7770 
 S84h 
 
 Stevens 
 
 The Qxford Caxton Memorial Bible
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 7770 ■ :^^;:-.-3., ,„..,■,. 
 
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 The Oxford Caxton Memorial 
 BIBLE.
 
 ' We must roote ovt Pryntinge 
 
 Or Pryntinge will roote out vs.' 
 
 The Vicar of Croydon in a 
 
 Sermon at Paul's 
 
 Cross.
 
 CO sccut e hour WyS-ti ^t»oSl_ 
 
 hfnry SitxhN'- n P\Iii jr 

 
 <> 
 
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 9©p ^otf)er 
 
 (BooD Sen Better t^ere 
 
 Cut s^e is (n $er grat)c, anO. 
 C|e Cifcrencc to me ! ' 
 
 ik 

 
 WLhdU^ printcD anii bounS in foitlat l^oiirs, 
 
 ©n t|)i3 jotlj Sag ot Jluiu, 1877, 
 
 iFor t})t Cajton dtltbration. 
 
 100 tsifits bnt ptinttli, of toljiri) tijts is 
 49trsenteD to 
 
 Reduced raosimile
 
 [In iWtinon'am ffiul. OTaxton.J 
 
 containing tfjr 
 
 flDlD ann JSeto Cegtamentg: 
 
 Ctanslaf tD out of tlie ©tiginat Cmpts : ana toitfj tljc former 
 
 translations tiiligtntig tomparcti anC rcbisrt, 
 
 bg ISis iBajcstp's siitrial CommanU.. 
 
 Qppointci) to hi xt&n in ©buttbes. 
 
 '^rtnteO at tbe Unibtxilts lifxai. 
 
 ILonBon . Scnrj JFrotoHf. 
 
 ©iCorfi Snibrrsitg I3rtss JSarrtjousr, 7, ipattrnoster iiofa 
 
 iltfa gorfe: 42, JSIttchn 5trt£t. 
 
 lainion t6mo. June 30, 1S77. Cum J^riSiUaW, 
 
 Reduced facsimile.
 
 ' Printers have persecuted me without a cause. 
 
 David, Psalm cxix, i6i. Specimen of Bible 
 
 Pritiling before 1702, according 
 
 to Cotton Mather. 
 
 r
 
 THE 
 
 Oxford Caxton Memorial 
 
 IBLE 
 
 IBLE PRINTING 
 
 was the glory of the 
 Press in Gutenberg's 
 day. It is the glory of the Oxford University 
 Press of to-day. The Catalogue of Bibles in the 
 Caxton Exhibition opened with the Jirst Bible 
 printed with moveable metal types, 1450-1455, 
 and closed with the /as^ Bible printed with 
 moveable metal types on the 30th of June,
 
 10 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 1877, the day of the opening of the Caxton 
 Celebration Exhibition. As the circumstances 
 and facts connected with this Memorial Bible 
 have been somewhat misunderstood and not a 
 little misrepresented, I may perhaps as well 
 tell the true story here. 
 
 Taking my hint from Caxton himself, who, 
 in 'The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye,' 
 1471, in Epilogue to Book III, wrote: "Be- 
 cause I haue promisid to dyuerce gentilmen & 
 to my frendes to addresse to hem as hastely as 
 I myght this sayd book/ Therefore I haue 
 practysed and lemed at my grete charge and 
 dispense to ordeyne this said book in prynte 
 after the maner & forme as ye may here see/ 
 and is not wreton with penne and ynke as 
 other bokes ben/ to thende that euery man may 
 haue them attones/ ffor all the bookes thus em- 
 pr^'ntid as ye here see were begonne in oon 
 day/ & also fynyshid in oon day/ which boke I 
 haue presentid to" &c. Whatever idea Caxton 
 by these quaint words may have meant to con- 
 vey, I resolved, if possible, to have a Bible 
 printed in Oxford and bound in London on
 
 Memorial Bible 1 1 
 
 the 30th of June, 1877, in time for Mr Glad- 
 stone's after-dejeuner speech. 
 
