BANCROFT LIBRARY < THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRICE, 10 CEtfTS. The New Departure BY WILLIAM H, MULLER. NEW YORK : Published by THE CREDIT FONCIER Co., Room 708, 32 Nassau Sr. THE NEW DEPARTURE. A DESCRIPTION OF PACIFIC COLONY BY WM. H, MULLER, M. D, l_ - NEW YORK : THE CREDIT FONCIER COMPANY, 32 NASSAU STREET. F e> THE NEW DEPARTURE. A CO-OPERATIVE CITY TO BE ESTABLISHED ON STRICT BUSINESS METHODS, WHERE EVERY CITIZEN WILL BF NOT ONLY A WORKER IN SOME ONE OR MORE FREELY CHOSEN DEPART- MENTS OF INDUSTRY, BUT ALSO A SHAREHOLDER IN EVERY INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT. -FARMING, MANUFACTURES, COM- MERCE, MINING, ETC., ETC., CARRIED ON BY ALL THE CITIZENS IN THEIR COLLECTIVE CAPACITY.-COMPETITION AND INDUSTRIAL ANTAGONISM RENDERED IMPOSSIBLE. The above proposed city has been projected, planned and mapped out in detail, by Albert K. Owen, of Chester, Delaware Co., Penn., and chief engineer of the Texas, Topolobampo and Pacific Kailroad, whose terminus is at Topolobampo harbor, the site of the proposed city, on the Gulf of California, State of Siualoa, Mexico. This road when finished, will bring the locality within five days' travel of New York City, and one and a quarter days of Galveston, Texas. Within the last few months an undertaking has been begun by some friends of co-operation which has great promise. The ob- ject of this article is to call attention to this enterprise. Briefly stated, it is proposed to purchase a tract of land for a colony site, containing some 21) square miles, or about 18,500 acres, situated upon a fine harbor on the Gulf of California, and in the State of Sinaloa, one of the States of the republic of Mexico; and also, 33,500 acres of agricultural lands lying adjacent to the said site for colony. The rare combination of climate, soil, variety and abundance of semi-tropical productions, mining wealth, mountain scenery and commercial position cannot be excelled. These are all described in the publications of the projector, to be present! v men- tioned. The harbor bears the name of Topolobampo. The Fuerte River empties into the gulf of California, about 31 miles north. The proposed purchase is for the purpose of establishing a co- ojwrative colony, to be called the "Pacific colony," or by the name, "Credit Fonder" that is, a corporate body or chartered corpor- ation, whose credit is based upon real estate, upon land, as dis- tinguished from "Credit Mobilicr." which is credit based upon P rsonal property or movables. The feature that will distinguish | this enterprise from all previous efforts at colonization is, that If very method of operation, every appliance and instrumentality / that is essential to the health and comfort, to the bodily and mental J development of several thousand persons, will be provided, owned and kept in operation by themselves in their corporate capacity. All the stockholders or members of the colony will be joint partners in a great business enterprise, which will embrace the various departments of all human industry, viz., agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and, no doubt, mining also, as the region abounds in unworked mines of the precious metals. Everyone will have an interest in everything that goes on, for the colony will be established on the principle of co-operative association, and its motto and guiding rule will be: "Collective ownership and management of public utilities and conveniences ; the community responsible for the health, usefulness, individuality, and security of each." It is the establishment of a rural city, the combining of the country with the town, a city permeated and pervaded throughout by the country, through its containing many parks; its streets very wide and shaded by avenues of trees and broad strips of grass and flowers along the sidewalks, the whole surrounded by the city's own extensive and diversified farm lands, the common property of all the citizens, and the whole colony, every member of it will be supplied in the most complete and thorough manuer with every- thing needed for human comfort, through arrangements which have all been most carefully thought out, both in general and in detail, beforehand a thing which has never yet been done in the annals of city founding in such an all-embracing manner. So that all that is now required is for those who have the matter in charge, to dispose of the number of shares of stock at ten dollars per share, that will furnish the funds required to purchase the property, give the shareholders possession and allow them to go to work at once. We all know how a settlement, a town, is started in the ordi- nary way. We know that they grow up piecemeal, and more or less at haphazard, and without, in most cases, any general or com- prehensive plan. Or if there is some general plan in laying out streets and lots, every detail as to buildings and a hundred other things that concern the common welfare and comfort are left to the caprice and whims of the lot-holders. Whatever may be the attraction that draws persons to a new locality, and to build a town, the first thing done by the owner or owners of the land is to lay it out in lots of varying sizes, then to dispose of them to purchasers, of whom some purchase to build upon, others to hold for specu- lation ; and should a rush be made, from some real or fancied pros- pect of acquiring wealth by a residence there, the lots are cut up and sold at exorbitant prices. They may pass into the hands of a wealthy individual or corporation and be sold again to individuals. Of these, each buys his large or small lot, and puts up a building to suit his own purpose, regardless of his neighbors, and the result is that a town springs up that is simply the embodiment of an in- tense individualism. It is a conglomeration of dwellings, stores, workshops, factories, drinking and gambling saloons and the like, of every size, color, shape, material and location, a heterogeneous assemblage of structures of all kinds, and for all purposes, good, bad and indifferent, all crowded together pell-mell, with but rare attempt at uniformity ; since everyone is free to suit himself as to his house and surroundings, provided he does not go so far in this direction as to establish an indictable nuisance. There is a natural tendency also for the various social strata to gravitate to distinct localities. The wealthy have their fashionable quarter, and put up their costly mansions; the poor congregate in theirs, and build or rent squalid abodes; while the middle class may fill up the inter- vening space. But in each locality the same individualism and want of unity in plan and purpose prevails, except where .large firms or corporations put up large blocks of buildings for their own use or emolument, which may present a uniform style of architecture. Thus in the building of an ordinary town there is a total lack of general plan, or predetermined harmony of parts; and the larger the town grows, or the " more prosperous " it is, as the say- ing is, the greater and more widely spread are the contrasts, both of the social conditions and of the dwellings that are the natural outbirths of such contrasted states great wealth in palatial man- sions on the one hand, and great and hopeless poverty in shaky tenement houses, shanties, and dark, damp cellars on the other. From this glance at the jumble of buildings of an endless vari- ety of shape, size and material, crowded together to form the ordinary town, let us look at the mode of supplying the common wants of the citizens. What must everyone have ? What are the absolute and indispensable needs of each and all of the inhabitants, whether rich or poor ? The first want of all is a city government. This every one re- quires for the regulation of matters of common concern, as for assessment and collection of taxes, for police, for some public works, as water-works and others, for inspection of buildings, for a fire department, for the paving, cleaning and sewerage of streets, etc. etc. But, besides these, every one wants the streets well lighted, wants facilities for easy, cheap and rapid transit between distant points; all are more or less interested in good wharves and piers, if upon navigable water. All want provision houses or markets for