of the goods sent from the 
 port of Cuyahoga to Canada from April to October, 1809, was 
 about fifty dollars; the day of direct exportation from Cleveland to 
 Europe had not yet arrived. 
 
 Amos Stafford and Stanx,ey Griswold 
 
 In this year (1809), Amos Spafford was elected as a representa- 
 tive from Cleveland, Geauga County, to the state legislature. He 
 was soon appointed collector of a new port of entry in the spring 
 of 1810, and removed to Perrysburg, a few miles up the Maumee 
 River from Toledo. He held his office until 1818 when he died. 
 Among the additions of the year was Stanley Griswold, a native 
 of Connecticut, a graduate of Yale, a school teacher, and an eloquent 
 popular preacher. He was an ardent admirer of Thomas Jefferson 
 who was then regarded by most of the New England clergy as little 
 less than an atheist and, in 1797, on account of alleged heterodoxy, 
 was excluded from the association of ministers of which he was a 
 member. He soon abandoned the pulpit and became editor of a 
 Democratic newspaper in New Hampshire. In 1805, President Jef- 
 ferson made him secretary of the territory of Michigan under Gov- 
 ernor "William Hull and collector of the port of Detroit; he had 
 some trouble with the governor, removed to Cleveland and took up 
 his residence at Doan 's Corners. "Without loss of time, his familiarity 
 with practical politics led him into public service. "We find him 
 acting as clerk of the township of Cleveland in place of the accus-
 
 78 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENWIRONS [Cliap. YI 
 
 tomed Nathaniel Doan, and when one of Ohio's senators unexpectedly 
 resigned his seat in the national legislature, Governor Samuel Hunt- 
 ington appointed his friend, Stanley Griswold, to fill out the unex- 
 pired term. On the twenty-eighth of ^lay, 1S09, Mr. Griswold wrote 
 from Somerset, Pennsylvania, to James Witherell, a letter showing 
 that although he had lived here hardly long enough to be called 
 an Ohio man, he had learned something of the possibilities of Cleve- 
 land and the expectations of its leading citizens — expectations that 
 were built on the faith in the future that' has made Cleveland what 
 it is. For such reasons, I here insert the letter as printed by Colonel 
 Whittlesey : 
 
 Dear Sir: — Passing in the stage to the Federal City, I improve 
 a little leisure to acknowledge j-our letter from Jefferson, Ohio, of the 
 16th instant. In reference to your inquiry (for a place for Doctor 
 Elijah Coleman,) I have consulted the pi-incipal characters, particu- 
 larly Judge Walworth, who concurs with me, that Cleveland would 
 be an excellent place for a young physician, and cannot long i-emain 
 unoccupied. This is based more on what the place is expected to be, 
 than what it is. Even now a physician of eminence would command 
 great practice, from being called to ride over a large country, say fifty 
 miles each way. There is now none of eminent or ordinary character 
 in that extent. But settlements are scattered, and roads new and bad, 
 whicli would make it a painful practice. Within a few weeks Cleveland 
 has been fixed upon by a committee of the Legislature as the seat of 
 justice for Cuyahoga county. Several respectable characters will 
 remove to that town. The country around bids fair to increase rapidly 
 in population. A A'oung physician of tlie qualifications described by 
 you, will be certain to succeed, but for a short time, if without means, 
 must keep school, for which there is a good chance in winter, till a 
 piece of ground, bring on a few goods, (for which it is a good stand,) 
 or do something else in connection with his practice. I should be 
 happy to see your friend. I am on my way to the Federal City, to 
 take a seat in tlio Senate in place of I\Ir. Tiffin, who has recently 
 resigned. Very truly your obedient servant, 
 
 Stanley Griswoht. 
 
 After the expiration of his senatorial term in 1810, Mr. Griswold 
 became United States judge for the Northwest Territory and held 
 that office tintil his death at Shawnectown, Illinois, in 1815. 
 
 Levi Johnson 
 
 Another important and a moi'e permanent addition 1o tlic popu- 
 lation of Cleveland was Levi Jolnison. who soon became the master 
 builder of the time and place. lie built for himself a log cabin
 
 1809] 
 
 LEVI JOHNSON 
 
 79 
 
 on the Euclid Road near the Public Square, and for others the 
 old court-house and jail on the northwest section of the Square. Ac- 
 cording to an ac'fount published by the Early Settlers' Association, 
 "he built the first frame house in Cleaveland, for Judge John Wal- 
 worth, where the American ITouse now stands." About 1811, lie 
 finished for Rodolphus Edwards, the long famous "Buckeye House" 
 that stood at what is now the intersection of Woodhill and Buckeye 
 roads. This old landmark had been building for several years, most 
 
 Levi Johnson 
 
 of the boards being sawed by hand from logs that were supported 
 so that one of the two men who worked the saw stood on top of 
 the log while the other stood under it. The house was torn down 
 in 1872. "In 1813 or 1814, he built the schooner 'Ladies' Master,' 
 near his residence, which was hauled to the foot of Superior street 
 by ox-teams of the country people, where she was launched. In 
 1817, he built the schooner 'Neptune,' on the river, near the foot of 
 Eagle street, which was altogether in the woods. In 1824, he built 
 the first steamboat constructed in Cleveland, the 'Enterprise,' just 
 below the foot of St. Clair street." He died in 1871.
 
 so CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VI 
 
 Ckeation op Cuyahoga County 
 
 By a legislative act of February, 1807, the counties of Portage, 
 Ashtabula and Cuyahoga were authorized; under this act, Cuyahoga 
 was to "embrace so much of the county of Geauga as lay west of 
 the ninth range of townships." The boundaries were fixed as fol- 
 lows: "On the east side of Cuyahoga River, all north of town five 
 and west of range nine; on the west side of the river, all north of 
 town four and east of range fifteen." The boundaiy lines of the 
 county have been .several times subsequently changed; it did not 
 acquire its present limits until 1843. As appeai-s from Stanley Gris- 
 wold's letter, already quoted, Cleveland had been fixed upon by a 
 committee of the legislature as the county seat. One of these com- 
 missioners sent to Abraham Tappau, a bill for his pay for services 
 rendered in this matter. As preserved for us by Colonel Whittlesey, 
 this communication reads as follows: 
 
 Columbiana County, Oliio,) 
 October, 1809. J 
 
 Deir Sir : — I have called on Mr. Peaies for my Pay for fixing the 
 Seat of Justis in the County of Cuyahoga and he informt me that he 
 did not Chit it. Sir, I should take it as a favour of you would send 
 it with Mister Peaies at your Nixt Cort and In so doing will oblige 
 Your humble Sarvent R. B**r. 
 
 Abraham Tappin Esq. 
 
 A Leven Days Two Dollars per day. Twenty two 
 
 Dollars. 
 
 The judicial existence of Cuyahoga County dates from May, 1810, 
 when the coiu-t of common pleas was organized with Benjamin 
 Ruggles as presiding judge and Nathan Perry, Sr., Augustus Gil- 
 bert and Timothy Doan as associate judges. The first session of the 
 court was held in June, in a new frame building that Elias and Har- 
 vey Murray had recently built for a store on the south side of 
 Superior Street between the Public Square and Seneca (now West 
 Third) Street. The store had not then been opened, but it soon 
 "became one of the local mercantile features" of Cleveland. In 
 The Bench and Bar of Cleveland, Mr. F. T. Wallace tells us 
 (1889) that at the June session of the court "Alfred Kelley appears 
 in the second case on the docket, on belialf of Ralph M. Pomeroy vs. 
 James Leach. Suit on a note of hand dated October 27, 1808, 'at 
 Black Rock, to-wit, at Cleveland,' for .+80, and in another sum of $150. 
 This case was continued one term, and then discontinued by settle- 
 ment. And now, in the third case, tlic famous old pioneer, Rodolphus
 
 1810] IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY 81 
 
 Edwanls, was chosen defendant in tlie suit of one John S. Recde. It 
 was an appealed case from Justiee Erastus ^liles' conrt, by the plain- 
 tiff, the justiec having deeiiled that the plaintiff had no case against 
 Edwards. The plaintiff failed to prosecute his appeal, and the old 
 pioneer was decreed to 'go' with judgment for his costs, $8.54. R. B. 
 Parkman was defendant's attorney." The judges appointed John 
 Walworth as county clerk and "Peter Hitchcock of Geauga" as 
 prosecuting attorney. The prosecuting attorney I'eceived fifteen dol- 
 lars for the term's work ; his successor was soon appointed. A Iwai'd of 
 county commissioners, to which were transferred the fiscal and ad- 
 ministrative duties that liad previously been performed by the court 
 of quarter sessions, a slicriff and other pffieers were elected for a 
 two years' term as provided for by the constitution and the laws 
 of the state. The county commissioners were Jabez Wright and 
 Nathaniel Doan ; the sheriff and surveyor was Samuel S. Baldwin ; 
 the treasurer was Asa Dille. Under the judicial system then in opera- 
 tion, the Ohio supreme court held annual sessions in the several 
 counties; the first session for Cuyahoga County was held in August, 
 1810. John Walworth was given still another office, clerk of the 
 court, and Alfred Kelley w-as admitted to practice in the said court. 
 At the November term of the court of common pleas, the said 
 Alfred Kelley was, on motion of Peter Hitchcock of Geauga, chosen 
 as prosecuting attorney. The centennial of the organization of Cuya- 
 hoga Comity wa,s the occa.sion of an elaborate six-days' celebration 
 at Cleveland in October, 1910. 
 
 FmsT Tanneries 
 
 In 1810, Cleveland had a population of only fifty -seven persons, 
 while Cuyahoga County had about fifteen hundred. About this time. 
 Major Carter built a warehouse on Union Lane (see Spafford map, 
 page .59) "showing that business was gi'owing down in that section of 
 the village; and Elias Cozad built out at Doan's Corners the first 
 tannery operated in Cleveland, and this was followed by a like 
 structure erected by [the brothers] Samuel and Matthew William- 
 son, either toward the end of this year or the opening of 1811." 
 This Samuel Williamson was born in Cumberland County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, came to Cleveland in 1810, and carried on the tanning business 
 until his death in 1834. Having served as an associate judge of 
 the court of common pleas, he was, in later life, called "Judge" 
 Williamson. The oldest of his seven children also bore the name 
 Samuel and was two years old when the family came to Cleveland.
 
 82 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. VI 
 
 The son was graduated from college iu 1829, studied law in the 
 office of S. J. Andrews (of whom we shall soon hear more), and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1832. He retired from general practice in 
 1872 to accept the presidency of the Cleveland Society for Savings. 
 He served as a member of the city council, the board of education, 
 
 S.\MUEL Williamson 
 
 and the state senate and occupied nian,\- other positions of trust. 
 He lived to be the oldest resident of the eitv and ilicd in 1884.* 
 
 Pioneer Legal Matters 
 
 At the November lenu of the cuiirt, (uie Daniel Miner was 
 prosecuted for "not having obtained sucli license or peraiit as the 
 law directs to keep a tavern, or to sell, liaiMcr or deliver, for money 
 
 * See Biograjiliical Sketch.
 
 1810] THE FIRST PHYSICIAN 83 
 
 or other article of value, any wine, rum, brandy, whisky, spirits 
 or strong: drink by less quantity than one quart, did, with intent 
 to defraud the revenue of the county, ou the 25th of October last 
 past, sell, barter and deliver at Cleveland aforesaid, wine, vwm, 
 brandy, whisky and spirits by less qnantity than one quart, to-wit, 
 one gill of whisky for the sum of six cents in money, contrary to 
 the statute, etc. " The defendant pleaded guilty and was fined twenty- 
 five cents. In further illumination of public sentiment oh the liquor 
 question and the irritating iterations of legal phraseology, we are 
 told by Mr. Kennedy that, in its first few years of existence, the 
 court "saw Ambrose Hecox charged with selling 'one-half yard of 
 cotton cambric, six yards of Indian cotton cloth, one-half pound 
 Hyson skin tea, without license, contrary to the statute law regulating 
 ferries, taverns, stores, etc;' Erastus ililes prosecuted for selling 
 liquor to the Indians; Thomas ]McIlrath for trading one quart of 
 whisky for three raccoon skins ; and John S. Reede and Banks Finch 
 for engaging in a 'fight and box at fisticuffs.' The indictment de- 
 clared in solemn form that 'John S. Reede, of Black River, and 
 Banks Finch, of Huron township, in said county, on the 1st day 
 of February, 1812, with force and arms, in the peace of God and 
 the State, then and there being, did, then and there with each other 
 agree, and in and upon each other did then and there assault and 
 with each other did then and there wilfully fight and box at fisticuffs, 
 and each other did then and there strike, kick, cuff, bite, bruise, 
 wound and ill-treat, against the statute and the peace and dignity 
 of the State of Ohio.' " 
 
 Dr. D.wid Loxg 
 
 The year 1810 was further made memorable in Cleveland annals 
 by the arrival of several pereons wlio were destined to play import- 
 ant parts in the development of Cleveland and Ohio; among them 
 were a doctor and a lawyer. As indicated in the letter written by 
 Senator-elect Griswold, already quoted, "Cleavelaud would be an 
 excellent place for a young physician and cannot long remain un- 
 occupied." The vacancy did not long endure for now Dr. David 
 Long, who had been graduated in New York City, arrived in June, 
 1810. There was then no practicing physician nearer than Hudson 
 or Painesville. He "hung out his shingle" on the little frame office 
 that had been built for ^Ir. Walworth and soon secured an exten- 
 sive practice. In an interesting magazine article on Pioneer Medi- 
 cine on the Reserve, Dr. Dudley Allen tells lis that "Dr. Long
 
 84 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS EN^^ROXS [Chap. VI 
 
 was a public-spirited man aud interested in whatever concerned the 
 welfare of the eommunity. He was a successful candidate for the 
 office of county commissioner at a time [1826] when the location 
 of the court-house greatly excited the interest of tlu^ eoiuity. One 
 commissioner favored Newburg and another Cleveland, aud the elec- 
 tion of Dr. Long determined its location in Cleveland. He was en- 
 gaged in various business enterprises, but a contract for building 
 
 Dr. D.wid Long 
 
 a section of the canal pi'oved to be an unfortunate business ven- 
 ture, though it was of great importance to the commercial interests 
 of Cleveland. In 1836, Dr. Long removed from Superior Street to 
 a farm on what is now Woodland Avenue, but M'as then called 
 Kinsman Street. Here he built the first stone house occupied by 
 the late Erastus Gaylord, and afterward the house still standing 
 [1886] on the corner of Woodland and Longwood avenues, in which 
 house he lived till the lime of his death, September 1. 1851." In
 
 1810] THE FIKST LAWYER 85 
 
 1811, Doctor Long married Jiiliauiia, tlic daughter of Jolin Walworth. 
 In 1833, their only daughter, JMary Helen, married Solomon Lewis 
 Severance. She was the mother of Solon L. and Louis H. Severance, 
 two of the most prominent and successful men of later Cleveland. In 
 the year of his marriage. Doctor Long became the first president 
 of au anti-slavery society, the secretary of which was S. L. Severance. 
 It is easy to imagine that in the long evenings of the preceding 
 winter, Mr. Severance and Doctor Long discussed the wrongs and 
 sorrows of the southern slaves until it was time for the doctor to 
 go to bed and leave the young folks to talk over other matters. 
 
 Although Samuel Huntington was a lawyer, he did not practice 
 his profession in his brief stay here; Cleveland's first active lawyer 
 was Alfred Kellej', magnum nomcn. Alfred, the second son of 
 Daniel Kelley, was born at Middlefield, Connecticut, on the seventh 
 of November, 1789 ; his mother was Jemima, a sister of Joshua Stow, 
 one of the thirty-five original members of the Connecticut Land 
 Company and commissaiy of the surveying party that Moses Cleave- 
 land led to the Reserve in 1796. In 1798, the family had moved 
 from Middlefield to Lowville "in the wilds of New York" (then 
 Oneida, now Lewis County) and thei-e their worldly affairs had pros- 
 pered; in the words of the family historian, "Judge Kelley 's circum- 
 stances came to be what would in those days be called comparatively 
 easy." He was generally called Judge Kelley. This Daniel and 
 Jemima had six sons, the oldest of whom was Datus. "It is not a 
 matter of surprise," says the historian just mentioned, "that the 
 prominent connection of their uncle with the purchase of a vast 
 territory in the far west should engage the j'oung men's attention 
 in the strongest manner. Datus caught the western fever first and, 
 in 1810, made the journey on foot to Cleveland, Ohio, or New Con- 
 necticut as the Western Reserve was then popularly called. He 
 returned to Lowville that year, however, without having decided 
 upon a location. In 1810, Alfred removed to Cleveland. In 1811, 
 he was followed by Datus ; in 1812, by Irad, and early in 1814 
 by Reynolds," the younger brothers. The parents appear to have 
 given to each of their sons a thousand dollars with which to seek their 
 fortunes in the West and gradually to have disposed of their 
 property in Lowville preparatory to their owti removal to Ohio 
 and the long cherished reunion of the family there. Alfred Kelley 
 had entered the law office of one of the judges of the supreme 
 court of New York in 1807 and there remained until the spring of 
 1810, M'hen he came to Cleveland on horseback and in company 
 with his uncle, Joshua Stow, and Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, of whom
 
 86 
 
 CLEVELAXD AND ITS ENl'IRONS [Chap. VI 
 
 we shall hear more. At the November term of the newly constituted 
 court of the newly organized county of Cuyahoga, Alfred Kelley 
 was, on the twent.y-first anniversary of his birth and, on the mo- 
 tion of Peter Hitchcock, as alreadj' recorded, made public prose- 
 cutor, an office that he held by successive appointments until 1822, 
 when he resigned to become canal commissioner of Ohio. As we 
 have seen, the promising young man had appeared as counsel at 
 
 Alfred Kelley 
 
 the June session of the court; we shall probably hoar of him again. 
 In September, 1814, the father, Judge Daniel Kelley, and his wife, 
 left Lowville and, by land and water, made their way to Cleveland, 
 leaving their son, Thomas, at school in the East. In October, the 
 judge wrote to Tliomas and, referring to "our arrival at Bufl'alow, " 
 added: "We were obliged to stay in lliat uncomfortable place on 
 account of head winds until Tuesday afternoon, the 4tli inst., when 
 we all embarked on board of a schooner and set oil", with a gentle
 
 1811-12] VERBAL 1VLA.P AND CENSUS 87 
 
 breeze, for Cleaveland." But the gentle breeze gave way for storm 
 and sickness so that the family landed at- Erie and made the rest 
 of the journey by land. Near the end of the year, he further re- 
 ported to Thomas that "we have been keeping house by ourselves 
 about 12 days, are pretty comfortable as to house room, etc. 
 Irad returned from Buft'alow yesterday with some goods. 
 Their store and house is nearly finished. They move into 
 it this week." Thomas was at Cleveland by June, 1815, but his 
 mother died in the following September, four days after the death 
 of her son, Daniel. After her death. Judge Kelley and his sons, 
 Alfred, Irad, and Thomas made their home with one of the younger 
 brothers, Joseph Reynolds Kelley, until 1817, when Alfred married 
 and his father went to live with him. lie died in 1831.* 
 
 Clevelandebs op 1811-12 
 
 Before passing to the story of more stirring events, it seems 
 worth while to reproduce what Mr. Kennedy calls "a combined 
 verbal map and a census" of Cleveland and Its Environs at this 
 period. In one of the Annals of the Early Settlers' Association, Mr. 
 T. L. Morgan says : 
 
 The following, to the best of my recollection, are the names of men 
 who lived in what was then Cleveland, in the fall of 1811 and spring of 
 1812. Possibly a few names may be missing. I will begin north of the 
 Kingsbury creek, on Broadway : The first was Maj. Samuel Jones, on 
 the hill near the turn of the road; farther down came Judge John 
 Walworth, then postmaster, and his oldest son, A. W. Walworth, apd 
 son-in-law. Dr. David Long. Then, on the corner where the Forest City 
 House now stands, was a Mr. Morey. The next was near the now 
 American House, where the little post-ofSce then stood, occupied by 
 Mr. Hanchet, who had just started a little store. Close by was a tav- 
 ern, kept by Mr. George Wallace. On the top of the hill, north of Main 
 street. Lorenzo Carter and son, Lorenzo, Jr., who kept tavern also. 
 The only house below on Water street was owned by Judge Samuel 
 Williamson, with his familv and his brother Matthew, who had a tan- 
 nery on the side hill below. On the corner of Water and Superior 
 stre'ets was Nathan Perry's store, and his brother, Horace Perry, lived 
 near by. Levi Johnson began in Cleveland about that time, likewise 
 two brothers of his, who came on soon after; Benjamin, a one-legged 
 man ; and T think the other's name was John. The first and last were 
 lake captains for a time. Abraham Hiekox, the old blacksmith ; Alfred 
 Kelley. Esq., who boarded with 'Squire Walworth at that time ; then 
 a Mr. Bailey, also Elias and Harvey Murray, and perhaps a very few 
 
 * See Biographical Sketch.
 
 88 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VI 
 
 others in town not named. On what is now Euclid avenue, from Monu- 
 mental Square through the woods to East Cleveland, was but one man, 
 Nathan Chapman, who lived in a small shanty, with a small clearing 
 around him, and near the present Euclid Station. [East Fifty-fifth 
 Street.] He died soon after. Then at what was called Doan's Cor- 
 nel's lived two families only, Nathaniel, the older, and I\Iaj. Scth Doan. 
 Then on the south, now Woodland Hills avenvie, first came Richard 
 Blin, Rodolphus Edwards, and Mr. Stephens, a school teacher; Mr. 
 Honey, James Kingsbury, David Burras, Eben Hosmer, John Wight- 
 man, William W. Williams, and three sons, Frederick, William W., Jr., 
 and Joseph. Next, on the Carter place, Philomen Baldwin, and four 
 sons, Philomen. Jr., Amos, Caleb and Rnna. Next, James Hamilton ; 
 then Samuel Hamilton (who was drowned in the lake), his widow, 
 and three sons, Chester, Justice and Samuel, Jr., in what was called 
 Newburg and now Cleveland. Six by the name of Miles — Erastus, 
 Theodore, Charles, Samuel, Thompson, and Daniel. Widow White 
 with five sons, John, William, Solomon, Samuel, and Lyman. A Mr. 
 Barnes, Henry Edwards, Allen Gaylord, and father and mother. In 
 the spring of 1812, came Noble Bates, Ephraim and Jedediah Hubbel, 
 with their aged father and mother (the latter soon after died) : in 
 each family were several sons: Stephen Gilbert, Sylvester [Sylva- 
 nus?] Burk, wdth six sons. B. B. Burk, Gains, Erectus, etc.; Abner 
 Cochran, on what is now called Aetna street. Samuel S. Baldwin, Esq., 
 was sheriif and county surveyor, and hung the noted Indian, John 
 O'Mic, in 1812. Next,"Y. L. Morgan, with three sons, Y. L., Jr., Caleb, 
 and Isham A. The next, on the present Broadway, Dyer Sherman, 
 Christopher Gunn, Elijah, Charles and Elijah Gunn, Jr. ; Robert Ful- 
 ton, Robert Carr, Samuel Dille, Ira Ensign, Ezekiel Holly, and two 
 sons, Lorin and Alphonso, Widow Clark and four sons, Mason, Martin, 
 Jarvis, and Rufus. 
 
 In another of the ann-als, Isham A. ]\Torgan, one of the three 
 sons above mentioned, helps to fill out the description. He says-. 
 
 A few houses of the primitive order located along Superior street 
 between the river and the Public Scpiare, with here and there a tem- 
 porary dwelling in Ihe bushy vicinity, gave but a slight indication that 
 it was the beginning of a future large city. I remember when there 
 was no court house in Cleveland, nor a church building in Cuyahoga 
 County, nor a bridge across the river fi'om the outlet to Cuyahoga 
 Falls. The outlet of the river, at that time, was some 120 yards west 
 of where it is now (1881). and was sometimes completely barred across 
 with sand by storms, so that men liaving on low shoes have walked 
 across without wetting their feet. A ferry at the foot of Superior street, 
 consisting of one flat-boat and a skiff, answered the purpose to convey 
 over the river all who desired, for (|uite a numlier of years. . . . 
 The first water supply for extinguishing fires in Cleveland was a 
 public well eight feet "across, with a wheel and two buckets, situated 
 on Bank street near Superior. In those days nearly every family had 
 a well at their back door, of good water for every purpose except wash-
 
 1811-12] DATUS KELLEY 89 
 
 iiig. To supply water for washing, when rain water failed, Benhu John- 
 son, a soldier of the war of 18112-14 (who lost a leg in the eampaign and 
 siihstituted a wooden one), with his pony and wagon, supplied as many 
 as needed, from the lake al twenty-live eents a load of two han'els ; and 
 Jahez Kellev furnished the soap at a shilling a gallon, made at his log 
 soap and caiidk' faetory, located on Superior street, near the river. . . . 
 AVliere Prospeet street is now, next to Ontario, was the old cemetery, 
 surrounded by hushes and blaekberry briars. Outside of the cemetery, 
 west, south and east, the forest stood in its native grandeur. On 
 Ontario street, a little south of the old ccmetei-y, was a large mound, 
 supposed to be the work of the IMound Builders of x)rehistoric times. 
 It stood several years after we eanie, before it was made level with 
 the surrounding earth." 
 
 Kelley's Island 
 
 In 1810, Datus Kelley, the elder brother of Alfred Kelley, had 
 visited Cleveland and returned to his home at Lowvillc, New York ; 
 in 1811, he came out again, returned to Lowville, and, in August, 
 married Sai-ah Dean. Soon after this he removed to Ohio with his 
 wife and accompanied by one of his brothers and by a brother and 
 a sister of his wife, '"rjike manj^ modern bridal couples, they visited 
 Niagara Falls on their wedding journey, which was made by team 
 to Sackett's Harbor, boat to Fort Erie, team to Chippewa and 'the 
 schooner Zephyr, 45 tons burthen' from Black Rock to Cleveland, 
 where they arrived about the middle of October. Datus and his 
 bride kept house in a new warehouse at the mouth of the Cuyahoga 
 River during the first week or two after their arrival and pending 
 the selection of their farm." The farm that he finally bought cost 
 him .$.3.18 per acre; it lay about a mile west of Rocky River and 
 extended from the North Ridge road to the lake. Here his nine 
 children were born. In 1833, he and his brother, Irad, bought the 
 western half of Cunningham's (now known as Kelley's) Island in 
 Lake Erie at a dollar and a half per acre. Other purchases followed 
 lintil they owned the whole island, about three thousand acres. At that 
 time, the island was covered with valuable forests of cedar. Hither 
 Datus Kelley removed with his family in 1836, and spent the rest 
 of his life in developing the material resources of the island and the 
 social, moral, and civic activities of its inhabitants. He cleared the 
 land of its cedar forests, introduced the cultivation of the grape and 
 peach, opened limestone quarries, and became the patriarch of the 
 community. He died in 1866 and was buried on the island to which 
 he had given his name and the best part of his life work. He merited 
 the obituary eulogy that said : ' ' Few men have been so loved by
 
 90 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKOXS [Chap. VI 
 
 a whole commuuitj'. A fitting monument has been erected in the 
 hearts not only of kindred, but of many who for years have looked 
 to him as to a father. The island today mourns the founder of its 
 prosperity; it mourns its Pati-iarch who has gone to sleep bj- the 
 side of his beloved wife; it mourns the benevolent patron of liberal 
 institutions; it mourns the father and friend from whose lips have 
 fallen so many words of wisdom and kindness." At the present time 
 (1918), "The Patriarch" is worthily represented in Cleveland by 
 his grandson, Hermon Alfred Kelley, one of the most prominent 
 attorneys of the city, to whom I am much indebted for information 
 relating to Alfred and Datus Kelley. In later years, the island was 
 much sought by scientifie visitors who were interested in the glacial 
 striae grooved in the surface of the limestone rock — a storehouse of 
 "specimens" that were x'emoved by eager collectors. Today it is the 
 chief source of supply of the Kelley Island Lime and Transport 
 Companj% and famous for its vinous product of which Mark Twain 
 once said: "You can't fool me with Kelley Island wine; I can tell 
 it from vinegar every time — by the label on the bottle." At one 
 time, the vats of the Kelley Island Wine Company had a capacity 
 of half a million gallons.
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 "CLEVELAND CITY" BECOMES A VILLAGE 
 
 In 1812, came the seeoiid and last war with England. "Although 
 actual hostilities never touched the city and no force of the enemy 
 appeared at its gates, the center of the war upon the lakes and in 
 the west was near enough to keep it in hourly fear, and to make 
 the port of Cuyahoga an important base for supplies, and a point 
 for the gathering and moving of troops." Of course, "no one could 
 tell at what moment a British warship might anchor off the harbor 
 and knock the little town to pieces, or a baud of Indians creep in 
 by night and give the settlement to fire and death," and so there 
 was no lack of apprehension and turmoil. A small stockade, named 
 Fort Huntington in honor of the recent governor of Ohio, was 
 built on the shore of the lake near the foot of West Third Street 
 and sei'ved nobly "as a guard-house for soldiers who were under ar- 
 rest." Congress declared war in June and, in August, came news 
 of General Hull's disgraceful surrender of Detroit (August 16, 1812). 
 At any moment, the victorious British and their Indian allies might 
 come sweeping along the southern shore of Lake Erie with Hun-like 
 devastation and massacre such as soon fell to the lot of settlers at 
 Frenchtown (now Monroe) on the River Raisin in Michigan. At 
 Cleveland, the excitement rose to fever heat and calls for aid were 
 sent in all directions with the warnings. Concerning the panic 
 caused by the news of the surrender of Detroit, a letter written by 
 Alfred Kelley says : ' ' Information was received at Cleveland, through 
 a scout from Huron, that a large number of British troops and 
 Indians were seen from the shore, in boats, proceeding down the 
 lake, and that they would probably reach Cleveland in the course 
 of the ensuing night. This information spread rapidly through the 
 surrounding settlements. A large proportion of the families in 
 Cleveland, Newburg (then part of Cleveland), and Euclid, imme- 
 diately on the receipt of this news, took such necessary articles of 
 food, clothing and utensils as they could eaiTy, and started for the 
 more populous and less exposed parts of the interior. About thirty 
 men only remained, determined to meet the enemy if they should 
 
 91
 
 92- CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VII 
 
 come, and, if possible, prevent their landing. They determined at 
 least to do all in their power to allay the panic, and prevent the 
 depopulation of the country." In an ai-tiele printed in the Annals 
 of the Early Settlers' Association, Isham A. ]Morgan says: "One 
 day the people at the mouth of Huron River discovered parties com- 
 ing in boats; they were a good deal alarmed, as they supposed them 
 to be British and Indians to be let loose on the almost defenseless 
 settlers. A courier was immediately sent to Cleveland to give the 
 alarm there. Major Samuel Jones, of Cleveland, got on his horee 
 and scoured the country round, telling the people to go to Doan's 
 Cornel's, and there would be a guai-d to protect them as best they 
 could. My brother yoked and hitched the oxen to the wagon, as 
 we then had but one horse. After piitting a few necessary ai-ticles 
 into the wagon and burying a few others, all went to Doan's Cor- 
 ners — East Cleveland, where most of the people in Cleveland and 
 vicinity assembled, ily father had been ill with a fever, and was 
 scarcely able to be about; he took the gim which had beeu brought 
 along, and handed it to my brother, Y. L. Morgan, who was a good 
 shot, and said to him, 'If the Indians come, you see that there is 
 one less to go away!' That night was spent in expectation not the 
 pleasantest. A few men had stayed in Cleveland, to .watch develop- 
 ments there. In the morning. Captain Allen Gaylord was seen 
 approaching the encampment, waving his sword, and saying, 'To 
 your tents, oh Israel! General Hull has surrendered to the British 
 general, and our men, instead of Indians, were seen off Huron. They 
 are returning to their homes.' Thankful were all that it turned out 
 with them to be nothing wor.se than the inconvenience of fleeing 
 from their homes on short notice under unpleasant circumstances." 
 By reason of their dread of the British and their red allies, many 
 families abandoned their homes and returned to the older states 
 more remote from the international line. They who remained be- 
 came accustomed to the din of war-like preparation. 
 
 The War op 1812 at Cleveland 
 
 At this time, there were two companies of militia near at hand, 
 one in Cleveland and one in Ncwburg. The Cleveland company had 
 about fifty men ; Harvey Murray M'as captain, Lewis Dillc was lieu- 
 tenant, and Alfred Kclley was ensign. The full company roster is 
 printed in Kennedy's History of Cleveland. "While the refugees were 
 gathering at Doan's Comers as above described, preparations were 
 being made for defense if the enemy made an attack. General Wads-
 
 1812] 
 
 IX WAR TIME 
 
 93 
 
 worth called all of the militia of his division into the field and arrived 
 at Cleveland on the twenty-fourth of August, accompanied by a 
 mounted escort. Colonel Lewis Cass, then on parole, arrived at Cleve- 
 land that day on his way to Washington to make his indignant re- 
 port of the surrender of -Detroit. On his way to the national capital, 
 Colonel Cass was accompanied by Samuel Huntington, once a resi- 
 dent of Cleveland but now of Painesville. ^Ir. Huntington bore a 
 letter from General Wadsworth to the war department, stating 
 that he had called out three thousand uu>n and was in need of arms, am- 
 munition, equipment and rations. Later in the month, General Simon 
 Perkins of Warren arrived with additional troops. Most of the 
 
 First Courthouse 
 
 troops were soon sent further west to build block-houses and to pro- 
 tect the people leaving only a small guard on duty at Cleveland dur- 
 ing the somewhat quiet winter that followed. The first city directory 
 of Cleveland (published in 1837) says that "During the years of 
 the war there wa^ much bluster, coming, going and parading, ups and 
 downs, anxiety and carelessness in Cleveland. But when the war 
 was over, the city was found not much the better or worse. Jlany, 
 however, became acquainted with its pleasant location and its ad- 
 vantageous situation, which otherwise probably would have remained 
 ignorant of them. ' ' 
 
 Cuyahoga was now a county and Cleveland won in its struggle 
 with Newburg for the prestige that generally goes with the seat 
 of justice. Therefore, in this year of alarms, the county commis-
 
 94 CLEVELAND AND ITS EmaRONS [Chap. VII 
 
 sioners made a contract with Levi Johnson, the master builder of 
 that day, for the buikling of a combined court-house and jail on 
 the northwest corner of the Public Square. Tlic building was two 
 stories high, with a jail and a living-room for the sherifif on the ground 
 floor and a court-room above. According to another account, "at 
 the west end, lower story, was the jail, with debtors' and criminals' 
 grated windows in front; east end, upper storj', the court-room. At 
 the landing of the inside staircase a fireplace, sizzling green oak 
 wood, feebly struggled to warm the institution." The building was 
 not completed until 1813; in it. after that date, "justice, according 
 to the high Cuyahoga standard, was administered for some fifteen 
 years. ' ' The court-i'oom also became the scene of many social gather- 
 ings, and to it the annual town meetings for election and other pur- 
 poses were transferred from the residences of citizens in which they 
 had been held — generally "the house of James Kingsbury, Esq." 
 
 The First Murder and Execution 
 
 In this j'ear also came Cuyahoga's first trial, conviction, and 
 execution for murder, an incident on which much good ink has been 
 spilled. In brief, there was an Indian whose name is variously given 
 as O'Mic, O'Mick, Omie, and Poecon the son of old O'Mic. What- 
 ever his name, he was implicated with two other Indians in the 
 murder of two trappers near Sandusky, Huron County being 
 then attached to Cuyahoga for judicial purposes. One of the three 
 Indians committed suicide "and another was let go because of his 
 youth." The murder was committed in April aiul, with charming 
 disregard of the law's vexatious delays, the trial was held before 
 the end of the month. The court sat in the open air under the pro- 
 tecting shade of a tree at the corner of Superior and West Ninth 
 streets, with Alfred Kelle.y as prosecuting attorney and Peter Hitch- 
 eoek as counsel for the defendant. The trial was short, the verdict 
 was "guilty," and the sentence was death by hanging on the twenty- 
 sixth of the following June. The gallows M^as built "by Levi Johnson 
 on the northwest section of the Public Square; the grave and coffin 
 were beneath it. Mrs. Dr. Long says that "all the people from the 
 Western Reserve seemed to be there, particularly the doctors," — 
 and the doctors got the body. "After the religious services were 
 over," wrote Elisha Whittlesey who was there, "Maj. Samuel Jones 
 endeavored to form a hollow square so the prisoner could be guarded 
 on all sides. He rode backwards and forwards with drawn sword, 
 and epaulets flying, but ho did not know what order to give." He
 
 1812] THE EXECUTION OF O'MIC 95 
 
 finally acted upon the suggestion of someone wlio told him to ride 
 to the head of the line and double it around until tlie front and rear 
 met. Perhaps the major had lingered too long at Lorenzo Carter's 
 tavern. The details of the cxceution were dramatic, O'lMic made 
 %-igorous resistance, "seized the cap with his left hand which he 
 could reach by bending his head in that direction, stepped to one of 
 the posts and put his arm around it. The sheriff approached him 
 to loosen his hold and for a moment it was doubtful whether O'Mic 
 would not throw him to the ground;" Major Carter had to ascend 
 the platform to give his diplomatic aid to Sheriff Baldwin. We 
 have the assurance of Wr. Whittlesey that "finally O'Mic made a 
 proposition that if Mr. Carter would give him half a pint of whiskey 
 he would consent to die. . . . Mr. Carter, rcpresentmg the 
 people of Ohio and the dignity of the laws, thought that the terms 
 were reasonable and the whiskey was forthcoming in short order," 
 w-real old Jlonongahela, we are told. When 0']\lie had finished 
 the beverage, the order was given to go ahead. But the Indian again 
 grabbed the post and demanded more whiskey. This was brought and, 
 as he drank it, the trap was sprung. After the platform had been 
 dropped, it was "doubtful whether the neck had been broken, and 
 to accomplish so necessary a part of a hanging, the rope was drawn 
 down wnth the design of raising the body, so that, by a sudden 
 relaxing of the ropes, the body woidd fall several feet and thereby 
 dislocate the neck beyond any doubt; but when the body fell, the 
 rope broke. . . . The body was picked up, put into the coffin, 
 and the coffin immediately put into the grave." A terrific storm then 
 came up with great rapidity "and all scampered but O'Mic." The 
 sequel of the story was recorded by the wife of Doctor Long as 
 follows: "The Public Square was only partly cleared then, and 
 had man}' stumps and bushes on it. At night the doctors went for 
 the body, with the tacit consent of the Sheriff. O'Mic was about 
 twenty-one years of age, and was very fat and heavy. Dr. Long 
 did not think one man could carry him, but Dr. Allen, who was 
 very stout, thought he could. He was put upon Dr. Allen's back, 
 who soon fell over a stump and 'Mie on the top of him. The doctors 
 dare not laugh aloud, for fear they might be discovered, but some 
 of them were obliged to lie down on the groiind and roll around 
 there, before they came to the relief of Dr. Allen." 
 
 C^U'TAiN Stajn'Ton Sholes at Cleveland 
 
 Major Jessup, U. S. A., arrived in the spring of 1813 and took 
 command of military affairs at Cleveland ; in May, came Captain Stan-
 
 96 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENt^/'IRQNS [Chap. VII 
 
 ton Sholes and his company of regular troops. Probably I cannot do 
 better than to let Captain Sholes tell his story in his own way. In 
 1858, he wrote to the secretary of the Cuyahoga County Historical 
 Society, saying : 
 
 Sir: — With a trembling hand I will state to the Society, that 
 about the 3d of May, 1813, I received orders from the War Depart- 
 ment, to march my company (then at Beavertown, Pennsylvania) 
 to Cleveland, Ohio, to aid in the defence of this frontier and "to estab- 
 lish a militaiy post. On the 10th, I, with my company, arrived at 
 Cleveland, and found IMajor Jessup and two or three companies of 
 militia, called out some months before. I halted my company between 
 Major Carter's and Wallace's. I was here met by Governor Meigs, 
 who gave me a most cordial welcome, as did all the citizens. The 
 Governor took me to a place, where my company could pitch their 
 tents. I found no place of defense, no hospital, and a forest of large 
 timber, (mostly chestnut) between the lake, and the lake road. There 
 was a road that turned off between Mr. Perry's and Major Carter's 
 that went to the point, whicli was the only place that the lake could 
 be seen from the buildings. This little cluster of buildings was all of 
 wood, I think none painted. There were a few houses further l)ack 
 from the lake road. The widow Walworth kept the post office, or 
 Ashbel, her son. Mr. L. Johnson, Judge Kingsbury, Major Carter, 
 N. Perry, Geo. Wallace, and a few others were there. At my arrival 
 I found a number of sick and wounded who were of Hull's surrender, 
 sent here from Detroit, and more coming. These were crowded into 
 a log cabin, and no one to care for them. I sent one or two of my 
 soldiers to take care of them, as they liad no friends. I had two or 
 three good carpenters in my company, and set them to work to build 
 a hospital. I very soon got up a good one, thirty by twenty feet, 
 smoothly and tightly covered, and floored with chestnut bark, with 
 two tier of bunks around the walls, with doors and windows, and not 
 a nail, a screw, or iron latch or hinge about the liuildiiig. Its cost 
 to the Government was a few extra rations. In a short time I had all 
 the bunks well st rawed, and tlie sick and wounded good and clean, to 
 their great joy and comfort, but some had fallen asleep. I next went 
 to work and built a small fort, about fifty yards from tlie bank of the 
 lake, in the forest. This fort finished, I set the men to felling the tim- 
 ber along and near the bank of the lake, rolling the logs and brush 
 near the brink of tlie bank, to serve as a breastwork. On the 19th 
 of June, a part of the British fleet appeared off our harbor, with the 
 apparent design to land. When they got within one and a half miles 
 of onr harbor it became a perfect calm, and they lay there till after 
 noon, when a most terrible fliunder storm came up, and drove them 
 from onr coast. We saw them no more as enemies. 
 
 Captain Sholes further tells ns that, in July, General Harrison 
 vi.sited the station accompanied by "Col. Samuel Huntington, Pay- 
 master of tlie army and cx-Govcrnor of this state," and other mem-
 
 98 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIEOXS [Chap. YII 
 
 bers of his staff: that after a thi'ee days' inspection, "the General and 
 suite left Cleveland as he found it, to return to the army, then lying 
 at the mouth of the Maumee River. After General Harrison left 
 there was nothing worthy of note." When, in September, Oliver 
 Hazard Perry was winning his famous battle of Lake Erie, the sound 
 of the guns was heard in Cleveland and soon came the cheerful tidings 
 that "We have met the enemy and they are ours." But the battle 
 Avas fought outside the limits of Cleveland and Us Environs and its 
 story is familiar to all Americans. But if the reader of this volume 
 desires full and accurate information as to the details and results of 
 Perry's victory, he can find what he wants in the ninth chapter of the 
 eighth volume of Avery's History of the United States and Its People. 
 
 Cleveland Village Incorporated 
 
 In 1814, Levi Johnson built the schooner "Pilot," in the woods 
 near the site of the opera house (Euclid Avenue and East Fourth 
 Street). With rollers under the boat and twenty-eight yoke of oxen 
 on the tow line, the "Pilot" was pulled to the foot of Superior Street 
 and was successfully launched in the not yet oil-smeared water of the 
 Cuyahoga River. In October, Newburg was made into a separate town- 
 ship and thus James Kingsbury, Rodolphus Edwards and other impor- 
 tant persons were taken out of Cleveland. On the twenty-third of De- 
 cember, the Ohio general assembly passed "An Act to Incorporate the 
 Village of Cleveland in the County of Cuyahoga." The new village 
 thus created included "so much of the city plat of Cleveland, in the 
 town.ship of Cleveland and County of Cuyahoga as lies northwardly of 
 Huron street, so called, and westwardly of Erie street, so called in 
 .said city plat as originally laid out by the Cotuiecticut Land Com])any, 
 according to the minutes and survey and map thereof in the office of 
 the recorder of said County of Cuyahoga." At this time, it is said 
 that "the town had thirty-four buildings, one being constructed of 
 brick, and thirty families, including one hundred and fifty persons," 
 and that Brooklyn has six families and a total population of forty. In 
 February of this year. Major Lorenzo Carter died and was buried in 
 the Erie (East Ninth) Street Cemetery. 
 
 On the first Monday of June, 1815, twelve of the male inhabitants 
 of the village met and, liy unanimous votes, chose officers as follows: 
 
 President, Alfred Kellcy. 
 Recorder, Horace Perry. 
 TridsKrrr, Aloii/.o Carter. 
 Marslial, John A. Ackley.
 
 1815] TllK VILLAGE ORGANIZED 99 
 
 Asucxsors, Ooorp;o AValliU'c aiul Jdliii TJidtllc. 
 
 'rnintcts, Siiimu'I Williamson, David Long and Nathan Perry, Jr. 
 
 The village trustees met in October and, ou petition of a baker's 
 dozen, laid out a number of streets, " to be distinguished, known and 
 failed" St. Clair Street, Bank Street, Seneea Street, Wood Street, 
 Bond Street, Euclid Street and Diamond Street. The last named 
 street ran around the four sides of the Public Square; the others 
 on the list retained for many yeai-s the names thus assigned. St. Clair 
 and Euclid are now called avenues. Bank is West Sixth, Seneea is 
 West Third, Wood is East Third, and Bond is East Sixth. Huron 
 Street is now Huron Road, and Erie Street is now East Ninth Street.
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 FIVE YEARS OF VILLAGE LIFE 
 
 Having secured an official organization for tlie little village that 
 was to become a mertropolis, we may with propriety quicken our pace 
 as we move on from the then to the now. As stated in the preceding 
 chapter, the first president of the village was Alfred Kclley ; in less 
 than a j'ear he resigned and was succeeded by his father, Daniel 
 Kelley, who held the office, by unanimous elections, until 1819. In 
 1820, Horace Perry was elected and, in 1821, Reuben Wood ; then 
 came Leonard Case who served until 1825, when he failed to qualify 
 on his election and Eleazur Waterman, the recorder, became presi- 
 dent ex officio. Here the I'ecord becomes defective ; it is probable that 
 Mr. Waterman continued to serve as president and recorder until 
 1828, when he resigned on account of poor health. In May of that 
 year, Oirson Cathan (a son-in-law of Lorenzo Cai'ter) was elected. 
 Dr. David Long was elected in 1829; Richard Hilliard in 1830 and 
 1831 ; John W. Allen served from 1832 to 1835. In 1836, came a city 
 charter with a mayor as its chief administrative officer. In 1815, 
 Alfred Kelley received twelve votes ; in 1835, Mr. Allen received 106 — 
 a fair index of the growth of the village. 
 
 FiHST ViLi.AGE Legislation 
 
 The following resume of village legislation, chiefly a condensation 
 of the record written by Mr. Kennedy, will probably be sufficient for 
 tiie purpose of this volume: In January, 1816, Ashbel W. Walworth, 
 a son of John and the corporation clerk, was officially ordered not to 
 "issue any amount of bills gi-eater tlian double the amount of the 
 funds in his bands." In 1817, it was ordered that "the several sums 
 of money which were by individuals subscribed for the building of a 
 school-house, in said village, to be refunded to the subscribers." In 
 1818, the first recorded ordinance provided that "if any person shall 
 shoot or discharge any gun or pistol witliin said village, sueli person 
 so offending shall, upon conviction, lie fined in any sum not exceeding 
 five dollars, nnr nndci- fifty cents. I'nr tlie use of tlie said vil]ag(>." In 
 
 ion
 
 1815] \ll.l;A(iE AND TOWN 101 
 
 1820, ordinances were passed furhiddinji; the running of swine at 
 large, or butchering within the limits of the village except under cer- 
 tain regulation ; prescribing permits for the giving of shows and pen- 
 alties for allowing geese to run at large; forbidding horse racing and 
 fast driving, etc. In 1823, the i)lanting of shade trees in the streets 
 was regulated by ordinance. In 1825, a tax of one-fourth of one per 
 cent was laid on all the property in the village, and Canal Street, 
 Michigan Street, Champlain Street, and a part of Seneca (now West 
 Third) Street were laid out. In 1828, a tax of two mills per dollar 
 was ordered and, when the village trustees appropriated $200 to put 
 the village in proper order, it was earnestly asked "what on earth the 
 
 A. W. Wat. WORTH 
 
 trustees could find in the village to spend two hundred dollars on?" 
 In 1829, the first fire engine was bought for $285, a market was 
 established and regulated by ordinance, and the delinquent tax list 
 was rather robust. In 1830, a village seal and a tax of half a mill 
 on the dollar were ordered. In 1831, Prospect Street from Ontario to 
 Erie (Ea.st Ninth) Street was laid out. In 1832, a tax of two mills 
 on the dollar was ordered; Dr. David Long and Orville B. Skinner 
 were made a committee to buy a village hearse, harness and bier; 
 and, in fear of the coming of the cholera, the first board of health 
 was appointed as is set forth in the following record: "At a meet- 
 ing of the board of trustees of the village of Cleaveland, on the 24th 
 of June, 1832. present J. W. Allen, D. Long, P. May, and S. Pease, 
 convened for the appointment of a board of health, in pursuance of a 
 resolution of a meeting of the citizens of the village on the 23rd in-
 
 102 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS LChap. VIII 
 
 staiit, the following gentlemen were appointed: Dr. [E. W.] Cowles, 
 Dr. [Joshua] Mills, Dr. [Oran] St. John, S. Belden, Charles Deni- 
 son." Subsequently, Dr. J. S. Weldon and Daniel Worley w-ere added 
 to the board. The preparations made in fear of the approaching 
 plague were quickly justified bj^ events, as will appear in the account 
 of the "cholera scares" described in Chapter IX. In 1833, 
 River Street, Meadow Street (West Eleventh Place), and Spring 
 Street were laid out in the section between Water (West Ninth) 
 Street and the river. ^Many new streets were laid out in 1834. While 
 these things were being done, the township of Cleveland, of which 
 the village was a part, was doing well. As was common then, even 
 in the older parts of the country, many persons were notified to leave 
 lest they become a charge upon the public. The trouble of an inade- 
 quate revenue seems to have been chronic, and relief was sought 
 in 1817 by taxing every horse half a dollar and every head of horned 
 cattle twent.y-five cents per year, with the result that by 1821 the 
 township tax had been increased to $86.02. The desire for holding 
 office was not universal; about 1821, Peter ^I. Weddell refused to 
 serve as an overseer of the poor and was fined two dollars for his un- 
 willingness; several j'ears later we find this entry in the records: "Be 
 it remembered that Leonard Case and Samuel Cowles, declining to 
 serve as overeecrs of the poor, after being duly elected for the town- 
 ship of Cleaveland for 1827, paid their fines according to the requisi- 
 tion of the statutes." John S. Clark, John Blair, and Reuben Cham- 
 pion in turn declined the proffered honor and paid their fines. The 
 records also show that the indenturing of apprentices was not in- 
 frequent and throw light upon the details of transactions now little 
 understood. Thus, in one ca.se it was provided that "he will cause the 
 said minor to be taught to read and write, and so much of arithmetic 
 as to include the single rule of three, and at the expiration of said 
 time of service, to furnish the said minor with a new r>ible. and at 
 least two suits of common wearing apiiarel." 
 
 Notable Arkivals op 181G 
 
 Having thus briclly (lis])oscil of the chief legislative events of the 
 village era, we turn to a short aci-dunt of other matters not less im- 
 portant. In 1816, the as.sessed valuation of the real estate of "The 
 City of Cleveland" as surveyed in 17!)6 (see Seth Pease map, ])age 
 24), was $21,065. A visitor to the village that year declared 
 that "Cleaveland never would amount to anything because the soil 
 was too poor," and spent the night at the Newburg tavern "because
 
 1816] 
 
 VALUABLE RECRUITS 
 
 103 
 
 it was the most ik'sirablc place for man and beast." Among the. 
 arrivals of that year were Leonard Case, Philo Seovill, and Noble H. 
 Jferwiii, "iiotal>le additions to the popnlation." ]\Ir. Case had come 
 to Ohio with his father, who settled on a farm near Warren in 1800. 
 In the following: year, when the son was about fifteen years of age, a 
 severe illness left him a cripple. Seeing that he could not be a farmer, 
 the lad determined to be a surveyor; in 1806, he became connected 
 with the office of the laud commissioner at Warren and thus gained 
 much knowledge concerning the Western Reserve and the Connecticut 
 Land Company. During the war with England, he was engaged in 
 the collection of taxes from non-residents of the Reserve and thus 
 added to his knowledge of land values, etc. In addition to his regu- 
 
 
 X IB 9 ^ IS S S. 
 
 ■ It AN K I. IN HoTsK 
 
 1 SB J ,!!' E ^ 
 
 If] 
 
 
 FRANKLIN HOUSE 
 
 f. SI IIV II. I.. 
 
 vi.v;v?.AX?iii'. »\uv. 
 
 Franklin House, 1825 
 
 lar work, he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Why he came , 
 to Cleveland in 1816 will soon appear. Philo Scnvill was the son of 
 Timothy Seoville and came to Cleveland from Buffalo, then the fam- 
 ily residence. The father was a millwright and his son was familiar 
 with the use of tools, in fact, a carpenter and joiner. But in Cleve- 
 land he soon established himself in the drug and grocery business, 
 which proved to be distasteful and unprofitable. Then, in company 
 with Thomas 0. Young, he built a sawmill on Big Creek, a little 
 stream that empties into the Cuyahoga River near the southern limits 
 of the city. After the mill was in successful operation, he branched 
 out as a building contractor, the first competitor of Levi Johnson. 
 Cleveland was growing in population, and ilr. Seovill was busy 
 building stores and dwellings — and prosperous. In 1820, Nathan
 
 104 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 Perry sold to Timothy Scoville fifty feet fi'out of lot No. 50 (see 
 the Spafford map, page 97) on the north side of Superior Street 
 for $300. Here Philo Scovill, in 1825, built the Franklin House, the 
 largest tavern that Cleveland had yet seen, a three-story, frame • 
 building, "very- spacious and furnished in a style not surpassed in 
 this part of the state." In addition to managing his hotel, Mr. Sco- 
 vill continued his business as builder and invested his savings in 
 land. One of these purchases consisted of one hundred and ten acres 
 extending along the north side of what is now Woodland Avenue from 
 East Ninth Street to East Twenty-eighth Street. In this year (1816), 
 Noble H. Merwin brought his family from Connecticut. It is said that 
 he had visited Cleveland and built a log warehouse at the comer of 
 Superior and Merwin streets in 1815. For years, Amos Spafford, 
 the surveyor, had kept a small inn on lot 73 (see Spafford map, page 
 97) at the southeast corner of Superior Street and Vineyard Lane 
 (later called South Water Street and now Columbus Road). In 1815, 
 the lot was sold to George Wallace, and "Spaft'ord's Tavern" became 
 the "Wallace House." Since 1812, W^allace had kept a tavern on the 
 south side of Superior Street west of Seneca (West Third) Street. 
 When he bought Spafford 's tavern, his former place passed to ilichael 
 Spangler who there kept Spangler's Inn until 1824 or later. In 
 1817, Wallace .sold the "Wallace House" to David :\Ierwin of Pal- 
 myra, Portage County; in 1822, the buyer sold it to Noble H. ]\Ier- 
 win. The Merwins built a new, two-story tavern, the "Mansion 
 House." For more than twenty years "it was Cleveland's favorite 
 hotel and its owner, a popular and progressive man, was a leader in 
 business and civic affairs." In 1822, ilr. ^Merwin hniiu-hed. at the 
 foot of Superior Street, the "Minerva," a schooner of forty-four tons, 
 built l>y him at the corner of Superior and Jlerwiii streets. In this 
 year (1816), the "Cleavcland Pier Company" was iucoriKiratcd "for 
 the purpose of erecting a pier at or near the village of Cleaveland 
 for the accommodation of vessels navigating Lake Eric." The in- 
 corporators were Alonzo Carter, A. W. AVahvorth, David Long, 
 Alfred Kellcy, Datus Kelley, Eben llosincr, l^aniel Kelley, George 
 Wallace, Darius E. Henderson, Samuel Willianisoii, Sr., Irad Kellcy, 
 James Kingsbury, Horace Perry and Levi Joliiison. But storms and 
 quicksand quickly wrecked what tlicy built and the i)rojeet was a 
 failure. No other pier was built into the lake for doekage until the 
 famous Stockly's pier was built at the foot of Hank (West Si.xth) 
 Street, a thii-d of a eeiiturv later.
 
 1S16] THE FIRST CHURCH 105 
 
 First Church Organized. 
 
 The lament of the Rev. .Mr. Badger over the apparent lack of 
 piety in Clevehuul in l.sdl' has hcon already noted in these pages. 
 Whatever the canse. the Clevehuul villagers refrained from doing 
 mueh in the way of organized religious eti'ort for inoi'e than a dozen 
 veal's longer, hut, on the ninth of November, 1816, there was a meet- 
 ing at the house of Phineas Shepherd "for the purpose of nominating 
 ofBeers for a Protestant Kpiseopal Chureh." Timothy Doan was 
 chosen moderator; Charles Gear, clerk; Phineas Shepherd and Abra- 
 ham Seott. wardens ; Timothy Doan, Abraham ITickox, and Jonathan 
 Pelton, vestrymen; Dennis Cooper, reading clerk. The little com- 
 pany then adjourned "till Easter Jlonday next." This Phineas 
 Shepherd (or Shephard) had come from Connecticut in 1815, and 
 soon took up his residence on the west side of the river. His log 
 house, in which this first church organization in Cuyahoga County 
 was tlnis inaugiii-ated was located on Pearl Street, Brooklyn, now 
 called West Twenty-fifth Street, within a few hundred feet of the 
 present St. John's Church, which stands at the corner of Church 
 Avenue and West Twenty-sixth Street. On the second of the fol- 
 lowing March (3817), at a vestry meeting held at the court-house, 
 attended by the church officers chosen at the meeting held at Phineas 
 Shepherd's house in November, and by John Wilcox, Alfred Kelley, 
 Irad Kelley, Thomas i\l. Kelley, Noble H. Jlerwin, David Long, D. C. 
 Henderson, Philo Seovill. the Rev. Roger Seaii of Plymouth, Con- 
 necticut, and others, it was resolved that the persons present were 
 attached to the Protestant P^piscoj^al Church of the United States 
 and that they did unite themselves into a congregation by the name 
 of "Trinity Parish of Cleaveland, Ohio, for the worship and services 
 of Almighty God according to the forms and regulations of said 
 church." A second election was. held a few days later at which offi- 
 cers were chosen for "Trinity Parish of Cleaveland," but the village 
 was small and the church had no house in which to hold its meetings. 
 There was no settled minister, but the services of lay readers were 
 secured, and ^Ir. Searl. who for nine years looked after the struggling 
 parishes in northern Ohio, made occasional visits. In 1818, says Dr. 
 John Wesley Brown, a former rector of Trinity Parish, Cleveland, 
 ^Ir. Seai-1 "organized the Episcopal Chnrcli called Trinity, Brook- 
 lyn," and on that day. Philander Chase, tiie first Episcopal bishop 
 of Ohio, "confirmed a class of ten candidates in Trinity, Brooklyn, 
 among whom was the Hon. George L. Chapman." Then, for a time, 
 there was a Trinitv Parish, Cleveland, and a Trinity Parish, Brook-
 
 106 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 lyn, but, in May, 1820, a meeting of the Cleveland vestiy declared 
 "that it is expedient in future to have the clerical and other public 
 services of the Episcopal Church in Trinity Parish, heretofore located 
 in Cleveland, held in Brooklyn ordinarily, and occasionally in Cleve- 
 land and Euclid, as circumstances may seem to require." At the 
 next annual convention of the diocese, Mr. Searl reported that ' ' most 
 of the efficient members of Trinity Church, Cleveland, being residents 
 in the township and very flourishing village of Brooklyn, on the west 
 side of the Cuyahoga River, and directly opposite the village of 
 Cleveland, the Parish was induced at the last regular Easter meet- 
 
 ^Old Trinity" Church, 1828-29 
 
 ing, to vote its permanent Incation and public services in Brooklyn. 
 In consequence of this resolution, the word 'Cleveland" will in future 
 be omitted in the records of that Parish. Their number is small, but 
 the members are res]K'ctal)Ie and they now have the services of the 
 Church regularly performed every Sunday." In 1.S23 and 1825, 
 Bishop Chase "preached in Cleaveland but went over to Brooklyn 
 for confinnation." In 1825, "the (luestion of building a Church 
 edifice having been raised, it was decided to have it located in 
 Cleaveland and hold services on tlie east side of the river from thence- 
 fortli. Conseqnently, at the Ninth Annual Convention of the diocese 
 held June 7, 1826, Trinity Parish was designated as being in Cleave-
 
 18161 
 
 A QUESTION OF PKIOIUTY 
 
 107 
 
 laud." In that year, tlie liev. Silas C. Freeiuaii beeaaie rector of Trin- 
 ity Parish ou a salary of $500 per annum, with the understanding 
 that the eliureh of the .same denomination at Norwalk should employ 
 him one-third or one-half of the time, paying their proportion of the 
 five hundred dollars. Under this arrangement, Trinity Parish reerossed 
 the river and services were held in the court-house. In 1827, Mr. Free- 
 man succeeded in raising funds for a church. A lot was secured at the 
 corner of St. Clair and Seneca (West Third) streets, and a frame 
 church building, "distinctly Gothic as to its details," was put up 
 thereon "at a cost of $3,000.00 which was consecrated the 12th of 
 August, 1829, and was the first house devoted to the worship of God 
 in the present City of Cleveland." In 1828 (August 12), Trinity 
 Parish of Cleveland was incorporated by special act of the general 
 
 St. John's Ciiuecm, 1828-29 
 
 assembly, with Josiah Barber, Phineas Shepherd, Charles Taylor, 
 Henry L. Xoble, Eeuben Champion, James S. Clark, Sherlock J. 
 Andrews, Levi Sargeant, and John W. Allen as vestiymen and war- 
 dens. The first named three of these had taken part in the meeting 
 held at Phineas Shepherd's house in Brooklyn in November, 1816, 
 and later, after Trinity was taken away from Brooklyn, were among 
 the organizers of the still existing St. John's parish. In December, 
 1835, the Rev. Seth Davis became the first rector of St. John's and, 
 in 1836, a stone church was built at the corner of Church an*! Wall 
 streets, now known a.s Church Avenue and West Twenty-sixth 
 Street. The old church is still occupied as a church by St. John's 
 parish. In 1855, Trinity parish consecrated a large stone church 
 on Superior Street near Bond (East Sixth) Street which became the 
 cathedral and, in its turn, gave way to the present Trinity Cathedral
 
 108 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVlhONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 at the corner of Euclid Avenue and East Twenty-second Street. 
 Whether Trinity Cathedral .or St. John's Chui'ch is the oldest church 
 organization in Cuyahoga County is still a mooted question, but the 
 matter was prettily stated in the congratulations sent by the church 
 to the cathedral on the occasion of their respective centennials, 
 (November 9, 1916) : "Trinity Cathedral, Cleveland — our twin 
 brother, born in the same log cabin, on the same day and hour, under 
 the protecting roof of the Pioneer of Brooklyn, Phineas Shepherd. 
 We have long since forgiven Ti-inity for leaving our bed and board 
 and changing its name from Trinity, Brooklyn, to Trinity, Cleveland, 
 as it was obliged to do w-hen it set up housekeeping for itself 
 because its members ou that side of the river became weary 
 or afraid of crossing over to Brooklyn on Sundays on a floating 
 bridge which sometimes floated out into the lake." 
 
 Kelley's Large Stone House 
 
 Alfred Kelley owned a piece of land extending from Water (West 
 Ninth) Street to the river and overlooking the lake at the north. 
 Here, near the corner of Water and Lake streets (West Ninth Street 
 and Lakeside Avenue), he built a ".somewhat pretentious" house, 
 intending it for his parents, but before it wa.s finished his mother died 
 and the house became his home, for he soon went back to Lowville 
 whence he had come and took thence a bride. Most of the accounts 
 speak of this as Cleveland's second brick house and say that it was 
 built in 1816, but the Kelley Famili/ History says: "In 1814, he 
 began the construction of a stone house on the bluff overlooking Lake 
 Erie, a short distance easterly from the old lighthouse." In the 
 summer of 1817, Mr. Kelley married and brought his bride to his 
 still unfinished house in Cleveland. Some of the incidents of the 
 home-coming are thus recorded by Mr. Kennedy: "He had pur- 
 eha.sed a carriage in Albany, and after the wedding the young couple 
 set out in that vehicle for the new home he had found in the west. 
 They drove to Buffalo, and as the roads had become quite difficult 
 to travel, they decided to come the remainder of the distance on a 
 schooner that was then lying in the harbor. As she was not yet 
 ready to sail, they drove to Niagara Falls, and on the return found 
 that the vessel had taken advantage of a favoring breeze, and 
 gone on without them. They thereupon concluded to continue in 
 their vehicle. Seven days were occupied in Ihe trip, as the roads 
 were in a fearful condition, and for portions of the distance both 
 W'ere compelled to walk. Upon reaching Cleveland they discovered
 
 ISHil 
 
 THE FIRST BANK 
 
 1(J<) 
 
 that tlie scliooner had not yet arrived in port. Their earriage was 
 the first one seen in Cleveland, and was for a long time in demand 
 upon spceial occasions. It was used by the senior L(M)nard Case, when 
 he, also, went forth to bring home a bride." The house was occupied 
 by Mv. Kelley and his wife until 1827 ; in it the fii-st five of their chil- 
 dren were born. Tiie oldri- of these ehiitlren used to play on the 
 
 Jt<2H..'^".'~ -■■■ : ^ ■ 
 
 Alfred Kelley 's Home 
 
 beach of the lake where the so-called "Union Depot'' now (1918) 
 stands. The house was torn uowu about 1850. 
 
 Cleveland's First Bank and Bankers 
 
 In this year of Cleveland's first church organization, also came 
 its first bank. A new general banking law, enacted by the general 
 assembly for the improvement of the banking interests of Ohio, in- 
 corporated half a dozen banks, including the Commercial Bank 
 of Lake Erie, and extended the charters of several more. The incor- 
 porators of this pioneer bank of Cleveland were John H. Strong, 
 Samuel "^'illiamson, Philo Taylor, George Wallace, David Long, 
 Erastus Miles, Seth Doan, and Alfred Kelley. The bank was opened 
 for business in a building that stood at the corner of Superior and 
 Bank (West Sixth) streets. The rest of the short stoi-y of its life 
 is told by an entrj' on a fly leaf of the largest of four record books 
 still preserved by the 'Western Reserve Historical Society. The rec- 
 ord runs thus :
 
 110 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 This ledger, with the two journals and letter-book, are the tirst 
 books used for lianking in Cleveland. They were made by Peter 
 Burtsell, in New York, for the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, which 
 commenced business in August, 1816, — Alfred Kelley president, and 
 Leonard Case, cashier. The bank failed in 1820. On the second day 
 of April, 1832, it was reorganized and resumed business, after paying 
 off its existing liabilities, consisting of less than ten thousand dollars 
 due the treasurer of the United States. Leonard Case was chosen 
 
 ''%:;/j?^^^ 
 
 
 '' '^ 
 
 %. ^ m 
 
 ■■■V-^^ 
 
 .i^^pi? 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 P 1 
 
 HppfLF 
 
 "ftv^r - " 
 
 v 
 
 
 "■ • \ 
 
 ^ ■ 1 ^ 
 
 ■> 
 
 \, 
 
 
 -^ \ 
 
 
 I 
 
 -^'X 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 \ . 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 T. P. II.\NDY 
 
 president, and Truman V. Handy, cashier. The following gentle- 
 men constituted its directory: Leonard Case, Samuel AViJIiamson, 
 Edward Clark, Peter ^M. Weddell, llenian Oviatt, Charles M. Gid- 
 dings, John Blair, Alfred Kelley, David King, James Duncan, Kos- 
 well Kent, T. P. Handy, John W. Allen. Its charter expired in 1842. 
 The legislature of Ohio refusing to extend the charter of existing 
 banks, its affairs were placed, by the courts, in the hands of T. P. 
 Handy, Henry B. Payne, and Dudley Baldwin, as special commis-
 
 
 i'ir- 
 
 /v//> 
 
 D 
 
 fOMMKIidVI. 1!\NK (IT r.\Ki; KltlK, 
 
 j C/liy fi ■ 
 
 ir . Unrri; 
 
 iK (y^ 
 
 ^ Cf^U^ &<2c^ .<^c^ 
 
 Commercial Ba>jiv Check 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 i«M*«-j-Ti»w . ' *r.*jc<wx»n'ax:inic»»-*;MB3ii»rt ^ 
 
 «n*ft ^--^nmc^n"^ i T if rii^^ — t~t-' 
 
 Bank Note
 
 112 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 sioners, who proceeded to pay off its lialiilities and wind up its affairs. 
 Thej- paid over to its stockhohlors the balance of its assets in land 
 and money, in June, 1844. T. P. Handy was then appointed trustee 
 of the stockholders, who, under their orders, distributed to them tlie 
 remaining assets in June, 1845. Its capital was five hundred thousand 
 dollars. The books were, prior to 1832, kept by Leonard Case, cashier. 
 [Presented to the Historical Society of Cleveland by T. P. Handy, 
 January. 1877.] 
 
 ilr. Case was called from Warren to serve as the first cashier 
 of the bank, on the recommendation of Judge James Kingsbury, 
 
 LeON.VKD C-\bE 
 
 "because he \vi'(}tc a frdml liaiid and was a good accountant." The 
 village was small and Ihe business nf the hank did not keep the i-ash- 
 iei- busy. Although he had l)e('n admitted to the bar. "he nr\cr was 
 a trial lawyei-, but he used his knowledge in ad.iusting business differ- 
 ences, particularly as to land, was frugal and bought land, so that 
 at his death he was one nl' llic rich nu>n nf Clcvt'land." lie died
 
 1816] 
 
 MEDIA OF EXCHANGE 
 
 113 
 
 ill 18(J4, li'uviiig Ills property to his sou, the second Leonard Case 
 who, by his generous contributions to philanthropic work in Cleve- 
 land, and by his ondownn'iit of the Case Library and the Case School 
 of Applied Science, has forever linked the name of Case with that of 
 Cleveland. As Alfred Kelley and Leonard Case were men of integ- 
 rity and of the highest order of financial ability, we may safely 
 assume that the early failure of Cleveland's pioneer bank was due to 
 
 c: 
 
 
 I^JVt 
 
 -^s 
 
 
 -V 
 
 
 (>i|i i THE CORl'OR.\TJ«)N OF tI-V;AVKl-\N^\ 
 
 
 I'l^iiscs to pay the Ikaici 
 
 Xi ?-^ f TWKLVE .\XJ) AN ILVLF CENTS. ^| 
 
 Y-d/^Ti'i'L 
 
 (■If ■/ 
 
 "SlIINPL.\STERS" 
 
 existing conditions and not to any fault of theirs. The local money 
 market was then so cramped that, about 1817, the village trustees, 
 to relieve the needs of the people, issued corporation scrip, popu- 
 larly known as '"shinplasters," ranging in value from six and a quar- 
 ter cents to fifty cents, and "a silver dollar was divided into nine 
 pieces, each pa.ssing for a shilling," i. e., twelve and a half cents. 
 According to 'My. Orth, "the reorganization of this bank, in 1832,
 
 114 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 . was due to the distinguished historian, George Bancroft, who was 
 then in Washington where he heard that its charter was good for 
 several years and that the prospects for a bank in Cleveland were 
 of the best. He provided, with others, capital of $200,000, and sent 
 Truman P. Handy, one of Cleveland's ablest and wisest bankers, to 
 be its cashier. Cleveland has thus become a double debtor to this 
 national historian." As we shall see, Mr. Handy served Cleveland in 
 various capacities, and always faithfully and well. 
 
 At this time, the assessed "value of the real estate within the 
 city, including the entire plat suiweyed in 1796, was $21,065." To 
 this information, add several descriptions that have been preserved 
 for us and we get a pretty clear idea of what the village and its envi- 
 rons then were. In a persojial statement by Captain Lewis Dibble, 
 printed in the Annuls of the Early Settlers Association, we are told 
 that (going west), "on leaving Doan's Corners, one would come in a 
 little time to a cleared farm. Then down about where A. P. Wins- 
 low now lives [Euclid Avenue and East Seventy-first Street] a 
 man named Curtis had a tannery. There was only a small clearing, 
 large enough for the tannery and a residence. There was nothing 
 else but woods until Willson avenue [East Fiftj'-fifth Street] was 
 reached, and there a man named Bartlett had a small clearing, on 
 which there was a frame house, the boards running up and down. 
 Following down the line of what is now Euclid avenue, the next 
 sign of civilization was found at what is now Erie [East Ninth 
 Street], where a little patch of three or four acres had been cleared, 
 surrounded by a rail fence. Where the First Methodist Church [the 
 Cleveland Trust Company's building] now stands, a man named 
 Smith lived, in a log-house. I don't remember any building between 
 that and the Square, which was already laid out, l)ut covered with 
 bushes and stumps." 
 
 Mrs. Philo Scovill tells us that "many stumps and uncut bushes 
 disfigured the Public Sipiare, its only decoration being the log jail. 
 Tlie land south from Superior Street to the river was used as a cow 
 pasture and was thought to lie of little value." Wo also have the 
 statement of Leonard Case that "the only streets fairly cleared were 
 Superior west of the S(|nare; Euclid road was made passable for 
 teams, as was also part of Ontario street. Water street was a wind- 
 ing path in the bushes; and TTnion and \'ineyard lanes mere jiiitlis 
 to tile river. -Mandrake laiu' and Seneca and Rank streets were prac- 
 tically all woods; while Ontario street noi-lli of the Square, Superior 
 ea.st of it, Erie, P.ond and Wood, were in a stale of nature. ,\ pass-
 
 18171 
 
 A VILLAGE SCHOOL-HOUSE 
 
 115 
 
 able roail van out by (.)iitario street aud the modern Broadway, to 
 Newburg. The Kinsman road (Woodland avenue) was then alto- 
 gether out of town." 
 
 First Scuoul-House Built in Clevel^\nd 
 
 In a small grove of oak trees on St. Clair Street near Bank (West 
 Sixth) Street, on the east side of the lot now occupied by the Ken- 
 iiard House, a little school-house had been built by private subscrip- 
 tion, the donors being John A. Ackley, Walter Bradrock, Alonzo 
 Carter, John Dixon, Stephen S. Dudley, J. Heather, D. C. Hender- 
 son, Levi Johnson, Daniel Kelley, T. & I. Kelley, David Long, Edward 
 
 Cleveland's First School-house 
 
 MeCarney, T. & D. Mills, Plinney Mowrey, Joel Nason, N. H. Mer- 
 win, Geo. Pease, Horace Perry, J. Riddle, James Root, William Trim- 
 ball, Geo. Wallace. A. W. Walworth, Jacob Wilkerson, and Samuel 
 W'illiamson, the several amounts ranging from two and a half to 
 twenty dollars. In January, 1817, the village trustees voted that the 
 sums given for this purpose by these public spirited citizens should be 
 refunded to them from "the treasury of the corporation at the end of 
 three years from and after the 13th of June, 1817," and that "the cor- 
 poration shall be the sole proprietors of the said school-house." In 
 later years. Miller 'SI. Spangler, who learned to read at one of the 
 schools kept in this building, made a sketch of it which is herewith re- 
 produced. In his Enrhj Ilistorij of the CleveUtnd PiMlc Sclwols, pub- 
 lished by the boaixl of education in 1876, Mr. Andrew Freese, Cleve-
 
 116 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 land's first superintendent of schools, says: "No description of this 
 building is needed further than to say that it resembled a country dis- 
 trict schoolhouse, being modeled upon that well-known and j^eeuliarly 
 constructed edifice, w'hicli has suffered no change in a century — one 
 stor^-, the size about 24x30, chimney at one end, door at the corner 
 near the chimney, the six windows of twelve lights each placed high ; 
 it being an old notion that children should not look out to see any- 
 thing. As a school-house of the olden time, some interest attaches 
 to its history, but perhaps more from the fact that it was the first 
 school property ever owned by Cleveland as a corporation. But the 
 schools kept in it were not free, except to a few who' were too poor 
 to pay tuition. The town gave the rent of the house to such teach- 
 ers as were deemed qualified, subjecting them to very few conditions. 
 They were left to manage the school in all respects just as they 
 pleased. It was, in short, a private and not a public school." Ac- 
 cording to the Recollections of George B. Merwin, the school was 
 opened with twenty-four pupils, and "the young men in the town 
 were assessed to paj* the master for the amount of his wages for the 
 children of those parents who were unable to do so. . . . Reli- 
 gious services were regularly held here. Judge Kelley offering prayer, 
 a young man read the sermon, and my mother led the singing ; sing- 
 ing school was also kept here, taught by Herschel Foote, who came 
 from Utica, N. Y., and established the firet book-store in town." 
 In addition to these improvements in educational matters, there wei'e, 
 in 1817, several improvements in commercial circles, "suggestive 
 of an upward trend in business affairs. . . . Captain "William 
 Gaylord and Leonard Case put up the first frame warehouse down 
 by the river, those in existence previously being of logs. Not long 
 afterwards, Dr. David Long and Levi Johnson constructed another, 
 of like character, near the same locality, and still another was built 
 by John Blair." 
 
 The first printing press set up in Cleveland was brnught from 
 Beaver, Pennsylvania, by its owner, Andrew Logan ; with it he 
 brought such type and outfit as he had. Ujion this hand press was 
 printed a little four-page sheet with four columns to the page. Ac- 
 cording to Logan's prospectus, his paper, Thf Cleaveland Gazette 
 and Commercial Register, was to be issued weekly, a promise that he 
 was not able to make good, although he tried to keep faith with his 
 few subscribers. The first issue of this first Cleveland newspaper 
 bears date of July 31, 1818. Logan's type was so worn ("down to 
 the third nick") that some of the matter printed was illcgilile, and 
 a lack of paper soirietimes delayed the days of publication Miid some-
 
 1818] 
 
 THE FIRST NEWSPAPER 
 
 117 
 
 times foivcd tlie issue oi hali" sheets. Oii the eightli of December, 
 Logan told his patrons that they need not expect any more issues 
 of the Gazette and Register until he got hack from a pi'oposed trip 
 
 mie Cteareland Ga&ei , 
 
 I ffl AND 
 
 • iilU li«I*l* l»"M-i«. lUtM H l«» Cwt.ftT»T- — ft-*- 
 
 ci«»J".i. (m^.i CniI.)-. Jul; II. im. 
 
 
 AiiM 
 
 , .'. ^«.W1-, 
 
 
 ■JM 
 
 -..I , 1... ....-»>» i«. J 
 
 ■ "*''^.ir\''J"r*rwE .Ttx*r.^'T.*'.'*'.'!.t*.'r,in! 
 
 
 
 i'.tLnr;j ■■•..^ 
 
 
 
 -i.vr,.-:.-.r.^ir;; 
 
 tBft t(«lrHt-»l>(l&«INI 
 
 
 
 -ffrtf^-—-' 
 
 r^Sr^'".: 
 
 
 
 The Cleaveland Gazette a.nd Cummercial Register. 
 
 July 31, 1818 
 
 First reproduction from the original copy, by the courtesy of 
 
 The Western Reserve Historical Society. 
 
 to the nearest paper supply establishment, and the trij) took two 
 weeks. On the twenty-tirst of March, 1820, the publication of the 
 paper was discontinued ; probably the result of the competition of 
 a better equipped rival that appeared in 1819.
 
 118 CLEVELAXD AND ITS EXVIROXS [Chap. VIII 
 
 In this year (1818), the first Methodist chureli in what is now 
 Cleveland was organized in what was then Brooklyn. The Centenary 
 of ^Methodism in Cleveland was celebrated (Sunday, September 15. 
 1918) with a parade of many thousands and two large memorial 
 meetings, one at the Euclid Avenue Opera House and the other at 
 the Hippodrome. 
 
 Reuben "Wood 
 
 In 1818, came to Cleveland from Vermont a lawyer, Reuben "Wood. 
 He soon acquired an extensive legal practice, became a member of 
 the state senate, eliief-justice of the supreme court, and in 1849 and 
 1850 was elected governor of Ohio ; he died at Rockport in Cuyahoga 
 
 ffS-- 
 
 Keupen Wood 
 
 County in 1864. In the same year came Ahaz Merchant, a surveyor 
 who did a great deal of engineering for the city and county prior 
 to the emi)loymcnt of a city cngincci-, laid out the most important 
 allotments in Ohio City, a ])art of tlic original Brooklyn township 
 on the west side of the river, and, in the early railway building era, 
 built the "Angler House," now long known as "The Kcnnard." He 
 was the father of Silas Mcrcliaiit, a famous business man and liii-:d 
 politician of a later generation. The A\\i\/. Merchant map of Cleve- 
 land in 1SI55 ai)pcars on a later i)agc of this vohunc In the same 
 year also came Oi'lando ( 'niter who began business iiere witli a stock 
 of goods valued at .t20.0()(J — a big store for Cleveland in that day. 
 That year also brought by schooner Levi Sargent and his I'amily. His
 
 1818] TIIH FIRST STEAMBOAT 119 
 
 soil, John II. Sargent, became a fanious civil engineer, early railway 
 builder, and an active member of the Early Settlers Association, in 
 the Annah of which he has put on record that "Orlando Cutter dealt 
 out groceries and provisions at the top of Superior lane, looking up 
 Superior street to the woods in and beyond the Public Square, and 
 1 still remember the sweets from his mococks of Indian sugar. Nathan 
 Perry sold dry goods, Walworth made hats, and Tewell repaired old 
 watches on Superior street. Dr. Long dealt out ague cures from a 
 little frame house nearly opposite Bank street at first, but not long 
 after from a stone house, that stood a little back from Superior 
 street. The 'Ox Bow, Cleveland centre,' was then a densely wooded 
 swamp. Alonzo Carter lived on the west side of the river, opposite 
 the foot of Superior lane. He was a great hunter." In April, 1817, 
 Ara Sprague arrived. In the indispensable Annals, he says: "I 
 arrived a few weeks after the first census had been taken. Its popu- 
 lation was, at that time, but one hundred and seventy-two souls; all 
 poor, and struggling hard to keep soul and body together. Small 
 change was very scarce. They used what were called 'corporation 
 shinplasters' as a substitute. The inhabitants were mostly New Eng- 
 land people, and seemed to be living in a wilderness of scrub oaks. 
 Only thirty or forty acres had been cleared. Most of the occupied 
 town lots were fenced with rails. There were three warehouses on 
 the river; however, very little commercial business was done, as there 
 was no harbor at that time. All freight and passengers were landed 
 on the beach by lighter and smaller boats. To get freight to the 
 warehouses, which were a quarter of a mile from the beach, we had 
 to roll it over the sand, and load it into canal boats. The price of 
 freight from Buffalo to Cleveland was $1 a barrel; the price of pas- 
 sage on vessels $10, and on steamboats $20." 
 
 "W^vlk-ix-the-Wateb" Makes Cleveland 
 
 The last item in ilr. Sprague 's schedule of prices, just quoted, 
 suggests that there was a .steamboat on Lake Erie at that time — and 
 there was. For nearly a hundred years after the disappearance of 
 "Le Griffon," the short-lived vessel that LaSalle had built, in 1679, 
 on the Niagara River, five miles above the falls,* there were no sail- 
 boats on the great lakes. In 1763, two or three schooners were 
 engaged in carrying the troops, supplies and furs between the Niagara 
 and Detroit. In 1769, the "Enterprise" was built at Detroit, the 
 
 * See Avery's History of the United States and Its People, vol. ;i, page* 
 17:!-177.
 
 120 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 beginning of a great industry there. As we have seen, shipbuilding 
 was begun at Cleveland early in the nineteenth century. The build- 
 ing of the "Zephyr" by Major Carter and of the "Pilot" by Levi 
 Johnson have been i-ecorded in earlier pages of this volume. Prior 
 to ISIS, the "Ohio" of sixty tons had been built by Murray and 
 Bixby; the "Lady of the Lake," thirty tons, by Mr. Gaylord, brother 
 of the wife of Leonard Case ; and the ' ' Neptune, ' ' sixty -five tons, by 
 Levi Johnson, and several other of less burthen. But now, on the 
 
 ' ■ W.\LK-1N-T1IE-W.\TKR 
 
 twenty-fifth of August, in this year. 1818, the inhabitants of the vil- 
 lage of Cleveland got their first glimpse of a now era in tlic naviga- 
 tion of the Great Lakes. On that day, tlic ]»iclur('s(|uc slranilinat. 
 "Walk-in-the-Water," named al'tei' a chief of tlie Wyandot trilie, 
 stopped at Cleveland on her way from l^ulTalo to Dftrnit. 'I'lic inci- 
 dent was thus recorded in Die Gazette and Kegistir i>f \hr first of 
 September; "Tlie elegant sfeaml)oat, ' Walk-in-the-\Vater.' Cai)tain 
 Fish, from P.ufl'alo, arrived in this place on Tuesday last on her 
 way to Detroit. On lier ai'rival she was greeted witli a salute (if sev- 
 eral rounds of artillery from the i>oint. She was visited liy a num- 
 ber of gentlemen and ladies fi-om tlie village, who were treated witli 
 the greatest attention and politeness liy tlie ofifieers and crew. She 
 is caliMilatcil to I'arrv tlii'ee Imndri'd Inns and t<i accdnimiulate alnint
 
 18191 
 
 ANOTHER NEWSPAPER 
 
 121 
 
 one hundred passengers in iln' cabin exelusive of steerage and fore- 
 castle, for the aceomniodation of families. After remaining ofif the 
 mouth of the river for a sliort time sh3 proceeded on her way to 
 Detroit. Tiie 'Walk in the Water' will run, propelled by steam alone, 
 from eight to ten miles an iiour. She is schooner rigged and in 
 a gale will possibly work as well as any vessel on the lake." The run 
 from Cleveland to Detroit was made in forty-four hours and ten 
 minutes. This first steamboat on Lake Erie was wrecked at the mouth 
 of Buffalo Creek in 1S21. The second steamboat on the lake was the 
 
 as^, 
 
 A Present D.\y Mammoth of the Lake 
 
 By way of contrast to the " Walkin-the- Water, " a picture of one of her suc- 
 cessors on the Cleveland and Buffalo line is herewith given. 
 
 "Superior," which was launched at Buffalo in April of the follow- 
 ing year. 
 
 Cleveland Herald Founded 
 
 In 1819, came a second and more successful venture in the pub- 
 lication of a Cleveland newspaper. In his Autobiography of a Pio- 
 neer Printer, Mr. Eber D. Howe says: "I commenced looking about 
 for material aid to bring about my plan for putting in operation the 
 'Cleaveland Herald.' With this view, I went to Erie, and conferred 
 with my old friend Willes, who had the year before started the 'Erie 
 Gazette.' After due consultation and deliberation, he agreed to re- 
 move his press and type to Cleveland after the expiration of the first 
 year in that place. So, on the 19th of October, 1819, without a sin-
 
 122 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 gle subscriber, the first number of the 'Cleaveland Herald' was issued. 
 Some of the difficulties and perplexities now to be encountered may 
 here be mentioned, as matters of curiosity to the present generation. 
 
 \ ' -^.A4 .*-afWK «y.rf^i-if >-?-.* >*^ '*n-^ y 
 CLEAVEIyAIVD HER.iLD. 
 
 r\.V^\Mi.ljt\"U, OUIO-H KBllAX, 
 
 , 'r«"::;«'"i:ra^.v--;:!r». 
 
 
 
 
 ii £jr-H:r-T:rE;r-v:=::---r«r-/;^^ 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 ;T"-1jiiSij'""^5b;^, 
 
 Cle.vveland Herald, October 19, 1819 
 
 First rp]iroiluetion from the original copy, by the courtesy of 
 
 Tlie Western Reserve Historical Society. 
 
 Our mails wei'c then ;ill ciiiM'ird on li(irsc-l>ack. We had one mail a 
 week from IJulTalo, Pittsburfj, Columbus, and Sandusky. The paper, 
 on which we printed, was transported in wagons from Pittsburg, and 
 at some seasons the roatls were in such condition that it was impossi-
 
 1818-191 
 
 NEWSPAPER CIRCULATION 
 
 12:5 
 
 ble to procure it in time for publication days. Advance payments 
 for newspapers at that time were never thought of. In a few weeks 
 our subscription list amounted to about 300, at which point it stood 
 for alx)ut two years, with no very great variation. These were scat- 
 tered all over tiie Western Reserve, except in the County of Trumbull. 
 In order to extend our circulation to its greatest capacity, we were 
 
 Joel Scranton 
 
 obliged to resort to measures and expedients which would appear 
 rather ludicrous at the present day. For instance, each and every 
 week, after the paper had been struck off, I mounted a horse with a 
 valise, filled with copies of the 'Herald,' and distributed them at 
 the doors of all subscribers between Cleveland and Painesville, a 
 distance of thirty miles, leaving a package at the latter place ; and 
 on returning diverged two miles to what is knowni as Kirtland Flats, 
 where another package was left for distribution, which occupied fully
 
 124 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. VIII 
 
 two days. I frequently carried a tin horn to notify tlie yeomanry 
 of the arrival of the latest news, which was generally forty days 
 from Europe and ten days from New York. This service was per- 
 formed through the fall, winter, and spring, and tlirough rain, snow> 
 aud mud, with only one additional charge of fifty cents on the sub- 
 scription price; and as the number of papers thus carried averaged 
 about sixty the profits ma.v be readily calculated." The Herald was, 
 at first, "printed and published weekly by Z. Willcs & Company, di- 
 rectly opposite the Commercial Coffee House, Superior Street." In 
 tlie following year, it was issued from "a building opposite Mowr3''s 
 
 Old Weddeli. House 
 
 Tavern and a few rods from the Court House." In 1823, it moved 
 to a new building on Superior Street, "a few steps east of Spangler's 
 Coffee House." In 1821, Mr. Howe sold his interest in the Herald 
 and moved to Painesville where he became editor of the Telegraph. 
 For several years the Herald had no local competitor. 
 
 In this year (1819), came John Blair and the "picturesque" 
 Joel Scranton. Blair came from Maryland with three dollars in his 
 pocket; a lucky speculation soon increa.sed his capital and he opened a 
 produce and commission store on the river. Scranton was born in 
 Bctchcrtown, ^Massachusetts, in 1793. He brought with him to Cleve- 
 land a schooner load of leather, the basis of his trading and his for- 
 timo. He became one of the pi'ominent merchants of the village and 
 bought the "Scranton Flats" on the west side of the river where
 
 1819-20] BUY LAND 125 
 
 Sorauton Road still pcrpcluatus his name, lie liad a rieh and plen- 
 tiful fund of humor, but his opinions were convictions. "He was 
 cool, even calculating and shrewd, yet his heart was kindly and his 
 deeds generous. He was a keen reader of men, and possessed great 
 mercantile abilities. lie judged of the future of the village and 
 judged wisely. He knew how, when and where to buy, when to sell 
 and when to hold. With the growing place he became a substantial 
 man, and as the j-ears went on became a wealthy man." In 1828, 
 he married ^liss Irene P. Ilickox. "P"'ive children were born to them 
 all but one of whom, together with their mother, preceded him to the 
 tomb. Mrs. 'Slavy S. Bradford, of Cleveland, is the only surviving 
 child of Joel Scranton. To her his wealth descended, and through 
 her it has cheered hundreds of hearts, alleviated sui?ering, lightened 
 burdens, and aided many worthy institutions." 
 
 In 1820, came Peter JI. Weddell and Michael Spangler. "Weddell 
 "soon made himself one of the leading commercial factors of the 
 village" and, a quarter of a century later, built the long-time famous 
 "Weddell House" at the northwest corner of Superior and Bank 
 (West Sixth) streets, where the Rockefeller Building now stands; 
 Spangler 's "Commercial House" was, for some j-ears, one of the 
 landmarks of the village. In this year, a line of stages to Columbus 
 was put in operation, and another line to Norwalk. "In 1821, these 
 efforts were followed by others, and two additional wagons were 
 started, one for Pittsburgh, and another for Buffalo."
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 A GOOD BEGINNING AND A BAD ENDING 
 
 111 an interesting paragraph. ]\Ir. Orth says that the Congrega- 
 tionalists and the Presbyterians, acting under a certain "plan of 
 union, cooperated to establish churches and missions thi-oughout 
 the Western Reserve. The oldest Congregational church in the limits 
 of the city is the Archwood church in the Brooklyn District, organ- 
 ized in 1819 as a Presbyterian church, while the oldest Presbyterian 
 church in the vicinity is that at the village of Euclid, organized by 
 the Connecticut Congregational Jlissionarj' society, in 1807. I'nder 
 this plan of union, churches organized in this district by Congrega- 
 tional missionary societies were united in a presbytery and were, 
 therefore, counted as Presbyterians. Thus the Euclid Presbyterian 
 church was a member of the Hartford Presbytery, and the Doan's 
 Corners church, which for years occupied the corner of One 
 Hundred and Fifth Street and Euclid Avenue, now the Euclid Ave- 
 nue Congi'egational Church, was Presbyterian until 1862. The pres- 
 ent First Congregational church on Franklin Avenue and the Ply- 
 mouth church were organized as Pi-esbyterian churches, while the 
 Old Stone church, organized in 1820, for so many years the mother 
 of Presbyterian churches, was composed chiefly of Congregational- 
 ists, and organized by Congregational ministers. These facts explain 
 the liberal character of Cleveland Presbyterians as deriving their 
 forms of faith, as well as their leading laymen and clergymen from 
 the Congregational centers of New England. At all events, the 
 early hi.story of these two great bodies of churches is inextricably 
 interwoven." 
 
 FiitsT Presbyterian Ciiitrcii 
 
 On the nineteenth of September, 1820, and as the outgrowth of 
 a union Sunday school of which Elisha Taylor was su])ci-iutendent, 
 fifteen j)ersons, namely, Elisha Taylor and Ann, his wife, T. .1. liaiii- 
 liii, P. H. Andrews, Sophia L. Perry, Hcrtiia Jcihiison, Sophia "Wal- 
 worth, Mabel How. Henry l'>aird and Ann. Ills wife, Rebecca Carter, 
 
 12(1
 
 Euclid (or Coli.amer) I'resbyterian Church 
 
 i)i ..;;,'.- ( lUiXERS Congregational Church
 
 128 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 Juliana Long, Isabella Williamson, Harriet How, and ]\Iinerva Mer- 
 wiu, gathered in the old log court-house and organized a Presbyterian 
 church, the second church society in Cleveland, and chose the Rev. 
 Randolph Stone as minister. For a time, the meetings were held in 
 the court-house and later in the Academy building on St. Clair 
 Street. The society was incorporated as the "First Presbyterian So- 
 ciety of Cleveland" in 1827; Samuel Cowles was chosen president; 
 
 Old Stone Cihrcu 
 
 D. II. Beardsley, secretary; and Peter .M. Weddell, treasurer. In 
 1828, says Mr. L. F. Mellen of blessed memory, "they worshiped in 
 a hall on Superior street, where now stands the American House. 
 It was rented for five yeai-s to be used on Sunday, but during the 
 Aveek was a dancing hall." Tlie society liaving been incorporated in 
 1827, plans were adopted, aiul a building begun in 1882. On the 
 twenty-sixth day of February, 1834, the fii-st Presbyterian church
 
 1820-21] CHURCH SUPPLY 129 
 
 ill Cleveland was dedicated ; it stood at the northwest corner of the 
 Public Square and Ontario Street, the site of its second successor, 
 the present "Old Stone Church" as it is commonly called. At that 
 time, the number of connnunieants was ninety-four. Hitherto, there 
 had been no settled minister and the supplies had been transient 
 rather than stated. The ministers who supplied were as follows: 
 The Rev. Randolph Stone, 1820-1821; the Rev. William McLean, 
 1822; the Rev. S. J. Bradstreet, 1823-1830; the Rev. John Sessions, 
 1831 (a part) ; the Rev. Samuel Hutchings, 1832-1833; and the Rev. 
 John Keep, 1833-1835. The first settled pastor was the Rev. Samuel 
 C. Aiken, who was called from Utica, New York, and came in 1835. 
 
 A PiONTSER Bridge Subscription 
 
 That there wa.s a bridge across the Cuyahoga River built or con- 
 templated as earl.y as 1821, is witnessed by a document recently 
 received by The Western Reserve Historical Society. The document 
 is "No. 5" of what probably was a series of such subscriptions. It 
 reads as follows : 
 
 We the Subscribers promise to pay Samuel Williamson, Nathan 
 Perry, David Long, and Thos 0. Young or order each one severally 
 for hisself and tlioirselvos, the suni by us severally subscribed and 
 which is annexed fo our respective name for the purpose of erecting 
 a free Bridge across the Cuyahoga River ; at the line between the lands 
 of Leonard Case & Noble it. Mei'win. All Cash Subscriptions shall be 
 payable on demand after Said Bridge is finished all work & material 
 Subscription. The work shall be doiK! at any time upon demand after 
 said Bridge is commenced. And all materials shall be furnished after 
 a contract is made for building the Said Bridge on demand & reason- 
 able notice allowing sufficient time to procure the Same. And when 
 the material is not named in the Subscription, the person subscribing 
 shall furnish siich materials as he shall be requested to procure. If 
 any Grain be snbsci-ibed it shall lie delivered at N. H. Merwins Ware 
 House in Cleaveland; or in Brooklyn, at the Ware House of A. Car- 
 ters unless otherwise agreed upon by the holders of the Su])scription. 
 All materials to be delivered on the ground where the Said Bridge is 
 to be erected at the usual Cash jirice where no price is affixed. 
 
 Cleav Land, Nov. 16th 1821. 
 
 This li.st bears the names of thirteen subscribers, none of whom promise 
 the payment of money; four promise three days' work each; two 
 promise five bushels of wheat each; one promises four bushels; five 
 promise three bushels each ; and one signs his name without specifying 
 the payment to be made. This document is accompanied by a letter 
 from the late Henry C. White, long the probate judge of Cuyahoga
 
 130 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 County, who says that his father, Wileman White, "was the builder of 
 the bridge aud doubtless took this conti-act of subscription in part 
 payment." Wileman White came from Berkshire County, Massa- 
 chusetts, to Cleveland in 1815, entered upon business as contractor 
 and builder, and died in 1841. I find no further evidence that the 
 bridge was actually built. 
 
 By this time, Cleveland had found itself and was certain of its 
 further development. The increase in popidation soon became 
 marked — the swift influx at hand sounds its warning that the per- 
 sonal era of this municipal history must soon be brought to a close. 
 But before the coming of that close, I crowd in a few more charac- 
 ter who appeared upon the village stage — men who played their 
 several parts so well that the story would be sadly marred by the 
 omission of their names. 
 
 John W. Willey 
 
 In 1822, John W. Willey, a native of New Hampshire and then 
 twenty-five years of age, began the practice of law in Cleveland. "He 
 was thoroughly fitted to make his way in a new and growing country. 
 Well learned in the law, of a keen and penetrating mind, a logician 
 by nature, and endowed with great eloquence and wit, he soon became 
 a marked figure at the Ohio bar." He became the first mayor of 
 Cleveland in 1836 and was re-elected in 1837. In speaking of the 
 first city charter. Judge Seneca 0. Griswold says: "It shows, on 
 the part of its author, a clear understanding of municipal rights and 
 duties. The language is clear and precise, and throughout its whole 
 length it bears the impress of an ediicated, experienced legal mind. 
 It was, undoubtedly, the work of the first mayor." Mr. Willey 
 served half a dozen terms in the general assembly of the state, was a 
 judge of the common pleas court of the county, and, at the time of 
 his death in 1841, M'as president judge of tlie fourteenth judicial 
 district. 
 
 The Cleveland Academy 
 
 The little sehoolhouse on St. Clair Street that, in 1817, became 
 the property of the village of Cleveland had become inadequate to 
 the demands of the citizens of the coming metropolis of Ohio, in con- 
 sequence of which a new building, about forty-five by twenty-five feet 
 in size, was begun in 1821, on the nortli side of St. Clair Street and 
 about half way between Seneca (West Third) and Bank (West Sixth)
 
 1822] 
 
 A GRADED SCHOOL 
 
 131 
 
 streets. It was named the "Cleveland Academy" and, when it was 
 finished in 1822, the Ckavchnid Herald called the attention of its read- 
 ers to "the convenient academy of brick, with its handsome spire, and 
 its spacious room in the second story for public purposes." Late in 
 June, 1S22, the two rooms; on the first floor having been completed, 
 the academy was opened with the Rev. AVilliam McLean as head- 
 master. For readiiifr. writiiifx and spelling, the tuition was .$1.75 per 
 term : geography and grammar might be added for another dollar, 
 while the full curricuhun. including the higher mathematics, Latin, 
 
 TuE Academy Building 
 
 and Greek, was offered for $4.00 per term. Before long, as we shall 
 soon seCj "the spacious room in the second story" was needed and 
 used for a senior department of the school. 
 
 In 1823, Richard Hilliard, a former New York school-teacher, 
 engaged in the mercantile business where the old Atwater building 
 used to stand, and soon built up a large dry-goods and grocery trade. 
 He later built a brick block on Water Street (West Ninth) at the 
 corner of Frankfort, "moved into it, and extended his operations still 
 further. In company with Courtland Palmer, of New York, and 
 Edwin Clark, of Cleveland, he purchased a large tract of land on
 
 132 CLEVELAND AND ITS EmaRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 the flats, and aided in opening that part of tlie city to manufacturing 
 purposes. In his labor in connection with the creation of Cleveland's 
 system of waterworks, as president of the incoi'poi'ated village, and 
 as one of the promoters of the city's railroad system, he gave a serv- 
 ice of great value." He died in December, 1856. 
 
 RuFus P. Spalding 
 
 In ilareh, 1823, Judge Rufus P. Spalding made his first visit to 
 Cleveland. In the Annals of the Early Settlers' Association, he has 
 given us a valuable picture of the village as it then was. He says : 
 
 I came from Warren, in Ti-umbull County, where I then lived, in the 
 company of Hon. George Tod, who was then president judge of the 
 
 Rufus P. Spalding 
 
 third judicial circuit, wliich embraced, if 1 mistake not, the wliolo 
 Western Reserve. We made the journey on horseback, and were nearly 
 two days in accomplishing it. I recollect the Judge, instead of an 
 overcoat, wore an Lidian blanket drawn over his head by means of a 
 hole cut in the center. Wo came to attend court, and ])ut up at the 
 house of Mr. IMcrwin, where we met (|uite a number of lawyers from 
 adjacent counties. At lliis time tlie village of Warren, where I lived, 
 was considered as altogcUier ahead of Cleveland in im]K)rtance ; in- 
 deed, there was very little of Clevelaiul, at that day, east and south- 
 east of the Public Square. The population was estimated at four 
 hundred souls. The earliest burying-ground was at the present inter 
 .section of Prospect and Ontario streets. Some years afterwards 
 in riding away from Clevelaiul, in the stage-eoach, I passed the Erie 
 street cemeterj% just then laid out. T recollect it excited my surprise
 
 1823] A NOTABLE TWO 133 
 
 that a site for a l)uryiiiy;-^-i'(nin(l .sIkhiIiI he scloi'tod so iar out of town. 
 Tlie eoui-t tliat 1 attcmlcd on my lirst visit was held in the old eourl- 
 house, that stood on the northwest quarter of the i'ublie Square. The 
 presiding judge was the lion. George Tod, a well-read lawyer and a 
 courteous gentleman, the father of our late patriotic governor, David 
 Tod. The associate judges of the Common Pleas Court Avere Hon. 
 Thomas Card and Hon. Samuel Williamson. Horace Perry was clerk, 
 and Jas. S. Clarke, shcrilf. The lawyei's atteniling court were Alfred 
 Kellej-, then acting prosecuting attorue.\- for the county ; Leonard Case, 
 Samuel Cowles, Keubcn Wood and fjohii W. Willey, of Cleveland; 
 Samuel W\ Phelps and Samuel Wheeler, of Geauga; Jonatlian Sloane, 
 of Portage, Eli.slia Whittlesey, Thomas D. Webb, and R. P. Spalding, 
 of Trumbull County. John Blair wa.s foreman of the grand jury. 
 
 -Ml". Spalding was born in ]\Iassachusetts in 1798 and was gradu- 
 ated from Yale in 1817. He lived at Wari'en from 1821 to about 
 1837, when he moved to Ravenna from wliich place he was sent to 
 the st<xte legislature. Later, he moved to Akron and was elected a 
 judge of the supreme court, in which high office he served four years. 
 He moved to Cleveland about 1852; his name first appears in the city 
 directory in 1853. He took an honorable part in the professional, 
 civic, and political activities of Cleveland and died in August, 1866. 
 
 Now enters Harvej* Rice,* the father of the public schools of Ohio. 
 When he came to Cleveland, Mr. Rice was twenty-four years of age 
 and a graduate of Williams College in Massachusetts. After a three 
 days' rough pa.ssage by schooner from Buffalo, he was off the mouth 
 of the Cuyahoga on the tweutj'-fourtli of September, 1824. In 
 the Antials of the Early Settlers, of which association he was the first 
 president, Mr. Rice has told us that "a sand-bar prevented the 
 schooner from entering the river. The jolly boat was let down, and 
 two jolly fellows, myself and a young man from Baltimore, were 
 transferred to the boat with our baggage, and rowed by a brawny 
 sailor over the sand-bar into the placid waters of the river, and landed 
 on the end of a row of planks that stood on stilts and bridged the 
 marshy brink of the river, to the foot of Union lane. Here we were 
 left .standing w^ith our trunks on the wharf-end of a plank at mid- 
 night, strangers in a strange land. We hardly knew what to do, but 
 soon concluded that we must make our way in the world, however 
 dark the prospect. Thei'e was no time to be lost, so we commenced 
 our career in Ohio as porters, by shouldering our trunks and grop- 
 ing our way up Union lane to Superior street, where we espied a 
 light at some distance up the street, to which we directed our foot- 
 
 * All stand and give the Chautauqua salute.
 
 134 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 steps. ... In the morning:, I took a stroll to see the town, and 
 in less than half an hour saw all there was of it. The town, even 
 at that time, was proud of itself, and called itself the 'gem of the 
 West.' In fact, the Public Square, so called, was begemmed with 
 stumps, while near its center glowed its crowning jewel, a log court- 
 house. The eastern liorder of the Scjuare was skirted by the native 
 forest, which abounded in rabbits and squirrels, and afforded the 
 villagers a 'happy hunting ground.' The entire population did not, 
 
 Harvey Rice Monument 
 
 at that time, exceed four hundred souls. Tlie dwellings were gen- 
 erally small, but were interspersed here and there with a few pre- 
 tentious mansions. ... 1 came armed with no other weapons than 
 a letter of introduction to a leading citizen of the town, and a 
 college diploma printed in Latin, which affi.xed to my name the vain- 
 glorious title of A. B. With these instrumentalities I succeeded, on 
 the secoiul day after my arrival, in sei-nring the position of classical 
 teacher and principal of tli(> Clcvohind Academy." 
 
 In 1825, ground was broken at Ijicking Summit for the Ohio 
 Canal, the details of which will be given more fully in Chapter XI,
 
 1825] 
 
 THE CLEVELAND HARBOR 
 
 135 
 
 and the national government made its tirst appropriation for the 
 improvement of the Cleveland harbor. At that time the bar at the 
 mouth of tJie river still impeded navigation and, in ]\Iarch, congress 
 appropriated $5,000, all of which was spent in building a pier into 
 the lake from tiie east shore of the river. As the channel still 
 remained precarious or impassable, eongi-ess made a larger appro- 
 priation and the government sent a member of the United States 
 
 Sherlock J. Andrews 
 
 _ engineer corps iinder whose direction a second pier was built parallel 
 to the first and still further east. Then the channel was changed 
 and the river made to flow between the pai'allel piere. The work 
 proved successful and resulted in giving Cleveland a good har- 
 bor. By 1828, there were at least ten feet of water in the channel. 
 The canal and the harbor improvements gave the village a new impe- 
 tus and, from that time, there was a marked growth ; the population 
 increased ten-fold in a decade.
 
 136 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 From the list of arrivals in 1825, I take the name of Melancthon 
 Barnett, who began life in the village as a clerk in the store of 
 Thomas P. May ; subsequently the firm name became IMay and Barnett. 
 Mr. Barnett served as a member of the Cleveland city council and 
 was a vice president of the City Bank of Cleveland, which was incor- 
 porated in 1845 as an independent bank and, in 1865, developed into 
 the National Citj' Bank of Cleveland. But the chief claim of Melanc- 
 thon Barnett upon the reverent remembrance of Cleveland and 
 Clevelanders lies in the fact that he was the father of Gen. James 
 Barnett. Another notable recruit of 1825 was Sherlock J. Andrews. 
 He was a gi-aduate of Union College and, like IMr. Allen, Connecticut 
 born and a lawyer. He was elected to congress in 1840, and was 
 judge of the superior court of Cleveland in 1848. He was a member 
 of the state constitutional conventions of 1850 and 1873. "A bril- 
 liant advocate, a model judge, a cultured, high-minded gentleman." 
 He died in 1880. In 1825, also came John W. Allen. He studied 
 law with Judge Samuel Cowles and was five times elected village 
 president, the last of that tribe. He served in the state senate and in 
 congress, and, in 1841, was maj'or of the city. He was one of the 
 moving .spirits in the building of our fir.st railways and, from 1870 
 to 1875, was postmaster; in short, he was "conspicuously useful." 
 He died in 1887. 
 
 The Second Courthouse 
 
 Bj^ 1826, it was generally agreed that the old court-house and jail 
 in the northwest section of the Public Square had been outgrown, but 
 when the matter of building a new one was brought i^p for discus- 
 sion the dormant ambition of Newburg Avas aroused and her old 
 claim was again put forward. In tlie opinion of the inhabitants of 
 that town, "tlie decisive time had come when the question ought to 
 be settled for all time and before any more money was expended in 
 Cleveland. The battle was fought out to the end, and was the last 
 one of whicli we sliall hear, in the liistory of these two pUicos that 
 have now become one. There wore llirce county commissioners by 
 whom the qui'stion must be decided. One of them was removed by 
 dcatl), and it was found that the otlier two were equally divided, one 
 favoring Ne\vl)urg, and the other Cleveland. An election was held in 
 1826 to fill the vacancy. It was one of the hottest and most exciting 
 that had as yet been seen in that section, all other issues being swal- 
 lowed up in this great question. Dr. David Long, the Cleveland 
 nominee, was elected by a sinjill majority, and Cleveland's last str>iggle
 
 1826] 
 
 A NEW COURT-HOUSE 
 
 137 
 
 with Newburg was won." It was tU-uidcd to locate the new eourt-house 
 on the southwest section of the Public Square. Plans were adopted and 
 work was begun that year. Tlie building was finished in 1828 and 
 court was held tlierein on the twenty-eighth of October of that year. 
 As described by ]Mr. Kennedy, "it was two stories high, of brick, sur- 
 mounted by a wooden dome, faced the lake, and was entered by a 
 half dozen steps, front and rear. The lower story was divided into 
 offices for use of the county officials, while the upper lloor was used 
 for court pui-jioses. Two or three years later a substantial stone jail 
 was erected in the rear of the court-house and across the .street — a 
 structure that, from its sombre appearance, was usually called 'the 
 
 1828— The Second Couki house— 1858 
 
 blue jug.' " A description of rare architectural merit will be given 
 in the account of the contents of the fir.st directory of Cleveland and 
 Ohio City (1837) a few pages further on. In this building the public, 
 judicial and administrative business of the county was carried on for 
 nearly thirty years. In this year, Philo Seovill completed the Franklin 
 House and opened its doors for the accommodation of his probable 
 patrons, and a new cemetery was dedicated. This burying ground was 
 then called the City Cemetery and contained two acres. Its area 
 was subsequently enlarged to ten acres and its name changed to the 
 Erie Street Cemetery. For many years it was Cleveland's chief place 
 of burial.
 
 138 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 David H. Beardslej- came to Cleveland iu 1826, from Connecticut 
 via Lower Sandusky (now Fremont), Ohio, where he served as a judge 
 and was elected to the state legislature. In 1827, he was appointed 
 collector for the Ohio canal at its northern terminus, a position that 
 he held for a score of years. ' ' Not an error, either large or small was 
 ever detected in his accounts." In the same year came Nicholas 
 Doekstader, bom at Albany iu 1802. He soon went into business and 
 was the leading hat, cap, and fur dealer in the city until his retire- 
 ment from active business in 1858. He rendered valuable service 
 iu the city council after the incorporation of Cleveland in 1836 and 
 was elected mayor iu 1840. He died in 1871. Of him, it is of record, 
 "he was a business man who gave his time freely to the public when 
 he could be of service, but who by no means made office-holding the 
 purpose of his life." 
 
 In 1827, congress made its second appropriation ($10,000) for the 
 imi^rovemcnt of the Cleveland harbor ; in 1828, the new court-house on 
 the Public Square was completed ; in 1829, the first fire engine was 
 bought as already stated; and, in 1830, a light house was built "on the 
 bluff at the end of Water Street, its lantern being one hundred and 
 thirty-five feet above water level." In 1828, the first mineral "coal 
 was brought to Cleveland and hawked about the streets. A few 
 bushels wei'c purchased for experiment, but the housewives objected to 
 it on account of its blackness, preferring wood, a much cleaner and, 
 at that time, more abundant article of fuel." 
 
 George "Worthington 
 
 George Woithiugton was born at Cooperstown, New York, in 
 1813. After a few years of service as clerk in a hardware store at 
 Utica, he came to Cleveland in 1829 and began business as a hardware 
 dealer on his own account. His first store was on the corner of 
 Superior Street and Union Lane, but thi'oe yeare later he moved to 
 the northeast corner of Water (West Ninth) and Superior sti'eets. 
 A few years after that, James Baniett was admitted to partiuM'ship ; 
 the enlarged finn entered the wholesale trade and soon had a l)usiness 
 of a million dollars a year. The firm of George Worthington and 
 Company is still one of the strong business institutions of the cit.y. 
 Mr. Barnctt became the second president of the company, a major- 
 general in the civil war, president of the First National Bank and 
 of the Associated Charities, and wa,s officially connected with many 
 similar philanthropic organizations. He was often called "Cleveland's 
 Grand Old Man." In 1903, in presenting a certificate designating
 
 1829] THE FIRST IIAJRDWARE STORE 139 
 
 liiiii as ail lioiiorary life member of the Children's Fresh Air Camp, 
 Dr. Elroy M. Avery, the president of the camp, said: "It is a matter 
 of eonfrratnlation that it goes to one who, in all the varied walks of 
 a long and honorable life, has played eveiy part well — in war and in 
 peace, in business and philanthropy ; to one who has shown his friends 
 how to grow old beautifully; to one who, by common consent, is ad- 
 
 George Wortiiington 
 
 mitted to be what I now formally pioclaim you to be. The First 
 Citizen of Cleveland." 
 
 Various Improvements and Happenings 
 
 George Hoadley, Seth A. Abbey, Norman C. Baldwin, and Richard 
 Winslow came in 1830, and Milo H. Hiekox in 1831. IMr. Hoadley 
 had been a tutor at Yale College, a newspaper writer, and had served 
 as mayor of New Haven, Connecticut. From 1832 to 1846, he was a 
 justice of the peace. One of our city historians calls him "one of the 
 marked men of his day" and another says that, as a justice of the 
 peace, "he remains our model. He decided over twenty thousand cases, 
 few were appealed, and none were reversed." lie was mayor of Cleve- 
 land from 1846 to 1848. In 1849, the family moved to Cincinnati, where 
 his son, born at New Haven in 1825 and graduated at "Western Reserve 
 College in 1844, Iw'gan the practice of law. This son was elected gov- 
 ernor of Ohio in 1883. ^\r. Abbey became city marshal and judge of 
 the police court: Mr. Baldwin entered the produce commission busi- 
 ness in partnership with Noble H. ilerwin. In later years, Mr. 
 Baldwin was engaged in banking and real estate business. He became
 
 I^'(ei r^rT^u'|g- siijiiri 
 
 en r>i-!i--sfl:!» 
 
 
 '*\mx. "~-^'^ 
 
 ^cr-i. 
 
 ■jy.s,t,=KJaiifc . 

 
 1831] DOMESTIC DIFFICULTIES 141 
 
 the owner of a large tract of land extending from East Ninety-third 
 Street to the eastern limits of Luna Park and fi'om Quiney Avenue to 
 Woodland Avenue. Mr. Winslow brought considerable capital and 
 engaged in the wholesale grocery business. Mr. Ilickox had hard luck 
 at the beginning as appears from a confidential letter that he wrote 
 to a friend and later had the pluck to print in the Annals of the Early 
 Settlere' Association. In this letter he said: 
 
 Cleveland is about two-thirds as large as Rochester, east side of 
 the river, and is the pleasantost sight that you ever saw. The streets 
 are broad and cross each other at riglit angles. The court-house is 
 better than the one in Kochcster; the rest of the buildings altogether 
 are not worth more than four of the best in that place, and one room 
 of a middling size rents for one dollar per month. Everything that 
 we want to live upon connuands cash and a high price. Mechanics' 
 wages are low. Journeymen get from •'JilO to $20 per month and 
 board; I get nine shillings and six pence per day, and board myself. 
 I have the best of work. Now for the morals. There are between 
 fifteen and twenty grogshops, and they all live. There was one opened 
 here last week by a man from Rochester. There is a temperance so- 
 ciety, with ten or a dozen male members. The Presbyterian church 
 has four male members, Baptist six, Methodist about the same, the 
 Episcopal is small ; they have a house, the others have not. The 
 court-house is used at this time for a theatrical company, and is well 
 filled with people of all cla.sses. My health has not been good since 
 we have been here. About four weeks since, we awoke in the morning 
 and found ourselves all shaking with the ague. I had but one fit my- 
 self. My wife had it about a week, every day, and my son three weeks, 
 every day, and what made it worse, my wife and son both shook at 
 the same time. I spent one day in search of a girl ; gave up the chase 
 and engaged a passage for my wife to Buffalo, to be forwarded to 
 Rochester. She was to leave the next morning. I w^as telling my 
 troubles to an acquaintance, who told me that he would find a girl for 
 me, or let me have his rather than have my family leave, so we eon- 
 eluded to stay. 
 
 The Cleveland Advertiser Appears 
 
 In the early part of this year (January 6, 1831), the first number 
 of the Cleveland. Advertiser, a weekly paper, was issued by Henry 
 Bolles and Madison Kelley. Although the proprietors acknowledged 
 no political affiliation, their paper was anti-Jaeksonian and anti- 
 Masonic. The Advertiser became a daily paper in 1836. 
 
 Henry B. Payne came to Cleveland in 1832 and, as already stated, 
 married the daughter of Nathan Perry, Jr. He ably managed the 
 landed estate that his wife inherited, took an active part in public 
 affairs, serving as a member of the city council and the state senate, 
 as a representative in congress and as a United States senator. He
 
 142 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 was a member of the first board of waterworks commissioners, one 
 of the sinking fund commissioners, and one of the congressional 
 commission that settled the dangerous Hayes-Tilden presidential 
 controversy. He was actively identified with the railway interests 
 of the community and did much toward the upbuilding of the city. 
 He died in 1896. In any history of Cleveland the name of Henry 
 B. Payne must be written large. 
 
 r 
 
 ^.$S^,ilS^h 
 
 
 Henkv B. Pavne 
 
 When th(» Commercial Bank of Lake Erie was reorganized in 1832, 
 as already recorded, the directors called from Butlalo a briglit young 
 man to act as cashier. In response to the call, Truman P. Handy, then 
 twenty-five years old, came with his young bride and entered upon his 
 long and successful career as one of the great bankers of Cleveland.* 
 He was a member of the board of education, a trustee of Adelbcrt 
 (Western Reserve University) and Oliprlin colleges, and of the Lane 
 
 See portrait on page 110.
 
 1832] THE CHOLERA 143 
 
 Theological Seminary. For more than fourscore years, he was an 
 elder of the Second Presbyterian church and actively interested iu 
 its Sunday school work. He died in 1898. Another arrival of this 
 year was Timothy P. Spencer, one of the founders of the Cleveland 
 Advertiser and, in later years, the Cleveland postmaster. The year 
 also saw the organization of a church in Newburg, "Congregational 
 in form although attached to the Cleveland Presbytery. It came into 
 existence at the residence of Noah Graves, under the direction of the 
 Rev. David Peet, of Euclid, assisted by the Rev. Harvey Lyon. A 
 temporary place of worship was fitted up in a carpenter's shop, and 
 services were held occasionally under the leadership of the Rev. 
 Simeon Woodruft", of Strongaville. This organization became known in 
 later days as the South Presbyterian Church." 
 
 But there was another arrival in 1832 — far less welcome but, 
 fortunately, a transient. The preparations made at Cleveland on 
 account of the expected Indian cholera, have already been men- 
 tioned. At that time, medical science "had not robbed this east- 
 ern plague of its terrors, so, when the alarm was sent through the 
 west that death in its worst fonn of wholesale slaughter was approach- 
 ing, the people of Cleveland, like their neighbors, were panic-stricken, 
 and ready to resort to any measures for protection. Toward the 
 end of May, an emigrant ship landed at Quebec with a load of pas- 
 sengers, and the cholera aboard. It spread over that city with great 
 virulence; moved up the St. Lawrence River; attacked Montreal, 
 where its effects were fatal in most cases. A feeling of panic spread 
 rapidly through all the lake region, as it was known that the march 
 of the scourge, in that direction, would lie certain and rapid." In a 
 commimication to the newly-created board of health (see page 101), 
 the village president, John W. Allen, said: "At a public meeting 
 of the citizens of this village yesterday to adopt measures in relation 
 to the anticipated arrival of the Indian cholera within our limits, it 
 was determined that a committee of five persons be appointed, whose 
 duty should be to inspect any vessels arriving here from Lake Ontario, 
 or any port on the lake where the cholera does or may exist; to 
 examii>e all cases that may be suspicious in their character, either on 
 the river or in the village; to examine into the existence of, and 
 cause to be removed, all nuisances that may have a tendency to 
 generate or propagate the disease. . . . And, also, that they erect 
 or procure a suitable building for the reception of strangers, 
 or others, who may be attacked, or who have not the proper accommo- 
 dation of their own." The village trustees also passed an ordinance 
 providing for the inspection of vessels and the placing of them in
 
 144 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. IX 
 
 ciuarantine. The apprehension and dread of the viUagers consti- 
 tuted a veritable ''scare," the story of which Mr. John W. Allen 
 has put on record for us. The Black Hawk war was then raging 
 in Illinois and Wisconsin and "the Indians were all on the war path. 
 The garrison at what is now Chicago had been massacred, and every 
 white man, woman, and child they could hunt out, murdered. With 
 a horrible pestilence threatened in the east and at home, too, and 
 a war of extermination in progress in the west, it may well be in- 
 ferred the popular mind was in a high state of excitement. About 
 June, General Scott was ordered to gather all the troops he could 
 find in the eastern forts at Buffalo, and start them off in a steam- 
 boat in all haste for Chicago. . . . Incipient indications of 
 cholera soon appeared, and some died, and by the time the boat 
 arrived at Fort Gratiot, at the foot of Lake Huron, it became appar- 
 ent that the effort to reach Chicago by water would prove abortive. 
 Genei-al Scott, therefore, landed his men, and prepared to make the 
 march through the wilderness, three hundred miles or more to Chi- 
 cago" and sent the boat, with a number of sick soldiers, back to 
 Buffalo. Befoi-e the boat, the "Henry Clay," arrived at Cleveland, 
 half a dozen men had died and their bodies had been thrown overboard, 
 and others were sick. "Early in the morning of the tenth of June," 
 continued Mr. Allen, "we found the 'Clay' lying fast to the west 
 bank of the river, with a flag of distress flying, and we knew the hour 
 of trial had come upon us, thus unheralded. The trustees met imme- 
 diately, and it was determined at once that everything should be done 
 to aid the suffei-ers, and protect our citizens so far as in us lay. I 
 was deputed to visit Captain Norton and find what he most needed, 
 and how it could be done. A short conversation was held with him 
 across the river, and plans suggested for relieving them. The result 
 was that the men were removed to comfortable barracks on the 
 West Side and needed appliances and physicians were furnished. 
 Captain Norton came ashore and went into retirement, with a friend, 
 for a day or two, and the 'Clay' was thoroughly fumigated, and in 
 three or four days, she left for BufTalo. Some of the men having 
 died here, the.y were buried on a bluff point on the West Side. But, 
 in the interim, the disease showed itself among our citizens in 
 various localities, among those who had not been exposed at all 
 from proximity to the boat, or to those of us who had been most 
 connected with the work that had been done. The faces of men 
 were blanched, and they .spoke with bated breath, and all got away 
 from here who could. How many persons were attaeked is unknown 
 now, but in tlie course of a fortnight llie disease became less virulent
 
 1832] SICKNESS AND SERVICE 145 
 
 ami oiidod witliiu a mouth, about lifty having died. About the 
 middle of October following, a cold rain storm occurred, and weeks, 
 perhaps months, after the last case had ceased of the previous visi- 
 tation, fourteen men were seized with cholera and all died within 
 three days. No explanation could be given as to the origin, no 
 others being affected, and that was the last appearance of it for 
 two years. In 1834, we had another visitation, and some deaths 
 occurred, but the people were not so much scared." In the personal 
 statement printed in the Annals of the Early Settlers' Association, 
 from which statement 1 liave already made quotation. Captain Lewis 
 Dibble says : "I was here in the two cholera scares. We had heard a 
 great deal of it, and some marvelous tales were told of men walking 
 along the streets and falling dead, with others of the same character. 
 It was in 1832. I was on the schooner 'America,' and Mr. May 
 asked me whether I would lay up or go on to Buffalo, where the 
 disease was then raging. I replied that I would probably have to 
 face it one place or another, and that it might as well be Buffalo 
 as here. We accordingly went down. We saw a great many hearses 
 going to and fro, and I must confess that things did not look pleasant. 
 When we came back (to Cleveland) we found a guard on the dock, 
 as the people wore determined that no ships with cholera on board 
 should stop here. . . . When the 'Henry Clay' came in here on 
 her way back from carrying troops up to the Black Hawk war, she 
 had a number of cases on board. There was great excitement, and 
 many declared she should not remain, some wishing to go down 
 and burn her. ... On one occasion water was wanted at the 
 cholei-a hospital on Whisky Island, and no one could be got to 
 take it there. My vessel was at the foot of Superior street. We took 
 two casks to a spring near Supei'ior street, filled them, and then 
 rowed them down the river to the point of destination. Word came 
 in from Doan's Cnrnors that Job Doan, the father of W. H. Doan, 
 was down with it and needed help. A man named Thomas Coolihan 
 and I agreed to go out and see him. AVe got a huggy and went 
 to the Franklin House, where we waited a long time before a 
 couple of doctors whom we expected came in. They then mounted 
 another buggy and we drove out, the hour being quite late. We 
 all four went in. The doctors looked at him, shook their heads, 
 and going out returned to the city. He was in great agony. When 
 we, the other two, went up to the bed, he took our hands, and by his 
 look showed that he was in great pain. Captain Stark and a man 
 named Dave Little stood over him, rubbing him all the time. It 
 was no use. We remained about an hour and then returned to the 
 city. An hour after we left, he died." 
 
 Vol. 1—10
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 GROWTH OF MIND AND BODY 
 
 Charles Whittlesey, now better known as Colonel Whittlesey, 
 was born at Southington, Connecticut, in 1808 ; his father settled in 
 Tallmadge, Ohio, in 1815. In 1827, the son entered the United 
 States Military Academy at West Point. He was g:raduated in 1831 
 and became a brevet second lientenant in the Fifth United States 
 Infantry and, in November, set out to join his regiment at Maeljinac. 
 At the close of the Black Hawk war, he resigned from the army. 
 About that time (1832) he opened a law ofBce in Cleveland and soon 
 became part owner and co-editor of the Whig and Herald. In 1837, 
 he was appointed assistant geologist of Ohio ; associated with him was 
 Dr. J. P. Kirtland who was entrusted with the natural history work. 
 At the end of two years, the survey was discontinued, but not until 
 it had disclosed the rich coal and iron deposits of eastern Ohio; 
 thus laying the foundations for the vast manufacturing industries 
 that have made that part of the state populous and prospei'ous. 
 In a resume of this work. Professor Newberiy has said that the 
 benefits derived "conclusively demonstrate that the geological sur- 
 vey was a producer and not a consumer, that it added far more than 
 it took from the public treasury, and deserved special encourage- 
 ment and support as a wealth producing agency in our darkest 
 financial hour. ... It did much to arrest useless expenditure 
 of money in the scarcli for coal outside of the coal fields. . . . 
 It is scarcely less important to let our i)eople know what we liave 
 not, than what we have, among our mineral resources." But that 
 is an economic truth that often has proved diiifieult to pound into 
 the understanding of an Ohio legislature. In 1839 and 1840, he made 
 examination of many of the preliistoric works then known to 
 exi.st in the state, including the extensive works at Newark and 
 Marietta.* For several years, he was engaged in surveys of tlie 
 
 "See Avery's History of the Uiiili-il .S'(<;fc,5 oitd Its People, vol. I, jip. 
 44-49, .59-62. 
 
 14G
 
 Colonel Charles Wjuttlesey 
 
 Historian of Early Clevpland nnd one of the founders and first jiresidpnt of The 
 
 Western Reserve Historical Society; reproduced from an oil painting 
 
 by courtesy of The Western Reserve Historical Society.
 
 148 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. X 
 
 copper and iron-ore regions of iliehigan and Wisconsin, but at the 
 outbreak of the civil war he turned from such employment and 
 soon became colonel of the Twentieth Regiment of Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry. He planned and constructed the defences of Cincinnati 
 and was in command of his regiment at the taking of Port Donelson. 
 At Shiloh, he commanded a brigade, soon after which, because of 
 long-continued ill health, he tendered his resignation and retired from 
 the army. General Grant endorsed his resignation thus: "We cannot 
 afford to lose so good an otiReer." 
 
 Colonel Whittlesey soon turned his attention again to explora- 
 tions in the Lake Superior and Upper Mississippi basins, researches 
 that added to the mineral wealth of the country. But the work for 
 which he is now best known was at liaud. The Western Reserve 
 Historical Society was organized in May, 1867, upon the sugges- 
 tion of Judge Chai'les Candee Baldwin who became its secretary, 
 but Mr. Baldwin says that all looked to Colonel Whittlesey "to lead 
 the movement and none other could iiave approached his efficiency 
 or ability as president of the society." In a memorial notice be- 
 fore the Civil Engineer's Club, Mr. J. P. Holloway said: 
 
 Colonel Whittlesey will be best and longest remembered in Cleve- 
 land and on the Reserve, for his untiring interests and labors in seeking 
 to rescue from oblivion the pioneer history of this portion of the state 
 and which culminated in the establishment of the present Western 
 Reserve Historical Society, of which for many years he was the presid- 
 ing officer. It will be remembered by many here, how for years there 
 was little else of the Western Reserve Historical Societ}', except its 
 active, hardworking president. 
 
 For several years before liis death. Colonel Whittlesey was con- 
 fined to his home by rheumatism and other disorders, but if he could 
 no longer travel about the city he could write. His Early History 
 of Cleveland was pul)lislied in 1867; the list of his books and pam- 
 phlets, compiled by Judge Baldwin, enumerates one hundred and 
 ninety-one. In his last few years, the relation of religion to science 
 engaged much of his thought ; his last published work consists of a 
 series of articles on Theism and Atheism in Science. On the morning 
 of Sunday, the .seventeenlli of October, 1886, be was seized witli a 
 chill; he died early in the moi'ning of llie following day.* 
 
 * III the prpparatioii of thin skofcli, I liave made very full ami free use of a 
 Mrmo-ruil of Colonel Cluirlm Whitllrscii. Idle Prrxirlrnt of Ihr Wculern Fcscrve 
 HistoricM Soeirty, prepared liv .Tmly;r Balilwiii, and ]iriiitc'd in the Society's 
 Tra<4, No. 68. "
 
 1832] OHIO'S BLACK LAWS 149 
 
 The Fugitive Slave Law 
 
 lu 1793, congress passed a fugitive slave law providiug that, ou 
 the owner's giving proof of ownership before a magistrate of the 
 locality where the slave was found, the magistrate should order the 
 slave delivered up to him without trial by juiy. Hindering arrest 
 or harboring a runaway slave was punishable by fine of five hundred 
 dollars. The law was ojien to much abuse and was much abused ; many 
 free negroes were kidnapped from the northern states. In 1804, the 
 Ohio legislature decreed tliat "no black or mulatto person shall be 
 permitted to settle or reside in this state unless he or she shall tirst pro- 
 cure a fair certifieate from some court within the United States of his 
 or her actual freedom and requiring every such person to have such 
 certificate recorded in the clerk's office in the county in which he or she 
 intended to reside." Anj- person who employed a negro or mulatto 
 person not thus registered was subject to a fine. In the same year, the 
 legislature made it a legal offense to harbor or secrete any black or 
 mulatto person and levied a fine of one thousand dollars upon 
 any one who aided the escape of any such person who was "the 
 property of another." Three years later (1807), Ohio law required 
 every such person to give a bond before settling in the state, such 
 bond to be signed by two or more freehold sureties and "conditioned 
 for the good behavior of such negro or mulatto and to pay for the 
 support of such person in case he or she be found within any town- 
 ship unable to support him or herself." For years, while there was 
 little north and south traffic through the state, these statutes were 
 practically dead letters, mere "scraps of paper;" but when the Erie- 
 Ohio "canal was opened and colored people began to pass through 
 Cleveland, then the rigor of the law, particularly of the national 
 fiigitive slave law, aroused the slumbering animosities of the people." 
 
 Local Anti-Slavery Sentiment 
 
 The fact that there was an anti-slavery society in Cleveland as 
 early as 1810, has already been noted. In 1827, was organized the 
 short-lived Cuyahoga. County Colonization Society. This was a branch 
 of a national organization that sought the removal of negi-oes from 
 the United States to Africa, hoping thus to secure the voluntary 
 emancipation of slaves by their masters and the gradual abolition 
 of the peculiar institution. Its president was Samuel Cowles; its 
 vice presidents were the Eev. Randolph Snow, Nehemiah Allen, Datus 
 Kelley, Josiah Barber, and Lewis R. Dille. A. W. Walworth was
 
 la for the 
 
 «c« of in-' 
 appran. 
 
 ,{$0 dol- 
 iry, 24 J, - 
 e for the 
 : (be last 
 doDan. — - 
 lUtbosiscd 
 ; the leii 
 .riDfttaJ-at 
 :icncr of 
 198 doll=. 
 able, dur- 
 
 71 ceots. 
 Implied to 
 7 i9, »o(h 
 
 meet Ibe 
 or I8«0,'' 
 it amount 
 The re- 
 :eipl3 aod 
 1 result of 
 i,000 dol- 
 
 ark up6a 
 f recom • 
 ly io Iht 
 tb » res- 
 e Udited 
 h plan lu 
 ess, at ils 
 n<t in the 
 rtufeit, .as 
 (i Dances 
 
 iUHKo Jf. 
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 I inlry ant) 
 le 00 Ibe 
 the late 
 ed to (hat 
 nt of the 
 arlmeotj, 
 oonjcres* 
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 ntiy'% ap- 
 im at foj. 
 
 ;h if Tery 
 late war, 
 Mg ; 00 
 frontien, 
 I e. Hoo- 
 
 aftnmunteau lo nirn, 
 
 Clearelaod, Mar 9. 1820. 
 
 30-3 
 
 500 Dollars Reward. 
 
 UAxlvYTAY, 
 
 FROM ibe subscribers, in Clarksburg, Vir- 
 (inra, on ibe 6th of the present mootb, 
 llie following negro men, viz. 
 
 MJRTIJVtf SjfM. 
 
 MAKTlN i« a tcry handsome negro, about 
 5 feet 6 or 3 inches hiKh, compactly built, of 
 a Iig1>t black complexion, bin teelh usually 
 yellow from the cbewiogor tobacco, not lal!;* 
 ative, «recl in his appearance, and about 20 
 years of age. Had on when he absconded, a 
 aew ftir hat, black cloth coatee, white vroulen 
 pantaloons, Stc. 
 
 SAM is very bhck. 5 feel 9 or 10 inches 
 high, about 30 rears of age, sloop.s in walking, 
 has large while eyes, {ree and easy to talk, 
 aod white l-^lking, blows much, from n phibis- 
 ical complaint, lauf^bs readily, look a quantity 
 of cloathing with him, and wore a while fur 
 hat, blue ami while round-about and panfa- 
 loons. Tliey have made their \ray into the 
 stale of Ohio, at the moulh of Fishing Creek, 
 anri porlMps will be found in Ihp direction of 
 Wooclvilje, Barnsrille. i^Iount Ple.nsant, St- 
 ClairsvilJe, Freeport, Cadiz and Cleaveland; 
 or they will lurn thrviugh Cainbrid;;e, by Co* 
 ^bocton. Mount Vernon. Upper Sandusky, bv 
 {he way of Cn'^en«ville, lo Canada ; or from 
 Sandusky to I'err^'svilie and Detroit, into 
 Canada. 
 
 The ahore reward of five hundred dollars 
 will be paid lo any person, who will appre- 
 hend and dfliver sai-^ qlave?> to u§, at Clarks- 
 burg, or ibret: hundred dollars wdl be given 
 if Ibey are secured in jail, eo that we may 
 get thera again — or two hundred dollars will 
 be given to any person who will pMticuIarty 
 inforra ua, by letleror otherwise, where (hey 
 are, so that we gel them again ; which infor- 
 mation 6haJI by us he deemed conlidential. 
 
 In (he event of but one of them beiiig re* 
 covered, one half of the above reward, upon 
 tbe lartDS above mentioned, will be given. 
 EDWARD B.JACK.SOV, 
 JONATHAN JACKSON. 
 
 A pril lOlb, I 8gO. 3o-3w 
 
 JL WOOD, 
 Attorney 8c CouiuieUor at Law, 
 
 the imporli 
 Ibe AUx^en: 
 All kind- 
 livcred by- 
 Eve ry at 
 the subscril 
 bic for acci 
 
 BYnrt, 
 court 
 and (o mc < 
 po^e for sal 
 ii.yy of Ma^ , 
 o^cIock, A. I 
 house of r 
 Cleaveland 
 
 2 Box< 
 50 pairs, 
 gon, 1 oi 
 pairs Pic 
 Glass, 2 I 
 pounds, ; 
 Beer. 
 
 Clpavel.1 
 
 I 
 
 N the to- 
 her fori 
 
 60 
 
 lliirty-five 
 wbich arc 
 quality can 
 orchard, jut | 
 ty lo filly b 
 i»es there i 
 House, twi 
 pan finisbei 
 in e.icli, an' 
 is a franieil 
 with a smai 
 of lire kite 
 cellar, liS Tl 
 ihp kilchcn 
 irciler. i 
 
 The com 
 nip) can he 
 John Rnple 
 to IVlr. S.iini
 
 1833] ANTI-SLAVERY SENTIMENT 151 
 
 treasurer, and .lames S. Clark was secretary. Mordecai Hartley 
 was chosen as delegate to the national society. The Clevelanders of 
 that day who liad given any serious thought to the question of Ameri- 
 can slavery seem to have been divided in opinion. The "Coloniza- 
 tionists" looked to state compensation as a supplement to voluntary 
 manumission; between them and the out-and-out "Abolitionists" 
 there was often heated controversy. The abolitionists gained in num- 
 bers and the Colonization Society soon died out. In 1833, the Cleve- 
 land Antislaveiy Society was organized with Dr. David Long as its 
 president and his son-in-law, Solomon L. Severance, as its sccjretary, 
 as already recorded. J. H. Harding was vice-president and John A. 
 Foote was treasurer. In 1835, Josiah Barber of the "Colonization- 
 ists" presided at a public meeting at which the "Abolitionists" were 
 hotly denounced. But the on-coming tide could not be turned back 
 and, on the fourth of July, 1837, the Cuyahoga County Antislavery 
 Society was formed at a meeting in the Old Stone Church, presided 
 over by John A. Foote. A committee on constitution, consisting 
 of J. M. Sterling, J. F. Hawks, and Solomon L. Severance, reported 
 that "the object of this society shall be the entire abolition of slavery 
 throughout the United States and the elevation of our colored breth- 
 ren to their proper rank as men." Edward Wade was elected presi- 
 dent ; Samuel Freeman of Pal-ma, Asa Cody of Euclid, J. A. Foote 
 of Cleveland, J. L. Tomlinson of Rockport, and Samuel Williamson 
 of Willoughby were vice-presidents; L. L. Rice was corresponding 
 secretary ; II. F. Brayton was recording secretary ; and Solomon L. 
 Severance was treasurer. 
 
 Among the arrivals of 1833 was John A. Foote,- a son of Governor 
 Samuel A. Foote of Connecticut, and a graduate of Yale. He en- 
 tered into partnership with Sherlock J. Andrews. In addition to 
 practising his profession, he took an active part in reformatory, 
 educational, and philanthropic work and held many public offices. 
 He died in 1891. Another notable accession of that year was Thomas 
 Burnham who had been master of a freight boat running on the 
 Champlaiu canal from Whitehall to Albany. He and his newly 
 married wife came by team from Glens Falls to Saratoga where they 
 took the cars for Scheneetadj-. The cars on that line at that time 
 were fashioned like stage coaches, ran on strap rails, and were drawn 
 by three horses driven tandem. From Schenectady to Buffalo they 
 came by boat on the Erie canal and from Buffalo to Cleveland by the 
 steamer "Pennsylvania" which stopped at all the way stations and 
 took four days and nights to make the trip. Mr. Burnham soon took 
 charge of a school on the west side of the river (in what was still
 
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 1833] 
 
 CHEERFUL GIVERS 
 
 153 
 
 Brooklyn township), subsequently entered business, and became 
 mayor of Ohio City after its incorporation in 1836. 
 
 First Baptist Church 
 
 The Fii-st Baptist Church of Cleveland was organized in Feb- 
 ruary, 1833, with the Rev. Richmond Taggart as pastor; it became 
 alTiliatcd with the Rocky River Baptist Association in the following 
 September. Dr. II. C. Applcgarth tells us that, in 1833, Cleveland 
 had a population of one thousand three hundred of whom only six or 
 seven were Baptists, and that deplorable darkness pervaded the set- 
 tlement. "The first meetings were held in either that universally 
 
 First Baptist Church 
 
 useful place of gatherings, the old Academy on St. Clair Street, or 
 the Court-house, until the erection of their own place of worship on the 
 comer of Seneca [West Third] and Champlain streets. This was a 
 brick structure, the foundations of which were laid in 1834, the 
 dedication occurring on February 25th, 1836. The church cost 
 thirteen tliousand dollars, and was, at that time, considered one 
 of the largest and most attractive in that section of the west." Dr. 
 Applegarth further tells us that by 1834, the population of the 
 town had increased to about five thousand, and that the faithful 
 few "prepared a subscription paper and set about soliciting 
 pledges for a building. The people gave liberally and cheer- 
 fully. Many made great sacrifices in order to be able to help. 
 Deacon Pelton, then living at Euclid, mortgaged his farm for
 
 154 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. X 
 
 two thousand dollars that he might contribute that amount to 
 the project. His neighbors thought him to be demented, so com- 
 pletely astounded were they at his action. But in the end the Lord 
 blessed him and restored the money many fold. Nor was lie alone 
 in his devotion to the work of the Lord. It was said of John Seaman 
 that he gave more thought to the finances of the church than to his 
 own business. One morning, coming into his store, he said to his 
 partner, Mr. William T. Smith : ' Smith, you go to the meeting tonight 
 and put me down for a thousand, and you put down a thousand, and 
 go to Sylvester Ranney and tell him to put down a thousand.' The 
 thousands were put down and paid. Soon a suitable location was 
 found, on the corner of Seneca and Champlain streets, and there, 
 finally, was finished the meeting house of the First Baptist church." 
 The society gained steadily in strength and usefulness, and, in 
 1855, purchased of the Plymouth Congregational Chui'ch a brick 
 building, on the corner of Euclid Avenue and Erie (East Ninth) 
 Street, where services were first held on the eighth of April. This 
 building gave way for the Hickox building of today. The church 
 now has a beautiful building on the corner of Prospect Avenue and 
 East Forty-sixth Street. 
 
 Black Hawk and John Stair 
 
 Among the ' ' transients ' ' of that year were a famous Red man and 
 an observant Englishman. Harvey Rice tells us that "at the close 
 of the Black Hawk War in 1833, the chieftain. Black Hawk, and 
 several of his band were taken, in the custody of a government offi- 
 cer, to Washington as captives, to be dealt with as the authorities 
 might decide. The captives, instead of being shot as they expected, 
 were kindly received, and lionized by being taken about town, showh 
 its wonders, and then sent througli several eastern cities, with a 
 view to convince them of the invincible power of the white people. 
 They were then returned, under escort, to their homes in the 'far 
 west.' While on their return, the party stopi)ed over a day at Cleve- 
 land, as requested by Black Hawk, in order to give him an oppor- 
 tunity to visit the grave of his mother, who, as he said, was buried 
 on the. banks of the Cuyahoga." From "Ncwburg, county of 
 Cuyahoga, August 16, 1833," John Stair of England, then teach- 
 ing a private .school in Newburg, wrote a letter that has been jire- 
 .served in the Annals of the Early Settlers' A.ssociation. Some of 
 Mr. Stair's impressions recorded in tliis letter were tliat Ckn'ehiiid 
 was "an increasing place," and, "for ibc size of it, the protliest
 
 1833] FIRE PROTECTION 155 
 
 town I have seen in America." Tlie postage on a letter to England 
 was twenty-five cents, but large turkeys could be bought for fifty 
 cents each; fowls, a shilling; roasting pigs, twenty-five cents; mutton, 
 beef, pork, veal, etc., from two to four cents a pound; butter, nine 
 cents; and cheese, six cents. No wonder that he added: "This is 
 a poor man's eountry. . . . Many raise all they eat, with few 
 exceptions, such as tea, coffee, etc. They raise their own wool and 
 flax which are spun and woven by the women for clothing, so that a 
 farmer is the most independent person in the country." 
 
 Chiefly because of its mention of a canal, the following supple- 
 mentary quotations from a letter said to have been written in 1833, 
 are here given : 
 
 Few places in the western country are so 'advantageously situated 
 for commerce or boast greater population and business. Here is the 
 northern termination of Ihe Ohio Canal, 309 miles in length, by which 
 this village will communicate with Columbus and Cinciiniati, with 
 Pittsburg, St. Louis and New Orleans. . . . An inspection of 
 the map will show that Cleveland has a position of extraoi'dinary 
 advantage, and it only requires a moderate capital, and the usual 
 enterprise of the American character, to advance its destiny to an 
 equality with the most flourishing cities of the west. Two years ago, it 
 had one thousand inhabitants; it has now two thousand, and is rap- 
 idly increasing. The vicinity is a healthy, fertile country, as yet 
 mostly new, but fa.st filling up. An artificial harbor, safe and commo- 
 dious, constructed by tlie United States, often presents twenty to thirty 
 sloops, schooners, and steamboats. 
 
 Fire and Water 
 
 The primitive water supply for fire protection at the beginning 
 of the second decade of the century was described in the sixth 
 chapter of this volume. By 1833, the villagers recognized the neces- 
 sity for something more ample and efficient. In June of that year, 
 the legislature incorporated the Cleveland "Water Company for fur- 
 nishing water for the village — it seems that the company did not get 
 much if anything beyond the charter era of development. But the 
 year 1833 saw the beginning of Cleveland's volunteer fire depart- 
 ment in the loosely organized company called "Live Oak, No. 1." In 
 the following year, the "Live Oak" was reorganized as "Eagle, No. 
 1." Captain MeCurdy was chosen foreman and a new engine was 
 bought. "The organization of a regular department soon followed, 
 and Neptune No. 2, Pha?nix No. 4. Forest City Hook and Ladder 
 Company No. 1, and Hope Hose Company No. 1, were the component 
 parts thereof; there was a No. 3, but it was composed of boys and had
 
 156 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. X 
 
 no official recognition. In April, 1836, Cataract No. 5 was added. 
 The first chief of the department was Samuel Cook, with Sylvester 
 Pease as first assistant, and Erastus Smith as second assistant." 
 On the seventeenth of May, 1836, the newly constituted city council 
 passed an ordinance providing that "the fire department of the 
 city of Cleveland, shall consist of a chief engineer, two assistant 
 engineers, two fire wardens, in addition to aldermen and council- 
 men (who are ex officio firewardens), and such fire engine men, hose 
 men, hook and axe men as are, or may be, from time to time, ap- 
 pointed by the city council." The ordinance then determined the 
 duties of each of these officers and prescribed penalties for injuring 
 the property of the department or for obstimcting the firemen at 
 
 Cleveland from Courthouse, 1834 
 
 their woi'k. All members of the fire companies were exempted from 
 the i^ayment of poll-tax — an institution now obsolete in this part of 
 the country. A few days before this, the council had established the 
 fire limits for tlie city as follows: "Following Die center of Cuyahoga 
 River from the lake to the center of Huron Ivoad, thence easterly 
 along the center of Huron Road to the center of Erie [East Ninth] 
 Street, thence northerly in Erie Street to Lake Erie, tlience west- 
 erly along the shore of Lake Erie to the Cuyalioga River." This 
 virtually embraced the whole town. Tlie several companies were 
 housed in buildings rented for the purpose ; No. 1 on what is now 
 Superior Avenue just west of West Ninth Street; No. 2, where the 
 Blackstonc building now is (No. 1426 West Third Street) ; No. 4 
 and the Hook and Ladder Company, on St. Clair Avenue at the corner
 
 1833] LAND SPECULATION 157 
 
 of West Fourth Street, wliero a steam engine company and a liook 
 aud ladder company still stand semper parati. The growth of the 
 department and the splendid record of those unpaid firemen until 
 the reorganization of the department in 1863 will receive further 
 attention in a later chapter. 
 
 As will soon be told in fuller detail, a canal from Cleveland to 
 the Ohio River had been opened and was doing not a little to ad- 
 vertise the village at the mouth of the Cuj'ahoga, the inhabitants 
 of which were dreaming of the dignity and getting i-eady for the 
 responsibilities of an incorporated city. Young men and old were 
 moving from the East into the already-opened but undeveloped sec- 
 tions of the West. Earl_y in 1833, Alfred Kelley made an allotment 
 of land west of Water Street and south of Bath Street (see map 
 on page 160) and, later in the year, James S. Clarke, Edmund 
 Clark, and Richard Ililliard allotted all the land in the first bend 
 of the river, Cleveland Center it was called, laid out Columbus Street 
 from the north line thereof to the river, and offered town lots at 
 immoderately high prices. In 1834, Leonard Case laid out a 10-acre 
 lot at the southeast corner of the old city plat and widened the New- 
 burg Road (Pittsburgh Street) now called Broadway. In the same 
 year, John M. Woolse.y allotted the 2-acre lots south of Superior Street 
 and west of Erie (East Ninth) Street. In 1835, Lee Canfield, 
 Sheldon Pease, and others allotted the 2-acre lots at the northeast 
 corner of the old city plat and dedicated Clinton Park to the pub- 
 lic. In January, 1836, Thomas Kelley and Ashbel W. Walworth laid 
 out the 2-acre lots south of Ohio Street (Central Avenue) and an 
 adjoining tract of land that extended to the river. In short, the 
 fever of land speculation followed close upon the heels of the cholera. 
 
 Thomas Bolton 
 
 Thomas Bolton was born at Scipio, Cayuga County, New York, 
 in 1809, and was graduated at Harvard in 1833. In September, 1834, 
 he came to Cleveland where he studied law for a year in the office 
 of James L. Conger. He was admitted to the bar in 1835 and went 
 into partnership with his mentor. In 1836, he bought the interest 
 of Mr. Conger in the firm and sent for his college classmate, Moses 
 Kelley and, with him, formed the law firm of Bolton and Kelley. 
 In 1851, Seneca 0. Griswold, who had been a student in their office 
 and from whom I have already quoted, was admitted to the firm which 
 then took the name of Bolton, Kelley and Griswold. Mr. Bolton was 
 one of the committee appointed to draft the coming city charter of
 
 158 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS 
 
 [Chap. X 
 
 1836, was elected to the citj' council, and, in 1839, was elected pros- 
 ecuting attorney of the county. In 1841, he declined a renomination 
 on account of the inadequacy of the salary of the county prosecutor 
 and renewed his connection with the city government as alderman. 
 Dissatisfied with the Democratic national platform of 1848, he left 
 that party and served as a delegate to the Buffalo convention of 
 
 Thomas Bolton 
 
 the Free Soil party. He was active in the organization of the Repub- 
 lican party iVi 1856 and was a delegate to the convention that nom- 
 inated Fremont and Dayton. In this year, 1856, he was elected 
 judge of the court of common ])leas and retired from the law firm 
 of Bolton, Kcliey and (iriswold. At the ciid'or his second term as 
 judge in 1866, he retired from the bench and hai-. He died in Feb- 
 ruary, 1871.
 
 1834-35] A MANUFACTURING CORPORATION 159 
 
 First Western Locomotive Works 
 
 As recorded by Mr. Orth in his History of Cleveland, the first 
 niamifacturiiitr cdrporation organized in Cleveland under a state 
 eharter was the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company (March 3, 1834), 
 with an authorized capital of $100,000, a very large sum for those 
 years. The incorporators were : Charles Iloyt, Luke Risley, Ricjiard 
 Lord and Josiah Barber. The plant was located on tlie corner of 
 Detroit and Center streets. It was prosperous from the beginning. 
 It was the first furnace in this vicinity to utilize steam power instead 
 of horse power for "blowing" the furnaces. It not only did a 
 general foundry business, but early manufactured a patent horse- 
 power device. In 1841, it made cannon for the government. In 
 1842, Ethan Rogers entered its employ and developed the manufac- 
 ture of construction machinery to be used in building railroads, 
 and later, the manufacture of locomotives. At this plant was built 
 the first locomotive west of the Alleghenies. Here were made the 
 first locomotives used by the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati, 
 and the Cleveland and Painesville railways. The first successful lake 
 screw propeller was the "Emigrant," and its machinery was made in 
 this establishment. Thus, Cleveland's first manufacturing corpora- 
 tion abundantly kept pace with the rapid expansion of machine 
 development. 
 
 James D. Cleveland, "then a sturdy boy," came in 1835. In 
 1896, he pictured for us "The City of Cleveland Sixty Years Ago." 
 The judge tells us that : 
 
 As the steamer came up the river, the boy read the signs on the 
 warehouses — Richard Winslow, Blair & Smith. Foster & Dennison, 
 W. V. Craw. Robert H. Backus, Gillett & Hickox, C. M. Giddings, N. M. 
 Standart, :M. B. Scott. Griffith & Standart, Noble H. Mei-win— and 
 passed scores of .steamers, schooners and canal boats, exchanging wheat 
 and flour from interior Ohio for goods and salt to be carried to the 
 canal towns all the way to the Ohio River. Walking up Superior 
 lane, a steep. uni)aved road, you passed the stores of Denker & Borges; 
 Deacon Whitaker's, full of stoves; George Worthington. hardware; 
 at the corner of T'nion lane, where Captain ^IcCurdy had lately re- 
 tired from the dry goods basiness; Strickland & Gaylnrd, drugs, etc.; 
 Sanford & Lott, printing and book-store : and T. W. Morse, tailor. 
 On reaching the top, Superior street, 132 feet wide, spread before 
 you — the widest of unpaved streets, with not a foot of flagged side- 
 walk except at the corner of Bank [West Sixth] street, in front of a 
 bank. It was lined with a few brick, two and three-story buildings. 
 A town puinj) stood at the corner of Bank street, near tlie old Com- 
 mercial Bank of Lake Erie, on the corner, of which Leonard Case 
 was president, and Truman P. Handy cashier. There were three or
 

 
 1835] AS IT WAS THEN 161 
 
 four hotels. Pigs ran in tlio street, and many a cow browsed on all 
 the approaches to it. Ur. Long had a fine two-story residence on the 
 corner of Seneca [West Third] street. Mr. Case, C. M. Giddings, 
 Elijah Bingham, AVilliani Ijcinon, .Toliii W. Allen, and a few others, 
 had residences dotted around the l'ul)lie Square, upon wliieli the old 
 Stone Church occnpicd its present site, and in the southwest corner 
 stood the court-house. The post-office occupied a little ten by fifty 
 feet store-room in Levi Johnson's building, below Bank street, and 
 you received your letters from the hands of Postmaster Daniel Worley, 
 and paid him the eigliteen pence, or twenty-five cents postage, to 
 which it was subject, according to the distance it had traveled. The 
 great majority of the best residences were on Water [West Ninth], 
 St. Clair and Lake [Lakeside Avenue] streets. A few good houses 
 had been built on Euclid avenue, but thd Virginia I'ail fence still 
 lined it on the north side, from where Bond street now is to the 
 Jones residence, near Erie street, where Judge Jones and the Senator 
 (John P. Jones) lived in their boyhood. There were groves of fine 
 black oaks and chestnuts on Erie street between Superior and Pros- 
 l)ect streets, and a good many on the northeast part of the Public 
 Square, and between St. Clair street and the lake. With its scat- 
 tered houses, its numerous groves, its lofty outlook upon the lake, 
 its clear atmosphei-e, as yet unpolluted by smoke, Cleveland was as 
 beautiful a village as could be found west of New Haven. 
 
 Tol. I— 11
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE CANAL AND THE CHARTER 
 
 One of the histories of Cleveland tells us that "the population of 
 the city had grown in 1835 to 5,080, having more than doubled in 
 two years. There was at this time an immense rush of people to the 
 
 P"'kanklin T. J5At.Ki;.s 
 
 West. Steamers ran from Huft'ald lo Ddroit crowded with passengers 
 at a fare of eiglit dollars, the number on board what would now be 
 called small boats, sometimes reaching from five hundred to six hun- 
 
 162
 
 1835-36] 
 
 DESIRABLE RECRUITS 
 
 163 
 
 dred pei-sons. The line liired steamers and fined tliem one hundred 
 dollars if the I'ound trip was not made in eight days. The slower 
 boats, not being alile to mak- tliat time with any eertainty, frequently 
 stopped at Clevelaiul, discharged their passengers, and put back to 
 Buffalo. It sometimes chaneed that the shore accommodations were 
 insufficient for tlie great crowd of emigrants stopping over at this 
 port, and the steamers were hired to lie oft' the port all niglit, that the 
 passengers might have sleeping accommodations. In that year fire 
 destroyed a large part of the business portion of Cleveland." 
 
 William Bingham 
 
 The first dentist to open an office in Cleveland was Benjamin 
 Strickland who came in 1835. In 1836, came Franklin T. Backus, 
 "William Bingham, William A. Otis, and Moses Kelley. Mr. Backus 
 was a lawyer and is remembered as one who won an enviable position 
 among the leading lawyers of Ohio; he took an active part in the 
 consolidation of Cleveland and Ohio Citv in 1854, and was one of
 
 164 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XI 
 
 the counsel for the defense in the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue case 
 in 1859, probably the most famous trial in the history of Cleveland. 
 
 William Bingh-IM 
 
 Mr. Bingham, when twenty years of age, "bade adieu to the 
 home and scenes of his youth [in Massachusetts] traveling west- 
 ward over the old pioneer railroad from Albaii.y to Schenectady," 
 thence by canal packet to Rochester, and then by stage and canal 
 to Buffalo, where he became a passenger on the steamboat, "Robert 
 Fulton," bound for Cleveland. Soon after his an'ival in this city, 
 he secured a position as salesman in the hardware store of George 
 "Worthington ; that his ability and enterprise wei*e soon recognized 
 is indicated in the fact that after two years he was admitted to part- 
 nership. He remained in that connection for another two years, 
 after which he disposed of his interest in the firm and, in 1841, 
 bought the hardware stock of Clark and Murphy, and organized the 
 firm of William Bingham and Company. From the outset the busi- 
 ness prospered and its trade constantly expanded with the growth 
 and development of the city. Mr. Bingham was prominent in financial 
 circles, serving for years as director of the Merchants National Bank 
 and of its successor, the Mercantile National Bank, of the Society 
 for Savings, etc. He was one of the earliest and most active of the 
 promoters of our municipal waterworks system, a member of the 
 city council and the state senate, and for many years a member 
 of the city sinking fund commission. In short, he neglected no 
 opportunity for the promotion of the city's welfare; "in commer- 
 cial and political life his record alike remained unsullied." He 
 died in 1904. 
 
 William A. Otis 
 
 Mr. Otis was a native of Massachusetts and the direct descendant 
 of James Otis of Revolutionary fame.* About 1818, he traveled on 
 foot to Pittsburgh where he was employed for two j^ears in an "iron 
 establishment" which he made the depositary of his savings. When 
 
 • This Williani Aujjiistiia Otis was lioin at Oummingtou, Massachusetts, in 
 1701. ITis father's iianio w.as William, and lie seems to have liked it very well, 
 for he gave it to each of his six sons, William Augustus, William Oushiu};, 
 William Harrison, William Shaw, William Francis, ami William Lucius. William 
 Francis was the father of Waldcmar Otis.
 
 1836] THE PIONEER IRON MASTER 165 
 
 the t'omi)aiiy failed and liis wealth was tlms wiped out, Mr. Otis 
 walked westward to Bloomfield, Triinihull County, Ohio, where ho 
 cleared laud, kept a tavern, and established a primitive mercantile 
 establishment, furnishing the settlers with groods in exchange for 
 ashes, wheat and other produce. The ashes were used in the manu- 
 facture of a crude potash "which was the only strict cash article in 
 the country." But it was difficult to get wheat, flour, or potash to 
 
 William A. Oti.s 
 
 the eastern market. Mr. Oti.s, therefore, selected an oak tree and 
 had it cut, sawed, and split into staves from which barrels were made. 
 A few miles from Bloomfield was a custom grist mill. Mr. Otis 
 bought wheat for twenty-five cents a bushel, had it ground into flour, 
 teamed the barreled flour and pota.sh tliirty-five miles to Ashtabula 
 Creek whence it was carried by schooner to Buffalo and thence by 
 canal and river to New York — the first sudi shipment of flour from
 
 166 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XI 
 
 the Western Reserve. He later added pork and wool to his ship- 
 ments; his business prospered and he served two years in the state 
 legislature. In 1836, he moved to Cleveland where "he was at once 
 given rank with the foremost business men." He still dealt in flour, 
 pork, and potash, but gradually concentrated his energies upon iron 
 manufacture and thus became the pioneer iron-master of Cleveland. 
 His increasing shipping interests naturally turned his attention to 
 transportation facilities and he became an active advocate of rail- 
 way building. He was also active in banking enterprises and served 
 as president of the Commercial National Bank. He was a member 
 of the State Board of Control, was one of the founders of the Cleve- 
 land Society for Savings and acted as its president for thirteen years. 
 He was one of the commissioners that negotiated the union of Cleve- 
 land and Ohio City. He was one of the originators of the Board of 
 Trade from which was evolved the present Cleveland Chamber of 
 Commerce. He died in 1868. 
 
 Moses Kelley 
 
 Moses Kelley was born in what is now Livingston County, New 
 York, in 1809. He was of Scotch-Irish descent in tlie patei'ual line and 
 of German descent in the maternal line. He was graduated at Har- 
 vard in the class of 1833 and, in 1836, was admitted to the bar at 
 Rochestei'. As already recorded, he was then called to Cleveland by 
 his college classmate and became a member of the law^ firm of Bolton 
 and Kelley. He devoted himself somewhat closely to the practice of his 
 profession, although he was city attorney in 1839, a member of the 
 city council in 1841, and served as a member of the state senate in 
 1844 and 1845. In 1849, the state legislature selected him as one of 
 the commissioners to represent the interests of the city in the Cleve- 
 land and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, of which corporation he 
 was one of the directors for several years until the city disposed of 
 the stock that it held. In 1850, he bought about thirty acres of the 
 "Giddings Farm," fronting on Euclid Avenue ea.st of Willson Ave- 
 nue (Ea.st Fifty-fifth Street) and there built the home in which he 
 lived for many years. His professional earnings and the great in- 
 crease in the market value of real estate made him a comparatively 
 rich man. lie died in August, 1870. 
 