 Accordingly, some four or five days before, I 
 made application to the Rev, Professor Bartho- 
 lomew Price and Mr Henry Frowde, represent- 
 ing the University Press, Oxford, and through 
 them the hint was suggested. They both ap- 
 parently favoured the idea, though at first some 
 doubt was expressed as to the possibility of per- 
 forming the feat. Professor Price asked if I could 
 give a few hours for consideration. The answer 
 was, " yes, till twelve to-morrow ; but you must 
 keep the secret, so that in the event of your de- 
 clining to undertake the enterprise, it may be 
 offered to the University Press, Cambridge, or to 
 the Queen's Printers, London, or, as a last resort, 
 by cable to the American Bible Society, New 
 York," for, as I told them, I was resolved, if pos- 
 sible, to have a Bible honestly and fairly printed 
 and bound on the morning of the 30th of June. 
 So we separated, Mr Frowde urging the Professor 
 to bring about the accomplishment of the feat 
 if possible. The next morning Professor Price 
 telegraphed from Oxford, "it shall be done."
 
 12 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 It was subsequently arranged between Mr 
 Frowde and myself that there should be one 
 hundred copies printed, and no more ; that 
 they should all be numbered in print from I to 
 loo, and all be exactly alike in binding and 
 ornament ; that all the copies should be pre- 
 sented in the name of the University Press to 
 Libraries, Societies, distinguished individuals 
 and others, in all parts of the world, and that 
 no copies on any account should be sold ; that 
 the first, or N° i, should be reserved for Her 
 Majesty the Queen, and the last, or N° loo, 
 should be for Mrs Henry Stevens. A list of 
 one hundred numbers was next made, and it 
 was agreed that the nominations of the pre- 
 sentees should be divided into three parts, that 
 is, Bible N° i and every third number there- 
 after should be allotted by the University Press ; 
 N'^ 2 and every third number thereafter should 
 be in the nomination of Mr Henry Stevens ; 
 and N° 3 and every third number thereafter to 
 be at the disposal of the Delegates of the Uni- 
 versity Press and the Dons of Oxford. And 
 finally, that, before the end of the year, when
 
 Memorial Bible 1 3 
 
 the majority of the presentations would most 
 likely be made, a list be printed with the num- 
 bers and names of presentees as far as then 
 settled. 
 
 All these plans having been made and defi- 
 nitely settled, early on Saturday morning, June 
 30th, the chief particulars were briefly written 
 out by myself, and submitted personally to Mr 
 Gladstone at his house about nine o'clock, with 
 the offer that Mr Gladstone was at liberty to 
 make a point of them in his forthcoming speech 
 in the afternoon if he liked, with a copy of the 
 projected Bible in hand. Mr Gladstone at first 
 expressed great doubts about the possibility of 
 carrying out the project in time ; said that he 
 had once dined with a gentleman in the North 
 of England, who presided at the dinner table in 
 the evening in a dress-coat that had been made 
 from cloth made from the wool of a sheep 
 sheared that morning on the lawn before the 
 house in the presence of some of the guests ; 
 but, added he, ' ' if our Oxford friends accom- 
 plish this feat to-day with their Bible, they will 
 outdo the enterprise of my northern friend."
 
 14 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 Mr Gladstone entered fully into the spirit of 
 the enterprise, and, well knowing Professor 
 Price, expressed his entire confidence in the 
 honour and squareness of the transaction. He 
 was distinctly told by me that the book was to 
 be printed in Oxford from standing moveable 
 type, and the whole of the one hundred copies 
 to be bound in London, all on that Saturday. 
 The overcoming of the distance of the sixty- 
 three miles between Oxford and London was 
 to be considered as an essential part of the feat. 
 Mr Gladstone was then, I submit, "properly 
 instructed," and I should perhaps here add 
 that he did not in his speech say that this Bible 
 was 'set up' or ' composed' that day, as one of 
 the five or six morning papers which reported 
 him erroneously declared that he did. 
 
