University of California 
 College of Agriculture 
 Agricultural Expariment Station 
 Berkeley, California 
 
 SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA CROFS 
 STANISLAUS COUNTY 
 Progress Report No. 50 
 
 by 
 
 R . L . Adams 
 Preliminary — Subject to Correction 
 March, 1937 
 
 ( Contribution from the 
 Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics. 
 Mimeographed Report No. 53 
 
4 
 
(Farm Labor Survey — July-December, 1936) 
 
 Frogress Report No. 50 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs for California Crops 
 Stanislaus County 
 
 Scope of Presentation . — The following considerations govern the presentation 
 of this progress report: 
 
 1. The data are confined to the area indicated above. 
 
 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 
 
 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as 
 distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a 
 year-round or regular basis of employment. 
 
 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks -- plant- 
 ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, trac- 
 tor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 
 
 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving 
 workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain 
 tasks and at "peak" times which seasonally arise in connection with many field, 
 truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 
 
 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural 
 workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- 
 with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in 
 the production of California's many crops. 
 
 Crops, Acreage, and Production .— The basis used in calculating occasional or 
 seasonal need for labor, in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regular- 
 ly employed xvorkers, appears as table 1. 
 
 TABLE 1 
 
 Basis for Calculating Seasonal Labor Requirements 
 Stanislaus County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage* 
 
 Production 
 
 Field crops: 
 
 67,415 t 
 
 322,199 tons 1"( average 4.8 tons per acre) 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Beans 
 
 47,134 f 
 
 424,200 cwt. 
 
 Cotton 
 
 730 
 
 452 bales jf 
 
 Flax 
 
 1,320 
 
 
 Grain — barley 
 
 70, 254 t 
 
 1,357,746 bushels t 
 
 oats 
 
 5,271 
 
 180,871 bushels 
 
 wheat 
 
 24,796 
 
 346,201 bushels 
 
 Grain hay 
 
 21,119t 
 
 35,943 tons t 
 
 Pastured- Ladino clover 
 
 9,783 
 
 
 Sudan grass 
 
 5,178 
 
 
 native pasture 
 
 423,770 
 
 
 Rice 
 
 3,904 
 
 
 Silage — corn 
 
 5,842 
 
 Average 7 tons per acre 
 
 Sorghums for grain 
 
 5.225 f 
 
 140,38 5 bushels f 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
- « 
 
 4 
 
 w 
 
 < 
 
Tabic 1 continued. 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Acreage* 
 
 Production 
 
 Sugar beets *R 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 Vegetable crops: 
 
 
 
 Carrots — fall and winter 
 
 100** 
 
 27,500 crates 
 
 Lettuce — fall 
 
 500** 
 
 Average 150 
 
 crates per acre 
 
 Melons — cantaloupes 
 
 2,179 
 
 326,850 crates 
 
 honeydews , Pers ians , 
 
 
 
 
 and casabas 
 
 3,598 
 
 35,980 tons tt 
 
 watermelons 
 
 1,351 
 
 Average 10 tons per acre 
 
 Onions — intermediate crop 
 
 400** 
 
 60,000 sacks 
 
 of 50 pounds each 
 
 Peas — canning 
 
 1,977** 
 
 3,954 tons 
 
 
 spring 
 
 tf 
 
 Average 150 
 
 hampers per acre 
 
 fall 
 
 *# 
 
 Average 50 hampers per acre 
 
 Spinach 
 
 1,315** 
 
 7,890 tons 
 
 
 Sweet potatoes 
 
 2,324** 
 
 290,500 crates 
 
 Tomatoes — canning 
 
 2,707** 
 
 10,828 tons 
 
 
 fall market <P 
 
 100** 
 
 
 
 Fruit and nut crops : 
 
 
 
 
 Apples *ft 
 
 
 
 
 Almonds 
 
 5,072 
 
 760 tons 
 
 
 Apricots 
 
 5,489 
 
 22,000 tons 
 
 i 
 
 ^7,200 tons (fresh weight) 
 canned 
 
 13,800 tons (fresh weight) 
 dried 
 
 1,000 tons (fresh weight) 
 
 Cherries fl- 
 
 
 V shipped 
 
 
 450 tons /300 tons barreled 
 \l50 tons shipped 
 
 Figs 
 
 1,061 / 
 
 450 tons (fresh weight) shipped! 
 800 tons Kadota (fresh weight) f iff 
 
 
 \ 
 
 5,200\ / 
 
 500 tons dried (dry weight) J 
 
 Grapes — raisin 
 
 2,500 tons table grapes shipped by rail^'fl 
 
 table 
 
 1,921 1 
 
 36,100 tons 
 
 wine grapes shipped by railflfl 
 
 wine 
 
 11,630 J 
 
 14,000 tons 
 
 raisins (fresh weight) natural 
 
 
 
 6,000 tons raisins (fresh weight) dehy- 
 
 
 227^J 
 1 
 
 drated II 11 
 
 
 
 44,876 tons 
 
 to wineries 
 
 Olives fl 
 
 92 tons canning ) « 
 28 tons not canning) 120 tons^ 
 
 Poaches — clingstone 
 
 6,549 
 
 60,000 tons 
 weight were 
 
 (of which 15,000 tons fresh 
 dried) // II 
 
 freestone 
 
 • 
 
 3,018 
 _ 
 
 13,500 tons 
 
 ["8,000 tons (fresh weight) 
 1 dried (/ /' 
 
 1,500 tons (fresh weight) 
 shipped 
 
 4,000 tons (fresh weight) 
 
 Pears "ft 
 
 
 
 icanned 
 
 
 250 tons 
 
 Prunes "fl 
 
 
 1,800 tons (fresh \veight) 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 3,484 3 
 I 
 
 1,721,700 pounds merchantable g, 
 352,637 pounds culls estimated^ 
 
 Blackberries 
 
 
 
 
 aaSpDcrrlcS n 
 
 
 
 
 Strawberries fj 
 
 40** 
 
 
 
 * Acreage data based on unpublished data compiled by California Agricultural Ex- 
 tension" Service from material furnished by California Cooperative Crop Reporting 
 Service, irrigation districts in the county, and other available sources. October 
 21, 1935. _ Table continued on next page. 
 
... 
 
Table 1 continued. 3„ 
 T Data from 1935 Census for crop year 1934. 
 
 =f It is estimated that approximately 60 per cent of the total acreage was of 
 the black-eye variety. 
 
 Data from California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service. Final California 
 cotton jf.eport for the 1935 crop. Sacramento, May 26, 1936, lp. 
 
 *fl Need for seasonal labor on these crops inconsequential and hence ignored. 
 
 If About 150 acres of sugar beets were grown in 1936, and apparently the acre- 
 age will increase in the future. 
 
 ** Data from Federal State Crop Reporting Service — Sacramento. Acreage of 
 specified commercial vegetable crops by counties. 1935. 
 
 ~t t Estimated to be 55 per cent honeydews 
 
 33 per cent Persians 
 12 per cent casabas 
 
 $ f No pea acreage reported for 1935, but a considerable acreage was grown in 
 
 1936. 
 
 Due to lack of assembled data, fig production was estimated from various 
 sources for use in this report. 
 
 fl <B Figured at 13 tons per car. 
 
 // //Drying ratio: clingstone poaches - 7.5 to 1 
 
 freestone peaches - 6 to 1 
 raisins - 4 to 1 
 
 a,- Estimate by California Olive Association. 
 
 b/ Data from Walnut Control Board — culls estimated to be 17 per cent of 
 total crop — state average. 
 
 Operations Requiring Seasonal Labor and Times of Nee d. — Farm operations re- 
 quiring the use of seasonal labor for the various crops raised in Stanislaus County 
 are indicated in tabic 2. This tabulation does not include the employing of shed 
 workers needed to wash, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping and mar- 
 keting. 
 
TABLE 2 
 
 4. 
 
 Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Needs by Crops 
 
 Stanislaus County 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 Field cropsi 
 Alfalfa — 
 commer- 
 cial hay 
 produc- 
 tion (on 
 5,000 
 acres — 
 6 cut- 
 tings) 
 
 Alfalfa- 
 
 dairy 
 farms 
 (62,415 
 acres -- 
 6 cut- 
 tings) 
 
 Beans 
 
 Mowing with 
 
 tractor 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking with 
 rake — 50 per 
 cent of acreage 
 
 Trimming — 50 
 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 Baling — 50 per 
 cent by port- 
 able presses, 
 50 per cent by 
 pickup presses 
 
 Mowing 
 Raking 
 Shocking 
 
 Hauling with 
 w&gohs"~and 
 stacking 
 
 Hoeing — 
 usually twice 
 
 April 15-30 one-half of 
 acreage 
 
 May five-sixths of acreage 
 June -- five-sixths of acreage 
 July -- five-sixths of acreage 
 August -- five-sixths of acre- 
 age 
 
 September — five-sixths of 
 
 acreage 
 October — five-sixths of 
 
 acreage 
 
 November 1-15 — one -half of 
 
 acreage - 
 April — 8 per cent of job 
 May — 14 per cent of job 
 June — 14 per cent of job 
 July — 14 per cent of job 
 August — 14 per cent of job 
 September -- 14 per cent of 
 job 
 
 October -- 14 per cent of job 
 November --8 per cent of job 
 April 15-30 — one-half of 
 acreage 
 
 May — five-sixths of acreage 
 June -- five -sixths of acreage 
 July — five-sixths of acreage 
 August — five-sixths of acre- 
 age 
 
 September — five-sixths of 
 
 acreage 
 October — five-sixths of 
 
 acreage 
 
 November 1-15 — one-half of 
 
 acreage 
 April — 8 per cent of job 
 May -- 14 per cent of job 
 June — 14 per cent of job 
 July — 14 per cent of job 
 August — 14 per cent of job 
 September — 14 per cent of 
 
 job 
 
 October — 14 per cent of job 
 November -- 8 per cent of job 
 July — all of acreage once 
 August — all of acreage once 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 66 
 