 Ti'E Caxal Era 
 
 One of our historians has told us that. |u-iiu- to 1800, the world 
 had made little or no iini>niv(>incnt in tlic niciins of travel and trans-
 
 1825-50] 
 
 THE CANAL ERA 
 
 167 
 
 portation, but that the iiiiR'tocntli century brought changes that 
 wrought nothing short of revolution in the cominereial and industrial 
 domains and oiiangi'd the face of the civilized world. In the first 
 half of that century, there were three marked stages of improvement ; 
 the era of turnpike construction, then the era of canal digging, and 
 then the era of railways and steam navigation. At an early day 
 congress had provided that five per cent of the net proceeds of the 
 
 Moses Kelley 
 
 sale of public lands in Ohio should be devoted to "the laying out and 
 making public roads leading from the navigable waters emptying 
 into the Atlantic to the Ohio." In 1805, a senate committee reported 
 in favor of a road from Cumberland, Maryland, to the mouth of Grave 
 Creek, a little below "Wheeling on the Ohio River. In 1810, con- 
 gress appropriated $60,000 for the work and, in 1818, mail coaches 
 were running over the road from Cumberland to Wheeling. As the 
 Cumberland road was the child of congress so it was the especial
 
 168 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XI 
 
 object of its care. The original object was to open a waj^ from the 
 Potomac to the Ohio, but the road was extended through Ohio and 
 Indiana bj' way of Zanesville, Columbus, and Indianapolis to Van- 
 dalia in Illinois. The aggregate of appropriations for this road was 
 nearly $7,000,000 and the number of congressional acts was about 
 sixty: the last act was passed in 1838, about which time, and chiefly 
 because of the advent of the I'ailway, the general government turned 
 from turnpikes to the improvement of rivers and harbors — a policy 
 that still persists as a perennial spring of scandal. When the Cum- 
 berland road was abandoned by the national government, it was given 
 over to the several states in which it lies. But the principle of gov- 
 ernmental aid for internal improvements had been well established. 
 The first canal in America was built around the falls of the Con- 
 necticut River at South Hadley, Massachusetts, in 1793. Similar 
 enterpi'ises followed in quick succession and, in a few decades, canal 
 building became almost epidemic. By far, the most important of 
 these early waterways was the Erie Canal, the great advocate and 
 promoter of which was DeWitt Clinton. The first spadeful of earth 
 was turned in 1817. The work was finished in 1825 and, on the 
 twenty-sixth of October, the waters of Lake Erie were admitted to 
 the ditch that linked Buffalo and Albany and gi'afted the Empire 
 State upon the American metropolis. Costly as the canal was, it 
 paid by greatly enhancing the value of land along its route and les- 
 sening the price of everything else; freight rates dropped to a tenth 
 of what they had been, and Rochester, Syracuse, aud Utica rapidly 
 grew from small towns to prosperous cities, and New York City 
 began the wonderful growtli that made it the second city in the world. 
 The great success of the Erie Canal produced a sort of mania for 
 canal building and other states followed in the way that New York 
 had opened. Even prior to this, canal projects had become political 
 issues in Ohio where the struggle for a canal to connect Lake Erie 
 with the Ohio River had begun as early as 1819. In 1814, Alfred 
 Kelley had been elected to the Ohio legislature — and, from that time 
 to 1823, he was almost continuously a member of the house of repre- 
 sentatives or of the senate. He was an enthusiastic believer in the 
 practicability and the importance of canals and tlirew himself heart 
 and soul into the proposition to construct a waterway that should do 
 for Ohio what the Erie Canal has done for New York. He was ap- 
 pointed one of the first canal commissionci-s of the state. After some 
 study and much di.scussion, largely concerning the relative merits 
 of rival routes, the legislature took decisive action and contracts for 
 digging the Erie and Oliio Canal wore let. As lie had been the
 
 1825-32] THE DAWN OP A CITY 169 
 
 foremost advocate of the work, so lu' was the Icadinj? member of the 
 board of canal commissioners. "During the construction of the 
 canal, eveiy part of the work was subjected to his supervision. Con- 
 tractors soon learned that no fraud or artifice could escape his vigil- 
 ance. He was inflexibly true to the interests of the state and sacri- 
 ficed both his health and his private interests in his untiring devo- 
 tion to the public." In short, the Ei"ie and Ohio Canal was a monu- 
 ment to the enterprise, energy, integrity, and sagacity of Alfred 
 Kelley.* "While the work was in progress, Mr. Kelley moved from 
 Cleveland, first to Akron, and in 1830 to Columbus where he resided 
 until his death in December, 1859. 
 
 "Boom" Following the Building of the Can.\l 
 
 On the Fourth of July, 1825, the year that saw the completion of 
 the Erie Canal, tlic digging of the Erie and Ohio Canal, to extend 
 from Cleveland to Portsmouth, was begun, the first spadeful of earth 
 being lifted by DeWitt Clinton, the lion of the day, and the second 
 by Governor Morrow, at Licking Summit, about three miles west of 
 Newark. The Akron-Cleveland section was completed in two years 
 and, on the Fourth of July, 1827, with much display, the first canal 
 boat arrived at Cleveland, having traversed thirty-seven miles of 
 waterway and having passed through forty-one locks. In July, 
 1830, the first boat passed from Cleveland to Newark and, in 1832, 
 the route wa.s open from Cleveland to Portsmouth. The village at 
 the mouth of the Cuyahoga quickly felt the powerful influence of the 
 new traffic, a veritable "boom" began, "and the impression sud- 
 denly came into the minds of Clcvelanders that their village had been 
 touched by the wand of destiny." Log houses still lingered, frame 
 structures were common, and brick buildings had begun to break the 
 •wooden monotony. Euclid Street had entered upon its career of 
 splendor (now vanishing) and had one of these brick dwellings near 
 the site subsequently occupied by the T'nion Club, west of East Ninth 
 Street. But the magnificent succession of lawn and mansion on "the 
 avenue" was still a dream; in the prosaic waking moments of even 
 the most enthusiastic dreamer, it was still unbroken forest in which 
 deer and bear were caught — as the.y are unto this day. Fuller details 
 of the cause and of the effect of the boom will be given in a later 
 chapter. Suffice it now to say that the village was ready to become a 
 citj'. In the language of the first directory of Cleveland, "some 
 
 See Biographical Sketch.
 
 170 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XI 
 
 6 to 8 thousauds of inhabitants had come together from the four 
 winds — some wished to do more things, and some wished to-do things 
 better ; and to effect all these objects, and a variety of others, no means 
 seemed so proper as a City Charter in due form and style, which was 
 petitioned for and obtained." On the third of March, 1836, the 
 Ohio legislature passed a bill incorporating the City of Ohio, on 
 the western side of the Cuyahoga and, two days later, passed another 
 bill incorporating the more important "City of Cleveland." The 
 limits of the city thus incorporated on the fifth of March, 1836, were 
 thus described (See Ahaz Merchant map on page 160): "Begin- 
 ning at low water mark on the shore of Lake Erie at the most north- 
 eastwardly corner of Cleveland, ten-acre lot number one hundred and 
 thirty-nine, and running thence on the dividing line between lots num- 
 ber one hundred and thirty-nine and one hundred and forty, num- 
 bers one hundred and seven and one hundred and eight, numbers 
 eighty and eighty-one, numbers fifty-five and fifty-six, numbers 
 thirty-one and thirty-two, and numbers six and seven of the ten- 
 acre lots to the south line of the ten-acre lots, thence on the south 
 line of the ten-acre lots to the Cuyahoga River, thence down the same 
 to the extreme point of the west pier of the harbor, thence to the 
 township line between Brooklyn and Cleveland, thence on that line 
 northwardly to the county line, thence eastwardly with said line to 
 a point due north of the place of beginning, thence south to the 
 place of beginning." The trustees of the village held their final 
 meeting on the twenty-first of March and ordered that the election 
 for city officers under the charter should be held in the several wards 
 (of which there were three) on the second Monday of the following 
 April. It was also ordered that the election in the first ward should 
 be held in the court-house; in the second ward, in the lower room of 
 the Stone Church; and in the third ward, at the Academy. Mr. 
 Kennedy notes that "the new-boni city started off well, holding its 
 first election, as it were, within the visible portals of the law, the gos- 
 pel, and education."
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 THE CITY OF CLEVELAND AND THE CITY OP OHIO 
 
 As already reeortled, General Cleaveland, in 1796, bought the 
 Indian claims to the lauds of the Reserve east of the Cuyahoga River 
 and, on the Fourth of July, 1805, a treaty was signed by the terms of 
 which the Indians surrendered all claims to all the lands of the Re- 
 serve. The last division of the lands by the Connecticut Land Company 
 was held in 1807 at which time Samuel P. Lord and others drew town- 
 ship No. 7 in Range 13, i. c. Hrooklyn ; the lands were surveyed in 
 1809. At that time, as Colonel Whittlesey tells us, "on the west side of 
 the river, opposite St. Clair street, where the Indians had a ferry, a 
 trail led out across the marshy ground, up the hill pa.st the old log 
 trading house where there were springs of water, to an opening in the 
 forest, near the crossing of Pearl and Detroit streets. In this pleasant 
 space the savages practiced their games, held their pow-wows, and when 
 whiskey could be procured, enjoyed themselves while it lasted. The 
 trail continued thence westerly to Rocky River and Sandusky. An- 
 other one, less fre(|uented, led off southerly up the river to the old 
 French trading post, where JIagenis was found in 1786, near Brighton ; 
 and thence, near the river bank, to Tinker's Creek, and probably to 
 the old Portage path. A less frequented trail existed from the Indian 
 villages of Tawas or Ottawas and Wingoes, at Tinker's Creek, by a 
 shorter route, direct to the crossing of the Cuyahoga at the 'Standing 
 Stone,' near Kent. The paekhorsemen, who transported goods and 
 flour to the northwest from 1786 to 1795, followed this trail, crossing 
 the Cuyahoga at Tinker's Creek." Soon after the survey of the west 
 side lands, the irrepressible Ma.jor Lorenzo Carter, who now was "well 
 to do," and his son, Alonzo, bought land over there near the mouth of 
 the river; the son occupied the land and there kept the Red House 
 tavern opposite Superior Lane. Most of the settlers on the west side 
 lived near the lake in the vicinity of Main and Detroit avenues, but a 
 "squatter" from Canada by the name of Granger had, prior to 1812, 
 found a gras.sy slope running up from the river near the present 
 Riverside Cemetery. This slope was long known as "Granger's Hill ;" 
 when the squatter came I can not tell because I do not know, but, in 
 
 171
 
 1812-18] EARLY WEST SIDERS 173 
 
 1815, ho moved on to the Maumee country. In May, 1812, James 
 Fish came from Groton, just across the Thames River from New 
 London, Connecticut, the first pennanent settler of Brooklyn town- 
 ship. According to the record made by Mr. Kennedy, he had purchased 
 land from Mr. Lord and his partners, the owners of the township, and, 
 in the summer of 1811, left the old Nutmeg State "with his family 
 stored away in a wagon drawn by oxen. He was accompanied by 
 quite a company of pioneers, and spent forty -seven days upon Ihe road. 
 He passed the winter in Newburg; early in the spring of 1812, he 
 crossed over to Brooklyn, erected a log-house at a cost of eighteen dol- 
 lars, and in May took his family over and commenced house-keeping. 
 In the same year came Moses and Ebenezcr Fish, the last named serv- 
 ing as one of the militiamen guarding the Indian murderer, whose 
 execution in 1812 has been elsewhere recorded. In 1813, came Ozias 
 Brainard, of Connecticut, with his family; while in 1814, six families 
 arrived as settlers within one week — those of Isaac Hinckley, Asa 
 Brainard, Elijah Young, Stephen Brainard, Enos Brainard, and 
 Wan-en Brainard, all of whom had Wen residents of Chatham, Middle- 
 sex County, Connecticut. They had all exchanged their farm lands 
 at home for those placed upon the market in this section of the New 
 West." In his History of Cuyalwga County, Crisfield Johnson tells 
 a story of their reception which, whether wholly authentic or not, is 
 interesting. Thus we ire told that they set out from Chatham on the 
 same day. "The train consisted of six wagons, drawn by ten horses 
 and six oxen, and all journeyed together until Euclid was reached 
 (forty days after leaving Chatham), where Isaac Hinckley and his 
 family rested, leaving the others to push on to Brooklyn, whither he 
 followed them within a week. It appears that the trustees of the 
 township of Cleveland, to which the territory of Brooklyn then be- 
 longed, became alarmed at the avalanche of emigrants just described, 
 and concluding that they were a band of paupers, for whose support 
 the township would be taxed, started a constable across the river to 
 warn the invaders out of town. Alonzo Carter, a resident of Cleveland, 
 heard of the move, and stopped it by endorsing the good standing of 
 the new-comers, — adding that the alleged paupers were worth more 
 than all the trustees of Cleveland combined." 
 
 Improvements in Cleveland and Ohio Citt 
 
 Samuel Lord, his son, Richard, and Josiah Barber removed to what 
 is now the "West Side" of Cleveland as early as 1818 and, in June of 
 that year, Brooklyn was organized as a tomiship separate from Cleve-
 
 174 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XII 
 
 ]aud. In 1831, au orgauizatiou known as the Buffalo Company bought 
 the Carter farm and the boom of Brooklyn was begun. There were 
 expectations of a thriving city there with warehouses on the low lands 
 and stores and residences covering the bluffs. In 1834-35, water lots 
 ou the old river bed had a higher market value than they had three 
 decades later. "In the flush times of 1836-37, land contracts on long 
 lime, became a kind of circulating medium, on both sides of the river, 
 daily passing from hand to hand, by indorsement; the speculation 
 accruing to each successive holder, being realized in cash ; or in 
 promises to pay. The company excavated a short ship canal from the 
 Cuyahoga to the old river bed, at the east end, and the waters being 
 high, a steamboat passed into the lake, through a natural channel 
 at the west end." Early in March, 1836, the City of Ohio was incor- 
 porated, two days ahead of the incorporation of the City of Cleveland, 
 as recorded in the preceding chapter. From the beginning, the City 
 of Ohio was commonly called Ohio City. A few years after its incor- 
 poration, Ohio City made a canal from the Cuyahoga River opposite 
 the end of the Ohio Canal, through the marsh, into the old river bed, 
 above the ship channel. This canal was thus to be made the terminus 
 of the Ohio Canal, and Ohio City was to have a harbor of its own en- 
 tirely independent of Cleveland's and to tlie advantages of which that 
 city could lay no claim. 
 
 The Bridge War 
 
 In 1833, James S. Clark and others had allotted the land in the 
 first bend of the Cuyahoga, "the Ox Bow" alias "The Flats," and 
 laid out Columbus Street through it to the bank of the river, as re- 
 lated in an earlier chapter. In 1837, they laid out a large allotment 
 in the Ohio City; "Willeyville," they called it, in honor of Mayor Wil- 
 ley of Cleveland. Through this Willeyville they laid out an extension of 
 Columbus Street to connect with the Wooster and Medina turnpike at 
 the south line of the older and smaller city. The northern end of the 
 Columbus Street in Ohio City was directly opposite the southern 
 end of the Columbus Street in Cleveland. Mr. Clark and his partners 
 spent considerable money in grading the hill to bring their new street 
 down to the river and then spent fifteen thousand dollars more to build 
 a bridge across tlie stream at that point, thus completing a short route 
 to Cleveland for travel and traffic from the south and west with a 
 comparatively easy grade up Michigan Street to Ontario Street. As 
 far as such travel and traffic were conecrned, the bridge and the two 
 sections of Columbus Street practically side-tracked Ohio City which
 
 1833-37] THE BATTLE OF THE BRIDGE 175 
 
 lay uearer the mouth of the river, as laay be seen by refcreiiee to the 
 map ou page 160. The first eity directory (of wliieh furtlier mention 
 will be made) was printed in that year; as therein described, the 
 bridge was ' ' supported bj' a stone abutment on either shore and piers 
 of solid masonry erected in the center of the river. Between the piers, 
 there is a draw sufficient to allow a vessel of forty-nine feet beam to 
 pass through. The length is two hundred feet, the breadth, including 
 the sidewalks, thirty-thrw feet, and the height of the piers, above the 
 surface of the water, may be estimated at twenty-four feet. The whole, 
 with the exception of the draw, is roofed and enclosed, presents an 
 imposing appearance, and reflects much credit on the architect, Nathan 
 Hunt. This splendid bridge was presented to the corporation of Cleve- 
 land by the owners, with the express stipulation that it should forever 
 remain free for the accommodation of the public, although the Legis- 
 lature had previously chartered it as a toll bridge." The bridge soon 
 bred trouble between cities that were sisters and almost twins. As re- 
 ported by Colonel Whittlesey, "city rivalry ran so high, that a regular 
 battle occurred ou this bridge in 1837, between the citizens and the 
 city authorities on the west side, and those on the east. A field piece 
 was posted on the low grouinl, on the Cleveland side, to rake the bridge, 
 very much as the Austrians did at Lodi, and crowbars, clubs, stones, 
 pistols, and guns were freely used on both sides. Men were wounded 
 of both parties, three of them seriously. The draw was cut away, the 
 middle pier and the western abutment partially blown down, and the 
 field piece spiked, by the west siders. But the sheriff, and the city 
 marshal of Cleveland, soon obtained possession of the dilapidated 
 bridge, which had been donated to the city. Some of the actors were 
 confined in the county jail. The bridge question thus got into court, 
 and was finally settled by the civil tribunals." The story- of this more- 
 or-less dramatic incident, famous in local histon' as "The Bridge 
 War," is thus told by :Mr. Orth : "The people of Ohio City saw the 
 traffic from Elyria, Brooklyn, and the intervening farming country 
 avoid their town and pass over the new bridge to their rivals on the 
 east side, ileanwhile, the Cleveland city council directed the removal 
 of one half of the old float bridge at Main Street, one half of this 
 bridge belonging to each town. The mandate of the council was 
 obeyed at night, and when the people of Ohio City realized that they 
 were the victims of strategy, they held an indignation meeting and 
 declared the new bridge a public nuisance. Their marshal organized 
 a posse of deputies and the bridge was damaged by a charge of pow- 
 der, exploded under the Ohio City end. Two deep ditches were 
 dug near the approaches, on either side, and the bridge virtually rend-
 
 1836-37] IN OHIO CITY 177 
 
 ered useless. Then a mob of west siders with evil intent marched down 
 on tlie bridge, led by C. L. Kussoll, one of tlieir leading attorneys. But 
 they were met by tlie mayor of Cleveland, who was backed by some 
 militiamen, a crowd of his constituents, and an old field piece that had 
 been used in Fourth of July celebrations. There wa.s a niixup ; 
 planks, stones and lists were freely used. But the old cannon remained 
 silent because benevolent Deacon House, of the west side, had spiked 
 it with an old file. The fight was stopped bj' tlic county sherifi' and the 
 Cleveland marshal. The city council, October 29, 1837, ordered tlie 
 marshal to keep an armed guard near the bridge. But the courts soon 
 put a stop to the petty quarrel between tlie two villages. In ten years 
 the old bridge had grown too small, and in 1846 agitation was begun 
 to build a larger one. The towns could not agree an a plan, Ohio City 
 iiiaintaining that Cleveland owned only to the middle of the river. 
 The county promptly settled the dispute and built the bridge. In 
 1870, Columbus street was still 'one of the leading thoroughfares,' and 
 an iron bridge was built, which was replaced in 1898 by a new bridge 
 at a cost of eighty thousand dollars." 
 
 Ohio City's First Election 
 
 The first election held in Ohio City took place in March, 1836, 
 some time before the fii-st election was held in Cleveland, and Josiah 
 Barber was elected mayor. From the old first book of records of the 
 City of Ohio, now carefully preserved in the office of the city clerk of 
 Cleveland, I copy the minutes of the first meeting of the first council 
 of the newly incorporated city on the west side of the river: 
 
 The Mayor and members elect of the City Council of the City of 
 Ohio assembled at the office of E. Fol.som in said city on the evening of 
 March thirtieth, 1836. 
 
 The Hon. Josiah Barber, mavor. 
 
 Messrs. E. Folsom, C. Williams, N. C. Baldwin and B. F. Tyler 
 from the First ward; F. A. Burrows, C. E. Hill, L. Risley and E. 
 Slaght from the Second ward ; R. Lord, William Beuton, H. N. Ward 
 and E. Conklin from the Third ward were present. 
 
 The oath of otfice having been duly administered, on motion F. A. 
 Burrows was elected clerk of the Council pro tem. The members 
 from the several wards produced their certificates setting forth that 
 they had met in their several wards and determined by lot their 
 respective periods of .service, viz. — in the First ward, Cyrus Williams 
 and E. Folsom each drew the term of two years and B. F. Tyler and 
 N. C. Baldwin each drew the term of one year. 
 
 In the second ward, C. E. Hill and Luke Risley each drew the 
 term of two years and F. A. Burrows and Edgar Slaght each drew 
 the term of one year.
 
 178 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XII 
 
 In the Third wax-d, H. N. Ward and E. Coiiklin each drew the 
 term of two years and Rich. Lord and L. W. Benton each drew the 
 term of one year. 
 
 On motion the Council proceeded to elect by ballot a president 
 of the Council, City Recorder, City Treasurer, and City Marshal. 
 On the first ballot for president, Richard Lord received a majority 
 of all the votes and was duly elected president of the Council for 
 one year. On the ballot for City Treasurer, Asa Foote received eleven 
 votes and was duly elected Treasurer for one year. On the ballot 
 for City Marshal, George L. Chapman received eleven votes and was 
 duly elected Marshal. On the ballot for City Recorder, Thomas 
 "Whelpley received twelve votes and was unanimously elected. 
 
 On motion of N. C. Baldwin, Messrs. Benton, Folsom and Burrows 
 were appointed a Committee on By Laws and Ordinances with instruc- 
 tions to report at the next stated meeting such ordinances as in their 
 opinion the interests of the city require. 
 
 E. Folsom offered the Council a chamber in the Columbus Block 
 for the use of the city at an annual rent of eighty dollars, whereupon 
 the following resolution was adopted: 
 
 Resolved that the City Council accept the offer of E. Folsom of 
 a room in the Columbus Block to be lased as a Council Chamber; 
 Messrs. Benton, Burrows, Conklin, Hill, Lord, Risley, Slaght, Wil- 
 liams, Tyler and Ward voting in the affirmative, and N. C. Baldwin, 
 negative. On motion of L. Risley, N. C. Baldwin wa,s appointed a 
 committee to procure the necessan- furniture and fixtures for the 
 Council Chamber and provide stationery for the use of the Council. 
 
 On motion of E. Folsom, the City Recorder was added to the 
 Committee on By Laws and Ordinances. 
 
 On motion the City Council then adjourned to the second Friday 
 in April at six o'clock in the afternoon, to meet in the Council 
 Chamber. 
 
 F. A. Buri'ows Clerk 
 pro tem. of City Council 
 
 At the next election, as recorded in the "Directory of the Cities 
 of Cleveland and Oliio, for the Years 1837-38," the municipal govern- 
 ment of Ohio City was vested in the following officers : 
 
 Hon. Francis A. Burrows, Mayor. 
 
 COUNCILMEN 
 
 Ezokicl Folsom, H. N. Ward, 
 
 S. W. Sayles, Norman C. Baldwin, 
 
 H. N. Barstow, William Burton, 
 
 Josiah Barber, Edward Conklin, 
 
 Edward Broiisou, C. E. Hill, 
 
 Cyrus Williams, Luke Risley. 
 
 D. C. Van Tine, Timsurer. 
 C. L. Rnsscll, h'rcordn: 
 Geo. L. Chajuuaii. Marslial. 
 J. Freeman, Inspector.
 
 1836-54] THE SUCCESSION OF MAYORS 179 
 
 Mayors op the Two Cities 
 
 In 1855, the rival cities of Ohio and Cleveland were united under 
 the name of the latter. From the beginning to the end, the list of 
 mayors of Ohio City is as follows : 
 
 1836 — Josiah Barber, 
 1837 — Francis A. Burrows, 
 1838-39— Norman C. Baldwin, 
 1840-41— Neodham M. Standart, 
 1842 — Francis A. Burrows, 
 1843— Richard Lord, 
 1844-45-46— Daniel II. Lamb, 
 1847— David Griffith, 
 1848— John Beverlin, 
 1849— Thomas Burnham, 
 1850-51-52— Benjamin Sheldon, 
 1853-54— William B. Castle. 
 
 From the incorporation of the City of Cleveland to the annexation 
 of the City of Ohio, the list of Cleveland mayors is as follows: 
 
 1836-37— John W. Willey, 
 1838-39— Joshua Mills, 
 1840 — Nicholas Doekstader, 
 1841— John W. Allen, 
 1842— Joshua Jlills, 
 1843 — Nelson Hayward, 
 1844-45 — Samuel Starkweather, 
 1846— George Iloadley, 
 1847 — Josiah A. Harris, 
 1848' — Lorenzo A. Kelsey, 
 1849— Flavel W. Bingham, 
 1850-51 — William Case, 
 1852-53-54— Abner C. Brownell. 
 
 At the first election after the annexation, the choice fell, as by 
 previous informal agreement, upon a "West Sider," and so William 
 B. Castle, the last mayor of Ohio City, become the first mayor of the 
 consolidated Cleveland. 
 
 In the City of Cleveland 
 The new charter of Cleveland ])rovi(led : 
 
 Sec. 11. That the governnunt of said city, and the exercise of 
 its coi^porate powers, and managemc7it of its fiscal, prudential and 
 municipal concerns, shall be vested in a mayor and council, which 
 council shall consist of three members from each ward, actually resid- 
 ing therein, and as many aldermen as there may be wards, to be
 
 180 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XII 
 
 chosen from the city at large, no two of which shall reside in any 
 cue ward, and shall be denominated the City Council; and also such 
 other ofScers as are hereinafter mentioned and provided for. 
 
 See. III. That the said city, until the city council see tit to in- 
 crease, alter or change the same, be divided into three wards, in the 
 manner following, to wit : The first ward shall comprise all the terri- 
 tory l.ying easterly of the centre of the Cuyahoga river, and southerly 
 of the centre of Superior lane, and Superior street to Ontario street, 
 and of a line thence to the centre of Euclid street and of said last 
 mentioned centre. The second ward shall comprise all the territory, 
 not included in the first ward, lying easterly of the centre of Seneca 
 street. The third wai'd shall include all the territory westerly of the 
 centre of Seneca street, easterly of the westerly boundary of the citj% 
 and northerly of the centre of Superior street and Superior lane. 
 
 On the day fixed for that purpose by the village trustees at their 
 last meeting, the first annual election of the City of Cleveland was held 
 (April 11, 1836) in the several wards as ordered. The charter pro- 
 vided that the election should ' ' be held on the first IMonday in March, ' ' 
 but as the act of incoi-poration did not become a law until the fifth day 
 of that month, the election had to be postponed until a practicable date. 
 In succeeding years, the annual election was held in ]March. 
 
 The clerks of the said first election were : 
 
 First Ward: Judges, Richard Winslow, Scth A. Abbey, Edward 
 Clark. Clerks, Thomas Bolton, Henry li. Dodge. 
 
 Second Ward: Judges. Gurdon Pitch, Henry L. Noble, Benjamin 
 Rouse. Clerks, Samuel Williamson, George C. Dodge. 
 
 Third Ward: Judges, John Blair, Silas Belden, Daniel Worley. 
 Clerks, John A. Vincent, Dudley Baldwin. 
 
 The officers elected were: 
 
 31 ay or, John W. Willcy. 
 
 Aldermen, Richard Ililliard, Nicholas Dockstader, Joshua Mills. 
 
 Marshall. George Kiik. 
 
 Treasurer, Daniel Worley. 
 
 Coimcilmen: 
 
 First Ward, Jlorris TTepburn, Jolin R. St. John, William V. Craw. 
 
 Second Ward, Sherlock J. Andrews, Henry L. Noble, Edward 
 Baldwin. 
 
 Third Ward, Aaron 'l\ Strieklaml. Archibald M. C. Smith, Horace 
 Canfield. 
 
 City CouNCiii First Mkets 
 
 The first meeting of thr city (Miinicil was h(>l(i on the lifteenth of 
 April, ls:!(l. 'I'he rcrciilly I'lci-lcd oflicci's Iodic tlieir (ifllcial oatlis and
 
 1836] IN THE CITY OF CLEVELAND 181 
 
 George Hoadley was sworn in as "a justice of the peace for said 
 county." By unanimous vote, Sherlock J. Andrews was elected presi- 
 dent of the council and Henry B. Payne as city clerk and city attorney. 
 In the following: Auirust, the president of the council ami the city 
 clerk resigned and tiie vacancies were filled by the election of Dr. 
 Joshua A. ]\lills vice Aiulrews and of George B. Mcrwin vice Payne. 
 The gift of the now famous Columbus Street bridge to the city was 
 accepted and a councilmanic committee was appointed to confer with 
 the Philadelphia councils concerning "the nnitual advantages to he 
 ilcrivcd from the building of the proposed Cleveland and Warren Kail- 
 
 Mayor John W. Willey 
 
 road to Pittsburgh." Steplien Woolverton and Samuel Brown were 
 appointed wood inspectors. One public stand for the sale of wood was 
 established at the intersection of Water (West Ninth) and Superior 
 streets with Woolverton on duty there or near by, and another at the 
 Public Square with Brown in office not far awaj- ; they were to enforce 
 the just decree that "eaeh cord shall contain one hundred and twenty- 
 eight cubic feet," as prescribed by one of the tables of weights and 
 measures printed in the old arithmetics. Fire limits were fixed and an 
 ordinance was passed establishing a fire department as recorded in an 
 earlier chapter. The fee for a theater license was fixed at seventy-five 
 dollars and the first one issued was granted to Messrs. Dean and Mc- 
 Kinney. John Shier was appointed city surveyor and engineer, the 
 street commissioner was authorized and instructed to procure a ferry- 
 boat suitable for carrying persons and property across the river at such 
 point as the council should direct, and tJie marshal was directed "to
 
 182 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XII 
 
 prosecute every person retailing ardent spirits coutrarj' to tlie provis- 
 ions of tlie ordinance regulating licenses, after giving such person six 
 daj-s' notice to procure a license, and also to prosecute every person 
 who fails to take out a license within one week after the same has been 
 granted by the council." In this year, chartere were issued to the 
 Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad Company and to the 
 Cleveland, AVarren, and Pittsburgh Railroad Company, but the quick 
 coming of the panic of 1837 laid tliem on the shelf until a later decade, 
 although, as we soon shall see, the city voted liberal aid to the latter 
 in 1838. 
 
 FmsT Board op School ]VL\nagers 
 
 The record of a meeting of the council held in ilay says: "A com- 
 munication was received from the Mayor in relation to common 
 schools." Just what the mayor said on this subject does not appear 
 but on the ninth of June, Mr. Craw introduced the following resolu- 
 tion which was adopted : ' ' Resolved — That a committee be and is here- 
 by appointed to employ a teacher and an assistant, to con- 
 tinue the Free School to the end of the quarter, or until a 
 school system for the city shall be organized, at the ex- 
 pense of the city." The story of this "Free School," as told 
 by Samuel H. Mather, is that "a Sunday School was organized in the 
 old Bethel Church, probably in 1833 or 1834, a kind of mission or 
 ragged school. The children, however, were found so ignorant that 
 Sunday School teaching, as such, was out of the question. The time 
 of the teacher was oljliged to be spent in teaching the children how 
 to read. To remedy this difficulty and make the Sunday School avail- 
 able, a day school was started. It was supported by voluntary con- 
 tributions, and was a charity school, in fact, to which none sent but 
 the very poorest people." As above stated, the management and 
 expense of this previously "missionary enterprise" were assumed by 
 the. city — the first public school of Cleveland. In June, Mr. Dock- 
 stadcr presented an ordinance for the levy and collection of a school 
 tax and, in September, Mr. R. L. Gazlay, the principal of the school, 
 reported that 22!) children had received instruction during the last 
 quarter and that the expense of maintaining the school had been 
 $131.12. In the following month (October, 1836), the council ap- 
 pointed the first board of school managers, the members of which were 
 John W. Willey, Anson Hayden, and Daniel Worlcy. In November, 
 IMr. Baldwin introduced a resolution ordering an enumeration of the 
 vouth of the citv between the ages of four and twenty-one years. In
 
 1836] SCHOOL MANAGERS 183 
 
 the following March, 1837, the school managers reported that they 
 had continued the "Common Free School" and that its cost for the 
 quarter then ending had been $185.77, and urged a more liberal outlay 
 for schools and school-houses. Then Mr. Noble introduced a resolution 
 requesting the committee on schools ' ' to ascertain and report, as soon 
 as convenient, what lots may be purchased, the price and tenns of 
 payment, to be used for school purposes — two in the First Ward, one 
 in the Second Ward and one in the Third Ward. " The council had not 
 yet passed an ordinance for establishing a system of schools, but, in 
 that month (March, 1837) about the end of the fiscal year, the mayor 
 was allowed five hundred dollars for his services during the year while 
 each member of the council was awarded one dollar for each session 
 of the municipal legislature that he had attended, a "salary-grab" 
 that seems to have been condoned by the public.
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 THE YEAR OF THE FIRST DIRECTORY 
 
 The election of 1837 in Cleveland resulted as follows: 
 
 Mayor, John W. Willey. 
 
 Treasurer, Daniel Worley. 
 
 Marshal, George Kirk. 
 
 Aldermen, Joshiia A. Mills, Nicholas Doekstader, Jonathan Wil- 
 liams. 
 
 Councilmen: 
 
 First Ward, George B. Merwin, Alfred Hall, Horace Canfield. 
 
 Second Ward, Henry L. Noble, Edward Baldwin, Samuel Cook. 
 
 Third Ward, Samuel Starkweather, Joseph K. ililler, Thomas 
 Colahan. 
 
 Council Approves City Directory 
 
 On the twentieth of March, the second council of the City of Cleve- 
 land was organized with Dr. Josliua A. Mills as president and Oliver P. 
 Baldwin as city clerk. This council created a special committee "to 
 inquire into the expediency of lighting Superior street from the 
 river to the Public Square, and how many lamps will be necessary, and 
 the expense of lamps, lamp-posts, oil, etc., and the best method of de- 
 fraying the expense satisfactorily to the citizens." The council also 
 gave its approval to the proposal to publish a city directoiy. Before 
 the end of the year, Sauford & Lott, book and .job printers and book- 
 binders, "17 Superior Street, three doors west of the Franklin House," 
 is.sued a directory for Cleveland and Oliio City, a small book of 144 
 pages, each full typepage of which measured about 3x514 inches. There 
 were forty-two additional pages of advertisements, some of which have 
 real historical value as will appear from the facsimiles of some of them 
 given in this chapter. As this publication opens wide the front door 
 of Cleveland's municipal life, it seems worth while to enter and to 
 spend a while in taking account of the stock then on liand. This 
 directory names and locates eighty-eight streets, lanes, and alleys in 
 Cleveland and explains the system of numbering the houses thereon. 
 It contains a brief history of Cleveland (eleven of the small pages) and 
 
 184
 
 DIRECTORY 
 
 CLEVELAND AND OHIO CITY, 
 
 Wm ilk® ¥"©®2g IL©D^=4)§o 
 
 Comprititg 
 
 msTOmcAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF EACH PLiCE-AN AtPKABETIC. 
 hi. MST or INHABITANTS, THEla B0S1NE9S AND RE31UENCE— A LIST OP THE 
 MUNICIPAL OPPICERS-EVERY INPORMATION RELATIVE TO THE PUBLIC OF. 
 FICES AKD OPFICERa. CHURCHEg, ASSOCIATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS, SHIP- 
 flNC, rTEAMBOATS, STACES, fe<-,-iLeo. A LIBT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE 
 C0VE4NMENT OP 0«tO-A TABLE OF FOREICN COINS AND CIJRRENCLE3-.VN0 
 A VARIETJr or OTHER USEFUL INFORMATIOK. 
 
 BY JULIUS P. BOLZVAJR MAC CABE. 
 
 CLEVELAND: 
 SANFOKD & LOTT, BOOK & JOB PRINTERS, 
 
 ia37.
 
 186 CLE VEL ANT) AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 a copy of the charter of that city. It gives the uames and residences 
 of 1,086 firms and persons, "heads of families, householders, etc., 
 in the city of Cleveland, July, 1837," and of 290 in Ohio City in 
 August, 1837, with addenda for both cities, a total of about 1,400. 
 The Cleveland directory for 1918 is made up as follows : 
 
 Alphabetical list of names 1984 pages 
 
 Business Directory 328 pages 
 
 Miscellaneous Directory 42 pages 
 
 Street Directory 39 pages 
 
 Total 2393 pages 
 
 It is estimated that the alphabetical list contains about 300,000 
 names. The directory of 1837, also contains, among other things, an 
 account of each of the "eight congregations of Christians in the city 
 of Cleveland, viz. : one Episcopal, two Presbyterians, one Baptist, one 
 Catholic, one Episcopal Methodist, one Reformed Methodist, and 
 one German Protestant." 
 
 Churches of 1837 
 
 The First Presbj^terian church (north side of Public Square at 
 intersection of Ontario Street) held services at 10:30 o'clock a. m., 
 and at 3 and 7 o'clock p. m., on Sundays. The minister was the 
 Rev. Samuel C. Aikin ; the deacons were T. P. Handy, Stephen "Whit- 
 aker, Henry Sexton ; and the elders were F. W. Bingham, A. -D. Cutter, 
 Thos. Davis, William Williams and Jas. F. Clarke. The Second Pres- 
 byterian church held services "until the completion of their new 
 church which is now being erected," in the Commercial Building at 
 the same hours on Sundays. The minister was the Rev. Joseph Whit- 
 ing; the deacons were C. L. Lathrop, L. Ij. Rice; the elders were A. 
 Penfield, H. Ford, J. A. Foote; and the trustees were A. Seymour, S. 
 J. Andrews, F. Whittlesey, S. L. Severance and J. Day. Trinity 
 Episcopal church (Seneca Street, corner of St. Clair) held services 
 at the same hours on Sundays. The rector was the Rev. E. Boydcn ; 
 the organist was H. J. IMould ; the chui'ch wardens were Simeon Ford, 
 H. L. Noble; the vestrymen were the Hon. John W. Allen, Dr. Rol)ert 
 Johnstone, James Kellogg, William Cleveland, William Sargeant, and 
 T. M. Kellcy. The Baptist church (Seneca Street, corner of Cham- 
 plain Street) had "preaching three times every Sabbath." The min- 
 ister was the Rev. Levi Tucker; the deacons were Moses White, Alex- 
 ander Sked, John Bcnncy; and the clerk was William Chard. The 
 Catholic church (Shakspeare Hall on Superior Lane) is recorded thus:
 
 1837] 
 
 THE CITY DIRECTORY 
 
 187 
 
 "Under tlie direction of the Bishop of Cincinnati. Minister— None 
 stationed here at present." In this chapel, "the congregation of about 
 one thousand souls," Irish, English, Scotch, American, German, and 
 French, "worshipped God until the death of Jlr. Dillon, which took 
 place sometime in September last. Since then, there has been no Cath- 
 olic priest in Cleveland," but "the Rt. Rev. Di-. Purcell, Bishop of 
 Cincinnati, is expected in this place in a few days to make arrange- 
 ments for the erection of a sjjlendid church for his flock in Cleveland 
 and Ohio City." The Methodist Episcopal church ("meetings at 
 present held at the Court-IIouse") held services at 10:30 o'clock, 
 a. m., and 6 o'clock, p. m., on Sundays. The minister was the Rev. 
 Mr. Low. The Protestant Methodist church ("meetings held in 
 
 First Catholic Church 
 
 Read's School-House at present") held services at 10 o'clock, a. m., 
 and 6 o'clock, p. m., on Sundays. Both of the Methodist congrega- 
 tions "are now erecting large and substantial bi'ick churches which 
 •they expect to finish this summer." The Bethel church (corner of 
 Diamond Street) , an off-shoot of the First Presbyterian, held services 
 twice every Sunday. The minister was the Rev. V. D. Taylor. The 
 German church (Protestant) held services at the Academy on St. 
 Clair Street at 10 o'clock, a. m., and 1 o'clock, p. m., on Sundays. 
 The pastor was the Rev. William Stoinmeir; the church wardens were 
 H. Heissel, E. Geneiner, C. Gentsch, II. Schuhmachei', and C. Scher. 
 
 Courthouse Described 
 
 Then come descriptions of the court-house on an eminence in the 
 Public Square with its front ornamented with "pilasters of the Dorick
 
 188 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 order supporting a Dorick entablature ; tlie whole is crowned with an 
 Ionic belfry and dome." The Cuyahoga County prison, a stone build- 
 ing two stories high, was "situated on Champlain Street, convenient 
 to the rear of the court house." The city hospital was "situated upon 
 Clinton Street, in the easterly part of the city and upon the most 
 elevated ground in it. The grounds connected with the hospital are 
 about four acres and consist of part of the land purchased at the public 
 expense and occupied as a public cemetery. . . . The expenses 
 of the institution are paid from the revenue of the city, and for the 
 J) resent year are estimated at from four to five thousand dollars." 
 The Cleveland Free School was established in March, 1830, "for the 
 education of male and female children of eveiy religious denomination 
 and is supported by the city. ' ' Its sessions were held in the basement 
 of the Bethel church. "The average number of pupils in attendance- 
 may be stated at ninety males and forty -six females." Clinton Park, 
 on the bank of Late Erie and half a mile from the courthouse, 
 "altliough a wildei'ness of unsightly stumps and girdled trees two years 
 ago, is already encircled with some suburban villas embosomed in 
 gardens of the most picturesque beauty. . . . It is intended to be 
 laid out in the landscape style of gardening, comprising lawns, shrub- 
 bery, ornamental trees and flowers, which with the Mineral Spring 
 adjacent, will be open to the public." At tbe park was the Spring Cot- 
 tage and Bathing Establishment, "decidedly a summer retreat from 
 the bustle and care of business, of no ordinary character, combining 
 utility and gi'atification with pleasure." Clinton Park still holds its 
 ground on Lakeside Avenue between East Sixteenth and East Eight- 
 eenth streets, but is not living up to the magnificence, actual and 
 prospective, as set forth in the glowing phrases of the eloquent Mr. 
 MacCabe. 
 
 Associations and Institutions op 1837 
 
 Among the other associations and institutions mentioned are the 
 following : 
 
 The Cleveland Reading Room Association "was fornu-d by the vol- 
 untary subscriptions of a number of gentlemen in the fall of 1835, 
 . . . to furnish Reviews, Pamphlets, and Newspapers from dif- 
 ferent parts of the country on all topics of general interest to the 
 community. . . . The Reading Room is open daily, and is lighted 
 and open in the evening until ten o'clock." Jolin M. Sterling was 
 president; S. W. Crittenden, treasurer; George T. Kingsley, secretary. 
 
 The Young Men's Literary As.sociation, organized in November,
 
 1837] THE CITY DIRECTORY 189 
 
 1836, already had a library of 800 volumes that might be drawn from 
 the reading-room on Wednesday and Saturday evenings. Charles 
 Whittlesey was president; George C. Davies, secretary; W. U. Oat- 
 iiian, corresponiling secretary; and S. W. Crittenden, treasurer. 
 
 The Cleveland City Temperance Society ("on the tetotal plan") 
 was organized in March, 1836. Other temperance societies had been 
 formed, "but this may now be said to be the only one that shows 
 any considerable signs of life." Alexander Seymour was president; 
 Samuel Cowles and David Long wei-e vice-presidents ; Dudley Baldwin 
 was recording secretary ; Samuel Williamson was corresponding sec- 
 retary ; C. G. Collins was treasurer ; and Philip Battel, William Day, 
 B. Stedman, A. W. Walworth, J. A. Briggs, John Seaman, Ahaz Mei'- 
 chant, S. W. Crittenden, H. F. Brayton, and J. A. Foote, were mana- 
 gers. 
 
 The Cleveland Maternal Association, formed in January,^ 1835, 
 was "composed of benevolent ladies, parents or guardians of children, 
 . . . imited together for the purpose of providing for the reli- 
 gious education of the children under their care." Mrs. L. C. Gay- 
 lord and Jlrs. II. Brainard were directore; Mrs. Lathrop was secre- 
 tary; and Airs. L. A. Penfield was treasurer. 
 
 The Cleveland Jlozart Society was organized in April, 1837, for 
 "the promotion of ]\Iusieal Science and the cultivation of a refined 
 taste in its members." T. P. Handy was president; J. F. Hanks, 
 vice-president; T. C. Severance, secretary; H. F. Brayton, treasurer; 
 George W. Pratt, conductor; and William Alden, librarian. 
 
 The German Society of Cleveland was organized in February, 1836, 
 for "benevolence and the diffusion of useful knowledge [kultur?] 
 among its members." G. Meyer was president; Th. Umbstattcr, sec- 
 retary; and J. J. Meier, treasurer. 
 
 The Cleveland Antislavery Society, organized in 1833, had about 
 two hundred membei"s. Dr. David Long was president; S. J. Hard- 
 ing, vice-president; Solomon L. Severance, secretary; and John A. 
 Foote, treasurer. 
 
 The Cuyahoga Antislavery Soeiet.v was organized on the Fourth 
 of July, 1837, with officers as already recorded. 
 
 Of the Western Seaman's Friend Society, Samuel Cowles was 
 president; Alexander Seymour was vice-president; the Rev. V. D. 
 Taylor was corresponding secretary; A. Penfield was recording sec- 
 retan': Benjamin S. Lyman was treasurer; and the Rev. S. C. Aikin, 
 J. A. Foote, Jarvis F. Hanks, the Rev. Levi Tucker, T. P. Handy, 
 William Day, and the Rev. William Dighton were directors. 
 
 On the third of April, 1837, the "Cleveland Female Orphan
 
 190 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 Asylum" and the ''Cleveland Female Seminaiy" were incorporated. 
 The trustees of the former were ]Mrs. Laura Willey, Mi-s. Martha 
 Kendall, Mrs. Jane Foster, Mrs. Sophia K. Ford, Mrs. Catherine Kel- 
 logg, ill's. Hoplj- Noble, Mrs. Mary D. Johnstone, Sirs. Mary Boyden, 
 Mrs. Jerusha Foster, jMrs. Helen Maria Woods, ilrs. Mai-y Davis, and 
 Mrs. jNIargaret Sterling. The trustees of the latter were Henry Sexton, 
 Benjamin Rouse, Henry H. Dodge, A. D. Smith, and A. Wheeler. 
 There was also a Young Ladies Seminary at 75 St. Clair Street of 
 which Mrs. Howison was principal. 
 
 There was a Cleveland City Band with seventeen members; also a 
 newly foi'med volunteer military company with sixty-four members — 
 the City Guards. 
 
 Financial Institutions 
 
 The chief financial agencies of the city were two banks and an in- 
 surance company : 
 
 The Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, No. 53, Superior Street (cor- 
 ner of Bank Street) had a capital of $500,000. Leonard Case was 
 president; Truman P. Handy was cashier; James Rockwell was 
 teller; J. L. Severance was assistant teller; and D. G. Saltonstall was 
 book-keeper. The directors were Leonard Case, John W. Allen, Charles 
 M. Giddings, Edmund Clark, T. M. Kelley, P. M. Weddell, Samuel 
 Williamson, Truman P. Handy, Daniel Worley, S. J. Andrews, Richard 
 Hilliard, John Blair, and David Long. 
 
 The Bank of Cleveland, No. 7, Superior Street, had a capital of 
 .$300,000. Norman C. Baldwin was president; Alexander Seymour 
 was cashier; T. C. Severance was teller; James J. Tracy was assistant 
 teller ; and H. F. Brayton was book-keeper. The directors were Samuel 
 Cowles, Lyman Kendall. Frederick Wadsworth, John M. Woolsey, Joel 
 Scranton, Charles Denison, Benjamin F. Tyler, D. C. Van Tine, N. 
 C. Baldwin, A. Seymour, and Joseph Lyman. 
 
 The Cleveland Insurance Company had a perpetual charter and a 
 capital of $500,000. Edmund Clark was president, and Sctli W. Crit- 
 tenden wa.s secretary. The directors were A. W. Walworth, Jas. S. 
 Clai'k, Jolin W. Willey, Thomas M. Kelley, Robert H. Backus, and 
 Edmund Clark. 
 
 Newspapers 
 
 The directoi-y further informs us that "four papers arc pnblislied 
 in this city. The oldest is the Daily Ilrrald and Gazette (originally 
 styled tlie 'Herald'), issued by Messrs. F. Whittlesey & J. A. Harris,
 
 •i.-«rc«rllr< 
 
 
 
 WESTERN RESERVE REAL ESTATE ASSOCIATION 
 
 «r.-- . 
 
 
 
 
 .A.I 1^ l.X .1 
 
 iTreserve re^v-estate association. 
 
 JL ^^-c'lL ij ry'^"S^. .\\ 
 
 Western Ke^ekve Keal Estate Association Notes 
 
 w9 
 
 ^c^l^J^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Bank op Cleveland Note
 
 192 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 editors and proprietors — James Hull, printer. The Avcekly Herald and 
 Gazette is published at the same ofiSee, and are republications of the 
 Daih". They are Whig in polities. The Cleveland Daily Advertiser 
 is next in succession ; IMessrs. Canfield and Spencer, editors and pi'o- 
 prietors. — A weekly made up from the Daily is published by the same 
 gentlemen. Democratic in polities. These papcre are managed with 
 admirable editorial tact, and have large subscription lists. The third, 
 devoted to the promulgation of the Presbyterian creed, and is called 
 the Cleveland Journal. It is published by ^Icssi's. John M. Sterling, 
 
 Dr. Saml. irnderluU, Editor. 
 
 PUBLISHED BYUNDERHILL & SON. 
 DEVOTED TO FREE ENQUIRY, Opposed fo all monopolies— 
 
 In favor of universal equal 
 opportunities for knowledge 
 in early life for every child ; 
 discourager of all preten- 
 sions to spiritual knowledge; 
 teaches that virtue alone 
 produces happiness ; that 
 vice always produces mise- 
 ry ; that Priests are a use- 
 less order of men ; that 
 school masters ought to be 
 better quahfied, and then 
 should have higher wages ; 
 
 I ^ inr. ^ ' - - 1 ' V^i. - "^^t *^° producing classes 
 
 arc'i-njustly fleeced"; that nobles by wealth are as offensive 
 to sound democracy as nobles by birth— both are base 
 coin ;— and it inacrt* the other sido or the question, when 
 furnished in well written articles. 
 
 Samuel C. Aiken aiul .\. Pcnticld, and edited by the Rev. 0. P. Hoji;— 
 F. B. Penniman, printer. The fourth is the Cleveland Libcralist, pub- 
 lished weekly by Messrs. Ll^nderhill & Son, and edited by Dr. Samuel 
 Underhill." The last named publication was so startlingly "Pro- 
 gressive" that its half-jjage adverti.senient in llic dirci-foi-y is herewith 
 reprodnced in full-size facsimile. 
 
 Industries and Railro.mis 
 
 As to manufactories, the dii-eclory tells us that "There are four 
 very e.\tensive Iron J-'ouiidries and Steam I'^nginc maiuifaclories in
 
 1837] THE CITY DIRECTORY 19:3 
 
 this cit.y ; also, tlirce suup aiul caiuUc uuuui factories, two breweries, 
 one sash factory, two rope walks, one stoneware pottery, two cai'riage 
 manufactories, ami two Frencli l?iirr millstone manufactories, all of 
 whii'h are in full operation. The l''lourinj? Mill now being erected 
 by 'Sir. Ford, will, when fini.shed, be the largest and most complete 
 establishment of the kind in the state of Ohio."' It devotes five and a 
 lialf pages to the "Cleveland, Warren and I'ittsburgli Railroad" which 
 had been incorporated by the general assembly of Ohio with authority 
 to construct a railroad from Cleveland in the direction of Pittsburgh 
 to the Pennsylvania state line and to unite the same "with any other 
 Road which the state of Pennsylvania may authorize from Pittsburgh, 
 or any other point below the Ohio river, running in the direction of 
 Cleveland, in order that a continuous route may be perfected from 
 Cleveland to Pittsburgh, under the authoritj^ of both states." 
 
 As a prospectus, the following sample paragraphs are admirable: 
 
 Piv the rejxirt of the iMisiincer in the service of the com])any, it 
 appears that the whole exi^ense of constructing the Road from Cleve- 
 land to tiic Pennsylvania state line, about eighty miles, is less than 
 $7,000 per mile. In no instance is the ascent or descent more than 
 forty feet to the mile. In no event can statioiuiry power be required 
 at any point. There are no natural obstructions to be encountered. 
 Timlicr, stone, and every necessary material for the construction of 
 the Road are abundant in the immediate vicinity of its location. It 
 passes over a section of country not oidy jjoinilous, but in a high 
 state of ajrricultui'al prosperity, and the interests of those inhabitants 
 are intimately lilended with its completion. This road projioses to 
 form a continuation of that branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail 
 Road, which terminates in Pittsburgh, by extending that road to 
 Lake Erie at Cleveland: making thereby a continued line of Rail 
 Road from Baltimore to the great lakes. It pi-oposes the same bene- 
 fits to the city of Philadelphia by being a continuation of the Penn- 
 sylvania canals and rail roads which lead from Philadelphia to Pitts- 
 burgh by prolontring them in effect to Lake Erie. It jn-oposes when 
 completed, to give to Phibidelpliia aiul Baltimore the same advantages 
 of the western trade which New-York now possesses, with the addi- 
 tional advantage of having the distance diminished three hundred 
 miles. It ]iroposcs to give the whole vast region of the western lakes 
 an opportunity of marketing their products in, and receiving their 
 foreign merchandise from, Philadelphia and Baltimore at least five 
 weeks earlier in the season and at much less expense, than is now 
 accomplished at Xcw-York. The management of the Company is in 
 rlie hands of a board of seven Directors, elected by the Stockholders. 
 
 In such elociuent style, the reader is led on for four more touching 
 pages that very few possible investors would be able to resist. The 
 oflScers of the company were John W. "Willey, president : Charles ^Vhit- 
 tlesey, secretary; Edmund Clark, treasurer; David Tod, "William R.
 
 194 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 Heury. and John AV. "Willey, executive eommittee. The directors were 
 David Tod, Elisha Garrett, "WiUiaui R. Hussey, Horace Caiifield, John 
 W. Alien, Edmund Clark, and John W. WiUey. A. C. Morton was 
 principal engineer. 
 
 Three other railway projects were also in evolution, as appears from 
 the following paragraphs : 
 
 The Cleveland. Colujvibus & Cincinnati Railroad Company 
 was chartered in 1S36, connecting Cleveland and Cincinnati by the 
 way of Columbus, the seat of government for the state. The con- 
 struction of this road is regarded generally as a work of great impor- 
 tance, as it would connect the two great commercial emporiums of 
 the state, Cleveland and Cincinnati, and traverse two hundred and 
 sixty miles of the rich and populous portions of its soil. It com- 
 prises the most direct route between Quebec, Montreal, the Canadas, 
 Buffalo, and the Ohio and Mississippi valley, which is becoming a 
 great thoroughfare. It is safe to conclude that this road will soon 
 be made. 
 
 The Cleveland and Newbubg Railroad Company, capital 
 $50,000 was incorporated by the Legislature in 183.5, is now being 
 put under contract, tlie greater part of the route being surveyed ; and 
 it is expected that four miles of the road will be ready for cars the 
 ensuing autumn. This Railroad passes through a section of country 
 abounding with inexhaustible quarries of building and grindstone, 
 and every description of timber necessaiy for ship and house build- 
 ing. It must therefore be of incalculable advantage to the city of 
 Cleveland. 
 
 The Cleveland & Bedford Railroad Company was incorpo- 
 rated in 1835. to connect Bedford, a thriving village twelve miles 
 south of Cleveland, on the Pittsburgh road, with the Lake and Ohio 
 canal at Cleveland. 
 
 The officers of the Cleveland and Newburg road were AVilliani 
 ^lilford, president; J. C. Fairchild, secretary; Nicholas Dockstadcr, 
 treasurer; William Milford, Benjamin HarringtoiL C. .M. (liddings, 
 Nicholas Dockstadcr, Reuben Champion, Frederick Whittlesey, Aaron 
 Barker, John W. Allen and Gurdon Fitch were directors. Ahaz 
 Merchant was the principal engineer and the building of the road had 
 been begun. It was a tramway of hewed timbers built from the 
 quarries east of the city to its western termintis near tiic southwest 
 section of the Public Square. The Cleveland, Columbus and Cincin- 
 nati company and the Cleveland and I'l'dTord coinpiiiiy luul not yet 
 chosen their officers. 
 
 CleveIjAnd IIarhor 
 
 On page 57 of the directory, we are told tiiat ''Tlie hai'bor of Cleve- 
 land is formed by two piers extentling al)out four IniMdred and twenty-
 
 1837] TIIH CITY DIRECTORY 195 
 
 live yanls iuto Lake Erie, ami Wiug eleven feet in width. These piers 
 are, at present, e()mj)osed of piles and eribbing tilled in with stone; 
 but aiTaugements are making to remove the wood work above the water, 
 and snbstitnte substantial stone blocks laid in mason work. The pas- 
 sage into the harbor, between the piers, measures two hundred feet and 
 the depth of water is about fourteen feet — while the Cuyahoga river 
 itself is navigable for steamboats and vessels as far up as the rapids, 
 wliieh, to follow the eonrse of the river, is not less than six miles from 
 its mouth. In 181'.') the general government granted the sum of five 
 thousand dollai-s a.s the first appropriation for the erection of a harbor 
 at this place, since which tiuie various appropriations have been made 
 by congress for the same purpose, amounting in all to seventy-seven 
 thousand five hundred and fifty dollars and fifty-six cents. The dis- 
 bui"sements were made by A. W. Walworth, Esq., as agent for the 
 engineer department." 
 
 The paragraphs on navigation and commerce are very instructive 
 and ought to be interesting. "Owing to her peculiar and advantageous 
 location at the tennination of the Ohio canal and at a point of Lake 
 Erie the most commanding for commercial operations," the trade of 
 Cleveland had considerably increased within the few years preceding 
 1837. According to an official statement, in "the year 1836, property 
 to the amount of one hundred and seventeen millions two hundred 
 and seventy-seven thousand five hundred and eighty pounds, arrived 
 by the way of the canal at this port, and was shipped hence for distant 
 markets." The value of this property was estimated at $2,444,708.54. 
 That fiftj'-four hundredths of a dollar forcefully testifies to the pains- 
 taking care with which the estimate was made. The largest items in the 
 detailed statement of the year's exports were 464,765 bushels of wheat 
 valued at $534,469.40, and 167,539 barrels of flour valued at $1,005,- 
 234.80. Then came 392,281 bushels of com worth $215,764, and 13,495 
 barrels of pork worth $203,425.40, and 3,851 hogsheads of tobacco worth 
 $192,550. The total shipments of mineral coal were valued at only 
 $3,492.09. 
 
 During the year 1836, there entered the port of Cleveland, nine 
 hundred and eleven vessels and nine hundred and ninety steamboats, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of four hundred and one thousand eight 
 hundred tons; of these, one hundred and eight vessels were foreign. 
 Within the same period, nine hundred and eleven vessels and nine 
 hundred and ninety steamboats cleared in this port, the aggregate 
 tonnage of the vessels alone being ninety thousand.
 
 DAILY LINE OF OHIO CANAL PACKETS 
 
 Bettrcen Cleveland & PorUiuoulb. 
 
 DISTANCS 309 MIL3S-THR0TTOH IXT SO E0TTR3. 
 
 at 9o'clocK A. M. 
 
 OTIS & CURTIS. Ccn«-a/&ageO>-', <^" ^ .wcjit*. 
 
 G J LEET. PomnKw/ft. ) 
 
 NCH, MOOHE ♦ OO.'S 'l.« cr 8«.i to.»CW.,d U.M, r., C.k...»^ ,,. w^u, ..J H.u~- 
 
 OTB » CURTIS' l;» .f sur. ■<•«' <:i"rf-J "»'» '•■' P''»>»»k "•»'°. """•" ""• «"'■'*• 
 
 PIONEER FAST STAGE LINE 
 
 rrom CIXVZXAND to FITTaBCBa, 
 
 Le«v«« daily at 6 o*clf>ck A. M., via Ji^lfoni. HvdMm. Ka. 
 
 Goiao, DfitT^ld, Salon and AVie LUbon, to Weltjvill*, 
 
 where iticy wiD talco Iha 
 
 8^22^^ 
 
 £<I>At£S. 
 
 WELLSVILLE AND NEW USBON, 
 
 TO PITTSBBRO. 
 
 TBuroogh In 30 honn from ClovelaMd* 
 
 Being (ttp sfanrleat rculv bclwoon the two cttioa, nnij klTattl- 
 
 iBg 4 p)ea*oj)t trip ihroiiKl) a llourjshinf; p.irt of Ohio, on ■ 
 
 good road, and in b«llcT Coaches thui aoy lino njomn^ to 
 
 •aid ploco. 
 
 Thf" tbove lino i» connected \rith Iho 
 
 Good Intent Fast Mail Stage^ 
 
 Pioneer Packet A Rnil-Ronil Linen, 
 
 For PhUadflphia. Nca-York, BaUimorr, and Wash'iRf^UiR 
 City, in whi<h pait9CDf:i:r9 IrovcHinx id ibo aliovo Iido have 
 Iho pn:r«rcncc. 
 Orncain Mr. Kdlupg'i now ImiWinj;. oppowlc (he 
 FDnklin.Ilnuai'. No. 30 ^iip«rior-«(m'<, uoilcr llio iVmcri- 
 cut House. 
 
 J. R. CUNNINGHAM. Agm. 
 Clovelud,July, lf)37. 
 
 CLMCIL t. tvinit) . 
 
 V\U I LAMDACArt XMCK^
 
 1837] TIIK CITY DIRECTORY 197 
 
 l,KAi>i.\\; L'lkvei.am) Hotels 
 
 The pi'iiR-ipal luituls in Cleveland were thus recorded in tlie direc- 
 tory : 
 
 American Iloiisf. 1. Newton. 42 Superior street. 
 
 Clcvrlaiid Iluiisr. A. Selover, Public Square. 
 
 Cleveltnid V( nirv llousr, , Cleveland Centre Hloek. 
 
 Cifij Hotd. Perry Allen. Seneea street. 
 
 Clinton Ilonsr. AViUiani Ilarland, Union lane, corner St. Clair 
 street. 
 
 E(if;lr Tav( rn, Kichanl CiuiUe. Water street, coi'ucr St. Clair street. 
 
 Franklin Honsc, H. Ilarrinf^ton, 25 Supqrior street. 
 
 Farmers' and Mcchanirs' Hotel, George W. Sanford, Ontario 
 street, eorner Miehigan street. 
 
 (ilohr Tavern, Isaac Van Valkenbnrg. Merwin st. 
 
 ^Vashington House, William ^Martin. 31 Water' st. 
 
 Stage Lines 
 The list of stage lines were given thus : 
 
 Buffalo via Erie. — A Stage leaves the office of Otis & Curtis, 23 
 Superior street, every day at 2 a 'clock, P. ;\1. 
 
 Pittshurf/h via Bedford, Hudson, Ravenna, Deerficld, Salem, etc. — 
 A Stage leaves the Pioneer Stage Co's office, under the American 
 House. 38 Superior st. every morning at 8 o'clock, A. M. J. R. Cun- 
 ningham. Agent. 
 
 Pittshurgh.—ThQ Mail Stage leaves at half past 10 o'clock, P. M. 
 from Otis & Curtis' office. 23 Superior street. 
 
 Pittshurgli. — The Pha-ni.x Line Stage leaves at 8 o'clock, A. M. 
 every day. from Otis & Curtis' office, 23 Superior st. 
 
 Detroit. — A Stage leaves daily at 5 o'clock, A. M. from Otis & 
 Curtis" office, 23 Superior street. 
 
 Columbus and Cincinnati. — A Stage leaves every other day, via 
 "Wooster and ilount Vernon, frtmi Otis & Curtis' office, 23 Superior 
 street. 
 
 The li.st of county officers was given thus: 
 
 Judges of the Court of Common Pleas 
 
 Hon. Van R. Humphrey. President Judge. 
 Hon. AVatrous I'shei'l 
 Hon. Simeon Fuller [-A.ssociate Judges. 
 Hon. Josiah Barlier J 
 
 The Courts of Common Pleas hold three sessions in the year : gen- 
 erall.v in ^yfarch. June and October. The Supreme Court usually sits 
 in August, and holds but one term. 
 
 Harve.v Rice. Clerk of the Courts. ^ 
 
 Aaron Clark / t-. * r-i i 
 
 Henry G. WeldonJ deputy Clerks.
 
 198 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 Joseph B. Bartlett, County Recorder. 
 
 Samuel Williamson, County Auditor. 
 
 James B. Finney, Deputy. 
 
 Edward Baldwin, County Treasurer. 
 
 Seth S. Henderson, Sheriff. 
 
 Theodorick Brooks] 
 
 H. N. Wilbur 
 
 E. A. Ward [-Dcputv Sheriffs. 
 
 H. Beebe J 
 
 Henry H. Dodge was the commissioner of the insolvent's office for 
 the county. 
 
 The list of state officers was given thus : 
 
 Joseph Vance, Governor. 
 
 Carter B. Harlan, Secretary. 
 
 John A. Bryan. Auditor. 
 
 Joseph Whitehill, Treasurer. 
 
 N. Medbury, Superintendent of the Penitentiary. 
 
 Judges of the Supreme Court 
 
 Ebenezer Lane, Chief Justice. 
 Reuben Wood ] 
 Peter Hitchcock Associate Judges. 
 Frederick GrimkeJ 
 
 Government Officials 
 
 As to officers of the national government, we are told that the 
 custom house, at No. 39 Superior Street, was "open from 7 to 12 
 o'clock, A. M., and from 2 to 6 P. M." The officers were: 
 
 Samuel Starkweather, Collector. 
 David W. Cross, Deputy Collector and Inspector. 
 Clark Warren, Deputy Insjicctor. 
 and Stephen Woolverton was the light-house keeper. 
 
 The postoffice, at No. 37 Superior Street, was "o]ien on week days 
 from l^U o'clock, A. M. till 9 P. M. On Sundays from S till 9, A. i\I. 
 and from 6 till 71/.. P. M. 
 
 Daniel Worlcy, Post Master. 
 James Worley, Deputy Post Master. 
 John Tnmlinson ) ^„ , 
 SoK)mon .Sawt('M\ 
 
 Arhiv.\i< .vnd Di:i'ai(I 1 I!k of thic Maii,s 
 
 Nortlirrn Mail via Erie, arrives daily by 4 o'clock, A. M. and 
 departs daily at 2 o'clock,. P. M.
 
 1837] THE CITY DIRECTORY 199 
 
 Eastern via Pittsburg, arrives dailv liv 6 o'clock, P. ^I. and departs 
 daily at half past 1, P. M. 
 
 Soiithcni via Coliiinhiis, arrives odd days by 1 o'clock, P. ]\I. and 
 departs oven days at "> P. JI. 
 
 ^^'fst('r)l via Saxdiisk)/ and Detroit, arrives daily hy 1 o'clock, 
 P. M. and departs daily at 5 o'clock, A. ]\I. 
 
 Huron via Mouth of liUuk River, arrives^ every Wednesday by 6, 
 P. M. and departs evei'j' ]\Ionday at 7, A. M. 
 
 Xewburt) via ^YarrensviIle and Oranqc, arrives every Friday at 
 6, P. M. and departs every Satnrday at 6, A. M. 
 
 Erie and Pittshurgh Alail doses "daily at 1 o'clock, P. II. 
 
 Detroit, Huron and Newbury ]\Iail closes daily at 9 o'clock, P. ]M. 
 
 Rates of Postage 
 
 On Letters. — 614 cents for any distance not exceeding 30 miles; 
 10 cents, if over 30 and not exceeding 80 miles; 12Vi; cents, if over 
 80 and not exceeding 150 nules; 18% cents, if over 150 and not 
 exceeding 400 miles; 'J5 cents if over 400 miles. Double letters are 
 charged double, treble letters, treble, and quadruple letters, quadruple 
 these rates. Postage on heavier packages in proportion. 
 
 On Xewspapers. — Not carried over 100 miles, or for any distance 
 within the state where they are printed, one cent each. If carried 
 over 100 miles, and out of the state where they are printed, one and 
 a half cents each. 
 
 Periodicals, Pamphlets and Magazines. — Carried not over 100 
 miles, one cent a sheet : carried over 100 miles, two cents a sheet. 
 Those not periodicals, 100 miles or less, 4 cents a sheet ; over 100 
 miles, 6 cents a sheet. 
 
 No deduction will be made on postage on letters charged double, 
 treble, or quadruple, unless they are opened in the presence of the 
 post master, his assistant, or some one belonging to the office. 
 
 Some poetic souls are not much concerned with statistics of man- 
 ufactures, commerce, etc., but there are few Clevelanders (or resi- 
 dents in rival cities) who will not "sit up and take notice" of reports 
 concerning the growth of population. If some of my readers have 
 been wearied by some of the preceding paragraphs, I trust that they 
 will find relief in the following final extract from Cleveland's fii*st 
 directory : 
 
 According to the census taken in the year of 1825, Cleveland con- 
 tained only five hundred souls ; in 1831, the ]iopulati(ni was not more 
 than one thousand one hundred ; in 1832, it amounted to one thousand 
 five hundred: in 1833, to one thousand nine hundred; in Jauuan', 
 1834, it was found to have increased to three thousand three hundred 
 and twenty-three; in November, 1834, it was four thousand two 
 hundred and fifty; and in August, 1835, it was five thousand and 
 eighty. The number of inhabitants in the city of Cleveland at pres- 
 ent exceeds nine thousand, and judging from the rapid increase of
 
 200 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 that number, and the flattering prospects of tliis infant city, we an- 
 ticipate its being doubled in less than three years. 
 
 As we now take leave of this really illuminating little volume, it 
 is only fitting that we take off our hats and send back over the sea 
 of more than fourscore years a grateful salute to that enthusiastic 
 local historian and able editor and compiler, 3Ir. Julius P. Bolivar 
 MacCabe. Nor may we fail to vote our thanks to the Guardian Sav- 
 ings and Trust Companj' which, in 1908, had the public spirit that led 
 them to reprint the work. 
 
 In this memorable j'ear, 18.37, the Cleveland city council adopted 
 a resolution submitted by Alfred Hall, and declaring that ''for the 
 erection of a market or markets, the purchase of grounds whereon to 
 build school-hoitses and the erection of school-houses, it is expedient 
 for the city to borrow on the good faith and credit thereof, the sum 
 of fifty thousand dollars, for a term of years, at six per cent annual 
 interest, by creating that amount of stock, jn'ovided said stock shall 
 not be sold under par." 
 
 In April (1837), the Cleveland council appointed the second 
 board of school managers, the members of which were Samuel Cowles, 
 Samuel Williamson, and Pliilip Battell ; they continued the school 
 authorized in 1836, which "was the only one that had any existence 
 by authority; neither did the city own a school house or a foot of 
 ground upon which to erect one.* Cleveland had then a population 
 of about 5,000; and although no records are extant to show it, there 
 must have been in attendance upon the schools, private and public, no 
 less than eight hundred children. But the school maintained by the 
 eity had an enrollment of less than three hundred, so that the Acad- 
 emy and other private schools still furnished instruction to a very 
 large majority of the youth of the city." But, in July, the council 
 passed a school ordinance introduced by Horace Canfield. This step 
 was of importance sufficient to justify the presentation of the docu- 
 ment in full : 
 
 An Ordinance to Provide for the Est.\blishment of Common 
 
 Schools 
 
 Section 1. Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of 
 Cleveland, Thfit the School Committee of the Council is hereby au- 
 
 * The liUlf Kc-hdol lioiisc oil St. C'liiir Slreot, li.ni^rlil liy (lie villii^'c in 1817, 
 must have ]iiish('(1 away or bocoinp unlit for \iso. Tlic moneys tliat the villape 
 IrusteeB tlien ordered refimded lo inilividnalH amounted to only .$!".),'<. 70, and liad 
 been sifbHcribed "f(»r tlie I)nildin;,r (tf a sdion] lunise;'* tliere was no meniion of 
 the piirehuse of any land.
 
 1837] SCHOOLS AND PANIC 201 
 
 thorized to in-dcui-c. hy lease, siiitalile luiiUliiigs or roimis I'or tlie use 
 of tlie city, to he oeeupied as sehool rooms, as lieieinat'tei- ])i'oviileil, 
 uiidei- the authoi'ity of tlie eity; i)rovided, that such huildliiffs or 
 rooms shall he appi'opriated hy the Board of JMaiia^ers of Commou 
 Sehools. The expense of tlie lease of the same shall not exceed oiie- 
 lialf the amount which the City Coimeil is authorized to appropriate 
 annually foi- tlie construction of huildings for school purposes. 
 
 Sec, '2. The Sciiool Coinmittee of the Council is furthei- author- 
 ized and instructed to provide, at the expense of the cit.v, the needful 
 aj)i)aratus and furniture for the Iniildiufrs or rooms thus provided, 
 and the added exi)ense of which shall not exceed the limits prescribed 
 in tlu' tirst section of this act. 
 
 Sec, ;!. It is further ordained that the 15oard of Managers of 
 Common Sduiols in the city is hereby authorized to establish, imme- 
 tliately. in the premises pi'ovided aforesaid, such schools of elementary 
 education as to them shall seem necessary, and i)roeure instructors 
 for the same. The term or session of such schools shall connuencc 
 on the 24th of July, instant, and continue four months, to wit : till 
 the 24th day of Novend)er next. 
 
 See. 4. it lieinpr provided tluit sucli schools are to be supplied 
 from the revenue of the city set aside for said jiurposes, so that the 
 expense of tuition and fuel in said schools shall not be permitted to 
 exceed said sjjecified revenue. 
 
 Passed July 7th, 1837. 
 
 The public school system of Cleveland was thus begun ; the story 
 of its development into the great and beneficent institution that it 
 is today is told in the article on the Public Sehools, given in Chapter 
 XXII of this volume. 
 
 Arrival of the Panic of 1837 
 
 Among the important arrivals of 1837 was a great financial panic. 
 President Jackson's famous specie circular, drafted by Senator Ben- 
 ton, had been issued by the secretary of the treasury in July, 1836. 
 It' directed that nothing but gold and silver should be received iii 
 payment for public land.s — Jackson's last financial exploit. This 
 sent a flood of almost worthless western paper to the eastern money 
 centers and, in Jlay, 1837, the New York banks suspended specie pay- 
 ment and a widespread panic followed. It is said that it "brought to 
 ruin nearly every l)usine.ss establishment in the Western Reserve" — 
 doubtless something of an exaggeration, but it certainly hit hard the 
 metropolis of that thriving region. "City lots owned by the land 
 companies of Ohio City and Cleveland, which shortly before had been 
 sold for prices enormously above their actual value, could no longer
 
 202 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 be disposed of ou any terms. It was a period of purging and of sober- 
 ing from which the city emerged to enter upon a career of substantial 
 prosperity. ' ' 
 
 Ohio Railroad Put to Rest 
 
 One of the fantastic schemes that received its quietus in that panic 
 was the famous Ohio Railroad Company of uupropitious memory. In 
 1S30, the United States had a railway trackage of twenty-three miles, 
 but the fever for railway building soon set in and many wild forms of 
 speculation caught unwise investors. At this time, when '"the 
 sparsely settled southei'n shore of Lake Erie was platted into city 
 lots at every indentation of the coast and one speculator (just a little 
 wilder than the others) predicted a continuous city from the Niagara 
 to the Cuyahoga," came the Ohio Raih'oad project. In April, 1836, 
 R. Harper, Eliphalet Austin, Ileman Ely, John AV. Allen, P. M. 
 Weddell, Charles C. Paine, and others organized the company at 
 Painesville; Nehemiah Allen of Willoughby a member of the state 
 legislature, secured for them a liberal charter that granted banking 
 powers as well as the usrual rights to build a railroad. The banking 
 privileges were used with enterprising freedom and the three or 
 four hundred thousand dollars of currency that were issued could 
 never truthfully say or sing, "I know that my redeemer liveth. " By 
 an act of March, 1837, the mahKloi'ous "plunder law," the legisla- 
 ture loaned its credit to tlie amount of one-third of the capital stock 
 in railroads, turnpikes, and canals, when the other two-thirds luid 
 been subscribed ; the state issued its bond in payment for stock in the 
 company. The company ])lanncd to build a trans-Ohio road witli two 
 great cities at its termini, Richmond on the Grand River and ^lan- 
 hattan on tlie .Maumee. The I rack was ti> rest on a doui)le line of 
 piles or posts, with ties and sti'ingcrs, ami a light strap-iron rail, a 
 flimsy structure that was estimated to cost $16,000 per mile. "The 
 \-isi()nary scheme fitted into the financial fantasies of tlie day, but it 
 vanished b(>fore the hot breath of the panic of 1837;" the road was not 
 built. In 1840, the "plunder law" was repealed and the collapse 
 of tlie Oliici Railroad was quick jiiid cuniplcte. For many years after 
 the collapse, remnants of th." ])iles were visible out Loi-ain Avenue and 
 along the riilge toward Elyria. ]n 1843, the state auditor reported 
 that "the original subscription.s to the stock of the company were 
 one million, nine hundred and ninety-one thousand, seven hundred 
 and sixly-si.x dollars. Of this sum only thirteen thousand, nine 
 liiiiidrcil and eighty dollars bad l)een paid in cash; eight thousand
 
 Ohio Railkoad Company Notes
 
 20i CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIII 
 
 or teu thousand dollai-s in labor or material ; and five hundred and 
 thirt.v-three thousand, seven hundred and seventy-sis dollars in land 
 and town lots. These have been reported as a basis for the credit of 
 the state; also there has been added two hundred and ninety-three 
 thousand, six hundred and sixtj- dollars in donations of lands for 
 right of way, all of which of course are conditional to revert upon 
 failure to complete the work. The lands received in payment for 
 subscriptions were all taken at the most extravagant rates." The 
 state had paid the company $249,000, and its return was ".some sixty- 
 three miles of wooden superstructure laid on piles, a considerable 
 portion of which is already rotten and tlie remainder going rap- 
 idlv to decay."
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 THE BK(ilN\IX(i OF THE RAILWAY ERA 
 
 In 1838, Joshua A. .Mills was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldei-mcii were Alfred Hall, Nicholas Doekstader, aud Benjamin 
 Harrington. The conncilnicn were, three from each ward in order, 
 George C. Dodge, Closes A. Eldridge, Herrick Childs, Leonard Case, 
 Renjaniin Andrews, Henry Blair, Tliomas Colahan, Tom Tjcnien, and 
 .Melanctlion Barnett. On the nineteenth of ^larcli, Mr. Doekstader 
 was chosen as president of the eouncil. At a later meeting, A. H. 
 Curtis was chosen as city clerk. Samuel Williamson was treasurer, 
 and George Kirk was marshal. Across the piver, Norman C. Bald- 
 win was elected mayor of Ohio City. The councilmeu were H. N. 
 Ward, C. E. Hill, Cyrus Williams, Charles Winslow, Necdham M. 
 Standart, William H. Hill, George C. Huntington, D. Barstow, E. 
 Bronson, Josiah Barber, W. Burton, and S. W. Sayles. Jlr. Bronson 
 was chosen president of the council. Horace Foote was recorder, D. 
 C. Van Tine was treasurer, and G. L. Chapman was marshal. 
 
 The state legislature having authorized such action, the Cleve- 
 land council adopted the following resolution, introduced by ]\Ir. 
 Doekstader : 
 
 Resolved — That the hoard of commissioners designatwl to exe- 
 cute the wishes and directions of the City Council and citizens of 
 Cleveland in regard to the construction of the Cleveland, Warren & 
 Pittsburgh Railroad, be respectfully requested to subscribe for and 
 take up so mucji of the stock subscribed by our citizens, for the pur- 
 pose of securing the charter of the railroad, as will amount to two 
 hundred thousaiul dollars, and that, in conjunction with the direc- 
 tors of said railroad, innnediately take measures to procure a suffi- 
 cient amount of subscription to con.struct said road from Cleveland 
 to the Pcinisylvawia line, and then to borrow the aforesaid two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars on the credit of the cit.v. 
 
 This progres.sive step, in aid of the tirst railway project that 
 had taken on definite shape shows that the city '"had begun to emerge 
 from the village influences that had hampered it in the first year of 
 nnmicipal rule. " As to the cost of city maintenance at that time, a 
 
 205
 
 206 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIV 
 
 report of the finance comiuittee of the council states that the amount 
 that would probably be required for general purposes for the year 
 was $16,745, exclusive of what would be needed for the support of 
 the poor; that the amount to be collected from licenses and debts 
 
 Dr. JaRED r. KlRTLANI) 
 
 due the city would be $4,500; thus Iciivin;,' tlic sum «)f $12,265 to be 
 raised by the tax levy. 
 
 Dr. J.\bed p. KuiTi.AND 
 
 Dr. Jarcil P. Kirtland was born in Wallinpfford, Connecticut, in 
 1795. in 1810, he visited the Reserve coiiiinpr in company with 
 Alfred Kelley and Joshua Stow as already .stated; his father at that
 
 1838-39] 
 
 1)K. 
 
 K I RTLAND 
 
 207 
 
 tinit' was agent ul' the Connecticut Land Company at I'olaml in 
 Trumbull County. He studied medicine in Philadelphia and, after 
 twenty yeare' praetiee in Trumbull County, lectured for a year at 
 a medical eollewe in Cineimiati and, late in 1838, accepted a i)ro- 
 fessorship in the newly orgranized medical college in Cleveland. His 
 association with Colonel Whittlesey on the first geological survey of 
 Ohio has already been notetl. Soon after his coming to Cleveland, 
 he bought an estate at East Roekport, near Rocky River. Here he 
 established an experimental farn\ and originated many new varieties 
 of fruit. Thence he ilrove dailv to his classes in the city. He was 
 
 Home op Doctor Kirtland 
 
 the first president of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science 
 which was organized in 1845 at his suggestion. He was one of 
 Cleveland's pioneers in scientific work and equally distinguished as 
 naturalist, teacher and physician. He died on the tenth of December, 
 1877. 
 
 Municipal Officials of 1839-40 
 
 In 1839, Mr. Mills was reelected as mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were Harvey Rii'e. Edward Baldwin, and Richard Hilliard. 
 The councilmen were, three from each ward in order, George Menden- 
 hall. Timothy P. Speoeer, Moses Ross, John A. Foote, Charles M. 
 Giddings, Jefferson Thomas, Thomas Bolton, Tom Lemen, and John
 
 208 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIV 
 
 A. Vincent. John A. Foote was clio-sen president of the council. Mr. 
 Williamson was reelected treasurer, Isaac Taylor succeeded George 
 Kirk as marshal, James B. Finnej- became city clerk, and Moses Kelley 
 was appointed city attornej'-. A city market house wa.s built on 
 ilichigau Street (Prospect Avenue, N. W.), and L. D. Johnson was 
 chosen as market clerk. Improved school accommodations received 
 proper and encouraging attention and an effort in aid of temperance 
 refoiTu led to a sharp parliamentary struggle over Mr. Barr 's jireamble 
 and resolutions, a proposed "ordinance for the suppression of dram 
 shops," another "ordinance for the suppression or the sale of ardent 
 spirits in less ciuantity than one quart, ' ' together with futile attempts 
 to amend the latter by striking out the words "one quart" and sub- 
 stituting therefor "one pint," "fifteen gallons," and "a pound of 
 bread." The whole matter was then sent back to committee and the 
 "reform" made no further progress that year. In Ohio City, Mayor 
 Baldwin was reelected. The councilmen were C. L. Russell, C. C. 
 AValler, Francis A. Burrows, Samuel H. Fox, H. A. Hurlburt, Daniel 
 Sanford, Needham M. Standart, H. N. Ward, Cliristopher E. Hill, 
 W. H. Hill, Cyrus Williams, and Charles Winslow. Mr. Waller was 
 chosen president of the council and Alessrs. Foote, Van Tine, and 
 Chapman were reelected to their several offices of the previous year. 
 
 In 1840, Nicholas Dockstader was elected mayor of Cleveland; 
 Timothy Ingraham, treasurer ; and Isaac Taylor, marshal. The alder- 
 men were William Milford, William Lemen, and Josiah A. Harris. 
 The councilmen were, three from each ward in order, Ashbel W. Wal- 
 worth, David Hersch, John Barr, David Allen, John A, Foote, Thomas 
 M. Kelley, Stephen Clary, Charles Bradburn, and .John A. Vincent. 
 William Jlilford was chosen president of the council; J. B. Finney, 
 city clerk; (ieorge A. Benedict, city attorney; and Josiah A. Harris, 
 city printer. In Ohio City, Needham M. Standart was elected mayor. 
 Tlic ((Mincilmeu were C. L. Rus.sell, C. C. Waller, Francis A. Burrows, 
 S. II. I''().\, II. A. Hurlburt, Daniel Sanford, S. W. Saylcs, Homer 
 Strong, Andrew White, Ben.iamin Siieldoii, li. F. 'l\\ler, and Daniel 
 IT, Lamb. Mr. Waller was chosen i)resident of the couiicjl. J. F. 
 Taintor became recorder and Messrs. Van Tine and Cliapniau were 
 again choscii to thcii- i-esjii'ct i\'e positions. 
 
 CiTV RiCCOKI) OK 1^^40-4') 
 
 In this year (1840-41), the four .sections of the Pulilic Square 
 wci-i' se|iai'ately enclosed with fences and the street supervisor was 
 insli-nctcil III ■■prrpai'c and seed the Ndnllici'ii iialf ol' the j'ublic
 
 1840-41] TlIK CENSUS REPORT 209 
 
 Square in a .suitalilo aiul prapcr iiiaiiiier," to "procure some suitable 
 person to sink the pul)lie wells, so that they will contain at least three 
 and one-half feet of wate'-, proviilod the expense will not exceed 
 thirty-five dollars." The temperance question came np again in 
 May and, after much discussion, "an ordinance to regulate taverns 
 and to prohibit the sale of ardent spirits or other intoxicating liquors 
 by a less (juantity than one (|uart, " and providing further that no 
 licensed tavern keeper should give or sell ardent spirits to any child, 
 apprentice, or servant without the consent of parent, guardian, or 
 employer, or to anj' intoxicated person, was passed. 15efore the 
 end of the official year, annual salaries of some of the city's servants 
 were fixed as follows: .Mayor, $100; marshal, $300; clerk, $400; 
 street supervisor, .$4i)ti; treasurer, $200; clerk of the market, $100. 
 At the end of his term as mayor, Mr. Dockstader retired fom official 
 life. 
 
 The federal census of this year (1840), in speaking of the manu- 
 facturing enterprises of Cuyahoga County, says that there were two 
 cast-iron furnaces, producing 200 tons, consuming 1,310 tons of fuel, 
 employing 102 men and using a capital of $130,000. The annual 
 value of the stone product was $18,822; twenty-eight men were em- 
 ployed and $2,000 of eai)ital invested. Of pot or pearl ashes, 113 
 tons were maile during the year. The value of machinery made was 
 $43,600; the value of hardware and cutlery $25,000; and of metals 
 refined $31,500. In the manufacture of brick and lime $12,500 was 
 invested ; twenty -six men employed, and the value of the product 
 $8,540. There were four woolen manufactories, with a capital of 
 $12,400 and an aninud product of $14,400, and eighteen men em- 
 ploj'cd. In the thirteen tanneries twenty-one men were employed ; 
 capital, $6,800; 845 sides of sole leather and 3,680 sides of uppers 
 were tanned. There were manufactured 113,000 pounds of soap and 
 82,000 pounds of tallow candles, ten men employed and $4,000 of cap- 
 ital. Two distilleries produced 80,000 gallons of w'hiskey, and one 
 brewery 50,000 gallons of beer. There were six flour mills, fifteen 
 grist mills, seventy sawmills, one oil mill, and all of these combined 
 made $183,875 worth of product and employed 104 men. Athough 
 the report is for the county, it is fair to a-ssnme that it is approxi- 
 mately correct for the city. The census of this year credited Cleve- 
 land with a population of 6,071. 
 
 In 1841, John W. Allen was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were William iMilford, Thomas Bolton, and Xewton E. 
 Crittenden. The councilmen were, three from each ward in order, 
 Nelson Hayward, Herrick Childs, George B. Tibbets, Moses Kelley, 
 
 Vol. I— 14 .i j«»JLI
 
 210 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIV 
 
 W. J. Warner, M. C. Younglove, Pliilo Scovill, Benjamin Harring- 
 ton, and ^liller M. Spangler. Thomas Bolton was chosen as presi- 
 dent of the eouncil. In Ohio City, Mr. Standart was reelected mayor. 
 The couucilmeu were Daniel H. Lamb, Richard Lord, Albert Powell, 
 C. A. Russell, C. L. Russell, Julius A. Sayles, S. W. Sayles, Benjamin 
 Sheldon, Homer Strong, Benjamin F. Tyler, Andrew AVhite, and 
 Ephraim Wilson. Mi*. Lord was chosen president of the council. 
 Christopher E. Hill was recorder, H. N. Ward was treasurer, and 
 Homer Strong was marshal. In this year, the Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 Canal was completed, connecting the Ohio Canal at Akron with the 
 Ohio River at Beaver and thus forming a water communication with 
 Pittsburgh. On the twenty-first of September, a charter was granted 
 for Cleveland City Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, the oldest ]\Ia- 
 sonic body in the city. Its first meeting was held a week later and 
 officers were chosen as follows: Clifford Belden, worshipful master; 
 Andrew White, senior warden; W^illai'd Crawford, junior warden; 
 Edmund Clark, treasurer; and Erastus Smith, secretary. 
 
 In 1812, Joshua A. Mills was again elected mayor of Cleveland. 
 The aldermen were Nelson Hayward. William Smyth, and Benjamin 
 Harrington. The councilmen were, three from each ward in order, 
 William D. Nott, Robert Bailey, Henry Morgan, George Mendenhall, 
 George Witherell, Jefferson Thomas. William T. Goodwin, George 
 Kirk, and Levi Johnson. Benjamin Harrington was chosen president 
 of the council. In Ohio City, Francis A. Burrows was chosen mayor. 
 The councilmen were G. L. Chapman, David Griffith, Morris Ilepliuni, 
 Richard Lord, Albert Powell, C. A. Russell, Julius A. Sayles, S. W. 
 Sayles, Benjamin Sheldon, Horace G. Townsend, D. C. Van Tine, and 
 Ephraim Wilson. Richard Lord was again chosen as president of 
 the council. Christopher E. Hill, II. N. Ward, and Homer Strong 
 became their own successors as recorder, treasurer, and marshal 
 respectively. 
 
 In 1843, Nelson Hayward \vu.s elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were William D. Nott, Samuel Cook, and Samuel Stark- 
 weather. The councilmen were, three from each ward in order, Rol)ert 
 Bailey, John B. Wigman, James Church, Jr., Stcjihen Clai-y, Alanson 
 H. Lacy, George A. Benedict, William T. Goodwin, John Wills, and 
 Alexander S. Cramer. Mr. Benedict was chosen as i)resident of the 
 council. In Ohio City, Richard Lord became mayor. The councilmen 
 were Thomas Armstrong, Peter Barker, G. L. Chapman. L. L. Davis, 
 David Griffith, ilorris Hepburn, Seth W. Johnson, Albert Powell, 
 C. L. Russell, Julius A. Sayles, S. W. Sayles, and Benjamin Sheldon. 
 S. W. Sayles was chosen president of the council, and Messrs. Hill,
 
 1844-45] CITY OFFICIALS 211 
 
 Ward, and Stroiij,' atraiii ln'caine tlioir own successors as recorder, 
 treasurer, and marshal respectively. George Osmuu became street 
 supervisor. 
 
 In 1S44, Samuel Starkweather wa.s elected mayor of Cleveland. 
 The aldermen were Leander .M. Hubby, Stephen Clary and William 
 T. Goodwin. The councilnien, three from each ward in order, were 
 Thomas .Mell, George F. .Marshall, E. St. John Bemis, Charles Stet- 
 son, Jacob Lowman, John Outhwaite, W^illiam F. Allen, Melancthon 
 Baruett, and John F. Warner. Jlr. Barnett was chosen as president 
 of the council. The United States Marine Hospital, on the bank of 
 the lake, was begun in this year, but it was not finished until 1852. 
 In Ohio City, Daniel H. Lamb was chosen mayor. The conncilinen 
 were Peter Barker, E. R. Benton. L. L. Davis, Enoch Hunt, Seth 
 W. Johnson, G. W. Jones, Richard Lord, Albert Powell, C. L. Russell, 
 Julius A. Sayles, Benjamin Sheldon, and E. T. Sterling. Mr. Lord 
 was chosen president of the council. S. W. Sayles was chosen re- 
 corder; Christopher E. Hill, treasurer; Homer Strong, marshal; and 
 George Osmun, street supervisor. 
 
 In 1845, Samuel Starkweather was again elected mayor of Cleve- 
 land. The aldermen w'cre Charles W. Heard, George Withercll, and 
 L. 0. Mathews. The couneilmen, three from each ward in order, were 
 Flavel W. Bingham, Peter Caul, Samuel C. Ives, James Gardner, 
 Ellery G. Williams, David L. Wood, Arthur Hughes, John A. 
 Wheeler, and Orville Gurley. Mr. Bingham was chosen as president 
 of the council. In Ohio City, Mayor Lamb was again elected. The 
 couneilmen were Ambrose Anthony, E. R. Benton, L. L. Davis, Enoch 
 Hunt, 6. W. Jones, Richard Lord, Joseph B. Palmer, Albert Powell, 
 Daniel Sanford, Julius A. Sayles, Benjamin Sheldon, and E. T. 
 Sterling. Mr. Lord was chosen as president of the coiincil. S. W. 
 Sayles became recorder; Charles Winslow, treasurer; Edgar Slaght, 
 marshal ; and George Osmun. street supervisor. 
 
 Young Men 's Literary Association Organized 
 
 In this year, the Young .Men's Literary Association was organized ; 
 it was incorporated in 1848 as the Cleveland Library Association. 
 From this organization was developed the Case Library of today. 
 Three banks were also incorporated, the ''Commercial" with a cap- 
 ital stock of $150,000; the "Merchants' " with a capital .stock of 
 $100,000: and the "City Bank" with a capital stock of $150,000. In 
 ilarch, the state renewed the charter of the Cleveland, Columbus, 
 and Cincinnati Railroad Company. The new charter authorized the
 
 212 CLEVELAND AND ITS EXVIKOXS [Chap. XIV 
 
 building of a road from Lake Erie to Columbus, where it might 
 unite with any road that should afterwards be built leading from the 
 capital to the southern boundary of the state. On the board of direc- 
 tors, Cleveland was represented by John W. Allen, Richard Ililliard, 
 John jr. Woolsey, and Henry B. Payne. The city voted its credit 
 to the extent of $200,000, but there was difficulty in negotiating the 
 city's bonds. In 1847, and after prolonged personal effort on the part 
 of the directors, the amount of subscriptions were brought up to 
 about $70,000 and the work of construction was immediately begun 
 under the presidential supervision of Alfred Kellcy, now of Colum- 
 bus. In the same month (March, 1845), the legislature passed an 
 act reviving the charter of the Cleveland. Warren, and Pittsburgh 
 Company to which, in 1838, the city had voted a subscription of 
 $200,000. By the first of November, the line had been completed to 
 Hanover, seventy-five miles from Cleveland. In this year, the Frank- 
 lin House that Philo Scovill had built on the north side of Superior 
 Street in 1825 was rebuilt and Dan P. Rhodes and David Tod 
 opened the Briar Hill coal mine near Youngstowu. 
 
 Municipal M.\tters, 1846-48 
 
 In 1846, George Hoadlcy was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldei-men were Leander M. Hubby. John II. Gorham, and Josiah 
 A. Harris. The couneilmen, three from each ward in order, were 
 E. St. John Bemis, John F. Chamberlain, John Gill, William Case, 
 William Bingham, John A. Wheeler, William K. Adams, iMarshall 
 Carsion, and Liakim L. Lyon. Mr. Hubby was chosen as president 
 of the council. This William Case was a son of the Leonard Case 
 who came from Warren to Cleveland to act as cashier of the first 
 bank in the city. As we shall see, William Case played a iinniiinent 
 part in the development of Cleveland and was twice elected as its 
 mayor. In Ohio City, Daniel II. Lamb was for the third time elected 
 as mayor. The couneilmen chosen wri'c Ambi'osc Anthony, John 
 Beverlin, G. L. Chapman, L. L. Davis, Oilman Folsom, S. W. Johnson, 
 Jo.seph B. Palmer, Albert Powell. Daniel Sanford, Julius A. Sayles, 
 Benjamin Sheldon, and S. ^\'. 'I'm-ncr. Mr. Sheldon was elected as 
 president of the coinicil and Messrs. S. W. Sayles and Winslow were 
 continued in office a.s recorder and treasurer respectively. George 
 Osinun became marshal, and William II. Xcwtmi, street supervisor. 
 
 In March of this year, the state legislature incorporated the 
 Junction Railroad. "This act, together with amendments subse- 
 quently pa.ssed, provided for railway construction from Cleveland
 
 1846-48] CITY ()l''Ki('l.\l-S 213 
 
 to the west line of the state, Ihe choice of i-oules ami other details, 
 according to the liberal fashion o\' tliat time, being left to the discre- 
 tion of the directors." Another charter was issued creating the 
 Toledo, Norwalk, anU Cleveland road. In 1853, these companies were 
 consolidated under the name of the Clevelaml and Toledo Railroad 
 with a capital stock of -tri.OnO.OOO. In this year (1846), the Cleve- 
 land Ga.s Light and Coke Company was incorporated ; it supplied 
 gas for street illumination three yeare later. The board of Fire Un- 
 derwriters of Cleveland was organized in JunC; J. L. Weatherly was 
 its president; C. C. Carleton was vice president; H. F. Brayton was 
 treasurer ; and George May was secretary. The activities of the board 
 were suspended during the civil war, but a reorganization was 
 effected in 1866. 
 
 In 1847, Josiah A. Harris was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, and Pierre A. 
 ^lathivet. The councilmen, three from each ward in order, were 
 David Clark Doan, Henry Everett, John Gill, John Erwin, Charles 
 Hiekox, Henry T?. Payne, Alexander Seymour, Alexander S. Cramer, 
 and Orville Gurley. Flavel W. Bingham was chosen as president of 
 the council. In the summer of this year, the Lake Erie Telegraph 
 Company was authorized to extend its line through the city and the 
 first telegram was received. In Ohio City, David Griffith was elected 
 mayor. The councilmen were John Beverlin, G. L. Chapman, L. L. 
 Davis, Gilman Folsom, S. W. Johnson, Irvine U. blasters, Philo Closes, 
 C. L. Russell, R. L. Russell, Benjamin Sheldon, Homer Strong, and 
 S. W. Turner. ^Ir. Sheldon was chosen as president of the council. 
 Christojjher E. Hill was elected recorder; S. J. Lewis, treasurer; N. D. 
 White, marshal ; and William Hartuess, street supervisor. 
 
 In 1848, Lorenzo A. Kelsey was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were Flavel W. Bingham, William Case, and Alexander Sey- 
 mour. The councilmen, three from each ward in order, were Richard 
 Norton, John Gill, Charles ^I. Read, Henry B. Payne, Leander M. 
 Hubby, Thomas C. Floyd, Samuel Starkweather, Robert Parks, and 
 William J. Gordon. Mr. Bingham was again chosen as president of 
 the council. In Ohio City, John Bevei'lin was elected mayor. The 
 councilmen were H. X. Bissett, L. L. Davis, D. S. Degroate, James 
 Kirby, William S. Levake, Thomas Lindsay, Irvine U. Masters, Philo 
 Moses, F. B. Pratt, C. L. Russell, R. L. Ru.s.sell, and Homer Strong. 
 Mr. Strong was chosen as president of the council. Christopher E. 
 Hill was elected recorder; Charles Winslow, trea.surer; Lyman Whit- 
 . ney, marshal ; and William H. Newton, street supervisor.
 
 214 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIV 
 
 Railway Coxsteuction 
 
 By this time, railway lines had been built from Chicago to Toledo, 
 from Toledo to Cleveland, and from Erie to Buffalo. The important 
 connecting link of a through route, the Cleveland-Erie line, had not 
 yet been forged, but in this year, under the push and enterprise of 
 Alfred Kelley and William Case as prime movers, a charter was se- 
 cured for the Cleveland. Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad. This 
 corporation was to build a road eastward from Cleveland to the state 
 line and the city pledged its credit for the loan of $100,000 in aid 
 thereof. But the outlay that w^as necessary for construction was so 
 great that "for some time hope of a successful outcome was aban- 
 doned. In this emergency recourse was had to Mr. Alfred Kelley, who 
 was accorded unlimited authority as general agent for the company. 
 It is needless to add that ^Ir. Kelley 's marvelous executive ability, 
 with the tradition of success which had come to be associated with 
 his name, secured for the entei^prise a new prosperity." On the 
 seventh of July, there was a large meeting of merchants at the Wcd- 
 dell House, at which meeting- the Board of Trade was organized. 
 
 In 1849, Plavel W. Bingham was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were William Case, Alexander Seymour, and John Gill. The 
 counc'ilmen, three from each ward in order, were David W. Cross, 
 Richard Norton, Henry Everett, Alexander Mcintosh, John G. Mack, 
 James Calyer, Artliur Hughes, Abner C. Brownell, and Christopher 
 Molleii. W^illiam Case was chosen as president of the council. In Ohio 
 City, Thomas Bundiam was elected mayor, and J. Beanson, II. N. 
 Bi.sett, S. C. Degroate, ilark Harrison, James Kirby. Thomas Lind- 
 -say, A. W. Merrick, E. M. Peck, F. B. Pratt, Edgar Slaght, ^Martin 
 Smith, and Uriah Taylor were elected couneilmen. Mr. Pratt was 
 chosen president of the council. J. A. Redington was elected re- 
 corder: Charles Winslow, treasurer: A. P. Turner, marshal; and 
 William II. Newton, street .supervisor. 
 
 Water Works Suggested 
 
 In this year (1849), Mr. Ilugiies iiitrciiluccd in the Cleveland city 
 council the rolliiwiiig rcsoliitinn. wliirh was addjilctl: 
 
 li'caolvcd. That the committee on tii'e and water be and are licreby 
 directed to ascertain the cost of bringing the water from the opposite 
 side of the river, or from any othei" jioint, to some convenient place 
 upon the summit in this city, where a general reservoir may be 
 located; the cost of said reser\(iir, nnd the expense per ivhI i'di- ['rvA-
 
 1849-50] 
 
 WATER, GAS, PWIRS AND PIER 
 
 215 
 
 iiig it. FurtluT. that the cliicf ciij^iiiocr of the tire dei)artment be 
 associated with said (•(iiiiinittee, and that they may eall to tlieir 
 assistaiiee a eoni])eteiit i)ors()ii to assist them, and report to the coun- 
 cil as soon as possible. 
 
 This action probably had its effect iu educating the voters up to the 
 level necessary, but definite action for the establishing of municipal 
 water works was not taken until 18o;3. In this year (1849), the Cuya- 
 hoga Agricultural Society was formed. For several years, it held fairs 
 on Kinsman Street (now Woodland Avenue). In later years, its fairs 
 were held at Newburg and Chagrin Falls. Gas works w-ere built and 
 the city first provided with illuminating gas iu this year. About this 
 time, John G. Stockly built, at the foot of liank (West Sixth) Street, a 
 
 pier that extended 924 feet into the lake and broke the monotony of 
 "a continuous sand beach, strewn with driftwood" that had existed 
 since the destruction of the fragile and short-lived structure built by 
 the Cleveland Pier Company in 1816. 
 
 In 185U, William Case was elected ma\or of Cleveland. The alder- 
 men were Alexander Seymour, John Gill, and Leander ^I. Hubby. 
 The councilmen, three from each ward in order, were William Given, 
 George Whitelaw, Buckley Stedman, Alexander Mcintosh, William 
 Bingham, Samuel Williamson, Arthur Hughes, Abner C. Brownell. 
 and Levi Johufson. Alexander Seymour was chosen as president of 
 the council. In Ohio City, Thomas Burnham was again elected mayor, 
 and J. Beanson, E. C. Blish, :\I. L. Hooker, John Kirkpatrick, Thomas 
 Lindsav. A. AV. Jlerrick, E. :\I. Peek, F. B. Pratt, C. L. Russell, Edgar
 
 216 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIV 
 
 Slaght. ilartin Smith, aud Uriah Taylor were elected eouncilmcii, Mr. 
 Pratt was chosen as president of the council. J. A. Redington was 
 elected recorder; Oilman Folsom, treasurer; George Osmun, marshal; 
 and AVilliam H. Newton, street supervisor. 
 
 Plymouth Congregational Church 
 
 In March, the third Presbyterian church was organized with thirty 
 members. Two years later, the church changed its policy aud became 
 known as the "Plymouth Congregational Church of Cleveland." Be- 
 fore the end of the official year, the council adopted (January, 1851) 
 a resolution, introduced b.y William Bingham, constituting the mayor 
 and three others to be appointed by him as a committee to make fur- 
 ther investigation concerning a municipal water supply and author- 
 ized them to employ an engineer. Mayor Case appointed William J. 
 Warner, Dr. J. P. Kirtland, i;nd Colonel Charles Whittlesey as his as- 
 sociates on said committee. At this time, Cleveland had a population of 
 17,0.34 aud Ohio City one of 3,950. The enumeration "indicated a 
 steady and healthful growth for the ten preceding years. It was 
 a period of present prosperity, and of promise for the future. The 
 lake fleet was at its summit of popularity, and of service as a means 
 of passage, as the railroads had not yet begun to make the destructive 
 inroads of a later day. The stage coaches were kept busy, carrying 
 loads of travelers to and from Cleveland, mamifacturers were reach- 
 ing out and extending, the municipality was in a progressive mood, 
 and Cleveland had earned the right to be called a city in fact, as in 
 name." 
 
 In 1851, William Case was again elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were John Gill, Leander M. Ilubby, Abner C. Brownell, and 
 Buckner Stedman, four instead of three, as formerly. The cotuieil- 
 men, two from each of four wards instead of three from each of tliree 
 wards, as formerly, were Jabez W^. Fitch, George Whitelaw. Alexander 
 Jlclntosh, Thomas C. Floyd, Stoughton HIiss, ;MiHcr I\r. Si)angler, 
 iWarsliall S. Ciistle, and James B. Wilbur. As authorizi'd liy the third 
 section of the city charter, already ((Udtcd, the coiincil had aildcil a 
 fourth ward to Cleveland. Jolni (iill was chdNcii as iircsidcnt nl' the 
 council. In Ohio City, Benjamin Sheldon was clcricd iiiaym-, and 
 Ambrose Anthony, E. C. Blish, Tliomas llmadiam, William I!, (inylt^, 
 ]\I. h. Ilnoker, John Kirkpalriek, Thomas Lindsay. William II. New- 
 ton, F. B. Pratt, Daniel P. Rhodes, C. L. Russell, and Daniel Sanford 
 were elected councilmen. C. L. Russell was chosen jircsident df the 
 conni'il. Cliristo])h('r ]']. ITill was cliosrn rccurdci' : Gilman {''nlsoni.
 
 1851] HOW TO TTOT.D A CHARTER 217 
 
 treasurer; E. H. Lewis, nuiislial; and George Osimiii, street super- 
 visor. 
 
 The C. C. & C. Enters Cleveland 
 
 In 1845, Cleveland had voted $200,000 in aid of the Cleveland, Co- 
 lumbus, and Cincinnati Railroad, and now (1851) a train, gaily 
 deeked with flags and streamers, bore the executive and legislative 
 otfieials of the state from Columbus to Cleveland. 
 
 And the people did laugh to see 
 Their rulers riding on a rail. 
 
 In illustration of the difficulties that had been overcome and of the 
 pluck and perseverance that had brought success, I quote a passage 
 from A Sketcli of Early Times in Cleveland, written by Mr. 
 George T. Marshall, a Cleveland pioneer whose pen and voice have 
 given us many bright and humorous accounts of the early days : 
 
 In order to save the charter, which had lain dormant for a time, 
 it was thought best to make a sliow of work on the line already sur- 
 veyed. One bright autumn forenoon about a dozen men got them- 
 selves together near the ground now occupied by the A. & G. W. Rail- 
 way depot with the noble purpose of inaugurating the work of build- 
 ing the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. Among the 
 number was Alfred Kelley the President, T. P. Handy the Treasurer, 
 J. H. Sargent the Engineer, James A. Briggs the Attorney, and II. B. 
 Payne, Oliver Pen-y, John A. Foote and others besides your humble 
 servant. On that memorable spot one could look upon those vast 
 fields of bottom land and nothing could be seen but unbroken wide 
 meadows ; the brick residence of Joel Seranton on the north, and the 
 ruins of an old mill in the ravine of Walworth Run on the south, 
 were the only show of buildings in all that region round about. These 
 gentlemen had assembled to inaugurate the work on the railway, yet 
 there was a sadness about them that could be felt, there was some- 
 thing that told them that it would be difficult to make much of a 
 railroad without monc.v and labor. Yet they came on pui-pose to 
 make a show of a beginning. Alfred took a sliovel and with bis foot 
 pressed it well into the soft and willing earth, placing a good chunk 
 in the tran(|nil wheelbarrow close at hand, repeating the operation 
 until a load was attained and dumping it a rod or so to the south. 
 We all shouted a good sized shout that the road was really inaugurated. 
 Then ^Ir. Handy did a little of the same work as well as Sargent and 
 Briggs. while I sat on the nearest log re.joicing to see the work going 
 on so lively and in such able hands. The fact was demonstrated that 
 the earth was willing if man would only keep the shovel, the pick 
 and the wheelbarrow moving lively according to this beginning. All 
 that fall and winter one man was kept at work on the great enter- 
 prise, simply to hold the charter with a hope that some thing would 
 turn up to enable the directors to push things with a greater show
 
 218 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIV 
 
 for ultimate success. During the winter that followed any one pass- 
 ing up Pittsburgh street [Broadway] near the bluff could see day 
 by day the progress this one man power was making in his work. 
 Foot by foot each day the brown earth could be seen gaining on the 
 white snow on the line towards Columlnis, and hope remained lively 
 in the breast of everyone tliat saw the progress, tliat if tlie physical 
 powers of that solitary laborer held out long enough, he woidd some 
 day be able to go to state's prison bj' rail. There was a serious hin- 
 drance in the progress of the work, which came in this wise. The 
 laborer who had so great a job on his hands took a look and a thought 
 of what he had to do — it was one hlmdred and forty miles to Colum- 
 bus and it was best to hurry up or the road would not be ready for 
 use for quite a spell to come ; he set to work with renewed energy for 
 a while, then threw himself (|uite out of breath on the ground for a 
 brief rest when tlie rheumatism took hold of him and sciatica troubled 
 his limbs so much that the great work was brought to a standstill : 
 he struck for his altars and his fires at home, while the next fall of 
 snow obliterated the line of his progress towards the south, and the 
 directors got together to devise ways and means to keep the work 
 moving onward. It was said that the best thing they could do under 
 this stress of circumstances was to devise a method for drying and 
 warming the ground so that a like calamity would not occur to their 
 workman, wishing to encourage every freak he had to work a little 
 faster, provided he would do so at the same wages. Soon after this 
 calamity befell the laborer and the road, a meeting was called at 
 Empire Hall and it was a jam. Alfred Kelley discoursed on the 
 subject of the railwa.y and telling us that if we did not take hold of 
 this opportunity to make an iron way to the center of the state 
 Cleveland would only be known in the Gazeteers as a small town on 
 Lake Erie about six miles from Newburgh where steamers sometimes 
 stop to wood and water. By a sudden stroke of generalsliip the exit 
 doors of the hall were locked and the audience were held until all 
 were converted to the faith and pooled in enough to secure the road 
 and add a few more men to the work, when, after a reasonabU^ time, 
 the solons of our legislature came up here on the 22d of February 
 and celebrated the completion of tlie Cleveland, Columbus and Cin- 
 cinnati Railroad, and the l)irth(lay of Washington all at once. 
 
 CleveIjAnd & .Maiion'ing Railroad Completed 
 
 The Cleveland and .Malmniiig Ixailmad was diai'tered in lliis year 
 (1851). It was comi)leted from Cleveland to Voungstown in ISf)?. 
 This road was later known as the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad. 
 The completion of these railways produced great i'i>joicings, for "dm-- 
 ing till' prriiid of llii'ir construction the city had been almost daily 
 ailding to tlie number of its inhaliitants, so that it liad nearly doubled 
 in the last six years, its poinilation being now 21.140, and in the fol- 
 liiwing year flS.")2) it added S7 ]icrs(iiis ])(>r week to its nnmliers.
 
 1851] WOODLAXD rE:\rETEKY 219 
 
 being then 25,670." In August of tliis ycai-, (in motion of Mr. Bliss, 
 detinite aetion was taken hy tlie council toward .securing a new cem- 
 etery. Tlu> resolution dii-oetod the mayor to buy a certain sixty 
 aeres of land and authorized him to '"issue in payment for said land 
 bonds of the I'ity of Cleveland in sums of $1,000 . . . for the 
 aggregate sum of .i<13,689.'' The cemetery thus secured was named 
 "Woodland"": it is still used for the piii'[)oses for which it was bought.
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 
 THE UNION OF CLEVELAND AND OHIO CITY 
 
 In 1852, Abner C. Brownell was elected mayor of Cleveland. The 
 aldermen were John B. Wigman, Leander M. Hubby, Basil L. Spaug- 
 ler, and Buckley Stedman. The eouncilmen, two from each ward in 
 order, were Henrj' Morgan, Aaron Merchant, William H. ShoU, Rob- 
 ert B. Bailey, Stoughton Bliss, John B. Smith, Admiral N. Gray, and 
 Henry Howe. Mr. Hubby was chosen as president of the council. In 
 Ohio City, Benjamin Sheldon was elected mayor, and Ambrose An- 
 thony, E. C. Blish, Thomas Burnham, M. Crasper, William B. Guyles, 
 James Kirby, William H. Newton, Daniel P. Rhodes, Daniel Sanford, 
 Homer Strong, D. C. Taylor, and Charles Winslow were elected as 
 eouncilmen. Mr. Winslow was chosen as president of the council. 
 Christopher E. Hill was chosen recorder; Sanford J. Lewis, treas- 
 urer; Nathan K. McDole, marshal ; and A. C. Beardsley, street super- 
 visor. 
 
 Municipal Water Supply 
 
 As town and village, Cleveland had three sources of water supply, 
 springs, wells, and the lake. "There was a fine spring on the hill- 
 side near Superior lane where Lorenzo Carter first built his cabin in 
 IT!)?, and another near the foot of Maiden lane, where Biyaut's dis- 
 tiller_v was built a few years later. It was easy to dig wells through 
 the saudy loam into the gravel, and the town folks had no trouble in 
 finding an abundance of water. A town pump was put up on the 
 corner of Superior and Water streets and one on the Square, and deep 
 cisterns were placed at numerous intervals for storing water to put 
 out fires. A favorite drinking well w-as the spring near the barn of 
 the ClevcJaiul House, on the northwest corner of the Square. On the 
 corner of Pi-ospect street and Ontario, was a ])uiiip aiul a drinking 
 tank or reservoir for horses." In the Annuls (if Ihe Early Settlers' 
 Association, Mrs. George B. JFerwin has told us that "on the south 
 side of Superior street, nearly opposite the City Hall, T should think, 
 there was a spring of soft water, and near it a shelter was Imilt of 
 
 220
 
 1851] WATER AND ECONOMICS 221 
 
 boughs of trees in suninier, and here many of the women used to eou- 
 gregate for washing:, hanging tlieir eUjthes on the surrounding 
 bushes. The wells, what few there were, eontaining only hard water. 
 The only water carrier for a long time was Beuhu Johnson, wlio with 
 his sister, a JIi-s. White, lived on Euclid street, about where the 
 Vienna Coft'oe House is now [1880]. Henhu with his wooden leg, 
 little wagon and old hoi-se, was in great demand on Mondays, when he 
 drew two barrels of water at a time, covered with blankets, up the 
 long, steep hill from the river, now known as Vineyard street, to 
 parties requiring the element. In fancy I see him now, with his un- 
 painted vehicle, old white horse, himself stumbling along keeping time 
 to the tune of 'Roving Sailor' which he was fond of singing, occa- 
 sionally starting 'Old Whitey' with a kick from the always ready 
 leg, especially if he had been imbibing freely." In 1838, Philo Scovill 
 and others received a charter for the Cleveland Water Company, as 
 already recorded, and, in 1850, an extension of the charter rights was 
 secured and a little of the stock was sold, but nothing more had come 
 of the scheme. But now, the unsanitary condition of the city and the 
 frequent fire losses urged the city to action. Water works had be- 
 come a necessity and public meetings were held to consider the matter ; 
 of course "there was considerable doubt whether the city or private 
 parties should build the water works." In 1850, George A. Benedict 
 and others petitioned the city council to employ an expert to study 
 the various sources of water supply and the probable cost of city 
 water works. In January, 1851, an able committee was appointed by 
 the council with authority to employ a hydraulic engineer. On the 
 twenty-ninth of October, 1852, and after nearly two years of investi- 
 gation, the special committee that was appointed in January, 1851, 
 made a report to the council concerning a municipal water supply. 
 The committee had investigated the Chagrin River, Tinker's Creek, 
 Mill Creek, and Shaker Run, and thought that any one of these might 
 be adequate for the purpose, but their conclusion was that "Lake 
 Erie is the only source to which we can resort for an unfailing supply 
 of pure soft water." * As to control, they agreed that ''all experience 
 shows that such undertakings can be carried on more economically 
 by individuals or companies than by municipal corporations and 
 also better managed after construction," l)ut that, for want of .suffi- 
 cient available capital, private construction of water works for Cleve- 
 land was not practicable. To this, was added the following chunk of 
 wisdom: "One thing is clear to us, the city should by no means 
 
 * The pollution of the waters of the lake by the sewage of the cities on 
 its borders was nut tlicii a]iprociabU'.
 
 222 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XV 
 
 allow the power to pass from them of keeping the control, or assum- 
 ing it at such times as they might think proper, upon certain stipu- 
 lated terms.'" As to methods of operation, they recommended the 
 iise of powerful engines to pump the water from the lake, sufficient 
 in quantity for the wants of .seventy-five thousand persons, and that 
 the water be stared in a resei'voir at least a hundred and fifty feet 
 above the lake for distribution over the city. They further recom- 
 mended that the intake should be at least one mile east from the foot 
 of Water (West Ninth) Street and that the suction pipe should extend 
 "some one thousand feet into the lake to avoid the impurities of the 
 shore." They estimated that the two Cornish engines contemplated, 
 the adequate reservoir, distributing pipes, real estate and labor 
 would cost $.353.335.9.5, urged the immediate employment of a compe- 
 tent engineer, and warmly commended ilr. Theodore R. Scowden of 
 the Cincinnati water works as "a gentleman whose science and ex- 
 perience entitle him to great confidence in the planning and execu- 
 tion of such works, and we feel no hesitancy in suggesting his name 
 to the council." This important and interesting report was accom- 
 panied by a not less interesting report of analyses of waters from 
 various springs, wells, and other near-by sources. By way of illus- 
 tration, it was stated that the water from a well between Superior 
 and Center streets, the oldest part of the city, "is used for many pur- 
 poses, but is not much used for drink. Its taste is unpleasant and 
 color yellowish. The water is bad and contains much organic matter. 
 . . . Water from the Cuyahoga River, taken at the time of low 
 water, iu August, at a depth of ten feet at the railroad bridge so as to 
 avoid the impurities of the surface and the slime of the bottom," 
 was found to be "clear and soft and almost limpid and, by standing 
 some days, became entirely limpid with a scarcely- perceptible, light, 
 flocculent .sediment" [!], while water taken "in the calm, sultry eve- 
 ning in .\ugust" from the lake, half a mile off shore and a mile east 
 of the lighthouse, wa.s "limpid, cool, and pleasant to the taste." The 
 report of the committee and that of tlie analyst were referred by the 
 council to a special committee that they aiifhorized to employ com- 
 petent engineers and instructed to "make the necessary survey and 
 draw plans for the work to be suliinittcil In the rouiiril at an early 
 date." Mr. Scowden got llic appiiintiiK'nt as rccnimiicndcd by the 
 committee. 
 
 The Clevel.vno or 1853 
 
 In accordaiu'c with the provisions of a new stale constilutidii. the 
 state legislature pa.ssed a law rejiealing all the municipal chai'tiTs Ihrn
 
 l\Ui 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 w 
 
 CO
 
 224 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XV 
 
 in force and providing new regulations for the organization and gov- 
 ernment of such corporations. In Cleveland, aldermen were dis- 
 peu.sed with; a police court, the duties of which had previously been 
 performed by the mayor, was established, and the number of elected 
 officials wa.s increased. In 1853, Abner C. Brownell was again elected 
 mayor of Cleveland, and two trustees from each of the four wards 
 were elected, viz., John B. Wigman, George F. Marshall, William H. 
 Sholl, James Gardner, William J. Gordon, Robert Reilley, Henry 
 Everett, and Richard C. Parsons. Mr. Sholl was chosen as president 
 of the council. John Barr was elected police judge; Orlando J. 
 Hodge, clerk of the police court ; Bushnell White, prosecuting attor- 
 ney; James Barnett, Onson Spencer, and Alexander W. Walter, di- 
 ' rectors of the infirmary; Alexander Mcintosh, J. ]\I. Hughes, and J. B. 
 Wheeler, commissioners of streets ; Michael Gallagher, marshal ; J. B. 
 Bartlet, auditor; William Hart, treasurer; James Fitch, solicitor; 
 William Cowan, chief engineer of the fire department; C. Stillman, 
 harbor master; James A. Craw, sexton; W. A. Morton, superin- 
 tendent of markets ; .David Shut, sealer of weights and measures; A. 
 Wheeler, weigher; J. W. Pillsbury, civil engineer; W. R. Simmons, 
 John Odell, Barney Mooney, and James Hill, constables; James 
 Whitaker, William Redhead, David Sehub, and James Proudfoot, 
 assessors. In spite of the economic folly of such a scattering of ad- 
 ministrative responsibility, serious mistakes in the choice of men seem 
 to have been generally avoided. If any such mistakes were made, the 
 account was evened up by the choice that the electors made for mem- 
 bers of the city's firat board of water works commissioners or trustees, 
 Henry B. Payne, B. L. Spangler, and Richard Hilliard. Upon this 
 trio devolved the duty of building Cleveland's first municipal water 
 works. Late in the preceding official year (February 28, 1853), Mr. 
 Seowdeii, the water works engineer, submitted a preliminai-y report to 
 tlu; city council. In the following April, the electors voted on a propo- 
 sition to issue water works bonds, with the following result : 
 
 For Against 
 
 First ward 365 55 
 
 Second ward 285 218 
 
 Third ward 423 61 
 
 FonHli ward l.')7 265 
 
 Total 1,2.30 599 
 
 'I'd ilir iirwiy elected board of watci- works trustees. Engineer Scow- 
 don, in June, reported Ihrce jJans. The first ]>lan contcini)lat(>d a
 
 o 
 r 
 
 > 
 
 CD 
 03 
 
 Vol. 1—15
 
 226 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XV 
 
 reservoir of 1.000,000 gallons capacity, at the corner of Sterling 
 Avenue and Euclid Street, and a pumping station at the foot of Ster- 
 ling Avenue, at an estimated cost of $431,335.60. The second plan 
 included either the building of an embankment reservoir, with a 
 5,000,000 gallon capacity, at Sterling Avenue and St. Clair Street, 
 costing $544,807.04, or with the reservoir at Superior Street and 
 Sterling Avenue, costing $670,419.84. The third plan placed the 
 entire works on the west side of the river, a 5,000,000 gallon reser- 
 voir on Kentucky (West Thirty-eighth) Street and Franklin Avenue, 
 with an engine house or pumping station at the foot of Kentucky 
 Street at an estimated cost of $436,698.40. The annexation of Ohio 
 City seems to have been accepted as a foregone conclusion, for the 
 third plan was chosen. In October, the coiuicil adopted a resolution 
 that the water works should be built on the West Side and at once 
 took measures to appropriate the necessary land. The city subse- 
 quently i.ssued and delivered to the water works trustees bonds to the 
 amount of $400,000 and the work was done without exceeding the 
 amount of the appropriation — a rare and commendable perform- 
 ance. Work on the pumping station was begun in August, 1854, and 
 work on the reservoir in the following month, but before the contem- 
 plated protection was afforded came a hot and fiery lesson on the 
 wisdom of timely preparedness — as we shall soon see. In this year 
 (1853), the Cleveland and JIarquette Iron Company landed here the 
 first iron ore brought to the city — half a dozen barrels of it, it is said. 
 
 Great oaks from little acorns grow. 
 
 Ohio City op 1853 
 
 In the spring of this year (1853), Ohio City had elected William 
 B. Castle as mayor and Plimmon C. Bennett, Daniel 0. Hoyt, 
 A. C. Messenger, Wells I'orter, Albert Powell, Charles L. Rhodes, 
 and D. C. Taylor as trustees. Albert Powell was chosen as president 
 of the council. Christopher E. Hill was elected recorder; Sanford J. 
 Lewis, treasurer ; Nathan K. McDole, marshal and street supervisor. 
 
 In November, 1853, the council of the City of Cleveland adopted 
 a resolution that provided for the appointment of a committee to confer 
 with a committee from the council of the City of Ohio with a view to 
 "taking initiatory steps toward the annexation of said city to the City 
 of Cleveland," a matter that had long been under serious considera- 
 tion. This committee reported, on the fir.st of February, 18.54, their 
 recommendation that the councils of the two cities pass oi'dinances 
 submitting to the voters thereof the question of uniting the two mu-
 
 1854] ANNEXATION 227 
 
 nieipalities. The ordinances consequently passed and the vote was 
 taken on the third day of April, 1854, witli tiie following result: 
 
 For Against 
 
 In Cleveland 1.892 400 
 
 In Ohio City 618 258 
 
 Totals 2,510 658 
 
 At this time the ninnieipal government of Ohio City was organized 
 as follows: William 13. Castle, mayor; Plinnnon C. Bennett, Irvine 
 U. blasters, A. C. Messenger, Charles W. Palmer, Wells Porter, 
 Albert Powell, Edward Russell and Frederick Silberg, trustees; Mr. 
 Powell, president of the council; Christopher E. Hill, recorder; 
 Sauford J. Lewis, treasurer; Nathan K. McDole, marshal; and David 
 Grififith, street supervisor. As Mayor Brovvnell had been elected for 
 a term of two years, there was no canvass for mayor of Cleveland 
 at this time, but there was an imderstanding that the next mayor 
 should be taken from the west side of the river. The commissionei's 
 appointed to draft the terms of imion were, on the part of Cleve- 
 land, W. A. Otis, H. V. Willsou, and Franklin T. Backus ; those chosen 
 by Ohio City were William B. Castle, Needham M. Standart, and 
 C. S. Rhodes. The report of the commissioners was adopted on the 
 fifth of June, and provided, among other things, "that the territoi-y 
 now constituted the City of Ohio shall be annexed to, and constitute 
 a part of, the city of Cleveland, and the First, Second, Third and 
 Fourth wards of the former city as now established shall constitute 
 the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth and Eleventh wards respectively of the last 
 named city ; and the present trustees of said wards ... shall 
 hold their ofiSces . . . for the terms for which they have been 
 severally elected." In accordance with this provision, the local legis- 
 lature was constituted as follows : Mayor, Abner C. Brownell. 
 Trustees, two from each ward in order, John B. Wigman, Chai'les 
 Bradburn, William H. Sholl, James Gardner, Christopher Mollen, 
 Robert Reilley, Henry Everett, Richard C. Pai-sons, Chauucey Tiee, 
 -Alathew S. Cotterell, Bolivar Butts, John A. Bishop, W. C. B. Rich- 
 ardson, George W. ^lorrill, A. C. Messenger, Charles W. Palmer, 
 Wells Porter. Albert Powell, Plimmon C. Bennett, Irvine U. Masters, 
 Edward Russell and Frederick Silberg. At the first meeting of the 
 council after the annexation (June 10, 1854), Richard C. Parsons 
 was chosen as president, and "the venerable J. B. Bartlett" was, 
 for the third or fourth time, elected as clerk and auditor. The Daily 
 Express and the Waechter am Erie were made the official papers and,
 
 228 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS EXVIR0X8 [Chap. XV 
 
 in Au^st, proceedings were begun to appropriate land for the "West 
 Side reservoir. 
 
 At this time, there was "not a square yard of stone paving on 
 either side of the river, except on Superior street hUl from Water 
 street to the public landing on the river. Soon followed, however, 
 the paving of Union street, from River street, to its intersection with 
 Superior street hill, while Superior .street from the public square 
 to Water street was a slushing, twisted and rotten plank road, and 
 every other street in the city was a mud road of almost unfathomable 
 depth in the rainy season." Anything like a system of sewers was 
 nonexistent and hardly contemplated : the records of the city show 
 that when, as a sanitary measure to prevent the ravages of cholera, 
 
 New England House 
 
 an ordinance was passed prohibiting tlie throwing of dirty water into 
 the streets and alleys, the citizens protested and urged that tempo- 
 rary drains be cut to answer as sewers. 
 
 Destructive Fires 
 
 In this year (1854), Cleveland suffered serious losses by lire. In 
 April, an incendiary fire on Seneca (West Third) Street near 
 Superior, destroyed an engine house, a drug store, and two or three 
 other hoases; the sparks set fire to a planing mill on Michigan Street, 
 a paint shop, a cooper shop, a brewery and dwelling house ; the total 
 lo.ss was estimated at if^lS.OOO. On the seventh of October, a fire broke 
 out at noon and destroyed more than a score of buildings, nearly all
 
 1854] FIRE AND FAILITRE 229 
 
 that there were on the soutli side of the sciuare; the ohl courthouse 
 eaujrht fire but tlie flames were put out, and tlie old Baptist elmreh, 
 at the corner of yeueea and Champlain streets, dedicated in 1836, 
 narrowly escaped the flames. Twenty days later (October 27), a 
 livery stahle was set on fire and the flames spread disastrouslj-. The 
 New I]nglaud House, at the corner of Superior and ]\Ierwin streets, 
 the Commercial Exchange, a three-story brick building, and the St. 
 Charles Hotel, were burned. Nearly every building on Merwin Street 
 and the entire block enclosed by Superior Lane, James Street, and the 
 railroad were destroyed, and Oviatt's three-story brick block on the 
 north side of Suj)crior Street was gutted. It was the greatest fire 
 that Cleveland had ever experienced ; the lo.sses were estimated at $215,- 
 000. In the following month, the Episcopal chiireh at the corner 
 of Seneca and St. Clair streets, the oldest church building in the 
 city, suffered. The experiences of the year empha.sized the need of 
 better fire protection and especially a more ample water supply. 
 
 The Canal Bank Closes Its Doors 
 
 But the great fires were not the only disasters that had of late 
 huddled on the back of the city. In 1845, the Canal Bank of Cleve- 
 land had been organized as an independent bank. Early in Novem- 
 ber, 1854, the Canal Bank closed its doors, "exploded into thin air" 
 is the phra.se of Jlr. Kennedy, who tells us further that "those were 
 exciting times to men who held the paper money then afloat, and 
 who made haste to get rid of it in fear that it might turn to worth- 
 less paper in their hands." During the day there was a crowd about 
 the door of the bank where a foi'ce of police was stationed to prevent 
 any disturbance. The Plmn Dealer of the ninth of November records 
 the fact that "the billholders who got the gold for their notes 
 were arrayed in smile.s, and contrasted most vigorou.sly with the 
 grim-visaged depositors who got nothing." But not every depositor 
 wa.s willing to let his loss go by with nothing more than sour looks 
 and empty pockets. "On the day preceding the failure, a fresh- 
 water captain named Gummage had deposited one thousand dollars, 
 the result of the season's labor and danger on the great lakes. "When 
 told that his ca.sh was swallowed up, he became desperate, and pro- 
 ceeded to a desperate remedy. Arming himself, he entered the 
 bank and demanded his money. When it was refused, he said: 'It 
 is all the money I ovni in the world, and I will have it or I will 
 kill you ! ' He meant what he said and looked his meaning, and his 
 ca.sh was handed over without parley. No one ever proceeded against
 
 230 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XV 
 
 him, in law or othei'wise." Then, too, we have the story of Doctor 
 Ackley's raid on the outer and the inner walls of the bank vault. 
 "Dr. H. C. Ackley, who was as determined as he was eccentric, had 
 a personal deposit in the Canal Bank, but laid no claim to it in 
 preference over the other victims. He was, however, one of the 
 trustees of the State Insane Asylum at Newburg, and had placed in 
 the bank nine thousand dollars of the public funds. On the announce- 
 ment of the suspension, he demanded this sum, which he did not 
 get. He hurried to the sheriff's office and swore out a writ of attach- 
 ment. Sheriff M. M. Spangler proceeded to the bank, which was locat- 
 ed on Superior street, near the American House."' When the sher- 
 iff's demand for the keys of the vault was refused, he proceeded to 
 break open the vault. According to the Herald, "the excitement, both 
 inside and outside the bank, wa.s intense while the work proceeded ; 
 but, to the credit of our citizens, no signs of riot were displayed. 
 Dr. Ackkn- has a heavy deposit of his own, but has procured an 
 attachment only on behalf of the State, claiming that unless its money 
 is procured, the asylum at Newburg cannot be opened for more than 
 a year, and that during that time one hundred insane patients will 
 be deprived of treatment." When Sheriff Spangler found that "brick 
 walls and iron doors opposed the entrance of the law, he summoned 
 several stalwart deputies, and. under the guardianship of Dr. Ackley, 
 who is said bj' ancient rumor to have threatened to shoot the first 
 man who interfered, laid down such lusty blows as had not been 
 heard since Richard of the Lion Heart drove his battle-axe against 
 the castle gates of Front-de-Boeuf. Sledge-hammers swung in the 
 air, and came down on the brick work with a crash; clouds of lime 
 and mortar filled the room. The population of Cleveland could almost 
 have been enumerated from those who crowded on the scene. The 
 officers and clerks of the hank looked on, helpless to prevent, and in 
 no position to aid. F. T. Backus, a part owner of the building and 
 the attorney of the bank, rushed in and ordered a halt, on the grounds 
 of trespass. The sheriff replied that he had come for the money, and 
 that it was a part of his official oath to get it. The blows still fell, 
 and at one o'clock the outer wall of the vault was Ijroken, and meas- 
 ures set on foot to break into the burglar-proof safe. Truces were 
 held, from time to time, lawyers rushed here and there, witli mes- 
 sages, advice, and papers; but the sheriff knew no law but that of his 
 writ, and had but one purpose, which was to get at the cash. Finally, 
 late at night, to .save the safe from damage, the assignees gave up the 
 keys, and the hard-earned money was carried away by the sheriff. 
 There were .$400 in gold and $1,460 in I)ills." The liabilities of the
 
 1854] A i\ON-SECTARIAN AGENCY 231 
 
 bank were $308,000 and its assets $282,000. In that day, such a 
 failure was a iiKinientous tiiiaiicia! event. 
 
 Young JLen's Christian Association Organized 
 
 It is pleasant to turn for a moment from the consideration of 
 tire losses and bank failures to that of an enterprise that has been 
 productive of increasing good through all the years that have since 
 passed. On the evening of ]Monday, the sixth of February, 1854, a 
 meeting was held for the purpose of organizing a Young Men's 
 Christian Association. The Rev. S. C. Aiken was chairman ; Samuel 
 B. Shaw was secretary; and, "on motion, S. II. Matlier, Presbyterian; 
 Loren Prentiss, Baptist; L. M. H. Battey, Congregational; E. W. 
 Roby, Episcopal; and E. P. Young, Methodist," were appointed as 
 
 Northrop and Spangler Block 
 
 a committee to draft a plan of operations, a constitution, and by- 
 laws, and to report at as early a date as possible. On the twenty- 
 eighth of February, a second meeting was held in the lecture room of 
 the Fii-st Baptist Church on Seneca (West Third) Street. Sixty 
 names were included in a list of members, the constitution and by-laws 
 were adopted, and officers were chosen: John S. Newberrj-, pi-esident; 
 
 E. W. Rob}', vice-president; Samuel B. Shaw, recording secretary; 
 Loren Prentiss, corresponding secretary ; A. W. Brockway, treasurer ; 
 Dan P. Eells, R. F. Humiston, James M. Iloyt, J. J. Low, and H. 
 Montgomery, directors; S. W. Adams, G. W. Whitney, F. T. Brown, 
 
 F. B. Culver, E. F. Young. D. C. Hoffman, T. G. Cleveland, Henry 
 Childs, L. M. II. Battey, :\I. C. Sturtevant, S. L. Severance, and S. 
 P. Churchill, board of managers. The first rooms of the association 
 were in the Northrup and Spangler Block, on the southeast corner of 
 Superior and Seneca (West Third) streets. In 1858, the Associa-
 
 232 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XV 
 
 tion was housed iu the Strickland Block fronting on the Public 
 Square. In 1871, it was in its own building (the gift of James F. 
 Clark) on the north side of the Public Square. Ten years later, the 
 five-story building on the southwest corner of Euclid Avenue and 
 Sheriff (East Fourth) Street was bought. At the end of another 
 decade (1891), more adequate accommodations were provided in 
 the beautiful building erected especially for it on the southeast cor- 
 
 STHKKI.AXn Pl.OCK 
 
 ncr of Prospect Avenue ami East Ninth Street. But Cleveland aiul 
 its Young Men's Christian Association would not stop gi-owing. Tn 
 half of February, 19]0, the members of the Association i)usbed their 
 campaign for half a million dollars and secured more tliau 17,000 
 subscribers, and an oversubscription of more than forty thousand 
 dollars. The building at the corner of ProspiH't and East Ninth was 
 sold and the present building at No. 2200 Prosjiect Avenue was liuilt. 
 A more extended account of the association will be given in a later 
 chapter.
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 
 ON THE WAY TO CIVIL WAR 
 
 When the City of Clevoliuul was incorporated, its offices were first 
 established in the Commercial Building on lower Superior Street. 
 For many years they had no fixed abode but w^ere moved "from 
 pillar to post;" they were not housed in the same building and some- 
 times not even in the same neighborhood. In 1855, John Jones built 
 a three-story brick block on the south side of the Public Square and 
 near the southwest corner thereof; the building is still there. The 
 city leased the two upper stories of the building and established its 
 various offices on the second floor; the third floor was used for the 
 meetin.gs of the city council. The council first met in its new quarters 
 on the fourteenth of November, 1855. Here the municipal govern- 
 ment was housed for two decades. 
 
 The M.\yobs op Cleveland 
 
 As stated in the preceding chapter, there was an informal under- 
 standing that the first mayor of Cleveland elected after the annexa- 
 tion of Ohio City should be selected from the citizens of the West 
 Side. This "gentleman's agreement" was made good by the election 
 of AYilliam B. Castle. Thus the last mayor of the City of Ohio be- 
 came the first mayor of the amplified City of Cleveland. The 
 mayoralty lists of both cities complete to the date of the annexation 
 has been given. The mayors of the City of Cleveland since that date 
 are named in the following list: 
 
 1855-57— William B. Castle 
 1857-59 — Samuel Starkweather 
 1859-61— George B. Senter 
 1861-6.3— Edward S. Flint 
 1863-65 — Irvine I'. Masters 
 George B. Senter 
 1865-67— Herman M. Chapin 
 1867-71 — Stephen Buhrer 
 1871-73— Frederick W. Pelton 
 1873-7.5— Charles A. Otis 
 1875-77— Nathan P. Pavne 
 l877.7C)_AVi]liam G. Rose 
 1879-8.3— R. R. TTen-ick 
 1883-85— John H. Farlev 
 
 1885-87— George W. Gardner 
 1887-89— Brenton D. Babcock 
 1889-91— George W. Gardner 
 1891-93— William G. Rose 
 1893-9.5— Robert Blec 
 1895-99— Robert E. ]\lcKisson 
 1899-01— John IT. Farley 
 1901-10— Tom L. Johnson (Four 
 terms, ending Janu- 
 ary 1, 1910) 
 1910-12— Herman C. Baehr 
 1912-16- Newton D. Baker 
 1916- — Harrv L. Davis. 
 
 233
 
 234 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 Municipal Improvements 
 
 On the twenty-fourth of September, 1856, the Cornish engines in 
 the municipal pumping station "down by the old river bed sent the 
 welcome waters of the lake dancing more than a hundred feet into 
 the air and filled the little lake on the Kentucky Sti-eet mound [i. e., 
 the West Side reservoir] , and from thence bent on its mission of joy, 
 health, comfort and luxury to the homes of the people. From hence- 
 forth, the wells of hard and milky mineral waters were abandoned, 
 pumps were no longer jerked, cisterns of black and stagnant rain 
 water were closed, and even the pure little spring down in the bottom 
 
 "^ ia^. 
 
 William B. Castle 
 
 of some far off deep ravine soon became forgotten even by children." 
 At this time, much of the marketing was on the streets, principally 
 on Ontario Street and along the south side of the Public Sciuare. In 
 December, 1856, the commissioners j)reviously appointed by the city 
 council reported in favor of the junction of Pittsburgh (now Broad- 
 way) and Bolivar streets as the site for a public market and there the 
 still standing Central Market was begun in the spring of 1857. 
 
 The Court-house of 1885 
 
 With tlie rapid growth of Clevcliuid augmented by tlic ainu'.xation 
 of Ohio City, as deseril^cd in tlu' ju-eceding chapter, came a corre- 
 sponding growth of Cuyahoga County and an incroa.sc of its exooUive, 
 administrative, and legal business. The court-house built in 1828
 
 1857] 
 
 A NEW COUNTY BUILDING 
 
 235 
 
 was inadequate for the necessities of tiic new era ami it was decided 
 to build a new structure on a new site. One of the earlier histories 
 of Cleveland states that about this time, the city council "instructed 
 the city clerk to notify the county commissioners to remove tlie old 
 court-house from the public square as soon as possible. It had been 
 abandoned as a place for holding courts, and none of its former 
 official tenants remained within its walls l)ut the county recorder. The 
 new court-house on tlie north side of tlie square was not yet con- 
 
 
 The Court-house in 1885 
 
 structed, and the ancient Baptist church on the corner of Seneca and 
 Champlaiu streets had been fitted up and was used for court purposes. 
 The commissioners took uml)rage at the civil and courteous notifica- 
 tion, and were not very diplomatic in thoir answer when they reminded 
 the council that they had better confide their labors to their own 
 legitimate business." Land on the north side of Rockwell Street, 
 just across the narrow street at tlie northwest corner of the Public 
 Square was secured, and a contract was let (November 10, 1857) for 
 a three-story stone building thereon at a cost of $152,500. This build- 
 ing (now called "the Old Court House") was supplemented in 1875,
 
 236 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIEONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 by an additional building extending from it westward to Seneca (West 
 Third) Street. This somewhat stately addition housed the probate 
 court and some other appendages of county government and cost 
 $250,000. In 1884, the old building received two additional stories at 
 a cost of $100,000. The accommodations thus provided gradually 
 wei'e outgrown and, in 1902, the need for something better had become 
 imperative, and the opportane campaign for "The Group Plan" for 
 the civic structures of city and county (elsewhere described) deter- 
 mined the site for the court-house of today. This fine building was 
 completed in 1911, at a cost of $950,000 for land, and of $4,706,343.44 
 for the biiilding. 
 
 In 1857, came another panic with consequent refusal of many 
 persons to make new investments and a general stagnation of business. 
 But the Cleveland banks stood the strain without any failures and the 
 storm went by without causing general wreckage like that of 1837. 
 Another unhappy incident of that year (March 8) was the burning 
 of the "Old Stone Church" on the Public Square. The fact that the 
 "Western Reserve was earnestly antagonistic to the institution of negro 
 slavery, one of "the hot-beds of abolitionism," is pretty well known; 
 .Joshua R. Giddings and rare "Old Ben Wade" made "benighted 
 Ashtabula" famous. As already recorded, Cleveland had an anti- 
 slavery society as early as 1810 and, in the fourth decade of that cen- 
 tury (1833-37), such organizations were noteworthily energized. 
 
 Oberlin- Wellington Rescue Cases 
 
 In 1858, events in Kansas aroused the North to feverish excitement 
 and, on the twelfth of March, the anti-Lecompton Democrats of 
 Cleveland held in Melodeon Hall a meeting that was addressed by 
 Frederick P. Stanton, lately the secretary and acting-governor of 
 "lilceding Kfiusas." ]\Ir. Stanton had resigned his office on account 
 of the presidential policy, especially as it related to the fraudulent 
 returns of the vote by which the notorious Leeompton state constitu- 
 lion had been "adopted." James M. Coftinbcrrv was chairman of the 
 meeting, and Dan P. Rhodes, Jabez W. Fitcli, and John H. Farley 
 were among tlie vice-presidents. One of the resolutions adopted 
 declared "That the Leeompton constitution, in view of its parentage 
 and histor\% is unworthy of the consideration of the president and 
 congress." It is not on record that President Buchanan enjoyed this 
 practical repudiation by these honest Democrats who had lately voted 
 for him. Tlie iniquities of the fugitive-slave law also piled their bur- 
 den on the conscience of New Connecticut and paved the way for stir-
 
 1858] THE OBERLIN-WELLINGTON RESCUE 237 
 
 ring events in Cleveland and its environs. In 1859, the trial of the 
 Oberliu-Wellington rescue cases in the United States court in Cleveland 
 created groat excitement in the city and elsewhere. At that time, 
 Oberlin, Ohio, had a population of about three thousand, exclusive 
 of the twelve hundred or more students at the college which drew 
 no restrictions on the line of color, sex, or creed. The collegiate 
 advantages thus offered brought to the town many free negroes, and 
 the public sentiment thus announced made Oberlin a haven of refuge 
 for enterprising runaway slaves, some of whom had the courage to 
 remain. Here, in September, 1858, a slave-catcher found John Price 
 who had escaped from slavery in Kentucky. John was decoyed from 
 the town, seized, and taken to Wellington nine miles away and on the 
 railway between Cleveland and Columbus. The slave-catcher was 
 intending to take John before the United States commissioner at 
 Columbus. News of the abduction floated into Oberlin, and "was all 
 over town in a flash." From shops, stores, and offices, men rushed 
 into the streets, took the first vehicles found, and drove rapidly 
 toward Wellington. Some of the students started on foot and had 
 a lively race to beat their professors who went by any transportation 
 that could be obtained. The minute men increased in numbers on 
 the way and were further reinforced at Wellington. The four kid- 
 nappers with their victim were behind the closed door of an upper 
 room of the village hotel, awaiting the arrival of the train to take 
 them to Columbus. The excited crowd surrounded the hotel ; the 
 train came and went. While the prudent were parleying and the 
 calm were discussing plans, the door was forced, John was taken 
 down to the street, and driven out into the country before many of 
 the rescuers understood what was being done. The citizens of Ober- 
 lin, having made good their boast that a slave should never be taken 
 from their town, quietly returned to their homes. For several days, 
 John was secreted in the house of James H. Fairchild, professor of 
 moral philosophy and theology, and, subsequently, the president of 
 the college. John was finally shipped in safety to the free land 
 across Lake Erie. 
 
 For participation in this rescue, twenty-four residents of Oberlin 
 and thirteen of Wellington were indicted (December 7, 1858) under 
 the provisions of an act of 1850, and arraigned before the United 
 States district court at Cleveland. No more respectable prisoners 
 than these ever pleaded "not guilty." They were dismissed upon their 
 own recognizance to appear for trial in the following March. In 
 Jlarch, the trial was deferred another month. Four eminent attor- 
 neys, Rufus P. Spalding, Franklin T. Backus, Albert G. Riddle, and
 
 238 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 Seneca 0. Griswolcl, volunteered their services for the defense without 
 fees. The district attorney, George W. Belden, was aided by an able 
 associate and both sides put forth extraordinary efforts. The 
 prosecution had the sympathy of the judge; the defense, that of the 
 community. The first to be brought to trial (April 7, 1859) was 
 Simeon Bushuell. The evidence was clear, the law was plain, and 
 the verdict was "guilty." The prisoner was sentenced to pay a 
 fine of six hundred dollars and costs and to be imprisoned in the 
 county jail for sixty days. At the end of the Bushnell trial, the 
 court made a ruling so unfair that the others who had been indicted 
 refused to continue their words of honor to appear in court when 
 wanted. The ruling was subsequently recalled and the prisoners 
 notified that their recognizances would be accepted as before. De- 
 clining to renew their recognizances or to give bail, the indicted men 
 became real prisoners. From the middle of April to July, the Cleve- 
 land jail was the center of an intense and wide-spread interest. 
 "It was a self-imposed martyrdom; but the fact could not be ignored 
 that these respectable people were in prison, and the preaching on 
 Sunday of Professor Peek from the jail-yard produced a remarkable 
 sensation." 
 
 The second person to be tried was Charles Langston, a colored 
 man. He was found guilty. Before receiving sentence, Langston 
 took advantage of the opportunity generally given and made an 
 eloquent speech, a pathetic description of the negro's disabilities, 
 and a claim that he had not been tried by his peers. When he took 
 his seat, the court-room rang with applause and the court fixed the 
 sentence — a hundred dollars fine and twenty days imprisonment. At 
 the clpse of Langston 's trial, and wlion the remaining cases were 
 about to be continued from the middle of May to the July term, 
 three of the Wellington prisoners entered a plea of nolo contendere 
 and were sentenced each to pay a fine of twenty dollars and cost of 
 prosecution and to remain in jail twenty-four houi's. When "Father 
 Gillette," an old man from Wellington, was entreated thus to leave 
 the jail he replied: "Not until I liavc shrunk small enough to slip 
 through that keyhole." rontiimanee in jail had lieconie a point of 
 honor. 
 
 Ill the recess of the United States court at Cleveland, Bushnell 
 and Langston were taken, on a writ of habeas corpus, before the 
 judges of the supreme court of Ohio. The case was ably argued for 
 a week, the attorney-general of the state appearing as counsel for 
 the prisoners. The court divided three against two, and the prisoners 
 were remanded. The vote of one man had turned the scale; had it
 
 1859] ANTISLAVERY PROPAGANDA 239 
 
 been turned the other way, Dliio might have been brought into 
 armed conflict with the national government and in defense of state 
 rights. "Had tiie party of freedom throughout the North then 
 rallied, as seemed probable, the war might have come in 1859 instead 
 of 1861, with a secession of the nortliei-n instead of the southern 
 States." Dazzling speculation ! 
 
 The interest excited by these trials was deep and wide-spread. 
 Public meetings were held in all parts of the Western Reserve and an 
 immense mass convention of the opponents of the fugitive-slave law 
 was held (May 24, 1859) in Cleveland. Delegations came from many 
 counties of northern Ohio; they came "by trainload and wagonload. 
 Thei'e were multitudes of bands and banners. A vaSt parade formed 
 and marched by the pi'ison yard cheering the martyrs." A large 
 platform was built in the Public Scjuare so near to the high fence 
 around the jail that speakers could address the crowd from one side 
 of the fence or the other as occasion required. From the inside of 
 the fence, speeches that were free from any attempt to move the 
 passions of the crowd were made by Langston, Professor Peck, Super- 
 intendent Fitch, and other prisoners. On the other side of the fence, 
 there was more fire. Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky wrote: "Are you 
 ready to fight? If you have got your sentiments up to that manly 
 pitch, I am with you through to the end. But if not, I'll have none 
 of your conventions." Joshua R. Giddings, the president of the con- 
 vention, was radical, almost revolutionary. Governor Salmon P. Chase 
 advised patience and dependence upon legal and constitutional 
 agencies, affirming, however, that when his time came and his duty 
 was plain, the governor of Ohio would meet it as a man. Speeches 
 were also made by Daniel R. Tilden, Rufus P. Spalding, and others. 
 The resolutions that were adopted had something of the tone of a 
 state-rights convention, but the crowds that had assembled to denounce 
 one law were not there to break another. 
 
 Meantime, the men behind the walls of the Cuyahoga County jail 
 were doing propaganda work, writing to the newspapers, issuing 
 pamphlets, and advising the preachers of the North to make sermons 
 on the ease. The fire they started extended throughout all the states 
 in the North. The railways carried relatives and friends to Cleve- 
 land at reduced rates and the prisoners were bountifully supplied 
 with all the delicacies of the market by the sympathizing public. 
 Sheriff "Wightman and the jailor treated the prisoners as guests and 
 friends rather than as criminals. Prisoner Fitch's Oberlin Sunday- 
 school decided to pay a visit to the Cuyahoga jail to see their super- 
 intendent instead of having their usual picnic. "When hopes of a
 
 240 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 speedy release vanished, the prisoners secured the tools of their 
 several callings, and soon the jail-yard was a busy hive of industry. 
 The professors and students read Latin and Greek and metaphysics, 
 keeping up with their class work at college, and sending to the outside 
 world stirring antislavery epistles. A printing office was established 
 and The Rescuer issued. Religious exercises formed a considerable 
 part of the daily life of this remarkable penal colony. 
 
 In the meantime, the grand jury of Lorain County, in which were 
 Oberlin and "Wellington, indicted the four men who had abducted the 
 negro in violation of the laws of Ohio against kidnappers. The pen- 
 alty for this offense was imprisonment for three years in the peniten- 
 tiary, ' ' and if there was any one fact in the matter more certain than 
 another, it was that if the indicted men should fall into the clutches 
 of the Lorain County court they would serve the last hour allowed 
 by the law." When, at the end of the second trial, counsel for the 
 defense moved to take up the third case, the United States district 
 attorney indignantly explained that his four witnesses were in the 
 custody of the Lorain County court and that he was obliged to ask 
 for a continuance to the sixth of July. After a skilful and amusing 
 display of thrust and parry between the officials of the United States 
 district court and those of the Lorain County court, in which the 
 latter scored the more points, it became evident that the kidnappers 
 must stand trial with a certainty of conviction, or leave the state and 
 thus abandon the cases against the untried rescuers. The outcome 
 appears in the following paragraph from the Cleveland Leader (July 
 7, 1859) : 
 
 Considerable excitement was created in this city by the announce- 
 ment that a proposition had been made by the Kentucky kidnappers 
 to have mutual nollcs entered in their own case and the case of the 
 Oberlin rescuers. The consequence was the most intense anxiety 
 among men, both Black Republicans and Yellow Democrats, to learn 
 the upshot of the whole matter. The negotiations between Judge 
 Belden and the kidnappers on. the one side, and the authorities of 
 Lorain (holding the kidnappers) on the other (the Oberlinites refus- 
 ing to be parties), were consummated yesterday when Marshal John- 
 son called at the jail and ainiounccd to the rescue prisoners that they 
 were free. The news spread rai)idly that the government officials 
 had caved. Huiulrods inunediately called on the rescniers to tender 
 their congratulations at this signal triumph of the Higher Lawites. 
 In tlie afternoon, about five o'clock, one hnndi-ed guns were firetl, and 
 several hundreds of our citizens gathered at the jail to escort the 
 rescuers to the depot. 
 
 On the other side, the Cleveland Plain Dealer said: "So the gov- 
 ernment has been beaten at last, with law, justice and facts all on its
 
 1859] THE ADVENT OF THE STREET RAILWAY 241 
 
 side; and Oborlin, witli its irl)ollioiis lii^hcr-law i-reod, is triomphant. " 
 At Oberliii the whole ooimnuiiity iiiot tlic rescuers with music aud 
 cheers and prayers. A few days hitor, Bnslinell, who had served out. 
 Ids sentence, returned to Oherlin and was received as a conquering 
 hero. 
 
 The H.\nging of Joirx Rrown 
 
 Later in the year, Jolm Rrown was hanfied. He had lived in 
 northern Ohio and his pieturestiue career was familiar to the people 
 of that section, many of w-hom sympathized w ith his purposes, con- 
 doned his illegal doings, and now were thoi-oughly aroused. On the 
 twenty-nintli of Xoveml)er (1859), a meeting, presided over by Judge 
 D. R. Tilden, was heUl to make preparation for a proper observance 
 of the day of Brown "s exv''eution. It was recommended "that the 
 bells of the churches in the city be tolled for half an hour from 
 2 p. m., Tuesday, December 2 ; that a general meeting be held at 
 Melodeon Hall at 7:00 o'clock p. m. on that day to give expression to 
 public sentiment on the occasion of the sacrifice to the Moloch of 
 ■ Slavery by the killing of the body of Jolm Rrown by the common- 
 wealth of Virginia." On the day of the execution, the Herald was 
 printed with black bordei's, tiags were at half mast, and a white ban- 
 ner bordered with black was stretched across Superior Street quoting 
 the famous declaration of "the martyr": "I do not think I can 
 better serve the cause I love so much than to die for it;" words that 
 were made prophetic by the quick intensifying of antislavery senti- 
 ment, one result of which was the election of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 In 1859, the East Cleveland Railway Company was organized and, 
 in 1860, it was opened for business between Bank (West Sixth) Street 
 and Willson Avenue (East Fifty-fifth Street). On the sixth of 
 October, on that year (1860), ground was broken at the eastern ter- 
 minus and the president of the company, Henry S. Stevens, "invited 
 the stockholders and patrons present to meet at the other end of the 
 route, near Water (West Ninth) Street, three weeks from that day 
 to celebrate the completion of the first street railroad in Cleveland 
 and in the state." The line was extended to Doan's Corners in 1863. 
 In 1859, the Kinsman Street Railway Company was organized and 
 part of the present Woodland Avenue line was built. In 1863, the 
 West Side Railway Company was formed. These pioneer lines "had 
 a great influence in developing Cleveland, and in placing her business 
 and manufacturing districts in touch with the residence portions. To 
 these lines more than to anything else, perhaps, is it the fact that
 
 242 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 Cleveland is a city of homes and that somewhere within reach of daily 
 business or employment can be found a location for home-owning 
 and home-building that is not beyond the financial means of the most 
 humble laborer. A city in which the great majority are their own 
 landlords is built upon a rock of stability that nothing can shake." 
 The detailed story of the development of Cleveland's street railway 
 system, including the coming and the doings of the unique Tom L. 
 Johnson, deserves a chapter by itself. 
 
 Journeys op the Perry Monument 
 
 In 1860, came the erection and dedication of the Perry Monument, 
 commemorative of the naval victory on Lake Erie in 1813. The idea 
 of such a material tribute to him who wrote the laconic dispatch, 
 "We have met the enemy and they are ours," seems to have originated 
 in 18.57 with Hai-^'ey Rice, then a member of the city council. The 
 council appointed a select committee of five, of which Harvey Rice 
 was chairman, with authority to solicit contributions from the citizens 
 to meet the expenses of the project. The committee entered into eon- 
 tract for the work with T. Jones and Sons of Cleveland, the con- 
 tractors taking on themselves the risk of obtaining the required amount. 
 The five thousand dollars raised by public subscription was supple- 
 mented by a little more than three thousand dollars appropriated by 
 the city council to make up the deficiency. William Walcutt designed 
 the statue, the marble wa,s brought from Italy, and the work was done 
 in Cleveland. The pedestal was of granite from Rhode Island, Perry's 
 native state. The city council ordered that the monument should be 
 placed in the Public Square, at the intersection of the middle lines 
 of Superior and Ontario streets, and there it was originally placed. 
 On the forty-seventh anniversary of Perry's victory, witli elaborate 
 formalities and in the presence of as.sembled thousands including the 
 governors of Rhode Island and of Ohio, the monument was unveiled 
 by the sculptor (September 10, 1860), presented in an address by 
 Harvey Rice, and accepted on behalf of the city by Mayor Senter. A 
 formal oration was delivered by the eminent historian. George Ban- 
 croft, after which tlic nioiTument was dedicated according to the 
 ritual of the Masonic fraternity. The monument was subsequently 
 moved to the southeast section of the Square where the Soldiers' 
 Monument now stands. It was taken thence years later to AVade 
 Park where 'it stood between Euclid Avenue and Iho site of the Art 
 Museum, proudly pointing to the waters of the mimic pond that were 
 occasionally i)lowcd by the prows of skifTs and canoes and smootlied
 
 1860] 
 
 A MONUMENT AT REST 
 
 243 
 
 by the Hat bottoms of goiulolas manned by the maidens of the near-by 
 Women's College of the Western Reserve University. Finally, the 
 monument was given a more fitting site in Gordon Park on the bank 
 of Lake Erie. 
 
 In the last deeade. 1850-60, the population of Cleveland had in- 
 
 The Pekky Monument 
 
 creased from 17,034 (plus about 3,950 in Ohio City) to 43,838 and 
 every loyal Clevelander "pointed with pride" to the United States 
 census records. 
 
 Capture and Return of The Slave Lucy 
 A few months after the conclusion of the trials of the Oberlin- 
 Wellington rescue cases and close on the heels of the election of
 
 244 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 Abraham Lincohi and in continuation of the barrage fire that went 
 before the fatal "drive'" that the slaveocraey launched at Fort Sum- 
 ter, came the capture in Clevehind of a runaway slave named Lucy and 
 her return to her "■ owner"' at Wheeling in Virginia. Early in the 
 morning of the nineteenth of January, 1861, a deputy United States 
 marshal, Seth A. Abbey, supported by a posse of federal officials, 
 forcibly entered the residence of L. A. Benton on Prospect Street and 
 carried awaj- the young mulatto girl who was there employed as a 
 servant. Lucy was at once contined in the county jail around which 
 a great mob of angry and excited citizens quickly gathered with 
 threats to burn the building and, by force, to set Lucy at liberty. 
 Kufus P. Spalding, A. G. Riddle, and C. W. Palmer promptly offered 
 to act as counsel for the prisoner and made application for a writ of 
 habeas corpus. The application for the writ was acted upon (Jan- 
 uary 21) by Judge D. R. Tilden who held that the sheriff, a county 
 ofSeer, had no right to hold the prisoner and ordered her release. The 
 girl was, however, innnediately taken into custody by the United 
 States marshal and transferred from the court-house to the federal 
 building for a hearing before United States Commissioner White. The 
 r.xoitement of the populace was so great that but little would have 
 been needed to precipitate a bloody riot, to prevent which the marshal 
 employed a hundred and fifty special deputies to guard the unfor- 
 timate prisoner in transitu. It was said that some of the special 
 deputies were men "who have often honoi-ed the records of the police 
 court." The hearing before Commissioner White was held on the 
 twenty-third. But the law was plain, the identity and ownership 
 of the property were beyond question, and, in a fervid plea. Judge 
 Spalding surrendered the girl to the law, the tender mercies of which 
 are cruelties. Recognizing llie return of the girl to her owner as 
 inevitable, he said : 
 
 I am constrained to say that, according to tlie law of slavery, the 
 colored girl Lucy does owe service to William S. Goshorn, of Virginia. 
 Nothing now remains that may impede the performance of your pain- 
 ful duty. sir. unless I may be permitted to trespass a little further 
 upon your indulgence, and say to this assemblage, we are this day 
 offering to the ma.iesty of constitutional law, a homage that takes 
 with it a virtual sun-ender of the finest feelings of our nature ; the van- 
 (|uishing of many of our strictest resolutions; the mortification of a 
 free man's pride, and. T almost said, the contraventions of a Chris- 
 tian's duty to his God. While we do this, in the City of Cleveland, 
 in the Connecticut Western Reserve, and permit this poor i)iece of 
 humanity to be taken, peaceably, through our streets, and upon our 
 railways" back to the land of bondage, will not the frantic South
 
 1861] LINCOLN IN CLEVELAND 245 
 
 stay its parricidal luiiul.' Will luit our compromising Legislature 
 cry : Hold, enough ! 
 
 Although oft'cred double her market value for the freedom of the 
 girl, Mr. Goshorn refused to sell. Lucy was eseorteil to the train by 
 an armed guard and safely carried back to "Wheeling — the last slave 
 ever returned to the South under the fugitive-slave law. liut war ■ 
 soon drew with the sword its drop of blood for every drop that had 
 been drawn with the lash, and the Great Emancipator's 
 iron pen 
 Freed a race of slaves to lie a race of men. 
 
 After the war, Lucy went to Pittsburgh where she was married. 
 Later, she came back to Cleveland and, in September, 1904, was intro- 
 duced to the audience at a meeting of the Early Settlers' Association. 
 
 Lincoln Visits Cleveland 
 
 A few days after the enforced return of Lucy to bondage, Al)raham 
 Lincoln, president-elect, visited Cleveland (February 15, 1861), on 
 his way to Washington. On the fourth of March, he was inaugurated 
 as president of the United States from which several of the states had 
 seceded. On the twelfth of April, came the first fiery kiss of war at 
 Fort Sumter, followed soon by the call to arms. How Cleveland 
 promptly answered that and subsequent calls and faithfully served 
 the cause of the Union to the end of the civil war is a story that may 
 not be told in detail here. ^Mass meetings were held, troops were 
 hastened toward the front, military and hospital camps and a soldiers' 
 home were established, home guards were organized, and the city took 
 on a truly martial air. The women were as patriotic and self-sacri- 
 ficing then as they are today and the ministrations of the Soldiers' 
 Aid Society and other agencies that they created and administered 
 still awaken grateful memories in the souls of the still surviving 
 "Boys who wore the Blue." New Connecticut did her full duty, 
 Cuyahoga neither failed nor flinched in the day of trial and, in the 
 days of piping peace that came after, testified to her reverent regard 
 for those who came not back in a monument * in the Public Square, 
 built with the proceeds of a county tax that was levied and collected 
 without authority of law but was not resisted by any tax payer. 
 Within the monument, cut in stone tablets, are the names of ten thou- 
 sand Cuyahoga volunteers. Of course, there were alarms, and sorrows, 
 and tears, but the war brought no disaster to the city and business 
 was carried on as of old. The end of the war brought to Cleveland a 
 
 * See picture on page 284.
 