 A parcel containing ten copies of the Caxton 
 Memorial Bible reached Mr Stevens at the 
 Western Gallery, South Kensington, precisely 
 at 2 o'clock that day, so that when Mr Glad- 
 stone, accompanied by Mrs Gladstone and the 
 Emperor of Brazil, came to the table at about 
 half-past two, a paper was placed before him
 
 Memorial Bible 15 
 
 with the words in pencil, "the parcel has 
 arrived all right and just as planned," and 
 then, by way of confirmation, three copies of 
 the Memorial Bible were placed in his hands, 
 inscribed N° i, to Her Majesty the Queen, 
 N° 2, to Mrs Gladstone, and N^ 10, to His 
 Majesty the Emperor of Brazil. So far there 
 had not been a hitch, and the point that Mr 
 Gladstone made of the " Caxton Memorial 
 Bible " in his speech about four o'clock is 
 known to everybody, while he held it up in 
 the presence of the " Six Hundred " as "the 
 climax and consummation of the art of print- 
 ing." 
 
 During the short time that Bible N° i was 
 on the table before Mr Gladstone, a small drop 
 of wine accidentally fell upon the gilt top edge 
 of the book, and, before I had time to wipe it 
 away, had made a slight but beautifully coloured 
 purple star on the gilding. Not deeming this 
 ' suspicion of Gladstone claret' by any means a 
 blemish, the stain was allowed to remain as an 
 additional and unique souvenir of the day. 
 The Book so marked was therefore, after being
 
 1 6 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 displayed under glass during the Caxton Exhi- 
 bition, sent, enclosed in a morocco case, to 
 Her Majesty. 
 
 The volume was printed at Oxford, bound 
 in London, and delivered at the South Ken- 
 sington Exhibition Buildings literally within 
 twelve consecutive hours. The book was 
 printed, not from stereotype plates, as has been 
 erroneously stated by some of the morning 
 papers, but from moveable type set up a long 
 time ago, and not used for years. To guard 
 against any fraud hereafter, it was thought 
 best to take the forms of an edition that was 
 entirely out of print. The printers commenced 
 to make their preparations soon after mid- 
 night, and the printing actually commenced at 
 two A.M. ; the sheets were artificially dried, 
 forwarded to London by the nine o'clock ex- 
 press train to the Oxford University Press 
 Binding Establishment, Barbican, where they 
 were folded, rolled, collated, sewn, subjected 
 to hydraulic pressure, gilded, bound, and taken 
 to South Kensington before two p.m. 
 
 The book consists of 1,052 pages, i6mo,
 
 Memorial Bible 1 7 
 
 minion type, and is bound in turkey morocco, 
 bevelled boards, flexible back, gilt-lettered on 
 back and inside cover, with the arms of the 
 Oxford University in gold on its obverse side ; 
 and is free from the " set-off" or blemish vv^hich 
 its hasty production might well have excused. 
 One hundred and one persons, I have been 
 told, were engaged in the Oxford University 
 Press Binding Establishment, Barbican, Lon- 
 don, that day on this Memorial Bible, all of 
 whom received extra wages, besides a holiday 
 the following Monday. The volume contains 
 an explanatory inscription and an extra title : 
 "In memoriam Gul. Caxton," with the occa- 
 sion and date of the edition printed at the 
 bottom of each of its thirty-three sheets, thus : 
 " The Oxford Caxton Celebration Edition, 
 1877." 
 
 Mr Gladstone concluded his interesting 
 speech with the following words, which are 
 given as reported in "The Times" of July 
 2nd, with a few slight corrections : — "If you 
 look at the list of works produced by Caxton 
 and compare them at the same time with the 
 c
 
 1 8 The Oxfo7'd Caxton 
 
 works produced in the Continental Press, you 
 will be struck by their great difference of cha- 
 racter. The works produced by Caxton appear 
 mainly to belong to a low stage of civilization. 
 He did not print the Bible, because the trans- 
 lated Bible, then popular among the people, 
 was the translation of Wyclifte, and the trans- 
 lation of Wycliffe had been proscribed by the 
 Church ; but he never attempted to print any 
 one of the great standard classical works of 
 antiquity. Are we to condemn him on that 
 account? Not at all. His proceeding was an 
 eminently English proceeding. Caxton con- 
 ceived in his own mind that idea which we 
 consider to be an eminently English idea — that 
 he would make his great enterprise independent 
 and self-supporting. 
 