perishable articles which require daily renewal, also provision de- pots or stores for groceries or food material that will keep longer ; depots or stores for clothing of all kinds, for house-furnishing and building materials, and for the countless other articles of purchase required by a civilized community. They want, further, various kinds of insurances, as life insur- ance, insurance against fire, storms, lightning, accidents, sickness, old age, etc. They want public buildings, with their offices for the public officials; public schools and salaried teachers; banks where money may be borrowed and also deposited for safe keeping; also depots for the sale and exchange of the products of the in- dustry of the citizens; halls for Sunday instructions and kindred purposes. Hardly less indispensable than the above are places of public amusement, such as theatres, opera-houses, concert-halls, halls for public meetings, lectures and exhibitions, art galleries, libraries, museums, etc. 6 Then, provision should be made for the citizens to come into full and free contact with and enjoyment of Nature, by public parks and gardens, with streams, lakes, fountains, and boating facilities; also gymnasiums and ample grounds for athletic and other games for both sexes. Now all of these things thus enumerated are wanted by every citizen, or rather the use and enjoyment of them. It may be said that they are all equally necessary, equally indispensable means for proper living. Every one must have food and clothing, shelter and fuel, pure water, pure air, abundant light, both day and night, in house and street, easy, rapid and cheap conveyance for^himself and his wares, relaxation and amusement, unrestrained social inter- course (at all times governed, of course, by all the proprieties of refined society), and every facility for bodily exercise and mental improvement, with many other needs which cannot now be enu- merated. Now, how are these numerous and urgent human wants sup- plied in the ordinary town or city ? Some, but very few, are supplied by the city in its corporate capacity, which itself involves the relief of the first need that of city government. Then, supplying this first want by its own ex- istence, the city government proceeds to supply some other public wants, as the supply of water, though this is sometimes done by private companies, the opening, paving, cleaning and sewerage of streets, the formation of a police force, of the lire department, the erection of public buildings, as market-house, school-house, etc., etc. But the great majority of the common wants of the citizens is left to the enterprise of individuals and chartered companies. These are gas companies, street car companies, electric light and motor companies, telegraph and telephone companies, fuel supply companies, ice companies, bridge companies, etc., etc., and what such companies and firms do not furnish of what is needed by the community, is supplied by individuals. Hence come the countless stores of every kind for furnishing whatever may be wanted in every department of human life. Every human want is supplied in proportion to the demand for that which satisfies it (but only to those who can pay for such satisfaction) by parties who thus make a living out of the wants of their neighbors, it being at the same time their interest to create or increase those wants, so that they may fatten by supplying them at the highest market price attain- able. But \vhat is the result of this mode of supph T ing human wants by separate and independent individuals and companies ? The result is a universal scramble and intense competition for the patronage of the public. Every one is free to outbid, to under- sell and to crowd out his rival in the same supply line if he can. The greater the demand for any one article, the higher, for awhile, is the price put upon it by the sellers; but this great demand and high price obtainable by those who are first in the market, creates a rush of competing makers and sellers of such article, and, of course, the abundant supply lowers the price, the market is over- stocked, and the demand falls off. In such case it is only the richest as well as the most enterprising, whose business talent is stimulated by a dominant love of money-making, that are able to weather the storm, because they can sell for the smallest margin of profit, or even at a loss for awhile, falling back upon a reserved capital, until there arises a fresh demand for the article. These fortunate ones are, of course, only the few; the rest of their com- peting rivals in their particular branch of trade must either go elsewhere, to some other locality where their goods are yet in de- mand, or turn to some other and better-paying business. But this, also, is better paying only for awhile, for here, also, a rush takes place to supply the demand and obtain the better pay, and then prices fall here also, and the same thing is repeated as occurred in the business which these unfortunates had left, because it failed to be to them any longer a remunerative one. And this process is repeated in all branches of industry, and is going on continually and everywhere. There is a constant and unavoidable fluctuation in the supply of commodities, as well as in their values there is ever too much or too little. In the former case, there is a fall of values, and if the stock on hand is perishable, it may be a total loss. In the latter case there is a rush to supply the demand for the needed article; then over-supply, and again a fall in price. In some cases the small makers and dealers are bought out by the larger and wealthier ones, who are able to wait for another rising market; while those who are not so bought out, and who try to compete with their rich rivals, and have bad outstanding debts besides, go to swell the list of weekly failures, of which there are always between two and three hundred in the United States, and so also form a part of the 95 per cent, of per- sons entering business, who thus fail of success. When the community thus allows its needs to be supplied by a multitude of separate individuals and independent companies, there is inaugurated a race for existence between the strong and the weak between the strong in health and wealth, and mental power, and the weak in all these respects. Between all persons in the same line of business there necessarily and inevitably arises an intense rivalry, and desire of each to do better than his compet- itors in attracting custom: for if this cannot be retained, either from inferiority of goods, or too high a price set upon them (though such price may give only a fair return for what it has cost the dealer to produce them, in view of his peculiar means and mental capacity), then he loses ground, is pushed to the wall, and goes to swell the list of failures. The most strenuous efforts, therefore, are made by the army of competing individuals and companies in every branch of business, to outdo each other in every conceivable way in attracting public attention; as by sensational and enormous advertisements in the newspapers; by costly and highly -decorated circulars and pictured cards; by flaming posters in public resorts; by placards on street vehicles, and carried by men hired to walk the public thorough- fares; and by defacement of fences and rocks along highroads and railroads, not sparing the most picturesque landscape, wherev< -r a surface is offered by the villainous paint-brush. In this unnatural warfare between man and man, such frantic endeavors to keep his head above water, is forced upon every person engaged in business, by the dire necessities of the case, that existence is a constant struggle for bread. The " battle of life," as it is called, is a des- perate one, and the victory is only to the strong in purse and pluck. But why should life be this battle a battle with one's fellow- citizens for the means of living ? The true and only righteous battle should be carried on by every one against the tendencies to evil in his own nature, and against the evil and wrong in the world around him; a battle also, with the wild and rugged materials of uncultivated Nature, and her untamed and powerful forces a battle to conquer these and make them the servants and helpers of man; a battle to