 100 
 
 20 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 30 acres 
 
 10 acres 
 
 9 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 8 acres 
 20 acres 
 6.5 acres 
 
 4 tons 
 
 Total of 
 3»5 man- 
 hours per 
 acre 
 
 Table continued on 
 
 next page. 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 5. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Beans 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Operation 
 
 Irrigating — 4 
 times 
 
 Piling — 90 per 
 cent of black- 
 eye, 10 per 
 cent of other 
 varieties 
 
 Threshing with 
 stationary — 
 90 per cent of 
 black-eye, 10 
 per cent of 
 other varieties 
 
 Threshing with 
 pickup combine 
 
 — 10 per cent 
 of black-eye, 
 90 per cent of 
 other varieties 
 
 Hauling to town 
 
 — 50 per cent 
 of crop; other 
 50 per cent 
 hauled by com- 
 mercial truciiers 
 
 Chopping 
 
 Picking 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 April — all of acreage once 
 Juno 15-30 — 75 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 July 1-31 — all of acreage 
 
 once, one-half of acreage 
 
 twice 
 
 August 1-10 — 75 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 September 15-30 — 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 50 per cont of 
 job 
 
 November 1-15 — 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 15-30 20 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 70 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 15-30 — 30 per cont 
 
 of acreage 
 October 1-31 — 60 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 September 15-30 — 30 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 October 1-31 — 60 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 May 1-31 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June 1-30 — 50 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 itobor 1-31 — 30 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 November 1-30 — 30 por cent 
 of crop 
 
 December 1-31 — 12 per cont 
 of crop 
 
 January 1-31 — 11 per cent of 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 > 
 
 10 per cent 
 
 crop 
 February 1-28 
 
 of crop 
 March 1-15 — 7 per cont of 
 crop 
 
 80 
 
 15 
 
 75 
 
 50 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 > 100 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 4 acres 
 (12-hour 
 day) 
 
 2 acres 
 
 35 cwt . 
 (8 -hour 
 day) 
 
 6 acres 
 
 375 cwt. 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 300 pounds 
 seed cot- 
 ton 
 
 200 pounds 
 seed cot- 
 ton 
 
 Tablo continued on next page. 
 
A. ' " £«»a" s i i' j'nilt * !■ 
 
 tiMi'iii ■■■■ i iwlifcrfi ..it . • mm i 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 5, 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 Flax 
 
 Harvesting 
 
 Grain — 
 barley, 
 oats , 
 and 
 wheat 
 
 Grain hay 
 
 Rice 
 
 Silage 
 
 Harvesting with 
 combine 
 
 Picking up and 
 piling sacks 
 
 Watchmen 
 
 Mowing 
 Raking 
 Shocking 
 Baling — 50 per 
 
 cent of crop 
 "Swathing" with 
 
 push header 
 
 Threshing with 
 pickup combine 
 
 Silo filling 
 
 40 per cent of 
 60 per cent of 
 40 per cent of 
 
 Sorghums 
 for 
 grain 
 
 Cutting by hand 
 — 10 per cent 
 of acreage 
 
 Threshing with 
 stationary 
 thresher — 10 
 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 Cutting with 
 combined har- 
 vester — 90 
 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 June 15-30 — 20 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 July 1-31 — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 August 1-31 — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 June 1-30 — 60 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 July 1-31 
 
 acreage 
 June 1-30 
 
 acreage 
 July 1-31 
 
 acreage 
 June 
 July 
 August 
 
 May 1-31 — all of acreage 
 May 1-31 — all of acreage 
 May 1-31 — all of acreage 
 June — 50 per cent of job 
 July — 50 per cent of job 
 Ootober 1-31 — 60 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 November 1-20 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 October 1-31 — 50 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 November 1-30 — 50 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 September 1-30 — 15 per cent 
 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 75 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-10 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 September 15-30 — 20 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 75 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-15 — 5 per cent of 
 job y 
 
 October 1-31 — 60 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-30 — 40 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 75 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-15 — 25 per ce 
 of job 
 
 nt J 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 100 
 
 50 
 40 
 
 25* 
 
 66 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 5 acres 
 
 8 acres 
 
 500 sacks 
 
 8 acres 
 16 acres 
 20 acres 
 
 4 tons 
 
 15 acres 
 
 4 acres 
 
 5 tons 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 50 sacks 
 
 5 acres 
 
 Table continued on 
 
 next page. 
 
i 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 7. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 For cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal holp 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Vegetablo 
 crops : 
 Carrots 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Melons 
 
 Weeding 
 
 Bunching — pul- 
 ling and tying 
 
 Thinning 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Thinning all 
 melons 
 
 Hooing all melons 
 — two times 
 
 Cultivating all 
 melons — twice 
 
 Irrigating all 
 melons — three 
 times 
 
 Picking canta- 
 loupes 
 
 August 20-31 ~ 20 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 65 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 10 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-15 — 5 por cent of 
 job 
 
 November 15-30 — 8 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 December 1-31 — 56 per oent 
 of crop 
 
 January 1-31 — 31 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 February 1-28 -- 5 per cent of 
 crop ^ 
 
 August — 50 por cent of job 
 
 September — 50 por cent of 
 
 job J 
 
 November 1-30 — 60 por cent 
 of crop 
 
 December 1-31 — 40 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 January — inconsequential amount 
 May 1-31 — 95 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 Juno 1-30 — 5 per cent of 
 acroago 
 
 April 15-30 — 15 por cent of 
 job 
 
 May 1-31 — 45 per cent of job 
 Juno 1-30 — 40 per cont of 
 job 
 
 April 15-30 — one-third of 
 job 
 
 May 1-31 — two-thirds of job 
 May 1-31 — 50 per cont of job 
 June 1-30 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 July 10-31 — 63 per cont of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 27 por cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 6 per cont 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-15 — 4 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 > 100 
 
 ) 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 > 100 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 S ioo 
 
 Total of 
 33 hours 
 per acre 
 
 12 crates 
 (of 6 
 dozon 
 bunches) 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 30 crates 
 (packed 
 crates) 
 
 10 acres 
 
 5 acres 
 
 10 acres 
 (1 man, 
 2 horses) 
 
 Requires 4 
 men to 30 
 acros 
 
 30 crates 
 (of 68 
 pounds) 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
« 
 
 I 
 
Tablo 2 continued. 
 
 3. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 s easonal help 
 
 Output per 
 man-day 
 
 Melons 
 (cont.) 
 
 Picking honcydews 
 
 Hauling honeydews 
 
 Ficking Persians 
 
 Hauling Persians 
 
 Picking casabas 
 
 Hauling casabas 
 
 Ficking water- 
 melons 
 
 July 24-31 -- 2 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 80 per cent of 
 crop K 
 
 Soptembor 1-30 — 16 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-15 — 2 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 July 24-31 -- 2 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 80 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 16 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 Octobor 1-15 — 2 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 41 por cent of 
 crop 
 
 Soptembor 1-3Q -- 43 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-31 — 16 por cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 41 por cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 -- 43 per cent I 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-31 — 16 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 27 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 16 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-31 — 43 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 November 1-30 — 14 per cent 
 of crop ^ 
 
 August 1-31 — 27 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 16 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 Octobor 1-31 — 43 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 November 1-30 — 14 per cent 
 
 of crop 
 July 1-31 — 20 por cent of 
 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 -- 70 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 10 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 y 
 
 > 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 
 Zh tons 
 
 5 tons 
 
 3-g- tons 
 
 5 tons 
 
 3-g- tons 
 
 5 tons 
 
 25 tons 
 
 Table continuod on next page. 
 
I J . : 
 
 i i ! ; 
 
 i ! ■ • ' 
 
 ' t ■ > - 
 
 I * 
 
 * 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 9. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Timo of ncod 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 Output per 
 ma n- day 
 
 Melons 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Onions 
 
 Peas mm 
 canning 
 
 market 
 
 Spinach 
 — can- 
 ning 
 
 Sweet 
 potatoes 
 
 Hauling water- 
 melons 
 
 Sotting plants by 
 hand 
 
 Weeding — twice 
 
 Fulling, clipping 
 tops and roots, 
 and sacking 
 
 Harvesting with 
 vincrs 
 
 Hoeing 
 
 Picking — spring 
 crop (85 per 
 cent of total) 
 fall crop (15 
 per cent of 
 total) 
 
 Harvesting — 
 picking up and 
 crat ing 
 
 Tl anting 
 
 Harvesting — 
 picking up and 
 piling 
 
 July 1-31 -- 20 per cont of 
 crop 
 
 August 1-31 — 70 per cont of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 10 per cont 
 of crop 
 
 December 1-31 — two-thirds of 
 acroago 
 
 January 1-15 — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 February — all of acreage 
 
 March 25-31 — 5 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 April 1-30 -- 30 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 May 1-31 — 30 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 June 1-30 — 35 por cent of 
 crop 
 
 April 25-30 — 25 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 May 1-15 — 75 por cent of 
 crop 
 
 February 1-28 — 50 por cent 
 of job 
 
 March 1-31 — 50 per cont of 
 job 
 
 April 1-30 -- two-thirds of 
 job 
 
 May 1-15 — ono-third of job 
 October 15-31 — 50 per cent 
 of job 
 
 November 1-15 — 50 por cent 
 of job 
 
 March 20-31 — 50 per cent of" 
 crop 
 
 April 1-20 — 50 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 May 1-31 — all of acroago 
 
 Soptcmber 1-30 — one-third of 
 crop 
 
 October 1-31 — ono-third of 
 crop 
 
 November 1-30 — ono-third of 
 crop j 
 
 75 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 100 
 
 100 
 100 
 
 100 
 33 
 
 50 
 
 8 tons 
 
 0.14 aero 
 
 Total of ( 
 man- days 
 por acre 
 
 15 cwt. 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 Total of 
 rig man- 
 days por 
 aero 
 
 10 hampers 
 
 8 hampors 
 
 2 tons (in 
 6 hours) 
 
 0.6 acre 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
Tabic 2 continued. 
 