 246 CLEVELAND AND ITS .ENVIRONS [Chap. XVI 
 
 great joy aud a great sorrow, wild rejoieiug over the accomplished 
 preservation of the Union quickly followed by deep sorrow for the 
 tragic death of President Lincoln. When on its last journey, the body 
 of the martyred president lay in state in Cleveland's Public Square, 
 the city was draped in mourning and all classes united to do honor to 
 his memorv. Of necessity, we now hasten on, leaving word for the 
 searcher for further facts of Cleveland's war history to consult 
 Col. J. F. Herriek's chapters in ;\Ir. Orth's Hisfory of Cleveland, or 
 to examine the shelves of the Western Reserve Historical Society, where 
 may be found the most extensive collection of material relating to the 
 civil war that has been made — thanks to the zeal aud liberality of 
 Mr. W. P. Palmer, the president of the society.
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 
 AN ERA OP REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT 
 
 About this time (1861), the discovery of petroleum in western 
 Pennsylvania attracted attention and several oil refineries began 
 operation in Cleveland. Among these enterprising adventurers were 
 John D. Rockefeller and Henry M. Flagler who, in 1861, began the 
 business that, in 1870, developed into the Standard Oil Company, 
 the wonderful story of which is given in a later chapter of this 
 volume. The old volunteer fire system of the city had been outgrown 
 and, in January, 1863, the city council constituted J. D. Palmer, 
 J. J. Benton, and William I\Ieyer as a committee on fire and water. 
 In the April following, the council passed an ordinance creating a 
 paid fire department with a force of fifty-three men. From this 
 beginning, has been developed the extensive and efficient department 
 as it exists today. In 1918, George A. "Wallace was chief of the 
 municipal divisions of fire, with secretaries, assistant chiefs, battalion 
 chiefs, etc., fire hj'drants, fire alarm telegraph, fire boats, high pressure 
 pumping-stations and lines, three dozen engine companies, a "baker's 
 dozen" of hook and ladder companies, a few additional hose com- 
 panies, etc. The need of an increased force and additional equip- 
 ment is, of course, perennial and always will be while the city con- 
 tinues to grow, but the efficiency of what is above outlined has com- 
 manded nation-wide commendation. 
 
 Cleveland's Trade, Commerce and Manufactures, 1865 
 
 In 1866, the Cleveland Board of Trade i.ssued its first "Annual 
 Statement of the Trade, Commerce, and Manufactures of the City of 
 Cleveland," the report covering the transactions of the year 1865. 
 According to that report, the amount of coal shipped to Cleveland in 
 the five preceding years varied from 400,000 to 900,000 tons, the total 
 for 1865 being 465,550 tons. The iron-ore trade aggregated $1,179,200 ; 
 pig-iron and scrap, !j)l,051,000. The aggregate sales of manufactured 
 wrought iron, a large part of which wa-s manufactured in Cleveland, 
 
 247
 
 248 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVII 
 
 was more than $6,000,000. The blast furnaces, rolling mills, forges, 
 foundries, etc., employed three thousand men and a capital of three 
 million dollars, and turned out 20,510 tons of railroad iron ; 7,925 tons 
 of merchant iron ; 2,250 tons of forgings ; 705 tons of boiler and tank 
 iron ; and 4,627 tons of bolts, nuts, washers, rivets, nails, etc. The 
 receipts of lumber were 84,038,160 feet; of shingles, 54,744,850; of 
 lath, 14,153,000; and of cedar posts, 50,000. The hide and leather 
 trade was about $1,500,000. There were thirty refineries of crude 
 
 1 iS»f 
 
 s 
 
 'm§mi"',*t---^riumii^:^ ^ 
 
 SuPEBiOB Street in 1865 
 
 petroleum with an aggregate capital of more than $1,500,000, and 
 turning out products worth not less than $4,500,000. The boot and 
 shoe sales were put down at $1,250,000; clothing at $2,500,000 or 
 more; and dry-goods "in millions" not numerically stated; banking 
 capital, $2,250,000; deposits, $3,700,000. Some of the other items 
 were : 
 
 Cattle head, 25,300 
 
 Hogs liwxl, 18.850 
 
 Copper refined tons, 1,500 
 
 Stoves made l'"!."t'0 
 
 Barrels made 200,000 
 
 Shingles made 15,500,000 
 
 White lead made tons, 000 
 
 Lard oil made gallons, 50,000 
 
 Stearine candles made pounds, 547,000 
 
 Flour barrels, 212,000 
 
 Gas produced f''''t. 4:!,0()(),()00 
 
 Coke 1'hs1h-1s, 90,000
 
 1865] THE BOARD OK TRADE REPORT 249 
 
 Powder kogs, 20,000 
 
 Bricks 7,0011,000 
 
 ^[altiiiy: and brewing $,s()(),(i()0 
 
 ^lacliiiK' shops, stock used $7(1(1,000 
 
 Furniture ^(idO.ODO 
 
 Cigars ^(iOO.OdO 
 
 Bridges, iron and wood $")():"),( )00 
 
 Railway ears luanufaetured $r)()0,()()0 
 
 .Marble and stoue works $400,000 
 
 ^Voolens $:}r)0,000 
 
 Paper .$215,0(10 
 
 Carriages $200,000 
 
 Lightning rods $1;!1,0(I0 
 
 Musical instruments $100,000 
 
 Burr mill stones $ 75,000 
 
 Hats and caps $ 50.000 
 
 Leading Shipbuilding Pcjrt 
 
 As to ships and shipbuilding, tiie Herald said in September, 1865, 
 that "Cleveland now stands confessedly at the head of all places on 
 the chain of lakes, as a shipbuilding port. Her proximity to the 
 forests of Jliehigan and Canada affords opportunity for the selection 
 of the choicest timber, while the .superior material aud construction 
 of the iron manufactures of the city give an advantage. Cleveland has 
 the monopoly of propeller building, its steam tugs are the finest on 
 the lakes, whilst Cleveland-built sailing vessels not only outnumber all 
 other vessels on the chain of lakes, but are found on the Atlantic 
 Coast, in English waters, up the Mediterranean, and in the Baltic." 
 Such was our account of stock three score years and ten after the 
 arrival of General Moses Cleaveland at the mouth of the Cuyahoga 
 River. 
 
 New Passenger Depot 
 
 In the annual report of the president of the Cleveland, Columbus 
 and Cincinnati Railway Company for 1866, that official said : 
 
 The new pas.scnger depot at Cleveland, costing some $475,000, and 
 in which this company has one-fourth interest, was so far eomi)leted 
 as to be opened for use cm the 12th day of November, last. . . . 
 Its erection was indispensable, as the old depot, being erected over 
 the waters of the lake, upon piles, from general decay had become un- 
 safe for the passage onto it of heavy locomotives and trains of cars 
 loaded with passengers.
 
 250 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVII 
 
 The other railway companies that were co-partners in what was 
 then considered one of the largest and best appointed in the country 
 were the Cleveland and Pittsburgh, the Cleveland and Toledo, and 
 the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula. The opening of this stately 
 structure of stone and iron, 603 feet long and 108 feet wide, on tlie 
 lake front at the foot of Bank and Water (West Sixth and West 
 Ninth) streets was fittingly celebrated by a banquet given by the 
 four ineorpoi'ated owaiers. Although somewhat changed by design and 
 decay, the venerable structure is still used for its original purpose by 
 the legal heii-s of the original owners. The public is waiting (1918) 
 for something better in tlie belated realization of oft repeated prom- 
 ises. Another notable event of that year (1866) was the organization 
 of a metropolitan police system which was something of a "fad" with 
 the legislators of several states about that time. By a law that went 
 into effect on the fii-st of May, the police powers of the mayor and 
 marshal and city council were transferred to a board of police com- 
 missioners consisting of the mayor of the city and four others who 
 were appointed by the governor of the state. The first board con- 
 sisted of Mayor H. M. Chapin and Citizens James Barnett, Philo 
 Chamberlain, W. P. Fogg, and Nelson Purdy; in their hands all 
 police matters rested. The law was so changed in 1872 that the mem- 
 bers of the board were elected by the people. 
 
 Educational and Charitable 
 
 In 1867, came the organization of the Western Reserve Historical 
 Societ}' and of the Cleveland Public Library. The detailed stories of 
 these two beneficent institutions are told in later chapters of this 
 volume. In the same year (1867), the Bctliel Union was incorporated 
 for mission work and the maintenance of the boarding-house for 
 sailors and others in need. In 1882, the Society for Organizing 
 Charity was formed for tlie i)urp()sc of making investigations that 
 would tend to i)revent imposition and decrease pauperism. In 18SG, 
 this society and the Bethel Union were consolidated, forming what is 
 now known as the Associated Cliaritics, the most imi)ortant of our 
 local organizations existing for welfare work. In 1868, the fii-st iron 
 ship built in Cleveland, the little steamer ' ' J. K. AVhite, ' ' w-as launched, 
 and the Young Women's Christian Association was organized. In 
 1869, Stilhnan Witt gave the association a "II(mie" nn Walnut Street 
 whence the good work was carried on in an cnbii-gcd form. Historical 
 and descriptive sketches of these several organizations ai-e given in
 
 1867-70] AGRICULTURAL FAIRS 251 
 
 later chapters of this volume. In 1809, the Cleveland City Hospital 
 began its work in a small frame building ou Willsou Avenue (East 
 Fifty-fifth Street), and the Cleveland Law Library was organized. 
 
 Founding op Cuyahoga County Agricultub.vl Society 
 
 In the third decade of the century, the Cuyahoga County Agri- 
 cultural Society was organized and held its first fair in the then new 
 court-house and the Public Square in October, 1829. The ladies' 
 deitartment showed its patch-work quilts, carpeting, woolen fiannels, 
 and other exhibits in the Old Stone Church and the cattle were ar- 
 ranged along the fence that eudosed the four sections of the Square. The 
 wife of Dr. David Ijong received a premium of five dollars for a pair 
 of silk hose that she had "made from the mulberry the present season," 
 Mrs. Mary L. Severance of Cleveland received a premium for "speci- 
 mens of silk twist" and Mrs. Brainard of Brooklyn one for "eight 
 different colors of sewing silk, the silk manufactured by her and 
 colored with dyes derived from the products of the farm." Premiums 
 were awarded "for a ba.sket of cocoons" and for "the best half-acre 
 of mulberty trees. ' ' Evidently, silkworm culture was something of a 
 fad in this community at that time. Of course, there were prizes for 
 crops of wheat, oats, rutabagas, etc., and for cattle, sheep, swine, and 
 brood mares and stallions. For years, the annual county fairs were 
 affairs of importance and popularity. In 1854, the Ohio State Fair 
 was held ou the new fair grounds on Kinsman Street, now Woodland 
 Avenue, "20 acres of land about one mile from the Square," and then 
 "the most complete fair grounds in the state;" there were thirty 
 thousand paid admissions. But when the State Board of Agriculture 
 refused Cleveland's request for the fair of 1870, the Northern Ohio 
 Fair Association was incorporated (Februarj-, 1870) by Amasa Stone, 
 Jeptha H. Wade, Dr. Worthy S. Streator, Azariah Everett, Amos 
 Townsend, William Bingham, and others, for "the promotion of 
 agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanic arts in the northern sec- 
 tions of Ohio," and incidentally to encourage the development of the 
 two-minute trotting horse and the enjoyment that was concomitant 
 with such development. The capital stock of the association was 
 $300,000. A large tract of ground near the lake shore east of the city 
 and extending southward beyond St. Clair Street was bought. For 
 several years, the fairs here held were interesting and made more 
 picturesque and memorable by the omnipresent secretary and general 
 manager, the genial Sam Briggs whom everybody knew and liked.
 
 252 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVII 
 
 But the fairs were uot financially successful and, in the winter of 
 1880-81, the association went out of existence. The part of the fair 
 grounds south of St. Clair Street was continued as the Glenville racing 
 track, made famous by the record-breaking performances of ilaude S., 
 Goldsmith Maid. Smuggler, Cresceus, and other horses that bore 
 names that still are familiar in the racing world. Thanks largely to 
 the dominating influouee of Colonel "William Edwards, one of Cleve- 
 land's foremost business men, and the father of a major-general in 
 the United States army, but better known at the track as "Billy" 
 Edwards, the Glenville track was recognized by the fraternity as 
 "a model turf, one of the cleanest and most sportsmanlike ovals in 
 all the circuits." In 1909, the tracks were abandoned and the grounds 
 
 NoRTiiEiiN Ojuo Fair Grounds 
 
 allotted. The place- tliat tlic Glenville track so worthily licld was 
 soon worthily filled by the present tracks at North Randall, the home 
 of the amateur driving club and the scene of some of the most brilliant 
 "society" events of each successive year. In the decade just closed, 
 1860-70, and in spite of war and panic, the population of Cleveland 
 had increased from 43,838 to 92,825 and, as they had done ten years 
 before, all loyal Clevelanders again "pointed with pride" to the census 
 tables. It is an open question as to which they were more vocal, the 
 growth of the city or the magnificence of Euclid Avenue. 
 
 A Projected City ITali, 
 
 In this year (1870), a project foi- building a city hall in the 
 southwest .section of the Public Scjuare came 1o an obscure and now
 
 1870] A MUNICIPAL PFASCO 253 
 
 uiiiiioiii-iicd ciiil. The iiu'('tiiiy:s of tlu" rity council were tlieii licld in the 
 buililing that it liad leased in 1855 as stated at the beginning- of Chap- 
 ter XVI; tlie biiildiiis: was then called the City Hall. On the twelfth 
 of January. 18()9, ^Ia\(ir Stei)heii Hnhrer sent to the city council a 
 communieation in wliich he said: 
 
 1 deem it wise that this council should issue bonds runniuy; such 
 time and eainiiig such rates of interest as may be deemed mcxst ad- 
 vantagfeous to the city, for the purpose of defraying the cost and 
 expense of erecting a new City Hall building, containing the city 
 offices, a council and public hall, and such other rooms as might be 
 thought necessary or expedient for the i)ublic welfare. 
 
 The council took no action on the subject until a meeting which was 
 held on the twenty-fifth of August of the same year. At that meet- 
 ing. IMr. Rogers introduced a resolution which was as follows: 
 
 Whereas, The city has gone to a large expense in getting up maps 
 and records of the city, and has no safe place for the keei)ing of these 
 maps and i-ecords, and as at the present they are kept in a jniblic busi- 
 ness building which at any time is liable to take tire and burn all the 
 public papers belonging to the city, therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That the board of improvements be, and the same is 
 hereby authorized to jirepare a plan for the erection of a city hall on 
 the southwest corner of the Public Square, where the old court house 
 formerly stood, where all the records, maps, and papers can be kept 
 in safety. 
 
 This resolution was referred to the board of improvements which 
 recommended (October 5) the adoption of the resolution. At the 
 same meeting, Mr. Silas Merchant offei-ed a resolution authorizing 
 and requesting the board of improvements to advertise for plans, 
 specifications, and estimates for a new city hall to be constructed in 
 the southwest corner of the Public Square. His resolution also pro- 
 vided that the council should pay IGOO for the best plan, .i<5nO for the 
 second best, and $400 for the third best. 
 
 On the first of March, 1870, the board of improvements reported 
 that they had "advertised for plans for a city hall, the cost of which 
 was not to exceed $300,000 unless a fourth story above the basement 
 was added, in which case $50,000 more w-as to be added to the amount. 
 We received in an.swer to our advertisement ten sets of plans, seven 
 from Cleveland and three from abroad, the elevation plans of which 
 are all exhibited to your honorable bodv. The estimated cost varies
 
 254 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENWIRONS [Chap. XVII 
 
 from $292,000 to $365,000. " Three plans were reported, all by Cleve- 
 land architects, and the three prizes were paid, the first going to 
 Walter Blythe, whose plan was adopted. It is said that no further 
 record of the project can be found in the council proceedings, and no 
 one seems to know just how the matter ended. Five years later, the 
 Case Block was rented as a city hall as will be related a few pages 
 
 
 
 "tr^-nssi 
 
 t7~M:i-' 
 
 ^H' 
 
 A City Hall That Was Not Built 
 
 further on. About 1894, the project for building a city hall in the 
 Public Square was again agitated by Mayors Blee and McKisson, for 
 the sake of saving the cost (.f needed land, but it met with so much 
 opposition that the uniioly scheme was dropped into the limbo of 
 things that should never be. 
 
 Cleveland Wokk House and House of Correction 
 
 In January, 1871, tlie "Cleveland Workhouse and House of Cor- 
 rection" was completed at a cost of $250,000 — a large and well ap- 
 pointed building that still stands (in mutilated form and otherwise
 
 1871] 
 
 THE CLEVELAND WORKHOUSE 
 
 255 
 
 used) on Woodlaiul Avi'imo at East Seventy-ninth Street; The first 
 board of workhouse directors consisted of Harvey Kice, J. H. Wade, 
 George H. Burt, S. C. Brooks, and William Edwards. Under the 
 efiSeient and humane administration of Superintendent William D. 
 Patterson, the Cleveland workhouse became famous. The institution 
 was, years later, transferred to the "Cooley Farms" in Warrensville, 
 a monument to the wisdom and large vision of the Rev. Harris R. 
 Cooley who was Jlayor Tom L. Johnson's director of charities and 
 correction. In this year (1871), the city council created its first board 
 of park commissioners, the first serious attempt to give the city a park 
 system. The first members of the board were Azariah Everett, Oscar 
 
 The Old Workhouse 
 
 A. Childs, and J. H. Sargent, who began their work by beautifying the 
 Public Square. In 1874, Lake View Park, near the so-called Union 
 Depot and overlooking the lake from which it was and is cut off by 
 railway tracks, was begun. Soon after this, work was begun on "the 
 old and long- forgotten Clinton Park" that had been dedicated to the 
 public in 1835. A few years later came the gifts of Wade and Gordon 
 parks, and the development of a park and boulevard system, pride in 
 which is as characteristic of Clevelanders today as the adulation of 
 Euclid Avenue was in the Seventies. The story of this evolution will 
 be told in a later chapter. In this year (1871), also came the creation 
 of the office of city auditor and the transfer to him of certain duties 
 that had been previously performed by the clerk of the city council. 
 The new department was intended to serve as "a cheek upon extrav- 
 agance and a safeguard against the misappropriation of funds." The
 
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 c 
 
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 t/) X ,-1 
 
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 U 
 
 
 MQ.TK OLMs'rm
 
 KEY TO ANNEXATION MAP 
 
 A. Orlsiiial vllIaKe of ('Icvoland. Iiicorporatect by 
 
 legislative act of DocomlxT 23. 1811. 
 
 B. AimexaUoii by net of DixvmtHT 31. IS29. 
 
 C. Annexation by act of Fvbruary 18, 1834. 
 
 D. Iiicnrporatwl with A, n ajul C as City of 
 
 Cleveland, by act of March 5, 1830. 
 
 E Remainder of Cleveland township annexed by 
 act of March 22, 1850. 
 
 F, city of Ohio annexed by art of June 5, 1854. 
 
 Q. Annexation of part of Bmolcljrn township 
 pasM>d by IcglAladvi* act of February 1 1>. 
 IStM. and granted by county commlsBlonera, 
 September 6. 18(1-1. 
 
 HI I'nrtlPns of Hnniklyn nnd Newhtir« townships 
 annexed by ai'.t of Pebruao' 28. 1867, and 
 approval of county commissioners granted 
 Autrust 0. 1867. 
 
 K. Aiiiu-xiitltm of part of Xewburg town3hii» 
 irranted by county commissioners August 6. 
 1867. 
 
 L. Ordinance to annex East Cleveland vUIaea 
 parsed October 24. 1872. 
 
 MNO. Annexation of parts of Ilrooklyn. New- 
 bnrg and Kiist Cii'veland tnwn.'«hlj-», granted 
 by comity coramUsloners February 8, 1873. 
 
 p. .\nni-vaii<n of portion of NVwhurg trwnship 
 granted by county commissioners December 
 
 8, 1873. 
 
 R. Annexation of pan of Brooklyn village grantetl 
 by county commissioners November 10. 1890. 
 
 S. Annexation of iwrtlon of Kast Cleveland town- 
 ship granted by county commissioners, Sep- 
 tember 28, 1892. 
 
 T. Annexation of ponlon of Nrwburg fwnshlp 
 granted by county commissioners. Novem- 
 ber 15. 1893. 
 
 U. Annexation of' West Cleveland village granied 
 by county commissioners. March 5. 1894. 
 
 V. Date of annexation of BnK>kI>'n village fixed 
 by passage of ordinance by its council, Junu 
 15. 1894. 
 
 W* Portion of village of GlenvlIIe annexed by 
 grant of county commissioners. February 26, 
 1898. 
 
 X . Annexation of portion of Glenvillo village 
 granted by county commissioners. November 
 8. 1902. 
 
 Y. Annexation of portion of IJnndale village or- 
 dered by county cmimilss loners, December 19, 
 1903. 
 
 X. Ordlnnnco to atniex a portion of Brooklyn town- 
 ship reJtH-twl, May 31. 1904. 
 
 AA. Annexation of portion of Brooklyn township 
 ordered by county commissioners, July 1 1 , 
 1904. 
 
 BB. AniM'XHtion of norllon of Xewbunr HelRhts 
 village ordered by county commissioners. Sep- 
 temh.T 25. 1905. 
 
 CC. Ordinance to annex Glenville city passed. 
 June 19, 1905. 
 
 DD. Ordinance to annex village of Stjuth Brook- 
 lyn passe*!, December 11, 1905. 
 
 EE. Secretary of state notified of passage of ordl- 
 nanco to annex Corlett village. December 28, 
 1909. 
 
 FF. Se<-retftr>- of state notified of passage of ordi- 
 nance annexing the village of Coltlnwood. 
 January 21, 1910. 
 
 GG. Secretary of state notified of passage of ordi- 
 nance annexing a portion of Shaker town- 
 ship. Juno 2 2. 1912. 
 
 HH. Secretary of state notified of passage of ordi- 
 nance annexing the village of Nottlngliajn, 
 January 14, 1913. 
 
 II. Secretary of state notified of passage of ordi- 
 mincf annevintr the city of Newlmrg, Feb- 
 niary 10. 1913, 
 
 KK. Secretarj' of state notified of passage of 
 ordlnaJice annexing portion of Euclid vll- 
 lane. AuyusL 27. 1914. 
 
 LL. Seeretao' ''f state notified of passage of ordi- 
 nance annexing portinn of Kastview village. 
 December 1. 1914. 
 
 MM. Secretary of state notified of passage of 
 ortilnanr-e annexing portion of Shaker Heights 
 village. February 12. 1915. 
 
 NN. Sc<Tfiary of state notified of passage of 
 ordinance annexing portion of Brooklyn town- 
 ship, August 7, 1915. 
 
 OO.^ Secretary of state notified of passage of 
 PP.) ordinances annexing portions of Brooklyn 
 
 township. vVugust 10. 1916. and April 12, 
 
 1917. respectively. 
 
 QQ. ) Secretary of state notified of passage of 
 RR. y ordinances annexing portions of Kastview 
 
 village and Warrenaville township. September 
 
 15. 1917. 
 
 NOTK— In all (aaes. the dnips of annexation given are those which are legally onsidere^l final. Up to 
 G the annexations were i)erfecte<l bv ar-t of tlie state legislature. From G to EE the fljial stajup of 
 annexation had to be placed by the county commissioners, and from EE to the end of the list, the 
 secretary of state had to be formally notified before the annexation wds cotisldered binding.
 
 258 CLEVELAND AND ITS EN'^aRONS [Chap. NVIT 
 
 first auditor was Thomas Jones, Jr., and he soon took the stand that 
 no warrant on the city treasury could be legally drawn unless the 
 mouej- for the paj-ment thereof was already in the treasury and to 
 the c-redit of the proper fund to \\hich it should be charged. 
 
 East Cleveland Annexed 
 
 The village of East Cleveland extending along both sides of Euclid 
 Avenue eastward from Willson Avenue (East Fifty -fifth Street) was 
 commercially and socially a part of the city of Cleveland, but legally 
 it was a separate corporation. In April, 1872, the question of the 
 annexation of the village to the city was submitted to the voters. 
 There was little opposition in the city but, in the village, the proposed 
 annexation was vigorously antagonized and won by a majority of 
 only seventy votes. The commissioners on behalf of the city were 
 Henry B. Payne, J. P. Robinson, and John Himtington ; those 
 appointed for the village were John E. Hurlbut, John W. Heisley, and 
 William A. Netf. The terms agreed upon by them were approved on 
 the twenty-ninth of October, 1872, and the two became one. 
 
 Organization op Cuyahoga County Medical Society 
 
 On the second of April, 1872, the Cuyahoga ]Medical Society was 
 organized by the amalgamation of the Cleveland Academy of ^Medicine 
 (organized in 1867) and the Pathological Society (organized about 
 1868). The objects of the new organization were "to cultivate the 
 science of Medicine and all its collateral branches; to elevate and 
 sustain medical character; to encourage a system of medical etiquette 
 and to promote mental improvement, social intereourse. and good 
 feeling among the members of tlie medical i)rofcssion."' Its first 
 president was Erasmus Darwin r>urtoii. Tlie Cleveland Aledical 
 Society was formed in F\^liruary, 1898; in .June, 1902, it and the 
 Cuyahoga Medical Society were united to form the present Academy 
 of Mediciiu' wiiich now (1918) has a total nieniliership of about 
 700. In September (1872) the Union Cluh was organized "foi- phys- 
 ical training and education" — at least the charter so sets forth its 
 objects. Tlic (irst jn'csiilcnt ot lln' clnli was Willi^ini Uiiifiliani; Henry 
 B. Payne was one of tlie vice-])rt'sid('nts ; C. 1'. Lchuul was secretary; 
 and (leoi'ge E. .\rnistrong was treasurer. Tiic rlnli's (irst home was a 
 comnidilions hnildin;;- (in i'lnclid A\rnuc just w<'st of ()ak rhire, now- 
 East MiLrlitli !~itr('e). This prdpci'ty was Nnliscipu'ntly sold and the
 
 1872-73] COLONEL HODGE'S GOOD WORK 
 
 259 
 
 present cluliluuisi' nn tlir iKirtlu'iist corner of Eufliil Avenue and lOast 
 Twelfth Street was Imilt ami occupied. 
 
 Origin- ov tiik Ci.kvki.and Hi'mane Society 
 
 In Jlan-li, 1873, Orlando J. Ilodoe introduced in the city 
 council a i-esolution invitiner i)ersons interested in the t'oi'niation of a 
 society for the iirotection of dunih animals to meet in the council 
 chamber at a tiuio specified. On the evenins: named, about a dozen 
 men responded and arrangements for a permanent organization were 
 made. On the foui-th of April, the Cleveland Society for the Preven- 
 tion of Crueltv to Aninnds was fully organized with Jabez W. Pitch 
 
 Tiik Old Union Clubhouse 
 
 as president and H. F. Rrayton as secretary. The scope of the society 
 was subsequently widened to include helpless children and mothers 
 and its name was changed to the Cleveland Humane Society. The 
 beneficent work of this now great society has been continuous to the 
 present time. As a reward of merit, if for no other reason, it is proper 
 to record the fact that Colonel Hodge had previously introduced an 
 ordinance to prevent and punish cruelty to dumb animals which 
 ordinance was pas.sed by the city council in 1871 — "the first .step 
 taken liy the Cleveland lawmakers in that direction." Subsequently, 
 as a member of the Ohio legislature, he introduced three bills for the 
 better protection of children and dumb animals; all of the bills became 
 laws. At his call, prominent men from various parts of the state met 
 at Columbus and organized a state society for similar purposes. 
 
 Palmam qui meruit fcrat.
 
 260 CLEVELAND A^D ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVII . 
 
 Legal jMatters op IMoment 
 
 In this same month (ilareli, 1873) the Clevehmd Bar Association 
 was organized for the avowed purpose of maintaining "the honor and 
 dignity of the profession of the hiw, to cultivate social intercourse and 
 acquaintance among the members of the bar, to increase our usefulness 
 iu aiding the administration of justice, and in promoting legal and 
 judicial reform." The tirst president was Sherlock J. Andrews; the 
 vice-presidents were James ]\Iason, John W. Ileisley, and John C. 
 Grannis; the i-eeording secretary was Virgil P. Kline; the correspond- 
 ing secretary was L. R. Critchficld ; and the treasurer was Gershom 
 il. Barber. In spite of the almost universal and universally recognized 
 tendency of laymen to "poke fun" at lawyers, it would not be fair to 
 fail to say that the Cleveland Bar As^sociation has lived and labored 
 in close proximity to the lines laid down in the beginning and described 
 iu the quotation above made. 
 
 In ^May, 1873, the Ohio legislature passed an act for the relief of 
 the chronically overburdened court of common pleas of Cuyahoga 
 County by establishing a "superior court" with jurisdiction limited to 
 civil cases coming from the city of Cleveland. A special election was 
 held in June and Gershom I\I. Barber, Seneca 0. Griswold, and James 
 I\I. Jones were elected as judges of said superior court. But the ex- 
 pected relief was not thereby secured ; in less than two years both of 
 the courts were again overburdened and further relief became im- 
 peratively necessary. In March, 1875, the legislature again came to 
 the rescue and added four to tlie number of the judges of the court 
 of common plea.s and abolished the superior court. In the regular 
 state election in October, Judges Barber and Jones were elected as 
 two of the additional four occupants of thi' bench of the court of 
 coiniiKiii jilcas, ;ui(i -ludge Griswold, who was recognized as one of tlie 
 ablest members of the Ch'vi'land bar, rcsnined tlie practice of his 
 ])rofession. 
 
 Newburg Village Annexed 
 
 In August, 1873. the citizens of Newburg village formally resolved 
 that the time had come for .umcxation to the cit.v and K. T. Hamilton, 
 A. Topping, and Joseph Turney were eonstituti'd a coinnnttee to 
 secure favorable action. The Cleveland council met the city's old 
 ri\al hall'wa.v, and named, as its representatives in the matter, John 
 lliiiitingtoM, II, II. Tlioi-pi'. and .\. T. \'an Tassel. The vote was
 
 1873) ANXEXATIOX, I'ANK', AND Tl'XXKL 261 
 
 favorable to tlie proposed r.iiiiexatioii and Xuwburg village became 
 Cleveland's Ward Eighteen. 
 
 Time at last makes all things even. 
 
 Tin: Panic of 187:5 
 
 The year 1S73 was made memorable by an extraordinary finaneial 
 panie. The eonntry had been enjoying an unpreeedented prosperity 
 that caused general speeidation, excessive inflation of business enter- 
 jirises, the projection of railways that were not needed, and similar 
 causes, all lit which combined with the falling of the high prices inci- 
 dent to the civil wai- brought about a sudden and unexpected cheek. 
 On the nineteenth of September, 1873, known in financial history as 
 "Black Friday," the banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company of 
 Philadelphia, the institution that had successfully negotiated the 
 great war loans of the United States government and thereby acquired 
 universal conlidcnce in its stability, suddenly "went to the wall" and 
 ushered in the panic. In Cleveland tlicrc were failures of commercial 
 and manufacturing establishments, and the savings banks allowed 
 withdrawals of money only in limited amounts and after previous 
 notice. Hut the banks weathered the stcnnn without disaster and thus 
 saved the community from much of the loss and general wreckage 
 that were sufl'ered in some other cities. The shock did however throw 
 many out of employment, hit real-estate speculators w^ith a sort of 
 selective severity, flooded the courts with oases and thus probably 
 hastened the abolition of the superior court. The check thus given to 
 the prosperity and importance of the city was recognizable for several 
 years but recovery was gradually made. 
 
 Improvement of \V.\ter Supply 
 
 By this time, the Cuyahoga River had become a sort of intercepting 
 sewer and the combination of river outflow and shore washing with 
 other contaminating influences had led to loud complaints concerning 
 the quality of the water pumped by the city from the lake and dis- 
 tributed to the citizens. The remedy that promised most was to draw 
 the water from a point out in the lake and well off the shore. Surveys 
 for a tunnel were made in 1867. In 1869, a shaft was sunk on the 
 sliore near the pumping station. From the bottom of the shaft, about 
 sixty-seven feet below the lake level, a tunnel five feet in diameter 
 was pushed under the lake I'lid outward from the shore. In August, 
 1870, a crib about eighty-seven feet in diameter was towed to a point
 
 262 CLEVELAND AND ITS EXVIROXS [Chap. XVII 
 
 about 6,600 feet off shore and there sunk in thirty-six feet of water. 
 Under the interior of this crib a shaft was sunk to the depth of ninety 
 feet below the lake level. From the bottom of this shaft a tunnel was 
 built toward the shore to meet the one coming from the .shore. After 
 conquering quicksand and other difSculties, the work was successfully 
 completed and, on the third of JIarch, 1874, water from the crib was 
 admitted to the tunnel. The crib was outfitted as an intake for the 
 water and with a lighthouse and a domicile for its keeper. The water 
 supply of Cleveland was thus improved at a total cost of $320,351.72. 
 In 1890, a second tunnel, seven' feet in diameter, was constructed from 
 the crib in the lake to the pumping station on the shore. But the city 
 kept on growing, and a larger and still better supply and a higher 
 pressure soon were imperatively demanded. 
 
 Women's Christian Temper.vnce Union 
 
 In this year (1874) was the inauguration of the women's crusade 
 against the liquor ti'affie. In response to a call from the Women's 
 Christian Association, six hundred women of culture, social standing, 
 and religious inspiration formed a temperance league of which 
 ^liss Sarah Fitch was president. Pledge books were procured and 
 praying bauds went forth to visit the saloons, four hundred and fifty 
 of which allowed the women to hold services therein. Soon there 
 were five thousand membei-s of the league and many more thousands 
 signed tlie pledge. I^rom this movement sprang a still vigorous agency 
 for religious, sociological, and philanthropic labor, the Women's 
 Christian Temperance Unioii. 
 
 II.\RBOR OP Refuge Constuicted 
 
 Owing to the nai'rowness of the entrance to the rix'cr and the ini- 
 l)rotected condition ol" tlie harlxir, it was difficult for vessels to make 
 tiie Cleveland port in lime oi' storm. The ti-ouble was made worse liy 
 the continued inci'ease in tlie size of lake vessels, made necessary by 
 the growing demands of trade. In 1870, tlie city council made an 
 initial effort to secure tlie construction of a harbor of refuge. In 
 1873, the board of trade and the city council Joincil in urging upon 
 congress the importance of such a refuge. Largely through the efforts 
 of the lion. Richard C. Parsons, the government mail(> another .survey, 
 in llie spring of 1875, congress appropriated $50,000 I'or tlie begin- 
 ning of the work and referred matters of detail to a corps of govern- 
 ment engineers who reported in favor of a harbor of two hundred
 
 1873] 
 
 THE HARBOR OF REFUGE 
 
 263 
 
 acres, the estimated cost of whicli wcmlil be $1,800,000. In the fall of 
 tliat year (1875), work was hcfiiiii on tlie western arm of the break- 
 water which was completed in 1883. It soon appeared that increased 
 protection was needed and, in 1886, congress made an appropriation for 
 the construction of an arm eastward from tlie river entrance. From 
 time to time, plans were enlarged, additional appropriations were 
 secured, and the good work went on, making available the long-recog- 
 nized but long-neglected imjiortance of the lake front and relieving 
 the congestion along the river. Among the important benelits already 
 resultant from the builiiing of the breakwater are the city's reelama- 
 
 
 
 I >. 
 
 « i i>. 
 
 
 • ■' 
 
 (Jx TiiE Lakk Kroxt 
 
 tion of a part of the usurped lake front and the making of new laud 
 (credit for much of which goes to the Hon. Robert E. 3\IcKisson, for- 
 mer mayor of Cleveland) and an increase of dockage facilities. The 
 possible advantages along this latter line have been already illustrated 
 by the construction of new wharves and buildings for the Detroit and 
 Cleveland, and the Cleveland and Buffalo steamboat lines at the foot 
 of East Ninth Street. 
 
 Hotels and Amusement Halls 
 
 The first theatrical performances by professional actors were given 
 in 1820 in the ballroom of the Cleveland Hotel which stood at the
 
 Bank Street, 1868 
 
 
 ■^m 
 
 Academy ok Music
 
 1820-75] 
 
 i: A THUS, KTC. 
 
 265 
 
 northeast cornci- of the southwest section of tlic I'ulilii- Sciuarc, where 
 the Forest City House long stood and tiie Cleveland Hotel now is. 
 The tii-st theater was built at the L-orner of Superior Street and Union 
 Lane. Not long later came Italian Hall which occupied the upper 
 tloor of a three-story lii'ick Ijuildinp; on the west siile of Water (West 
 Ninth) Street, north of Superior. In 1840, J. W. Watson built Wat- 
 sou's Hall on the north side of Superior Street, between Bank (West 
 Sixth) Street and the Public S(|uare. In 1845, Silas Hrainard bought 
 it and changed its name to ^lelodeon Hall. It was afterwards known 
 as Brainard's Hall, Brainard's Ojiera House, and the Globe Theater. 
 
 City Halt.. 1875 
 
 It was torn down in 1880: the Wilshire Building now (1918) occupies 
 its site. Early in the sixth decade of the century, the great showman, 
 P. T. Barnum, opened a theater in the Kelley Block on Superior 
 Street, opposite the southern end of Baidv Street. It was later operated 
 on the "varieties" plan. In 1852, the Academy of Music was built on 
 the east side of Bank Street and soon leased to .John A. Ellsler, who 
 made it famous. It was burned in 1892. In 1875, 'Sir. Ellsler formed 
 a stock company that built the Euclid Avenue Opera House which 
 wrecked his fortune. In 1878, the Opera House was sold to M. A. 
 Hanna. It was burned in 1884 but was promptly rebuilt on a grander 
 scale and is today one of Cleveland's choicest homes of the "legitimate" 
 drama.
 
 266 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVII 
 
 The Old City Hall 
 
 In February, 1875, the city leased the newly built Case Bloek on 
 the northeast comer of Superior and Wood (East Third) streets for 
 the period of twenty-five years and at an annual rental of $36,000. 
 This block became the "City Hall" and, after the expiration of the 
 lease, was rented from year to year until 1906 when it was bought by 
 the city. The town that Moses Cleaveland planted in 1796 had to 
 wait a hundred and ten years before it had a house that it could call 
 its owTi. Late in 1875, an invitation for the public to attejul an 
 informal midnight reception at the city hall, there to meet the national 
 centennial year, was issued by the mayor and the city council. In 
 
 
 FoEEST City House, 187G 
 
 response, early in the evening of the thirty-first of December, the 
 people began to throng into the streets. The sky was clear and the 
 weather was unusually mild. I think that I can do no better tlian to 
 let ilr. Kennedy tell the rest of the story of that hour: 
 
 As eleven o'clock appi'Oiiched. a myriad of lights began to sliow 
 around the Pulilic Square, and when the clock struck, all the lower 
 ])art of the city burst into a blaze of illumination. The signal was 
 taken up in all directions, and street after street, clear out to the 
 suburbs, added to the Ijrighlness and enthusiastic efl'cct of the sceiu'. 
 On the stroke of twelve, the steam whistles all over the city broke into 
 one vast chorus of echoing notes. A great cauldron of oil on I he l'ui)lie 
 Square was set ablaze, and the deep boom of the guns was heard. Be- 
 fore the echo died away, a perfect tornado of sound swept in from all 
 (|uarters, aiul made the very foundations of the earth seem 1o shake. 
 The alarm of the fire bells cleft the air vvitli sudden sound, and a 
 dozen church towers gave answer, while the hoarse voices of the
 
 1875-76] . Tin: CENTENNIAL YEAR 267 
 
 steam inonstcrs, tli.' Iiaii^-iiisj: nt' liruMrnis, the poppin^j; of fire-craekers, 
 and tlio sliouts of tliousaiuls of excitcil people, were added to the 
 cliorus, wliile every now and then the deep boom of the i-aunon came 
 in as a heavy aeeomiianinient. 
 
 At daybreak of the foUowing Fourth of July, the steel flag-stat? 
 in the Public Sipiare. the gift of Henry Chisholm in behalf of the 
 Cleveland Rolling Jlill ('omi)any, was formally accepted on behalf of 
 the city by Mayor Nathan V. I'aj'ne. 
 
 The banner that a hundred years 
 Has waved above our good ship's keel. 
 Upheld by oak or mast of pine, 
 Now proudly floats from staff of steel. 
 
 At this time, the Cleveland Telegraph Supply Company, Ceorge 
 W. Stockley, president, was occupying rented rooms on the second 
 floor of an old building on the south side of Superior Street, opposite 
 Bank (West Sixth) Street, and was renting power from the company 
 that published the Leader. The company made a business arrange- 
 ment (1876) with Charles Francis Brush which i-esulted in the success- 
 ful solution of a great electric lighting problem, the operation of arc 
 lights in series. The Cleveland Telegraph Supply Company became 
 the Brush Electric Company, the fame of the Brush light spread and 
 brought orders from nearly every part of the world, and Mr. Stockley 
 and :\Ir. Brush became millionaires.
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 ROUNDING OUT THE FIRST CENTURY 
 
 In 1877, the Fifteenth Regiment of the Ohio National Gnard, 
 Allen T. Brinsmade, colonel ; the Cleveland Gatling Gun Battery, 
 W. F. Goodspeed, captain ; and the Cleveland First Troop, W. H. Har- 
 ris, captain, and Edward S. Meyer, first lieutenant, and George A. 
 Garretson. second lieutenant, were organized. That was the year of 
 a great railway strike tliat paralyzed travel and transportation. In 
 ('leveland, five hundred meji in the employ of the Lake Shore and 
 ^lichigan Southern Railway Company quit work. The local leaders 
 of the strike strongly urged abstinence from violence, and the men 
 remained quiet until the railways and their employes agreed upon 
 terms, but there was great danger that a mob of the lawless class would 
 take advantage of the strike to destroy property as one did at Pitts- 
 burgh. The city government, under the lead of ^Mayor William G. 
 Rose, undoubtedly, sympathized with the railroad men in some of 
 their demands, and counselled peace and moderation, but they made 
 preparation against possible trouble. "The authorities made no 
 parade of their preparation; not a drum tap was heard, nor a body 
 of troops seen in the streets. Yel, in jioliee stations, in armories and 
 elsew-here, armed police, militia, independent companies, and volun- 
 teer veterans of the war lay for days n]Min their arms, ready to cru.sli 
 at one blow the first sign of violence. When the railroads and their 
 men came to terms, all things moved on as before, and Cleveland 
 had no reason for regi'ct, and no l>ill of danuiges to pay." 
 
 The First llicii Lkvki. P.RmcE 
 
 Ever since the first settlement at the inciutli of the Cnyahoga, they 
 who crossed the river by ferry or by britlge had to meet the weariness 
 of the descent and a.scent of stec]) hills and the fre(|uent delays caused 
 by the jja.ssage of vessels up ov down the river. In 1870, Jlayor 
 Stephen Buhrer had urged the construction of a high level bridge ; in 
 1872, the city council apjiointed a special committee to take into con- 
 sideration the construction of such a Inidge, and the committee re- 
 
 268
 
 1877-79] 
 
 THE SITERIOK VIADTTT 
 
 .269 
 
 ported ill favor of the Suin'i'ini- ami Pearl Street Vdiite. 'I'lien came 
 lejiislatioii at C'oluiiilms iieeehsary I'or the istsiie of bonds, the api)roval 
 of the voters, and an injunction that st()pi)ed progress until 1873. At 
 a special election held in .May, 1S7(>. the voters approved a further 
 issue of lionds and decreeil that the coming bridge shoiilil Ik <i toll 
 bridge! But the legislature abi-ogated the latter decision and made it 
 a free bridge. After four and a half years of building with an ex- 
 penditure of $2.1 70,(100, the Superior ^'iaduct, as it lias been generally 
 called, was turned over to the city on the twenty-seventh of December, 
 1878. The following day was celebrateil as a holiday with an artillery 
 
 TTiiiAM M. (Fathku) Addison 
 
 salute at daybreak, a parade and imlilic meeting in the daytime, and 
 a banquet in the evening. On the twcnty-nintli, the viaduct was 
 opened for free public use and the West Sitie and the East Side drew 
 themselves more closely together. A more detailed description of the 
 bridge will be given in a later chapter. 
 
 Thk E.\ki.y Settlers' Associ.\tiox 
 
 The Early Settlers' Association of Cuyahoga County was organ- 
 ized in Xovember, 1879 — the fruitful result of the jicrsisteiit efforts 
 of Iliram JI. Addison, a iinii|ne pioiieci' philanthi'opist. known to
 
 270 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS EWIROXS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 almost everyone iu Cleveland as "Father"' Addison. Harvey Rice 
 was eho.sen as the first president of the association and was continued 
 in his office until his death. The organization is still in full vigor. 
 The most important of its products is a series of annual publications 
 called Annals which I have already characterized as "indispensable" 
 — and so they are to everyone who tries to tell any considerable part 
 
 (^ 
 
 ."*? 
 
 %iiW 
 
 
 Moses Cleaveland Statue 
 
 of the story of how Cleveland came to be what it is. To the Early 
 Settlers' Association, and the personal efforts of "Father" Addison, 
 is also due tlie bronze statiu> of the fouiidcf of tlie city tliat stands iit 
 the southwest section of th'^ Public S(|uarc. As the ninety-second 
 anniversary of General Cleavclaiurs first ari-ival at the mouth of the 
 Cuyahoga fell on Sunday, tlie unveiling of the statue took i)lace on 
 Monday, the twenty tliini of .Inly, 1888.
 
 1880-81] POPULATION AND BENEFACTIONS 271 
 
 'Tis licre, when Nature reigned suprome, 
 That General (Meaveland trod the wild: 
 And saw an infant in his dream, 
 And with his name haptized the eliild. 
 
 — Ilarveij Rice. 
 
 In 1870. ("levehuid's population was 92,825 and that of Buffalo 
 was 117,714; in IS^SO. BulVahi's i)opnlation was 155,134, and that of 
 Cleveland, 1(30,146. As Cincinnati had gained less than thirty-nine 
 thousand while the younger eity on the lake had gained more than 
 sixty-seven thousand, Cleveland ho.soins again swelled with more or less 
 manly jiride and dreams of hecoming the metropolis of Ohio liegan 
 to filter into the brains of the more audacious. 
 
 Leonard Case, Jk. 
 
 The younger Leonard Case, the sole heir of his father's large estate, 
 suddenly died on the sixth of January, 1880. Five days later, his 
 confidential agent and personal friend, Henry G. Abbey, filed in the 
 county recorder's ofifice a deed that Mr. Case had executed in 1876. 
 This deed conveyed property, then worth more than a million dollars, 
 in trust for the establishment of an institution to be known as the 
 Case School of Applied Science. The school was incorporated and 
 organized in 1881. A sketch of this high-grade scientific institution 
 will be found in a later chapter. In this same year, Ama.sa Stone, 
 one of Cleveland's growing list of millionaires, offered to give lialf 
 a million dollars to the Western Reserve College on condition that 
 the old and famous institution should be moved from Hudson to 
 Cleveland and that its name should be changed to Adelbert College 
 of the Western Reserve University. The offer was accepted and, in 
 the fall of 1882, Adelbert College began its career in new buildings 
 tliat had been erected on land ad.joining the land of the Case School 
 of Applied Science. By subsequent arrangement, these two schools 
 became essentially sujiplemontary to each other. A brief sketch of 
 the Western Reserve University, kindly prepared forme by the presi- 
 dent of the university, will he found in a later chapter. 
 
 Cleveland JIusic Hall 
 
 In 1881. William Halsey Doan, a l)ig-hcarted citizen of Cleveland, 
 took action that resulted in supplying one of the city's great needs, 
 the Cleveland Music Hall. He gave for this purpose land on t'he 
 north side of Vincent Street, between Bond (East Sixth) and Erie
 
 272 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 (East Ninth) streets ami to this gift added $10,000 for the construc- 
 tion of a large hall for musieal, moral, and religious gatherings. 
 The title of the property was vested in five trustees, three chosen by 
 himself and two by the Cleveland Voeal Society. At a cost of more 
 than )f;50,000, a hall capable of seating- 4.300 persons was built. The 
 building was subsequently burned. In the same spirit. ;\lr. Doan 
 had previously built the Tabernacle at the corner of St. Clair and 
 Ontario streets where the building of the Brotherhood of the Loco- 
 motive Engineers now stands. It was a large and rather plain brick 
 building, had one gallery, and would seat nearly .3.000 persons. It 
 
 U.\KFiEi,n .Mi:moui.\l 
 
 was the home of lectures, concerts, and local festivals of high grade 
 and small charge for admission, the latter being made possible b.v the 
 large seating capacity of the auditorium and the unselHsh purpose 
 of its generous builder. The Tal)crnacle ceasetl to be when the JIusie 
 Hall was built. In the same spirit, Mr. Doan also built the Arnuiry 
 that stood at the corner of ICuclid Avenue and Doan (East One 
 Hundred and Fifth) Street. W. 11. Doan was tiu' snii i)f Job Doan. 
 mentioned in a preceding cluipter. 
 
 J.MIICS A. G.\RFIi:i.D 
 
 On the second of .July, 18S1, came news of tlie shouting of I'rcsideul 
 Garticld at Washington; on the ninett'entli of S<'ptemlii'i-. came w(U'd
 
 1881] 
 
 DEATH OF I'KKSIDHXT GARFIELD 
 
 273 
 
 that the president was dead. James A. Carfield was really a Cleve- 
 lander. Born in Cuyahoga County, student and eollege president at 
 Ilirani, and later livinf; at Mentor, ho was always in close touch with 
 the Heart of the Western lieserve and now that great heart hied. 
 "When he dii-d, the Cleveland hells tullecl the sad news and, at half- 
 hour intervals, the artillery struck the deep diajjason of the grief- 
 laden dirge. The body was brought home on the twenty-fourth of 
 September and for two days lay in state in a |)aviliiin liuilt in the 
 
 Interior of Garfield Monument 
 
 Public Square while thousands passed by in procession. After solemn 
 services on the twenty-sixth, with an escort of honor and a pro- 
 cession five miles long, the body wa.s borne out Euclid Avenue to 
 Lakeview Cemetery and placed in a vault, there to remain under 
 constant military guard until a more stately tomb could be provided. 
 In June, 1882, the Garfield National Monument Association was in- 
 corporated. More than fifty designs for the memorial were sub- 
 mitted and, in July, 188:}. that of George Keller of Hartford was 
 accepted. On the highest ridge in tlie cemetery the beautiful 
 memorial, largely a tower fifty feet in diameter, was built. On the 
 
 Vol. 1—18
 
 274 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS fChap. XVIII 
 
 thirtieth of May. 1890, it was formally dedicated in the presence of 
 President Harrison, Vice-president ]Morton, General Sherman, sev- 
 eral members of the president's cabinet, a host of other distinguished 
 persons, and many thousands more than could see or hear what was 
 beinjr done or said. Former President Hayes presided, and former 
 Governor Jacob D. Cox delivered an eloquent address. After several 
 other speeches, all of which were brief, the ceremonies were concluded 
 by the Ohio Grand Commandery with the impressive services of the 
 Knights Templars. The memorial is now daily visited by large numbers 
 of persons from all parts of the civilized woi'ld. The accompanying 
 illustration gives a good idea of the appearance of the exterior of 
 the memorial, but I add the following brief description: "A roman- 
 esque porch supports the tower. Below the porch railing, there is 
 an external decoration, a frieze of historical character, showing in 
 its five panels characteristic scenes from Garfield's life. The great 
 doors of oak open into a vestibule vaulted in stone, and paved with 
 mosaic. From this, spiral staircases ascend the tower, and descend 
 to the crypt. In this crypt is the casket containing the coffin. Opening 
 from this vestibule, is the chamber where the statue, by Alexander 
 Doyle, of New York, stands. It shows Garfield in the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. Over the statue, supported by granite columns, is a 
 dome twenty-two feet in diameter, which is decorated with a marvel- 
 ous frieze of Venetian glass, sliowing an allegorical funeral jn'oces- 
 sion of the dead President. The tower has thirteen magnificent memo- 
 rial windows, from the original thirteen States. ' ' 
 
 Flood and Fire 
 
 In February. 1883, came a. great flood and a great fire, the latter 
 literally piled upon the former. Heavy rains raised the level of the 
 Cuyahoga ten feet in less than a day and the rajiid rise of the waters 
 caught many unawares. Three Iniuilred thousand dollars worth of 
 lumber on the "Flats" was svvci)t into the lake; bridges and rail- 
 way embankments were washed away. Then came the fire. A five 
 thousand-gallon tank of oil in the Gri'at Western oil works blew up, the 
 oil was set aflame and in turn set fire to the paral'fine works next below, 
 and spread itself over the rushing watei-s. Some of the works of the 
 Standard Oil Company were burned aiul the acres and acres of stills 
 and tanks of that great plant narrowly escaped ilestruction. "It was 
 a scene that will never be forgotten by the thousands who gazed upon 
 it — the valley under water and the whole expanse lighted by the burn- 
 ing of acres of oil spread nul upon the waters. The loss from flood
 
 1883-87] FLOOD, FIRE, AND CRIME 275 
 
 ami tire irailicd nearly three ijuartiTs of a million dollars." Early 
 in 1884, the Park Theater, on the north side of the Pulilie Square and 
 separated from the eoiirt-hoiise only by a narrow lane, was sot on fire 
 by an exi)losioM of jias and nothing luit the outside walls escaped 
 eomplete destruetion. One Sunday evening in the following Sep- 
 temher, disaster again fell )ipon the "Flats." A sujiposedly incendiary 
 tire broke out in one of the great lumber yards and soon secnu'd to be 
 beyond the eoutrol of the loeal fire department. Acres and acres of 
 lumber iiiles and [ilaning mills wore abla/c; then tbc fiery fiend eros,sed 
 the river, quickly devoured a lard refinery, and drove his way toward 
 lower Superior Street as if determined to destroy that great business 
 section. The local militia was ordered under arms and aid was sum- 
 moned and sent from Akron, Youngstown, Toledo and other cities. 
 In the early hours of Monday, the great tire was under control. The 
 loss was more than $800,000. 
 
 The "Blinkky" JIokg.vx Aff.mr 
 
 In 1885, .Mary T. Spargo was admitted by the supreme court of 
 Ohio to practise law — the first woman lawyer in Cleveland. In June, 
 
 1886, a board of elections, authorized by the legislature in the previous 
 month of 'May, was organized with General James Barnett, Editor 
 William W. Armstrong, J. II. Schneider, and Herman Weber as its 
 first members; and I\Iajor William J. Gleason as its secretary. In 
 
 1887, came the greatest criminal tragedy in the history of Cuyahoga 
 County. In January, burglars entered a Cleveland store and took 
 away several thousand dollars worth of furs. The furs were never 
 recovered but one of the burglars was arrested at Allegheny City in 
 Pennsylvania. Capt. Henry Hoehn and Detective William II. Hulligan 
 of the Cleveland police force were sent for the prisoner. On their 
 return with their man tiiey were suddenly attacked by three armed 
 men about three o'clock in the morning, while the train was standing 
 at the station at Ravenna, Hoehn was shot in the leg and Ilulligan's 
 skull was fractured with an iron coupling pin. While Hulligan was 
 unconscious, he was dragged from the car, his keys were taken from 
 his pocket, and the bracelet that bound him to the prisoner was un- 
 locked. The four criminals then escaped in the darkness. Hoehn 
 recovered but Hilligan died. In June, three men were arrested at 
 Alpena, Michigan, after a desperate struggle in which the sheriff was 
 shot : from his wound, the sheriff died. The trio was brought to Cleve- 
 land and its members were recognized by Captain Hoehn as the ones 
 who had made the rescue. Taken to Ravenna for trial, one of the three.
 
 276 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 Charles ^lorgan, but better known as "Blinky" ^Morgan, was con- 
 victed and executed. The other two were also found guilty, but they 
 secured a new trial and were finally set free. 
 
 Second High Level Bridge 
 
 In December, 1888, came the formal opening of a second high-level 
 bridge, the two sections of wliich ai'e known as the Central and the 
 Abbey Street viaducts, "the great new structure that hung so lightlj' 
 and gracefully across the w'ide valley and so far above the Cuyahoga 
 River," uniting the East Side with the South Side, as the East and 
 West Sides had been united ten yeai's before. This additional bond 
 will be described in a later chapter. In 1880, the population of Cleve- 
 land was 160,146 ; in 1890, it was 261,353. Speaking in Cleveland in 
 1892, the superintendent of the United States census of 1890 said of 
 Cleveland's iron-ore traffic : 
 
 An investment of $175,394,985 seems almost beyond the propor- 
 tions of any one closely connected line of commerce, but such are the 
 tigures representing the capital involved, on July 1, 1892, in min- 
 ing and transporting, by lake and rail, the output of the Lake Supe- 
 rior iron mining district. The sale and movement of every ton of 
 ore from this district is conducted by sales agents in Cleveland who 
 are also owners of the mines to a large extent. Here the docks at 
 all Lake Erie ports, excepting Bulfalo and Erie, are controlled, and 
 here is owned fully 80 per cent, of the vessel property engaged in 
 this commerce, which forms the largest single item in the lake traffic. 
 This country consumed, in 1890, 17,500,000 gross tons of iron ore. 
 Of this amount, 1,246,830 tons were imported, and 16,253,170 tons 
 were of home production. Lake Superior mines iiroduced, in the 
 same year. 9,003,701 gross tuns, or more than one-half tlu^ raw ma- 
 terial for a nation that leads the world in the output of pig iron, 
 Bessemer steel and steel rails. This statement is in itself eno\igh to 
 show the relation the city bears to the iron industry, whose ]>rosperity 
 is most often used to serve as a measure of the general business pros- 
 perity of the country. 
 
 L.\BGE.ST SlIII'BUII-DING CeNTEI! IN THE COUNTRY (1890) 
 
 The census report for 1890 revealed the fact that Cleveland had 
 become the largest shijibuilding factor in the United States, 'the lead- 
 ing ti'io registering as I'ollows: 
 
 Cleveland, in gi-oss tons 71,322 
 
 Philadelphia, in gross tons 53,811 
 
 Bath, Maine, in gross tons 49,830
 
 IHiHl-Dll THE CF.NSUS AND THE FEDERAL PLAN 277 
 
 The iTport also showt'tl that ""in goniTul uuuiut'aeturing, heavy t'org- 
 ings, wire nails, nuts and bolts, carriage and wagon hardware, vapor 
 stoves, sewing machines, steel-tired car wheels, and heavy street railway 
 machinery, Cleveland led all the cities of the country." The report 
 of the Board of Trade said that "here are located the greatest 
 shoddy mills in .\merica ; a plant for the manufacture of sewing 
 machine woodwork that has no equal in the world ; a steel bridge 
 works that is represented in massive structures spanning rivers and 
 valleys over the entire continent, and an electric light carbon works 
 having a capacity of ten million carbons annually with a market for 
 its product extending to Jlexico, South America, China and Japan." 
 The blast furnaces, and iron and steel mills had a capacity reported in 
 net tons as follows : 
 
 Pig-iron 275,000 
 
 Bessemer and open-hearth bloom, billets, etc 545,000 
 
 Rails 100,000 
 
 Wire rods 288,000 
 
 Jlerchant bars and shapes 108,500 
 
 Plates, axles, t'orgings, etc 210,000 
 
 The products turned out were valued at $47,364,764. 
 
 Municipal-Federal Plan Adopted 
 
 Events of importance now come in such rapid succession that not 
 many of them may be even mentiojicd, such as the defalcation and 
 flight of a city treasurer, the organization of the Epworth League; 
 the creation of the John Huntington Benevolent Trust, and the several 
 bequests that have resulted, after years of waiting, in our present, 
 beautiful art gallery fittingly placed in Wade Park, another of tiie 
 many benefactions of Cleveland's wealthy men. But a radical change 
 in the foundations of the municipality may not be passed with such 
 scant notice. Such a change came with the adoption of the so-called 
 •'Federal Plan." At that time, Cleveland s government was somewhat 
 closely analogous to an old house; built originally for a small family, 
 and with wings, L's, and lean-to's added as wealth and children in- 
 creased; the whole exhibiting a motley style of architecture not pleas- 
 ing to the eye, convenient for daily use, or economical to maintain. 
 Such was our patched and repatched charter for a town made to do 
 duty for a great and growing city. After much local agitation, the 
 state legislature was induced to enact a bill giving the city a new 
 charter, which went into effect straightway after the election of the 
 sixth of April, 1891. It made a clear cut distinction between executive
 
 278 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 and legislative functions. An elective mayor was the central figure 
 of the executive branch. Appointed by him and confirmed by the 
 municipal legislature, where the six members of his cabinet, each of 
 whom was a director in charge of a department, thus: law, public 
 works, police, fire, accounts, and charities and correction. Each direc- 
 tor made appointments in his department absolutely "without the 
 advice and consent of the council," but firemen and policemen were 
 under the shelter of civil service reform. The municipal legislature 
 consisted of twenty councilmen, two for each of the ten districts into 
 which the forty wards were divided: Other than the selection of its 
 own clerk, sergeant-at-arms. and page, "the council shall exercise no 
 power of election or appointment to any office." The city treasurer, 
 the police judge, the prosecuting attorney, and the clerk of the police 
 court were elected by the people. The mayor was to receive a salary 
 of $6,000 a year; the director of law, .$5,000; and each of the other 
 directors, $4,000. Each member of the city council was to receive 
 five dollars for each regular meeting (weekly) that he attended. The 
 mayor and the directors liad seats in tlie council with the right to take 
 part in its deliberations liut not to vote. A supplementary law pro- 
 vided (April 10, 1891) that in case of the disability or absence of 
 the mayor the duties of his office should devolve upon the directors 
 in the order given above. At the first election under the new plan, 
 William G. Rose was elected mayor: he had had a term in the office 
 fourteen years before. By liis selection, his cabinet was constituted 
 as follows : 
 
 Director of law. Gen. P^dward S. Meyer. 
 
 Director of public works, R. R. Ilerrick. 
 
 Director of police. Colonel .lolm W. (;il)bons. 
 
 Director of fire, Colonel Louis Black. 
 
 Dii-ector of accounts, F. C. Bangs. 
 
 Director of charities and cori-ection, David ^Morison. 
 
 The mayor and directors constituted tlu> "Boai'd of Control;" 
 the board met twice each week and constitiiti'il one of the most im- 
 portant of the iiiunicii)al agencies. Mv. Bhick soon I'csigncil and his 
 jjlace in the cabinet was liUed by the choice of George \V. (iardnci-, who 
 like Mr. Rose and Dii'cctor llci-rick liad had experience as iiiaytn- of 
 the city. The members of Mie Hi-st " Ketieral Plan Councir" wei-e E. 
 E. Beeman. P.. W. .fackson. Patrick ■]. McKenncy, 1', C. O'llrien, 
 .lolm (', Karnlielil, .1. K. Holi'. ('Iiai-lcs ,\. l)a\iilsoii, Robert I'', .lolies, 
 Albert Straus, .lolm I. Xunn, Tlicmlofe .M. Pates. I'^lroy M. .\very.
 
 1891] MUNICIIWI, LEGISLATION 279 
 
 Jolin Sk.\ nil, John Havlicek, IMichael Riley, M. C. Malloy, John Wil- 
 heliii, .Malaclii Ryan, Joseph J. I'tak, ami William Powell. jMr. David- 
 son was ehosen jiri'sident of the eoinu'il and Howard II. Hurgess, city 
 clerk. 
 
 The first imjiortant legislation by the eonneil was the jtassage of the 
 ordinanees estahlisiiing the several departments and defining their pow- 
 ers and limitation.s. Its most spectacular jterformance was the reduc- 
 tion of the jiriee of artificial (coal) gas. Tlie ofifieial record of the 
 council for the fourth of May, 1891, under the head of Ordinances In- 
 troduced, contains these brief entries: 
 
 Regul.vting the Price of Gas 
 
 By Mr. Xunn. 
 No. 1819. To regulate the price which may be charged for gas to 
 be hereafter furnished to the City of Cleveland and to the citizens 
 thereof. 
 
 Read tii"st time. 
 
 The rules were suspended — Yeas 18, nays 2. 
 R<?ad second and third times. Pas.sed — Yeas 18, nays 2. 
 
 A motion to reconsider the vote of passage was not agreed to — 
 Yeas 1, nays 19. 
 
 In its report of this meeting of the council, the Leader of the following 
 morning said : 
 
 A few days after his inauguration, .Mayor Rose espied Council- 
 man Elroy M. Avery at the City Hall and invited him into his pri- 
 %'ate office. The Mayor called Doctor Avery's attention to the large 
 amount of money spent annually for lighting the streets and public 
 buildings. He thought that inasmuch as the lighting companies 
 enjoye(i valuable grants without price that the city should not be 
 put to such large expense for gas. Doctor Avery coincided in the 
 views expressed by the Mayor, and was requested to take charge of 
 the matter. In the interview which lasted an hour, it was agreed 
 that Doctor Avery should undertake the task of securing the passage 
 of an ordinance that would reduce the price of gas used by the city 
 to 50 cents, or one-half the present price. Doctor Avery lost no time 
 in beginning work, and on Saturday night, April 25, six councilmen 
 met at the home of President Davidson, in Cedar avenue. They were 
 all heartily in favor of the project which was unfolded to them, and 
 after some discussion adjourned to meet in one week. Last Saturday 
 night the number of councilmen in attendance at the meeting was 
 twelve. The JIayor and Director Meyer were also present. (Jeneral 
 Meyer was intrusted witii the task of ])reparing the ordinance. 
 . . . It was unanimously agreed that Doctor Avery's plan of 
 campaign so ably outlined should be carried out. There were enough 
 councilmen present to pass the ordinance, but the desire was to pass
 
 280 
 
 CLEVELAND A'XD ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 it under a suspension of the ruk^s. That required fifteen votes. The 
 Couneilmen were too wise to make public their plans, for they knew 
 the opposition that would be brought to bear upon them. Doctor 
 Avery generously surrendered the privilege of introducing the ordi- 
 nance and ilr. Nunn was accorded that honor. Doctor Avery was to 
 make the motions to suspend the rules and to reconsider the final 
 vote. ilr. Strauss was named to speak in favor of the ordinance, and 
 the Couneilmen present were asked to recpiest the support of such of 
 their colleagues as could be trusted with the secret. ... At 
 7:30 o'clock last night. Director ileyer handed the ordinance to Doc- 
 tor Avery and a few moments later ilr. Nunn's name was upon it. 
 The document was not sent to the clerk's table until 9 o'clock, when 
 the calling of the wards was in progress. The clerk read the ordi- 
 nance by title, but few outside of the secret paid any attention until 
 Mr. Nunn requested that it be read in full. 
 
 As appears in the official record above quoted, the rules were twice 
 suspended and the ordinance was passed, eighteen to two. Jlessrs. 
 Jones and Farnfield voted in the negative. For the carrying out of 
 the plans of the conspirators, fifteen votes were needed. How the 
 need was met and sixteen pledges were secured will be shown by the 
 following document, hitherto unpublished : 
 
 Cleveland, 0., May 2, 1891. 
 We. the undersigned. Members of the City Council of Cleveland, 
 Ohio, do hereby agree with each other to give hearty and unflinching 
 support to a certain jn-oposed ordinance for the reduction of the pi-icc 
 of gas furnished to and paid for liy the city and its citizens. The 
 ordinance in question has been read to us. We hereby pledge our- 
 selves without any reservation, not only to vote for the ordinance in 
 the City Council but to use all proper means to bring about its speedy 
 passage. 
 
 
 
 ^r-^-c^
 
 1891] :MUXIC11'A1, legislation 281 
 
 Councilmcii HtH'inaii and Ilavlici'k were not present at the final 
 secret meeting but tliey were prepared in advance of the introduc- 
 tion of tiie ordinance and voted with the sixteen. All of the city 
 papers gave extended reports of what had been done and the Plain 
 Dealer's head lines said that the ordinance had been "engineered very 
 cleverly" and that "all tlie newspapers in town have been effectively 
 scooped." But the passing of tlie ordinance was only the launching; 
 there were stormy waters ahead and througli them the ship must pass 
 before she could anchor in a snug harbor. The two gas companies 
 carried the ca.se into court and much litigation followed. The United 
 States district court granted the companies an injunction against the 
 city and finally the matter was adjusted by an agreement that gas 
 should be sold for seventy-five cents per thousand feet and that live 
 per cent of the gross receipts of the companies should be paid into the 
 city treasuiy and placed to the credit of a cit}- hall fund. In the first 
 ten years, the fund a.s thus credited with about half a million dollars 
 derived from the sale of gas. As none of the stock of the gas com- 
 panies was thrown upon the market it is verj- certain that the com- 
 plaint that the action of the council "amounted to confiscation" was 
 ill-founded. Mayor Rose had a freely expressed desire to make his 
 second administration memorable and, with the aid of his able director 
 of law and several of the councilmen, succeeded in doing so; in fact, 
 it was a lively year in municipal afTPairs. Among the measures that 
 awakened general interest in the community was the attempt to secure 
 a "City Farm School "" for the reformation of bad boys. The ordi- 
 nance for this purpose was passed by the council and vetoed by the 
 mayor on the ground that the expense should be borne by the state 
 and not by the city, action that was described not long later by the 
 second president of the Ohio Conference of Charities and Correction 
 as "standing a dollar on edge between a boy and a boy's salvation." 
 In latei- years, such an institution was established by the city at 
 Hudson. Then too there were the futile efforts to secure three-cent 
 street railway fares "with universal transfers," the inauguration of 
 the movement for the reclamation of the usurped lake front for the 
 I'ity. and numerous other measures that were by no means soporific 
 in nature or results. 
 
 Cleveland Wealth in 1891 
 
 In this year (1891), Cleveland's shipments of bituminous coal to 
 the upper lake ports was 1,016.487 tons; the outward movement of 
 freight by railway aggregated 5,535,332 net tons. The assessed value
 
 282 CLEVELAXU AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 of Clevelaud real estate at this time was !|;89,512.700 ; of personal prop- 
 erty only a little more than .$28,000,000! "The real valuation was 
 $500,000,000." The real estate transfers and leases for the decade 
 ending on the thirty-first of December, 1891, numbered 68,683, and the 
 money consideration acknowledged was $258,244,403. The increase 
 in values of real estate in the business sections of the city was very 
 great and nnule millionaires of several speculators in downtown land. 
 e. g., Waldemar Otis, et al. 
 
 Revolutionary Descendants 
 
 On the nineteenth of December, 1891, the Western Reserve Chap- 
 ter of the Daughtei-s of the American Revolution was organized under 
 the direct authority of the National Society, Daughters of the Amer- 
 ican Revolution. The organization of the new chapter was the result 
 of the efforts of ~Slrs. Elroy "SI. Avery, then a member of the District 
 of Columbia Chapter. The tirst officers of the Western Reserve Chap- 
 ter were : 
 
 Regent, ^Irs. Elroy 'SI. Avei-y, 
 Vice-regent, j\Irs. F. A. Kendall, 
 Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. W. A. Ingham, 
 Kecording Secretarij, ]\li"s. H. J. Lee, 
 Treasurer, Mrs. P. H. Babcoek, 
 Registrar, Mrs. George W. Little, 
 Historian, ^Irs. G. V. R Wickham. 
 
 In later years, Mrs. Averj' was officially designated as "Founder and 
 Honorary President." A little more than a year later (December 23, 
 1892). the Western Reserve Society of the Sons of the American Revo- 
 lution was organized under the authority of the following resolution 
 ado])ted at Columbus on the fifth of Slay, 1892: 
 
 Whereas, Elroy M. Avery and others of the City of Cleveland, State 
 of Ohio, are desirous of forming a local organization subordinate to 
 the Ohio Society of the Sons of the Anu'rican Revolution, to be known 
 as the Western Reserve Society of the Sons of the American Revolu- 
 tion ; and 
 
 Whereas, They have duly made appiical ion to the Oliio Society for 
 authority to organize; now, therefore, be it 
 
 Resolved, hy the Executive Committee of the Ohio Society of the 
 Sons of the American Revolution; that Elroy -M. Avery and others of 
 the City of Cleveland, Ohio, be and they ai-e liei'cby authorized to 
 organize a local society of the Sons of the American Revolution, to be 
 known as the Westei-n Reserve Society of the Sons of the American 
 IJcvolution: that said Western Reserve Society sluill have exclusive 
 primary .jurisdiction with' i-espect to llic election and initiation of mein- 
 iicr.s in the counties of Cuyahoga, Ashtabula, Lake, Geauga, Trumbull,
 
 1891-92] HISTORICAL, COMMERCIAL AND PATRIOTIC 283 
 
 Portagi'. Sunmiit, -Mt'iliiui, Lorain, Aslilaud, Huron, and Erit' in said 
 State of Ohio. 
 
 The iirst (ifficers of tlio Western Reserve Society were: 
 
 I'rcsid-fnt, Elroy MeKendree Avery, 
 
 Vke-presidcntx, Liberty Emery Holdeii and Dudley Baldwin, 
 
 Secretary, William Tlioma.s Wiswall, 
 
 Treasurer, VA\wvi Hall linker, 
 
 liegistrar, Daniel Wilhert Manchester, 
 
 Ilistoridu. Charles Fayette Olney. 
 
 The two societies are still (1918) in vigorous existence, active in all 
 patriotic work, and (in late years) very etlicicnt in the work of the 
 Americanization of our foreign born population. 
 
 Historical Society and Chamber of Commerce 
 
 In 1892, the Western Reserve Historical Society which had been 
 organized as a branch of the Cleveland Library Association, now- 
 known as the Case Library, was reorganized, incorporated, and given 
 a home of its own on the Public Square as will be more fully set 
 forth in a later (■bai)ter. In this year, the Board of Trade of the City 
 of Cleveland was legally reorganized, its functions enlarged, and its 
 name changed to the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. On the first of 
 July, 1892, there were owned in Cleveland, forty steel vessels of which 
 thirty-nine were steamers and thirty-five were built in what had be- 
 come the Queen City of the Lower Lakes. These ships had a total 
 net registered tonnage of 69,317 tons and an insurance valuation of 
 !^7, 119,000. The total number of vessels owned in Cleveland was 289, 
 and their estimated value was $17,000,000. The estimated aggregate 
 of annual wholesale sales in mercantile lines was about .$49,000,000, and 
 the paid-in capital of the banks of the city, exclusive of the Society for 
 Savings, was more than $15,000,000. Owing to its peculiar organiza- 
 tion, the Society for Savings, the largest of the city's financial institu- 
 tions, has no capital stock; its deposits in 1892 were more tluin $21,- 
 000,000. Cleveland had gotten into the habit of writing its monetary 
 statistics in millions. 
 
 The Soldiers' and Saiujrs' ^Ionument 
 
 On the Fourth of July, 1894, the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and 
 Sailors' ilonument that stands in the southea.st section of the Public 
 Square was dedicated. The ninnumcnt was mentioned in an earlier
 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument
 
 1894] A SUCCESSFUL CO^^'VENTION 285 
 
 chapter; its full liistm-y lias Ihcii written hy Major William J. Gleason, 
 the president of the monument commission. As, iu 1872, Clevehuid 
 hail pushed her boundary line eastward, so now. the line was pushed 
 very cousei-vatively westward. On the fifth of March, 1894, West 
 Cleveland was annexed, and on the thirtieth of April, Brooklyn came 
 into the fold, addini,' about thirty-two thousand acres to the area and 
 about eleven thousand to the jxipulation of the city. 
 
 Convention of Christi.\n Endeavorers 
 
 On the twelfth of duly (1894). the thirteenth annual international 
 convention of the Christian Endeavorers was held iu Cleveland. With 
 all the preparation that had been made for the reception and enter- 
 tainment of delegates, there was no anticipation of the immense crowds 
 that came. The ()i)ening meeting had been scheduled for the huge 
 Saengerfest Hall.* This hall was on the west side of Willson Avenue 
 (East Fifty-fifth Street), and extended from Outhwaite Street (now 
 Avenue) to Scovill Avenue; the site is now occupied by the East Tech- 
 nical High School. The hall had a seating capacity for about twelve 
 thousand, but on this occasion it held many moi'e. At none of the 
 preceding conventions had the attendance at the fir.st meeting been 
 large enough to till the hall in which the meeting was held, but long 
 Ijefore the hour for the o[)cning of the first meeting in Cleveland, the 
 Saengerfcst Hall was tilled and the throng extended far into the 
 adjacent streets. Then the big tent at the corner of Willson and Cedar 
 avenues was thrown open and quickly filled. A chairman and a musical 
 director were proviiled and it was not long before the convention 
 hymns were going up as though it had been originally intended that 
 they should rise from that point. It was estimated that from twelve 
 to fifteen thousand ]H'i-sons were within the tent, and thousands more 
 outside. Then the near-by, new Epworth ^Memorial (Methodist Epis- 
 copal) Church was opened, three thousand Endeavorers were therein 
 gathered, and a third meeting was organized. Still there were En- 
 deavorers out of doors and so a fourth meeting was organized in the 
 Woodland Aveinie Presbyterian Church at Woodland Avenue and 
 Kennard (East Forty-sixth) Street. A system of transfers was quickly 
 developed and speakers were hurried from hall to tent and from tent 
 to church. And so the morning went. It was estimated that the total 
 attendance at that morning's meeting exceeded thirty thousand; it 
 set the high-water mark for Christian Endeavor conventions. At the 
 main meeting, the delegates were welcomed to Ohio by Governor 
 William .McKinlev who delivered an earnest and characteristically 
 
 See picture on I'age .")fi2.
 
 286 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XVIII 
 
 dignilied address, and the Rev. J. Z. Tyler extended the greetings of 
 the Cleveland members. The regular proceedings of the convention 
 do not pertain to a history- like this. 
 
 The Cleveland Postofpice 
 
 As stated in an earlier chapter of this vohnne, the receipts of 
 the Cleveland post-ofiRce for the first quarter of 1806 were $2.83; just 
 what the total for the entire vear was I do not know. For the year end- 
 
 r^sesaaaK*****'': 
 
 Old Postoffice 
 
 ing on the thirtieth of June, 1890, the receipts were $-161,854.63; for 
 the year ending on the thii'tieth of September, 1895, the receii)ts were 
 $652,627.13. The large percentage of increase teslilics pretty clearly 
 to the general growth of the city in that half decade. At that time, the 
 government occujiicd tln' western part of its i)resent site, facing tlie 
 i'lililii' S(|uare (at the left) as i-eprcscntcd in tlic accoiiipanyiiig illus- 
 tration. In 1871, the l)uil(ling consisted of the middle section between 
 tile two extensions that were added at a later date. At an early hour
 
 1893-96] THE COMING CENTENNIAL 287 
 
 ill tlie evening of tlit» sixtooiitli of NoveiiiluT of this year (1895), eaine 
 a tragic reminder of tiie danger incident to the use of viaducts with 
 sections that must lie swung open for the passage of boats up and down 
 the river. Up to this time, ("ievehmd had been practically free from 
 fatal results following the constant menace, but, at the hour above 
 mentioned, a street ear going to the South Side plunged through the 
 open draw of the Central viaduct that had been built in 1888, and 
 into the Cuyahoga River, a hundred feet below. Just as the car went 
 over the brink the motormaii jumped. He and one passenger were 
 all who cscajied death ; the conductor and sixteen passengers were 
 drowned. 
 
 Cleveland's Centenni.vl Anniversary 
 
 At the annual meeting of the Early Settlers' Association, held on 
 the twenty-second of July, 189:3, the Hon. John C. Covert offered the 
 following : 
 
 Resolved — That the president appoint a committee of nine per- 
 sons, of which he shall be the chainnan, to confer with the City Coun- 
 cil, Chamber of Commerce, and other local bodies, to provide for a 
 lirojier celebration of the Centennial anniversary of the landing of 
 Moses Cleaveland at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River on July 22, 
 1796. 
 
 The resolution was unanimously adopted. The committee thus 
 ordered, consisted of the Hon. Richard C. Parsons, chairman, John C. 
 Covert, A. J. Williams, Bolivar Butts, Gen. James Barnett, Wilson S. 
 Dodge, Solon Burgess, George F. Marshall, and "Father" H. M. 
 Addison. At a meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, held on the 
 twenty-first of November of the same year, the following preamble aud 
 resolutions were adopted : 
 
 Whereas, The year 1896 will mark the one-hundredth anniversary 
 of the founding of the City of Cleveland; and. 
 
 Whereas. So important an event deserves commemoration in the 
 degree to which Cleveland has made advancement during that period 
 in pojnilation. wealth, commerce, education and arts; therefore, 
 
 Hesolvfd. That a committee of five be appointed by the Chamber 
 of Commerce, whose duty it shall be to begin at once timely and suit- 
 able preparations for an appropriate celebration of the City's Cen- 
 tennial, to the end that various important public improvements now 
 in progress, in contemjilation, may, by unity and harmony of action, 
 be brought to a culmination in that year, and the occasion he thus 
 distinguished by tangible evidences of the city's growth and glory. 
 
 The 'committee of five" thus ordered into existence consisted of 
 seven members as follows-. Wilson ^I. Day, William J. Akcrs, Harry
 
 288 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS Chap. XVIII 
 
 A. Garfield, S. F. Haserot, Webb C. Hayes, George "W. Kinney and 
 0. M. Stafford. The report submitted by this committee was adopted 
 by the chamber and the committee was continued. In May, 1895, 
 Robert E. JIcKisson, mayor of Cleveland, Wilson M. Day, president 
 of the Chamber of Commerce, representatives of the Early Settlers' 
 Association, and others held a conference at which a full centennial 
 commission was appointed. On the eleventh of July, 1895, it was de- 
 cided that the celebration that was to usher in the second century of 
 the City of Cleveland shoi;ld begin on the twenty-second of July, 1896, 
 the one hundredth anniversary of Moses Cleaveland's arrival at the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga, and end on the tenth of the following Sep- 
 tember, the annivei-sary of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. At the 
 same meeting of the commission, Wilson M. Day was elected as direc- 
 tor-general of the celebration. The commission opened head(iuarters 
 in the city hall and at once began its labors. A brief account of the 
 celebration will be given in the next chapter.
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 THE CENTENNIAL YEAR 
 
 As recorded in the preceding chapter, the second century of the 
 life of the settlement at the mouth of the Cuyahoga was to be usliered 
 in with an elaborate celebration and for that purpose a Centennial 
 Commission was organized as follows: 
 
 Ildnorarij president, Asa S. Bushnell, 
 
 Honorary secretary, Samuel (i. JMcCliu'e, 
 
 President, Robert E. McKissou, 
 
 First u^i-cc-prcsident, h. E. Holdeu, 
 
 Second vice-president, A. J. Williams, 
 
 Secretary, Eldward A. Roberts, 
 
 Treasurer, Charles W. Chase, 
 
 Director-generaJ, Wilson II. Daj^ 
 
 State Members: Asa S. Bushnell, governor; S. M. Tayloi', secre- 
 tary of state ; W. D. Guilbert, auditor of state ; Asa W. Jones, presi- 
 dent of the senate; 1). L. Sleeper, speaker of the house. 
 
 Municipal Members: Robert E. McKisson, mayor; Minor G. Nor- 
 ton, director of law ; Darwin E. Wright, director of public works ; 
 Frank A. Emerson, president of the city council ; H. Q. Sargent, direc- 
 tor of schools. 
 
 Membcrs-at-large : William J. Akers, H. M. Addison, A. T. Ander- 
 son, Bolivar Butts, Clarence E. Burke, Charles P. Brush, Charles W. 
 Chase, George W. Cady, John C. Covert, Wilson M. Day, George Dem- 
 ing, William Edwards, Martin A. Poran, Kaufman Hays, H. R. Hatch, 
 Orlando J. Iliidge, L. E. Holdon, James H. Iloyt, M. A. Hanna, John 
 C. ITutchins, George W. Kinney, John IMeckes, James B. Morrow, 
 Daniel Myers, Samuel JIather, E. W. Oglebay, James M. Richardson, 
 PI. A. Sherwin, A. J. Williams, A. L. Withington, Augustus Zehring. 
 
 In addition to this organization of mere men there was a Women's 
 Department, the officers and executive committee of which were as 
 follows : 
 
 President: Mrs. Mary B. Ingham, 
 
 Vice-presidents: Mrs. Mary Seranton Bradford, Mrs. Sarah E. 
 Bierce, Mrs. George Presley, Jr., Mrs. Joseph Turnery, 
 Recording secretary, Mrs. Ella Sturtevant Webb, 
 Corresponding secretary, Mrs. S. P. Churchill, 
 
 289
 
 290 CLEVEL^'lNTD AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 Treasurer, Miss Elizabeth Blair, 
 
 Assistant-treasurer, ;Miss Elizabeth Stanton, 
 
 Historian, Mrs. Gertrude V. R. Wiekliam. 
 
 Executive Committee: Mrs. Eh-oy M. Avery, chairman; Mrs. 
 Charles W. Chase, Mrs. T. K. Dissette, Mrs. H. A. Griffin, Mrs. M. A. 
 Hanna, Mrs. P. M. Hitchcock, Mi's. 0. J. Hodge, Mrs. John Huntington, 
 Mrs. F. A. Kendall, Mrs. W. B. Neff, Mrs. N. B. Prentice, Mrs. W. G. 
 Rose, Mrs. L. A. Russell, Mrs. M. B. Schwab, Mrs. Charles H. Weed, 
 Mrs. A. J. Williams. 
 
 Of course, there was a large number of very important committees, 
 each composed of able and efficient members, appointed by both depart- 
 ments of the commission. 
 
 Celebration of Cleveland's Centennial 
 
 The date fixed for the formal opening of the Cleveland Centennial 
 celebration was the twenty-second of July, 1896, but the series of com- 
 memorative events was begun on the preceding Sunday, the nineteenth 
 of the mouth. At eight o'clock in the morning of that day, the chimes 
 of Trinity cathedral rang out sacred and patriotic selections ; at half 
 past ten, there wei'e centennial services in all the churches; at half 
 past two, there was a mass-meeting of citizens in the Central Armory 
 and another of the German Lutheran congregations at Music Hall; 
 at half past seven in the evening, there were other centennial services 
 in the churches and a mass-meeting of German Protestant congrega- 
 tions at the Central Armory. At the afternoon meeting, the armory 
 was elaborately decorated and completely filled with persons of all 
 classes including many local organizations, military and fraternal. 
 The presiding officer was the Rev. J. G. W. Cowles. The Cleveland 
 Vocal Society sang the chorus from Elijah, "Thanks be to God," 
 after w-hich the Right Rev. William A. Leonard, bishop of the Episco- 
 pal, diocese, offered prayer, the great audience, with bowed heads, ac- 
 companying him in the Lord's Prayer at its close. The introductory 
 address of the chairman closed with these words: 
 
 AVhat 1 have said is introductory, and suggestive oidy. It is for 
 tho.se who follow to exhibit, in various colors and relations, the religious 
 life and progress of this city. In the gi'cat world-order the Jew stands 
 fir.st, the Catholic next, and the Protestant la.st. But in our local his- 
 tory, the Protestant was the pioneer, followed, after thirty-nine years, 
 by the Catholic, and, after forty-three years, by the Jewish church. 
 The contributions of each one of these factors and faiths have been of 
 incalculalilc value to 1his comiinuiity and to numkind. Let each one 
 speak for his faith, from his spi)arate point of view, and speak well, 
 for each faith deserves to be well spoken of.
 
 1896] PRELIMINARY EVENTS 291 
 
 Responses to this invitation came in addresses by the Rev. Levi 
 Gilbert, representing the Protestant churches; Mgr. T. P. Thorpe, 
 representing the Catholic church, and Rabbi Moses J. Gries, repre- 
 senting the Jewish church. After prayer by the Rev. Herman J. 
 Rutenik, the exercises came to a close, the audience joining in the 
 hymn, "Nearer, my God, to Thee." At the evening meeting in the 
 armory, addresses were made bj' Mayor McKisson and Director- 
 general Day, and others in German by several clergymen of the city. 
 When I\rr. Day closed his address with the words: "In tlie name of 
 the Centennial Commission, I greet you. God save the Fatherland ! 
 God save America!" the great audience joined in patriotic applause 
 and united in singing "America." "And the evening and the morn- 
 ing were the first day." 
 
 On the following day (Monday, July 20), the centennial exhibi- 
 tion of the Cleveland School of Art, and the encampment of United 
 States regular troops and of the Ohio National Guard were opened. 
 This camp was located on the farm of Jacob B. Perkins, west of the 
 city. At 3 p. m., Asa S. Bushnell, governor of Ohio, and his staff ; 
 Robert E. McKisson, maj-or of Cleveland ; J. G. W. Cowles, president 
 of the Chamber of Commerce, and thousands more met at the camp ; 
 the troops formed a hollow square ; Liberty E. Holdeu, representing 
 the Centennial Commission, introduced the mayor who spoke briefly 
 and well and then introduced the govei'nor w^ho thus began : 
 
 When Freedom from her mountain height 
 
 Unfurled her banner to the air, 
 She tore the azure robe of night 
 
 And placed the stars of gloiy there ! 
 
 At this moment the halyard on the flag staff "was pulled, and the 
 Star Spangled Banner shook out in all its glory, under the now 
 darkening skies, while the batterj' down below boomed its salute of 
 twenty-one guns, in unison with the mightier artillery which the ele- 
 ments had set rolling overhead." Then the governor accepted the 
 camp for the state and christened it "Camp Moses Cleav eland." By 
 this time, the rain was coming down handsomely and the exercises w-ere 
 quickly closed. 
 
 On the following day (July 21), the log-cabin that Bolivar Butts 
 and "Father" Addison had succeeded in having built on the north- 
 east section of the Public Square was dedicated and a reception was 
 there held by the women of the Early Settlers' Association. At the 
 dedication, prayer was offered by the Rev. Lathrop Cooley, "America"
 
 292 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 was sung by the Arion Quartet (the favorite four of Cleveland's male 
 singers), and speeches wei*e made by ]\Iayor McKisson and others. 
 In the course of his address, Geu. J. J. Ehvell said : 
 
 From this cabin to the building of the Society for Savings [only a 
 few yards away] is an object lesson of wliat has been done in Cleveland, 
 more impressive and instructive than anytliing I can say. Look at 
 them as they stand. The log cabin with no money — not a cent. The 
 bank with twenty or thirty millions belonging to the citizens of Cleve- 
 land and county. From i^overty to wealth is the story they tell. Our 
 past has been glorious, but it will not compare with the glory of the 
 future, if we follow the footsteps of righteousness that our forefathers 
 set before us. 
 
 That night, "when the minute-hand marked the hour of twelve, and 
 Wednesday, July 22, 1896, stood upon the threshold of recorded time," 
 
 Centennial Log Cabin 
 
 the guns of the Cleveland Light Artillery (Battery A) boomed forth 
 the centennial salute in token of the completion of the first hundred 
 years of Cleveland's existence. The well filled program for Founder's 
 Day thus ushered in included a national salute at 5 : 30 A. M. ; recep- 
 tion of guests at 8 to 9 A. M. ; public exercises in the Central Armory 
 at 9:30 A. M. ; grand parade of military and uniformed civic or- 
 ganizations at 2:30 P. M. ; illumination of the centennial arch and 
 an historical pageant, "The Passing of the Century," at 8 P. M. ; 
 reception and ball at the armory of the Cleveland Grays at 10 P. M. ; 
 carriages as ordered. The great event of the day was the morning 
 meeting in the Central Armory. On the platform sat the governor 
 of Ohio (Asa S. Bushnell) ; the governor of Old Connecticut (O. Vin- 
 cent Coffin) ; the mayor of the "TTcart of New Connecticut" (Robert
 
 1896] THE FIRST CENTENNIAL 293 
 
 E. McKisson) ; senatoi-s Joseph K. Ilawley of CoiuiectU'ut, and John 
 Sherman of Ohio; William Mc-Kinley, then a camlidatc for llie 
 presidency of tlie I'liited States; and many other men more or less 
 distinguished. As ehairman of the meeting', James II. Iloyt read a 
 telegram of eoiigratulation from (irover Cleveland, president of the 
 United States, by eleefion, but that day, by choice, the far-famed 
 fisherman of 15uzzard"s Bay. Senator Ilawley was the princii)al 
 orator of the day and John H. Piatt read the centennial ode — a song 
 of praise : 
 
 Praise to the sower of the seed, 
 
 The planter of the tree — 
 What though another for the harvest gold 
 
 The ready sickle hold. 
 Or breathe the lilossom. watch the fruit unfold? 
 
 Enongb for him, indeed. 
 That he sliould plant the tree, should sow the seed. 
 And earn the reaper's guerdon, even if he 
 
 Should not the reaper be. 
 
 Governor Coffin then gave the gi-eetings of the parent common- 
 wealth and atideil : 
 
 In the early liays, it has been claimed Connecticut held by grant a 
 wide section, extending westerly to the ocean. Portions of this section 
 now form parts of at least thirteen different states. But Connecticut 
 gave up nearly all this territory, reserving here in Ohio the large 
 tract known as the W^ester/i Reserve. Here, where we are met, her 
 people i)repared the ground for a great eity, which is now set as the 
 .most beautiful of gems in the erown of your queenly commonwealth. 
 Our pride in our own state mounts rapidly as we contemplate her 
 splendid daughter, and remember what glory of motherhood is hers. 
 
 As Governor Coffin took his seat, announcement of the gift of 
 magnificent additions to Cleveland's park system l)y John D. Rocke- 
 feller was made. The negotiations that had led to this gift had been 
 conducted with such secrecy that no inklins of them had come to 
 the people until this moment. When .Mr. L. E. Hnklen offered a 
 resolution of thanks and acceptance coupled with a request that Mr. 
 Rockefeller permit the new park to bear his name, "the people arose, 
 as one, in adoption of the resolution." Then Governor Bushnell of 
 Ohio assured Governor Coffin of Connecticut that "from old IMarietta, 
 where an Ohio community was established by forty-eight Connecticut 
 men, to Conneaut. where Closes Cleaveland first landed, the state is 
 yours. In the name of all the people of Ohio, I extend you a most
 
 29i CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 cordial welcome." Then AVilliam McKinley was introduced and 
 said: 
 
 To-day the present generation pays its homage to Cleveland's 
 founders aiid offers a generous and unqualified testimonial to their 
 wisdom and work. The statistics of the population of Cleveland, her 
 growth, production, and wealth, do not, and cannot, tell the story of 
 her greatness. We have been listening to the interesting and eloquent 
 words of historian, poet, and orator, graphically describing lier rise 
 from obscurity to prominence. They have woven into a perfect narra- 
 tive the truthful, yet established, record of her advancement, from an 
 unknown frontier settlement, in the western wilderness, to the proud 
 rank of eleventh citj- iu the greatest couutrj- — America — the grandest 
 country in the world. We have heard, with just pride, how marvelous 
 has been her progress ; that among the greatest cities of the earth, but 
 sixty-two now outrank Cleveland in population. Her life is as one 
 century to twenty, with some of that number. Yet her civilization is as 
 far advanced as the proudest metropolis in the world. In jjoint of 
 government, education, morals, business thrift, and enterprise, Cleve- 
 land may well claim recognition with the foremost, and is fairly en- 
 titled to the wannest congratulations and highest eulogy on this her 
 centenary day. Nor will any envy her people a season of self-congi-atu- 
 lation and rejoicing. You inaugurate, to-day, a Centennial celebration 
 in honor of your illustrious past, and its beginning is, with singular 
 appropriateness, called Founder's Day. We have lieard, with interest, 
 the enumeration of the commercial importance of this city, a port on 
 a cliain of lakes, whose tonnage and commerce surpasses that on any 
 other sea or ocean on the globe. We realize the excellence and su- 
 periority of the great railroad systems which touch the center of this 
 city. We marvel at the volume and variety of your numerous manu- 
 factories, and see about us, on every hand, the pleasant evidences of 
 your comfort and culture; not only in. the hospitable homes, but in 
 your churches, schools, charities, factories, business houses; your 
 various streets and viaducts, public parks, statues and monuments — 
 indeed, in your conveniences, adonunents and improvements of every 
 sort, we behold all llie advantages and blessings of the model modern 
 city, wortliy to be both tlie jiride of a great city and a still greater 
 nation ! 
 
 After brief addresses by Senator Sherman, and the mayor of Hart- 
 ford, Connecticut, the benediction was pronounced by the Rev. Samuel 
 P. Sjireeher, and the audience was dismissed. The rest of the program 
 for the i]iiy, as above recorded, was then successfully carried out. At 
 a few minutes after eight in the evening, President Cleveland pressed 
 an electric button in his smnmer liome at Buzzard's Bay, Massachu- 
 setts, and the centennial arch "burst into a flame of light, amid the 
 cheers of the watching thousands." Then came the beautiful his- 
 torical pageant that had been arranged with great care, ami then 
 the reception and ball, at the end of which or sooner, weary Cleve-
 
 1896] 
 
 THE FIRST CENTENNIAL 
 
 295 
 
 landers gladly went to bed in preparation for anotlier day, perhaps 
 not quite so strenuous. 
 
 The full stoiy of the eentennial celebration, compiled by Edward 
 A. Roberts, secretary and historian of the centennial commission, and 
 published under an appropriation by the city coiuicil, makes a lx)ok of 
 270 octavo pages; of course, I can give only a scant epitome of that 
 story. 
 
 
 h'S^^'^ 
 
 Centennlul. Arch 
 
 The twenty-third of July was New England Day. In the fore- 
 noon, the Ohio editors were given steandjoat and street railway rides, 
 but the chief event of the day was the New England dinner under 
 tents on the campus of Adelbert College with speeches (of course) 
 and a menu that, "from the bean porridge to the Vermont turkey," 
 was supposed to represent New England fare in the early days. In 
 the evening, the Euclid Avenue Opera House was filled for the first 
 presentation of the centennial opera, "From Moses to McKisson," by 
 the Gatling Gun Battery.
 
 296 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 The twentj'-seventh of July was Wheelmen's Day, the occasion of 
 a great bicycle parade, the line of which was formed in nine divisions. 
 Ou the following day, the Plain Dealer reported : 
 
 Not since the centennial ceremonies began has there been such a 
 turn-out of people as filled the eight miles of parade route in Cleve- 
 land yesterdaj'. The military had their thousands, but the wheelmen 
 luid their tens of thousands of admirers. . . . What a unique 
 parade it was! No such kaleidoscope of color has filled Cleveland's 
 streets in many a day. The nations of the earth were represented. 
 Gaily decorated yachts, with colore flying from every mast and stay, 
 glided down the open stream, their sails filling with gentle breezes, 
 that set their flags fluttering. Butterflies of gaudy hue skimmed 
 silently over the pavement. Frogs with goggle eyes, Indians in war 
 paint, Arabs in scarlet fezes, white troops of sweet girl graduates, 
 Romeos in doublets and trunks, Topsys and Sambos, almond-eyed Japs, 
 Uncle Sams of all ages, and Goddesses of Liberty without number, 
 flitted past, until the spectators gi-ew dizzy watching the constantly 
 revolving wheels. 
 
 The twenty-eighth of July was Women's Day. In the early morn- 
 ing, the bronze statue of Moses Cleaveland in the Public Sipiare was 
 wreathed with flowers. At 9 A. M., there were formal exercises in the 
 Central Armory, with Mrs. Mary B. Ingham, president of the Women's 
 Department of the Centennial Commission, presiding. There were 
 several speeches by men and numerous papers on numerous topics by 
 women. In the afternoon, the first hour was given up to "Women's 
 Clubs." The official report of the celebration says: 
 
 Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, president of the executive board and the 
 first woman in Cleveland to be elected to the School Council, presided. 
 In taking charge of the meeting, Mrs. Avery said: 
 
 I am glad that the hour of my chairmanship is the civic hour. In 
 our civic pride we recognize the fact that the building of such a city 
 as this in a hundred years is conclusive evidence of activity and energy. 
 This active and energetic city needs, and lias, an active and energetic 
 head. Cleveland 's mayor is only a third as old as the city, the .youngest 
 mayor of any great city in the land. When the enthusiasm of youth 
 reinforces wisdom, the combination constitutes the index of succes-s. 
 It gives me gi-eat pleasure to introduce to you our great city's honored 
 chief. Mayor Robert E. McKisson. 
 
 To this, the mayor responded in a hai)py speech of congratula- 
 tion and commendation. After the address of the mayor, came one 
 by J. G. W. Cowles, president of the Chamber of Commerce. Mrs. 
 Benjamin F. Taylor read an able paper on "Women's Clubs," and 
 the centennial ode bv Miss Ilanna Foster was read by its author.
 
 if-i**' 
 
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 « -ft^,» 5 
 
 iilC'VCLE 1'aKADE 
 
 Wheelmen's Day Crowd
 
 298 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 This ode had been awarded e, prize iu a public competition; the first 
 of its twenty -one stanzas follows : 
 
 Rose, flourished long, grew old, then fell asleep, 
 
 The hundred-gated city of the Nile ; 
 
 But not of her, deep sepulchered, the while 
 
 Forgotten centuries her records keep ; 
 
 Nor Venice, smiling still with studied grace, 
 
 Into the mirror that reflects her face ; 
 
 Nor once imperial Rome, whose name and fame 
 
 So ruled the world; old pomp, and powei', and pride — 
 
 Not those to-day ! "With warmer, quicker tide 
 
 Our pulses thrill ! On sacred altars flame 
 
 Pure patriot fires of love and loyalty. 
 
 While ready hands the Stai-s and Stripes outfling 
 
 And "Cleveland," past and present, and to be. 
 
 Aye, "Greater Cleveland," her proud sons and daughters sing! 
 
 The rest of the afternoon was given to the subject of "Education," 
 ilrs. Lydia Hoyt Parmer presiding. After the reading of papers 
 and the delivery of addresses b.y Mrs. May Wright Sewall, Jlrs. Har- 
 riet Taylor Upton, Mrs. R. IT. Wright, Mrs. Kate Brownlce Sherwood, 
 and the venerable Truman P. Handy, and the recital of the Lord's 
 Prayer by the audience, the exercises of the afternoon came to an 
 end. A reception at Grays' Armory from 5:30 to 6:30 P. M. was 
 followed at 7 : 00 by a banquet served in the drill room of the armorj' ; 
 the menu wa.s supplemented by the usual and ample "feast of reason 
 and flow of soul." 
 
 The twenty-ninth of July was Early Settlers' Day, and mainly 
 devoted to exercises conducted by the Early Settlers' Association, 
 the annual meeting of which was held in the forenoon. In the after- 
 noon, the members assembled at the Ing-cabin to give the photographer 
 his customary opportunity, to enjoy a social hour, and to listen to 
 the music that "Father" Addison evoked from his ancient violin. 
 
 The thirtieth of July was Western Reserve Day, ushered in by 
 a national salute at 5 : 30 A. M. In the af tex'noon, there was a mili- 
 tary and pioneer parade. In the military part of the parade were 
 United States regular troops, a regiment of infantry, a troop of 
 cavalry, and a battery of artillery. There were also several regi- 
 ments of the Ohio National Guard, some independent companies, and 
 the veteran volunteer firemen. The primary object of the pioneer 
 part of the parade especially "was to emphasize the development of 
 the Reserve. In order to do this, contrasts were shown between the
 
 300 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 methods in vogue at the opening of the century and those in vogue 
 at its close. It was a historical panorama intensely interesting, in- 
 structive and impressive, having besides its military and civic fea- 
 tures, special features suggestive of pioneer life — aborigines, ox-teams, 
 prairie schooners, stage-coaches, hayseed bands and numerous other 
 attractions. The evening shadows were gathering when the head of 
 the column passed the reviewing stand in front of the City Hall." 
 In the evening a large audience enjoyed a band concert in the Public 
 Square. 
 
 A notable event of this commemorative jubilee was the yacht re- 
 gatta held (August 10-13) under the auspices of the Centennial 
 Commission and tlie Cleveland Yacht Club. There was a large num- 
 
 Ca.MI- I'EltKV-l'.W.NK 
 
 ber of entries with several interesting contests. On the eighteenth 
 of August, the Centennial Ploral Exposition was opened in llie Cen- 
 tral Armory under the joint auspices of the Centennial Commission, 
 the Society of American Florists, and the Cleveland Florists' Club. 
 Three days were devoted to the beautiful displays. Meantime, a 
 tented village had been taking form in tlie fields known as "Payne's 
 Pastures" on Payne Avenue east of Hazard (East 'I'wenty-second) 
 Street. A little later (August 22-29), tiiis vilhige became the tempo- 
 rai-y home of 8,000 members of the Uniform Rank, Knighls of Pythias, 
 and was given the name, "Camp Perry-Payne," the East Side an- 
 alogue of "Camp Moses Cleavcland" on the AVest Side. The event 
 of greatest public interest in connection with this eiic;im|iinint was
 
 o 
 
 V, 
 
 w 
 
 B 

 
 302 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 the parade on the afternoon of the twenty-fifth of Angust — one of 
 the most brilliant displays of the summer, and one of the most im- 
 posing in the history of the order. 
 
 The seventh, eighth, and ninth of September were devoted to a 
 series of historical conferences, treating separately the topics of 
 Education, Religion, and Philanthropy. The first two days were 
 devoted to Education. The section was presided over by Dr. Charles 
 F. Thwing. president of the Western Reserve University. On the 
 first day, the conference listened to Miss L. T. Guilford who read an 
 entertaining paper on "Some Early Schools and Teachers of Cleve- 
 land," and to L. H. Jones, superintendent of the Cleveland public 
 schools, and to Prof. B. A. Hinsdale of the Universitj- of iliehigan 
 and formerly president of Hiram College and superintendent of the 
 Cleveland pitblic schools. On the second day (September 8), Mgr. 
 T. P. Thorpe spoke in the forenoon on the work of the parochial 
 schools and, in an eloquent, iinpromptu address, the Rev. Levi 
 Gilbert, pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Cleve- 
 land, dwelt upon the need of high moral character in the direction of 
 the education of the young. In the afternoon. President Thwing 
 delivered an address on "The Development of the Higher Educa- 
 tion," and in the evening Dr. Jeremiah Smith of the Harvard Uni- 
 versity Law School discussed the special reqviisites for the profession 
 of law. The third day of the conference was given over to the sec- 
 tions of Religion and of Philanthropy. In the forenoon, several 
 clergymen and Mrs. Ingham spoke for their several denominations 
 and, in the afternoon, L. F. ^lellen read a paper on ' ' The History of 
 the Charities of Cleveland," Dr. C. F. Dutton spoke on "The Mutual 
 Relations of Riches and Poverty," and Rabbi Moses J. Gries dis- 
 cussed "Organized Philanthropy." The several papers read and the 
 addresses given at the conference are printed, most of them in full, 
 in the official report of the Centennial Commission. 
 
 On the ninth of September, the following proclamation was issued: 
 
 It is earnestly and respectfully urged that the citizens of Cleveland, 
 as far as possible, turn aside from their usual vocations on Thursday, 
 September 10th, and heartily engage in the festivities and ceremonies 
 of Perry's Victory Daj'. This anniversary, recalling as it does the 
 great pivotal battle for national supremacy on the lakes, is a signifi- 
 cant and important event in the city's history, and its proper cele- 
 bration mei'its enthusiastic co-operation on the part of all. Eighty- 
 three yeai-s ago the announcement of that famous victory came to 
 Cleveland, then a struggling village. To-day finds it a city in which 
 370,000 persons rejoice in the benefits of fi-eedom and liberty for which
 
 1896] 
 
 THE FIRST CENTENNIAL 
 
 303 
 
 the gallant Perry fmiglit. It is their privilege to light the city's pa- 
 triotic tires to burn through the coining century. Cleveland is proud 
 aiul happy to ojjcn wide her gates and give most cordial greeting to 
 Governor Lippitt anil other distinguished representatives of CJoinino- 
 dore Perry's native state. She is also honored with the presence of 
 Governor Bushnell and thousands of visitors from Ohio and surround- 
 ing states. To this multitude of guests from far and near the Forest 
 City is dedicated for this holiday, and hails the coming host with 
 "Welcome, thrice welcome, one and all." 
 
 Robert E. McKisson, Mni/or. 
 
 At daybreak on the tenth of September, came a national salute 
 that brought a returning fire from the guns of the United States 
 steamer Michigan wliich lav at anchor in the harbor. Thus notified 
 
 Put-in-Bay Memorial 
 
 that the final holiday of the centennial series had arrived, citizens 
 and visitors responded with a patriotio enthusiasm that had not been 
 weakened or wearied by the events that had gone before. There 
 was a mass meeting at the Central Armory with Governor Bushnell 
 presiding. The principal address was made by Charles Warren Lip- 
 pitt, governor of Rhode Island — Perr\-'s native state. At its conclu- 
 sion, a resolution was adopted asking congress and the Ohio legisla- 
 ture to appropriate money for a suitable memorial at Put-iu-Bay. 
 Such a memorial has been erected. Then Frederick Boyd Stevenson, 
 the poet of the day, read a patriotic ode especially dedicated to the 
 occasion.
 
 w 
 
 a 

 
 1S96] THE PIHST CENTENNIAL 305 
 
 A mimber of the deseeiKlaiits of meu who took part in the great 
 naval victory on the lake in 1813 were then introduced to the audience, 
 and the Rev. C. E. Manchester, a relative of Commodore Perry, pro- 
 nounced the benediction and thus closed the exercises. In the after- 
 noon, came the gi-eat industrial and military parade, the last of the 
 centennial celebration. ' ' Tlierc were many soldiers in the line ; the 
 governors of Ohio and Rhode Island, with their staffs; the members 
 of the Centennial Commission ; the officers of the United States steamer 
 'Michigan,' and of the revenue cutter 'Fesscnden'; many fraternal and 
 social organizations; and a long line of floats, illustrative of Cleve- 
 land's varied industries, and the products of her factories and shops. 
 It was a ci-owning object-lesson, showing what the city of Jloses 
 Cleaveland could do, at this end of the nineteenth century." The pro- 
 cession was viewed by a (juarter of a million persons; it was a 
 "World's Fair crowd contracted and condensed. Street ear ti-affic 
 was suspended for two hours. The shades of evening had fallen before 
 the last float went by the reviewing stand and the electric lights were 
 called in to slied their brightness upon tlie scene. At an early hour, 
 thousands gathered on the lake front to see the Battle of Lake Brie 
 reproduced in mimic fireworks. As stated in the official report, "be- 
 fore tlie last trumpet-call of the afternoon parade had died away the 
 crowd began to shift toward Lake View Park. A large reviewing 
 stand had been erected for the use of guests and members of the 
 Centennial Commission and committees, but passage to this was early 
 impeded and finally rendered impossible, owing to the densitj- of the 
 throng. Not only did the park fill up, but an overflow movement 
 was soon in progress to the grounds of the Marine and Lakeside 
 hospitals. Many persons also viewed the display from the tops of 
 box cars on the railroad tracks. Every accessible point within range 
 of the lake was occupied. Before 7 o'clock Summit Sti'eet was im- 
 passable, and the side streets leading to it were blocked for a con- 
 siderable distance. Several thousand persons on board steamers and 
 other lake craft formed an important addition to this army of sight- 
 seers. The harbor was filled with vessels. Here and there a row- 
 boat moved quietly about, illuminated with lanterns or torches, bear- 
 ing small parties of venturesome j'outh. Over 50,000 persons, ac- 
 cording to careful estimate, turned out to see the fireworks. Not 
 all of these were satisfied with the display. Indeed the majority 
 ■were greatly disappointed. The exhibition was in charge of managers 
 from the East, whose watches registered Eastern time, a fact which 
 resulted in the commencement of the progr-amme nearly an hour be- 
 fore the time scheduled in the announcement. A great many people
 
 306 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 arrived after the display had ended, and many others who came early 
 kept their places, thinking it had onlj' beg^in. " Later in the evening, 
 the Centennial Commission gave a floral banquet at the Hollenden 
 Hotel in honor of the guests of the day. There were the inevitable 
 speeches closing with one by Maj'or McKisson who finally gave a 
 sharp rap on the table with a gavel made of wood taken from the log 
 cabin and officially declared that Cleveland's first centennial celebra- 
 tion was at an end. 
 
 To THE Women op 1996 
 
 Although the centennial was thus officially declared closed, the 
 women would not allow the mayor to have the last word. The mem- 
 bers of the Women's Department decided to collate facts and collect 
 articles to be hermetically sealed in an aluminum box that was to be 
 deposited with the Western Reserve Historical Societj'. On the after- 
 noon of Friday, the eighteenth of December, 1896, a large audience 
 assembled in the assembly room of the Public Library. The program 
 was opened with prayer by the Rev. Marion Murdock, one of the two 
 female ministers of Unity Church. After a brief address by Mrs. 
 W. A. Ingham, president of the Women's Department, Mrs. Elroy M. 
 Avery, chairman of the executive board of the department, read the 
 inscription, written by Mrs. T. K. Dissette and engraved on the lid 
 of the box, as follows: 
 
 1896 to 1996. Greeting. 1896 to 1996. 
 
 This casket contains for you the records of the Women's Depart- 
 ment of the Cleveland Centennial Commission. To be opened by a 
 lineal daughter of a member of the executive board in 1996. 
 
 'Mrs. W. A. Ingham, 
 Mrs. aiiiry S. Bradford, 
 Mrs. S. P. Churchill, 
 Mrs. T. K. Dissette, 
 Mrs. H. A. Griffin, 
 Mrs. 0. J. Hodge, 
 Mrs. L. A. Russell, 
 Mrs. M. P.. Scliwab, 
 Mrs. W. G. Rose, 
 
 ]\Trs. Elrov M. Avery, 
 Mrs. Ella" S. Webb, 
 Jliss Elizabeth Blair, 
 Mrs. W. B. Neff, 
 Mrs. G. V. R. Wickham, 
 Mrs. Charles W. Chase, 
 Mrs. A. J. Williams, 
 Mrs. Sarah E. Bieree. 
 
 Rise, too, ye shapes and shadows of the past. 
 
 Rise Fi-om your long forgotten graves, 
 
 At last let us beliold your faces. 
 
 Let us bear Ihosc words you uHci-ed. 
 
 The box was lined with asbestos paper, and each article waa 
 wrapped in tissue paper and tied with red, white, and blue ribbon.
 
 1896] TIIH FIRST CENTENNIAL 307 
 
 The contents of tlie box, as listed in the program for the occasion, 
 are as follows: 
 
 RchitiiHj to the Woiiian's Depart ni cut of the Centennidl: Consti- 
 tution, Treasurer's Report, JMcuiorial History of tlie Women of the 
 Western Reserve, Copy of the Addresses made on Woman 's Day, Pro- 
 grammes for Woman's Day and for the Department, Tiekets, Invita- 
 tions, Badges, Letters, Membership Roll, and Certificates. 
 
 Official I'l-ogramme, Official Gavel, Official Certification to Con- 
 tents of Casket. 
 
 Centeiniial Allium, Quarter-Century Lectui'cs on Cleveland. 
 
 Reports: Young Women's Christian Association, AVonuui's Re- 
 lief Corps, W^otnan's Christian Temperance Union, Day Nursery and 
 Free Kindergarten Association, Kindergarten Committee of Public 
 Schools, Bethany Home, Dorcas Society, Circle of Mercy, Jewish Coun- 
 cil of Women, Ili-storics of the Charities of Cleveland ; History of 
 Women of Cleveland and Their Work; the Official Certificate of the 
 First Woman Chosen to an Elective Office in Cleveland, Mrs. Elroy 
 M. Avery. 
 
 Programmes: The Conversational, Art and History Club, 
 Woman's Press Club, Sorosis, Literary Guild, Case Avenue Literary 
 Club. 
 
 Bael{/es and Pins: W'oman's Press Club, Sorosis, Wonuui's Relief 
 Corps, Daughtei-s of the American Revolution, Woman's Christian 
 Temperance LTnion. 
 
 Newspapers: Centennial edition of The Cleveland Leader; Leader, 
 July 29; Woman's edition of Plain Dealer (on silk); Plain Dealer, 
 July 28 and 29: Recorder: Press: World; Voice and Clcvelander; 
 True Repnhlic : Journal and Bulletin : International Messenfjer. Hand- 
 book of City of Cleveland. Map of Cleveland. Ohio Legislative Hand- 
 book. 
 
 United States Flaej. 
 
 Messaeje from 1896 to 1996. 
 
 Before it was placed in the box, the message to the women of 
 1996, was read by the chairman of the executive committee. It is as 
 follows : 
 
 To Women Unborn 
 1896 sends greeting to 1996. 
 
 We of to-day reach forth our hands across the gulf of a hundred 
 years to clasp your hands. 
 
 We make you heirs to all we have and enjoin you 1o improve 
 your heritage. 
 
 We bequeath to you a city of a centurj-, prosperous and beautiful, 
 and yet far from our ideal. 
 
 Some of our streets are not well lighted ; some are unpaved ; many 
 are unclean. 
 
 Many of the people are poor, and some are vainly seeking work at 
 living wages.
 
 308 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XIX 
 
 Often they who have employment are forced to filch hours for work 
 from the hours that should be given to rest, recreation and study. 
 
 Some of our children are robbed of their childhood. 
 
 Vice parades our streets and disease lurks in many places that 
 men and women call their homes. 
 
 It sometimes happens that wealth usurps the throne that worth 
 alone should occupy. 
 
 Sometimes some of the reins of government slip from the hands of 
 the people and public honoi-s ill-tit some who wear them. 
 
 We are obliged to confess than even now 
 
 "Man's inhumanity to man 
 Makes countless thousands mourn." 
 
 How Are These Things with You? 
 
 Yet the world-family is better and happier than it was a hundred 
 years ago; this is especially true in this American Republic, and has 
 come by wisdom working through law. 
 
 We love our country and seek its prosperity and perpetuity ; we 
 love our country's flag and pray for its greater glory: in this country 
 our men have mai'ched to victory under its folds in three great wars. 
 
 We are ready to defend it against all the world. 
 
 Are You? 
 
 This hundred years has given to the world the locomotive and the 
 steamboat, the telegraph, telephone, photograph, electric light, electric 
 motor and many other wise and beneficent cliscoveries. 
 
 Have you invented a fiying machine or found the north pole ? 
 
 Wh.vt Have You Done 1 
 
 In this first centennial year of our city we have planned many 
 important works for the "Greater Cleveland" of to-morrow, and have 
 appropriated millions of money for the execution of the plans. Among 
 these are the improvement of the harbor; the widening, straightening, 
 and cleaning of our narrow, crooked and befouled river ; the sanitary 
 disposal of garbage; a fitting home for the public library; the exten- 
 sion and completion of an adequate park and boulevard system; the 
 addition of kindergartens to our public schools. 
 
 Wn.\T Are You Doing fob Cleveland ? 
 
 Standing by this casket soon to be sealed, we of to-day try to fix 
 our vision on you who, a century hence, shall stand by it as we iiow do. 
 The vision can last but a moment, but before it ends and we fade into 
 the i)ast, wo would send up our earnest prayer for our country, our 
 state, oui' cit.v, and for you. 
 
 Amen. 
 
 On bcJialf of the Women's Department of Cleveland's first C'cnten- 
 nial Commission. 
 
 Mrs. Elrov M. Avery, 
 Cliainnan of the Executive Committee.
 
 1896] THE FIRST CENTENNIAL 309 
 
 After the box had been paeked in the prescuec of the assembly, and 
 the packing had been oUrtcially certitied by the mayor, the casket was 
 sealed and delivered to ilr. Ileni-y C. Rannej-, the president of the 
 Western Reserve Ilistorieal Society, to be carefully preserved for a 
 hundred years. In accepting the trust, Mr. Ranney said : 
 
 To lay away the remains of the Woman's Department of the first 
 Centennial of Cleveland in this beautiful casket, to lie until another 
 hundred years liave passed away, is an event of unusual importance. 
 Not a citizen of Cleveland will be living then. Not in sadness do we 
 thus fold and lay away our past in this little sepulchre of aluminum, 
 but because we love hunumity and are deeply interested in the work 
 and progress of the women wlio follow us. It has been told us over and 
 over again that Cleveland is proud of the spirit and acliievements of 
 its women; that no fairer, more cultured or diligent sisterhood graces 
 any great center in the whole nation than this of our own Forest City. 
 
 I accept the trust imposed, a long and continuing trust, and with 
 all its conditions and suggestions this trust will be faithfully and re- 
 ligiously kept. A mysteiy deep as that which clings about the tombs 
 of Egj-pt will enshroud it 100 years from now. I thank you for this 
 compliment to the Historical Society and for the confidence the trust 
 implies. 
 
 Then the Temple Quartet sang "America" and Miss Murdock pro- 
 nounced the benediction. 
 
 The final meeting of the Centennial Commission was held on the 
 seventh of January, 1897. The director-general and the treasurer 
 presented their final reports, by resolution the treasurer received the 
 thanks of the commission, and the meeting was adjourned sine die. 
 Of the balance left in the treasury, $2,455.61 was given to the Asso- 
 ciated Charities, and the other $350 to the Floating Bethel.
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 
 THE METROPOLIS OF OHIO 
 
 On the fifteenth of February, 1898, the United States battleship 
 the ' ' Maine ' ' was destroyed in the harbor of Havana. On the twenty- 
 fifth of April, both houses of congress adopted a resolution declar- 
 ing that a state of war with Sixain existed. On the twenty-sixth of 
 April, the national board of management of the Daughtei-s of the 
 American Revolution adopted a series of resolutions, the fii"st two of 
 which were as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the Board of Management of the National Society, 
 Daughters of the American Revolution, desire to express to the Presi- 
 dent of the ITnited States their earnest wish to be of all possible service 
 to the government, and to our soldiers and sailors in the prosecution 
 of the present war against the kingdom of Spain. 
 
 Resolved, That we recommend that the members of our society, in 
 every portion of the Union, take immediate steps to the end that we 
 be ready to serve our countrj- in this grave national crisis. 
 
 On the twentj'-fifth of May, the following resolution was adopted 
 at a special meeting of the Western Reserve Chapter of the D. A. R. : 
 
 Resolved, That the Western Reserve Chapter, Daughters of the 
 American Revolution, recognizing with pride that in this grave crisis 
 our great organization can l)e nf immediate sei-vice to our lu-esident 
 and our country, and rememliering the practical value of the Sani- 
 tary Commission and relief a.ssociatious during the late war for the 
 Union, does proceed at onee to form special committees to act with 
 the board of management in any emergency, and to co-operate in every 
 way possible with anj- committees appointed by the national board 
 of management. 
 
 War Emergency Committees, D. A. R. 
 
 The regent of the chapter at once appointed a War Emergency 
 Committee consisting of Mrs. Andrew Squire, regent; Mrs. J. H. 
 Webster, vice-regent; Mrs. X. X. Crum, secretary; Mi's. Virgil P. 
 Ivliuc, treasurer; Mrs. 0. J. Hodge, registrar; Mrs. P. H. Sawyer, 
 historian; Mrs. M. J. Malone, chairman of committee of safety; Mrs. 
 Elroy M. Avery, former regent and vice-]iresident-gcuoral of the 
 National Society, D. A. R. ; Mrs. F. A. Kendall, former regent; Mrs. W. 
 TI. Barriss, former regent, and l\Irs. S. Prentiss Baldwin, Mrs. Tlinmas 
 
 ;jio
 
 1898] DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 311 
 
 Boltou, Mrs. Stevenson Burke, Mi-s. C. W. Burrows, Mrs. C. C. 
 Burnett, Mi-s. Oscar Childs, Mrs. William Chisholm, Mrs. Charles 
 I. Dangler, Mrs. Harvey D. Goulder, Miss Lucy S. Green, Mrs. 
 W. A. Guenther, Mrs. M. A. Hanna, Miss Laura Ililliard, Mrs. 
 P. M. Hitchcock, Mrs. John Martin, Mrs. Samuel Mather, Mrs. Lee 
 McBridc, Mrs. Price McKinney, Mrs. C. A. Otis, Jr., Miss Marion 
 Parsons, Mrs. E. C. Pechin, Mrs. S. M. Perkins, Mrs. Samuel Ray- 
 mond, Mrs. M. E. Rawson, Mrs. W. D. Rees, Mrs. R. R. Rhodes, 
 Mrs. E. H. Seymour, Mrs. Benj. F. Taylor, Mrs. "W. R. Warner, 
 Mrs. Mars Wagar, Mi-s. ('harles Wason, Mi-s. W. H. White. 
 
 The regent also appointed a committee on the recommendation of 
 nurses consisting of wives of prominent phj'sicians as follows: Mrs. 
 J. A. Stephens (chairman) ; Mrs. D. H. Beekwith, Mrs. G. 0. 
 Fraser, Mrs. H. W. Kitchen, Mrs. H. J. Lee, Mrs. H. W. Osborn, 
 Mrs. N. B. Prentice, Mrs. P. H. Sawyer. 
 
 On the following day (May 26), lettere were sent to Col. C. L. 
 Kennau of the fifth regiment of the Ohio infantrj', encamped at 
 Tampa, Florida, and to Col. M. W. Day of the first regiment of 
 Ohio cavalry, encamped at Chickamauga Park, Tennessee, as follows : 
 
 The Western Reserve Chapter, Daughters of the American Revo- 
 lution, yesterday foniied two war emergency committees from its 
 membei"s. 
 
 One is composed of the wives of prominent Cleveland physicians 
 to whom all nurses must apply, wishing recommendations to be sent 
 to the front by the Washington committee, Daughters of the American 
 Revolution, to which committee Surgeon-general Sternberg, U. S. 
 Army, and Surgeon-general Van Reypen, U. S. Navj^, turn over all 
 such applications. The other is larger and contains such leading 
 women of our chapter and of our city as are always active in matters 
 of relief. 
 
 We are ready in case our troops need such assistance as was fur- 
 nished by the Sanitary Commission during the late war. . . . 
 We wantyou to feel that there is an organized committee to whom you 
 can appeal if necessary, by lelegraph: to whom your physicians may 
 send if they are in need of supplies. 
 
 We do not wish to act in any prematui-e manner, luit we desire 
 to have you know that we are ready, and that our membership reaches 
 to every part of the city. We should also like to know if any of your 
 men left families unprovided for. 
 
 Yours very sincerely, 
 Eleanor Seymour Sea Squire, Regent. 
 
 Immediately upon receipt of replies to these letters, headquar- 
 ters were opened in a store kindly offered. On the following monl-
 
 312 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 iug (June 4), the Cleveland newspapers contained this announce- 
 ment: 
 
 The War Eiiiergency Committee of the Western Reserve Chapter 
 of the Daughters of the American Revolution have opened head- 
 quarters in the Garfield Building, No. 394 Bond [East Sixth] Street. 
 Ladies will be in attendance daily from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. The chapter 
 is already in communication with the national headquarters at Wash- 
 ington and with Colonel Kennau of the 5th 0. V. I., and with Colonel 
 Day of the 1st 0. V. C. 
 
 Major P. E. Bunts, surgeon of the 1st 0. V. C, asks for hospital 
 supplies to be forwarded immediately. The surgeon general of the 
 army asks for pillow slips, pajamas and night shirts. Every person 
 who is willing to help our soldiei's and sailors is earnestly requested to 
 send in 'contributions of money or supplies. Committees will pack and 
 ship ever-ything to the various hospital camps, free of charge. 
 
 Mrs. Andrew Squire, Regent. 
 
 Mrs. X. X. Cbum, Secretary. 
 
 That forenoon, a great canvas sign was stretched acrossi the front 
 of the store bearing these words: 
 
 WAR EMERGENCY COMMITTEE 
 
 WESTERN RESERVE CHAPTER 
 D.VUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 
 
 At three o'clock in the afternoon, the room was full of food 
 supplies, and, at nightfall, express w'agons bore away twenty-two 
 barrels and ca.ses of food, shipped to the two Ohio regiments above 
 mentioned. The newspapers told the story on Sunday and, on Monday 
 (June 6), other contributions came pouring in, the Chamber of 
 Commerce sent promise of active, earnest co-operation, and the fol- 
 lowing minute was recorded by the secretary of the chapter: 
 
 Recognizing the desire of every loyal and patriotic woman in the 
 chapter, and also in the city of Cleveland to do her share in this work 
 of succor and relief for the brave men who have gone to tlie front in 
 answer to their country's call, the war emergency committees of the 
 Western Reserve Chapter recommend that the name of this fommittee 
 be changed to the War Emergency liclicf Board of Clevchuul, organ- 
 ized by the Westci'n Reserve CJiapfer, Daugliters of the American 
 Revolution, and every woman in Cleveland willing to work in the 
 noble cause be invited \t> becdme a member. 
 
 On the following moniing (Juno 7), the changed sign across 
 the front of headquarters read
 
 1898] DAUUHTKHS OK TIIH AM KKICAX HKVoLWTlOX 31:i 
 
 The War Kjikrc.ency Kei.iki' Boakd 
 Orgmiizcd by the Daughters of the American Revolution. 
 
 On the nintli of June, the War Emergency Relief Board 
 appointed the following officers and chairmen of committees, they 
 collectively to constitute an executive committee: 
 
 President, ]Mrs. Antlrow S(|uire, 
 
 Vice-presidents: .Mrs. M. E. Kawsoii, .Mrs. Saniucl Mather, Mrs. 
 Elroy M. Avery, Mi-s. J. II. Welistcr, 
 
 Corresponding secretorij, Mrs. Kenyon V. Painter, 
 
 Becording secretary, ilrs. William jMcLauchlan, 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Robert R. Rhodes, 
 
 Assistant treasurer, Mrs. John T. Martin, 
 
 Ilononin/ Viee-i>reside)its: Mrs. M. A. Ilanna, ^Irs. C T. Dangler, 
 JIi-s. Virgil i'. Kline. :Mrs. W. A. Leonard, Mrs. W. K. Wanier, Mrs. E. 
 II. Seymour, Jlrs. Win. Chisholni, I\Irs. S. A. Raymond, ]\Irs. L. E. 
 Holden, .Mrs. W. 11. Karriss, Mrs, Loe McBride, aiid .Mrs. J, A. King, 
 
 Cliairman in Charge of Collection, jMrs. Frank Billings, 
 
 Chairman, in Charge of Distribution, Mrs. S. Preiiti.ss Baldwin, 
 
 Chairman in Charge of Recommendation of Nurses, Mrs, J. A. 
 Stepliens, 
 
 Chairman in Charge of Headquarters, Mrs. 0. J. Hodge, 
 
 Chairman in Cluirge of Transportation, ]\Irs. E. A. Handy, 
 
 Chairman in Charge of Home Relief, l\Irs, H, D, Goulder. 
 
 On the following day, the executive committee decided to hold a 
 meeting on each Friday morning and ordered the appointment of 
 a committee on disbursement (with the president as chairman) to 
 decide all matters of expenditure. Mrs. Squire appointed as her 
 assistants on the committee Mrs. Samuel Mather, Mrs. Elroy M. 
 Avery, Mrs. Robert R. Rhodes, Mrs. Frank Billings, and Mrs, Wil- 
 liam McLachlan, A committee on distribution, to determine whither 
 supplies should be sent was constituted as follows : Mrs. Andrew 
 Squire, Mrs. S. Prentiss Baldwin, Mrs. E. A. Handy, and Mrs. 
 Kenyon V. Painter, Subsequently, these two committees were consoli- 
 dated with ;Mrs. ]\Iather as chairman, and with the name changed to 
 The Appropriation Committee. On the fifteenth of June, the headquar- 
 ters were moved from Bond Street to the Lennox Building at the comer 
 of Euclid Avenue and Erie (East Ninth) Street. At the middle of July, 
 the War Emergency Relief Board became also Auxiliary No. 40 of the 
 National Red Cross Society, and it was unanimously decided to drop 
 from the name of the board the words "Organized by the Daughters 
 of the American Revolution." 
 
 As finally constituted, the organization of the "War Emergency 
 Relief Board, Cleveland, Ohio" was as follows:
 
 314 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 President, Mrs. Andrew Squire, Regent, D. A. R. 
 
 Vice-presidents: Mrs. M. E. Raw.sou, Vit-e-chairman Red Cross; 
 Mrs. Elroy M. Avery, in charge of Auxiliary Orgauizations ; Mrs. 
 Samuel blather, in charge of Appropriatious ; Mrs. J. H. Webster, 
 Vice-regent, D. A. R. 
 
 Corresponding secretary, Mrs. Kenyon V. Painter. 
 
 Recording secretary, Mrs. Wm. McLauchlau. 
 
 Treasurer, Mrs. R. R. Rhodes. 
 
 Assistant treasurer, Mrs. J. T. Martin. 
 
 Honorary Vice-presidents: Mrs. j\I. A. Hanna, Mrs. W. A. 
 Leonard, IMrs. Win. Chisholm, ilrs. AV. II. Barriss, Mrs. C. I. Dangler, 
 Mrs. W. R. Warner, Mrs. S. A. Raymond, :Mrs. Lee McBride, Mrs. 
 A'irgil P. Kline, Mrs. E. H. Seymour, Mrs. L. E. Holdeu, Mrs. J. A. 
 King, Miss Kate Mather, ilrs. M. B. Schwab, Mrs. Walter Woodford, 
 Mrs. C. S. Van Wagoner. 
 
 Advisory Cmnmittees: The members of the Sanitary Commission 
 (1861-65), Mrs. Thomas Bolton, Chairman, Mrs. Proctor Thayer, Vice- 
 chairman; and the ililitary Board of the Chamber of Commerce. 
 
 Appropriation Committee: Mrs. Samuel IMather, Mrs. Andrew 
 Squire, ilrs. Kenyon \. Painter, Mrs. William MeLauchlan, Mrs. 
 Robert R. Rhodes, ".Mrs. Elroy il. Aveiy, Mrs. Frank Billings, Mrs. S. 
 Prentiss Baldwin, Mrs. E. A. Handy. 
 
 Heads of Departments: Department of Auxiliary Organizations, 
 Mrs. Elroy M. Avery ; Department of Headciuarters, Mrs. 0. J. Hodge ; 
 Department of Collection, Mrs. Frank Billings; Department of Dis- 
 tribution, Mrs. S. Prentiss Baldwin ; Department of Transportation, 
 Mrs. E. A. Handy ; Department of Recommendation of Nvirses, Mrs. 
 J. A. Stephens; Department of Home Relief, 'Sirs. Harvey D. Goulder; 
 Department of Train Relief, .Mrs. F. P. Smith. 
 
 The rapid succession of American victories in two hemispheres 
 induced the government of Spain to make formal overtures for 
 peace on the twenty-second of July, 1898, the American and Spanish 
 commissioners met in their first official conference in Paris on the 
 first of October, and the treaty of peace was signed on the 
 tenth of December. In the meantime, troops were returning from 
 Cuba, etc., to "God's country;" the fighting had been finished. 
 Soon the transports were landing their burdens of misei'y at the 
 eastern end of Long l.sland and, on the fifth of September, a tele- 
 gram was received asking that graduate nurses be sent to Montauk 
 Point. Five were sent on the following day, and the last one was 
 sent o'u the eleventh. 
 
 In November, the several departments submitted their reports 
 of their five months' arduous laboi-s. The treasurer reported receipts 
 of $9,222.40; the net balance of $337.11 was divided pro rata among 
 the hospitals to reimburse them in part for the cost of opening new 
 wards upon request for the care of sick soldiers. The i-cport of the
 
 1898] DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 315 
 
 vice-president in charge ol' auxiliary organizations takes up twenty- 
 five octavo, printed pages. The 188 auxiliary organizations, many 
 of which were formed by this departm.eut for the emergency work, 
 sent 194 boxes, 33 ban-els, and 101 packages of goods, all of which 
 had to be unpacked, assorted, distributed, repacked, and shipped. 
 The express companies manifested a patriotic helpfulness and liber- 
 ality, and the railway companies cheerfully allowed many a soldier 
 going to the front to cheek as baggage supplies that he later deliv- 
 ered to the officer for whom it was intended, the consignee being 
 notified by mail of the shipment and the agent who personallj' con- 
 ducted it to its destination. The cash donations from the auxiliaries 
 outside of Cleveland aggregated moi"e than a thousand dollars. These 
 outside organizations were well scattered over Northern Ohio, and 
 extended from Akron, Ashtabula and beyond to Sandusky and the 
 River Styx. All honor and enduring gi-atitude for the noble women 
 of Ohio who thus worked for God, countiy, and humanity!* 
 
 Cm)velanders off for Cub.v 
 
 In the meantime, General George A. Garretson, the Fifth 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry, the Ninth Battalion Ohio National Guard, 
 the Tenth Oliio Volunteer Infantry, the first Battalion Ohio Vol- 
 initeer Light Artillery, the First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, were in 
 the service of the United States, and the men at home were giving 
 active, loyal support in full measure. "There was not the need for the 
 frenzied onrush of recruits that made Cleveland's place in the history 
 of the civil war such a prominent one, but, even at this, it contributed 
 a far greater percentage of Ohio's quota than was its just due. The 
 Cleveland Chamber of Commerce gave a fine stand of colors to 
 every departing detachment." When the "Boys Came Marching 
 Home Again," the women who had given so many hours of wearj^- 
 ing toil to soothe their pains and to mitigate their discomforts met 
 them with joyful acclamations and whole hearted welcome. Con- 
 spicuous among the many were the "White Escort," organized by 
 Mrs. Tsabelle Alexander. Todaj% every camp of Spanish War vet- 
 erans has its Woman's Auxiliary. On each successive Decoration 
 Day, the veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic are supported 
 by the Sons of Veterans and the Spanish War Veterans, with the 
 
 • Cleveland, Aiiprnst, 1918. I know a native-born "slacker." who, two years 
 ago, vociferously proclaimed tliat women should not be allowed to vote because 
 thev could not so to war and fight! — E. M. A.
 
 316 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS EXVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 "Wliite Escort still doiiig duty in the comiuemorative exercises of 
 that sacred anniversary. 
 
 Mayors McKisson and Farley 
 
 Mayor McKisson was given a second ofScial tenn and, with the 
 support of the city council and the board of control, kept up th.e 
 struggle for better sti'eet-car service, began the work of straighten- 
 ing the channel of the river, and put forth heroic measures for the 
 
 Flag Presentation to Volunteers for Cuba 
 
 reclamation of the lake front; he actually opened to the water's 
 edge a street that had long been closed and occupied by the railway 
 companies, and between two days, placed thereon lamp-posts and 
 other symbols of municipal control ; he built a bridge over the rail- 
 way tracks, and began the making of land along the shore just west 
 of East Ninth Street. In short, "Mayor McKisson wasn't afraid." 
 In 1899, he was succeeded in office by John H. Farley, "Honest 
 Jdlui" he was called by many with nobody to deny. Mr. Farley had 
 been mavor in the early Eighties. 
 
 Real Queen City of tite Lower Lakes 
 
 The thirteenth census of the United States brought great comfort 
 to the Heart of the Western Reserve. The following table of popu- 
 lation gives adequate explanation:
 
 1900-01] GRAND AK.MV OF TllH HKPrBLIC 317 
 
 1890 1900 
 
 Detroit 20r),876 285,70-1 
 
 Buft'alo 2.)r),()64 352,387 
 
 Ciiu'iiiiiati 29(i,908 325,902 
 
 Ck'Vi'laii.l 201,35:5 381,768 
 
 In 1890, Ck'velaiul hail won the litU' of Queen City of the Lower 
 Lakes; in 1900, Cleveland had become the Metropolis of Ohio. 
 
 The Mayor Johnson Era 
 
 In 1901, IMayor Farley was succeeded by the ever-to-be remem- 
 bered Tom L. Johnson. Mr. Johnson, by successive elections, held 
 the office for four terms and during those eight years there was 
 something'- doin* all the time. In Septom])er, 1901, the thirty-fifth 
 National Encampment of the Grand Ai-my of the Republic was 
 held in Cleveland. A committee of one hundred representative citi- 
 zens was formed and from it an executive committee of fifteen was 
 chosen. The chairman of this committee was General James Barnett, 
 by general consent "The First Citizen" of Cleveland; Colonel 
 H. C. Ellison was the treasurer, and the Hon. Edward W. Doty was 
 the efficient secretary. Of course, money would be needed ; of course, 
 the money needed would be procured ; but the method of securing it 
 "was different." It was evident from the first that Cleveland was 
 unitedly and enthusia-stically in sympathj' with the movement, and so it 
 was resolved to give the entire city an opportunity to contribute. ' ' No 
 soliciting committee was foi'med ; not a single personal call was 
 made. The newspapers told of the needs of the Executive Com- 
 mittee — one hundred thousand dollars was the sum it thought de- 
 sirable. A public appeal was followed by circular letters that were 
 scattered broadcast over the city. No one was forgotten or neg- 
 lected. The letter carrier in the 'Triangle' bore as heavy a burden 
 as his fellow on the Euclid Avenue route. Evei-y citizen was invited ; 
 but no one was coerced. He might give or not, just as he chose, and 
 there was no one at his elbow to mollify." The executive committee 
 had safely trxistcd the people and the people responded with patri- 
 otic and grateful generosity. The amount of money sought was 
 raised ; it was raised in an unprecedented time ; it was all done joy- 
 ously. In the same spirit, Cleveland welcomed the thinned and rap- 
 idly thinning ranks of the Boys in Blue, acknowledging her obliga- 
 tion openly and showing her thankfulness gladly. One of the finest 
 manifestations of the univer.sal feeling was the poem written for 
 the occasion by William R. Rose:
 
 318 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 1861 
 
 Out of the North, the loyal North, 
 
 They came at the Chieftain's call; 
 
 On fields of flame in Freedom's name 
 They forced Rebellion's fall. 
 Shoulder to shoulder they pressed along, 
 Tlirilling the land with their marching song; 
 Strident tlie drum with its pulsing beat, 
 Rliythmic the fall of the tramping feet ; 
 Sinews of manhood under the blue. 
 Ready and eager, and fearless and true : 
 Loyalty's tide, with resistless flow, 
 Swept through the mists of the long ago. 
 
 1901 
 
 Slowly they come with throb of ilrum, 
 
 The flag with its scars above; 
 Li memory's name the loyal flame 
 
 The.y feed from the cruse of love. 
 
 Shoulder to shoulder they come in view, 
 
 Side by side in the dear old blue ; 
 
 Halting and bent, and with faltering feet, 
 
 Onward they plod through the cheering street ; 
 
 Burdens of age under blouses of blue — 
 
 Many the dead, and the living so few ! 
 Loyalty's army, remnant of yore. 
 Drifts towards the mists of the silent shore. 
 
 Tom Loftin Johnson was born at Georgetown in Kentucky on the 
 eighteenth day of July, 1854. From 1869 to 1875, he was a clerk in 
 a street railway office in Louisville. He invented several street railway 
 devices, bought a street railway in Indianapolis, and became a man- 
 ufacturer of iron. He later engaged in building street railways in 
 Cleveland and served two terms (1891-95) in congress. He was an 
 ardent advof-ate of the principles and single-tax theories of Henry 
 George. Having accumulated wealth, he practically retired from 
 active, money-making cfTorts and devoted himself chiefly to taxa- 
 tion questions and official duties. He had a liking and a genius for 
 sociological contention and once said to me: "Some men who can 
 afford it take their recreation in gol f or buy steam yachts ; I find 
 my best fun in politics." In 1901, he was elected mayor and soon 
 thereafter publicly said: "If at the end of my life it shall be found 
 that I have accomjilished any good thing for Cleveland, I want the 
 credit therefor to bo given to Henry George." Tom Johnson certainly 
 loved and sought j)ower and some of his methods were those common
 
 1891-93] 
 
 THE STREET RAILWAY STRUGGLE 
 
 319 
 
 to political "bosses," but, I feel sure, he loved power and authority, 
 not for the selfish and senseless enjoyment of mere possession, but 
 rather for the additional ability it gave to do things in which he 
 believed with all his heart. I was not a believer in the principles; 
 that constituted his main motive power and, in several municipal 
 campaigns, took an active part in opposition to liis candidacy. But 
 after the passing of years and witji the advantage of a better per- 
 spective, I feel, in duty bound, to say that Tom Johnson served 
 Cleveland in an altruistic spirit and here developeda civic conscious- 
 
 Tom Johnson St.\tue in the Public Square 
 
 ness and energized a public conscience that today are recognized as 
 characteristic of this, the field of his latest and best labors. 
 
 Struggle for 3-Cent Street Railway Fare 
 
 The center of Tom Johnson's cyclonic career as mayor of Cleve- 
 land was the memorable struggle for 3-cent street railway fare. The 
 general situation of street railway matters at that time is set forth 
 clearly in a later chapter. It will be enough here to say that nearly 
 all tlie lines in the city were owned and operated by the Cleveland 
 Electric Railway Company. The company's franchise, granted by 
 the city council, was about to exi)irc, and the council that could 
 renew the franchise was dominated by Mayor Johnson. After two 
 years of legal warfare, the city council granted (May, 1893) to the 
 People's Street Railway Company, a second low-fare franchise. No
 
 320 • CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 intelligent Clevelancler of mature age needs to be told by whom or 
 for what purpose that company was organized. On the twenty -third 
 of September of that year, ground was broken for a 3-cent line on 
 the "West Side and, on the following day, "West Siders said: "It 
 really looks as if we miglit some day ride on a street ear for three 
 cents." The details of the ensuing fight, for it was a fight, cannot be 
 told here although dramatic incidents followed one another in rapid 
 succession. For example, late in 1905, the annexation of the village 
 of South Brooklyn to the city of Cleveland was still incomplete, 
 when Mayor Johnson was informed that the village council was 
 likely to grant an extended franchise to the Cleveland Electric Rail- 
 way Company before the annexation proceedings were completed. 
 Then Peter Witt, the city clerk and staunch lieutenant of the mayor, 
 was sent with a policeman to South Brooklyn to sieze all village 
 records and papers and to take the clerk of the village into the oity 
 and hold him there as long as might be necessary. Then a force of 
 the city police was sent to the village to guard the village hall and to 
 prevent any meeting of the village council until the annexation was 
 a thing accomplished. 
 
 In the course of time, the People's Street Railway Company became 
 the Forest City Railway Company, and a holding company known as 
 the Municipal Traction Company was formed and leased the prop- 
 erty. The Cleveland council gave this Municipal Traction Company 
 a franchise to lay a duplicating line on the west side of Fulton Road, 
 and, by resolution, ordered (June 11, 1906) the Cleveland Electric 
 Railway Company to move its track from the middle of Fulton Road 
 to make room for the proposed track and to do so within thirty days. 
 Fulton Road was an important bit in the proposed advance of the 
 low-fare lines toward the Public Square, but the order of the council 
 was disregarded by the old company. Mayor Johnson laid his plans 
 for a coup with care and secrecy. On the moniing of the twenty- 
 fifth of July, the mayor, the president of the board of public service, 
 the street superintendent, with other city officials, the president of 
 the Traction Company, and worknien were at Pulton Road by five 
 o'clock and promptly began the work of tearing up the trades that 
 were still in the middle of the highway. When the officials of the 
 Cleveland Electric Railway Company tardily heard of the mayor's 
 move, they applied for an injunction which the compliant court 
 promptly granted. The process server who was rushed to the scene 
 did not find the really responsible party and, as no one else could 
 call off the workmen, the injunction was ignored. For this palpable 
 offense, the maj^or and the president of the board of public service
 
 1906-08] THE STKEirr RAILWAY STRUGGLE 321 
 
 were cited for contempt of court. The mayor was exonerated but 
 his subordinate was fined a luindrcd dollars, "which, I am happj^ to 
 say, he never jiaid," Mayor Joluison says in liis autobiography entitled 
 "My Story." On the first of November, 1896, the West Siders deco- 
 rated tlieir houses and made gala day as the first 3-cent car went 
 by with JMayor Johnson acting as motorman. 
 
 All that now stood between the 3-cent line (the Three-fer it was 
 commonly called) and the coveted center of the city was the lower 
 part of Superior Street from the eastern end of the viaduct to the 
 l*ublic Square, then occupied by four tracks of the old company. 
 For years this had been "free territory" but the court had tied it 
 up with an injunction. In the night following the twenty-sixth of 
 December, 1906, the board of public service held a meeting and 
 authorized the action that quickly followed. Hundreds of men and 
 scores of teams, and the needed material had been assembled in, 
 secluded but convenient parts of the down-town district. At mid- 
 night, the work in hand was begun and morning found a straggling, 
 zig-zag track laid on top of the pavement from the viaduct to the 
 Square. The trolley wire overhead hung loosely from scantling 
 arms carried by trolley poles that were planted in cinder-filled bar- 
 rels that were nailed to weighted wagons to keep them in place. And 
 so the 3-cent fare cars got to the center of the city. The performance 
 was audacious, picturesque, and characteristic. 
 
 As the council would not renew the expiring franchises of the old 
 company, the best that the Cleveland Electric Railway Company could 
 do was to lease its lines to the Municipal Traction Company, and 
 this they did, making contract provisions that included protection 
 of their employes all of whom had been loyal to the corporation for 
 which many of them had worked for years. The general manager 
 of the Municipal Traction Company, now operating all the street 
 car lines in the city on a 3-cent fare basis, was A. B. duPont, a 
 kinsman of the mayor. One of the red-letter days of the long-drawn- 
 out struggle was the twenty-eighth of April, 1908, on which day all 
 the cars wei-e run free, 3-cent fare having taken eflfeet on all the 
 lines of the cit}^ the day before. It was a day of triumph for Maj'or 
 Johnson ; the crowded cars with their noisy burdens suggested to 
 some an importation of a New Orleans mardi-gras, or "the swarm- 
 ing of some ten thousand swarms of ten thousand moving bee-hives 
 of brown and yellow," and to others the triumphal procession of a 
 victorious Caesar coming back from the wars with captive kings 
 and princes in his train, or the older story of Achilles dragging the 
 body of the slain Hector three times around the walls of the ancient 
 
 Vol. 1—21
 
 322 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 Troy. But today, the more fitting historical analogue is the return 
 of the great discoverer from his first voyage to the New World, 
 when Cohirabus and the chivalry of Spain rode through the crowded 
 streets of Barcelona and into the presence of the waiting Ferdinand 
 and Isabella. The glory and barbaric pomp were but for a day ; 
 they never were repeated. 
 
 And so from hour to hour, we ripe and ripe. 
 And then from hour to hour, we rot aud rot, - 
 And thereby liaiigs a tale. 
 
 Before long, Mr. duPont began to reward the newly-fledged 
 employes who had been in the service of the Traction Company by 
 giving to them the choicest runs in the service, taking many of them 
 from old employes of the Cleveland Electric Railway Company, in di- 
 rect violation of the terms of the lease above mentioned. A street- 
 railway motorman or conductor has little chance for promotion and, in 
 general, the best for which he can hope is the securing of one of the 
 best runs. F'or instance, a run that consisted of consecutive hours 
 in the daytime was more to be desired than one that began at four 
 o'clock in the morning, ran on for two or three or four hours, laid 
 the man off in the middle of the day, called him back for two or three 
 "rush" hours in the early evening, laid him off again, called him 
 back in time to carry passengers home when the theaters closed, 
 and sent him home at or after midnight. As chairman of a city coun- 
 cil committee. I learned that such runs were not rare and that "swing" 
 runs were worse ; that some of the men could not get four consecutive 
 hours of sleep out of twenty-four, and seldom saw their children 
 when the children were awake. The distribution of the desirable 
 runs was made by the seniority rule ; i. e., the man who had 
 been longest in service took his choice, the next oldest employe took 
 his choice of what was left, and so on. Many of these "plums" were 
 taken from motormen and conductors who had won them by long 
 and faithful service and given, in direct violation of the terms of 
 the lease, to comparatively new employes whose chief merit lay in 
 their loyalty to the Municipal Traction Company in the antecedent 
 era. In consequence of this flagrant wrong and some others of less 
 importance to the men, eighteen hundred of Mr. duPont's employes 
 "went on strike" (May 1, 1908) ; the question of wages was in no 
 way involved. 
 
 The Tayler Franchise 
 
 or course, the I\Iunicii)al Traction Companj' needed large, sums 
 of money and capitalists were careful as to security before they
 
 190S-10] THE STREET RAll-WAV l-'K'ANCHISE 323 
 
 would iiuiUc tlie ncodiHl loans. Tliuii the city L-ouucil passed an ordi- 
 nance tliat really placed the credit of the city back of the bonds of 
 the ciiinpany. The law under which this was done provided that 
 such an ordinance should be subjected to a referendum vote if peti- 
 tioned for within a certain number of days by a certain number of 
 voters. The number of jictitioners was larfre and the number of 
 uuexpired days was small; it seemed impossible that the work 
 could be done in the time. Tiien came the strike setting free eight- 
 een hundred able-bodied and intelligent men who got behind the 
 petitions and pushed their ball over the line just in time. Mayor 
 Johnson had long been an active advocate of the initiative and ref- 
 erendum, but he did lujt like the turn that things were taking. In 
 spite of the mayor's opposition, the ordinance was put to vote (Octo- 
 ber 22, 1908) and the referendum killed it by the small majority 
 of about 600. The killing of the ordinance made it impossible for 
 the Traction Company to secure the needed loans and, in the end, 
 forced the transfer of all the lines back to the Cleveland Railway 
 Company (^larch 1, 1910) under a new franchise drafted by Robert 
 W. Tayler, United States judge for the Nortlicrn District of Ohio. 
 This remarkable franchise begins with the following preamble: 
 
 Whereas, The Cleveland Railway Company is the owner of a sys- 
 tem of street railroads within the city of Cleveland ; and 
 
 Whereas, The Forest City Railway Company, The Municipal 
 Traction Company and The Cleveland Railway Company are parties 
 to litigation affecting the ownerehip of various unexpired street-rail- 
 road grants for lines, all of which lines are now operated by a receiver 
 appointed by the Circuit Court of the United States for the Northern 
 District of Ohio, Eastern Division ; and 
 
 Whereas, It is the common desire of the city and The Cleveland 
 Railway Company to have all the grant.s of street-railway I'ights in the 
 city of Cleveland now outstanding surrendered and renewed upon 
 terms hereinafter recited, to the end that the rate of fare may be re- 
 duced, the transfer privileges made definite, and the right of the city 
 as to regulation and possible acquisition made certain ; and 
 
 Wliereas, It is agreed that a complete re-adjustment of the street- 
 railroad situation sliould be made, upon tei-ms that will secure to the 
 owners of the property invested in street railroads security as to their 
 property, and a fair and fixed rate of return thereon, at the same time 
 securing to the publji- the largest powers of regidation in the interest 
 of public service, and the best street-railroad transportation at cost, 
 consistent with the security of the property, and tlie certainty of a 
 fixed return thereon, and no more; 
 
 Now, therefore, be it oi-dained by the council of the city of Cleve- 
 land, State of Ohio, etc.
 
 324 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 This ordinance, No. 16238A, passed December 18, 1909, approved 
 by the mayor, December 18, 1909 ; accepted by the Cleveland Rail- 
 way Companj', December 20, 1909 ; acceptance ratified by the stock- 
 holders of the company, Januaiy 26, 1910; approved at referendum 
 election, February 17, 1910; effective, February 19, 1910, and 
 amended by Ordinance No. 20S90B, passed July 10, 1911 ; approved 
 by the mayor, July 14, 1911; accepted by the Cleveland Railway 
 Company, July 11, 1911 ; approved at referendum election, Novem- 
 ber 7, 1911 ; effective, December 4, 1911, provides that the Cleveland 
 Railway Company be given a renewed franchise for all the street 
 railway lines in the city, from the nineteenth of Februarj', 1910, to 
 the first of ]\Iay, 1934, in consideration of a surrender of all unex- 
 pired franchise rights, and resei*ves to the city the right to grant 
 to any other person or corporation the right jointly to use for street- 
 railroad purposes the central district of the city "upon such rea- 
 sonable terms and conditions as the council may prescribe." For 
 the pui-pose of fixing a basis for the rate of fare, and the price at 
 which the property of the company may be purchased, the capital 
 value of the sj-stem was fixed at $24,091,600. 
 
 In the matter of munieiiial regulation, the principal agent is a city 
 street railroad commissioner, appointed by the mayor, confirmed 
 by the council, and paid by the company with the expense of the nec- 
 essary "assistants, accountants, engineers, clerks, and other employes 
 to inspect and audit all receipts, disbursements, vouchers, prices, 
 payrolls, time-cards, papers, books, documents and property of the 
 company." The commissioner was made the technical advisor of the 
 council and required to keep infoniied on every phase of the com- 
 pany's business. Plans and estimates of all proposed extensions, 
 etc., had to be filed with the commissioner for examination and 
 appi'oval, the final ajipi'oval to be given by the city council. The 
 com]iany was to pay the commissioner a salary not exceeding .$1,000 
 a month', fixed from time to time by the council, and to furnish liim 
 office room, furniture, stationery and supplies. 
 
 The city reserved to itself the entire control of the service, includ- 
 ing schedules, routes, and the character of the cai-s, provided thati 
 the service demanded would, at the maximum rate of fare, produce 
 enough money to meet the ordinance requirements concerning the 
 interest fund. This interest fund was a gauge to determine the rate 
 of fare. The ordinance fixed the amount of this fund at $500,000 
 and iiicluded all earnings above operating, maintenance, and renewal 
 allowances; interest dividends, and taxes were to be deducted from
 
 linO-ll] TlIK STHKKT KAILWAY KUAXCIIISE 325 
 
 the fund. The preainhk> of the ordinance gave assurance of a "cer- 
 tainty of a fixed return and uo more," and the ordinance itself 
 lixcd suoli returns as follows: 
 
 («) 5% per aiuuuu on the total bonded indebtedness of the 
 company. 
 
 (b) 6% ])er annum on the floating indebtedness. 
 
 (c) 6% per anniun on the stock, payable quarterly. 
 
 As the balance in the interest fund weut up or down, the rate o^ 
 fare was changed, according to a prescribed schedule, the maximum 
 rate being 4-cent cash fare, seven ticket!? for twenty-five cents, one 
 cent for a transfer and no rebate thereof. The minimum rate was 
 2-eent cash fare, with one cent for a transfer, this cent to be rebated 
 to the passengci- wlien the transfer ticket was taken up on the trans- 
 fer line. As the balance in the interest fund weut up, the rate of 
 fare automatically went down, and vice versa. The schedule pro- 
 vided ten different rates of fare ; the first to go into effect was 3-cent 
 cash fare, with one cent for transfer and no rebate; su1)sequently, 
 the rate fell to 3-cent cash fare, with one cent for transfer and rebate. 
 This sliding scale of fares might be changed on demand of the city 
 or of the company; in case of disagreement, the question was to be 
 settled by arbitration. When the unexpired term of tlie franchise 
 became less than fifteen years (i. e., after May 1, 1919), the com- 
 pany may elect to change the maximum rate of fare and to assume 
 complete control of service (subject,' of course, to the city's police 
 powers) on condition that whenever the amount credited to the 
 interest fund (less the proportionate accrued pa.yments to be made 
 therefrom) was $200,000 in excess of .$.500,000, such excess should 
 be applied to the reduction of the capital value of the company, the 
 benefit of such reduction to go as a reduction of the purchase price 
 to the city or its licensee. If the city or its licensee should buy the 
 property before the expiration of the grant, the purchase price was 
 to be the capital value plus ten per cent. ; at the expiration of the 
 grant, this possible ten per cent bonus fell off. If the city or its 
 licensee, as purchaser, should assume the payment of the bonded in- 
 debtedness of the company, the amount of .such indebtedness must be 
 deducted from the capital value before determining the purchase price. 
 
 Such are the characteristic features of the ordinance which 
 provides for a multiplicity of details, such as free transportation of 
 policemen, fii-emen, and employes; operating and maintenance allow- 
 ances: equipment; extensions, betterments, and permanent improve- 
 ments; accounting system.s, etc. The most prominent of all the fea-
 
 326 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 tures of the Taj-ler gi-ant are the cominissioner and the interest fund. 
 The ordinance was not amended until August, 1918, when, because 
 of increased expenditures due largely to the war then going on, 
 five additional rates of fare were authorized, the maximum being 
 thus raised to 6-cent cash fare, nine tickets for fifty cents, with one 
 cent for transfer without rebate. The first application of the new 
 fare schedule, now in force (September, 1918) fixed the fare at 
 5-cent cash fare, five tickets for twenty-five cents, with one cent for 
 transfer and no rebate. 
 
 Natural Gas, Street Names, Etc. 
 
 While the long fight for 3-cent fare was largely attracting the 
 attention of the public, the ordinary events incidental to municipal 
 gi-owth were taking place. Thus, the East Ohio Gas Company was 
 organized, secured control of the two companies that were making 
 and selling coal gas, and, in February, 1903, began supplying Cleve- 
 land with natural gas. Most of this supply is piped from "West 
 Virginia fields. The company now (1918) has more than 200,000 
 consumers with the demand exceeding the supply. After careful 
 study and long continued deliberation, official and unofficial, the 
 system of street nomenclature and house numbering was radically 
 changed (January 23, 1905). Under the present system, the city is 
 divided into four sections, Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, and 
 Southwest. The dividing line bvtwcen east and west is Ontario Street 
 from the lake to the river, and thence southward following the river. 
 On tlie East Side, the dividing line between north and south is West 
 Supei'ior Avenue and Euclid Avenue. On tlie West Side, the divid- 
 ing line between north and south is Lorain Avenue. Highways that 
 run api^roximately east and west are called avenues, and in general 
 bear their old names ; thus St. Clair Street became St. Clair Avenue. 
 Highways that run approximately north and south are numbered 
 consecutively east and west from Ontario Street, the meridian ; thus 
 Willson Avenue became East Fifty-fifth Street and Pearl Street 
 becaiiie West Twenty-fifth Street. Dead-end liigliways (open at only 
 one end) that run ai)pr()xinuitely north and south are called Places and 
 are iiuinbciTd like streets: thus Ilodge Alley became East Thir- 
 teciilli Place. Dead-end highways that run approximately east and 
 west are called Courts and generally bear their old names like llio 
 avenues. Highways that run along lines materially diffei-eiit from 
 iioi'th and south, or east and west, are designated as Iloads, with names 
 sometimes modified or changed as seemed desirable ; thus Woodland 
 Tlills .\veinie lieciime Woodliill Road. The section of tli(> city is gener-
 
 19051 
 
 STRKET NAMKS AND NUMBERS 
 
 327 
 
 ally iiulioated by aililing the initial letters, N. E., N. W., S. E., or S. W., 
 to the name; thus there is an East Fifty-fifth Street, N. E., and an 
 East Fifty-fifth Street, S. E., or, more briefly but just as definitely, 
 Fifty-fifth Street, N. E., and Fifty-fifth Street, S. E. On the avenues, 
 the houses are numbered one hundred to the block, with the even 
 numbers on the right hand side as one goes east or west from Ontario 
 Street (the mei-idian) ; thus the Laurel School, 10001 Euclid Avenue, 
 
 
 IE 
 
 I i B 
 
 6 [imia ^ 
 
 East Ohio Gas Company's Building 
 
 is on the left-hand (north) side of the street, the first house beyond 
 the line of One Hundredth Street. On the streets, the houses are 
 numbered consecutively southward from the lake with the even num- 
 bers on the right-hand (west) side of the street as one goes in that 
 direction ; thus the Woodward Masonic Temple, 1949 East One 
 Hundred and Fifth Street, is on the left-hand (east) side of a street 
 a hundred and five blocks east of Ontario Street, which, as everyone 
 knows or quickly learns, runs through the middle of the Public
 
 328 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX 
 
 Square, from which all distances in the city are generally measured. 
 After one has learned a few fixed facts, such as that Euclid Avenue 
 divides the house numbers of the streets at 2000, one easily per- 
 ceives that the Woodward Masonic Temple is on the east side of the 
 street just a little north of Euclid Avenue. A brief stay in 
 the city soon familiarizes one with these fixed facts and with the 
 plan, and, after that, one will quickly realize the many advantages 
 secured by the change made in January, 1905. For example, even an 
 old resident of the city desiring to find a person who lived at a 
 certain number on Logan Street, might have no idea where that 
 person might be found, but when he is told that the desired person 
 lives at 2035 East Ninety-sixth Street, the mind instantly and with- 
 out inquiry locates him on the left-hand or east side of the ninety- 
 sixth street east of the Public Square, and a few doors south of 
 Euclid Avenue. He therefore takes a Euclid Avenue street car, 
 gets off at the corner of Ea.st Ninety -sixth Street, walks south a few 
 steps, and without doubt or delay pushes the button and rings the 
 bell at the front door of the right house. 
 
 Belt Ijine Railw^at Not Electrified 
 
 About this time, the Belt Line Railway scheme was on the anvil. 
 The road was intended to lessen freight traffic through the central 
 part of the city and was generally believed to be promoted by what 
 were called the New York Central Railroad interests (a not very 
 wild guess) . As part of the proposed line was to run through a fine 
 residence section at the East End, there was a loud demand that 
 the road be made an electric road, thus to lessen the noise incident 
 to the passing trains, or, at least, that the locomotives be fed with 
 hard coal or oil, thus to avoid an unnecessary addition to the already 
 costly and offensive smoke nuisance that made Cleveland almost as 
 dirty as Pittsburgh. But the council (i. e., Mayor Johnson) turned 
 deaf ears to appeals and threats and granted the franchise (August 
 7, 1905) asked for without imposing any such restrictions. This is 
 the solitary act of Mayor Tom L. Johnson that has troubled me to ex- 
 plain in accordance with the altruistic spii-it with which I have already 
 credited him. 
 