 "Caxton seems to have determined to throw 
 himself as far as he could upon the sympathies 
 and intelligence of his countr)'men — to do all 
 he could by translations to bring learning near 
 to their comprehension, and having brought 
 them as near as he could, to trust them to do 
 the rest. And the industry of this man was
 
 Memorial Bible 1 9 
 
 marvellous. We are told that by the time he 
 died he had translated nearly 5,000 folio pages 
 for the benefit and instruction of his country- 
 men. Printing, too, was not looked upon by 
 him so much as a mere manual art or accom- 
 plishment as that it was his business to develope 
 the art as a link between the literary works on 
 the one side which he had printed and the 
 minds of his countrymen on the other side, and 
 thus of bringing them into contact. This is a 
 very remarkable and interesting history, and I 
 venture to say that those who have not had the 
 opportunity of closely examining it will find 
 that the career of Caxton, considered as a bio- 
 graphy, had a deep interest for any reader in- 
 terested in the history of literature, and for 
 most civilized of English readers it is a subject 
 that will well repay any amount of diligence 
 and care bestowed on it. 
 
 " Well, ladies and gentlemen, I will not 
 detain you much longer. My wish is gained 
 if those who have not made his character and 
 career a special subject for examination shall 
 happily be induced to look a little into the
 
 20 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 matter. The relatively backward condition of 
 England at Caxton's time was evinced by the 
 fact that after his death he had no English 
 followers. 
 
 " Here I must say one word to point to the 
 good sense and sagacity of Caxton. As I have 
 said, he determined to make his press self- 
 supporting, and he did so ; and I dare say when 
 he died, if he was not a wealthy man, he was a 
 man of substance. And he was not a "high 
 flying" printer. He took a hint from those 
 who preceded him. Those Germans, Sweyn- 
 heym and Pannartz, who were first established 
 [at Subiaco] in the neighbourhood of Rome 
 printed a great number of magnificent editions 
 of the Greek and Latin Classics, and what was 
 the consequence? They became bankrupts. 
 That was a very melancholy end of a noble 
 enterprise, but it enables us to understand the 
 modesty, good sense, and sagacity of Caxton 
 when we see how he steered clear of those 
 rocks. He saw there would not be demand 
 enough in England for what may be called an 
 ideal press. He limited himself to practical
 
 Memorial Bible 2 1 
 
 objects, and thus laid a sound foundation of 
 what was a progressive work." 
 
 Mr Gladstone here took up a bound volume, 
 and continued, — " I now call attention in a 
 few words to the progress of this art, and I 
 hold up a volume in my hand to which I beg 
 every one to direct his eye, because I think it 
 may be called the climax and consummation 
 of the art of printing. This volume is bound, 
 as you see, and stamped with the arms of the 
 University of Oxford. It is a Bible bound in 
 a manner that commends itself to the reader ; 
 I believe in eveiy respect an excellent piece of 
 workmanship, containing more than one thou- 
 sand pages. Well, you will say, ' That is very 
 commonplace, why bring it before us?' I do 
 so in order to tell you that the materials of 
 this book sixteen hours ago did not exist. The 
 book was not bound, it was not folded, it was 
 not printed. Since the clock struck twelve last 
 night at the University Press in Oxford the 
 people there have printed and sent us this book 
 to be distributed here in the midst of your 
 festival. They have sent several copies, one of
 
 22 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 which will be presented to the Emperor of 
 Brazil, who has but just left our table. This 
 shows what can be done, and is what has been 
 done, and it shows the state to which this 
 great art is now happily arrived. 
 