 10 
 
 Crop 
 
 Tomatoes 
 — can- 
 ning 
 (mostly 
 pear- 
 shaped 
 variety- 
 
 Operation 
 
 Fruit and 
 nut crops 
 Almonds 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Transplanting in 
 bods — 1,200 
 plants per acre, 
 plus 20 por cent 
 for replants 
 
 Planting in 
 fields 
 
 Hoeing — twice 
 
 Picking for can- 
 ning 
 
 Knocking 
 
 Hulling 
 
 Pruning 
 
 Thinning — 25 
 por cent of 
 acreage 
 
 Fi eking 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 ing 
 
 Other dry-yard 
 labor 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Por cent of 
 work done by 
 seasonal he lp 
 
 February 15-28 — all of Job 
 
 April 15-30) 
 
 May 1-15 ) with rogular help 
 May — two-thirds of acreage ^ 
 June — two-thirds of acreage > 
 July — two-thirds of acreage _J 
 August 6-31 -- 15 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 September 1-30 — 45 por cent 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-31 — 40 por cent of 
 crop s 
 November — inconsequential amount 
 
 25 per cent of 
 
 — 75 por cent 
 25 per cent of 
 
 - 75 per cent 
 one-third of 
 
 one-third of 
 
 August 10-31 - 
 
 acreage 
 September 1-30 
 
 of acreage 
 August 10-31 - 
 
 acreage 
 September 1-30 
 
 of acreage 
 October 1-31 - 
 
 acroago 
 November 1-30 
 
 acreage 
 December 1-31 — onc-thi 
 acreage 
 
 April 15-30 -- 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 May 1-15 — 50 per cent of job 
 Juno 15-30 — 50 por cent of 
 job 
 
 July 1-15 — 50 per cent of 
 job 
 
 June 15-30 -- 50 por cent of 
 
 job 
 July 1-15 
 job 
 
 June 15-30 — 50 per cent of 
 
 lird of y 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 50 per cent of 
 
 JOD 
 
 July 1-15 
 job 
 
 50 per cent of 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 Output por 
 man-day 
 
 4,000 
 plants 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1 ton 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 400 pounds 
 (8 hours) 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 1,250 
 pounds 
 
 750 pounds 
 
 11 man- 
 hours per 
 fresh ton 
 t 
 
 Table continued on next page 
 
; 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 11. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Figs 
 
 Grapes 
 
 Operation 
 
 Ticking and pack- 
 ing for shipping 
 — Calimyrna and 
 first crop 
 Mission 
 
 Picking Kadotas 
 for canning 
 
 Picking up for 
 drying — 
 Mission and 
 Calimyrna 
 
 Drying and sort- 
 ing Calimyrnas 
 
 Drying and sort- 
 ing Mission 
 variety 
 
 Pruning — 
 Thompson seed- 
 less variety 
 
 Tying — Thompson 
 seedless 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 vrork done by 
 seasonal holt 
 
 July 15-31 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 August 1-31 — 15 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 55 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-5 — 5 por cent of 
 job f 
 
 August 20-31 — 20 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 60 per cont 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 20 por cent of 
 job < 
 
 August 15-31 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 50 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-15 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 August 15-31 — 25 por cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 50 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-15 — 25 per cent of 
 job > 
 
 August 15-31 — 25 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 50 por cont 
 of job 
 
 October 1-15 — 25 per cont of 
 job 
 
 December 1-31 — 10 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 January 1-31 — 40 per cent of 
 
 acreage 
 
 February 1-28 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 March 1-15 — 10 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 December 1-31 — 10 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 January 1-31 — 40 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 February 1-28 -- 40 per oent 
 
 of acreage 
 March 1-15 — 10 per cent of 
 acreage / 
 
 ) 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 150 pounds 
 
 400 pounds 
 
 900 pounds 
 
 50 hours 
 por dry 
 ton 
 
 20 hours 
 per dry 
 ton 
 
 0.25 acre 
 (= 150 
 vines) 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 Table continued on next page, 
 
* 
 
Table 2 c 
 
 ontinued. 
 
 12. 
 
 Crop 
 
 Grapes 
 (cont . ) 
 
 Peaches 
 — all 
 varie- 
 ties 
 
 Operation 
 
 Pruning — other 
 varieties 
 
 Picking table 
 grapes for ship- 
 ment — includ- 
 ing field pack- 
 ing 
 
 Fi eking wine 
 grapes for ship- 
 ment 
 
 I i eking for win- 
 eries and dehy- 
 dratorst" — in- 
 cluding natural 
 rais ins 
 
 Pruning — all 
 varieties 
 
 Time of need 
 
 Per cent of 
 work done by 
 seaso nal h eir 
 
 10 per cent 
 
 December 1-31 
 
 of acreage 
 January 1-31 — 40 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 February 1-28 — 40 per cent 
 
 of acreage 
 March 1-15 — 10 per cent of 
 acreage 
 
 August 15-31 -- 12 per cent of 
 job 
 
 September 1-30 — 25 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 30 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-30 — 33 per cent 
 
 of job ^ 
 September 1-30 — 24 per cent 
 of job 
 
 October 1-31 — 73 per cent of 
 job 
 
 November 1-30 — 3 per cent of 
 
 job ; 
 
 September 15-30 — 48 per cent 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-31 — 48 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 November 1-10 — 4 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 December 1-31 — one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 
 January 1-31 — one-third of 
 acreage 
 
 February 1-28 — one-third of 
 acreage 
 
 Brush largely disked under -- no seasonal labor 
 Thinning by hand 
 — all varietie 
 
 Ficking and sort- 
 ing clingstones 
 
 > 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 ing clingstones 
 
 Other dry-yard 
 labor — cling- 
 stones 
 
 May 1-31 -- 
 
 two-thirds of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 June 1-15 - 
 
 - one-third of 
 
 acreage 
 
 
 
 August 1-31 
 
 
 two-thirds of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 September 1 
 
 -15 
 
 — one-third of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 August 1-31 
 
 
 two-thirds of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 September 1 
 
 -15 
 
 — one-third of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 August 1-31 
 
 
 two-thirds of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 September 1 
 
 -15 
 
 — one-third of 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 Output per 
 man- dny 
 
 0.66 acre 
 (300 
 vines) 
 
 20 lugs 
 (=560 
 pounds) 
 
 100 lugs 
 (=2,600 
 pounds) 
 
 1.75 tons 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 3,000 
 pounds 
 
 800 pounds 
 
 ll|r man- 
 hours per 
 fresh ton 
 t 
 
 Table continued on next page, 
 
Table 2 continued. 
 
 13. 
 
 
 
 
 Per cent of 
 
 
 Crop 
 
 Operation 
 
 Time of need 
 
 work done by 
 seasonal help 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Ficking for ship- 
 
 June 24-30 — 2 per cent of 
 
 
 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 ment — free- 
 stones 
 
 crop 
 
 July 1-31 -- 23 per cent of 
 
 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 / 100 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 
 August 1-31 -- 67 per cent of 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 
 crop 
 
 
 
 
 
 September 1-30 — 8 per cent 
 
 
 
 
 
 of crop -J 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for dry- 
 
 August 1-31 -- all of job 
 
 100 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 ing freestones 
 
 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 Cutting for dry- 
 
 August 1-31 -- all of job 
 
 J.00 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 ing freestones 
 
 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 Other dry-yard 
 
 August 1-31 — 90 per cent of 
 
 
 ij/o man- 
 
 
 work — free- 
 
 job 
 
 I 75 
 
 r 
 
 
 stones 
 
 September 1-7 — 10 per cent 
 of job 
 
 hours per 
 
 fresh ton 
 t 
 
 
 Picking for can- 
 
 August 15-31 — all of job 
 
 100 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 ning freestones 
 
 
 
 pounds 
 
 
 — mostly Lovell 
 
 
 
 
 
 variety 
 
 
 
 
 Walnuts 
 
 Harvesting — 
 knocking off, 
 
 August 15-31 — 5 per cent of "* 
 crop 
 
 
 
 
 picking up, and 
 hulling jf 
 
 September 1-30 — 35 per cent 
 
 
 
 
 of crop 
 
 October 1-31 -- 50 per cent of 
 crop 
 
 November 1-15 — 10 per cent 
 of crop / 
 
 S i oo 
 
 / J. WW 
 
 1 
 
 POO -nniinHc! 
 
 * A large part of the work in silo filling is done by exchange of help be- 
 tween farmers. 
 
 t From Christie, A. W* and L« C. Barnard. The principles and practice of sun- 
 drying fruit. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 388:40-60. 1925. 
 
 t Tonnage of natural raisins is small. Only about 2 per cent of Thompson 
 crop used for this purpose. About 80 per cent of Thompson crop dehydrated. 
 
 <f About 75 per cent of walnuts hulled by machine — 25 per cent by hand. 
 
 Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs . — Details and summaries of seasonal labor 
 requirements of Stanislaus County agriculture are presented as table 3, The "size of 
 task" are figures drawn from table 1, in terms of either acreage or output in tons, 
 crates, boxes, or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per man-day" is an 
 avorage figure for the entire acreage or output figured in crates, hampers, boxes, or 
 other units as indicated in the tabic. If the work is of a nature that requires a 
 crew, different members of which perform different tasks, then the average shown is 
 per man based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, November to February; 10 
 hours, March to October; unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur 
 between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences 
 in soil types, climatic conditions, weeds, yields, and other factors influencing the 
 amount of work that a laborer can perform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of 
 
f • 
 
 ! 
 