 Moses Cleaveland's Bi-kiai, Place 
 
 In 1899, i\Ir. and Mrs. Elroy M. Avery made a new "Cantci'bury 
 I'ilgrimagc. " Northward about half a mile from Canterbury 
 Green * they found a small, neglected burying-ground aliont 
 
 Sec map on page 29.
 
 3899-190G] THE CIJAVK OF MOS^KS CLKAVELAND 329 
 
 an acre in area and surronnded by one of the rough fstone walls that, 
 in New England, often serve as substitutes for fences. The wall 
 was much broken and the ii'on gate was dilapidated and difficult to 
 adjust. The acre was separated from the highwaj' by a narrow strip 
 of land, the ripening corn on which concealed it from the view of 
 passers-by. The little cemetery was overgrown with tall weeds through 
 which two sheep led the way to the graves of General Moses Cleave- 
 land and his nearest relatives. The graves were marked by four stone 
 slabs, two standing nearly upright and two lying flat in their original 
 positions. When the gathered moss was scraped away from the up- 
 right slabs, one was found to bear this inscription : 
 
 Moses Cleaveland 
 
 Died 
 
 Nov. 16, 1806 
 
 Aged 52 
 
 The other upright slab marked the grave of "Esther, Relict of Moses 
 Cleaveland, Esq." She died January 17, 1840, aged 74. The flat 
 slabs covered sandstone vaults in which rested the remains of the 
 pai-ents of the founder of our city. These slabs had to be freed from 
 filth and washed with water before the inscriptions could be read. 
 The story of the quest was told in an illustrated, full-page article 
 printed in the Plain Dealer (October 15, 1899) and the question 
 raised, "What are you going to do about it?" The first satisfactory 
 answer to this query came when, in the summer of 1906, the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce appointed Elroy M. Avery, Tom L. Johnson, Harry 
 A. Garfield, Charles Lathrop I'ack, Harvey D. Goulder, Worcester 
 R. Warner, and Ambrose Swasey a committee to take action in the 
 matter. The land between the buiying-ground and the highway was 
 bought and given to the town, and a contract was let for a simple 
 but sturdy memorial of Connecticut granite. On the centennial anni- 
 versary of the death of General Cleaveland. F. F. Prentiss, president, 
 IVIunsoii Havens, secretary, Ambrose Swasey, Hubert B. Fuller, and 
 Elroy M. Avery of the Chamber of Commerce, and Liberty E. 
 Holden, president of the Western Reserve Historical Society, at the 
 old Canterbury burying-ground, met George S. Goddard of Hartford, 
 the personal representative of the governor of Connecticut. Mr. 
 Swase,y placed floral wreaths on the graves of Moses Cleaveland and 
 his wife, but, owing to the inclemency of the weather, the other
 
 190G1 TllK CAXTKHIU'RV MEMORIAL 331 
 
 exercises were lield in tlie church at Canterbury Green. At this 
 meeting in the church, Mr. Aaron P. Morse, of the local board of 
 selectmen, accepted the deed of the land, saying: 
 
 It is witii i)lcMsure we receive this decil in the interests of the 
 citizens of the town of Canterbury, and I promi.se that they will always 
 endeavor to keep the plot green in memory of the nolile man we have 
 met to honor.
 
 CHAPTER XXI 
 
 THE SIXTH CITY 
 
 On the first of January, 1910, Tom L. Johnson was succeeded as 
 mayor of Cleveland by Herman C. Baehr M'ho held the office for two 
 years that were weak and colorless as compared with the eight years 
 that had gone before. The United States census of that year still 
 further inflated the vanity of Clevelanders who measure greatness 
 by population statistics. The comparative table, thus amplified was 
 made to read: 
 
 1890 
 
 Cincinnati 296,908 
 
 Detroit 205,876 
 
 Buffalo 255,664 
 
 Pittsburgh 343,904 
 
 Baltimore 434,439 
 
 Cleveland 261,353 
 
 The greater part of the inflation above mentioned was caused by 
 the fact that, in passing Baltimore, the " ^Metropolis of Ohio" had 
 become "The Sixth City" of the United States. Prom that time to 
 this, the honeyed words, "Sixth City," have been kept as standing 
 matter in the composing room of every Cleveland newspaper and 
 rnlilicd into almost every public or private mention of the city. 
 
 One of the most nieinoralilc events of Mayor Baehr's administra- 
 tion was his appointment of a city street railway commissioner at the 
 maximum salai-y ($12,000 a year) aufhoi'izcd by tlio Taylor fran- 
 chise. The young man appointed for this important position had lately 
 come to Cleveland from a small Wisconsin town and consofiuontl}' was 
 ill qualified to "act as the technical adviser of the council of the City 
 of Cleveland in all matters" relating to Ihe operation and expenditures 
 of such a liig business as was that of the Cleveland system of street 
 railways. But Mr. Dahl di-ew bis comfortable salai-y for two yeai's 
 and then packed his trunk and abandoned Cleveland. 
 
 1900 
 
 1910 
 
 325,902 
 
 363,591 
 
 285,704 
 
 465,766 
 
 352.387 
 
 423,715 
 
 451,512 
 
 533,905* 
 
 508,957 
 
 558,485 
 
 381,768 
 
 560,663 
 
 * Iiifhidos Allegheny City. 
 
 332
 
 1910-13] MAYOR RAKER AND A NEW CHARTER 333 
 
 County Centennial Celebration 
 
 In tlic fall (October 10-15, 1910), came a six days' celebration of 
 the centennial of Cuyahoga County. As in the centennial of the city, 
 held fourteen years before, there were elaborate programs, processions, 
 music, cannon salutes, and speeches galore. Perhaps the event that 
 attracted the gi-eatest public interest and admiration was the parade of 
 automobiles decorated in every conceivable manner, ranging from 
 historieal and serious, through the magnificently beautiful, to tlie 
 commonplace and comic. It was the fitting successor of the Wheel- 
 man's Day of 1896. The present Federal building covering the sites 
 of the old post-office, the block that contained Case Hall, and the 
 intervening street, was completed and ready for occupancy on the 
 first of January, 1911. The cost of land and building was approxi- 
 mately it!4, 600,000. During the erection of the new building, the 
 post-office was housed in the Wilshire building on the north side of 
 Superior Avenue between West Fourth and West Sixth streets. 
 
 IMayor Baehr was succeeded (January, 1912) by Newton D. 
 Baker* who had been Mayor Johnson's chief political lieutenant and 
 the law director of the city. Of the campaign that lifted Mayor Baehr 
 and a Republican administration into the city hall, Mr. Baker was 
 the sole Democratic survivor. When he came to the chair that his 
 former chief had occupied for eight years, he was accompanied or 
 quickly followed by the still familiar faces of former members of 
 Maj'or Johnson's official familj'. In short, it wa.s the "Henry 
 George Administration" rediviviis. Tom Loftin Jojmson liad been 
 transferred from Time to Eternity, but for the next four years Mayor 
 Baker successfully directed the municipal affairs and marshaled the 
 local Democratic hosts, winning victories in the name of the dead 
 commander much as victories were won in the name of the Cid of 
 Spanish ballad and romance. 
 
 Home Rule Charter Framed 
 
 Under authority of a new state constitution that had been framed 
 by a convention and approved by a vote of the people in 1912, the 
 voters of Cleveland elected fifteen commissioners who framed the 
 present "Home Rule" charter for the city. The charter was approved 
 by the voters of the city in July, 1913, and, under its provisions, 
 officers were elected in the following November. The characteristic 
 features of this new city charter are set forth in a later chapter of 
 this volume. 
 
 ' See portrait on page 441.
 
 334 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXI 
 
 Centennial Celebration of Perry's Victory 
 
 In this summer, came the Centennial Celebration (September 
 14-17, 1913) of Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Centennial celebra- 
 tions had become somewhat common, but the people of the city were 
 quite ready for another. In the official souvenir program, Mayor 
 Baker, as chairman ex-officio of the "Cleveland Perry Centennial 
 Celebration Commission," said: 
 
 Cleveland during these days is turning aside from her accustomed 
 commercial and industrial activities, and with the same vigor and 
 earnestness that mark her success in them is showing the loj-alty of 
 her people to the best traditions of the Republic. Our aspiration for 
 a finer and higher city civilization in Cleveland will be stinndatod by 
 tlie recollection that it rests upou foundations of so heroic and patri- 
 otic a character. 
 
 The purpose of the celebration as officially stated was as follows : 
 
 A hundred years has wrought mighty changes in our country and 
 we celebrate the Centennial of one of the greatest achievements of 
 history. There is something sublime in the roll of centuries measui-ed 
 by the flight of revolving years, but there is something more sublime 
 in measuring the march of progress as it is directed by a wise Provi- 
 dence and achieved by a heroic people to secure the perpetuation of a 
 Republic and the liberties of a suffering people and to bring perpetual 
 peace among nations that once were at war with each other. 
 
 "We aim in this to show four things : 
 
 First. The importance of the battles with their victories. 
 
 Second. The great undertaking of transporting men and the 
 munitions of war across an almost pathless forest for hundreds of miles 
 and to establish naval stations in tlie si)arscly settled regions of tlie 
 Great Lakes. 
 
 Third. The high character of the fleet, the skill and genius of the 
 men who built and manned it. 
 
 Fourth. The splendid endowment of Commodore Perry, and the 
 bravery of the men who fought with him and his noble purpose to 
 serve and save his country. 
 
 NiAOAR.\ Day 
 
 Henry Watterson, the veteran editor of the Louisville Courier- 
 Journal supplied the story of the battle, and there was an elaborate 
 and lengthy list of committees and the members thereof. 
 
 Sunday, the fourteenth of Septenil)er, was designated as "Niagara 
 Day," with special services in all tlie churches and a reception on 
 board the government ships in tlic harlior in the forenoon. In the
 
 1913] AXOTIIKR C'ENTENN'IAL CELEBRATION 335 
 
 afternoon, a naval pai-ado wont out into the lake to meet the "Ni- 
 agara," Perry's tla^'sliij), rebuilt and refitted after the long sleep 
 of the famous old briy at the bottom of ilisery Bay, Pres(iue Isle 
 Harbor, Erie, Pennsylvania. At four o'clock in the afternoon, there 
 was a reception of the "Niagara" at the East Ninth Street pier, 
 with appropi-iate nuisie and addresses, after which came the "Pre- 
 sentation of the "Niagara" by the lion. Harvey D. Goulder, chair- 
 man of the reeei)tion committee" and its "Acceptance by the Hon. 
 Newton D. Bakei-. maviir of the City of Cleveland." Meanwhile, 
 
 The D.\y BEKonE the L.\unching 
 
 there were commemorative exercises at Washington Park and water 
 sports at Gordon Park. In the evening, there was an illuminated 
 motor boat parade along the city front. 
 
 Perry Day 
 
 Monday, the fifteenth of September, was "Perry Day" with nnmer- 
 ous exhibitions of relies of the war of 1812, old and new railway loco- 
 motives and trains, fleet tactics bj- the naval militia ships, life-saving 
 drill by the T'nited States Life Saving Crew, and naval target prac- 
 tice, and aeroplane flights. In the evening, came a decorative automo- 
 bile parade (with prizes), and a reception at the Hollenden Hotel by 
 women's organizations, with Mayor and i\Irs. Baker at the head of 
 the receiving line. United States troops were in camp at Edge-
 
 336 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXI 
 
 water Park aud carnival shows iu full bloom on the lake front at 
 the foot of East Ninth Street. 
 
 ChejDren 's and Women 's Day 
 
 Tuesday, the sixteenth of September, was "Children's and 
 Women's Day" with literary and musical exercises iu the forenoon 
 at the Hollenden. In the afternoon, there were exercises at the Perry 
 monument in Gordon Park, Harvey D. Goulder, chairman; music 
 by the Perry orchestra and the Children's chorus, and an address 
 by the Hon. John H. Clarke (now a member of the United States 
 supreme court). In the evening, there were "Perry Patriotic Exer- 
 cises," largely musical, at the Graj's' Armory, William Gordon, 
 cliairnian, and Dr. Mattoon M. Curtis, speaker ; at Brookside Park, W. 
 
 . ^al 
 
 The NiAGAiiA Entkring CLEViiLANU Harbor 
 
 J. Clark, chairman, and the Rev. Dr. Dan F. Bradley, speaker; at 
 Edgewater I'ark, Mayor Baker, chairman, aud the Rev. Francis T. 
 Moran, speaker; at Wade Park, the Hon. Martin A. Foran, chair- 
 man, and Rabbi M. J. Grics, speaker; and at Miles Park, W. R. 
 Hopkins, chairman, and the Rev. M. J. Keyes, speaker. The "Ni- 
 agara" was kept open all day to the school children; eveiy child 
 who visited the ship was given an American flag. The carnival shows 
 were still doing business on the lake front. 
 
 Conclusion op the Celebration 
 
 On Wednesday, the seventeenth of September, there were motor 
 boat races off Gordon Park and the annual Work Horse parade (with
 
 1916-17] CLEVELAND IX EPITOME 337 
 
 prizes) in the t'luviinoii, and in tlic al'kTiuion tlic j;Tan(l Perrj' Cen- 
 tennial jiarade. .Major CliaiU's K. Miller, grand niai-sluil, and Lien- 
 tenant-eolonel Felix Rosenburg, chief of staff. There were eight 
 divisions, the eighth consisting of industrial and decorated floats. 
 In the evening, there were fireworks in Edgewater, Gordon, and 
 Lakeview parks, with the Ihiited States troops still in camp and 
 the carnival shows still guarding the city's exposed lake front. 
 
 Mayor Baker Enters the Wilson Cabinet 
 
 At the end of his second term, Mayor Baker declined a rcnomina- 
 tion and soon became a member of President Woodrovv Wilson's cabi- 
 net as secretary of war. His successor was Harry L. Davis, who is 
 now (1918) serving his second term. Among the events of this ad- 
 ministration may be mentioned the completion and occupancy of the 
 new city hall, the opening of the new art gallery in Wade Park (June 
 6, 1916), the buihiing of the new high-level bridge, the beginning of 
 a new auditorium building, and the national declaration of a state 
 of war with Germany. These several events, and the noble response 
 of Cleveland and Clevelanders to the calls of the government for 
 men, money, and munitions will be considered in a later chapter. 
 
 First City in American Hi'irit 
 
 In 1917, a pamphlet entitled Cleveland was published with 
 the statement that it was issued under the joint auspices of the 
 Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, the Builders' Exchange, the Real Estate Board, 
 the Federated Churches, and twenty-five other organizations, the sec- 
 retaries of which had prepared its editorial copy. From this authori- 
 tative document, now a year old, I clip and condense the following. 
 This act of mine is not piracy, pillaging, or plagiarism, but rather 
 the commendable taking of useful information for the public good. 
 
 Sixth in population, fifth in manufacturing, fourth in fiiuiiicial 
 importance, and first in civic attaiiunent, is the proud record that 
 Cleveland holds up to view. By its recent achievements Cleveland 
 ha.s gained the title of "First City in American Sjiirit." It stands 
 first in the country, in proportion to its pn])nlation, in donations to 
 the Red Cross and in enlistments, while it oversubscribed its (piota of 
 the [first] Liberty Loan by nearly 100 per cent. Cleveland is the largest 
 city between New York and Chicago. It had in 1917 a population, 
 within its corporate limits, e>timatcd at more than SOO.OOO, and witliin 
 a five-cent car-zone more than 1,000.000. The Connecticut Land Com- 
 
 Vol. 1—22
 
 338 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXI 
 
 pany acquired 3,000,000 acres of land known as the Western Reserve 
 at forty cents an acre; one acre in Cleveland today is worth more than 
 $2,000,000. Cleveland has doubled its population every twenty yeai-s. 
 Sixty years ago, it was forty-third city in the United States. At that 
 time every city that now leads it ranked in the first eight. Cleveland 
 is literallj' the melting pot of the nation. 
 
 With the discovery of iron ore in the Lake Superior districts in 
 the forties, and the construction of railroads from the East and South 
 in the fifties, Cleveland realized that it occupied a strategic position 
 for bringing together coal from the Ohio and Pennsylvania districts 
 and iron ore from the upper lake regions. A steady and consistent 
 expansion of industrial and business activities took place, which, 
 through all the years to the present day, has continued uninter- 
 ruptetlly. Realizing that destiny pointed to Cleveland as the natural 
 meeting place of iron ore and coal, hundreds of manufacturing plants 
 have sprung up throughout the years until today the city is second 
 only to New York in the diversity of its industries. Cleveland now 
 leads all other communities in the manufacture of nuts, bolts, wire 
 goods, gray-iron castings, paints, varnishes, electiue batteries, twist 
 drills, steel forgings, plumbers' fixtures, vacuum sweepers, carriage 
 hardware, job printers' presses, astronomical appliances, and stands 
 second only to New York in the manufacture of women's ready-to- 
 wear clothing. With the advent of the automobile two decades ago, 
 Cleveland became an important center for the manufacture of motor 
 vehicles. The city now ranks second in the world in the production 
 of automobiles. Cleveland is the home of the largest paint and var- 
 nish factories in the country. Cleveland oM'ns or controls two-thirds 
 of all the shipping upon the great lakes, with 45 steamship lines con- 
 necting with all the ports upon these inland seas. The city has eight 
 ])assenger boat lines, nine interui'ban lines, and is served by seven 
 trunk lines, en.joying unexcelled transportation facilities. Pour of 
 every five steamships carrying iron ore anil coal upon the great lakes 
 are owned or controlled in Cleveland. More than 60 per cent of the 
 50,000,000 tons of iron ore annually brought down the lakes from the 
 Northwest is received in the Cleveland district. 
 
 Cleveland is fifth in manufacturing importance in the United 
 States. Owing to its being the most economical place for the pro- 
 duction of iron and steel, a large percentage of these articles secure 
 their basic supply at home. Out of every dollar invested in automo- 
 l)iles in the United States. 30 cents comes to Cleveland factories or 
 shops making parts. Cleveland is fourth city in financial importance 
 in the country. It is the home of the foui'th Federal Reserve Bank, 
 which has the third largest cajiital amonir the twelve Federal Reserve 
 banks— $12,000,000, with deposits of $(;n,0()(),000, which are steadUy 
 increasing. There are 750 banks included in the district of which 
 Cleveland is headquai-ters, and which embraces six counties in West 
 Virginia. Eastern Kentucky, Western Pennsylvania and all of Ohio. 
 Among the largest cities in the distri •! arc Pittsburgh, Erie, Wheel- 
 ing, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton and Toledo.
 
 1917-18] CLEVELAND 1\ EIMTOME 3;i'J 
 
 Cleveland as a Twentieth Century Pioneer 
 
 Ck'Vfliiiul was lirst to t;liiui)se tlic i'lilurc wiieii it embarked upon 
 a plan to exiwnd ^.'UI.OOO.DOO for its uroup plan of public buildings. 
 Cleveland cIuutIu's were the first to l>e controlled through a central 
 federation. An un|)aralleled educational system has been built up 
 in Cleveland, with its three tine univei-sities, 20 business colleges, 114 
 public and 57 jiarochial schools. Cleveland, with all its busy com- 
 merce and toiling industries, lias not forgotten aesthetics, for in its 
 beautiful art museum on the border of a picturesque lake is nmch to 
 inspire the soul and please the eye. Cleveland ha.s a renuirkable 
 system of parks and playgrounds, liaving a total area of 2,176 acres. 
 There are free baseball diamonds, children's ]ilaygrounds well 
 equipped, football grounds, tennis courts, skating ponds, and a 
 stadium in IJrookside Park where S(),(H)() have been seated at one time 
 to witness a local amateur baseball game. Cleveland was the first 
 large American city to accept the dayliglit saving jilan and set it in 
 ojiei-ation. The Cleveland ^"'oundation, endowed with more than 
 $40,000,000. is now studying Cleveland's needs with a view to revolu- 
 tionizing city life and activities in years to come. Careful surveys 
 of civic operations are made so that intelligent progress may follow. 
 
 Increases ok Ten Years 
 
 Automobiles, bodies and Electrical machinery and 
 
 parts 4867o sui)plies '. 328% 
 
 Bread and bakei-y products. 132% Foundry and machine prod- 
 Cars and repairs 195% nets 112% 
 
 Chemicals 130% Hosiery and knit goods 107% 
 
 Clothing, men's 220% Paint and varnish 173% 
 
 Clothing, women's 119% Printing and publishing. . .130% 
 
 Confectionery 190% Slaughtering and meat pack- 
 Copper, tin and sheet iron. 434% ing 133% 
 
 Cutlery and tools 201% Stoves and furnaces 187% 
 
 No. of m'f'g. establishments, from l.fiKito 2,340 45% 
 
 Capit.al employed $156,321,000 .$312,907,444 100% 
 
 Salaries and wages 41 ,749,000 92,909,888 123% 
 
 Value of products 171,924,000 3.52,531,109 105% 
 
 Avei-age lunnber of factorj- em- 
 ployes 70,917 121.100 71% 
 
 A new Cleveland is springing into existence — a city in which it is 
 good to live : a city the residents of which believe that "he profits most 
 who serves best :" Cleveland, the city that co-operates: Cleveland, the 
 eity that seeks perfected humanity: Cleveland, the city with a sublime 
 faith in its future; Cleveland, the city of ideas and high ideals; Cleve- 
 land, the city that really has a soul !
 
 340 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXI 
 
 In beginuing the seventeenth chapter of his admirable History 
 of Cleveland, published more than twenty years ago, ]Mr. Ken- 
 nedy gives a paragraph that I think worthy of reproduction here: 
 
 In a record of this character — a history of the creation and growth 
 of a great city, — the individual of necessity disappears as the many 
 appear, and incidents of a personal nature give place to events of 
 sufficient importance to be of interest to all. Generalization, therefore, 
 replaces specitications. Lorenzo Carter, in the Cleveland of 1800, was 
 larger, relatively, than any one man could be in Cleveland to-day. 
 James Kingsbury, sitting with gun in hand, on a log in the snowy 
 silence of the Conneaut woods, waiting for some stray bird or beast, 
 whose flesh could save the life of liis wife, was a picturesque figure, 
 because he was a solitary speck upon a bleak and inhospitable pioneer 
 landscape; — the picture, in all these cases, is striking, because of its 
 setting, and also because of the time that has passed, and the things 
 that have been done since it was drawn. The life of a pioneer village 
 is told in these incidents ; that of a great city by its achievements, and 
 the impress it has made upon the civilization of which it is a part. 
 
 Although the material results of the first quarter of Cleveland's 
 second century are incomparably greater than were those of the first 
 quarter of her first century, and largely in consequence of that fact, 
 the method of historical treatment necessarily changes; details give 
 way for generalities, individuals become far less important than in- 
 stitutions, and sociological conditions and tendencies dominate domes- 
 tie affairs. In short, as the vision broadens, it takes on more of the 
 characteristics of a bird's-eye view. The succeeding chapters of this 
 volume constitute an attempt to comply with these demands of 
 changed conditions.
 
 CHAPTER XXII 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF CLEVELAND 
 
 The early pages of this volume contain the story of the earliest 
 schools in Cleveland. For instance, it will be remembered that, in 
 1800, "a school house was built near Kin^bury's on the ridge road, 
 and Miss Sarah Doan, daughter of Nathaniel Doan was teacher," 
 and that, in 1802, Anna Spafford opened a school for cliiklren in 
 Major Carter's well-known front room — the first in what was then 
 called "the city." In 1806, came Asael Adams, aged twenty, and 
 entered into contract "to keep six hours in each day and to keep 
 good order in said school." In 1817, the village trustees voted to 
 refund to certain public spirited citizens the several sums of money 
 that they had paid toward biiilding a little school house amid the 
 oak trees on the east side of the lot now occupied by the Kcnnard 
 House (St. Clair Avenue and West Sixth Street). The resolution 
 provided that the funds for this purpose should be taken from "the 
 treasury' of the corporation at the end of three years from and after 
 the thirteenth of June, 1817," and that "the corporation shall be the 
 sole proprietors of the said school house," — the first school property 
 ever owned by Cleveland. In 1822, came the Cleveland Academy 
 "of brick with its handsome spire and its spacious room in the sec- 
 ond story for public purposes," of which institution Harvey Rice 
 soon became the head-master. In 1836, Cleveland became a city. Its 
 charter contained the following provisions concerning schools, the 
 credit for which probably belongs to John W. Willey, who became 
 Cleveland's first mayor: 
 
 m 
 
 Sec. XIX. That the city council be, and they are hereby authorized 
 at the expense of said city, to provide for the support of common 
 schools; and for that purpose each of the wards of said city sliall 
 con.stitutc a school district, iintil such time as the city council may 
 divide each ward into two or more school districts, which they are 
 hereby authorized to do, in such manner as they may decin most con- 
 venient, having due regard to present and future poi)ulation ; and they 
 are hereby authorized to purchase in fee simple, or to receive as a 
 donation for the use of the city, a suitable lot of ground in each 
 school district, as a site for a school hou-se therein ; and they are hereby 
 
 341
 
 342 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 authorized to erect in each district a good aud substantial school 
 house, of such dimensions as shall be convenient for the use of the 
 common schools in said city, and to defray the necessary expenses of 
 the building and constructing such school houses, and also to pay the 
 purchase money for the lots of land on which the same shall be 
 erected : it shall be lawful for the city council, annually, to levy, iu 
 addition to the other taxes in said city, a tax, not exceeding one mill on 
 the dollar, upon all property in the city subject to the payment of 
 annual taxes by the provisions of this act, until a sufficient sum shall be 
 raised and collected from such tax to meet all the expenses which shall 
 be incurred, for the purchase of lots of land and the erection of the 
 school houses aforesaid: Provided, It shall be lawful for said city to 
 borrow such sum or sums of money as may be sufficient and necessary 
 for purchasing or building as aforesaid, and to refund or pay the 
 same as the tax aforesaid shall be collected ; and the said tax is hereby 
 made a special fund to be appropriated to no other purpose. 
 
 Sec. XX. That for the support of common schools in said city, 
 and to secure the benefits of education to all the white children therein, 
 it shall be the duty of the city council, annually, to levy and collect 
 a tax not exceeding one mill on the dollar, upon all the property in 
 said city subject to the payment of annual taxes by the provisions 
 of this act, which shall be collected at the same time and in the same 
 manner as is pi-ovided for the collection of the annual taxes : which 
 tax, together with such as may be collected by the county treasurer 
 for school purposes, within such part of the county of Cuyahoga as is 
 within the limits of said city, shall be exclusively appropriated to 
 defray the expenses of instructors and fuel for said schools, and for 
 no other purpose whatsoever; which schools shall be accessible to all 
 white children, not under four years of age, who may reside in said 
 city, subject only to sucli regulations for their government and in- 
 struction, as the board of managers, hereinafter mentioned, nuiy from 
 time to time prescribe. 
 
 Sec. XXI. That the city (totuicil shall, annually, select one judi- 
 cious and competent person from each school district in the city as a 
 manager of common schools in said city, which managers shall con- 
 stitute and be denominated "The Board of Jlanagers of Common 
 Schools in the city of Cleveland;"' who shall hold their office for one 
 year, and until their successors are ajjpoiiited and i|iialilicd, and shall 
 fill all vacancies which may occur in tlyir own body, during the time 
 for which they shall be appointed. 
 
 Sec. XXII. That the said board of managers shall have the gen- 
 eral superintendence of all common schools in said city, and from time 
 to time shall make such regulations for the government and instruction 
 of the white children therein, as to them shall a|)pear i)i'o|)er and expe- 
 dient, and shall examine and employ instructors foi- the sanic; and 
 shall cause a school to be kept in each district for at least six months 
 in each year, and shall cause an accurate census to be taken ainiually, 
 in each district, of all the white children therein, between the ages of 
 four and twenty-one years; and require of the several instructors 
 thereof, to keep a record of the names and ages of all persons by them
 
 1836J THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 343 
 
 respectively instructed, and tlie time eacli sluill have attended said 
 schools, and return a copy of such record to the board of managers, 
 at the close of each and every current year; and said board shall 
 certify to the city council the correctness of all accounts for expenses 
 incurred in support of said schools, and give certilicates thereof, 
 to the persons entitled to receive the same; they shall, at the close of 
 every current year, report to the city council the state and condition 
 of the several common schools in said city, as well the fiscal as the 
 other concerns in relation thei'cto, and a particular account of their 
 administration thereof; and they shall do and perform all otlier 
 matters and things pertaining to the duties of their said office, which 
 may be necessary and proper to he done, to promote the education and 
 morals of the children instructed in said schools, or which may be 
 I'equired of them by the ordinances of said city, not inconsistent with 
 this act: Provided, That no person shall be employed as instructor 
 in any of said schools who has not first been examined by the board 
 of managers, and received a certificate of qualifications, as to his or 
 her competency and moral character. 
 
 Sec. XX in. That all moneys which shall belong to the village 
 of Cleveland, or which said village shall be entitled to at the time said 
 city shall be organized under this act, for the use of common schools 
 therein, shall be paid over to and held by the city treasurer, and all 
 moneys hereafter levied and collected within the limits of said city, 
 for the support of common schools, and also all other moneys appropri- 
 ated bj' law for the use of common schools therein, shall be paid into 
 the city treasury as a separate and distinct fund, and shall not be 
 applied, under any pretence whatever, to any other use than that 
 for which it is levied and collected; and a separate aiul particular 
 account of the receipts and expenditures thereof, shall be kept by the 
 treasurer, in a book to be provided for that purpose; and the said 
 treasurer shall not be entitled to receive any percentage, premium or 
 compensation, for receiving or paying out said fund, or for keeping 
 the accounts thereof. 
 
 Sec. XXIV. That the city council shall fix by ordinance, the com- 
 mencement and termination of the current year of said common 
 schools, and determine the time and duration of all vacations thereof, 
 which shall be the same throughout said city; and said city council 
 may at their discretion, at any time previous to the erection of the 
 school houses provided for in this act, lease on such terms and condi- 
 tions as they may deem proper in the sevci-al school districts of saiil 
 city, and for such times as they shall think necessary, convenient 
 buildings for the use of common schools, therein, to be occupied only 
 till such school houses shall l)e erected and prepared for the reception 
 of such schools: Provided, That the property of black or mulatto per- 
 sons shall be exempted from taxation for school purposes under this 
 act. 
 
 Under thk Bo.\rd of School Managers 
 
 The first election under the charter was held on the eleventh of 
 April, 1836, and in May of that year "a communication was received
 
 344 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 from the mayor in relation to common schools." In June, the city 
 council appointed a committee ' ' to employ a teacher and an assistant 
 to continne the Free School to the end of the quarter or until a school 
 system for the city shall be organized at the expense of the city." 
 This "P>ee School" had been organized in 1830 "for the educa- 
 tion of male and female children of every religious denomination." 
 Its sessions were held in the basement of the Bethel Church ; hitherto, 
 it had been supported by voluntary contributions. In October, the 
 council appointed the first board of school managers, consisting of 
 Mayor John W. Willey, Anson Hayden, and Daniel Worley. In 
 November, an enumeration of persons between the ages of four and 
 twenty-one was ordered, and in March, 1837, the council committee on 
 schools was requested "to ascertain and report, as soon as con- 
 venient, what lots may be purchased, the price and terms of payment, 
 to be used for school purposes — two in tlie first ward, one in the 
 second ward, and one in the third ward." In the following July, 
 the city council passed an ordinance introduced by Horace Canfield 
 — An Ordinance to Provide for the Establisliment of PuhUc Sclwols. 
 This memorable instrument is printed in full* in an earlier chapter 
 of this volume ; it constituted the real beginning of the public school 
 system of Cleveland. Tlie scliool managers immediately began the 
 organization of the schools under the provisions of the ordinance. 
 
 From the passing of this ordinance the history of tlie public 
 schools of Cleveland is the record of the development of pulilic educa- 
 tion adapted to the wants of a small town into that which strives to 
 meet the needs of a great city. The following chronological record, 
 some of which was kindly prepared for this volume by ]\liss Harriet 
 L. Keeler, a former superintendent of tlie Cleveland public schools, 
 marks the successive steps of that development. In the early days, 
 individuals and .small events bulked much larger than tliey do today. 
 In 1838, the school managers, Samuel Cowles, Samuel Williamson, 
 and Philip Battell, reported that, during the preceding winter, eight 
 schools had been sustained witli eiglit teachers, three male and five 
 female, with an enrolment of 840 i>upils and an average attendance 
 of 468. They also reported that "the schools have been wholly free 
 and open to all within their districts legally admitted to their privi- 
 leges. The boys and girls have been entirely separate, the former 
 taught by male and the latter by female teachers. . . . The 
 wages given have been, to female teachers $5 per week, and to male 
 teachers $40 per calendar month." 
 
 • .See page 200.
 
 1839-40] 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 345 
 
 In 1839, the school managers, Silas Bclden, Henry Sexton, and 
 Henry W. Dotlgro, roiiorted an iiiiclianged salary schedule for teach- 
 ers, an enrolment of 81215 pn|)ils, and an average attendance of 588, 
 "makiiijr tlic iiivsmt iiuiiiIht atteudiiif; the schools quite too many 
 [for the accoinmodations jn-ovidi'd], and being only about one-fourth 
 of the number of youths in tlie city who are legally privileged to 
 attend." At this time, the city was renting the school rooms 
 that it occupied, and tlie agitation for enlarged accommodations had 
 become ratlicr warm. In the spring of this year (1839), John A. 
 Foote introduced in the city council a resolutinu declaring it expe- 
 
 ..,;-C^(^g^^ 
 
 
 Prospect Street Schoolhouse, Erected in 1840 
 
 dient for the city to buy land and build a schoolhouse in each of the four 
 districts. The resolution was referred to a committee of which Harvey 
 Eice was chairman. This committee reported in favor of buying two 
 lots and erecting on each a building for the proper accommodation 
 of two hundred pupils; the council adopted the report. Thereupon 
 a lot on Prospect Street in the iirst ward, and another on Rockwell 
 Street in the second ward were bought and contracts were let for two 
 buildings to cost $3,500 each. Both buildings were completed in 
 1840. The Academy and the two new buildings could seat abtnit 600 
 pupils, but nearly 900 were crowded into the three, and some of the 
 rooms previously rented were re-occupied.* The teachers at the 
 
 * This overcrowdinjr of pupils seems to have been the chronic condition of 
 the Cleveland schools to this day; the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak— a 
 common result of rapid growth.
 
 346 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 Prospect Street School were Andrew Freese, Sophia Converse, Emma 
 "Whitney, and Sarah M. Thayer. Those at the Rockwell Street School 
 were N. A. Gray, Elizabeth Armstrong, Abby Fitch, and Louisa 
 Kingsbui-y. Those at the Academy (West St. Clair Street School), 
 were George W. Yates, Louisa Snow, Julia Butler. There were also 
 the ungraded Bethel School, a school at the corner of Prospect and 
 Ontario streets, and a school on Chestnut Street. The total number 
 of pupils was 1,051. 
 
 In March, 1841, the city council created the office of acting 
 school manager and elected Charles Bradburn, George Willey, Charles 
 Stetson, and Madison Kelley as school managers for the ensuing 
 year; in 1842, the council reappointed them for another year. 
 Charles Bradburn has been called "The Father of Cleveland 
 Schools;" George Willey 's work was of inestimable value. In his 
 History of Cleveland Schools in the Nineteenth Century, Mr. Wil- 
 liam J. Akers saj'S: "The two men worked together. Bradburn 
 looked after the business interests of the schools. He, more than auy- 
 bodj" else, was responsible for the school buildings erected, and the 
 wonderful progress the schools made in the twenty years he gave to 
 them. George Willey had more to do with the educational end of the 
 . schools. ' ' 
 
 These were years of monetary depression, a new re-valuation of 
 the state diminished the amount collected by tax for the schools, 
 there was a deficit of $1,298.44 for the year 1841-42, and the opposi- 
 tion to the schools became very bitter. The schools were becoming 
 more and more crowded, a proposal to issue bonds for a new school 
 was laid upon the table by the city council, and the wages of teach- 
 ers were cut ; tlie pay of the four male teachers was reduced from $40 
 a month to $32. .50 and that of the fourteen female teachers from $5 
 to $4.40 a week; the school year was shortened from ten to nine 
 months to save money for oi)cning two iidditional primary schools in 
 the following year. 
 
 Colored Children 
 
 In April, 1843, some of the colored people of the city petitioned 
 for a separate school for colored cliildren. The judiciary committee 
 of the city council reported against tiie proposition and the council 
 adopted the report. In administering the schools of Cleveland, no 
 attention lias ever been paid to the legal disabilities imposed upon 
 colored chihiren by the city charter of 18:!6 or by Ihe latci' legislation 
 of the state. In the words of Mi-. Akers, "Clevihind has never had a
 
 1843-45] TPIE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 347 
 
 colored school, and colored children have always been admitted to 
 tlie schools." To tliis may be added the statement that, without any 
 considerable manifestation of Negrophobia, colored teachers in Cleve- 
 land public schools give instruction to white pupils. In other words, 
 "the color line" is absolutelv ignored. 
 
 First Ple.v for High School 
 
 In the annual report of the board of school managers for 1844, 
 Mr. Bradburn made his first plea for a high school, saying: "The 
 j)resent classification of our free schools subjects them to the reproach 
 that only the elements of an education are taught. We believe tiiat 
 the best interests of our city require tiiat this objection should be 
 obviated by the establishment of a school of instruction in the higher 
 branches of knowledge." In April of that yi'ar, the school commit- 
 tee of the city council brouglit in a resolution "authorizing the school 
 committee to build three new school houses at a cost not exceeding 
 $1,600 [each?] — one for a high school and two for primary schools," 
 to which they added the statement that "the present classification of 
 the schools is deficient, and that the establishment of a high school 
 for boys, recommended by the Board of Managers, is very much 
 needed." The council laid the resolution on the table. In the pre- 
 ceding month (March 27, 1844), the council had elected Charles 
 Bradburn, Truman' P. Hand}', Thomas Richmond, and J. B. Finury 
 as school managers, designated Mr. Fiuury as acting (or business) 
 manager, and voted to him an annual salary of $200. The next 
 annual report of the board, in i-efereuce to the Prospect Street School, 
 said that "the government of this school is strict and uniform, and 
 through the indefatigable labors of its principal [Andrew Freese] is 
 justly regarded as one of the best in the state." The report also 
 set forth that "the senior male department of the Rockwell Street 
 school is thought to have degenerated both in discipline and instruc- 
 tion. . . . The Council, having directed the Board of Managers 
 to adopt in this school, the system of instruction so successful in the 
 Prospect Street School,* we are not without hopes that vigorous and 
 well directed efforts will soon make it equal to any school in the city." 
 
 The Schools in 1845 
 
 In 1845, the pay of teachers was restored to its former level. In 
 March of this year, the number of children in the city "between 
 
 * A pleasing shadow cast before by coming events.
 
 348 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 the ages of four and eighteen was abont 2,500. About 1,300 of these 
 attended the public schools, and 400 attended pi'ivate schools, leav- 
 ing about 800 who were not attending any school." With a per- 
 sistence worthy of Cato in re Carthage, Mr. Bradburn closed his 
 annual report by again urging the establishment of a high school. In 
 March, the council elected Charles Bradbum, Madison Kelley, George 
 Willey and R. T. Lyon as school managers and designated Jlr. Kelley 
 as acting school manager. In this year, the two senior sections of the 
 Prospect Street School were united and, "for the first time in the 
 history of the Cleveland schools, senior classes of both boys and girls 
 were organized. The experiment was a success from the start and 
 resulted in great improvement in the deportment of the scholars." 
 Of course! In this school year (1845-46), thirteen schools were in 
 operation with four male and thirteen female teachers. There was 
 an enrolment of 1,500 pupils and an average daily attendance of 936, 
 concerning which the annual report said: "Irregular attendance 
 of scholars continues to be the great obstacle to improvement. The 
 disarrangement of the classes necessarily attendant on this irregu- 
 larity increases much the labor of the teachers and, in some schools, 
 has almost paralyzed all their efforts. Some parents as well as chil- 
 dren seem to think that what costs nothing is worth nothing, and so 
 great has this evil become that it can be obviated only by the pas- 
 sage of some measure that will exclude from the schools all scholars 
 who will not attend with regularity and promptness." Herein the 
 wise Mr. Bradburn put his finger on the sore spot and prescribed the 
 specific remedy. 
 
 Cleveland's First High School 
 
 The school managers for the year 1846-47 were Charles Bradburn, 
 Truman P. Handy. Samuel Starkweatlier, and William Day ; Mr. 
 Bradburn was the acting managing director. Of course, Mr. Brad- 
 burn did not relax his labors in I)ehalf of a liigh school. "The poor 
 people of the city and the middle class stood with liim in his demand 
 for tlie scliool, but the very rich, almost witliout exception, bitterly 
 opposed the proposition." In his iniuigural address to the council 
 in the spring of 1846, ]\Iayor George II(ia(lh\v said: 
 
 I earnestly recommend to yoiir favorable consideration the I'ro- 
 priety of establishing a school of a liigher grade — the Academic 
 department — the schohirs to be taken from our common schools accord- 
 ing to merit. This would present a powerful stimulus to study and 
 good conduct. The poorest child, if possessed of talents and applica-
 
 1846-47] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 349 
 
 tion, might aspire to the highest station in the republic. P^rom siieh 
 schools "we might h()])e to issue the riiliirc i^'ranklins of our lain!. 
 
 On the twenty -seeond of April, 1846, Mr. J. A. Harris, chairman 
 of the council school eonuuittee, introduced a resolution jiroviding 
 that "a boj's' department of a high school be established; that the 
 school committee hire a room for such school at an expense of not 
 exceeding .^lOO per annum, aiul fit it up with desks at a cost of not 
 more than .$1.50." The i-esolutit)n was adopted, rooms were rented 
 in the basement of the I'niversalist Church on Prospect Street, a 
 little west of Erie Street, later occupied by the TTouieopathic I\Tedical 
 College, and Andrew Freese was made principal at a salary of .$500 
 a year. On the thirteenth of July, 1846, Cleveland's first high school 
 vas opened with thirty-four pupils; before the end of the year, the 
 attendance was eighty-three. Jlr. Akers tells ns that "the rooms 
 occupied were a miserable excuse for school rooms. They were damp, 
 dark, and the health of the pupils and teacher suii'ered in conse(iuence. 
 The main room was heated with a stove, the pipe of which ran the 
 whole length of the basement. Wooden benches and seats were 
 provided. The bottom of the seats were fastened to the backs with 
 hinges, so that the scholars might easily reach their respective seats." 
 In his annual rejiort. made in the spring of 1847, ^Ir. Bradburn said : 
 
 The establishment of this school was a elierishi'd ol)ject with former 
 IManagers. Expectation was high in regard to it, l)ut it is believed 
 that the most sanguine anticiinitions of the Council, to whose lil)er- 
 ality it owes its existence, have been thus far fully realized. It has 
 enabled the Managers to make a more profitable classification of the 
 scholars, has incited a healthy spirit of emulation, and elevated the 
 standard of education in other schools. Its location is not, in all 
 respects, the most desirable, but it is the best that could be found. 
 The discipline of this si'liool has been strict and unyielding, and 
 effected by an appeal to the minds and hearts of the scholars, rather 
 than to their physical sensibilities. The moral tone of -the school has 
 been highly gratifying to the -Managers. It is not within their knowl- 
 edge that profane language is used by any of the scholars. Tiie 
 instruction in this school is designed to be thorough and substantial. 
 and to be confined to the solid and useful branches of education. No 
 studies are pursued whose ]>ractical value is in any way questioned. 
 The school has thus far had the capacity to meet the wants of all 
 applicants. A female dci)artment in this school is required to extend 
 to the girls the advantages now so profitably enjoyed by the boys. 
 The undersigned would respectfully present to the Council that it is 
 their firm conviction that this system is essential to the success of our 
 public schools, and that it is the only way in which they can be made 
 in truth, what they are in name, common schools; common to all,
 
 350 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 good cnoTigh for the ricli. cheap enough for the poor; siieh schools 
 as tliese will meet the wants of all classes in the comnmnity. 
 
 As some of the leading men of the city had opposed the creation 
 of the high school, so they now began a "drive" to have it discon- 
 tinued; among the most active were Henry B. Payne, Harvey Rice, 
 and John Erwin. The field marshals on the other side were Mr. 
 Bradburn, George Willey, and William Case. When the opponents 
 of the school raised the ciy of illegality, Bradburn told the teachers 
 to go ahead with the school, and added: "If it isn't legal to have 
 such a school, we'll go to Columbus and get authority to establish a 
 legal one." On the seventeenth of March, 1847, the city council 
 called for information concerning the cost of the high school, and Mr. 
 Payne introduced the following preamble and resolutions: 
 
 Whereas, it appears from authentic returns tliat about 2,000 chil- 
 dren in the city, over four years of age, are not attending the common 
 schools, or deriving any benefit from said school fund, while at the 
 same time the number of school houses and iustruetors is greatly 
 inadequate for those who do attend (in some cases a single room 
 containing 130 to 180 scholars) ; 
 
 Therefore, Resolved: That provision ought to be made for the 
 erection of new school houses, and the employment of additional 
 teachers, until an opportunity for obtaining a thorough common 
 school education is furnislied to every cliild in the city over four years 
 of age. 
 
 Resolved : That until the ob.ject of the foregoing resolution is 
 carried out, it is inexpedient to sustain a select High school at the 
 charge of the common school fund. 
 
 Resolved : That a select committee of three be appointed to in- 
 quire into and report upon the cxjiediency of providing for the 
 permanent establishment of a Iligli school, by requiring a tuition fee 
 not exceeding .$6 a year, and the appropriation of a sum equal thereto 
 from tlie general fund of tlie city. 
 
 The resolutions were referred to II. B. Payne, John Erwin, and 
 Charles Ilirker as a select committee. On the third of April, this 
 committee brought in ma.iority and minority reports. Messrs. 
 Payne and Erwin contended that the liigh school was illegally estab- 
 lished for the rea.son that the money raised for schools must be ex- 
 pended in the several school districts in proportion to the number 
 of .school children in the district, and tluit the school managers had 
 no right to expend money on schools that were attended by pupils 
 from all the districts in the city. They also insisted that it was not 
 wise to continue the high school as a charge upon the common scliool 
 fund until every child in the city was given an opportunity to attend
 
 1847-49] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 351 
 
 the common sciiools, and that tlu- cost of the higli scliool was very 
 high per capita. They fnrtiicr said: "Everything claimed for the 
 school on ai'connt of its snrpassing excellence and the distinguishing 
 ability of its principal is cheerfully conceded, but, in the opinion 
 of the committee, it is far more desirable that all the chilcjren of the 
 city should receive an education than that a small class should be 
 highly educated." 
 
 On the other hand, Mr. Hirkcr was of the opinion tliat the power 
 to classify pupils and to designate schools for them to attend was 
 clearly given to the school managers by the city charter. Friends of 
 the school ajipcalcd to the public, great interest in the matter was 
 aroused, the action of the city council was closely watched, and a 
 mass meeting in support of the school was held. At this meeting, 
 some of the addresses were pretty warm, and Mr. J. A. Briggs 
 exclaimed: ""The people are in the move and you can just get out of 
 the way when they speak!" Members of the city council took due 
 notice and governed themselves accordingly. In the following Jlay 
 (1847), Sir. Payne introduced a resolution ordering that, until other- 
 wise directed, girls should be admitted to the high school equally with 
 boys, and the resolution was adopted. 
 
 T^he legislature was to meet in the following winter and both sides 
 girded up their loins for a fight at Columbus. The legislature finally 
 pa.ssed a bill that required the city council to maintain a high school, 
 and authorized it to levy a special tax for the purchase of land and 
 the erection of .school buildings. The council had been levying a 
 tax of three-fifths of a mill on the dollar for the support of schools 
 and had authority to raise the levy to four-fifths of a mill, and an 
 increase in the levy was necessary to provide for the maintenance 
 of the high school. At the spring election in 1848, the high .schoo" 
 cpiestion was the great, the burning issue. ^Ir. Bradburn became a 
 candidate for mayor, but was- defeated by a small plurality. The 
 high-sehool advocates were generally successful in the election of 
 their candidates for the council, but prior to the election (February 
 21, 1848), the old council "got even" with Mr. Bradburn by dropping 
 him from the board of school managers. The council then elected 
 James D. Cleveland, John Barr, Samuel ^\'iIliamson, and William 
 Smyth, with George AVilley as acting school manager. The high school 
 was out of danger as to its existence, but not beyond the reach of 
 annoyance by councilmanic failure to appropriate money sufficient 
 for its operating expenses. Until 1852, the total annual expense of 
 maintaining the high school was less than .$900. 
 
 Li the spring of 1849, the city bought a lot on Champlain Street
 
 352 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 and, in August, let to John Gill and W. P. Southworth a contract to 
 build thereon a two-story brick schoolhouse. Late in the fall, the 
 building was completed and the Vineyard Street School was moved to 
 it. This, "the best arranged and largest school building in the city 
 at that time," cost about .$3,000; the furniture cost about $600. In 
 the .spring of 1850, a eonti'act was let for a three-slory building on 
 the old Academy lot on St. Clair Street, the same to be completed by 
 the first of August. In the meantime, tlie schools of the Academy 
 were cared for in the lately vacated school rooms on Vineyard Street. 
 In the school year, 1849-50, two new primary schools were estab- 
 lished in the first ward and one in the third. The salaries of the 
 principals of the senior schools were raised to $500 per year, and the 
 salary of the principal of the high school to $575. The cost of the 
 schools for the year was $6,736.18. A school census taken in October 
 .showed that there were in Cleveland 4,773 persons between the ages 
 of four and twenty-one: the number enrolled in the public schools in 
 the last term of the year was 2,081 : the average daily attendance was 
 1.440; and the number of teachers employed was twenty-five. 
 
 Greater Interest in the Public Schools 
 
 The beginning of the socoiul half of the century seems to 'have 
 been a period of greater jiublic interest in the public schools and 
 a consequent loosening of the purse strings by the city council. 
 New buildings were erected, school libraries were begun, the schools 
 were l>etter graded, additional teachei's were employed, and the num- 
 ber of pupils increased. The teaching of American histoi-y was 
 begun; "music, under the guidance of professional teachers, begins to 
 be taught as a science; drawing passes from mere linear to perspec- 
 tive," etc. Night schools were opened in the winter term; for two 
 hours on each of five evenings of the week, they were in session for 
 thirteen weeks. The salary of each of the four senior school princi- 
 pals was increased from $500 to $550 aiul that of the high school 
 principal from $575 to $650. The total cost of tho schools for the 
 year was $8,868.08. The high school coui-se of study covered a i)eriod 
 of three years; the coui'se for the third year was as follows: 
 
 First Tei~m Second I'l rm Third Term 
 
 Trigonometry & A])- Surveying Surveyiug 
 
 plications Astronomy Hotany 
 
 Astronomy Botany Elements nf Crit icism 
 
 Mental Philosophy Elements of Criticism Logic 
 
 Book Keeping Cciicral History 
 General llistorv
 
 1850-53] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 353 
 
 For the libraries in tlie different school buildings the city gave 
 $500; private contributions did the rest. 
 
 In the fall and wiuter of 1851, a new school building was erected 
 on Clinton (later Brownell) Street at the cost of $3,500. The school 
 was opened in January, 1852; the attendance increased so rapidly 
 that, in the spring, the board of managers recommended the provision 
 of additional aceonunodations. That summer, another story was 
 added to the building and the council authorized the purchase of an 
 adjoining lot. The location of the building, still known as the 
 Brownell School, is now given as "East Fourteenth Street, corner of 
 Sumner, between Prospect and Central avenues." On the twenty- 
 second of July, 1851, the city council bought a lot on Euclid Street 
 near Erie (East Ninth) as a site for a building for the high school. 
 On the nineteenth of September, the city council authorized its 
 committee on schools to erect on this lot a frame building for the 
 use of the high school, said building to cost not more than $1,200. The 
 building was soon completed and housed the high school until it was 
 replaced by a better one in 1856. For the land thus bought the city 
 paid $5,000; it was subsequently sold for $310,000, and is now occu- 
 pied by the fourteen-story building of the the Citizens and Savings 
 Trust Company. In February, 1852, Mr. Willey resigned as acting 
 school manager. In March, the council elected as school managers, 
 Charles Bradburn, George Willey, James Fitch, Truman P. Handy, 
 and W. D. Beattie, and designated Mr. Fitch as acting manager. 
 The reappearance of the names of Bradburn and Willey in this list 
 is significant of a better disposition on the part of the majority of 
 the council. 
 
 Under the Board op Education 
 
 In June, 1853, the city council passed an ordinance that substi- 
 tuted the board of education for the former board of school managers, 
 conferred upon the secretary of the board powers formerly exercised 
 by the acting school manager, and provided for a superintendent of 
 .schools and a board of school visitors. The school year was to begin 
 with the fall term and to end with the summer term. The new board 
 of education consisted of Charles Bradburn, Samuel H. Mather, 
 W. D. Beattie, and T. P. Handy, who were to serve two years ; and 
 George Willey, Buckley Stedman, and Samuel Starkweather, who 
 were to serve one year. This board elected Mr. Bradburn as its 
 president and Jlr. Mather as its secretary. One of the first acts of 
 the board was to elect Andrew Freese as the first superintendent of
 
 354 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 the Cleveland public schools. ]\Ir. Freese was to give part of his time 
 to the work of supervision of all the schools and part to his still con- 
 tinuing duties as principal of the high school. He was also to ex- 
 amine applicants and to grant certificates to such as he found quali- 
 fied to teach. As superintendent, he was to receive an annual salary 
 of $300; as principal, one of $1,000. He at once entered upon the 
 discharge of his new duties. A general increase in the pay of teach- 
 ers soon followed. Heretofore, female teachers had been paid a stipu- 
 
 Andrew Freese 
 
 lated sum per week; now they were to be paid according to the grade 
 of the certificate that each one held : for the first class, $300 a year ; 
 for the second class, $275; for the third class, $250. 
 
 The Mayki.owkk Sciiooi, 
 
 In 1854, owing to the crowded condition of the little .school on 
 Mayflower Street, a three-story brick building was completed; with 
 fixtures and fiurniture, it cost about $1(),(K)(). In this year, Ohio 
 City became part of Cleveland, adding 2,-l;i8 to the school po|)ulation, 
 about 800 to the attendance ol' the public schools, and eleven to the 
 corps of teachers. Under the new conditions tlic number of the 
 board of education was increased from seven to eleven, and recon- 
 .stituted by the council as follows: Charles Bradburn, Samuel II.
 
 1854-55] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 355 
 
 Mather, W. D. Boattic, T. 1'. Haiuly, George Willcy, Buckley Sted- 
 maii, Beii.jaiiiiii Sliclddii. Iloiai'c Bciitoii, R. B. Dennis, A. P. Turner, 
 and Isaae L. Hewitt. .Mi-. Bradlnirn deelined liis aijpointnient as a 
 member of the board of education for the reason tliat he had been 
 elected to the city council. Mr. Bradburn iiad been led to become a 
 candidate for the council by his desire to assist in getting more money 
 for the school buildings and in the luHher development of the school 
 system. When the council coiinnittees were ajipointed f(n" that year, 
 he was made chairman of the committee on schools. In his place, 
 James A. Briggs was elected by the council to the board of education, 
 which completed its organization by the election of Mr. Sheldon as 
 president, and ^Ir. ^Mather as secretary. At the time of the con- 
 solidation of the two municipalities, Ohio City had three school- 
 houses, situated on Penn, Vermont, and Church streets; it also was 
 building three large three-story brick sehoolhouses on Pearl, Hicks, 
 and Kentucky streets, all of which were finished by the enlarged 
 board of education of Cleveland at the cost of about $7,000 each. 
 
 At the end of the spring term in 1855, the first class was grad- 
 uated from the high school. Though the school had been established 
 nine years, and while a few individuals had completed the prescribed 
 course, no class had yet done so. The names of the graduates of 
 1855 follow: 
 
 George W. Durgin, Jr. Emcline W. Curtis 
 
 Henry W. Hamlen Helen E. Farrand 
 
 John'G. Prince Julia E. O'Brien 
 
 Timothy H. Rearden Laura C. Spelman 
 
 Albert H. Spencer Lucy M. Spelman 
 
 In Septcnd)er, 1864, ]\Iiss Laura C. Spelman married Mr. John D. 
 Rockefeller, the founder of the Standard Oil Company. At the time 
 of the first high school commencement in Cleveland, the school was 
 still housed in the temporary wooden building on the Euclid Street 
 lot, but .Mr. Bradburn had been at work in and out of the council. 
 On the fourteenth of February, the council committee on schools 
 recommended "tiiat the school committee be authorized to advertise 
 for proposals for the erection of a building on the high school lot 
 in conformity with the plan which is presented herewith and recom- 
 mended by the board of education," and Mr. Bradburn introduced a 
 resolution instructing the committee to advertise for such proposals. 
 On the twenty-eighth of ]\rarch, and on the motion of Mr. Bradl)urn, 
 the committee was authorized to enter into contract for such a build- 
 ing for the sum of $15,400, the amount of the lowest of the fourteen
 
 356 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 proposals that had been received. At the begiiiuiog of the fall term, 
 the high school was removed to the Prospect Street building where it 
 remained until the new building was dedicated on the first of April, 
 1856.* 
 
 West High School 
 
 For several years an Ohio City senior school had been conducted 
 in the building known as "The Seminary;" when the Kentucky Street 
 
 A. G. IIOPKINSON 
 
 school building was completed this school was transferred to the 
 upper rooms thereof. When llie East Side got wliat I shall hereafter 
 designate as the Central lligli Scliool, the West Siders, naturally 
 enough, wanted a West High Sfliddl, I'.ut llie special legislation that 
 Mr. Bradbui-n luul soenrcd at Colnmliiis provided for only one high 
 
 *A picture of the building nuiy Ix' I'ouinl in a later cliaiitcr, "Tlio Pul)lio 
 Library."
 
 1856-59] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 357 
 
 school, and so a branch of the Central High School was established in 
 the Kentueky Street huihiing;. This was known as the Branch High 
 School, but other than in name, it was an independent school with 
 a course of study identical with that of the Central High School. 
 The first principal of this school was A. G. Ilopkinson; he held the 
 position until 1S70. Cleveland now had two high schools, the "West 
 and the Central. She did not get a third until 1872, when the annexa- 
 tion of the village of Ea.st Cleveland brought in the East High 
 School. At the end of the seliool year in July, 1856, the city had 
 twenty-three school buildings, good, bad and indifferent; the esti- 
 mated value of land, buildings, and furniture was $150,000. 
 
 In Jul.v, 1856, the city council appointed a new board of educa- 
 tion : Charles Bradburn, George Willey, Horace Benton, R. B. 
 Dennis, and Samuel H. Mather; the board was organized with Mr. 
 Bradburn as president and Mr. Willey as secretary. An industrial 
 school was established and Greek and Latin were introduced into the 
 course of gtudy of the high schools. The number of pupibs enrolled 
 was 5,750, and the average daily attendance was 3,410. Each of the 
 high schools gi-aduated six pupils. The board of education appointed 
 in April, 1857, consisted of Messrs. Bradburn, Willey, Dennis, T. S. 
 Paddock, and C. W. Palmer. Mr. Bradburn was re-eleetfid president 
 of the board and Mr. Willey as its secretary. The number of pupils 
 enrolled was 6.250; of these, 1,477 were in the high and grammar 
 schools with male teachers and female assistants ; the other 4,773 were 
 in intermediate, secondary, and primar.y schools with female teach- 
 ers. The average daily attendance was 3,714. The number of 
 teachers employed was eighty ; sixty-eight women and twelve men. 
 The total expenditure for the schools in the year 1857-58 was 
 $48,839.68. 
 
 First Elected Board of Education 
 
 Early in 1859, the legislature passed a law "to provide for the 
 regulation and support of the common schools in the city of Cleve- 
 land." This law took the election of the members of the board of 
 education from the city council and put it in the hands of the voters. 
 There was to be one member from each ward and the term of office 
 was one year. On the fifth of April of that year (1859), the voters of 
 Cleveland chose their first elected board of education, consisting 
 of Charles Bradburn, Alle.vne Mayna»-d, Charles S. Reese, William 
 H. Stanlt'v, Nathan P. Payne, W. P. Fogg, Lester Hayes, J. A. Thome, 
 F. B. Pratt, Daniel P. Rhodes, and George R. Vaughan. The mem-
 
 358 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Cliap. XXII 
 
 bers of the board chose Mr. Bradburn as president and Mr. Maynard 
 as secretary. Under the provisions of the new law, the board ap- 
 pointed "three suitable persons of competent learning and ability 
 who shall constitute a board of examinei-s, whose duty it shall be to 
 meet at least once in everj- month to examine the qualifications, 
 competency, and moral character of all persons desirous of becom- 
 ing teachers in the public schools of Cleveland." The high school 
 course of study was revised, its term extended from three to four 
 years, the study of German introduced, and four different courses 
 were provided. Owing to lack of adequate funds, no new buildings 
 were erected, and some special studies (penmanship, music and 
 drawing) were temporarily abandoned or restricted. 
 
 The Public Schooi^, 1859-62 
 
 At the end of the school year, 1859-60, the number of persons 
 
 of school age was ^ 13,309 
 
 There were : 
 
 In the public .schools 6,100 
 
 In private Catholic schools 2.000 
 
 In private Protestant schools 200 
 
 In private German schools 250 
 
 In orphan asylum 50 
 
 8,600 8,600 
 
 Not attending any school 4,709 
 
 The classification of the pupils in tlie |)iiblic schools was very unsatis- 
 factory to Superintendent Freesc ; tlic buildings were too small; 
 tlH> largest would accommodate fewer than 500 pni>ils and sonu' of 
 the others only about 350 each ; the number of jjupils in eacli scliool 
 was too small to enable a jiropcr clii.ssidcation. In the lower grades, 
 boys and girls were taught separately even in the smaller buildings 
 thus making necessary the main1<'nance of two classes doing the 
 same work in a grade, work that conlil be done as well in one. In 
 his annual report, the supei-inteiidenl said: '"I'o establisli. foi" <>xam- 
 ple, two Intermediate schools is i)ractieally to divide classes that 
 should recite together under the same teachei-, into Iwo sections, to 
 recite the same lesson under separate teachers. If three schools of 
 this grade be established, llien tlie same classt^s arc divided into 
 three parts, and each has to recite to a different teaclier. it is even
 
 1860-61] 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 359 
 
 worse tliau 111 is in dik' or two of our distrii'ts, for we have four 
 schools on an Intermediate grade, when there should be but one, 
 and in no district are there less than two." He favored the redistriet- 
 ing of the city for school purposes and the erection of buildings that 
 would aecomniodate at least 800 pupils each. He further said: "I 
 have no idea that the Hoard will deem it advisable to pull down and 
 rebuild the school houses of the city, or make other radical changes 
 to accomplish the objects which I have named. I think, however, 
 while we are making alterations in oui' buildings from year to year, 
 
 Old Wkst High School 
 
 and erecting new ones, it would be well to look towards a more per- 
 fect union school system, such as I have endeavored to give in 
 outline." At his own request, Mr. Freese was relieved of the duties 
 of superintendent and again took up the more congenial work of 
 teaching. After teaching for a time in the Eagle Street School he 
 again became principal of the Central High School. In 1868, be- 
 cause of ill health, he retired from school work. Well done, good 
 and faithful servant. 
 
 At the beginning of the school year, 1861-62, Mr. Luther M. 
 Oviatt began work as superintendent of schools, in succession to 
 Mr. P'reese. He was a graihiate of the Western Reserve College and 
 for years had been principal of the Eagle Street School. In that 
 year. Dr. Die Lewis's famous system of gymnastics was introduced
 
 360 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 into the schools. In October, a new building at the corner of State 
 (West Thirty-fifth) Street and Ann Court was completed and imme- 
 diately occupied by the West High School. After two years of serv- 
 ice as superintendent, Mr. Oviatt was succeeded, in the summer of 
 1863, by the Rev. Dr. Anson Smythe who had served for four years 
 as superintendent of the Toledo schools. He introduced a more rigid 
 system of grading the schools that temporarily overcrowded the 
 lower classes and led to much objection from the pupils therein, but 
 it demonstrated the need of more primary schools and secured them. 
 In the two j-ears ending August, 1865, ten new primary and second- 
 ary schools were opened. At the close of the school year 1866-67, 
 Superintendent Smythe retired from the schools. 
 
 Andrew J. Rickoff 
 
 Mr. Smythe 's successor was Andrew J. Rickoff who had been 
 superintendent of the Cincinnati public schools and was later at the 
 head of a private school in that city. The coming of Mr. Rickoff 
 opened a new era in the history of the public schools of Cleveland, 
 ilr. Rickoff" had a wonderful power of organization and a remarkable 
 ability to secure the suppoit of his teachers and of members of the 
 board of education. He was a strong, able man, and was fully con- 
 scious of the fact. When he came to the city, Cleveland had two 
 high schools and ten grammar schools. The gi*ammar schools occu- 
 pied the third or upper stories of the larger buildings and most of 
 them had tributary schools located in the smaller buildings. Mr. 
 Rickoff soon made the principal of each grammar school the principal 
 of all the schools from which pupils were received, whether the 
 tributary .schools were in the same building or in some other. The 
 schools were reclassified into three grand divisions, known as Pri- 
 mary, Grammar, and High School. Each division contained four 
 grades designated as A, B, C, and D. Separate divisions for girls 
 and boys were abolished. By consolidation, the number of grammar 
 schools was reduced from ten to seven. The A-Grammar classes 
 were consolidated into four and these were placed in charge of 
 women who were also made principals of the buildings in which 
 they were. Heretofore, these positions had been held by men. The 
 course of study was revised, a copy was given to every teacher, and 
 each teacher was instructed how to do the work of her grade. Under 
 the influence of Superintendent RickolT. ])ett(>r school buildings came 
 into being. Mr. Rickoff had clear ideas on the subject of school con- 
 struction and was al>le to scc\ire Die needed action. On the first nf
 
 1867-70J THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 361 
 
 September, 1868, and with appropriate fomialitics, the new school 
 on Sterling Avoniie (East Tliirtieth Street) was opened — "the finest 
 school building in the state of Ohio;" it cost about $45,000. Three 
 similar school buildings were put under contract. The Orchard, 
 Rockwell, and St. Clair school buildings were soon completed. The 
 receipts of the board of education on account of the construction 
 fund were $195,440.01, including $61,1)92.62 realized from the sale 
 of bonds; the expenditures for buildings and equipment were $161,- 
 005.48. The school census of 1869 showed that there were in the 
 city 27,524 persons of school age, of whom only 11,151 registered 
 
 Andrew J. Rickofp 
 
 in the public schools. Male principals of A-Grammar schools were 
 no longer appointed. Instead, the city was divided at first into 
 four, then into three, and later into two districts, each in charge 
 of a supervising principal whose duties were wholly those of general 
 oversight. 
 
 Public School Record for 1867-72 
 
 In 1867, there were 118 teachers in the grade schools and ten 
 teachers in the high schools. In April, 1868, the legislature passed 
 an act "to provide for the support and regulation of the public 
 schools of Cleveland." This act clipped the authority of the city 
 council in school affairs and gave the board of education complete 
 control of the schools, with power to levy taxes without restriction 
 by the city council, except that the city hall still had a voice in the 
 "purchase of proper sites and the erection of suitable schoolhouses
 
 362 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 thereou. "" In May, 1873, the legislature passed a general law that 
 superseded all special enactments pertaining to the management of 
 schools ill town, cities, etc. This left to the city council no voice in 
 school affairs. 
 
 In 1870, the supervising principals and the principals of grade 
 schools, were : 
 
 First District 
 
 Supervising Principal, Henry ]\I. James. 
 Rockwell, Annie E. Spencer; St. Clair, Etta M. Hays; Alabama, 
 Eliza A. Beardsworth; Case, Eliza E. Corlett ; Eagle, H. E. Gillett. 
 
 Second District 
 
 Supervising Principal, Lewis W. Day. 
 Brownell, Cornelia H. Saunders ; Sterling, Adda S. Bently ; May- 
 flower, Ellen G. Reveley; Willson, Abbie E. Wood; Warren, Lucy 
 A. Robinson. 
 
 Third District 
 
 Supervising Principal, Alexander Forbes. 
 Kentucky, Bettie A. Dutton; Hicks, Lemira W. Hughes; Orchard, 
 Emily L. Bis.sell; Washington, Abbie L. 0. Stone; Wade, Susie L. 
 Plummer; University, Libbie H. Prior. 
 
 In 1870, there were more than 2,000 children of German parentage 
 attending private German schools. On the first of March, 1870, a 
 committee of the board of education recommended that a German- 
 English department of schools be organized in the fourth, sixth, 
 and eleventh wards, these having the largest German population. 
 This report was adopted. In January, Mr. Louis R. Klcmm was em- 
 ployed to teach German in the high schools and to give his Fridays to 
 supervision of the teaching of that language in the grammar and 
 primary classes. Jlr. Klemm, who was Mr. Rickoff's brother-in-law, 
 was very enthusiastic in his i)ropaganda, and, before long, the study 
 of German was extended throughout the entire city. Mr. Klemm was 
 superintendent of the German department, and parents and pupils 
 were systematically solicited to enter the Gorman classes. In I his 
 year, 1871, the board of education adoi)ti'(i tin- policy of building 
 small frame houses that would accommodale about 240 pupils each. 
 They were called "relief schools," and were intended for temporary 
 use. The rea.son for their being was that some sections of the city 
 were growing so rapidly in population that it was impossible to tell 
 with certainty .just where pei-manent buildings should be erected. 
 To this day, Cleveland schools need aiiij iilili/c sucli "relief.""
 
 1871-72] 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 363 
 
 The siiporvisiiifj statV in 1S71-72 was as follows: 
 
 Supcriiitc'iuli'iit, Andrew .1. RickofT. 
 
 Supervising I'rincipal of 1st District, Henry .M. James. 
 Supervisiii": I'rincipal of 2nd District. Lewis W. Day. 
 Special Superintendent of Primary, 1st Grade, Kate E. Stephan. 
 Special Superintendent of Primary, 2nd and 3rd Grades, Harriet 
 L. Keeler. 
 
 Special Teacher and Supervisor of Music, N. Coe Stewart. 
 Special Teacher and Su|)crvisor of I'emnanship, A. P. Root. 
 Special Teacher and Supervisor of Drawing:, Frank H. Aborn. 
 
 East Cun'ELAND Schools Annexed 
 
 In October, 1872, the annexation of the village of East Cleveland 
 to the city of Cleveland brought the village schools under the control 
 
 ,1 * 
 
 m\^ /, -Ml 
 
 ik 
 
 \immiM 
 
 East Cleveland Centb^vl School 
 
 of the Cleveland board of education and the supervision of Super- 
 intendent Rickoff. The western boundary of the village was Willson 
 Avenue (now East Fifty-fifth Street) and its southern boundary was 
 practically Quincy Avenue. The outlines of the annexed village 
 appear in the map given on page 256. East Cleveland had a high 
 school and the articles of annexation provided that "the high school 
 now existing in the corporation of East Cleveland shall be continued 
 and maintained as now- established, until modified or changed by a 
 vote of three-fourths of the members of the board of education, with 
 the concurrence of one-half of the members from the territory com- 
 prised in tlie sixteenth aiul .seventeenth wards as described in tliis
 
 36i CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 agi-eement. Thus the East Cleveland High School became the Cleve- 
 land East High School. At the time of the annexation, the village 
 school board consisted of Dr. 0. C. Kendrick, Liberty E. Holden, and 
 V. C. Taylor. Mr. Taylor is still (1918) living. In the summer of 
 
 1871, this board had employed as superintendent of their schools 
 EIroy M. Avery who had just been graduated at the University of 
 Michigan. The report for the year ending on the eighth of April, 
 
 1872, shows the following organization of the teaching force : 
 
 High School — Mrs. E. il. Avery, principal ; Frank H. Geer, Helen 
 Briggs. 
 
 Grammar School — Miss Frank I. Mosher, Mi-s. J. W. Lusk. 
 
 Central Intermediate School — Mary Ingersoll, Florence S. Censor, 
 Dora House. 
 
 The three schools aboA'c mentioned, occupied the Central (now the 
 Bolton) School building, and were lander the immediate supervision 
 of the superintendent. The other schools occupied separate build- 
 ings. 
 
 Church Street School — ^Irs. 0. A. Lukens, principal ; Lucy East- 
 man, Ebbie S. Knowles. 
 
 Euclid Avenue School — Mrs. E. A. Fox, principal; Mary S. Holt. 
 
 Jladison Avenue School — Blanche Huggins, principal; Nellie S. 
 Burns, Nettie B. House. 
 
 Garden Street School — Olia A. Houtz, principal ; Lucy Adams, 
 Jennie Cairns. 
 
 Crawford School — Miss Frank C. Hovey. 
 
 Dunham Avenue School — Julia S. Sabin. 
 
 Special Teacher of Penmanship — A. P. Root. 
 
 Special Teacher of Drawing — Frank Aborn. 
 
 In his report, the superintendent said : 
 
 As a general thing, our school buildings are comfortable. Tlicir 
 chief faults are an almost total lack of proper ventilation and respect- 
 able scats. . . . We have hardly a scihool-room in the village 
 that is not over-crowded — some of them two or three fold. While our 
 school-rooms are so crowded and ill-veutilated, we need not go fur- 
 ther to find the causes of the listlessncss and ill-nature, and other 
 more active, tliough ])erhaps not moi-e dangerous forms of disease, 
 wliicli are ever reaching out to take liold of school-children. . . 
 In this connection it mny be jji-opcr to add tliat, at tlie Central i-?uild- 
 ing the measures taken for a ]ierfcct ventilation were fully success- 
 ful. In the matter of seats, most of our old schools arc in a deplorable 
 condition. The rickety, stained, whittled and crowded desks, remnants 
 of an unmourncd past, do little credit to this c\ilturcd and wcaltby 
 community.
 
 1872] 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 365 
 
 In the first two terms of 1871, the number of pupils enrolled in 
 the village schools was 583; in the fii'st two terms of 1872, the num- 
 ber was 7C4; a gain of thirty-one per cent. In contrast with this 
 showing of the village schools in April, 1872, I give the following 
 statement of the condition of the schools in the territory then an- 
 nexed to Cleveland. This statement bears date of the eighth of April, 
 1918, and was kindly prepared for me by the Department of Refer- 
 ence and Research of the Cleveland schools: 
 
 Number of 
 Scliool Teachers 
 
 Elementary 
 
 1. Bolton 31 
 
 2. Central 39 
 
 3. Doan 21 
 
 4. Dunham 22 
 
 5. Ea.st Madison 27 
 
 6. Giddings 23 
 
 7. Hough 24 
 
 8. Observation (in connection 
 with Normal School.) 16 
 
 9. Quincv 24 
 
 10. Rosedale 26 
 
 11. Wade Park 20 
 
 12. Willson 20 
 
 13. Willson School for Cripples 8 
 
 Junior High Schools 
 
 14. Addison 29 
 
 15. Fairmount 33 
 
 Senior High Schools 
 
 16. Central Senior 43 
 
 Junior 32 
 
 17. East (new)— Senior 39 
 
 Junior 16 
 
 18. Normal 16 
 
 509 
 
 Enrol- 
 ment 
 
 1,290 
 1,254 
 
 791 
 
 913 
 
 975 
 
 937 
 1,037 
 
 613 
 852 
 1,077 
 836 
 776 
 120 
 
 760 
 
 580 
 
 1,105 
 
 827 
 
 1,038 
 466 
 
 263 
 16,510 
 
 Valuation, 
 Including 
 Land and 
 
 Equipment 
 
 $159,008.66 
 245,395.74 
 129,097.84 
 104,441.47 
 127,747.69 
 207,148.41 
 115,566.94 
 
 233,424.83 
 
 85,856.74 
 
 91,828.30 
 
 118,724.31 
 
 128,330.45 
 
 8,474.07* 
 
 172,205.97 
 90,636.05 
 
 365,989.89 
 
 j 235,963.75 
 
 233,424.83 
 
 $2,854,265.94 
 
 After the annexation, Mr. Avery .supervised what had been the 
 village schools until the end of the school year, June, 1873. Then 
 he became principal of the Ea.st High School (old) with his wife as 
 his chief assistant, and during that vear acted with Messrs. James 
 
 * Equipment only.
 
 366 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 and Day as supervising principal, having direct supervision of the 
 East End schools. At this time. 1872, the principal of the Central 
 High School was Samuel G. Williams and the principal of the West 
 High School was Warren Higley. The courses of study and the 
 monthly and annual examinations in the three schools were identical. 
 
 Died, August 20, 1872, Charles Bradburn 
 
 Much op Newbueg Township Annexed 
 
 In 1874, much of Newburg township was annexed, thus adding 
 four schools and 1,269 pupils to the city district. In the fall of 1874, 
 the Normal School was established in the Eagle Street building with 
 Alexander Forbes, a former supervising principal, as the principal 
 thereof. The conditions prescribed for admission to the Normal 
 Seliool were a Cleveland high school diploma or an equivalent prep- 
 aration as shown by examination. As a matter of fact, there were 
 no male pupils. Miss Kate E. Stephan and Miss Julia E. Berger 
 were appointed training teachers for the four primary schools in 
 the building. In these four schools, the "Normal School Girls" 
 were given practical training in teaching with an expert teacher 
 overlooking their work, giving help as needed and correcting errors 
 as they developed. At the end of the year, twenty-six pupils were 
 graduated. All of these graduates were given positions as teachers 
 in the Cleveland public schools except one who was employed in the 
 "Colored High School" at Washington City. The position as special 
 superintendent of the first grade primary schools, vacated by the 
 transfer of -Miss Stephan to the Normal School, was filled by the 
 appointment of Miss Laura M. Curtis. 
 
 Tax Levy for Building Schools Increased 
 
 In this year, 1874, the board adopted a new jiolicy in the matter 
 of providing the necessary school buildings, in tlu' three years, 
 1868-70, the bonds issued for such purposes iiinountcd to .$420,000. 
 The annual rc|)ort for 1875 said that the city had already paid 
 ifiKiO.OOO interest on these bonds, jind that, before the bonds matured, 
 $21.5,000 iuhlitidiial interest would lie required. This total of $:{7r),000 
 interest from issuo to maturity wouhl have sufficed "to l)uild. furnish, 
 and e(|uip ready for occupancy six such liuildings at the Outliwaite 
 house — the best school ac(H)mnio(lations for seven thousand children —
 
 1874-78] 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 367 
 
 the entire increase in daily attendance at tlie pnblic schools for the 
 past eight years." The board therefore increasetl the tax levy to raise 
 sufBeient money for the permanent additions for the 1,500 addi- 
 tional pupils that must be eared for each year. The new policy, 
 wise at it was, has not always been followed but it had a good effect. 
 In addition to the buildings made necessary by the rapid growth 
 of the city, some of the old buildings burned and others fell into 
 decay and desuetude and had to be replaced, the combination putting 
 on the board of education a burden enough to press a royal merchant 
 down. The new buildings needed were better than the old and 
 were supplied as rapidly as possible. As most of them are still in 
 
 New Central High School 
 
 use, I shall not attempt to mention them in detail, but refer any 
 possible seeker for information to the statistical tables given in the 
 latter part of this article. But mention should be made of one im- 
 portant change. The Central High School had become overcrowded, 
 the advance of business had driven its patrons further eastward, 
 its site had a high market value, the East High School was rapidly 
 growing, and the per capita cost of the high schools was so great 
 that it provoked unfavorable criticism. In 1876, the board of edu- 
 cation bought land on Willson Avenue (East Fifty-fifth Street) and 
 Cedar Avenue preparatory to building a new schoolhouse with ample 
 accommodations for the pupils of the Central and of the East High 
 schools. In 1878, the building was ready for occupancy and the two 
 high schools were consolidated, the conditions of the East Cleveland
 
 368 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 annexation having been satisfied. The new school is still known 
 as the Central High School and the old East High School was dis- 
 continued. It was a good while before there was another East High 
 School. Just then Alexander Forbes retired fi'om school work, thus 
 opening the door for a satisfactory settlement of what had become 
 a rather warmly contested issue; Dr. S. G. Williams was continued 
 as principal of the Central High School, and Elroy M. Avery was 
 made principal of the Normal School. "Previous to the transfer of 
 the Central and East High schools into the new Willson Avenue 
 building, these schools had been seated in common assembly rooms, 
 from whence they repaired to recitation or lecture rooms at times 
 fixed for the school program. When the two schools moved into the 
 Central High school, they were housed in 14 session rooms, accom- 
 modating from fifty to sixty pupils each. The students recited some 
 of their studies in these session rooms, and repaired to other rooms 
 for other recitations." The upper stories of the old Central High 
 School building were fitted up for the use of the public library which 
 had lately been committed to the charge of a library board of seven 
 members chosen by the board of education. This first library board 
 consisted of Sherlock J. Andrews who was made its president, the 
 Rev. John Wesley Brown, W. F. Hinman, William Meyer, John Hay, 
 W. J. Starkweather, and Dr. II. McQuiston. The lower story was 
 fitted up for use as headquarters for the board of education. In 
 the winter of 1877-78, the legislature reduced the maximum of the 
 school levy from seven to four and a quarter mills ; it was subseciuently 
 raised to four and a half mills and. in 1881, the levy w-as up to that 
 maximum. Owing to the consequent decrease in receipts and the simul- 
 taneous increase in the school attendance, the finances of the board 
 were sorely pinched and the scliools were very crowded. In the school 
 year 1881-82, the .scliool enumeration showed a total of 58,026 persons 
 in the city between the ages of six and twenty-one years ; the number of 
 pupils eni'olled in tlie ])ul)lic schools was 2(),f)f)fl ; the average daily at- 
 tendance was 18,696; tlie number of pupils in (he high schools was 
 1,005 : the number of teachers was 472, of wlioiii only twenty-nine were 
 men; the receipts on account of the school fund were $458,858.50: and 
 the expenditures were $462,768.65. At the nid of tliis year, and after 
 a bitter campaign, Supcrintciidi'nt K'ickoH' rclircil fi-oin tlie (""leveland 
 public schools. 
 
 One of the most niiirkcd features of Mr. RiekofT's fifteen years 
 of superintendence was the genei-al elimination of male ]>rinci])als 
 and teaeliers and the substitution of women therefor. The argu- 
 ment generally adv;ini'cil in favoi- <if tlic chiuige was that "\ tliou-
 
 1882-86] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 369 
 
 sanil-dollar-a-year woman is worth more to the schools than a 
 tliousiuul-dolhir man," to whicli others acUlcd tlieir contention that 
 tlie real reason for tlH> change was that, out of an equal number 
 of teachers, male aiul female, the greater number of recalcitrants 
 would come from the former class; in other words, that the teacher 
 who had a vote was more likely to feel a "little independent" and to 
 "kick" against what he looked upon as an arbitrary exercise of 
 authority than was the teaclier who had no vote and but little or 
 no political influence. Probably each side had something of right 
 on its side. Although he was somewhat intolerant of a differing 
 opinion, Mr. Kickotf was one of the greatest school superintendents 
 that Ohio has produced ; he may have been imiierious, but he also 
 was imperial. 
 
 Superintendent Hinsdale's Administration 
 
 The next superintendent of the schools was Burke A. Hinsdale, 
 who was well-known as president of Hiram College and as a writer 
 on educational and historical sub.iects. He and Mr. Rickoff had 
 lately been engaged in a war of polemic pamphlets relating to the 
 efficiency of the common schools as-eompared with those of earlier 
 years, as manifested by the tests made at the United States Military 
 Academy at West Point. Mr. Hinsdale was a more scholarly man 
 than his predecessor and made good use of his four years in the super- 
 intendency to better the class of teachers employed in the schools 
 and to improve the instruction that they gave. The teachers were 
 allowed a greater exercise of initiative and largely freed from the 
 discouraging restraints and fear of "the office." By that time, 
 the lack of school accommodations had become acute. On the sixteenth 
 of October, 1882, the superintendent reported to the board that there 
 were thirty schools in rented rooms, of which eleven were in churches, 
 nine in saloon buildings, two in a refitted stable, five in dwelling 
 houses, two in store rooms, and one in a society hall. The board 
 immediately began an active campaign for more buildings. In 1884, 
 branch high schools were organized. The night schools had reached 
 such a place of importance that the board authorized the super- 
 intendent to open such schools wherever he found that they were 
 needed. In 1886, corporal punishment, which had for many years 
 been discouraged, was by action of the board of education definitely 
 abolished. In August, 1886, Superintendent Hinsdale retired from 
 the Cleveland public schools and soon became a memlier of the faculty 
 of the University of Michigan, a position that he held until his death. 
 
 Vol. t— n
 
 370 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 In his last annual report as superintendent of the Cleveland schools, 
 he said: 
 
 As this is my last report, I deem it but a matter of justice to all 
 parties, and particularly to myself, to put on record a fuller statement 
 than I have hitherto published of tlie leading ideas that have guided 
 my administration of the office of superintendent. My acceptance of 
 the superintendency of the schools of Cleveland, in June, 1882, was 
 by some people construed to mean that numerous and important 
 changes would at once be made in the schools, both in their mechan- 
 ical organization and in methods of instruction. Nor can it be 
 
 B. A. Hinsdale 
 
 denied that many citizens were j)repared eagerly to welcome such 
 changes; the sooner they came th(> better, these citizens tlionght. 
 These advocates of sudden and extreme measures made two great 
 mistakes. First, they failed to see that even in case such changes were 
 called for, no superintendent who came to the schools a stranger could 
 at once or quickly tell what they were, or wisely order or recommend 
 them ; also, that no educator who really had any reputation to lose, 
 would risk it on such an experiment. But, secondly, they made a 
 more serious mistake as to the real nature of a school and of a .system of 
 schools. Such a school or system is not a frame work tliat can be 
 torn down and i)ut together again according to another model, or 
 even a machine that can be ])ullc(l to pieces and built over again; 
 it is rather an organism that has been produced by gi'owth or evolu- 
 tion, more or less alive, more or less fruitful, and that nnist be 
 handled in liarmony with its own nattirc and laws. What Sir James 
 ^1,'ickiiitosli sn\s of constitutions is ti'U(> of si'lioo! systems: "Tliey
 
 1886] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 371 
 
 are not uiadc, Init <;;ro\v." What the laws of school systems are, 
 neeil not hei-i' lie nuulf tlie subjei't of imiiiiry ; one differs more or less 
 from another: hut this is one law of tlie srliools of any eity that have 
 existed long enough to eall for a liftieth annual report: AH changes, 
 no matter how numerous, how important, or how radical, to be 
 beneficent must be made opportunely and jirudently, and must con- 
 sume time. In the grave words of Hacon, found in his essay on 
 "Innovations," "It wei'c good, tiierefore, that men in tlicir innova- 
 tions wouhl follow the example of Time itself, which indeed iiinovateth 
 greatly, but (|uietly. and by ilegrees scarce to be perceived." Holding 
 these views in 1S8'J as firmly as I hold them today, 1 came to Cleve- 
 land with no revolutionary schemes Vccordingjy, every 
 
 consideration of sound policy reconimendcd tiie course that 1 adopted 
 from the first : — to visit the teachers and the schools as often as pos- 
 sible ; to observe the organization, the discipline, and the instruction ; 
 to analyze and comjiare the results; and then to direct such changes 
 as seemed called for, remembering that time innovatetb greatly but 
 quietly, and remembering, also, tiiat 1 must succeed in improving the 
 schools, if at all, through the minds of the teachers, — their knowl- 
 edge, views, ideals, and si)irit, and not by the use of mechanical 
 methods. Proceeding in this way, I soon discovered that what the 
 schools most needed was not revolution in external organization and 
 sj"stem, but moi-e fruitful instruction, a more elastic regimen, and a 
 freer spirit. This path ran wide of all sensationalism; it was quiet 
 and unobtrusive; the man who should tread it could look for little 
 in the way of noisy popular approval : ncvertlieless, it would lead to 
 some of the best fruits of education. In this path, I have steadfastly 
 sought to tread. 
 
 Concerning Superintendent Hinsdale's work in Cleveland, Mr. E. 
 A. Schellentrager, the president of the board of education, said in 
 his annual report : 
 
 I regard the period of his administration as one of the most 
 beneficent in the history of our schools. (Qualified by thorough and 
 comprehensive knowledge, and enthusiastically devoted to his calling 
 as an educator, he succeeded in inspiring the faculty of teachers with 
 enthusiasm for their difTficuit and responsible work and in inducing 
 them to continue with avidity the development of their own attain- 
 ments. Opposed to all sui)erficiallty of training, he strove indefati- 
 gably against all mere mechanism in school instruction, and though 
 many of his efforts were for the fii'st time apparently fruitless and 
 unsuccessful, yet it is proper to attribute to him the merit of having 
 sown seed which shall certainly spring up and bear beneficent fruit 
 in the future. 
 
 Manu.vl Training School Opened 
 
 Mr. Hinsdale's successor as superintendent of the Cleveland 
 public schools was Lewis W. Day who, as teacher or supervising
 
 372 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 principaL had been connected with the schools for many years. In 
 the school year, 1886-87, the tax of cue-fifth of a mill, authorized 
 by the legislature, was collected for the purpose of training pupils 
 in manual and domestic work. In Februaiy, 1886, the Cleveland 
 ilanual Ti'aining School Company opened a school on the north side 
 of East Prospect Street (Carnegie Avenue) between Willson Avenue 
 (East Fifty-fifth Street) and the Cleveland and Pittsburg branch 
 of the Pennsylvania Railway. By arrangement between the manual 
 training school company and the lioard of education, high school 
 pupils were admitted to the school free ; other pupils paid a tuition 
 fee; the difference between the tuition fees I'eeeived and the oper- 
 ating expenses of the school was paid by the board of education. At 
 the opening of the school year, 1887-88, a cooking school depart- 
 ment was opened as a regular branch of the manual training school — 
 one of the first cooking schools organized in the country. About this 
 time, the first truant officer was appointed under the provisions of 
 the state compulsory school law. In his report for the year, 1888-89, 
 Superintendent Day spoke of his efforts to broaden the thought, to 
 cultivate the attention, and to systematize the work of the pupils, and 
 mentioned two serious hindrances to success along such lines. The 
 first was the emploj-ment of teachers "who have had little or no 
 experience or training and who, consequently, are narrow and 
 bookish." The other hindrance was the employment of teachers 
 "who, notwithstanding their experience, are equally narrow and 
 bookish, whose chief aim seems to bo to 'drill' all the work into the 
 little unfortunates committed to their care." Teachei-s of the first 
 class should be "reduced by dismissal as rapidly as better teachers 
 can be found to supply their places; the other class should not be 
 employed." Wise Mr. Day! In September, 1890, the West JManual 
 Training School was opened on the upjier floor of the old W^est High 
 School. At the end of the year (1892), Mr. Day retired from the 
 Cleveland schools. 
 
 Government of Schools Rf.org.vnized 
 
 In March, 1892, Die Ifgislaturc |)assed an act that reorganized 
 the government of the Cleveland schools, the Federal Plan it was 
 called. It vested all legislative power in a school council of seven 
 members elected at large, and all executive authority in a sdiool 
 director who was elected directly by the people and whose powers 
 were so great that many called him the school dictator. The council 
 and the director constituted the board of education ; the duties of each
 
 lii'J-2\ THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 373 
 
 di'i)ai-tnu'iit wcro cloarly doliiK'iL In Ai>ril. Mr. IT. Q. Sargent was 
 eleeti'd as school diroctor, and tlio seven niend)ers of tlio t'ouni'il were 
 chosen as provided hy the luw hiw. As successor to Superintendent 
 Day, Director Sarjrcnt appointed Andrew S. Drai)er, a former seliool 
 commissioner of the state of \ew York, an al)le educator, and a strong- 
 man. ^Ir. Drapei- proiiijitly hegan many changes, prominent among 
 wliich was an enhirgemcnt of the authority of the school principals. 
 As an inheritance from tiie Kickotf reijime, he found (to (piote from 
 his first annual report) tliat "all authority was exercised in the 
 centra! office: none was delegated. The priiicii>als were such only 
 in name. ,\side from transmitting the directions of the super- 
 intendent and collecting and returning reports, they apparently had 
 no higher or different function than had any other teacher. They 
 were not charged with respt)nsibility, nor even with knowledge, con- 
 cerning the management or the methods of tiic teachers in tlicir 
 buildings. All details, no matter how rcmot*', were managed directly 
 from the office. . . . The principals were therefore directed 
 to exercise a general care over their buildings and a general over- 
 sight of all the schools therein ; to keep tlicmselves informed as to 
 all details; to see that all the regulations and the directions of superior 
 officers were fully complied with ; to aid associate teachers with sug- 
 gestions and advice where practicable; and to report to the super- 
 intendent or a supervisor any unbecoming conduct or any inefficient 
 work on the part of a teacher, or any other matter which they could 
 not remedy themselves and to which, in the interests of the schools, 
 the attention of the superintendent's office should be called." For 
 what he considered a needed "energizing" of the teachers, Superin- 
 tendent Draper organized "The Principals' Round Table" for the 
 informal discussion of school work and school problems and framed 
 a schedule of regular teachers meetings, four each year for the whole 
 body of teachers and twice as many for teacliers of each separate 
 grade. These meetings were led by the superintendent or a supervisor 
 and many of them were addressed by eminent educators brought to 
 Cleveland for that purpose. The names of the common school grades 
 from the D-Primary up to the A-Grannnar were changed to first 
 grade, second grade, etc., ni) to the eighth grade, thus avoiding some 
 confusion. Examinations for promotion in these grades were abol- 
 ished. At the beginning of June, each teacher was to prepare a list 
 of the pupils who, in her opinion, were prepared for promotion. 
 Subject to the approval of the principal, the pupils thus recom- 
 mended were advanced to the next higher grade. In the case of a 
 pupil not thus advanced, the parent might a.sk for a written exam-
 
 374 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 illation of the child and, if the required standard was attained, the 
 pupil was thus promoted. Promotions from the eighth grade to the 
 high school were determined by a combination of the teacher's recom- 
 mendation with a written examination, "fifty-fifty.'" In this year, 
 manual training was introduced into the elementary schools and land 
 was bought for a manual training school building on Cedar Avenue 
 near East Fifty-fifth Street. 
 
 Columbus Day Observed 
 
 The four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America 
 (Columbus Day, October 21, 1892), was fittingly observed by the pupils 
 of the Cleveland public schools. The celebration was described by 
 Superintendent Draper in his annual report as follows: 
 
 At nine o'clock in the morning the children were assembled in the 
 yard at their several buildings and participated in unfurling the 
 flag, and with uplifted hand all pledged loyalty and devotion to it. 
 This was performed with a felicitous ritualistic ceremony and with 
 the assistance of committees of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 Immediately after the flag raisings the several schools, in their sepa- 
 rate rooms, held exercises apjiropriate to the occasion which were o!" 
 deeper interest because of the study all the schools had given to the 
 life and character of Colundjus and the history of his voyage and 
 discovery during the previous weeks. The parents were invited to 
 these exercises. At 12 o'clock, the students of the High schools and 
 the children of the four ui)|)ei- grades of the Elementary schools 
 assembled and either marched, or were lirought on the street railway 
 lines, to the center of the city, where great meetings were held in .seven 
 of the public halls and churches and addressed by prominent public 
 speakers. At these meetings the children occupied the main part of 
 the Iiuildings, prominent citizens occupied the ])latforins, and the 
 music and addi'esses were of a (character calculated to enforce patriotic 
 lessons suggested by tile day's celebration. At the close of these meet- 
 ings there was a mammoth street ])arade by idl tlie boys of the High 
 schools and the four upper grades of the Klementary schools. l']aih 
 school was represented by a beautiful banner, and many wore unifoi'ms 
 specially prepared for the occasion. All carried flags. Jlusic was 
 plentiful and inspiring. The marching was so soldierly as to win the 
 enthusiastic applause of siich a multitude as Cleveland never saw 
 on her streets before, and parlicnlarly of the veterans of the Crand 
 Ai'iny whose efficient aid in preiKiring for and supervising the notatile 
 jjarade will be long and gi-atefuUy renu'mbered. At the close of 
 the parade the column was reviewed in front of the (^ity Hall by 
 Mayor William G. Rose, the grand marshal of the day. General M. H. 
 Lcggett and liis staff, and by the school officials.
 
 1892-94] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 375 
 
 Tlio larjicst oi' these luectinjjs was at .Miisie Hall, on Vineent 
 Street, wliere were assembled the teachers and pupils of the Normal 
 School, the Central High School, the West High School and the pupils 
 of the grammar grades from the following schools: Broadway, Miles 
 Park, Outliwaite, Sibley, South Case, Sterling, and Woodland Hills. 
 The program was as follows: 
 
 Chairman, the Rev. Charles F. Thwing, D. D., President of West- 
 em Reserve University. 
 
 Prayer The Rev. Lewis Burton, D. D. 
 
 Music " America. ' ' 
 
 Address President Thwing. 
 
 Music "Columbus! Columbia!" 
 
 Address The Hon. George H. Ely. 
 
 Music " Star Spangled Banner. ' ' 
 
 Address Dr. Klroy M. Avery. 
 
 ((. "Red. White and Blue." 
 
 h. "Battle Hymn of the Re])ublic." 
 
 ^lusical Director, Prof. N. Coe Stewart. 
 
 Music 
 
 The Schools Under Superintendent Draper 
 
 An elaborate revision of the course of study was made, simple 
 science was introduced into the lower grades, and a school for deaf 
 mutes was opened in the Rockwell Street School. In 1899, this school 
 was transferred to a leased building on East Fifty-fifth Street. In 
 two years. Superintendent Draper retired nearly a hundred teachers 
 for incompetency with the inevitable consequent criticism. In May, 
 1894, the supervisory staff was constituted as follows: 
 
 Superintendent, Andrew S. Draper. 
 
 Supervisor of 1st District, Edwin F. Moulton. 
 
 Supcn-isor of 2nd District, Henry C. iluckley. 
 
 Special Supervisor, Ellen G. Reveley. 
 
 Special Supervisor, Emma C. Davis. 
 
 Supervisor of German, Joseph Krug. 
 
 Supervisor of ^Manual Training, W. E. Roberts. 
 
 Special Teacher and Supervisor of Music, N. Coe Stewart. 
 
 Special Teacher and Supervisor of Drawing, Frank Aborn. 
 
 Special Teacher and Supervisor of Penmanship, Ansel A. Clark. 
 
 In that month (May 10, 1894), Suj)erintendent Draper tendered 
 his resignation to take efifeet at the end of the school year; he ha<l 
 decided to accept the proffered presidency of the state University 
 of Illinois.
 
 376 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 Expansion of School System 
 
 Director Sargent appointed as successor to Mr. Di'aper, ilr. Louis 
 H. Jones, then superintendent of the public schools of Indianapolis. 
 Mr. Jones assumed his duties as superintendent of the Cleveland 
 schools in the summer of 1894 and soon announced his "determination 
 not to make any_ radical changes." The villages of Brooklyn and 
 West Cleveland were annexed (July, 1894), bringing four schools 
 and 1,781 pupils into the city system. For yeai-s, the increase in the 
 school population of Cleveland had outrun the increase of the rev- 
 enues of the board of education. In the decade, 1882-92, school bonds 
 had been issued to the amount of $1,021,200, the annual interest on 
 which was sufficient to pay for a new 16-room school building. As 
 the board of ediication was unwilling to issue more bonds and as 
 more buildings must be provided, the legislature was led to authorize 
 the levying of an additional tax of not more than one mill on the 
 dollar for building purposes. In one year, thirty-three new school 
 rooms were completed and occupied and the Normal School was trans- 
 ferred from its cramped quarters on Eagle Street to the Marion 
 School building which was improved for that purpose. 
 
 First Woman Elected to Public Office in Ohio 
 
 In the school year, 1896-97, free "kindergartens" were opened 
 as a part of the public school system ; in the following year, eleven 
 such .schools were in successful operation. In that year, and under 
 the provisions of a new state law, a woman was elected as a member 
 of the Cleveland school council. She who thus blazed a lu^w path 
 was Catherine TI. T. Avery (Mrs. Elroy M. Avery) ; her certificate 
 of election states that she was the first woman chosen to an elective 
 office in Ohio. In tlio following yoai', there were two women in the 
 school council, .Mrs. Avery and Mrs. Benjamin F. Taylor. Since that 
 time there have always been one or two women members of the 
 school council. Mrs. May C. Whittaker was installed in April, 1902, 
 Mrs. Sarah E. Ilyre in January, 1905, and Mrs. Virginia D. Green 
 in January, 1912. When -Mrs. Hyre resigned to become secretary of 
 the board, Miss Emma Perkins was cho.sen to lill I he vacancy. Mrs. 
 ('lara Tagg Brewer took office in January, 1918; she and Mrs. Creeu 
 are members at the present time (August, 1918). 
 
 Many School Buildings Erected 
 
 In 1899, the library building and its site on Euclid Avenue whore 
 the Central High School liad stood was sold for .+lil(),()()0, the board of
 
 1899-1902] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS -H? 
 
 education re.serviii>i: the rij^lit to oceiipy the buikliiiy; until liiUl 
 Contracts for two high school buildings (East and Lincoln) were 
 let; the buildings were completed in the fall of 1900. In the jjreceding 
 decade, many school buildings had been erected but the schools were 
 still very crowded. In June, 1900, Superintendent Jones made a 
 special report giving his best judgment as to the location of ten build- 
 ings needed in the inunediate future. "The exact location will be 
 made more definite by the indications that will come to us on the 
 opening of schools next September." Attention was directed to chil- 
 dren who had defective eyesight and it was recommended that "the 
 department of physical education and school hygiene be put upon 
 a firm foundation." The enumeration of children of school age 
 iu 1900 showed a total of 106,453, with twenty-one more boys than 
 there were girls. The number of pupils registered in the schools was 
 58,105 and the average daily attendance was 45,700. The number 
 of teachers was 1,250, of whom 164 were teachers of Gennan. The 
 total value of school buildings was $4,61i),676, and the bonded in- 
 debtedness of the board of education was $1,195,000. 
 
 Conclusion op Superintendent Jones' Term 
 
 An attempt to exclude from the Normal School several young 
 ladies who had nearly completed the prescribed course, on the ground 
 that they were not likely to make successful teachers, aroused great 
 public interest. Some of these pupils had been given a few weeks' 
 practice under training teachers and had been unfavorably reported 
 upon by said training teachers, and were therefore dismissed from 
 the school. There was no question as to the scholarship of any of 
 them and, in at least one case, the brief practice had l>een taken under 
 unfavorable physical conditions. When the present writer, by request 
 of the girl's parents, brought this case to the attention of the super- 
 intendent with the request that she be given another two weeks' trial 
 in the training .school and with an assurance that, if she failed to 
 .secure a favorable report from her training teacher, no further 
 effort would be made in her behalf. Superintendent Jones curtly 
 remarked that the dismis-sal must be accepted as "a closed incident." 
 The caller departed with the remark that sometimes a closed incident 
 was torn open. The cases were cartied into court and the court re- 
 instated the pupil in the .school. In the next campaign, one of the 
 .young ladies spoke in many of the meetings, aroused much sympathy, 
 and contributed largely to the defeat of Mr. Sargent as school direc- 
 tor and to file election of his competitor, a gloomy omen for Super-
 
 378 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 iiitendent Jones. Soon after this, one of the daily newspapers pub- 
 lished (September, 1901), a series of six articles on "Frills and 
 Feathers" in the public schools; these articles did much to intensify 
 the opposition to the superintendent who was held to be largely re- 
 sponsible for the conditions of which complaint was made. The 
 authorship of the "Frills and Feathers" articles was an open secret, 
 the paper that printed them kept pounding away with argument, 
 ridicule and cartoon, and other papers followed more gently, until 
 in 1902, Mr. Jones accepted the presidency of a ilichigan state 
 normal school and left Cleveland. It is only fair to add the statement 
 that Mr. Jones was recognized, even by those who longed for his 
 leaving, as a very able man with a very satisfactory familiarity with 
 up-to-date pedagogical methods, but it was felt that his disposition 
 was unfortunate and that he had not the tact that is necessary in 
 the position that he held. 
 
 Since the departure of Mr. Jones in 1902, the changes in the super- 
 intendency of the Cleveland public schools have been so frequent 
 and accompanied by so many unpleasant differences and, in some 
 cases, by such bitter feeling, all of which are so recent that not all 
 of the soreness caused thereby has yet disappeared, that it will be well 
 to pass over them with little more than mere mention. IMr. Jones 
 was succeeded by Mr. Edwin F. Moulton wlio had been assistant 
 superintendent. On the first of January, 1906, came Stratton D. 
 Brooks from Boston ; on the tifteenth of March, Mr. Brooks went back 
 to Boston, ostensibly and probably because he was luiwilling to 
 endure for more than ten weeks the interference and attempted dic- 
 tation of school board officials in mattere that he felt belonged to 
 him. From ^larch to tlie middle of May, ]\lr. Moulton was again in the 
 superintendent's office, and then lie gave way for Mr. William IT. 
 Elson who had been called from the .superin tendency of the schools 
 of Grand Rapids, Michigan. In .laiiuai-y. 1912, Mr. Elson retired. 
 
 WiLMA.M 11. I']|,S()N 'S RK((M{|) 
 
 Before going further down tlie line, I auticijiate events for tlie 
 sake of doing partial justice to a very able educator who deserved a 
 better fate than was allowed by the adherents of an insubordituiti' 
 teacher and the weak-kneed and uiiappreciative members of the board 
 of education. In the Cleveland I'IoIh /yraler (September 3, 1918") 
 is printed a communication entitled " I'Mucational Prophets," signed 
 by the Rev. Arthur C. Ludlow, a former member of the school iioaid. 
 Ill tills article, Mr. Ludlow says:
 
 1902-12] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 379 
 
 Who can estimate tlio iHliu-ational losses due to repeated eruci- 
 fixions of edueatioual propliets.' Forty years a<jo Superintoiident 
 Rickort' substituted semi annual iiromotions of pui)ils for tlio aiilicpiated 
 policy of annual advanconient, thus giving' backward children an 
 opi)ortunity every tive, instead of ten, months tt) attain higher grades. 
 From 187S to IS'JO semi-annual promotions contimied, when strange 
 to say there was a return to annual promotions anil for twenty years 
 that obsolete policy existed. In 11)10 Superintendent Elson, believing 
 that ten weeks were sutifieient for the pupil failing to advance estab- 
 lished his "quarterly |)romotions." Notwithstanding the sanity of this 
 economy of time in the ti-aining of thousands of children, Mr. Prison's 
 sueces.sor abolished (piarterly promotions and restored the liiekott' 
 semi-annual polic\'. In a public document issued at that time the 
 writer raised this (juestion, "If it has taken two decades for local 
 educators to rediscover the vii'tue of the Rickoff semi-annual promo- 
 tions, how many decades will elapse before someone will providentially 
 be compelled to restore the Elson quarterly promotions?" Miruble 
 dictu! In less than a decade the Elson policy of (juarterly promotions 
 has been restored by the Spaulding administration. If Tom. L. John- 
 son was a traction prophet, cei'lainly Sui)erintendent Elson, with his 
 technical high schools, high schools of commerce and progi-essive 
 policies, such as (puirterly i)romotions, was a pi'ophet in a liighcr 
 realm. The latter, howevei-, was stoned out of his educational leader- 
 ship, not only by subordinate educators, but also the powerful papers 
 of Cleveland. 
 
 At the urgent recjuest of the school board. Miss Harriet L. 
 Keeler consented to meet the emergency by accepting the super- 
 intendeney, ad interim; for the rest of the school year she held the 
 fort with marked ability and with general satisfaction and approval. 
 At the beginning of the next school year (September, 1912), Mr. J. 
 il. H. Frederick, who had recently been superintendent of the public 
 schools of one of Cleveland's suburbs, entered upon a five-years' 
 term, probably worse marred by angry dissention than was the term 
 of any of his predecessors. As if in response to the general demand 
 that the Cleveland board of education and its employes .should set 
 a better example to the pupils of the schools, a nation-wide .search for 
 a man who had the ability and the "nerve" to command peace and 
 to secure the highest possible degree of efficiency in every educa- 
 tional branch of the public schools was begun and continued until 
 the school authorities were convinced that the right man had been 
 found. 
 
 The Educational Commission 
 
 In 1904. the Cleveland board of health ordered a medical inspec- 
 tion of pupils in the public schools and the board of education or-
 
 380 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 gauized the division of medical iuspeetion. In 1905, Mr. Samuel P. 
 Orth. the president of the board, appointed an " Educational Com- 
 mission" to investiga.te all departments of the public schools and to 
 report their findings and recommendations to the board of educa- 
 tion. Mr. Orth, who as president of the board appointed this com- 
 mission, subsequently wrote an extended history of Cleveland that 
 was published in 1910. From this work I quote the following: 
 
 The latest period of educational development may be said to date 
 from the appointment of the Educational Commission. January- 1, 
 1905, the president of the board of education, Samuel P. Orth. sug- 
 gested that because of the great loss of pupils between the sixth grade 
 and the high school ; because the stress of earning a livelihood drives 
 most of these pupils from the schools; because of comparative over- 
 weight of expense and the underweight of attendance in the 
 high .schools, it might be wise to appoint a commission of 
 citizens "to look carefully into the curricula of our grade and 
 high schools and determine Avhether teacher and pupil are over- 
 burdened with subsidiary work and to make such recommendations 
 as their finding of facts would warrant." Also to look into the advis- 
 ability of perfecting our courses in manual training and of establishing 
 a manual training high school, "to which school could resort such 
 of our youth who desire to choose as their calling some branch of the 
 mechanical arts." In February, the board empowered the president to 
 appoint such a commission and the following gentlemen were named : 
 Elroy M. Avery, Ph. D., LL. D., author of a well known series of 
 school texts on physical science, and author of "A History of the 
 Ignited States and Its Peoi)le;" E. M. Baker, B. A., broker. Secretary 
 of Federation of Jewish Charities; J. H. Caswell, assistant cashier, 
 First National Bank ; J. G. W. Cowles, LL. D., real estate, former Pres- 
 ident Chamber of Commerce; Charles Gentsch, ]M. T>.; Frank Hatfield, 
 plate roller, Cleveland Steel Company ; Charles S. Howe, Ph. D., S. C. . 
 D., President Case School of A])plied Science; Thomas L. Johnson, 
 attornc.v ; C. W. MeCormick, assistant secretary Cleveland Stone Com- 
 pany: James McIIenry, dry goods merchant; F. F. Prentiss, Presi- 
 dent Cleveland Twist Drill Company, and President Chamber of 
 Commerce; and Charles F. Tlnving, LL. D., President Western Re- 
 serve Cniversit.v. 
 
 On March 1st the Connnission organized by selecting ]\Ir. Cowles 
 as ehairnuui. R. E. Gammcl, serrctary of tlie director of schools, 
 acted as Secretary for the Commission. A comj)rchcnsive program 
 was adoi)tcd, comjirising eight groups of inquiry, each assigned to a 
 committee. The committees made a very thorougli study of their 
 assigned sub.iects, and the commission held stated meetings at wiiich 
 their findings were discussed in great detail. On Jul.y 24, 1906, the 
 last meeting was held and tlieir report transmitted to the board of 
 education. 'I'hus for a year and a half the problems of i)ublic educii- 
 tioii in (;ieveland were carefully studied by an al)le aiul reiiresentative 
 liotly of citizens, repi'esenting not alone the tax payer, but every phase
 
 1904-06] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 381 
 
 of business and professional life. Their report comprises a volume 
 of one humli'ed aiul, twenty pages and outlines an edueational i)r(israiii 
 based upon the faets observed that would make the ])ul)lie schools 
 uot merely an edueatioiuil niaehine, hut a vitalizing force in our indus- 
 trial civilization. The rejiort at once became a document of peda- 
 gogical value and was sought for by all the larger cities in the country. 
 Many cities have since followetl Cleveland's example and have had 
 their schools studied by citizen conunissions. The recommendations 
 for changes were numerous, too niuuerous to be even outlined here. 
 Many of them were on minor matters, but some of them were of the 
 greatest imi)ortance. Among them are the following: That high 
 school functions be differentiated and sejiarate nuuiual training an'd 
 commercial high schools lie established ; that the elementary course 
 of study be entirely revised, eliminating nuuiy of the decorative 
 appendages; that there be more ell'ective supervision in writing; a 
 reorganization of the drawing depai'tment and better correlation of 
 the physical culture work in the elementary schools; that the night 
 school be reorganized and that the schools be utilized as neighborhood 
 centers ; that a complete system of medical inspection be inaugurated 
 under the supervision of a medical expert ; that radical changes be 
 made in the [/romotion of teachers, not on the basis of length of serv- 
 ice, but upon nu'rit aiul that the salaries be raised and th(> inefficient 
 teachers be droi)ped ; that the nornuil school be reorganized, the course 
 lengthened to three years, a new and ami)ly equipped building be 
 erected and the faculty strengthened, but that it would be more ideal 
 if Western Reserve University would establish a Teachers' College and 
 the city send its pupils thither; that the superintendent be given full 
 executive powers in educational matters; that the method of super- 
 vision be changed and that the principals be given more supervisory 
 authority; that German be discontinued in the lower grades; that 
 textlKJoks be adopted only on the recommendation of the educational 
 depai'tment; and that there should be an extension of cooking and 
 manual training in the seventh aiul eighth grades. Increased effi- 
 ciency and the readjustment of the schools to the problems of the 
 breadwinners were the heart of the commission's findings. Many of 
 the minor suggestions were immediately made effective by the board 
 of education, ami the larger problems were promptly attacked. 
 
 The committee on the elementary course of study consisted of 
 Jlessrs. Avery, liaker, and Gentsch. When the appointment was 
 made, Chairman Cowles addressed Dr. Avery saying: "'You have 
 the butt end of the log" — and so it proved. The entire teaching force 
 in the elementary schools was interrogated under assurance that their 
 rei)lies would be held by the committee as confidential, and much 
 valuable, first-hand information was thus secured. Written exam- 
 inations in spelling, arithmetic and one or two other of the "essen- 
 tials" ^vere conducted in the seventh and eighth grades and the 
 results tabulated. The report of the committee was approved by
 
 382 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Cha}). XXII 
 
 the eomniission, printed in full in the Cleveland Plain DeaUr and 
 several educational magazines, and in abstract by many others. The 
 publishers of the Webster dictionaries ])rinted thousands of copies for 
 gratuitous circulation at teachers' institutes and other educational 
 meetings, and Mr. Orth wrote the following hitherto unpublished letter 
 (probably one for each member of the commission) : 
 
 Bo.\RD OF Education 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio, August 8, 1906. 
 Mr. Elrov :\I. Averv, 
 
 City. 
 
 Dear Mb. Avery : As President of the Board of Education, I 
 appointed you last year a member of the Educational Commission, 
 and inasmuch as that Commission has now completed its work I feel 
 that I ought, personally, to thank you most sincerely for the earnest, 
 faithful and efficient work which you have done as a member of the 
 Commission. You have done a real service to the city. Your reward 
 will be twofold ; the appreciation whicli the thoughtful people of the 
 community bestow upon unselfish and efficient public service, and also 
 the quickening of the life of our ])ublic schools by infusing into them 
 new and vitalizing energy. 
 
 As you know, already a number of the suggestions of the Com- 
 mission have been carried into eft'ect, and the Board is giving their 
 thoughtful consideration to all of the suggestions you have made, and 
 we hope, before our term expires, to have pretty well covered the new 
 work which the Commission has outlined. 
 
 It is the sympathetic cooperation of men of high ideals that make 
 public service worth while, and it has been a very great pleasure to 
 me personally to be associated in some measure with the Commission 
 in their investigation, and I beg of you hereby to accept my sincere 
 thanks for your generous gift of time and thought to the work of our 
 public schools. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 S-'VMUEL P. OhTII. 
 
 Ill his History of Cleveland. 'Sir. Orth further says that "with 
 chararteristic energv' and courage, the new superintendent fElson] 
 set himself the task of solving the greater problems i)resented by the 
 commission. Of tlu^ many results already achieved [1910], five 
 may be taken as indicative of the new forward movement in educa- 
 tion." These he enmnerates thus: 
 
 1. Tlie estalilishment of tlie Tecliiiicaj llifili School. 
 
 2. The estaliiisliment of the Commercial High School. 
 
 3. The reorganization of the Noi-inal School along the lines sug- 
 gested by the Educational Connnission.
 
 1906-17] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 383 
 
 4. An eiitiro rovisioii of the course ol' study in the eU'iueutary 
 schools. 
 
 5. The establishment (If 10) of a vocatioiuil school foi- boys under 
 the high-school age, the " Kleinentary Industrial Scliool." 
 
 The teachers' pension fund was established in 1906, antl the first 
 dispensary with nurses was opened at the Murray Hill School. Dental 
 clinics were inaugurated in 1910, semi-annual promotions were, re- 
 established and a second technical (West) high school was estab- 
 lished in 1912. In 1915, "Junior High Schools" were provided for 
 pupils in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades. In 1918, the teach- 
 ing of German was abandoned, the teaeliing force was combed for 
 disloyalty, and military training for all high school l)oys was pre- 
 scribed. 
 
 Superintendent Frank E. Spaulding 
 
 In September, 1917, Mr. Frank E. Spaulding, lately superin- 
 tendent of schools at ]\ninieapolis, became snpcrinteinlcnt of the 
 public schools of Cleveland. Ilis election followed extensive inquiry 
 of prominent educators in all parts of the country and numerous 
 "junket trips" by committees of the board of education. Mr. 
 Spaulding knew his worth and wants and so his salary was fixed at 
 $12,000 a year (the largest salary paid to any school superintendent 
 in the United States) and he was given full assurance that he 
 should be superintendent in fact as well as in name — a very important 
 compliance with one of the recommendations of the commission of 
 190.")-06. At this, the close of his first year in Cleveland, it is only 
 truth to say that Superintendent Spaulding treated the teachers 
 and the public with courteous consideration and full fairness and 
 that they, in return, gave their confidence and support. The long 
 continued friction between the office force and the schoolroom force 
 and the heat generated thereby disappeared, and the almost chronic 
 wrangling in the board of education came to an end. The latter elim- 
 ination had long been devoutly wished by all friends of the schools, 
 and the credit for it mu.st be -shared with the president of the board, 
 ^Ir. ]\Iark L. Thomsen. At the end of the school year, there was a 
 revivified era of good will and the superintendent might justifiably 
 have written on the cerebral tablet assigned by phrenologists to 
 "Self Esteem." the C\Tsarian legend, veni, vuli, vici. At all events, 
 the verdict of the general public was that though he was high priced 
 he was the right man in the right place and that he was worth what 
 they had to pay for him. In the summer of 1918, Mr. Spaulding was
 
 384 CLEVELAND AXD ITS EN\aRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 given leave of absenee, he having been ehosen chairman of a com- 
 mission of tliree to take charge of the education of American soldiers 
 in France in preparation for their return to civic life after demobili- 
 zation at the end of the great World war. 
 
 Present School Organization 
 
 In the fall of 1918, the members of the board of education were 
 ilark L. Thomsen, president ; Mrs. Virginia D. Green, F. W. Steffen, 
 Jlrs. Clara Tagg Brewer, E. M. "Williams, Robert I. Clegg, and Bertram 
 D. Quarrie. Jlrs. Sarah E. Ilyre was clerk and treasurer of the 
 board; Frank G. Hogen was director of schools (chief executive offi- 
 cer) ; headquarters in the old school building on Rockwell Avenue at 
 the corner of East Sixth Street. Here also were the offices of mem- 
 bers of the educational department: 
 
 F. E. Spaulding — Superintendent. 
 
 R. G. Jones — Deputy and Acting Superintendent. 
 
 A. C. Eldredge — Assistant Superintendent. 
 
 F. E. Clerk — Assistant Superintendent. 
 
 Catherine T. Bryee — Assistant Superintendent. 
 
 Jennie D. Pullen — General Supervisor. 
 
 Florence A. Hungerford — General Supervisor. 
 
 Eva T. Seabrook — General Supeiwisor. 
 
 Olive G. Cai-son — General Supervisor. 
 
 Clarence W. Sutton — Director of Division of Reference and Re- 
 search. 
 
 William E. Roberts — Supervisor of Manual Training. 
 
 Adelaitle Laura Van Duzer — Supervisor of Domestic Science. 
 
 Helen ^1. Fliedner — Supervisor of Art. 
 
 J. Powell tlones — Supervisor of Music. 
 
 C. A. Barnett — Supervisor of Penmanshi]i. 
 
 R. B. Irwin — Supervisor of the Blind. 
 
 Alexander ^IcBanc — Truant Officer. 
 
 F. E. Spaulding, llai'rict K. Corlctt, Chirenco W. Sutton, and 
 Charles W. Rice — Board of School Examinci's. 
 
 Dr. Ervin A. Petei'son — Assistant Supcrintciuliiit in Charge of 
 Medical Inspection. 
 
 Walter R. McCornack— Chief Architect. 
 
 In the following list of schools, the enrolment given is that for 
 June, 1918: 
 
 Normal School — Stearns Road, S. E. and Boulevard. >\mbrose 
 Tj. Suhrie, principal; 17 teachers. Eni-olmcnt, 263. (See Observa- 
 tion School.)
 
 East Technical, High School 
 
 West TECHNicAii High School
 
 386 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 High Schools 
 
 Central— East Fifty-fifth Street, near Cedar Avenue. Edward L. 
 Harris, principal; 45 teachers. Enrolment, 1,102. (See Central Junior 
 High.) 
 
 East — East Eighty-second Street, cor. Decker Avenue. Daniel W. 
 Lothman, principal ; 42 teachers. Enrolment, 1,041. (See East Junior 
 Hisrh.) 
 
 Glenville — Parkwood Drive cor. Everton Avenue, N. E. H. H. 
 Cully, principal ; 40 teachers. Enrolment, 1,065. 
 
 Lincoln — Seranton Road, cor. Castle Avenue, S. W. James B. 
 Smiley, principal; 27 teachers. Enrolment, 600. (See Lincoln 
 Junior High.) 
 
 South — Broadway opposite FuUerton Avenue, S. E. I. Franklin 
 Patterson, principal; 25 teachers. Enrolment, 584. (See South 
 Junior High.) 
 
 "West — Franklin Avenue, cor. West Sixty-ninth Street. David 
 P. Simpson, principal ; 28 teachers. Enrolment, 666. 
 
 East Technical — East Fifty-fifth Street, cor. Scovill Avenue. 
 Charles H. Lake, principal ; 102 teachers. Enrolment, 2,301. 
 
 "West Technical — "West Ninety-third Street, cor. "Willard Avenue. 
 E. "W. Boshart, principal; 52 teachers. Enrolment, 1,044. (See 
 "West Technical Junior High.) 
 
 High School of Commerce — Bridge Avenue, cor. Randall Road, 
 N. "W. Solomon Weimer, principal; 41 teachers. Enrolment, 1,071. 
 
 High School of Commerce (East Branch) — East One Hundred 
 and Twentieth Street, cor. Moulton Avenue. Solomon "Weimer, prin- 
 cipal ; 11 teachers. Enrolment, 244. 
 
 Collinwood (Glenville Annex) — St. Clair Avenue and Ivanhoe 
 Road, N. E. Prank P. "Whitney, assistant principal in charge; 11 
 teachers. Enrolment, included in that of Glenville High School. 
 
 Central Manual Training— 5805 Cedar Avenue, S. E. "W. H. 
 Lambirth, director in charge. This is a branch of the Central High 
 School. 
 
 Junior High Schools 
 
 Addison — Hough Avenue and Addison Koad, N. E. B. W. Tay- 
 lor, principal; 21 teachers. Enrolment, 765. 
 
 Brownell — East Fourteenth Street, cor. Sumner. George E. 
 Whitman, principal; 30 tcacliers. Enrolment, 603. (See Brownell 
 Elementary.)
 
 1918] 
 
 THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 387 
 
 Central— East Fil'ty-lifth Street, near Cedar Avenue. Edward 
 L. Harris, principal; 32 teachers. Enrolment, 833. 
 
 CoUiuwood — St. Clair Avenue and Ivanhoe Road, N. E. Frank 
 P. Whitney, principal ; 28 teachers. Enrolment, 707. 
 
 Detroit — Detroit Avenue cor. West Forty-ninth Street. Anna 
 M. Christian, principal ; 21 teachers. Enrolment, 498. 
 
 East — East Eighty-second Street, cor. Decker Avenue. Daniel 
 W. Lothmau, principal ; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 466. 
 
 Empire — Empire Avenue, near East Ninety-tliird Street. Clay- 
 ton R. Wise, principal ; 36 teachers. Enrolment, 869. 
 
 W&<*S8SRr__ 
 
 Empire School 
 
 Fairmount — East One Hundred and Seventh Street, north of 
 Euclid Avenue. J. A. Crowell, principal; 31 teachers. Enrolment, 
 579. 
 
 Lincoln — Seranton Road, cor. Castle Avenue, S. W. James B. 
 Smiley, principal ; 23 teachers. Enrolment, 572. 
 
 South — Broadway, opposite Fullerton Avenue, S. E. I. Frank- 
 lin Patterson, principal ; 12 teachers. Enrolment, 323. 
 
 West — Franklin Avenue, cor. West Sixty-ninth Street. D. P. 
 Simpson, principal ; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 523. 
 
 West Technical — West Ninety-third Street, cor. Willard Avenue. 
 E. W. Boshart, principal; 26 teachers. Enrolment, 672. 
 
 Elementary Schools 
 
 Alabama — St. Clair Avenue, cor. East Twenty-sixth Street. 
 Hanrahan, principal ; 10 teachers. Enrolment, 404. 
 
 Mary
 
 388 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Cliap. XXII 
 
 Almira — -Almira Avenue, between West Ninety-seventh Street and 
 "West Ninety-eighth Street. Ida M. Deightou, principal; 28 teach- 
 ers. Enrolment, 803. 
 
 Barkwill — Barkwill Avenue, cor. Dolloff Road, S. E. M. Emma 
 Brookes, principal ; IS teachei-s. Enrolment, 64:5. 
 
 Bolton — East Eighty-ninth Street, near Carnegie Avenue. Har- 
 riet A. Hills, principal ; 31 teachers. Enrolment, 1,296. 
 
 Boulevard — Kinsman Road, cor. East Boulevard, S. E. Eva E. 
 Sheppard, principal; 24 teachers. Enrolment, 1,026. 
 
 Boys' — ^West Twenty-ninth Street, cor. Clinton Avenue. H. 0. 
 Merriman, principal ; 14 teachers. Enrolment, 740. 
 
 Broadway — Broadway, cor. Worley Avenue, S. E. Mary G. 
 Strachan, principal ; 22 teachers. Enrolment, 772. 
 
 Browuell — East Fourteenth Street, cor. Sumner. George E. 
 Whitman, principal ; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 687. 
 
 Buhrer — Buhrer Avenue, near Scranton Road, S. W. Hattie E. 
 Walker, principal; 17 teachers. Enrolment, 735. 
 
 Case — East Fortieth Street, cor. Cooper Avenue. Jennie A. Glee- 
 son, principal ; 21 teachers. Enrolment, 804. 
 
 Case — Woodland (Training School) — Woodland Avenue, cor. 
 East Fortieth Street. Annie J. Robinson, principal; 26 teachei-s. 
 Enrolment, 896. 
 
 Central — Central Avenue, cor. East Sixty-fifth Street. Lora 
 Henderson, principal; 37 teachers. Enrolment, 1,052. 
 
 Chesterfield — Chesterfield Avenue, cor. East One Hundi-ed and 
 Twenty-third Street. Christine A. Ringle, principal; 21 teachers. 
 Enrolment, 781. 
 
 Clark — Clark Avenue, cor. West Fifty -sixth Street. Sarah 
 Raines, principal ; 19 teachers. Enrolment, 799. 
 
 Collinwood — East One Hundred and Fifty-second Street, cor. 
 School Avenue. Clara Stewart, principal ; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 
 663. 
 
 Columbia — Columbia Avenue, near East One Hundred and Fifth 
 Street. Alia C. Sloan, principal; 33 teachers. Enrolment, 1,500. 
 
 Corlctt — Corlett Avenue, cor. East One Hundred and Thirty-first 
 Street. Charlotte Norton, principal; 15 teachers. Enrolment, 829. 
 
 Dawning — Dawning Avenue, near West Thirty-fifth Street. 
 Anna Clans, principal ; 26 teachers. Enrolment, 1,051. 
 
 Denison — Denison Avenue, near West Twenty-fifth Street. 
 Katherinc Lang, principal; 27 teachers. Enrolment, 1,106. 
 
 Detroit — Detroit Avenue, cor. West Forty-ninth Street. II. E.
 
 1918] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 389 
 
 Beatley, principal; .Vuiia M. Christian, co-principal; 5 teachers. En- 
 rolment, 201. 
 
 Dike — East Sixty-fourth Street, eor. Outhwaite Avenue. Bessie 
 M. Corlett, principal ; 27 teachere. Enrolment, 1,100. 
 
 Doan — East One Hmulrcd and Fifth Street, cor. Boulevard 
 Court. Laura K. Collister, principal; 19 teachers. Enrolment, 797. 
 
 Dunham — East Sixty-sixth Street, cor. Lexington Avenue. 
 Martha A. Stewart, principal ; 20 teachere. Enrolment, 920. 
 
 Eagle — Eagle Avenue, near East Ninth Street. Sara E. Slawson, 
 principal ; 23 teachers. P^nrolment, 770. 
 
 East Boulevard — East Boulevard, cor. Woodland Avenue. Effie 
 A. Van ]\Ieter, principal; 31 teachers. Enrolment, 1,111. 
 
 East Clark (Collinwood) — East One Hundred and Forty-seventh 
 Street, north of St. Clair Avenue. Elizjiheth L Corris, principal; 22 
 teachers. Enrolment, 1,043. 
 
 I'^ast Denison — Denison Avenue, near "West Fifteenth Street. 
 Bridget L. Gafney, principal ; 22 teachers. Enrolment, 842. 
 
 East Madison — Addison Road, corner Carl Avenue, N. E. Mary 
 A. Whelan, principal; 29 teachers. Enrolment, 999. 
 
 Euclid Park — Stop 4. Euclid Avenue. Edna G. Connolly, princi- 
 pal ; 4 teachers. Enrolment, 121. 
 
 Fowler — Fowler Avenue, near Broadway, S. E. Eva Venderink, 
 principal ; 20 teachers. Enrolment, 607. 
 
 Fruitland — West One Hundred and Sixteenth Street, cor. Locust 
 Avenue. N. W. Ella B. Money, principal; 11 teachers. Enrolment, 
 42G. 
 
 Fullerton — FuUerton Avenue, near East Fifty-seventh Street. 
 Florence E. McEachren, principal; 25 teachers. Enrolment, 824. 
 
 Giddings — East Seventy-first Street, between Cedar and Central 
 Avenues. Mary A. Morrow, principal; 32 teachers. Enrolment, 952. 
 
 Gilbert — West Fifty-eighth Street, near Storer Avenue. Nelie L. 
 Coleman, principal ; 31 teachers. Enrolment, 1,264. 
 
 Gordon — West Sixty-fifth Street, south of Lorain Avenue. Lucia 
 C. Wilcox, principal; 13 teachers. Enrolment, 654. 
 
 Halle — Halle Avenue, near West Eighty-second Street. Carrie E. 
 Broadwell, principal ; 17 teachers. Enrolment, 710. 
 
 Harmon — Woodland Avenue, cor. Ea.st Twentieth Street. Lena C. 
 Albinger, principal ; 19 teachers. Enrolment, 732. 
 
 Harvard — Harvard Avenue, near East Seventy-first Street. Eliza- 
 beth Messenger, principal : 22 teachers. Enrolment, 827. 
 
 Hazeldell — East One Hundred and Twenty-third Street, south of 
 St. Clair Avenue. Emma L. Shuart, principal ; 38 teachers. Enrol- 
 ment, 1,733.
 
 390 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 Hicks — West Twent.y-fourth Street, between Bridge and Lorain 
 Avenues. Belle Bolton, principal; 28 teachers. Enrolment, 1,111. 
 
 Hodge — East Seventy-fourth Street, between St. Clair and Supe- 
 rior Avenues. Augusta C. Thompson, principal ; 26 teachers. Enrol- 
 ment, 860. 
 
 Hough — Hough Avenue, near East Eighty-ninth Street. Annie E. 
 Salter, principal ; 24 teachers. Enrolment, 1,059. 
 
 Huck — East Forty-ninth Street, cor. Chard Avenue. Nellie D. 
 Knight, principal; 13 teachers. Enrolment, 478. 
 
 Kennard — East Forty-sixth Street, south of Scovill Avenue. Co- 
 \ delia L. 'Neill, principal ; 34 teachers. Enrolment, 1,158. 
 
 
 JSS 
 
 sSiSis WimM 
 
 I is II H Bill 
 
 HazeldeIjL St:i 101)1, 
 
 Kentucky — West Thirty-eighth Street, near Franklin Avenue. 
 Emma K. Hinckley, principal ; 20 teachers. Enrolment, 741. 
 
 Kinsman — Kinsman Road, cor. East Seventy-ninth Street. Ellen 
 R. Scrogie, principal ; 37 teaehei-s. Enrolment, 1,471. 
 
 Lake (Watterson Relief) — Lake Avenue, near West Kiglity-third 
 Street. Elizabeth Whitney princii)al ; 2 teachei-s. (See Watterson.) 
 
 Landon — West Ninety-sixth Street, lietween Dcti'oit mid West 
 Madison avenues. IMay French, principal ; 18 teachers. l<',nroliiieiit, 
 741. 
 
 Lawn — Lawn Avenue, between West Seventy-third anil West 
 Seventy -sixth streets. Estelle B. Orr, principal; 1-( teachers. En- 
 rolment, 591.
 
 1918] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 391 
 
 Lincoln — East Eighty-third Street, near Piatt Avenue. Jennie 
 R. Horton, principal; 25 teachers. Enrolment, 1,009. 
 
 Longwood — East Thirty-fifth Street, between Scovill and Wood- 
 land Avenues. Selda Cook, principal; 23 teachers. Enrolment, 743. 
 
 Marion — Marion Avenue, cor. East Twenty-fourth Street. Chris- 
 tine F. Walker, principal ; 23 teachers. Enrolment, 833. 
 
 Mayflower — East Thirty-first Street, cor. Orange Avenue. Mor- 
 ton L. Dartt, principal ; 38 teachers. Enrolment, 1,147. 
 
 Memorial — East One Fluiidred and Fifty-second Street, near 
 Lucknow Avenue. Anna E. Latimer, principal ; 31 teachers. En- 
 rolment, 1,374. 
 
 Memphis — Mempliis Avenue, cor. West Forty-first Street. Es- 
 telle M. Pinhard, principal; 17 teachers. Enrolment, 761. 
 
 Meyer — Meyer Avenue, cor. West Thirtieth Street. Relief for 
 Mill; 2 teachers. 
 
 Miles — Miles Avenue, cor. East One Hundred and Eighteenth 
 Street. Hettie J. Davis, principal ; 24 teachers. Enrolment, 1,091. 
 
 Miles Park — Miles Park Avenue, cor. East Ninetv-third Street. 
 Bertha RL Kolbe, principal ; 20 teachers. Enrolment, 827. 
 
 Milford — West Forty-sixth Street, cor. Eichorn Avenue. Clara 
 Mayer, principal ; 35 teachers. Enrolment, 1,403. 
 
 Jlill— Walton Avenue, cor. West Thirtieth Street. Cathrine D. 
 Ross, principal ; 17 teachers. Enrolment, 617. 
 
 Moulton — Bosworth Road (West One Hundred and Twelfth 
 Street) south of Lorain Avenue. Flora McElroy, principal; 9 teach- 
 ers. Enrolment, 351. 
 
 Mound — Mound Avenue, opposite East Fifty-fifth Street. Jus- 
 tine M. Ansman, principal ; 22 teachers. Enrolment, 728. 
 
 Mt. Pleasant — Union Avenue, cor. East One Hundred and Six- 
 teenth Street. Lillian S. Newell, principal; 33 teachers. Enrolment, 
 1,493. 
 
 Murray Hill — Murray Hill Road, near Mayfield Road, S. E. Lil- 
 lian T. Murney, principal ; 57 teachers. Enrolment, 2,282. 
 
 North Doan — East One Hundred and Fifth Street, north of St. 
 Clair Avenue. Zula L. Bruce, principal; 21 teachers. Enrolment, 
 929. 
 
 Nottingham — Nottingliam Road, cor. Waterloo Road, N. E. Dora 
 M. Nourse, principal ; 18 teachers. Enrolment, 811. 
 
 Observation (Normal Training) — Steams Road, near University 
 Circle, S. E. Georgie Clark, principal; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 
 605.
 
 392 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 Orchard — Orchard Avenue, opposite West Forty-second Street. 
 Harriet Reichert, principal ; 31 teachers. Enrolment, 1,069. 
 
 Outhwaite — Outhwaite Avenue, near East Fiftieth Street. Julia 
 Mulrooney, principal; 48 teachers. Enrolment, 1,677. 
 
 Parkwood — Parkwood Drive, cor. Tacoma Avenue, N. E. Bessie 
 Perley, principal; 18 teachers. Enrolment, 774. 
 
 Pearl — Pearl Road, opposite IMemphis Avenue, S. W. Myrtle L. 
 Benedict, principal ; 10 teachers. Enrolment, 463. 
 
 Prescott — West One Hundred and Fifth Street, near Lorain Ave- 
 nue. Relief for Moulton School ; 2 teachers. 
 
 Quincy — Quincy Avenue, near East Seventy-seventh Street. Net- 
 tie J. Rice, principal ; 22 teachers. Enrolment, 862. 
 
 Rawlings — Rawlings Avenue, near East Seventy-fifth Street. 
 Clara E. LjTich, principal ; 24 teachers. Enrolment, 907. 
 
 Rice — Buckeye Road, cor. East One Hundred and Sixteenth 
 Street. Helen A. McHugh, principal ; 45 teachers. Enrolment, 1,958. 
 
 Rockwell — Rockwell Avenue, cor. East Sixth Sti'eet. Fannie Mar- 
 shall, principal ; 2 teachers. Enrolment, 65. (Also school headquar- 
 ters.) 
 
 Rosedale — East One Hundred and Fifteenth Street, between 
 Wade Park and Superior avenues. Elizabeth Sprague, principal; 25 
 teachers. Enrolment, 1,081. 
 
 St. Clair — St. Clair Avenue, near East Twenty-first Street. 
 Margaret A. Mulhern, principal ; 20 teachers. Enrolment, 848. 
 
 Sackett — Sackett Avenue, near Fulton Road, S. W. Martha A. 
 House, principal ; 29 teachers. Enrolment, 1,167. 
 
 Scranton — Scranton Road, cor. Vega Avenue, S. W. Ida M. 
 Edgerton, principal ; 23 teachers. Enrolment, 731. 
 
 Sibley — Carnegie Avenue, near East Fifty-fifth Street. Emily 
 Shaw, principal; 23 teachers. Enrolment, 953. 
 
 South — St. Clair Avenue and Tvanhoe Road, N. E. Frank P. 
 Whitney, principal; 8 teachers. Enrolment, 304. (See Collinwood 
 Junior High.) 
 
 South Case — East Fortieth Street, cor. Central Avenue. Maude 
 Burroughs, principal ; 28 teachers. Enrolment. 986. 
 
 Sowinski — Sowinski Avenue, near East Seventy-ninth Street. 
 Margaret McCarthy, principal; 28 teachers. Enrolment, 890. 
 
 Stanard — Stanard Avenue, near East Fifty-fiftli Street. Jennie 
 R. Wilson, principal ; 22 teacher.s. Enrolment, 822. 
 
 Sterling — Cedar Avenue, cor. Ea.st Thirtieth Street. Laura A. 
 Johnston, principal ; 21 teachers. Enrolment, 804.
 
 1918] THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 393 
 
 Tod — East Sixty-til'th Street, cor. Watcrmau Avenue. Mary E. 
 Howlett, principal; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 561. 
 
 Tremont — Trcniont Avenue, cor. West Tenth Street. Hannah 
 Handler, principal ; 44 teachers. Enrolment, 1,834. 
 
 Union — Union Avenue, near Broadway, S. B. Ida B. Malone, 
 principal ; 26 teachers. Enrolment, 925. 
 
 Wade — Wade Avenue, cor. West Thirtieth Street. Kclief for Mill 
 School; 3 teachers. 
 
 Wade Park — Wade Park Avenue, near Addison Road, N. E. 
 Harriet E. Chase, principal; 20 teachers. Enrolment, 845. 
 
 Walton— Walton Avenue, cor. Fulton Road, S. W. Mary I. Wal- 
 ker, principal ; 22 teachers. Enrolment, 886. 
 
 Waring — East Tliirty-first Street, near Payne Avenue. Kath- 
 erine M. Grayell, principal ; 19 teachers. Enrolment, 760. 
 
 Warner — Warner Road, near Jeffries Avenue, S. E. Eva L. 
 Banning, principal; 17 teachers. Enrolment, 739. 
 
 Warren — Warren Avenue, near Dille Avenue, S. E. Lena M. 
 Bankhardt, principal; 26 teachers. Enrolment, 1,064. 
 
 Wasliiiigton Park — Aljjha Aven\ie, near Washington Park Boule- 
 vard, S. E. May G. Swaine, principal ; 10 teachers. Enrolment, 359. 
 
 Wattoi"son- — Detroit Avenue, cor. West Seventy-fourth Street. 
 Elizabeth Whitney, principal ; 16 teachers. Enrolment, 563. 
 
 Wavcrly — West Fifty-eiglith Street, near Bridge Avenue. Eliza- 
 beth Keegan, principal; 17 teachers. Enrolment, 615. 
 
 Willard — Willard Avenue, cor. West Ninety-third Street, N. W. 
 Eva ITutehins, principal ; 19 teachers. Enrolment, 738. 
 
 Willson (Training School)— East Fifty-fifth Street, near White 
 Avenue. Harriet E. Corlett, principal ; 19 teachers. Enrolment, 791. 
 
 Woodland — Buckeye Road, near Woodliill Road, S. E. Sara M. 
 Horton, principal ; 35 teachers. Enrolment, 1,414. 
 
 Woodland Hills — East Ninety-third Street, cor. Union Avenue. 
 Emily G. Wheatley, principal; 25 teachers. Enrolment, 1.056. 
 
 Wooldridge — Grand Avenue, cor. Kinsman Road, S. E. Rose 
 L. McCoart, principal; 37 teachers. Enrolment, 1,346. 
 
 Special Schools 
 
 School for the Deaf — East Fifty-fifth Street, opposite Quincy 
 Avenue. Grace C. Burton, principal; 15 teachers. Enrolment, 122. 
 
 School for Crippled Children— at Willson School, East Fifty- 
 fifth Street. Alice Christianar, principal ; 6 teachers. Enrolment, 
 118. These pupils are carried to and from school at the expense of 
 the Hoard of education.
 
 394 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXII 
 
 In addition to the special schools just mentioned there are manual 
 training and domestic science classes (William E. Roberts, supervi- 
 sor) at forty schools; classes for the blind (Robert B. Irwin, super- 
 visor) at eleven schools; classes for defectives at twentj^-five schools; 
 classes for backward children at nineteen schools ; a class for tubercu- 
 lar children at the "Warrensville Farm (city) sanatorium; open air 
 classes at six schools; one school at the Children's Fresh Air Camp 
 and Hospital; one for epilei:)tics at Brownell Scliool; "steamer" 
 classes for foreign-born pupils beginning English at four schools; 
 and "kindergartens" at eighty-nine schools. The number of persons 
 employed by the board of education in the educational department 
 (superintendent, supervisors, teachers, etc.) in June, 1918, was 
 3,198; the value of property owned, including lands, buildings, and 
 equipment, was approximately .$17,000,000. 
 
 In September, 1918, the Longwood High School of Commerce was 
 opened in the building of the Longwood Elementary School on East 
 Thirty-fifth Street, between Woodland and Seovill avenues, with 
 Harry A. Bathriek as principal. In a new building on East Forty- 
 ninth Street, between Gladstone and Wellesley avenues, the Glad- 
 stone Elementary School was opened with Clara E. Lynch as princi- 
 pal. 
 
 The continued growth of the Cleveland public schools, in spite 
 of the great demand for labor occasioned by the World war, is shown 
 in the enrolment for the opening month (October) of 1918 as com- 
 pared with that of the corresponding month of 1917. The increase 
 is shown in the following official report : 
 
 1917 1918 
 
 Elementary scliools 77.022 76,G13 
 
 Kindergartens 7,511 8,002 
 
 Special elementary classes 2,343 1,513 
 
 Special schools 550 584 
 
 Junior high schools 4,757 10,335 
 
 Senior high schools 8,959 9,619 
 
 Normal schools 270 196 
 
 Totals 101,412 106,862 
 
 The falling off in tlie elemcntaiy schools was only apparent, it 
 being due to the transfer of seventh and eighth grade classes to 
 junior high schools. The only decrca.sed attendance was in special 
 clas.ses and at the Normal school. There w'cre, in October, 1918, 4,904 
 pupils in academic high schools, 1,459 in commercial high schools, 
 and 3,256 in technical high schools.
 
 CHAPTER XXIII 
 
 OTHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 
 
 Broad as are the activities and strong as are the influenees of 
 Cleveland's public schools, there are other educational agencies in 
 operation to meet the needs and aspirations of many of her citizens. 
 Thus we have private and parochial schools ; colleges and universities ; 
 public, professional, and other libraries; historical and scientific so- 
 cieties, etc., all opening wide their doors and persuasively inviting to 
 participation in the opportunities that they offer. Institutions of tliis 
 character are so numerous in Cleveland that not all of them may be 
 mentioned in these pages. This chapter is devoted to a brief consid- 
 eration of some of the most important. 
 
 Western Reserve University 
 By Dr. Charles Francis Thiving, President 
 
 Western Reserve University had its origin in the foundation made 
 in the year 1826, at Hudson, Ohio. This foundation represented 
 what became known as Western Reserve College. It was laid to give 
 educational facilities, under the auspices of the Congregational and 
 Presbyterian churches, to the young men of Northern Ohio. The 
 history of the college for the next years following its founding was 
 the history of most home missionary colleges — high scholarly ideals 
 hampered in their attainment by the lack of pecuniary resources. 
 But the high scholarly ideals wei-e, in the old Western Reserve, higher 
 than in most institutions of its character. For the college numbered 
 among its teachers, Charles Backus Storrs, of whom Whittier wrote 
 some noble verses, Laurens Perseus Hickok. Samuel C. Bartlett, Cle- 
 ment Long, philosophers and theologians, Elias Loomis, the mathe- 
 matician, Nathan Perkins Seymour, Thomas Day Seymour (father and 
 son), the Hellenists, Charles A. Young, the astronomer, Samuel St. 
 John, the scientist, and Edward G. Bourne, the historian. All these 
 scholars arc dead, but their places have been taken by worthy suc- 
 cessors. 
 
 395
 
 The Main Jjnii.DiNci. Adei.hkrt College
 
 398 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 lu this period, the Cleveland Medical School, situated in Cleve- 
 land, became connected with' the college largely for the purpose of 
 granting degrees. In the year 1882, however, the college was moved 
 to Cleveland. In 18S0, Amasa Stone of Cleveland offered the college 
 $500,000 upon the condition that the institution be transferred to 
 Cleveland, that it occupy a suitable site to be given by the citizens, 
 and that its name be changed to "Adelbert College of Western Re- 
 serve University." This name represented a memorial to Mr. Stone's 
 only son, Adelbert Stone, who had been drowned while a student at 
 Yale College. The offer was accepted. In 1882, Adelbert College 
 received its first students in Cleveland. The new campus consisted 
 of twenty-two acres, opposite a park which had been given to the 
 city by Jeptha H. "Wade. Two buildings were erected. One build- 
 ing served for the purposes of instruction, with central offices, chapel, 
 library and museum, the other for a dormitory and refectory. 
 
 In 1884, a formal charter was granted to Western Reserve Uni- 
 versity. With the grant of that formal charter, a new and enlarged 
 era for the university obtained. 
 
 To the univei-sity thus established there have been added, in the 
 successive years, the following departments : 
 
 The College for Women, established in 1888 ; 
 
 The Graduate School, established in 1892 by the Faculties of 
 Adelbert College and the College for Women ; 
 
 The Franklin Thomas Backus Law School, established in 1892; 
 
 The Dental School, established in 1892 ; 
 
 The Library' School, established in 1904 ; 
 
 The School of Pharmacy, established in 1882 as the Cleveland 
 School of Pharmacy, and made a part of Western Reserve Univereity 
 in 1908: 
 
 The School of Education : Summer Session, established in 1915 ; 
 
 The School of Applied Social Sciences, established in 1915. 
 
 The amount of property, real and invested, of the University now 
 amounts to ten million dollars. The number of all former students 
 and graduates is about twenty tliousand. The ninnial enrolment of 
 students is thirty-five hundred. 
 
 Case School of Applied Science 
 By Professor A. S. Wright, Case School 
 
 Case School of Applied Science was founded in 1880 by Leonard 
 Case, Jr. In the year 1864, he had enter/^d upon the inheritance of 
 the estate of his father, Leonard Case, Sr. A graduate of Yale and
 
 400 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 of the Cincinnati School of Law, a man of letters, widely traveled, and 
 regarding his inheritance as a trust, he resolved to devote the major 
 part of it to the establishment of a school of science. 
 
 On April 6, 1880, in accordance with deeds of trust pi'eviously 
 executed, Case School of Applied Science was duly incorporated 
 under the laws of Ohio. The following names were attached to the 
 original articles of incorporation : 
 
 James D. Cleveland, R. P. Ranney, Levi Kei-r, Reuben Hitchcock, 
 J. H. Devereux, A. Bradley, Henry G. Abbey, W. S. Streator, Samuel 
 Williamson, T. P. Handy, J. H. Wade, E. B. Hale, H. B. Payne, 
 James J. Tracy, and Joseph Perkins. 
 
 These men represented the best citizenship of Cleveland, and the 
 success of the school from the beginning has been largely due to the 
 loyalty and wisdom of the governing boards who have administered 
 its funds. The corporation, which now numbers twenty-two, elects 
 seven trustees who hold monthly meetings and shape the policies of 
 the institution. The immediate management of the finances is in- 
 trusted to the president of the board of trustees and a treasurer. 
 During the thirty-eight years of its existence only two men have tilled 
 this position — ]\Ir. Ileniy G. Abbey and Mr. Eckstein Case. To them 
 has been largely due the unity of policy resulting in the marked 
 increase of the funds of the original endowment, pennitting a corre- 
 sponding widening of the scope of instruction. 
 
 The institution has had two presidents — Pi'esident Cady Staley 
 and President Charles S. Howe. Their long administrations have 
 made possible definiteness of plans in a scheme of education which 
 now embraces all the main branches of engineering. 
 
 The coui-ses of instruction include civil engineering, mechanical 
 engineering, electrical engineering, mining engineering, metallurgical 
 engineering, and chemical engineering, and physics. The policy of the 
 institution has been to limit its instruction to strictly engineering sub- 
 jects, thereby giving its diploma a definite value. 
 
 The growth of the scliool lias been rapid, though a high standard 
 of scholar.ship has been sought rather than an increase of inimbers. 
 The class of 1885, the first graduated, luunbered five; that of 1895, 
 twenty-seven; that of 1905, eighty-two, and that of 1915. one liundred 
 and two. Of recent years the entering clji.s,ses average about one hun- 
 dred and eighty, and the total number of students reaches 550. The 
 faculty has fifty regular instructors, l)esides a staff of lecturers. The 
 total inunber of alumni is 1,498, of wliom 584 reside at present in 
 Cleveland. 
 
 The various courses are arranged so as to maintain a just balance 
 between theory and practice. Each course gives a Ihoi-ougli and prac-
 
 1885-1918] CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE 401 
 
 tical training in its liold and requires four years for its completion. 
 For proficieney in any course the degree of Bachelor of Science is 
 conferred. 
 
 During the lirst year, llie work is tiic same for all regular students. 
 At the end of this j'ear, the student is expected, with the advice of the 
 instructors, to select one of the regular courses of study to be pursued 
 for the following three yeai-s. The work of the second year begins 
 with preparatory studies related to the special subject selected ; as 
 the course develops, it becomes increasingly specialized, so that, 
 toward the close of the course, the student's entire time is devoted to 
 one department. 
 
 The distinguishing feature of the work is the stress laid upon 
 practical training as a source of mental discipline as well as a prep- 
 aration for active pursuits. Practically one-half of each day is spent 
 in the laboratory, in the drawing room or in field work. p]very candi- 
 date for a degree must present a thesis upon some technical or scien- 
 tific subject, selected by him with the approval of the professor in 
 charge of the department in which tlic degree is sought. 
 
 In accordance with an agreement between Adelbert College and 
 Case School of Applied Science, students entering Adelbert College 
 may, under certain conditions, complete the courses in both institu- 
 tions within a period of five j-ears. 
 
 The first three years are spent at Adelbert College, the last two 
 at Case School of Applied Science. On the successful completion of 
 the work, the student is awarded the degrees of Iwth institutions. 
 
 The spirit of this ari'angcment is observed in the admission of 
 men from other colleges. In each graduating class there is a consid- 
 erable number of men who are either gi-aduates of other institutions 
 or have pursued part of their stvidies in them. 
 
 The institution has alwaj^s laid emphasis upon research work and 
 the trustees have made generous appropriations for the equipment of 
 laboratories for this purpose. The ends in view have been to stimu- 
 late a spirit for original investigation among the students, to render 
 practical assistance to the industries, and to add to the world's knowl- 
 edge in the various fields of scientific investigation. In the domains 
 of both pure and applied science results have been obtained which 
 have received wide recognition in our own and foreign lands. 
 
 In view of the thoroughness of its equipment and the scope and 
 quality of its instruction, Case School of Applied Science was one of 
 the first group of institutions to receive recognition by the Carnegie 
 Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. 
 
 The world war has made serious inroads upon attendance, but the 
 
 Vol. I— J«
 
 402 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 institution, as a school of science, has been able to render signal 
 service to the country. During the first year of American participa- 
 tion in the war, about five lumdred of the alumni and under-graduates 
 were engaged in government service, ililitary instruction was made 
 compulsory for all students, new courses introduced under govern- 
 ment direction, changes made in tlie curriculum to meet the needs 
 of the hour and the entire ecjuipment of the school placed at the dis- 
 posal of the government. 
 
 Case School has made valuable contributions to the civic and indus- 
 trial life of the community. As officials of the city, as active par- 
 ticipants in the work of the Chamber of Commerce, as members of 
 commissions in charge of engineering enterprises, as managers and 
 superintendents of great industries, its graduates have rendered dis- 
 tinguished services. The influence of the school is growing and, as 
 the efficiency of its training increases, a closer co-ordination of its 
 work with that of the industries is being effected. The city of Cleve- 
 land justly takes pi-ide in its school of engineering. Its founders 
 builded more wisely than they knew. To Leonard Case, Sr., whose 
 business acumen made the foundation possible, and to Leonard Case, 
 Jr., who dedicated his fortune to the cause of education, the city, the 
 state and the country owe a lasting debt of gratitude. 
 
 The UNivERSiTy School 
 Bij Harry A. Peters, Principal 
 
 University School was estalilished in 1890 liy a group of Cleve- 
 land's leading men, witli a view to keeping their sons at home during 
 college preparation. The officers and executive committee then were 
 Judge Samuel Williamson, president; Samuel Mather, vice-president; 
 AV. E. Cushing, secretary; D. Z. Norton, treasurer; J. IT. l\IcBride, 
 H. S. Sherman, C. W. Bingham, E. P. Williams, and P. P. Whitman. 
 
 The school has had three principals: Newton M. Anderson (18!)0- 
 1900), a graduate of Ohio State Cniversity and former principal of 
 the Cleveland ]\Ianual Training Scliool ; George I). Tettee (1900-1908). 
 Yale, '87, for a time connected with Phillips Academy, Andover, 
 Mass.; and Harry A. Peters (1908- ), Yale, "02, a memlicr of the 
 University School faculty for si.\ years prior to 1908. 
 
 Among the present trustees are the following meiul)ers of the 
 original board : ^Messrs. Samuel Mather, Bishop Ijconard, Prof. F. P. 
 AVhitman and D. Z. Norton. The foHowing five members of the pres- 
 ent board are sons of first members : Malcolm L. McBride, H. S.
 
 404 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 Piekands, H. S. Sherman, R. J. Biilkley and A. C. Brown, all being 
 graduates of the school. 
 
 The equipment in buildings and grounds comprises a main build- 
 ing, a dormitory, an elementary scliool, an athletic cage, and a field 
 of about seven acres. The main building contains an assembly hall 
 with pipe organ, recitation rooms, library, three manual training 
 shops, gymnasium, swimming pool, instrumental music rooms and 
 dining rooms. Milden Hall, the dormitory, provides accommodations 
 for forty boys whose homes may be too far away to permit day attend- 
 ance only. The Lower School meets the needs of boys from six to 
 twelve years of age. The equipment for outdoor athletics includes 
 football and baseball fields, quarter-mile and 220-yard straightaway 
 cinder tracks, and seven tennis courts, which are flooded for skating 
 in the winter. 
 
 Throughout its history, the institution has been an all-day school 
 of the Unpe of the Country Day School. The aim has been, and is, 
 to occupy boys all day in academic, manual and physical activities. 
 
 The academic training has lieen directed primarily at college prep- 
 aration. Practically all of the school's graduates enter college. 
 Among the list of over 600 have been many names famous in college 
 activities of every kind. Successful achievement in business life, too, 
 has been the record, and many of Cleveland's most prominent younger 
 men are graduates of University School. 
 
 The manual work consists of drawing and construction work in the 
 early grades. This is fdllowed by woodshop from gi-ades V to IX for 
 all boys, and above that by nuichine tool and forge work, and by 
 mechanical drawing for boys going to engineering schools. 
 
 Physical training is especially emphasized because of the very 
 important bearing of a man's vitality on his work. Every form of 
 outdoor sport is participated in by the boys, and the field is alive 
 with activity for almost all of even' day. Boxing, wrestling, swim- 
 ming, and basket ball hold fortli indoors, together with gymnasium 
 exercises for special correction and develoinnent. Setting-up exer- 
 cises, along the lines of the army training, are given eonstantlj^ to all 
 the boys from the first grade to the twelfth. Kemarkable results are 
 secured not onlj- for Varsity teams, but for the ordinary boy wlio 
 is usually overlooked elsewhere. 
 
 A troop of boy scouts has been established and military drill is 
 given to boys in the ujiper four classes. These matters and a par- 
 ticipation by the .school in a jiractical way in the Tjiberty Loan. 
 Y. M. C. A. and Red Cross campaigns of the great war, indicate its 
 present intimate contact with life. The presence iu the country's
 
 1880-1918] A JESUIT COLLEGE 405 
 
 senice during the fii-st six months of 180 of University Scliool grad- 
 uates shows that their training has been real and effective. 
 
 St. Ignatius College 
 By th< llcv. ^yilUam B. Sommerkauser, S. J. 
 
 St. Ignatius College, for more than thirty years Cleveland's in- 
 stitution of highor learning for Catholic youth, owes its origin to the 
 Rt. Kev. Richard Uilmour, D. D., the second bishop of the Cleveland 
 diocese. A great champion of education, he had an intimate knowl- 
 edge of the various systems followed by schools both at home and 
 abroad, and of these he felt a special preference for the educational 
 system of the Jesuits ; for he was aware of its long trial and proverbial 
 success. 
 
 The system is guided by the principles set forth in the Ratio 
 Studiarum, a body of rules and suggestions outlined by. the most 
 prominent Jesuit educatoi-s in 1599, revised in 1832, and att<>ndcd up 
 to the present day with unfailing success. The educational system 
 in use at St. Ignatius College is substantially the same as that em- 
 ployed in two hundred and twenty-seven educational institutions con- 
 ducted by the Society of Jesus in nearly all parts of the world. 
 
 Truly psychological in its methods, and based upon the very 
 nature of man's mental processes, it secures on the one hand that 
 stability so essential in educational thoroughness, while on the other 
 it is elastic and makes liberal allowance for the widely varj'ing circum- 
 stances of time and place. While retaining, as far as possible, all 
 that is unquestionably valuable in the older learning, it adopts and in- 
 corporates the best results of modern progress. It is a noteworthy 
 fact, however, that many of the recently devised methods of teaching, 
 such as the Natural, the Inductive and similar methods, are admitted- 
 ly and in reality mere revivals of devices recommended long ago by 
 the Ratio Studiontm. 
 
 As understood by the Jesuits, education in its complete sense 
 is the full and harmonious development of all those faculties that 
 are distinctive of man. It is more than mere instruction or the com- 
 munication of knowledge. The requirement of knowledge, though it 
 necessarily pertains to any recognized system of education, is only a 
 secondary result of education itself. Learning is an instrument of 
 education which has for its end culture, and mental and moral devel- 
 opment. 
 
 Consonant with this view of the purpose of education, it is clear
 
 406 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 that onh' such means as science, language and the rest, be chosen both 
 in kind and amount, as will effectively further the purpose of edu- 
 cation itself. A student can not be forced, within the short period of 
 his school course and with his immature faculties, to study a multiplic- 
 ity of the languages and sciences into which the vast world of 
 knowledge has been scientifically divided. It is evident, therefore, 
 that the purpose of the mental training given is not proximately to 
 fit the student for some special employment or profession, but to give 
 him such a general, vigorous and rounded development as will enable 
 
 k 
 
 ii II li lii s 
 I \\\iV 
 
 St. Ign.vtius Com.kc.k Buiij)Ing 
 
 liiiii to cope sncccsst'ully even with tlic unforeseen emergencies of 
 life. While afl:'ording mental stability, it tends to remove the insular- 
 ity of thought and want of mental elasticity which is one of the most 
 hopeless anil dislieartening results of specialization on the part of 
 students wlio have not brought to their studies the uniform mental 
 training given by a systematic high school course. The stuilies, there- 
 fore, are .so graded and classified as to be adapted to the mental 
 growth of the student and to the scientific unfolding of knowledge. 
 They arc so chosen and communicated that the student will gradu- 
 ally and hfirinoniously reach, as nearly as may be, that measure of 
 rullurc of which he is capable.
 
 1918] A JESUIT COLLEGE 407 
 
 It is fundamental in the Jesuit system that different studies have 
 distinct educational values. Mathematics, the natural sciences, 
 lanjifuage and history, are eomi)leineiitary instruments of ed\ieation 
 to wliie-li the doctrine of e(|uivaleiits can not be applied. The s[)ecific 
 training given by one can not be supplied by another. The best 
 educators of the present day are bcfrinning to realize more fully than 
 ever before that ju-esciMiied curricula, embracing well-chosen and co- 
 ordinated studies, aH'ord the student a nu)re efficient means of mental 
 cultivation and development. This, however, does not prohibit the 
 ottering of moi-e than one of such systematic courses, as for instance, 
 the classical and the scientific, in view of the future career of the indi- 
 vidual. While recognizing the importance of mathematics and the 
 natural sciences, the Jesuit system of education has unwaveringly 
 kept language in a position of honor, as an instrument of culture. 
 Mathematics and the natural sciences bring the student into contact 
 with the material aspects of nature and exercise the deductive and in- 
 ductive powers of reason. Language and history effect a higher 
 iniion. They are manifestations of spirit to spirit, and by their study 
 aiul for their acquirement the whole mind of uuin is brought into 
 widest and subtlest play. The acquisition of language especially 
 calls for delicacy of judgment and fineness of jierception, and for a 
 constant, keen and quick use of the reasoning powers. 
 
 Furthermore, the Jesuit system does not share the delusion of 
 those who imagine that education, understood as an enriching and 
 stimulating of the intellectual faculties, has of itself a morally elevat- 
 ing influence in human life. . While conceding the effects of educa- 
 tion in energizing and refining the student's imagination, taste, un- 
 derstanding and power of observation, it has always held that knowl- 
 edge and intellectual development, of themselves, have no moral 
 efficacy. Religion alone can purify the heart and guide and 
 strengthen the will. This being the case, the Jesuit system aims at 
 developing side by side the moral and intellectual faculties of the 
 student, and sending forth into the world men of sound judgment, of 
 acute and rounded intellect, of upright and manly conscience. It 
 maintains that to be effective, morality is to be taught continuously; 
 it must be the underlying base, the vital force supporting and animat- 
 ing the organic structure of education. It must be the atmosphere 
 that the student breathes; it must suffuse with its light all that he 
 reads, illuminating what is noble and exposing what is base, giving to 
 the true and the false their relative light and shade. In a word, the 
 purpose of Jesuit teaching is to lay a solid sub-structure in the whole 
 mind and character for any superstructure of science, professional
 
 408 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 and special, as well as for the upbuilding of moral life, civil and 
 religious. 
 