conquer the vigin soil and forest the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms, and the vast realms of Nature's yet hidden and undeveloped energies. But this contention of men with each other in commercial and industrial rivalry; this ceaseless struggle of the weak against the strong ; this endless competition in the transfer of wealth from the community to one's own pocket, giving as little and taking as much as is possible; with all the cunning, and trickery and downright cheating so often involved in this strange life-battleall this ap- pears in the highest degree unnatural and unworthy of rational beings appears, in fact, most intensely and overwhelmingly absurd when viewed from the higher standpoint of the opposite method of conducting human industry. This method is one that unites men instead of antagonizing them; that creates harmony in place of a thousand discords; that enriches instead of impoverishing; that gives a certainty of constant employment, and an assured and fair remuneration, instead of keep- ing the workman in constant doubt and harassing anxiety as to the future ; that gives an assured protection and help to the young, the aged, the sick and the feeble; that delivers woman from a house- hold drudgery that is a perpetual and wearing treadmill of an un- varying routine of work, day in and day out, the year round, and will give to her and to all, lei>ure, education and refinement. In a word, this new method is simply common sense applied to the entire circle of human industries and not only to a few departments; it is the union of all human interests in co-operative life. " Com- petition is the life of business " is the constant cry. This is trumpeted forth from, the press, from the halls of legislation, from books on public economy as if to struggle and contend with others were "the whole duty of man," the sole end and aim of human ex- istenceand the cry is taken up and echoed from city to city, from State to State, from nation to nation, and the entire civilized (semi- civilized) world is a vast battle-ground of contending, struggling, competing mortals, contending as individuals, as corporations, as whole nations, competing with each other for the world's markets. Yes, truly competition verily makes things lively, and so also does the fear of drowning keep the SAvimmer lively very lively as long as his strength holds out. In like manner does the business man struggle to keep his head above water, and so he keeps close watch and ward over every penny of income and outgo ; merging his whole life, and thought, and strength in the miserable narrow channel of ceaseless effort not to lose custom through any stronger attraction which his rivals may offer to the public. Certainly the fact is not to be ignored, that the world is kept moving by other motives than that of money-getting by other motives than the necessity of contending with others for the means of life. The love of activity is inborn with everyone. Every person has powers of mind and body which crave to be doing that love excitement and love the pursuit of many other objects than wealth only. But no one can gratify his tastes without means. He must first take his place in the ranks of the money -seekers, and struggle and compete with the rest, until he either wins or loses. In the latter case his favorite projects are never realized, life loses its early, roseate hue, and he plods along as best he can to get a bare subsistence, without aspiration or hope of anything better this side of the grave, often without work of any kind, as in times like the present when thousands of men, able and eager to work, are thrown for long periods entirely out of employment through the closing of mills, factories, mines, etc. The chief if not the only reason of all this lies in the fact that our so-much lauded com- petition has caused overproduction and dead markets : overproduction for all who can purchase, but who have bought all they want, and underconsumption from the multitudes whom this same competition (a two-edged sword, cutting both ways) has disabled from purchas- ing, by reason of low wages to workmen, because of small profits received by employers (from overstocked markets), and also by reason of the failures it has caused and so thrown them into the ranks of the moneyless. Thus the necessity of earning a subsist- ence, as well as the necessity of having a competence at least, if one wishes to carry out some favorite project which does not pro- mise an immediate money return, compels everyone to engage in some business (however distasteful and opposed to his natural bent of mind) which does promise a money return. But this is the same thing as matters are now conducted, as entering into competi- tion with a thousand others and taking his chance of success, which, if attained and in proportion to his success, means the failure of one or of many of his rivals. He must take his chance with others, and must compete against them, for in the present industrial chaos there is no other alternative no other door to possible wealth open. Ye's, " Competition is the life of business," but it tends to crush the business operator and allow only the few, the strong, to sur- vive that is financially. Competition certainly vastly cheapens all products for the consumer, and all conveniences for the user of them; but the consumer of goods and the user of conveniences are themselves competitors in making and selling a certain article, and if they can purchase what they need at a lower rate because of competition among the sellers of what they purchase, what they save in this way they lose again by the fall in value of their own wares through like competition among themselves. And so, when contrasted with the unitary and peaceful in- dustrial methods of the near future, which will insure employment and abundance to every person, our present business relations are seen to be a perfect muddle, a chaos, a confusion worse confounded, an industrial and commercial Babel the world over, an enormous mass of tangle that laughs defiance in the face of our political -economy to unravel and straighten out so that men may live aright 10 if tney wish. These absurd business relations present a problem before which this political economy, with its laissez faire (to use its slang word, which simply means let every one fight his own battle, look" out for himself, and let the devil take the hindmost) ; this political economy, we say, with its laissez faire, its free trade, its fair trade, its tariffs, its labor bureaus aud labor statistics, its slid- ing scales for wages, its ever-recurring strikes of workmen, its short-lived settlements by arbitration between employers and em- ployed, its ever-alternating business booms and business depressions, its millions of workmen living from hand to mouth, earning but a bare subsistence with the hardest toil in every country; its armies of paupers subsisting on charity while the globe is but a mine of in- exhaustless and undeveloped riches, and could support in abundance many times its present population: before all this, we say, the econ- omic science (so to miscall it) of the day, stands paralyzed and per- fectly helpless so long as it does not or will not see, that the only and sole, and only possible solution of this problem, the only pas- sage to solid land out of this quagmire and slough of despond lies in industrial co-operation not partial or fractional co-oper- ation, but such as will embrace and include all departments of human industry agriculture, manufactures, commerce, mining, all the arts and business of civilized life everything that can satisfy human wants, so that no branch of industry whatever will or possibly can be pitted against any other, in the way of each striving to outstrip competitors, to get the most from the public and give the least in return, as is now the universal endeavor. How is it pos- sible for either peace or plenty to co-exist with such omnipresent Ishmaelism the hand of every man against his neighbor ? At present, mutual antagonism, mutual disregard of each other's in- terests when they stand in the way of a good bargain ; self-seek- ing, self -protection and defence against rivals, is the rule and governing principle of business activity the world over. There