14. 
 
 output is a mature, experienced male worker without reference to use of women, chil- 
 dren, and more or less inexperienced help that is sometimes used in connection with 
 certain of the tasks requiring use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available 
 days" ref loots (a) limitations set from the period within which the work must bo per- 
 formed because of tho nature of the task, such as transplanting, thinning, weeding, 
 and cutting, and (b) available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement 
 weather reducing the number of days when a roquired task can be porformod. The "re- 
 quired number of individuals" is given in terms of workors as noted above in connec- 
 tion with "output per man-day." 
 
 It is probable that tho estimated number of workers required, as recorded in 
 table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during 
 which an unusually large proportion of the job is done in a vory short period. This 
 would naturally require a much grcator number of workers than when the -work is spread 
 over a longer period, even though the total amount of labor (in man-days) remains the 
 same . 
 
 f 
 
 I 
 
k - 
 
TABLE 3 
 
 Seasonal Labor Needs -- Stanislaus County -- by Months and Tasks 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per 
 man -day 
 
 Required 
 man- days 
 
 Avai lable 
 days 
 
 Required number of 
 workers* 
 
 J anuary 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 Carrots: Bunching 
 
 Onions: Setting plants by hand 
 
 Grapes: Pruning (Thompsons) 
 
 Tying (Thompsons) 
 
 Pruning (other varieties) 
 Peaches: Pruning 
 
 75,000 pounds t 
 8,525 crates 
 134 acres 
 1,600 acres f 
 1,600 acres f 
 4,400 acres* 
 2,870 acres* 
 
 200 pounds 
 12 crates 
 0.14 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 2.5 acres 
 0.66 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 
 375 
 711 
 958 
 
 6,400 
 640 
 
 6,667 
 11,480 
 
 20 
 20 
 10 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 19 
 36 
 
 96 (from 1-15) 
 320 
 
 32 
 334 
 574 
 
 February 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 Carrots: Bunching 
 Onions: Weeding 
 
 Tomatoes: Transplanting in beds 
 Grapes: Pruning (Thompsons) 
 
 Tying (Thompsons) 
 
 Pruning (other varieties) 
 Peaches: Pruning 
 
 67,500 pounds t 
 1,375 crates 
 400 acres 
 2,958,464 plantsf 
 1,600 acres T 
 1,600 acres* 
 4,400 acres* 
 2,870 acres* 
 
 200 pounds 
 12 crates 
 0.25 acre 
 4,000 plants 
 0.25 acre 
 2.5 acres 
 0.66 acre 
 0.25 acre 
 
 27.231 
 338 
 115 
 1,600 
 740 
 6,400 
 640 
 6,667 
 11.480 
 
 CO 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 11 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 
 1,362 man-months ■& 
 16 
 6 
 73 
 
 68 (from 15-28) 
 292 
 
 30 
 304 
 522 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 
 27.980 
 
 22 
 
 1,272 man-monthsJ? 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 Onions: Pulling, clipping tops and roots, 
 
 and sacking 
 Spinach: Harvesting 
 Grapes: Pruning (Thompsons) 
 
 Tying (Thompsons) 
 
 Pruning (other varieties) 
 
 48,000 pounds f 
 
 1,500 cwt. 
 3,945 tons 
 400 acres * 
 400 acres + 
 1,100 acres* 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 15 cwt. 
 2.0 tons <R 
 0.25 acre 
 2.5 acres 
 0.66 acre 
 
 240 
 
 100 
 1,973 
 1,600 
 
 160 
 1,667 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 1 8 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 22 (from 1-15) 
 
 20 (from 25-31) 
 247 (from 20-31) 
 146 (from 1-15) 
 
 15 (from 1-15) 
 152 (from 1-15) 
 
 April 
 
 Alfalfa -- commercial production: Mowing 
 with tractor 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 Trimming 
 
 
 
 5.740 
 
 22 
 
 261 man-months.^ 
 
 2,500 acres 
 2,500 acres 
 1,250 acres 
 1,250 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 20 acres 
 30 acres 
 10 acres 
 
 125 
 125 
 42 
 125 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 
 11 (from 15-30) 
 11 (from 15-30) 
 4 (from 15-30) 
 11 (from 15-30) 
 
 Table continued on next page. ,_. 
 
» . 
 
 « • 
 
Table 3 continued, 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 Output per 
 man- day 
 
 Required 
 man-days 
 
 Ava.i lable 
 days 
 
 Required number of 
 workers* 
 
 April 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 May 
 
 Alfalfa (cont.) 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 
 Baling with pickup presses 
 Alfalfa — cn dairy farms: Mowing 
 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 Beans: Irrigating 
 Melons: Hoeing (twice) 
 
 Cultivating (twice) 
 Onions: Pulling, clipping tops and roots, 
 
 and sacking 
 Peas -- canning: Harvesting with viners 
 Spinach: Harvesting 
 Apricots: Thinning 
 
 Alfalfa -- commercial production: Mowing 
 with tractor 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 Trimming 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 Baling with pickup presses 
 Alfalfa — on dairy farms: Mowing 
 Raking 
 Shocking 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 Cotton: Chopping 
 Grain hay: Mowing 
 
 Raking 
 
 Shocking 
 Melons: Thinning 
 
 Hoeing (twice) 
 
 Cultivating (twice) 
 
 Irrigating (3 times) 
 
 1,000 tons 
 1,000 tons 
 15,600 acres f 
 15,600 acres f 
 15,600 acres $ 
 16,400 tons* 
 37,707 acres*" 
 2,138 acres 
 4,276 acres4- 
 
 9,000 cwt. 
 371 acres ▼ 
 3,945 tons 
 617 acres j 
 
 4,167 acres 
 4,167 acres 
 2,088 acres 
 2,088 acres 
 1,667 tons 
 1,667 tons 
 26,000 acres f 
 26,000 acres* 
 26,000 acres* 
 27,334 tons* 
 365 acres 
 10,560 acres + 
 10,560 acres^f 
 10,560 acresf 
 6,772 acres 
 6,416 acres 
 8,554 acres-* 
 9,622 acresf 
 
 9 tons 
 6 tons 
 8 acres 
 20 acres 
 6.5 acres 
 4.0 tons 
 4.0 acres" 
 5 acres 
 
 10 acres 
 
 15 cwt. 
 0.5 acre 
 2.0 tons A 
 0.2 acre 
 
 20 acres 
 20 acres 
 30 acres 
 10 acres 
 
 9 tons 
 6 tons 
 8.0 acres 
 20.0 acres 
 6.5 acres 
 4.0 tons 
 2.5 acres 
 8 acres 
 
 16 acres 
 20 acres 
 
 10 acres 
 5 acres 
 10 acres 
 7.5 acres 
 
 112 
 167 
 1,950 
 780 
 2,400 
 4,100 
 9,427 
 428 
 428 
 
 600 
 742 
 1,973 
 3,085 
 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 23 
 12 
 12 
 
 23 
 4 
 15 
 12 
 
 26,609 
 
 23 
 
 209 
 209 
 70 
 209 
 186 
 278 
 3,250 
 1,300 
 4,000 
 6,834 
 146 
 1,320 
 660 
 528 
 678 
 1,284 
 856 
 1,283 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 
 10 (from 15-30) 
 14 (from 15-30) 
 
 163 (from 15-30) 
 65 (from 15-30) 
 
 200 (from 15-30) 
 
 342 (from 15-30) 
 
 410 
 
 36 (from 15-30) 
 36 (from 15-30) 
 
 27 
 
 186 (from 25-30) 
 132 (from 1-20) 
 258 (from 15-50) 
 
 1,157 man-monthsJ* 
 
 9 
 9 
 3 
 9 
 8 
 12 
 130 
 52 
 160 
 274 
 6 
 53 
 27 
 22 
 28 
 52 
 35 
 52 
 
 Table continued on 
 
 next page . <x> 
 
r 
 
Table 3 continued ■ 
 
 
 
 
 111 it tmi+ r\ c v> 
 
 uu ipu l ptr 
 
 rvc qUx TO u 
 
 HVclX?. DX Q 
 
 Required number of 
 
 
 \J I U|J — I1LI 0 — OA 
 
 
 m H n tr 
 fTlO ll — UtLj 
 
 
 ds.y s 
 
 workers* 
 
 u 
 
 May 
 
 unionb. ruiimg, CLipping oops ana rooxs , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( cont • ) 
 
 dna ScLCKing 
 
 o nnn 
 
 y , uuu cw x . 
 
 15 cwt . 
 
 oUU 
 
 C9 
 
 n a 
 
 
 
 Ppnq __ fflnrii ki£t* Kfi yvp q+ t k» cr u/i th vi ^ptq 
 
 I O CX O WGkJ Ji IX I J f<. • UCil VCo t J.U^ Wl til V 1I1C1 o 
 
 1 TIP M f 1 VT- c f 
 
 1 , lit aL I L. o 1 
 
 w ■ «J cLOI C 
 
 P PPA 
 
 1 P 
 
 lob 
 
 Virom 1-loj 
 
 
 Swppt nntfltnp*?* Plftn+irtcr 
 
 *J W C O O J^U UO.I/UCO • i XClil bXIig 
 
 7A7 of^v^oa £ 
 t u 1 dux cb T 
 
 U * O dol c 
 
 1 PRO 
 X , cou 
 
 P^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 J. , OUU cxuX CO 
 
 1 O o v c 
 x, • U cXOI c 
 
 X , OUU 
 
 cc 
 cu 
 
 
 
 
 Anri f*o+ q * Thi mni na 
 
 npi lbUOo. XilXIiIlXIl£4 
 
 AIR £1 V»0 C" 
 
 II O <1 /» Y» *1 
 
 o , uyu 
 
 1 p 
 
 
 ^ i rom x-lb ; 
 
 
 Peaches: Thinning 
 
 U ( J F o cl u I C o 
 
 O 5 Q /* V»0 
 
 TtT BOO 
 Oi , O jU 
 
 PR 
 
 1 , <c /o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A4 1 R<1 
 
 PR 
 
 (Co 
 
 
 1 
 
 man-monthsJ? 
 