 Fully convinced of the excellence of the Jesuit system of educa- 
 tion and its good results, Bishop Gilmour, who had long desired the 
 erection of a college for the education of the Catholic youth of 
 Cleveland, earnestly pressed the Jesuit Fathers in 1880 to undertake 
 
 TlIK l\i;v. WllJ-IAM 15. SOMMERllAUSEU, S. J. 
 
 the new enterprise. Having purchased a site on West Thirtieth Street 
 and Carroll Avenue, the Jesuits at once began the erection of a 
 temporary but substantial frame building. When its doors were 
 opened in September, 1886, tlie numljcr of eager students that flocked 
 to register for the first session made it evident that the temporary
 
 1918] A JESUIT COLLEGE 409 
 
 strui^turu would soon prove inadequate. Accordingly, they imme- 
 diately began the coustruetion of a stately five-story brick building 
 at the cost of $150,000. At its opening in 1888, the number of students 
 had more than iloubled, and the ever increasing numbers necessi- 
 tated the erection of the spacious western wing of the present edifice, 
 the graceful tower of which forms the center of the future building. 
 
 The college was now incorporated with power to confer such 
 academic degrees and honors as are confen-ed by colleges and univer- 
 sities in the United States. Eventually the standard of studies was 
 raised still higher by the addition of a two-year course of philosophy. 
 To meet the high requirements of the national and state associa- 
 tions that regulate the conditions for entrance into the professional 
 schools, and for admission to state examinations, the physical, chem- 
 ical and biological departments, with their respective laboratories, 
 were enlarged and equipped with the most modern appliances. Well 
 furnished meteorological and seismological departments were also 
 added. In 1912, a spacious gymnasium was erected, and near by a 
 commodious conservatory of music. The students' reading rooms 
 contain a select library of 6,000 volumes, and near at hand is a ref- 
 erence library of 20,000 volumes. 
 
 It is one of the decided advantages of the system followed in St. 
 Ignatius College that the student may begin his studies in the prepar- 
 atory- school connected with the college, and then pass on through 
 the college coui-se to graduation. In addition to the moral influ- 
 ence thus gained, this secures a uniform and homogeneous course 
 of teaching and training. The results of such a course of study are a 
 continuous and normal development of the mental faculties along 
 well defined lines and the possession of a clear and coherent system 
 of principles upon which any special course may afterwards safely 
 rest. There are two of these preparatory schools: St. Ignatius High 
 School, connected with the college, and Loyola High School, situated 
 at 10,620 Cedar Avenue. 
 
 Throughout its whole career, St. Ignatius College has been guided 
 by a succession ot men who united in a rare degree great intellectual 
 gifts and scholarly attainments with a breadth of view and worldly 
 wisdom which spell success. Since August, 1915, the Rev. William 
 B. Sommerhauser, S. J., the eighth president, has been at the head of 
 the institution. Under his management, various college activities, 
 such as orchestral and dramatic, literary, scientifie and athletic soci- 
 eties were given new impulse. The college magazine, Lumina, wa-s 
 established to promote a taste for journalism and literary excellence 
 among the students.
 
 410 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 Very satisfactory results have crowned the label's of the Jesuit 
 Fathers in their educational work at St. Ignatius College. Thousands 
 of students liave gone through its classic halls since its foundation 
 thirty-two years ago. Its alumni are to be found in the most varied 
 walks of life, holding honorable and distinguished positions in the 
 ministry, in the professions, in scientific and mercantile vocations. 
 More than two hundred of St. Ignatius' sons are now in our country's 
 service ; among them are ten of the thirteen chaplains who joined the 
 colors from the Cleveland diocese. Military training is this year 
 (1918) being introduced into the college. At present there are 520 
 students under the care of the Je.suit Fathers in Cleveland. 
 
 C.vTHOLic Schools 
 B;/ W. A. Kane, Superintendent of Parish Schools 
 
 Early in the history of Cleveland vi'e find it recorded that Catholics 
 began a separate school system. The Cathedral opened a school in 
 1848. This was a frame building erected on the site now occupied 
 by the bishop's residence, 1007 Superior Avenue. A few j^ears later, 
 the present Cathedral School building was finished. In the mean- 
 time four other schools were opened, St. Patrick's and St. Mary's on 
 the West Side, and St. Joseph's and St. Peter's on the East Side. The 
 progress of Catholic education during these early years was rather 
 slow. The number of Catholics was few and they were scattered. 
 However, as the city grew, the increase in population made possible the 
 establishment of additional schools and, at the close of 1910, there 
 were fifty-four parochial schools with an attendance of 15,000 pupils. 
 At present, there are fifty-nine schools with an enrolment of 82.799. 
 
 The expenses entailed by the erection of elementary schools did 
 not prevent consideration of higher education. As early as 1850, the 
 Li^rsulincs established an academy for girls in a building located on 
 Euclid Avenue. The present location of the academy is East Fifty-fifth 
 Street and Scovill Aveiiuc. The Sisters of Notre Dame in 1874 opened 
 an academy at the corner of Superior Avenue and East Eighteenth 
 Street. A third academy was opened on Starkweather Avenue in 
 1889 by the Sisters of St. Joseph, and a fourth on Lorain Avenne in 
 1891 by the Sisters of the Humility of Mary. The I'ormer is now 
 located at West Park, and the latter on Franklin Av<'nne. In 1916, 
 the Catholic Latin Schonl I'di- lioys was established on l>]uclid Avenue, 
 near Wa<le Park. This school has now an imposing sti'ucture on East 
 One Hundred and Seventli Street, near Eiiclid Avenne. In the same 
 year the Girls' Catholic High School began its existence.
 
 1918] PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS 411 
 
 Tlie organization of the Catholic school system is simple. Each 
 pastor is responsible for his school and acts as local superintendent. 
 He provides the building, obtains teachers from the teaching cnminnni- 
 ties, and directs the training of the children. A general superintendent 
 unities the work of all the schools, places the standard, and suggests 
 the method of instruction. During the school year, meetings of prin- 
 cipals are held to discuss problems of the classroom and at stated 
 times institutes are also held. 
 
 The thought has often come, not to those who have contributed by 
 denial and sacrifice, but to others, why all this great expenditure of 
 money when schools are already provided? Why should Catholics 
 trouble themselves when the state itself has taken up the burden of 
 education ? Why should they stint themselves to erect school build- 
 ings of their own when they have already shared in the cost of the 
 public school buildings? Catholics are not at enmity with the public 
 schools, and that they do not use them is no indication that they are 
 not interested in them. The public schools and the Catholic schools 
 have many things in common. They both aim to turn out worthy 
 citizens, to prepare tlie young for the share they must take in the 
 public welfare. But the Catholic position goes further and contends 
 that all true education must train for citizenship of Heaven, and in so 
 training, insure with more certainty that tlie children will become 
 worthy nicml)ers of society. 
 
 This in brief is the reason for the Catholic system of education. The 
 public schools do well, but they leave out religion. Hence Catholics 
 build their own schools while at the same time they help support the 
 public schools. 
 
 The Western RESEm-E Historical Society 
 
 The broadening .scope and the cumulative influence of the Western 
 Reserve Historical Society have been among the most gratifying fea- 
 tures of Cleveland's higher life. Its substantial standing as one of the 
 strongest forces for education and culture evolved in the Forest City 
 is a pronounced fact which ha.s been in repeated evidence with the 
 progress of this history of Cleveland. Conceived in 1866 by Judge 
 Charles C. Baldwin as a modest branch of the Cleveland Library Asso- 
 ciation, of which he was an oificer and a trustee, it has developed into 
 an independent institution, with a special field and a definite mission. 
 Although its archives, its library, its museum and its galleries of paint- 
 ings, rare prints and works of art are especially rich in all that relates
 
 412 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXIIl 
 
 to the Western Keserve, its collections have long outgri'own that limita- 
 tion and have even overflowed the bounds of Ohio. 
 
 Taking up the story of this evolution of a useful and representa- 
 tive institution, it is known that Judge Baldwin called a meeting to 
 consider the formation of such a society on Thursday evening, the 
 eleventh of April, 1867. He had already enlisted the support and, to a 
 large extent, the enthusiasm of Colonel Charles Whittlesey, who had 
 also imparted the inspiration to Joseph Perkins, John Barr, Henry 
 A. Smith, A. T. Goodman and other scholars and prominent men of 
 Cleveland who had a.ssisted in the building of the Library Association. 
 These gentlemen, with others, met at the date named and formulated 
 a petition to the association requesting the formation of a department 
 of history in accord with the amended constitution. Passing over the 
 small unimportant steps leading to the foumling of the department, at 
 the annual meeting of the association in 1867, it was voted to rent the 
 third story of the Society for Savings building, to place therein certain 
 historical works, papers, war relics and other objects of interest a.s 
 a nucleus for a library and a museum, and to furnish and open the 
 rooms to the members and the public generally. 
 
 The first ofScers of the society were: President, Charles Whittle- 
 sey ; vice-president, JL B. Scott ; and recording secretary, J. C. Buell. 
 Its by-laws fixed the name, the AVestern Resei-ve Historical Society, and 
 thus defined the objects of the a.ssociation : " To discover, procure and 
 preserve whatever relates to the history, biography, genealogy, antiqui- 
 ties and statistics connected with the city of Cleveland and the Wes- 
 tern Reserve, and generally what relates to the history of Ohio and 
 the great West." 
 
 Many of the leading men of Cleveland joined the society at an early 
 day, and its membership has continued to be drawn from the promi- 
 nent residents of both sexes from that time to this. Besides Judge 
 Baldwin, Colonel Whittlesey, M. B. Scott, and J. C. Buell, the follow- 
 ing became members at the time the society was organized, or soon 
 afterward : V. T. Backus, P. H. Babeock, D. II. Beardsley, J. H. A. 
 Bone. H. M. Chapin, T. R. Chase, J. D. Cleveland, John D. Crehore, 
 W. P. Fogg, A. T. Goodman, C. C. F. Hayne, L. E. Ilolden, W. N. 
 Hudson, Joseph Ireland, J. S. Kingsland, George Mygatt, E. R. 
 Perkins, Joseph Perkins, Harvey Rice, C. W. Sackrider, John H. Sar- 
 gent, C. T. Sherman, Jacob H. Smies, Henry A. Smith, A. K. Spencer, 
 Samuel Starkweather, Peter Thatcher, George R. Tuttle, II. B. Tuttlo, 
 Samuel Williamson, George Willey, and S. V. Willson. 
 
 Colonel Whittlcscv contimied as iiresidciit nT the societv until his
 
 1867-1918] WESTKK'X RESERV1-: HISTORICAL SOCIETY 413 
 
 death in 1886 and was sueceeilctl by Judge Baldwin, who likewise 
 gave faithfully of his tiiuc, .strcugtii, abilities and means to its growth, 
 until (leatii foi-ced hiiu to reliiiquish its responsibilities which had never 
 been burdens to either. To these two the Western Reserve Historical 
 
 The Society's Building ox the Public Square 
 
 Society owes its firm foundation, and the historical, archaeological, 
 genealogical, geological })nd scientific material which they placed in its 
 archives, as a result of their investigations, explorations and writings, 
 constituted an iiivaluahlc treasure of itself. Their contributions have
 
 414 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 beeu noted more in detail elsewhere, and complete lists of their nu- 
 merous publications may be consulted in the society's library. 
 
 Leonard Case, Henry C. Ranney, L. E. Holden and others also 
 made valuable contributions to the library and museum of the society. 
 Henry Clay Ranney, its third president, served from 1895 to 1901; 
 Liberty E. Holden, 1901-07; Wallace H. Cathcart, 1907-13, and 
 William P. Palmer since the latter year. 
 
 The vice-presidents of the Western Reserve Historical Society 
 have been as follows : M. B. Scott, 1867-72 ; J. H. Salisbury, 1870-80 ; 
 Elisha Sterling, 1873-83; William P. Fogg-, 1878-96; D. W. Cross, 
 1880-91; John H. Sargent, 1883-93; D. P. Eells, 1884; Sam Briggs, 
 1886-92 ; W. J. Gordon, 1891-92 ; R. B. Hayes, 1892 ; William Bingham, 
 1894-1904; John D. Rockefeller, 1892-1918; Henry B. Perkins, 
 1896-1902; C. A. Grasselli, 1902-07; D. C. Baldwin, 1904-05; H. A. 
 Garfield, 1904-05; Jacob B. Perkins, 1905-18; O. J. Hodge, 1907-13. 
 
 Recording secretaries: J. C. Buell, 1867-68; Alfred T. Goodman, 
 1868-71; T. R. Chase, 1871-72; C. C. Baldwin, 1873-84; D. W. Man- 
 chester, 1884-92; J. B. French, 1892-93; S. H. Curtiss, 1893-94; Wal- 
 lace H. Cathcart, 1894-1907; W. S. Ilayden, 1907-14; Elbert J. Ben- 
 ton, 1914-18. 
 
 Treasurers: A. K. Spencer, 1868-69; George A. Stanley, 1869-70; 
 Samuel Williamson, 1870-80; C. C. Baldwin, 1880-83; Douglas Per- 
 kins, 1883-86; John B. French, 1886-93; C. C. Baldwin, 1893-94 ; Moses 
 G. Watterson, 1894-95; Horace B. Corner, 1895-1907; E. V. Hale, 
 1907-13; A. S. Chisholm, 1913-18. 
 
 During the presidency of W. II. Cathcart, which extended from 
 1907 to 1913, funds were raised for the cataloguing and extension 
 of the work of the society. Nothing of permanent value had been done 
 in catalogiiing before this time, and during the period from 1907 down 
 to date this work has been extensively carried on. The collections have 
 more than quadrupled in size during the last four years. 
 
 In 1913, Mr. Cathcart retired from active connection with the Bur- 
 rows Brothers Company, of which concern he had been manager for 
 .some years, and became the vice-presidcnrt and a director of the society, 
 being succeeded by William P. I'alinci- in tlic presidency. Mr. Cath- 
 cart 's entire time is now devoted to Itic society and its work. Under 
 ^Ir. Palmer's administration, an endowment has l)ceii raised amount- 
 ing to $135,000, and the membersliip largely inrreascd. 
 
 From 1889 to 1912 no regular publications were issued. Beginning 
 with the latter year, regular yearly i)ul>licatious have been issued,
 
 1<)18|TIIE WESTERN RESEK\H HISTORICAL SOCIETY 415 
 
 bringiii": the tracts or publications of the society up to ninety-eight 
 in all. 
 
 The newspaper collections liavo largely increased and tlic society 
 today has several thousand volumes of rare Ohio ne\vsi>apcrs aud others 
 in its collections. President Palmer jjrcsented to the society what is 
 known a.s one of the largest, it' not the largest, collection on the civil 
 war in any public lilii-ary in America. This collection is especially rich 
 in the publications of both the North and the South. It also includes a 
 large collection of rare manuscripts, ])i)rtraits, nuijis, and about 30,000 
 issues of the iu'wsi>ai)ei's of that period. 
 
 The numisnuitic collections of the society have been largely in- 
 creased through the gift of the Swasey collection of Greek, Roman and 
 Chinese coins. Two of the outstanding collections of medals are those 
 of the Washington medals presented to the society by J. D. Cox, and 
 that of the Lincoln medals which came in the Wm. P. Palmer collec- 
 tion. The paper money collection of the society is very extensive, and 
 the collection of maps, which was fomied by Judge Baldwin, has been 
 opened up and made ready for the use of those interested. 
 
 The librarv' of the society is estimated to contain about 125,000 
 books and pamphlets. From a small institution, local in its scope, 
 the society has grown to be one of the most active organizations in the 
 preservation of American history that there is in the United States. 
 
 The costume collection of the society is recognized as one of the 
 most extensive of its kind in America. This was received as a gift 
 from Ralph King in memory of his brother, Charles 6. King. The 
 collection has been placed in a separate room where the rare and costly 
 volumes have been especially provided for. The collection of books 
 on the Shakers which was presented to the library by W. H. Cathcart 
 is the most definitive collection that has ever been brought together 
 of this old communistic society more than one hundred years of age. 
 At one time, the Shakers had four different settlements in the state of 
 Ohio. Through the courtesy of J. II. Wade, the genealogical collection 
 of the society has been largely increased until now the department in 
 that line consists of nearly 3,000 distinct genealogies. For the last 
 few years, by the aid of V. F. Prenti.ss, systematic collections of books 
 bearing on the state of Ohio have been made and many rare items 
 have been added to the already large collection brought together in 
 that historical field. 
 
 For thirty years, the society occupied its home on the Public Square, 
 in the old building of the Society for Savings, the site of which is now
 
 18tii)-l!)18j TllK PUBLIC LIBRARY 417 
 
 occupied by the Cliaiiil)er of Commerce building; then the society 
 secureil title to the property through a generous public subscription 
 headed by John D. Rockefeller. Later, the property was sold to the 
 Chamber of Conunerce and a site on the University Circle (Euclid 
 Avenue and East One Hundred and Seventh Street) was secured. Here 
 a handsome fireproof building was erected, the society first occupying 
 it in the winter of 1897-98. 
 
 The present officers of the society are: President, William P. 
 Palmer; vice-president and director, Wallace H. Cathcart; honorary 
 vice-presidents, J. D. Rockefeller, Jacob P. Perkins ; secretary, Elbert 
 J. Benton ; treasurer, A. S. Chisholm ; tru.stees, Elroy M. Avery, S. 
 Prentiss Baldwin, C. W. Bingham, A. T. Brewer, E. S. Burke, Jr., W. 
 H. Cathcart, A. S. Chisholm, J. D. Cox, Wm. G. Dietz, James R. Gar- 
 field, C. A. Gra.sselli, Webb C. Hayes, Ralph King, Wm. G. Mather, 
 Price McKinney, D. Z. Norton, Wm. P. Palmer, Douglas Perkins, Jacob 
 B. Perkins, F. F. Prentiss, John L. Severance, Ambrose Swasey, 
 Charles F. Thwing, J. II. Wade, and S. S. Wilson. 
 
 The Cleveland PubI/IC Library 
 By Mrs. Julia S. Harron, Library Editor 
 
 The nucleus of the present great public library system of Cleve- 
 land, now the third largest in the country, was a collection of 2,200 
 books provided for the Central High School by the school-library law 
 of 1853. It was established as a fi'ee public library under an act of 
 1867 authorizing the levy of one-tenth of a mill tax for library pur- 
 poses, and opened in 1869, occupying rooms in the Northrup and 
 Harrington Block on Superior Street, over what was later the Higbee 
 Company's store. Although known as the Public School Library, it 
 was free to the public ; in 1883, it adopted the title of The Cleveland 
 Public Library. 
 
 In the ten years following the opening of the library, two removals 
 were necessitated by its rapid gi'owth. In 1879, it was removed to 
 the second and third floors of the former Central High School build- 
 ing where it was, for twenty-one years, the guest of the Board of 
 Education, the offices of which occupied the first floor. This building, 
 on Euclid Avenue near East Ninth Street, was torn down in 1901 
 to make room for the present Citizens' Building. After a short 
 sojourn in the City TTnll. the lilirai'y was moved to its first separate 
 
 Vol. I— JT
 
 418 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 building, the temporary Main Library at 1443 East Third Street. 
 The work burst the bounds of these quarters and overtiowed into 
 two or three neighboring buildings; so, in 1913, the library made its 
 fifth hegira and now occupies the fifth and sixth floors of the Kinney 
 & Levan Building, 1375-1385 Euclid Avenue, whence the next remove 
 will be into its permanent home, a dignified and beautiful Central Li- 
 
 JlUiAliV Jli:iLl>l.\(.; OF 1879 
 
 brary, as yet unlmill. hur jinivided for by the $2,000,000 bond issue 
 voted by the citizens of Cleveland in 1912. 
 
 The building of this Central Library has necessarily been post- 
 poned probably until the terrniiuition of the war, for the reason that the 
 $2,000,000 appropriation on which the plans of Walker & Weeks, the 
 successful competing architects, were based, is now inadecjuate to cover
 
 1!)181 Till-: PUBLIC LliiKAKY 419 
 
 tlio cost of the proposed Imililiiifr. This library building is to he a 
 part of the eity's group plan, and will be loeated on the site of the 
 old City Hail on Superior Avenue at East 'i'hinl Street, on a line 
 with the Federal Hnildiiiir and loliowing the same general arehi- 
 teetural style. 
 
 The present Main Library, with its eollection of nearly :i()().000 
 volumes, is the direet outgrowth of the little I'nblie Seiiool Librai'y of 
 12,200 volniues, but it is only the main trunk of a great system with a 
 total of more than 600.000 volumes, the eireulation fi^ires of which, 
 f(n- irtlT, wei-e more than 3,400,000; which has more than fi.^O agencies 
 including branches and smaller liraiiches, high-school, grade-school, 
 and class-room libraries, and stations in business and industrial plants; 
 and in which at least ten of the larger branches serve from five to 
 forty thousand boi-rowers each, i. v., a public ranging in size from the 
 population of a town like Painesville, Ohio, to that of a city nearly 
 the size of Canton. 
 
 The first branch of the Clevelaml Public Library was opened in 
 the spring of 1892 on the second floor of a business block opposite 
 the old market house on Pearl Street, now West Twenty-fifth Street. 
 Since that date, largely through the generosity of ^Ir. Andrew Car- 
 negie, the material growth of the library has been phenomenally rapid. 
 Today, thirteen of the fifteen larger branches are in buildings provided 
 by the Carnegie fund, a fourteenth, the Alta House, a combined library 
 and social settlement building, being the gift of Mr. John I). Rocke- 
 feller. 
 
 The Woodland Branch, the first of these dignilied Carnegie build- 
 ings, was completed in June, 1904; the East 79th, the first of a new 
 type of smaller branch buildings, was opened in the fall of 1915. 
 Two other Carnegie branches of the same size and general plan as 
 the East 79th were completed in ilay, 1918, and are ready for the 
 installation of furniture and fittings. These are the Trcmont, born 
 of a little portable library in Tremont School yard which, in 1916, did 
 the second largest amount of children's work in the entire system, 
 and the Brooklyn, at ]\[apledale and West Twenty-fifth Street, the 
 work of which has rapidly been outgrowing the double-store building 
 in which it is housed. The plans are also completed for a building 
 for the Superior Branch, to be erected on T<]ast One Hundred and 
 Fifth Street opposite Dean School. 
 
 To write about the Public Library merely as an example of 
 phenomenal growth would be to do it an injustice ; a true account 
 should represent it, first and foremost, as one of the most vigorously
 
 cs 
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 63 
 
 ►iiltt!
 
 1918] THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 421 
 
 ami lu'lpi'iilly i'uiK-liouiny; parts (if the city's social organism. In 
 a recent address on tlio phu'e of tin- lilirary among the recreative 
 institutions oftlic city, Mr. Allen Burns, tlicn of the Cleveland Founda- 
 tion, pointed out that the library's claim to social service docs not 
 rest solely upon its free distribution of books but on its constructive 
 pioneer work in the organization of leisure for pleasure and profit. 
 In doing this work, the library has allied itself with parents, schools, 
 industrial and business houses," charitable institutions, clubs and so- 
 cieties, and the departments of the city goverinnent. 
 
 The schools teach reading as an art. The libraries teach not only 
 the use of books as tools for inci-easing efficiency but as sources of 
 happiness — as the most-worth-while and least-taxing I'csource of leisure 
 hours. It is the library's work, tlien, not only to provide books but 
 to educate its public in taste and appreciation. When its work is 
 with the adult whose attitude tow'ard books is, at the best, negative and 
 whose appreciations arc limited, the problem is ditficult and the results 
 not always remarkable, hut when the library has a chance to begin with 
 the children and, through its story-hours, literary and debating clubs, 
 and attractive children's rooms, to ally its work with that of the 
 schools, then, at every stage of the individual's growth, it can provide 
 something definite toward the enrichment of his life. 
 
 About three-fourths of Cleveland's population is foreign-born or 
 of the first generation ; the library recognizes that it owes a large 
 measure of service to these people. Fortunately, it is not so necessary 
 that the foreigner be caught young. However narrow his actual read- 
 ing experience, he has behind him generations of reverence for books 
 — perhaps his book tastes are already formed. So in this country 
 of free books his love for them gi'ows by that on which it feeds, and 
 they play a vital part in both his work and play. The library takes 
 a particularly active part in the Americanization of the foreigner, 
 giving its club rooms for the use of naturalization and English classes, 
 furnishing special instruction to the newcomers to this country in the 
 privileges of the library, and sending books to the training camps for 
 the instruction of the selected foreign-born. 
 
 On account of the fullness of its book collections, especially along 
 technical and sociological lines, and the special knowledge of the 
 librarians who have the several departments in charge, the library is 
 able to give exceptionally satisfactory reference service to business 
 and professional men, manufacturers, teachers, and students in the 
 arts. The fact that its periodical sets arc unusually complete is a 
 further aid to this efficient reference work.
 
 I'l ill.lC liltAxcil l.iniiAHIKS
 
 1918] Till'; IMl'.IJC LIBRARY 423 
 
 To the librarian of tlio Cleveland I'uMic Lil)rai-y, tlie profession 
 owes the "Cunuilative Index," an invaliial)le library tool, and the 
 "Open Shelf," an improved method of library service as applied to 
 the larg:e public library, botli of which gave library science a marked 
 forward impetus. In 1896, Mr. Brett conceived the plan of the Cumu- 
 lative Index to Periodicals and. durin}>; 1897 and 1808, it was publi.shed 
 in the Cleveland Public Lil)rary under his direction. The design of 
 this undertaking was to furnish, once a month, an index to the material 
 in a hundred selected periodicals, the index appearinp; as soon as pos- 
 sible after the publication of the periodicals and cunmlating from 
 month to month, that is, including in each number all material previ- 
 ously jiublishcd, arranged in a dictionary catalog of authors, subjects 
 and titles. Tliis was the first application of cumulation l)y the use of 
 the linotype to indexing, and, its possibility and importance once 
 demonstrated, it was taken over by a publishing bouse and is now the 
 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature which has done much to 
 lighten the labors of librarians and other literary workers. 
 
 In 1890, the Cleveland Public Library adopted the "open .shelf" 
 plan — the fii"st large pulilic libraiy in the world to give free access 
 to its shelves. The plan had been much discussed by American libraries 
 and generally voted impracticable on the ground that the loss of 
 books would be so great as to offset any increase of circulation and 
 lessening of necessary service which might result. The librarian's re- 
 port for the following year, 1891, noted an increase of nearly fifty per 
 cent in the circulation and a loss of books smaller than that of any 
 previous year, a large proportion of those mi.ssing being from fiction, 
 the only cla.ss to which free access was not allowed. 
 
 The open shelf i)lan was gradually- adopted by other libraries all 
 over the country until now the chief connotation of the term "imblic 
 library" is the idea of free access to books. The adoption of the name 
 "Open Shelf," for the monthly annotated bulletin of the library, is a 
 slight concession to its pardonable pride in having blazed the trail 
 along this now much traveled line of public service. 
 
 Besides its own collection of reference and circulating books, the 
 library^ is the custodian of several special collections amounting in all 
 to about 75,000 volumes. The most notable of these is the John G. 
 "WTiite collection of Orientalia and Folk-lore, numbering about 40,000 
 volumes and including many rare and valuable books representing 
 more than one hundred and forty languages. The collection has 
 recentlj- been put into such order as to make it available for reference 
 use, and scholars in all parts of the eountrj- are consulting it.
 
 "William H. Brett
 
 1918] THE ITI'.LIC LIBRARY 425 
 
 The affairs of the lilirary an' adiiiinistcred liy a lioard of seven 
 inenibers, I'hoseti 1iy the board of education. Tiu' only woman wIkj 
 ever was a uienilier of this board was ]\lis. Klroy M. Avery. At the 
 present time (litl8) tiie Library Board consists of John G. White, 
 president; F. V. Prentiss, vice-president; Carl Lorcnz, secretary; Emil 
 Joseph, Charles K. Kennedy, A. A. Stearns, and E. TI. "Whitlock. 
 
 An article about the Cleveland Public Library would be incomplete 
 without a brief characterization of its librarian and vice-librarian. 
 William Howard Brett became librarian in 1884 and has gjuided its 
 policies during a period of thirty-four years of steady progress and of 
 activities ever multiplying and broadening in scope. When he took 
 charge of the library there were ten persons employed. Now^ there are 
 more than 500 persons on the pay roll, all united in bonds of loyalty 
 to their chief, and inspired by his vision and enthusiasm to give their 
 best service to the institution. For twenty-two years, Linda A. East- 
 man has been the efficient associate of the chief librarian and, second in 
 authoritj', has borne an important part in the development of the 
 system. She combines rare idealism with iniusual ability to develop 
 and realize ideals in practical working methods. She is the good friend 
 and wise counseller of every member of the staff. 
 
 Almost at the moment of going to press comes the tragic news of 
 ]\Ir. Brett's siidden death on the twenty-fourth, of August, 1918. Mr. 
 Brett was born in Braceville, Ohio, the first of July, 1846, but his 
 early years were spent in Warren, Ohio. He fought in the Union army 
 in the civil war. He was a student in the medical department of the 
 LTniversity of Michigan, 1868-69, and at Western Reserve University, 
 1874-75. He received an honorary degree, M. A., from Hiram College, 
 in 1894. 
 
 He first became known to Clevelanders as a salesman in the book- 
 store of Cobb, Andrews and Co. In 1884, he was appointed librarian of 
 the Cleveland Public Library and, at the time of his death, had nearly 
 completed thirtj'-four j-ears of continuous and devoted sen-ice. In this 
 long period, Mr. Brett made many real contributions to his profes- 
 sion. On the bibliographical side were the printed catalog of the 
 Cleveland Public Library, long a model of dictionary catalog, and the 
 "Cumulative Index to Periodicals," now known as the "Reader's 
 Ouide to Periodical Literature" and the pioneer in this field. In 
 1903, he helped to found the Western Reserve University Library 
 School and was dean of the school to the time of his death. He was one 
 of the founders of the Ohio Librarv Association and served as its
 
 426 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 first president. He was president in 1897 of the American Library 
 Association, one of its oldest members and always one of the most 
 valued. 
 
 After the beginning of the war with its opportunity for libraries 
 of supplj'ing books to the soldiers, Mr. Brett, whose own service flag 
 bore four stars, had given himself untiringly to this enterprise. He 
 served on the American Library Association War Service Committee, 
 on its Finance Committee and had charge of the very important over- 
 seas work, conducted from the Newport News Dispatch office, as well 
 as of the service to some twenty-five or thirty camps in the immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 His great work, however, was tlie lunnanizing and the socializing 
 of the public library. The record of his achievement may be partially 
 read in the history of the Cleveland Public Library, but no written 
 account can ever be given of his services to his fellow workers 
 throughout the country. He was a wise and kindly counsellor and 
 an inspiring leader. His devotion to his work was of a quality rarely 
 seen. He was devoid of personal ambition, undauntedly optimistic, 
 constructive always in his thinking and planning, and ever the simplest 
 and most lovable of men. 
 
 The Early Settlers' Assoclvtion 
 
 • 
 
 As stated in chapter XVIII, this organization was formed in 
 November, 1879, largely through the personal efforts of "Father" 
 IT. ^r. Addison, wlio liad urged in numerous articles in the newspapers 
 the assend)ling of the eai'ly settlers to bring about "an intimate 
 acquaintance with each other . . . and to secure the preservation 
 of nuich unwritten history of our country and vicinity." The first 
 meeting of which we have any account was a conference held in the 
 office of George C. Dodge in his residence at the corner of Euclid 
 avenue and Seventeenth street at which TTarvcv Kice, Judge Daniel 
 Tilden. H. M. Addison and IVfr. Dodge were present. Tlioy discussed 
 the project at length and decided to call a public meeting to which 
 were' invited many of our prominent citizens. On the nineteenth of 
 November, 1879. the meeting was held in the probate court-room, and 
 the a.ssociation organized with Ilarvcy Rice, president; Sherlock J. 
 Andrews and John W. Allen, vice-presidents: George C. Dodge, secre- 
 tary and troa.surer; and R. T. Tjyon, Tliomas Jones. S. S. Coe. W. J. 
 Warner, David L. Wiglitman, executive committee.
 
 1879-1918] Till-: KAIJl.V SKTTLKRS' ASSOCIATION 427 
 
 Its first luiiiual lueoting was held on the twentieth of May, 1880, in 
 the Euclid Avenue Pros])yterian church. Meetings have been held an- 
 nually since that date, hi 1883, the association began the collection 
 of a fund for erecting a monument to Moses Cleavcland, the founder 
 of the city. The statue is now standing in the Public Square. As the 
 ninety-second anniver.sary of General Cleaveland's first arrival at the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga fell on Sunday, the unveiling of the statue 
 took place on Jlonday. the twenty -third of July, 1888. 
 
 'Tis here, wliun Nature reigned supreme. 
 That General Cleavelaud trod the wild ; 
 
 And sa-w an infant in his dream. 
 
 And with his name baptized the child. 
 
 — Harvey Rice. 
 
 In 1896, during the Centennial celebration, the association bore a 
 leading part. The old log cabin in the square, center of great interest, 
 was the suggestion of '"Father"' Addison and the work of his col- 
 leagues in the association. It was dedicated on the twenty-first of 
 July, by an appropriate "house warming." The twenty-ninth of July 
 was "Early Settlers" Day." The association met in Army and Navy 
 hall and listened to reminiscences of the pioneer days. The Annals of 
 the society contain invaluable historical material. The earlier num- 
 bers, especially contain the narratives of the pioneers wdio relate, in 
 their own forcible manner, the story of the beginnings of the county. 
 The Annals also contain valuable biogra]iliical notices of the early set- 
 tlers; and the later inimbers are a valuable record of the early mar- 
 riages in the county. "Father" H. ^M. Addison was born in Euclid 
 township in 1818. In 1856, he came to Cleveland, where he engaged 
 in .iouiMialism. Tie was the founder of the Children's Fresh Air Camp 
 and was active in many other worthy enterprises. He died on the 
 fourteenth of January. 1898. Harvey Rice continued to serve as presi- 
 dent until his death in 1892, when he was succeeded by the lion. 
 Richard C. Parsons. After the d<>ath of ]\Ir. Parsons, Orlando J. 
 Hodge became president and served as sucli until his death in 1911. 
 
 The society holds an all-day meeting every year on the tenth of 
 September, the anniversary of the Battle of Lake Erie. For the last 
 few years, the meetings have been held in the Chamber of Commerce 
 Auditorium. The morinng session is usually given up to an address 
 by a prominent speaker with a vital message. During the noon hour, 
 a luncheon is served and a social reunion enjoyed. The afternoon 
 session is given over to talks and discussions pertaining to local life. 
 
 The membership of the society now mnnbers nearly six hundred.
 
 428 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIII 
 
 The requirements for admission ai-e forty years' residence upon the 
 Western Reserve and the payment of a nominal sum for annual dues 
 which payment covers the cost of the annual meeting and furnishes a 
 copy of the Annals, a pamphlet of nearly one hundred pages. 
 
 It is the desire of the society that as many eligible persons as will 
 come into the organization in order that it may serve the purposes 
 for which it was founded as stated above, and for the further reason, 
 as expressed in the eloquent address of Judge Kriehbaum last year 
 wherein he said : 
 
 "It is a mighty fine thing to perpetuate the memory and deeds of 
 our ancestors — it has its roots in the first Commandment with 
 promise." 
 
 The officers of the society for 1919 are: President, The Hon. Alex- 
 ander Hadden ; vice-presidents, James W. Stewart, "W. S. Kerruish ; 
 secretary, Sherman Arter ; treasurer, Thomas J. McManus ; Chaplain, 
 The Rev. J. D. Williamson, D. D.
 
 CHAPTER XXIV 
 
 STORY OF THE CORPORATION'S DEVELOPMENT 
 By H. G. Cutler 
 
 Cleveland's municipal evolution has been no more trying or per- 
 plexing than that of any other great western city, the affairs of which 
 have been conducted by intelligent and progressive men, desirous of 
 working tlu'ough well defined forms of government. The various 
 changes in its body corporate were brought about through the con- 
 flicting views of those who desired not only Cleveland, but the 
 other cities of Ohio, to be brought under the systematic control of 
 the general laws of the commonwealth, and those who championed 
 a distinct municipal type even at the expense of systematic action and 
 smoothness of operation. 
 
 Under the first state constitution, Cleveland City of 1836 was, 
 like all her sisters of Ohio, chartered by special act; and, as this 
 was a period of city-making, a flood of such special acts poured 
 through the legislature. The common council, which comprised 
 three membei's from each of the three wards, was all-in-all, and the 
 mayor was little more than a head magistrate. The marshal, with 
 his deputy or deputies, and the city treasurer, were the other execu- 
 tives who were elected annually. 
 
 A CiTT OF THE Second Class 
 
 Then those legislators who were weary of the confusion attendant 
 on special acts of regulation got the upper hand and, in 1852, passed 
 the general state act for the incorporation of cities and villages. 
 Twenty thousand inhabitants constituted the dividing line between 
 cities of the first and second classes, and Cleveland fell in the minor 
 division. But its municipal afifairs had expanded and multiplied, so 
 that a board of city commissioners was created to have charge of 
 the streets and bridges and, in addition to the marshal, treasurer 
 and city .solicitor, a superintendent of markets was elected and a 
 civil engineer and auditor created, as well as a complete police 
 court, including a judge, clerk and prosecutor. 
 
 429
 
 430 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 Watee Supply and Protection Against Fire 
 
 At that time, as has been learned from the narrative history, 
 flavor Abner C. Brownell and a special committee had just made 
 a preliminary report on the advisability of providing for a municipal 
 wator supply. The city was protected from fire by half a dozen 
 volunteer companies, with as many hand engines and a hook and 
 ladder. The water supply was drawn from street comer cisterns, 
 
 The City IIai.l op Today 
 
 often nearly empty or clogged with mud. iunl, if the fire happened 
 to be near the river or canal, all the better for the final quenching 
 of the flames. 
 
 Trials of Tiiii Public ]\Iarkets 
 
 The public markets had been established for years. There was 
 even an open wood market at the foot of Water Street and as early 
 as 1839 the city built a market house on ]\Iichigan Street. When 
 Cleveland was incorporated under the general law of 1852 the feeling 
 was bitter between the proprietors of the markets and the hucksters 
 and grocers. The hucksters were dlteii thorns in the sides of both 
 markotmen and grocers, as they would sally out into tli(> district of 
 the truck gardeners at unearthly hours in the morning, liny up the 
 fresh produce and unload it on their customers before the luarket- 
 nien and grocers bad o|i('neil their doors. The (luai'rel soon after-
 
 1918 J MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT 431 
 
 ward became very rampant, and was finally assuaged by the building 
 of large munieipal market iiouses and their promotion as city institu- 
 tions. This important movement, the advantages of which to the 
 retail buyer became more and more evident, was fairly placed on its 
 feet by the creation of the superintendeney of markets as an elective 
 office in 1852. 
 
 Growth of Fuie .\nd Police Dep.\rtmbnts Diking the Civil AVar 
 
 Not long afterward Cleveland passed into the cities of the lirst 
 class, by 1860, it had reached a population of 43,000, and, in 1870, had 
 over 92,000 inhabitants and was just on the verge of the 100,000 
 mark. In the meantime the measures taken to secure adequate tire 
 protection for the city were multii)lying in number and broadening 
 in scope. The volunteer fire department was abandoned in 1863, 
 soon after the city's purchase of its first steam fire engine, and in 
 the same year three others were added, so that on the Fourth of 
 July the "spick-and-span" new department, with its four gleaming 
 and decorated "modern" engines, made a grand display in town. 
 In 1864, a fifth steamer was purchased, and there was an engine house 
 for each steamer. The last years of the civil. war, when the losses 
 in Cleveland by fires had reached over $260,000, were eventful, both 
 for the fire and police departments. The alarm telegraph system 
 was established in 1864 and, in 1865, the metropolitan police act was 
 put in force. It created a board of police commissioners consisting 
 of the mayor and four gubernatorial appointees. The arrangement 
 proved cumbersome and loose-jointed, but was the commencement of 
 the era when the citizens realized the necessity of a strictly managed 
 police department as a brancii of the munieipal service. At tiiis time, 
 also, when the fire department was taking shape, an efficient police 
 force was considered as its necessary co-worker, especially in times 
 of large conflagrations viheii officious citizens were prone to forget 
 that the volunteer firemen had been legislated out of existence. 
 
 The First Waterworks 
 
 By 1870, the modern system of water supply and distribution had 
 also been founded. Compared with the present waterworks, its 
 basis was small, but a solid foundation had been laid. In the fall of 
 1856, the first waterworks had been completed on the West Side. 
 Their main features were the 5,000,000-gallon reservoir at Kentucky 
 and Prospect streets, and the engine house at the foot of the former
 
 432 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 thorouglifare. The cost of installing the pioneer water system of 
 Cleveland was about $526,000 and the formal opening of the works, 
 on the twenty-fourth of September, 1856, involved a grand jubilee and 
 jollification, as have been described more in detail elsewhere. The 
 water was taken from the lake about 300 feet west of the old river bed, 
 300 feet out and at a depth of twelve feet. The boiler-plate inlet pipe 
 was fifty inches in diameter. Water was conveyed from the inlet pipe 
 to the pump well on the lake shore through a brick aqueduct about 
 four feet across, and the standpipe, encased in a look-out tower, was 
 148 feet high. 
 
 The Tunnel and Works of 1870-74 
 
 But within a decade these works were far behind all public re- 
 quirements and, in 1867, surveys for a new tunnel were made, on 
 the recommendation of Prof. J. L. Cassels, the eminent scientist and 
 mineralogist of Cleveland Medical College. After numerous financial 
 and mechanical delays, on the seventeenth of August, 1870, the first 
 great lake crib was sunk in forty feet of water 6,600 feet from shore, 
 and the two sections of the new tunnel commenced to be pushed 
 toward each other. They met and formed a whole in October, 1872, 
 and the entire work was completed and the water first drawn through 
 the new tunnel on the third of March, 1874. Upon the completion of 
 the new tunnel, the old intake was abandoned. A new engine house 
 was built near the old one, other engines installed, and total expenses 
 of .$320,000 incurred in constructing the new works. Seven lives were 
 lost in the progress of the improvements. The old Kentucky reservoir 
 continued in service for many years, even after it was hopelessly 
 outgrown. 
 
 General Municipal Code of 1870 
 
 When it is remembered that the streets and parks, the bridges 
 and viaducts, the local transportation lines, and all other public util- 
 ities were rapidly expanding and extending with Cleveland's popu- 
 lation by tlie commencement of the '70s, it is little wonder that the 
 legi-slators busied themselves to see what could be done to simplify 
 the municipal government. In 1870, the state legislature attempted 
 to put upon the statute books a general code of laws applicable to 
 all cities of the first class, in which Cleveland had long rested securely. 
 It provided for the election of a mayor, solicitor, treasurer, street 
 commissioner, police judge, police prosecuting attorney and police 
 court clerk, and for the appointnioiit l)y the mayor (with the consent
 
 191SJ -ML'NR'U'AL DHVKLOi'MEXT 433 
 
 of tho I'oniiiioii (HMiiicil) of the civil enginoor, fire engineer, supcrin- 
 teniUnt of markets and chief of police. The code went to ruin over 
 the complex, vexatious classification of cities, the simple test of 
 population being overwhelmed by a multitude of minor considera- 
 tions. Tile mayor of the city had become little more than a figure- 
 head of the municipal government. 
 
 ITi>MK Klle of the Police Department 
 
 In 1872, the chief executive regained control of, at least, the 
 police department, through the jiassage of the legislative act replac- 
 ing the members of the board of police commissioners appointed by 
 the governor with local representatives elected by the people. Tiiis 
 distinctively home commission consisted of ^layor Charles A. Otis, Dr. 
 J. C. Schenck, John M. Sterling, Dr. J. E. Robin.son and George Saal. 
 Under the new plan tiic city was divided into seven police precincts. 
 
 Municipal Government p,v Pxiakds 
 
 In 1873, also, the municipal management of the fire department 
 was reorganized, as the legislature of that year created a board of 
 fire commissioners, comprising the mayor and chairman of the council 
 committee on fire and water, and three citizens appointed by the 
 head of the city government. The mayor was coming into his own 
 pi'oper authority, and the government by boards, primarily respon- 
 sible to him, or to the people as a body of electors, was getting well 
 under way. It was first crystallized under the comprehensive code 
 of May, 1878. Fnder its provisions the mayor, councilmen, treasurer, 
 police judge and prosecutor were elected by the peo])le, and the 
 auditor, city clerk and civil engineer appointed by the common 
 council. The following boards were created: Board of police com- 
 missioners, compo.sed of the mayor, and four commissioners elected 
 by the people ; board of directors of the house of refuge and cor- 
 rection, appointed by the mayor; board of health, comprising the 
 mayor and other members appointed by the council; board of in- 
 firmary directors, elected; board of improvements (its establishment 
 optional), the diief functions of which were to keep the .streets clean 
 and in repair, comprising the mayor, civil engineer, street commis- 
 sioner, chairman of the council committee on streets and one member 
 appointed by the common council ; board of park commissioners, 
 appointed by the mayor with council consent ; board of waterworks 
 trustees, elected by popular vote; board of fire commissioners, com-
 
 434 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 posed of four elected members and the chairman of the council com- 
 mittee on fires : board of cemetery trustees, elected ; board of revision, 
 a general body of review covering the operations of all the municipal 
 departments and boards, comprising the mayor, president of the 
 city 'council and the city solicitor. A superintendent of markets was 
 also appointed by the mayor, subject to the approval of the city 
 council. The council was authorized to appoint inspectors of 
 various foods and other products. Nearly all the boards mentioned 
 in the code of 1878 served without pay, which, while it might be 
 economical in outward show of dollars and cents, had the effect of 
 providing a general basis of e.xcuses for inefficiency or carelessness 
 in the performance of prescribed duties. You cannot hold a man 
 very closely to his job when you pay him nothing for his work. 
 
 A number of changes were made in the municipal government 
 in the period 1878-91, the most radical of which was the division 
 of the council into two bodies — the lower one being a board of alder- 
 men from the several aldermanic districts, and the upper, a council 
 comprising a member from each ward. The plan corresponded to 
 the house of representatives and the senate of the state legislature. 
 
 Trial of the Federal Form 
 
 As time went on, it became evident that there were many ways 
 by which the various boards and subdivisions of the city government 
 could be consolidated, classified and simplified, according to well estab- 
 lished business methods and the modern principles of municipal 
 government. Under the board plan, also, it was found that independ- 
 ent offices had multiplied beyond reason. Finally, in 1888, Col. John 
 M. Wilcox suggested that the municipality be founded on the Federal 
 form of government. Two years later, after much discussion, the 
 Ilodge bill, looking toward that end, was introduced to the legisla- 
 ture, but so amended as to be ainoriihous and necessarily rejected as 
 a monstrosity. The colonel (0. J. Ilodge) was not to lie discouraged, 
 and appeared with an acceptable measure, which liecame a law on the 
 sixteenth of March, 1891. Although that was eventually thrown out 
 by the highest state court, it was really the basis of the nnuiicipal 
 form of government under which Cleveland now prospers. 
 
 Decadal Expansion of Police, Fire and AVatvu Departments 
 
 The decade 1881-91 was one of remarkable expansion in all those 
 divisions which are now included in the city departments of public
 
 1918] MUNlCll'AL DEVELOPMEiNT 435 
 
 safety and inililic utilities. Tn the forinor deiiai'tiiieiit are tlie great 
 divisions of police and lire, and in the latter tiiat of water. Tho 
 year 1881 marks the creation of the police pension fiuul and the 
 reorganization of the lire department into three battalions, each in 
 coniniand of an assistant chief. This, and inueh else, was the w'ork 
 of James W. Dickinson, one of Cleveland's best chiefs. In the fall 
 of 1883, after the city had suflFered from several very disastrous 
 fires, five new engines were bought and an extension ladder truck 
 was introduced, while a few years afterward Cleveland Imilt and 
 placed in conunission its tirst fire boat, the "Joseph L. Weatherley," 
 so named in honor of the old chief of the volunteer department and 
 the first president of the board of trade. 
 
 The water service, so closely coordinated with the efficient woi'k- 
 ings of the fire department, had also greatly improved, and partially 
 advanced in an effort to keep pace with the city's population. In 1890, 
 Cleveland had 261.000 people within its limits. The old Kentucky 
 reservoir, by 188,"), was served onl.y by the antiquated pumps originally 
 used for that piirpose, while several new pumps sent tlie l)ulk of the 
 water supply directl.v into the service mains. Tn the year named, 
 two reservoirs were built on the eastern heights of the city ; the 
 low-pressure reservoir being Fairmount. on Fairmount Street, near 
 "Woodland Hills, and that for high-pressure or fire service, on Kinsman 
 Street in Woodland Hills Park. With the opening of these reservoirs 
 in 1885, the Kentucky reservoir was abandoned and its site con- 
 verted into a park. 
 
 In 18^3, after a year of the most destructive (ires which Cleve- 
 land had suffered (loss 'in 1892, $1,482,000), a program was adopted 
 for the largest increase of equipment yet made. It comprised six 
 engines, three trucks, a water tower to be placed on Engine IIou.se 
 No. 1, St. Clair Street; a new fire boat, subsequently built and sta- 
 tioned at the Lower Seneca Street Bridge, and named after ]\[ayor 
 John II. Farley, and three new engine houses. The expenditures 
 amounted to $147,000. 
 
 The Great Tunnel A^•D Modern Water System of Topay 
 
 At this time, or at least soon after, there was a general awakening 
 over the poor quality of the water supply and the inadequacy of the 
 service. The result, which was not fully realized until nearly the 
 passing of a decade, was the building of Cleveland's great lake tunnel. 
 The basis for the long-extended work was laid by the sjjccial citizens' 
 committee, appointed by Mayor R. E. JIcKisson in 1895 and consisting
 
 436 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 of Samuel Mather, C. F. Brush, L. E. Holdeu and AVilson il. Day. 
 As the result of their investigation and the urgency of their recom- 
 mendations, the bonds were issued and work was commenced, under 
 the superintendency of W. J. Gawne, the contractor, on the eighth of 
 October. 1896. 
 
 Series of Casualties 
 
 The sinking of the .shore shaft commenced on that day and, under 
 air pressure, the excavations progressed through the soft clay, with- 
 out accidents, until the eleventh of May, 1898, when a distance of 6,280 
 feet had been completed. On that day, an explosion occurred in the 
 heading, which so badly burned the eight men in the tunnel that they 
 all died within a few da3"s. On the eleventh of July of the same year, 
 before the tunnel had been pushed through another 300 feet, a second 
 explosion occurred, caiLsing the death of eleven men. After recovering 
 the bodies of all the men from the debris which had caved in from the 
 clay roof, the heading was closed and no more tunneling was at- 
 tempted from this fatal drift. The work was prosecuted from the 
 intake shaft, or lake end of the tunnel, and the junction made with 
 the shore section on the ninth of July, 1899. The permanent intake 
 crib had been placed in position a year before. By 1901, while prepa- 
 rations were being made to join all the sections of the work as a whole. 
 and celebrate its completion, another terrible accident overtook the 
 enterprise. On the fourteenth of August, the superstructure of the 
 crib was entirely burned, five men perishing in the flames and five 
 others being drowned. Rebuilding at once commenced, but within less 
 than a week the shaft at the intake crib broke off at the bottom of the 
 lake and the inrushing water and soft clay wrecked the structure and 
 smothered and di'O'uiied five men. It was an appalling scries of casu- 
 alties, and the record was not to end with August, 1901 ; for on the 
 fourteenth of December. 1902, after the two drifts had been connected 
 and the tunnel completed for its entire length, an explosion of gas 
 occurred in the west section by which four men were killed or died of 
 their injuries; and, besides the lives lost in these accidents, a number 
 of men died from what was known as cai.sson disease, brought about 
 by the dead air and noxious gases in which they were obliged to work. 
 
 Before the works were completed it was necessary to rebuild por- 
 tions of the tuiniel which had been weakened by quicksands and 
 enormous pressure, so that it was not uiilil the clcvcntli of February, 
 1904, that watei' was first pumped through tlie tunnel into the mains 
 from the new Kirtland Street station. On the sixth of the following
 
 1918] MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT 437 
 
 April, all pumping through the "West Side tunnels was discontinued 
 for city use and they were held in reserve solely for fire protection. 
 In the same year, a high-pressure service for the higher altitudes of 
 the city, especially the heights to the east was installed. So that the 
 present water system of Cleveland may be said to date from 1904, 
 especially from April of that year. 
 
 The Waterworks as Completed 
 
 The great intake or lake tunnel, which is the backbone and head of 
 the system, is nine feet in internal diameter, beginning at the shaft 
 on the grounds of the Kirtland Street pumping station and running 
 northwesterly 26,048 feet, or a trifle less than five miles, to the intake 
 shaft. The latter is sunk inside of a steel and concrete crib 100 feet 
 in diameter, located approximately four miles from shore. The posi- 
 tion of the crib was selected so as to bring the intake as far west of 
 the mouth of the Cuj'ahoga River as possible and place it out of the 
 path of the sewage discharge which is easterly down the lake. The 
 tunnel lining consists of three rings of shale brick laid in natural 
 cement mortar, the walls being about thirteen inches thick. 
 
 The Filtratiox Plant and Other "Works 
 
 In 1914, the Division Avenue plant was dismantled, witli the 
 exception of three vertical expansion engines and the new plant, 
 including buildings, boiler equipment and the addition of two Allis- 
 Chalmei-s vertical expansion pumps for low pressure work and one 
 of the same type for high pressure work, were installed, together with 
 new boiler equipment and buildings. At the same time the construc- 
 tion of the Di\nsion Avenue filtration plant was started adjoining the 
 Division Station groiinds. with a capacity of 150.000,000 gallons per 
 day. The filtration building, coa^lation basins, mixing chambers 
 and chemical house were constructed east of the station and the clear 
 water basins located just west of it. 
 
 "Work was also begun on the extension of the two tunnels leading 
 from the old Division Avenue station to the old crib, located about 
 a mile from the shore, by the construction of a ten-foot concrete 
 tunnel 16.000 feet northerly from Crib No. 4 to the submerged crib 
 located about three-quarters of a mile westerly from the intake of the 
 east side tunnel. 
 
 The rebuilding of the Division Avenue station and the construc- 
 tion of the filtration plant were finished in 1917. The latter was put
 
 438 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 in operation and the first water filtered on a small scale in November 
 of that year : in JIarch, 1918, the plant was in complete working order. 
 
 The Baldwin Reservoir 
 
 In 1914, the excavation for the Baldwin reservoir, which is located 
 on the heights just east of Baldwin Road, was begun. The elevation 
 of this reservoir is 225 feet above city datum. Its capacity will be 
 130,000,000 gallons. It is planned to finish this reservoir in 1920. 
 This will replace the present Fairmount reservoir, which has a ca- 
 pacity of 80,000,000 gallons, and its high water elevation is 170 feet 
 above city datum. The object of the Fairmount reservoir is to give 
 increased storage capacity as well as increased pressure, on what is 
 known as the low service district. 
 
 Miles and Valuation of Water Works 
 
 On the first of January, 1918, the total mileage of all sizes of pipe 
 in use in tlie eitv was as follows: 
 
 Size 
 
 48- 
 
 ineh 
 
 42- 
 
 inch 
 
 36- 
 
 inch 
 
 33- 
 
 inch 
 
 30- 
 
 inch 
 
 24- 
 
 inch 
 
 20- 
 
 inch 
 
 16- 
 
 inch 
 
 12- 
 
 inch 
 
 10- 
 
 inch 
 
 8- 
 
 inch 
 
 6- 
 
 inch 
 
 4- 
 
 inch 
 
 3- 
 
 incli 
 
 Miles 
 ... 7 
 ... 6 
 ...16 
 
 . 31 
 . 19 
 . 5 
 . 42 
 
 . 68 
 . 67 
 .130 
 .548 
 . 44 
 . 1 
 
 Feet 
 
 918 
 
 238 
 
 2,934 
 
 985 
 
 2,892 
 
 5,121 
 
 4,883 
 
 3,244 
 
 1,332 
 
 849 
 
 4,524 
 
 1,319 
 
 2,119 
 
 2,968 
 
 Total 990 miles, 2,644 feet. 
 
 The approximate valuation of the water department on the first 
 flf January. 1918, was $30,000,000. 
 
 Zones and Area of Supply 
 
 On account of the various elevations of the city, the city is supplied 
 through four zones. The first zone, known as the low service dis-
 
 1918] MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT 439 
 
 trict, comprises that portion of tlie city below 120 feet elevation. The 
 second zone, known as the first high service district, comprises that 
 portion of the city between 120 and 250 feet elevation. The third 
 zone, known as the second high service district, forces the water to 
 that portion of the city and suburbs between 250 and 375 feet eleva- 
 tion. The fourth zone, known as the third high service district, sup- 
 plies the buildinfrs known as the Coolcy Farm Colony. 
 
 The area supplied from (he Cleveland Water Works system com- 
 prises an area extending from Rocky River on the west to Wil- 
 louglihy on the east and southerly as far as Bedford, including the 
 suburbs of East Cleveland, Bratenahl, Cleveland Heights, Shaker 
 Heights, East View Village. Boechwood Village, Maple Heights Vil- 
 lage, South Ncwhurg Village, Brooklyn Heights Village, West Park 
 and Lakewood and Newburg Heights. 
 
 Progress of the Fire Department 
 
 In the meantime, the fire department had materially progressed. 
 Commencing with 1868, when it became a paid city institution, vari- 
 ous measures were adopted to protect and relieve firemen and their 
 families. Some were purely co-operative and private, such as the 
 Cleveland Firemen's Relief Association, and others were public and 
 supervised by trustees elected by the department. The most impor- 
 tant of the latter is the Firemen's Pension Fund, established in 1881. 
 In this year also the "sliding pole" was introduced to the depart- 
 ment ; before that epochal year, the firemen tumbling down stairs to 
 get to the ground floor and their apparatus, in case of fire. 
 
 The year 1891 was a memorable one for those interested in munici- 
 pal reform and in the safeguarding of their properties against the 
 growing perils of fire, for in that year the city shuffled off the com- 
 plex board plan in favor of the federal form of government and, 
 principally through the insistent abilities of Chief Dickinson, of the 
 fire department, the high-pressure idea was conceived and partially 
 executed. 
 
 Adoption of the Federal Form of Government 
 
 The salient features in these general and special reforms are so 
 well presented by the Cleveland Plain Dealer in its diamond jubilee 
 number of 1916 that the writer makes no apology for devoting con- 
 siderable space in this chapter to the exposition of these subjects by 
 that newspaper. "In 1891," it says, "the Legislature gave the City
 
 440 CLEYELAXD AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 of Cleveland the authority to drop its boards and to assume the 
 Federal form of government. The mayor, under this plan, became 
 the real executive head of the City Government, and was given the 
 authority to appoint six directors to head six departments of the 
 government. William G. Rose was the first mayor of Cleveland under 
 the federal plan of government and this form remained in effect 
 until it was attacked in the courts during the administration of Tom 
 L. Johnson. 
 
 Ch.vrters Unconstitutional 
 
 "In June, 1902, the supreme court ruled that Cleveland's federal 
 form of government and every municipal charter in the state were 
 unconstitutional and a special session of the legislature was called to 
 prepare a new municipal code that could be generally and uniformly 
 applied. Citizens of Cleveland thi*ough their representatives fought 
 for the estalilishment of the federal plan of government and the code 
 as finally adopted did contain certain of the elements that had caused 
 the federal plan to make its wide appeal. 
 
 "Under the new plan of government, the mayor named the members 
 of the board of public safety. Three members of the board of public 
 service, the city solicitor, the city treasurer and the city auditor, were 
 elected. The council contained one member from each ward and 
 four members were elected at large. This plan of government re- 
 mained in effect until 1910, when the Paine law making further im- 
 portant changes in the government of cities of Ohio became operative. 
 This law permitted the mayor to name a director of public service and 
 this officer, together with the mayor and a director of public safety, 
 made up the board of control. Tlie Paine law also established a civil 
 service commission. 
 
 Home Rule Agitation 
 
 "Home rule agitation i]i the large cities of the state and the 
 demand for other changes in the Ohio constitution led to the recent 
 constitutional convention, at which forty-one amendments were agreed 
 to. Included in these were the much discussed home rule provisions 
 enabling cities of the state to adopt their own charter and to assume 
 all powers of local self-government. These were submitted to popular 
 vote on Sept. 3, 1912. and shortly afterwards Cleveland elected its 
 charter commission. The commission at a series of public meetings 
 framed a charter that was based on the federal form of government.
 
 Newton D. Baker
 
 442 CLEVELANT) AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 The mayor was given power to name all eit.y department heads, 
 including the finance director and the director of law. As under the 
 federal form of government, the mayor and his six department 
 heads constitute the board of control. This board passes on con- 
 tracts and on minor and routine niattere of legislation. 
 
 "The new city charter was approved by voters of Cleveland in 
 July, 1913, and became effective Jan. 1, 1914. Newton D. Baker was 
 the first mayor elected under this home rule form of government. 
 Certain phases of his public career had been strangely like the activ- 
 ities of another young attorney of eighty years before, who was 
 Cleveland's first mayor. Both were active in the framing of city 
 charters and the fight for home rule govei'nmcnt. 
 
 "Written into the newly amended constitution of the state of 
 Ohio are provisions that bear the impress of Cleveland's beliefs and 
 policies. The long struggle for home rule from the days of the 
 young mayor of the early 'SOs to the day of Newton D. Baker is there 
 written, the struggle for municipal ownership of public utilities led 
 for ten years by former ]\Iayor Tom L. Johnson is there written." 
 
 The Fike Department Up to Date 
 
 There is no branch of the city service of which Cleveland is more 
 proud than its fire department, which, although officially a division 
 of the department of public safety, is now, as always, directly man- 
 aged by a responsible head. Its development since its great feature 
 of high-pressure of the water service was introduced is thus de- 
 scribed by the Plaiii Dealer: 
 
 "Water in huge (piantities at high pressure became an increasingly 
 important necessity as Cleveland annexed adjacent territory and be- 
 gan to erect tall buildings in its business sections. Prior to 1891 
 the ordinary steam fire engine was the only fighting agency. 
 
 "In that year occurred a disastrous |ire at the building of Short 
 & Forman. Sui)erior avenue N. W. Difficulty was being experienced 
 in reaching the upper floors with the steamer streams when Fire 
 Chief James W. Dickinson ordered large lines laid out from the fire- 
 boat Weatherley in the river at the foot of Superior avenue. The 
 powerful streams of water produced by the lioat's big pum])s com- 
 pletely dwarfed the steamer streams, (lesjute llie distance between 
 the boat and the fire. 
 
 "In tliis incident the modern high pressure system had its incep- 
 tion. Chief Dickinson conceived tlie idea of laying in tlie East and 
 West Side Imsincss districts a .scries of liigh pressure water n\ains
 
 1918] 
 
 MUNICH' AL DEVELOPxMENT 
 
 443 
 
 connected with 'lieadcrs' at the river. The fireboat, hitching up 
 at eitiicr 'header" wouKl furnish liigh pressure for the Kast or West 
 Side as the case migiit he. 
 
 "The East Side 'header' and mains were laid first. They were 
 admittedly an exporinient and. for the reason that the pipes were 
 only three feet below the earth's surface, it was necessary 1o drain 
 them in winter to prevent freezing. 
 
 "The principle was right, however, and Detroit and Philadelphia 
 
 Fires Always "W.mtixg for the Lumber District 
 
 follow^ed it. In 1901 a 'header' and mains for West Side high pres- 
 sure were laid. 
 
 Methods Are Changed 
 
 "From Chief Dickinson's experiment at the Short & Forman fire 
 grew the big high pressure pumping station on Lakeside avenue 
 N. E., and a ccmipletc change in fire fighting methods. This plant, 
 costing $200,000, went into service in 1!)13. It is erpiipped witii four 
 sets of pumps capable of supplying a total of 10,000 gallons of water 
 a minute. The downtown East Side and flats districts ai-e honey- 
 combed with high pressure mains and each year sees them extended. 
 
 "Cleveland's growth brought still another change — the coming
 
 444 CLEVELAND AND ITS EN\aRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 of the motor drawn appai'atus and the passing of the galloping tire 
 horses of time honored memory. The first piece of motor apparatus 
 installed in Cleveland was Engine No. 34 which went into service 
 in 1912. 
 
 "In 1913 twentj--two pieces of apparatus were motorized. These 
 included tractors for Hook and Ladder Trucks Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 
 and 11 ; a motor truck for Hook and Ladder No. 12 ; a motor truck for 
 the newlj' organized Hook and Ladder Company No. 13, motor hose 
 wagons for High Pressure Hose Companies Nos. 1 and 2 ; tractors 
 for Engines Nos. 16 and 28 ; an auto pumping engine for Engine Com- 
 pany No. 31; a combination auto pumping engine and hose wagon 
 for Engine Company No. 35; two 'flying squadron' wagons; a 
 motor hose wagon for Engine Co. No. 11 and twelve roadsters for 
 chief oiificers. 
 
 Motor Tr.\ctors Bought 
 
 "In 1914 motor tractors for engines Nos. 4 and 17 and combina- 
 tion auto pumping engines and hose wagons for Engine Companies 
 Nos. 9 and 24 were installed. This year a new tractor drawn steam 
 pumping engine and motor hose wagon for Engine Company No. 14 
 went into service. Fire Chief George A. Wallace recently asked for 
 .$401,000 to motorize the remainder of the department and install 
 'several new companies. 
 
 "Only five chiefs have held office since Cleveland's paid depart- 
 ment was formed. James A. Craw was the first. He was succeeded 
 in February, 1864, by James Hill. Chief Hill retired in February, 
 1875, and John A. Bennett was promoted from first assistant to chief. 
 
 "Chief Bennett was succeeded Dee. 22, 1880, by James W. Dick- 
 inson. Chief Dickinson's fii-st general order was for the formation 
 of the dilTerent companies into battalions. 
 
 "Chief Dickinson retired Feb. 9, 1901, and March 4 of the same 
 year George A. Wallace was made chief, whicli office he holds today. 
 
 "A history of Cleveland's paid department and a history of 
 George A. W^allace would be almost identical. As Cadet Wallace, 
 the present chief went into the fire service of Cleveland June 1, 1869, 
 six years after the formation of the paid department. From cadet to 
 leading hoseman, jumping the rank of lieutenant to a captaincy, then 
 to fourth assistant chief, third assistant chief, second assistant chief, 
 first assistant chief and now chief — this is the forty-seven-year record 
 of Cleveland's chief, who is probably the best known fire fighter in 
 the United States.
 
 1918] MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT 445 
 
 "When on duty Chief Wallace has a knack of 'getting the jump' 
 on the most stubborn blaze and his personality has inspired the same 
 virtue in the officers and men under him. As a result of this depart- 
 mental quality Cleveland's annual lire loss is surprisingly low wiicn 
 compared with that of other cities of similar size." 
 
 Present Fire and Police Divisions 
 
 The present municipal divisions of fire and police are now in- 
 cluded in the Department of Public Safety. The fire system com- 
 prises one chief, one secretary, one assistant secretary, two assistant 
 chiefs, nine battalion chiefs, one surgeon, one veterinary surgeon, one 
 superintendent of machinery and one chief of the fire alarm telegi-aph. 
 It is divided into thirty-five fire engine companies, thirteen hook 
 and ladder and four hose companies. Within the division of fire is 
 also the Bureau of Fire Prevention, and connected with its plant 
 are also a veterinary hospital and a training stable. 
 
 The division of police consists of one chief, one inspector, one chief 
 of detectives, one surgeon, ten captains, forty-two lieutenants, forty 
 detectives, eighteen mounted policemen, sixty-nine connected with the 
 regulation of street traffic and 800 patrolmen. The present chief of 
 police is Frank W. Smith. 
 
 The prevailing home rule of municipal government, based on the 
 Federal sj'stem, seems to be easy of comprehension and works with 
 practical smoothness. It may even be of sufficient elasticit.y to be 
 extended over the proposed coordination of the county and the city 
 governments. As it will take little longer, with the recent rate of 
 expansion prevailing, for the territory of the City of Cleveland 
 and the County of Cuyahoga to be coextensive, that problem will 
 undoubtedly have to be met in the near future. 
 
 As the municipal body now exists, its executive head is the 
 mayor, under whom are seven departments, each with its director 
 and divided into various divisions, superintended by special com- 
 missioners. The roster of the principal executive officials, in 1918, is 
 as follows: 
 
 Executive 
 
 Mayor — Harry L. Davis. 
 
 Mayor's Secretary — Fred W. Thomas. 
 
 Department of Law 
 W. S. FitzGerald, director.
 
 446 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENWIRONS [Chap.XXlV 
 
 Assista)it Directors — Alfred Cliuii, James T. Cassidy, J. C. Mans- 
 field, J. D. Marshall, W. B. Cole. 
 
 CJiief Prosecutor — James L. Lind. 
 Chief Clerk— J. M. Crawford. 
 
 Department of Public Service 
 
 Alex Bernstein, director. 
 
 Director's Secretary, Alva R. Corlett. 
 
 Division of Streets — John G. Tomson, commissioner : Street clean- 
 ing, street repairs, paving permits. 
 
 Division of Engineering and Construction — Robert Hoffman, com- 
 missioner: Paving, sidewalks, sewers, bridges and docks (rivers and 
 harbors), sewage disposal, plats and surveys, street signs and house 
 numbers. 
 
 Division of Garbage — Aaron Gaunter, superintendent of collec- 
 tion. 
 
 Department of Parks and Public Property 
 
 Floyd E. Waite, director. 
 Director's Secretary — Joseph R. Ray. 
 
 Division of Parks — Lyman 0. Xewell, commissioner of parks; 
 Harry C. Hyatt, city forester. 
 
 Division of Recreation — J. F. Potts, commissioner of recreation. 
 
 Division of Markets — George P. Samman. 
 
 City Architect— F. H. Betz. 
 
 Street Lighti)ig — Albert ^loritz. superintendent. 
 
 Department op Puhlic Welfare 
 
 Lamar T. Bciiian, director. 
 Director's Secretary — A. E. Maska. 
 Division of Health — Dr. H. L. Roekwood, commissioner. 
 Division of Employment — Charles. F. Arndt, commissioner. 
 Bureau of Immigration — John Prucha, chief. 
 Bureau of Outdoor Eclief — William A. Keuney. suporintondent. 
 Parole Officer — Turney H. Braund. 
 City Chemist— \Y. S. Wliite. 
 
 Department ok Pim!lic Safety 
 
 A. B. Sprosty, director. 
 Division of Police — Frank W. Smith, chief, Conlral Police Sta- 
 tion; secretary of police depavtmcnl, W. W. Xon-is.
 
 1918] MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT 447 
 
 Division of Fire — George A. Wallace, chief; fire prevention bu- 
 reau, Thomas F. Connell, chief warden. 
 
 Division of Bidldings — E. W. Cunningham, commissioner; Samuel 
 Hatcher, commissioner of division of smoke. 
 
 ])ei-artmknt of Finance 
 
 Clarence J. Ncal, director. 
 Division of Accounts — C. S. Metcalf, commissioner. 
 Divisian of Treasury — Russoll V. Johnson, city treasurer. 
 Division of Assess))ients and Licenses — L. C. Cukr, commissioner. 
 Divisio-n of Purchases and Supplies — Edward Shattuck, commis- 
 sioner. 
 
 Department op Public Utilities 
 
 Thomas S. Farrell, director. 
 
 Director's Secretary — Stanley Spirakus. 
 
 Division of Water — J. T. Martin, commissioner. 
 
 Division of Light and Heat — W. E. Davis, commissioner. 
 
 Board of Control — Mayor Davis, president, and directors Fitz- 
 Gerald, Bernstein, Bcman, Sprostj', Neal, Waite and Farrel. Fred 
 W. Thomas, secretarj'. 
 
 Civil Service Commission — Louis A. Dcutsch, president; Ralph W. 
 Edwards and Benjamin Parmely, commissioners; Louis Simon, secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Sinking Fund Commission — Mayor Davis, president; Clarence J. 
 Neal, secretary, and president of city council H. C. Gahn. 
 
 Board of Revision of Assessments — ]\Iayor Davis, president; Clar- 
 ence J. Neal, secretary ; directors FitzGcrald and Bernstein, and 
 president of city council IL C. Gahn. 
 
 City Street Railroad Commissioner — Fielder Sanders. 
 
 The legislative branch of the municipal government is represented 
 By tlie city council, composed of one mpml)er from each of Cleveland's 
 twenty-six wards, the president of which is Harry C. Gahn, member 
 from the Eighteenth Ward. 
 
 Tlie local .judiciary, or municipal court, is divided into civil and 
 criminal branches. The chief justice of the civil brancli is William 
 n. ]\IeGannon. He has seven associates, simply designated as judges — 
 Messrs. Daniel B. Cull, Wm. B. Beebe, George P. Baer, Samuel H. 
 Silbert, David IMoylan, W^alter McMahon and Charles L. Salzer. The
 
 448 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIV 
 
 two judges on the eriminal bench are Samuel E. Kramer and Frank 
 C. Phillips. Peter J. Henry is clerk of the municipal court. 
 
 There have been no radical changes in the county government for 
 many years, except in the composition of the various courts which 
 are identified with it in various degrees of intimacy, and such trans- 
 formations are treated in th(; chapter devoted to the Bench and Bar 
 and professional matters in general. The government now in opera- 
 tion is composed of the following officials: auditor, John A. Zangerle; 
 county clerk, E. B. Haserodt: sheriff, E. J. Ilanratty ; recorder, Hosea 
 Paul; surveyor, "\V. A. Stinehcomb; treasurer, John J. Boyle; presi- 
 dent of board of county commissioners, Joseph Menning; probate 
 judge, Alexander Hadden; prosecuting attorney, Samuel Doerfler. 
 Tlie terms of the sheriff, prosecuting attorney and coroner expire on 
 the first ilondav in Januarv, 1919; the term of the countv clerk, tlie 
 first Monday in August of that year : the terms of the president of the 
 board of county commissioners, treasurer, recorder and surveyor 
 in September, 1919, and the term of the probate judge in Febi'uary, 
 1921. 
 
 "With this general tracing of the development of the "ounty and 
 municipal systems of government, and the sketching of several public 
 departments and institutions which are inseparable parts of their 
 fundamental life, other topics are now taken up, the details of which 
 have occupied the minds and ])hysical activities of all progressive 
 Clcvelanders during the periods of tlieir residence in the Forest City.
 
 CHAPTER XXV 
 
 MEANS OF COilMUNICATION 
 
 By 77. G. Cutler 
 
 The center of the Public Square is where Superior Street, running 
 from northeast to southwest, and Ontario Street, running from north- 
 west to southeast, intersect. From this point, distances in Cleveland 
 are generally measured. With the elaboration and progi'cssive com- 
 pletion of the gi'oup plan by which all public buildings, whether city, 
 county or federal, are being massed around the Public Square, along 
 the proposed mall to the lake front and along that district almost to 
 Lake Erie itself, Cleveland has established even more than ever before 
 a grand down town center. It corresponds to the head or brain of the 
 body, from which its diverse and elaborate activities radiate. 
 
 The Streets of Old Cleveland 
 
 The streets of the original village were Ontario, Erie, Miami and 
 Water, running generally from northwest to southeast, and Superior, 
 Huron, Ohio, Lake, Bath and Federal, running virtually in opposite 
 directions. By 1815, when new streets were added to the original 
 plat, the only thoroughfare really clear was Superior west of the 
 square. In the year named, St. Clair, Bank, Seneca, Wood, Euclid and 
 Diamond streets were added. Diamond Street bounded the square 
 or diamond. It was during that year (1815), that Warren surveyed 
 the highway which followed the ridge from the Public Square to Huron 
 Street and connected the lands located in Cleveland township with 
 those selected in Euclid. Those old time surveyors and promoters 
 were scholars and had an especial admiration for the ancient mathe- 
 matician, Euclid ; hence the name they bestowed upon the township 
 and the road. As the years passed, Euclid Road became a most pop- 
 ular thoroughfare between Cleveland and Paiuesville, P]rie and Buf- 
 falo, and was also known as the Buffalo Road as late as 1825. Thus 
 Euclid Avenue came to be. 
 
 The "208 and '30s, witnessed considerable development of the street 
 
 449 
 
 Vol. I 2 9
 
 450 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 system of young Cleveland and, by 1835, nearly all tlie thoroughfares 
 of the original town, as mentioned, with those added in 1815, were 
 cleared and established. Of the radial streets, St. Clair, the northern- 
 most was opened in 1816. It was called the North Highway and Fed- 
 eral Street was subsequently merged into it. St. Clair became the 
 fashionable lake shore drive and led to the Northern Ohio fair grovinds 
 and race track near Glenville. 
 
 Superior Street was early planned to be Cleveland's leading 
 thoroughfare ; its principal retail business street down town and the 
 chief link between the central Public Square and the great resident 
 
 '■'""'Mat.i 
 
 e nni-ir'--i-fl-Ti- 
 
 II iA-,- - ' - > 
 
 If,*; -aV-v •• 
 
 
 I 
 
 *i 
 
 •i 
 
 Public Squ.\re, Siiuwixg Supekidr anu Euclid Avenues 
 
 district pro.iected toward the east. Until a comparatively I'ecent 
 period it was the backbone of the city's principal retail district, but 
 the great residence territory which was to be developed along Payne 
 Avenue, which was opened in 1853, was invaded by industrial smoke 
 and unsightliness before the property came into the hands of builders 
 and home-seekers. The result was to crowd the handsome homesteads 
 of the city further to the soutli in East Clevelaiid. 
 
 I'rospect Street, which had been su'i'veyed by Aliaz iMcrciiant in 
 1831, and during civil war times, as well as later, was a fashionable 
 residence street. Kinsman Street, the Old South Highway, laid out as 
 early as 1797 and in the '60s called Woodland Avenue, also had its 
 day when it was lined with stately homes and was one of the fashion- 
 able drives into a bcautifn! sulmi-liaii district.
 
 1918] 
 
 MEANS OF COMi\IUNICATION 
 
 451 
 
 Expansion in all Directions 
 
 But all of these thorouprhfares, including: Euelid Avenue, have been 
 invaded by tlm neeessary expansion of retail business areas, although 
 the latter, especially beyond Wade Park, has come the nearest to 
 retainingr its oriprinal fame as an avenue of lieautiful homes of any 
 Cleveland hitjchway. The development of Euclid Avenue in that re- 
 gard, has been rapid since the annexation of East Cleveland to the 
 city in 1872. 
 
 The village of West Cleveland was absorbed liy the city in 1894. 
 At that time, the leading street connecting the two divisions was 
 Colundnis which passed over an iron bridge, the most substantial 
 
 Residences on Euclid Heights 
 
 structure of the kind then spaiuiing the Cuyahoga River. Through 
 Columbus Street, communication was made with the State Road to 
 Lorain, later called Lorain Avenue, and with the Wooster Pike. De- 
 troit Street, another leading West Side avenue was vii'tually a con- 
 tinuation of ?"uclid. It followed a lake ridge to the westward and 
 merged into the State Road to Toledo and Detroit. Franklin Circle, 
 to be hereafter described, was the center of the West Cleveland street 
 system, such as it was. 
 
 The Bridges and Viaducts 
 
 As the streets multiplied, and various settled sections were received 
 into the corporation, the problem of adequately bridging the Cuyahoga
 
 452 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 River and its tributaries, other streams which flowed into the lake and 
 the numerous ravines and valleys which cut the site of the municipality 
 — the question of how best to bind together the city's territory so as 
 to make communication between all its sections most convenient, with- 
 out disfigiiring its beauties, was a problem which tried the capabilities 
 of the best engineers and citizens, and it is still a living issue. From 
 the days of Ahaz Merchant, who laid out most of the original 
 thoroughfares of Cleveland, to the time of W. A. Stinchcomb, whose 
 labors in street improvements and bridge and viaduct building are 
 woven into the latest great developments in these lines, the efforts 
 of the founders and promoters of the city have been faithful and 
 untiring closely to unite the people of its diversified physical terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Getting the East and the West Sides Together 
 
 The origin of this series of great works goes back to the infancy of 
 Cleveland as a settlement and a village. The initial problem, which 
 has been fully solved only within recent years, was how best to bring 
 the settlers on the east side of the Cuyahoga River in convenient com- 
 munication with the West Siders. It is known that the feri-y at the 
 foot of Superior Street, operated by Elijah Gunn, was for some years 
 the only public means of getting to the west side of the river. It 
 was then impossible to build a stationary bridge at that point, as it 
 would obstruct navigation. Some years later, a compromise between 
 the landsmen and the marines was effected by which a floating bridge 
 of whitewood logs was built much further south, at a point where the 
 Center Street bridge now spans the river. In the Annals of the Early 
 Settlers' Association it is stated: "When vessels wished to pass, the 
 logs were floated to one side and were brought back into place by 
 means of ropes. This was tlic first bridge across the Cuyahoga." 
 
 First Permanent Bridge Across the Cuyahoga 
 
 But something more substantial materialized during the mayoralty 
 of John W. Willey, Cleveland's first mayor. James S. Clark and 
 others platted a strip along the east side of the river which lliey 
 called Willeyville. Clolumbus Street bisected it, and on the opposite 
 side of the Cuyahoga rdiiimcnrrd llic Woostcr and Medina turnpike. 
 A bridge was the logical connection; and Columbus bridge was l)uilt. 
 It was the first sulistantial structure to span the stream, was built In- 
 :\Ir. Clark and liis associates and cost $15,000. The bridge was 200
 
 1918J :\IEANS OF COMMUNICATION 453 
 
 feet long, with a' draw suffieient to allow. a vessel of forty-nine foot 
 beam to pass throup:li. It was an old time covered bridge, twenty-four 
 feet above the surface of the river, but a contemporary print states 
 that it "presents an imposing appearance and reflects much credit on 
 the architect, Nathan Hunt. This splendid bridge was presented 
 to the corporation of the City of Cleveland by the owners, with the 
 express stipulation that it should forever remain free for the accommo- 
 dation of the i)ul)]ic, although the Legislature had previously chartered 
 it as a toll bridge." The bridge thus made over to Cleveland diverted 
 so much of the ti-ade to the East side which had formerly come to Ohio 
 City, or "West Cleveland, that the "West Siders openly rebelled, especi- 
 ally after the Cleveland council directed the removal of the east half 
 of the old float bridge, which, legally, it had a right to do as that 
 structure was the joint property of the two cities. The Bridge "War 
 which was the physical culmination of the quarrel, was fought over the 
 Columbus span, and is described in the early portion of the narrative 
 history. 
 
 Other Bridges at the Strategic Point 
 
 The quarrel was still on when, in 1846, the towns agitated the build- 
 ing of a larger bridge. Ohio City said "No; and we stand on your old 
 ground (addressing the City of Cleveland). You own only to the 
 middle of Cuyahoga River." So the county stepped in and built the 
 second bridge; in 1870, the third was completed and in 1898, the 
 fourth. The present structure, built at a cost of ,$80,000, is operated 
 by electricity. It is at the apex of the westernmost bend or horseshoe 
 of the river, across which it was thrown south for the express purpose 
 of diverting the trade of the southern country towns from Ohio City 
 to Cleveland, and until the two were consolidated the hostility between 
 the East and "West sides was bitter and always rampant. 
 
 The Columbus Street bridge is worthy of special comment, which 
 has already been well made in the following words : ' ' One of the most 
 original and novel bridges in the city and the first of its kind ever 
 built, as far as we are awai'e, with the exception of a contemporary 
 built at some government arsenal in Spain, of which the details were 
 never given in American periodicals, is the double swing bridge at 
 Columbus Street, designed by Walter P. Rice, chief engineer, assisted 
 by James T. Pardee, city bridge engineer, and John Brunner, of the 
 Blount "^'eriioii Bridge "Works, the latter rendering important sei-\'ice 
 in the development of the shop drawings. This bridge is of special
 
 454 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 type as its name implies, and was the outgrowth of special conditions. 
 Its construction saved the City of Cleveland about $60,000, as against 
 the proposed plan, and has proved one of the quickest moving and 
 most satisfactory bridges on the river. This type does away with the 
 old characteristic center pier, affording a clean opening of about 113 
 feet in the center of the stream — a necessity, as the location is at one 
 of the worst bends in the river and every inch of channel is needed 
 for the passage of large freighters. The two separate spans are 
 designated as 'bobtails;' that is, one arm licing shorter than tlie 
 other and countei'weighted. The roadway, when the bridge is 
 closed, has a grade of about three feet per hundred feet and has a 
 length of 279 feet total, the shore ends locking into anchorage and 
 forming a cantilever. The motive power, another innovation at that 
 time, being a combination of electricity and compressed air; the oper- 
 ation of diaphragm gates at approaches, latching of bridge, and 
 raising and lowering of ajiron at center, being controlled by the 
 latter power, while the actual swinging of the two spans is done by 
 electric motors. This type was later duplicated in Canada." 
 
 Direct Communication with Ohio City 
 
 In the days when Cleveland was centered around tlie mouth of the 
 river and the public square, the most direct means of communication 
 with Ohio City and the west generally was by way of Division and 
 liighthouse (Willow) streets. In the '50s, therefore, bridges were 
 l>uilt across the river at tliose crossings. The wooden structures 
 were subsequently replaced by iron bridges. The marine interests 
 fought the building of the old Liglithouse Street bridge, liut opposi- 
 tion calmed down somewhat when, in 1856, its construction was 
 authorized by the city and the State Board of Public Works. In 
 1897, a new bridge, operated by electricity, replaced the old. 
 
 A Bkidge Story of iMysteky 
 
 Seneca Street bridge was aiiotliei- of ihc pidiicrr bi-idges designed 
 to bring trade to Cleveland before Uie railroads had proved themselves 
 an fi.xed and dependable. It was .so overloaded with cattle upon a 
 certain occasion in 1H57 that it eollajiscd and fell into the river. 
 Tlie fate of the cattle is unrecorded, 'i'lic bi-idge wliicli rej^laced tlie 
 wrecked concern was a liaiid dfjiwbridgi' ; an iron iin(^ followed; in
 
 1918] MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 455 
 
 1888, a hridfjo of two spans, iioarly 300 feet in length was constructed, 
 and, in 1903, the city built its first Sherzer roller lift bridge, known as 
 the Middle Seneca or Middle West Third Street bridge. Its operating 
 power is electricity. 
 
 Other Cleveland Bridges 
 
 The Main Street bridge, which was one of the first iron structures 
 of the kind in the city, was originally built in 1869. It was recon- 
 structed in 1885 and the draw is operated by steam. 
 
 The old wooden drawbridge at Center Street antedated the iron 
 structure at Main. It was completed in 1863, although the truss 
 iron draw was not built until the early '70s. This, in turn, was re- 
 placed by the bridge of 1900, operated by electricity. 
 
 When the Jefferson Avenue bridge, over the river and canal, was 
 finished in 1872, it was the finest structure of the kind in Cleveland. 
 It was built by the King Iron Bridge Company. The river span was 
 150 feet long and that crossing the canal 117 feet. Cost nearly 
 $40,000. In 1907, a double rolling lift bridge was built over the 
 new channel of the river, and a fixed span was thrown over the old 
 channel where the oi'iginal swing span had been, at a total cost of 
 $182,000. The lift span is operated by electricity. 
 
 In the year that the first Jefferson Avenue bridge was completed, 
 was opened the Central Way under the tracks of the Cleveland and ■ 
 Wheeling Railway. At once it became the heavy traffic highway, 
 the principal outlet of the refineries and the iron manufactories. 
 The bridge across the river was an old wooden affair and. in 1883, was 
 swept away by a flood. A suitable iron bridge nearly 200 feet long 
 replaced it the same year, and electrical power was installed in 1917. 
 The structure is now known as the Upper West Third Street bridge. 
 
 W.VLWORTH R[JN Vl\DUCT 
 
 The first of the largo viaducts to be built by the city was that over 
 Walworth Run and the Big Four tracks, at what was then the 
 southern outskirts of the city. It was built of iron, and compri.sed 
 three spans with a total reach of 260 feet. The cost was nearly 
 $80,000. The Walworth viaduct was rebuilt of iron and steel in 
 isss. In 1911, it was reconstructed in connection with the grade- 
 crossing work of the New York Central and St. Louis railroads.
 
 456 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 High-Level Bridge Demanded 
 
 But the city realized more and more, as both the East and the 
 West sides expanded in area, increased in population and their busi- 
 ness and ci\nc demands for ready intercommunication became in- 
 sistent, that some radical work must be accomplished by which the 
 physical difficulties of the municipal site might be overcome as a 
 whole. Small bridges to cross various streams and minor viaducts to 
 bridge ravines and little valleys must be put aside in favor of some 
 grand high-level structure which should be thrown from the high- 
 lands of East Cleveland to those of West Cleveland, so far above the 
 river that its navigation could freely progress beneath. The dis- 
 cussion of this grand radical project commenced in the '60s, was 
 placed in the background by civil war matters which would not be 
 suppressed by any others, and definitely and strongly revived in 
 1870. 
 
 Building op the Old Superior Street Viaduct 
 
 Both "sides" of the river now saw the vital necessity of the move- 
 ment, and, if there was any preponderance of enthusiasm and initia- 
 tive, local historians now generally place it to the credit of the West 
 Siders. Of the latter champions none were more persistent or in- 
 fluential than Henry W. S. Wood and Belden Seymour; and when 
 West Cleveland was incorporated as a village, in 1872, they and other 
 champions of their section redoubled their efforts to secure this most 
 natural connection and one which had been so early advocated and 
 partially realized. The story of the final construction of the old 
 Superior Street viaduct is long and involved, and it would not serve 
 any good purpose to enter the multitude of details composing the 
 account ; for, as the peace-loving LPnclc Toby said in the immortal 
 Tristram Hhandy, "much may be said on both sides of the ques- 
 tion." The assertion may be ventured, however, that among those 
 most prominent in the construction of the old viaduct, besides those 
 already mentioned, were George Willcy, C. W. Palmer, Judge J. M. 
 Coffinberry, J. P. Ilollaway and others. These gentlemen not only 
 were pei-sisleiit in furthering the enterprise during its initial stage, 
 hut continued to give it their best efforts until the viaduct was an 
 assurance. At this time, Charles H. Strong was city engineer with 
 C. G. Force as his assistant, and u])on tliem fell the practical details 
 of construction from first to last. 
 
 In March, 1872, a special committee of llie Cleveland city council, 
 appointed to consider the high-level bridge problem in all its licarings,
 
 1918] MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 457 
 
 reported in favor of the route from the corner of Merwin and Su[)e- 
 rior streets to the iiiterseetion of I'earl (West Twenty-fifth) Street 
 and Detroit Avenue. Afterwards, the general assembly granted the 
 authority to construct the viaduct along that line, the voters of 
 Cleveland gave it their sanction and the work was placed under prac- 
 tical licadway. At a cost of more than half a million dollars, the 
 Big Foui- Railroad tracks '.verc lowered ; the canal was vacated for 
 three miles, virtually from Superior Street to the southern city 
 limits, and the city made a new river entrance to the lake about a 
 mile east of the old one, the moving of the old locks and vacating the 
 canal bed being accomplished at an additional cost of $360,000. The 
 usual number of suits and vexatious delays arose before the entire 
 right-of-way was secured and it was not until the twenty-seventh of 
 December, 1878, that Messrs. Wood and Seymour, representing the 
 most prominent citizen high-levelites of the East and West sides, met 
 at the middle of the Superior viaduct draw and clasped hands in token 
 of a united Cleveland. 
 
 The great undertaking had l)een made a notable engineering reality 
 at the expenditure of administrative and executive talents of the 
 highest order, represented in mere dollars by $2,170,000. It was a 
 free bridge, although the original act allowed the collection of toll. It 
 was 3,211 feet long, the draw being about a tenth of the total length 
 and seventy feet above high water mark. In the foundation, 
 7,270 piles were used, 8,508 perch of stone and 15,500 yards of gravel 
 tilling; and that same foundation supported over 150,000 tons of 
 stone and iron. 
 
 FoRM.\L Dedication op First High Level, Bridge 
 
 On the day following the informal meeting of Messrs. Wood and 
 Seymour, the viaduct was formally dedicated to the public. The 
 Cleveland Light Artillery fired the federal salute at daybreak and at 
 10:30 A. M. there was a parade through the down-town streets by 
 military and civil orders, the fire department and citizens generally 
 participating in it. Of the local militaiy organizations the old 
 time "Cleveland Grays" were favorites. Many of the brightest 
 and most able young men of the city had joined its ranks at some 
 time or other, and one Myron T. Herrick, was a member of it on that 
 eventful winter da.v, fort.v years ago, when the united towns cele- 
 brated the completion of the first Superior Street viaduct. At 
 12:30 a ma.ss meeting was held in the old Tabernacle, corner of 
 Ontario and St. Clair streets, at which addres-ses were delivered by
 
 458 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 Mayor William G. Rose and Governors Bishop, of Ohio, and Mathews, 
 of "West Virginia. In the evening a banquet was given at the 
 Weddell House, at which Amos Townsend, a former member of con- 
 gress from the Cleveland district, presided. On the twenty-ninth of 
 December, 1878, the bridge was opened for the public use, and well 
 fulfilled its functions for more than thirty years, or until a greater 
 Cleveland demanded a greater viaduct. 
 
 Greater Viadiict for Greater Cleveland 
 
 This splendid structure, officially designated as the High Level 
 Bridge, has been open for traffic since Thanksgiving Day and 
 Christmas Day, 1917 ; the upper deck was opened to vehicles on the 
 former day, and the lower deck to street cars on the latter day. It 
 is of double-deck steel and reinforced concrete construction and was 
 built under the general superintendence of Frank R. Lander and W. 
 
 The New High Level Bridge 
 
 A. Stinchcomb, county surveyors respectively: Mr. Wood is given 
 the credit for being the father of the double-deck plan, which was 
 ailopted by the county commissioners after the holding of several 
 stormy meetings. The plans were then prepared by Mr. Lander, 
 under whom the work progressed for two years, being completed under 
 Mv. Stinchcomb. The first actual consti-ndion work was started by the 
 O'Rourke Engineering Company, on the fourth of June, 1912. The 
 k'tigth of the viaduct from the intcr.scci ion of West Twenty-fiftli and 
 Detroit Avenue to the center line of West Ninth Street is 3,112 feet; 
 from Superior to West Ninth, 475 feet ; in West Twenty-fifth south of 
 Detroit Avenue, 958 foct, and in Detroit, west of West Twenty-fifth 
 Street, 1,085 feet. Total 5,C30 feet, or over one mile. There are twelve 
 concrete arches and one steel arch, which spans the river, for a length 
 of r)91 feet and 190 feet abovi' the sui'face of the water. The total cost
 
 1918] MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 459 
 
 ot" the viaduct, inehuiins subways, has been approximately $3,601,000; 
 of the land acquired for riglit of way, $1,683,000. Grand total, for 
 land and structural work, $5,284,000. 
 
 County Engineer Stinchcomb has nuido the following interesting 
 estimates, and thereby deviated from the typical atmosphere of the 
 dry-}is-dust statistician : 
 
 One hundred and twcuty-four thousand eight hundred cubic yards 
 of concrete were used in construction of the piei-s, foundations, arches, 
 floors and subway approaches. If this concrete were made into a 
 wall 6 feet high and 18 inches thick, it would be approximately 70 
 miles long. 
 
 The eai'th excavation for bridge and approaches was 199,500 cubic 
 yards. This would make a trench 3 feet wide and 3 feet deep, 110 
 miles long. If the earth were all thrown to one side, a splendid mili- 
 tary trench could be made. 
 
 Concrete piles 147,840 lineal feet were used under the piers. If 
 placed end to end they would extend 28 miles. If these piles were 
 made into a concrete walk 6 feet wide and 4 inches thick, it would 
 extend from Kocky River to Euclid Beach. 
 
 The steel used for reinforcing the concrete weighed 9,850 pounds. 
 This amount of steel would make a fence 5 feet high, about 19 miles 
 long. 
 
 Central Viaduct 
 
 Until this last and greatest of the city viaducts was completed, the 
 Central Viaduct, which crosses the Cuyahoga River at its next pro- 
 nounced horseshoe bend southeast of the Columbus bridge, as well as 
 Walworth Run which enters the main stream at this point, was the 
 longest structure of its kind in Cleveland. It was built in answer 
 to the demands of the South Side for more convenient communi- 
 cation with the central districts of the city. The agitation com- 
 menced in the common council in the spring of 1879, but the 
 route from Ohio and Hill streets to Jennings Avenue was not 
 adopted until the summer of 1885, and ground was not actually 
 broken until the fifth of May, 1888. In December of that year, the 
 l)ridge was opened to the public, with appropriate ceremonies. The 
 King Iron Bridge Company did the bulk of the structural work. 
 The Cuyahoga River span of the bridge is 2,839 feet, and the Wal- 
 worth Run span (Abbey Avenue branch) 1,092 feet; total length, 
 3,931 feet. The entire cost of the Central Viaduct was $885,000, 
 although the amount authorized was $1,000,000. From the first,
 
 i60 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 both the public and the eiigiiieere have viewed this work with some 
 apprehension, especially after it was discovered, a few years subse- 
 quent to its completion, that the hillside on the west bank of the 
 river was slowly slipping against the piers and threatening their 
 stability. They were strengthened, but still the settling and pro- 
 gressive pressure continue, a.s in other ways of nature, slowly but 
 surely. It was at the Central Viaduct, also, that the terrible accident 
 occurred, on the sixteenth of November, 1895, by which an electric car 
 plunged into the valley through the open draw and killed seventeen 
 persons. So that the Central viaduct is in some respects, another name 
 for a "creepy feeling" in the constitution of the average Clevelander. 
 
 KiN^GSBURY Run Improvements 
 
 King.sbury Run Viaduct (now East Thirty-fourth Street bridge) 
 was built in 1SS4-S6 over the Run and the Erie tracks for the accommo- 
 dation of southeastern Clevelanders. The bridge is over 800 feet 
 long and the Kingsbuiy Run trestle nearly 500 feet. The cost of 
 the improvements was $147,000. 
 
 Brooklyn-Brighton Connection v^'ith the Southwest 
 
 But a much more important and far more recent viaduct connec- 
 tion ha.s been made far to the southwest. It is a handsome and sub- 
 stantial structure completed in 1916 and already widely known as 
 the Brooklyn-Brighton bridge. It crosses the valley of Big Creek, 
 connecting West Twenty-fifth Street with Pearl Road and making it 
 practically one thoroughfare throughout its entire length. In other 
 words, it connects that portion of Cleveland known as Old Brooklyn 
 with South Brooklyn, now entirely within the city limits. The Brook- 
 lyn-Brighton bridge was built by tlie Bates & Rogers Construction 
 Company, of Chicago, and, with right-of-way, cost approximately 
 $800,000. It is of reinforced concrete coiislruction and is 1,726 
 feet long. 
 
 Other Bridges .vnd Viaoucts 
 
 East Thirty-fifth Street viaduct, at the New York Central & St. 
 Louis Railroad (formerly Willson Avcinie) was com])letcd in 1898; 
 approximate cost, $94,000. 
 
 Willett Avenue bridge (now l<'iilton Koad) sjianning Walworth 
 Avenue; completed in IflOI.
 
 1918] MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 461 
 
 Clark Avenue viaduct. Length of steel work, 5,992 feet. Weight 
 of steel work, 11,173 tons. Approximate cost, $1,398,000. Com- 
 pleted in 1917. Total length, iiichuliiif; intervening fill.s, 6,687 feet. 
 
 Proposed Lob.\in-IIukon Bridge 
 
 Another bridge over the Cuyahoga River is proposed; it is to be 
 located between Columbus and Central and is to be known as the 
 Lorain-IIuron Bridge; its construction w-as authorized by popular 
 vote in 1914. Surveys, plans and estimates have been made but nego- 
 tiations are still pending to acquire the right-of-way. The proposed 
 route is from Ontario Street at Huron Road to Lorain Avenue near 
 "West Seventeenth Street, and the plans call for a double-deck rein- 
 forced concrete bridge, like the Detroit-Superior viaduct, 3,600 feet in 
 length. 
 
 Street Car and Interurban Service 
 
 The topography of Cleveland makes numerous bridges and via- 
 ducts necessary in order to bind the city together as a united commu- 
 nity ; and with the improvement of its streets as continuous thorough- 
 fares came the introduction of various forms of local transportation. 
 It is a long step from tlie days of the Cleveland & Newburg Railroad, 
 operated in the '30s along Euclid Road on a wooden track, by a 
 tandem team of horses, and running from the stone quarries in New- 
 burg township to the Public Square, to the complex and complete 
 system of electric cars looping, by the hundi-eds, through that same 
 locality. Omnibuses began to appear and multiply along Euclid, 
 Superior, Prospect, St. Clair, Kinsman, Detroit and other trunk thor- 
 oughfares in the late '50s and early '60s, connecting Cleveland also 
 with Collamer, Chagrin Falls, Chardon, Medina and other neighbor- 
 ing towns. In 1859, the street car history commenced with the author- 
 ization of the East Cleveland and Kinsman lines by the City Council. 
 In the following year, the East Cleveland line was put in operation 
 between Bank Street and Willson Avenue. It proved to be the father 
 of the great East Side system toward the north, just as the Kinsman 
 line became the backbone of the southeastern system. The line along 
 St. Clair was chartered in 1863 and during that year the West Side 
 Street Railway Company was organized. The Brooklyn Street Rail- 
 way was chartered in 1869. and a few years later the South Side Rail- 
 road commenced to extend its lines southeast toward Seranton, Jen- 
 nings and the citv limits.
 
 462 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 The Advent op Electricity 
 
 The '80s were marked by a consolidation of various independent 
 street car lines, and on the twenty-sixth of July, 1884, the East Cleve- 
 land Street Railroad Company placed in commission the first electric 
 ear ever run in America. The Bentley-Knight underground system 
 was adopted. The route of this historic ear, which was to be the fore- 
 runner of the deadly enemy of the cumbersome cable car, was from 
 Garden (Central) Street, two blocks west of Willson Avenue, to New 
 Street, and thence into Quincy. The tracks of this first electric line 
 were strap rails laid on wooden stringers about eight inches deep. The 
 power was generated from a Brush arc light machine in the Euclid 
 Avenue car barns. 
 
 Gr.\nd Consolid.vtion and Expansion 
 
 The grand consolidation of Cleveland's car lines took place in 1893, 
 when the Superior, St. Clair, Woodland Avenue and West Side cable 
 roads were all merged into the Cleveland City Railway Company, and 
 the Broadway, Newburgh, East Cleveland and South Side companies 
 were consolidated as the Cleveland Electric Railway Company. In 
 1900, electricity finally ti'iumphed and virtually the entire city system 
 was united under the ownership and management of the Cleveland 
 Electric Railway Company. Followed then the historic street car 
 war, led by Mayor Tom Johnson and continuing through his four 
 administrations. It was fought in tlie courts, in the streets and in 
 countless political contests, and finally wa.s decided, according to 
 Mayor Tom's ideas, in the United States District Court. Since 1910, 
 when the referendum backed up the court, no city has had a better 
 street ear service at a cheaper rate than Cleveland. Seven tickets 
 for a quarter, with an additional penny for a transfer, can hardly be 
 beaten ! 
 
 Since the foregoing was written, in August, 1918, the amendment 
 to the Tayler franchise was passed, putting in force new rates of fare, 
 during and for six months after the war. The entire matter is fully 
 set forth in Chapter XXI. 
 
 The Connections Outside of Cleveland 
 
 Tlic Public Square is also the center of not only the street car lines 
 which penetrate Cleveland's entire city area, but of a widely extended 
 suburban oi- iiitciMirVian system. The pioneer fril>utarv line, and one
 
 Superior Avenue, Looking East from the Square 
 
 Erci.iD Avenue Business Section Looking West
 
 464 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 of the fii-st iiiterurban roads to be chartered in Ohio, was the Akrou, 
 Bedford & Cleveland, in November, 1894. The first ears over the line 
 were run on the twenty-sixth of October, 1895. It was over twenty- 
 seven miles long and extended from Akron, through Cuyahoga Falls, 
 to Newburg, where it connected with the Cleveland Electric Railway. 
 Its present route in Cuyahoga County is by way of Sagamore, Bedford 
 Village, Rockside and Garfield Park, where it connects with the Cleve- 
 land system. As a whole, it is part of the Northern Ohio Traction 
 system, which places the city in close connection with Canton, Kent, 
 Ravenna and Barberton. . 
 
 The Cleveland & Southwestern Traction Company is the consoli- 
 
 l-iocKY River Bridge and its (J heat Concrete Span 
 
 dation of a number of old roads, the principal of which were the 
 Cleveland & Bcrea Street Railway (1876) and the Cleveland & Elyria 
 Electric Railway. The consolidation of these and other lines under 
 the name of the Cleveland & Southwestern was effected in 1902. Its 
 points include Berea, Elyria, Oberlin, Norfolk, Medina, Bucyrus and 
 Mansfield. Into Cuyahoga County its line runs from the southwest 
 and west, by way of the Beroa Road and Lorain Avenue. 
 
 The Cleveland, Painesville & Eastern Railway was opened on the 
 Fourth of July, 1896, and operates from East (.leveland to Painesville. 
 The interurban route .ioins the Cleveland system through two lines — 
 the main one at Euclid Avenue and the shore line at St. Clair. 
 
 The Cleveland & Eastei-ii Railway Company was incoi'i)ot'ali'il in 
 1899 and oiierates two lines — tlie Chagrin l^'alls linr, wliicli cDnni'i'ts
 
 1918] MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 465 
 
 with the city system at Kinsman Road and rims to the place named, 
 fourteen miles, by way of Warrensville ; and the Gates Mill line, run- 
 ning throufrh the piotinvsqiie Chajjrrin Valley to the point indicated. 
 
 In 1897, the Lorain & Cleveland Railway was opened from Rocky 
 River westward to Lorain, nineteen miles, and with other interurban 
 lines organized chiefly in Sandusky, Toledo and Norwalk, was absorbed 
 by the Lake Shore Electric Railway Company. The last named was 
 incorporated in 1901, and in that year commenced to operate through 
 cars from Toledo to Cleveland. It ha.s continued to be a growing 
 system, and joins up with the local lines at Clifton Boulevard. 
 
 The Puritas Springs is a line of comparatively late construction, 
 built from the .southwest. Grayton. this county, is the end of the line, 
 and it joins the Cleveland system by way of the Lorain route. 
 
 The Public Square and the Grand Group Plan 
 
 Cleveland is bound together by well-improved thoroughfares, great 
 bridges and viaducts, by bands of iron and steel and currents of elec- 
 tricity. Fortunately, the nucleus of its business, civic and corporate 
 life was in such a condition as to make feasible a grand grouping 
 plan which should present an impressive illustration of its eiilture and 
 progress. Other great cities had erected massive, magnificent and 
 costly public structures in scattered districts, often separated by 
 mountainous blocks of business houses and office skv'-serapers. What 
 for years had seemed like disgraceful eyesores on the face of Cleve- 
 land's downtown, proved to be a blessing in perfect disguise. Out- 
 grown, dirty and shabby tenements and stores lined a prospective 
 mall which was to connect the historic and magnificent Public Square 
 with the grand Lake Front, so alive with artistic and architectural 
 possibilities. Although the first two court-houses were built on the 
 Public Square, for a period of sixty years the ten-acre heart of Cleve- 
 land has been dedicated to art and patriotism, or to the purposes of 
 a vast distributing and receiving center of the city's populace. It ha.s 
 always remained the people's commons, open to all, and in the early 
 days the citizens rather rebelled at placing a simple fence around to 
 keep out the four-legged live stock. In 1856, a fountain was placed 
 in the center, at the intersection of Superior and Ontario, and some 
 fifteen years later the lily fountain wa-s transferred to the Square from 
 Franklin Circle, West Cleveland. The Perr\' monument was erected 
 in 1860, and commemorated the forty-seventh anniversary of the bat- 
 tle of Lake Erie. It was shifted several times within the Public 
 Square before being moved to Wade Park in 1894. In the meantime 
 
 Vol. 1—30
 
 466 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 (1890), the last of the beautiful elms which so loug upheld the luanie 
 of the Square as a park had been moved away, and hotels, banks, 
 churches and residences had been built around it. Carts and express 
 wagons lined its boundaries and it was anything but a beautiful lieart. 
 At this period of its decadence, the "city hall," on its southwest 
 corner, and the court-house on the north side of the Square near the 
 old stone church, were its promises as a public centei-. Several years 
 after the civil war, the Sgciety for Savings erected a banking house 
 on the site now occupied by tlie Cliamber of Commerce at the north- 
 east corner of the Public Square, not far from the postoffice. The ]\Ioses 
 Cleaveland statue was unveiled in 1888 and on the Fourth of July, 
 1894, the grand memorial to the soldiers and sailors of Ohio was 
 dedicated. The orations were delivered by Governor William Mc- 
 Kinley and United States Senator James B. Foraker. That memorial 
 is the central architectural feature of the Public Square. The anti- 
 quated little field piece, spiked to the pavement on Ontario Street 
 near the monument, represents a civil war capture from the Confed- 
 erates who surrendered it to the Cleveland Light Artillery Company 
 at Laurel Hill, Virginia. 
 
 The real rejuvenation and worthy improvement of tlie Square 
 commenced in 1900, when the street railway and the city- joined forces 
 to erect shelter houses and comfort stations for the people and to lay 
 out what remained of the grounds into attractive designs. This center 
 has become so congested that the next union of the railway and munici- 
 pal corporations will eventuate in the building of a great subway 
 under the Public Square, after which the latter may be transformed 
 into a really beautiful Central Park with real trees and expanses of 
 sward and flower beds, with other landscape auxiliaries worthy of 
 Cleveland's taste and artistic achievements. 
 
 Origin of thk Group Plan of Piht-ic Brn.mNC.s 
 
 But first the plan of grouping the city, county and fedei-al build- 
 ings into a grand civic center — in short, the Group Plan — must be 
 fully developed. Its origin is credited to the Cleveland Aicliitcctural 
 Cliil), whicli, in 1895, instituted a competition Tor "tlu' groujjing of 
 Cleveland's public buildings." AUhougli the county courl-housc fac- 
 ing on Seneca Street was fairly creditable, it was twenty years old; 
 the municipality had never erected a city liall and had liecn occujiy- 
 ing Case block for the same length of time. So the proposal of the 
 Arcliitectural Club fell on fertile soil and llic plan, which was evolved 
 after several years of discussion, stood Inr I lie first prc;irrai 
 
 ii"'('(l
 
 1918] JIEAXS OF COMMUNICATION 467 
 
 groupiiior of puMii' Iniiklings in America. Professor diaries F. Oliiey, 
 owner of the Oliiey Art (lallery, was one of the .judges in the compe- 
 tition inaugurated hy tiie t'levelaml Arehiteetural Club. He was also 
 a leading niemher of the Chamber of Comnieree, to which he intro- 
 duced a resolution in January, 18!t!). i)roviding for a s])ceial committee 
 to consider and report upon the Group I'ian. The Architectural 
 League of America, which met at Cleveland in the following June, 
 also considered the innovation with much interest. 
 
 GRorp Pi-Ax Commission Appointkh and Pi, an Accepted 
 
 Two bills were finally prepared for legislative action — one by the 
 local chapter of the American Institute of Architects ami the other 
 by the Chamber of Commerce. The latter was the bill which pa.ssed 
 the Ohio legislature and under which Governor Nash created the 
 Group Plan Connnission on the twentieth of June, 1902. It is no secret 
 that the ambition to create autl work out this group plan had its inspir- 
 ation in the magnificent grouping of the World's Fair buildings at Chi- 
 cago, especially those around its superb Court of Honor. The appoint- 
 ment of Daniel II.Buridiam.the director-general of public works for the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, as a member of the Cleveland Commis- 
 sion, aroused general satisfaction and enthusiasm. The other members 
 were John M. Carrerc, of New York, who had made a tlioi-ough study 
 of .such groupings in European cities, and Arnold W. liruniu>r, a 
 national expert on the planning and erection of public buildings. 
 
 There was no change in the personnel of the Group Plan Com- 
 mission as originally formed uiitil 1911, when Frank B. Meade, of 
 Cleveland, and Frederick Law Olmstead, of Brookline, ^lassachusetts, 
 succeeded Daniel II. Burnham and John ^I. Carrerc, both deceased. 
 
 The report of the Group Plan Commission was presented to Mayor 
 Johnson and the director of public service on the seventeenth of Au- 
 gust, 1903, and was formally accepted by them for the city. The plan, 
 in general terms, provided for a great plaza and esplanade running 
 from the Public Library and postoffice at one end to the Union Pas- 
 senger Station on the Lake Frf)nt at the other extremity. In the lake 
 section were also to be the sites for the new county court-house and the 
 city hall. The proposed Federal Building was to be the structural 
 connection between the mall and the Public Square, the northern side 
 of which was the massive Chamber of Commerce. The court-house 
 was to front on Ontario Street, the city hall on Bond Street, and the 
 federal building and library on Superior.
 
 468 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 Building Sites Purchased 
 
 Promptly after the adoption of the report, the city, count}- and 
 federal authorities commenced to negotiate for the purchase of the 
 required sites. Such transactions always consume much more time 
 than is anticipated, and although, as a rule, property owners were 
 reasonable and public spirited, decisive condemnation proceedings 
 had to be resorted to at times. Being a civil project, these steps 
 were legally taken, as a matter of course. The fii-st parcels of land 
 purchased (in 1902) were on Lakeside and Summit avenues, along the 
 lake front, and between these thoroughfares, along East Sixth Street. 
 
 The Federal Building 
 
 In 1906, the Case property was purchased, including the city hall 
 block bounded by Lakeside and Summit avenues and Third anil Ninth 
 streets; the site for the federal building liad alread,y been bought 
 and ground broken for that structure. The payment for the entire 
 purchase from the Case estate amounted to $1,900,000, and up to 
 1910, when the sites for the three main structures planiu'd in the 
 civic group had been bought, over $3,655,000 had been expended on 
 these items — for the court-house site, 5.65 acres, $1,095,675 ; the city 
 hall site, 4.50 acres, $404,899; the nuill, 5.06 acres, $2,155,180. Total 
 15.21 acres, at a cost of $3,655,754. 
 
 It is estimated tliat about $1,500,000 of property along the mall 
 is yet to be acquired before the group jjlan will be practically com- 
 pleted.
 
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 2;
 
 470 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 The Federal or Postoffice Building 
 
 The federal building, on the east side of the Public Square and 
 fronting on Superior Avenue, was the first of the Group Plan struc- 
 tures to be completed. It was designed and erected by Arnold W. 
 Brunner, New York, the only one of the original plan commissioners 
 now living, and was dedicated in ^larch, 1911. The cornerstone was 
 laid in 1905. It is a massive, modern government building of granite 
 with interior corridors of marble. The north and south facades are 
 ornamented by Corinthian columns forty-two feet high; on the east 
 and west facades, pilasters take the place of columns. The archi- 
 tectural impression made is typically American, conveying the idea 
 of grace as well as strength. Two groups of statuary, representative 
 of "Jurisprudence" and "Commerce," adorn the Superior Avenue 
 front. The cost of the building was $3,2.30,000. 
 
 The County Building 
 
 The county court-house on the lake front was completed later in 
 the year 1911. Its cost was over $4,.500,000. and it is undoubtedly 
 one of the finest structures devoted to county purposes in the country. 
 It is of the classic style, Iniilt of pink granit<-\ its interior decorations 
 of marble being superl). When one is told that tliey were placed 
 there in all their beauty at a cost of half a nuUion dollars, no wonder 
 whatsoever follows the information. The court-house contains eighteen 
 liandsomely appointed courtrooms and spacious and elegant ac- 
 commodations for the county officials, grouped around a superb 
 court. The corridors on tlie .second fioor, upon which are situated all 
 the court appointments, are approached liy a series of broad marble 
 staircases, the eastern recess lieing graced witli a beautiful stained- 
 glass window, representing Justice and bearing the names of famous 
 American jurists. The walls are richly frescoed and the oval panels in 
 the north and south walls, on the sccoiul floor, are devoted to finely 
 executed paintings representing tlic lending figures in the signing of 
 the Dwlaration of Independence, and a well-conceived classical and 
 syml)olic subject. On either side of the nuiin entrance to the county 
 liuilding are seated, in their hi.storic chairs of state, the striking figures 
 (if 'i'lionuis Jeffer.son and Alexander IlMinilton. 
 
 The Municipal Hall 
 
 The city hall, i-unipanioii liuilding In the coiirtdiouse on tlii' lake 
 I'rdiit at the foot of Kast Sixth Street, is somewhat smaller and less
 
 1918) MEANS OK COMMUNICATION 471 
 
 t'xpoiisivf. liut. iioiu- the loss elegant oi- apiiroiiriate. It eiist. with 
 l'iiriiisluiij:;s, more tlian $2,(JU0,0()(), and is a nninieipal liall well wortii 
 the waitiiif^ all those years. The city hall is tiiiely planned for its 
 l>iir|)()ses, and oeeupies a superh site. The massive and iini)()siiig 
 armory is opposite the building, and on the lake front, east of the 
 grounds, are the United States Marine and Lakeside hospitals. The 
 iut^M'ior finish of the numieipal hall is chastt' and elegant, and when 
 the visitor enters its handsome court he is greeted from a northern 
 recess with one of the nu)st inspiring works of art ever executed in 
 America — "The Spirit of 76." Everyone is familiar with it; its 
 veteran author-painter, A. M. Willard, a Clevelander, recently died; 
 the origiiuil of the sturdy youth who nuirches for the third gen- 
 eration of the Revolutionary patriots, is yet living in the Forest ("ity. 
 
 The building occupied for years as a city hall and the one formerly 
 used for public library purposes at East Third Street and Rockwell 
 Avenue were wrecked in l!)lS;'on their site it is planned to erect a 
 public library which shall be a worthy companion to the federal build- 
 ing opposite. The architectural beauties of the new public library, 
 which is to be so noteworthy an expression of Cleveland's higher 
 life, are set forth in an illustration on page 420. 
 
 In the minds of many the group plan is so involved with details 
 as to be nebulous. But the matter should readily be cleared t)y a 
 reference to the simple outline diagram presented with this narrative. 
 With this diagram liefore him, the reader may also follow the writer 
 in simply considering what has been accomplished in the working 
 out of the group and what is still planned, but yet to be accomplished. 
 
 Three buildings of the five originally planned have been com- 
 pleted. At the east of the Public Square, with its main front on 
 Superior Avenue, stands the federal building. It occupies the site 
 of the old post-office and Case Hall. On the western portion of the 
 Lake Front tract is the county building, its central facade looking 
 south on Ontario Street, with a northern view extending over Lake 
 Erie; on the eastern portion, its central facade looking south on Ea.st 
 Sixth Street, with a northern lake view, is the city hall. The proposed 
 jail and criminal court building, west of the court-house, will cost 
 $] ,250,000 and is designed to harmonize with the other structures in 
 the group plan. 
 
 The original site for the TTnion Depot comjirised thirty-five acres 
 of land, and wa.s turned over to the railroads by the city for :iil.400,- 
 000, with the understanding that this sum was to be used for depot 
 approaches and the acquiring of additional right-of-way for the mall. 
 This, therefore, is a reserve fund which will go far toward the ulti-
 
 472 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXV 
 
 mate completiou of the group plan. Other public buildings have 
 been suggested as appropriate structures to grace the mall, such as 
 a board of education block, a criminal court building and a munici- 
 pal emergency hospital. When the main features have been per- 
 fected, such projects will also enter into an even greater group plan 
 than the present. 
 
 Since the foregoing was written and after the diagram of the group 
 plan was engraved, an ordinance was introduced in the common coun- 
 cil proposing to locate the passenger station at the southwest corner 
 of the Public Square near the new Hotel Cleveland. In November, 
 1915, the voters of Cleveland approved the lake front location, but 
 matters connected with the solution of freight and transportation 
 problems brought about its reconsideration. The proposed change of 
 location to the Public Square will be finally decided by popular vote. 
 The new passenger station will not be completed until after the war, 
 but when its site is determined the foundation for the building will 
 be laid and due provision made for trackage area. 
 
 The City Planning Commission 
 
 There is also a City Planning Commission of Cleveland, not to be 
 confounded with the Group Plan Commission. "In .1912," says the 
 magazine. City Planning Progress, "following the enactment of a 
 state law permitting home rule to Ohio cities, tlie Cleveland Chapter 
 of the American Institute of Architects undertook to secure a pro- 
 vision for a City Planning Commission in the new city charter which 
 was then being drafted. The chapter, by the grace of the mayor, 
 the Hon. Newton D. Baker, now secretary of war, was permitted to 
 write the actual law governing the appointment of the commission. 
 As prepared by the chapter, the law provided for the appointment 
 of a commission of citizen members only, and it was so written into the 
 charter adopted by the electors in 1913. This provision was not accept- 
 able to the city officials as a whole, and the charter was amended to 
 provide for official members only. In this form the charter amend- 
 ment was criticized, and eventually redrafted to provide for a com- 
 mission composed of official and citizen members. In that form the 
 charter amendment has been adopted and the commission appointed. 
 
 "In 1916, the mayor named as the members of the city planning 
 commission five citizens — F. F. Prentiss (chairman), Morris A. Black, 
 H. M. Famsworth, William G. Mather and 0. P. Van Swcringen— 
 and six directors of city departments — Messrs. Beeman, Bernstein, 
 Farrdl, FitzGerald, Neal and Sprosty. William G. Rose is secretary.
 
 1918] MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 473 
 
 The city council, in its biulget for 1917, appropriated $20,000 for 
 the work of the city planning commission, which is now engaged in 
 the selection of experts to advise them in the preparation of a com- 
 prehensive city plan." Always prominent in the final preparation 
 and adjustments of any far-reaching municipal plan is the subject 
 of its parks and boulevards ; and with Cleveland the subject has been 
 growing in vitality and importance since the vei'j' infancy of the 
 village.
 
 CHAPTER XXVI 
 
 PARKS AND JIARKETS 
 
 By H. G. Cvtler 
 
 Although of slow growth, there is no feature of Cleveland's his- 
 toiy which is more worthy of enthusiastic conunent than the parks 
 and the park system of what was long known as the Forest City. 
 The molding of its parks into a system, connected by boulevards and 
 parkways and distributed wisely with reference to the sectional needs 
 of the city, really dates from the creation of its first board of park 
 commissioners in 1871. Fortunately, such wealthy and old-time citi- 
 zens as Jeptha PI. Wade, William J. Gordon and John D. Rockefeller 
 had not only accpiired propert\- of rare natural beauty within the 
 city limits, but were posses.scd of a civic pride and a far-sightedness 
 as to the needs of the people for recreation and rest and outdoor 
 refreshment which were indeed rai-e among men of large means. 
 Some would date the origin of Cleveland's present system from the 
 year 1882, when Mr. Wade deeded to tlie city more than sixty acres 
 in the picturesque valley of Doan Brook, which dances and sparkles 
 through a series of rocky, wooded glens and ravines, meandering 
 through the central sections of eastern Cleveland to Lake Erie. Mr. 
 Wade had planned the park which bears his name as early as 1872 
 and had spent many thousand dollars of his private fortune in beau- 
 tifying it before it became city pi-operty. Its nuigniticent groves of 
 forest trees and stretches of open land, bnuiul together liy the charm- 
 ing courses of the brook, had nuule Wade i'ai'k a jiopidar I'csort from 
 the first. It naturally became the nucleus for the creation of the 
 continuous stretch of parks and cnnnectiug ways wliicii Ims made 
 Ea.st Clevelaiul famous. That scries rrnm Sliakci' Heights Pai'k 
 to Lake Eric, including Ambler i'arkway, K'dcki'lVIIci' Park, Wade 
 Park and Gordon Park, is not excellc(l in i lie country as an illustfatiim 
 of skilful and artistic combinatii)ii of Nature's contributions and 
 mati's modifications and .so-called iinpi-ovrnicnts. In fact, tiicre is 
 no city in the United States which has retained in its richly developeil 
 residence districts so nuuiy natural beauties as lias Cleveland, espe^ 
 ciallv in this eastern chain of seven miles, strung together by Doan
 
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 476 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 Brook. AVlien the park system has been fully developed, the city 
 will be decked with one of the most beautiful necklaces of the kind 
 in the world, connected by the brook and various parkways. The 
 jewels pendant on the south are Garfield, AVashington and Brookside 
 parks; along the lake shore, Edgewater Park, the grounds surround- 
 ing the county court-house and the city hall and Gordon Park. The 
 maguitieent Public Square and the mall of Cleveland are scarcely to 
 be classed as parks, although the former was originally the mother of 
 them all ; but ground in that part of the city has long since become too 
 valuable to be devoted solely to green grass or trees. 
 
 Recreation P.\rks 
 
 There are smaller parks within these belts, or this necklace — as it 
 will be when perfected. Woodland Hills Park, on Woodliill Road, is 
 a natural park of forest trees about a mile south of Ambler Parkway. 
 At the corner of "Woodland Avenue and Woodhill Road is Luna Park, 
 one of the recreation centers of Cleveland, and given over to all the 
 novelties and some of the well-worn features of amusement parks. 
 
 The largest and most pretentious of the recreation or amusement 
 parks is Euclid Beach, in the extreme northeast corner of Cleveland 
 on the lake shore. It covers nearly 150 acres and furnishes not only 
 the usual forms of amusements, but bathing and swimming accom- 
 modations, as well as cottages and tents for those who ^vish to spend 
 the season, or portions of it, upon the gi-ounds. 
 
 Old Clinton Park 
 
 Clinton Park, now in the crowded railroad district of the lake 
 front, was, after the Public Square, the first plat of gi-ound to be 
 set aside for public purposes within the city limits. One of the tirst 
 real estate plats filed in Cleveland, while it was still a village, was 
 recorded by Messrs. Canfield, Dennisou, Foster and Pease, in 1835. 
 It set aside the following described tract for public purposes: "Clin- 
 ton Park, 364 feet, 8 inches, by 198 feet, the north line being the 
 .south line of Park Place, and the east line is 314 feet distant from 
 the west line of 10 A, lot No. 137, the south line being the north 
 line of Lake Street, and the west line being 314 feet distant from 
 the east line of 10 A, lot No. 136. Lots Nos. 1 — 33 arc subject to 
 a taxation for the improvement of said park under the directions of 
 the trastees, or a committee appointed by the owners of said lots, 
 and each of the said lots to enjoy every privilege and accommodation
 
 1918] PARKS 477 
 
 of said park as a pnuiiciuulo or walk." The plan of the village 
 was to make Clinton Park the nucleus of a fine residence district, 
 and, for a time, it seemed to exinuul favorably, but the railroads 
 came in, stores and industries encroached upon the residences, and 
 the homes and dwellers therein were crowded to the east and the 
 west. The park fell into decay, although in 1853 it was fenced and 
 slightlj" improved. For a number of yeai"s past it has been one of 
 the playgrounds for children which have been established in the 
 congested districts of the city, and which have become such a credit 
 to the good heart and humane instincts of Clevelanders. 
 
 Changes in Park Management 
 
 With other public grounds which were laid out, Clinton Park 
 was controlled by the village board of trustees and the city council 
 until August, 1871, when a board of park commissioners was created. 
 That body was in control for twenty years, when, in 1891, the director 
 of public works was placed in charge of the constantly expanding 
 system. In 1893, the legislature again created a board of park 
 commissioners, the duties of which were superseded by those given 
 to the department of public works in 1900. Under the home rule form 
 of government, the parks are under the immediate control of the 
 division of parks and public grounds (Samuel Newman, chief engi- 
 neer) , in the department of public service. 
 
 Franklin Circle 
 
 Another park which was laid out in very early days was known 
 as Franklin Circle, or Franklin Place, and was platted by the county 
 sur\'e.vor in October, 1836. It was dedicated to public uses by the 
 original proprietor of Brooklyn township, who then controlled the 
 property. Until 1857, it was an open market place for neighboring 
 farmers, but in that year the city council fenced its central section 
 leaving a street around the outer circle. A pavilion and a fountain 
 were placed in the park proper, the latter being moved to the Public 
 Square in 1872. Then Franklin Street was pro.jected through the 
 Circle and other improvements followed, including the erection of 
 a .stone pavilion to replace the old wooden one. It was nicknamed 
 "]\rodoc Park" and became quite a political center, William McKinle.y, 
 among others, holding forth therein when young as a congressman. 
 But Modoc Park and Franklin Circle received its death-blow when 
 the common council authorized the Forest City Railway, in 1907, 
 to extend its line through the grounds.
 
 478 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 Early Attempts to Found East Cleveland Parks 
 
 It took years before the citizens of Cleveland, as a ma,ss, became 
 fnlly alive to the sanitary and elevating necessity of public parks, as 
 breathing places for the public. The city authorities, in 1853, 
 spurned Nathan Perry's offer of seven acres on Euclid Avenue 
 near Periy Street at $2,000 per acre, and later the proposal of Philo 
 Scovill to sell the municipality twenty acres bounded by Green- 
 wood, Perry, Scovill and (jarden streets for $3,000 per acre. In 
 1856, a third attempt to secure a park in East Cleveland failed. A 
 special committee of the council recommended the purchase of 
 Williams Park, bounded by Ca.se, Willson. Kcnnard and Garden 
 aveniics, but its members could not obtain the united support of that 
 body. Somewhat later, a movement to purchase a park for each side 
 of the river was smothered, and then the park enthusiasts rested for 
 ten years. 
 
 Three City Parks Proposed 
 
 In September, 1865, the agitation was renewed and in November 
 the special committee of the city council appointed to examine the 
 question made an illuminating report in which was earnestly recom- 
 mended the purchase of three parks — one on the lake front, another 
 in the east and near Willson Avenue, and a third on the west side 
 on Detroit Street. The greatest stress was laid on the necessity of 
 providing for a lake-front park. 
 
 Miles Park, Newbitrg 
 
 Ncwburg Village, adjoining the city limits on the south, thi'ougli 
 the county surveyor of 1850, Ahaz Merchant, set aside a public s<|uare, 
 or commons, from Gaylord Street (East Ninety-third Street) to Wal- 
 nut (Sawyer) Street. Theodore Miles, the original owner of the 
 commons, a Newburg pioneer, gave his name to it in 1877, after iiis 
 village had been annexed to Cleveland for several years. At that 
 time, the old town hall became a iinblic library and, in 1S!)4, the 
 library board leased I\Iiles Park fi'om tlic park commissioners for 
 a term of years. In 1907, a new library Imilding was completed on 
 that site, thus almost iililitrrnt ing the park rcatiire of it. 
 
 The Old South Sidk Park 
 
 Wliat was known as llic old Smitli Side I'ark lias liccii railed 
 Liiii-oln Scpuire since 1897, when I lie park ciinniiissioners changed
 
 1918] PARKS 479 
 
 iiKinv names of tlu' public firouiiils. The original name was I'clton 
 Pai'k; it comprised nearly seventy aeres purchased by ]\li-s. Tliirsa 
 Pelton, in ISfiO, as tlie g-roiuuis for a girls' school. Her death, in 
 18r)3, ended both her school and her private pnvk schemes and the 
 grounds were fenced in and tlic gates locked. Tbc people thought it 
 .should be reserved for i)uli!ic purjioses, the gates were torn down 
 several times, and for a decade the disj)ute was also fought out in 
 the courts. In 1879, the city i)urchased the property and it was 
 tlirown oi)en as a indilic jiark. It has since had rather a varied 
 career. 
 
 Lake Vikw Park 
 
 On the twenty-second of Januar.y, 1867, the common council reeom- 
 nu'uded the purchase of lands on Seneca, Wood, Ontario and Erie 
 stre<'ts. The land thus bounded was covered by an un.sightly collection 
 of huts called Shantytown. The ground was purchased and put under 
 the control of the board of park commissioners in 1873, but, with the 
 growth of railroad tratfie, the improvements made were innuaterial. 
 The founding of Lake View Park marks an important advance in 
 the nnmicipal and public support of the park system, as during 1873, 
 the tirst general tax (two tenths of a mill) was levied for the pur- 
 chase of Lake View Park and the improvement of the Public Square 
 and Franklin Circle. 
 
 Gordon Park 
 
 In the meantime, William J. Gordon, a wholesale grocer and 
 citizen of large and clear vision, had been purchasing groves ravines 
 and stretches of pasture land along the lake shoi-e and on both sides 
 of Doan Brook for a quarter of a mile south. He had commenced 
 this noble work as early as 1865, and when he died in 1892 he had 
 laid out the grounds with such rare skill that when they pa.ssed 
 to the city from his estate, in the following year, there was little to 
 change in their basic filatures; before Mr. Gordon's hand and artistic 
 taste commenced to mold them, the lines of the varied landscape, 
 cut by Doan Brook, had been sharply drawn. The conditions im- 
 posed by his will were that the city should maintain the grounds 
 under the name of Gordon Park: that the shore on the lake front 
 should be pi'otected from encroachments; that the drives and ponds 
 should be maintained ; that no fence should obstruct the land view
 
 DoAN Brook, Gordon Park 
 
 Along the Canal
 
 1918] PARKS 481 
 
 and tliat the city slioulil ()r('serve tlio Imrial lot of the Goriloiis. 
 These provisions luive been faithfully observed. In 1894, a tract of 
 thirty acres adjoining the park and known as the "|)ienic grounds" 
 was purchased from the Gordon estate and added to the original 
 gift from Mr. Gordon. Wading pools for children were made in tlie 
 brook and a large batlihouse and pavilion erected in 1901. The 
 bathhouse wa.s burned in 1918. In the way of arti.stie embellish- 
 ments, provided within the past decade, was the Perry lueniorial. 
 The Perry statue proved to be quite a wanderer. A noble conception, 
 as it originally stood in the Public Sqiuire the dignity and effective- 
 ness of the figure representing the naval hero of the Lake Erie en- 
 gagement were somewhat modified by its ostensible earnestness in 
 directing the attention of the spectator to the well-known frog pond 
 in the immediate vicinity. In 1894, the statue was moved to Wade 
 Park, then the only plat of ground worthy the name ; in 1913, 
 when ground was broken for the Art Museum there, it was again 
 shifted to Gordon Park and appropriately placed where Commodore 
 Perry eould overlook Lake Erie. Of late years, the improvements 
 and attractions added to Gordon Park have been numerous. Its 
 flower gardens and conservatory are leading features. Within the 
 past few years several tennis courts have been added to those already 
 provided and, as late as 1915, the shallow portions of Doan ]?rook 
 north of the viaduct were dredged so as to make that portion of the 
 stream available for harboring motor boats. Thousands of city- 
 weary people in the open season have cause to bless the generosity 
 and forethought of William J. Gordon. 
 
 Wade P.vrk 
 
 As already stated, Jeptha H. Wade, in 1872 had planned a park 
 in the central districts watered and beautified by Doan Brook. After 
 ten years of individual work he decided to deed the tract to the city, 
 the condition of the transfer being that the municipality should 
 expend at lea-st $75,000 in improving the park. The deed was 
 executed in September, 1882, and the city council formally accepted 
 the gift, under the condition stipulated, on the twenty-sixth of the 
 month. Thus the bulk of the land constituting Wade Park became pub- 
 lic property eleven years before Gordon Park w^as transferred to the 
 city ; for that reason the former is usually considered the pioneer of 
 the modern city parks, although Mr. Gordon conceived and partially 
 created the gem which bears his name seven years before ]\lr. Wailc 
 
 Vo) 1 -81
 
 482 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 entered the work of niakiug Cleveland a City Beautiful. The orig- 
 inal donation was about seventy-five acres ; eleven aei'es have since 
 been added. The $75,000 first expended on Wade Park was applied 
 to the construction of the Centaur Pond and the laying out of walks 
 and drives. In 1889, a zoological collection was begun and, for twenty- 
 five years, the birds and animals there, including a fine herd of 
 
 Centaue Lake and Museum ok Aut 
 
 American deer and a good collection of bears, were the delight of 
 crowds of Clevclauders. In ]!)14, the last of the "Zoo" was moved 
 to Brookside Park, the proper dens foi' I'.iiiin having liccn completed. 
 The building of the massive, imjjosing mid heautilul Art i\luse>uni in 
 Wade Vark hail made necessary a reari-aiigcnuMit and excision of sev- 
 eral of its older features. Considering Unit the nniscum was first 
 open to (he |iublii- in June, imfl. rcmarkalilc pfngrrss has liccii mndc in
 
 1918] • PARKS 483 
 
 jratlipriiijr its collei'tions of Ainericaii, Frpucli, Eiifjlish, Italian and 
 otiier European paintings; its tapestries, anti(|ues, and speeiincns 
 of middle-age armor and weapons; and the founding of its beautiful 
 eonservatory at one extremity of the eentral eourts. Ono large see- 
 tion is given up to a striking eolloetion of mediaeval aecouternients of 
 war, now very interesting as material for eoniparison with the weapons 
 of defense and offense introdueed by the World War. .Most note- 
 worthy of any single attraction of the museum is the graml memorial 
 room presented to the public, with its magnificent decorations and 
 rare old paintings, by Mrs. Liberty E. IToldtMi. 
 
 Notable niomniieiits on the grounds of Watlc Park arc the statues 
 of Harvey Rice and of (Jocthc and Schiller, ojiposite the museum, 
 and of Kosciusco and JMark Ilanna. The last named stands on an 
 imposing elevation at the southern extremity of the i)ai-k. lioating 
 on the Centaur Pond — so called froTii the figure which rears itself 
 from the center of the pond — has always drawn many to Wade Park, 
 and, during the American participation in the World War, its com- 
 mons made ideal drill grounds for training the citizen .soldiery. 
 
 In short, Wade Park has always been among the most p()])ular, 
 as well as beautiful, of the city pleasure grounds, but being in the 
 heart of a cultured resident district its attractions have become 
 more a^nd more of an elevating nature, and the location of the Art 
 Museum at its present site was especially appropriate. Directly 
 southeast of the park is the picturesque group of buildings represent- 
 ing the Western Reserve University and the Case School of Ai)|ilic(l 
 Science. 
 
 F.UHViEw Park 
 
 After "Wade Park, the next tract to fall into the hands of the 
 city was the site of the old Kentucky Street reservoir. It was aban- 
 doned for water works pitrposes in 1890, was transferred to the park 
 commissioners and named Reservoir Park. In lS!t7 it was given 
 the more eiiphonious title F'airview Park. 
 
 The Clevei/And Park Plan Anoi-Tpm 
 
 The early "90s form an eventful period in the creation of a real 
 park system, as well as in its actual development. From the year 
 1893 dates what is known as the Cleveland Park Plan which orig- 
 inated in the definite ambition of the park advocates to make Doan
 
 484 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 Brook tlie backbone of an enchanting bod}' of pleasure grounds 
 stretching through East Cleveland. Ten years before the passage 
 of the park act, such men as J. H. Wade, J. ]\I. Curtiss and A. 
 Everett, as park commissioners, had advocated such a move, but they 
 seemed to have been ahead of public sentiment and failed of adequate 
 support. But in the spring of 1893 (April 5), after much previous 
 agitation and many public conferences of citizens, an act passed the 
 legislature providing for a board of five eoimnissioners, composed 
 ■ of the mayor, the president of the city council and three other mem- 
 bers to be appointed by the trustees of the park sinking fund. The 
 fir.st board consisted of Robert Blee (mayor), A. J. Michael (presi- 
 dent of the council), Charles H. Bulkley, Amos Townsend and John 
 F. Pankhurst. Charles A. Davidson soon succeeded Mr. ^lichael. 
 and F. C. Bangs was appointed secretary. The plan finally adopted 
 hy the board included "a large park on the outskirts of the city in 
 each of the seven main sections, the same to be so located that in 
 case the future should so determine and the needs of the city so 
 require that such outlying parks could be readily united and con- 
 nected by a broad, smoothly paved boulevard enclosing the city." 
 E. W. Bowditch, the Boston landscape architect, was engaged to 
 cari'v out the plan, or such features of it as were feasible at that 
 time. 
 
 The special park commission soon issued bonds to the amount of 
 $800,00(1 and proceeded to acquire the primitive valley of Doan 
 Brook and sites for Edgewater, Brooklyn (Brookside) and New- 
 burgh (Garfield) parks and Ambler Parkway. The upper drive was 
 also laid out to connect Gordon and Wade parks and bridges con- 
 structed at Wade Park, Superior and St. Clair avenues. Tn 1897, 
 many of the parks, including Brooklyn and Newburg, were renamed 
 as indicated. 
 
 Edgew.\tf,r Park 
 
 Edgewater Park, most of which was ])iirchased in 1894, is the most 
 extensive, beautiful and elaborately ini|)i-()vc(l of the publie grounds 
 lying along Jjakc Erie, it I'ninpr'ises over one hundred acres, is aliout 
 three miles west of the downtown distrirt and stretclies along the 
 lake front for six thousand feet, with its bathing iMMches, massive 
 lircakwaters. boat landings, great batiiliouse and (iiniiii!; i)avili()n, and, 
 further iidand, tennis courts, i)icnic grounds, groves aiul ravines, 
 flower beds, shaded walks and broad drives. Tn 18!)6, work was com- 
 menced on the boulevard that skirls tiie bike and connects Edgewater
 
 EntraiNce to Edukwatkk Pakk 
 
 
 MuNicii'Ai. I!atii House
 
 486 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 «"itli Detroit Street. The first of its bathhouses and pavilious were 
 completed in 1902. Witliin late years, the most noteworthy improve- 
 ment realized was the completion of an immense bathhouse, capable 
 of accommodating, with rooms and lockers, nearly a thousand men, 
 women, girls and boys. It was opened in July, 1914. The upper story 
 of the building is occupied by a refreshment and dining room. In- 
 cluding the construction of the bathhouse, equipment and grading 
 of the grounds, and the building of more than 800 feet of jetties and 
 other stone shore-protection, $157,000 was expended in the com- 
 I)letion of these improvements. In the following year (1915), a new 
 boat landing was built and Edgewater Drive laid out between Lake 
 
 Cliffs .\nd 15ridges .\t Hkookside 
 
 Aveniu- and Lai<e Ei'ie, the eveutu;ii plan being to extend the latter 
 to Rocky River four miles to the west. For lovers of boating and 
 bathing Edgewater I'ark leads the Cleveland system. No more 
 s\veei)iiig and niagnilicciil view (if the hike ami the harbor, with the 
 great city of Cleveland as tlie eastern backgrduinl, can lie obtained 
 than from the bold jn'omontoi'v ^liich juts luit t'l'oin the western 
 extreiuitv of Edgewater I'arli. 
 
 l^RooKsiDF. Pakk 
 
 lirookside Park coinijrises about Kil) acres in southern Cleve- 
 land, on eitiier side of Pig Creek, the original trail ol' which, or half 
 its jiresent area, was purchased in 1S1I4. I'orlions of tlic park
 
 1918 J PARKS 487 
 
 wore at oiu> tiiiio iiicliult'd in tlio liarkcr, I'oc ami (^iiii'k farms. 
 Aside from its natural attractions along Big Creek, whicli is s])anned 
 In- a massive eotii-rete l)ri(lge, Hrooksitle I'ark presents tlic "Zoo" 
 as its most popular feature. The deer park and bear dens occupy 
 well chosen ground on the Iieights. The nucleus of the collection 
 was transferred from Wade Park in 1913-14, the finishing touches 
 to the hear dens and the deer runs, with their sui-rouiulings, being 
 given in tlie hitter year. In l!)Ii), the ac(|uatic fowl were treated 
 to a fine new pond and lumse, and the jjuhlic was provided with 
 another entrance from West Twenty-fifth Street. Rrookside is a 
 gem of the i)ark lu^cklace. 
 
 Garfield Park 
 
 Garfield, at the southeastern extremity of tlie encircling system, is 
 one of the largest of the city parks, comprising more than 180 acres 
 ilill Creek breaks it into numerous ravines, some of which stand out 
 in the open and others wind between wooded heights. A pretty lake 
 for boating was constnicted in 1915 between the old lake and ]\Iill 
 Creek. Tliere are tennis courts, picnic grounds and countless walks 
 and drives, winding through the woods, along broad stretches of 
 meadow, and over hills. The car line enters the heart of (larfiekl 
 Pai-k, and it is one of the most extensive, popular and naturally 
 varied of all the city parks. It adjoins the grounds of the Cleve- 
 land State Hospital to the northwest, that portion of the park having 
 been purchased from the institution mentioned. The original tracts, 
 bought by the commissioners in 1896, were the Carter, Rittberger 
 and Dunham farms. 
 
 Ambler Parkway Connection 
 
 Ambler Parkway connects Rockefeller Park south with Shaker 
 Heights Park, which is the southeastern extremity of the chain 
 stretching across East Cleveland from Lake P]rie. The original tract 
 was a gift from Mrs. Martlia 15. Ambler, made in 1894, and lying be- 
 tween Cedar Avenue and Ambler Heights, the balance to complete the 
 parkway being i)urchased. Its striking natural feature is a deep 
 ravine l)ordered with some of the finest forest trees in Cleveland. 
 
 Shaker Heights Park 
 
 The Shaker Heights Park, the site of which was doimted by the 
 land company thus named, in 1895, comprises the largest area of any
 
 488 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 of Cleveland's public grounds. It includes the site of the old Shaker 
 settlement, founded in Warrensville township in 1823. For years, 
 it was quite flourishing as an industrial coniinunity, Init declined after 
 the civil war and, in 1892, was purchased of the colony, or what re- 
 mained of it, by a land company. Shaker Heights Village, whicli 
 surrounds the park, has since developed into a district of handsome 
 residences. It is at Shaker Heights Park that Doan Brook expands 
 into a series of small lakes, the largest of which are known as ITpper 
 and Lower Shaker lakes. The canoeist finds a fair scope for his 
 paddle in that region and a large canoe house has been liuilt on the 
 lower lake for his accommodation. It is the only natural lake region 
 of considerable extent in the Cleveland svstem. 
 
 The Rockefeller Parks 
 
 But the climax to the persistent and often discouraging activities 
 of those who had so long been working for a continuous park system, 
 e.speciallj' in Ea.st Cleveland, came in 1896. At a meeting held on the 
 twenty-second of July of that year, President J. G. W. Cowles, of the 
 Chamber of Commerce, made the announcement that John D. Rocke- 
 feller had given to the city for park i)nrposes 275 acres along Doan 
 Brook, valued at $270,000, as w^ell as .1;300,0G0 to improve the tract. 
 Thus was completed the broad band of parks and ways on both sides of 
 Doan Brook from its source to its mouth, some seven miles in extent. 
 Below Wade Park the tract is known as Rockefeller Park North and 
 above it as Rockefeller Park South ; • it embraces respectively, over 
 two hundred, and nearly seventy acres. At the southern extremity 
 of North Rockefeller Park a broad artificial waterway has been formed 
 of considerable length which is a great source of pleasure for lovers 
 of boating, and from that point north for several miles to St. Clair 
 Avenue there is a constant succession of picturesque walks, picnic iind 
 play grounds and winding driveways. 
 
 Other Co.n'nivC'I'ino Boi'lev-vrds 
 
 In onh'i' to complete the dcvcloiimcnt of RockctVller IJoiUcvard 
 near its junction with Euclid Avenue, the Case School of Applied 
 Science, J. II. Wade and Pati-ick Calhoun gave strips of land on 
 Euclid Avenue, Doan Street (East One Hundred and Fifth Street), 
 Cedar Avenue and in Cedar Glen. 
 
 In 1904, surveys were made for the connecting lioulevard l)etween 
 Edgewater and Hrooksidc ]);n-ks ;iiid liroiul ptirkways have liccii
 
 1918] PARKS 489 
 
 plaiuu'il. Iiiiulint,' Brooksido with Washiiifrtoii, Washington with liar- 
 field, aM<l (iartiold witii Sliai^cr Ilcifriits and tlic eastern lielt. 
 
 Washington Park 
 
 Washington Park, between Brookside and Garfield in the southern 
 system, is located in a valley near the interseetion of Harvard Street 
 and Independence Road. The original tract was purchased from 
 the Forest City Park in 1899, and additions have since heen made 
 liy which its area has been increased to over 100 acres. The lirst 
 bridge across the deep ravine which traverses the park was huilt 
 in 1909. 
 
 Parks in the Making 
 
 Some fifty acres between East Fortieth and East Fifty-fifth 
 streets, cut by the Erie Railroad and Kingsbury Run, a tributary 
 of the Cuyahoga River, have been partially improved of late years, 
 and eventually may earn the title bestowed upon the tract, Kingsbury 
 Run Park. In 1916, the lowest lands in that locality w-ere raised about 
 four feet, a culvert having previously been built to bridge the stream 
 or Run. 
 
 Library Park is a triangular tract of about two acres on Lorain 
 Avenue and west of West Thirty-eighth Street. The Johnson 
 Memorial, which was completed in 1914, stands in the center of the 
 park. 
 
 The Parks Truly Popularized 
 
 A number of features which apply more or less extensively to 
 the park system as it has developed, through study and experiment, 
 should be noted. Especially during the decade in which Tom L. John- 
 son was mayor, in 1901-09, persistent efforts were made really to give 
 the people access to the beauties and comforts of the parks. "Keep 
 olT the grass"' signs were removed, childi'cn's playgrounds were estab- 
 lished, baseball diamonds multiplied, shelter and comfort houses 
 were built and even winter sports, such as slides and ice rinks and 
 ponds, were inaugurated in the public parks. Band concerts were 
 also provided for in all the large parks. Perhaps the most far-reach- 
 ing of these movements designed really to dedicate the city parks to 
 the full use of the peoj)le and also to establish smaller centers of 
 recreation were inaugurated in 1904 in the opening of the play- 
 grounds and jiublic bathhouses in diffei'ciit sections of the congested
 
 490 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. NXVI 
 
 population. "When the proceeds of the old sinking fund created from 
 the city's investment in railroad stock became available for the first 
 seven wards, several bathhouses were erected, and playgrounds estab- 
 lished near the Orange Street bathhouse and in the vicinity of Marion 
 and Waring schools. At the present time, there are more than a 
 dozen of these playgrounds in the section of the city where thc.y will 
 do the most good. 
 
 An indispensable ad.junct to the parks is the force, of special park 
 policemen. Although they commenced to be assigned to the duties 
 of guarding the welfare of the patrons in 1894, they were not fully 
 organized until 1903. Since 1897, the city government has included 
 a department of forestry, the members of which, headed by the 
 forester, carefully guard the welfare of the beautiful trees and 
 shrubs in the parks, along the parkways and in all the thoroughfares 
 within the limits of the city. It is this force, as much as any one 
 agency, which has so well maintained Cleveland's early reputation 
 as the Forest City of the West. 
 
 The Paeks Statistic.\lly Considered 
 
 As some of the readers of this chapter are undoiibtedly statis- 
 tically inclined, the following table, taken from the last report of the 
 park engineer, is given iu conclusion : 
 
 Parks acres 
 
 DONATED 
 
 Ambler Parkway 36.059 
 
 Ambler-Woodland Hills 
 
 Boulevard 16.402 
 
 Broadway Play Ground 
 
 Brookside Park 
 
 Bulkley Blvd 
 
 Clinton Park 1.666 
 
 E. 37th and E. 38th P. G.* 
 
 E. 38th and E. 39th P. G 
 
 Edgewater Park 16.730 
 
 Fairview Park and P. G 
 
 Forest Hill Parkway 80.511 
 
 Franklin Circle 1.41(1 
 
 Garfh'ld Park 
 
 Gordon I'ark 112.520 
 
 Jefferson Park 12.000 
 
 ACRES 
 
 TOTAL 
 
 COST PROM 
 
 PURCHASED ACRES 
 
 DEEDS 
 
 11.956 
 
 48.015 
 
 $ 11,678.00 
 
 5.493 
 
 21.895 
 
 8,517.00 
 
 .734 
 
 .734 
 
 17,500.00 
 
 159.159 
 
 159.159 
 
 75,887.00 
 
 38.345 
 
 38.345 
 1.666 
 
 619,259.00 
 
 .966 
 
 .966 
 
 28,150.00 
 
 1.180 
 
 1.180 
 
 31,900.00 
 
 100.410 
 
 117.140 
 
 207,526.95 
 
 6.040 
 
 6.040 
 
 29,537.50 
 
 7.265 
 
 87.806 
 1.410 
 
 9,444.50 
 
 181.930 
 
 181.!)30 
 
 112.520 
 
 12.000 
 
 54,762.19 
 
 •I'laypround.
 
 1918] PARKS AND .MARKETS 491 
 
 Parks acres acres total cost prom 
 
 donated purchased acres deeds 
 
 KcIly-Pi-rkins P. G 2.213 2.213 $20,000.00 
 
 Kingsbury Hun I'ark 
 
 (0pp. E. 40th) 12.220 3.748 15.968 12,775.00 
 
 Kiufrslniry Run Park 
 
 (, East of K. 55th) 33.550 33.550 
 
 Lake Front Park 58.000 58.000 27,725.00 
 
 Laki- View Park 10.410 10.410 208,380.25 
 
 Library Park 2.057 2.057 77,880.00 
 
 Lincoln Square 7.550 7.550 50,000.00 
 
 Monuiuontal Park 4.440 4.440 
 
 IMarion P. G 747 .747 22,100.00 
 
 Miles Park 1.690 1.690 2,000.00 
 
 Newark-Trent P. G 1.112 1.112 8,000.00 
 
 Orange Ave. P. G 1.395 1.395 89,500.00 
 
 Rockefeller Park North . . . 56.820 149.639 206.459 296,049.77 
 
 Rockefeller Park South 57.226 9.814 67.040 27,435.50 
 
 Shakers Ileigiits Park 292.462 292.462 
 
 Sterling P. G 956 1.530 2.486 51,065.00 
 
 Superior-Luther P. G 954 .954 18,120.00 
 
 Train Ave. P. G 1.202 1.202 8,850.00 
 
 Wade Park 74.564 11.070 85.634 21,424.00 
 
 Waring P. G 306 .306 7,100.00 
 
 Washington Park 3.634 97.860 101.494 50,344.40 
 
 West Boulevard 44.121 167.559 211.680 102,885.31 
 
 West Tliirt.v-eighth P. G 1.046 1.046 19,050.00 
 
 Woodland Hills Park 43.656 69.334 112.990 112,878.14 
 
 Woodland Hills-Garfield 
 
 Boulevard 48.894 117.414 166.308 207,206.90 
 
 Totals 949,879 1,230.128 2,179.999 $2,534,940.68 
 
 The City Market Hoi'Ses' 
 
 The public markets of Cleveland are aceoniinodated in seven 
 houses: (1) Central IMarket, at Ontario Street, between Bolivar Road 
 and Eagle Avenue; (2) Sheriff Street, East Fourth Street, between 
 
 Huron and Bolivar roads; (3) West Side, on West Twenty-fifth 
 Street and Lorain Avenue; (4) Broadway, at Broadway and Canton 
 Avenue; (5) Forty-sixth Street, East Forty-sixth Street and Euclid 
 
 Avenue: (6) 105th Street, near that thoroughfare and Euclid .\ve-
 
 492 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVI 
 
 nue; (7) St. Clair, East 106th Street and St. Clair. The eity con- 
 trols the Central, Broadway and West Side market houses, which 
 under the prevailing form of municipal government are included in 
 the division of parks and public property and under the direct man- 
 agement of a superintendent. The other markets are owned "by private 
 corporations. As a whole, they are considered a great public benefit, 
 as the stocks offered ai"e complete, fresh and usually displayed neatly 
 
 AVest Side Municipai, iM.\rkkt House 
 
 and attractively, aiul as the keci)ers of llic stalls are not burdened 
 with the e.\j)enses of delivery and distrilmtion, their prevailing prices 
 arc usually lower than those current at the neighborhood groceries. 
 In some of tiic markets, sueli articles as nu-ats, delicacies and standard 
 groceries are sold in the main structure, while vegetables and fruits 
 are largely vended from more temporary, outdoor stalls. 
 
 As alreadv noted, Clevchuid's lii-st market was located on Ontario
 
 1918] MARKETS 493 
 
 Street .south of the I'lililk' Square, and, by 1887, there were four in- 
 stitutions of the kind. In 18:i!), the city built the tirst municipal 
 market on Jlichigan Street (now I'rospect Avenue S. W.). 
 
 Of the exi.stinjr markets, the Central is the oldest. In IS.'jG, as a 
 proposed measure of relief to the eonsinner, the city bongiit land at 
 the jum-tion of Ontario, Kinsman, Pittsburgh and liroadway for 
 $l,r)00, and .soon completed the Central Market House. The muni- 
 cipal authorities, including the superintendent of markets, boomed 
 it, but on account of the opposition of the grocers and the hucksters, 
 its early career was anythinfj l)ut a pathway of roses. The Sheriff 
 Street Jlarket, until the completion of the West Side Ilou.se in 1911 
 the largest in the city, was built and is still operated by private 
 parties. 
 
 The corner of Pearl (West Twenty-fifth) Street and Lorain Avenue 
 was set aside by Josiah Barber and Richard Lord, in 1840, as a public 
 square. In the succeeding twenty-five years, David Pollock and 
 James Webster added various strips of land to the original donation, 
 and, in 1868, despite Mr. Pollock's opposition, the first wooden market 
 house was built. In 1901, the Market House Commission appointed 
 by Mayor Tom L. Johnson purcha.sed a site for a new market across 
 Pearl Street from the old; and there by the conclusion of the fol- 
 lowing decade the present West Side ]Markct House was opened. It 
 cost abo\it $900,000, or nearly twice the original estimate. In Jan- 
 uary, 1916, the Euelid-Forty-sixth Street Market was opened, and 
 another, the Euclid-One Hundred and Fifth Street, at a later date. 
 The latter is e.sjjecially neat and elegant.
 
 CHAPTER XXVII 
 
 BENCH AND BAR OF CLEVELAND 
 By n. G. Cutler 
 
 Not every great lawyer or judge becomes prominent iu public 
 affairs. Neither is it necessary that a leader in affairs of state shall 
 have a systematic or professional education in the law. But it is 
 true that the mind and the temperament which are naturally di-awn 
 to the study and practice of the law are almost instinctively attracted 
 to the practical and constructive work of governmental affairs. It is 
 rare indeed that a great public executive, a diplomat or a statesman 
 has not been at some time a deep student of the law, if not an actual 
 pi-actitioner. Cleveland, as will be evident with the progi-ess of this 
 chapter, furnishes a bright and impressive personal record embracing 
 all these fields of honor. 
 
 Justices of the Peace 
 
 Before any courts had been created for Cleveland or Cuyahoga 
 County — in fact, before the latter existed — such matters as mar- 
 riages, the signing of the pollbooks, etc., had to be attended to by 
 someone, and for those purposes, if for no other, justices of the peace 
 had to 'be commissioned. xVs the now settlers arrived, the squires 
 became aliout the busiest men i)i tlic community. But let another 
 tell the story in his own words; one who has written it well. 
 
 Tlie Hon. Frederick T. Wallace, who came to Cleveland iu 1854, 
 after having become prominent in Massachusetts as a public man, wrote 
 much on legal matters, both of a technical and personal nature. He 
 contributed an interesting chapter to Keiuiedy's history of The 
 Bench and Bur of Cleveland (1889), from wliich the following is 
 extracted : 
 
 Concerning the legal labors of the justices who flourished in 
 Cuyahoga f'ounty before tlic establishment of the fii-st court of 
 7-ecord in IfMO, but little is accuralely known. No ncwsjiapcrs existed 
 to chronicle their na.mcs ami Soh)moiiic decisions; Iheir dockets, if 
 they kept any, which is very doubtful, have crumbled into dust, and 
 the memory of living man goetii not back to that remote date. 
 
 494
 
 1800-02 
 
 BENCH AM) JJAli 
 
 495 
 
 James Kingsbury 
 
 To James Kiiifrslniry may proinM-ly ho assifjiunl tho honor of tlio 
 tirst .iusticeshii) of the sectioii of Ohio wliii-li now iiicliuh's ClevchuHl. 
 Whether lie was duly eoinmissioned or not, it is imi)ossible to tell. 
 In 1800 everything rolatinjr to the little eolony on the Cuyahoga 
 was in a ehaotie state. Out of this, by the persistent efforts of the 
 sturdy pioneers, finally came order and then law. There was but 
 little need of legal coercion durinp: the Kingsbury ei-a, but whatever 
 law was administered was laid down by him, we may be assured, 
 with a strict sense of justice, lie ajijicars to have been, in many 
 respects, a remarkable man. lie had come from Conncaiit to Cicvc- 
 
 Tkesent Coum'y Colktuouse 
 
 land with his family at the close of the century, June 11, 1797, pre- 
 ceding Major Lorenzo Carter, and at once took rank as a leader in 
 the little group of pioneers. He was of the stuli' that pioneers should 
 be made — hardy, persevering and of indomitable courage. At Con- 
 neaut he had traveled many miles on foot through deep snows to pro- 
 cure food for his starving family* ; in Cleveland he encountered hard- 
 ships scarcely less discouraging. But he outlived them all, and for 
 many years was one of the most active factors in civilizing the section. 
 In 1802, a-s Ohio emerged from her territorial condition into the 
 dignity of a state, and took upon her .sovereign shoulders the mantle 
 of a constitution, the good people of Cleveland a.ssend)lcd at James 
 Kingsbury's house, which appears to have been a general place of 
 meeting, "and on Api'il 5th organized a township form of govern- 
 ment. Pioneer Rodolphus Edwards was chairman of the meeting, 
 
 * See pages 34, 35.
 
 496 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 and Pioneer Timothy Doan, clerk. Both of these men were after- 
 ward ju.stices. On October 11, 1803, an election was held in Cleve- 
 land Township, which was still a part of Trumbull County, and 
 Timothy Doan, justice of the peace, signed the poll-book certifying 
 to the fact that twenty-two votes had been east. On October 9, 1804, 
 the vote had increased to twenty-six. What the duties of the early 
 justices were, beyond signing poll-books and, on rare occasions, per- 
 forming marriage ceremonies, it is impossible now to state. It was 
 nndoul)tedly a very peaceable community, and the worthy justices 
 could have had no difficulty in keeping accurate records of their fees. 
 
 Lorenzo Carter Breaches the Peace 
 
 The first violent breach of the peace recorded was committed by 
 that Miles Standish of the Reserve, doughty Major Lorenzo Carter 
 himself. He struck a man, who might have lived in posterity if his 
 name had been preserved. If the ca.se came before a justice, there 
 is no record to show it. Probably, as the early law of the township 
 was familiarly known as Carter's Law, the injured party discreetly 
 condoned the assault. There was a lawyer in the township, Samuel 
 Huntington, nephew of the governor of Connecticut and himself 
 governor of Ohio in later years, who had brought the bar with him 
 in the latter part of 1801, but men who were busy conciliating red 
 savages and fighting howling wolves could have had but little time 
 for litigation. 
 
 Samuel Huntington 
 
 p]lsewhere, in the same publication, some of the characters already 
 introduced are thus treated, and others of note are added: "The 
 first lawyer who established himself in Cleveland, while yet Ohio 
 was in its territorial condition, in 1801, was Samuel Huntington. 
 He was a protege and adopted heir of his uncle and namesake, Cov- 
 eriior Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut. He was an educateil and 
 accoiiii)lished gentleman, about thirty-five years of age, had traveU'd 
 in Europe and held corresi)ondence in the French language. He 
 had a wife and two sons. The sani(> year lie built a spacious block- 
 house on the high blufl' overlooking the river valley and lake in tlie 
 rear of the pi'csent American House, tlie amjilc grounds of which 
 fi'oiiti'd on Supcridi- Street, it was consiih'red a liarnnial establish- 
 ment among the half dozen neigliboring log cabins of the paper city. 
 He had visited, the jjrevious year, a few settlements and had nuide 
 the acquaintance of Governor St. Clair at Chillirothe. and soon after 
 his .settlement in Cleveland the governor- appointed him lieutenant 
 colonel of the Ti'umbnil County militia and in 1802 one of the justires 
 of the Quoi'inii. and iniority was cniicedid to liiin on the liciirh of
 
 1802-24] BENCH AND BAR 497 
 
 Quarter Sessions. lie was elected a delegate to the convention to 
 form a state constitution in 1802. lie was elected a senator from 
 the then County of Trumhull and on the meeting of the Legislature 
 at Chillieothe was made president of that body. He was appointed 
 a judge of the Supreme Court in 1803, his commission, which was 
 signed by Governor TitTfin, being the first issued under the authority 
 of the State of Ohio. In 1807 Judge Huntington was elected gov- 
 ernor, succeeding the first governor, TitYin, who became a senator 
 of the United States. Thus the legal and judicial history of onr 
 city and county had an honorable and auspicious beginning in the 
 person of Samuel Huntington, tlie first lawyer, judge and governor 
 of the state from among the pioneers of the last years of the eight- 
 eenth centurv on the shores of Lake Erie." 
 