 " If I began with a humiliating confession 
 on the part of my countrymen as to the small 
 share we could claim in contributing to the 
 early history of printing, we may leave off, 
 ladies and gentlemen, in a better spirit, because 
 I think that such a performance as this is one 
 that will be admitted to be a credit in any 
 portion of the world. (Applause.) 
 
 "Now I will trouble you no longer, but 
 will ask you to drink with me to the memory 
 of that valued and honoured name, William 
 Caxton — the first English printer, and for a 
 while the solitary printer in this our beloved 
 country." 
 
 The paper was made at the Oxford University 
 Press Paper Mills at Wolvercote, near Oxford, 
 specially for this edition, only a day or two be- 
 fore it was printed. It might have been made 
 (and is perhaps a matter of regret that it was
 
 Memorial Bible 23 
 
 not) on the morning of the 30th of June in time 
 for the printing of this Memorial Bible. 
 
 It has been said that scores of houses might 
 have done the same thing. But they didn't, and 
 the possibility of any other house in England 
 doing it depends upon the single fact whether 
 any other printing-house out of Oxford keeps 
 the Bible standing in moveable type. It could 
 not probably have been printed from stereo- 
 plates in the time, and it has been estimated by 
 the compositors of one of the largest printing 
 establishments in London, that it would have 
 taken 2,000 compositors and 200 readers to have 
 ' set up ' and properly read the Bible in these 
 same twelve hours, to say nothing of the press- 
 work and binding. Unquestionably the Bible, 
 with all its points, capitals, italics, and small 
 capitals, is the most difficult of all books to print 
 with perfect accuracy. Again no inconsiderable 
 part of the enterprise was in overcoming 
 the sixty-three miles between 
 Oxford and London. 
 
 r
 
 24 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 A List of the Oxford Caxtofi Memorial 
 Bibles allotted up to Easter, 
 
 MDCCCLXXVIII. 
 
 N'.B. — The 33 Numbers printed in Roman numerals were 
 assigned to Mr Stevens for Allotment. 
 
 I Her Majesty the Queen, 
 ii Mrs William E. Gladstone. 
 3 The Marquis of Salisbury', D.C.L. Chan- 
 cellor of the University of Oxford. 
 
 James Lenox, Esq. for the Lenox Librar}', 
 New York. 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury, for Lam- 
 beth Palace Library'. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Germany. 
 
 Mr John Henry Stacey, Oxford Univer- 
 sity Press. 
 
 His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil. 
 
 The Hon. Stephen Salisbur>', for the 
 American Antiquarian Society, Wor- 
 cester, Massachusetts. 
 
 Mrs Combe.
 
 Memorial Bible 25 
 
 13 Ex-President General and Mrs Ulysses 
 
 S. Grant, 
 xiv Mrs Edwards Pierrepont, Wife of the 
 
 United States Minister at London. 
 15 The Reverend J. E. Sewell, D.D. 
 
 Warden of New College, and Vice- 
 
 Chancellor of the University of Oxford. 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 XX 
 
 The Library of the Massachusetts His- 
 torical Society, Boston, New England. 
 
 The Reverend Mark Pattison, B.D. Rec- 
 tor of Lincoln College, Oxford. 
 
 The Reverend John Griffiths, D.D. War- 
 den of Wadham College, Oxford. 
 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Beaconsfield. 
 
 The Library of the British Museum. 
 
 Mr H. E. P. Piatt, M.A. Fellow of Lin- 
 coln College and Junior Proctor, Oxford, 
 
 Mr J. S. Hodson, Secretary of the Caxton 
 Celebration, 1877. 
 D
 
 26 The Oxford Caxton 
 
 27 The Reverend Henry Octavus Coxe, 
 M.A. Bodley's Librarian, Oxford. 
 
 28 
 xxix The Library of Parliament, Dominion 
 of Canada. 
 