 June 
 
 Alfalfa — commercial production: Mowing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with tractor 
 
 
 0 G /*V»QO 
 
 PDQ 
 
 PA 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 A 1A7 flr*y*AQ 
 
 *x , -Lu I CL^jX Co 
 
 «CU cLO I c b 
 
 <cuy 
 
 PA 
 CD 
 
 Q 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 C , u O u CLul CO 
 
 
 7n 
 
 PA 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 Trimming 
 
 C )UOO dOI Co 
 
 
 PDQ 
 
 PA 
 cO 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 
 1 AA7 tnn<5 
 
 9 tons 
 
 1 RA 
 lou 
 
 PA 
 CD 
 
 Q 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 Baling with pickup presses 
 
 1 AA7 tnnc 
 
 6 "tons 
 
 P7 R 
 c/o 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa -- on dairy farms: Mowing 
 
 ?fi ono ncr'p« + 
 
 tjU ) UUU alji Co l 
 
 ft ft Y» 0 O 
 
 O etui C o 
 
 p^n 
 
 U , CJU 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 ldz> 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 pa nnn aprpQ^ 
 
 CU , UUU QUI C o 1 
 
 C\j dtl fc; fc» 
 
 X , uuu 
 
 PA 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 PA HOD acjipi;4 
 
 CO , UUU CLuX Co ' 
 
 O « %J dLxc S 
 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 154 
 
 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 
 P7 ^A tnntjt 
 
 C / , i— ' U i UUIIO 1 
 
 A O t nn q 
 '-k ■ U lullb 
 
 A R^A 
 D , Ou*i 
 
 PA 
 cO 
 
 <iOu 
 
 
 
 Beans: Irrigating 
 
 PR PRO a^r'pc^ 
 
 
 7 n7n 
 
 Xu 
 
 a a a 
 
 544 
 
 ^frorn 15-30J 
 
 
 Cotton: Chopping 
 
 ^A S A frp c; 
 UUU CLUi CO 
 
 
 XHO 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 z? 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Flax: Harvesting 
 
 Cll txux CO T 
 
 
 A 7 
 *iu 
 
 Xu 
 
 4 
 
 Vfrom 15-30J 
 
 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 
 48. 1 S4- aprp'!^ 
 
 *XU,J-U"± CXUX CO( 
 
 ft O Qi^rpc; 
 
 a npn 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 COC 
 
 
 Picking up and piling sacks 
 
 *± f U , J.UU oflUjVa 
 
 
 QA7 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 T^7 
 u / 
 
 
 
 Grain hay: Baling 
 
 8 985 tnnq 
 
 U , V uu uuuo 
 
 A. n t nnc: 
 
 P P/17 
 
 PA 
 
 CO 
 
 Q 1 
 0 ( 
 
 
 
 Melons: Thinning 
 
 "^5 A a (* y*p <3 
 
 UUU U.U X U O 
 
 X V.j CX\J I O o 
 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Howing (twice) 
 
 
 
 X ; X ftX 
 
 PA 
 CO 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 Irrigating (3 times) 
 
 9,623 acresf 
 
 7.5 acres 
 
 1,283 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Onions: Pulling, clipping tops and roots, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and sacking 
 
 10,500 cwt. 
 
 15 cwt. 
 
 700 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Hoeing 
 
 1,800 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,800 
 
 26 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Picking 
 
 11,000 tons 
 
 1,250 pounds 
 
 17,600 
 
 13 
 
 1,354 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 6,900 tons 
 
 750 pounds 
 
 18,400 
 
 13 
 
 1,416 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 i 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 6,210 tons| 
 
 l 
 
 # * 
 
 6,831 
 
 13 
 
 526 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - is .' 
 
 i 
 
 [] >, p v»Xr0 '■ •. 
 : . 
 
 \ . - - 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > V 
 
 « o 
 
 
 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Output per 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 man -day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 June 
 
 Peaches: Thinning 
 
 3,189 acres 
 
 0.2 acre 
 
 15,945 
 
 13 
 
 1,227 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 (cont . J 
 
 Picking freestones for shipment 
 
 30 tons 
 
 2,000 pounds 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 (from 24-30) 
 
 
 
 96 , 784 
 
 26 
 
 3,723 
 
 man-months-^ 
 
 July- 
 
 Alfalfa — commercial production: Mowing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with tractor 
 
 4,167 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 4,167 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 2,088 acres 
 
 30 acres 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Trimming 
 
 2,088 acre^ 
 
 10 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 
 1,667 tons 
 
 9 tons 
 
 186 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Baling with pickup presses 
 
 1,667 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 278 
 
 26 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa --on dairy farms: Mowing 
 
 26,000 acresT 
 
 8 acres 
 
 3,250 
 
 26 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 26,000 acresf 
 
 20 acres 
 
 1 , 300 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 26,000 acresf 
 
 6.5 acres 
 
 4,000 
 
 26 
 
 154 
 
 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 
 27,334 tonsf 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 6,834 
 
 26 
 
 263 
 
 
 
 Beans: Hoeing 
 
 47,134 acres 
 
 7 1 
 
 8,249 
 
 26 
 
 318 
 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 56,560 acresf 
 
 a r\ it 
 
 4.0 acres 1 
 
 14,140 
 
 26 
 
 544 
 
 
 
 Flax: Harvesting 
 
 422 acres ♦ 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 85 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Grain: Harvesting 
 
 32,103 acres f 
 
 8.0 acres 
 
 4,013 
 
 26 
 
 155 
 
 
 
 Picking up and piling sacks 
 
 31o,400 sacks 
 
 500 sacks 
 
 631 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Grain hay: Baling 
 
 8,985 acres 
 
 4.0 acres 
 
 2, 247 
 
 26 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 Melons: Picking cantaloupes 
 
 205,915 crates 
 
 30 crates 
 
 6,864 
 
 17 
 
 404 
 
 (from 10-31) 
 
 
 Picking honeydews 
 
 396 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 114 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 (from 24-31) 
 
 
 Hauling honeydews 
 
 297 tonsf 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 (from 24-31) 
 
 
 Picking watermelons 
 
 2,70<i tons 
 
 25.0 tons 
 
 109 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Hauling watermelons 
 
 2,027 tonsT 
 
 8.0 tons 
 
 254 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Hoeing 
 
 1,800 acres 
 
 1.0 acre 
 
 1,800 
 
 26 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Picking 
 
 11,000 tons 
 
 1,250 pounds 
 
 17 , 600 
 
 13 
 
 1,354 
 
 (from 1-15) 
 
 
 Cutting for drying 
 
 6,900 tons 
 
 750 pounds 
 
 18,400 
 
 13 
 
 1,416 
 
 (from 1-15) 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor 
 
 6,210 tonsf 
 
 ** 
 
 6,831 
 
 13 
 
 526 
 
 (from 1-15) 
 
 
 Figs: Picking and packing for shipping 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Calimyrna and first crop of Mission) 
 
 112 tons 
 
 150 pounds 
 
 1,494 
 
 13 
 
 115 
 
 (from 15-31) 
 
 
 Peaches: Picking freestones for shipment 
 
 345 tons 
 
 2,000 pounds 
 
 345 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99,781 
 
 26 
 
 3.838 
 
 man-months 
 
 Table continued on next page. m 
 
 00 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 I 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 OutDut nei" 
 man- day 
 
 Rg qui re d 
 man— days 
 
 Available 
 dE ys 
 
 Required number of 
 workers* 
 
 August 
 
 Alfalfa -- commercial production: Mowing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with tractor 
 
 4,167 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 4,167 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 2,088 acres 
 
 30 acres 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Trimming 
 
 2,088 acres 
 
 10 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 
 1,667 tons 
 
 9 tons 
 
 186 
 
 26 
 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 Baling with pickup presses 
 
 1,667 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 278 
 
 26 
 
 X X 
 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa -- on dairy farms: Mowing 
 
 26,000 acres T 
 
 8 acres 
 
 3,250 
 
 26 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 26,000 acres f 
 
 20 acres 
 
 1, 300 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 26,000 acres f 
 
 6o5 acres 
 
 4,000 
 
 26 
 
 154 
 
 
 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 
 27,334 tons^ 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 6,834 
 
 26 
 
 263 
 
 
 
 
 Beans: Hoeing 
 
 47,134 acres* 
 
 tt 
 
 8,249 
 
 26 
 
 31 fi 
 
 *JJL \J 
 
 
 
 
 Irrigating 
 
 28,280 acres P 
 
 4.0 acres II 
 
 7,070 
 
 8 
 
 884. 
 
 i f rnm 
 
 \ J. 1 Will 
 
 1 -1 
 
 
 Flax: Harvesting 
 
 423 acres+ 
 
 5.0 acres 
 
 85 
 
 26 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 Carrots: Weeding 
 
 100 acres 
 
 
 66 
 
 9 
 
 ft 
 
 w 
 
 ( from 
 
 20-31 ) 
 
 
 Lettuce: Thinning 
 
 250 acres 
 
 0.5 acre 
 
 500 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 Melons: Picking cantaloupes 
 
 88,250 crates 
 
 30 crates 
 
 2,942 
 
 26 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 Picking honeydews 
 
 15,831 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 4,524 
 
 26 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 
 Hauling honeydews 
 
 11,873 tons * 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 2,375 
 
 26 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 Picking Persians 
 
 4,868 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 1,391 
 
 26 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 Hauling Persians 
 
 3,651 tons^ 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 731 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 Picking casabas 
 