 When Justice Was Young 
 
 After the county was organized civilly and politically, in 1810, 
 and its first court of record, known as the court of common pleas, 
 was established, various justices of the peace continued to sit and 
 adjudicate. Rodolphus Edwards, a friend and neighbor of Squire 
 Kingsbury, a pioneer surveyor and sturdy citizen, naturally became 
 a justice. He was not educated in the law, but was ingenious, and 
 when he could not find an official form of summons originated this 
 one: "In the name of God, amen. Take notice that We, Rodolphus 
 Edwards, a Justice of the Peace by the Grace of the Almighty, do 
 hereby summons you to appear before Us, under dread of Dire pen- 
 alties and Severe tribulations." Later Harvey Rice, then a young 
 man of twenty-six, was elected; and by that time (1824) the office 
 carried real duties with it, especially in the activities of drawing 
 marriage covenants and performing the necessary ceremonies. Jus- 
 tice Job Doan, a sturdj' representative of that family which is so 
 closely linked with the rise of the county, was also a member of the 
 legislature for one term and died at the first visitation of the 
 cholera to Cleveland in 1834. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Underbill 
 
 Two of the most noted justices of the peace of the early period 
 were Dr. Samuel Underbill and George IToadley, tlie latter tlie father 
 of the governor. They are thus graphically sketched: 
 
 Dr. Samuel Underbill, justice and publisher, was one of the most 
 original characters of that day. He was a man of considerable educa-
 
 498 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 tioii aud delighted to be considered in advance of his age. He called 
 himself a free-thinker and edited a small semi-weekly paper, The Liher- 
 alist, which was devoted to the spread of atheistic doctrines and ar- 
 guments.* The name of the paper he afterwards changed to The 
 Bald Eagle, a journal noted for plunging its talons promiscuously 
 into people, without regard to consequences, and it proved to be the 
 Doctor's last journalistic venture. He said some harsh things about 
 City Clerk Curtis and that official, without waiting for the tedious 
 process of the law to right his wrongs, seized a sledge-hammer and, 
 rushing to the Doctor's office, proceeded to effectually reduce the 
 primitive hand-press to metallic fragments. The Bald Eagle never 
 recovered from the shock. 
 
 Dr. Underhill kept well abreast of the new ideas of his time. 
 "When Mesmer's experiments were made known, he at once became 
 an enthusiastic mesmerist and talked very learnedly on the subject. 
 He was also deeply interested in phrenology. At the time of the 
 Canadian rebellion the doctor warmly espoused the cause of the 
 rebels and would gladly have plunged this countrj' into war on their 
 behalf at a moment's notice. 
 
 As a justice, the Doctor has handed down to posterity one learned 
 decision which offers a most remarkable precedent. A citizen of 
 Cleveland, a worthy man of CVrman birth desiring to visit the father- 
 land, placed all his earthly treasures, including his wife, in the care 
 of a dear and trusted friend, and hied away across the ocean with a 
 light heart. TMien he returned after a six months' sojourn he found, 
 to his intense astonishment and grief, that the trusted agent had 
 settled down on the property left in his care and, worst of all, had 
 also assumed a proprietorship in the unobjecting wife. Astonish- 
 ment and grief gave way to anger, and the injured husband sought 
 Justice LTnderhill and began proceedings against the false friend. 
 Sherlock J. Andrews, Esq., appeared for the plaintiff, and the 
 defense was represented by Attorneys ]\Ioses Kellcy and Hiram V. 
 Willson. The case was bri.skly contested and then submitted to the 
 justice. That astute official carefully summed up all the evidence and 
 finally gave a verdict for the defendant. He said that as the prin- 
 cipal had clothed the agent with absolute authority over all his be- 
 lonprings, desiring him to take his place in every particular, he (the 
 justice) could not see that the agent had exceeded bis authority in any 
 respect. He therefore discharged the defendant. Not long before 
 liis death Dr. Underbill, in 1850. renounced his atheistic belief. In 
 person, the Doctor was a man of very large frame, stout, and with 
 strongly marked features. For many years he was one of the noted 
 characters pointed out on Cleveland streets. 
 
 (lEORGE HOADT/EY. THE Et.DER 
 
 On April 1."), 1836, a tall man with spare features, of quiet, yet 
 dignified appearance, stood u\) liefoi-c Hie first city council of Cleve- 
 
 • See page 192.
 
 1831-46] BENCH AND BAR 499 
 
 laud ami adiiiiiiistered to them the oath of ofifice. This was George 
 Hoadley. justice of the peace, a remarkable man in all respeets. Had 
 not the horizon of his chosen home been so circumscribed ; had he 
 sougrht other and wider tields, he could have won the respect and 
 love of a nation instead of a strugfilinir hamlet. He was of a stu- 
 dious habit, a profound lover of books and gifted with a singiUarly 
 retentive memory. He had beeu a tutor at Yale and was for some 
 time in his early years a writer on a prominent eastern journal. He 
 served as a justice from 1831 to 1846, and during the fifteen years he 
 tilled the position he passed upon over twenty thousand cases, very 
 few of his decisions being appealed and not one reversed. When not 
 engaged in the business of his court he devoted himself assiduously 
 to his books. He had, for the times, a very fair library, and this 
 was a constant source of entertainment for him. Lawyers often 
 came long distances to consult with him and to ask for precedents. 
 "Justice," they would say, "did you ever hear or read of a case sim- 
 ilar to this one of mine?" 'Squire Hoadley would quietly listen to the 
 details and then, after a moment's reflection, would point to his row 
 of books and say: "There, in that third row of books, the second 
 volume from the right, you will find all the precedent you require." 
 There was one form of business, however, that 'Squire Hoadley did 
 not want. He disliked to have the dignity of his court interrupted 
 by seekers after the connubial link. Not that he was hard-hearted — 
 no man possessed a more kindl.y disposition — but he looked upon 
 performing the marriage ceremony as something quite removed froiri 
 the legitimate business of the court, and he was very willing that 
 the fees from this source should fall to his brother justices. 
 
 In 1846 George Hoadley was elected mayor of Cleveland and 
 made as good a chief municipal officer as he did a justice. He was 
 an ideal office holder, prompt in business, dignified, courteous, of 
 sterling integrity, and with Ids whole soul wrapped up in his duties. 
 There was a widespread feeling that the community had suffered a 
 serious loss when, a few years later, he removed his home from Cleve- 
 land to Cincinnati. Almost forty years after the inauguration of 
 Mayor George Hoadley as chief municipal officer of a city of a dozen 
 thousand inhabitants, his son, another George Hoadley, a man closely 
 resembling his revered father in many respects, was inaugurated 
 governor of the great Commonwealth of Ohio. As an expansion 
 of the latter comment on Governor George Hoadley, it may be added 
 that Ohio's former chief executive, the son of a distinguished father 
 in a more circumscribed field than his, earned his honors as a lawyer 
 and a public man in the City of Cincinnati. When the family moved 
 to that citv in 1847 he had just been admitted to the bar. He died 
 in 1902. 
 
 JoHX Barr .\Nn Other Le.vding E.\rly Justices 
 
 Among other rare 'squires who .served Cleveland township for 
 twenty -five or thirty years after George Hoadley 's time were:
 
 500 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 John Barr, elected in 1841, an old settler, editor and valued writer 
 of local history, as well as ex-sheriff and clerk of the courts, who 
 served three terms; Edward Hessenmueller, who was a justice from 
 1843 to 1861 and afterward sat upon the police court bench; James 
 D. Cleveland, almost too young to be a 'squire, but who matured 
 rapidly and was also elected police judge in later years: George B. 
 Tibbetts, a mild-mannered Democrat who "held over" so many 
 times (1849-61) that it got to be considered as a matter of eoui-se 
 that only death could pry him away from the office; John R. Fitz- 
 gerald, an Irish newspaper man and classical scholar, who covered 
 about seven years during the civil war and before ; George A. Kolbe, 
 who served the township in 1864-76 ; Major George Arnold, a Union 
 soldier, who received a bullet wound in his back at Shiloh and spent 
 many hours afterward in explaining how it happened, and John P. 
 Green, a Central High School graduate, a good lawyer, the only 
 colored man elected to the office up to that time (1873) and after- 
 ward a member of the Ohio legislature. In 1886, a bill passed the 
 legislature giving the justices a salary, instead of authorizing them 
 to depend upon fees for their compensation. The law still applies, 
 under tlie present constitution of the state. 
 
 As justices of the peace w-ere the first judicial representatives 
 to be introduced to the public of Cleveland township, although they 
 have not always had the benefit of a legal education, they are given 
 the place of honor at the head of this chapter. History is I'eally 
 only an orderly chronological narrative, with an occasional "moral" 
 drawn from the facts. In succeeding pages the courts, with the 
 judges and practitioners identified with them, are taken uj) in the 
 order of their establishment. 
 
 The Court of Common PiiE.\s 
 
 This is the oldest judicial body of the county; in fact, Cuyahoga 
 County began its iiidcix'iideut existence in May, 1810, by holding 
 the first term of the court of common pleas. Cleveland had then 
 about fifty persons. Under the terms of the constitution of 1802, 
 and by appointment of the state legislature, the conimon i)leas court 
 of Cuyahoga County was I'eprcsented at that sitting by the Hon. Ben- 
 jamin Ruggles, presiding juiige, and Nathan Perry, Sr., A. Gilbert and 
 Timothy Doan, a.ssoeiate judges. At that time, Huron County was 
 attached to Cuyahoga for judicial jiufposes. This tirst court was held 
 at the newly erected store of the Murrays. just finislicd Init unoccu- 
 pied, standing where llic Alwater, or old Forest City l?lock, was after-
 
 1810] JJENCH AM) HAli 501 
 
 ward erected. The latter was torn down in 1855. Tlie locality may 
 be more 'clearly fixed in the minds of a late generation liy describinj;- 
 it as at the entrance to the Detroit-Superior viaduct. 
 
 Fn;sT Cot'RT, a Strong I'ody 
 
 Benjamin Kusr^rles is a name familiar to tiiose who have followed 
 the narrative deserihing the founding of Cleveland, and Nathan 
 Perry, as has already appeared, liecanie Cleveland's great pioneer mer- 
 chant and land owner, and lived for more than half a century after 
 "ascending the bench" as associate .iudge of the court of "common 
 pleas. Jlr. Perry's only child became the wife of United States Sen- 
 ator Henry B. Payne. John Walworth, the clerk of the new court 
 and county recorder, had, like Nathan Perry, been in Cleveland only 
 about four years, and had already served as justice of the peace 
 and postmaster at Paincsville, inspector of the port of Cuyahoga and 
 collector of the District of Erie (1805-06), associate judge before 
 Cuyahoga County was organized, and postmaster of Cleveland. He 
 was serving in the capacity last named at the time of his death in 1812. 
 John Walworth was so popular that he had only to ask for an office 
 to receive it, and his popularity was at its height during the War of 
 1812, and the last year of his life, when his courage, vigilance and 
 energy did much to dispel the panic among the villagers at the news 
 of Hull's uu-American surrender of Detroit to the British. 
 
 Under the constitution, the court of common pleas had common 
 law and chancery jurisdiction, and the legislature elected all the 
 judges. It was rec|uired only that the presiding judge should be 
 "learned in the law," but his associates were, as a rule, prominent 
 citizens of broad common sense in whom the people had confidence. 
 Such conditions were fully met in the organization of the first court 
 which met at Cleveland in May, 1810. 
 
 First C.\sk.s Before the Cocrt 
 
 "The business of the June term embraced the consideration of 
 five civil suits and three criminal prosecutions. Thomas D. Webb 
 is recorded as the attorney who filed the first pra'cii)e for a summons, 
 being the suit of Daniel Humason against William Austin; action, 
 trespass on the case for eleven hundred white fish of the value of $70, 
 which came into the hands of the defendant by 'finding,' but who 
 refused to give up on demand and converted them to his own use. 
 Alfred Kelley appeared for the defendant, denied the force and
 
 502 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 injury, etc., the plaintiff joined issue and 'put himself on the 
 county.' " 
 
 The plaintiff failed to appear at the next terai of court and had to 
 pay the costs of the suit. Mr. Kelley also appeared in the second 
 case, a civil suit for the collection of money on a note. It was dis- 
 continued and finally settled out of court. 
 
 Daniel in the Lions' Den 
 
 The history of criminal jurisprudence opened at the November 
 term, 1810, by the presentation through the grand jurj' of the first 
 "true bill" of indictments, the State of Ohio vs. Daniel Miner. '"Dan- 
 iel," as the jurors on their oath declared, "not having obtained such 
 license or permit as the law directs to keep a tavern, or to .sell, barter 
 or deliver, for money or other article of value, any wine, rum, brandy, 
 whiskey, spirits or strong drink by less quantity than one quart, did, 
 with intent to defraud the revenue of the county, on the 25th of 
 October last, sell, barter and deliver at Cleveland aforesaid, wine, rum, 
 brandy, whiskey and spirits by less quantity than one quart, to-wit. 
 one gill of whiskey, for the sum of six cents iu money, contrai-y to the 
 statute," etc. Being arraigned, he plead guilty and "put himself 
 upon the mercy of the court." The court was surely merciful, as it 
 imposed a fine of twenty cents; perhaps not so merciful, either, as 
 twenty cents came about as hard from a poor man in those days as 
 five dollars do in these times. 
 
 And Daniel was not yet out of the lions" den; for there was 
 another prosecution against him, in which he was charged with like 
 intent to defraud the county out of its just revenue. Without first 
 obtaining a license, he did, on the same day of the former offense, 
 ferry diverse men and horses over Rocky River. Again he craved the 
 mercy of the court, which, however, had become hard-hearted and 
 fined him five dollars and costs for this second ofl'ense. 
 
 Alfred Kelley First Aith.^rs .\s Prosecutor 
 
 Another instance of the negligence of merchants, traders and other 
 enterprising men, in the matter of observing statutory I'cquircmcnts, 
 may lie found in the first judicial nn'ord of the county, wherein 
 Alfred Kelley appears for the (irst tiiiic ;is piMsccut ing attorney for 
 the county, to mainlain an indictment against Ambrose TTccox, rliarged 
 with selling "onc-lialf yai-d of cotton cambi-ic, six yards of Indijiii 
 cdttori cldtli. (iiic-lijiir iKiunil Ihson sUin tea, witlniut license, con-
 
 1810-11] BENCH AND BAR 503 
 
 trai'v to tho stalutr law ri'j,'ulatiii<j tVrrios, taverns, stores," etc 'IMie 
 profits and capital i;ivoIvcd in this transaction were more than wiiied 
 out hy a fine of one dollar, with costs aniountinf,' to $6.;50. 
 
 First Civil Jury Tiual 
 
 The first jury empaneled for the trial of a civil suit was at the June 
 term, ISll. The case was entitled Frederick Falley vs. Philo Taylor 
 and was brougrht to collect damages caused by the sale of eight bar- 
 rels of spoiled white fish. At the same term, Erastus Miles wa.s pre- 
 sented for selling liquor to Indians; and he was fined five dollars and 
 costs for it. During the early terms of the common pleas court, prose- 
 cutions were largely for keeping tavern and selling liquor without 
 licenses. Many such offenses were committed at Huron while it was 
 attached to Cuyahoga County for judicial purposes. It may be added 
 that many of these statutory breaches, whether committed in Huron 
 or Cuyahoga County, were rather the result of ignorance of the law 
 than of vicious lawlessness; for the statutes were then manufactured 
 at Chillicothc, far away, and Cuyahoga County had no newspapers 
 then to keep its citizens advised of the creation of new laws at the 
 state capital. 
 
 First Session of Supreme Court in Cleveland 
 
 Under the early judicial system, there was an annual session of 
 the supreme court in the several counties, and the first sitting in 
 Cuyahoga was in August, 1810, when William W. Irwin and Ethan 
 A. Brown produced their commis.sions and organized the court, ap- 
 pointing John Walworth their clerk. At this term, Alfred Kellcy was 
 admitted to practice in the supreme and county courts, being the 
 first attorney in the county to take the oath to support the con.stitution. 
 
 Samuel Huntington is conceded to be the pioneer of Cleveland's 
 lawyers, but he lived in town only a few years and is better known 
 as a judge, a governor and a public man, his notable career covering 
 a period of residence outside of Cuyahoga County. 
 
 • Alfred ICelley, the First Active L.wvter 
 
 Alfred Kelley, already mentioned, is recorded as "Cleveland's first 
 actual lawver." He was a Connecticut man and came to Cleveland 
 
 * For portrait.^ of Alfrod Kelley and other early lawyers and judges, see 
 preceding cha[it<'r3 in the narrative history.
 
 504 ■ CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 witli Dr. -Tared P. Ivirtland and Joslma Stow, with others who accom- 
 panied the first siirveying party of 1796. ]Mr..Stow was the com- 
 missary of the expedition. They were all on horseback. Mr. Kclley 
 was strong and active mentally and physically, and his local leader- 
 ship earned him a seat in the legislature, which he held almost con- 
 tinuously from 1814 to 1822. His pei-sonality was impressed on such 
 important legislation as that connected with the banking and canal 
 laws. In 1822, he was appointed canal commissioner of the state. 
 Mr. Kelley moved to Columbus permanently in 1830 and died at the 
 state capital in 1859. 
 
 In the early records of the common pleas court appear the names 
 of not a few prominent pioneers. In 1812, for instance, thej' show 
 that Amos Spatford, the surveyor and legislator, was arrested by 
 Elisha Alvord for $100 house rent. Levi Johnson appealed from a 
 decision of 'Squire George Wallace and, about the same time, Justice 
 Wallace and Cjtus Prentiss were tried for assaulting Robert Bennet. 
 
 Court Business During First Four Years 
 
 The records of four years, from May, 1810, to May, 1814, embrace 
 109 civil suits, the greater number being petitions for partition of 
 lands, and generally of non-resident heirs mostly living in Connecti- 
 cut. During the troublous times incident to the War of 1812, and 
 especially connected with Hull's surrender at Detroit, the courts were 
 almost deserted; only seven cases were tried at the November, 1812, 
 term, five at the March term and four at the June term, 1813. There 
 seem to have been no criminal prosecutions during this w'ar period. 
 The only lawyers who appear of record during the first four years 
 of the common pleas court were Alfred Kelley, the first settled 
 lawyer and prosecuting attorney : Thomas D. Webb, Robert B. Park- 
 man, Samuel W. Phelps, Peter Hitchcock, John S. Edwards and D. 
 Rediek. Mr. Hitchcock was a resident of Geauga County, who had 
 been succeeded by ]Mr. Kelley as prosecuting attorney. 
 
 Leonard Case, Sr. 
 
 The 11(111. George Tod was president of the court at the October 
 term of 1815, when Calvin Pease, Elisha Whittlesey and Leonard Case 
 for the first time appear as attorneys of record. The last named is of 
 most interest to Clcvelandcrs, both because he was an able, honest and 
 stalwart man himself and because he was the father of the fine son 
 and namesake who founded the ('as(> School. 'IMic father of the first
 
 1810-13] BENCH AND BAR 505 
 
 Leouard Case brought his family from I'l'iiusylvaiiia to TruiiibuU 
 County ill the spring of 1800. Leonard was then fourteen years old. 
 Before he was twenty-one he was clerk of the supreme court for 
 Trumbull County, or the entire AVcstern Reserve, and a fast friend 
 of General Simon Perkins, in whose employ he remained for many 
 yeaiN, even after he had comnienced practice. Upon the advice of John 
 D. Edwards, then county recoi-der, Mr. Case studied law and, soon 
 after being admitted to practice, appeared as an attorney of record at 
 Cleveland. His long and close connection with the Connecticut Land 
 Company made him authority on all real estate matters. In 1816, he 
 was appointed cashier of the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, then 
 just organized at Cleveland, and from that time until his death, in De- 
 cember, 1864, was a local power in the development of city, county 
 and state. He was agent of the Connecticut Laud Company from 1827 
 to 1855. In 1821-24 he was president of the village and started Cleve- 
 land on the road to earning and upholding its popular name, the 
 Forest City. Mr. Case was the fii-st auditor of the county ; was a 
 member of the legislature in 1824-27 and a champion of the Ohio 
 canals ; accomplished much in the way of systematizing land taxes and 
 was altogether a broad and admirable character. At first, the Case 
 family lived in a frame house at the corner of Bank and Superior 
 streets, the family residence also accommodating the Commercial 
 Bank, of which he had become president. The site of his home was 
 later occupied by the Mercantile National Bank, and there was born 
 the son, Leonard Case, who founded the school which is honored 
 by the family name. In 1826, when the latter was six years old, the 
 family moved to the beautiful homestead on the east side of tho 
 Public Square, now occupied by the Federal building. The foregoing 
 is a digression from the main flow of the story, but is justified by the 
 importance of the subject, Leonard Case. 
 
 Various Presiding Judges op the Court 
 
 In 1819, J. S. Couch was the presiding judge and Reuben Wood 
 first appeared as attorney in a case. There was never a more dis- 
 tinguished, forceful or beloved gentleman connected with the bench 
 and bar of Cleveland than Governor Wood, and his personality is 
 introduced more distinctly when the writer deals with the Cleveland 
 lawyers who have been advanced to the state supreme bench and the 
 gubernatorial chair of Ohio. 
 
 Calvin Pease became presiding judge in 1820. followed, in 1821, 
 by John :McLean, afterward a judge of the United States supreme
 
 506 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 coui't. Judge Pease again occupied the bench in 1822, followed by 
 Judge Burnet in 1823 and Peter Hitchcock in 1825. In 1826, William 
 MeConncU, John W. Allen, Harvey Rice and Sherlock .J. Andrews 
 were admitted to the bar. 
 
 Harvey Rice 
 
 At least two of the foregoing became great men in the annals of 
 Ohio history. Harvey Rice, friend and relative of Governor Wood, a 
 scholarly member of the profession, a finished writer, a legislator and 
 father of the common school law of the state, his noble statue in Wade 
 Park fittingly expresses the sti-ength and paternal nature of his char- 
 acter. 
 
 Brilliant, Eloquent and Versatile Sherlock J. Andrews 
 
 Sherlock J. Andrews, who was in active practice or public service 
 from the time of his admission to the bar at the age of twenty-five 
 until the day of his death (February 11, 1880), was, without dispute, 
 the most eloquent, polished and versatile member of the Cleveland 
 profession. Ilis activities embraced more than half a century and 
 included a term in congress, commencing in 1840, membership in two 
 constitutional conventions, those of 1849 and 1873, and the judgeship 
 of the superior court of Cleveland from 1848 to 1853. One of his 
 friends and professional associates, writing in 1889, says: " Altliough 
 nearly ten years have elapsed since his death, it seems but as yester- 
 day when, with dignity and grace, he stood before court or jury, 
 delighting all around him by the logic of his argument, spiced with 
 the aroma of his hnmor, or made pungent with a few grains of healthy 
 sarcasm. ' ' 
 
 Joii.N W. Allen 
 
 John W. Allen, admitted to the bar with Judge .Andrews and 
 Harvey Rice, did by no means mea.sure up to their stature in years 
 to come, although he was a leading railroad promoter wlien Cleveland 
 sadly needed the iron ways, went to congress and subsequently served 
 both as postmaster and mayor of the city. He dietl in 1887. 
 
 ]\Iay()u John \V. \Vii,i,ev 
 
 Joliii W. Willey, Clcvelaiurs liist mayor, was an al)le attorney 
 for many years and early a judge of the circuit court. He first appears 
 on the ciiiiiiiiDii pleas records in 1827.
 
 1826-34] BENCH AND BAR 507 
 
 I'P to 1835, tlie Cuyahogra bar was not burdened with an excess 
 of lawyers, but there were i)r()bal)ly enough to care for the business 
 on the doeliets. In that year, the term of the supreme court opened 
 with Joshua ("oUet and Reuben Wood on the bench. Harvey Rice 
 was appointed clerk, acting also in that capacity for the court of 
 CDiiiinoii |)leas. 
 
 Henry B. Payne 
 
 Of those who had entered practice in Cleveland shortly before, 
 none made a higher record in public service than Henry B. Payne. 
 He became a Cleveland lawyer in 1834 and soon thereafter formed 
 a partnership with his early friend, Hiram V. "Willson, formerly of 
 Painesvillo. The latter afterward wa.s appointed judge of the United 
 States district court for the Northern District of Ohio. The pro- 
 fessional [Kirtnership between Messrs. Payne and Willson continued 
 for twelve years. Jlr. Payne was one of the most active and promi- 
 nent citizens of Cleveland, while his health allowed him to work. He 
 was a member of the city council, on the first board of water com- 
 missioners, was a sinking fund commissioner and city clerk, a state 
 senator in 1851, a congi-essman for the term commencing 1874, served 
 on the Hayes-Tilden Commission and, in 1884, was chosen United 
 States senator. He died in Septemlier, 1896. 
 
 Samuel Cowles 
 
 Samuel Cowles, a partner of Alfred Kelley, who practiced in Con- 
 necticut some fifteen years before he came to Cleveland (1820), died 
 the year of his appointment as .judge of the court of common pleas, 
 in 1837. His mansion on Euclid Avenue, which he erected in 1833, 
 was one of the notcworthv early laiulmarks of that thoroughfare. 
 
 Samuel Starkweather and Horace Foote 
 
 The constitution of 1851 made a radical change in the common 
 pleas judicial system. The state was divided into nine districts, each 
 of which, except Hamilton County (which was made one district), was 
 to be subdivided into three parts and presided over by a judge 
 elected by the people. Cuyahoga County was made the third sub- 
 division of the fourth district. Samuel Starkweather, who had prac- 
 tised at the local bar since 1828, was elected the first judge under the 
 constitution of 1851, his term ])oing for five years. Subsequently, he 
 was mayor of Cleveland.
 
 508 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 Horace Foote, who occupied the bench for twenty yeajre, was 
 elected under the act of March 11. 1853. He was severe, tenacious and 
 honest, and, although not a man to whom the bar became affectionately 
 attached, no lawyer failed to respect him. 
 
 During the Civil War Period 
 
 Thomas Bolton, long- in partnership with Moses Kelley, served on 
 the common plea.s bench for some years before the civil war until 
 about a year afterward, altogether a decade. At an early period, he 
 was prosecuting attorney of the county. Jesse P. Bishop, a partner 
 with Franklin T. Backus, was also an incumbent of the bench during 
 a portion of the period. 
 
 James M. Coifinberry, who came from Hancock County, served the 
 five years' term, 1861-65. Early in his practice he had served as 
 prosecuting attorney for Lucas County, and previous to his election 
 to the common pleas bench of Cuyahoga County had practiced for a 
 decade in Hancock County. It is said that none of his decisions was 
 ever reversed by a higher court. Judge Cotfinberry obtained consider- 
 able distinction during his last year upon the bench by his charge to 
 the jury, December, 1865, in the trial of Doctor Hughes for the murder 
 of Tamzen Parsons of Bedford. 
 
 Relief From Over-Crowded Docket 
 
 During the civil war there were but two judges of the Cuyahoga 
 County court of common pleas, who were able to meet the demands 
 upon them, as the energies of the people were then absorbed almost 
 wholly by military matters of vital concern. After the war, when 
 the commercial and other enterprises of tlie country began to recuper- 
 ate, the business of the courts so increased that the existing judicial 
 force was entirely inadequate. 
 
 Samuel B. Prentiss 
 
 Samuel B. Prentiss, who sat on the bench from 1867 to 1882, for 
 three consecutive terms, was one of the most al)le and industrious 
 judges of the court, and did all in his power to relieve this dire 
 pressure upon its working cajiacities. lie was the worthy son of 
 that great Vermont judge, Sanuiel Prentiss, who long sci-ved as 
 chief justice of the supreme court of his state, as United States 
 senator and finally, until his dealli in 1S57, as United States district
 
 1861-7-4J BENCH AND BAR 509 
 
 J[udge. Judge Samuel B. Prentiss was educated in the schools of 
 the Green Moiuitaiu State and under his father's thorough training, 
 iuid when he opened a law ofiSce in Cleveland in 1840 his abilities 
 were apparent even in a group of strong and aggressive lawyers. 
 For twenty-seven years, he was an active and progressive practitioner 
 in the city before ascending the bench in 1867, but upon his retire- 
 ment from the common pleas court in 1882, at the age of seventy- 
 five years, he withdrew from professional activities also. 
 
 Robert F. Paine 
 
 In 1S69, the legislature passed an act providing for one addi- 
 tional .iudge, which place was filled by Robert F. Paine until the 
 expiration of his term in February, 1874. Mr. Paine had previously 
 served as clerk of the court of common pleas and as United States 
 district attorney for the Northern District of Ohio. He was a 
 humane, genial and able gentleman and judge, but throughout his 
 judicial career proved that strict justice was his governor. 
 
 President Garfield's Significant Compliment 
 
 In Judge Paine 's chai-ge to the jury, in the case of the State vs. 
 Gallantine, for the murder of Doctor Jones, in which the defendant 
 set up the plea of insanity. Judge Paine sharply drew the lines 
 of culpability to be tested by the evidence, and among the many 
 complimentary notes received by him was the following from James 
 A. -Garfield (dated February 6, 1871) ; it is significant in view of the 
 fate which was to overtake the president: "The whole eountry 
 owes you a debt of gratitude for brushing away the wicked absurdity 
 which has lately been palmed off on the country as law on the sub- 
 ject of insanity. If the thing had gone much further, all that a 
 man would need to secure immunity from murder would be to tear 
 his hair and rave a little, and then kill his man.", 
 
 Superior Court Established 
 
 Before the conclusion of Judge Paine 's term in 1874, it became 
 evident that even three judges could not overtake the business piling 
 up on the dockets of the court of common pleas. The plan adopted 
 was to revive the old superior court of Cleveland, established in 
 1847, and presided over during the five years of its existence, by 
 its first and only judge, Sherlock J. Andrews. The new body was
 
 510 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 to try the civil cases covering the city ouly. So on the tilth of May, 
 1873, the legislature passed an act establishing the superior court 
 of Cleveland, "to consist of three judges, who would hold their 
 offices for five years and should have jurisdiction of civil cases only 
 in the City of Cleveland, concurrent with the Court of Common 
 Pleas of Cuyahoga County, and should not have jurisdiction in any 
 criminal or bastardy cases, nor in applications for divorce and ali- 
 mon.y, nor of applications for the benefit of the insolvent laws, nor 
 of appeals of error from justices of the peace, Police or Probate 
 court, nor to appropriate land or assessment of damages in behalf 
 of municipal or other corporations." The act of 1869, increasing 
 the number of common pleas judges to three, was repealed, thus 
 leaving only two members of that court. The term of the three 
 judges of the new superior court was to commence in July, 1873, 
 and the "people's candidates," Seneca 0. Griswold. James M. Jones 
 and Gershom ISl. Barber went into office. 
 
 Court Abolished as Insufficient 
 
 But the superior court of Clevelajid did not ease the county 
 dockets, especially a.s the panic of 1873 and the hard times which 
 followed brought an appalling addition to civil procedures. Then 
 in ^Maroh, 1875, an act was passed by the legislature abolishing the 
 superior court, the measure to take effect on the first of July fol- 
 lowing. Its business was to be transferred to the court of common 
 ])leas, the memliership of which body was to be increased by four 
 judges to be selected at the succeeding October election. At that 
 election, two of the judges of the recently abolished superior court 
 were chosen for the new court of common pleas, James M. Jones 
 and G. M. Barber; the third member, Seneca 0. Griswold returned 
 to practice and, until his health failed, was recognized as one of the 
 ablest members of the Cuyahoga County bar. 
 
 Seneca 0. Griswold 
 
 Judge Griswold. who was elected to the bench of the superior 
 court in 1873, was a leader of the bar and a public man of promi- 
 nence. He came to Ohio from Connecticut when eighteen years old 
 and after graduating from Oberlin College returned to his native 
 town of Suffield ; after teaching there for a time, he located perma- 
 nently in Cleveland to study and practise law. He was admitted 
 t(j tlic l)ar in 1847; was sent to the legislature in 1861 and, while
 
 1873-92] BENCH AND BAR 511 
 
 a member of that body, assisted in organiziufj the railroad sinking 
 fund commission and Cleveland's paid fire department. During tlie 
 year of his election as a superior court judge both Democrats and 
 Republicans united upon him as a member of tlie eonstitutidnal 
 convention. Judge Griswold was instrumental in establishing the 
 Cleveland Law Library Association, of which he was piTsident for 
 many years. His last position of public trust was as a mcudicr of the 
 city council. He retired from practice in 1888, after having been 
 honorably identified with the profession for more than forty years. 
 The personnel of the successive judges who have occupied the 
 common pleas bench has been of a compai'atively high order, as is 
 evident from those already introduced through this narrative: and 
 this superior standard has been maintained. For a period of twenty 
 years following the election of Darius Cadwell, who succeeded Samuel 
 B. Prentiss in 1873, there were successively upon this bench G. ^l. 
 Barber, J. M. Jones, E. T. Hamilton and J. H. ilc^Math, all in 1875 ; 
 S. B. Prentiss, Darius Cadwell and E. T. Hamilton, all re-elected 
 during ] 876-80; Henry JIcKinney, 6. M. Barber, S. E. Williamson 
 and James M. Jones, 1880-83 ; John "W. Heisley and E. J. Blandin, 
 1883; E. T. Hamilton, Henry McKinney, Carlos IM. Stone, Alfred W. 
 Lamson, George B. Solders, Wm. B. Sanders, E. T. Hamilton (re- 
 elected), Carlos ]\L Stone (re-elected), Alfred W. Lamson (re-elected), 
 W. E. Sherwood, John C. Hutehins, from 1883 to 1802. 
 
 WiLLi.xM E. Sherwood 
 
 Judge Sherwood, whose term commenced in 1889, was born in 
 Cuyahoga County. In 1874, two years after being graduated from the 
 Columbia Law School in New York City, he located in Cleveland. At 
 various times before ascending the bench he had served as a member 
 of the city council, clerk of the board of improvements and first 
 assistant city solicitor, and there were few members of the profes- 
 sion whose knowledge of municipal law was more thorough than 
 his. This alone, had be no other good qualities, would have given 
 him prestige on the common pleas bench. 
 
 For the succeeding twenty years, or until the adoption of the 
 constitution of 1912, the following were perhaps the best known, 
 having served for more than one term : Alfred W. Lamson, Carlos 
 M. Stone, Thomas K. Dissette, William B. Neff, Joseph T. Loguc. 
 Thomas M. Kennedy. Theodore L. Strimple, George L. Phillips, Simp- 
 son S. Ford and Willis Vickery.
 
 512 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 Now Twelve Common Pleas Judges 
 
 According to the amendment to the state constitution adopted 
 in September, 1912, "the judicial power of the state is vested in a 
 supreme court, courts of appeals, courts of common pleas, courts of 
 probate and such other courts inferior to the courts of appeals as 
 may from time to time be established by law." Four sessions are 
 held annually in Cleveland, in January, April, July and September. 
 The judges of the court of common pleas are still elected for six- 
 year terms and are paid salaries. An increase in their number 
 depends upon the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of the 
 legislature, and their removal is subject to the same action. 
 
 From time to time, forced by the growing business of the court, 
 the number of common pleas judges has been increased until it 
 is now a dozen. Those serving upon the bench in the fall of 1918, 
 with the dates when their terms expire, are as follows: Charles J. 
 Estep, Martin A. Foran and Homer C Powell, Decem!)er 31, 1922; 
 Thomas M. Kennedy, Manuel Levine, W. B. Neff and Willis Vickery, 
 December 31, 1920; Robert M. Morgan, February 8, 1919; F. B. 
 Gott, A. J. Pearson, George L. Phillips and Frank E. Stevens, Decem- 
 ber 31, 1918. 
 
 Judge Estep was prosecuting attorney of the police court, first 
 assistant director of law and first assistant city solicitor before he 
 was first elected to the common pleas bench in 1906, serving xmtil 
 June, 1909. He was re-elected in 1910 and 1916. Judge Estep was 
 a county commissioner at the time of the letting of plans for the 
 new court house. 
 
 Judge Vickery taught school and studied law under private tutors 
 in his native Ohio before he went east and finished his legal studies 
 in tlie law department of the Boston liuiversity. Ho was admitted 
 to the Oliio bar in 1885, but did not locate at Cleveland for practice 
 until 1896. He was elected one of the judges of the common pleas 
 court in January, 1009, and is still oji the bench. Judge Vickery is 
 also head of the Cleveland Law School, wliich was consolidated with 
 the Baldwin University Law School, of which he was one of the 
 founders. Outside of his i)rofession, he has a nation-wide reputa- 
 tion as an authority on Shakespeare, his library devoted to the English 
 dramati.st now numbering more than 3,500 volumes. It has been 
 forty-five years in collecting, as his studies in Ihis Held commenced 
 in his early youth. 
 
 Judge Martin A. Foran was elected to llie lioiich of the court of 
 common plea.s in 1910. His jircvious record of public service com-
 
 1892-1918] BENCH AND BAR 513 
 
 prised his membership iu tlie constitutional eouveutiou of Ohio in 1873, 
 prosecuting attorney of Cleveland, 1875-77, and member of congi-ess 
 representing the Twenty-first district, then the city of Cleveland, 
 1883-88. He has either practised law, engaged in public affairs or 
 sat upon the bench in Cleveland since. He was admitted to practice 
 in the state courts iu 187-1 and to the supreme court of the United 
 States in 1885. 
 
 Judge Walter D. jMeals, of the court of appeals for the Eighth 
 Ohio District, received his non-professional education in his native 
 Pennsylvania. In 1892, he was graduated from the law school of the 
 University of Michigan and soon afterward commenced practice in 
 Cleveland. Before ascending the bench, he held the office of county 
 solicitor. Judge Meals 's term expires in 1920. 
 
 The Probate Court and Judge Tilden 
 
 Under the constitution of 1802, the common pleas court had 
 "jurisdiction of all probate and testamentai-y matters," but the con- 
 stitution of 1851 created a separate body to adjudicate such affairs. 
 Under its provisions, the probate court was to consist of one judge 
 elected for three years. The constitutional amendment of 1905 ex- 
 tended his tei-m to four years. 
 
 P'lavcl W. Bingham was the first probate judge. He was elected 
 in 1852 and served his term. Daniel R. Tilden succeeded him in 1855, 
 and held the office by an unbroken succession of triennial elections 
 for thirty-three years, when at the age of eighty-two he retired. His 
 forceful, yet balanced and benevolent character, made him a valued, 
 dependable and beloved jurist and an active and useful citizen. Judge 
 Tilden was a pronounced abolitionist, but even in the days when 
 intensely bitter quarrels over politics were the rule, he retained his 
 hold upon the general esteem and affections of the public as long as 
 he lived. The widows and orphans of a generation looked with con- 
 fidence to Judge Tilden for s^Tiipathy and security in the hours of 
 their bereavement and were never disappointed. Before coming to 
 Cleveland, he had studied law with Judge Rufus P. Spalding at 
 "Warren, Trumbull County, and, at his admission to the bar, moved 
 with his preceptor to Ravenna. He was elected to congress in 1844 
 and served two terms in that body, but his most enduring monument 
 for posterity slowly and surely arose during his long and unobtrusive 
 service at probate judge of Cuyahoga County. ^ 
 
 Henry Clay White 
 
 Judge Tilden 's successor, Henry C. White, served on the probate 
 bench eontinuovisly from 1887 until his death in January, 1905.
 
 514 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 Judge White 's record was also long and houorable. Outside the legal 
 and judicial field his studies and activities had extended into a literary 
 specialty, and be became widely known as an authority on polar ex- 
 plorations. The collection of "Ai-cticaua" which he bequeathed to 
 the "Western Reserve Historical Society is unusually rare and com- 
 plete. 
 
 At the death of Judge Wliite in February, 1905, Governor Herrick 
 appointed Alexander Hadden to the probate bench. His record has 
 been so good that, by successive reelcctions, he is still upon the bench, 
 the term which he is serving not expiring until Februar.y, 1921. 
 Judge Hadden commenced practice in Cleveland in 1875, and previous 
 to his service on the probate bench had held the office of prosecuting 
 attorney for a number of years. He has also been on the law faculty 
 of the "Western Reserve University as a lecturer on criminal law, in 
 which specialty he is high authority. 
 
 The Circuit Court 
 
 By legislative act the fourteenth of April, 1884, the state district 
 courts were abolished and the circuit court was substituted. In Octo- 
 ber of that year the first judges were elected, and on the ninth of 
 February, 1885, the first sitting began. Under the first districting, 
 the sixth judicial circuit of Ohio comprised Cu.yahoga, Huron, Lorain, 
 Medina, Summit, Sandusky, Lucas and Ottawa counties, and the 
 judges represented in the first sitting of 1885 were as follows : Charles 
 C. Baldwin, of Cleveland; "William H. Upson, Aki-on, and George R. 
 Haynes, Toledo. In March, 1887, the sixth circuit was subdivided, and 
 Cuyahoga, Summit, Lorain and Medina counties were fonued into 
 the eighth. There are three judges in each district, elected for six 
 years, and while the constitution gives them "like original jurisdic- 
 tion with the supreme court and such appellate jurisdiction as 
 may be provided by law," tlie time of the circuit court is occupied 
 almost entirely in hearing appeals. 
 
 "When the redistricting of the state occurred in 1887 Hugh J. 
 Caldwell, of Cleveland, was elected to succeed Judge Ilayncs of 
 Toledo. So that Judges Baldwin and Caldwell are of especial in- 
 terest to Clevelanders. 
 
 Charles C. Bai.dvpin 
 
 Judge Charles Candee Baldwin was one of the most substantial 
 lawyers, broad-minded judges, deepest historic and pre-historic
 
 1884-1918] 
 
 BENCH AND BAR 
 
 515 
 
 scholars and useful citizens that ever honored the city of Clevelahd. 
 That he was a man of wonderful system, as well as of untiring energy, 
 is evident when the reader of his record considers what he accomplished 
 in the sixty years of iiis life. He was a reiirispiitative of one of those 
 
 Charles C. Baldwin 
 
 fine old English Connecticut families who sent so much good blood 
 to Cleveland. AVhen Charles C. Baldwin was five months old his 
 parents moved to Elyria, Ohio, and there the fatlier continued to 
 labor as a respected merchant from 1835 until his death in 1847. 
 The family then returned to Connecticut where the son completed
 
 516 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 bis education, being graduated from tbe Harvard Law Sebool iu 1857. 
 As a student be showed the qualities which marked him iu his subse- 
 quent career; high intellectual attainments, balanced by moral sta- 
 bility, not unmixed with a quiet humor which made him, to his inti- 
 mates, a delightful companion. 
 
 In March, 1857, soon after being graduated by Harvard Law 
 School, the youug man of twentj'-two entered the law office of S. B. 
 and F. J. Prentiss, Cleveland. The training he there received, both be- 
 fore his admission to the bar and afterward as a member of the firm, 
 was invaluable. The firm of Prentiss (S. B.) & Baldwin, which con- 
 tinued from 1861 to 1867, was dissolved by the election of the senior 
 member to the common pleas bench. Judge Baldwin afterward 
 formed partnerships with F. J. Prentiss and Charles W. Prentiss, 
 he having married the daughter of the latter in 1862. All three were 
 sons of the famous judge and LTuited States senator, Samuel Pren- 
 tiss, of Vermont. 
 
 Mr. Baldwin never was a candidate for any political or public 
 office until he was elected circuit .judge in 1884. The nominating 
 convention was held in Elyria, his old boyhood home. During his 
 practice he had become identified with such large 'corporations as 
 the Cleveland Board of Underwriters, of which he served as presi- 
 dent from 1875 to 1878. At different times, he was chosen director 
 of four banks and was twice offered the presidency of a leading 
 hank in Cleveland. Such connections, brought about by his unusual 
 business and financial abilities, served him well when he ascended 
 the bench, and there was probably never a circuit .judge who was 
 more thoroughly prepared, by previous training and experience, to 
 liandle intelligently the practical problems of the day. 
 
 Judge Baldwin had nuide a name for himself as a scholar and 
 a writer long before his deatli in 1895 concluded his tenn as a circuit 
 judge. As early as 1866, while vice-president of the Cleveland Library 
 Association, he plainied the founding of the Western Reserve His- 
 torical Society, which was formally organized in 1SG7. For many 
 years he was its secretary, acting in close harmony witli its presi- 
 dent. Colonel Charles "Whittlesey, a warm friend and a brother-spirit. 
 At the colonel's death in 1886, Judge Baldwin was elected president 
 of the society, which he was holding at the time of his death, in Feb- 
 ruary, 1895. The deceased was a member of manj' learned societies, 
 historical, genealogical and archaeological. He was also Doctor of 
 Laws (Wcsleyan University, 1802) and luid been otherwise honored 
 by various degrees; but his broad reputation and his real memorial 
 rest on his fine recoi'd as a judge, his work as the founder of the
 
 1884-lfll8] BENCH AND BAR 517 
 
 "Western Reserve Historical Soeiety, his eoutributions to liislorieal 
 and scientitie literature, and his splendid character as a man. 
 
 Judge Hugh J. Caldwell was a Truinbull County man, but he 
 was graduated by tlie Cleveland Law College, and soon after his ad- 
 mission to the bar in 1871 began the practice of his profession in 
 Kansas. He moved to Cleveland in 1875. At different times he was 
 in partnership with William ^Mitchell and \V. E. Sherwood and as- 
 sumed his duties as judge of the eighth circuit in February, 1888. 
 He occupied the bench until 1893. 
 
 Since Judge Caldwell's term, the following members of the Cleve- 
 land profession have occupied the Circuit l)ench : John C. Hale, 
 Ij. H. AVinch and Frederick A. Henry. 
 
 John C. H.\le 
 
 Judge John C. Hale came to Cleveland in 1S57, soon after being 
 graduated from Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, taught school, 
 studied law in Judge Prentiss' office and, after being admitted to 
 practice in 1861. located in Elyria. There he became prominent in 
 his profession and as a public man. In 1872, he served as a member 
 of the constitutional convention and, ni February, 1877, commenced 
 his first term as a judge of the court of common pleas from Lorain 
 County. After serving a year and a half of his second term, he 
 resigned from the bench in 1883 and formed a partnership with 
 W. W. Boynton. another prominent member of the bar from Lorain 
 County who had already served several years on the state supreme 
 bench. This connection continued for many years. In 1893, Judge 
 Hale's solid abilities were recognized by his elevation to the bench 
 of the circuit court, in which capacity he served for two terms, or 
 until 1905. 
 
 Judge Frederick A. Henry had been in practice at the Cleveland 
 bar since 1891 when he succeeded Judge Hale in 1905. He resigned 
 from the bench in 1912. 
 
 The Municipal, or Police Court 
 
 Under the first city charter, which went into effect in 1836, the 
 mayor enforced the ordinances against miscreants and the few crimi- 
 nal cases were generally tried by the justices of the peace, l^ut Cleve- 
 land waxed in wickedness, as in other ways, and when the municipal 
 government was reorganized in 1853 the police court was one of its 
 most important creations. In April of that year, John Barr, Whig,
 
 518 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XX"\T:I 
 
 was elected its judge, Bushiiell White, on the same ticket, prose- 
 cuting attorney, and 0. J. Hodge and Michael Gallagher, both Demo- 
 crats, police clerk and city marshal, respectively. The officials named, 
 considered as a body, composed the tirst police court of Cleveland. On 
 the seventeenth of the month, Judge Barr took his seat behind a little 
 low desk in the Gaylord block on Supei'ior Street and rapped his 
 court to order. At his right, with another small desji before him, sat 
 Clerk Hodge, while a modest s(|uare table in front of the judge held 
 the books and papers of Prosecutor White. City jMarshal Gallagher 
 hovered near; he was supposed to be on his feet, alert, as the active 
 representative of law and order. In a stern voice, the judge announced 
 the formation of the municipal court, and tlic election and presence 
 of all its officers. 
 
 Considerable business came before the court. Five men were 
 charged witli "getting up a false alarm of fire" and four of them 
 were fined, and half a dozen more were adjudged guilty of fighting, 
 drunkenness and disorderly conduct and also punished by the im- 
 position of fines. At other sessions, a variety of perplexing matters 
 were brought before Judge Barr such as "selling unwholesome 
 meat," "abusing his wife," "soliciting guests drunk," "forestalling 
 market," "fast driving." "kicking little girl," "abusing watchmen" 
 and "breach of the i)eace by disturbing a ball at Kelley's Hall." 
 Within a few months after the police court had been organized in 
 the Gaylord block, a new station house had been liuilt on Johnson 
 Street near Water, and a second story added for the accommodation 
 of the court; and there its business was conducted for eleven years, 
 or until the completion of the central station. With the gi'owth 
 of business an additional judge was elected. 
 
 Before Judge Barr had completed his first tci'm lie became a can- 
 didate for county clerk aiul, in the fall of 18.54, was elected to that 
 position. Bushnell White, the pi'osccuting attorney, was elected by 
 the city council to succeed him. In 18,55, the Citizens, or Know 
 Nothing ticket elected as members of the police court, Seth A. 
 Abbey, judge; Albert Slade, prosecuting attorney, and David L. 
 Woods, city marshal, .ludge Abbey served a second term ten years 
 later and a third in 1873-75. 
 
 ^Ir. Woods proved the most efficient as well as the most un- 
 popular marshal Cleveland ever had — iiot "enjoyed;" for he arrested 
 every oflfender, rich or poor, high oi- low in the social or political 
 .scale. There was an ordinance forbidding the village fire "nuichinc" 
 to use the sidewalks in its deva.stating rush for conflagrations. AVliilc 
 Woods was in office, this necessary law wa.s rankly, violated to the 
 great grief of the sidewalks and the righteous indignation of Ihc
 
 1853-1909] BENCH AND BAR 519 
 
 city luiii-shal, who haled halt the lire coiupuuy into court and had 
 them fined. As most of the best young men in town belonged to 
 the volunt«er fire brigade, the honest oiScial strucli at the pride of 
 Clevehmd right and left and everywlierc. lie was honest but not 
 diplomatic. 
 
 Colonel 0. J. lIoodE 
 
 Colonel 0. J. Hodge, the first clerk of the police court, lived to a 
 venerable age and was highly respected. As late as April, 1909, 
 he was writing to a friend: "I am now nearly eighty-one years 
 of life and feel it is time to take a rest. Here I am president of 
 the Early Settlers' Association, as I have been for the past six yeai's, 
 president of the Sons of the American Revolution for the third time, 
 and the past week was made president of the Cleveland Humane 
 Society. Truly I am still in the harness — not rusting out!" To 
 this modest statement may be added that Colonel Hodge served in 
 the Mexican war, going from Buffalo, New York. During the later 
 years of his life, he was identified with the building and loan business 
 as president of one of the large Cleveland companies. 
 
 In the new station on Johnson Street the police court was made 
 quite comfortable. On the ground floor, in front, was a general 
 reception room used to ''book" offenders, while in the rear was 
 the lock-up. There were two large rooms on the second floor, the 
 front one occupied by the clerk of the court and the back room given 
 .over to the judge. The latter, and the city marshal also, had private 
 quarters elsewhci'C. When Cleveland and Ohio City were consolidated, 
 in 1854, the jurisdiction of the police court was extended over four 
 more wards. The new police station on Champlain Street, completed 
 in 1864, was required by the general expansion of territory, increase 
 of population and the normal accompaniment of lawlessness. The 
 next station erected was on Detroit Street, West Side. Others fol- 
 lowed and Anally a second police judge was elected. 
 
 Among the early judges not yet mentioned were Isaac C. Vail, A. 
 G. Lawrence, E. He.s.senmueller, J. D. Cleveland and J. W. Towner. 
 Later came P. F. Young, George B. Solders (afterward judge of 
 the common pleas court), John C. Hutchins and Frank H. Kelly. 
 
 Cleveland's municipal court now comprises a chief jastice (William 
 H. ]\IcGannon) and nine judges. 
 
 Bankruptcy Courts and Registers 
 
 During periods of financial stress or panic the bankruptcy courts 
 have been active and important adjuncts to the federal system ; at
 
 520 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 othei* times they have been quiescent and have almost died of inani- 
 tion. Undei" the bankruptcy measure of 1867, Myron R. Keith served 
 as register for the Northern District of Ohio until the repeal 
 of the act in 1878, and during that period settled the estates of about 
 one thousand banki-upts. Many interesting and not a few romantic 
 cases came before him, and, at times, he had to play the part of 
 a detective, in order to uncover concealed assets or other evidences 
 of fraud. In the prosecution of one of these eases he was obliged 
 to take a long night ride through the woods in midwinter, lying on 
 the straw in a rough sled with ^Morrison R. Waite, one of the attor- 
 neys in the case who afterward liecame chief justice of the United 
 States supreme court. Mr. Keitli liimself had studied law in Cleve- 
 land, and practiced in partnership with Ilai'vey Rice, and alone, 
 for twenty years before being appointed register. He was therefore 
 well qualified for the office. But when the act was repealed and he 
 resigned, both the United States district judge and the chief justice 
 of the United States supreme coTirt declined to receive his resigna- 
 tion, on the ground that neither was legally authorized to do so. 
 As each of these high officials was humorously stubborn, Mr. Keith 
 may be said to have had a life-tenure of the office. 
 
 Under the national bankruptcy act now in force, Harold Reming- 
 ton was appointed by the federal district judge in 1898. He resigned 
 in 1909 and Judge Robert W. Taylor appointed A. P. Ingersoll. 
 In 1916, Mr. Ingersoll was succeeded by the present incumbent, Carl 
 D. Friebolin, a lawyer who had already sei'ved in both houses of the 
 Ohio legislature. 
 
 The Insol\tency .\nd Juvenile Court 
 
 Through the efforts of the late Judge Thomas E. Callaghan, the 
 useful, reformatorv' and beneficent work of two judicial bodies were 
 \inited under one head, with the title given above, in 1902. The main 
 steps leading to it have thus been described : 
 
 The Juvenile Court is the latest development in our judicial 
 system, and the Cleveland Court was the second to be establislied 
 in the United States. It owes its existence, like so many of our tine 
 civic enterprises, to the forosiglit and interest of Glen K. SliurtlcfT, 
 for many years the general secretary of tho Young Men's Christian 
 Association. In 1901 lie studied the conditions of the cliildi'en in the 
 jails of the county and began a movement througli the Social Service 
 Club and the Bar Association for tlic cstablislimciit of a separate 
 court for children. When in the fall of 1901 Thomas E. Callaghan 
 was elected judge of the Court of Insolvency he became interested in
 
 1867-1918] BENCH AND BAR 521 
 
 the juvenile luovcinent. Witli the added interest ol! tlie Chamber of 
 Commerce a bill was drawn by Col. J. F. Ilerrick, then represent- 
 ing the cit}' in the Senate, introduced the measure and guided it 
 througli the Legislature. Under the provisions of the act tlie judge 
 of the Insolvency Court acnuired jurisdiction over juvenile offenders. 
 The tirst court was held on the Friday following the day on which 
 tile law went into effect. "With tlie cooperation of numerous civic 
 organizations and the enthusiasm of Judge Callaghan, the court im- 
 mediately more than justified its establishment. Finding employment 
 for the boys, the appointing of special guardians, the opening of a 
 boarding home in 1903, the establishment of the boys' farm at Hud- 
 son (1903), the opening of a special detention home in 1906, have 
 all been steps toward the perfection of the woi-k of this useful court. 
 A comprehensive law was passed Aiu-il 24, 1908, incorporating a num- 
 ber of provisions from the Colorado law. Judge Callaghan, whose 
 wise and enthusiastic interest did so much to properly cs1al)lish the 
 court, died November 29, 1904. Judge Thomas H. BushncU was 
 appointed by the governor as his successor, and he served until No- 
 vember. 190n, when George S. Addams, the present incumbent, was 
 elected. 
 
 As slightly and outwardly indicative of the importance of this 
 court, it may be added that as a body, headed by Judge Addams, it 
 comprises eight clerks, one court constable, and one chief probation 
 officer, with twenty-two assistants. 
 
 Clevelandeks as Judges op the Higher Courts 
 
 Such higher courts as the United States and the Ohio supreme 
 courts and the Federal judiciary have included a number of Cleve- 
 land citizens who compare favorably with the judges drawn from 
 anv other cities in the countrj'. 
 
 Chief Justice and Governor Wood 
 
 As judges of the supreme bench were Samuel Huntington, 1 SOS- 
 OS ; Reuben Wood, 1833-45; Rufus P. Ranney, 1851-56, 62-65, and 
 Franklin J. Dickman, 1886-95. Samuel Huntington has already 
 figured in these pages. 
 
 Judge and Governor Reuben Wood was a native of Rutland 
 County, Vermont, bom in 1792, and when he came to Cleveland, 
 in 1818, Alfred Kelley and Leonard Case were the only lawyers in 
 the village. He was energetic, able and ingenious and from the 
 first took rank as a successful jury lawyer. He was very direct both 
 in his speech and address, but was honest and popular. After 
 studying law in Connecticut and marrying, he came direct to Cleve-
 
 522 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 land. In 1825, he was first elected to the state senate and served 
 altogether three terms. He was elected presiding judge of the 
 Third Judicial District in 1830 and three years afterwards was 
 elevated to the state supreme bench, where he served until his 
 resignation in 1845, the last three yeai-s as chief justice. Chosen 
 governor in 1850, by 11,000 majority, ou the Democratic ticket, the 
 new constitution legislated him out of office, but he was reelected 
 by more than twice his former majority. President Pierce ap- 
 pointed him consul to Valparaiso in 1853, and on his return from 
 that mission he retired to his beautiful estate in Eockport township, 
 where he died on the second of October, 1864. 
 
 RUFFTS p. RaNNET 
 
 RufiLS p. Rauney was among the lawyers of distinction who 
 practiced before the higher judicial bodies, in the eai'lier period of 
 the Cleveland bar. He had gained a liigh reputation and held judi- 
 cial office before locating in Cleveland. Judge Ranney was a resi- 
 dent of Warren when he sat in the constitutional convention of 
 1850 and was the last judge elected by the legislature under the 
 constitution of 1802. In the following October, after the adoption of 
 the constitution of 1851, in the formation of which he was so promi- 
 nent, he was elected to the state supreme court by the people. He 
 resigned from the bench in 1856 to enter a larger professional field 
 in Cleveland. In 1862, while nssociatecl with Backus & Noble, he 
 declined the candidacy for the supreme bench but was nevertheless 
 jilaced on the Democratic ticket and elected. He resigned in 1865. 
 In 1856, he was candidate for governor against William Dennisou, but 
 was defeated, although making a remarkably brilliant canvass. He 
 was one of the founders of the Case School of A]iplied Science, and, 
 during the bust years of his life, held not only a firm place in the ad- 
 miration and affection of his profession, but was esteemed one of 
 Cleveland's leading citizens. 
 
 Franklin J. Dickman 
 
 Justice Dickman was a Virginian, educaled and admitted io the 
 bar in Rhode Island. In 1858 he moved to Cleveland. He M'as 
 elected to the Ohio legi.slafure liy the ITnion party in 1861, and was 
 associated with Judge R. P. Spalding in practice from 1863 to 1875. 
 Judge Dickman served as United States district attorney in 1867-69, 
 and as a member of the Ohio supreme court commission in 1883-85, In
 
 1853-1918] BENCH AND BAR 523 
 
 1886, Governor Foraker appointed liiiu a jiulge of the state supreme 
 court ami in tlie followiug year he was elected to that bench to 
 fill out the unexpired term of Judge W. W. Johnson. In 1889, the 
 llepublieans re-nominated hiiu by aeclamation and elected him to the 
 six yeai's' term whieh he completed. 
 
 John H. Clarke 
 
 Judge Clarke, who is now sitting on the bench of the United 
 States supreme court, is in his sixty-second year. Prom 1897 to 
 1914, he wa.s a leader of the Cleveland and Ohio bar, his earlier years 
 as a practitioner, after his admission to the bar in 1878, having been 
 pa.s.sed in his luitive town of Li.sbon and in Youngstown, Oliio. In 
 1903, he was a candidate for the United States senate against Mark 
 Hanna. Judge Clai-ke served as United States district judge for the 
 Northern District of Ohio in 1914-16, and in the latter year was 
 called to the United States supreme court. 
 
 United States Court for the Northern Ohio District 
 
 For nearly half a century, or from the adoption of the first state 
 constitution in 1802 until 1855, the circuit and district courts of 
 the United States for the state of Ohio held their sessions at Colum- 
 bus. It was primarily the great expansion of the lake commerce and 
 the growth of the admiralty business, with necessary long and fre 
 quent journeys to the state capital, which made this arrangement 
 unbearable both to lawyers and litigants. In 1855, Ohio was ofS- 
 eially divided by congressional enactment into two districts ; the 
 line of division following county bounds as nearly as possible through 
 the center of the state. Cleveland was designated as the judicial 
 seat of the United States District Court for the Northern District 
 of Ohio, and in March, 1855, President Pierce appointed Hiram V. 
 Willson, of Cleveland to preside over it. 
 
 HiR.VM V. "Willson- 
 
 Judge "Willson sat upon the Federal bench for more than a decade 
 and during that period ably served the public in his judicial capa- 
 city, and also figured, as a strong and earnest citizen, in all the gi'eat 
 questions which agitated the country. The court's docket immediately 
 began to fill with a multitude of admiralty cases, while the counter- 
 feiters who flourished along the canal furnished much business for the
 
 524 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 grand jury. Cases arising out of the Fugitive Slave Law caused wide- 
 spread excitement and, in 18.59, the historic " Oberlin-Wellington 
 case" * was tried before Judge Willson. Judges Tilden and Spalding 
 were on opposite sides of the case. During the stirring times of the 
 civil war he was one of the most powerful of the Union leaders and, 
 with Jndges Tilden and Spalding, could always be depended upon to 
 support his patriotic principles to the limit. Judge Willson died in 
 1866. 
 
 Bushnell White, who had been police prosecutor, was appointed 
 by Judge Willson one of the first two United States commissioners, 
 and Jabez W. Fitch, another resident of Cleveland, was the first 
 United States marshal. 
 
 After Judge Willson came Judges Charles Sherman, Martin 
 W^elker, William R. Day, A. J. Ricks, Francis J. Wing, Robert W. 
 Taylor and D. C. W^esthaver. 
 
 Of that gi'oup, only Francis J. Wing was a graduate from the 
 Cleveland bar. He is a Harvard graduate, sei'ved on the common pleas 
 bench in 1899-1901 and as judge of the LTnited States Court for the 
 Noi-thern District of Ohio from the latter year until his resignation 
 in 1905. 
 
 D. C. Westenhaver was appointed to the district judgeship on the 
 fourteenth of March, 1917. 
 
 President Garfield and His Sons 
 
 The Forest City has been the residence of a number of lawyers 
 whose public services have so far overshadowed, or rather illumined, 
 their professional attainments that they could hardly be enrolled in 
 this chapter without applying to them some such explanatory phrase 
 as the above. The lamented President Garfield had a legal education, 
 and althougli he never practised in Cleveland, and his recognized home 
 was mostly in Portage County, he was such a familiar figure in the 
 Forest City that he was always claimed as one of its sons. His per- 
 sonal and political support was always so strong in the city that he 
 was often referred to as "Cleveland's President," and it seemed 
 eminently appropriate that his magnificent memorial sliould be 
 located at Lake View cemetery. Mentor, his old home, is now a suburb 
 of Cleveland, llii-am, where he was president of the college, is con- 
 nected with the city by trolley. In Cleveland the citizens gave to 
 his widow a brick mansion on Prospect Street. Here were his political 
 
 ' See page 236.
 
 1866-1918] BENCH AND BAR 525 
 
 headquarters during the presidential cainpaiyu and here in a stately 
 mausoleum he lies buried. But it is extremely difficult to class Presi- 
 dent Garfield as a lawyer, although he was admitted to the bar in 
 1859. But not long after he resigned the presidency of Hiram College 
 to take his seat in the Ohio state senate, and thereafter the people 
 returned liiiu to the public service so continuously that he never had 
 an opportunity to enter the practice of the legal profession. 
 
 President Garfield's two sons, however, Hai'ry A. and James R. 
 Garfield, actively practised law for a number of j-ears in Cleveland. 
 James R. Garfield lias served in the Ohio senate, as secretary of the 
 interior under President Roosevelt, and previous to that time as a 
 member of the United States civil service commission and United 
 States department of labor. He lives at the old ilcutor home, although 
 his professional and business interests are in Cleveland. 
 
 Harry A. Garfield, wiio practised law in Cleveland for about fifteen 
 years, was long identified with Princeton and Williams colleges, and 
 has been president of the latter for some years. As war fuel admin- 
 istrator under President Wilson he is showing great ability as an 
 executive. 
 
 John Hay, Diplomat, Statesman and Scholak 
 
 Besides James R. Garfield, Cleveland lias furnished another cabi- 
 net member to the country; a character whose public and literary 
 fame has obscured the realization that he ever delved in legal lore or 
 mastered the prmciples of law. 
 
 John Hay, the polished and learned diplomat, the able statesman, 
 the original author and the warm friend and biographer of Abraham 
 Lincoln, was a resident of Cleveland from 1875 to 1885. He was 
 famous even among the Indiana coterie of noted men. Soon after be- 
 ing graduated from Brown University, he commenced the study of law 
 at Springfield, Illinois, where he became the friend and associate of 
 Lincoln. He ardently supported him during his first campaign for 
 the presidency and, in 1861, after being admitted to the Illinois 
 supreme court, became assistant secretary of state in the national 
 administration. Mr. Hay was also identified with the Union military 
 service and attained the rank of brevet colonel. For a number of 
 years after Lincoln's death, he was prominently identified with the 
 diplomatic embassies at Paris, Vienna and Madrid and, for some time 
 before coming to Cleveland, was associated with Horace Greeley on 
 the New York Tribune. During that period, however, he was first 
 assistant secretary of state under -Mr. Evarts and editor-in-chief of
 
 526 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 the Xew York Tribune wliile Whitelaw Keid was absent in Europe. 
 He also took a leading part, both as a writer and speaker, in the presi- 
 dential canvasses of that period. Later, as ambassador to Great 
 Britain, under McKinley and as secretary of state to succeed William 
 R. Day he became an international figure. His name is most closely 
 linked with the Hay-Pauncefote treaty, the "open door" policy in 
 China, and the leader of the Occident against dismemberment of the 
 Chinese Empire on account of the outrages perpetrated during the 
 Boxer rebellion. As a literary man, he has earned a substantial and a 
 varied reputation, his Castilian Days, Pike County Ballads, Jim 
 Bludso, Little Breeches and Life of Abraham Lincoln (in collabora- 
 tion with John G. Nicolay) marking him as an author of humor, in 
 graphic character etching, and of solid attainments — the latter qual- 
 ities being taken for granted. He has also been accredited with the 
 authorship of a novel called the Bread Winners. While attending 
 a reunion of his class at Yale, Mr. Hay was killed by an accidental 
 fall, on the twentj'-third of June, 1901. 
 
 * Newton Diehl Baker 
 
 President W^ilson's secretary of war, Newton D. Baker, who has 
 been one of his cabinet leaders and a prominent international figure 
 since the LTnited States entered the world's war, is a West Virginian 
 in his forty-ninth year. He commenced practising law at Martins- 
 burg in 1897, moved to Cleveland in a few years and served as its 
 city solicitor from 1902 to 1912. Secretary Baker was recognized as 
 a deep student and thinker and a successful lawyer of high ideals and 
 yet .sound business talents, and his record in the Wilson cabinet since 
 he entered it in ilarch, 1916, has been an open book. He has been 
 criticized, as have all progressive men in high public life, but his work 
 as secretary of war. past and future, will be the final reply to bis 
 critics. 
 
 Called to the United St.\tes Senate 
 
 Three of the four citizens of Cleveland who have been called to 
 the United States senate have been lawyers. In 1805, Stanley Gris- 
 wold was appointed secretary of the Territory of INIichigan under 
 Governor Hull, as well as collector of the Port of Detroit. He came 
 from Connecticut. Several years afterward he resigned and located 
 
 ' See portrait on pa^c 441.
 
 1900-18] BENCH AND BAR 527 
 
 near what was then Doan's Corners, Cleveland township, now well 
 within the city. When Edward 'I'liVm resigned his seat as United 
 States senator in 1800, Jlr. Griswold was appointed to serve his unex- 
 pired term, a portion of one session. 
 
 The Hon. Henry B. Payne, who served in the United States senate 
 from 1884 to 1891, has already been mentioned in this chapter. 
 
 From 1883 to 1893, Cleveland was the Twenty-lirst Ci)nj!;rfssional 
 District, and the portion of Cuyahoga County ouisidc its limits was 
 assigned to the Twentieth District. The city was represented dnring 
 that period by Jilartin A. Foran and Theodore E. Burton. 
 
 The Hon. Theodore E. Burton, long one of the leading public men 
 of Ohio, but since January, 1917, president of the Merchants' National 
 Bank of New York, was a lawyer and a resident of Cleveland for more 
 than forty years. That period includes, of course, his service as a 
 member of congress from the Twenty-firet Ohio District, in 1889-91 
 and 1895-1909, and his term as United States senator, in 1909-15. He 
 was a Republican of national leadership, and the Ohio delegation sup- 
 ported him for the presidency in 1916. Mr. Burton's writings have 
 naturally dealt with public and political problems and include the 
 following: Finaiicial Crises and Periods of Industrial and Com- 
 mercial Depression, Life of John Sherman and Corporations and the 
 State. 
 
 Judge and Governor Huntington 
 
 The Cleveland bar has furnished three governors; only two, if 
 Samuel Huntington is barred from the group. Judge and Governor 
 Huntington held many offices and lived in several localities, his most 
 permanent home being on his farm at Painesville. He came to Cleve- 
 land in 1800, having located his family at Yonngstown. In 1803, Amos 
 Spafford built him a residence of hewn timber on his lot on Superior 
 Street. It overlooked the river valley, and during the few years he 
 lived in it was the most pretentions ''mansion" in town. But it 
 was too near the "frog pond" and, in 1806, he purchased the mill at 
 Newburg and lived in that locality about another year. He also had 
 acquired a fine estate at Painesville; so that it was sometimes diffi- 
 cult to determine exactly where Mr. Huntington's "voting place" 
 was. He represented Trumbull County in the first constitutional 
 convention and the first state legislature ; in 1803, he was appointed the 
 first member of the first state supreme court, and resigned from the 
 bench in 1808 to become governor and served in that office one term, 
 1809-10. He then retired to his Painesville estate, where he died in
 
 528 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 1817. So that the claim to classing him as a Cleveland lawyer rests 
 upon the years of his residence at Doan's Corners and Newburg, 
 1803-07. 
 
 With Reuben Wood, the third lawyer to settle in Cleveland, the 
 reader has become acquainted. He was governor under two constitu 
 tions in the early '50.s, and was a resident of Cleveland for more than 
 thirty years. 
 
 Myron T. Herrick 
 
 Myron T. Herrick has been both governor and diplomat. He comes 
 of an old Jlassachusetts family transplanted to Lorain County, Ohio, 
 where he was born. Educated in Ohio, he was admitted to the bar in 
 1878, and, after practising for eight years, retired to become con- 
 nected with the Society for Savings, of which he was elected president 
 in 1894. He has been at the head of its affairs continuously since, 
 except that during his tenn as governor of Ohio he occupied the spe- 
 cially created position of chairman of the board. Since 1888, he has 
 been a member of all the national Republican conventions except those 
 of 1900 and 1912, when he was in Europe. In 1900, he was a presi- 
 dential elector-at-large, and in the same year was appointed a mem- 
 ber of the Republican national committee from Ohio. He refused the 
 secretarj'ship of the treasury in President McKiuley 's cabinet, and the 
 ambassadorship to Italy, tendered by both Presidents McKinley and 
 Roosevelt. In November, 1903, he was elected governor of Ohio, and 
 in Februarj^ 1912, President Taft appointed liim ambassador to 
 France. On his departure from Paris in December, 1914, several 
 months after the outbreak of the world's war, he was decorated b,y 
 the French government with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor. 
 None wlio know Oliio need be told that Governor Herrick has been 
 one of the most stalwart of the home leaders in the su])port of the 
 World's war, liis S])eecli at Cleveland, upon the occasion of tlie observ- 
 ance of I^astile Day, being as eloquent and impressive as anytliing of 
 the kind which has marked his public career. 
 
 Governors Loosely Identified with Cleveland 
 
 David Tod, the second war governor, was a lawyer and lived in 
 Cleveland in 1864-6.5. In 1863, he purchased the llillinrd mansion, 
 eoiMier of I'.ond and St. Claii' streets, and lived tlierein for more than a 
 year. Altlioiiuli a nuMnber of the ])r()fession, Governoi- Tod ]iractised 
 little, and none at Cleveland, as his time dni'ing the iicriixl of his
 
 1864-1918] BENCH AND BAR 529 
 
 family's residence there was absorbed in his pressing gubernatorial 
 duties connected with tlie civil war, and his official residence was at 
 Columbus. The Cleveland residence was purchased by Ctesar Gras- 
 selli, the chemical manufacturer and haulier, and iuis long been known 
 as the Grasselli mansion, although more recently occupied by the Asso- 
 ciated Charities. Even in times of peace, Governor Tod was not a 
 general practitioner, but devoted most of his time to his large busi- 
 ness interests, including the Briar Hill coal mines at Youngstown. 
 He died in that city on tlie tliirtoentli of November, 1868. 
 
 Governor George Hoadley was the son of tluit fine old 'squire and 
 mayor of the same name and passed liis youth and early manhood 
 in Cleveland. Tn 1849, the family moved to Cincinnati, soon after the 
 senior George Hoadley had concluded his term as mayor. In that city 
 the future governor commenced the practice of the law. 
 
 Lawyer Congressmen from Cleveland 
 
 It was not until 1837 that the people saw fit to call upon the Cleve- 
 land bar for a congressional representative ; and he was worthy of the 
 selection. John W. Allen had been a resident of the city for twelve 
 years, having come from Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1825. Having 
 studied law w-ith Judge Samuel Cowles and been admitted to the bar, 
 his energy, refinement and honorable character soon won him a firm 
 place in the confidence of the home community, which his two terms 
 in congress strengthened and extended. Before going to Washington, 
 he had served as president of the village board of trustees and as a 
 member of the Ohio senate and, in 1841, sooji after his return, was 
 elected maj'or of the city. He served one term. Mr. Allen was one of 
 the first bank commissioners of Ohio and active in building the first 
 railroad, and in the early '70s served two terms as Cleveland's post- 
 master. He died in October, 1887, more than fifty years after the 
 commencement of his first congressional term. In 1837, Cuyahoga 
 County was in the Fifteenth Congressional District. 
 
 The learned, polished and eloquent Sherlock J. Andrews was the 
 congressman from Cuyahoga County in 1841-42. 
 
 Edward "Wade, a prominent member of the local bar and member 
 of the firm of Willson, AYade & Wade, served from 1853-60, Cleve- 
 land then being in the Twentieth District. The year after Mr. Wade 
 entered congress. Hiram Y. Willson, senior member of the firm, was 
 appointed United States .iudge for the Northern District of Ohio. 
 
 Albert G. Riddle, who ranked with such as Rufus P. Spalding, 
 Franklin T. Backus and D. R. Tilden among the strong Cleveland 
 
 Vol. 1—34
 
 530 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 lawyers, succeeded Mr. Wade as congressman from the Twentieth 
 District. He served in 1861-62. 
 
 During tlie following decade, Cleveland was in the Eighteenth 
 District, and in 1863-68 was represented by Rufus P. Spalding. The 
 city was then returned to the Twentieth District, in which it remained 
 during 1873-83. During that period, Cleveland's representatives in 
 congress, who were members of the bar, were Richard C. Parsons and 
 Henry B. Payne. 
 
 Rufus P. Spalding 
 
 Rufus P. Spalding was one of the masterly men and lawyers who 
 at an early day, and especially during the civil war period, made 
 Cleveland noted as a progressive and patriotic city throughout the 
 United States. He was a graduate of Yale College and enjoyed thirty 
 years of distinction at the bar of Connecticut before he came to Cleve- 
 land, his professional honors culminating in the East by his elevation 
 to membership in the supreme court of that state. Judge Spalding 
 was, as a matter of course, a leader in all professional and public 
 matters from the time he settled in Cleveland, in 1852, as a partner 
 with Richard C. Parsons. In 1862, at the age of sixty-two. Judge 
 Spalding was elected to congi-ess, where he served for six years in the 
 troubled periods of the rebellion and reconstruction, with ability and 
 patriotic ardor. In his Cleveland home city he was an unfaltering and 
 eloquent supporter of Free-soil principles and Unionism. He was a 
 terse and graceful writer, as well as a polished and powerful orator 
 and an earnest and energetic citizen of two states far separated by 
 distance but quite similar in the characteristics of their people. 
 
 RiCHAED C. Parsons 
 
 Richard C. Parsons, who was in congress bi 1873-7;'), who had 
 been practicing at the Cuyahoga bar for more than twenty years, had 
 served in various municipal positions and two terms in the legisla- 
 ture as a pioneer Republican. He had also been consul to Rio de 
 Janeiro in the first Lincoln administration, collector of internal rev- 
 enue and marshal of the supreme court of the United States. "While 
 in congress, he was directly instrumental in securing the life-saving 
 service at Cleveland and its liglithouse, and in inaugurating the im- 
 provement of the Cleveland breakwater. Soon afterwards lie ven- 
 tured, with indifferent success into the newspaper field, as editor and 
 principal owner of the Cleveland Herald. For a number of later
 
 1852-1918] BENCH AND BAR 531 
 
 years he creditably lieKl tlie position of bank cxainincr and eontinned 
 his practice. ' 
 
 The masterful abilities of the Hon. Henry B. Payne, congressman 
 in 1875-76, have been noted. 
 
 The portion of Cuyahoga Countj' outside of Cleveland which was 
 in the Twentietli District was represented in congress by Vincent A. 
 Taylor in 1891-92. Among the Cleveland lawyers who represented 
 the city west of the river in the Twentieth District after 1893 were 
 Clifton B. Beach and Paul Howland. 
 
 The county is now divided into the Twentieth. Twenty-first and 
 Twenty-second congressional districts, which are all represented by 
 lawyers — William Gordon, Robert Crosser and Henrj' J. Emerson. 
 Mr. Gordon was formerly in practice at Oak Harbor, served as prose- 
 cuting attorney of Ottawa County and, as a leading Democrat, has 
 been a delegate to one national convention and been for years a mem- 
 ber of the state central committee. Robert Crosser, Democrat, is a 
 Scotchman, who has practiced in Cleveland for abcmt seventeen years, 
 and while a member of the state house of representatives became 
 the author of the Municipal Referendum Bill, passed by the legisla- 
 ture of 1911. He was also a member of the fourth constitutional con- 
 vention of Ohio, held in 1912. Congressman Emerson, Republican, 
 who is serving his second term, has practised in Cleveland since his 
 admission to the bar in 1893. He served one term in the citv council. 
 Of the ten delegates from Cuyahoga County to the state constitutional 
 convention of 1912, besides Congressman Crosser, two were Cleveland 
 lawyers — John D. Facklcr and Aaron Hahn. Both of the Democratic 
 congressmen, Gordon and Crosser, were defeated for renomination in 
 1918. 
 
 The Clevel.\nd Bar Associ.\tion 
 
 In even some of the larger cities the organization composed of the 
 members of the local bar stands for little more than a loose as.soeia- 
 tion, the meetings of which arc held only to pass resolutions of eulogy 
 or condolence ; but the Cleveland Bar Association has always been an 
 active body, upholding the high standard of its membership, which 
 now numbers about seven hundred practising lawyers. It was formed 
 on the twenty-second of March, 1873, at the law library room of the old 
 court-house, and John W. Heisley, then a leading lawyer of nearly 
 twenty yeare standing, and a former city attorney, was chosen chair- 
 man. Mr. Heisley served as common pleas .judge in the '80s, and was a 
 popular official as well as a good Democrat. Among the well known 
 lawyers who then and there signed the call which resulted in the
 
 532 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 formation of the Cleveland Bar Association were S. J. Andrews, G. E. 
 Herrick, James Mason, H. C. White, John J. Carrou, R. P. Spalding, 
 S. 0. Griswold, John C. Grannis, John W. Heisley, P. H. Kaiser, E. 
 J. Estep, J. M. Henderson, Virgil P. Kline, Lyman R. Critchfield, 
 Henry C. Ranney, James M. Jones, Stevenson Burke, Homer B. De 
 "VVolf, Samuel E. Williamson and Lewis W. Foi'd. Its first officers 
 were : President, Sherlock J. Andrews ; vice-presidents, James Mason, 
 John '\V. Heisley and John C. Grannis ; recording secretary, Virgil P 
 Kline ; corresponding secretary, L\^nan R. Critchfield ; treasurer, G. 
 M. Barber. 
 
 The present officers of the Cleveland Bar Association are : P. L. 
 A. LieghleJ^ president : Ralph W. Edwards, treasurer, and E. A. 
 Binyon, secretary. 
 
 Law Library Association 
 
 The Law Libx'ary Association was completely organized in Janu- 
 ary, 1870, more than three years befoi'e the Bar Association was 
 formed. The movement started a year before, the necessity of gather- 
 ing a professional librar.y open to all members of the local profession 
 having long been recognized. S. 0. Griswold was elected first presi- 
 dent of the Law Library Association and W. J. Boardman vice-pres- 
 ident, the first contributions of books being made by President Gris- 
 wold R. P. Spalding, Loren Prentiss, W. S. C. Otis, John C. Grannis, 
 Benjamin R. Beavis, E. J. Estep. Samuel Williamson, S. E. William- 
 .son and I. Buckingham. In 1872, through Judge Griswold 's efforts, 
 the legislature passed a bill by which .$500 was annually drawn from 
 the police court fund for the benefit of the library. This measure 
 was a great aid to the enterprise in its early years, as was the pro- 
 vision in Die constitution liy which those who contributed .$500 either 
 in books or money should lie entitled to life mcmliership. In the '70s, 
 both Judges Griswold and J. P. Bisliop took advantage of the pro- 
 vision. At a later period, G. ^1. Barlier, who was seci'ctary and treas- 
 urer for many years, proved a skilful and induslrious buyer of books 
 for the library in eastern markets, and, in 1885, his invalualile services 
 also ])rought liiin a life membership in the as.sociation. In 1888, the 
 library of tjie late Franklin T. Backus was presented to the asso- 
 ciation by his widow and, in the following year, the collection of tlie 
 late Judge H. V. Willson was added by purchase. Other accessions 
 wei'c made from tiiiic to time, until the lilirary now numbers 38,000 
 volumes.
 
 1870-1918] BENCH AND BAR 533 
 
 TuE Crowell Law School 
 
 The legal profession of Cleveland is proud of its schools, which 
 have been established for the education of the fraternity. Attempts 
 were made in 1843 and 1851 to establish law schools in Cleveland, 
 and, in 1857, the Union Law College, which had been organized at 
 Poland, Ohio, was moved to this city under the leadership of Judge 
 Chester Hayden. J. J. Elwell and W. P. Edgerton assisted him as 
 instructors. At the opening of the civil war, the latter went into the 
 army and left Judge Hayden to carry on the college alone. This he 
 did successfully for several years, but his age prevented him from 
 sustaining the continuous and increasing burden of responsibilities, 
 and, in the early '60s, he disposed of the enterprise to General John 
 Crowell. The latter earned his title by a faitiiful service and steady 
 advancement in the Ohio militia, rising to the i-ank of major-general. 
 He liad practiced law and been identified with the Western Reserve 
 Chronicle at Warner, Trumbull County, had served in the state 
 senate and later in congress. He was a strong Whig and his Demo- 
 cratic opponent in the campaign of 1850, which carried him into the 
 congress, was R. P. Ranney. After his retirement from congress, he 
 resumed his law practice and continued it until he became the head 
 of the Ohio State and Union College at Cleveland. It became best 
 known, however, as the Crowell Law School and reached a high stand- 
 ard. When failing health and old age compelled General Crowell to 
 relinquish his work in 1876, the scliool was closed. Its sessions were 
 held ill the Rouse block. 
 
 The Cleveland Law College 
 
 The Cleveland Law College was incorporated on the fifth of Janu- 
 ary, 1882, and its first board of trustees consisted of Rnfus P. 
 Ranney, president; Amos Denison, secretary and treasurer; E. T. 
 Hamilton, S. E. Williamson, C. B. Pennewell, George T. Chapman, 
 J. D. Cleveland, ^'irgil P. Kline and Jarvis ^I. Adams. The college 
 did not actually open — that is, the preliminaiy course of lectures — 
 until the winter of 1885-86, Avith Judge E. J. Blandin as dean. 
 R. P. Ranney delivered the course on constitutional law; S. 0. Gris- 
 wold, on pleadings, common law and equity; W. W. BojTiton, on 
 domestic relations ; G. M. Barber, on corporations, and General M. D. 
 Leggett, on patent law. A mock court was held weekly, students 
 having access to the law library. The Cleveland Law College thrived 
 for a number of j-ears.
 
 534 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 The Franklin T. Backus Law School 
 
 In 1892, a law department of the Western Reserve University was 
 organized. In the following year, on the promise of Mrs. Backus, the 
 widow of the old and honored member of thfe Cleveland bar and lead- 
 ing citizen, to endow the school with $50,000, the name was changed 
 to the Franklin T. Backus Law School of Western Reserve University. 
 After some years in temporary quarters in the Ford House, at the 
 corner of Euclid Avenue and Adelbert Road, and in Adelbert Hall, 
 the school was moved, in 1896, to the present building on Adelbert 
 Road. 
 
 The Franklin T. Backus Law School is honored by its name. Doe- 
 tor Backus was a graduate of Yale and one of the most cultured of 
 the pioneer members of the bar. What is more, he was earnest, 
 straightforward and forceful. When he came to Cleveland from the 
 East, in 1836, he had not been graduated in law, but from the classics 
 of Yale. For a number of j'ears he conducted a preparatory school 
 for boys which earned a high reputation, as its principal had both 
 the facult\' of imparting instruction and of instilling a sense of the 
 importance of chai'acter in the earning of success. When he entered 
 the practice of law, he had already acquired a substantial standing in 
 the community, and in the pursuance of his long legal career he 
 never lowered his standard as a fine gentleman, a thorough scholar, a 
 learned law.yer and a Christian. In 1854, he was placed on the Cleve- 
 land commission which was appointed to arrange the consolidation 
 with Ohio City, and within the few years M'hicli preceded the civil 
 war arra^'ed himself with the Free sellers and the founders of the 
 Republican party. In 1859, he was one of the group of leading Cleve- 
 land lawyers who defended the Obcrlin rescue party in the famous 
 slave case, and was always foremost in all the movements which sus- 
 tained the patriotic name of the city. No lawyer has ever practised 
 at the Cleveland bar whose abilities were more solid, whose mind was 
 broader or more judicial, and whose character was purer, than Frank- 
 lin T. Backus. 
 
 The Clevtiland Law School 
 
 The Cleveland Law School, of which Judge Willis Vickery, of the 
 common pleas court, has been dean since its inception, is the out- 
 growth of two institutions. In the summer of 1897, was established 
 the Baldwin University Law Scliool, at Berca, Ohio, Judge Vickei-y 
 being identified with its founding also. About the same time, the 
 Cleveland Law School was incorporated, F. J. Wing, wlio was elc-
 
 1836-191S] BENCH AND BAR . 535 
 
 vated to the Federal beuch a few years afterward, beiug among its 
 founders. In the summer of 1899, the two institutions were consoli- 
 dated under the name of the Cleveland Law School of Baldwin Uni- 
 versity, with M'illis Vic'kery as dean. 
 
 Some of the Early Practitioners 
 
 Stevenson Burke had been a judge of the court of common pleas 
 in an adjoining county for several jcar.s before coming to Cleveland. 
 In 1869, he located in the city and formed a partnership with F. T. 
 Backus and E. J. Estep. "Sir. Backus died in 1870, and Judge Burke 
 subsequently formed other partnersliip connections. He was one of 
 the most successful corporation lawyers who ever practised at the 
 Cleveland bar. 
 
 General Mortimer D. Leggett was one of the leaders of the Cleve- 
 land bar who had earned a national fame before he became one of 
 its honored citizens. He commenced the practice of his profession 
 in New York and in the late '40s located at Akron, Ohio, and organized 
 there the first system of free graded schools west of the Allegheny 
 Mountains, under what became known throughout the West as the 
 Akron school law. For a number of years, he also practised in 
 "Warren, Trumbull Count}'. During the civil war, he advanced 
 through all the officers' grades to the rank of major-general, and 
 was afterward appointed by President Grant commissioner of patents, 
 as he had for years been gradually getting into patent law. At the 
 conclusion of his four years' service in Washington, he located in 
 Cleveland, where he was acknowledged as one of the foremost patent 
 lawyers in America. 
 
 Colonel John F. Herrick, for seventeen years a prominent mem- 
 ber of the the Cleveland bar and an honored Union soldier and public 
 character, was identified with some phase of Ohio history throughout 
 his life. A native of Lorain County, he passed six years in the 
 inspiring atmosphere of Oberlin College, from which he was graduated 
 in 1862. He at once added to the fame for sturdy patriotism which 
 that institution had ali-cady earned, by the part which he took. As a 
 captain of infantrj' he was captured by the Confederates at Harpers 
 Ferry; paroled, he came to Cleveland, studied law and was admitted 
 to practice in 1863 ; was notified that, by oxcliange of prisoners, his 
 parole had been canceled, and he was again free and finished the war 
 as a major and lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. Afterwards he entered 
 into practice with his brother, G. E. Herrick, and formed other con- 
 nections with leaders of the bar, earning a high reputation as a trial
 
 536 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap.XX^ai 
 
 and corporation lawyer. In the fall of 1901, lie was elected state 
 senator by a large majority, and among other important bills which 
 he fathered and had the satisfaction of seeing placed on the statute 
 books was that establishing the juvenile court of Cleveland. What 
 volume of good that institution has brought to the lives of parents 
 and children alike can never be adequately measured. Naturally, the 
 colonel was deeply interested in all matters of a military and patriotic 
 nature. He was commander of the Brough Post, No. 359, G. A. R., 
 for many years prior to his death and always active in the Loyal 
 Legion. He also wrote much on Ohio military matters. His lamented 
 death occurred on the fifth of July, 1909. 
 
 John G. "White has practised continuously in Cleveland since May, 
 1868. He is a native of the city, born in 1845, was educated at the 
 Cleveland high school and the Western Reserve University ; studied 
 law with his father, Bushnell White, and was admitted to practice 
 in 1868. Mr. White is therefore a real Cleveland product. He has 
 been prominent as a corporation lawyer and is one of the best in- 
 formed men in the profession. Mr. White is also widely Imown for 
 his interest in and his knowledge of Oriental literature, of which he has 
 presented several thousand volumes to the Cleveland Public Library. 
 
 John M. Henderson's practice dates from 1864, and he has passed 
 his entire professional life in Cleveland. He has been associated with 
 several leaders of the bar and is now senior member of Henderson, 
 Quail, Siddall & Morgan. Mr. Henderson is prominent in business 
 and financial institutions, as well as in his own profession, and is also 
 serving as president of the board of trustees of the Case School of 
 Applied Science. A more extended personal sketch of this veteran 
 of the bar, who materially contributed to the correctness and com- 
 pleteness of this chapter, will be found in another volume of this 
 history. 
 
 The late Virgil P. Kline, whose death occurred in January, 1917, 
 was also of the veteran class of practitioners. He was an Ohio man, 
 born in Wayne County in 1844, and in his young manhood a stanch 
 Douglas Democrat. Mr. Kline prepared for college at the Eclectic 
 Institute, in Hiram, and was graduated from Williams College. During 
 several subsequent years he served as superintendent of schools nt 
 Cuyahoga Falls and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1869. After his 
 admi-ssion, he was in active and successful practice in Cleveland for 
 nearly half a century. He never abandoned his Democratic principles, 
 and was several times mentioned by his party in connection with the 
 governorship. 
 
 Peter H. Kaiser is one of the veterans of the Cleveland bar. Tie
 
 1868-1918] BENCH AND BAR 537 
 
 is now in his seventy-ninth year and coiuiuenca'd practice in Cleve- 
 land in 1869, then in his twenty-ninth year. Mr. Kaiser is of a 
 prominent Swiss family of Menuouites, and liis parents were mem- 
 bers of the liistorie ^loraviau Church at Cnadenhutten, Pennsylvania, 
 and in that neighborhood he taught school before he had reached his 
 majority. He then moved to Oberlin and, in Angust, 1867, was grad- 
 uated from tlie college there, he having paid his living and educational 
 expenses by teaching. Mr. Kaiser had entered Oberlin College in the 
 spring of 1S60, bnt like all its best young men, joined the Union amiy 
 and did his part in upholding the Union. As stated, in 1868, about a 
 year after his graduation from college (having during an intervening 
 period served as Elyria"s superintendent of schools) he located in 
 Cleveland. He then .studied law, was graduated from the Cleveland 
 Law College and, in 1869, was admitted to the Ohio bar. Since that 
 year he has practiced continuonslJ^ The only public positions he has 
 held in Cleveland were those of assistant prosecuting attorney in 1881- 
 82 and county solicitor in 189-4-1902. He has served as trustee of Ober- 
 lin College and lectured before the law department of the Western 
 Reserv-e University. Mr. Kaiser has been honored with several degrees 
 by his alma matei", Oberlin College, and the State and Union College 
 of Law, at Cleveland. In 1901, he was admitted to the bar of the 
 supreme court at "Washington, upon motion of James R. Garfield, 
 son of the former president. This occasion called him to the national 
 capital for the first time since 1864, when he was a private Union 
 soldier assisting in the defense of Washington against the attack of 
 Early's Confederate army. Mr. Kaiser believes that the Cleveland 
 bar was at its zenith when he came to the city in 1868, and that at 
 no time since Judge Samuel B. Prentiss and Horace Foote constituted 
 the active judges of the common pleas bench has its average been 
 as high. 
 
 David K. Cartter, who came to Cleveland from the interior of the 
 state a few years before the civil war, was a rather successful jury 
 lawyer for some time. Early in Lincoln's first administration he 
 was appointed judge of the supreme court of the District of Columbia 
 and was still on that bench at the time of his death in 1887. 
 
 A number of women lawyers have successfully practised at the 
 Cleveland bar, the professional pioneer of her sex being Miss -\Iary 
 P. Spargo. Siie is a native of Cleveland, born in 1856; a desultory 
 course of reading in which Blackstone figured awakened in her a 
 desire seriously to adopt the law as a profession. In 1882, she entered 
 the office of Morrow & [Morrow, Cleveland lawyers, at their sugges- 
 tion, to carrv- out that ambition. Even forty years ago, the prejudice
 
 538 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVII 
 
 against receiving women into the ranks of the profession was strong. 
 In the earlier period of her practice the principal drawback to her 
 practical advancement was the impossibility of obtaining a commis- 
 sion as notary public, the statute allowing the appointment of women 
 to that office having been declared unconstitutional. In 1885, she was 
 admitted to practice by the supreme court of Ohio and opened an 
 office in Cleveland. In the following year she married W. D. Eraser, 
 of Cleveland. In speaking of her experiences, Mrs. Eraser once said 
 to a friend: "I have spoken of difficulties, and there have been 
 such, but I believe they have been only those that are incident to 
 pioneer work in any direction, and could not have been avoided. 
 Certainly they have not been the result of any lack of cordiality and 
 courtesy on the part of the Cuyahoga County bar. For the interest, 
 encouragement and confidence in which my fellow workers have never 
 failed toward me, I am heartily grateful. I count myself fortunate, 
 also, in having the confidence of my women clients, both personally 
 and professionally. It is a good thing to have the confidence of good 
 women."
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII 
 
 PHYSICIANS AM) THt:iK INSTITUTIONS 
 
 By 11. G, Cutler 
 
 The physicians and surgeous of Cleveland have fixed a high 
 standard for their fraternity everywhere. It is often difficult to 
 determine which is cause and which is effect ; the two are often so 
 blended that there really is no sharp division. The local fraternity 
 has always been noted for a hearty co-operation through various socie- 
 ties, educational institutions and charities, whicli has had a charac- 
 teristic tendency to make them progressive and broad. Their liber- 
 ality, their professional and often literarj' education, their scientific 
 attainments, often gained from contact with the greatest American 
 and European masters, first led to the establishment of such agencies, 
 and, once founded, manj' of them have so expanded in usefulness and 
 educational power as to become, in turn, real character-builders for 
 all who have participated in their development. To illu.strate these 
 points, it is but necessary to review briefly the public work of some 
 of the leaders of the profession in Cleveland, a large and vital part 
 of which has been the founding of the societies, the schools and col- 
 leges, the hospitals and other institutions which have given the city a 
 high standing among American municipalities. 
 
 First Phtsici.\n in Cleveland 
 
 First of his profes.sion upon tlie local scene was Dr. Theodore 
 Shepard, who accompanied 1he Cleaveland surveying parties of 1796 
 and 1797, attended to the ailments of its meml)ers and the few vil- 
 lagers, during the few months that he was in town, and then re- 
 turned to the East. The fine distinction has been made that Dr. 
 Shepard was the first physician in Cleveland, although not the first 
 physician of Cleveland. 
 
 First Physician of Clev'eland 
 
 That distinction rests with Dr. David Long, who received his 
 medical education in New York City, located in the village in 1810, 
 
 539
 
 540 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 opened an office in a little frame building on the site of the future 
 American House, and in the following year — such had been the good 
 impression he had created — married the daughter of Postmaster and 
 Collector of Revenue John Walworth, one of the most popular men 
 in Cleveland. Dr. Long, perhaps, took his cue from his father-in- 
 law, for wJiile he continued to be the leading physician of the place 
 for years after other members of his profession arrived, he became 
 broadly prominent in public affairs. Before 1820, he had been elected 
 a member of the first village board of trustees, had assisted in found- 
 ing the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie and the Cleveland Pier Com- 
 pany, and, although a Presbyterian, had joined in the organization 
 of Trinity Episcopal parish — all pioneer institutions. Afterward, he 
 served as county commissioner and president of the village corpora- 
 tion, was a strong promoter of the Ohio Canal, became president of 
 the Anti-Slavery Society in 1837, and at his death, on the first of Sep- 
 tember, 1851, no citizen of Cleveland had become more honored than 
 Dr. Long. In all matters connected with his professional work, such 
 as the fierce campaigns against cholera and the general sanitation of 
 the young town, it was assumed, as a matter of course, that Dr. Long 
 would lead. 
 
 Pleasing Tales 
 
 Many "pleasing" anecdotes are told regarding the doctor's early 
 experiences in Cleveland, and some of the old settlers always insisted 
 that his professional identification with the Indian murderer O'Mic 
 was in that class of stories. The details of the murder and execu- 
 tion have been given * and would, in any event, be passed over to 
 reach the point in the narrative where Dr. Long comes into the tale. 
 The Indian criminal was only twent.y-one, but very fat and heavy, 
 and the rope which was to hang him broke in the midst of a storm 
 which swept the public square. The crowd dispersed and at night Dr. 
 Long, Dr. Allen and some other doctors wlio had been drawn thither, 
 picked their way among the stumps and hushes, having obtained per- 
 mis.sion of the sheriff, fully to investigate the bod.y and be sure that 
 no life remained in it. Convinced of the Indian's death, the next 
 problem was how to remove the body. As Dr. Allen was the strong 
 ma7i of the party, he allowed the corpse to be placed on his back, and 
 the procession started for the banks of the lake where tlie body was 
 to be deposited. But Dr. Allen was hardly thus saddled when he 
 fell over a stump, willi flic bulky liody on f()]i of him. The doctors 
 
 See page 94.
 
 1812] PHYSICIANS, ETC. 541 
 
 dared not laugh outright, as, although the shoritf knew of their mis- 
 sion, the villagers did not, and such an infoiiual proceeding was in- 
 tended to be kept secret. It was, but only after inueh painful self- 
 repression. But Dr. Allen was relieved and the Indian's corpse was 
 left on the banks of the lake well out of town. There the soft parts 
 were allowed to decompose and the bones were collected and articu- 
 lated by Dr. Long. That was in 1812. 
 
 Does this pleasing narrative end here? Hardly. In the folhiw- 
 iilg year a number of the sick and wounded troops of Hull's unfor- 
 tunate command were sent to the stockade on the lakeshore at Cleve- 
 land, called Fort Huntington. Capt. Stanton Sholes, who was in 
 command, was stricken with fever and ague and called at Dr. Long's 
 house for treatment. While waiting for him he had an attack of the 
 "shakes" and Mrs. Long requested him to go upstairs and lie down. 
 The captain stumbled up, slipped off his coat and boots and fell on 
 the bed. Captain Sholes himself wrote the sequel: "When 1 awoke 
 and came to myself, I smelt something very sickening. Turning my 
 face to the wall, mj^ face partly on the bed, I was struck almost 
 senseless by an object on the tloor between me and the wall, my 
 face partly over it. It was a human skeleton, every bone in its place, 
 the flesh mostly gone. I gazed at the bones till I verily thought I 
 was dead, and that they had buried me bj' the side of .someone who 
 had gone before me. I felt very sick which aroused me from my 
 lethargj^ and I found that I was alive and had been sleeping along- 
 side a dead man. As soon as I recalled where I was, I reached the 
 lower floor in quiek.step, giving Mrs. Long a fright to see me come 
 down in such haste. She very politely apologized for her forgetful- 
 ness. The season before there had been an Indian hung for the 
 murder of a white man, and I had the luck to sleep side by side 
 with his frame, not fully cleaned." 
 
 Other Pioneer Piitsiciaxs of Cleveland 
 
 Dr. Donald Mcintosh, the second physician to locate at Cleveland, 
 is said to have been skillful, but is known to have been too convivial 
 to uphold a substantial reputation either in his profession or the 
 community. He was also proprietor of the Navy House. From all 
 accounts he was popular and, in 1828, was elected president of the 
 District ^fcdical Society, comprising the professional membership 
 of Cuyahoga and Medina counties. Six j-ears afterwards, he was 
 fatally injured in a moonlight horserace on Buffalo Road, now 
 Euclid Avenue.
 
 542 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 In 1820, Dr. Elijah Burtou settled in the adjoining town of 
 Euclid, and he and his son and his grandson made the family name 
 honored in the community for at least three score years and ten. 
 
 Most of the early physicians, like Dr. Israel Town and Dr. L. F. 
 AV. Andrews, were also proprietors of drug stores, and at times 
 announced through the local press that they would donate their 
 professional services if prospective patients would buy the neces- 
 sary drugs at their places of business. 
 
 Nineteenth Medical District Society 
 
 The history of this pioneer organization of the physicians and 
 surgeons of Cuyahoga, ]\Iediiia and other counties may be traced for 
 about twenty years. On the fourteenth of Januaiy, 1811, the legisla- 
 ture divided Ohio into five medical districts, each district being eutitled 
 to three censors. In 1812, the state was divided into seven medical dis- 
 tricts, with Cuyahoga in the sixth, and in the following year the two 
 measures were combined in one act. From 1813 to 1824, the number 
 of districts and of censors was changed from time to time. In the 
 latter year, the state was divided into twenty medical districts, each 
 district society to elect from three to five censors who were to act 
 as examiners, or licensers, to pass upon the applications of those 
 who desired to practice in their territory. The counties of Cuyahoga 
 and Medina were made to constitute the Nineteenth Medical District. 
 I'p to that year Drs. David Long, N. H. Manter, George W. Card, 
 Be] a B. Clark, John M. Henderson and Donald Mcintosh appear 
 to have been the leaders in the affairs of the medical societies. In. 
 May, 1824, the society of the Nineteenth Medical Di.strict was or- 
 ganized by the election of the following officers: David Long, presi- 
 dent; Bela B. Clark, -vnce-president ; William Baldwin, secretary; 
 John M. Henderson, treasurer; George W. Card, John Harris and 
 William Baldwin, censors. Prom 1824 until 1832, Doctors Long, 
 Clark. ;McIntosli, Elijah De Witt and Joshua Mills served as presi- 
 dents of the society, but after the latter year, or about the time 
 that Asiatic cholera swept through the Cleveland district, tlie or- 
 ganization sinks from historic observation. 
 
 First Prominent IIoMEorATiiic Physician 
 
 Tlie physicians on tlic local board of health organized to fight 
 the epidemic comprised Drs. E. W. Cowles, Joshua Mills, Oran St. 
 John and S. J. Weldon. Doctor Long, then a member of the village 
 board, was a leader in the movement. When, in 1832, the steamboat
 
 1832-44] PHYSICIANS, ETC. 543 
 
 "Ilciiry Clay"' arrived at Cleveland, ou lu-r way to Buffalo, loaded 
 witli c'holera-strickc^n, it is said that Doctor Cowles not only attended 
 its victims in port but accompanied them to their destination. In a 
 few days he returned to C'icveland, greatly to tlie relief of his 
 friends, who had looked upon his departure as his death warrant. 
 Although Doctor Cowles practised for a few years in Detroit, he 
 was a practising physician and surgeon in Cleveland for more than 
 twenty years, and was higiily respected. He was among the first 
 of his profession to embrace homeopathy. 
 
 Dr. Joshua ilills had been a resident physician about a year 
 when he was chosen a member of this first board of health to combat 
 the plague and unsanitary conditions at Cleveland. He was after- 
 ward president of the city council and twice mayor, and died in 
 1843. 
 
 Dr. Erastus Cushiug, a Massacliusetts physician, arrived in 1835, 
 and for fiftj' years was a healer and a household comforter to hun- 
 dreds of Clevelanders ; and several generations have since continued 
 his fine family name and professional reputation. 
 
 Org.vnization of Cleveland Medical College 
 
 In 1844, the medical department of Willoughby (Ohio) Uni- 
 versity was moved to Cleveland. Drs.' Jared P. Kirtland, John Dela- 
 mater and J. Lang Cassels, who had been members of its faculty 
 resigned their chairs, came to the Forest City and organized the 
 Cleveland Medical College. Two or three years afterward the build- 
 ing was completed on the corner of St. Clair and Erie streets, known 
 as the Farmers' block. About the time the Cleveland Medical 
 College was opened here Professor Ackley, in a surgical case, admin- 
 istered ether to a patient, which was the first time it was used in 
 Northern Ohio as an anaesthesia. Although the patient shouted and 
 struggled as his leg was being amputated he stated, after the opera- 
 tion, that he had not suffered. 
 
 The original faculty of the Cleveland ^Medical College comprised 
 the following, embracing most of the physicians of that period who 
 were noteworthy leaders in the profession: Drs. John Delamater, 
 professor of midwifery and diseases of women and children; Jared 
 P. Kirtland, professor of the theory and practice of .medicine; 
 Horace .\. Ackley, profes.sor of surgery; John Lang Cassels, profes- 
 sor of materia mediea ; Noah Worcester, professor of physical diagnosis 
 and diseases of the skin; Samuel St. John, professor of chemistry; 
 Jacob J. Delamater, lecturer on physiologj'.
 
 544 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 College op Physicl^ns and Surgeons 
 
 The old Cleveland Medical College rau along' as a united insti- 
 tution until 1863, when Dr. Gustave C. E. Weber, who, several years 
 before had succeeded Doctor Ackley as professor of surgery', resigned 
 his chair and organized the Charity Hospital IMcdieal College. lu 
 1869, this became the medical department of the University of 
 "Wooster. 
 
 In 1881, when the Western Reserve University was organized at 
 Cleveland, an effort was made to unite this medical department with 
 the former Cleveland Medical College which had been consolidated 
 with the Western Reserve University. The effort was unsuccessful 
 and in 1896 the school severed its connection with the University of 
 Wooster and became the medical department of the Ohio Wesleyan 
 Univei-sity, under the title of the Cleveland College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. The building now occupied was completed in 1900. 
 
 Academy op Medicine 
 
 In the meantime the members of the profession in Cuyahoga 
 County had again organized. In April, 1859, they had formed the 
 Cuj'ahoga County Medical Society, which appears to have been 
 dissipated by the wholesale exodus of its members during the civil 
 war times. Then in 1867 the Cleveland Academy of iMediciue was 
 organized, which was absoi-bed by the Cleveland Medical Associa- 
 tion, and which, in turn, was consolidated in 1874 with a second 
 Cuyahoga County IMedical Society. A list of its presidents for the 
 period of its independent existence will include many of the leading 
 physicians of 1874-1902. It follows: Dre. John Bennett, T. Clarke 
 :\Iiller, Frank Wells, C. F. Dutlou, P. II. Sawyer, W. J. Scott, C. C. 
 Arms, W. 0. Jenks, E. D. Burton, 11. K. Cushing, T. N. Himes, H. 
 II. Powell, J. D. Jones, Dudley P. Alh-n, Wm. T. Corlett, A. R. Baker, 
 II. J. Ilerrick, II. E. Ilanderson, 0. B. Campbell, W. A. Knowlton, P. 
 E. Bunts, C. J. Aldrich, C. A. Hamann and J. P. Sawyer. In May, 
 1902, the Cuyalioga County Medical Society was merged with another 
 Cleveland Medical Society to form the present Academj^ of Medicine 
 of Cleveland. 
 
 'i'liio ilEDicAL Library 
 
 The Society of the Medical Sciences of Cleveland, organized in 
 1887, was established largely to found a medical libraiy. Dr. H. 
 K. Cushing was its president during most of its life. In 1804, it turned
 
 1S5U-U)0S] PHYSICIANS, ETC. 545 
 
 over $2,000 which remained in its treasury to the recently formed 
 Cleveland iledieal Library Assoeiation, and that fund laid tlie 
 foundation of the library to whieii various societies have since con- 
 tributed. For more than twelve years the medical library has been 
 in its own building. 
 
 Cleveland School, of Pharmacy 
 
 The Cleveland School of Pharmacy was the outgrowth of a 
 movement inaugurated in 1882 by the Cleveland Pharnuieeutical 
 Societ}-. To arrange a course of lectures for the benefit of drug 
 clerks and apprentices, a committee of three of its members was 
 appointed consisting of E. A. Schellentragor, Edward Classen and 
 Hugo Linden. The lectures proved so popular that a regular facultj' 
 and school were soon organized. The school was incorporated in 
 1886, but did not commence to confer the regular degi-ee of Ph. C. 
 upon it graduates until 1896, when it was completely reorganized 
 with Mr. Schelleiitrager as president. In 1904, it was again reorgan- 
 ized, when E. A. Schellcntrager, its founder, resigned, and was 
 succeeded by L. C. Hopp. The School of Pharmacy became affiliated 
 with the Western Reserve University in 1908, and has since been 
 known as its pharmaceutical department. 
 
 The Pioneer Homeopaths 
 
 The homeopaths obtained an early foothold in Cleveland and 
 numbered some able and popular representatives of the profession. 
 The brave services of Dr. Edwin I\I. Cowles during the cholera epi- 
 demic of 1832 have be«n noted. Dr. R. E. W. Adams, Dr. Daniel 0. 
 Hoyt and Dr. John Wheeler were also pioneer practitioners of that 
 school. 
 
 The Homeopathic Institutions 
 
 By the year 1850, they had become so strong that they organized 
 the Western College of Homeopathy at Cleveland, with the following 
 faculty: Drs. Edwin C. Wetherell, professor of anatomy; Lansing 
 Briggs, professor of surgery; Charles D. Williams, professor of insti- 
 tutes of homeopathic medicine; Alfred H. Burritt, professor of 
 gjniecologA' and obstetrics; Lewis Dodge, professor of materia modica; 
 Hamilton H. Smith, professor of chemistry; John Brainard, pro- 
 fessor of physical science.
 
 546 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 Lectures were first held in a building on the southeast corner 
 of Ontario and Prospect streets, and it was there, in 1852, that the 
 college rooms were raided by an ignorant mob who had been led 
 to believe that a dissected subject had met with foul play in the 
 tlesh. The institution purchased a large building on Ohio Street 
 known as the Belvidere and, after remodeling it, occupied it for 
 sixteen years.. In 1857, the name was changed to the Western Homeo- 
 pathic College; in 1868, the College purchased the Humiston Insti- 
 tute and added a hospital to its facilities, reorganizing as the Homeo- 
 pathic Hospital College. 
 
 In 1890, the Cleveland Medical College split from the parent body, 
 which occupied its large new home on Huron Road in 1892. In 
 1897, the breach was healed, as it had been many years before between 
 the mother bodj^ and the Homeopathic College for Women. 
 
 The homeopaths also organized the Cuyahoga County Homeo- 
 pathic Society as early as 1848 and among its presidents appear such 
 well known names as Drs. S. R. Beckwith, T. P. Wilson, George H. 
 Blair, H. F. Biggar, H. B. Van Norman, G. J. Jones, J. H. Stevens, 
 David H. Beckwith, F. H. Barr, and A. L. Waltz. 
 
 Cleveland Hospitals 
 
 The hospitals of Cleveland, which now number about twenty, 
 are maintained by the city, the state, and the general government, 
 by private corporations and by various religious denominations. 
 They are both benevolences and professional educators, affording vital 
 relief to the suffering and means of clinical investigations to the 
 physicians and surgeons of the community. 
 
 The first hospital on the site of Cleveland was erected by Capt. 
 Stanton Sholes in 1812, when he was placed in charge of the sick 
 and incapacitated American soldiers who were sent to tliis point from 
 Detroit. It was dignified by the title of "military hospital," as was 
 the shack on Clinton Street, erected by the yo\ing municipality of 
 Cleveland in 1837, called the "city hospital." The latter was grad- 
 ually transformed into a city infirmary for both the insane and in- 
 firm poor, furnishing also clinical instruction to the physicians of 
 the day. 
 
 As early as 1837, a site of nine acres, at Erie and I^akc streets, was 
 purchased by the United States government for a marine hospital. 
 Con.struction was not begun until 1847, and tin- liospital was not 
 opened until 1852. In 1875, tlie hospital was leased to the City 
 Hospital Association for twenty years, although certain wards were
 
 1852-!)6J 
 
 PHYSICIANS, ETC. 
 
 547 
 
 reserved for the use of the goveniineiit. With the expiration of the 
 contract in 1896, the ailministration of tlie atlairs of the Marine Hos- 
 pital was resumed under the direction of the government surgeons. 
 
 In 18;V2, the le<rishiture autliori/.cd tlie erection of an asylum for 
 the insane in Newburg and the l)uihling was conipk^tcd in 18.")'). it 
 was destroyed by fire in 1872, but rebuilt at once in a more substantial 
 manner, and it has since been enlarged and inii)roved into the modern 
 institution known as the Cleveland State IIosi)ital. its site has long 
 since been absorbed by the municipal area, a portion of its grounds 
 being sold to the city in 18!H). to add to (iarliciil Park which lies 
 immediately to the southeast. 
 
 St. Alexis Hospital 
 
 Charity Hospital (St. Vincent's), on Twenty-second Street, corner 
 of Central' Avenue, was commenced in 186:5 by the Roman Catholic 
 bishop of Cleveland, but not completed until 1866. It is a general 
 hospital open to all. 
 
 It was during the civil war, also, that the Home for the Friend- 
 less opened a little hospital in a private dwelling on Lake Avenue 
 nearly opposite the present Lakeside Hospital. At the close of the 
 war the organization which operated the hospital was maintained 
 for other charitable work and incorporated as the Cleveland City 
 Hospital. From that corporation sprung the AVillson Street Hospital 
 Association which was supported by jjrominent physicians of both 
 the regular and homeopathic schools of medicine. But the homeo-
 
 548 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRO.XS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 paths soon withdrew and established their own hospital, buying, as 
 has been stated, the Humiston Institute for that purpose. 
 
 The organization then resumed its original name, the Cleveland 
 City Hospital. It leased rhe old Marine Hospital in 1875, but in 
 1889, when the municipal authorities decided to erect a real city 
 hospital, the corporation wliich was sailing under that name aban- 
 doned its old title and assumed that of the Lakeside Hospital. It 
 opened its new building east of the old ilarine Hospital, between 
 Twelfth and Fourteenth streets, in January, 1898. 
 
 St. Alexis Hospital, at Broadway and Fifty-second Street, was 
 organized in 1884 by the Roman Catholics, under the immediate 
 
 County Infikm.vky .\t Warrensville 
 
 superintendence of the Sistere of St. Francis. The large liuilding 
 now occui)icd was coiiipletcd in 1897. 
 
 St. John's Hospital on Detroit Avenue was organized in 1892, 
 especially for the lienelit of the West Side, and was an offshoot of 
 St. Ale.xis. 
 
 The City Hospital was first erected on the grounds of the iuliriiiary 
 in 1889. It is now located on Scranton Road. 
 
 St. Chiir Hospital was establislied in 1891 at 4422 St. Clair Street, 
 to meet the needs of Xoi'liieast Cleveland. 
 
 The (Jeriiian Hospilal on Franklin Avenue has been in ojiei-atinn 
 since 189:5, and the Lutheran Hospital, on the same thoroughfare, since 
 1896.
 
 1873-1910] PHYSICIANS, ETC. 549 
 
 The Maternity Hospital, on Cedar Aveiiuo, was organized by 
 Bishop Gilmour in ]87;{, and was the first lying-in liospital established 
 for the poor of the Forest City. 
 
 In 1910, the larger and more modern iiistitntion of the same 
 nature, St. Ann's Asyhiiii ami Matrrtiily Hospital, was opened 
 on Woodland Avenue. 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital, wliieii is uudrr the iiuinafz:i'inent oi' tlic .Meth- 
 odist Church, was established in lltOS. It is loeated at Carnegie 
 Avenue near Ea.st Si.xty-si.xth Street. 
 
 There are also the Dot^-ntion and the Tuhereuhisis hospitals at 
 Warrensville ; the Emergency Hospital on East Fifty-fifth Street; 
 the Eddy Road, Glenville, Huron Road and Lakewood hospitals. 
 The eity j)esthouse was moved from the prrounds of the City Hos- 
 pital, on the lake front, in 1903, to the eity farm in Warrensville. 
 The old building: "downtown" was then converted into a tubercu- 
 losis hospital, which in 190() was likewise moved to Warrensville. 
 
 From time to time, within the past twenty years, training schools 
 for nurses have been (n-ganized in eonneetion with the hospitals, and 
 their members and graduates have contributed to the comfort and 
 restoration to health of thousands of patients both in the institutions 
 which they attend and the private families to which they are sent. 
 Cleveland has seven of these training schools, the first one being estab- 
 lished by the City Hospital in 1897. 
 
 A Few Represent.\tive Physicians 
 
 Besides the representative physicians and surgeons of Cleveland, 
 dead and living, who have already been mentioned, there are others 
 who have attained prominence; some have earned national repu- 
 tations both as practitionei-s and investigators. The sketches which 
 follow by no means e.xhaust the list, and are therefore presented 
 simply as representative of the fraternity. 
 
 Dr. George W. Crile, professor of clinical surgery of the Western 
 Reserve University from 1900 to 1911, stands high as a practitioner, 
 an investigator and an author. His literary education was obtained 
 at the Ohio Northern University and after being graduated in medi- 
 cine from the Wooster University, Cleveland, he was identified with 
 that institution, from 1889 to 1900, in connection with the chairs of 
 histology-, physiology- and surgery. During that period he also pur- 
 sued .special courses in Vienna, Loiulon and Paris. His investiga- 
 tions and publications have earned him a number of exceptional 
 honors and prizes, and he is a fellow of the leading .societies of the
 
 550 CLEYELAXD AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 United States and England. Dr. Crile's surgicar works are standard 
 with the profession and scientists generally and comprise Surgical 
 Shock, Origin and Nature of Emotions, Man a)i Adaptive Mechanism, 
 and A Meclmnistic View of War and Peace. The last named was writ- 
 ten about a year before the United States entered the conflict. Else- 
 where, in connection with Cleveland 's war work, is given a full account 
 of Dr. Crile's trip overseas, as leader of the Lakeside Hospital Unit, 
 the first American organization of anj' kind to represent this country 
 as an active ally. 
 
 Dr. William T. Corlett, who has been professor of dermatology at 
 the "Western Reserve University since 1885, is a national authority in 
 his specialty. After a three-years' course at Oberlin College, he com- 
 pleted his medical studies at Wooster University in 1877. He then 
 passed four years in the hospitals and universities of Europe and, 
 after two years' service with Wooster University as professor of 
 diseases of the skin and genito-urinaiy diseases, assumed the chair 
 of dermatologj^ and syphilography at the Western Reserve Univer- 
 sity. Doctor Corlett 's professional standing is indicated by the 
 facts that he has served as president of the American Derinatological 
 Association and has been a delegate to two international medical 
 congresses, those held at Rome and London, in 1894 and 1913, and to 
 the international congress of dermatology^ at London, 1896. Pro- 
 fessor Corlett has written and ]iiiblished numerous text books on his 
 specialties. 
 
 Dr. Samuel W. Kelley ranks among the foremost authorities 
 of the country on diseases of children. He was graduated as M. D. 
 from the Western Reserve University in 1884, and after studying his 
 specialty in the London hosj)itals returned to take charge of the 
 polyelinii' for cliildi-eii of ihe Cleveland institution. Doctor Kelley 
 afterward became professor of children's diseases in the Cleveland 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons in wliich jiosition he served 
 during 1893-1910. He lias also been prominently identified with the 
 leading city hospitals as a pediatrist and orthojiedist. During the 
 Spanisli-.\merican war ho attained considerable i)rominence as a 
 surgeon. lie was editor of the Clevela-nd Medical Gazette in 1885- 
 1901 and has held important official positions with state and national 
 soi'ieties devoted to ])ediatrics. In 1907-08 he was ]iresident of the 
 AiTici-ii'iin Teacliers of Diseases of ChiKlrcn. Doctor Kelley's most 
 noteworthy ])nl)lication, wliich has run through s(>veral editions, is 
 Surgical Diseases of Children, first issued in 1909. 
 
 Dr. Henry E. Ilandcrson, one of the veterans of the profession, 
 and, since 190f), pi-ni'cssoi- ciiicritns at tlie Cleveland College of Phy-
 
 189;Mr>lS] PTTYSICIANS, ETC. 551 
 
 sicians and Surgeons, saw active and leading service in the Confed- 
 erate army, serving thronghout the war eitiier as captain or assistant 
 adjutant general in the army of Northern Virginia. After the war, 
 he was graduated as an IM. D. from the Columbia College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. Fi-om 1893 to 1!)06, Doctor Ilandcrson held the chair 
 of hygiene and sanitary science in the Cleveland College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. In 1895, he served as president of the Cleveland 
 Academy of Medicine and wa.s president of the Cleveland Medical 
 Library Association during 1895-1904. Doctor Ilandcrson has made 
 numerous contributions to medical literature, some of a technical and 
 others of an hist(n'ical nature. In the preparation of this paper, his 
 Medical Cleveland has been found reliable and valuable. The most 
 pretentious work with which his name is connected is as editor of 
 Bass's Outlines of the Uistonj of Medicine. 
 
 The late Dr. II. F. Higgar was amcmg the leading homeopaths of 
 Cleveland. Born in Canada in 1839, he was graduated from the 
 Cleveland University of IMcdicine and Surgery in 1866 and at once 
 entered practice. For man.y years he served, at various times, as pro- 
 fessor of anatomy and clinical surgery at the Homeopathic Hospital 
 College, as surgeon-in-chief of the Surgical Institute, or as dean of the 
 Training Si'liool for Nurses, of which he was the founder. He was 
 elected honorary president of the American Institute of Homeopathy 
 and a delegate to the International Homeopathic Congress which 
 met at London in 1911. He died in 1913. Doctor Biggar wrote 
 much and well on professional, as well as on general subjects, his 
 publications in book form ranging from T^velve Months of Surgery 
 to Loiferings in Europe. 
 
 Among the leading homeopathic physicians of Cleveland mention 
 is also due Dr. James C. Wood and Dr. A. B. Schneider. Dr. Wood 
 is a graduate of the University of Michigan Homeopathic Medical 
 College and has practised in Cleveland since 1894. His specialties 
 are g^-necology and obstetrics, with diseases of children, and he has 
 held chairs coveritig them in his alma mater and (gynecology) the 
 Cleveland-Pulte Medical College. 
 
 Dr. Schneider was graduated from the Cleveland Medical College 
 in 1894, since which he has practiced in the Forest City with the 
 exception of the periods abroad when he has been engaged in post- 
 graduate work. His educational duties in connection with his pro- 
 fession have been performed as domon.strator and professor of anat- 
 omy in the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College (1894-1904) 
 and as professor of clinical medicine, in that institution, from 1904
 
 552 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXVIII 
 
 to 1915. Dr. Schneider is now acting president of the college board 
 of trustees. 
 
 Of the older allopathic practitioners of high standing is also Dr. 
 John B. McGee, a Bostonian by birth, but a graduate of the Western 
 Reserve University in the medical department, class of 1878. He 
 was formerlj' professor of therapeutics and secretary of the Cleve- 
 land College of Physicians and Surgeons and associate .professor of 
 therapeutics in the Western Reserve University.
 
 CHAPTER XXIX 
 
 POLITICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS 
 
 By H. G. Cutler 
 
 Tlu- abow classification is certainly broad in its scope. Some of 
 the scholars who have ventured into these fields have entered them in 
 various combinations. 
 
 Dr. Mattoon M. Curtis, who has held the chair of philosophy at 
 the "Western Reserve University since 1891, was educated for the Pres- 
 byterian ministry. lie was graduated from Hamilton College and 
 t^niou Theological Seminary and held pastorates at Hastings-on-the- 
 Hudson, New York, and in Cleveland (Beckwitli Memorial Church), 
 from 1883 to 1888. During the two years following he pursued ad- 
 vanced philosophical studies at the University of Leipzig, which con- 
 ferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. in 1891. Since that year he has 
 been identified with the Western Reserve University faculty and its 
 managing board, and with the ])roceedings of many learned societies 
 and allied literature. Particularly, he is the author of Locl;e's Ethics, 
 Philosophical and Physical Science, aiul Philosophy in America. Dr. 
 Curtis has also served as vice president of the Cleveland School of 
 Art and was superintendent of the thirteenth federal census for Cuj-a- 
 hoga County. 
 
 Frederick C. Howe, one of the most scholarly of Cleveland law- 
 yers, received his preliminary higher education at Johns Hopkins 
 University and abroad, and his legal education at the University of 
 Jliehigan and the New York Law School. Admitted to the bar in 
 1894, he practiced in Cleveland until 1909. during which time he also 
 served in the city council and the state senate, was sent to Great 
 Britain as special United States commi.ssioner to investigate municipal 
 ownership therein, and also occupied the chair of law at the Cleve- 
 land College and lectured on legal matters for the LTniversity of Wis- 
 consin. His writings, which are a natural outgrowth of his practical 
 investigations, include Taxation in the United States, 1791-189'>; The 
 City, the Hope of Democracy.- The British City; The Confessions of 
 a Monopolist; Privilege and Democracy in America; Wisconsin, an 
 Experiment in Democracy ; European Cities at Worl\ and Socialized 
 
 553
 
 554 CLEVELAXD AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIX 
 
 Germany. He has been honored with several learned degrees, the last 
 being Ph. D. from Johns Hopkins in 1892. Dr. Howe has been com- 
 missioner of emigi'ation for New York and director of the People's 
 Institute since becoming a permanent resident of tlie metropolis in 
 1911. 
 
 Judge Martin A. Foran, of the Cleveland common pleas bench, 
 has also written considerably on political and social questions. Per- 
 haps his best known paper was the Other Side, an answer to The 
 Labor Prohlem, an exposition of the question often attributed to 
 John Hav. 
 
 Social Work and Writings 
 
 Elizabeth Hyer Nei¥ (I\Irs. William Byron Neft") is known as an 
 authoress of talent, with .such books to her credit as Altars to Mam- 
 mon and Miss Wealthy, Deputy Sheriff, and a social settlement 
 worker of much earnestness and efficiency, especially as president of 
 tlie Board of Central Friendly Inn. She has also been president of 
 the Women's Centennial Commission and president of the Woman's 
 Civic Club of Cleveland Heights, as well as founder of the Conserva- 
 tion of the Home department of the D. A. R. Mrs. Neif holds an hon- 
 orary degree of M. A. from the Ohio Wesleyan University. 
 
 Louise Brigham (Mi"s. Henrj' A. Chisholm) has been long interested 
 in child welfare work, and her Bool,- on Furniture is an ingenious 
 and instructive etifort to teach the children of the poor how to make 
 chairs, tables and other furniture out of dry goods boxes and other 
 homely material which often goes to waste. 
 
 Several representatives of the church in Clovchiiul have made 
 worthy contributions to religious literature. The Rt. Rev. William A. 
 Leonard, bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Ohio since 
 1889, is widely known as an author. He was educated in the east and 
 spent the earlier years of his ministry in Brooklyn, N. Y., and Wash- 
 ington, D. C. MHiile thus engaged in the former he served, for a 
 number of years, as chaplain of the Twenty-third Regiment of the 
 National Guard of New York. Bishop Leonard's literary works in- 
 clude: Via Sacra, or Footprints of Christ; Ilistory of the Christian 
 Church; A Faithful Life; the Bedell lectures on Witness of American 
 Church to Christianity and numerous essays and published sermons. 
 
 TheRt. Rev. Mgr. G. F. Houek has published History of the Cleve- 
 land Diocese, and a work of more scholarly nature, Memoirs and Labors 
 of Amadcns Rappe, First Bishop of Cleveland. 
 
 Tlie Rev. George T. Dowling, a Cleveland niinislor of the Bajitist
 
 1845] PODTTICAL. PHILOSOPHICAL, ETC. 555 
 
 Chmvh who is no loiij^cr a irsiilnit of tlie city, was tlio autlior of 
 several writings on social topics which are wortiiy of mention. 
 
 AC.VDEMY OF X.VTURAL SCIENCE AND ITS FOUNDERS 
 
 From the unsystematized organization of the Ark, and the sub- 
 stantial Arkites wlio looked upon science as something greater than a 
 pleasant pastime, came the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science. 
 It was organized in 1845 at the suggestion of Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, 
 the learned physician, geologist, horticulturist, Ix)tanist and zoolo- 
 gist of Clevelaiul Medical College, who, for more than thirty years 
 was to make himself honored and beloved as a scholar, an author, a 
 worker and a man. The details of his remarkable scientific career 
 and his nnnided life have been already introduced, in part. To list 
 all the titles of Dr. Kirtland 's writings on scientific subjects would 
 produce a booklet ; which is the sole excuse for not going further into 
 the matter. 
 
 Tlie fii-st meeting of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science 
 was held on the twenty-fourth of November, 1845. Dr. Kirtland wa-s 
 elected president; Sherlock J. Andrews, first vice-president; Charles 
 W. Heard, second vice-president; William D. Beattie, third vice-presi- 
 dent. The curators were William Case, Hamilton L. Smith, Samuel 
 St. John, Henry C. Kingsley, Rufus K. Winslow, Jared P. Kirtland, 
 J. L. Cassels, and Charles Whittlesey. The academy first met in the 
 building of the Cleveland Medical College, where the museum was 
 installed and the winter lectures delivered by the meml)ers. In 1869, 
 the academy was reorganized as the Kirtland Society of Natural Sci- 
 ence, which, in 1870, became identified witli the Cleveland Library 
 Association. After Dr. Kirtland 's death on the tenth of Deceml>er, 
 1877, all the geological, zoological and botanical collections were given 
 to the Case School of Applied Science, which was then taking form, 
 but which was not to be incorporated until the death of Leonard 
 Ca.se, Jr., in 1880. 
 
 Dr. John S. Newberry 
 
 Of the founders of the Cleveland Academy of Natural Science, 
 besides Dr. Kirtland, Judge Andrews and Colonel Whittlesey, Dr. 
 John S. Newberry attained perhaps the widest distinction as a 
 scientist and an author. He was born in Cuyahoga Falls, and when 
 the academy was organized was a senior student at the Western Re- 
 serve Collcj^e. In 1848. he was graduated from the Cleveland Medical
 
 556 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIX 
 
 College, and after practising medicine in the Forest City until 1855 
 accepted the appointment of assistant surgeon and geologist of the 
 expedition sent by the war department to explore tlie wild regions 
 between the Columbia River and the Paeitie Ocean. After his return, 
 Dr. Newberry became geologist of Ohio and of tlie United States Geo- 
 graphical Survey and professor of geolog>' in the Columbia Univer- 
 sity School of Mines. His studies and his writings covered every 
 phase of geological researcli, but lie will be longest remembered 
 for his work in paleontology. 
 
 Dr. Theodore D. Garlick 
 
 Dr. Theodore D. Garlick was the universal genius of this pioneer 
 group of Cleveland scientists. He came to the village as a Vermont 
 youth, was a stonecutter for a time and studied and practiced medi- 
 cine both at Youngstown and Cleveland. He was a pioneer in the 
 artificial propagation of fish, which, althougli repeatedly rebuffed, he 
 persistently urged upon the government. Dr. Garlick 's book upon 
 artificial fish propagation, issued in 1854, remained the standard 
 work for many yeai's. He was also a widely known botanist, and 
 possessed great skill as a modeler of clay. In the museum of the 
 Western Reserve Historical Society are a numl)er of specimens of his 
 handicraft as an anatomist and an artist, among the latter being a 
 .bust of his great and ardent friend. Dr. Kii'tland. 
 
 Dr. EiJ.'iii.v Sterling 
 
 Dr. Elisha Sterling, an Ai'kite and one of the founders of the 
 academy, was the naturalist of tlic 1855 government expedition to 
 the Pacific Coast, his appointment being obtained through the friend- 
 ship of Dr. Newberry. lie was then thirty years old, a grailuate of 
 Cleveland Medical College, a student at the great Paris museums 
 and scliools and a traveling naturalist, l)(itli at lionu' and aln'oad. He 
 was an adept taxidermist, an ex{)ert on fisli cuHurc, a contributoi- to 
 scientific journals, an eminent surgeon and a fine man. He died in 
 Clevehuid all too soon, in 1890, then only in his sixty-sixfh year. 
 
 Pioxeer lx Lakk Sri'EiiiOK Mixi;i!ai. Ixiooiox.s 
 
 Ih-. .Juhn L. Cassels was jn'iifessor of chemistry on the faculty of 
 Cleveland Medical College, and a friend and as.sociate of Dr. Kirt- 
 land. He was one of tlir loundci-s of the acadeniv aiul soon after-
 
 1869-1902] POLITICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, ETC. 557 
 
 wards investigated the niineral regions adjacent to Lake Superior. 
 He was one of the tirst white men to exph)re that part of the coun- 
 try and his prophecies as to its undeveloped wealth were received 
 with incredulity by many; others who lielievcd, and acted accord- 
 ingly, reaped most substantial rewards. 
 
 Professors JIorley .\nd Michelson 
 
 Of a later generation was the distinguished chemist. Professor 
 William E. ^lorley, who hold that chair on the Western Reserve Col- 
 lege and University faculty from 1869 to 1906. He afterward en- 
 gaged in research work at Hartford, Connecticut, and became world- 
 famous for his investigations and publications on the atomic weight 
 of oxygen. 
 
 Associated with Professor Morley for some years was Professor 
 Albert A. ]Michelson, who, from 1883 to 1889, held the chair of physics 
 at the Case School of Applied Science. When he came to Cleveland 
 he was thirty-one years of age, with a record of ten years passed as 
 student, midshipman and instructor in the naval service, and as a 
 master of various j)Ost-gra(luate courses in leading German and 
 French universities. From 1886 to 1911, he received half a dozen 
 learned degrees from various American and German institutions of 
 learning, the last being Ph. D. from Gffttingon. Since 1892, Dr. 
 Michelson has served as professor and head of the department of 
 physics. University of Chicago, and his researches in that capacity 
 have brought him fame and formal honors from every part of the 
 world. His contributions to scientific literature have been numer- 
 ous and always original and weighty. 
 
 Dr. Cady St.vley 
 
 Cady Staley, one of tlie great civil and sanitary engineers of the 
 country, with a broad reputation for both practical work and edu- 
 cational ability, Ea.st and West, served as president of the Case 
 School of Applied Science from 1886 to 1902. A native of the Em- 
 pire state, he was graduated as C. E. from Union College in 1866 and 
 was one of the engineers in the constrnetion of the Central Pacific 
 Railroad. lie was professor of engineering in Union College in 1868- 
 86, and during the last decade of that period was dean of the faculty. 
 Since resigning the presidency of the Case School, Dr. Staley (Union 
 College, Ph. D.. and Ohio We.sleyan, LL. D.) has been a traveling 
 member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and has done
 
 558 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIX 
 
 much in the way of observation and investigation to increase a repu- 
 tation which was already national. As president, he was noted for 
 his energy, impartiality and breadth of views upon all questions of 
 administration and education. 
 
 Profs. Charles S. Howe axd John N. Stockweel 
 
 Dr. Staley was succeeded by Prof. Charles S. Howe, a New 
 Hampshire man first educated in ilassaehusetts and at Johns Hop- 
 kins University, and obtaining his experience as a teacher at Albu- 
 querque, New Mexico, and Buchtel College, Ohio. In the latter in.sti- 
 tution he held the chair of mathematics and astronomy in 1883-89, and 
 the same professorship in the Case School of Applied Science from 
 the latter year until he succeeded Dr. Staley as acting president in 
 1902 and as president in the following year. The learned degrees 
 conferred upon him are Ph. D., from the University of AVooster ; 
 Sc. D., from Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, and LL. D., 
 from Mount Lhjion College and Oberlin College, Ohio. He is a 
 member of many leading astronomical societies and a fellow of the 
 American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Ro.yal 
 Astronomical Society. Dr. Howe has written much as an astrono- 
 mer, but since becoming president of the Case School of Applied 
 Science has been compelled to relinquish much of his active scientific 
 work. 
 
 Prof. John N. Stockwell is widely known for his original investi- 
 gations in astronom.y. Although he received little more than a com- 
 mon school education his work along these lines has been so note- 
 w'orthy that the Western Reserve l^niversity has honored him with 
 the degrees of A. M. and Ph. I). He has largely contributed to the 
 literature of the Smithsonian Institution as well as to American and 
 foreign scientific journals, and is the author, among other works, of 
 Eclipse Cycles and Theory of the Mutual Perturbations of Planets 
 Moving at the Same Mean Distance from the Sun. Dr. Stockwell is 
 a permanent resident of Cleveland. 
 
 AVoRCESTEK R. Warner and Ajiisrose Swasev 
 
 At least three old-time citizens of Cleveland have so applied their 
 scientific learning to practical purposes that their handiwork and 
 their names have spread all over the world. IIow the astronomy of 
 modern times has been advanced by the Warner & Swasey telescopes, 
 •and how the wonderful efficiency of American gunnery has been
 
 1918] I'OLITR'AL, I'lIlLOSOl'lllCAL, ETC. 55!) 
 
 promoted by tlieir rangre ami i)o.sitioii finder, are fully known to 
 scientists and the experts of the United States Government. Jiotli 
 Ambrose Swasey and Worcester R. Warner are practical machinists 
 and educated scientists. Tiiey are of nearly the sanu- aj^e (both born 
 in 1846) and established the industry which has brought them fame 
 and fortune wlu-n they were in the middle '30s, energetic, far-seeing, 
 determined young men. Their individual careers, as well as the 
 steps by which they have advanced to the front as among the leading 
 manufacturers of scientific instruments in the world, are fully de- 
 scribed elsewhere. If they had done no more timn to produce the 
 gigantic and delicate Lick, the Naval and the Yerkes telescopes, they 
 would have become famous. Besides they have originated and manu- 
 factured an exceptionally accurate dividing engine; the Swasey range 
 and position finder, adopted by the United States government; ma- 
 chine tools and optical instruments, combining strength and preci- 
 sion; field telescopes, now used by the thousands in the armies of 
 Europe, and scores of other special appliances requiring superior 
 workmanship and scientific adjustment. Both Dr. Warner and Dr. 
 Swasey (for they have been honored with the degrees of Doctor of 
 Mechanical Science and Doctor of Engineering) are members of 
 numerous learned societies in America and Europe, but have written 
 little for the scientific or engineering press. Dr. Swasey 's Fefi.neMents 
 of Mechanical Science is, however, to be mentioned in this con- 
 nection. 
 
 Charles F. Brush 
 
 None of the scientists who have been identified with Cleveland's his- 
 tory have gained a more cosmopolitan fame, or have applied their 
 attainments to more practical and developmental uses than Charles 
 Francis Brush, the great electrician. He was born in Euclid town- 
 ship in March, 1849, has a dozen scientific and collegiate degrees, and 
 is the universally accredited father and perfecter of the electric arc 
 lighting system. He was one of the incorporators of the Case School 
 of Applied Science, and has also been identified with the growth of 
 the Western Reserve University, the University School, the Cleve- 
 land School of Art and other educational institutions. In 1909-10, 
 he sen-ed as president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. Dr. 
 Brush (LL. D., both from Western Reserve University and Kenyon 
 College) was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, France, in 
 1881 ; received the Rumford Medal of honor from the American 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1899; and was awarded the Edi.son
 
 560 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXIX 
 
 Medal iu 1913. He is a member of numerous American and European 
 seientifie societies. When he was presented to the president of the 
 French Republic, that official said: "I liuow not which to admire the 
 more, the phj-sique of the man or the genius of the inventor." Dr. 
 Brush has continuously resided in Cleveland for nearly half a cen- 
 tury, commencing his remarkable career as a chemical expert. That 
 was iu 1870, when he had just reached his majority. Cleveland, 
 therefore, considers Dr. Brush in an especiallj' intimate sense one 
 of her gi'eat sons who has plentifully demonstrated the practical 
 value of applied science.
 
 CHAPTER XXX 
 
 ART AND ARTISTS IN CLEVELAND 
 
 By H. G. Cutler 
 
 One of the favorite questions of debate brought before the old-time 
 literary societies was "What is tlie difference between an art and 
 a profession?" In the earlier periods of American society the ques- 
 tion was more easily answered than it is today; but, by general 
 consent without any too much reason, editorship and authorship, 
 legal and medical matters, have been relegated to the professions, 
 while painting, etching, sculpture, music and the drama, have been 
 retained as among the legitimate arts. Viewing the subjects from 
 these standpoints, Cleveland claims her full quota of geniuses who 
 have lingered with her, briefly or at length as their lives were made 
 pleasant, full or unprofitable. 
 
 Music and Musicians 
 
 The large German element in early Cleveland caused music and 
 musicians to make the first strong stand in the cause of art and 
 artists. That was in the early '50s, in the days when Jenny Lind, 
 Ole Bull, Adelina Patti and other celebrities were making the rounds 
 of the brisk young western cities, naturally including Cleveland. 
 In 1851, the Mendelssohn Singing Society was formed, and a "gesang- 
 verein" was organized even before that year. Oratorios were given 
 and singing festivals organized which made Cleveland famous for 
 years. The great "saengerfest" was that of 1874, it being the nine- 
 teenth of the North American Society and a national affair. The 
 last singing festival held by the local society was in 1893, and 
 Gov. "William McKinley attended the opening concert. 
 
 Cleveland Vocal Society and School op Music 
 
 The Cleveland Vocal Society was founded in 1873, and during 
 the thirty years of its existence under Alfred Arthur accomplished 
 much in elevating musical taste and keeping it to a high standard. 
 
 561 
 
 Vol. 1—36
 
 562 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXX 
 
 Professor Arthur founded the Cleveland School of Music in 1874, 
 and many well known musicians received their training there. 
 
 The Cleveland Conservatory of Music was organized by William 
 Heydler in 1871, and various members of the family have been 
 leading local musicians for several generations. 
 
 The Fortnightly Musical Club was formed in 1894, through the 
 initiative of Mrs. J. H. Webster. Its first president was Mrs. Edward 
 W. Morley, and the club has flourished from the first. 
 
 ft 
 
 ri-f 
 
 ■ p 
 
 P3 
 
 :^]l 
 
 u Au*> 
 
 . . . -"llj. 
 
 -/■ n 
 
 The Saengeepest Hall* 
 
 Other schools of music and societies have been established, as in all 
 large cultured cities, until now tliere are some twenty-five. 
 
 Bringing Music to the Masses 
 
 The city has also been foremost in the popularization of music 
 bj- which its refining influences are brought to the masses. Such 
 bands as Heckler's, Leland's and Kirk's have been blessings to the 
 people of Cleveland, and there also gradually developed from this 
 democratic movement the Cleveland Symphony orchestra of the 
 modern period. In Edgewater Park is a monument to the memory 
 of Conrad Mizer, the Cleveland enthusiast who, in 1896, started the 
 movement of giving band concerts on Sunday afternoons at the dif- 
 ferent parks. They were at first paid for by private subscriptions. 
 
 • See page 285.
 
 1876-1900] ART AND ARTISTS 563 
 
 engineered by Mr. Jlizcr, but, later, under ilayor Johnson's regime, 
 the city supported them. No one movenuMit has created more i)leasure 
 of a high grade to Clevelanders, and tlie inoimiuent to Conrad Mizer 
 was justly conceived and placed. 
 
 Composers of ilusic 
 
 Cleveland has produced a number of comijoscrs within late years 
 who have attained good standing. Wilson G. Smith was among the 
 most versatile, putting forth not only compositions which were won- 
 derful reproductions of the Gernuui masters, Imt piano and vocal 
 music which was fresh, unique and purely American. As the musical 
 critic of the Clevchnd Press, he has become famous for his wonderful 
 and inimitable vocabulary. James H. Rogers is the author of about 
 150 compositions, including songs, piano selections, anthems and can- 
 tatas. Johann IT. Beck, a native of Cleveland who has been director 
 of the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra since 1900, wa.s highly educated 
 in music abroad, and has produced, since 1886, much noteworthy 
 orchestral music. His productions have been rendered by such or- 
 ganizations as the Boston Symphony and the Thomas orchestras. 
 
 The Old Bohemians of Cleveland 
 
 Artists struggling with the brush and the sculptor's knife had 
 resided in Cleveland sometime before 1876, but that year marks the 
 time when a brave thirteen assembled and formed a club, the mem- 
 bers of which in after years were known as the Old Bohemians. 
 Then they were young men — George Grossman, F. C. Gottwald, John 
 Semon, Adam Lehr, Louis Loeb, Herman Herkomer, John Herkomer, 
 0. V. Schubert, Daniel WchrsQhmidt, Emil Wehrschmidt, Otto 
 Bacher, Arthur Schneider and ilax Bohm. Within the succeeding 
 few years the original Bohemians and other artists who .joined them 
 at the invitation of the city fathers, gradually occupied the top floor 
 of the new mxniicipal building, the large east room being reserved 
 for club meetings. In 1884, the club founded the Cleveland Art 
 School, which was also opened in the top floor of the city hall. 
 
 Cleveland School of Art 
 
 In October, 1882, :\rrs. S. H. Kimball founded the Cleveland 
 School of Art, and it soon so expanded that it had to move from a 
 private residence to the art center in the city hall. From 1888 to
 
 The Cleveland Museum op Akt in Wade 1'auk 
 
 The Cleveland School of Art
 
 1882-1918] ART AND ARTISTS 565 
 
 1891, it was a department of tlie Western Reserve University. In the 
 following year, after it liad again beeome independent, it moved 
 from the city hall to the old Kelley residence on Willson Avenue. 
 But tlie enterprise soon outgrew sueh accommodations and, through 
 the liberality of Stevenson Burke and wife and .1. II. Wade, tiie money 
 and site were provided for the large building at Juniper Road and 
 Magnolia Avenue, which was completed in 1906. In 1908, through 
 the donations of Thomas II. Wiiite, the school was enlarged by adding 
 a studio for the development of sculpture. In the meantime, the 
 original art school had disappeared from local history, the last of 
 the Bohemians liaving departed from the city hall in 1898. 
 
 The present Cleveland School of Art has a well organized faculty 
 of twenty teachers, with Henry Turner Bailey, of Boston, as dean 
 and Jliss Georgie L. Norton as director. Mrs. Stevenson Burke is 
 president of the board of trustees. Art, design and craftsmanship con- 
 stitute the main divisions of its course. 
 
 The Art Museum 
 
 The last, and in some respects the most important development 
 of local art, was the founding of the Kelley art galleries, and the 
 building of the great museum in Wade Park, a few years ago. This 
 has been fully described in the section devoted to the parks. Several 
 art loan exhibitions had been held, such wealthy and cultured citi- 
 zens as Prof. Charles Olney, Charles F. Brush and W. J. White 
 having contributed of their private treasures to make them successes, 
 and finally the large bequests from H. B. Ilurlbut, Thomas Kelley 
 and John Huntington made possible the erection of a beautiful mu- 
 seum building in Wade Park. 
 
 Early Cleveland Painters 
 
 Not a few of the original Bohemians joined the teaching force 
 of the Cleveland Scliool of Art. F. C. Gottwald and Henry G. Keller 
 became especially well known, both as teachers and as painters of 
 Italian scenes in water and oil. James H. Donahey, the famous car- 
 toonist of the Plain Dealer, is also a prominent member of the 
 faculty. ^lax Bohm is among the early Cleveland painters who re- 
 turned to England. He is noted as a strong marine painter and dec- 
 orative artist, and some of his bold and rich handiwork is seen on 
 the walls of the county court-house. A. M. Willard, long a resident 
 veteran of the brush, had become famous, the world over, as the
 
 566 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXX 
 
 painter of that inspiration to patriotism, "The Spirit of 76." Even 
 after passing his four-score yeare, he was still busy with his brush 
 and the fire in his eye was little dimmed. He died in 1818. 
 
 Sculptors Matzen and Niehaus 
 
 Herman N. Matzen, the Cleveland sculptor, has made himself 
 famous in the twentj'-five years of his artistic activities and creations, 
 lie is a native of Denmark and has all the strength, yet grace and 
 balance of the great northern artists. To illustrate Mr. ilatzen's 
 leadership as a sculptor it is only necessary to mention the following, 
 as among his works, to carry conviction to the minds of all well in- 
 formed men and women: "War and Peace," Indianapolis Soldiers' 
 and Sailors' Monument; Schiller Monument, Detroit; Burke mauso- 
 leum; and "Moses" and "Gregory," Cleveland court-house; and 
 •"Law and Justice," Akron court-house. 
 
 Carl Niehaus, or, as he now writes Charles Henry Niehaus, had 
 a studio on the top floor of the city hall in the late '80s, but he soon 
 joined the New York Bohemians. His fame as a sculptor is now inter- 
 national. 
 
 Clara Morris as a Cleveland Girl 
 
 All the great aetoi-s and actresses have at one time or another ap- 
 ■ peared before Cleveland audiences, but the only artist in that class 
 whom the city can claim as a resident was Clara Morris. She was 
 bom at Toronto, OntarH, in 1849, but when an infant was brought to 
 Cleveland where she was educated. She was a very precocious child 
 and when twelve years old became a member of tlie ballet in the old 
 Academy of Music. She rapidly advanced to be the leading lady and, 
 iti 1869, was called to Wood's Theater, Cincinnati, in that capacity. 
 In 1870, she became a member of Daly's Fifth Avenue Company, New 
 York, and while thus connected developed into the leading emo- 
 tional actress of America. She also wrote numerous books, some 
 of which showed marked litei'ary ability. Her start in Cleveland and 
 the dramatic world is thus described: "It is generally supposed 
 that Clara Morris, long retired and generally accepted as the best 
 emotional actress this country has produced, made her first appear- 
 ance on the Academy of Music stage. That, however, is erroneous. 
 Her real name was Clara Morrison and, in 1861, I. H. Carter brought 
 a company to play at the Tlieater Coniique. Carter boarded with a 
 ^frs. Miller, where Clara Morris' mother also lived. Clara was stage
 
 1861] ART AND ARTISTS 567 
 
 struck and was anxious to see real actors back of a real stage. This 
 heightened lier ambition and slie was given a few minor parts to 
 play. Shortly thereafter John Ellsler opened the Academy of Music 
 and gave Clara Morris an opportunity to shine in very small parts 
 in a good company."
 
 CHAPTER XXXI 
 
 AUTHORS AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS 
 
 By H. G, Cutler 
 
 The temptation to write, to record one's thoughts or classified 
 facts on paper and in print, is sometimes normal and at other times 
 acquired, inspired by contact with others who have entered the field 
 from one cause or another. In the old days those who became authors 
 were generally led to the work because they honestly liked it, or 
 thought that they could do more good by following that calling than 
 any other. With the multiplication of newspapers, magazines and 
 other ephemeral agencies of publication, with stories current of easy 
 fortunes made by the pen and pencil, authorship has become either 
 more commercial or something to be adopted as a matter of fashion. 
 In not a few quarters, it is becoming "stylish" to write for the press 
 or to be known as the author of books, and snug fortunes in money 
 have made not a few names in literature. 
 
 First Literary Societies and Lyceums 
 
 The first local evidence of a strong literary or intellectual bent 
 on the part of Cleveland's people was the formation of the New- 
 burg Literary Society in 1827. It received its charter from the Ohio 
 legislature on the fourteenth of December of that year and its trustees 
 were Lewis Peet, TheodoreJMiles and Allen Gaylord. There had been 
 other inconsequential debating societies, but the Newburg Literary 
 Society had considerable stability and was the first of its kind to be 
 dignified as an incorporated society. 
 
 The second thought worthy of that honor, the Cleveland Lyceum, 
 was incorporated in February, 1833, by Sherlock J. Andrews, John 
 W. Allen, Orvillc B. Skinner, James S. Clark, Irad Kelley, John 
 Barr, Leonard Case, Edward Baldwin, Richard Hussey, James L. 
 Conger and Thomas M. Kelley — all leading citizens. Several years 
 afterward the Cleveland Lyceum had over one hundred mcmliere, 
 with John Barr as its president and Charles Whittlesey a.s eorrc- 
 
 568
 
 1842] AUTHORS, ETC. 569 
 
 spondiug secretary. It established a Icfturo course, held debates and 
 for some time maintained a reading room. 
 
 Dickens Hits Cleveland Jingoism 
 
 This lyceum was in existence when Charles Dickens visited Cleve- 
 land in May, 1842, and left the following imprcs.sion of the little 
 town in his American Notes: "After calling at one or two flat places 
 with low dams stretching out into the lake whereon mere stumpy light 
 houses like windmills without sails, the whole looking like a Dutcii 
 vignette, we came at midnight to Cleveland, where we lay all night 
 and until 9 o'clock next morning. I entertained quite a curiosity in 
 reference to this place from having seen, at Sandusky, a specimen 
 of its literature in the shape of a newspaper which was very strong 
 indeed upon the subject of Lord Ashburton's recent arrival at Wash- 
 ington to adjust the points in dispute between the United States 
 Government and Great Britain ; informing its readers that as Amer- 
 ica had 'whipped' England in her infancy and 'whipped' her again 
 in her youth, so it was clearly necessary that she must 'whip' her 
 once again in her maturity ; and pledging its credit to all true Amer- 
 icans that if Mr. Webster did his duty in the approaching negotiations, 
 and sent the English lord home again in double-quick time, they 
 should, within two years, 'sing "Yankee Doodle" in Hyde Park and 
 "Hail Columbia" in the scarlet courts of Westminster.' I found 
 a pretty town and had the satisfaction of beholding the outside of the 
 office of the journal from which I quoted. I did not enjoy the delight 
 of seeing the wit who indicted the paragi-aph in question, but I 
 have no doubt he is a prodigious man in his way and held in high 
 repute by a select circle." The allusion to the arrival of Lord Ash- 
 burton and the jingo sentiment expressed by the Cleveland paper have 
 an interesting local flavor coming from the future great novelist; and 
 the Webster-Ashburton treaty of the following August blocked the 
 suggestion of the Cleveland editor (perhaps J. W. Gray) that Web.ster 
 send the English lord home again in "double-quick time." 
 
 After the Cleveland Lyceum came the Forest City Lyceum of 
 the '50s, which numbered among its members many young men who 
 afterward became prominent in business, financial and professional 
 life. Through these lyceums, at one time and another, some of the 
 most famous men of the country lectured in Cleveland — Emerson, Bay- 
 ard Taylor, Henry Ward Beecher, Salmon P. Chase, John G. Saxe,
 
 570 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXI 
 
 ]ilark Twain, John G. Dana, James Whiteomb Riley, John B. Gough, 
 Robert G. Ingersoll and others. 
 
 The Young Men's Literary Association, which was organized in 
 1836, for the express purpose of founding a circulating library, and 
 reorganized ten years later to join the Cleveland Librai'y Association 
 in furtherance of that object, also wielded a strong litei'ary and edu- 
 cational influence on the community. Its first ofReers were : Charles 
 Whittlesey, president; George C. Davis, secretaiy; S. W. Crittenden, 
 li'easurer; W. G. Oatman, corresponding secretary. 
 
 The Ark and the Arkites 
 
 But the organization which in early times was considered most 
 select, the verj^ name of which has come down to the literati and 
 
 (a) tJppor row: Dr. Elisha Sterling, Capt. B. A. Stanarcl, James .T. Tracy, Dr. A. 
 Maynaid, Rushnell White, Leonard Case, E. A. Scovil, George A. Stanley, Rufus K. Win- 
 slow and John Coon. 
 
 (b) Lower row (all seated) : William Cise, D. W. Cross, Stoughton Bliss and Henry 
 G. Abbey. 
 
 scientists of today through a bright and mellow light, was unincor- 
 porated, and so informal that, so far as known, it flourished for years 
 without officers or government of any kind. There are few of mature 
 years in Cleveland, especially if they at all are informed as to the 
 earlier literary movements of their city, who have not heard of the 
 Ark and its choice .spirits, the Arkites. Its real founder was William 
 Case, brother of the Leonard Case who founded the Sdiool of Ap-
 
 1858] , AUTHORS, ETC. 571 
 
 plied Science, but of such unstable licaltli tiiat he adopted an outdoor 
 life to build it up to normal. From a hunter throughout Ohio, Wichi- 
 gan and the Northwest he expanded into an enthusiastic and learned 
 naturalist, a delight and a valued assistant even to the great Audu- 
 bon. Long after the Ark had been abandoned, William Case com- 
 menced the erection of a building which should accommodate the 
 Young IMen's Library Association and the Kirtland Society of Nat- 
 ural History, but he died of consumption, in 1862, before it was com- 
 pleted. 
 
 The following is as complete a consecutive account of the building 
 and gradual dispersal of the Arkites as has been published: "In 
 connection with the early literary life of the city may be remembered 
 the Ark, the most noted club in our scientific and literary annals. It 
 was not an organization, but just a group of kindred spirits brought 
 together by the Case brothers, "William and Leonard, in the little 
 one-story ofifice that stood wliere the imposing Government building 
 now looks upon the square. When Leonard Case, Sr., abandoned this 
 modest office in the '30s his son William, of scientific bent, built a 
 small addition to it, where he stored his collection of birds and mam- 
 mals. And there, graduallj' and naturally, the bright young men 
 of the town of similar scientific bent, met in the evening for dis- 
 cussion, or reading, or other diversion; and so eventually the Ark 
 became populated with a group of the finest congenial spirits, the 
 Arkites. They were William Case, Leonard Case, Dr. Elisha Ster- 
 ling, Stoughton Bliss, Col. E. A. Scoville, George A. Stanley, Bushnell 
 White, Capt. B. A. Stannard, Dr. A. :\raynard, D. W. Cross, Henry G. 
 Abbey, R. K. Winslow, J. J. Tracy and John Coon. These were the 
 original Arkites whose portraits are shown in the painting of the 
 group ordered by William Case in 1858 and which now hangs in 
 the Historical Society. 
 
 "The building of the po.stoffice compelled the Ark to journey 
 across the street ea.stward. The building of Case Hall necessitated an- 
 other movement ea.stward, and finally the building of the City Hall (old 
 City Hall — Editor) caused the demolition of the little Ark. Its wood 
 was made into chairs, tables and other fixtures for the new rooms pro- 
 vided in Case Library building. William Case deeded the free use 
 of these rooms to the following gentlemen : Charles L. Rhodes, 
 Seneca 0. Griswold, David W. Cross, Herman JL Chapin, Edward A. 
 Scoville, William Sholl, James J. Tracy, Stoughton Bliss, Levi P. Scho- 
 field, Rodney Gale, Jabez W. Fitch, Henry G. Abbey, Bushnell White, 
 Benjamin A. Stannard and John Coon. 
 
 "The restless city demanded yet another sacrifice of the Arkites. 
 When the new postoffice was proposed Case Library building was
 
 572 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXI 
 
 needed as part of the site. Only three members of the Ark were left — 
 James J. Tracy, John Coon and Levi Sehofield, and to these the court 
 awarded 'damages.' James Tracy and John Coon have since passed 
 away and General Sehofield remains the only survivor of the famous 
 group." 
 
 The Western Reserve Histokical Society 
 
 For more than half a century tlie Western Reserve Historical 
 Society has been the rallying point around which the historical and, 
 to a large extent, the literary and scientific men and women of 
 Cleveland have gathered. There is certainly no one body which is 
 so representative of its intellectual activities as this. It was the 
 direct outgrowth of the Cleveland Libi'ary Association and was or- 
 ganized in April, 1867, as a branch of the association named. The 
 prime movers in the enterprise were Judge C. C. Baldwin, Col. Charles 
 Wliittlcsey, Joseph Perkins, John Barr, Henry A. Smith and A. T. 
 Goodman, all prominently identified with the Library Association. 
 The special acts of its creation and growth, mainly propelled through 
 the earnestness and abilities of Judge Baldwin and Colonel Whittlesey, 
 are given in detail in another paper. The foregoing paragraph is 
 written simply to record the existence of the leading society now in 
 existence typical of the higher intellectual activities of the scholarlj' 
 men and women of Cleveland. 
 
 The Libraries 
 
 The Public Library, of which the whole city is proud, appeals not 
 so much to special investigators as to the people en masse, thereby 
 realizing the primary purposes for which it was founded. 
 
 When to the Public Library, and the library and museum con- 
 nected with the Western Reserve Historical Society, are added the 
 collections housed under the corporate titles of the Western Reserve 
 University, the Case School of Ajjplied Science, St. Ignatius College, 
 the Case Library, and others with those specially founded for the 
 lawyers and doctors, the historians, the educators, the political econo- 
 mists and sociologists, the scientists, and the legal and the medical 
 fraternities need not go afield thoroughly to pursue what special in- 
 vestigations they may desire to make. In the light of such privileges, 
 it is not too much to expect tlic evolution of noteworthy individual 
 talent, even genius, from the ranks of the men and women of Cleve- 
 land who have striven to express and to live their higher thoughts 
 and ideals. Happily it is not too much to expect; and even the follow- 
 ing imperfect record .shows that such expectation has been realized.
 
 1860-87] AUTHORS, ETC. 573 
 
 Contributors to Genehai. Litkhattjre 
 
 On the carlioi- getu'ratioii of (Mevelaiulers who hecamo famous out- 
 side of newspapei" work, with which they were also ideiitiliod, none 
 would precede Charles F. Brown ("Artemus Ward") and Benjamin 
 F. Taylor — the former dying in the late '60s and tlie latter in the 
 late '80s. Their connection with the press of Cleveland has already 
 been described. Aside from his humorous writings, Artemus Ward 
 was most widely known as a lecturer, and of his lectures those whicb 
 dealt with the ''Mormons," and the "Shakers" were the most noto- 
 rious. As a side-splitting lecturer of dry humor and individual man- 
 nerisms he lias had but two equals on the platform, and they were, of 
 course. Josh Billings and Jlark Twain. 
 
 Benjamin F. Tavi-ok 
 
 Benjamin F. Taylor, or B. F. Taylor, as he preferred to be called, 
 was one of the most versatile writers who ever went forth from Cleve- 
 land ; and he returned to die in the city he loved. In the civil war 
 he was a newspaper correspondent at the front and, as a result, left 
 such graphic and enduring pictures as Mission Ridge and Lookout 
 Mountain and Pictures of Life in Camp and Field. There never were 
 more exquisite sketches of nature penned than Summer Savory, Jan- 
 uary and June and November Days. For a character etching read 
 Theophilus Trent; and Taylor's Poetical Works mark him as among 
 the most graceful of American versifiers. He died in 1887. 
 
 Constance Fenimore Woolson 
 
 Several Cleveland women have reached a high plane in the field 
 of general literature within the memory of the present generation. 
 Constance Fenimore Woolson 's novels and poems were read and 
 praised on two continents, and as careful a literary critic as Edmund 
 C. Stedman has placed on record his judgment of her, as follows: 
 "No woman of rarer personal qualities, or with more decided gifts 
 as a novelist, figured in our own generation of American writers." 
 Mrs. Woolson, who was a granddaughter of James Fenimore Cooper, 
 was bom in New York but educated in Cleveland and at the famous 
 French School in New York City. After residing continuously in the 
 Forest City from 1873 to 1879— from her twenty-fifth to her thirty- 
 first year — she commenced those travels to Florida, to Washington, 
 to England, to Italy and other parts of the United States and Europe, 
 which enabled her to write novels and descriptive works of such
 
 574 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXI 
 
 realistic force. Her Anne, Old Stone House, Castle Nowhere, Lake 
 County Sketches, Dorothy and Other Italian Stories, East Angels, 
 Jumper Lights, and The Transplanted Boy, with Tivo Women: A 
 Poem, may be instanced as illustrations of the range and variety of 
 her works. 
 