can be very little doubt, we may observe, in passing, that these unhappy, false, ever-antagonizing business relations of our present civilization (relations which are supposed to be the only ones possible, and considered to be a matter of course, a kind of natural order of things, and as such, unchangeable by any hu- man effort), there can be but small doubt, we say, that these dis- cordant business methods are a most prolific source of the fearful prevalence of drunkenness and its consequent mountain of crime in this country, as well as elsewhere. In the United States, the incredible sum of nine hundred millions of dollars is said to be spent for liquor alone, and this enormous amount is probably doubled as loss to the country through the crime and its endless judicial expenses, the orphanage requiring support, the little work, and poor at that, performed by the army of topers, all caused by the drinking of that liquor, while but eighty-three millions are devoted to educational purposes. This prolific cause, viz. : our discordant business life, produces drunkenness both in a direct and indirect manner. Directly, by reason of widespread and harassing anxiety for the future, by losses in business, by the failure of promising ventures and speculation, by wear and tear of mind in close attention to 11 legitimate business, by great bodily prostration from long hours of labor of head or hands, by need of continual effort when out of health, by want of rational relaxation and amusement after monot- onous toil, from want, perhaps, in many cases, of proper food, from want of such mental cultivation as would lind more pleasure in hours of rest, from books or lectures, etc., than in places of low resort where drinking and gambling are going on, under some or all of these circumstances, stimulants are resorted to to obtain a brief respite from care and exhaustion ; the habit becomes con- firmed, and the man is lost, perhaps, beyond reclaim, while, should lie marry, his children inherit the vicious tendency to drink, and thus the curse is transmitted far down the generations. Indirectly, the present industrial and commercial treadmill is a source of drunkenness and kindred vices from the utter impossibil- ity, as thinirs are now, of proper supervision, pro per education, and proper training of the rising generations. There is an appalling lack of what is absolutel}' essential for a true, a complete and healthy development of mind and body as regards children and young people a lack that exists almost as much among the rich and well- to-do people as among the poor. Our public school system is, under tlie present unfavorable circumstance*, the very best that it is at all possible to provide for the young; but it is most wofully de- ficient in very much that the child's nature imperatively craves. The farm, the garden, the workshop, the free range of tho country, and contact with the countless objects in nature, where the intense activity of childhood can have full play in a multitude of little in- dustries with which children are ever delighted, and of which they never tire, and by which their opening faculties are developed in a iiiitaral and healthy manner; all these facilities are, of course, out of the question in the city schools, and yet these many things that are thus beyond present reach, are, we say, the very essentials for a broad and firm foundation for after mental culture. The sphere of the senses and the bodily powers is the ground upon which the higher faculties rest and find support for their upward expansion. But all that can be furnished to children now are the school-room, a pile of books, and a bit of playground, and to these they are not drawn but driven, not drawn or attracted by an inborn love and adaptedness for the work given them there as they are for the objects in nature, but they go because they mvst, and if they were left to their own choice the school-room would be deserted and left deserted, except by those who would go thither for the sake of finding companionship, and also, in the absence of other more adapted and congenial employments, would go from the desire of having something to do irrepressible in the young even though the task given them were not just that which under other circumstances they would select. If children have not what they should have in the schools, neither do they find it in their homes. They are compelled to re- main there out of school hours, and find such occupation as they can in their studies and in such amusements, games, etc., as they have learned or have contrived for themselves, with or without parental aid. But the home circle and its narrow limits soon be- come to contracted for the growing youth ; and now parental vigi- 12 mnce is taxed to the uttermost to find proper companionship for the young outside the home. It is well if parental authority is competent to keep the young man and his sister out of harm's way. But we know how apt this authority is to relax, even where there is any effort made to exert it. The mother is ever busy with the cares and fatigues of housekeeping (if unable to keep hired help), perhaps nursing one infant while watching the sick bed of another; the father away all day at his place of business, returns wearied and careworn at night, so that the children are in a great measure left to themselves and deprived of the attention and supervision that is so necessary for them to have. Hence hundreds escape from parental control ; they find their way into the streets ; associate with those they find there or at disreputable places, and so the most vicious habits are formed in early life boys learn to chew, to smoke, to use profan language, to gamble, to mock at all control ; become roughs or bullies, and, easiest of all, acquire the love and habit of drink, and then go to swell the army of drunkards. All this, we say, arises from the impossibility now existing of providing properly for the care and oversight of children, and of furnishing them with employments that suit their ages, their ca- pacities, and that would give full and free scope to expend their abounding energy and eager desire to be always doing something. Not having such proper channels for giving vent to their love of activity, they expend it upon objects and in places where it can da only mischief, and are punished accordingly. According to a late statement in the papers, the public schools- of New York city sent out 150,000 children to enjoy their vacation until the 1st of September. From the above glance at the lack of facilities in our cities for healthy mental and physical develop- ment of children out of school, the prospect is not very cheering in regard to this great army of emancipated youngsters. This very vacation itself is a sharp comment on the present state of things ; for it implies such a strain of mental powers for many months in one direction, both in pupils and teachers (attention to studies), that it is found to be an imperative necessity for the health of all con- cerned to relax and go to the other extreme, viz., of months with- out school. Under a different method that of co-operative life the daily life of children would be and is, in Monsieur Godin's " Social Palace " at Guise, -in France so varied with instruction, work and play, that a cessation for only a few weeks would be felt as an unbearable punishment. Then we must not leave out of view that other great army of children employed in mills and factories, (in Chicago there are 8,000 under fifteen years of age, who work from ten to fourteen hours every day ! ) a vast number of whom, we can hardly doubt, do not fail to follow the example of older workers, and find solace in drink after their long day of wearing labor, who also continue the habit as they grow up, and in this way present the indirect effect (drunkenness) of the omnipresent, ever-operating cause, viz. : our deranged industrial methods. For in co-operative life such horrors could not possibly find place. In the present state of the human race, the animal and selfish nature has yet too much the predominance over the higher, the 13 spiritual and unselfish faculties. But we charge that this selfish nature is fostered and stimulated to the uttermost by industrial competition everywhere. Human wants are