 1,166 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 334 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 Hauling casabas 
 
 867 tons^ 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 174 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 Picking watermelons 
 
 9,457 tons 
 
 25.0 tons 
 
 379 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 Hauling watermelons 
 
 7,093 tonsf 
 
 8.0 tons 
 
 887 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking for canning 
 
 1,624 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 1,624 
 
 21 
 
 78 
 
 ( f* rnm 
 
 S-31 ) 
 
 
 Almonds: Knocking 
 
 634 acres* 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 1,585 
 
 17 
 
 94 
 
 (from 
 
 10-31) 
 
 
 Hulling 
 
 142 tons t 
 
 400 pounds 
 
 710 
 
 17 
 
 42 
 
 ( from 
 
 1 0-31 ) 
 
 
 Figs: Picking and packing for shipping 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Calimyrna and first crop Mission) 
 
 68 tons 
 
 150 pounds 
 
 907 
 
 26 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 Picking Kadotas 
 
 160 tons 
 
 400 pounds 
 
 800 
 
 9 
 
 89 
 
 (from 
 
 20-31) 
 
 
 Picking up for drying 
 
 125 tons 
 
 900 pounds 
 
 278 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 (from 
 
 15-31) 
 
 
 Drying and sorting (Calimyrna and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mission) 
 
 112 tons*- 
 
 392 
 
 13 
 
 31 
 
 (from 
 
 15-31) 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking table grapes for shipment 
 
 300 tons 
 
 560 pounds 
 
 1 ,072 
 
 13 
 
 83 
 
 (from 
 
 15-31) 
 
 Table continued on next page . 
 

 ■ - - 
 
 - ■ • 
 
 - • - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 t V* 
 
 i % ■•* 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 : . -.-:) •■ • 
 ': • - . • : 
 
 t - • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ■ • 
 
 ***•*,#.'• • ' V* *■ 
 *_._ . v - ■ . l.<g.'-V 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 * * /J f " AL^H"*' ' " " w ~ Tr 
 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a v • * > 
 
• « • - • . 
 
 Table 3 continued. 
 
 J. 1U1C o 
 
 LUIil/lilUCU- 
 
 
 Out nut npr 
 
 Reoui red 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 rviontn 
 
 orOp a-nu XeLSiC 
 
 Si 7P nf +fic:V 
 
 man- dav 
 
 man— days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 August 
 
 reacnes. riCKing anc sorting cxing&wjneb 
 
 
 3 000 noundq 
 
 u j UUU UvUIlUO 
 
 26 667 
 
 26 
 
 1,026 
 
 
 ( cent . ; 
 
 ouxting ciingst-ones ioi drying 
 
 
 ftnn nnund9 
 
 UUU UUUUUO 
 
 25 000 
 
 26 
 
 962 
 
 
 Other dry-yard labor (clingstones) 
 
 7,500 tonsT 
 
 
 Q COR 
 
 0 , oca 
 
 
 332 
 
 
 
 Picking freestones for shipment 
 
 1,005 tons 
 
 2,000 pounds 
 
 1 , UUD 
 
 do 
 
 39 
 
 
 
 Jrl O-KXIlg 1 I CCO LUUco iUI 111 j ± HQ 
 
 8 000 tons 
 
 3,000 pounds 
 
 5,334 
 
 26 
 
 206 
 
 
 
 ouxxmg i rees tones i or arying 
 
 
 ? nnfi noundq 
 
 8,000 
 
 26 
 
 306 
 
 
 
 utnsr ury— ydrci ictuur ^nccoiuncb j 
 
 s Ann t one? #= 
 
 * » 
 
 6,210 
 
 26 
 
 239 
 
 (from 15-31) 
 
 
 riCKing i or canning 
 
 a nnn tnn«? 
 
 3 000 Dounds 
 
 2, 667 
 
 13 
 
 206 
 
 
 VidlllUlbi nctiVCotXIlg 
 
 103 716 Dounds 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 519 
 
 13 
 
 40 (from 15-31) 
 
 
 
 
 137 ,647 
 
 26 
 
 5, 295 
 
 man- months sf 
 
 
 ill f a1 f fi — — fnmmpr/»i a T nrfi Hiif*Tinri* Mown Tiff 
 
 nil all a *~ — OU IIIIUC I u X CXX |>I UUUU UlUIli mu w liig 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 witn trdcior 
 
 *I ■ X v 1 CJ- O 1 WO 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 [3 Q 1^ 1 Vl 
 
 naKing 
 
 4) 1U 1 CL1_/ 1 C u 
 
 ?n a(rrps 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 OuUl Allig Wl III I aAc 
 
 2 088 acres 
 
 30 acres 
 
 70 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 i rimmi ng 
 
 ? Dfi8 fLfrpq 
 
 1 n acre s 
 
 209 
 
 26 
 
 Q 
 
 •7 
 
 
 
 oaiing witn porxcLDie prcbdcb 
 
 X , UU f lUIlo 
 
 9 tons 
 
 186 
 
 26 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 Da.lJ.Ilg Wl tn piL.i\Up pi cooco 
 
 1 fi67 tonq 
 
 X j <J U ' luilD 
 
 fi t OTIS 
 
 \J V v XX W 
 
 278 
 
 26 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 niia.Ha. — on ucLiry i cirmb . iwuwing 
 
 LU j UUU aUl CO 1 
 
 ft a C T^P S 
 
 U QUI CO 
 
 3,250 
 
 26 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 rvcLJ\ing 
 
 &U | UUU aUl CO » 
 
 ? n ap,rp c ? 
 
 kiv U.U1 wo 
 
 1 , 300 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 O A 1U UAlilf; 
 
 26 000 acres^ 
 
 6.5 acres 
 
 4,000 
 
 26 
 
 154 
 
 
 
 Hon! i YitT q n rl o+t»r*Vi kic 
 ncLUXXIlg cLIlU b lauAiii^ 
 
 27 334 tons^ 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 6,834 
 
 26 
 
 263 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 RoQnc' Pi 1 i no 
 
 1 025 acres^ 
 
 X J V v UV 1 u o 
 
 2,0 acres 
 
 513 
 
 13 
 
 40 
 
 
 ThrPQhi ncr u/i+Vi q+ + i onfl y*v ma f*h i tip 
 
 1111 CoIlXIlfci Wl ull O UtX b X V I1CLI J J 1 to. L/U-l-iK- 
 
 36 905 cwt.^ 
 
 lJU ; i/UU V-» VW 1/ • 
 
 35 cwt . 
 
 1,055 
 
 13 
 
 82 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 THt^pcjhi n a u/t th ni p.knn fiomhi ne 
 
 J. I II Collxllg W J. Uli W X v-»-i\ v* ^UiliUJ- llVw. 
 
 2,970 acres ^ 
 
 6 acres 
 
 495 
 
 13 
 
 39 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 Paul i ricr + /*\ + cmi; vi 
 ncLU X X xlg t u lUWll 
 
 63 630 cwt 
 
 Uu j U JU UWv» 
 
 375 cwt. 
 
 170 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 Ci la era. • Qiln f i 11 i riff 
 OXlcxgC* OXXU lXXXXIig 
 
 1 534 ton^f 
 
 tons 
 
 307 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 oorgnum i or grciin— cutting uy nana 
 
 U 7 CLU ICO ' 
 
 n 7 fi arrp 
 
 U« < \* CLU1 C 
 
 92 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 
 Oa-rro xs . vveeaing 
 
 1UU CXOI C t) 
 
 T ■ 
 
 21 5 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Lettuce : Thinning 
 
 250 acres 
 
 0,5 acre 
 
 500 
 
 26 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 1*1 (. X vllO > XX W X\ X 1 if-. V^ 1 d. 1 1 1/ U>X v L/ l^r kj 
 
 19,611 crates 
 
 30 crates 
 
 654 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 Picking honeydews 
 
 3,166 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 905 
 
 26 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 Hauling honeydews 
 
 2,375 tons* 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 475 
 
 26 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 Picking Persians 
 
 5,105 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 1,459 
 
 26 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 Hauling Persians 
 
 3,829 tons* 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 766 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 Picking casabas 
 
 691 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 198 
 
 26 
 
 8 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. o 
 

 " ; 
 
 - ' -. - ■ 
 
 ■ ■ - - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; ■ . 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ : • ■-: : • •••• . - 
 
 - • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ • - . 
 
 ; \ ■ ■ . . . 
 
 i • ••. • v 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; • •: 
 
 j "• --' • . 
 
 -i 
 
 . V 
 
 
 ; .. . 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 ' • .;■•?.. 
 
 . *" 
 
 1 ; ' • ■ - ■ ' ' 
 
 . . 
 
 : . : - •■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 di ... - 
 
 
 . -•. - .'. 
 