 Sarah K. Bolton 
 
 Sarah Knowles Bolton, one of the most prolific and able writers 
 among the distinguished women of Cleveland, was born in Connecti- 
 
 ' "* 
 
 Sakah K. Bolton 
 
 cut and educated in the widely known school conducted by Catharine 
 Beecher at Hartford. Siie published a mimlicr of poems in her very 
 young womanhood, but became more widely known al'tci- licr mar- 
 riage to Charles E. Bolton, not long after the civil war. Mr. Bolton 
 had been prominent in the relief work of the Christian and Sanitary 
 Commission, and at the conclusion of peace located in Cleveland, en-
 
 lDOO-18] AUTIIOKS, ETC. 575 
 
 tered business and afterward beeanio widely known in eonneetion 
 with the edueational bureau of the Young Men's Christian Association. 
 He traveled widely and illustrated his descriptive lectures most 
 superbly, his means and taste onablinf;: liini to aeeomiilish this work. 
 Mrs. Bolton thus gathered much valua))le material for lior later works, 
 although she first came into notice as a writer by licr contributions 
 to Ilarpir's Basar, the Independent, the Congrecjationalist and other 
 Eastern publications while she was a resident of Cleveland. Such 
 juvenile works as How Success is Won, Lives of Poor Boys Who Be- 
 came Famous and Girls Who Became Famous had a wide circulation 
 and were classed as among the most wholesome literature of the day. 
 
 The reputation of the late Sarah Chauiicey Woolsey (Susan 
 Coolidge), who died in 1905, rests upon her notable contributions to 
 juvenile literature. She was the author of What Katy Did, Eye 
 Bright, Cross Patch, A Round Dozen, Just Sixteen and other books 
 for the young. 
 
 Lydia Hoyt Farmer w-as the author of a number of works wiiich 
 stand well as works of graceful instruction which appealed l)otli to 
 the young and mature readers. She died in 1903. Among her pub- 
 lications were Boys' Book of Famous Rulers, Girls' Book of Famous 
 Queens, A Story Book of Science, What America Owes to Women, 
 and a Short History of the French Revolution. 
 
 Ezra F. Kendall, who resided on his farm outside of Cleveland, 
 and is deceased, was long known as a lecturer and writer of pro- 
 nounced humor. He also wrote several plays. His Good Gravy, Spots 
 of M'lt and Humor and Tell It to Me will be remembered by many. 
 
 Edmund Vance Cooke 
 
 Edmund Vance Cooke is a well known Clevelander of early middle 
 age who has given himself almost exclusively to literary matters, in- 
 cluding the writing of poems and stories and lecturing, with lecture 
 entertainments. His Patch of Pansies, Impertinent Poems and Little 
 Tot, stories are widely read. Mr. Cooke has served as president of the 
 International Lyceum Association and of the Cleveland Single Tax 
 Club ; is a charter member of the American Press Humori.sts and has 
 been chairman of the Progressive Constitutional Leagiie of Cuyahoga 
 County. It is evident that he is a thinker and reformer, as w-ell as a 
 poet. He is widely known to the Cleveland reading public, both to 
 those who are newspaper readers and those who seek more permanent 
 literary collections. Mr. Cooke's most widely admired single poem, 
 a peculiarly healthful inspirational for these times, is
 
 576 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXI 
 
 "How Dm You Dm?" 
 
 Did yoii tackle tliat trouble that came your way 
 
 With a resolute heart and cheerful? 
 Or hide your face from the light of day 
 
 With a craven soul and fearful? 
 Oh, a trouble's a ton, or a trouble's an ounce, 
 
 Or a trouble is what you make it. 
 And it isn't the fact that you're hurt that counts, 
 
 But onl}' how did you take it? 
 
 You are beaten to earth? Well, well, what's that? 
 
 Come up with a smiling face ! 
 It's nothing against yoii to fall down flat. 
 
 But to lie there — that's disgrace. 
 The harder you're thrown, why the higher you bounce, 
 
 Be proud of your blackened eye ! 
 It isn't the fact that you're licked that counts; 
 
 It's how did you fight and why? 
 
 And though you be done to the death, what then? 
 
 If you battled the best you could, 
 If you played your ]iart in the world of men. 
 
 Why, the Critic will call it good. 
 Death comes with a crawl, or comes with a pounce. 
 
 And whether he's .slow or spry. 
 It isn't the fact that you're dead that counts, 
 
 But only how did you die? 
 
 Mrs. Jane Elliott Snow has done considerable literary work of a 
 high order and is widely known as one of the most active and bril- 
 liant women of Cleveland, who has wonderfully retained her elasticity 
 of spirits and mentality while gracefully descending the western slopes. 
 Her Women of Tennyson and Life of William McKinley are among 
 her representative books. 
 
 Cleveland Lawyers as Authors 
 
 Several Cleveland lawyers have branched out into general litci'a- 
 ture to such purposes that to the public at large they are better known 
 as authors than in the profession for which they were seriously trained. 
 Ezra S. Brudno is a native of Lithuania, so foully overrun by Ger- 
 many, and his Jewish stories, many of which are founded on the ex- 
 periences of his childhood and boyhood, are strongly and tenderly 
 written. Mr. Brudno is highly educated, being a graduate of the 
 Western Reserve University and Yale's law school. He has practised 
 his profession in Cleveland since 1001, and has served also as as-
 
 1900-18] AUTHORS, ETC. 577 
 
 sistant district attoruoy, but it is as the autlior of The Fugitive, Lit- 
 tle Comcript, One of Us, Scribes and Pharisees that he is known 
 outside of his home city and state. 
 
 Hubert B. Fuller has practised law in Cleveland since 11)03. lie 
 is a Yale College graduate, from which ho ha,s received two degrees, 
 and Columbian (now George Washington) University has conferred 
 two more upon him (LL. B. and LL. JM.). For a number of years 
 he was also secretary to United States Senator Theodore Burton. Doe- 
 tor Fuller is the author of several works on history and law : Th'. 
 Purchase of Florida, The Speakers of the House, and llie Law of 
 Accident and Employers' Liability Insurance. 
 
 Charles W. Chesnutt is a practising law.yer of Cleveland, who in 
 his early manhood was an educator in North Carolina and a news- 
 paper man in New York City. He is the author of a number of 
 works such as The Conjure Woman, The Wife of His Youth, Life of 
 Frederick Douglass, The House Behind the Cedars, The Marrow of 
 Tradition, and The Colonel's Dream. 
 
 A man well past middle age before he commenced his literary 
 career, Albert Gallatin Riddle, the able lawyer and legislator, who 
 died in 1902, at the age of eighty-six, has left a series of strong de- 
 scriptive and historical works, including Bart Ridgely, The Portrait, 
 House of Boss, Anselm's Cave, Life and Character of Garfield, Life of 
 Benjamin F. Wade, and Recollections of War Times. There are few 
 writers who have more graphically dealt with scenes, incidents and 
 characters connected with Cuyahoga County and the Western Reserve 
 than Mr. Riddle. 
 
 Educational and Historical 
 
 Many of Cleveland's most prominent men and women have left 
 their impress upon the educational and historical fields of literature. 
 It is impossible for the practical workers and builders in an expand- 
 ing community to do otherwise than to promote, through the printed 
 column and page, the vital causes which are nearest their hearts and 
 to which their minds go forth with such fervor. 
 
 Colonel Whittlesey and Judge Baldwin 
 
 Colonel Charles W^hittlcsey's list of historical writings, dealing 
 largely with Western Reserve subjects, make a tract by itself. His 
 Early History of Cleveland is still standard. He also made numer- 
 ous scientific contributions to the publications of the Smithsonian In-
 
 578 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXI 
 
 stitution, and whatever he wrote, or performed, had for its ultimate 
 object the enlightenment and education of the people with whom his 
 lot was east for so many years. The early literary societies, the early 
 press, the early scientific organizations, the early explorations in 
 geologj' and archaeology' were all identified with his name and pen. 
 He was a mining engineer of great distinction, a member of the first 
 geological sur^-ey of Ohio, and one of the founders of the Cleveland 
 Academj' of Natural Sciences and the Western Reserve Historical 
 Soeiet}', so that his doings far outstripped his writings, voluminous 
 as they were. 
 
 The same may be said of Judge Charles C. Baldwin, whose fame as 
 a member of the bench and bar was so pronounced that it is detailed 
 in the record devoted to the legal profession, and yet his historical 
 and scientific writings are so numerous and valuable as to be in a class 
 by themselves. 
 
 Elroy McKendree Avery, the author of this volume, has written 
 largely on the subjects of physical science and American history. 
 His wife, Catherine H. T. Avery, was a member of the Woman's Press 
 Club of Cleveland and, for a dozen years prior to her death, was editor 
 of The American Monthly Magazine, the official organ of the National 
 Society, Daughters of the American Revolution. Biographical sketches 
 of both of them will appear in a later volume of Cleveland and Its 
 Envirmxs. 
 
 Identified with the Western Reserve University 
 
 A number of those who have become prominent in educational and 
 historical literature have been identified, more or less closely, with 
 the Western Reserve University. Dr. Oliver F. Emerson, who has been 
 professor of English since 1896, is a native of Iowa still on the sunny 
 side of sixty, and received his first degree, A. M., from Iowa College, 
 in 1882. He was superintendent of schools of two large cities in the 
 Hawkeye State and principal of Iowa College Academy before he 
 commenced his service of eight years with Cornell University as a 
 teacher of English and rhetoric. Iowa College has conferred A. M. 
 and Lift. D. upon him and Cornell, Ph. D. Doctor Emerson is the 
 author- of several histories of the English language and the Middlf 
 Eiicjlish Header, and has edited such genei'al literary works as John- 
 son's Ra^sclas, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Edward Gibbon, 
 and Poems of Chaucer.
 
 iy00-18J AUTllUUS, ETC. 579 
 
 Edvvavcl G. Boiinie, who died in 1908, was a Yale graduate and 
 connected with the faculty of Adclhert College in ISSH-Df). He iiuule 
 a fine recunl Koth as an antlioi- and an educator and after leaving 
 (Jlevehuul was prdniiuently idciititied with Yale University. 
 
 Prof. Henry M. IJourne, U'ading educator and historical writer, 
 and since 1892 at the head of the historical department in the Western 
 Reserve Univei'sity, was born in New York and is a Yale graduate 
 and fellow. Before coming to Cleveland he vvas associate editoi' of 
 the Congregatiotialist, Boston, and taught history and psj-ehology in 
 Connecticut. Besides holding the chair of history in the Western 
 Reserve University, Professor Bourne was its registrar in 189;M!)01. 
 He is the author of Teaching of History and Civics, Mediceval and 
 Modern Tlistory and B evolutionary Period in Europe, has edited 
 Lecky's French Uevolution and is a constant contributor to standard 
 reviews. 
 
 Dr. Albert Bushnell Hart is well known to the faculty of the 
 Western Reserve and to Cleveland students and wi'iters of history, 
 and one of his LL. D.'s came from the home institution. The son of a 
 Cleveland physician, for twent\-Hve years past he has been identified 
 with the faculty of Harvard and his numerous works on American 
 history, which have earned him a high reputation, have been issued 
 by eastern houses. He was the editor-in-chief of the American Xation, 
 a cooperative histoiy in twenty-seven volumes, issued in 1903-08. 
 Doctor Hart has also served as president of the American Historical 
 Association. 
 
 Dr. James Ford Rhodes, much of whose reputation as a historical 
 scholar, writer and lecturer has been made in the East of the United 
 States and in Europe, is a resident of Boston. He was born in Cleve- 
 land seventy years ago and was educated in Xew York, Chicago and 
 abroad. He has received learned degrees from the We.stern Uni- 
 versity, Harvard, Yale, the University of Wisconsin, New York 
 University, Princeton, O.xford and others, and has membership in 
 numerous learned societies. Like Doctor Hart, he has also been hon- 
 ored with the presidency of th(; American Ilistoi'ieal .Association. 
 His largest publication is the History of the United States from the 
 Compromise of 1850, in eight volumes. 
 
 Burke A. Hinsdale, a leader in educational work, was a personal 
 friend of James A. Garfield and edited his works, which were pub- 
 lished in two volumes. He was also the author of President Garfield 
 and Eduratian, The Old Northwest, TIow to Study and Teach Tlis- 
 tory and The American Government. His death occurred in 1900.
 
 580 . CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXI 
 
 Harvey Rice 
 
 Harvey Rice, whose gi-eat, personality has Wen repeatedly pro- 
 jected on these pages, was one of the first of Cleveland's prominent 
 citizens to place on record some of the historical matters connected 
 with the "Western Reserve which had come into his life. What the 
 writers of Cleveland history would have done without his Founder 
 of City of Cleveland, Pioneers of Western Reserve, Incidents of Pio- 
 neer Life and Sketches of Western Life, it is impossible to say, for, 
 like the poor, ' ' we have them always with us. ' ' 
 
 Samuel P. Orth 
 
 Samuel P. Orth was active in Cleveland for several years, as a 
 lawyer, lecturer, educator and historian. lie was born in Micliigaii, 
 graduated from Oberlin College and subsequently from the University 
 of Michigan, his course in the latter being law and political science. 
 He held the chair of political science and public law at Buchtel Col- 
 lege, Akron, Ohio, and afterward took a post-graduate course and 
 became a fellow in these branches at Columbia University, from which 
 he ol)tained the Ph. D. degree. Doctor Orth practistxl law in Cleve- 
 land from 1903 to 1912, during wliich he was also president of the 
 board' of education, assistant United States attorney, and lecturer 
 on the branches in which he had been educated for the Western Re- 
 serve Univei-sity, the Case School of Applied Science and Oberlin 
 College. During that period he also became the author of several 
 historical works, the most valuable of which was .1 Bistory of Cleve- 
 land, to which the writer of this chai)ter, with pleasure, acknowledges 
 his indebtedness. In 1912, Doctor Orth left Cleveland to a.ssume the 
 chair of political science at Cornell University, which he still holds. 
 Since his departure from the Forest City he has published a work of 
 considerable scope. Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 1913. 
 
 James H. Kennedy 
 
 James II. Kennedy, who was educated in Clcvclaiiil :iii(l was for 
 years on the Leader, also contributed much valuable local history to 
 permanent literature. His History of Cleveland. Bench and Bar of 
 Cleveland and many contributions 1o 1lie Magazine of Western His- 
 tory, with works of a more general luiture, such as Early History of 
 Mormonism, gave him a good standing while he resided in Cleveland. 
 From 1889 to 1902, he was editor of the Magazine of Western History,
 
 li)00-18J AUTHORS, ETC. 581 
 
 and for ten years after lie moved to Xew Yoi-k acted as correspondent 
 of the I'laiii Dealer, ^h: Kennedy was a member of the Cleveland 
 Public Library Board and has served in the same capacity in the na- 
 tion's metropolis. He lias also edited the Aiucrican Nation series of 
 three volumes, and in the larger city continued his Cleveland career 
 of reliable abilitv. 
 
 Leading Educators as Writers 
 
 Andrew J. RickolT, Cleveland's p:reat suporiiiteiident of schools, 
 was too absoi'bed in the practical work of molding an cducalioiial 
 system, and giving it elastic life, to do much in the way of authorship. 
 But his Appleton's Scries of Readers, which he prepared with "Wil- 
 liam T. Harris, afterwards United States commissioner of education, 
 are still recalled as among the most satisfactory school text books ever 
 placed on the market. 
 
 Harriet L. Keelcr, one of the veteran educators of Cleveland, and 
 a writer of considerable note, obtained .her A. B. from Oberlin Col- 
 lege in 1870, in the days when such distinction was rare. Miss Keele'r 
 was superintendent of primary instruction in the Cleveland public 
 schools in 1871-79, teacher in the Central High School from 1879 to 
 1909 and superintendent of schools from January to September, 1912. 
 Her writing of books has been along lines of English coinjiositioii 
 and botany, especially of the latter. Wild Flowers of Early Spring, 
 Our Native Trees, Our Northern Shrubs and Our Garden Flowers 
 were valuable contributions to that class of literature. 
 
 "W. J. Akers, an old settler, an early member of the board of edu- 
 cation, and otherwise "a part of which he wrote," has made a valu- 
 able contribution to local history in his Tlistory of the Cleveland 
 Public Schools; Clara A. Urann, as a writer for the local press, is 
 also to be listed with credit, and ^Irs. Gertrude Van R. Wickham's 
 Early History of Cleveland has been drawn upon to some extent.
 
 CHAPTER XXXII 
 
 NEWSPAPERS AND THEIR BUILDERS 
 
 Bxj H. G. Cutler 
 
 Cleveland, like other great cities of the Eastern West — the Mid- 
 dle West no longer applies — has been honored with ably conducted 
 newspapers, and brilliant and influential newspaper men and women, 
 furnishing powerful agencies and agents in the development and con- 
 stant inspiration of the home community. Public men have used the 
 local press as the medium of their thoughts and aspirations, and 
 passed to other fields of accomplishment. Men and women who have 
 subsequently became famous authors have first tried their literary 
 wings in the columns of the home newspapers. Others, whose ambi- 
 tions were even confined to the daily and hourly fascinations and 
 neiTfe- wearing rush of metropolitan journalism, have gone forth to 
 even broader fields than are covered b_y Cleveland; while still others 
 have striven through long years of honorable and able efforts to ad- 
 vance the best interests of their home city and the nation at large. 
 
 The call upon man or woman to produce a successful editor is 
 serious and imperative. It means prompt thouglit and action and per- 
 sistent work and alertness. Yet tliose who have never been straining 
 in the traces imagine that "anyone can run a newspaper." Raise a 
 little money, buy .some type, hire a printer if you are not one your- 
 self, light a pipe or cigar, put on your thinking cap, dash off a lot of 
 copy, set the world on fire, and make a good living and a name for 
 yourself and posterity ! Before the men and women of training and 
 stern stuff arrive, every community has therefore its experimenters in 
 tlie making of newspapers. 
 
 First Newsp.\i>kr Not .\ Success 
 
 Cleveland's first newsiuiper, the Gazette and Commercial Reg- 
 ister* appeared on Friday, the thirty-first (if July, 1818, and sus- 
 pended, after many trials and tribulatioMs. on the twenty-first of 
 .March, 1820. It wa.s edited \>y one Andrew Logan, who is said to have 
 
 * See page 117. 
 
 582
 
 1818-37] NEWSPAPERS, ETC. 583 
 
 been a descendant of the noted IMin^o ehiff and who, to try his Cleve- 
 land experiment, brought a rickety hand press and some worn-out 
 type from Pennsylvania. C. V. J. Hickox was associated with Logan. 
 
 Cleveland Herald and Eben D. Howe 
 
 But the forceful men had already entered the local newspaper 
 field and planted an institution which was to be the foundation of a 
 substantial and progi-essive press. On the nineteenth of October, 
 
 1819, appeared the first luiiuber of the Cleveland Herald * which ex- 
 isted as a vigorous independent newspaper for some si.xty years. L. 
 Willes, who had lately established the Erie Gazette, was induced by 
 his old friend, Ehen D. Howe, to come to Cleveland, and he brought 
 with him his press and type. The two thus founded the Cleveland Her- 
 ald, weekly, which was first issued from a little one-storj' cabin directly 
 opposite the Commercial Coffee House on Superior Street. In October, 
 
 1820, it was moved to a location opposite Mowry's Tavern and a few 
 rods from the courthouse. 
 
 Mr. Howe, in his autobiography, gives a few details of his uj)- 
 hill, cross-country fight, to work up the Herald circulation. The 
 circumstantial evidence goes to show that Mr. Willes kept things in 
 order at home, while Mr. Howe hustled hard on the outside. 
 
 Evidently the strain upon Mr. Howe was too severe, for in 1821 
 he sold his interests in the Herald and moved to Painesville, where 
 he edited the Telegraph. Meanwhile the Gazette and Commercial Heg- 
 ister had surrendered to circumstances and Mr. Willes' paper liad the 
 local field to itself. Ill health compelled him to sell the plant and 
 good will of the Herald to Jewett Paine, in 1826 ; Mr. Paine, who died 
 in 1828, was succeeded by John R. St. John and he, in turn, by Ben- 
 jamin Andrews. The last named was a prominent local politician 
 and was for a time postmaster of Cleveland. 
 
 JosLMi A. Harris 
 
 In August, 1834, L. L. Rice began the publication of the Clcvk- 
 land Whig, a weekly that became a semi-weekly in March of the fol- 
 lowing year. In May, 1836, Mr. Rice also founded the Daily Gazette, 
 which on the first of January, 1837, he sold to Whittlesey (Charles) 
 & Bliss (Stoughton). In the spring following Whittlesey & Harris 
 (Josiah A.) purchased both the Gazette and the Herald and combined 
 
 * See page 122.
 
 584 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIEONS [Chap. XXXII 
 
 them under the name of the Herald and Gazette. Colonel Whittlesey 
 sold his interest in 1838 and Mr. Harris became sole editor and pro- 
 prietor. Under his management, in 1845, the office was moved to the 
 Merchants' Exchange and a steam power press was installed, as an 
 unquestioned and novel evidence of progress and solid prosperit.y. 
 The name became plain the Herald in 1843 and, early in 1850, A. W. 
 Fairbanks of the Toledo Blade joined ilr. Harris in its publication, 
 as well as in a printing and bookbinding business. The establishment 
 moved into a building of its own in January, 1851. This Herald 
 Building, at 60 Bank Sti-eet, was the first stone-front business block 
 to be erected in Cleveland, the raw material for its construction being 
 taken from the sandstone quarries nine miles up the canal. The post- 
 office was located on the first floor of the new building. 
 
 A. W. Fairbanks 
 
 In 1857, Josiah A. Harris, after a continuous and honorable serv- 
 ice of twenty years, retired from the Herald, and for the succeeding 
 two decades his old and faithful associate, A. W. Fairbanks, was 
 captain of the enterprise. Therefore, it cannot be stretching the 
 truth to assert that Messrs. Harris and Fairbanks made the Herald, 
 for years the leading newspaper of Cleveland. In 1872, ^Ir. Fair- 
 banks became sole proprietor of the concern by purchasing the Bene- 
 dict interests. Five years later, or in the autumn of 1877, Richard 
 C. Parsons, who had served a term in congress, and William P. Fogg, 
 a business man, purchased the paper of Mr. Fairbanks and organized 
 The Herald Publishing Company. Mr. Pai'sons assumed the editor- 
 ship and Mr. Fogg the business management. But it soon became 
 evident to the reading public that the Herald was lacking in gen- 
 eral vitality and that something which makes a readable and influen- 
 tial newspaper. 
 
 Division of the Herald 
 
 The final result was that in 1SS5 its mechanical i)lant was juir- 
 chased by the Plain Dealer, which had been buffeting along for over 
 fifty years, and its subscription list and good will went to the Leader, 
 which had been developing for about two-score years. Much of that 
 period, however, it had labored in the rough seas of journalism sadly 
 deficient in financial power. So Ihat, despite the brilliant editorial 
 administration of J. W. Cray, from 1841 to 1861, the Phin Dealer 
 was somewhat nnrcrtain mi its feet unlil 1S85, when L. V). lloMrn
 
 1831-45] XKWSi'Al'EKS, ETC. 585 
 
 secured control, the llcrahl plant was added to its equipment, J. 11. 
 A. Bone became ideutitied with its editorial stall" and other events 
 combined to stabilize the enterprise. 
 
 Founding op tiik Plain Dealer 
 
 But to return to the birth of the Plain Dealer. On the sixtli of 
 January, 1831, was issued the first number of the Cleveland Adver- 
 tiser, edited and published by Henry BoUes and Madison Kelley. 
 Within the succeeding four years it passed through a number of hands, 
 and in January, 1835, its office was over the postoffice. The Advertiser 
 was originally a whig organ and John W. Allen was one of its editors, 
 but evidently the patronage from the party was not encouraging, for, 
 in 1834, two young democratic printers from Chagrin Falls became its 
 proprietors. Soon afterward they moved their plant to "over the 
 postoffice." They stugglcd with it through the panic of 1837 and 
 the hard times which followed, but in December, 1841, sold the Ad- 
 vertiser to Admiral N. and J. W. Gray. From that time commences 
 the history of the newspaper under the strikingl.y appropriate name 
 the Plain Dealer. 
 
 The new owners took formal possession on the first of January, 
 1842, and on the seventh of January tlie first issue of the re-cliristened 
 Plain Dealer made its entry into newsj)aperdom. The Gray brothers 
 were Vermonters; J. W., a young lawyer then soliciting practice, and 
 neither of them editors nor practical newspaper men, but hard work- 
 ers, clever and canny. In 1845, A. N. Gray witlidi-ew from the part- 
 nership, leaving J. W. Gray in undisputed possession; "and from 
 that year, through the seventeen years the paper was under his con- 
 trol, the Plain Dealer was J. W. Gray and J. W. Gray was the Plain 
 Dealer." Continuing the story, its diamond jubilee edition of 1916, 
 says: "In one of the early issues of the paper the editor sets out 
 to explain why he gave the Plain Dealer the unusual name it bears. 
 In his whimsical fashion he calls it a simple title, straightforward, 
 readily understood and 'warranted not to frighten the ladies.' \o 
 doubt the choice of the name was largely due to the editor's familiar- 
 ity with English literature, its plays and colloquialisms. 
 
 "It was during the administration of J. W. Gray that the Plain 
 Dealer became an evening daily, a daring and even reckless change. 
 But it weathered the threatening winds and waves, and .iust a little 
 later felt so sure of its course that it contracted for a share in the use of 
 the first steam printing-press brought to the city. It was brought by
 
 586 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXII 
 
 Closes C. Younglove, a job printer with progressive ideas and the neces- 
 sary capital. 
 
 "The decade, 1851-60, proved an awakening period for the Cleve- 
 land dailies. The electric telegraph, introduced to the city in 1849, 
 became a necessaiy factor. The steam railways, dating from the 
 opening of the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati line in 1851, mate- 
 rially increased business and opened new fields of \isefulness. 
 
 "During this ten-year period Editor Gray's staff at various times 
 included a number of writers who were destined to achieve unusual 
 fame. Among them were J. B. Bonghton. afterwards and for many 
 years a distinguished editorial writer on one of the New York dailies ; 
 David R. Locke, who became editor of the Toledo Blade, and author 
 of the 'Na.sby Letters;' William E. McLaren, afterwards a bishop 
 of the Protestant Episcopal chnreli ; James D. Cleveland, a leading 
 lawj'er; A. M. Griswold, journalist, humorist and lecturer; George 
 Hoyt, journalist and artist; Charles Farrar Browne, who gained 
 world wide fame as Artemns Ward. It was while Browne was on 
 the Plain Dealer staff — which he joined in the autumn of 1857 — 
 that he adopted his nom de plume and be^an the publication of his 
 inimitable letters. 
 
 "The riain Dealer columns were further enriched during this 
 period by letters from abroad written by two leading Clevelanders, 
 J. H. Sargent and George M. Marshall, both trained writers and in- 
 telligent observers. 
 
 "J. W. Gray, founder, promoter and editor of the Plain Dealer, 
 died on May 26, 1862. 
 
 " 'His life,' to quote from the tribute of one of his associates, 'af- 
 fords another example to the rising young men of the day, of the 
 l)ower of will to triumph over all obstacles, when to an indefatigable 
 industry is added those exemplary virtues, strict integrity and tem- 
 ]>crance. ' 
 
 "The paper suffered from the loss of tlie guiding haml, and for sev- 
 eral years its progress was not satisfactory. 
 
 "In 1865 it passed into the control of William W. Armstrong, a 
 journalist and politician, whose newspaper career had commenced 
 wifli the editorship of the Tiffin Advertiser. 
 
 "Twenty years later Liberty E. Ilolden liecame the Plain Dealer 'fs 
 owner and editor, and a little later bought the moribund Herald 
 and merged the two. The Plain Dealer had been an evening paper 
 since its inception. Mr. lloblcii retained th(> evening odilioii and 
 founded the morning and Sundav issue.
 
 1885-1918] XKWSl'Al'Eli.S, ETC. 587 
 
 "The first morniiisi Plain Dealer appeared March 16, 1885, and 
 carried this declaration of principles at its masthead: 
 
 " 'We shall endeavor to discuss all pulilic measures fairly and 
 honestly, granting to others, as we ask for ourselves, confidence in 
 the sincerity of our convictions. We shall at all times be watchful of 
 the rights of man, holding that man is superior to party, and that 
 all governnu^nt should he for the g(K)d of the governed. To these 
 ends we solicit the patronage of our fellow citizens.' 
 
 "When Mr. Holden bought the Plain Dealer he removed the plant 
 from its Seneca Street location to the corner of Bank and Frankfort 
 streets. Here it renuiined until 18i)6, when it was removed to the 
 corner of Superior Avenue and Bond Street, now East Sixth Street, 
 the [irescnt site. On the second of Feburary, 1908, the building was 
 destroyed by fire, but not an issue was missed. In November, 1911, 
 the Plain Dealer celebrated the 70th year of its existence and its occu- 
 pancy of its model new home, though the newspaper had been issued 
 from the building a year earlier. 
 
 "The change in ownership proved a desirable stiumlus, and the 
 Plain Dealer went its way with fresh vigor. In the meantime Mr. 
 Holden had extended his activities into many other fields, and, in 
 1898, leased the Plain Dealer for a period of nine years to Elbert 
 H. Baker and Charles E. Kennedy. Mr. Baker was already at that 
 time a man of ripe experience in newspaper work. Mr. Kennedy also 
 was trained to the business. 
 
 "At the expiration of the contract, in 1907, ]Mr. Kennedy withdrew, 
 and Mr. Holden made a like contract with Mr. Baker as lessee and 
 general manager. Mr. Holden died August 26, 1913. 
 
 "The Plain Dealer became the property of the Holden Estate, and 
 Mr. Baker was made president and general manager of The Plain 
 Dealer Publishing Co." 
 
 As stated at the head of its editorial page: "The Plain Dealer and 
 Daily Leader. The PMn Dealer was established as the Evening 
 Plain Dealer in 1841. Morning and Sunday editions founded in 1885 
 by L. E. Holden. Published every day in the year by the Plain 
 Dealer Publishing Company." 
 
 Elbert II. Baker, president and general manager, had twenty 
 years' experience and advancement in connection with the Herald 
 and the Leader before he became identified with the Plain Dealer as 
 described. In 1912-14 he served as president of the American 
 Newspaper Publishers Association.
 
 588 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXII 
 
 Quaint, Lovable "Aetemus Ward" 
 
 To the foregoing brief reference of Artemus Ward a few words 
 may be added, in view of the world-wide fame as a humorous writer 
 and lecturer, which he earned after he had graduated from the 
 Plain Dealer. His newspaper column, through which the Maine 
 Yankee first came into public notice, was headed "Artemus Ward's 
 Sayings." After Mr. Brown had passed three years with the paper, 
 more or less industriously, he bids farewell to Cleveland in its issue 
 of the tenth of November, 1860 : ' ' The undersigned closes his connec- 
 tion with the Plain Dealer with this evening's issue. During the three 
 years that he has contributed to these columns he has endeavored to 
 impart a cheerful spirit to them. He believes it is far better to stay in 
 sunshine while he may, inasmuch as the shadow must of its own accord 
 come only too soon. He cannot here in fit terms express his deep 
 gratitude to the many, including every member of the press of Cleve- 
 land, who have so often manifested the most kindly feeling toward 
 himself. But he can very sincerely say that their courtesy 
 and kindness will never be forgotten. 
 
 "The undersigned may be permitted to flatter himself that he has 
 some friends among the readers of newspapers. May we meet again. 
 
 "Charles F. Brown." 
 
 It is to be noted that the card in the Plain Dealer is signed 
 Brown, although most of Artemus Ward's biographies spell the family 
 name Browne. His most famous lecture on "The Mormons" he de- 
 livered all over the English-speaking world. While on one of his 
 lecture tours, at Southampton, England, a little over seven years after 
 bidding his Cleveland friends farewell, the lovable humorist died of 
 consumption. 
 
 Benjamin F. Taylor 
 
 Benjamin F. Taylor, the i)oe1 and Inimorist, who was a rare com- 
 bination of both temperaments, contributed to the Plain Dealer and 
 other Cleveland i)a])ers. Like Ai'tcinus Ward he also traveled and 
 lectured. He died in Cleveland on the twenty-fourth of February, 1887. 
 
 Of late years the paper has numbered many talented men and 
 women among its editors, feature writers and conlributors. Its man- 
 aging editor, Eric C. no|)\\()(iii. is a leading journalist. William (i. 
 Rose, widely known as an expert business counselor, was for a mnnl)er 
 of years dramatic critic of tlie Plain Dealer, and William R. Rose is 
 well known in its daih' cijlnniiis :is the author ol' ".Ml in the Hiix's
 
 1852-1918] NEWSl'Al'KIJS, KTC. 589 
 
 \Vork." Among the I'lain Dealer woineu whom recent years have 
 brought to tlie front may be mentioned Jessie C. Glasier and Mary D. 
 Donahey, pithy and instruL'tive writers on domestic and social topics. 
 Of the cartoonists permanently connected with the I'lain Dealer none 
 has become more widely admired and his productions absorbed and 
 laughed over than John II. Donahey, "Uncle Biff." 
 
 The West Side Produces Newsp.m'krs 
 
 It early became evident to those who had tlic progress of the 
 West Side at heart that tlu-y nnist have a live newspaper at their 
 command. Bo on the twenty-si.\th of May, 1836, T. H. Smead and fjy- 
 man W. Hall commenced the i)ublication of the Ohio (Jity Argus. 
 Although Mr. Smead was a fine printer, he was not an expert editor 
 and, although he continued to issue the paper alone for a numlier of 
 years after Mr. Hall's withdi-awal, was obliged to suspend its publica- 
 tion. 
 
 Young Edwin CIowles Introduced 
 
 Then R. B. Dennis, in 1844, founded the Ohio American on the 
 West Side. It is said that Edwin Cowles was one of his "devils." 
 At all events when the youthful printer was but eighteen (in 1845) 
 he took over the Ohio Americwn as publisher and associated himself 
 with L. L. Rice^ editor. In the following year, M. W. Miller assumed 
 its publication and so continued until 1848. In the meantime, it had 
 been absorbed by the True Democrat, a newspaper which had been 
 transplanted from Lorain County, and the Ohio Americwn had relin- 
 quished its name to its captor. Several changes in proprietorshiji 
 occurred before 1851, when its owners, Vaughn & Thomas, imported 
 a strong Boston editor, George Bradburn, and made the True Demo- 
 crat popular throughout the Western Reserve. 
 
 Joseph Medill and Edwin Cowles Associated 
 
 In 1852, Joseph Mcdill came to Cleveland and established the 
 Daily Forest City. It absorbed the True Democrat and Edwin Cowles 
 joined Mr. Medill as partner and business manager. Messrs. Medill 
 and Vaughn were the editors. 
 
 Becomes the Leader Under Cowlks 
 
 In ^March, 1854, the newspaper became the Leader, on the in- 
 sistence of Mr. Cowles, who in the ffillowing year imrchascd the inter-
 
 590 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXII 
 
 est of Messrs. Medill and Vaughn, and proceeded to substantiate its 
 new name. His former partners, with Alfred Cowles, a brother of 
 Edwin, then went to Chicago to make the Tribune a great news- 
 paper. 
 
 Edwin Cowt^es, Premier Cleveland Journalist 
 
 There have been many able and brilliant newspaper men in Cleve- 
 land, but never one so masterly in every detail of the profession, from 
 
 Edwin Cowles 
 
 mechanical to editorial, from practical earning capacity to the con- 
 ception and execution of broad national canij)aigns through the col- 
 umns of his journal, as Edwin Cowles. From the time he assumed 
 control of the Leader in 1855, for a period of thirty-five years, or 
 until his death on the fourth of March, 1890, he was among the two 
 or three great western editors and publishers who towered in the field 
 of journalism and made his paper a power for honorable progress. 
 Ohio had cause to be j)roufl of hci- son. Cleveland especially claimed 
 him, {US he learned Ihe pi'inlrr's tiMdc wliilr a boy in the ol'lice of
 
 1855-1918] NEWSPAPERS, ETC. 591 
 
 the old Ohio American, sprouted as an editor and publisher in the 
 Forest City, and, while the driving power and the very soul of the 
 Leader, assisted iu the organization of the Republican party, was post- 
 master of Cleveland during and after tiie civil war, was twice a del- 
 egate to Republican national conventions (1876 and 1884), in 1877 
 was an honorary coniinissioiicr to the Paris Exposition, and in every 
 way, at home and abroad, evinced a balanced activity, a brave and 
 broad mentality, granite determination, ami a hif^li-mindcil as well as 
 a practical conception of tlie great prol)lcnis which lie was calleil ujion 
 to consider and solve. Such a luastcr-biiihlcr natui'ally drew to liim- 
 self, as associates and friends, brilliant ami faithful workers who con- 
 tributed of their energies and talents in the upbuilding of the 
 Lcaeler. 
 
 For some years F. Pinkerton was Mr. Cowles ' partner and business 
 manager, and the Leader was owned and conducted by Cowles, 
 Pinkerton & Company. In 1856, that firm was succeeded by E. Cowles 
 & Company and, in 1861, an evening edition was added to the morning 
 paper. It was called tlie Evening Leader. The Cleveland Leader 
 Company, the stock of which was largely owned and entirely con- 
 trolled by Mr. Cowles, was organized in July, 1865, and in April, 
 1867, the name of the operating corporation was changed to The 
 Leader Printing Company. 
 
 Evening News Founded 
 
 The afternoon edition of the Leader became the Evening News 
 in 1868, and in 1885, when the subscription list and business of the 
 Herald were purchased by Mr. Cowles and added to its own, the 
 style was changed to the News and Herald. The Sunday edition 
 of the Herald was established in 1877. 
 
 It is claimed for the Leader that it was the tirst newspaper in 
 Ohio that was printed on a rotary press, which delivered the sheets 
 pasted, with leaves cut. all in one operation ; and that it installed 
 the first electrotype plates iu Ohio. 
 
 John C. Covert 
 
 For a time after Mr. Cowles' death in 1890, the Leader was 
 edited by John C. Covert. He was a forceful writer and (luitc a 
 remarkable linguist, as well as a practical printer and e.xperiencd 
 editor. lie served in the 'Ohio legislature for two terms and in 1897 
 was appointed United States consul to Lyons, France. Since then
 
 592 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXII 
 
 he has corresponded for various newspapers and lectured consid- 
 erably, with that city as his headquarters. He has been decorated 
 by the French minister of public instruction and is an officer of 
 the French Academy. 
 
 James B. Morrow followed Mr. Covert as editor. James H. Ken- 
 nedy was also on the editorial staff. 
 
 In 1909, the Leader was leased to Charles E. Kennedy, Nat C. 
 Wright and H. S. Thalheimer. Mr. Wright was editoi"-in-cliief from 
 1905 to 1913 and had previously served as managing editor. From 
 1907 to the latter year he was president of the Cleveland Printing 
 Company, which controlled the two newspapers. Mr. Wright has 
 also been publisher of the Toledo Blade since 1908. 
 
 The Present Clevel.\nd News 
 
 The present Cleveland News, of which the Leader is the Sunday 
 edition, is the result of a complex amalgamation effected in 1907. In 
 that consolidation were represented the Cleveland Daily World, the 
 Evening Star, the Sunday Sun and Voice, the Evening Sun and the 
 Morning Times, all founded in 1889. The Star and the Sun and Yoi-ce 
 were absorbed by the \yorld, which ran along for eighteen years un- 
 der various proprietors and editors, including one receiver, until 
 1907. In that year, Charles A. Otis, the banker, purchased the 
 World, together with the afternoon edition of the Plain Dealer, and 
 the Netcs and Herald of the Leader. These were all amalgamated 
 under the financial direction of Mr. Otis and came forth as the Cleve- 
 land Netvs. Since then the Leader as a whole has been absoi'bed by 
 the Cleveland Company, Inc., which now issues both that publication 
 on Sunday and the New.s as an afternoon daily. 
 
 The present officers of the Cleveland Company are D. R. Ilainia. 
 president; William P. Leech, vice ])resident ; George F. Jloran, as- 
 sistant general manager, and T. A. Robertson, managing editor. Mr. 
 Robertson obtained his education in l\ncliigan and his newspaper 
 training previous to beconiing editor of the Leader and News, on the 
 St. Louis Republican and the Houston Post. 
 
 Cleveland Press and 'i-iii: SciniM's-MrRAi; LEAorE 
 
 The Cleveland Press, established as the Penny Press and firr.t 
 i.ssued on the second of November, 1878, is the most important of the 
 chain of newspapers, the telegi-aphic news' of wliieh is supplied by 
 the Seripps-'McRae League of Newspapei's. James E. Scripps and
 
 1878-1918] NEWSPAPERS, ETC. 593 
 
 Johu S. Sweeuey, of the Detroit News, were the promoters of the little 
 trenchant condensed four-page folio issued from Frankfort Street, 
 which, in turn, excited ridicule, mirth, interest and respect. Its 
 early popular name was the Frankfort Street IldndbiU. It ha.s de- 
 veloped from a handbill to a metropolitan afternoon daily (except 
 Sunday). 
 
 Mr. Scripps, founder of the Cleveland Press, in 1878, was also 
 the originator of the a.ssoeiation, or league, of newspapers, \\>hich 
 combined to furnish tcl('}?rai)hic news and general co-operative vitality 
 to those composing it.s meiiil)crsliip. He had established the Detroit 
 Evening Neirs in 1873, and subsequent to the founding of the Cleve- 
 land Press added the St. Louis Chronicle and the Cincinnati Post 
 to his proprietoi"ship. He was of English birth and had received 
 years of training on the Detroit Tribune before he ventured into 
 what proved a remarkably successful newspaper enterprise. He died 
 in 1906, having been one of Detroit's leading citizens for many years. 
 
 R. F. Paine, a native of Cleveland, was then editor of the Press 
 for about twenty years (1883-1902) and during 1897-1905 was gen- 
 eral manager of the Scripps-McRae Press Association. H. N. Rickey 
 was the active editor during the latter period and then succeeded 
 Mr. Paine as general manager of the entire chain. Mr. Rickey was 
 succeeded in the editor.ship of the Press by Earl E. Martin, who re- 
 mained in that position from 1905 to 1914. Victor Morgan, who had 
 been identified with the "league" for about eight years, then became 
 editor of the paper and Mr. Martin assumed the position of editor-in- 
 chief of the Scripps-McRae League of Newspapers, now comprising 
 the following: Clevelamd Press, Cincinnati Post, Toledo Netvs-Bee, 
 Columhus Citizen, Akron Press, Kentucky Post, Des Moines Neivs 
 and Oklahoma Netvs. The headquartere are in the Union National 
 Bank, Cleveland. 
 
 The present officers of the Scripps Publishing Company are \V. H. 
 Dodge, president; C. F. Mosher, secretary and treasurer, and James 
 G. Scripps, chairman of the board. 
 
 Among those who were early connected with the Cleveland Press 
 and subsequently became prominent may be instanced Charles Nelan, 
 the cartoonist ; John Vandereook, deceased, who was general manager 
 of the United Press Association, and Samuel E. Kiser, who ran the 
 gauntlet in Cleveland as telegraphic operator, reporter and sub-editor, 
 contributing sketches both to the Press and the Leader before he ob- 
 tained a wider reputation. Mr. Kiser now resides in Evanston, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Vol I— s«
 
 594 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXII 
 
 Cleveland Newspaper Field, as a "Whole 
 
 The foregoing are but sketches of the prominent dailies and 
 weeklies of Cleveland. But there are more than a hundred of lesser 
 caliber, but many none-the-less indispensable in their special fields. 
 Catholics and Protestants and Jews are all represented by flourishing 
 publications, ably and earnestly conducted. The publishing house of 
 the Evangelical Association, which issiies a number of periodicals, 
 was moved to Cleveland as early as 1854, and the different denomina- 
 tions have their organs of dissemination. The Catholic Universe, one 
 of the most influential magazines of that church in the West, was 
 founded by the Rt. Rev. R. Gilmonr in 1874. 
 
 The Italians, the Slavs and the Hungarians have their organs in 
 the Cleveland press. Cleveland Women has represented the sex in 
 the Forest City since 1917. Art, music, automobiles, machinists, 
 railroad men, the medical fraternity, iron merchants and manufac- 
 turers, the marine interests, the socialists, those addicted to outdoor 
 and indoor sports, the bankers, and every other class, or movement, or 
 practical activity, or speculative reform, or patriotic impulse or re- 
 ligious sentiment, not peculiar to Cleveland, but common to every 
 characteristic American city, finds expression in the press of Cleve- 
 land.
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII 
 
 RKLKilOrs. DENOMINATIONAL, ETC. 
 
 By II. a. Cutler 
 
 Chui-fhes aiul otlier religious institutions have taken such deep 
 root in Cleveland, and spread into every section of its territory 
 with such vigor, that the eity has often been caUed tlie Brooklyn 
 of the West. There has always been this diffei'ence, iiowev(»r, between 
 the eastern and the western eity of cliurclies. From times beyond 
 the memory of living men aJid women Brooklyn was rather an exclu- 
 sive suburb of Greater New York, set aside as a beautiful region of 
 residences and houses of worship, away from the bustle of liusiiiess 
 and the hum of industry. Cleveland, especially in the earlier jieriod 
 of its life, brought religion to the very doors of its stores and woi'k- 
 shops. 
 
 Distinctive Religious Bodies 
 
 There have always been z( alous and adventuresome missionaries of 
 Christ who have preached and labored wherever two or three could 
 be gathered to listen to the Word. So without detailing the move- 
 ments of these brave Christian pioneers — Baptist, Episcopal, Presby- 
 terian, Congregational, Catholic, Jlcthodist and others — wlio ven- 
 tured among the struggling settlers at the mouth of the Cuyahoga dur- 
 ing the first twenty years of the community's history, the writer will 
 commence the local religious record with tlie beginnings of distinctive 
 religious organizations. 
 
 Trinity Episcop.vl Church of Cleveland 
 
 Trinity Episcopal church was the first religious body boi'n in Cleve- 
 land and one of the first of that denomination to a|)pcar west of the 
 Allegheny mountains. The parish was foundetl* on the ninth of No- 
 vember, 1816, at the house of Phineas Shepherd, a resident of Brook- 
 lyn village. In the following spring, the Rev. Roger Searle. of Con- 
 necticut, visited the infant pari.sh and reported eleven communicants. 
 
 • See page 105. 
 
 rif).>
 
 596 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS LCliap. XXXIII 
 
 III September, 1819, Bishop Philander Chase visited it, but ]\Ir. Searle 
 considered Trinity his special child and kept it under his watchful care 
 for a number of years, until it could walk alone. In 1820, the parish 
 headquai'ters were moved to Brooklyn but, in 1825, re-established in 
 Cleveland village, the societj' erected therein a home of its own. More 
 than a score of Episcopal parishes have branched out from old 
 Trinity ; the Rt. Rev. William A. Leonard, D. D., has been bishop of 
 the diocese in which they are included since 1889. 
 
 Being the veteran of Cleveland churches and the actual mother 
 of more than a score of Ejiiscopal parishes, a large space in this 
 chapter is cheerfully accorded to historic Trinit.v, even at the risk of 
 being charged with a little repetition.* Trinity parish was not only 
 the first parish of the cliurch in Cleveland, but the first religious 
 organization. It was founded on the ninth of November, 1816, in the 
 house of Phineas Shepherd, a resident of Brooklyn village. In 1828, 
 Trinity church was incorporated, this lieing eight years before Cleve- 
 land was made a city. At this time the church was almost unknown 
 west of the Allegheny mountains. There was no diocesan organization, 
 nor even missionary societies, coiniected with the church within the 
 state of Ohio. In the spring following the organization of the parish. 
 the Rev. Roger Searle, from Connecticut, visited the infant Trinity 
 j)arish, and reported thirteen families and eleven communicants. For 
 nine years thereafter, Mr. Searle made the parish the ol)ject of his 
 watchful care, visiting it almost every year, and to his pioneer work 
 its permanent foundation must be largely attributed. 
 
 In September, 1819, Bishop Philandei- Chase made the first epis- 
 copal visitation to Trinity parish, confirming ten persons and cele- 
 brating the Holy Communion. Trinity parish had thus far been lo- 
 cated in the village of Cleveland, but on Easter JMonday, 1820, it was 
 resolved to remove it to Brooklyn, giving an occasional service to 
 Cleveland and Euclid. Mr. Searle, reporting this fact to the conven- 
 tion of that .year, describes Trinity's numbers as small, luit its mem- 
 bers as earnest workers. In the same year is found the name of the 
 first delegate to the diocesan convention, Carlos I. Ilickox. A little 
 later, Trinity was combined with St. Paul's parish, Jlcdina, and St. 
 John's, Liverpool, forming a cure under the charge of Mr. Searle, an 
 aiTangcnii'iit which Bishop Chase cordially ai)i)rove(l of in his conven- 
 tion address. 
 
 Up to this time, the services had been held in the old log court- 
 hou.se, in the academy, and in the Ma.sons" hall liut, in 182;'), the parish 
 had increased sufficiently to warrant the ]iro.iect of erecting a church 
 
 • See Chapter VIII.
 
 1825-46J KELUilOU.S, ETC. 5117 
 
 building for its worship, aiul it was finally di'tiTiuincd, after some 
 rivalry between tiio two villages, to place the new ediliee in Cleve- 
 land, instead of in Brookl\ii, ami to move tlie parish hack to its 
 former loeation. The money was raised l)y tiie liev. Silas C. Kreeman, 
 who now sueeeeded ^Ir. Searle in his woi'k, and who obtained liberal 
 douatioiis from Bostou and western New York. Tlie new cliini li was 
 duly built on the eorner of St. Clair and Seneca streets* and was tlie 
 first house of worship in Cleveland. This building was consecrated by 
 Bishop Chase in August, 1829. 
 
 Trinity at this time seems to have been joined under Mr. Free- 
 man's care with Grace church, Chagrin Falls, and St. James' clnircii, 
 Painesville. This work re(|uircii him to travel 228 miles every month, 
 by slow and laborious means of transit. At the end of the year he 
 resigned and removed to Virginia. The parish was tiu'n placed for a 
 time uiuler the charge of the Rev. William N. Lyster, a deacon, who 
 opened a SundaA- school with about thirty pupils. In 1830, the Rev. 
 James -McElroy became "minister in charge" of Trinity, devoting 
 three-fourths of his time to the parish, and receiving a salary of 
 $450.00. In 183.3, the Rev. Seth Davis, a deacon, took charge of the 
 parish, and during his ministry the church was enlarged to accom- 
 modate the growing congregation. Mr. Davis was ordained to the 
 priesthood in Trinity church in September of 1833. The Rt. Rev. 
 Charles P. Mcllvaine, D. D., was now the bishop of the diocese, 
 and he says in his convention address at this time that "few places 
 in the diocese can vie with Cleveland in its claim for energetic efforts 
 in the promotion of the Gospel." 
 
 Mr. Davis was succeeded in 1835 by the Rev. Ebenezer Boyden of 
 Virginia. In September, 1836, the diocesan convention assembled in 
 Trinity church. In August, 1839, the Rev. Richard Bury succeeded 
 to the rectorship. Under his ministrations the number of members in- 
 creased to such a degree that the establishment of a second parish 
 was warranted, and in 1845 Mr. Bury organized Grace church in the 
 parlor of his rectory. .Mr. Bury resigned in 1846. He was much be- 
 loved by his people, and greatly revered for his sincere and un- 
 affected piety. There was also another offshoot from Trinity about 
 this time. In 1846, a number of the congregation separated and or- 
 ganized St. Paul's parish. 
 
 The Rev. Lloyd Wiiulsor took uj) the work in the fall of 1846, and 
 remained seven years. Before the close of his service it was deter- 
 mined to sell the old property and build a larger church. The lot 
 upon which the old church stood Wius sold, but before the building 
 
 ' See picture on page 106.
 
 598 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 could be disposed of, it took fire, and was entirely eousumed. Tlie 
 subscription for the new church was started with a gift of $1,000 from 
 "T. A. W." Mr. Windsor laid the cornerstone of the building, on 
 Superior Street, near Bond (now East Sixth), which was completed 
 in the beginning of the ministry of the following rector, the Rev. 
 James A. Bollcs, D. D., who succeeded Mr. Windsor in January, 1854. 
 This second church building was consecrated on the seventeenth of 
 May, 1855. Dr. Bolles remained five and a half years, and probably 
 no other rectorship in the long history of Trinity parish has left 
 a deeper and more lasting impression than his. The Church Home, 
 founded in 1856, is one monument to his zeal and devotion. A free 
 chapel was also consecrated. 
 
 Dr. Bolles was followed by the Rev. Thomas A. Starkey, the late 
 bishop of the diocese of Newark, with the Rev. William C. Cooley as 
 assistant minister. In 1865. the In-ick chapel was erected south of the 
 church by the generosity of Mr. and ilrs. Samuel L. blather. This 
 achievement encouraged a number of the parishioners to undertake 
 the erection of a rectory, and the lot west of the church was pur- 
 chased for that purpose. 
 
 ilr. Starkej'^s pa.storatc extended until Easter, 1869. The Rev. 
 Charles A. Breck took charge of the parish in October of that year, and 
 was the first incumbent to occupy the new rectory. He was suc- 
 ceeded in 1872 by the Eev. William E. McLaren, who also remained 
 but three years, his work in Trinity being brought to a close by his 
 election to the episcopate of Chicago. During his pastorate the Chil- 
 dren's Home was started, and the chapel of the Ascension was built on 
 the Detroit road. 
 
 The Rev. John Wesley lirown assumed the rectorship of Trinity 
 in 1876. In 1878, occurred the fifticlh anniversary of the incorpora- 
 tion of the parish. In this administration, besides the Chapel of the 
 Ascension, St. James' and St. Peter's were made definite missions of 
 Trinity. Trinity, indeed, is the mother, or gran(hnother. of all Epis- 
 copal churches in Clevclaml. St, I'aurs, I-^ast Cleveland, l)eing licr 
 eldest daughter. 
 
 The Rev. Yelverton Peyton ^lorgan took the i)iai'(> of Dr. Urnwii in 
 1882. During his rectorshij) the following events occurred : The Rev. 
 Dr. Bolles was elected to the office of rector emeritus; a site for a new 
 cliui-ch was bought on Euclid Avenue and Perry Street (now East 
 Twenty-second) ; and Trinity Cinirch Home was removed to more 
 commodious (puirters. Early in 1S!)0, Trinity church was ottered to 
 and accej)ted by llic new bislu)]) nf the diocese, the Rt. Rev. William 
 Andrew Lconai'd. 1), I)., I'm his cathedral, and llic rc'tDr was in- 
 stituted as (lean, willi Dr. I'.olli's as senior canon.
 
 1893-19181 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC. 
 
 599 
 
 The Rev. Charles D. Williams ln'ciuno iloaii and rci-tor in hS!):!. lie 
 resigned at tlie end nt' .Ianuar\-, 11106, to accept election tci the epis- 
 copate in the dioce.se of ^Michigan. Durint? his term of office the 
 Cathedral house was huilt. Services and parish work were main- 
 tained at both Trinity clinn-li, dnwiitown. and at the Cathedral house, 
 until -June 29, 190'J, when the last service in Old Trinity was held. 
 
 The Rev. Frank Dn.Moulin aci'ei)tcil a call extended in Octohcr, 
 1906, and was inducted into office as dean on tiie first of March, 1907. 
 Tlie remainint; indchtedness on the new cathedral was removed, and the 
 interior of the building sufficiently completed to permit its conseera- 
 
 Old Trinity C.\tiiedr.\l 
 
 tion, on Tuesday, the twenty-fourth of September, 1907. In the fall of 
 191:5, Dean Dn.Moulin wa.s eh'cted coadjutor bishop of the diocese of 
 Ohio, and wa.s consecrated to this office on the eighth of Januarj^ 
 1914, in the cathedral. From this time until September of the same 
 j'ear, the parochial work of the cathedral was carried on under the 
 supervision of the Rev. Walter H. .Mc* owatt, acting as minister in 
 charge. The Rev. H. P. Almon Abbott entered ujion his ministry as 
 dean of the cathedral in Sei)tcmber, 1914. 
 
 The Presbyterians 
 
 The Presbyterians and Congregationalists established themselves at 
 a very early day within the present limits of Cleveland. Sume of the
 
 600 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIIl 
 
 societies organized as Presbjteriau became Congregational, and vice 
 versa. In the latter class was the society organized at the villa<^e of 
 Euclid (afterward East Cleveland) by the Connecticut Congrega- 
 tional ilissionary Society in 1807. The first Presbyterian, known as 
 the Old Stone church,* was the outgrowth of a Union Sunday school 
 established in 1820 with Elisha- Taylor as superintendent. It was in- 
 corporated in 1827. After occupying rented quarters for more than a 
 dozen years, the society erected its house of worship on the square. 
 It was opened in 1833 and in the following year came its first resident 
 pastor, the Rev. Samuel C. Aiken. 
 
 The Rev. S. C. Aiken 
 
 The Second Presbyterian cluii-cli was an offshoot of the Old Stone 
 society and was founded in 1S44. 'I'lic only i'rcsbyterian church of 
 substance which did not spring from the Old Stone organization was 
 the Miles Park church, which was founded in 1832 in what was then 
 the village of Newburg. 
 
 Dr. Hiram C. Haydn was for many years foremost in Presbyterian 
 activities in Cleveland and nortliern Ohio. He assumed the pastorate 
 of the Old Stone church in 1872, became secretar.y of a Congrega- 
 tional missionary society in 1880, and returned to the pastorate of the 
 church in 1884, which he continued to srrvc for more than a score of 
 years. Dr. Haydn's death occurred in July, 1913. It was mainly 
 through his work and influence that the Presbyterian Union was 
 formed for the extension of denominational activities in Cleveland. 
 
 ' Seo picturo on page 128.
 
 1819-1918J KELIUIOUS, ETC. tiOl 
 
 Tin: C()A\'iiiii:(iATioNAi. Ciikrciies 
 
 The Arcliwooil cluirch was orjrariized in tin; lirooklyii district by 
 the Presbyterians iu 1819. This afterward joined the ("oiigrega- 
 tionalists. But what is known as tiie First Congregational ( Inii-ch was 
 an otl'shoot of the First Presbyterian, or Old Stone cinireh, whieh oc- 
 curred in 1834, to accommodate the jieoplc of the West Side. Jn No- 
 vember, 1917, the vigorous First clnirch, ovei- four score years of age, 
 laid the cornei-stone of a magnificent liome soon now to be occupied. The 
 Euclid Avenue Congregational church* sprung from a Sunday 
 school held in a schoolhouse on Euclid road; and Plymouth church, 
 of 1850, had its oi-igin in a revival held by Rev. Edwin IF. Nevin in the 
 Old Stone. church. The Irving Street Society was organized in 1852, 
 also as a Presbyterian body. 
 
 Of the existing Congregational churches the first to step forth as 
 a member of that denomination was the Jones Avenue, or Welsh 
 church of Newburg. The nucleus of the organization, which was 
 effected in 1858, was the Cleveland rolling mills. 
 
 About 1854, a Sunday school was started as a mission to the little 
 brick schoolhouse on the site of the present Tremont ))ublie school. 
 Two years later, it blossomed forth as the University Heights Union 
 Sabbath school. Gradually the adult element strengthened and the 
 Pilgrim Congregational church was the evolution. In 1892, undei' the 
 leadership of Dr. Charles A. Mills, a beautiful and nuissive edifice was 
 completed at a cost of $150,000. In that year was also organized the 
 Cleveland Congregational City Missionary Society, which under the 
 long and energetic presidency of H. Clark Ford, the lawyer and 
 banker, accomplished much in Congregational extension work. 
 
 Largely through the labors of the Slavic missionary, the Rev. H. 
 A. Shauffler, in 1882-94, the Congregational ists have also accomplished 
 much educational and relief work among the Bohemians and allied 
 people of Cleveland. Bethlehem church was founded in the Bohemian 
 colony on Broadway, a missionary school was established among the 
 young women, and a department organized at Oberlin college, of 
 which Mr. Ford is a trustee, for the training of ministers designed to 
 serve as missionaries among the Slavic people in America. 
 
 Methodist Obqaniz.\tions 
 
 There are tales of Methodist circuit riders having appeared in 
 Brooklyn, Newburg and other localities now in Cleveland city prior 
 
 • See page 126.
 
 602 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 to 1818, in which year the chureli at Brooklyu was organized, as ex- 
 plained more fully on pages 602 and 603. In that year was established 
 the first official organization of the ilethodist church in old Cleve- 
 land and in the summer of 1827, about the time its log meeting house 
 was completed, the society organized a Sunday school, with Ebenezer 
 Fish as its first superintendent. But these, as well as other interest- 
 ing and well authenticated facts, in connection with the pioneer Meth- 
 odism of Cleveland, may be read by a perusal of John E. Heene's 
 ' ' Summary. ' ' 
 
 The Miles Park church, Newburg, originated in a Methodist class 
 of nine members formed in 1832, and in the following year the Frank- 
 lin Avenue church was modestly bom at a residence on Pearl Street. 
 
 Epworth Memorial church represents a long series of transforma- 
 tions. Originally P]rie Street church, it split off from the First in 
 1850. When its house of worship was transferred to the corner of 
 Prospect and Huntington, in 1875, the organization became Christ 
 M. E. church, and in 1883, after its consolidation with Cottage mis- 
 sion, it was rechristened Central church. Finally, in May, 1889, to 
 commemorate the founding of the Epworth League within the walls of 
 its building, it a.ssumed its present title ; but the plain structure of 
 the Central church gave place to an impressive and beautiful modern 
 edifice at the corner of Prospect Avenue and East Fifty-fifth Street. 
 
 On the fifteenth of September, 1918, the Methodists of Cleve- 
 land to the number of seven thousand celebrated the centenary of 
 the founding of their church in the Forest Cit.y. The parade formed 
 at the First M. E. church, Euclid Avenue and East Tliirtieth Street, 
 marched down the former tlun-oughfare to the Public Square and 
 assembled for the formal exercises at llie Opera House and the Hipi)0- 
 dronic. Fifty-tliree Methodist churclics were represented in the pro- 
 cession, wliicli iiiaiTlied in a i"iiii storm, its iiicmhers gathering at their 
 rendezvous with uiialiatcd ardor, ixcprescntatives of the Brooklyn 
 .Moiiioi-ial cliui'cl), at the corner of West Tw<'nty-fifth Street and Arch- 
 WDiid Avenue, S. \V., I'liuiidcd a ceiitiiry pi-cvious, held the place of 
 lionoi- in the line, ami the First Methodist cliurch. oi'gauizcd in 1827. 
 was second. Most of the marchers, wlio included many Sunday school 
 i-hildrcn. cai'ricd American flags. 'i'li('i-(> were six bands and a ninii- 
 hcr of jilacai-ds bearing facts of local Methodist history. Hishop 
 Wilson S. Lewis, residential bishoji of Foochow, Cliina. and former 
 Judge Warren \V. Hole, president of the Methodist I'nion of Cleve- 
 land, were the pi'incipal speakers at both the Hippodrome and 0|)era 
 House. 'I'he IJev. Dr. Frank W. Luce, suix'rintendent of the Clev,- 
 land district, Noi'theast Ohio Conference, jiresided at the IJippci- 
 dromi' meeting and .Inlin !•'. I'^islier. head of the Children's Aid So-
 
 1818-l!n.si l^KLKIlors, 1-:T('. 603 
 
 fiety, was the Opera House chairman. Secretary of the Navy 
 Josephiis Daniels was to have been the cliief speaker, but his im- 
 perative official duties bound him to Washington. Hundreds of 
 American fla?:s were in eviilence at both meetings, and the over- 
 whelming spirit of the entire centennial celebration was a rousing 
 pledge by Cleveland Methodists to uphold the Holy War. 
 
 A Summary of Methodism 
 
 Tiu' following, written by John E. Heene, historian of the Brook- 
 lyn Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church and sui)erintcndent of its 
 Sunday school, is an authoritative summai-y of local Methodism, or, 
 as Mr. Heene states, comprises "notes which are accepted as authen- 
 tic by Cleveland Methodism": 
 
 In 1811, James Fish, Moses Fish, and Ebene/.er Fish and families 
 came to Brookl.\'n from Groton, Connecticut. 
 
 In 1814-1"), the Hrainards came to Brooklyn from lladdam, Con- 
 necticut. The.v wei'c Dennis, Stei)hen, Warren, William, Asa, Enos 
 and Seth Brainard. 
 
 The Fish and Brainartl families were Methodists and held reli- 
 gious services in their homes previous to the organization of a church 
 society. 
 
 In 'Miiy. 1818, a Methodist circuit rider organiz<'d the first official 
 Methodist Ejiiscojial Church societ.v consisting of the following eight 
 persons: Seth Brainard and wife; Closes Fish and wife; William 
 Brainard and wife, and Ebcnezer Fish and wife-. This society in- 
 creased in luimbers year by year and, in Januar.v, 1827, had a mem- 
 bership of fifty-s(>ven. They built and finished the first log church 
 in June, 1827. This log church was located on the northeast corner 
 of what is now West Twent.v-fifth Street and Denison Avenue. A 
 Sunda.v school was also organized in June, 1827, with twent.v-one 
 members, with P]benezer Fi.sh as the first superintendent. This log 
 church was built by Joseph Storer and Geoi-ge Storer, who were 
 carpenters and came to Brooklyn and joined the church in Jainiarv, 
 1827. 
 
 In 1849. the second churcli building was ci-ccted by O/.ias Fish, a 
 frame building 35 by 50 feet. The location was the same as that of 
 the log church. 
 
 The corner stone for the third chnrch l)uilding, the old two-stoi\v 
 brick structure, was laid in September, 1881, Rev. Sanniel I\lower, 
 preacher in charge. Dedicated in the fall of 1882. Rev. W. II. 
 Painter, pastoi-, and Rev. F. M. Searles, presiding elder. Dr. George 
 B. Fariisworth, Sunda\- school superintendent. Bishop Simpson 
 dedicated the clnirch. Grouiul for the fourth home of the Brooklyn 
 Memorial ^Methodist Episcopal Church was broken on the fifth of 
 September. 1911, and the corner stone was laid on Sunday, the twent.v- 
 sixth of November, of that .rear. Rev. W. Arthur Smith was the 
 pastor: John E. Heene, Sunda.v school superintendent.
 
 604 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Baptist Activities 
 
 The Rev. Joseph Badger, a Baptist missionary, preached the first 
 sermon on Cleveland soil, in 1800, but as far as denominational work 
 was coucerued he was many j^ears ahead of the times, for it was not 
 until 1833 that half a dozen Baptist families got together and organ- 
 ized a society. Througli what, at the time, was considered the astound- 
 ing liberality of Brewster Pelton, John Seaman and William T. Smith, 
 a church building* was erected at the comer of Seneca and Champlain 
 streets and fully occupied in 1835. A Sunday school mission wa.s 
 begun on Erie Street in 1846. In 1871, the pre.sent edifice on Euclid 
 Avenue and Ea.st Eighteenth Street was built and the society adopted 
 the name by which it has since been known^ the Euclid Avenue Bap- 
 tist churcli. In 1883, one of the trustees of the church was John D. 
 Rockefeller; he and various members of the family have been useful 
 and prominent in both its immediate and missionary work. Since 
 its establishment, it has been the acknowledged center of the strong- 
 est of Baptist influences. 
 
 The score or more of Baptist churches also do mucli active exten- 
 sion work among the foreign industrial classes, such as the Poles, 
 Hungarians and Bohemians. 
 
 Disciples of Christ, or Christi.\ns 
 
 The Disciples of Christ, or Primitive Christians, as they are often 
 called, are strong in Cleveland and established themselves early, but 
 not without determined struggles. Nevvburg was the center of their 
 work in the pioneer period, and William Hayden is said to have gained 
 the first convert to the faith in 1832. But the pillar of the local church 
 from that year until his death in 1874 was John Hopkinson. After 
 many efforts and discouragements the Miles Avenue Church of Christ 
 was organized under Brother Jonas Ilartzcll. in 1842, witli twenty- 
 one charter iiieml)ers. John Ilopkinson and Tlieodore Stafford were 
 elected elders and David L. Wightman and John Healy, deacons. In 
 1851, the little frame church, wliich was })uilt into the later struc- 
 ture, was comi)]('ted under tlie direction of Thomas (iarlield, John 
 Hopkinson and V. L. Morgan jind. in 185!), the society was under the 
 ministry of James A. Garfield. 
 
 The Franklin Circle Church of Chi-ist was organized in 1842, and 
 its first house of worship was built four years later at Franklin Ave- 
 nue and the Circle. From this trunk clun'ch subsequently branched 
 
 •See picture on page l.'j.'i.
 
 1835-95] J{ELl(jlOU8, ETC. 605 
 
 out the Euclid Avenue, West Madison Avenue, .Tenninprs Avenue 
 ohurelies and otlier Cliristian organizations. Tiie Euclid Avenue 
 Church of Christ wa.s establishctl in 1843 and soon afterwards a num- 
 ber of its members withdrew to orpranize a society at Doan's Cor- 
 ners. The Eucliil Avenue society held its earlier meetings in private 
 fesidenees and the old stone sehoolhouse, and in 1849 a little frame 
 chapel was completed on the north side of I'^uclid between Doan 
 (East One Hundred and Fifth) ami Republic streets. Sixty years 
 afterwards the handsome church edifice now oecupied was built on 
 the corner of Euclid Avenue and East One Hundredth Street. The 
 Disciple churches of Cleveland are formed into a union for church 
 extension, one prominent feature of its work being the development 
 of its Bible classes organized for the special traininpr of Sunday 
 school teachers. 
 
 United Presbyterians 
 
 The first United Presbyterian church was organized in 1843, and 
 the society, composed largely of Scotch people, erected a small build- 
 ing for worship on Erie Street near Bolivar. The money for it was 
 raised through snuiU cash sub.scriptions ; othei-s gave their labor, or 
 lumber, stone and other building materials. In these days, it was said 
 by one of the pioneers, "Not a man in East Cleveland had a bank ac- 
 count." There are now five churches of this denomination in the citv. 
 
 Lutheran Chihiches 
 
 The first independent Lutheran church was organized by the Ger- 
 mans of Cleveland in 1835, aiul was known as the congregation "'Zum 
 Schifflein Christi," The Ship of Christ. Its meeting house was orig- 
 inally on the corner of Hamilton and Erie, being completed in 1842. 
 In 1875, a large church was built on Superior Street. In 1875, the 
 Case Avenue Independent Lutheran church was organized and in 
 1879, the Independent Protestant Evangelical church. 
 
 Nearly all the Evangelical Lutheran churches in Cleveland are 
 outgrowths of Zion church, founded in 1843, and still growing. The 
 Rev. David Schuh was its first pastor. This society was formed by 
 families who seceded from "Schifflein Christi." The first organiza- 
 tion on the West Side, the Evangelical Lutheran Trinity, was founded 
 in 1853, with the Rev. J. C. W. IJiidci-uian as its pastor. In 1873, 
 St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran I'hurcli was founded; in 1880, the 
 English Evangelical Lutheran Emmanuel church ; St. Peter's, in 
 1883; St. Matthew's, in 1884; Chri.st church, 1889, and St. Luke's, in 
 1895.
 
 606 CLEVELA^'D AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Evangelical Organizations 
 
 The pioneer Evangelical Protestant churches were the First, or- 
 ganized under the name of the "United German Evangelical Prot- 
 estant Church of the West Side," and founded in 1853; St. Paul's 
 church, 1858, and Ziou, 1867. 
 
 Tlie mother church of the German p]vangelical Reformed societies 
 was called the Brethren Congregation, a number of families com- 
 mencing to meet for prayer in a small chapel on Tracy Street in 1848. 
 This congregation was incorporated in 1858, Dr. H. J. Ruetenik was 
 engaged as pastor and a new church was soon afterward erected on 
 the "corner of Penn and Carroll streets. 
 
 The oldest church of the Evangelical Association in Clevehuul is 
 the Salem church on Linden (East Thirty-third) Street, founded as 
 a mission in 1841. The Superior Street church was organized in 1854 
 and the Jennings Avenue, in 1863. Cleveland was chosen as the 
 denominational headquarters in 1876 and a large publishing house 
 organized for the dissemination of church literature. Both in min- 
 isterial and literary works Bishop William Horn, a Clevelander, was, 
 for many years, both tireless and widely influential. 
 
 German Baptists and Methodists 
 
 The pioneer of the German Baptist churches was the First, or- 
 ganized in 1866, when a house of worship was built on the corner of 
 Front Street and Scovill Avenue. Other bodies have been since cre- 
 ated, and since 1877 Cleveland has been the recognized head(iuarters 
 of the denomination. Since that year its oificial house of publica- 
 tion has been located in the Forest City. 
 
 The German Methodists have also organized a number of societies 
 since 1846. 
 
 The Unitaiuans and Christian Scientists 
 
 Of hiter oi'igin than liie Protestant organizations already spccilied 
 are the establishment of the Unitai-ian ami tiie Clii-istian Science 
 churches, which have drawn their membership from some of tiie most 
 intelligent and cultured circles in Cleveland. The tirst rnitarian 
 organization, the Churdi nf the Unity, worshiix'd in various lialls for 
 twenty years before a home edifice was erected. During that ])eriod, 
 the Rev. F. L. Hosmer, who was jiastor from 1878 to 18!)2, became a 
 notable figure in Unitarianism. Even many years previous in the 
 assembling of the small band of I'liitarians in Case hall during the 
 "60s, there had been preaching by the ministers of the denoniinatiou. 
 It is recorded that as early a.s 1836, the Rev. George W. Hosmer, then 
 of HufTalo, visited and piTni'lird In several of the New England I'^inn-
 
 1826-1918] KELIUIOUS, ETC. 607 
 
 lies then settled in Cleveland who were adherents to Unitarian ism. 
 Tlie l\ev. F. L. lIosMier I'omnienced his ministry in 1878. In IS.SO, tiie 
 Church of the Unity dedicated its tirst house of worship on Prospect 
 Street near Eric. For several years it had, as ministers, two 
 women, the Kev. Mi.ss Marion ^Murdock and the Rev. Miss Florence 
 Buck. In 1904, was completed tlie handsome church Iniildiufz: on 
 Euclid Avenue and East Eighty-third Street. 
 
 The Christian .Scientists, who have six distinct organizations, es- 
 tahlished themselves in Cleveland by the organization of the First 
 Church of Christ, Scientist. They are progressive, both in numbers, 
 good works, high character, and influence. 
 
 C-VTUOLicis-M IN Cleveland 
 
 The earliest records of the Catholic Church in iiortiiei-n Ohio were 
 made by the -lesuit fatiiers among the Ilurons and otlirr Indian tribes, 
 Sandusky being long the center of their work. Then the whites eom- 
 inenced to occupy the land and missionaries were sent to them I'l'om 
 the diocese of Quebec. The Rev. Edmund Burke, who left his charge 
 in 1796 and afterward was sent to Halifax, was the last priest to be 
 sent from that diocese and the tirst Englisli speaking Catholic father 
 in northern Ohio. From Ids (h'parture until 1817, that part of the 
 state was without Catholic ministrations. Father Edward Fenwick, 
 the Dominican, eonuneneed to make visits to northeastern Ohio in 
 the year named, and in 1820, at Dungannon, was built the first Cath- 
 olic church in the northern part of the state. 
 
 The first secular priest to do missionary work in northern Ohio 
 was the Rev. Ignatius MuHoil who, in 1824-34, was stationed at the 
 cathedral in Cincinnati. 
 
 The Diocese op Cleveland 
 
 In 1826, many Catholic Irish were induced to come to Cleveland to 
 labor in the construction work of tiic Ohio canal, and the Rt. Rev. Kd- 
 ward Fenwick, bi.shop of Cincinnati, was informed that they were 
 without the ministrations of a priest. Tiiaf fact became the germ of the 
 diocese of Cleveland, as narrated by William A. ]\lcKearney, of the 
 Catholic Universe. As Mr. McKeamey writes: "He (Bishop Fen- 
 wick) therefore directed the Dominican Fathers, stationed in Perry 
 countj', to send a priest to Cleveland, whose duty it should be to visit 
 them at .stated intervals and attend to their spiritual wants. The Rev. 
 Thomas Jrartin. a member of the Dominican order, was sent, his first 
 visit being made during the autumn of 1826. Later on he was suc- 
 ceeded by the Very Rev. Stephen Badin (the first priest ordained in 
 the T'nited States).
 
 608 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 "The first resident pastor sent to Cleveland was Rev. John Dillon, 
 who a.ssumed his duties in the early part of 1835. He, as his prede- 
 cessors, said Mass in private houses, a.s there was no other place to be 
 had then. Shortly after his arrival, however, he succeeded in securing 
 a large room, known as Shakespeare hall. Father Dillon died October 
 16. 1836, at the age of 29 years. His death was a severe blow to his 
 little flock. 
 
 "P^or eleven months the Catholics of Cleveland were without a 
 resident pastor. Rev. H. D. Juncker came occasionally from Canton. 
 In September, 1837. Rev. Patrick O'Dwyer, a recent arrival from 
 Quebec, was sent as Father Dillon's successor. Father O'Dwyer at 
 once set to work to iucrea.se the building fund secured by the lamented 
 Father Dillon, and to begin the much needed and long looked for 
 church. In a few months a building was erected at the corner of 
 Columbus and Girard streets. This building remained uncompleted 
 for lack of means. Meanwhile, Father O'Dwyer left Cleveland. The 
 church stood unfinished for months, until Bishop Purcell, coming to 
 Cleveland during September, 1839, remained three weeks and had it 
 so far pushed to completion that ]\Iass was said in it for the finst time 
 in October, 1839.* 
 
 '"The church was dedicated to 'Our Lady of the Lake,' but by 
 popular usage the name was soon changed to St. Mary's on the 'Flats,' 
 that part of the city being so called. In October, 1840, Rev. Peter Mc- 
 Laughlin was appointed to succeed Father Dillon. With a shai-p eye 
 for the future growth of Catholicity in Cleveland, and with a view to 
 locating a church in the upper and better portion of the city, Father 
 JIcLaughlin purchased four lots, fronting on Superior and Erie streets, 
 the site of the present cathedral. 
 
 First Bishop op Clevel.vnp 
 
 ''With the (-onstant and rapid growth of ('atholicity in his large 
 diocese, comprising the entire state of Ohio, Bishop Purcell found the 
 territory too large and the burden of his episcopal duties too great 
 for his pereonal attention. Bishop Purcell therefore petitioned the 
 Holy See for a division of his jurisdiction. Cleveland was considered 
 as the most fit city in the northern part of the state for an episcopal 
 see, and hence was so designated. Father Anuidcus Rappe, the zealous 
 ini-ssionary of the Maumce, was chosen as the firet bishop of this new 
 diocese. Altliough the Papal Bulls to this effect were issued April 23, 
 1847, they did not reach Cincinnati until the following August. The 
 territory assigned to the new diocese was 'all that part of the state of 
 Ohio lying north of forty degrees and fm-ty niinulcs.' l^'atliei- Ha|>pe 
 
 * Sec picture on \'HHO 1H7.
 
 1847-51] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 609 
 
 was oonsccratecl at CiiiL-iniiati, October 10, 1847, by Bishop Purcell, 
 assisted by Bishop Whelaii of Kiehmond, Va. 
 
 ' ' The Right Reverend Bishop took possession of the diocese of Cleve- 
 land as its first bishop a few days after his consecration. The Catholic 
 population of the diocese was then estimated at about 10,000. l^'or 
 some mouths the bishop resided in a rented house near the Hay- 
 market. In 1S4S lie bought several lots on Bond Street, corner of St. 
 Clair, on which were located a large brick building and several frame 
 bouses. The brick building was fitted up as his residence. 
 
 "In September, 1848, Bishop Rappe opened a snuill seminary in a 
 one-story frame building back of his residence. Father DeGoesbriand 
 was its first superior. Among the young men first to apply for admis- 
 sion as seminarists were ilcssrs. James Monahan, August Berger, Peter 
 Kreusch, Thomas J. Walsh, I\Iichael 'Sullivan, E. W. J. Lindesmith, 
 Francis McGann, Nicholas Roupp, William O'Connor, and Felix M. 
 Bolf. In 1849 Rev. Alexis Caron succeeded Father DeGoesbriand as su- 
 perior of this humble seminary. 
 
 "Shortly after the establishment of the diocese the Catholic popu- 
 lation of Cleveland rapidly increased. The bishop therefore found it 
 neeessarj- to build a second church for the accommodation of his grow- 
 ing flock. He determined tc make the new church his cathedral, to 
 locate it at the corner of Erie and Superior streets, and after its com- 
 pletion to assign St. I\Iary's on the Flats to the Germans. Sunday, 
 October 29, 1848, the cornerstone of the present cathedral was laid. It 
 was consecrated and opened for divine service November 7, 1852. 
 
 "Between 1848 and 1857 twenty-six churches were built within the 
 limit of the diocese of Cleveland. While directing and encouraging 
 the organization of missions and congregations, Bishop Rappe also pro- 
 vided for the care of orphans and the education of the young, all under 
 charge of devoted Sisters. 
 
 Homes And Convents 
 
 "To this end he authorized the founding of a convent of Sanquinist 
 Sisters at Glandorf, in 1848. During the bishop's absence in Europe 
 in 1850, .Judge Cowlcs' home on Euclid Avenue was bought for the 
 Ursuline Sisters. For over forty years it was the mother house of 
 the Ursulines. The Sisters took possession of their new home on their 
 arrival in Cleveland, and almost immediately opened a select school 
 and academy. 
 
 "In 1851 the Ladies of the Sacred Heart of Marj- established St. 
 Mary's Orphan Asylum for girls. The first building used for the pur- 
 pose was located on St. Clair Avenue, near Bond Street. 
 
 "In the same year Bishop Rappe opened St. Vincent's Orphan
 
 610 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Asj-lum for boys on ]\Ionroe Street and placed it in charge of the Sis- 
 ters of Charity of St. Augustine, a community he had established, with 
 the assistance of ^Mother M. Ursula, of sainted memory. He also es- 
 tablished an Ursuline community and academy at Toledo in 1854. Thus 
 the most pressing needs of the diocese were supplied. 
 
 "In September, 1850, the bishop purchased a property on Lake 
 Street known as 'Spring Cottage.' The building was fitted up as a 
 seminary, which was opened in November of the same j'ear, with Father 
 Caron in charge. During the summer of 1853 the north wing of the 
 present building was erected, and in 1859, owing to the rapidly in- 
 creasing number of seminarists, the central portion of the seminary 
 was built. 
 
 "In 1862 St. Joseph's Asylum for orphan gii-ls was opened on 
 Woodland Avenue to relieve the crowded condition of St. JIary's 
 Asylum on Harmon Street. 
 
 "Bishop Rappe introduced into the diocese in 1864 the Sisters of 
 the Humility of ilary, and l\v special agreement with Bishop 'Con- 
 nor of Pittsburgh, located them on a large tract of land near New 
 Bedford (Villa Maria), Pa., where they founded a convent and an 
 orphan asylum. 
 
 "St. Francis' Orphan Asylum and Home for the Aged was estab- 
 lished at Tiffin in 1867, under the direction of Rev. Joseph Bihn. 
 
 "The bishop established St. Louis' College at Louisville, Stark 
 county, in 1866, to replace St. Mary's College and preparatory semi- 
 nary in Cleveland. The following year its management was trans- 
 ferred to the Basilian Fathers of Sandwich, Canada, but the college 
 was elo.sed in 1873 for want of support. 
 
 "Bishop Rappe invited the Sisters of the Good Shejihcrd, of Cin- 
 cinnati, to establish a house of their order in Cleveland. The invita- 
 tion was accepted in 1869. Their convent was a frame building on Lake 
 Street. Their .silent, saving work in behalf of fallen, erring woman has 
 resulted in untold good. 
 
 "The paternal heart of good Bishop Rappe next prompted him to 
 provide for a class of unfortunates — the aged poor. To give them 
 shelter and needed care he had the Little Sisters of the Poor establish 
 a Home for them on Perry Street, in 1870. 
 
 Bishop Gilmotir's Administration 
 
 "The Rt. Rev. Richard GiJmour, second bishop of the dioeese of 
 Cleveland, was consecrated at Cincinnati on April 14, 1872. "Within 
 two weeks aft-er his consecration he took possession of his episcopal 
 see. His first pastoral letter, published P^'ebruary 26, 1873, caused
 
 1872-S7J RELIGIOUS, ETC. 611 
 
 luuoli furore amonrr noii-C'atluilics and he was attacked by pulpit aud 
 press. He auswered these attacks through the papers. 
 
 "Bishop Gilmour was a stanch supporter of the Catholic pre.ss 
 aTid as a result of his efforts the Catholic Universe was established, its 
 first number appearing July 4, 1874, with Rev. Tliomas 1*. Thorpe 
 as its editor. 
 
 '"Between 1877 and 1887 the following institutions were establislied 
 in the diocese : 1877, Cojivent of tlie Poor Clares, Cleveland, and the 
 Ursuline Academy, at Villa Angela; 1884, St. Alexis' Hospital, Pro- 
 tectory for Girls, in charge of the Sisters of Notre Dame, Cleveland; 
 Louisville, St. Louis' Orphan Asylum for boys; 1885, Toledo, Little 
 Sisters of the Poor. The Jesuit Fathers, to whom had been entrusted, 
 in 1880, the pastoi'ate of St. Mary's church, Cleveland, opened St. 
 Ignatius' College in a frame building opposite their church, at the 
 corner of Carroll and Jersey streets, September, 1886. At this time, 
 also, the Ursulincs opened an institution at Nottingham for the edu- 
 cation of boys under twelve jears of age. It is known as St. Joseph's 
 Seminary. 
 
 "Between 1877 and 1891 thirty-five churches were built and as 
 many new congregations establislied, which fact showed that generosity 
 and activity were as strong as ever in the diocese, in spite of the finan- 
 cial panic which for over five years during this period had depressed the 
 country at large. 
 
 "Bishop Gilmour began in 1887 to systematize the routine and 
 business affairs of his diocese by estal)lisliiiig a chancery office. In 1878 
 the collecting of historical data of every congregation and institution in 
 the diocese was begun. 
 
 "At the Diocesan Synod, held in 1882, the following statute was 
 published : ' Cities, where there is more than one church, shall, after 
 the present cemeteries are filled, have but one common cemetery.' A 
 few years later it was found necessary by some of the Toledo parishes 
 to secure additional land for burial purpcses, as their parish ceme- 
 teries had been nearly filled and the supply of burial lots was ex- 
 hausted. Bishop Gilmour felt that now the time had come to put 
 into effect in Toledo the above quoted statute. In this he was sec- 
 onded by all of the local pastors. Accordingly, in 1887, he bought 
 several adjoining parcels of land fronting on Dorr Street, quite near 
 the city limits and easy of access. During at least three years he 
 made frequent trips to Toledo, whenever his duties permitted, to 
 superintend the laying out and beautifying of the new cemetery. To- 
 day, thanks to Bishop Gilmour 's untiring efforts, the Catholics of 
 Toledo have in Calvary cemetery a convenient and attractive burial 
 ground.
 
 612 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Last Administrative Acts 
 
 "On September 12, 1890, Bishop Gilmoiir purchased a parcel of 
 land on Detroit Avenue for a much needed hospital, to sei've the 
 Catholic population on the west side. This purchase was made pos- 
 sible by the gift of $5,000 from W. J. Gordon, now deceased. 
 
 "For nearly two years, prior to 1891, Bishop Gilmour had been a 
 sufferer from intestinal troubles. In March, 1891, his physician urged 
 him for a while to go to the milder climate of Florida. Before leaving 
 he approved the plans for St. John's Hospital and for the mother 
 house of the Sisters of Charity, at Lakewood. These were his last ad- 
 ministrative acts as Bishop of Cleveland. On April 13, 1891, he died. 
 His remains were brought to Cleveland, where an immense concourse 
 of people awaited them at the union station and accompanied them to 
 the cathedral. Funeral services were held April 21st. 
 
 Appointment of Rev. Ignatius Horstmann 
 
 "The appointment of Rev. Ignatius F. Horstmann, chancellor of 
 the diocese of Philadelphia, was made November 29, 1891, and pub- 
 lished December 14, 1891. The consecration took place in the cathedral 
 at Philadelphia, February 25, 1892. Bishop Horstmann arrived in 
 Cleveland on tlie evening of March 8 and on the following morning 
 his installation as the third Bishop of Cleveland took place in the ca- 
 thedral. 
 
 "Familiar as Bishop Horstmann was with the routine work of gov- 
 erning a diocese while chancellor of the Philadelphia diocese, he very 
 soon familiarized himself with his new surroundings. Churches were 
 established, others dedicated, confirmation administered and the large 
 and varied interests of the diocese, both spiritual and temporal, admin- 
 istered by him with the greatest zeal and self-sacrifice. 
 
 "It was found in 1892 that St. Joseph's and St. John's cemeteries 
 in Cleveland were filling rapidly and Bishop Horstmann sought with 
 a committee of city pastors a new tract of land for a cemetery. 
 Finally the Leand farm in Newburg township was considered the best 
 possible site, because located equi-distant between East and West 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Apostolic Mission Organized 
 
 "One of the wi.shes expressed by Bishop Gilmour before bis death 
 was to inaugurate in this diocese the evangelization of non-Catholics. 
 Owing to his long illness nothing could be done and it was resexwed for 
 his successor. Bishop Ilorslniaun, to put into effect this movement. As
 
 1894-1908] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 613 
 
 the eelebratwl Paiilist missionary, Fatlier Elliott, was engaged in 
 similar work, a.ud therefore hail e.xperienue, perhaps such as no other 
 priest in the country had. Bishop Horstmann invited him to come to 
 Cleveland and train one or more priests for that purpose. This he 
 readily did. lie came in September, 1894, and associated with himself 
 the Revs. William S. Kress, John H. Muehlenbeck, E. P. Graham, and 
 I. J. Wonderly. Missions were given to non-Catholics in various parts 
 of the diocese with much success. A special feature of the missions 
 was the 'question box,' which soon became very i)()i>ular. In Sep- 
 tember, 1895, the present Cleveland Apostolate was organized and is 
 continuing the great work so well begun by Father Elliott. 
 
 Golden Jubilee Observed 
 
 "The year 1897 marked an epoch in the annals of the diocese of 
 Cleveland — its golden jubilee as a diocese. Toledo having lieen Bishop 
 Rappe's first field of missionary labor, and St. Francis de Sales' his 
 first parish, the golden jubilee services, ordered by Bishop Horstmann, 
 had special significance there. The occasion was one of grand and in- 
 spiring solemnity. Splendid as was Toledo's tribute to Bishop Rappe, 
 and its observance of the golden jubilee of the diocese, they were 
 eclipsed by Cleveland, for twenty-two years the oificial home of the 
 prelate. "Wednesday, October 13, 1897, will ever be a red-letter day in 
 the Catholic annals of Cleveland, for on that day merited honor and 
 due praise were given him, whose unselfish labors and ajiostolic zeal had 
 made it possible for the diocese of Cleveland to take front rank with 
 the dioceses of the country in point of Catholic life and vigor, in mat- 
 ters spiritual as well as temporal. The religious celebration of the 
 jubilee took place in St. John's Cathedral, which was packed to over- 
 flowing. The Rt. Rev. Bishop Horstmann pontificated, and the Rt. 
 Rev. Jlsgr. T. P. Thorpe preached the sermon, which was eloquent and 
 impressive. 
 
 Death op Bishop Horstmann 
 
 "On the morning of May 13, 1908, the diocese of Cleveland was 
 stunned by the announcement of the sudden death of Rt. Rev. Bishop 
 Horstmann, which occurred at Canton, where he had gone to confirm a 
 number of classes. Without warning the diocese was shephcrdless, and 
 its first sensation was a kind of paralysis which left feeling nutnb and 
 sorrow voiceless. 
 
 "The funeral services of Bishop Horstmann were attended by 
 officials of the city for which he had done so much. Two archbishops, 
 eighteen bishops and over 400 priests were also in attendance.
 
 614 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Bishop Horstmann's Successor and Associates 
 
 "On Suuday morning, June 13, 1909, Rt. Rev. John P. Farrelly, 
 fourth Bishop of Cleveland, was installed at St. John's Cathedral. 
 The address of welcome was delivered by Rev. J. T. O'Connell, LL. D. 
 In the afternoon the Right Reverend Bishop reviewed a parade in 
 which everj- parish in the city was represented. One-third of Cleve- 
 land's population witnessed the celebration." 
 
 German Catholic Churches op East and West Sides 
 
 Fi-om October, 1847, until the seventh of November, 1852, St. 
 Mary's Church on the Flats sei'ved as the first cathedral of the dio- 
 cese and as the only Catholic church in Cleveland. On the latter date, 
 the cathedral at the corner of Superior and Erie streets was conse- 
 crated. St. Mary's was then assigned to the Germans, who were placed 
 in charge of the Rev. N. Roupp, until the advent of the Rev. John H. 
 Luhr in February, 1853. He was their first resident pastor. In 
 November, 1854, the Germans living west of the river were organized 
 into a church under the title St. Mary's of the Assumption and those 
 ea.st of the river established St. Peter's congregation. The "West 
 Side German Catholics occupied the "church on the flats" until the 
 dedication of their new house of worship, corner of Carroll and Jer- 
 sey streets, in 1865. 
 
 From 1865 to 1879, old St. Mary's gave birth to the following 
 Catholic churches: St. Malachy's, 1865; St. Wencelas (Bohemian), 
 1867; Annunciation (French), 1870. The Poles of Cleveland were 
 the last to occupy St. Mary's on the Flats, from 1872 to 1879; in the 
 latter year, the.v organized St. Stanislaus parisli, which is now the 
 strongest in membership of any Catholif churrh in tlie city. They 
 completed their present massive house of worship in 1881. 
 
 The last services lu'ld in tlu> historic edifice known as St. ]\Iary's 
 on the Flats were conducted l)y the Rt. Rev. Mons. F. M. Bofif, vicar 
 general of the diocese, on the feast of the Epipliany, tlie sixth of 
 January, 1886. 
 
 Irish Catholics 
 
 In 1854, Bishop Rappo establi.sbcd St. Patrick's Chni-di, for llic 
 accommodation of the Irish Catholics residing in Ohio City, and 
 two years later another Irish congregation was organized in tlie east- 
 em section of the city known as the Churdi of I he Immacuhite Con- 
 ception. St. Bridget's Church was established in 1858; St. Augus- 
 tine's in 1860 and Holy Name in 1862. The last named was founded 
 for the Eiiglisji speaking Catholics of Newburg.
 
 1839-1900] RELIGIOUS, ETC. ^15 
 
 Otiier Catiiouc Churches in Cleveland 
 
 The Catholic churches of Cleveland multiplied so rai)idly from 
 the early '60s, especially in the foreign sections of the city, that it 
 is possible only to mention some of the leading organizations now 
 inoluded in the list of seventy-Hve or more Catholic cuiigrogations 
 which are found in every section of the Forest City. 
 
 In 1862, from old St. Peter's Church, developed St. Joseph's; in 
 1865, St. IMalachi's was formed by the English speaking Catliolies 
 of the West Side; the Bohemians founded St. Weneelas in the same 
 year; St. Stephen's, by the Germans west of the river, in 1869; St. 
 Proeop's, by the Bohemians, 1875; Holy Trinity and St. Michael's, 
 both German Catholic churches, in 1880 and 1882, respectively; 
 Italian Catholics organized in 1887 and the Slovaks in 1888, while 
 within the following three years the Poles formed three congregations; 
 in 1893, the Slovaks organized a second parish, St. Martin's and in 
 the same year the Catholic Hungarians formed St. Elizabeth ])ai-ish. 
 The United Greek Catholics lirst organized in 1894, and since then the 
 multiplication of churches and Catholic institutions engaged in re- 
 ligious and benevolent work has progressed without intermission. 
 Besides the American born, at least thirteen nationalities are repre- 
 sented in the Catholic parishes of Cleveland — German, Slovak, Polish, 
 BohemiaJi, ]Magyar, Slovenian, Greek, Italian, Lithuanian, Crnatian, 
 Roumanian, Kuthenian and Syrian. 
 
 Jewish Congregations 
 
 Like other members of the religious faiths in Cleveland, the Jews 
 made numerous faithful efTorts in the community before they estab- 
 lished a permanent congregation. In 1839, when there were prob- 
 ably not a dozen Hebrew families in the city, the Israelitic Society 
 was formed. In the following year, it purcha.sed a burial ground in 
 Ohio City, but in 1842 the Anshe Chesed congregation was formed 
 from it. After worshiping separately until 1846 they were reunited 
 under the name of the Israelitic Anshe Chesed Society of the City of 
 Cleveland. This marks the beginning of the oldest Jewish Congrega- 
 tion in the city. Although Leonard Case presented a building lot 
 on Ohio Street to the congregation, the synagogue, the first in Cleve- 
 land, was erected on Eagle Street at a cost of $1,500. 'I'liis was en- 
 larged and rededieated in 1860, and the congregation has since 
 erected two new and attractive temples at different periods, the first 
 completed in 1887 on Scovill Avenue and Henry (East Twenty- 
 fifth) Street, and the second, more than twenty years later, at Euclid 
 Avenue and East Eighty-second Street.
 
 616 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 The Tifereth Israel congregation first worshiped in a house on 
 Lake Street. Other temporary quarters were occupied until Decem- 
 ber, 1855, when, through the bequest of Judah Touro, tlie temple on 
 Huron Street was completed. The original house of worship was re- 
 peatedly enlarged until the dedication of the handsome new temple, at 
 WiUson (East Fifty-fifth Street) and Central avenues, in 1894. This 
 is pronounced the firet "open temple," or institutional church, ever 
 established by the Jewish people in the history of the world. Among 
 its other democratic institutions is a free public library, opened in 
 1898. 
 
 The oldest of the Orthodox Jewish congregations is that known as 
 the Hungarian Bene Jeshuiiim, organized in 1865 and reorganized 
 in 1886. In 1905, it completed its new temple at the corner of Will- 
 son and Scovill avenues. Altogether there are a score of Hebrew con- 
 gregations of the Orthodox type, mainly Hungarian, Russian and Pol- 
 islL Strictly speaking, the Jewish community has no parochial 
 schools, the secular instruction of its children being supplementary to 
 the public school system. 
 
 The Jewish- charities are numerous and well organized, and com- 
 prise the Hebrew Relief Association, organized in 1875; the Inde- 
 pendent Montefiore Shelter Home, founded in the '80s, for the 
 special care of Russian Jewish immigrants and now housed in a 
 large building on Orange Street ; the Jewish Orphan Asylum, founded 
 in 1868 and now one of the great benevoleneies of Cleveland, with 
 its magnificent property fronting on "Woodland Avenue; the Sir 
 Moses Montefiore Kosher Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites, estab- 
 lished in 1881 and the Mount Sinai Hospital, opened by the Jewish 
 Women's Hospital Society in 1903. 
 
 Making Christian American Citizens 
 
 Both the Catholic and Protestant churches are doing their utmost 
 both to Christianize and to Americanize the large foreign elements 
 which have filtered into Cleveland, especially during the four yeare 
 of war activities and industries which have evinced remarkable local 
 expansion. In this work, the organization known as the Federated 
 Churches of Cleveland has been very active, and has made the most 
 complete survey of the situation which has been accomplished, or, at 
 least, which is accessible. Its Comity Committee was designated to 
 study the foreign speaking pnpuliitioii of the city, its composition 
 and distribution ; to ascertain the cstaltlishcd methods of religious and 
 social work carried on in foreign .speaking communities, and to propose 
 a program which slinuld piiablo flic cliurches more adequately to meet
 
 1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 617 
 
 the situation in greater Cleveland. The L-ommittee appointed several 
 commissions to carry out these objects, and they made careful investi- 
 gations accordingly in all the foreign districts of the city, compiling 
 invaluable figures and also platting the results of their work on a 
 large map. Such statistics and plattings constitute an absolutely 
 unique presentation of the belts and patches of the diverse national- 
 ities which are included in Cleveland's limits, with a statement of 
 the churches and missions, whether Protestant or Catholic, which 
 are ministering to these foreign groups. Examination and report 
 have also been made of the service rendered by foreign speaking 
 enterprises and community work carried on by Christian associations, 
 community houses and social settlements. 
 
 Institutional or CoMMUNriY Churches 
 
 While recognizing the need, for some time to come, of church 
 services and society transactions being conducted in the foreign 
 languages, best understood by the various nationalities, the Federated 
 Churches hold that there should be no relaxation in the determination 
 to educate the foreign young in the English language and to Ameri- 
 canize both young and adults. For this purpose the members of that 
 body would use as their prime agency the Institutional Church. This 
 feature of the situation is so vital that an extract is here made from 
 a "report of the commission appointed to propose a program for 
 work among the foreign speaking people of Cleveland." It reads r 
 
 The second form of church service upon which wp lay especial em- 
 phasis is the Institutional Church. We believe there can be no better 
 investment for the churches of Cleveland than to maintain large 
 institutions in strategic centers with a view to carrj-ing on all the 
 ministrations of the church in the English language and supplement- 
 ing this work by such foreign speaking services as are necessary to 
 reach the adult population. The war has emphasized with appalling 
 intensity that any organization which tends to continue the foreign 
 spirit and foreign allegiance is detrimental to the Kingdom of God 
 in America. Patriotism and Christianity must not be separated. 
 To perpetuate alien ideals, as the perpetuation of a foreign speech 
 necessarily tends to do. is, of course, not to be approved any longer. 
 We must, so far as pwssible, prevent the foreign group from holding 
 its integrity as such, and we must seek to have it absorbed as rapidly 
 as possible in an American public. 
 
 We use this term, the Institutional Church, in a very general 
 sense. By it we do not mean that any particular existing form of 
 church organization should be rigidly followed. We have in mind 
 an enterprise with a large, attractive, well-cf|uipped building, adapted 
 for any ministry which the particular needs of the neighborhood 
 challenge the church to render, wath a capable staff of workers, and
 
 618 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Avith a spirit that is willing not only to hold to the abiding principles 
 of the ministry of the church, but is perfectly ready to adapt methods 
 to any conditions. 
 
 The fii-st community to be considered is the district liounded by 
 Kingsbury i-un, East Fifty-fifth Street and north and south of 
 Broadway. In this large tei-ritory is a population of 80,000 persons, 
 eighty-five per cent of whom are Bohemians, with a few representa- 
 tives from other Slavic nations. This is the oldest and largest 
 Bohemian communitj' in the city, and it is interesting to note that 
 the Bohemian language is being perpetuated through five private 
 schools and four Bohemian newspapers. The Broadway Methodist 
 Episcopal Church is about to erect a large institution in the center of 
 this Bohemian community, and it is planned to invest between $200,- 
 000 and .$300,000 in the enterprise. Three units are projected: 
 (1) The auditoriiun for worship and Siuiday school purposes; (2) a 
 social hall to minister to the needs of the young people; (3) a lodg- 
 ing house where comfortable rooms may be secured at a nominal 
 rental. When these three units are erected and equipped, Cleveland 
 will have one of the strongest Americanizing, Christianizing and 
 socializing institutions in the country. 
 
 Altogether this district embraces six Catholic and five Protestant 
 missions. The leading Bohemian Catholic church is the Mizpah con- 
 gregation. 
 
 Another foreign section is that bounded by East Thirtieth Street, 
 East Seventieth Street, Scovill Avenue and the Nickel Plate Railroad. 
 About 70 per cent of its population is Jewish, although the Italians 
 and negroes are pressing the Hebrews eastward. Woodland Avenue 
 Presbyterian Church is the natural institutional center of this com- 
 munity. Within tliis district are also the Willson Avenue Baptist 
 Churcli and a lunnbcr of Jewish temples. 
 
 'J'lie third pronounced foreign district may be described as a 
 parish extending from .just east of East Fifty-fifth Street to the 
 boulevard and from Superior Avenue to the lak(\ Fully 85 per cent 
 of the people in tliis section are foreign, including 19,000 Slovenians, 
 6,000 Croatians, 10,000 Poles and a number of Lithuanians and 
 Slovaks. It is one of the most densely jjopulated portions of the city. 
 There arc half a dozen Catholic churches established in the district 
 named, the North Congregational being the proposed Protestant com- 
 munity center. 
 
 There are 50,000 Poles in Clcvclaiul from Union Street soutli to 
 the city limits, and within that district are eleven Catholic churches
 
 1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 619 
 
 and Baptist and Episcopalian missions. These fignres may be too 
 high on aueoniit of tiie recent drains of lighting man power. 
 
 In the district bounded by East Fifty-fourth Street, the C. 
 & P. Railroad, Union Avenue and the city limits, are .some 
 25,000 Poles, among ulioni very little Protestant work is being carried 
 on. In fact, the mission in connection with Trinity Baptist Church, 
 at Broadway and Fullorton Road is the oidy Protestant center. The 
 Poles, like many other foreign groups, have a special fondness for 
 their own language and customs. Their fraternal, religious, musical 
 athletic and military organizations perpetuate their language, litera- 
 ture, traditions and ideals. Therefore, it is that this Polish district 
 is considered fine soil in which to sow the seed of sturdy American- 
 ism and faithfully to cultivate the growing plants. 
 
 Anotlier extensive manufacturing district, the futin-e of which is 
 somewhat uncertain, extends from about East Sixtieth Street to 
 Payne Avenue to Ea.st Fortieth Street to Superior Avenue to East 
 Twentieth Street to the lake. The population is nearly all foreign 
 and is composed largely of Slovaks, Croatians, Slovenians and Rou- 
 manians, with the first named predominating and numbering nearly 
 20,000. AVithin this area are the North Presbyterian Church, which 
 is the natural Protestant institution, a Lutheran church and several 
 Catholic congregations. The Martin Luther National Slovak Church 
 is very strong. 
 
 The Pdgrim Congregational (Imnli, corner of West Fourteenth 
 Street and Starkweather Avenue, is the comnnuiity center of much 
 active work among the Slovaks, Poles and Lithuanians of the South 
 Side. 
 
 Fully 85 per cent of the district bounded by East Seventieth and 
 East One Hundred and Thirtieth streets, and Quincy Avenue and 
 Kinsman Road are foreigners, mostly Hungarians, Bohemians and 
 Slovaks. Among all the foreign communities the Protestant churches 
 seem to be strongest in this district. Three Catholic clHirches are 
 active also. The Hungarian Baptist, the Lutheran, the Presbyterian 
 and Congregational churches are all re])resented in the Protestant 
 work, as well as the East End Community House. The Calvary 
 Evangelical Church, at the corner of Woodhill Road and the Shaker 
 Boulevard, is the community center of the Federated Churches. 
 
 Some of the methods .suggested by the Federated Churches by 
 which this transfonnation may be best accomplished have been thus 
 formulated : 
 
 1. That in every foreign speaking church in the city an oppor- 
 tunity shall be given in the Sunday school for English speaking
 
 620 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 classes and that, as soon as conditions shape themselves, an increasing 
 number of English classes shall be added. 
 
 2. That the foreign speaking pastors themselves consider it a 
 privilege and an opportunity to become naturalized American citi- 
 zens; that they encourage the members of their congregations to take 
 out naturalization papers ; and that they deliver addresses from time 
 to time upon the requirements, duties and privileges of American 
 citizenship. 
 
 3. That the editors of the foreign speaking newspapers of the 
 city and the editors of foreign religious papers, be requested to pub- 
 lish from time to time biographical sketches of American statesmen 
 and a history of the development of democracy in this country. 
 
 4. That all the national holidays of this covuitry be fittingly ob- 
 served by patriotic meetings in the churches ; that addresses be given 
 by the pastors or by some visiting speaker, either layman or clergy- 
 man, upon some phase of American life. Among the holidays pro- 
 posed for special observance ai'e : Memorial Day, Fourth of July, 
 Thanksgiving Day, Lincoln 's birthday and Washington 's birthday. 
 
 5. That the committee prepare a list of topics for addresses upon 
 the fundamental principles of democracy as it has been developed 
 in this country, and secure the names of outstanding laymen in 
 Cleveland who, upon call, will respond to an invitation from any one 
 of the foreign speaking churches to speak upon these subjects. 
 
 6. That community conferences, attended by the pastors of both 
 English and foreign speaking churches, be held from time to time with 
 a view to talking over the social conditions in that part of the city, 
 such as: housing, amusements. Sabbath observance, recreational op- 
 portunities, poverty, labor and charity. 
 
 Cleveland's Foreign Groups in Figures 
 
 A resume of the census taken by the Federated Church as to the 
 foreign groups in Cleveland is suggestive of the magnitude of the 
 work to be accomplislied in this matter of Americanization alone. 
 The figures are : 
 
 Bohemians 46,296 
 
 Italians 23,000 
 
 Hungarians 31,628 
 
 Russian Jews 30,000 
 
 Croatians 6,000 
 
 Slovenians li),000 
 
 Slovaks 18,977
 
 1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 621 
 
 Poles 49,000 
 
 Lithuanians 5,6-10 
 
 Roumanians 2,456 
 
 221,997 
 
 The Work op the Federated Cuuuciies 
 
 Tlie union liuown as the Federated Churches of Gleveland repre- 
 sents full}' 95 per cent of the 225 Protestant churches within the 
 limits of the city, and since it was organized in 1911 has been the most 
 pronounced general force in the work of unifying Christian activities 
 in the Forest City. In other words, since its creation the municipal 
 territory has been divided with a view to systematic extension of 
 social, benevolent and religious work; the organization of new churches 
 has been determined by a fraternal consideration of adaptability and 
 the greatest good to the greatest number; friction and jealousies 
 between the various sects have been reduced to a minimum, and long 
 steps have been taken toward real comity and union of the Christian 
 forces thus associated. Early in the work of the Federated Churches, 
 their Comity Committee came to believe that no new church enter- 
 prise should be established either in new resident communities, or 
 in foreign speaking districts, without first consulting its members. 
 The principle of comity thus developed into what became known as the 
 Cleveland plan to guide in the selection of sites for new mission en- 
 terprises. The plan has resulted not only in liarmonizing what other- 
 wise might have become disagreeable differences, but in safeguarding 
 investments in church properties by preventing duplication and over- 
 lapping. 
 
 As to the Cleveland plan of evangelism, a significant feature of 
 it is the organizing of a group of at least twelve laymen in each 
 church to engage in parish visitation in the community under the di- 
 rection of the pastor on one or two evenings a month. The religious 
 work in the public institutions and hospitals of the city has been 
 carried on by the ministers of the Federated Churches under the 
 superintendency of the Episcopal City Mission. Several national 
 missionarj' campaigns have been conducted in Cleveland under the 
 auspices of the Religious Work Committee of the Federated Churches. 
 In 1912, the Woman's Council was organized and, in 1915, the 
 Woman's Missionary Union of Cleveland, which for twenty years had 
 held regular meetings in the interest of home and foreign missions, was 
 merged into the Council. The year 1914 resulted in great steps 
 toward harmony and unity being taken by the Federated Churches,
 
 622 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 since, on the eightli of February of that year, occurred the first annual 
 inter-denominational exchange of pastors who all preached on "The 
 World's Challenge to a United Church," and in November, 1914, the 
 young people's religious societies of Protestant Cleveland met through 
 their delegates, and organized the Young People's Council of the 
 Federated Churches. The Educational Committee of the federation 
 has taken up the work of Bible study in the public schools ; the Civic 
 Committee has consistently urged upon citizens their dutj' to judge 
 at least local measures from a nonpartisan standpoint and has rec- 
 ommended specific measures ; and the Social Betterment Committee, 
 in cooperation with the Civic Committee, was one of the strongest 
 agencies which forced the closing of the segregated vice district of 
 Cleveland in 1915. The Social Betterment Committee has also been 
 closely associated with such institutions as the Juvenile Court, Con- 
 sumers League, The Cleveland Welfare Federation and the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce, and has accomplished much in the way of regulating 
 dance halls, pool rooms, variety theaters and motion picture shows, so 
 as to bring them into the class of healthful recreations and amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 With the spread of the World's war to the United States, the War 
 Relief Committee has also assumed a place among the leading activi- 
 ties of the Federated Churches. It has systematized and promoted 
 Red Cross work, and has been especially active in furnishing relief to 
 the stricken Armenians, Syrians and other far-eastern sufferers. 
 
 The Church Women's War Committee of thirty members was 
 selected from all the leading churches in greater Cleveland, and was 
 called into existence to unify and systematize the war work in the 
 churches. It represents an executive committee of a larger group of 
 300 women who are chairmen of patriotic committees in the individual 
 churches. Each of the patriotic committees named has charge of the 
 Red Cross work, war savings stamps, food con.servation, baby saving 
 and child welfare, the collection of books and magazines for the 
 soldiers and sailors in cantonments and overseas and providing hos- 
 pitality and entertainment for the American boys stationed in Cleve- 
 land whenever desired by the local authorities. The Committee of 
 Thirty recommend to the patriotic committees from time to time cer- 
 tain features in the war program Ihat are deemed specially worthy of 
 emphasis so that there may be a unity of interest and concentration 
 of effort in all the churches. 
 
 Since the organization of the Federated Churches in 1911, the fol- 
 lowing have served a,s presidents: The Very Rev. Frank DuMcmlin, 
 the Rev. Worth M, Tippy, D. D., Judge P. A. Henry, the Rev. Dan
 
 183()-1!)18] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 623 
 
 F. Bradley, D. D., the Rev. J. II. Bombei-fier, the Rev. Alexander Me- 
 GaflSn, D. D., and Frank ^I. Gregg. Edward R. Wright has been 
 executive secretary since the organization of the federation. 
 
 Growth Shown in Figures 
 
 The growth of churcii iiiflueiife and tiic real spread of Christianity 
 are not truly measured by the increase of the religious bodies of 
 Cleveland. Local Christian expansion can thus be gauged only super- 
 ficially ; and yet this is one of the many ways to convey the idea. 
 "With only three or four churches in Cleveland in 1830 there were ten 
 times that many twenty years later. The thirty churches of 1850 
 had doubled in 1870, and a decade later the total had reached to 
 more than 160, Protestaiit, Catholic and Jewish. By 1900, there were 
 fully 300 churches of all sects and this number is now close to the 
 400 mark. Of these the Catholic congregations probably comprise 
 75 or 80, and the most numerous of the Protestant denominations 
 are thus approximately represented: Methodist, 44; Evangelical 
 Lutheran, 36; Presbyterian and Congregational, 30 each; Protestant 
 Episcopal, 27 ; and Hebrew, 25. 
 
 Charitable and Benevolent Institutions 
 
 The private charities of Cleveland have always been active, among 
 their earliest organized manifestations being the Western Seamen's 
 Friend Society founded in 1830. Later came the planting of orphan 
 asylums by Catholic, Protestant and Jew, and often the cooperative 
 support of each by all. The Children's Aid Society of 1858, the aid 
 and charitable organizations which sprung from civil war activities, 
 and the various hospitals of Cleveland, made a benevolent list in 
 the earlier period which called for constant care in the systematizing 
 of charitable work aJid the conservation of good labors. In fact, that 
 consummation, so devoutedly to be wished, by earnest men and women 
 who had the good of the city deep in their hearts, was not to be 
 accomplished for many years. The Young ilen's Christian Associa- 
 tion was to be revived after the civil war and, in 1869, the boarding 
 house for young women on Lake Street was to be planted as the 
 kernel of the Young Women's Christian Association. The Jewish 
 Orphan Asylum and the House of the Good Shepherd, both estab- 
 lished in 1869, and both Catholic and Jewish homes for the aged, with 
 other charities numeroiis and worthy, sprung from fertile Cleveland 
 soil and flourished in spite of the lack of coordinated efforts.
 
 624 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Clevkland Associated Charities 
 
 But in 1881, relief appeared in the form of the organization known 
 as the Society for Organized Charities. In 1884, it was consolidated 
 with the Cleveland Bethel Union under the title of the Bethel Asso- 
 ciated Charities. A wayfarer's lodging house and wood yard were 
 established on Spring Street, but the most decided advance in organ- 
 izing the city charities so that they should not overlap each other, 
 was the founding of a system of registration and investigation by 
 which the cases of those applying for relief or work could be ex- 
 peditiously investigated and the measure of assistance justly deter- 
 mined. In May, 1900, the society was incorporated as the Cleveland 
 Associated Charities, and purchased the Bethel Union Building for 
 its headquarters. In all of this foundation work of the Associated 
 Charities, as well as in its later development, the influence of the 
 late General James Barnett was strong and constant. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Benjamin Rouse, Amasa Stone, Mrs. Flora Stone Mather 
 (daughter of Amasa Stone), John D. Rockefeller, William H. Doan, 
 Lucius P. Mellen and others may also be classed as founders of the 
 Associated Charities. Also, as a body, the Chamber of Commerce was 
 largely influential in formulating a plan by which the unworthy 
 were sifted from the worthy objects of charity and practical regen- 
 eration. Prom the work of United Charities have also grown such 
 organizations of widespread usefulness as the Visiting Nurses' Asso- 
 ciation, the Workingmen's Loan Association, the Babies' Dispensary 
 and Hospital Association and the Anti-Tuberculosis League. 
 
 The Children's Presh Air Camp 
 
 In the spring of 1889, "Father" H. M. Addison, the quaint pio- 
 neer who was the founder of the Early Settlers' Association and rich 
 in good works, began the Children's Fresh Air Camp on "Woodland 
 Hills. The two or three acres that it occupied, practically rent free, 
 belonged to Henry B. Perkins of Warren ; the site is a part of the 
 Luna Park of today. Nominally, he had a board of directors but in 
 practice he was the sole manager, soliciting and spending money 
 without any dictation or interference. In 1895, the camp was in- 
 corporated and Elroy M. Avery was elected president. Gradually 
 the camp grew strong in public confidence and sujijiort and on the 
 eighth of May, 1902, it received a gift of $100,000 from J. H. Wade. 
 A tract of about twenty acres was bought on Buckeye Road and a 
 model administration and hospital building w<ns erected. Later, Mr. 
 W^ade gave $15,000 for a laundry building and equipment. After
 
 1889-1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 625 
 
 thirteen years of service as president, Mr. Avery declined a re-elec- 
 tion and Mr. E. M. Williaius was chosen as his successor. Seven 
 years later, Mr. Avery was again called to the presidency and served 
 three years when he again "was forced b.y his literary labors to re- 
 sign. In this period, Mr. R. R. Rhodes bequeathed $50,000 to the 
 camp. Among tlie other benefactors of the camp are General James 
 Barnett and John D. Rockefeller. Doctor Avery is now honorary 
 president and has been formally designated by the directors as "the 
 builder," as "Father" Addison was "the founder" of the camp. 
 At the present time, Dr. Avery is the only person who has been a 
 director continuously since the camp was begun in 1889. The presi- 
 dent now (1918) is Mrs. R. L. Ireland, under whose able admin- 
 istration The Children's Fresh Air Camp and Hospital (its present 
 corporate name) is continuing, with gi-eatly increased resources, the 
 work inaugurated by "Father" Addison. 
 
 Other Institutions 
 
 The work of the Young Men's Christian Assoeiation and the 
 Young Women's Christian A.ssociation, with their various branches 
 in the eitj-, is probably as well known as that of any of the religious 
 organizations connected with Protestant extension in Cleveland. For 
 that reason more detailed histories of these organizations are given 
 elsewhere. 
 
 The Salvation Army and the Volunteers of America also do a good 
 and a practical work in the way of relief and Christianization. 
 The Catholic churches have numerous auxiliary societies both for 
 the spread of their faith and the relief of the suffering in body and 
 estate. If any of these worthj^ organizations were to be specially 
 mentioned as representative of the broadest Christianity and patri- 
 otism of the Catholic church, it is safe to saj' that no exception would 
 be taken to a commendation of the Knights of Columbus. In all the 
 sturdiest movements for the bulwarking of democracy in America 
 as against autocracy in Central Europe, this organization has been 
 right at the front. A noteworthy feature in this connection is the 
 fact that in the war work, whatever differences of policy there may 
 be between such organizations as the Federated Churches and the 
 Knights of Columbus, when it comes to questions of "winning the 
 war" for the salvation of the people of the world, they have been 
 a unit. 
 
 The Homes for the Dead 
 
 Modem Christianity, as well as the ancient religions of the world, 
 is characterized by its tender care of the aged, the young and the weak,
 
 626 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 and by the preservation of sacred and beautiful grounds in which 
 to lay the earthly remains of those whose souls have passed. Jew and 
 gentile, Catholic and Protestant, the Hindu, the Confucian and the 
 Mohammedan, have almost univei-sally considered burial places as 
 sacred. It is a strange and fearful fact to remember for all time 
 that the most awful desecrations of the tombs of the dead were accom- 
 plished by a nation which had theretofore been considered high 
 minded and cultured. 
 
 Turning sadly from the mined burial places and sacred edifices 
 of stricken Belgium and Fi-ance, the restful and beautiful homes of 
 the dead in Cleveland are all the more to be thankful for. In the 
 earliest days of the local community, when the problem of how best 
 to dispose of the dead came up for solution, the churches were not 
 strong enough to assume the responsibility. So it was left to the 
 village authorities, who, in 1826, secui-ed a tract of about ten acres on 
 Erie (East Ninth) Street for burial purposes. The cemetery was grad- 
 ually platted, improved and sold, so that bj" 1860 the entire tract had 
 been disposed of. In 1871, the City or Erie Street Cemeteiy, as it was 
 called, was surrounded by an iron fence and a Gothic gateway 
 erected as the main euti-ance. It was there that most of the Cleve- 
 land pioneers were bui'ied — ^IVIinerva M. White, Lorenzo Carter, Abram 
 Hickox, James Kingsbury, A. W. Walworth, Charles R. Giddings, 
 Daniel Kelley, Setli Doan, Nathan Perry, Samuel Dodge and others. 
 Some of those who were buried before the City Cemetery was estab- 
 lished, such as Lorenzo Carter, were moved from a little burial ground 
 at Ontario Street and Prospect Avenue, for which provision had been 
 made many years before. As other cemeteries were established, from 
 time to time, the Erie Street burial grounds were decimated and 
 finally were abandoned, as far as further burials are concerned. 
 
 Woodland Cemetery originated in the need of another burial 
 place farther from the downtown district than the Erie Street cem- 
 etery', the necessity for it being ('nij)hasizod liy the fatalities accom- 
 panying the cholera epidemic of 1849. In 1852, tlie city purchased 
 sixty acres of the Bomford tract on Edwards Road, beyond Willson 
 Avenue. The former thoroughfare was successively named Kinsman 
 Street and Woodland Avenue, although the burial ground was always 
 known a.s Woodland Cemetery because of the fine grove of forest trees 
 on it. The grounds were dedicated in June, 1853, the first twenty 
 acres platted having as a proniincnt laiuliiuirk an Indian mound sixty 
 feet in diameter. The stone gateway at the main enfrnnce with 
 chapel and waiting room, was built in 1870. Otiier impi-ovemcnts 
 have made Woodland a beautiful forest home.
 
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 628 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Lake View Cemeterj^ comprises 200 acres on Euclid ridge bor- 
 deriug on Euclid avenue; it was purchased in 1869 by the associa- 
 tion for that purpose. Originally the land cost $148,000, and in- 
 eluded twenty acres of natural forest and a living stream of water. 
 The surface of the grounds was rolling in places and culminated in a 
 noble rise, upon which was erected the stately Garfield mausoleum and 
 memorial. It is of gra}- granite and rises 180 feet above the natural 
 elevation, and from the summit of the tower a view of Lake Erie, the 
 City of Cleveland and the surrounding country may be enjoj-ed of 
 unsurpassed beautj- and grandeur. The entire cost of the memorial 
 was $225,000. The remains of the beloved president are deposited in a 
 vault built into the massive foundation of the memorial structure, and 
 beside his catafalque is the waiting. coffin of his widow. j\Iany other 
 distinguished men are buried at Lake View, as, bear witness, the im- 
 pressive Wade, Hanna, Burke and Hay memorials. 
 
 The Riverside Cemetery which overlooks the Cuyahoga Valley, 
 near Scranton Avenue and Columbus Street, contains more than 100 
 acres and was opened with centennial services in November, 1876. 
 Among the distinguished guests present were Governor Rutherford 
 B. Hays who, with others, planted various trees which have since 
 matured into things of beauty and joy to the living, who come thither 
 to commune with the souls of their departed. 
 
 Two other general cemeteries maj- be mentioned — Monroe, at the 
 foot of Thirty-second Street, opened in November, 1841. Harvard 
 Grove Cemeteiy, at Lansing Avenue and East Fifty-seventh Street. 
 The latter is the outcome of the old Axtell Street Cemetery of New- 
 burg, sometimes called the Eighteenth Ward Cemeterj'. It is said 
 to have been first opened as early as 1800, about a quarter of a mile 
 nortli of Broadway, and many of the j)ioneer families of Newburg 
 were buried in the cemeteiy during the succeeding seventy or eighty 
 years. In 1880, seven years after the village had been absorbed by 
 Cleveland, the city sold the land comprising the Eighteenth Ward 
 Cemeterj' to the Connoton Railroad Company. In the following year 
 that corporation laid out the IIai-\'ard Grove Cemetery and more than 
 3,000 bodies were transferred from the old resting place to the new. 
 
 Among the Catholic cemeteries are St. Joseph's on Woodland 
 Avenue, beyond East Fifty-fifth, founded in 1849; St. John's, near 
 Holy Trinity and St. Edward's churches, opened in 1858; St. Mary's, 
 Burton Street and Clark Avenue, platted in 1861, as well as St. Mary's 
 Polish Catholic; and Calvary, on Leland Avenue, established in 1893. 
 
 The Hebrew cemeteries are the An.sbc Chesed, Pulton Road, corner 
 of Bailey; Jewish, Fulton Road and Siam Avenue; Obed-Zedeck,
 
 1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 629 
 
 Ridge Avenue in South Brooklyn, and United Jewish, Mayfield Road 
 east of tlie city limits. 
 
 Besides these are the following: Broadview, Brooklyn Heights, 
 Denison Avenue, East Cleveland, German Lutheran, Highland, Hun- 
 garian, beautiful and spacious Knollwood, Mayfield, and West Park. 
 
 Social Development in Cleveland' 
 By Ruth Agiies Edwards, of (he Associated Charities 
 
 Because of her eonceni for the development of an efficient citizen- 
 ship, Cleveland has eome to be known as a leader in social movements 
 — as a city with a vision of democracy. The history of how that 
 leadership came to be will never and can never be written. Countless 
 persons, through the gift of money, their time and themselves, have 
 helped to make this possible, and are today in every part of Cleve- 
 land, as professional and volunteer workers, sharing in many forms 
 of collective undertaking, thus striving toward a goal the location of 
 which is becoming visible as the city is made conscious, as never be- 
 fore, of its problems and possibilities. 
 
 Co-operation, the basic element of all community endeavor, has 
 reached a high state of development in Cleveland, the most striking 
 evidence of which was perhaps the inauguration in Cleveland in 1913 
 of a federation of social agencies, whereby greater efiSciency with 
 wider social benefit is sought to meet the problems of human welfare 
 as it presents itself in the acute form incidental to the modern big 
 city. 
 
 The Cleveland Federation for Charity and Philanthropy came 
 into being as the result of the adoption by the Cleveland Chamber of 
 Commerce of the recommendations of its committee on Benevolent 
 Associations, which for years had been making an intensive study 
 of local social problems and the way of meeting them. In its earliest 
 period, much emphasis had to be placed on securing funds for carrj'- 
 ing forward the work of the agencies united in the Federation. "For 
 the institution, for the donor, and for the citizen the plan is pro-' 
 posed," to quote Chairman ]\Iartin A. Marks of the committee. "For 
 the institution, it should mean a larger life because of larger gifts, 
 more givers and broader and deeper public interest ;' for the donor, a 
 broader social knowledge and larger satisfaction ; for the citizen, a 
 better Cleveland because a better informed and a more unified Cleve- 
 land." 
 
 The years of effort following the inception of the Federation 
 were crowned with success — more funds became available to advance
 
 630 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 social work, the community programme became more unified and 
 more practicable, while the city as a whole came to sliare more in- 
 tensively the ideals of social reconstruction. In 1917, the Federation 
 and the Welfare Council merged into the Cleveland Welfare Feder- 
 ation, coming into the larger function as the active clearing house 
 for all kinds of welfare work, public and private, in the city. Sixty- 
 one philanthropies are thus aided in securing funds for their work 
 while the entire social fabric is more firmly knit together and made 
 efficiently to serve the needs of a great city. 
 
 In the city every evil of modern society presents itself, while 
 every material and spiritual resource is there available also. The 
 organization of a city's resources to overcome these evils has, in the 
 past, been chiefly the task of private philanthropy, which has been 
 the pioneer in seeking out and ministering to social needs and then 
 presenting them to the community until a full appreciation of their 
 significance should bring about the assumption of these particular 
 burdens by the municipality itself. The social activity of the gov- 
 ernment has thiis been ever widening, while private philanthropy 
 has been freed for further pioneering. Such focusing of a com- 
 munity's intelligence and humanitarianism upon community pi'ob- 
 lems has become perhaps the most dominant note in modern social 
 effort. 
 
 As early as ISSl, there had appeared an outward expression of 
 Cleveland's spirit of working together toward a common end in 
 the formation of the Society for Organizing Charity. No relief was 
 to be administered by this society which was to be an investigating 
 and eo-ordinating agent for all relief societies, to the end that dui)li- 
 cation of effort might be prevented. As one of the promoters de- 
 scribed it — "this was to bear the same relation to the charitable 
 societies of the city a.s a clearing house bears to the banks." As an 
 integral part of co-operative effort, the Associated Charities in 1905 
 established a central registration bureau for all social agencies, which 
 later became the Charities Clearing House, where sixty organiza- 
 tions record names and salient facts, identifying 150,000 Cleveland 
 families and assuring a maximum of accoin|ilishment to all social 
 effort. 
 
 General James Barnett, Cleveland's "fii-st citizen," was a leader 
 in social progress as in other civic lines. He was the chairman of 
 the relief committee of the Bethel Mission, the earliest charitable 
 society in Cleveland and an outgrowth of the Western Seamen's 
 Friend Society. In 1884, the Ciiarity Organization Society and the 
 Bethel Mission united in the Bethel Associated Cliarities, which car-
 
 General James Babnett
 
 632 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 ried forward the aims of both societies. This further crystallized in 
 1900 into the Associated Charities, dedicated to family rehabilitation 
 and the conservation of normal living. All through this period of 
 evolution and until his death in 1908, General Barnett was president. 
 
 In so brief a sketch of Cleveland 's social development, no adequate 
 mention can be made of even the leaders therein. The trends of 
 social progress originated from certain springs of thought and these 
 only can be named here. Under the leadership of Superintendent 
 James F. Jackson, the efforts of the Associated Charities of Cleve- 
 land for the development of normal family life have assumed magni- 
 tude and achieved results such as were undreamed of twenty-five 
 years ago. Through its staff of more than sixty highly trained 
 visitors, working from eight district offices, located at strategic points 
 throughout the city, the Associated Charities deals annually with 
 thousands of families in distress, aiding each individual to realize 
 the best that lies in him, as life and health are conserved, as child- 
 hood is safe-guarded, and character, industry and initiative are de- 
 veloped. Its social treatment involves the securing from the com- 
 munity for all full opportunities for health, education, mental 
 hygiene, home economics, work, play and spiritual influence, accom- 
 panying mass reform in seeking large opportunities for all, but realiz- 
 ing that the "essence of justice lies in treating as unequal things which 
 are unequal." Hence, its effort is to secure unusual opportunities for 
 the weakest members of society whose need is for something larger, 
 more personal than an "equal opportunity." 
 
 Under George A. Bellamy, Hiram House has become known 
 nationally for its work for neighborhood betterment through the de- 
 velopment of the settlement. Tlie local work of both the Y. M. C. A. 
 and Y. W. C. A. has been noteworthy of late years especially and 
 has not been exceeded anywhere in the United States. Both organi- 
 zations within the past years obtained fine buildings and excellent 
 equipment for their work. Following the evangelistic work of the 
 earlier years of the Y. M. C. A. and the Y. W. C. A., there has 
 come a renaissance in scope combining with the spiritual emphasis 
 the educational and the recreational. 
 
 "Father" Addison, who founded the Cliildren's Fresh Air Camp 
 in 1889, far in advance of his time, npijrcciated the vahu> of outing 
 and recreation work for children, as a forerunner to the more modern 
 work in playgrounds, vacation camps, and community recreation 
 activities. The camp was incorporated in ]893, and as it,s work 
 became better known, secured poj)ular support and several wealthy
 
 1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 633 
 
 benefactors. It now has large and beautiful grounds and constantly 
 increasing equipment and usefulness. 
 
 A notable work of child earing and child protection was carried 
 on in Cleveland even in the early days. The Cleveland Protestant 
 Orphanage, founded in 1852, was a pioneer in home finding lot 
 orphans and friendless children and in following up the children 
 placed in homes. It inaugurated a progressive move that later was 
 accepted as a standard in America. Through the recent gift of a 
 country estate, the long desired cottage plan for the Home may be 
 realized, approximating as nearly as possible the normal home and 
 providing an opportunity for studying intensively the needs of all 
 types of children. 
 
 The Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court was one of the early ex- 
 pressions of the realization that delinquent children .should be dealt 
 with by the state not for punishment but for the purpose of cor- 
 rection, training, and education. Individualization of treatment 
 made possible through the probation system has from the first been 
 carried on. Accompanying this treatment of .iuvcnile delinquency, 
 there have come the suppression of causes and conditions which make 
 for delinquency and the provision of adequate facilities which make 
 for wholesome juvenile life and education. 
 
 The development of municipal charities and correction in Cleve- 
 land along the lines of institutional care has been noteworthy. The 
 Warrensville Farms of 2,000 acres, including the Tuberculosis Sana- 
 torium, the Infirmary, and the House of Correction, when built were 
 among the most advanced of any similar institutions in the United 
 States. The emphasis on "land and more land" and the results al- 
 ready achieved have given nation-wide publicity to the Rev. Harris R. 
 Cooley, its promoter, and to Cleveland. Outdoor Relief by the munic- 
 ipality and the care of families in their homes has, however, never 
 been attempted with any adequacy but has been left largely to 
 private philanthropy. 
 
 Along the lines of disease prevention and health education, the 
 city has achieved perhaps its greatest work, aided however by private 
 agencies. The City Ho.spital group, with its faculties for general 
 hospital work as well as for the care of tuberculosis, contagious, and 
 venereal diseases, has a progressive program which will be carried on 
 more adequately as the new buildings are completed. 
 
 Of the eighteen .special or general hospitals in Cleveland, two 
 are municipal, and the remaining sixteen are operated "not for 
 profit." Out-patient hospital social service is carried on in certain 
 of these hospitals meeting the necessity for follow-up work on behalf
 
 634 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 of the patient himself and for its educatioual value and reaction on 
 the entire community. The City Department of Health and other 
 hospital health agencies, aided by the social service departments, has 
 carried on an aggressive campaign toward the prevention of disease. 
 
 A large plot of gi'ouud adjacent to the Western Reserve Univer- 
 sity building has been secured, and on this will be erected a new 
 Lakeside Hosijital, a Babies' Hospital, a I\Iaternity Hospital, and a 
 new Medical School Building. The number of hospital beds in 
 Cleveland, now below the number needed, will be iuci'eased, and 
 bettor facilities for teaching and study will be available. 
 
 The Visiting Nurses' Association, founded in 1902, in its earlier 
 years provided bedside nursing service to those otherwise unable to 
 secure skilled assistance in time of illness, but it later took on a 
 broader activity in making its services available to all groups of 
 society. As an outgi-owth of this work, the assumption by the city 
 of a large public health teaching force illustrates the evolution of 
 private agencies into the activities of the Department of Public Wel- 
 fare, after quality of service had been attained and a high standard 
 set. The knowledge of the community need as revealed through 
 various social and medical agencies in the home brought about the 
 conception by the city of the public responsibility for the environ- 
 ment of all its citizens. 
 
 The great and varied business activities of Cleveland, its rapid 
 growth and cosmopolitan population, with its efficient fabric of social 
 organizations working for the common welfare led to the establish- 
 ment of a School for Applied Social Sciences as a graduate school of 
 Western Reserve University to train workers for efficient social serv- 
 ice in municipal administration, family welfare, and public health 
 work. This articulation of social work as a science and as a pro- 
 fession, indicates the new value and emphasis put upon training as 
 essential to the solution of our various social problems, numerous, 
 varied and complex. The distinctive feature of this school is that 
 it insists that an appreciable portion of the training be had in tield 
 work under the skilled supervision of local social agencies. 
 
 With the entrv^ of the United States into llie world war, there 
 Iku come a quickening of the social consciousness — a more searching 
 analysis of our national life as an expression of the democracy we 
 are seeking 1o plant throughout 11i(> world. ITow may we best retain 
 and develop this democracy at home we ask and in answer there 
 comes the remoulding toward higher ideals of all our industrial, 
 social and religious life. And so Cleveland pushes on — a city organ- 
 ized as never before to work toward tlie solution of its comi)lex 
 problems.
 
 1844-54] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 635 
 
 Tub Cleveland Young Meosi's Christian Assocution 
 By Mrs. G. Leonard Pels 
 
 Prior to the civil war, there existed a Young Men 's Christian Asso- 
 ciation in Cleveland, lutlueuccd b}' the woi'k of the London Associa- 
 tion, foiuided in 1844, and of the Boston Association, 1851, a number 
 of Cleveland men started a young men's undenominational prayer 
 meeting in a law office in the Kelly Block on Sujjerior Street. No 
 records of tliese early meetings have been preserved and what knowl- 
 edge we have is the result of interviews with a few of the founders 
 who were still living at the beginning of the present centuiy. The 
 participants in these early prayer meetings were: Horace Benton, 
 Dan P. Eells, Joseph B. Merriam, Solon L. Severance, E. P. Young, 
 L. F. Jlollcn. Loren Prentiss, S. P. Churchill, L. M. H. Battey, E. P. 
 Cook, and Wm. Gribben. A majority of these men were then clerks 
 and their meetings were held after nine o'clock on Wednesda.y eve- 
 nings. The working hours for clerks in those days were from the 
 earliest at which the men could get to the stores until late in the 
 evening, usually until nine o'clock and often until midnight. As a 
 result there was little time for reading and recreation. 
 
 After these young men's meetings were fairly well established, the 
 town was divided off among the men for work in the interest of the 
 poor. One of these men was the originator of what was then known 
 as the Ragged School for the benefit of the poor children living in the 
 region of Champlain and South Water streets. Supervision over 
 this school was maintained for a number of years. 
 
 In the Evening Herald and in the riain Dealer of Tuesday, the 
 seventh of February, 1854, we find recorded a meeting, the purpose of 
 which wa.s to organize a Young Men's Christian Association. S. H. 
 Mather, Loren Prentiss, L. M. H. Battey, E. "W. Roby and E. F. Young 
 were appointed a committee to draft a plan of operation and a con- 
 stitution and by-laws. In the Herald of the twenty-eightb of Feb- 
 ruary, of the same year, we find this notice : 
 
 Young Men's Christian Assoclvtiox 
 
 The Association will meet on Tuesday evening at 7 o'clock in the 
 lecture room of the First Baptist Church, on Seneca Street, for the 
 election of officers and other business. The young men, and others 
 interested in Cleveland and Ohio City are invited to attend. 
 
 S. 13. Shaw, Secretary Pro Tern. 
 
 The records of the secretaries of this early organization are lost, 
 but a copy of the first constitution is preserved among old pamphlets
 
 636 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 in the library of the Western Reserve Historical Society. Sixty- 
 names are included in the list of officers and committeemen. The 
 first president was Dr. John S. Newberry, although we find that due 
 to the frequent absence of Doctor Newberry, James M. Hoyt acted as 
 president. The regular committees named were : Librarj^ and Rooms ; 
 Lectures ; Publication ; and Finance. The standing committees were : 
 Relief of Sick : Boarding Houses ; Employment ; Semi-Annual Social 
 Gathei'ing: and the Church Committee. 
 
 The first meetings were held in the lecture rooms of various 
 churches. How soon after organization the association rooms were 
 secured is not definitely known. The first available record of a perma- 
 nent location is contained in the Herald of Monday evening, the tenth 
 of July, 1854: | 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association 
 
 The monthly meeting of the managers will be held at the rooms of 
 the Association in Spangler and Northrup's Block, on tomorrow, 
 Tuesday, evening, at 7i/^ o'clock. 
 
 The block mentioned stood on the southeast corner of Superior 
 and Seneca (West Third) streets.* 
 
 In' an issue of the Young Men's Magazine for November, 1858, is 
 recorded : 
 
 Our Association is prospering finely. Last week we got into our 
 new rooms, which are fitted up in the most tasteful and attractive 
 manner. They are very accessible, and everything is so inviting that 
 we do not believe the young men will stay away. 
 
 Those rooms comprised the second floor of the Strickland Block,* 
 the sixth store froilt west from the Public Square. The rental was 
 $250 per year. A festival was given in the Chapin Block on the corner 
 of Euclid Avenue and the Public Square to defray the expense of 
 furnishing. The last home of the old association was in the Perkins 
 Block on the west side of the Public Square where the American Trust 
 Building now stands. This was in 1861. 
 
 During these last years wc find that there was some dissatisfac- 
 tion among members in regard to the amount of outside work being 
 done by the a.ssociation. The constitution defined the object of the 
 organization to be "the improvement of tlie religious, moral, intellec- 
 tual, and social conditions of the young men by means appropriate 
 and in unison with the spirit of the Gospel." An effort, therefore, was 
 put forth to induce the churches to take over the responsibility for 
 
 * See pictures on pages 2.'J1 and 232.
 
 1861-79] 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC. 
 
 637 
 
 the "Rago-cd School" and the riiioii Missionary Sunday school. The 
 early association maintained a library of 1,000 voliinies and supported 
 a course of lectures each year. Among the lecturers we find the names 
 of Bishop Potter, Henry Ward Beecher, Bayard Taylor, Bishop Mc- 
 Ilvaine, George AV. Curtis, Cassius M. Clay, and Andrew U. White. 
 There are records to show that the men of the as.soeiation and the 
 women of the Ladies' Christian Union met in tliese days to pack liooks 
 and newspapers I'or the soldiers. 
 
 1867-1879 
 
 After the close of the civil war, the population of Cleveland in- 
 creased with great rapidity. Young men from all over the country 
 
 Pkukins Bh)ck 
 
 were locating in the city. Among these was C. E. Bolton, who soon 
 formed a circle of acquaintances among the young men of the church 
 with which he was connected. These men became interested in the 
 work of the Ydung Men's Christian Association of other cities. With 
 the approval of the ministers of the cit.y, they formed a new Young 
 Men's Christian Association in Cleveland. Prominent in this group 
 were C. E. Bolton, J. W. Walton, E. B. Holden, J. W. Clarke, J. J. 
 Wilson, S. P. Fenn, S. H. Stilson, C. J. Dockstader, and E. C. Pope. 
 In May, 1867, a constitution was approved and later rooms were se- 
 cured in a brick building on the corner of Superior and Seneca (West
 
 638 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Third) streets. The first meeting was held iu October of the same 
 year. In January, 1868, a man was employed to keep one room open 
 daih". In September, constitutional provision was made for an ex- 
 ecutive board, consisting of officers of the association and chainuen of 
 the standing committees, they to have the general management and 
 supervision. Mr. H. J. Herrick was the first president. 
 
 During 1868 and 1869, the advisability of an association building 
 was discussed, and, in 1870, the frame dwelling of J. F. Clarke on the 
 north side of the Public Square east of Ontario Street was secured 
 for that purpose. In 1871, Mr. Lang Sheaff became the first general 
 secretary. The underlying spirit that promj^ted the activity of the 
 
 Northwest Corner of Sitekior Avenue and Seneca Street 
 
 workers in this period of the association, was a great desire to uplift 
 mankind. This missionary spirit prompted the members to broaden 
 their field of activity. The Missionary Labor Committee had as objec- 
 tive points for work: "The County Jail, "Wilson Street Hospital, 
 Monumental Park, West Side Market, etc." 
 
 As a result of the open air meetings, the Nalidnal Railroad Men's 
 Christian Association movement was founded in Cleveland. After 
 attending one of these meetings, Henry W. Stager, a Lake Sliore and 
 Michigan Southern Railroad train dispatcher, asked that the associa- 
 tion conduct a similar i)rogram in the Union Depot. These informal 
 meetings thus begun in 1870, were continued i'or some time and ex- 
 tended to other railway depots and shops. Mr. G. W. Cobb became
 
 1870-89] 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC. 
 
 6;{9 
 
 the first railroad secretary. During the great railroad strike of a few 
 yeare later, it is claimed that only the influence of this movemeut 
 prevented the sacking of Euclid Avenue by a group of strikers. In 
 January, 1875, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern shops were 
 moved to Collinwood. Thereafter, the Sunday aftei'uoon meetings 
 were held there and, in consequence, the Railroad Branch in due time 
 was established in that locality. 
 
 The spii-it of moi'al uplift was further carried on in the founding 
 of the Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home, in the rear of the association 
 headquarters. Objection by the city authorities to the use of the 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, 1875 
 
 Public Square for missionary meetings led to tlie opening of the On- 
 tario Street Tabernacle. Successful action against the indecent shows 
 that were menacing the morals of the young men of the city was carried 
 out by the association. 
 
 1879-1889 
 
 This period differed from the preceding in that its energies were 
 devoted to the formation rather than the reformation of character. 
 The association home on the Public Square had become a rendezvous 
 for indolent and dissipated Jramps, who sought the building not as a 
 place for character betterment, but simply as a lounging place. The 
 respectable members could find no home there. In order to get away 
 from this disagreeable atmosphere. President J. B. Merriam insisted
 
 640 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 that new headquarters should be sought. The residence of G. A. Stan- 
 le.y, on Euclid Avenue a little above Bond (East Sixth) Street was con- 
 sidered. The property was not purchased because it was thought to 
 be "too far up town." Later option on the Windsor and Waverlj' 
 blocks on the corner of Euclid Avenue and Sheriff (East Fourth) 
 Street was secured. The purchase was reported at a board meeting 
 in October, 1880. Through the personal efforts of Mr. Merriam, the 
 
 Building on J'jIci-ii> A\i>m k .\mi E.vst Fourth Street 
 
 $25,000 necessary in addition to the $20,000 received from the sale of 
 the old building, were secured; and he advanced from liis own pocket 
 the sum necessary to have the remodeling of the building completed 
 for the International Convention in the^pring of 1881. 
 
 In the spring of 1883, the "Young Men's Christian Association of 
 Cleveland" was incorporated for "the improvement of the spiritual, 
 moral, mental, social, and physical condition of young men by means
 
 1883-1900] 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC. 
 
 641 
 
 ill harmony with the spirit of the Gospel." Other events of this 
 period wei-e the appointment of the first superintendent of gymna- 
 sium; the organization of educational classes; the rental of two rooms 
 on Euclid Avenue for an East Cleveland branch; the formation of 
 the Alabama Street Railroad branch ; the formal organization of a 
 junior department in 1887; the beginning of Our Young Men, the 
 association paper ; and tlie organization of the Broadway branch. 
 
 1889-1900 
 
 At the close of the last period, land was purchased on the corner of 
 Prospect and Erie (East Ninth) streets as the site of a new building. 
 
 ^JJlW; , 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, 1891 
 
 The corner stone of this structure was laid in 1889 by Gov. J. B. 
 Foraker. The building was formallj^ opened in 1891. The addresses 
 were given by Governor Campbell, S. A. Taggart and J. R. Mott. 
 This period wa.s marked by development from a simple organization 
 into specialized organs necessary to satisfy the needs of a rapidly in- 
 
 Vol. 1—41
 
 o 
 
 < 
 
 m 
 
 H 
 OS 
 
 w 
 n 
 o
 
 1892-1918] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 643 
 
 creasing and diversified membci-sliii). In 1S92, tlio presidency of Mr. 
 Scraiu) P. Fenn began. Jlr. Fcnu served in tliis rapacity, generously 
 and wisely, for the next twenty-five years, a pci'iod of service and use- 
 fulness unparalleled in association history. On retirement, he did 
 not sever his connection with tlie association, but became the honorary 
 president. TJie recent period of Cleveland Association history may 
 be considered as dating from the appointment in 1893 of Mr. Glen K. 
 Shurtlcff, as general secretary. "A broadness of policy, a lessening 
 conservatism, an earnest liberalism, effort for an attractive presenta- 
 tion of religions interests, and a development of the Association for 
 those who need wliat it can give," mark this period. In 1899, a Re- 
 ligious Work Secretaryship was established and the selection of the 
 best available man for the office was made. Mr. Augustus Nash began 
 work in the department this same year. In this same year, began the 
 support of a general secretary for the woi-k in Siiangliai, China. Mr. 
 Robert E. Lewis held the office at that time. In October, 1899, Mr. 
 Joseph PI. Peek w-as appointed auditor of bookkeeping for all depart- 
 ments to secure a uniform system of accounts. In 1900, Robert Wal- 
 lace presented the building that made possible a home for the West 
 Side Boys' Branch. A Broadway Branch, a new St. Clair Street 
 building, and a railroad building at Ijindale were opened at this 
 time. Due to the efforts of Mr. Shurtleff, greater emphasis was placed 
 upon the better organization of the junior department and a special 
 secretary was appointed. 
 
 1900-1918 
 
 The social spirit evei'ywhere pervades the association, in every de- 
 partment, in every activity. It predominates in the class rooms, read- 
 ing rooms, recreational departments, and in the restaurants of all 
 buildings. All sorts of clubs and classes, religious, educational, recrea- 
 tional, indoor and outdoor, are maintained for the social betterment 
 of men and boys. It has always been the policy of the association to 
 connect its members, especially young men coming as strangers to the 
 city, with some church. Every department enters into this important 
 work. IVIaturc business men have been enlisted to hold personal inter- 
 views with young men in regard to their life problems. In 1909, Mr. 
 Robert E. Lewis, who had been general secretary in Shanghai, China, 
 for ten years, became general secretary of the Cleveland Association. 
 Under his influence, the expansive policy of the association took on 
 new growth and. as a result of its increased activities, gained a greater 
 hold upon the community than it had ever had in its previous history.
 
 64-4 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Among the many lines of communitj- and social service, in which the 
 officers of the association have been called upon to play an important 
 and leading part, have been the following: 
 
 (1) Sex Hj-giene Campaign. 
 
 (2) Dance Hall Ordinance for the control of the 130 public dance 
 
 halls of the city. 
 {3) The executive responsibility for organizing the movement which 
 has culminated in tlie Reserve iMission. 
 
 (4) The inauguration of two successful apprenticeship and higher 
 
 accounting schools. 
 
 (5) The executive promotion of the Laymen's Missionary Move- 
 
 ment. 
 
 (6) Leadership in the unique Boys' Exposition. 
 
 (7) Factory Men and Religion Movement. 
 
 (8) English for Foreigners. 
 
 (,9) Co-operative apprentice schools. 
 '(10) Vocational advice. 
 
 The years 1910-1912 might be styled the era of new buildings. 
 Early in 1911, ground for the East End Boys' building on East One 
 Hundred and Fifth Street near Euclid Avemie was broken. The 
 tuilding was dedicated in December of the same j'ear. 
 
 The new West Side Boys' building on the corner of Franklin 
 Avenue and West Thirty-second Street was begun in the same year 
 and completed in the spring of 1912. 
 
 Ground for the new Central building, Prospect Avenue and East 
 'Twenty-second Street, was broken on the twentieth of April, 1911. 
 The building was dedicated on the twenty-ninth of December, 1912. 
 
 In 1911, a camp of forty-eight acres and a lake at Centerville Mills 
 were purchased. It is an ideal spot for a boys' camp, well away 
 from the city. 
 
 The problem of housing large numbers of men and boys in the 
 Central and the West Side buildings was one of deep concern, but 
 after several years of practice and experience, the result is reassuring. 
 The percentage of rooms filled has reached pi-actieally 100 per cent. 
 Preference has been given to young men, particiilarly to those just 
 coming to the cit}'. The apartments are conducted upon a self-gov- 
 erning basis. 
 
 With the erection of the West Side and the East End Boys' build- 
 i)igs, and the establishment of boys' departments at the Central and 
 the Broadway buildings, and under the expert leadership of Mr. M. 
 1). Crackel, the junior work of the association has made great progress. 
 Summer camps and long hikes have all'ordcd opportunity for sharing 
 life with the boys. The secretaries are called upon to serve as foster
 
 1891-1918] 
 
 RELKMOUS, ETC. 
 
 645 
 
 fathers to youths who luive not been suitably fathered at home. 
 Xeiyhborhood elubs for street and working boys have been organized. 
 By the promotion of 'the "Father and Sous" movement, more busj' 
 fathers luive been persuaded t« fake greater interest in the problems 
 of the boys. 
 
 In 1891, the student department was established, "at the request 
 of the nuHlieal students in reference to a more intimate connection 
 with the Young Men's Christian Association Work." In April, 1900, 
 an iiiter-eollegiate department was organized iiiul a <'Ounnittee of man- 
 agement appointed; in lf)18, it was IVdcrated as a hram-h of the City 
 
 ^^.^^ .. si " .. ' 
 
 i; 
 
 ] 
 
 : ': :; ;; " '1 ;; . ^ « • ' 1 
 
 f "":... . 
 
 
 Iff: si ^1 iii. -^ !ii ill^ ill! ill! 'f I'lV 
 
 
 The V. :J. C. A. Biilding, 1918 
 
 Association. In the following year, the Railway Young lien's Chris- 
 tian Association became a part of the general Association of Cleve- 
 land. 
 
 The Gre.\t War 
 
 With a program seemingly full to overflowing, the question arises, 
 "What is the work of the Y. il. C. A. in the Great War?" The 
 answer is, "Boundless and Limitless." The immediate work of the
 
 
 o 

 
 1918] 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC. 
 
 647 
 
 local association has been to give more than 2,000 members to tlie 
 nation's army and still to keep the membership up to the usual 
 number of eight or nine thousand ; to increase the scope of the already' 
 fully occupied educational tlcpartmcut ; to include subjects valuable 
 to army, navy, and signal service men ; to prove the ability of the 
 well organized physical department in caring for the thousands of 
 
 Ambrose Swasky 
 
 soldiers and sailors who cagerlj- seek its comforts; and to tax the 
 commissary department of the association to provide meals for the 
 men in sei-vice. A soldier's uniform is his membership ticket and 
 secures all privileges. Aside from this, club rooms have been estab- 
 lished in local camps. Every train carrying recruits out of Cleveland 
 has been accompanied by Y. M. C. A. secretaries. Business men 
 have been sent to Camp Shennan to interview soldiers, ilore than 
 100 volunteer workers have been recruited by the association to aid 
 the district selective ser\'ice board. Forty -four men have gone from
 
 648 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 Cleveland into association war work at home and overseas. Invalu- 
 able aid has been given to the war fund campaign. At present, the 
 Central building is being used as a recruiting center for men for over- 
 seas association work. 
 
 In April, 1917, Mr. Ambrose Swasey was chosen as president of 
 the association, and Mr. F. S. McGowan as treasurer. 
 
 The Last Year's Record 
 
 I. Membership: 
 
 8,203 members, March^, 1918. 
 12,493 men and boj^s have held membership in the association dur- 
 ing the year. 
 282 clubs, groups and teams. 
 
 II. Educational: 
 
 1,651 students enrolled. 
 
 40 different subjects taught. 
 75 instructors. 
 
 III. Employment: 
 
 1,479 positions secured. 
 
 IV. Restaurants: 
 
 968 daily average number of meals served. 
 355,956 total number of meals served. 
 
 V. Apartments: 
 
 418 daily average in use. 
 2,947 different men cared for in year. 
 
 VI. Physical: 
 
 46 different gymnasium classes. 
 6,123 men in Central Branch using department. 
 6,092 class sessions. 
 238,5f)6 total gymnasium attendance. 
 
 VII. Religious: 
 
 108 different Bible Classes for Central men. 
 1,519 boys in Bible Classes. 
 2,878 Bible Class sessions. 
 68,818 Bible Cla.ss attendance. 
 454 other religions meetings. 
 39.148 attendance at other meetings. 
 
 11.") business and pi-ofessional men interviewing young men 
 about personal and religious problems. 
 2,358 religious interviews. 
 516 referred to churches.
 
 1868-76] RELIGIOUS, ETC. 649 
 
 VIII. Miscellaneous: 
 
 63 Father and Son's banquets. 
 115 lectures and popular talks. 
 104 receptions and social affairs. 
 7,054 attendance at paid entertainments. 
 944 used association camps. 
 141 men on association hikes. 
 778 other events. 
 
 The Young Women's Christian Assocution 
 By Margaret C. iVeddell 
 
 The Young "Women's Christian Association of Cleveland was the 
 sixth association of its kind to be organized in tlie United States and 
 today stands in the front rank among the 261 eitj^ a.ssociations of the 
 country. The organization had its beginning in Cleveland in 1868 
 when a group of far-seeing women realized the growing need for a 
 co-operative, democratic organization for women and established the 
 Women's Christian Association which .subsequently 1)ccamo tlio Youjig 
 Women's Chi'istiau Association. 
 
 The first undertaking of the new organization was the building 
 and furnishing of a boarding home for working' girls of the city. 
 Fifty years ago wlien women were .just beginning to take a place in 
 industry and while the community was not yet alive to the peculiar 
 need created by this move, the establishing of such a home was a 
 progressive and ditlieult step, but through tlie generosity of Mr. Still- 
 man Witt a boarding home for girls was opened in 1869, the pred- 
 ecessor of the present Stillman Witt Home at Prospect Avenue and 
 East Eighteenth Street, which accommodates two hundred and thirty- 
 five girls at a time. The second endeavor of the Association was 
 no less important — the founding of a Retreat for unfortimate girls 
 which was opened in 1873 and has given shelter and a friendly hand 
 to thousands of girls. In 1876, by the gift of Mr. Amasa Stone, a 
 third branch was added, the Home for Aged Protestant Women, now 
 the Home for Aged Women, at 2206 East Forty-sixth Street ; in 1887, 
 the Eliza Jennings Home, named for its donor, was dedicated for the 
 comfort of invalid women. 
 
 These four homes, ministering to needs among women and gii'ls 
 who had not been provided for before, were established in the first 
 twenty years of the Association's life in Cleveland. ITnder the foster- 
 ing of the Association during the same period. The Women's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union of Cleveland, the Day Nurserj- and Kinder-
 
 650 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 garten Association, and the Educational and Industrial Union were 
 organized. With the phenomenal demand for women in the business 
 and industrial world and the initiation of every kind of activity 
 for the city girl, the work of this exclusively woman's organization 
 
 
 ^^'^ 
 
 
 
 ■"^"^ 
 
 Y. \V. C. A. Building, 1918 
 
 expanded rapidly until today the Association has three Branches 
 with a membci'ship of 5,000 girls and women ; incorporates ten depart- 
 ments ; administers $176,000 a year ; and touches directly an average 
 of 25,000 women yearly. 
 
 The present building winch opened eleven years ago as a board- 
 ing home and class center now includes, besides the rooms for guests,
 
 1918] 
 
 RELIGIOUS, ETC. 
 
 651 
 
 a gyiiiiui.siniii, hydroiiatliic department, two diniiij? rooms, private 
 parlors, club rooms, library, and olKices. The Annex, added in 1917, 
 contains the offices and club rooms of the International Institute, a 
 school for foreifin-born and foreign-speaking women of Cleveland, and 
 the studios of the ilusic Department. The building has lately proved 
 quite inadequate to the increasing activities and funds are in hand 
 and plans made for an enlargement of the structure at the close of the 
 present war. Two Branch Association buildings, one at 8321 Broad- 
 way, and one at 3117 Franklin Avenue on the West Side accommodate 
 
 Thk Dixixg Kdom 
 
 the girls in these districts. In 1913, the Association purchased the 
 Mary Eells Vacation Farm, one of its most prized possessions. It 
 is an 80 acre tract of land on the Lake front at Madison, Ohio, and 
 is equipped with bungalow, recreation hall, dining room, shop ,nnd 
 sleeping cottages to accommodate 125 girls. 
 
 At the present time the Association offers clubs with recreational 
 and educational advantages to (1) young business women; (2) in- 
 dustrial girls; (3) high school and grade school girls; it offers to all 
 women day and night classes under expert instructors, in commercial
 
 652 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIII 
 
 courses, eooking:, dressmaking and millinery ; it provides gymnasium 
 traiuing, outdoor athletics, folk dancing and military drilling; it 
 manages a hydropathic department with Turkish and electric-light 
 baths at moderate rates for business women ; it sustains a first class 
 school of music with instruction in piano, voice and stringed instru- 
 ments: and it provides instruction in English to foreign-speaking 
 women of twelve nationalities. In the planning of these activities, 
 especial thought is given to the limited time of the girl who works 
 eight or nine hours a day, six days in the week. As a result the 
 Association building at East Eighteenth Street and Prospect Avenue 
 
 Si'MMER Camp 
 
 is most alive after 5 o'clock at night when gym classes, study groups, 
 millinen- and dressmaking clubs, cooking classes, and club meetings 
 arc in full swing. 
 
 A (lci)artiiK'nt deserving of special note, because it is rather unique 
 among associations and is a valuable factor in a city of such a large 
 foreign popnlatidn as Clcvclaiid's, is the Tntcrnalional Institute which 
 exists to aid foreign-l)orn women in every possible way. The four 
 secretaries, speaking twelve languages, visit homes in the foreign 
 districts, inviting the w-orkiug girls to ICiiglish night classes, the 
 mothers to classes in cooking and nursing and care of tlic liome, direct- 
 ing the families to reliable lawyers in ca.se of legal diflicultics, explain- 
 ing American customs, and giving a.ssistance wherever it is wanted.
 
 1918J KELIGIOUS, ETC. 653 
 
 This dopartment, sinec the outbreak of the war, lias been called upon 
 by the city authorities to aid in interpreting at the draft boards and 
 in canvassing the homes in the search for available rooms for war 
 workers. In a city of lai'ge foreign population, the value of an in- 
 stitute of this sort is patent. 
 
 The developing of a sense of leadership and responsibility in high- 
 school age girls by the fomuition of self-governing clubs; the pro- 
 vision of an attractive and inexpensive home for girls working in the 
 city; the supplying of wholesome and healtliful recreation and fun 
 to girls of all ages and circumstances; the offering of vocational, educa- 
 tional and religious training to any who seek it — in .short the filling 
 of every need that is felt by the young women of our city to-day, is 
 the motive of the Young Women's Christian As.soeiation of Cleveland. 
 In tlie accomplishment of this purpose, great credit is due to the five 
 women who have led the Association through its first fifty years: 
 Miss Sarah Fitch, Mi-s. Dan P. Eells, Mrs. Levi T. Sehoficld, Mrs. 
 William P. Champncy and Mrs. Francis F. Prentiss.
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV 
 
 MILITARY AND WAR MATTERS 
 
 By H. G. Cutler 
 
 It would almost seem as if Providence since this universe was 
 created has been keeping America in reserve to lead the waj' to 
 international justice, democracy and eventual brotherhood; and this 
 small section of it called Cleveland may fitlj- be advanced to illustrate 
 the text. It M'as founded by hardy, intelligent, educated men and 
 women, who sought more freedom of movement and more elastic 
 circumstances than they had in their old homes, just as the first New 
 Englanders sought a freer life and broader acres across the ocean. 
 As a protection against the Red Man, the yeomanry of Britain, and 
 even its gentlemen and gentlewomen, learned the use of firearms, 
 mastered all the wiles of Avoodcraft, and soon met the Indians on a 
 fearless eciuality. So a nation of wonderful marksmen and soldiers 
 was raised up, each trained to rely upon his personal ingemiity as 
 well as his hardihood to circumvent any foe whom he should meet 
 who threatened his life or the security of his home. Then there 
 came the time when young America was opposed by a great nation, 
 powerful on sea and land. But the British of those days were not 
 used to fighting in the forests of New England, or the swamps of the 
 South. The American boys were, and they asked nothing better 
 than to have before their trusty rifles the massed redcoats of Great 
 Britain. This advantage, with the invaluable assistance brought by 
 France, preserved America so that in the thirty years to come the 
 ■ nation might develop into a ship-building and a naval power able 
 to cope with Great Britain upon Ihe water. 
 
 As the states ever stretched westward and the means of the 
 government increased, forts were founded upon the lake frontiers 
 both to oeeu])y military points of strategy, in case of war, and to 
 protect the settlers from Indian uprisings. The civilian population 
 thus still breathed a military atmosphere, which was intensified in 
 every community by the pi'osence of retired Revolutionary officers, 
 who .still preached preparedness for another war with Great Britain. 
 Thus for two buiidrcd years and more, or niilil the completion of the
 
 1796-1812] MILITARY AFFAIRS 655 
 
 last war with Great Britain, the Unilcil States was virtually a nation 
 in arms. 
 
 Captains Lorenzo Carter and Nathaniel Doan 
 
 It was during the later years of that period, when the Cleveland 
 reirion was a section of the lakes frontier, that the villages at the 
 mouth of the Cuyahoga commenced to get into military training for 
 what might come. In ilay, 1804, a military company was organized 
 with the doughty Lorcn/.o Carter captain, and in the following year 
 Nathaniel Doan was elected to head the "Seventh Company of the 
 Second Battalion of the First Regiment of the Fourth Division of 
 the Ohio Militia." Elijah Wadsworth was major-general of this 
 division. The officers of the companies were elected, and some of the 
 campaigns were very heated.* When Captain Carter was elected in 
 1804 it was charge,d that he was ineligible because some of the voters 
 had been under age, others were not residents of the town and, 
 moreover, he had given spirituous liquors to the voters previous to 
 the eleetioti" and had "frequently threatened to set the savages 
 against the inhabitants." Nathaniel Doan, who was elected lieu- 
 tenant, was chosen captain in 1805. The organization appears to 
 have remained intact until the war of 1812 when it was absorbed 
 by larger movements. 
 