endless and boundless, as it is right they should be, when men hunger for what is right for them to have. But the great mass of men are kept poor by the omnipresent system of competitive industry, and cannot get what they should have, and what the faculties which the Creator has given them, continually crave to possess and enjoy. They cannot get these things even with ceaseless and most painful drudgery. This constant toil to which the great mass of men are chained, tends to deaden the higher faculties and to keep in over-activity the lower nature and the bodily powers. This, added to discon- tent under exhausting and monotonous labor, with the small recom- pense received for it, together with deficient education of the moral and religious faculties, and of imperfect training in every respect because of such incessant and poorly-rewarded work conditions which would tempt a very angel to part with his angelhood all this combines powerfully to dispose to crime, or at least to gre&tly weaken the power to resist temptation when it presents itself. Hence arises not only drunkenness, as we have seen, from the having recourse to liquor as a temporary relief from mental de- pression, but the door is opened for crime of all kinds, when in- ducements are held out ; and these are never wanting in city life, such as it is now. And precisely the same cause operates to vitiate the well-to-do classes, and those whose wealth enables them to live without work. If they are idle, not knowing how to spend their time and money, except in a perpetual round of frivolous and costly pleasures, or something worse, it is owing to the want of this proper early edu- cation and industrial training, which gives an ineradicable love of useful employment, such as can be found only in the co-operative life which the proposed Pacific colony will inaugurate a life which is already a great success at Monsieur Godin's Social Palace at Guise, in France, above mentioned, and which has been not only a great, but a continuous success for the last twenty-five years.* And we may say, further, that from the humanizing, elevating influences which will be brought to bear on every one in the co- operative life, from the cradle to the grave, such horrors as a famous London paper has lately brought to light, in which persons of the highest social standing are implicated, would be impossible. They are only the natural results of the causes of crime which we have glanced at, and which are more or less in constant operation in the crowded and "prosperous " (?) cities of our so much glorified civilization. And what a terrible commentary on the very essence and inmost corrupt character and tendencies of our present com- petitive, warring, self -discordant civilization, are such outcomes of it bursting forth from the midst of the most wealthy and aristo- cratic English circles, where the very highest extreme of * Harper's Monthly Magazine for April. 1872, contains an Interesting de- scription ol tills Institution, and the November (1886) number contains a second article stating how it has Improved since 1872. Both by Mr. Edward Howland of llammonton, N. J. 14 teenth century culture and refinement is believed to exist, and where the loftiest intellectual, moral and religious influences are supposed to surround, like the common atmosphere, every member of this privileged class. We deem it in the highest degree improbable that the swelling tide of drunkenness and crime and vice of all kinds in this and other countries will ever be effectually stemmed, until a radical change is made in the sphere of industry, for this lies at the bot- tom of all reforms. Then only will these other so much needed reforming influences have a fair chance to take effect. Even the teaching of religious truth, transcendantly important as it is, since this is central and superior to all other and lower truths, and holds them all within its wide embrace this is shorn of nine-tenths of its inherent power to elevate and humanize, by the ceaseless whirl, and rush, and din, and rivalry, and excitement of competitive business. How is it possible to carry out the Gospel precept of love to the neighbor amid the perpetual clash of so many diverse and contending interests ? No matter how well disposed a relig- ious man may be, and in the sincere endeavor to do right, he must, as a business man, contend as a rival with others. It is "the bat- tle of life," and he is compelled to fight in self-defence or allow his competitors to shove him aside, and, falling, to be trampled under their feet. But now we come upon a very noteworthy fact. It is, that the very evils of competition are themsaives pointing out the right way; are driving men into the very methods that are before long to sound its own death-knelldriving them into the very plan about to be adopted by this proposed Pacific colony. For let us look at the matter and we shall easily trace the rising steps of the co-operative idea. First. Let us recognize the important fact that labor, that indus- try, is tke great social cement. Men are drawn together by their love of companionship by their love of imparting and receiving; but when they do come together, it is tJie having something to do in common that holds them together. This is the basis, the standing ground upon which the social impulses have full play. Even in gatherings for pure sociality, people must do something in which either all the company can participate, or they divide spontaneously into groups, each group selecting some favorite occupation or pas- time. There is dancing, perhaps, also cards, billiards, music, various games; private readings or theatricals; discussions of art topics, or science, or literature, or politics, etc. Then the dinner or supper, which has a common interest for all. And these various occupations give rise to endless play of thought and sentiment, to conversation and free display of tastes and character. So, too, in the now so prevailing summer picnic. Here people come together for mere amusement and relaxation in the open air of the country; but even then, this is ever based on something to do in common. There are the swings, the bowling-alley, the base-ball, the croquet or lawn-tennis, the fishing, the boating, the lunches to be prepared for, under awnings or shade trees or other shelter, all this bringing out life and character and opening sources of enjoyment not to be found in the humdrum life of daily monotonous toil and business, is now distorted and dehumanized. 15 And the same is often seen when people come together to per- form real work, as in country corn-liuskings, in barn-raisings, in plowing matches, in harvest work of various kinds, calling neigh- bors together to unite their labors in housing crops when time is short or the weather threatening. Here the work is not hard, it is not kept up too long, it is done in company, in the open air, with more or less emulation as to who shall excel; and enlivened with jokes and laughter and song and friendly criticism, and thus a great amount of work is done in a short time, and with but slight fatigue, if any. Persons come, perhaps as strangers, and part as pleasant acquaintances, or as esteemed and lasting friends, all from being brougut together on the standing ground and level of labor performed in common. In this way human sympathies are awakened through common employments, and kept up by them. The wonderful power of industry in which many are united by common aims (as will be the case in this co operative city, and as now witnessed in the various army re-unions to meet and talk over old war times) to enhance the pleasures of life, totally irrespective of any money question involved in Mich industry; this is a thing almost or rather entirely unknown and undreamt of in our present w strike for higher wages, and levy a certain contribution from each to form a com- mon fund for their support during the strike. They regard this, and this only, while they omit to combine to unite their savings to purchase at wholesale and at the lowest market price, other things they all want as provisions, clothing, house-room, fuel, etc. If they did do so, by establishing co-operation stores, though this would be but a slight bettering of their condition as things now are, it would still be looking in the right direction,. 