 
 
 ! .' '.' ' .1 . V. -V vH -.. ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j ■ ' - % 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ - 
 
 i 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ; ' - .... i 
 
 ' s 
 
 i i 
 
 
 * • " - -• 
 
 
 r ■- - 
 
 
 
 ~t " *f'*T.T." ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i.. ..—»■.■ ..j.jii.i — m MatMpgH 
 
 • v 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 ■ % 
 
 t • 
 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 uutpux. per 
 
 ne qui r<; a 
 
 Availabl e 
 
 Required number of 
 
 mUIl III 
 
 wl Up cLilu oucA 
 
 
 iTla-n— ucty 
 
 rna.n— uciy s 
 
 days 
 
 
 .'orkers* 
 
 September 
 
 Melons (cont . ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 Hauling casabas 
 
 5ib tons t 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 104 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Picking watermelons 
 
 1,301 tons 
 
 cio .u tons 
 
 c c 
 
 do 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Hauling watermelons 
 
 1,013 tonst 
 
 8.0 tons 
 
 lc;7 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Sweet potatoes: Harvesting 
 
 387 acres T 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 2 , DOO 
 
 26 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking for canning 
 
 4,873 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 4, 873 
 
 26 
 
 188 
 
 
 
 Almonds: Knocking 
 
 1,902 acresT 
 
 0.4 acre 
 
 4, 755 
 
 26 
 
 183 
 
 
 
 Hull ing 
 
 4<ch tons T 
 
 400 pounds 
 
 2, 140 
 
 26 
 
 83 
 
 
 
 r igs. ricKing ana packing i or snipping 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Calimyrna and first crop Mission) 
 
 c4 / tons 
 
 150 pounds 
 
 
 do 
 
 127 
 
 
 
 JrlCKing AaflOlaS 
 
 4oU tons 
 
 40U pounds 
 
 C , 4UU 
 
 «co 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 Picking up for drying 
 
 OCA + n«« 
 
 cou tons 
 
 900 pounds 
 
 boo 
 
 do 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 Drying and sorting (Calimyrna and 
 
 
 V 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mission) 
 
 22b tons -r 
 
 7bo 
 
 o c 
 CO 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking table grapes for shipment 
 
 ocb tons 
 
 boU pounds 
 
 2, coo 
 
 26 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 Picking wine grapes for shipment 
 
 o,oo4 tons 
 
 2,600 pounds 
 
 6, 665 
 
 2b 
 
 257 
 
 
 
 Picking for wineries and dehydrators 
 
 28,026 tonsf 
 
 1.7 5 tons 
 
 16 ,015 
 
 13 
 
 1,232 
 
 (from 15-30) 
 
 
 Peaches: Picking and sorting clingstones 
 
 20,000 tons 
 
 3,000 pounds 
 
 13,334 
 
 13 
 
 1,026 
 
 (from 1-15) 
 
 
 Cutting clingstones for drying 
 
 o , uuu tons 
 
 S00 pounds 
 
 lii, DUO 
 
 13 
 
 962 
 
 (from 1-15) 
 
 
 uiner ury— ycru lauor ^ ciingsxones ) 
 
 o , ( du xons T 
 
 * * 
 
 yi "XI "7 
 4 , OiO 
 
 lo 
 
 332 
 
 (from 1-15) 
 
 
 ricKing ireesuones lor snipment 
 
 leu tons 
 
 c,U0U pounds 
 
 1 OA 
 IciU 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 umer ary— yaru lauor vireesxonesj 
 
 ouu tons £ 
 
 
 con 
 
 oyu 
 
 9 
 
 115 
 
 (from 1-7) 
 
 
 iicinuos. narvesung 
 
 /tio.Jlb pounds 
 
 <;UU pounds 
 
 3 , 63i 
 
 oc 
 ci6 
 
 140 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 inc ceo 
 
 0£ 
 
 do 
 
 4,060 
 
 man-months-t/ 
 
 bUDCl 
 
 rij.id.iici — commercicii proauction. Mowing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with tractor 
 
 4,167 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 4,167 acres 
 
 20 acres 
 
 209 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 2,088 ?.cres 
 
 30 acres 
 
 70 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Trimming 
 
 2,088 acres 
 
 10 acres 
 
 209 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 
 1,667 tons 
 
 9 tons 
 
 186 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Ealing with pickup presses 
 
 1,667 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 278 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Alfalfa — on dairy farms: Mowing 
 
 26,000 acres T 
 
 8 acres 
 
 3,250 
 
 25 
 
 130 
 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 26,000 acres * 
 
 20 acres 
 
 1,300 
 
 25 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 Shocking 
 
 26,000 acres P 
 
 6.5 acres 
 
 4,000 
 
 25 
 
 160 
 
 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 
 27,334 tons^= 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 6,834 
 
 25 
 
 274 
 
 
 Table continued on next page. M 
 
■1" 
 
 : 
 
 i 
 
 h 
 
 0 
 
 4*4- 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Output per 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 man- day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 Dctober 
 
 Beans: Piling 
 
 2,050 acres ^ 
 
 2.0 acres 
 
 1,025 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 
 ( cont . ) 
 
 Threshing with stationary machine 
 
 129,169 cwt.f 
 
 35 cwt . 
 
 3,691 
 
 25 
 
 148 
 
 
 
 Threshing with pickup combine 
 
 5,940 acres ^ 
 
 6 acres 
 
 990 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Hauling to town 
 
 127,260 cwt. 
 
 375 cwt. 
 
 340 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 182,250 pounds f 
 
 300 pounds 
 
 608 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 Rice: Swathing with push header 
 
 1,171 acresf 
 
 15 acres 
 
 79 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Threshing with pickup combine 
 
 781 acres*" 
 
 4 acres 
 
 196 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Silage: Silo filling 
 
 7 ,668 tons * 
 
 5 tons 
 
 1,534 
 
 25 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 Sorghum for grain: Cutting by hand 
 
 259 acres f 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 346 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Threshing with stationary machine 
 
 1,050 sacks t 
 
 50 sacks 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Harvesting with combine 
 
 1,762 acres* 
 
 5 acres 
 
 353 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 Carrots: Weeding 
 
 100 acres 
 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Melons: Picking cantaloupes 
 
 13,074 crates 
 
 30 crates 
 
 436 
 
 13 
 
 34 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Picking honeydews 
 
 396 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 114 
 
 13 
 
 9 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Hauling honeydews 
 
 297 tonst 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 60 
 
 13 
 
 5 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Picking Persians 
 
 1,900 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 543 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 Hauling Persians 
 
 1,425 tons* 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 285 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Picking casabas 
 
 1,857 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 531 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 Hauling casabas 
 
 1,393 tons 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 279 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Sweet potatoes: Harvesting 
 
 387 acres * 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 2,580 
 
 25 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 Tomatoes: Picking for canning 
 
 4,331 tons 
 
 1.0 ton 
 
 4,331 
 
 25 
 
 174 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 1,647 acres ^ 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 6,588 
 
 25 
 
 264 
 
 
 
 Figs: Picking and packing for shipment 
 
 
 
 
 
 (from 
 
 1-5) 
 
 
 (Calimyrna and first crop Mission) 
 
 23 tons 
 
 150 pounds 
 
 307 
 
 4 
 
 
 Picking Kadotas 
 
 160 tons 
 
 400 pounds 
 
 800 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 Picking up for drying 
 
 125 tons 
 
 900 pounds 
 
 278 
 
 13 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Drying and sorting Calimyrnas and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Missions 
 
 113 tons * 
 
 
 396 
 
 13 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking table grapes for shipment 
 
 750 tons 
 
 560 pounds 
 
 2,679 
 
 25 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 Picking wine grapes for shipment 
 
 26,353 tons 
 
 2,600 pounds 
 
 20,272 
 
 25 
 
 811 
 
 
 
 Picking for wineries and dehydrators 
 
 28,026 tons* 
 
 1.75 tons 
 
 16,015 
 
 25 
 
 641 
 
 
 
 Walnuts: Harvesting 
 
 1,037,168 pounds 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 5,186 
 
 25 
 
 208 
 
 
 
 
 
 87,441 
 
 25 
 
 3,498 man-months^' 
 
 Table continued on next page. 
 
» • 
 
 * 
 
 - » 
 
 Table 3 continued. 
 
 
 
 
 Output per 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 Required number of 
 
 Month 
 
 Crop and tasic 
 
 Size of task 
 
 man- day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 workers* 
 
 November 
 
 Alfalfa -- commercial production: Mowing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with tractor 
 
 2,500 acres 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 125 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 2,500 acres 
 
 20.0 acres 
 
 125 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Shocking with rake 
 
 1,250 acres 
 
 30.0 acres 
 
 m 42 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Trimming 
 
 1,250 acres 
 
 10.0 acres 
 
 125 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Baling with portable presses 
 
 1,000 tons 
 
 9 tons 
 
 112 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Baling with pickup presses 
 
 1,000 tons 
 
 6 tons 
 
 167 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Alfalfa -- on dairy farme: Mowing 
 
 lt> , 600 acres T 
 
 8 acres 
 
 1 , 950 
 
 12 
 
 163 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15 ) 
 
 
 Raking 
 
 15 , 600 acres r 
 
 20 acres 
 
 n r\ r\ 
 
 780 
 
 12 
 
 65 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 onocKing 
 
 lt> | boo acres t 
 
 6.5 acres 
 
 d ,400 
 
 1-c 
 
 200 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Hauling and stacking 
 
 16 , 400 tons > 
 
 4.0 tons 
 
 4, 100 
 
 12 
 
 342 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Beans: Piling 
 
 1 ,U2o acres t 
 
 2.0 acres 
 
 513 
 
 12 
 
 43 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Threshing with stationary machine 
 
 lo,45o cwt.r 
 
 35 cwt . 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Threshing with pickup combine 
 
 yyo acres r 
 
 6 acres 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Hauling to town 
 
 21,210 cwt. 
 