 Cleveland in the War of 1812 
 
 During that period of general warfare and military activity, 
 Cleveland was an important military station for the lake region and 
 was a rallying point for northea.stern Ohio. General Wadsworth 
 was still in command of the district. A month before war had been 
 declared on Great Britain, Capt. Stanton Sholes, of the I'nitcd States 
 army, had marched a company of regulars to Cleveland and estab- 
 lished Fort Huntington, at the foot of Seneca Street. Major Jessup 
 was afterwards placed in command of the garrison. There wore also 
 several local companies of militia, who patroled the shore and the 
 interior on the alert for either British or Indians. In June, 1812, 
 a part of the British fleet appeared off the harbor, but the ships were 
 first becalmed and then dispersed by a heavy storm. Then in the 
 following month. Gen. William Henry Harrison, commander of the 
 northwestern army, visited Fort Huntington and remained for three 
 
 • See page 66.
 
 656 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 days. News of Hull's surrender reached Cleveland in August * and 
 General Wadsworth gathered the troops of his division at Cleveland 
 in anticipation of a British-Indian attack. The local militia com- 
 panies also anxiouslj' scouted along the lake shore and in the neigh- 
 borhood of Doan's Corners, and the families were sent further in- 
 land, although Mi-s. John Wadsworth, Jlrs. George "Wallace and 
 ]\Irs. Dr. Long remained at the front to act as nurses, should their 
 services be required. Colonel Lewis Cass had also arrived from Detroit, 
 indignant at Hull's surrender. There were no hostilities at Cleve- 
 land, but several resident soldiers came in wounded and one Cleve- 
 land soldier, named James S. Hills, was killed near the Huron River 
 in the battle of the Peninsula. In the following year, through Com- 
 modore Perry's operations, the war was brought to the very doors 
 of Cleveland. Two of his boats which helped win the battle of Lake 
 Erie were built on the Cuyahoga River, they were fitted out at 
 Cleveland, the commodore anchored his fleet off the Cuyahoga on 
 his way to Put-in-Bay ; Clevelanders heard the cannon boom which 
 heralded the historic victory and, after all was over and the enemy 
 were his, with General Harrison and staff, he w-as banqueted in what 
 was soon to become the little village at the mouth of the Cuyahoga. 
 So, two centuries and five years after the founding of Jamestown, 
 both the professional soldiers and sailors and the civilian populace • 
 were still being fed and electrified by warlike deeds of American 
 prowess. 
 
 Mexican W.\r Organizations 
 
 The moi-e tlian twenty years of peace which followed covered a 
 l")criod of marvelous western exjiansion, some of which was visionary 
 and nuich of which was substantial. But, although dormant, the 
 American military instinct was vital and only awaiting a spark to 
 coax it into flame. Even before the Texas-Mexican quarrels solidi- 
 fied into a national war issue, Cleveland village was organizing her 
 Light Horse Troops, tlie City Guards, Cleveland Light Artillery, 
 and the Cleveland Grays and, when the war witli IVIcxico became a 
 certaint}^, tliey shot up like muslirooms or asparagus — over night. 
 Of the special war ci-o)) the Hibernian (iuards maintained its organ- 
 ization the lonijest. and of all the local military bodies cstablislied 
 previous to the Mexican war the Cleveland Grays and the Cleveland 
 Light Artillery were tlie most stable and famous. As organizations 
 tlipy did not serve in the Mexican war, although sevei'al of its mem- 
 bers did, but not a few leading officers of the civil war received 
 
 ' See page 91.
 
 1848-61J JULITAKY AFl-'AiliS 657 
 
 their training in them, and they were absorbed as a whole, by otlier 
 units of the Union army. For the ilexioan war, Clevehuid and 
 Cincinnati together raised Company H, Fifteenth United States 
 Infantry. It participated in most of the leading engagements on 
 Mexican soil, suffered a nuiiihcr of deaths and was mustered out of 
 service and returned to Ohio in August, 1848. 
 
 Cleveland Grays axd Cleveland Light Artilleby 
 
 Tlie Cleveland Grays had been organized in 1837, with Timothy 
 Ingraham as their first captain, and in all parades, and banquets, 
 and public occasions of whatever nature, they were in the front. 
 They were presented with flags and other numerous evidences of 
 local admiration, and finally proved their true metal when they be- 
 came the first Union soldiers to leave Cleveland. But they changed 
 their uniforms, which had become so familiar and so much admired, 
 from gray to blue and were lost as an independent company in the 
 Union ranks. Their gun squad, which was formed in 1839, 
 developed into the Cleveland Light Artillery. Both furnished 
 their own uniform,s as long as they were independent comi)anies, 
 and the artillery gladly met the additional expenses of hiring 
 horses and equipment, whenever required. The membership of 
 both was drawn from the best families. Captains A. S. Sanford and 
 T. S. Paddock are recalled a.s popular ante-civil-war commanders 
 of the Grays, and among the well known members of the Cleveland 
 Light Artillery were James Barnett, E. S. Flint, W. H. Hayward, 
 Amos Townsend, C. J. Merriam and Edward A. Scovill. In 1859, 
 under legislative enactment, the four Cleveland companies of 
 artillery and those formed in Brooklyn and Geneva were organized 
 into a regiment, under the following oflficers : James Barnett, colonel ; 
 Stephen B. Sturgess, lieutenant-colonel ; Clark S. Gates, major ; Dr. 
 C. E. Ames, surgeon; Amos Townsend, quartermaster. 
 
 Of these two noted organizations, the Grays were the first to leave 
 for the front, on the sixteenth of April, 1861, but the Light Artillery 
 were first in battle and in its ranks was killed the first Cleveland 
 man. 
 
 FiBST Ohio Light Artillery 
 
 On the twenty-second of April, 1861, Colonel Barnett with his six 
 companies of artillery reported at Columbus and went into the service 
 as commander of the First Ohio Light Artillerj'. Its three-months' 
 service was in West Virginia and at the engagement of Laurel Hill, 
 
 Vol. I— 4S
 
 658 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 on the seventh of July, George H. Tillotson was killed, the first soldier 
 from Cleveland thus to offer up his life. It was at Carrick's Ford, a 
 week later, that the First Ohio Light Artillery made the captures 
 of men and materials which enabled Colonel Barnett to present his 
 home city with the Confederate cannon which still is featured on 
 the Public Square. After the regiment was reorganized for three 
 years' service, its former colonel became General Barnett, chief of 
 artillerj^ on the staff of General Rosecraus, a leading figure of the 
 civil war. David L. Wood, sergeant of the old Graj-s and major and 
 one of the founders of the Cleveland Light Artillery, was quarter- 
 master-general when the civil war broke out. As he requested active 
 service he was soon commissioned captain in the Eighteenth regi- 
 ment of the regular armj", was wounded at Stone River and died at 
 Cleveland in 1881. 
 
 In the three-years' service the batteries of the regiment, with 
 their captains, were A, Charles W. Scovill ; B, Norman A. Baldwin ; 
 C, James Storer; C, Albert Edwards; E, Albert G. Ransom; G, 
 Joseph Bartlett ; K, Louis Heekman ; I, John A. Bennett ; L, William 
 Walforth, and M, Martin L. Paddock. Independent batteries: 
 Nineteenth Ohio, Captain Joseph C. Shields; Twentieth Ohio, Captain 
 William Backus. Harrison B. York was also captain of the Ninth 
 Battery, Ohio Light Artillery, and James Burdiek, captain of the 
 Fifteenth Battery. So the artillery was well represented by men 
 from Cleveland and vicinity. Its service was principally in Ken- 
 tucky, Tennessee and Georgia. 
 
 Company D, First Ohio Volunteer Infantry (Cl.evel.and Grays) 
 
 The Cleveland Grays started for the defense of Washington via 
 Columbus on the sixteenth of April, the day following Lincoln's call 
 for volunteers, and was mustered into the service as Company D/ First 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry. On the seventeenth of June, it repelled a 
 Confederate attack on the train which was carrying them toward Bull 
 Run, in which it participated. Soon afterward, the Grays re-enlisted 
 for three years and l)ocaine Company E, Thomas S. Paddock, captain. 
 Its members at tin- front pai'ticipated in all the l>loody engagements 
 in Tennessee and Georgia, and its incuibers at home raised two 
 companies for the Eiglity-fonrtli Ohio Infantry and five companies 
 for the One I Inmli'i'd ;iiid I'MfticlIi and I'lirnislied nearly all the reg- 
 imental offi('(>rs. The latter regiment was i)ra('tically a Cleveland 
 command. The Cleveland Grays, first and last, furnished to the 
 T'nion armies eightv commissioned officers.
 
 1861-65] :\IILITARY AFP^AIRS 659 
 
 Other Commands in Which Cleveland Men Served 
 
 In the Seventh Ohio Infantry were 610 Cleveland men, with 
 William R. Creighton as colonel. The Twenty-third, with which 
 Rutherford B. Hayes and William McKinley were identified, drew 
 341 of its soldiers from the Forest City. Company A, Capt. Eugene 
 Clark, wa-s entirely recruited from Cleveland. The Thirty-seventh, 
 a German regiment, of which Edward Siber was colonel, had 152 
 Cleveland men. More than 400 Clevelanders went into the Forty- 
 first and its oflficers number many prominent men of the city. 
 Captain William B. Ilazeu of the regvilar army was made its colonel, 
 and he afterwards became a notable figure, being one of the stand- 
 bys of the rugged Thomas, the Rock of Chiekamauga. The One Hun- 
 dred and Third Infantry, Col. Philip C. Hayes, drew 461 Cleveland 
 men, and made one of the brilliant Union charges of the war at 
 Resaca. Oliver H. Payne, colonel of the One Hundred and Twenty- 
 fourth, had 567 Cleveland men under him. It lost heavily at Chiek- 
 amauga, where its colonel was wounded and won special honors at 
 Missionary Ridge under Phil Sheridan. The One Hundred and 
 Twenty-eighth was a development of the old Hoffman battalion and 
 their main duties were to guard the Confederate prisoners in the 
 camp at John.son's Island. It contained about 300 men from Cleve- 
 land. There were 801 residents of the Forest City who joined the 
 One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment of veterans, organized as one 
 hundred day men to guard the defenses of Washington. They were 
 in one engagement against Early's troops in July, 1864. The One 
 Hundred and Seventy-seventh Regiment comprised 399 Clevelanders 
 and its commander was Colonel Arthur T. Wilcox. 
 
 Cleveland was largely represented in the Second Ohio Cavalry, 
 of which Charles Doubleday w-as colonel. It is a branch of the 
 service which is supposed to be in rapid motion, liut the Second had 
 an luuisual record for both fighting and traveling. It fought under 
 twenty-three generals, including Custer, Sheridan and Grant. Tts 
 horses drank from twenty-five great American rivers. It campaigned 
 through thirteen states, traveled 27,000 miles and fought in ninety- 
 seven battles. The local representatives in the Si.xth, Tenth and 
 Twelfth Ohio Cavalry were small in number, altliougb Thomas W. 
 Sanderson was commander of the Tenth and John F. Ilerrick was lieu- 
 tenant-colonel of the Twelfth. Numerous Cleveland men were also 
 officers in other regiments. The following were colonels : Charles 
 Whittlesey, of the Twentieth Infantry ; Oscar W. Sterl, of the One 
 Hundred and Fourth, and Robert L. Kimberly, of the One Hundred
 
 660 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 and Ninety-first. The lieuteuant-eolouels from Cleveland were as 
 follows: Frank Lj-ncli and Z. S. Spaulding, Twenty -seventh In- 
 fantry; Thomas Clark, Twenty -ninth ; Wilbur F. Hinman, Sixty- 
 fifth; John J. Wiseman, Eighty-fourth; George L. Hay ward, One 
 Hundred and Twenty-ninth ; Mervin Clark, One Hundred and 
 Eighty-third; LlewelljTi R. Davis, One Hundred and Eighty-seventh; 
 Eben S. Coe, One Hundred and Ninetj^-sixth ; Gershom M. Bar])er, 
 One Hundred and Ninety -seventh Infantry, and George G. iliuor, 
 Seventh Ohio Cavalr^^ 
 
 The leading staff officers from Cleveland included: Brigadier- 
 general S. H. Devereaux, superintendent of military railroads ; Brevet- 
 Brigadier-general J. J. Elwell, A. Q. M. ; Brevet-Brigadier-general 
 Anson Stager, A. Q. M., and superintendent military telegraph ; 
 Colonel Calvin Goddard, A. A. G., and Lieutenant-colonel John Dol- 
 man, paymaster. 
 
 Toll of Death and Maimed 
 
 When the toll of civil war casualties had finally been condensed 
 for tliis section of the state, it vv^as found that 1.700 men and youth 
 who went from Cuyahoga County had died, either outright on the 
 battlefield, of wounds there suffered or in Confederate prisons, while 
 2,000 had returned crippled and disabled for life; which about 
 equaled the ratio of casualties to the total number of Union soldiers 
 in service, 1 to 3. 
 
 Women 's Relief Work 
 
 Tlie woi'k of llie Ladies' Aid Society, wliich Iiecame a branch of 
 the United States Sanitary Commission before the end of the first 
 year of the war, was but a repetition of what women have alwaj'S 
 done in an emergency. The Cleveland society was one of the first 
 relief organizations to get into working order, being ready for what- 
 ever might be, on tlie twentieth of April, 1861. Among other note- 
 worthy enterprises which its members established and maintained were 
 the .soldier's' home and the military hospital near the Union depot, and 
 at the conclusion of the war they ajipropriated .1<.''),000 toward the 
 erection of the Ohio State Soldiers' Home at Columbus. 
 
 OinciXAi.iTV OF Civil, War Campaigns 
 
 The cami)aigns of tlie civil war asloniided tlie military leaders 
 of ]']ur()pe by the l)rilliaiiicy, dash and originality with which they
 
 1861-65] ]\11L1TAKV AFFAIRS 661 
 
 were eoiuliieted on hotli sides, ami for years afterward they studied 
 the literature dealing with such uiovements with care and ealhusi- 
 asni. A great military nation had heen born from the efforts of men 
 and women who luid known only jieaee for more than a dozen years. 
 But the fighting spirit and the military genius were in the l)lood of 
 the ranks and did not require years of training to make them avail- 
 able. It is said that not a few of the movements in Prussia's wars 
 against Austria anil France were founded ujxjn i)liases of the eivil 
 war campaigns. 
 
 From the Civn. "War to the "War with Sp.vin 
 
 But the fearful deeinuition of man-power in the "United States 
 caused by that unhappy war, witli the after work of political, com- 
 mercial and industrial reconstruction, was such a lesson as to cause 
 a naturally aggressive spirit to recoil from the repetition of such 
 horrors. For many years, the militarj' spirit was almost dormant, 
 and the memories of the war were revived only so far as they tended 
 to relieve and honor those who had fought and often suffered. G. A. 
 R. posts were formed, supplemented by the "Women's Relief Corps. 
 Loyal Legions were organized, and the Sons of "Veterans came into 
 being. Soldiers' and sailors' monuments, soldiers' and sailors' homos 
 and hundreds of other like evidences that the community mourned 
 its brtfve dead were on every hand. That the eivil war had given 
 birth to the armored ship and the submarine and that, in the after 
 years, American genius and science were taking the first flights 
 toward the mastery of the air, were events which seemed to have little 
 bearing on military prestige or the wars of the future. The Gatling 
 giui had also been invented late enough so that its possibilities were 
 not tested in our eivil war. 
 
 The Spanish-American "War 
 
 Over thirty years of peace gave the countrv an opportunity not 
 only to heal its own wounds and develop its internal resources 
 enormouslj', but to become so indispensable to the comfort and pros- 
 perity of other countries of both homis|iheres, that they said "Come 
 join us." But the United States was fearful of war; not fearful 
 for its own territorial integrity, but it recoiled before bloodshed, 
 excepting when some great and vital principle was involved. The 
 nation had become the strong brother of Soiith American republics 
 and their protector as against the territorial ambitions of strong
 
 662 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 European eoimtries. Thus when a weak people were oppressed 
 and many of them enslaved at her very doors by a covetous mon- 
 archy overseas, she protested, and might even have gone to war with- 
 out the sinking of tlie Maine. 
 
 With tlie unparalleled expansion of the national wealth and 
 resources there arose an uneasy sentiment that our small standing 
 aimy and navy were quite inadequate for their protection in case 
 of foreign wars; for against civil war we had long since closed the 
 door. Ohio, like most of the other states of the Union, revived her 
 old militia laws and organized a state national guard, comprising 
 about a hundred companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery, 
 two troops of cavalry, a corps of engineers and two divisions of naval 
 reserves. The regulars and the national guard, which were sworn 
 into the service of the United States as a national army, were what 
 the United States threw against Spain on the land, a country sup- 
 posed to be a military nation. We felt that our navy was prepared. 
 This is no place to review the Spanish-American war; but Cleveland 
 did what it could to give America the victory. 
 
 About 1,000 volunteers went from the Forest City. The principal 
 officers from Cleveland who served in Cuba were General George A. 
 Garretson, Majors Charles F. Cramer and Arthur K. A. Liebich, 
 Adjutant Fred B. Dodge, and Captains Joseph C. Beardsley, Daniel 
 H. Pond, Cliarles X. Zimerman, Edwiu G. Lane, Edward A. Noll 
 and Walter S. Bauder, of the Fifth Ohio Volunteer Infantry ; Captain 
 John C. Fulton, Company D, Ninth Battalion, 0. N. G. ; ^Major Otto 
 M. Schade, Quartermaster H. W. Morganthaler, and Captains John 
 R. McQuigg, Edward N. Ogram, Henry Frazee, Clifford W. Fuller 
 and Edward D. Shurmer, Tentli Ohio Infantry; Captain George T. 
 McConnell, Fii-st Battalion, Ohio Light Artillery; Major Webb C. 
 Hayes, Adjiitants Arthur C. Rogers and Paul Howland, Surgeon 
 Frank E. Bunts and Cajitains Russell E. Bnrdick, Carlylp L. Burridge, 
 Henry W. Corning and William 31. Scolield, First Ohio Volunteer 
 Cavalry. 
 
 The late Brigadier-general George A. Garretson was a native of 
 Ohio, a graduate of West Point (1867), and a civil war veteran. For 
 several years after the War of the Rebellion he served as a lieutenant 
 in the United States Artillery and was a captain in the Oliio National 
 Guai'ds. When the Sijanisli-American war oi)ened, he was president 
 of the Bank of Commerce, Cleveland, and in May, 1898, was commis- 
 sioned brigadier-general of volunteers, serving thus until bis honor- 
 able discharge in November. General Garretson died in 1917. 
 
 The result of the Spanish-American war, especially our acquisi-
 
 ISOS-lDll 
 
 MILITARY AFFAIRS 
 
 663 
 
 tion of the Fhilippiues, brought the Uuited States territorially into 
 the international comity. Our shipping interests revived, our navy 
 expanded, the Panama Canal commenced to mean more to us than 
 ever, and yet, after Europe had been engulfed in blood for nearly 
 three years, it seems almost inconceivable that the covetousness and 
 cold-bloodedness of a great .military nation across the Atlantic could 
 draw the United States into the vortex. And when long-suffering 
 threatened to become national humiliation, if not suicide, the United 
 States acted as she always liad when resolved upon a course. 
 
 Military Org.\nization AViien the World "War Opened 
 
 In 1917, when President Wilson declared that a state of war 
 existed with Germany, Cleveland liad a number of efficient military 
 
 Fifth Ohio Infantry in the Stadium at El Paso, Texas 
 
 organizations whicli had been largely maintained by legislation 
 supporting and developing the National Guard since the conclusion 
 of the Spanish-American war. Two armories had been built and 
 faithfully used. The Grays, which had never died, had their head- 
 quarters on Bolivar Road southea.st, and the Central Armory, a fine 
 building at East Sixth Street and Lakeside Avenue, northeast, was 
 the grand drilling center and the nucleus of local military activities 
 in general. The naval militia had its armory on Carnegie Avenue 
 southeast and Troop A Cavalry on East Fifty-fifth Street. 
 
 Training School for Civilians 
 
 Even before the war clouds broke, Cleveland had commenced 
 systematicalh- to prepare for the coming storm. In the fall of 1915
 
 66-i 
 
 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 was organized the Ohio National Guard J\'Iilitary Training School 
 for Civilians, which was conducted by officers of the National Guard. 
 Over 700 responded on the opening night, the second of December. 
 In the spring of 1916, it was stated in the Plain Dealer, regarding this 
 first civilian military school organized in the United States, and 
 military matters in general: "Most of the men have conscientiously 
 remained at their weekly drills. The course of twenty-five lectures 
 and drills will be concluded in June, and the men will be taken to 
 camp early in Juh*. National guard officers all over the state have 
 donated their services and have given lectures to the school. Adjt.- 
 Gen. B. W. Hough has promised state aid, and Governor F. B. Willis, 
 
 CENTBiVL Armory 
 
 who lias inspected the class, enthuses over the project. Out of this 
 school grew several similar schools in many parts of the state, all 
 based on the Cleveland plan. And branches in Cleveland were 
 formed, too, consisting of classes in signal corps work, hospital corps, 
 artillery and engineering. Schools have taken up the work, and 
 hundreds of boj's are getting military training. 
 
 "Later came organization of the Women's Auxiliary of the Oliio 
 National Guard Military Training School. Over 200 appeared for 
 the first night of this school, and women are continuing to prepare 
 to do their part if war should come. This was the first class formed 
 in the country. 
 
 "Interest in military afTairs in Cleveland in the past year ex-
 
 1917-18] .MILITARY AFFAIRS 665 
 
 ceedcd records since the Spanish war and here, in time of peace, 
 this city is diligently prejiariny;. Congressional consideration of a 
 preparedness program leads military men of Cleveland to feel Cleve- 
 land will have still more militia than at present." 
 
 Reckless Americanism 
 
 With the coming of the spring of IHIT. and the taking of the 
 momentous national step which inad(> the United States the real 
 leader of democracy, repuhlicanism and everything else which stands 
 for universal faii'-play, events multiplied in Cleveland with such 
 rapidity that they could not then, and never can be, recorded in 
 every detail. ]\Ien, women and children rushed to every known 
 center of organization to recruit for service. No one imagined when 
 war was first mentioned as a certainty that there would be any 
 dangerous number of slackers, but the response was so overpowering 
 and, in some cases, so devoid of a reasonable caution in the protec- 
 tion of the weak, dependent and helpless, that the selective plans 
 were put in force bj' the government. The situation was much like 
 that of the fresh, intrepid fighting Tanks when they joined their 
 wearied allies overseas to go "over the top" with them. They in- 
 sisted on leading them "over the top," in recklessly throwing away 
 their lives if they could gain a foot of ground or inspire in any way 
 to victory. Unlike the Germans, they were not driven into battle 
 before the revolvers and sabers of their officers, but often had to be 
 driven back by those in command who valued their properly eon- 
 served strength and their eager, hard.y young lives more than they 
 did themselves. It has ever been so. America aroused in a good 
 cause is a goddess who must be restrained by wise keepers in order 
 that her strength may be put forth best to accomplish the ends for 
 which she wages war. ^fany volunteered before the selective drafts 
 were organized and enforced. Not a few men, repeatedly rejected 
 as volunteers, were finally selected and trained. The Regulars, the 
 National Guard, the civilian volunteers, the selected men were soon 
 merged into a grand national army, so uniform in spirit of self- 
 sacrifice that when a year had passed all distinction as to military 
 sources of supply were formally blotted out by the government. So 
 that now all are proud to be simply known as soldiers of the United 
 States army. 
 
 Pex Picture op Cleveland's Military Service 
 
 Passing over the details bj' which Cleveland has accomplished 
 such marvels of war work in the raising of man-power and the organ-
 
 666 CLEA'-ELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 ization and application of every material, inspirational, moral and 
 spiritual resource at its command, the writer presents, with thanks, 
 in this late autumn of 1918, a summary of several vital phases of the 
 situation as prepared for hira by Harold T. Clark, one of the prom- 
 inent Cleveland workers in the war activities at home. In some por- 
 tions of the statement his language is used; in other cases, made to 
 fit the case; but, at all events, the facts and salient features of his 
 well-drawn picture are retained. 
 
 It is impossible to state at this time (autumn of 1918) the exact 
 number of men who have entered the military or naval service of the 
 United States. The Cleveland War Service is endeavoring to compile 
 such a record and indeed, to have preserved in one place, a per- 
 manent card catalog giving the most important facts in regard to 
 each man and his family. Much progress has been made but there 
 have been so many channels through which men and women from 
 Cleveland have entered the service, not only through enlistments at 
 home but elsewhere, that the problem of gathering the scattered in- 
 formation is a tremendous one. The complexities will be somewhat 
 appreciated when it is known that men and women from Cleveland 
 have entered and are constantly entering service through some or all 
 of the following channels : 
 
 Twenty draft boards in various parts of the city. 
 
 Ohio National Guard. 
 
 Ohio Naval ililitia — the Dorothea Company. 
 
 Reserve Officers Training Camps. 
 
 Regular Army. 
 
 Navy. 
 
 Marine Corps. 
 
 United States Naval Auxiliary Reserve. 
 
 United States Shipping Board. 
 
 Military Training Camps Association. 
 
 Lakeside Unit (hospital). 
 
 Westei-n Reserve i\nil)ulance Company. 
 
 Red Cross. 
 
 Y. M. C. A. 
 
 Knights of Columbus. 
 
 .Y. M. II. A. 
 
 Again, the various recruiting .stations accept mon regardless of 
 their place of residence, so that it is necessary to pick out from their 
 records men coming from Cleveland. 
 
 Taking into consideration all the facts, one is safe in saying that
 
 1918] MILITARY AFFAIRS 667 
 
 up to the first of September, 1918, Cleveland sent at least 35,000 men 
 and women into the service of the United States. 
 
 If one wishes to consider also those who are serving in the ranks 
 of our allies, another 5,000 siiould be added to cover those who have 
 gone through the following channels: British and Canadian Re- 
 cruiting mission, Italian reservists, Polish army in France, Czecho- 
 slovak army, Jugo-Slavs (Croats, Serbs, Slovenes), and Jewish 
 legion. 
 
 The camps to which the largest number of Cleveland men have 
 been sent have been : Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama, for 
 the Ohio National Guard men. 
 
 Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, for the selective service men. 
 
 Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, Indiana, for the Reserve 
 Officers' Training Corps. 
 
 Allentown, Pennsylvania, Western Reserve Ambulance Company. 
 
 Considerable numbers of Cleveland men have also been sent to 
 Camp Upton. Yaphank, Long Island; Camp Pike, Little Rock, Ar- 
 kansas; Camp Nichols, New Orleans, Louisiana; Camp Stuart, New- 
 port News, Virginia; Columbus Barracks (for regular army re- 
 cruits) ; Paris Island, South Carolina (for Marine Corps recruits) ; 
 and Great Lakes Training Station, Chicago, for men in the Navy 
 and United States Naval Auxiliary Reserve. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, Cleveland men have been sent as 
 individuals or in groups to camps and training stations in every 
 part of the country. 
 
 The most typically-Cleveland military organizations in existence 
 at the present time are believed to be : 
 
 (1) The One Hundred and Forty-fifth United States Infantry 
 Regiment of the Thirty-seventh Division. This includes several 
 companies drawn chiefly from the Fifth Regiment Ohio National 
 Guard. 
 
 (2) One Hundred and Twelfth U. S. Engineers Regiment of the 
 Thirty-seventh Division. This includes several companies drawn 
 chiefly from the First Regiment Ohio National Guard. 
 
 (3) One Hundred and Thirty-fourth U. S. Field Artillery of 
 the Thirt.y-seventh Division. This includes Battery A of the First 
 Ohio Artillery. 
 
 (4) One Hundred and Thirty-fifth U. S. Field Artillery of the 
 Thirty -seventh Division. This includes several companies from the 
 Second Ohio Field Artillery. 
 
 (5) One Hundred and Forty-eighth U. S. Infantry, Company 
 F. This includes part of the Cleveland Grays.
 
 668 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 (6) Three Hundred aud Thirty-first U. S. Infantry of the 
 Eighty-third Division; includes a large number of the selective 
 service men who went to Camp Sherman. 
 
 (7) Three Hundred and Forty-eighth U. S. Infantry of the 
 Eighty-seventh Division, included several hundred Cleveland men. 
 
 (8) One Hundred and Sixty -sixth U. S. Infantry, "The Rain- 
 bow Division," includes fifteen men taken from each company of 
 the Fifth Regiment, 0. N. G. 
 
 (9) Three Hundred and Seventy-second U. S. Infantry, in- 
 cludes many colored men from Cleveland. 
 
 (10) U. S. Base Hospital No. 4; the Lakeside Unit. 
 
 (11) Western Reserve Ambulance Company No. 4. 
 
 "Your request," writes Mr. Clark, "for the names, present ad- 
 dresses and rank of the most prominent officers who were residents 
 of Cleveland, is a difficult one to answer. The i^resent addresses are 
 in most cases unknown. Take for example the large number of men 
 who received commissions at the first and second officers' training 
 camps ; they have been distributed among many organizations and 
 ai-e constantly being shifted. Again, I hardly know who should be 
 included among 'the most prominent officers,' and I fear that no 
 record is yet available which would make it possible to get a com- 
 plete list of those holding even the highest ranks. The problem is 
 an extremely complex one because a considerable number of men 
 have been given commissions in order to secure their services in 
 some branch necessary for the prosecution of the war, but not in the 
 strictly fighting line. 
 
 "The number of captains and even majoi's among Cleveland men 
 is large. Many of these men attended an officers' training camp 
 and, being men of education and standing, are apt to become prom- 
 inent before tlie war is over, but speaking as of the first of September, 
 1918, I do not see how you could safely pick out part of them. Tak- 
 ing the higher ranks at the present time I can give you a partial, 
 but not a complete list: 
 
 "Major-general Clarence R. Edwards, who w«s boi-n in Cleveland, 
 and is a brother of Harry R. Edwards of the Wm. Edwards Company, 
 and of Mrs. Charles A. Otis, is undoubtedly the most prominent 
 Cleveland officer now in the war. He was in connnand of tlie Twenty- 
 sixth Division of New England troops that has already made an 
 excellent record in France." 
 
 As General Edwards was born on New Year's day of 1860, he 
 is a few inouths older than General Pershing. He has gradually 
 advanced in militarj' rank since he wa.s graduated from the "West Point
 
 1918] :\IILITARY AFFAIRS 669 
 
 Military Academy in 1883 until he became a brigadier-general in 
 the United States Army in 1906 and a major-general in May, 1917. 
 General Edwards was with the brave General Lawton in the Philip- 
 pines campaign, and when the World war broke out was in com- 
 mand of the United States troops in the Panama Canal Zone. He 
 was one of Pei-shing's bowers in the wonderful hand now held against 
 the Huns by the American Expeditionary Force. Because of ill-health, 
 he was recalled for service in America, in October, 1918. 
 
 Brigadier-general Charles X. Zimerman is serving in France as 
 commander of the Seventy-third Infantry Brigade, which includes the 
 old Fiftii Regiment of Cleveland, of which he was colonel. 
 
 Colonel John R. ilcQuigg, a former Cleveland lawyer, obtained 
 his first military experience in Company A, of the Fifth, and the 
 Cleveland Grays. He was identified with the latter for seven years, 
 organized the engineer battalion for service in the Spanish-American 
 war, of which he was commissioned major. During the first of the 
 war he was a captain in the Tenth Ohio Infantry. Three years be- 
 fore he became identified with the war activities of the present he 
 was named chief engineer officer of the state with the rank of lieu- 
 tenant-colonel. After organizing an engineer regiment for service 
 abroad he was commissioned its colonel, his command being desig- 
 nated as the One Hundred and Twelfth U. S. Engineers. In July, 
 1918, after several moriths of training at Camp Sheridan, Illinois, 
 the engineers under Colonel McQuigg arrived overseas and have since 
 given a fine account of themselves. 
 
 The Cleveland Grays, Company F, One Hundred and Forty- 
 eighth U. S. Infantry, arrived about the same time. The regiment 
 was in command of Colonel George Wood, form<»r adjutant-general of 
 the state. 
 
 Among those who have made fine records in the artillery service 
 are Lieutenant-colonel Ba.seom Little, who is on the staff of Major- 
 general C. C. Williams, chief of the ordnance department of the Ameri- 
 can army "over there." 
 
 Among the Clevelanders who have become lieutenant-colonels 
 may be mentioned ]\I. A. Fanning, Chester C. Bolton, F. B. Richards 
 and L. W. Blyth. 
 
 Captain J. F. Devereaux is in service and is well known as a major 
 of artillery, and Lieutenant Daniel Willard, of the One Hundred and 
 Second Field Artillery, has been decorated with the Croix de Guerre. 
 
 Captain H. P. Shupe, formerly the commanding officer of the 
 Cleveland Grays, is one of the leading military veterans of Cleveland. 
 For several vears he has served as chairman of the militarv com-
 
 670 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 mittee of the Chamber of Commerce and has held the same position 
 under the mayor's Advisory War Committee. 
 
 Prominent War Ch'ilians 
 
 Cleveland has furnished many prominent officials and civilians 
 who are specially identified with war work. The name of Newton D. 
 Baker, secretary of war, and foi*merly mayor of Cleveland, will at 
 once occur. When he reaches his forty-seventh birthday in Decem- 
 ber of the year 1918, he will have the satisfaction of knowing that 
 what the American army has done on the western front is one answer 
 to those who doubted his abilities at an earlier period of this stu- 
 pendous game of war. 
 
 Benedict Crowell, Secretary Baker's assistant, is a native of 
 Cleveland and was long connected with the iron ore business before 
 he became a member of the General Miinitions Board of the govern- 
 ment which had charge of the work of steel production as it related 
 to the World war. Upon his appointment as assistant secretary of 
 war in November. 1917, he resigned his commission of commanding 
 major of the Engineer Reserve Corps, in charge of the Washington 
 office of the Panama Canal, which he had held since the preceding 
 August. Major Crowell has special charge of industrial matters 
 coming before the war department, and is designated officially as 
 director of munitions. 
 
 Dr. Frank E. Spaulding, who had been superintendent of schools 
 for varioTis cities, both East and West, for more than twenty years 
 before he assumed a like position in Cleveland, in 1917, assumed 
 in August of that year one of the most important duties in connec- 
 tion with the educational acfivitics of the war period. He was ap- 
 pointed head of the commission organized by the Y. M. C. A. which, 
 in cooperation with General Pershing, is to establish war zone schools 
 for the benefit of American soldiers at the front. Doctor Spaulding 
 is admirably fitted for the great task. 
 
 Big Work in General 
 
 What Cleveland and Clevelanders have been doing at home to 
 win the war is so much and involves so many details that it is im- 
 possible completely to cover tlie subject. It is estimnti'd lliat since 
 1914 Ihc diirerent war industries have turned out $750,000,000 worth 
 of munitions. Tliou.sands of tons of iron ore and coal have been 
 transported by Cleveland ships, and the old days have been revivecl 
 wlicn the city was one of the gi'catest shi])building centers in the 
 United States. Large ship.s are being l)uilt in Cleveland to carry the
 
 1918] JIILITARV AFFAIRS 671 
 
 tinislicd product of its irou and steel industries to Berlin by way of 
 Lake Erie and Welland Caiuil, and freighters, originally built for 
 lake service and too long to pass the canal locks are being sawed 
 in two and put together on the Atlantic I'oast. At this writing (.the 
 fall of 1918) Cleveland is making $300,000,000 worth of munitions 
 of war from shells to gas. Behind its war industries are 175,000 
 workmen, wlio ai-e making thousands of motor trucks and tools for 
 munitions; 120,000 uniforms; tractors for artillery, range and i)0si- 
 tion finders, submarine chasers, cannon and shell forgings, shrapnel 
 cases and time fuses, chemicals for explosives and rifles, airplanes, 
 army shoes and hats, tents and farm tractors, bayonets and revolvers. 
 
 Individual Home Workeks 
 
 As to individual workers among the strong and patriotic men and 
 women of Cleveland, the list is so long as to forbid all but. mere men- 
 tion of some of them, and even, at that, many worthy names will be 
 omitted. Charles A. Otis, the banker, has been a leader in the work 
 of increasing the production of local factories engaged in war in- 
 dustries. Muuson Havens, secretary of the Chamber of Commerce 
 and since September, 1918, county fuel administrator, has been a 
 home pillar in war and peace. Christian Girl has done much to aid 
 in the development of the Liberty Motor truck. F. H. Goff, member 
 of the Capital Lssucs committee; B. W. Housum, of the Food Admin- 
 istration ; ]\Ialeolm L. McBride, in the movement organizing recre- 
 ations at army camps; Samuel Seovil, in connection with the local 
 War Industries board; George A. Schneider, as an inspiring speaker 
 at factories, mines and shipyards; J. Robert Grouse, as director of 
 the first great W. S. S. campaign, which ended in December, 1918; 
 John A. Kling, Robert J. Bulkley, Wilford C. Saeger, Parmely W. 
 Herrick and a host of other good Cleveland citizens have put their 
 shoulder to the war wheel, which never had so many spokes in it as 
 has tha one of 1917-18. 
 
 First Army Unit to Go Abroad 
 
 None of the civilians, and certainly none of the professions, have 
 done so much pioneer war work as that accomplished by the local 
 physicians and surgeons. In fact, to Cleveland belongs the proud 
 distinction of sending to France the first unit of the United States 
 army to go into active service after the declaration of war. In a 
 recent statement. Secretary of War Baker says: "The first ship bear- 
 ing military personnel sailed May 8, 1917, having on board Base 
 Hospital Unit Number Four." Base Hospital No. 4 is more gener-
 
 672 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 all}- known as the Lakeside Base Hospital Unit. It was organized 
 in accordance with a plan conceived by Dr. George W. Crile as a 
 result of his experience and observations in the war zone during 
 three months' service in the American Ambulance in Paris during 
 the fii-st year of the war. Upon his return, he presented the unit 
 plan of organization to the surgeon-general, with certain modifica- 
 tions. The plan presented by Dr. Crile was adopted by the surgeon- 
 general's department, and all over the country base hospitals were 
 organized from existing civil hospitals. 
 
 Lakeside Base Hospital 
 
 In an article by Colonel Jefferson R. Kean, in the Militari) Surgeon 
 of May, 1916, occurs the following statement: "Nowhere do I re-' 
 call prior to the appearance of Doctor Crile 's article on surgical 
 units, a few months ago, the conception of an organization drawn 
 from an existing civil hospital M'hose personnel embraces the best 
 medical and surgical talent in the country, and is able from the start 
 to work together by reason of their association in civil life. When 
 we add to this conception a complete standard equipment stored and 
 ready for shipment, so tliat there will be no delay, the result is an 
 organization of transcendent value such as no army, except perhaps 
 Germany's, has been to my knowledge blessed with at the beginning 
 of a war — certainly no American army." 
 
 In accordance with this plan, the organization of the Lakeside 
 Base Hospital L^nit, the personnel of which for the most part consisted 
 of doctors and nurses connected with the staff of Lakeside Hospital, 
 was started in the early part of 1916. The full personnel of profes- 
 sional, nursing and civilian staff was complete in the summer of that 
 year. Recognition of tlic inception of this idea by a Cleveland sur- 
 geon was given by the surgeon-general when Base Hospital No. 4,. 
 the Lakeside Unit, was a.sked to mobilize on Pairmount Field, Phila- 
 delphia, in connection with the Clinical Congress of the Surgeons 
 of North America in .session there in October, 1916. Surgeons, 
 nurses and oi'derlies were ready in a remarkably short time after the 
 request for mobilization was received, and within twenty-four hours 
 from the time they left Cleveland they wore on duty at Pairmount 
 Pield, and. had there been patients to be received, could have cared 
 for them. This mobilization was viewed by regular army officials, 
 surgeons and Red Cross officials. Criticisms and suggestions were 
 asked for, and crystallized by a special committee aiipointed for that 
 purpose, in order that the base hosjiital idea might be perfected
 
 1918] 
 
 -MILITARY AFFAIRS 
 
 673 
 
 in the sliortest possible time, since tlie war clouds were drawing nearer 
 and it became increasingly obvious that war with Cienuany would 
 not be long delayed and that hospitals might soon be called for. 
 
 On the twenty-eighth of April, 1917, Dr. Crilo, the profes.sional 
 director of Base Hospital No. 4, received instructions from "Washing- 
 ton ordering the immediate mobilization of this ba.sc hospital for serv- 
 ice abroad. ]\Ia.inr IT. L. Gilchrist of the ^fodical Corps, United States 
 Army, was appointed commanding officer of the unit, and came at onee 
 
 Lakeside Hcspital 
 (War Unit No. 4) 
 
 to Cleveland to assume charge of tlie mobilization of the lio.spital, 
 and it is a matter of proud record that on the sixth of April, the eighth 
 day from the receipt of the mobilization orders, the personnel ready 
 for foreign service entrained in Cleveland to sail from New York two 
 days later. 
 
 In England, this Cleveland unit was welcomed by high officials 
 of the English army, the cordial reception culminating in a reception 
 to the officers and nurses at Buckingham palace, when the king
 
 674 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 made the following address: "It is with the utmost pleasure aud 
 satisfaction tliat the queen and I welcome you here to-day. We 
 greet you as the first detachment of the American army which has 
 landed on our shore since the gi-eat republic resolved to join in the 
 world-struggle for the ideals of civilization. "We deeply appreciate 
 this prompt aud generous response to our needs. It is characteristic 
 of the humanity and chivalry which have ever been evinced by the 
 American nation that the first assistance rendered to the allies is 
 in connection with the profession of healing and the work of mercy." 
 This base hospital, with five from other cities which followed it 
 at short intervals, was assigned to service in English base hospitals, 
 thus releasing medical officers and members of the Koyal Army 
 Medical Corps for much needed other service. The record of service 
 of members of this unit up to the present time has been cause for 
 great pride. 
 
 First University War Unit 
 
 Even earlier in the war, Cleveland offered service to the allies 
 by sending from Western Reserve University a unit the identification 
 of which with the American Ambulance in Paris was made possible 
 by the generosity of residents who were trustees of Lakeside hospital. 
 This was the first university unit to render such service in the country 
 and was followed by similar organizations. The University unit idea 
 also originated with Dr. Crile, who was requested by Ambassador 
 Herrick to serve for a time at the American Ambulance. He then 
 conceived the idea of tlie University unit by which such service was 
 greatly extended. Tluis was Dr. George W. Crile the pioneer of 
 Cleveland and America in bringing vital assistance from the United 
 States to the hard-pressed allies overseas, going thus abroad, as tlie 
 personification of tlie national spirit of huinanity and chivalry, on 
 his mission of healing and mercy. 
 
 Consolidation op War Funds 
 
 Wilh the progress of tlie war, after the United States became a 
 party to the conflict, one war fund after another was pressed by 
 various organizations, such as the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Knights 
 of Columbus and the Jewish War Relief. All presented worthy 
 objects for consideration, but as there was no cooperation between 
 tlie associations which solicited the support of the patriotic public, 
 the lines of the difTercnt interests necessarily crossed and there was
 
 1918] MILITARY AFFAIRS 675 
 
 much conflicting: work. The organizers, promoters and workers con- 
 nected with the numerous funds which were purely charitable, there- 
 fore got together to form a general body of control with a single 
 head and siiu'c that time, like the aifairs of the allies, the activities 
 connected with the raising of the local war funds have progressed 
 with system, smoothness and increased force. To borrow an ath- 
 letic sporting term, "the team-work" has been wonderful. 
 
 In the spring of 1918, sixteen Cleveland organizations agreed to 
 combine and raise a grand war fund which should be apportioned 
 according to a prearranged plan. The War Council of Cleveland 
 and Cuyalioga County was thus formed, and the $6,000,000 origin- 
 ally proposed to be raised, to cover the war contributions of that 
 section for the last seven months of 1918, was duly apportioned ac- 
 cording to the following anuouneeraent : 
 
 "Red Cross, $2,500,000— Of this amount, $625,000 will be spent 
 in Cleveland to supply materials to workers on knitted garments 
 and hospital essentials; and lo relieve needy families of soldiers and 
 sailors. The balance will be spent in America and Europe to build 
 and maintain hospitals, to carry on ambulance service and to aid 
 distressed families. 
 
 "Army Y. M. C. A., $1,200,000— To provide facilities for soldiers 
 and sailors in camps and bases and trendies, in the United States 
 and overseas, and in the armies of our Allies. 
 
 "Knights of Columbus, $300,000~To carry forward activities 
 similar to those of the Army Y. M. C. A. Open to soldiers of all 
 religious denominations. 
 
 "Y. W. C. A. War Work, $150,000— Much of this money will be 
 spent for the building and maintenance of 'hostess houses' at camps 
 and cantonments. At the 'hostess houses' accommodations for wuves 
 and mothers of soldiers are provided and places are afforded where 
 women can meet tlieir .soldier sons and brothers. 
 
 "War Camp Community Service, $150,000 — To aid the Posdick 
 commission in its efforts to provide clean moral conditions in towns 
 and cities near the camps, and to make camp surroundings whole- 
 some. 
 
 "Jewish War Relief and Soldiers' Welfare — Cleveland's quota 
 of the $10,000,000 National Fund to relieve Jews in devastated war 
 areas of Russia, Poland, Palestine and other sections — $300,000. 
 Welfare work for American soldiers in camps and cantonments, $30,- 
 000— total $.330,000. 
 
 "Armenian Relief, $100,000— The city's portion of a national
 
 676 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 contribution to bring succor to hundreds of thousands of Armenians 
 who, according to former President Taft, are suffering greater 
 agonies than those visited upon the Belgians. 
 
 "Serbian Aid Fund, $15,000 — Cleveland's quota of a national 
 fund, much of which will be used to provide physicians and otiier 
 professional men vitally needed in Serbia. 
 
 "Allied Prisoners, $10,000 — To be the city's contribution to a 
 national fund which the American commission for the relief of such 
 prisoners who are interned in Switzerland will spend. Many such 
 prisoners are lame and blind and must be fitted for vocations. 
 
 Salvation Army, $25,000 — The city's share of the nation's dona- 
 tion for the regular Salvation Army work among soldiers and sailors. 
 
 "Camp Libraries, $40,000 — To provide transportation and dis- 
 tribution of books to soldiers and sailors; and to purchase for them 
 technical volumes treating of modern warfare methods. 
 
 "Camp Sherman Community Building. $30,000 — To furnish and 
 maintain a camp building for the accommodation of civilian visitors 
 to the camp. 
 
 "Mayor's War Advisory Board, $250,000 — To be expended for 
 various local war relief activities, especially those of an emergency 
 nature, and for co-ordination of the city's war work. 
 
 "Thrift Stamp Educational Campaign, $100,000— To carry for- 
 ward the Thrift Stamp campaign in Cleveland and immediate vi- 
 cinity. 
 
 "Cleveland Welfare Federation, $150,000 — To make good a cor- 
 responding deficit created In' use of the federation's funds for wair 
 relief work, and to enable the federation to carry forward its custom- 
 ary charitable work. 
 
 "Undesignated War Relief, $650,000— From this sum, to ])e held 
 in reserve, worthy and approved rociuirements for unela.ssified relief 
 funds will bo met, as such needs develop during the balance of the 
 year. 
 
 "The budget of the campaign has been worked out by a very able 
 investigation committee, imder the leadership of M. B. Johnson, 
 chairman, and Paul Feiss, vice-chairman. The amount listed for 
 the Cleveland Welfare Federation does not take the place of their 
 regular sub.scriptions, but is to provide for the deficit in local char- 
 ities due to war conditions. The public is urged to continue its 
 regular gifts to all local charities and philanthropies and churches. 
 
 "It is too early to talk about the possibilit.v of oversubscribing 
 the Six IMillion Dollar Viclorv Fund, but if bv hard work and united
 
 1918] MILITARY AFFAIRS 677 
 
 co-operatiou there should be a surplus, it will be held in Cleveland by 
 the \Yar Council to apply upon the next call." 
 
 Samuel Mather, 
 
 Chairman. 
 W. H. Prescott, 
 
 Chairman Campaign Committee. 
 Robert E. Lewis, 
 
 Campaign Secretary." 
 
 The campaign licadqnarters were fixed at the Chamber of Com- 
 merce on the twentieth of May and the special "drive" for subscrip- 
 tions continued for a week. The Cleveland war fund has been pop- 
 ularly christened a.s the Victory Cliest fund, and the War Council 
 which controls it and has raised it, is officered as follows: Samuel 
 ilather, chairman : Charles K. Adams, vice-chairman ; ]\lyrou T. Her- 
 riek, treasurer; John H. Dexter, assistant treasurer, and Henry E. 
 Sheffield, secretary. The several cliairmcn of the leading committees 
 are : C. E. Adams, Executive committee ; Myron T. Herriek, Budget 
 committee; M. B. Johnson, Investigating committee; W. H. Prescott, 
 Campaign committee. 
 
 The all-imx)ortant cooperation of the churches and temples with 
 the work of the War Council was arranged by the Rev. E. R. Wright, 
 secretary of the Federated Churches; Dr. W. A. Sci;llen, chan- 
 cellor of the Catholic diocese, and Rabhi Abba H. Silver, of the 
 Temple. 
 
 The Y. M. C. A. War Work 
 
 All the bodies which had merged their interests to the extent 
 indicated in the War Council of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County • 
 retained, of course, their separate organizations for the winning of 
 the war. The following concise statement prepared by Robert E. 
 Lewis, general secretary of the Cleveland Young Men's Christian 
 Association, is complete and to the point: 
 
 "The Cleveland Y. M. C. A. has, up to September 1st, 1918, 
 sent over 2,000 of its members into the armed forces of the United 
 States. 
 
 "The Cleveland association is headquarters of the State War 
 Work Treasury, there having been raised in the state Y. M. C. A. 
 campaign of November, 1917, $4,268,91.5, for the work among the 
 American armed forces. This work was carried on with the com- 
 plete approval and direct connection of the armj^ and navy.
 
 678 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIKONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 "The Cleveland Y. M. C. A. campaign in November, 1917, raised 
 $1,321,433, $100,000 of which was paid over to the War Camp Com- 
 munity Recreation Association with headquarters at Washington, 
 and $75,000 of which was paid over to the national treasury of the 
 Y. M. C. A. 
 
 "The Cleveland association is headquarters of the Ohio Recruit- 
 ing Committee for war service where, during the past year, over 
 2,000 Ohio candidates have been sifted and several hundred of thera 
 recommended for the association's war service iu France, Italy, 
 England, Russia and the home camps. The Central Association 
 building is headquarters of the War Mothers of America, Cleveland 
 Chapter. The West Side branch is the draft board headquarters 
 for that district and the Broadway branch buildiug is the head- 
 quarters for the draft board of the south end. 
 
 "The first preparation for the Victory Chest campaign which took 
 place in IMay. 1918, was made by joint action of the Cleveland Y. M. 
 C. A. trustees and the Cleveland Red Cross Council, both of whom 
 voted to co-operate in creating the Cleveland War Council and they 
 merged their campaign teams and campaign organizations into one 
 united body. . . . The balance from the previous Red Cross 
 campaign and the War Y. M. C. A. campaign in Cleveland, about 
 equally divided nnd amounting to over $600,000. was handed over to 
 the Cleveland War Council to be disbursed by it. 
 
 P.\cTs About tue Victory Chest Campaign 
 
 "The result of the Victory Chest campaign of May, 1918, was a 
 total of $10, Gl 6,032. A i)lieiiomcnal factor iu the campaign was the 
 .subscriptions made by tlio industrial wage earners who pledged 
 $2,671,461 to be collected out of their pay checks and turned over 
 b}^ their various employing offices on eacli pay day during the seven 
 months to tlic Cleveland War Council. The house-to-house division 
 collected from the i-esidences and rural districts $280,668. The reg- 
 ular team organization secured from the persons who had been rated 
 upon the 'Grateful Quota' basis, ,$7,024,902. 
 
 "A study of the number of subscribers gives an indication of the 
 high patriotism of Cleveland; 99,328 persons who, for the most 
 part, wonld be said to be in the salaried and employed class, sub- 
 scribed to the Victory Chest; 30,586 other persons subscribed through 
 the house-to-house visitation. No cash was taken at the residences ; 
 only signed pledges were taken. But the wage earners of Cleveland 
 capped the climnx. Not counting cnsh colloctions on the streets and
 
 1918J .MllJTARY AFFAIRS 679 
 
 in various ways, 203.000 wage earners subscribed. In 1,400 i'ac- 
 tories and other larsre establishineuts, every single employee sub- 
 scribed to the Victory Chest. No factory turned in its pledges un- 
 less 100 i)er pent of its employees particijiatcd in the patriotic giving. 
 "In the Victory Chest campaign, Cleveland rose to a high posi- 
 tion of leadership. The campaign had a great spiritual effect in 
 binding our people of all cla.sses and occupations and race-stocks 
 together in the great undertaking of winning tlic war." 
 
 Speci.\l Contributions from the Foreign Sections 
 
 The Poles of Cleveland have raised over $200,000 for the 500 or 
 600 men whom they have sent to France; the Czeeho-Slovaks have 
 raised a substantial sum to supplement the allowances paid to the 
 wives and ciiildrcn of the 300 men who have gone from Cleveland 
 to fight for liberty, and the Croatians, Serbs and Slovenes have done 
 likewise to support the families of their soldiers (about the same 
 number) who have left the Forest City for service in the Balkan 
 area. 
 
 Investments in Government Securities 
 
 In the foregoing, no account has been taken of the enormous sums 
 raised in Cleveland for the support of the war through investments 
 in such golden securities as are represented by the Liberty loans 
 and War Savings stamps. The contributions to the other funds 
 mentioned stand for pure patriotism and benevolence, for sym- 
 pathy and heartaches, unsoiled by the dollar mark. It is impossible 
 to go into details as to the complex organization of the effective local 
 machinery employed in the four Liberty loan campaigns which have 
 so stirred Cleveland and its tributary territory. The general results 
 were to raise from these sources, for the conduct of the war. the 
 following amounts : First loan, $68,711,350 ; .second loan. $101,724,100 ; 
 third loan, $112,106,550. The third loan was especially notable for 
 the number of its subscribers (252,000). A similar statement held 
 true throughout the United States and was an overwhelming indica- 
 tion of the popular confidence in the stability of the government and 
 its current administration. Cleveland's quota for the fourth loan was 
 $113,000,000. The campaign for funds (September 28 to October 19, 
 1918) was very vigorous and had a whirlwiiid finish that put the city 
 "over the top" and on schedule time, with a total of about $225,- 
 000,000. All of the loans were similarly over-subscribed in char- 
 acteristic Cleveland style.
 
 680 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 Municipal "War Work 
 
 The nninicipal work in eonnectiou with the war is conducted by 
 the Mayor's Advisory War Committee, of which Myron T. Herrick 
 is chairman and Harry L. Vail executive secretary. It occupies ex- 
 tensive quarters in the city liall and is one of the busiest depart- 
 ments of the municipal government. Its history and its accomplish- 
 ments cannot be better presented than through Secretary Vail's re- 
 port presented at the committee's general meeting, held on the tif- 
 teenth of July, 1918, as follows: 
 
 "Three days after war was declared, Mayor Harry L. Davis 
 appointed what is known as the Mayor's Advisory War Committee 
 for the purpose of taking care of any extraordinarj- mattei"s which 
 might arise during the period of the war. This committee imme- 
 diately organized and selected an executive committee, of which the 
 Hon. Myron T. Herrick was chairman, and of which Mr. Charles A. 
 Otis, Mr. M. P. Mooney, Mr. Charles E. Adams, Mr. Paul L. Feiss, Mr. 
 Andrew Squire, Mv. Otto Miller, Mr. F. H. Goff, Mr. W. A. Green- 
 limd, Mr. Muuson Havens and Mr. Warren G. Hayden are members. 
 Sub-committees were immediately appointed such as the Women's 
 committee, the Military committee, War Garden committee, Com- 
 mittee on Patriotism and Aliens, the Americanization committee, Fuel 
 Supply committee, Committee on Labor Employees, Committee on 
 Recreation for Training Camps, etc. 
 
 "In order to effectively carry out the objects for which these com- 
 mittees were appointed, it was agreed that in the Red Cross campaign 
 the sum of $2.50,000 should be set aside for the purpose of financing 
 the activities that might come naturally to these committees. There 
 immediately arose many demands upon the committee. 
 
 "When the troops were mobilized here last June and July no 
 arrangements had been made to take care of them. The result was 
 that the Military committee of the war board, at its own expense, 
 installed sewer and water connections and electric lighting and a 
 number of other important features necessary for the care and 
 comfort of 1lie officers and men in the new camps that were estab- 
 lished in the parks of this city. They purchased several thousand 
 blankets for the soldiers, as the government was unable to furnish 
 soldiers with this equipment. They financed and managed advertis- 
 ing and publicity campaigns for enlisted men and draft registration. 
 
 "Tliey purchased 2.700 suits of warm flaniiclcttc pa.iamas for Cleve- 
 land ])oys stationed at Camp Slieridan, which the government had also 
 failed to provide for the soldiers. The committee furnished box
 
 1918] MILITARY AFFAIRS 681 
 
 lunches for every drafted man going to Camp Sheridan and for 
 many a eontiiigent of volunteers for whom no provisions had been 
 made for food while enroute to cantonments. Forty-five men of 
 military expciienee distjualified for active service are daily drilling 
 selective service men \n-\ov to their departure for cantonments: has 
 committees that attend all funerals of men who have died in service, 
 and furnishes; flowers and proper military escort. Committees from 
 the war board investigated, through proper military agencies all situa- 
 tions in camps for tlie health and comfort of Cleveland soldiers, and 
 secured in every case, proper attention on tlie part of the authorities. 
 In all .$30,000 has been appropriated for this committee. 
 
 "The war board financed the American Protective League, an es- 
 sential part of the Department of .Justice, in which 1,.570 business and 
 professional men reporting at all hours of the day and night are inves- 
 tigating the cases of desertion, slackers, food profiteers, food hoarding, 
 etc. To date, there has been 35,000 of these ca.ses before this Protective 
 League of which 25,000 were slackers, 4,500 pro-German, 1,400 L W. 
 W. and Socialists, and 875 wireless stations investigated. Six hundred 
 dollars a month has been set aside for this particular work. It estab- 
 lished a central draft board for the purpose of assisting not only the 
 drafted men, but the parents, and wives of drafted and enlisted men. 
 For this work $500 a month was set aside. It underwrote the salaries 
 for the clerks of the provost marshal's department. 
 
 "The war board financed and managed with experts, the war 
 garden campaign which resulted last year in the cultivation of 3,100 
 acres of city backyards, alone, and it is estimated that the war garden 
 produced $.^50 000 worth more of food than would have been raised 
 had this committee not been in existence. For this, $10,000 was set 
 aside of which $4,800 still remains in the treasury to help carry on 
 the work this year. 
 
 "The "Women's committee was also organized. This committee, 
 representing 60,000 women in this city, has some fifteen diflPerent 
 departments of work and is federated with the diffei-cnt women's 
 clubs and organizations in Cleveland engaged in war work. This 
 committee has sub-committees on food production, food conservation, 
 child welfare, care of infants, women and children in industry, nurs- 
 ing, public health, providing nurses and encouraging young women 
 to encas'e in the nursing profession and maintaining four social 
 agencies in .'ichools in the city that are located where there are a 
 great manv foreigners. 
 
 "Thpse centers are open, not only to the children, but to the 
 parents. Entertainments are given with a lecture on food eonserva-
 
 682 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 tion, food saviug. care of home, and lessons on patriotism. It is esti- 
 mated that 35,000 women and children have attended these centers. 
 The war board set aside the sum of $3,000 to be used as a summer 
 school for nurses, now being maintained at Western Reserve Uni- 
 versity, and the further sum of $2,500 for the purpose of establishing 
 scholarships of nursing so that the girls ■\\ho were unable to attend 
 on account of any expense, could be helped by the War Board. Fif- 
 teen thousand dollars has been appropriated for the Women's com- 
 mittee. 
 
 "The board is financing and managing all the Americanization 
 work in this city and county. This committee has 33 evening schools 
 in English, 24 in factory schools, 4 in churches, 3 in public halls, 1 
 in foreign schools, 5 in libraries, and 5 in social centers. It conducts 
 two Americanization Information bureaus, one in connection with the 
 County Draft board and the other at the court house for the benefit 
 of foreigners seeking naturalization. The appropriation for this 
 committee is approximately $23,000. 
 
 "It is financing the Federal Food Administration Bureau, under 
 the supervision of Dr. Robert H. Bishop, Jr.* This committee has 
 entire charge of the food situation in Cleveland, carries out the in- 
 struction of the federal government in regard to food substitutes and 
 food conservation, and has also taken charge of cars of perishable 
 food, flour, sugar and cereals that are shipped into Cleveland. 
 
 "This committee has full governmental authority to move freight, 
 prevent hoarding and to take such action against those violating 
 the food laws, as the head of this department considers necessary. 
 This department in conjunction with the Women's committee has 
 divided the city into zones or districts in which food centers have 
 been established where the women of the neighborhoods may take 
 advantage of expert advice on food conservation, canning, prepara- 
 tion of food substitutes, etc. It is teaching the people of these par- 
 ticular centers to appreciate the two most important things that the 
 national administration is now interested in — the elimination of 
 waste and the conservation of food. 
 
 "This department has recently organized a bureau for fixing the 
 price of all Foods and vegetables, a most essential thing for the con- 
 sumer. Salaried and volunteer inspectors are sent into every section 
 of the city to see that the list of prices are observed by all grocers and 
 dealers. TTndcr the supervision of this committee a milk survev was 
 
 •Dr. Bisliop, nt ii later date, went (o Tialy as a moiiibor of tlio .Aiiti- 
 tuberculosis commission.
 
 1918] MILITARY AFFAIRS 683 
 
 recently taken to determiue what justification there was for tive 
 raise in price of this very essential product. The appropriation for 
 this committee is $2,000 a month. 
 
 "It has nnanced the Committee on Patriotism and Four Minute 
 Men. This committee is under the direction of the authorities at 
 Washington and is the medium for presenting throughout the city in 
 the different picture houses, messages that are being sent out by the 
 president and the membei's of his cabinet. In tlie last Liberty Loan, 
 tlie members of the Four Minute Jlen's organization spoke to 720,000 
 people. 
 
 "It is financing the three boys' camps in the county where city 
 boys are given tlie benefit of life in the country and the farmers are 
 given the benefit of their service in farm work. These boys live in 
 camps under a director who watches over their health and their com- 
 fort, and are sent out to the farms in the immediate neighborhood 
 for the purpo.se of helping the farmers husband their crops. 
 
 "It has donated the sum of $5,000 for the purpose of making a 
 housing survey in Cleveland. In some of the congested districts the 
 situation is so appalling that the government is going to be asked to 
 set aside one million dollars for the purpose of providing homes in 
 Cleveland for the people to live in and for the purpose of doing away 
 with this congestion. 
 
 "It has set aside $15,000 for the purpose of making a 'Save the 
 Babies' campaign. A census will be taken of all the babies in the 
 city between the ages of on'? and two months and five years. The 
 mothers of these children will be taiight the proper care and protec- 
 tion of their infants. It has been arranged to give proper medical 
 attention to all the mothers and families, who by reason of lack of 
 funds, might neglect their babies. An automobile dispensary, prop- 
 erly equipped with a nurse and physician, will go into these districts 
 where dispensaries have not been established. 
 
 "Last October the national administration requested this com- 
 mittee to finance a campaign for food con.servation. The campaign 
 was immediately organized— food shows and exhibitions held in dif- 
 ferent sections of the city. This campaign of practical food conserva- 
 tion cost this committee $14,000. It was the first time that the fact 
 had been brought home to our people what conservation of food meant 
 in this war. 
 
 "This committee also financed the pageant recently held in Wade 
 Park, the great patriotic demonstration held on the Fourth of July, 
 and the most appropriate and beautiful ceremony held yesterday 
 in commemoration of our alliance and la.sting obligations to France —
 
 684 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 Bastille Day, was also financed by this committee. It also provided 
 for the entertainments of the Serbian commission and the Blue Devils, 
 and has agreed to advance the money to purchase 10,000 tons of coal 
 to be stored in Cleveland and disposed of through the eitj' adminis- 
 tration the coming winter, to provide for any coal shortage that might 
 occur. It also furnished a fund to Librarian Brett to conduct his 
 campaign, 'Books for Soldiers.' 
 
 ;'The Mayor's Advisory War Board has become a center not only 
 for the financing of all those activities that are es.sential for the 
 health, safety and welfare of our people but is the one great agency 
 of Cleveland that the national administration looks to to carry out 
 its policies and enforce its regulations, a bureau of information 
 which all may come to for advice and information, for the whole 
 support of the organization is one of sympathy and helpfulness. 
 
 "I was elected executive secretary' on the fourteenth of last Feb- 
 ruary. Since that time the work of the office has increased 75 per cent. 
 The office is now on a strictl,y business basis. All our bills ai"e dis- 
 counted and the Cleveland Trust Co. allows us 3 per cent on all our 
 daily balances. The books are audited by a firm of expert auditors each 
 month. Among the different sub-committees there is a great har- 
 mony and I cannot speak too highlj^ of the services of Drs. Bishop 
 and Roueche, Mrs. Sanford, Mr. Harold Clark, Capt. Shupe, ]\Ir. 
 Archie Klumph, Mr. Geo. Schneider, Mr. Knirk, Mr. Marks, Mr. Cad- 
 wallader and all the efficient members of the organization. There is 
 a splendid co-operation between the Mayor's Advisory War Board 
 and other local and governmental agencies in the city, the Red Cross, 
 Y. M. C. A.. Cleveland War Council, tlio Army and Navy Recruiting 
 Office, the different offices of the Federal Government, Chamber of 
 Commerce, and Chamber of Industry, man_y organizations among our 
 foreign born citizens. Mayor Harry L. Davis, and the city adminis- 
 tration. All onr combined energies are devoted to one single purpose 
 — the winning of the war. 
 
 "There arc one hundi-ed and ten salaried ciniiloyees and there are 
 twenty-eight Inuulred and twelve men and women directly connected 
 with a part of your connnittee, whose services are available at any 
 time and who are giving their services without any compensation, 
 and I take this occasion to thank all these volunteer workers for their 
 efficient and patriotic services." 
 
 At the meeting where the foregoing report was I'ead, Myron T. 
 Herrick, chairman of the War committee, made the statement, which 
 is worthy of record, that until the fifteenth of February, I PI 8. that 
 bodj'' emploj'ed an executive secretary at $4,000 per aninim, but that
 
 1918] MILITARY AFFAIRS 685 
 
 Mr. Vail, his successor, refused to accept tlie position except upon the 
 condition that he should receive no compensation for his services. 
 
 Lack only of space, not of inclination, prevents the publication 
 of the very niteresting and instructive reports presented by the fol- 
 lowing: chairmen of the sub-committees : Captain Henry P. Shupe, 
 Military Atl'aii's; George Schneider, War Gardens; Miss Helen Bacon, 
 Americanization; Mrs. Henry L. Sanford, Women's Committee; 
 Archie Klumph, American Protective League ; Dr. R. C. Roueche, in 
 behalf of ciiainnaii of Cuyahoga County Food Administration; Starr 
 Cadwallader, Central Draft Board ; J. C. Marks, Patriotism. 
 
 A Hint of the Women's War Work 
 
 Mrs. Henry L. Sanford, chairman of the Women's committee 
 of the flavor's Advisory War Board, represented the presidents of 
 all the women's organizations in the city, fraternal, religious, patriotic 
 and philanthropic, or some 60,000 women of Cleveland. Its cam- 
 paign of education in food conservation composed the great ex- 
 hibit; the study on food subjects projected through all the clubs of 
 the Women's Federation and tlie establishment of bureaus of food 
 facts and cla.sses in various sections of the city; the publication of a 
 patriotic cook book and demonstrations of various recipes in foreign 
 neighborhoods. The committee co-operated in its work with sm h exist- 
 ing social agencies as the city division of health, the outdoor relief 
 department and the hospital council and training courses in social 
 service were given at the Western Reserve University. Another im- 
 portant work undertaken by the committee was the stabilizing of in- 
 dividuals, families and neighborhoods which the war had tended to 
 disintegrate. Four community centers were established, under the 
 supervision of the school board, and thousands (nearly 35,000) joined 
 the classes for instruction and fraternization. Among the most in- 
 teresting results in this experiment was that in a very pro-German 
 community the women became so interested that they canva.ssed 
 enthusiastically for thrift stamps, liberty loans and the war chest, 
 and that in another neighborhood where there had been great warring 
 of nationalities a complete reconciliation was effected. Says the com- 
 mittee on the subject of "Women in Indu.stry": 
 
 "This committee aims to enable women to fill the places of men 
 called to war from factories and shops, to see that they fill these 
 places adequately, and to assure them the proper working hours, 
 wholesome working conditions, adequate wages and safeguards for 
 health which will insure their fullest working capacity. Thus the
 
 686 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXIV 
 
 committee is immediateh' working for tlae highest possible war pro- 
 duction. The first work of the committee was to discover violations 
 of the existing labor laws, and to work towards their better enforce- 
 ment. The committee is constantlj* studying tlie entrance of women 
 into industry and into new and unusual occupations. There has been 
 a particular study of women in the messenger service and in elevator 
 work, in the hardware business and as taxi drivers. Detailed studies 
 of women at work in hazardous occupations has been made, and the 
 information so collected will be furnished to the U. S. Public Health 
 Service. The committee has done a great deal of work on the enforce- 
 ment of the Child Labor Law, and has found that the violations of 
 this have greatly increased during the last year." 
 
 The speaker's bureau was active, as was the endeavor to supply 
 the demand from "Washington for expert stenographers and typists, 
 the calls exceeding the supply 2 to 1. The recruiting of nurses both 
 for war work and in co-operation with the child welfare department 
 has been vigorously prosecuted. In this connection: "The attention 
 of the country is at present focused on the section of nursing of the 
 "Women's Conunittee of the Mayor's Advisory "War Board of Cleve- 
 land, because of several points in which we are leading at this time. 
 For example, the Mayor's Ward Board Scholarship Fund for pupil 
 nurses has aroused great interest elsewhere, and much favorable com- 
 ment. "Washington has written us for further particulars on our plan 
 by means of which we provide, tlirough co-operation with the board of 
 education, for the necessary training for desirable applicants who 
 are without the required amount of schooling. The chairman of our 
 nursing section was chosen as the cluurman of a national committee 
 to secure a hcai'ing before the secretary of war, and to discuss a plan 
 for army nurse schools, at which hearing the plan was approved, and 
 is already being put into effect. The National Cotuicil of Defense, 
 by direction of Dr. Franklin Martin, has written to the nursing sec- 
 tion of the Cleveland "Women's Committee, asking that, under tlieir 
 direction, Cleveland should undertake an experiment in community 
 nursing, with the idea of reducing the amount of unnecessary nurs- 
 ing, care and work now being done by trained nurses, and at the same 
 time provide for all the nur.sing care really needed in the community. 
 The results of this experiment in Cleveland will be, if found satis- 
 factory, used as a plan throughout the country. The nursing section 
 has gallantly accepted this challenge and has already started a sur- 
 vey to collect accurate information as to the unnecessary nursing by 
 trained and registered nurses in the various fields, and to make plans 
 for the installation of volunteer or paid service to supplant the work
 
 191S] .MII.ITAKV AFFAIRS 687 
 
 of the nurse in those directions that do not require professional skill. 
 Dr. ^lartin replies as follows to this plan which was presented in 
 "Washington: 'Your letter was presented to the Committee on Nursing 
 and was received with great appreciation and gratification. The com- 
 mittee is convinced that Cleveland is again inaugurating an extremely 
 important and forward looking piece of work, which is almost certain 
 to be the basis of a nation-wide effort." 
 
 But women's activities are so many and complex that they cannot 
 always be distinetlj- separated from those conducted by the men. 
 As stated by Harold T. Clavk: "For several months after our en- 
 trance into the war, Jliss Belle Sherwin was chairman of the Women's 
 Committee of the Cleveland Branch of the Council of National De- 
 fense. She was succeeded by Mrs, Henrj^ L. Sanford. Miss Ruth 
 F. Stone is secretary of the committee. There have been many activi- 
 ties of women wholly outside of tho.se conducted by the Council of 
 National Defense, and it is impossible to find any one woman who is 
 familiar with more than a portion of the entire field. Mrs. J. N. 
 Fleming, who has been president of the Federation of Women's clubs, 
 is well informed and helpful. Mrs. E. S. Burke is well posted in 
 regard to the Red Cross, although the work of that organization 
 alone is so far-reaching tliat it is difficult for any one person to 
 have an intimate knowledge of all its departments."
 
 CHAPTER XXXV 
 
 TRADE, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 B;j n. G. Cutler 
 
 The details involved in the material' development of Cleveland are 
 so numerous as, in some ways, to defy classification. During the ear- 
 lier period of its growth in ti'ade, commerce and industry, the record 
 was wholly personal, but as the city increased in business, manufac- 
 tures and transpoi'tation facilities, and secured a broader contact with 
 outside communities, states and countries, the individual was gradu- 
 ally absorbed by the store, the factory and the great movements of 
 commerce. But through all these pi-ocesses of development, the foun- 
 dation necessity stood forth of providing adequate means of com- 
 munication and transportation as a prerequisite of expansion. It was 
 obviously iiseless to build large stores and factories, wharves and ware- 
 houses, unless means were provided to liaudle the goods which were 
 required both by home and distant communities. At fir.st Cleveland 
 depended on slow and defective transportation by lake and ovei'land. 
 Then came the canal and that was succeeded by the railroad. Tiiere- 
 fore, the chronological divisions of this chapter are not entirely arbi- 
 trary. 
 
 The Ante-Canal Period 
 
 A period of more than forty years passed from the time local 
 traders erected a small hut near the spring at the foot of .Main Street, 
 in 1786, until the Ohio canal was pronounced completed from Cleve- 
 land to Akron in 1827. It was a sea.son of struggles in a \^ilderness 
 by hardy and intelligent Yankees to make it blossom into a fruitful 
 abiding place. Came Edward Paine, the pioneer merchant, the Bry- 
 ants, as distillers, and others to furnish both the essentials and the 
 non-essentials to the settlement at the mouth of the Cuyalioga River. 
 The log distillery utilized the fine living spring at the foot of Superior 
 Street in the manufacture of its fire water for both the r-d ;iiid the 
 white men of the neighborhood. It seemed to attract some local trade 
 in furs and other articles and, without much thought as to other re- 
 sults, was pronounced good. Previous to 1812, the el'" iMile of 
 
 688
 
 1796-1827] COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 689 
 
 Cleveland, wliieli could not then be digrnificd as "commerce," cov- 
 ered salt and furs from the southwest and the upper lakes region, and 
 flour, pork, whiskey and wines from Pittsburgh. Much of the latter 
 was re-shipped to Detroit. Nathan Perry, who located in 1808, was 
 the first Cleveland merchant of broad caliber. He erected a large 
 store at the corner of Superior and Water streets and previous to 
 the canal era his transactions covered the old Western Rcsei've. In the 
 town itself the business virtually revolved around "Perry's Cor- 
 ners." During the later portion of the ante-canal period, Major 
 Lorenzo Carter commenced to cut a large figure, with his big log 
 warehouse and his Rod Tavern, his energy, blunt honesty and prac- 
 tical ability. Still later, in the early '20s came Orlando Cutter, an- 
 other merchant, with his vast capital of $20,000, and good "Uncle" 
 Abram Hickox, the first blacksmith. 
 
 In the meantime, several industries had taken root along Mill 
 Creek, at and near Xcwburg. The first was the flour mill of W. W. 
 Williams, which he built in that locality in 1799 and which passed to 
 Samuel Huntington a few years afterwards. Other industries were 
 established in that portion of the Cleveland area; and in 1817 Abel 
 R. Garlick commenced to manufacture burr millstones which were 
 quarried from the Mill Creek region. This wa.s the first of the local 
 industries to ship its products abroad in commercial quantities. 
 
 The only bank yet established was the Commercial Bank of Lake 
 Erie, founded in 1816, but the local transactions were not yet suffi- 
 cient to maintain it, and the enterprise went under in 1820. It was 
 reorganized in 1832, and the directors offered the position of cashier 
 to a bright young man who was then a teller in the Bank of Buffalo. 
 Truman P. Handy — for such he was — then settled in Cleveland, bring- 
 ing his young bride with him. When the charter of the bank expired 
 in 1842 he had made the Commercial Bank of Lake Erie a solid insti- 
 tution and entrenched himself in the confidence of all Clevelanders. 
 Mr. Handy carried on a private banking business until 1845 when, 
 under the new state law, he organized the Commercial Branch of 
 the State Bank of Ohio and became its cashier. In 1861 he was elected 
 president of the Merchants' Branch, and continued its head when 
 it was organized as a national bank and, in 1885, as the Mercantile 
 National Bank. Until his death, he wa.s considered one of tJie great 
 bankers of the middle West. 
 
 The Decade 1827-37 
 
 The opening of the canal in 1827, with the famous celebration at 
 Cleveland, has been fully described in preceding pages. For a dozen
 
 690 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 yeai-s, tlie local benefits of this imperfect addition to Cleveland's 
 means of communication and transportation were quite evident. 
 Some of the increased facilities were real and some were hoped-for, 
 but the psychological effect was advantageous and spelled advance- 
 ment in both instances. As time passed, the advantages developing 
 from the canal and the entire scheme of internal improvements did 
 not materialize to the extent anticipated, and this widespread and 
 profound disappointment was largely responsible for the collapse 
 of 1837. During that period, shipbuilding and chandlery made Cleve- 
 land a leading lake port. As to local aspects, Superior Street had 
 become the division between the bxisiness and the residence districts, 
 and so continued for years afterwards. 
 
 The Worthington Interests 
 
 The oldest business house in Cleveland, which has been in unin- 
 terrupted existence, is represented by the George "Worthington Com- 
 pany, dealers in hardware. The founder of the business,* whose name 
 is retained in the corporate title, was a New Yorker who, in 1829, 
 brought $1,000 worth of hardware from Utiea and opened a little 
 store at what is now Superior and West Tenth street. The business 
 was a success from the first, for George Worthington always care- 
 fully studied the needs of the local community and then supplied 
 them. In 1849, with others, he formed the Cleveland Iron Companj^, 
 which manufactured bar iron and sold its products through the 
 Worthington store, thus making the house an industrial as well as a 
 selling institution. He also organized the First National Bank of 
 Cleveland, of which he was president until his death in 1871. Gen- 
 eral James Barnett succeeded Mr. Worthington as president of the 
 company, and served until his own death in 1911, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by W. D. Taylor, its present head. Since the fire of 1874, 
 which destroyed the 1868 building at the corner of St. Clair Avenue 
 and West Ninth Street, eleven warehouses and other buildings have 
 been erected to accommodate the expanding business, and today the 
 Worthington Company occupies in its opei-ations more than twenty 
 acres of floor space, and is a leading factor in making Cleveland one 
 of the greatest hardware centers in the country. This represents an 
 expansion of nearly ninety years. 
 
 The year 1834 is noted in the industrial and financial antials of 
 Cleveland a.s marking the incorporation under state laws of the Cuy- 
 
 • See page 138.
 
 1834-53] COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 691 
 
 ahoga Steam Furnace Company and the cstablislimcut of tlie Bank 
 of Cleveland. The latter was flattened by the panic of 1837, but the 
 industry developed and remained stable for manj' years. It was the 
 first manufactoiy to be incoi-porated by the state, was Cleveland's 
 first steam furnace and general foundry, and at its plant, at the 
 corner of Detroit Avenue and Center Street, was fabricated the first 
 locomotive west of the Allegheny mountains as a portion of the rolling 
 stock of the Cleveland, Cohimbus and Cincinnati Railroad Company. 
 
 iNDUSTRIiVL AND ORNAMENTAL 
 
 After the panic of 1837, and the business and industrial depres- 
 sion following, another period of activity ensued which continued 
 until the early '50s. At that time the most impressive outward evi- 
 dence of Cleveland's business prominence was the Atwater block. 
 This era of prosperity also happened to be the period when the foun- 
 dation was laid to make Cleveland one of the most attractive cities 
 in the United States. What were then the residence streets, including 
 the lower stretches of Euclid Avenue, were planted with elms, oaks 
 and maples, which, added to the natural growths, suggested the name 
 which has clung to her, the Forest City. 
 
 Origin op Two Great Iron Industries 
 
 Earl3- in this period, Whittaker & Wells established a furnace near 
 the. lake pier and, late in it (1853) was organized the Cleveland 
 Iron ^Mining Company, with W. J. Gordon as president and Samuel 
 L. Mather as vice-president. The latter had been chartered four 
 years previously. With the passing of years, it has developed into 
 the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company. In 1852, two iron industries 
 were established which developed into gi-eat enterprises. Henry Chis- 
 holm founded the firm of Chisholm, Jones & Co. to manufacture 
 railway and bar iron ; the small 1852 plant has expanded into 
 the great works of the American Steel and Wire Company. Wil- 
 liam A. Otis and J. M. Ford founded the foundry for the manufac- 
 ture of iron castings on W^liiskey Island which has become the two 
 immense establishments of the Otis Steel Company. The father of 
 these gi'cat industries, which were born in 1852, was the pioneer rail- 
 road which first connected Cleveland with the remainder of the 
 United States in 1851. Five years later there was a general awaken- 
 ing of the leading men of Cleveland over the great possibilities of the 
 city as a center of iron and steel mannfacturcs. Cheap ore and cheap 
 fuel were at its threshold. What more could be asked ?
 
 692 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 Three Good Banks 
 
 Three banks were also in operation to finance enterprises in that 
 line. The Commercial Bank of Lake Erie had weathered the finan- 
 cial storms and depressions of 1837-39, and the City Bank of Cleve- 
 land and the Merchants' Bank of Cleveland had been in operation 
 since 1845. The latter was especially prosperous and occupied the 
 finest banking rooms in Clevelan4. 
 
 Stabilizing Cleveland's Finances 
 
 This is a good place and year at which to pause, since they mark 
 events which accomplished much toward stabilizing the finances of 
 Cleveland and logically, all its commercial and industrial interests. 
 No Clevelander did more to bring aboiit this important reform than 
 Alfred Kelley, the city's first permanent lawyer, president of its pio- 
 neer bank and grand promoter of everything best for Cleveland. 
 Chiefly through his efforts in the legislature, a comprehensive bank- 
 ing law was passed in 1845, and the banks chartered under it pros- 
 pered until 1857. Under the law of 1845, the State Bank of Ohio 
 was founded with independent branches in various Ohio cities. The 
 Commercial branch was organized in Cleveland with a capital of 
 $175,000, with Truman P. Handy as cashier. A few j^ears later he 
 was elected president. The Merchants' Bank was also a branch of 
 the state institution, but the City Bank was incorporated as an inde- 
 pendent concern. The latter continued in business for twenty years, 
 or until it joined the ranks of the national banks. The Canal Bank, 
 another institution of 1845, suspended within less than a decade. 
 
 Other Early B.vnks of Stability 
 
 In 1849, the Society for Savings received a special charter from 
 the legislature, and opened for business in a room twenty feet square 
 at the rear of the Merchants' Bank, corner of Superior and Water 
 streets. In 1867, it occupied new quarters on the Square where the 
 Chamber of Commerce is now located, and twenty years later moved 
 into its present brown-stone palace. 
 
 The Bank of Commerce was organized in 1853, in 1864 it sur- 
 rendered its .state charter and became the Second National Bank of 
 Cleveland and, when its national charter was renewed in 1884, it 
 assumed the name National Bank of Commerce.
 
 1828-57] COlVaiEECE AND INDUSTRY 693 
 
 P^VNic OP 1857 "Gets" but One Cleveland Bank 
 
 In the panic of 1857, banks throughout Ohio, as elsewhere, 
 began to close their doors, and this period of financial and business 
 uncertainty continued for some six years, or until the general gov- 
 ernment came to the rescue with the passage of the national bank- 
 ing act. In that period there were sixty-five bank failures in Ohio, 
 only one of which occurred in Cleveland. 
 
 Cleveland Industries of 1840 and 1860 
 
 In 1840, which marked the commencement of tlie industrial re- 
 vival succeeding the panic of 1837, the leading manufactories of 
 Cleveland included two cast-iron furnaces, four woolen mills, two 
 distilleries, six flour mills and fifteen grist mills. 
 
 The panic of 1857 was also followed by several years of business 
 and industrial depression, which was beginning to be fairly overcome 
 by 1860. In that year, there were 27 clothing factories in Cleveland 
 and the value of their product was .$621,000; 19 boot and shoe plants, 
 with an output of $222,000; 21 flour mills, $1,008,000; 13 furniture 
 factories, $111,000; 6 grindstone plants, $58,000; 50 lumber mills, 
 $158,000; 17 shops for tlie manufacture of machinery and engines, 
 $318,000 and 9 soap and candle factories, $230,000. 
 
 Iron and Steel Industries up to the Civil War 
 
 Most of the Cleveland industries of importance have developed 
 since 1860, and a general review of the founding and growth of its 
 iron and steel interests up to the civil war period seems necessary to 
 bring the record to that time. It is supplied, as follows, by the Iron 
 Trade Review, of Cleveland: 
 
 In 1828, John Ballard & Company started a little iron foundry, 
 and somewhat later Henrj' Newberry shipped from his land near the 
 canal a few tons of coal. An attempt was made to introduce coal as 
 the fuel of Cleveland. A wagon load was driven from door to door, 
 and its good qualities explained. "No one," says one chronicler, 
 "wanted it. Wood was plenty and cheap and the neat housewives 
 of Cleveland especially objected to the dismal appearance and dirt- 
 creating qualities of the new fuel." 
 
 Following a period of inflation and financial disaster, Cleveland 
 emerged and looked hopefully to the future in 1840, when her popu- 
 lation was about 7,000. In that year, William A. Otis established
 
 694 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 an iron works, the fii'st of any importance in the city, and thus 
 encouraged local manufacturing. Coal mining had developed some- 
 what and Cleveland had become something of a market for that prod- 
 uct. A more important development in the iron business was inau- 
 gurated in 1857, of which Charles A. Otis, son of AVm. A. Otis, long 
 a prominent iron manufacturer of Cleveland, has written: "The 
 first rolling mill at Cleveland was a plate mill, worked on a direct ore 
 process, which was a failure. It went into operation in 1854 or 1855. 
 The mill is now (1884) owned by the Britton Iron & Steel Company. 
 The next miU was built in 1856, bj' A. J. Smith and others, to reroll 
 rails. It was called the Railroad Rolling ilill, and was later owned by 
 the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company. At the same time, a man named 
 Jones, witb several associates, built a mill at Newburg, six miles from 
 Cleveland, also to reroll rails. It was afterward operated by Stone, 
 Chisholm & Jones, and is now owned by the Cleveland Rolling ^lill 
 Company. In 1852, I erected a steam forge, to make wrought iron 
 forgings, and in 1859, I added to it a rolling mill, to manufacture 
 merchant bar, etc. The Union Rolling Mills were built in 1861 and 
 1862, to roll merchant bar iron." 
 
 The service of Henry Chisholm was indeed very gi-eat and he 
 occupies a foremost place in the history of the iron industries of 
 Cleveland. He was a sturdy Scotchman, born in the land of the 
 heather in 1822, and came to America when twenty years of age. He 
 was a carpenter and followed that trade in Montreal. In 1850, he 
 was employed in Cleveland, and soon after settled permanently in 
 this city. His start in the manufacture of iron was made in the old 
 town of Newburg, where he engaged in the manufacture of bar iron 
 and established the foundation of what became the great Cleveland 
 Rolling Mill Company, which in time came to employ a large number 
 of men and to turn out annually 150,000 tons of finished product. The 
 plant is now a part of the property of the American Steel & Wire 
 Company. 
 
 Speaking of Mr. Chisholm, one who was thoroughly familiar with 
 his career has said: "He was among the early ones to see that steel 
 rails would entirely take the place of iron, and one of the first to 
 make a commercial success of the Bessemer process in this country. 
 But where his signal ability most completely displayed itself was in 
 recognizing the fact that, for the highest prosperity, a steel mill 
 should have more than 'one string to its bow,' and that to run in 
 all times, under all circumstances, Bessemer steel must be adapted to 
 other uses than the making of rails. Holding tenaciously to this 
 idea, he was the first to branch out into the manufacture of wire,
 
 1846-54] 
 
 COMJMERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 695 
 
 screws, agricultural and inerclumt shapes, from steel. To the pro- 
 gress iu this clircetion must be imputed a large share of the success of 
 his eorapauy, and it further entitles Mr. Chisholm to be regarded as 
 one of the greatest, if not the greatest man, who has been engaged in 
 the Bessemer steel manufacture iu this country. It is rare, indeed, 
 that mechanical skill and business ability are united in one and the 
 same individual and it was to this exceptional combination of talents 
 that IMr. Chisholm owed his more than splendid success. A Scotch- 
 man by birth and nature, and loving the poems of his nation's bard 
 with an ardor that only a Scot can fciO, he became as thorough an 
 
 Iron Ore Docks of the Present 
 
 American citizen as if he had drawn his inspiration from Plymouth 
 Rock, and he performed his civic duties with an ever-serene confi- 
 dence in the merit of our institutions." 
 
 Although the auspicious beginning in the manufacture of iron 
 was made under the direction of Mr. Chisholm, it was not until ore 
 shipments were started from the Lake Superior regions that the in- 
 dustry began to assume large proportions. It was in 1846 that 
 Cleveland parties appeared on the scene and opened the way for the 
 immense business that has grown up between that region and this 
 city. Dr. J. Lang Cassels, of Cleveland, visited Lake Superior in 
 1846, and took ".squatter's possession" in the name of the Dead River 
 Silver & Copper Mining Company of Cleveland — an enterprise in 
 which were many of the men afterward found in the Cleveland Iron
 
 696 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 Company. He was guided to the desired location by an Indian, 
 and made the journey thereto and return, from the nearest settled 
 point, in a birch bark canoe. In the following year, he left that 
 country and returned to Cleveland, where he made a mild prophecy 
 as to the mineral wealth of the Superior region, which was received 
 with general incredulity. 
 
 The Cleveland Iron Company was formed in 18-19, but did lit- 
 tle business in the Superior country until 1S53. Its first organization 
 was under a special Michigan charter, but on the twenty-ninth of 
 March, 1853, it filed articles of association under the name of the Cleve- 
 land Iron Mining Company, with a capital stock of $500,000. The in- 
 corporatore were John Outhwaite, Morgan L. Hewitt, Selah Chamber- 
 lain, Samuel L. Mather, Isaac L. Hewitt, Henry F. Brayton and E. M. 
 Clark. The office was located at Cleveland, and some of the lands of 
 which it became possessed now comprise the principal part of the city 
 of Marquette. In 1854, the Cleveland company mined 4,000 tons of 
 ore, which was made into blooms at the diiferent forges in the vicin- 
 ity, and sent to the lower lake points, some of it coming to this city. 
 
 This company, from the daj^ of its origin, was looked upon as one 
 of the most solid and important of the commercial concerns of Cleve- 
 land. It had much to do with creating and fostering the iron intei'- 
 ests of Ohio and western Pennsylvania. The first cargo of ore to this 
 point was brought in 1856, and sold in small lots to such parties as 
 were willing to give it a trial. 
 
 It should also be said in this connection that the first ore from 
 that section was shipped to Cleveland in 1852, by the Marquette Iron 
 Company, in a half dozen barrels, aboard the ship "Baltimore." 
 The low estimation in which the ore was held by this business com- 
 munitj' during the experimental stages is illustrated by the follow- 
 ing incident related by George H. Ely. He was living in Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., where he held the position of president of the Lake Supe- 
 rior Iron Company. A small cargo of ore had been shipped to a 
 Cleveland party who was unable to pay the freight and so little com- 
 mercial value was attached to the iron that the whole cargo was not 
 considered sufficient security for the freight charges and ]\Ir. Ely 
 was drawn on before they could be paid. 
 
 Mining and Handling Iron Ore 
 
 For many years, Cleveland has been noted not only for its iron 
 and steel manufactures, but for its companies which mine and sell 
 the ore. In this connection the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company has
 
 1857-1904] C0:MMERCE AND INDUSTRY 697 
 
 beeu mentioned, and other large interests in this field were also de- 
 veloped, such as Pickards, Mather & Company, E. N. Breitung & 
 Companj-, Oglebay, Norton & Company, Tod-Stambaugh Company 
 and M. A. Hanna & Company. The last named is especially familiar 
 to residents of Cleveland, because of the great public prominence at- 
 tained by its senior partner. The details of his public career are re- 
 served for his general biography, found on other pages of this work. 
 
 Marcus A. Hanna in Business 
 
 In the development of mining and shipping of Lake Superior ore, 
 one of the most conspicuous figures was Marcus Alonzo Hanna. While 
 the political career of Senator Hanna, who died in Washington on the 
 fifteenth of February, 1904, was one of the most remarkable in the his- 
 tory of the eountrj', the story of the development and progress of the 
 great firm of M. A. Hanna & Company, of which he had been the senior 
 member for nearly thirty years, is not less interesting. It is a narration 
 of modest beginning, steadj- progress and adaptation to new conditions 
 such as have seldom been witnessed in the business world. While 
 the properties and business of the firm have undergone many changes, 
 each change has brought greater strength, until today it is a more 
 important factor in the commercial and industrial affairs of the cen- 
 tral west and of the Great Lakes than ever before. Mr. Hanna 's 
 business career began in 1857 when he became an employe of the 
 wholesale grocery house of Hanna, Garretson & Company, of which 
 his father was the senior member. In 1867, when the pioneer iron 
 and coal firm of Rhodes & Card retired from business, Mr. Hanna 
 became the senior member of the succeeding firm, Rhodes & Com- 
 panj', dealers in coal and iron. The firm was dissolved in 1885 and 
 was succeeded by that of M. A. Hanna & Company, the members 
 then being IM. A. Hanna, L. C. Hanna and A. C. Saunders. In 1872, 
 Mr. Hanna with other capitalists organized the Cleveland Transpoi-- 
 tation Company, which owned and operated a line of steamers in 
 the iron ore trade. He was for several years general manager as 
 well as a director of the company, and throughout his active busi- 
 ness career he was a powerful factor in the lake transportation busi- 
 ness. During the last ten years of his life, Mr. Hanna devoted his 
 attention almost exclusively to politics. 
 
 Cleveland Clearing House Association 
 
 The year after Marcus Hanna broke into Cleveland business cir- 
 cles (in 1858), the different local banks organized under the name
 
 698 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 of the Clearing House Association, but for maiij^ years that body 
 was little more than a social gathering and had weak financial in- 
 fluence. In fact, until it was reorganized under a new constitutiou, 
 in 1902, it did not lose its inconsequential character But since then 
 it has been growing in importance, year by year, and is recognized 
 as one of the prime safeguards for local financial stability. In 
 1907, especiaUj-, the cooperation of the local banks, through the 
 Clearing House Association, went far toward averting the embarrass- 
 ment of the financial situation. 
 
 The Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank 
 
 On the sixteenth of November, 1914, under the new national laws, 
 the Fourth Federal Reserve Bank, with Cleveland as its headquar- 
 ters, was established by the United States Federal Reserve Board. 
 There are more than 760 banks included in the division of which 
 the Forest City is the center. The territory embraces all of Ohio, 
 parts of western Pennsylvania and eastern Kentucky and six coun- 
 ties in West Virginia. Besides Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, 
 Columbus and Toledo are among the larger cities in the distri'it. 
 Supervision of the banks by a local examiner has also added to the 
 safety of the system. It is believed that, with these safeguards 
 thrown around the banks, such currency panics as those of 1893 
 and 1907 are virtually impossible. 
 
 Co^vL, Mining and Trade 
 
 The coal industry and trade — the mining and sale of coal — are 
 responsible for many large fortunes made by Cleveland men. It is 
 said that the first coal brought to the city was accorded the chilly 
 reception which is the lot of all unobtrusive but important pioneers. 
 Henry Newberry brought the first coal to Cleveland in 1828 from the 
 Tallmadge banks, just after the completion of the Ohio canal. New- 
 berry tried for a whole day to dispose of the coal to the villagers, 
 but wood was cheap and no one would use the novel fuel. Pliilo Sco- 
 vill, at that time proprietor of the Franklin House, was induced to 
 try some of it. 
 
 The first coal to be offered for sale in Cleveland was displayed at 
 the woodyard of George Fisher in 1829. As lato a.s 1851, "Tallmadge 
 coal" sold for $2.50 a ton. All coal came to Cleveland by way of 
 the canal. 
 
 The Brier Hill mines were opened in 1845. Mahoning coal later 
 came in great quantities, because the completion of the Cleveland &
 
 1845-65] COJBIERCE AND INDUSTRY 699 
 
 Mahoning Railroad oftVrcd cheaper transportation. The completion 
 of the Cleveland & Pitt-shurg Railroad in 1852 opened the Columbiana 
 county and other adjacent mines. 
 
 The Massillon district was opened in 1860, and the coal was 
 brought to Cleveland by canal until the Valley Railroad was opened 
 to traffic. Later, the building of the Wheeling & Lake Erie Rail- 
 road opened the fields further south. 
 
 The history of the coal ti-ade has kept the pace set by the consoli- 
 dation of big industries and the growth of trade in this section. 
 Three names which stand out with particular prominence in the 
 early coal trade of Cleveland are those of Charles Hiekox, Steven- 
 son Burke and James Corrigan. Judge Burke made Cleveland 
 known as a coal center before the iron ore industry came into promi- 
 nence. 
 
 Cleveland's position on the lakes makes her a prime factor in the 
 coal industry, it has been said, but this fact cannot be appreciated 
 until tlie general trend of the coal movement in recent years is 
 shown. The invention by Clevelanders of automatic car dumps has 
 helped to put Cleveland in the center of the coal map of the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Cleveland's first coal men in the very early days of the expan- 
 sion of Cleveland capital invested in coal land south of Columbus and 
 formed a company to develop it. As there were no railroad facili- 
 ties, they consolidated three companies into the Hocking Valley Coal 
 Company and built the Hocking Valley Railroad, the first instance in 
 the history of railroading when the railroad espoused any other 
 interest. 
 
 Oils and Paints 
 
 For many years, the interests of Cleveland capitalists in these 
 specialties have given the city a high standing throughout the world. 
 As early as 1865, there were thirty refineries along the banks 
 of Walworth and Kingsbury runs. Cleveland in 1869 received more 
 crude oil for refining than any other city in the country, even sur- 
 passing Pittsburgh, up to that time regarded as the natural oil cen- 
 ter of the country. Cleveland at that time had about .$4,000,000 
 invested in the refining business and an annual output of petroleum 
 products valued at about $15,000,000. 
 
 As stated in a more detailed account of the Standard Oil Com- 
 pany given in a later portion of this chapter, John D. Rockefeller 
 entered the oil industry in 1865, selling his share in the commission 
 firm of Clark & Rockefeller to enter the oil refining business with
 
 700 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 Samuel Andrews. After five j^ears of phenomenal gi-owth, the firm 
 of Rockefeller & Andrews, then the largest in the city, combined 
 ■with the firm of William A. Rockefeller & Co., which John D. Rocke- 
 feller had also organized and of which he was later president, and 
 formed the Standard Oil Company, with a capital of $1,000,000. 
 
 Since that time, the Standard Oil Company has grown to enor- 
 mous proportions, with a sales system that now encircles the globe. 
 Kerosene oil and other petroleum products are sold to the natives 
 of far-away China, India and the Poh-nesian Islands. 
 
 In the matter of petroleum production, Cleveland's share is in- 
 significant and of purely local interest. The twelve or fifteen wells 
 in "West Park and Berea produce between ten and fifteen barrels a 
 daj' each. Estimating on the basis of an average price of two dollars 
 a barrel, the petroleum produced annually is worth about $85,000. 
 
 In the refining of oil, Cleveland occupies an important place, 
 although the marketing of petroleum products far surpasses even 
 this branch of the business. There are about six refineries, in the 
 strict sense of the term, in Cleveland at present. These refineries 
 utilized 2,312,000 barrels, or 97,104,000 gallons, of crude oil last 
 year and predictions are current in refining circles that more than 
 100.000.000 gallons will be refined this year (1918). 
 
 In the marketing branch of the oil industry, there are one hun- 
 dred and thirty firms in the city now engaged principally in selling 
 to the local trade. Many of these firms maintain plants for com- 
 pounding and blending specialty products in accordance with the 
 demands of their patrons. 
 
 These marketers or jobbers sell everything produced from petro- 
 leum, including gasoline, benzine, naphtha, illuminating oils, tar, 
 fuel oil, paraffin wax, paraffin lubricating oils, greases of great 
 variety, pitch, roofers' wax and coke. The best grade of petroleum 
 will produce 19 per cent, residue, 15 per cent, lubricating oil, 50 per 
 cent, kerosene oil and 16 per cent, gasoline. 
 
 It is claimed that about 25 per cent, of all the paints and varnishes 
 made in the world are manufactured either in Cleveland, or in plants 
 owned by Cleveland capitalists. Although the industry is of early 
 origin, the Forest City has been its national hub for only about 
 twenty years. 
 
 The Carbon Industry 
 
 For a period of more than forty years, the manufacture of car- 
 bon into definite shapes for industrial purposes has assumed special
 
 1858-76] COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 701 
 
 interest. Its birth and growth have been coincident with the inven- 
 tion and perfection of the arc s.vstem of lighting by Charles F. 
 Brush. 
 
 Carbon in the form of slabs had been used for battery purposes 
 many years prior to the use of carbon for lighting purposes, and at 
 first these slabs were sawed out of gas retort carbon. 
 
 In 1858, a United States patent was granted to DeGra.sse B. 
 Fowler of New York for a method of making carbon plates for bat- 
 tery and other purposes by the mixing of coal tar or other bituminous 
 or gummy substances with pure pulverized coke, charcoal, bones, 
 sawdust, lampblack or any other carbon, carbonized or carbonizable 
 material, then subjecting the mixture to pressure in molds and after- 
 wards packing it in lime and heating slowly in air-tight fireproof re- 
 torts or ovens to drive off the volatile matter. This is the first patent 
 covering the manufacture of carbon into definite shapes from pre- 
 pared plastic materials, and it is interesting to note that the process 
 is fundamentally the same as that used today. 
 
 Charles F. Brush of Cleveland, the inventor of the method of 
 generating electricity by mechanical means and a lamp in which the 
 arc was controlled by the current, entered the field of practical and 
 commercial electricity in 1876. A practical demonstration was made 
 in the summer of 1876 on the Public Square in Cleveland and after- 
 ward in the fall of the same year the apparatus was set up at the 
 Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. The exhibition on the Square 
 had been extensively advertised in the newspapers and on the even- 
 ing when it took place there were thousands of pei"son,s assembled, 
 nearlj' everyone carrying a piece of colored or smoked glass so that 
 his eyes might not be affected by the intense rays which were ex- 
 pected to rival those of the sun. 
 
 Prior to 1876, a demonstration of commercial arc lighting was 
 installed on one of the streets of Paris; the current being furnished 
 bj' wet cells and the lamps were said to be practically devoid of reg- 
 ulating mechanism. The electrodes were made of gas retort carbon 
 sawed into narrow slabs, the positive and negative carbons being 
 arranged parallel to each other and held apart by a layer of plaster of 
 paris. The wires were fastened to one end of the carbons and the 
 arc, after being formed, usually by personal attention, played acro« 
 the other two ends. This lamp was very far from a commercial suc- 
 cess, but was a meritorious demonstration of what was to come. 
 
 Immediately after this, thorough investigations were made to 
 find a material best suited, and at the same time cheap, for forming 
 by some other method electrodes for arc lamps.
 
 702 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 It is interesting to note that this material was finall}' found in 
 Cleveland in the form of petroleum coke, a residue of oil refining. 
 
 The carbons first made from this material cost about two dollars 
 each, but the process used was crude, and improvements in the method 
 of manufacturing soon reduced the price to twenty-four cents each. 
 j\Iodern manufacturing methods and extensive laboratory research 
 have reduced this price, until today a carbon for this same lamp 
 can be purchased for one cent, and this carbon is gi-eatlj^ superior 
 to the old crude ununiform product. 
 
 Since then also great improvements have been made in the sj'stem of 
 electric lighting, the old system of open arc lamps being almost 
 entirely replaced by the new system of inclosed and flaming arc 
 lamps. These new types require a different and more expensive kind 
 of carbon, but these carbons under the impi'oved methods of manu- 
 facturing are produced and sold at less prices than the common coke 
 carbons for open arc lamps were produced in the early days. 
 
 Another product which has been so essential to the development 
 of the electrical industry has been the manufacture of brushes for 
 motor and generator work, and it has been stated that the success of 
 power for transmission purposes has been largely due to 'the devel- 
 opment of the carbon brush. 
 
 Manufacture of Auto Accessories 
 
 The greatest specialized industi-y which has been developed in 
 Cleveland, and in whicli the city leads the world, is the making of 
 auto accessories; and the manufacture is less than twenty years of 
 age. On the twenty-fourth of March, 1898, the first American-built 
 gasoline automobile was sold in Cleveland and appeared on its streets. 
 It was sold by its inventor, Alexander Winton, to Robert Allison, 
 mechanical engineer of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania. Within the 
 two following years were formed such companies as the Winton, the 
 Peerless, the Stearns and the White, in the gasoline field, and the 
 Baker and the Ranch & Lang concerns in electric vehicle manufacture. 
 Other cities, notably Detroit, have passed Cleveland in the number 
 and value of entire automobiles placed upon the market, but the city 
 is supreme in the manufacture of auto springs, frames, spark plugs 
 and other accessories, literally "too numerous to mention." 
 
 It is also believed that there is no city of its population in the 
 country, the citizens of which own so many high-grade machines as 
 Cleveland. It has the largest automobile club in the United States. 
 The roads in and around Cleveland are finely improved, and mem-
 
 1876-1918] 
 
 COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 703 
 
 bers of such cluhs as the Union and the Country not only take con- 
 stant advantage of tlicin, but liave a widespread reputation for the 
 liberalitj- with which they share the pleasures of their machines 
 with residents, especially children, of the congested districts. The 
 benefits of the great accessories industry and trade, therefore, are 
 not shared by the Cleveland wealthy alone. As to actual figures, 
 according to the United States census no important industry in 
 Cleveland shows such a large percentage of increase for the decade 
 
 1^^ 
 
 iMSWiiiW 
 
 '■jr'^Pw^ 
 
 tt!:|^^2F -'4!fe:-'-t -^ i»^»»* 
 
 The Union Club House 
 
 1904-14 as the manufacture of automobile bodies and other parts. 
 The value of these products in 1914 was $27,117,000, an increase of 
 486.4 over the output of 1904. 
 
 Increase in Manuf.a.ctured Products, 1904-14 
 The showing of other leading industries was as follows: 
 
 Iron and steel $58,752,000 82.0 
 
 Foundry and machine shop products 50,951,000 112.0 
 
 Slaughtering and meat packing 24,737,000 133.0 
 
 Women's clothing 16,243,000 118.7 
 
 Printing and publishing 14,099,000 129.6 
 
 Electrical machinery, supplies, etc 11,858,000 328.1 
 
 Paints and varnishes 10,093,000 172.8
 
 704 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 The number of industrial establishments of all kinds, in 1914, 
 was 2,346; capital invested, $312,967,000; salaries and wages paid, 
 $92,909,000; cost of materials used, $198,515; value added by man- 
 ufacture (products less cost of materials), $154,016,000; value of 
 products manufactured, $352,531,000; average number of wage earn- 
 ers employed during 1914, 103,334. 
 
 Finances and Commerce Since 1876 
 
 For various periods since 1876, the Cleveland Chamber of Com- 
 merce has been collecting and preserving statistics covering numer- 
 ous subjects showing the material growth of the city. Such figures, 
 ■with those compiled by the United States census experts, are con- 
 sidered authoritative. 
 
 The most complete continuous record prepared by the Chamber 
 of Commerce is that showing the movements of iron ore through the 
 Cleveland district (including Cleveland, Ashtabula, Couneaut, Fair- 
 port and Lorain). The following comparison is made by years, 
 some two decades apart: 
 
 Receipts Shipments 
 
 Years Gross tons Gross tons 
 
 1876 309,555 992,764 
 
 1896 6,166,236 9,934,828 
 
 1917 34,200,642 62,498,906 
 
 The grain trade of Cleveland has, on the whole, declined, in com- 
 parison with the great growth of its manufactures and increase in 
 population and wealth. Everybody who reads and obsei'ves knows 
 that the trade has gravitated to the west and northwest. The re- 
 ceipts of flour, wheat, corn and oats, and the total reduced to bushels 
 (including liarley, rye and other cereals), were for the years men- 
 tioned as follows: 
 
 Grand Total 
 Flour Wheat Corn Oats of all cereals 
 
 Years barrels bushels bushels bushels bushels 
 
 1894 568,130 2,527,105 831,996 2,002,456 8,712,850 
 
 1904 680,800 1,057,026 9,532,215 8,815,461 23,389,623 
 
 191Y 804,039 2,094,953 2,023,555 4,575,497 13,037,254
 
 lOliSl 
 
 CO.M.MKKCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 705 
 
 Tlie grain sliipiuciits fur tlie siune years were: 
 
 Flour 
 Years barrels 
 
 1894 016,660 
 
 1904 269,520 
 
 1917 262,084 
 
 
 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 ^Vllcat 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 of all cereals 
 
 bushels 
 
 bushels 
 
 bushels 
 
 bushels 
 
 377.066 
 
 28,750 
 
 150,937 
 
 2,978,828 
 
 297,383 
 
 4,763,262 
 
 3,002,947 
 
 9,297,362 
 
 598,595 
 
 1,226,335 
 
 1,888,681 
 
 5,190,256 
 
 Cuyahoga Kivkr sScexe 
 
 The total freight movement at Cleveland, in net toas, is indicated 
 below. The j-ears selected for comparison being the same as given for 
 the commerce in grain: 
 
 Received Forwarded Total 
 
 Yeai-s by rail and lake by rail and lake Movement 
 
 *1894 5,276,501 2,91.5,955 13,720,445 
 
 1904 15,654,908 11,013,201 26,668,109 
 
 1917 24,964,223 12,342,036 37,306,259 
 
 * The movement by lake was not reported until 1896. In that year the 
 receipts were 3.474,479 net tons, and 2,053,510 were forwarded. Adding these 
 figures to movements by rail, as given in 1894, makes the total approximately, 
 13,000,000 tons.
 
 Surplus 
 
 and 
 
 Undivided 
 
 Profits 
 
 Deposits 
 
 Total 
 
 Clearings 
 
 $ 3,508.216 
 7,399,872 
 19,510.315 
 31,470,863 
 
 $ 36,276,731 
 87,272.585 
 230.737.583 
 522.229.391 
 
 $ 48.297.947 
 110.331,707 
 272.242.411 
 580.682,591 
 
 % 163.043.775 
 
 317.454.607 
 
 897.170.783 
 
 3.730,204,000 
 
 706 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap, XXXV 
 
 The wonderful financial progress made by Cleveland during the 
 past thirty years is shown by the following comparative table, which 
 covers the items indicated for the national and savings banks: 
 
 Years . Capital 
 
 1S87 $ 8,515.000 
 
 1S97 15.659.250 
 
 1907 21.994.513 
 
 1917 26.982.337 
 
 Comparative Summary, 1907-17 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce has recently prepared a comparative 
 summary, covering numerous subjects which have given Cleveland 
 high standing as a typical American community, and which is pub- 
 lished with no commentary other than that a few of the items have 
 already appeared in special tables: 
 
 1907 1917 
 
 Population to April 15th (1)472.368 (1)687.475 
 
 Area (square miles) 41,16 56.65 
 
 Assessed valuation, real property (4)$176,819,230 (5)$747,785,510 
 
 Numl>er of establishments (2)1,616 (3)2,346 
 
 Capital invested in manufarturlng (2)5156,321,000 (3)$312,967.444 
 
 Value of manufactured products (21$171,924,000 (3)$352,531,109 
 
 Factors- payroll (2)$41.749,000 (3)192,909,888 
 
 Ret-eipts of iron ore (Cleveland district)., (6)24,9.i2.468 (6)34.21)0.642 
 
 BanktnB capital $21,994,513 $26,982,337 
 
 Banl< deposits $230,737,583 $522,229,391 
 
 Banks, surplus and undlvidwl proHts $19,510,315 $31,470,863 
 
 Bank clearings (Cleveland Clearing House 
 
 Association ).... $897.170.7.53 $3,730,204,000 
 
 Building ci-nstniction (estimated cost) $15,888,407 $30,483,750 
 
 Street railway — nuratjer of passengers car- 
 ried 136.252.501 398,378,894 
 
 Street railway— miles of track operated., 245.05 384.36 
 
 Number of trunk line railroads 7 7 
 
 Numlier of interurban railroads 5 6 
 
 Public schools — number 88 116 
 
 Pul^lic wliools— teacliers 1.823 3.017 
 
 Public schools — scholars (elementary) 63.064 91,983 
 
 Public schi»il4—iHwt of instnictlon $1„582.773 $3,213,805 
 
 Senior High Si-hooi pupils (including 
 
 Normal School) 5.253 10.191 
 
 Junior Higli Scliool pupils 5.236 
 
 PariK^hial sc1i«>1b 45 58 
 
 Parochial ScliooI pupils 18.711 32,181 
 
 Number of parks, playgrounds and boule- 
 vards 29 52 
 
 Acreage of jmbllc parks and pIayground.s. . 1,692 2,420 
 
 Mlies of strocta 651 917 
 
 Mll(« of paved streets 328 603 
 
 Miles of sewers 507.79 791.93 
 
 Water— dally capa/'lty of pumps (gallons) 115,000.000 150,000,000 
 
 Water — daily arerago consumption (gal- 
 lons) 58,880,350 103,882,227 
 
 (1) Estlmatod by U. S. Census Bureau Method. (4) 607o basis. 
 
 (2) 1904. (5) 100% basis. 
 
 (3) 1914 (Last U. S. Census of M(r». 1. (6) Gross tons. 
 
 The Chamber of Commerce 
 
 The ('levclaiid Cliaiiilier of Commerce is more than seventy years 
 old and it was never more vigorous or prosperous. For more than a 
 quarter of a century, this representative body of business and profes- 
 sional men ha.s stood for all that was most ti'uly ])rogressive in 
 iiiiinicipiil life and civic sjiiril. The coniiiu'rcial and industrial inter- 
 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 
 of 
 
 Increase 
 
 Increase 
 
 215.107 
 
 45.5 
 
 15.49 
 
 37.6 
 
 $570,966,280 
 
 322.9 
 
 730 
 
 45.2 
 
 $156,646,444 
 
 102.1 
 
 $180,007,109 
 
 105.1 
 
 $51,160,888 
 
 122.5 
 
 (619.248.174 
 
 37.0 
 
 $4,987,824 
 
 22.6 
 
 $291,491,808 
 
 126.3 
 
 $11,900,548 
 
 61.3 
 
 $2,833,033,217 
 
 315.7 
 
 $14,595,343 
 
 91.9 
 
 262,126,333 
 
 192.4 
 
 139.31 
 
 56.8 
 
 1 
 
 20.0 
 
 28 
 
 31.8 
 
 1.194 
 
 65.5 
 
 28.919 
 
 45.9 
 
 $1,631,032 
 
 103.0 
 
 4.9.38 
 
 94.0 
 
 5.236 
 
 
 13 
 
 28.S 
 
 13.470 
 
 72.0 
 
 23 
 
 79.3 
 
 728 
 
 43.0 
 
 266 
 
 40.9 
 
 275 
 
 83.8 
 
 284.11 
 
 55.9 
 
 35,000,000 
 
 30.4 
 
 45,001,877 
 
 70.4
 
 1848-1918] CUMMEKCE AND INDUSTRY 707 
 
 ests of the city liave lieeii pi-dtei'ted and developed, reformatory and 
 benevolent movements encouraged and a broad civic pride and lib- 
 eral American patriotism propagated from it as a powerful radial 
 eenter. Its committee on labor disputes lias done whatever it could 
 to mediate between employer and employe. Through its committee 
 ou agricultural development much momentum has been given the 
 very commendable movement throughout the state tending toward 
 the a]>|)oiiitment of expert agents who cooperated with the farmers 
 and the schools in educating both young and old in advanced agri- 
 eultural methods. Cuyahoga, Summit, Ashtabula, Huron. Lake, 
 Lorain, Medina and Trumbull counties, in the immediate sphere of 
 Cleveland's influence, have received particular benefits in this direc- 
 tion. :Milk investigation, home gardening and many other matters 
 were handled to advantage by this committee. 
 
 The military committee has been among the busiest bodies of the 
 Chamber and cooperated to the utmost with the mayor's War Coun- 
 eil and other associations connected with the home conduct of the 
 war. The committee on city finances concerns itself with state 
 legislation, advises with similar bodies of the common council, and 
 makes its recommendations as to public school finances and street 
 improvements. There are also special committees on education, in- 
 dustrial welfare, and public safety, on transportation and annexa- 
 tion, housing and sanitation, river and harbor improvements, industrial 
 development and even on foreign trade. A mere reading of these 
 titles indicates the wide scope of activities attending the work of the 
 Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. In a word, it is the most repre- 
 sentative body of men which exists in the Forest City, although it 
 was not always so. 
 
 The early records of the old Board of Trade, from which the 
 Chamber was developed, were destroyed by fire. It is known, how- 
 ever, that it was founded on the seventh of July, 1848, and various 
 doings of the early body have been recorded. The formal record of 
 organization is thus published: 
 
 Ata large meeting of the merchants of this citv. iield pursuant 
 to notice at the Weddell House, on Friday evening, 7th inst.. Wil- 
 liam Milford, Esq., was called to the chair' and S. S. Coe api)ointed 
 secretary. 
 
 After a statement from the chair of the object of tiie meeting, it 
 wa.s on motion of Joseph L. Weatherly, Esq., 
 
 Resolved: that the merchants of this city now organize them- 
 selves into an a.s,sociation, to be called the Board of Trade of the 
 City of Cleveland, and that we now proceed to the election by bal- 
 lot of officers therefor.
 
 708 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 Whereupon, the following gentlemen were elected for the ensuing 
 year : 
 
 President, Joseph L. Weatherly. 
 
 Vice President, William P. Allen, Jr. 
 
 Secretary, Charles W. Coe. 
 
 Treasurer, Richard T. Lyon. 
 
 A committee, consisting of Richard Hilliard, John B. Waring, 
 William Milford, Jona. Gillett and L. il. Hubby, were appointed to 
 prepare and report at a subsequent meeting a constitution, by-laws, 
 etc., for the aissociation and call a meeting when ready to report. 
 
 E. il. Fitch, William P. Allen, Jr., and A. Handy were appointed 
 a committee to procure a suitable room for the purposes of the asso- 
 ciation, and report at same meeting. 
 
 William Milford, President. 
 S. S. Coe, Secretar\'. 
 Cleveland, July 7th, 1848. 
 
 The incorporation of the Board of Trade dates from the fifth of 
 April, 1866, when the certificate was ofScially approved by the sec- 
 retary of state. On the previous day, twenty leading citizens of 
 Cleveland appeared before J. F. Freeman, in the Atwater block, and 
 acknowledged that they signed the certificate of incorporation, which 
 read as follows : 
 
 We, the undersigned citizens of the State of Ohio, and residents 
 of the City of Cleveland, do hereby associate ourselves together as 
 a Board of Trade, under the name and title of the "Board of Trade 
 of the City of Cleveland," to be located and situated in the City of 
 Cleveland, County of Cuyahoga, and State of Ohio, where its busi- 
 ]iess is to be transacted. 
 
 The objects of said Association are to promote integi-ity and good 
 faith; just and equitable princij)les of business; discover and correct 
 abuses; establish and maintain uniformity in commercial usages; ac- 
 quire, preserve and disseminate valuable business statistics and 
 information : prevent or adjust controversies and misunderstandings 
 which may arise between persons engaged in trade; and generally to 
 foster, protect and advance the commercial, mercantile and maiuifac- 
 turing interests of the city, in confonnily with an act of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly of the State of Oliio entitled "An Act to authorize 
 the iiicorjxii-ation of boards of trade and cliambcrs of commerce," 
 passed April .3rd, 1866. 
 
 The incorporators were Philo Chamberlin, R. T. Lyon, J. C. 
 Sage, A. Hughes, C. W. Coe, II. S. Davis, J. E. White, J. H. Clark, 
 S. W. Porter, IT. D. Woodward, A. V. Cannon, E. D. Childs, W. F. 
 Otis, M. B. Clark, W. Murray, S. F. Ijcster, A. Quinn, (ieorgc W. 
 Gardner, E. C. Hardy, Geo. Sinclair. 
 
 The iricorpoi'ation and resuscitation of the old Board of Trade 
 in 1866 comprised the second distinct step in the history of the 
 organization.
 
 1892-1918] COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 709 
 
 The tliird .stfj), aiul tliat wliirli k'tl directly to the Chamber of 
 Commerce as an epitome of the city of Cleveland, was the appoint- 
 ment of tiie Board of Trade of the CM.iniiiittec on the Promotion of 
 Industry, of which Wilson M. Day was chairman, L. E. Holden, 
 vice-chairman and George T. Mcintosh, secretary. That event oc- 
 curred in 1802 and from it dated the birth of a new and broader 
 spirit within the body of the Board of Trade. Light dawned upon 
 the business men of Cleveland, at first shed abroad by a chosen few, 
 that a business organization may appropriately concern itself in 
 matters which are not directly tied to dollars and cents. On the 
 sixth of Febniarj-, 1893, at a special meeting held by the Boai'd of 
 Trade, its name was changed to the Cleveland Chamber of Com- 
 merce. Three days afterward, the secretary of state approved such 
 action, and that body has .since been known under the name indi- 
 cated. A revised constitution had l>ecn adopted and a complete 
 reorganization effected. At tiiat time, the membership of the Cham- 
 ber of Commerce was about one thousand ; it has now an active mem- 
 bership of three times that number. In June, 1893, the new rooms 
 in the Arcade building were occupied, and the land had already been 
 purchased on the north side of the Public Square >(the site of the 
 Western Reserve Historical Society) for the erection of the pres- 
 ent Chamber of Commerce building. From that time on, the rule 
 of the Chamber has been progress without a set-back. 
 
 Official Rostek, 1848-1918 
 
 Presidents: 1848, Joseph L. Weatherly; 1864, S. F. Le.ster; 1865, 
 Philo Chamberlin; 1867, W. F. Otis; 1868, George W. Gardner, 1869, 
 R. T. Lyon; 1870, A. J. Begges; 1871, Thomas Walton; 1872, Chas. 
 Hickox; 1873, B. H. York; 1874, F. IT. Morse; 1875, H. Pomerene; 
 1877, B. A. DeWolf; 1879, Daniel Martin; 1886, William Edwards; 
 1888, George W. Lewis; 1889, William Edwards; 1893, Henry R. 
 GrofF; 1894, Luther Allen; 1895, Wilson M. Day; 1896, John G. W. 
 Cowles; 1897, Worcester R. Warner; 1898, Harry A. Garfield; 1899, 
 M. S. Greenough; 1900, Ryerson Ritchie; 1901, Charles L. Pack; 
 1902, Harvey D. Goulder; 1903, J. J. Sullivan; 1904, Amos B. Mc- 
 Nairy; 1905, Ambrose Swasey; 1906, Francis F. Prentiss; 1907, Ly- 
 man H. Treadway; 1908, Charles S. Howe; 1909, Charles F. Brush; 
 1910, George W. Kinney: 1911, Charles E. Adams; 1912, H. H. John- 
 son ; 1913, Warren S. Ila.vden ; 1914, Morris A. Black; 1915, Ba.s- 
 eom Little; 1916, Ralph L. Fuller (resigned in office); 1916-18, 
 Charles A. Otis ; and 1918, Myron T. Herriek.
 
 710 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 From 1848 to 1865, inclusive, the following served as vice presi- 
 dents: 1848, Wm. F. Allen, Jr.; 1849, P. Anderson; 1851, Levi 
 Rawson; 1854, Arthur Hughes; 1860, Levi Rawson; 1862, M. B. 
 Scott; 1S64, H. Harvej'; 1865, R. T. Lyon. Commencing with the 
 reorganization of the old Board of Trade and the incorporation of 
 the Chamljer of Commerce in 1866, there were six vice presidents 
 in annual service until 1889, and since the latter year, two. 
 
 Treasurers: 1848, R. T. Lyon; 1865, J. H. Clark; 1867, J. F. 
 Freeman: 1870, J. D. Pickands; 1871, A. Wiener; 1872, S. S. Gard- 
 ner; 1879, Theo. Simmons, Sec.; 1844, X. X. Crum, Sec.; 1887, A. 
 J. Begges, Sec; 1893, A. J. Beggs;1894, Geo. S. Russell; 1896, 
 Samuel ilather ; 1897, Geo. W. Kinney ; 1898, Joseph Colwell ; 1900, 
 Thos. H. Wilson ; 1901, H. C. Ellison ; 1903, Geo. A. Garretson ; 1904, 
 Chas. A. Post; 1905, Demaline Leuty; 1906, F. A. Scott; 1907, 
 Charles A. Paine; 1909, Charles E. Farnsworth; 1911, Stephen L. 
 Pierce; 1912, Geo. A. Coulton; 1914, J. A. House; 1916, J. R. Kraus; 
 and 1917— 
 
 Secretaries: 1848, Charles W. Coe; 1849, S. S. Coe; 1854, H. 
 B. Tuttle; 1860, C. W. Coe; 1862, H. B. Tuttle; 1864, Arthur H. 
 Quinn ; 1865, J. C. Sage ; 1879, Theo. Simmons ; 1884, X. X. Crum ; 
 1887, A. J. Begges; 1893. Ryerson Ritchie; 1898, F. A. Scott; and 
 1905, Munson Havens.. 
 
 The officers and dircctoi>< of tlie Cleveland Chamber of Commerce 
 for the term 1918-19 are as follows: ^Myron T. Herrick, president; 
 F. W. Ramsey, first vice president ; Paul L. Feiss, second vicQ presi- 
 dent; P. H. Goff, treasurer; Munson Havens, secretary; E. E. Allyne, 
 Amos N. Barron, Alva Bradley, E. S. Burke. Jr.. Alvah S. Chis- 
 holm, E. C. Henn, John 6. Jennings, Arch C. Klumph, J. R. Kraus, 
 and Minot O. Simons, directors ; Ho.vt, Dustin, Kelley, McKeehan 
 & Andrews, legal counsel. 
 
 The Cll.VMHKR ok i.NDrSTKY 
 
 The Cleveland Chamber of Industry was iueorjxjrateil on the 
 twenty-eighth of January, 1907, with the following charter members: 
 Isaac P. Lamson, president of the Lamson & Sessions Comiiany ; the 
 Hon. Paul Ilowland, attorney and congressman-elect : Chas. Ranch, 
 president of the Rauch & Lang Carriage Company; William Grief, 
 president of the Grief Bros. Company; the IIoii. Thomas P. Schmidt, 
 attorney and memlier of Ohio senate; the Hon. E. W. Doty, clerk 
 of Ohio house of representatives; George B. Koch, of Koch & Henke, 
 fui'iiiture dealers; John Meckes, dr.v goods merchant; A. F. Leo-
 
 1907] COMJMERC'E AND INDUSTRY 711 
 
 jxiUl, president ol' tlir llt'ury Leopdld l''ui'iiiturc Company; David 
 McLean, president of the Herrraan-MeLean Company; John G. Jen- 
 nings, treasurer of the Lainson & Sessions Company; the Rev. Dr. 
 Francis T. Moran, pastor of St. Patrick 's Church ; the Rev. Dan 
 F. Bradley, pastor of the Pilgrim Congregational Church; J. V. 
 IMcGorray, sheriff; Herman C. Baelir, county recorder; E. Wie- 
 benson, secretary of the United Banking and Savings Company; 
 J. M. Curtiss, president of the Curtiss-Ambler Realty Company; 
 E. E. Admire, president of the ^Metropolitan Business College; Frank 
 C. Case, vice-president of the Lanison & Sessions Company ; H. 
 M. Farnsworth, secretary of the Brooklyn Savings & Loan Com- 
 pany ; Chas. IT. ^liller, president of the Cliampion Steel Range 
 Company ; G. A. Tinnerman, president of the Lorain Street Sav- 
 ings Bank Company; Henry Kiefer, secretary of the People's Sav- 
 ing.s Bank Company ; John M. Hirt, secretary of the Lincoln Savings 
 & Banking Company; J. M. Blatt, real estate dealer; H. Grombacher, 
 secretary of the Ohio Savings & Loan Company ; John L. Stadlei-, 
 president of the J. L. & IT. Stadler Fertilizer Company; F. V. Faul- 
 habcr, of the F. V. Ilaulhaber Tn.surance Company ; E. L. Hes- 
 senmueller, attorney, etc. ; and J. V. Chapek, of the Cuyahoga Ab- 
 stract Company. 
 
 This organization came into existence to foster and promote the 
 general interests of the part of the City of Cleveland that lies west 
 of the Cuyahoga River. Ever since the days of Ohio City there had 
 remained a sort of Chinese Wall between the east and the west 
 shores of the Cuyahoga River and it was evident that this barrier 
 should be broken down and a more cordial feeling established if the 
 city as a whole was to prosper as it should and especiall.y the "West 
 Side." Public improvements west of the river had fallen behind 
 those of the rest of the city and even those that had been begun lan- 
 guished. Under these conditions the leading citizens of the West 
 Side recognized the necessity for combined effort to make their sec- 
 tion of the city as desirable as a place of residence and of business 
 as was the East Side. AVith this as the master motive the organiza- 
 tion was formed and in a sane, but insistent manner set about its 
 work. It has lived up to the motto on its seal, "Industry, Progress, 
 Achievement." 
 
 The Chamber has been fortunate in having for its officers and 
 directors, men with broad and progressive ideas. It has been ani- 
 mated with the constructive spirit, rather than with one of carp- 
 ing criticism over conditions which were bej'ond the control of the 
 various city admini.strations. If a large improvement involving a
 
 712 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 great expenditure was needed, and a bond issue was proposed, the 
 Chamber set about educating the public and securing its cooperation 
 and support. In this work, the Chamber found it very important 
 and useful to have an organ of publicity. From its incorporation, 
 the Chamber has issued a weekly newspaper. The Enterprise, which 
 has become a power in the community and promotes all of the best 
 interests of the city. 
 
 The Chamber of Indiistry is truly democratic in its form of gov- 
 ernment and in its methods. Its territoi'y is divided into nine geo- 
 graphical districts, with two directors elected, one each year from 
 each district, and for a term of two years; i. e., nine new directors 
 are elected each year. The eighteen district directors elect one di- 
 rector-at-large. This form of government is perhaps unique among 
 civic bodies, but it prevents "the tail from wagging the dog" at any 
 time. Officers are elected by the board from their own number. 
 
 For three years, the organization maintained its offices and general 
 headquarters on tlie fourth floor of the United Banking & Savings 
 Company's building. West Twenty-fifth Street and Lorain Avenue. 
 These were tlie acid test years. Many spasmodic "improvement" 
 associations, leagues, etc., had led the West Side public to look with 
 distrust upon such efforts. However, never before had so many influ- 
 ential business and industrial interests banded together for the gen- 
 eral welfare of all, rather than for tlie special purposes of the few. 
 The organization began to achieve success and its future was assured. 
 It.s member.ship was rapidly augmented by the best citizens and ex- 
 pansion for the Chamber as well as the West Side was demanded. 
 The completion of the Carnegie West Branch of the public library 
 gave the Chamber the opportiuilty to secure the substantial build- 
 ing formerly occupied by the library on Franklin Avenue. This 
 property was purchased and altered to meet tlie requirements of the 
 organization, the dedication taking place on the twenty-fifth of Octo- 
 ber, 1910. Additions have since been made, giving today a complete 
 plant, consisting of ample room for the executive offices, an audi- 
 torium with a seating capacity of 600, a stage well stocked with scen- 
 ery, a large restaurant rooni and kitchens completely equipped, a 
 billiai'd room with seven tables, and an additional room containing 
 four bowling alleys. The Chamber occupies the entire linilding. The 
 membership has grown to 1,200 and is of the solid and enthusiastic 
 character that counts when called upon to jjush. 
 
 While the membership is limited to residents of the West Side, 
 the policy of the Chamber has been to give its hearty support to all 
 great city movements, and that aid is often asked. The Chamber
 
 1918] COMJMERCE AND INDUSTRY 713 
 
 eiuleavors ami siu'ci-cds in living up to its uaiiie, The Cleveland Cham- 
 lier of Industry. 
 
 In a work of an historical character it is certainly proper to men- 
 tion the presidents who have thus far guided the organization. 
 In chronological order they are: Thos. P. Schmidt, attorney; Hei-- 
 man C. Baehr, former mayor; Capt. C. E. Benham, marine surveyor; 
 H. M. Farnswortli. attorney; II. E. Ilackonberg, vice-president of 
 the National Carlwn Company; E. A. Murphy, president of the 
 Cleveland Union Stock Yards; P. D. Lawrence, auditor of the Na- 
 tional Carbon Company ; C. J. Neal, treasurer of the Neal Fire- 
 proof Storage Company; L. Q. Rawson, attorney; M. F. Fisher, 
 president of the Fisher Bros., grocers. Mr. A. E. Hyre, whose en- 
 ergy brought about the incorporation of the Chamber, has annually 
 been elected its secretary and still enjoys the usufruct of that posi- 
 tion. 
 
 The present officers (1918) are: President, Henry G. Schaefer, 
 vice-president of the Gustav Schaefer Wagon Company; Vice-presi- 
 dents, John H. Cox, attorney, and M. F. Bramley, president of the 
 Cleveland Trinidad Paving Company ; Treasurer, Chas. L. Wasmer, 
 president of the Cleveland Wrought Products Company; Secretary, 
 Alonzo E. Hyre. The Directors are W. C. Astrup, W. R. Coates, 
 F. M. Farnsworth, W. H. Fay, Geo. F. Hart, R. C. Heil, Wm. Hughes, 
 F. T. Kedslie, Chas. W. Lapp, Louis Meier, Wm. L. Meyer, Ber- 
 nard Millei-, Jas. T. Miskell, Dr. Jno. Neuberger, and Henry Waibei. 
 
 The things accomplished by the Chamber of Industi-y range from 
 the simplest affairs of every day civic housekeeping to great bridge 
 projects involving millions of dollars. Among the more important 
 and outstanding achievements may be mentioned the Detroit-Supe- 
 rior high level brige, the Denison-Harvard bridge, the Brooklyn- 
 Brighton bridge, the Lorain-IIuron high level bridge; the Clark Ave- 
 nue bridge: the West Sixty-fifth Street extension and the street car 
 belt line; the removal of the Lake Avenue "Double Tunnels," the 
 Bulkley and the West boulevards ; the encircling county boulevard ; 
 the completion of the monumental West Side market house ; three 
 large industrial expositions; the increase of fire and police protec- 
 tion: the elimination of grade crossings; the extension of street rail- 
 way lines; an improved mail delivery and collection; the West 
 Technical high school and athletic field ; the completion of branch 
 library buildings; with better paved and liglited streets, etc., etc. 
 The work of the Chamber is carried on by committees, regular and 
 special, the labors of which are never ceasing; results follow. 
 
 Finally, while concrete achievements of great value and benefit
 
 714 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 may be "pointed to with pride," the gi-eatest and most valuable 
 result of the life and labors of the Chamber has been the arousing 
 of the proper eivie and unselfish spirit of the people, a spirit demo- 
 cratic in the wide scope of its sympathies and cooperation for what- 
 ever goes to make a bigger, better and brighter city for the comfort, 
 convenience and progress of its inhabitants. 
 
 The Standard Oil, Company 
 Bij P. C. Boyle, Editor of the Oil City (Pemia.) Derrick 
 
 The Standard Oil Company was incorporated in January, 1870, 
 with $1,000,000 capital, ilr. John D. Rockefeller, the leading spii'it 
 in the interests comprising the corporation, was elected its president. 
 This was the parent corporation, and the nucleus of the vast aggrega- 
 tion of interests and capital known as the Standard Oil Company. 
 
 At the time of its incorporation, the Standard was the largest 
 single manufacturing concern in the oil business. Its ti'ade position 
 naturally was a leading one. Before any consolidations had taken 
 place, its capital was increased to $3,500,000. From its beginning, 
 the Standard was an industrial leader. Its corporate fonu of organi- 
 zation was made necessary by a rapidlj' developing world-wide trade. 
 A manufacturing corporation from the outstart, it soon became neces- 
 sary to create ways aiid to provide means for the prosecution of its 
 large business. The .sale and distribution of its products involved 
 transportation, and called for facilities of a nature unknown to com- 
 merce. These in due course were devised and provided. 
 
 The production of crude petroleum by artesiau process began in 
 1859. Ill the following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller made his 
 first investment in oil. By 1862 he was trading under the firm name 
 of Rockefeller & Andrews. In 1865 the firm was e.xpantlcd by the 
 accession of Mr. William Rockefeller. A connecting house in New 
 York being desirable, it was established, and Mr. William Rockefeller 
 was placed in charge. The Standard by this step was the first anu)ng 
 the western refiners to locate permanently in New York. 
 
 Success crowned the efforts of the young firm. To secure addi- 
 tional capital, in 1867 Mr. S. V. Ilarkness and Mr. II. M. Flagler 
 were admitted as partners, and the firm style became Rockefeller, 
 Andrews and Flagler. Mr. Flagler proved to be a fortunate accjui- 
 sition, not only to his firm, but to the trade at large. For the rapid 
 and wide expansion of the oil trade much is due to Mr. Flagler. The 
 growing demands of the firm's business making additional capital
 
 Entrance to Forest Hill 
 
 Summer Home of 
 
 f\r. John D. Rockefeller 
 
 Cleveland Home of the Oil King 
 (Destroyed by fire in 1917)
 
 716 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 imperative, having reached the reasonable limit for safety of a busi- 
 ness conducted as a partnership, it was decided as the next step to 
 incorporate. The lai-ge profits secured by refineries in the early days 
 of the industry attracted capital and stiuuilated enterprise. Oil com- 
 manded high prices, and the business as a whole was prosperous and 
 profitable even as then conducted by wasteful methods. 
 
 But overproduction was slowly yet surely reducing the value of 
 the crude oil at the wells, and a refining capacity had gi'own thi'ee 
 times as great as was necessary to supply the demand. Ruinous com- 
 petition was depressing refiners' profits to the vanishing point. The 
 railroads were competing sharply for the oil trade without profit. 
 Tills was the condition in 1872, soon after the Standard was incor- 
 porated. The situation was one demanding immediate relief. In its 
 extremity, the industry sought relief through combinations to effect 
 economies and to place the trade on a paying basis. Producers had 
 considered the desirability of a combination to restrain the output to 
 regulate prices. Pipe lines on the verge of bankruptcy were easting 
 about for some form of combination that would stop rate cutting and 
 rebates, which had proved destructive to profit. Refiners were enter- 
 ing combinations to regulate the trade. Railroads were seeking means 
 for an agreement upon a division of the freight on a basis that left 
 some profit to the carrier for the service. 
 
 Previous to the reorganization of the industrj- in the later 70s, 
 the Rockefeller interest was confined to manufacturing. Necessities 
 forced it into other branches of the business, such as the operation 
 of pipe lines and steamships. The ownership of oil wells followed in 
 due course of time. 
 
 When the Standard Oil Trust was formeil in 1882, forty persons 
 had associated themselves as stockholders in fifteen eoi'porations, be- 
 sides holding stock in a number of others. They were the men who, 
 through their individual enterprise, had come to the front by sheer 
 merit in the va.st body of those who had engaged in the industry. 
 
 The actual cost of refining was reduced from 1872 to 1892, about 
 sixty-six per cent. "This has been accomplished," said Mr. S. C. T. 
 Dodd, "partly by the discovery and use of l)ctter processes and better 
 machinery, partly by the elimination of tlie waste once incident to 
 the business, and partly by the refiners manufacturing for their own 
 purposes, and cheapening tlie cost of the nuiterials used in manufac- 
 turing oils." 
 
 When the Standard Oil Trust was formed in 1882 it was cajiital- 
 ized at .1;70,()00,000. Later the capilal was increased to .$i)r),O()O,00(). 
 and within seven or eigiil years the (rust canic into ixissessidii ol' the
 
 1870-92] 
 
 COJOIERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 717 
 
 companies controlling tlio greater part of the i)etrnl('uin leliniiitj busi- 
 ness in the United States. 
 
 Ill ]\rar('h, 1892, the supreme court of the state of Ohio decitled 
 that the Standard Oil Trust was illegal, and it was dissolved, the 
 business being conducted by the separate companies that had com- 
 posed the trust. 
 
 From 1870 to 1880 was the period of regulation and combination, 
 and bringing of the chaotic conditions which surrounded the oil indus- 
 trj' into something systematic. It reqviired an immense amount of 
 detail work to accomplish this. The pipe lines which took the crude 
 
 iiiK Rockefeller .\nd Andrews Building 
 
 petroleum from the tanks of the producers had different systems and 
 different methods; producers were not satisfied that they received all 
 they should, and refiners were not always satisfied with the condition 
 of the oil when it was received. It might contain residuum, or part 
 of tlie run miglit be water. 
 
 There was tiieii no way of safeguarding oil in transit. When the 
 oil reached the pipe lines a record was made at once. But when the 
 oil was transported by teams it was possible by collusion for a dis- 
 honest teamster to appropriate by wagonloads. With the crude sys- 
 tem of checks and balances it was not possible to keep track of the oil, 
 as a smgle shipper might have scores of teams on the road at one time. 
 If there was a shortage, it was supposed the team had not yet reached 
 its destination. The quotation of the dump men not infrccjucntly
 
 718 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 made the market, precisely as the speculative operations of the brokers 
 subsequently made prices in the oil exchange. When the seller was 
 in doubt about values and the buyer unwilling to enlighten him by 
 naming a price, the nearest "dump" man was appealed to, and his 
 quotation made a price governing the transaction. The same process 
 was repeated again and again in the course of a business day. The 
 purchasing agents of the refiners were migratoiy. They would meet 
 on the cars or in hotel lobbies and discuss trade conditions. 
 
 That out of all this a system was finally developed which has stood 
 the test of time and been adopted in the oil fields over the whole 
 world, is a credit to John D. Rockefeller and his associates. Confidence 
 was restored in pipe line certificates, and they were accepted at their 
 market value by the banks, and were available for collateral. This 
 assured the pi-oducers that they were being given a square deal by 
 the pipe line transportation system, and they soon became content to 
 accept the statements as shown on the books of the pipe lines. 
 
 It has always been the claim of the Standard that it has spared 
 no expense in securing the best resiilts in the conduct of its business. 
 The elements of economy that have entered into the production, trans- 
 portation and marketing of petroleum and its products are numerous. 
 Sufficient skill and capital to develop new markets, and to adopt 
 any form of improvement in manufacture and transportation in seiw- 
 ing the trade, are among the chief factors in securing and maintaining 
 a steady market for petroleum. A steady market has encouraged the 
 production of crude oil on a basis of a fair return on the capital 
 invested. The thousands of producers need only raise their oil to the 
 earth's surface to sell it at a remunerative price at the tanks into 
 which they pump it. From that moment until it is delivered at the 
 door of the consumers all over the woi'ld, the most economical methods 
 are used in its handling. 
 
 The Standard Oil ('ompaiiy has not claimed any exclusive credit 
 as an inventor of devices for chcai)ening the processes incident to its 
 business, but it has fostered inventive genius by adopting any device 
 that involved an element of economy or an improvement of commer- 
 cial value. Above all, it has placed oil at the door of all the inhabi- 
 tants of the globe, and made it so clicai) that few are unable to pur- 
 chase it. Others might liave done the same tiling, but others did not 
 do it. So wofld-wide an industrial organization liad never before 
 been formed. The best evidence that if has served tlie |)ul)lic well is 
 the volume of its business. It has won its way to its present ti-ade 
 position because of the quality and ))rice of its ])roduct. The wortli 
 of its methods is attested bv the i'aci tliat its (lunoncnts have aban-
 
 1870-19001 COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 719 
 
 doned tln'ir fdi-iiicr Imsiiu'ss iduas and, as far as i)(>ssil)k>, have i'ailli- 
 fully copied the organization and distributing system of the Standard. 
 In this connection, tiie words of John I). Rockefeller in the Report 
 of the Industrial Commission (WOO, vol. 1, p. 7!»6), are illuminating 
 as revealing the idea which was uppermost in the mind of the founder 
 of the Standard Oil Company. lie said : 
 
 I ascribe the success of the Standard to its consistent policy to 
 make, the volume of the business large through the merits and" the 
 cheapness of its products. It has spared no expense in finding, secur- 
 ing and utilizing the best and cheapest methods of manufacture. It 
 has sought for the best superintendents and workmen and paid the 
 best wages. It has not hesitated to sacrifice old machinery and old 
 plants for new and better ones. It has placed its manufactories at the 
 points where they could supply markets at the least expense. It has 
 not only sought nmrkets for its principal products, but for all possible 
 by-products, sparing no expense in introducing them to the public. 
 It has not hesitated to invest millions of dollars in methods for cheap- 
 ening the gathering and distribution of oils by pipe lines, special cars, 
 tank steamers and tank wagons. It has erected tank stations at every 
 important railroad station, to cheapen the storage and delivery of its 
 products. It has spared no expense in forcing its products into the 
 markets of the world among people civilized and uncivilized. It has 
 had faith in American oil, and has brought together millions of money 
 for the purpo.se of making it what it is, and holding its market against 
 the competition of Russia and all the many countries which are pro- 
 ducei-s of oil. and competitors against Amei'ican Oil. 
 
 When at times the overproduction of crude petrolemn caused prices 
 to decline until they reached a very low figure, the producers attempted 
 to regulate the supply by shutting down pumping wells and stopping 
 the drill. The first of these was in 1862. This was followed by another 
 in 1866. Neither of these was successful. In 1872 the producers agi- 
 tated a .suspension of operations, and this had some slight effect, but 
 in 1873 flowing wells had so reduced the price that small wells were 
 abandoned. In 1874 a local shut-down originated in Clarion County, 
 but the region at large did not join. In 1876 a plan for pooling sur- 
 plus oil was started, but this failed because conditions improved so 
 rapidly that the price reached $4 by the end of the year. This advance 
 caused such rapid development that again the market was flooded 
 and the price dropped. In 1877-1879 the Producers' Protective Union 
 was started, and maintained its efforts to control the output for two 
 years. Similar movements occurred in 1881-82 and 1884, but were 
 only partially successful. Then came the shut-down of 1887, the most 
 successful movement of the kind undertaken in the oil regions, yet it 
 failed to realize the expectations of the producers. Natural causes
 
 720 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 contributed to that failure, such as flowing wells and the uueoutrol- 
 lable energj' of the producers. This movement was assisted by the 
 Standard Oil Company, which at the request of a committee of the 
 producers, set aside 6.000,000 barrels of crude oil at 62 cents a barrel, 
 to be sold at the highest prices to result from the shut-down, and the 
 proceeds to go for the benefit of the producers, drillers, pumpers and 
 othei-s who became idle as a result of the shutting down of the wells. 
 The first contract, on November 1, 1887, between the producers' com- 
 mittee and the Standard, called for 5,000,000 barrels, of which the 
 profits on 4,000,000 barrels were to go to the producers; the profits 
 on 1,000,000 barrels were to be distributed to the drillers, pumpers, 
 etc. Later the Standard agreed to set aside an additional 1,000,000 
 barrels for the workers. 
 
 The action of the producers in bringing about a shut-down indi- 
 cated their realization of the fact that the price of oil was dependent 
 upon the law of suj^j^ly and demand. Their action did increase the 
 price from 62 cents when they signed the contract to 90% cents. At 
 the same time the Standard, in providing a cheap distribution of oil 
 throughout the world, made possible the disposition of the enormous 
 production, and prevented it from being clogged in the oil region and 
 disorganizing the market. It was in 1888 that the Standard Oil 
 Company first began to purchase oil properties, as it found the pro- 
 ducers were inclined to deny the company tlie petroleum necessary for 
 their refineries. 
 
 The shut-down movement of 1887 was largely instrumental in 
 showing that the speculation on the oil exchanges was detrimental 
 to the producer. This speculation was op]iosed by the Standard and 
 by the large body of pi'oducers who desired good prices for their 
 product, and were embarrassed by the speculative movements. The 
 Standard found it necessary to protect itself from the manipulations 
 of the market, and on January 22, 1S95, there was posted in the 
 various offices of the Seep Purchasing Agency tliroughout tlic oil 
 region the following notice : 
 
 The small amount of dealings in certificate oil on the exchanges 
 renders the ti'ansactions tlicre no longer a reliable indication of the 
 value of the product. This necessitates a change in my custom of 
 buying credit balances. Hereafter in all such juirchases the price 
 paid will be as high as the markets of the world will justify, but will 
 not necessarily be the price bid on the exchange for certificate oil. 
 Daily quotations will be fui-nished rroni this office. — Joseph Seep. 
 
 This closed the exchanges within a I'cw months, and there came 
 a more licalthv coiiditioii foi- llir IimcIc. Ici tlir advantage of both tlic
 
 1870-1918] 
 
 COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 
 
 721 
 
 producers who were interested in securing a stable i)rice and to the 
 refiners who had the. same purpose in view. 
 
 Previous to 188!), the Standard's intere.st in the production of 
 crude oil was small. When it was decided to extend its activities to 
 production, that branch of the industry had been long suffering from 
 low prices, extending jiraetically from 1872. The depression had 
 been relieved temporarily in 1876, when prices recovered, only to 
 resume a downward course at the clo.se of that year, and go lower 
 than ever before. The depression contiinied with little variation for 
 twenty veal's. It was the result of increasing activities on the part 
 
 St.vxdard Oil Works in Cleveland 
 
 of the producers, diligently maintained throughout the long period, 
 and the successive discoveries of new fields of supply, while the older 
 fields, still productive, were far from being exhau.sted. These condi- 
 tions culminated in the discovery in 1891 of the rich ilcDonald pool, 
 which added for a limited period 80,000 barrels daily to a production 
 already unwieldy and topheavy. The operations of the Standard 
 being small, were without special bearing on values, and prices being 
 fixed by open transactions in the oil exchanges, it was without influ- 
 ence on the market. 
 
 In 1890, the Standard produced 24.44 per cent and, in 1894, 28.21 
 per cent of all the crude petroleum of Pennsylvania and Ohio. Its 
 production in 1890 was chiefly in Ohio, although in 1894 it was about 
 the same in Ohio and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Vol. 1—46
 
 722 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 From the time the Standard acquired a considerable interest in 
 production territory the tendency of prices was downward. In 1889 
 the average price of Pennsylvania oil was 94 cents per barrel. The 
 Standard's interest in oil was then insignificant. In 1890, when it 
 produced 8.71 per cent of the oil of Pennsylvania grade, the price 
 went to 87 cents. In 1891 its interest had increased to 13.74 per cent 
 and the average price fell to 67 cents. The year following it went 
 down to 56 cents. In 1895 its interest was 21.45 per cent of the Penn- 
 sylvania production, yet oil maintained an average price of but 64 
 cents. In 1894 the Standard's production was 23.49 per cent, and 
 the price was 84 cents. These were lower average prices than in the 
 preceding five j'eare. 
 
 In 1894, the petroleum production of the United States was 49,- 
 344,516 barrels. In 1916 it was 302,000,000 barrels, and in 1917 it 
 will exceed that figure and probably reach over 320.000,000 barrels. 
 These figures show a remarkable growth of the producing industry; 
 one which can hardly be appreciated, since the amounts are so large 
 and beyond the grasp of the ordinary human mind. A better idea 
 can be obtained by saying that from less than a million barrels a week 
 in 1894, the output has reached nearly a million barrels a day, or that 
 for each one barrel bi-ought to the surface in 1894 there are now seven 
 barrels recovered. It must be evident, therefore, that the refining, 
 transporting and marketing facilities must have also been increased 
 more than seven times, since they have had to care for the surplus of 
 1894, as well as the increased production. This has been accomplished 
 through , following the system inaugurated by the Standard at its 
 inception, a system which has been imitated by all its competitors. 
 The Standard canned into the producing branch of the industry the 
 same careful attention to details that it applied to the other branches. 
 It entered new fields, and followed the trend of production towards 
 the West, until it i-eached the Pacific. And in each field it took its 
 part in adding to the world's supply. At the same time it was extend- 
 ing the markets for petroleum products everywhere over the globe. 
 But for the Standard's persistent development of fresh territories for 
 consumption, the energy of the producers would have swamped the 
 market again and again with crude oil. The low prices which followed 
 the opening of gusher fields helped to enlarge the market for the refined 
 products, and to this the Standard contributed by having agents in 
 all parts of the world. 
 
 The same energv-, the same carefully considered system that estab- 
 lished the great corporation and made it the wonder of the business 
 world, is still maintained. Its methods arc praised by others through
 
 1825] COJIMERCE AND INDUSTRY 723 
 
 their imitation of them, and its conservative yet energetic business 
 policy shows no change except such as is called for by the increasing 
 demands of the business. 
 
 The Canal Pkriod in Cleveland's History 
 
 l>ij John A. Alburn, 
 
 Formerly Attorney for the Public Works of Ohio 
 
 While it seems preposterous today to sugp;est that Die great City 
 of Cleveland has been aided in its growth and development by the 
 old canals constructed by the State of Ohio about a century ago, an 
 investigation into the history of our city and state will convince us 
 that Cleveland owes much to this ancient mode of transportation, 
 which was of vital importance to our conuuunity during the first half 
 of the last centurj'. 
 
 When we recall that in 1825, when the building of canals was 
 undertaken in Ohio, the total real estate of Ohio amounted to only 
 $45,000,000 and the total personal property to less than $14,000,000, 
 while almost $10,000,000 was spent by the state upon the construction 
 of the Ohio Canal and the Miami and Erie Canal, we can appreciate 
 the relatively tremendous undertaking in those early days of small 
 things when canal transportation at three to four miles an hour was 
 the predecessor of the great railway transportation systems which 
 have, since 1850, succeeded the older and slower modes of transpor- 
 tation. 
 
 "When Ohio was admitted to the Union, she had a population of 
 only 50,000, widely scattered and almost without means of communica- 
 tion. Agriculture was the main and practically the sole occupation, 
 but access to markets was so difficult that farm products were neces- 
 sarily consumed locally and, for like reasons, few products of manu- 
 facture were sold to our people. As late as 1820, Cincinnati, Ohio's 
 largest city, contained 9,642 inhabitants, while the population of 
 Cleveland in 1820 was only 606. Cleveland's rapid gi'owth from 1830 
 to 1860, was due in a great measure to its being the terminus of the 
 Ohio Canal. 
 
 The attention of Ohio people was first called to the matter of 
 canals by the creation of the Erie Canal Commission in New York in 
 1810, with DeWitt Clinton at its head. New York attempted to pro- 
 cure federal aid for the construction of the Erie Canal. Failing in 
 this, she sought co-operation from Ohio and Ohio thus became in- 
 terested in a public way in this question. While Ohio urged federal
 
 724 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 aid to New York as to the Erie Canal, she soon came to the con- 
 clusion that Ohio as well as New York needed better means of trans- 
 portation; and, after the completion of the Erie Canal, legislation 
 began to take form in Ohio, resulting in the pa.ssing of an act of the 
 legislature in February, 1825, committing the state to the construc- 
 tion of canals. 
 
 The reasons why Ohio entered upon this great enterprise, in view 
 of her small wealth and population, were many. Ohio was logically 
 situated for- better means of transportation than oxen and teams of 
 horses. IMany canal routes were available. Land was cheap, miich 
 of it worth only .$1 per acre. The Federal government was generous 
 with its donations of hundreds of thousands of acres for such pur- 
 poses. On the other hand, roads were poor and infrequent, railroads 
 and steam locomotives undreamed of. The cost of transporting crops 
 or products of manufacture was so great as to be prohibitive. For 
 example, it cost $3 to haul a cord of wood twenty miles and $5 to 
 transport a barrel of flour 150 miles, and other costs were in propor- 
 tion. The only important market for Ohio products at this time was 
 New Orleans and by the time our products reached this market, 
 prices for such products were so reduced as to make their sale un- 
 profitable. In view of this and other conditions, we can readily see 
 why the people of Ohio in these pioneer days were so intent upon, 
 creating arteries of communication which would develop the agricul- 
 ture and commerce of our people locally, and also give them access 
 to the eastern markets and the benefits to be derived from the products 
 of the eastern states. With these ideas in view, the constraetion of 
 the Ohio Canal, extending from Cleveland, through what is now Akron 
 (a city that was founded by the laborers on this canal), thence through 
 Newark to Columbus, and down the Scioto River to Portsmouth, was 
 begun in 1825. Two years later the northern section of this canal 
 from Cleveland to Akron was completed and the first canal boat ar- 
 rived in Cleveland from Akron on the fourtli of July, 1827. How 
 important tliis event was to our early citizens is set out in a descrip- 
 tion of the event in Govei'iior Trunibcll's message to the general as- 
 sembly the following December, when he states that his boat "was 
 cheered in her j)assage by thousands of dur delighted fellow-citizens 
 who had assembled from the adjacent country at different points on 
 the Canal to witness the novel and interesting sight." 
 
 In 1833, 400 miles of the Oliin Canal, including its branches, had 
 been comjileted and it was not long after that date when the Ohio 
 Canal had a length of over .'")00 miles and it was possible to luivigate 
 it from Cleveland to Columbus and Portsmouth.
 
 1827-1850J COJNDIERCE AND INDUSTRY 725 
 
 After the I'onstruetiou of the Ohio Canal was well under way, the 
 state began at Cineinnali to construct the Miami and Erie Canal 
 tliroiiirh niiytim to Tok'ilo ; this canal was later built to a length of 
 300 miles, while, during the same period of canal development, about 
 200 miles of private canals were constructed in Ohio. 
 
 The net receipts above expenditures fi-om the Ohio canals from 
 tolls, whicli were relatively small, rose from $800 in 1828 to $227,000 
 in 1838, and to a half-million dollars in 1848; these figures reflect the 
 general growth ami develoimient of the state along its canal systems. 
 By 1850, however, tlie competition of the railroads began to be felt 
 and, in 1856, for tlie first time since the construction of the canals, 
 the receipts fell below the expenditures. At the time of the civil war, 
 the competition of the raili-oads had become so great and the state 
 had become so intensely interested in the ])rosecution of the war, that 
 lack of public confidence in the canals caused the leasing of them to 
 private parties for a period of ten years, which lease was subse- 
 quently renewed. The lessees, operating the canal solely for private 
 profit, failed to maintain their efficiency, and abandoned their lease 
 about the year 1877, at which time the state took back the canals in a 
 dilapidated condition, in which they continued initil 1904, when a 
 great public movement resulted in the appropriation of large sums of 
 money to rebuild the Ohio and the Miann and Erie canals. After the 
 expenditure of several million dollars upon this work and at -a time 
 when both canals were nearly ready for navigation, political issues, 
 railroad competition, and other causes resulted in preventing their 
 completion in such a way that canal boats could be operated upon 
 them or the public could feel justified in building canal boats ajid 
 making business arrangements for their operation. The question 
 before the state during the past few years with reference to the canals 
 has been whether the canals should be completed for navigation pur- 
 poses, or wliether the canal system should be maintained for the pur- 
 pose of providing water facilities for mills and manufacturers, or 
 whether canal lands, with the exception of the reservoirs, which are 
 now used as public parks, should be abandoned and sold. 
 
 Coming now to some of the more important influences of these 
 canals upon the City of Cleveland, we should consider first the gen- 
 eral benefits to the state, which were shared in a large measure by the 
 City of Cleveland. The state gained in the first instance by the energy 
 and enterprise required in the construction and management of a 
 transportation system of such relative importance, compared with the 
 other property of the state. The state gained further in the abolish- 
 ment of sectional- feeling and in the more frequent exchange of
 
 726 CLEVELAND AND ITS ENVIRONS [Chap. XXXV 
 
 products and ideas, by reason of the increased transportation facili- 
 ties. Whereas it had been impossible for Ohio to exchange its agri- 
 cultural products for the products of other states, this exchaaige 
 readilj- increased upou the development of the canal system, and Ohio 
 benefited in this increase in a financial way, because its people were 
 enabled to receive larger net prices for their products, and, on the 
 other hand, to buy products of other states, at much less than their 
 previous cost. This resulted in stimulating local industry-, raising 
 the value of Ohio real estate, and making Ohio more desirable for 
 settlement. Such influences to some extent were responsible for the 
 growth of population in Ohio from 900,000 in 1830 to 1,500,000 in 
 1840, and to 2,000,000 in 1850, during the period of greatest canaJ 
 activity. During a like period, from 1826 to 1859, the real estate of 
 thirty-seven canal counties in Ohio increased in value from $25,000,000 
 to .$350,000,000. That a large part of this increase in wealth and 
 population was due to the canals is indicated by the fact that, during 
 the canal period, hundreds of flour mills were erected along the canals, 
 that canal water and water power were used by hundreds of small 
 manufacturing plants, that such canal cities as Cleveland, Akron, 
 Dayton, Columbus, Toledo and Cincinnati increased in wealth and 
 population far in excess of other cities of the state, and that thei 
 beginnings of these cities, as centers of importance, are largely due to 
 the influence of the canals in making such cities terminals for the 
 receipt and shipment of the various products of the farm on the one 
 hand and the manufacturing and mining industries on the other. 
 
 With more particular reference to our city, we find that Cleve- 
 land was the most favorably located of all the cities on the canal 
 sj-.stem, with the possil)le exception of Cincinnati, which was at the 
 southern terminus of the Miami and Erie Canal and an important 
 transhipment city with reference to Ohio Uiver navigation. Cleve- 
 land, on the other hand, was the most important city upon the Ohio 
 Canal, wliii-h extended for over 500 miles through the state; thai 
 terminus of the Ohio Canal, at a point in the Cuyahoga River only 
 a few feet from the site of the Supei'ior Avenue viaduct, was exceed- 
 ingly advantageous in connection willi lake transportation and trans- 
 portation facilities by tlie Eric Canal to New York City. No little of 
 Cleveland's growth in popidation from 1830 to 1850 was due to the 
 facilities afforded Cleveland as an important transportation terminal 
 connected with the canal system. Cleveland derived considerable 
 revenue as a place for the interchange of products of the farm, the 
 iiiinc, and llir factory. Further than this, the accessibility of Cleve- 
 land 1o the agricultural and mining districts of Ohio, as well as to the
 
 1850-79] COl^EMERCE AND INDUSTRY 727 
 
 manufacturing sections of other states, made it a favorable city iu 
 which both products for manufacture and products for home con- 
 sumption coukl be had at reasonable prices as compared with other 
 localities, and these advantages had much weight in increasing the 
 industrial growth of the city. 
 
 Among tlie products arriving in Cleveland via the canal. as early 
 as 1833, were 387,000 bushels of wheat, 75,000 bushels of corn, 49,000 
 bushels of coal, 98,000 barrels of flour and 23,000 barrels of pork. On 
 the other hand, there were shipped from Cleveland on the canal, in 
 the same year, 28,000 barrels ol' salt and 10,000,000 pounds of mer- 
 chandise. In later years, the shipments to Cleveland rose as high as 
 3,000,000 bushels of wheat, 1,500,000 bushels of corn, 4,000,000 bushels 
 of coal, 750,000,000 barrels of Hour, and 50,000 barrels of pork, while 
 the exports of salt in 1839 amounted to 110,000 barrels. 
 
 It is interesting to note that in the period from 1833 to 1860, 
 Cleveland received by canal forty times as much wheat as Cincinnati 
 and shipped more than twice as inucli nierchandise, whereas, Cincin- 
 nati far outdistanced Cleveland in the nuiiiber of barrels of whiskey 
 received. 
 
 After the decadence of the canal systems, Cleveland received a 
 railroad, largely by the reason of the abandonment of a part of the 
 Ohio Canal extending from the Superior Avenue viaduct about three 
 miles up the riglit bank of the Cuyahoga River. This part of the 
 canal was deeded to the City of Cleveland for certain purposes and 
 was, in 1879, leased by the city to the Valley Railway Company, later 
 the Cleveland Terminal and Valley Railway Company; this railway 
 property is now a part of the Baltimore and Ohio system. 
 
 Whatever the future may be as to the Ohio Canal, whether it shall 
 be abandoned, or sold, or transformed into a deeper canal, we may 
 rest assured that Cleveland owes many of its beginnings and much 
 of its strength to the various influences of this old canal system, which 
 laid the foundations of her commercial and industrial supremacy.
 
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