19 and give promise of co-opcnition on a -wider scale, ami for far greater results. And tin- same is true of the capitalists who club their means to establish and carry on a large manufactory or other business. Tlieir object in thus combining and co-operating is to make money. But when the money is made and the profits divided, they do not think of spending that wealth in concert, or in combination, so as to furnish themselves with a thousand other things whicli they want just as much as the money wherewith to buy them. But each member of such firm procures them for himself at perhaps a much higher price than they are worth, and probably of an inferior quality also, all of which could be avoided, under other circumstances, by the employment of an experienced purchasing agent, familiar with the character of goods, and acting for them all. But such things cannot be done at present, except in the smallest and most partial manner ; as when a few wealthy persons put their means together to build a unitary home or large hotel for themselves and families ; or purchase a pleasure-ground for sum- mer resort, erect cottages and provide the place with everything that can render it attractive in warm weather. What is wanted is not such partial, half-way co-operation, for a partial purpose, and for only a few and exclusive number of persons, but co-operation among all the inhabitants of a t >wn or city, for the supply of every want of every person in the city. There is no good reason why this cannot be done, and this is the aim and intention of this Pacific Colony scheme. These countless combinations, companies and partial co-operative movements, going on everywhere at present, and more numerous and active than ever before, only intensify the universal competi- tion and struggle. Men being well aware of the power of numbers united for a common end, mass themselves into corporations, com- panies, unions, etc., to compete successfully, as they hope, with rivals in the same line of business. The larger and more wealthy are such bodies, the fiercer grows the war (giants are pitted against each other, as in these railroad contests), the more furiously the competitive battle rages, and the battle field is strewn with the victims. This industrial strife is world-wide the smoke of the contest envelops the globe, and therefore its very intensity must, it w r ould seem, soon exhaust itself and come to an end. That the change is at hand, is already apparent, and here we will see what we started out to show in the statement made in a previous para- graph of this article, viz. , that this giant evil of universal competition carried within itself the cause and instrument of its own destruc- tion, just as all evil does, but ever manifested only at the proper time. As just said, it is the countless combinations and partial co- operative enterprises of vast capital, and armies of workmen, that are daily intensifying this universal competition ; and it is, we think, not hard to see, that out of this very intensity of activity will come its overthrow, and the gradual inauguration in place of competition of the era of all-embracing co-operation. And this transition from competition to co-operation, appears to be approaching in two modes : 20 1st. We see it in the system of " pooling " their opposing inter- ests by the gigantic railroad and other corporations that seek to- monopolize and control the various markets. These great rivals in the same line of business, see that their cutting of rates (in the case of the railroads) and the like operations, to cripple each other, is a losing game. They, therefore, call a halt, and pool their interests or put them in a common stock, and pay out the common profits according to the amount of each company's interest in such com- mon fund ; and though such pooling arrangements do not usually last long, and are seldom strictly adhered to while they do last, yet they show that these great corporations begin to see the ruinous nature and effects of competition, and the absolute necessity of co-operation of some kind, however partial and imperfect, and merely temporary. And this will lead to the further seeing that if the need, not only of railroad and transportation facilities, but all the other means of supplying the wants of a city were "pooled" or provided for by the co-operation and united energies of all the citizens their interests being represented by shares of stock in a. common industrial fund, just as the interests of the stockholders of a railroad are represented by the shares which each person holds that then competition could not possibly have place any more than, there can be competition between the shareholders of the lailroad stock, but each would strive to promote the interests of the- whole. In the second of these two modes, co-operation in its complete character is being " evolved " out of the present intense competitive- method of industry, through the checks which the encroachments- of capital and monopoly are now receiving from the present great and rapidly-speading uprising of the working classes against the-- misery they suffer from competition. They rise to demand a fair share of the wealth which they see that their labor has produced. They rise against such an unequal distribution of wealth, by forming numerous large and widely spread combinations of workers in every civilized country, which are, in fact, not limited to any country, but they have become international, and send delegates from all to represent them in world's conventions, and to dis- cuss their industrial grievances. They thus learn the great power that lies in co-operation, even for a single object. The immense power a body of united workmen already wield is well shown in the following extract from a letter of last August from an American in London. The writer says : The increase of pauperism here, we learn, is something fearful ; and a certain intelligence keeps pace with the increase. The old- style of crime, such as theft, rubbery, murder, and acts of individ- ual depravity or desperation, have given place to combinations, where masses act in deadly antagonism to their supposed oppressors. We call attention to the strike among the builders here. They enforced their demand a full day's wages for eight hours' work, and a half holiday upon Saturday. After the result became known, the Times very coolly told the capitalists or contractors that they would have to conciliate the laborers ; that no remedy against these combinations could be devised through legislation, or the enforcement of the laws already enacted. One day, all the building: 21 and repairs in London, that arc immense, suddenly ceased without a word of warning, and from some unseen source came the demand to cease work, and the laborers dropped their tools and disap- peared. A commission waited on the contractors, stated their demands, and no threats or entreaties could move them to any modification. Even a demand (or request by the contractors, no doubt, is meant) for another hour on Saturday in which to pay off, was so stoutly resisted for over a week, that it had to be aban- doned. (Don Piatt, in some paper quoted in the New York Graphic.) All this in conservative London, where about one hundred years ago, or in.the reign of George III., a law was passed by Par- liament prohibiting workmen from combining to raise the rate of wages. In the United States, the discussion of the capital and labor problem is assuming very large proportions. Workmen's unions of many kinds are constantly forming, and tend to the con- solidation of all minor unions and the various trades into the all- embracing one of the Knights of Labor. The papers devoted to the labor question are rapidly multiplying, and, in fact, this ques- tion is the overshadowing one of the hour, because it is unmis- takably evident that matters on this point are approaching a great crisis. The conflict between labor and capital must soon be settled in either a peaceable or forcible manner ; or, rather, it can never be settled in the latter manner at all. The only possible and final settlement must be, and will be, on the basis of right and justice, and a fair reward for his labor for everyone. And it can only be hoped that the great army of