 375 cwt. 
 
 r- ri 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 182,500 pounds T 
 
 300 pounds 
 
 609 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 
 Rice: Swathing with push header 
 
 /ol acres T 
 
 15 acres 
 
 53 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 (from 
 
 1-20) 
 
 
 Threshing with pickup combine 
 
 /ol acres * 
 
 4 acres 
 
 196 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 oiiage. oixo lining 
 
 1,022 tons T 
 
 5 tons 
 
 205 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 (from 
 
 1-10) 
 
 
 Sorghum for grain: Cutting by hand 
 
 17 acres ♦ 
 
 0.75 acre 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Threshing with stationary machine 
 
 700 sacks T 
 
 50 sacks 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Harvesting with combine 
 
 CQO ■ mi mm ■ ii 
 
 588 acres^ 
 
 5 acres 
 
 118 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Q v» v» r\ + *■» • HI tr± r\ J ■? n » 
 
 L/2.rroi.s . weeui ng 
 
 100 acres 
 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 Duncning 
 
 d , <iuu crates 
 
 l<c crates 
 
 lo4 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 (from 
 
 15-30) 
 
 
 Liextuce. ouxxing 
 
 4o,uuu crates 
 
 30 crates 
 
 t c c\r\ 
 
 1 , 500 
 
 23 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 Melons: Picking casabas 
 
 604 tons 
 
 3.5 tons 
 
 173 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Hauling casabas 
 
 453 tons^ 
 
 5.0 tons 
 
 91 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Sweet potatoes: Harvesting 
 
 388 acres • 
 
 0.15 acre 
 
 2 , 587 
 
 23 
 
 113 
 
 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 1,647 acresf 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 6,588 
 
 23 
 
 287 
 
 
 
 
 Grapes: Picking table grapes for shipment 
 
 825 tons 
 
 560 pounds 
 
 2,947 
 
 23 
 
 129 
 
 
 
 
 Picking wine grapes for shipment 
 
 1,083 tons 
 
 2,600 pounds 
 
 834 
 
 23 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 Picking for wineries and dehydrators 
 
 2,336 tons ¥ 
 
 1.75 tons 
 
 1,335 
 
 8 
 
 167 
 
 (from 
 
 1-10) 
 
 
 Walnuts: Harvesting 
 
 207,434 pounds 
 
 200 pounds 
 
 1.038 
 
 12 
 
 87 
 
 (from 
 
 1-15) 
 
 
 
 
 
 28.495 
 
 23 
 
 1,239 
 
 man-months^* 
 
 Table continued on next page. •* 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 \ . - 
 
 
 
 
 
 * - • ? . > 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ... ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * j 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - - 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 v ■ 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 * Q 1 1 •■■%» * ■ 
 
 
 i ; 
 
 I 
 
 ■« " 
 
 It* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■y .' l m<i* 
 
 
 
 i t - 
 t '1 
 
 •■ ■ : M 
 
 r t 
 
 ' ' ; j 
 
 .>- : -:v-?rTT$ r J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 0 r. 
 
 
 
 * * 
 
Table 3 
 
 continued . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Output per 
 
 Required 
 
 Available 
 
 nec^i^^-ci nuniDcr ui 
 
 Month 
 
 Croo and task 
 
 Size of task 
 
 man- day 
 
 man- days 
 
 days 
 
 JvUl t\ C I o 
 
 December 
 
 Cotton: Picking 
 
 82,500 pounds"? 
 
 300 pounds 
 
 275 
 
 ?o 
 
 J. 4 
 
 
 Carrots: Bunching 
 
 15,400 crates 
 
 12 crates 
 
 1 , 284 
 
 ?n 
 
 
 
 Lettuce: Cutting 
 
 30,000 crates 
 
 30 crates 
 
 1 ,000 
 
 du 
 
 DU 
 
 
 Onions: Setting 
 
 266 acres 
 
 0.14 acre 
 
 1,900 
 
 20 
 
 95 
 
 
 Apricots: Pruning 
 
 1,647 acres ^ 
 
 U.eib acre 
 
 O , DOO 
 
 20 
 
 330 
 
 
 Grapes: Pruning (Thompsons) 
 
 400 acres ^ 
 
 0.25 acre 
 
 1,600 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 
 Tying (Thompsons) 
 
 400 acres ^ 
 
 2.5 acres 
 
 160 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 
 Pruning (other varieties) 
 
 1,100 acres-f 
 
 0.66 acre 
 
 1,667 
 
 20 
 
 84 
 
 
 Peaches: Pruning 
 
 2,870 acres + 
 
 C.25 acre 
 
 11,480 
 
 20 
 
 574 
 
 
 
 
 
 25.954 
 
 20 
 
 1,298 man-months-*^ 
 
 * On a monthly basis unless otherwise noted. 
 
 T Seed cotton — for October and November, it is estimated that it takes 1,350 pounds of seed cotton to make a 
 bale. After the frost, that is, during December, January, February, and March, this figure is estimated to be 1,500 
 pounds . 
 
 $ Portion of job done by seasonal workers. 
 
 jf It should be noted that this figure, rather than representing the number of workers required, represents the num- 
 ber of man-months of seasonal labor required, and is derived by dividing the total number of man-days by the total number 
 of days available for work during the month. 
 
 «p Rate of work for 6-hour day. 
 
 || Rate of work for 12-hour day. 
 
 ** Dry-yard labor, other than cuttings, estimated to be as follows: 
 
 Apricots - 11 man-hours per fresh ton 
 Peaches - 11.5 man-hours per fresh ton 
 
 T T Hoeing beans requires a total of approximately 3.5 man-hours per acre 
 August . 
 
 one-half in July, and one-half in 
 Table continued on next page, 
 
 t\3 
 
Table 3 continued. 
 
 fi It is estimated that a total of 33 man-hours is required to weed an acre of carrots -- 20 per cent in August, 
 per cent in September, 10 per cent in October, and 5 per cent in November. 
 
 jfrflt is estimated that a total of 35 man-hours per dry ton was required to handle these figs, allowance being m 
 for the varying requirements of the two varieties. 
 
 to 
 
TABLE 4 
 
 26. 
 
 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months 
 Stanislaus County 
 1935 
 
 
 Required man-days 
 
 Available 
 
 Required man-months 
 
 Month 
 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 days 
 
 of seasonal labor 
 
 January 
 
 27,231 
 
 20 
 
 1,362 
 
 February 
 
 27,980 
 
 22 
 
 1,272 
 
 March 
 
 5,74'0 
 
 22 
 
 261 
 
 April 
 
 26,609 
 
 23 
 
 1,157 
 
 May 
 
 64,184 
 
 25 
 
 2,568 
 
 June 
 
 96 , 784 
 
 26 
 
 3,723 
 
 July 
 
 99,781 
 
 26 
 
 3,838 
 
 August 
 
 137,647 
 
 26 
 
 5,295 
 
 September 
 
 105,552 
 
 26 
 
 4,060 
 
 October 
 
 87,441 
 
 25 
 
 3,498 
 
 November 
 
 28,495 
 
 23 
 
 1,239 
 
 December 
 
 25,954 
 
 20 
 
 1,298 
 
 Total 
 
 733,398 
 
 
 29,571 
 
 Notes 
 
 Notes on Table 2 . — Data concerning "time of need" as shown in this table 
 break down required seasonal labor into the period in which the work is performed in 
 order to permit a subsequent determination of labor needs by months (table 3). Some 
 operations are performed only to a limited extent with seasonal labor. For instance, 
 only about 80 per cent of the labor in combining grain is done by seasonal workers. 
 When a job extends over several different months, the proportionate amount for each 
 month is shown. 
 
 The amount of work done each month is based on the cropping system followed 
 during 1935. The allotting of amounts of work is based on findings concerning local 
 farm practices, and required time to "make" a crop resulting from inquiry of produ- 
 cers, and records of carlot shipments, the latter proving helpful in "fixing dates of 
 planting and of subsequent tasks involved in producing certain crops. Proportionate 
 amounts of output harvested each month were determined from data of local practices 
 with respect to harvesting, and from carlot shipments of perishable products. Rec- 
 ords of truck shipments were also used when available. 
 
 Notes on Table 3 .— Table 3 is the condensed summary of labor needs as worked 
 out for Stanislaus County as a result of findings pertinent to 1935. The data are 
 presented by months with the tasks which were performed in each month indicated by 
 both crop and task. The size of the job was calculated from the data appearing in 
 table 1 (acreage and production) and table 2 (task, time of performance, and percent- 
 age of work pertinent to a given month). The output per man-day was calculated as 
 incidated in the foreword presenting table 3. The number of required man-days is a 
 result of dividing the size of task by output per man-day. The available days for 
 the different tasks involve two variables. The first is the number of days when 
 field work is possible because of favorable weather conditions. The basis for this 
 column was determined from a study of the monthly weather charts of the United States 
 Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935. These data indicated available 
 days per month as follows (based on a 26-day working month without allowance for 
 holidays): 
 
. :. - ■ » . 
 
 i, . - f\ n I r«r> n( 1 nrl M^l J » 
 
 t • 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 e 
 
27. 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 
 Available 
 
 Length of 
 
 Month 
 
 days 
 
 work day 
 
 Month 
 
 days 
 
 work day 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 
 
 hours 
 
 January 
 
 20 
 
 • 9 
 
 July 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 r e uruary 
 
 00 
 
 y 
 
 August 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 March 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 September 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 April 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 October 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 May 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 December 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 Source of data: Based on precipitation records of the Modesto station of the United 
 States Weather Bureau for the years 1933, 1934, and 1935 . 
 
 The second factor influencing the number of available days was the size of the 
 job. If the output was only a few cars, then the number of days was limited to the 
 time needed to get out those cars efficiently. If a field operation had to be per- 
 formed in a period less than the number of available days in the month, then the 
 specific number of days was noted. These restrictions are shown in parentheses. For 
 example, in July, picking apricots was limited to the first half of the month, pick- 
 ing cantaloupes to the last twenty days, etc. 
 
 The totals of table 3 show the total required man-days of needed seasonal 
 labor, the available days for field work during the month, and the necessary number 
 of men (as defined in the opening paragraph of table 3) required on a monthly basis 
 to care for the tasks ordinarily performed by seasonal workers. 
 
 In an area such as Stanislaus County, involving a variety of annual crops, the 
 findings as set forth in this report are bound to fluctuate materially from year to 
 year, because of the market outlook upon what and how much acreage is planted, and 
 when it is planted; because of variable seasonal conditions affecting yields, time of 
 performing operations, and available days; and because of harvesting operations on 
 certain crops being speeded up to supply a good market, or retarded to avoid a poor 
 one, resulting in marked variations in the need for harvest labor. 
 
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