laboring men and women, seeing the great power they can wield by combination and co-operation, will see also, First That the only thorough escape from these labor troubles lies in a true and all-embracing system of co-operation and organi- zation of industry in all its branches farming, manufactures, commerce, mining, etc., beginning with an industrial town, fore- planned and arranged carefully in all its details where every w T ant of every citizen will be supplied by the united industry of all, each holding shares or stock in the common fund, and paid out of that for his work, by the general disbursing agent or agents of the town, appointed or elected, according to methods agreed upon by the citizens. Secondly And it is further to be hoped that this industrial army will also see that as there must be a gradual transition or stepping stone from our present industrial warfare to the full co-operative condition, as just outlined that this transition step is that of industrial partner xhip of the employed with the employers, brought about by the purchase of shares in the business of the employers wherever that can be done. If the millions that have been lost in the strikes of past years had been devoted to this object, the peace- ful solution of labor troubles would by this time have been well under way. But the bitter experience will not have been in vain if it shall lead the working masses to take this course at last. Wherever such partnership of workmen with their employers has been adopted, strikes are at an end ; more and better work is . 2.3 done ; the shareholding workmen take an interest in the prosperity of the whole establishment ; have a pleasant stimulus to work, even to excess, and peace arid content are the rule and not the exception. We conclude, by stating : First That the projector of this co-operative commonwealth, or the " Pacific Colony," is Mr. Albert K. Owen, the Chief Engineer of the American and Mexican Pacific Railroad, now in course of construction, and which, when completed, will place the above col- ony within five days' travel from ISew York city, and one and a quarter days from Galveston, Texas. Mr. Owen is a man of great ability and energy, whose whole soul is devoted to the cause of co- operation, and to this project in particular. He has traveled ex- tensively in Europe and elsewhere ; has been for many years a prominent figure in Government circles, both of the United States and of Mexico, in the capacity of projector and engineer of rail- roads in botli countries, and in other large plans for public utilities ; lias enjoyed the confidence of General Grant in Mexican enterprises, and in various other ways is a man of very superior qualilications, for taking the lead in this most important of all his undertakings his project of a co-operative commonwealth. He is the author of a work of 200 pages, entitled "Integral Co-operation" (pub- lished by the John W. Lovell Co., New York, price 80 cents), be- sides many other earlier publications connected with his railroad labors and surveys, some of which have been issued in Spanish by the Mexican Government. "Integral Co-operation" has been published at the city of Mexico in Spanish. His address is Room 708, 32 Nassau street, New York city. Residence Chester, Dela- ware County, Pa. Second That a weekly pamphlet is published in the interest of this movement, and edited by Mr. Edward Howland and Mrs. Marie Howland, of HMmmonton, New Jersey. It is called " The Credit Foucier of Sinaloa," of which thirty-six numbers have now appeared. The first number was a pamphlet of sixty-four pages by Mr. Owen, giving a general outline of the proposed plan. The other numbers contain eight pages. Within the ten months that the paper has been issued, over 2,100 stockholders have sent in their names, representing 10,200 shares, at $10 per share, and they have over $370, 000 pledged for deposit. They range from Maine to Texas, and from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific, and the little paper is the common vehicle of com- munication from all parts of the country. Questions from Cali- fornia are answered from New Y'ork, or New Jersey, or Texas, etc. , and mce^ versa. The proposed colonists put their inquiries, give their opinions and suggestions, and receive answers from various quarters, so that the whole project is thoroughly ventilated, or as far as it can be, through the medium of the paper, The Credit Fon- der, and all appear eager to see the whole number of shares taken that are required to be paid in before the land can be bought and the first start made. The address of Mrs. Marie Howland and Mr. Edward Howland, is Hammonton, New Jersey. It may be mentioned that Mrs. Howland is the author of a first-class novel, "Papa's Own Girl," 23 lately published for the second time ; in which, after sharp hand- ling of fashionable follv and vice, she gives, under the garb of fic- tion, a true and very interesting account of co-operative life at Monsieur Godin's now famous " Social Palace " at Guise, in France, in which remarkable and unique establishment she resided for some tixne, and so speaks with authority. WM. H. MULLER, M. D. , Allegheny Co., Penn. April 12, 1886. THE REPUBLIC COMPLETED AND LABOR TROUBLES ENDED BY THE UNION OF THE INTERESTS AND INDUSTRIES OF ITS CITIZENS IN CO-OPERATIVE CITIES. BY W. H. MULLER, M. D. IN the issue of the Sunday World, for March 2d, 1890, I noticed and read a few days since, under the heading 1 " To 'Capitalize Labor," the letters of several correspondents, giv- ing their various plans for the relief of labor troubles. They are evidently not aware that a plan for a co-operative and truly human life a plan that may safely be said to fill the bill completely, leaving, apparently, nothing to be de- . sired, is now, and for the last three years has been, in process of successful " materalization." with prospects brighter now than ever before. The members of this in- corporated joint stock Integral (complete) Co-operative. Col- ony have come together (in a locality unsurpassed for climate, soil, productions and harbor, river and ocean fa- cilities) to suppy themselves by themselves by their own united labors, with every thing required by men, women .and children to live a proper and satisfactory human life. They have made a successful start to carry on the whole circle of industries needed to abundantly feed, clothe, house, educate, etc., etc., every member of his or her fam- ily. They will be able to supply each individual with every article of neccessity, of comfort and luxury that a really civ- ilized and refined community should have. They have done with the hireling wage system, with its endless strikes and lockouts and disputes between workmen and employ- ers, and also with cut-throat competitors, which is only a free fight for all, when the strong push aside the weak, and seize all the prizes ; a battle and struggle for life which will do for animals, and for savage tribes among each other, but is entirely out of place among so-called civilized human beings, whose mental organization and education should enable them to harmonize their common interests, by scien- tifically organized>med labors. These colonists allow no individual, no company or trust to supply them with any necessary of life, and fleece them by controlling prices, as well as the wages of those who produce the article. By their own united labors on 24 25 their farm lands of many thousand of acres, and in their diversified factories and work-shops they will supply them- selves, first and foremost, with what they need, and only then, dispose of the surplus to outsiders. They will not produce articles of necessity and then send them a thou- sand miles off to sell, while thousands of their own citizens are starving and shivering for want of their products, as the case in all our " civilized " cities at the present day. The colonists have changed all that, and in the near future, their splendid "city by the sea" Pacific City on the 54 square mile harbor of Topolobampo, on the Gulf of Cali- fornia, State of Sinaloa, Mexico, will attract the attention and admiration of the nations, as the pioneer city of ' ' the new civilization " based upon Integral (or complete) In- dustrial Co-operation everywhere. These colonists are a choice band of very intelligent and plucky men and women both from this country and from Europe who clearly see the fix that this republic of the United States has got itself into, at the close of the first century of its existence It has amassed the enormous sum of $60,000,000,000 of national wealth enough to give $1,000 to each person of its sixty millions of people ; and yet this great wealth is so piled up in the hands of a few that the half of it, or some thirty billions (30) (not millions) is owned by only two and one-half (2) per cent of the pop- ulation. Think of it ! (See the articles by Mr Thomas G-. Shearman on this subject, in the Forum for September and October, 1889.) This concentration of vast wealth in the minority of the population has been very rapid within the last thirty years ; it is still going on at the same or a greater rate, and in thirty years more the prospect is that this minority will hold all the nation's wealth, and the bal- ance, the nearly sixty millions of people, will live at the sufferance of a few hundred thousand. These colonists see plainly that this great and growing inequality of conditions between four citizens of the same republic and who are all " equal before the law " as sup- posed is only the very natural and unavoidable (so far) consequence of the great liberty we all enjoy under repub- lican institutions the liberty for each person or each busi- ness firm or corporation to hew out his or its own road, in quest of wealth, and also to the absolute necessity for them to dp so simply because industry is not co-operatively or- ganized, but that we live under me reign of a most disor- derly individualism, everyone for himself, and the devil eaten the hindmost where the implied, if not the out- spoken rule of action, is that " He must get. who baa the power, And he must keep, who can." 26 The truth of this must be evident. The benevolent im- pulses of our human nature, however, through legislation and the numerous and various charitable institution of the land, do what they can to soften the harsh conditions arising from this confused individualism and clashing of indus- trial interests. But this legislation and these charities are not ridacal ; they do not reach the cause of present troubles and never will. They are but soothing plasters on the sick social body, that requires an entire change in its mode of life, to get well and enjoy that life and this will and can be found only in universal co-operative industry. For it is easily seen in the absence of intelligently organ- ized and united industry and interests, each person or firm is compelled to fight its own "battle of life" against a host of competitors. Therefore we live in the midst of a cease- less rush and din and excitement of industrial warefare ; ceaseless competition, contention and struggle of people to keep their heads above water, or be pushed to the bottom by stronger neighbors ; and the natural results are just what might have been expected a kind of business and industrial pandemonium perpetual ups and downs of for- tune ; rich one day, poor the next ; an average of between 200 or 300 failures each week in the United States, or 12, 000 a year, which means some 60,000 persons obliged to begin the world over again and hope for better luck in the renewed cruel " battle of life;" an appalling list in each day's paper of suicides, murders, embezzlements, of insane, of burglaries, incendiarism (increasing) ; of divorces, elope- ments ; fresh victims to swell the great social evil ; families wrecked by drinking saloons the exploits of drunkards, gamblers, of train wreckers, road agents, express robbers, of masked gangs, of ' * white caps " or " regulators " ; of shot gun intimidation at the polls ; of violence and depredation by the hands of roughs and young ' hoodlums" in every city ; and of wide spread political corruption and bribery at elections and the astounding greed and rush for office on the accession of a new party to power not to speak of many other glaring evils portions of the skeleton in our " triumphant democracy." Now all this is owing to two causes. First, the utter impos- sibility, as things now are or under the present disorderly, tangled-up industrial conditions of giving (up to the age of puberty) all children at all hours and at all places, the watch- ful care, the proper training in virtuous and industrious habits, 1 he improving companionship and surroundings, which they need as much as they do food and clothing, in order to de- velop into noble men and women, and Second, as to adults, an eqnally utter impossibility for every- one to obtain steady and suitable employment, with its assured 27 and lair reward for work done because all business is at hap- hazard always uncertain as to duration and profit hardly more than a mere lottery, where the prizes are few and the blanks multitudinous. Then besides these evils just enumerated we see that the control of every necessity of life, as well as the nation's land, and even of legislation itself, is coming more and more each day, under the heavy hand of the gigantic money power which is hand in glove with that of Europe, especially England. (See the famous Hazzard Circular.) Is it not as plain as the sun at noon that the only way out of this industrial quagmire is for the people everywhere in small bodies to "pool" and carry on their 7 mcrahle quantities from the waters of the bay, and constitute very profitable articles of commerce. The colony site ("Pacific City,") is 800 miles nearer to New York than San Francisco, and " promises to be the great tre through which the commerce of Asia, Australia and the Pacific islands with Europe will pass. Two hundred miles north are the great anthracite coal fields of Sonora, and 150 miles to the eastward is the great timber tract of Mexico, which for the first time will be opened by the great railway passing through it. Adjacent to this are lands noted as possessing greater mineral wealth than any other area of equal extent, not excepting California. For these reasons the land adjacent to the bay and harbor of Topolobampo, State of Sinaloa, Mexico, have been chosen as the site on which to inaugurate this new movement." (Extract from a lecture by Mr. John W. Lovell, the publisher, before the Manhattan Liberal Club, of New York, in November, 1886.) A paper, The Or edit- Fancier of Sinaloa, is issued twice a month at the colony, edited by Mrs, Marie Rowland and Mr. Edward Rowland, and is now in its fourth volume. It keeps the many stockholders, scattered over the United States and other countries, well posted as to colony matters, and what is done by the pioneers. All wished for information regarding this integral co-oper- ative movement may be obtained on application to the office of The Credit-Foncier Company, 32 Nassau street. New York. It keeps on hand a number of publications, including "Integral Co-operation." "Integral Co-operation nt Work, (No. 1)" "Extracts Prom Neivspapers Explan- atory of T/'te Credit-Foncier Company," all by Mr. A. K. Owen, and others by various writers. Sewnkley, Alleghany County, Pa., June 1890. i (I I he Credit Fonder Serio3 of Publieatmo. To be had from M. & E. Ilowlaorl, Hammonton, Atlantic County, New Jersey, and from The Credit Foncicr Company, Room, 708 : 32 Nassau Street, New York City. PRICES INCLUDE POSTAGE. Integra! Co-operation. By A K.Owen $0.3O The New Departure. By Wm. H. Mailer 1O A Co-operative City and The Credit Fonder of Sinaloa By John W. Lovell., 10 "The Credit Foncier of Siiialoa." A Weekly Paper (8 page octavo). By Marie and Edward Howland. 3 months, 25c., 6 months, 50c., 12 months... l.OO Extracts from Newspapers, explanatory or the Credit Foneier Company. Compiled by A. K. Owen 10 The North American Phalanx. By Charles Sears .10 The Military, Postal and Commercial Highway*. By A. K.Owen 25 The Texcoco-Huelmetoca Canal. By A. K. Owen 25 Social Solution*. Edited by Edward Howland. 12 parts, each lOc., or the 12 for l.OO Social Solution*. By M. -Godin. Translated by Marie How- laud. Cloth, Gilt 1.5<> Papa's Own Girl. By Marie Howland 3O The American and Mexican Pacific Hallway. By Alexander D. Anderson . . .2 5 The first five publications are devoted exclusively to nations of The Credit Foncier Company. ex pi i-