 30 
 
 31 Miss Louisa Court, 
 xxxii His Majesty the Emperor of Russia. 
 33 The Reverend Bartholomew Price, 
 
 M.A. Sedleian Professor of Natural 
 
 Philosophy, Oxford. 
 34 
 
 XXXV 
 
 36 The Bodleian Library, Oxford. 
 
 37 The Library of the British and Foreign 
 
 Bible Society, London. 
 xxxviii The Library of the American Bible 
 Society, New York. 
 
 39 The Reverend William Bright, D.D. 
 
 Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical 
 History, Oxford. 
 
 40 James Franklin, Esq, 
 
 xli Mrs John Carter Brown, Providence, 
 Rhode Island, New England.
 
 Memorial Bible 27 
 
 42 Mr Francis Fry, F.S.A. Gotham, Bristol. 
 
 43 
 xliv J. Hammond Trumbull, LL.D. for the 
 Watkinson Library, Hartford, Connec- 
 ticut, New England. 
 
 45 The Reverend H. G. Woods, M. A. Fellow 
 of Trinity Gollege, Senior Proctor, 
 Oxford. 
 
 46 
 xlvii Mrs Harriet A. Tenney, for the Michigan 
 State Library. 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 1 The Very Reverend H. G. Liddell, D.D. 
 Dean of Christ Church, Oxford. 
 
 51 Mr H. J. S. Smith, M.A. Savilian Pro- 
 
 fessor of Geometry, Oxford. 
 
 52 Mrs Taylor. 
 
 liii Henry John Atkinson, Esq. Gunnersbury 
 House, Acton, Middlesex. 
 
 54 The Reverend William Stubbs, M.A. 
 
 Regius Professor of Modern History, 
 Oxford. 
 
 55 The University Library, Cambridge.
 
 28 The Oxfo7'd Caxton 
 
 Ivi The Library of Congress, Washington, 
 
 United States. 
 57 The Reverend Edwin Palmer, M.A. 
 
 Corpus Professor of Latin, Oxford. 
 
 58 
 
 lix William Blades, Esq. Author of the Life 
 
 of William Caxton. 
 
 60 The Archbishop of York. 
 61 
 
 Ixii His Majesty the King of Italy. 
 
 63 John Walter, Esq. M.P. 
 
 64 The Reverend Newman Hall. 
 
 Ixv The Library Company, Philadelphia. 
 
 66 The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. 
 
 67 The Library of the Hibernian Bible 
 
 Society, Dublin. 
 Ixviii 
 
 69 Thomas Burt, Esq. 
 
 70 His Grace the Duke of Devonshire. 
 Ixxi His Majesty the King of the Belgians. 
 
 72 The Library of the Society for Promoting 
 
 Christian Knowledge, London. 
 
 73 The Reverend G. G. Bradley, M.A. 
 
 Master of University College, Oxford.
 
 Memorial Bible 29 
 
 Ixxiv Samuel Christie-Miller, Esquire, Britwell 
 House, Burnham. 
 
 75 Mr Edward Pickard Hall, M.A. Oxford 
 
 University Press. 
 
 76 The Right Hon. the Earl Spencer, 
 
 K.C.B. 
 Ixxvii Mr Henry Frowde, Oxford University 
 Press. 
 
 78 Rev. Henry Swabey, M.A. 
 
 79 The Library of the Academie Francaise, 
 
 Paris. 
 Ixxx Prof. Dr Reinhold Pauli, for the Library 
 of the University of Gottingen. 
 
 81 F. Max Muller, M.A. Professor of 
 
 Comparative Philology, Oxford. 
 
 82 His Royal Highness Prince Louis Lucien 
 
 Bonaparte. 
 Ixxxiii The Library of Harvard University, 
 Cambridge, New England. 
 84 Mr William Nelson. 
 
 85 
 Ixxxvi M. de Lisle, for the Bibliotheque Na- 
 tional, Paris. 
 87
 
 30 The Oxford Memorial Bible 
 
 88 
 Ixxxix Mr Alexander Macmillan. 
 90 
 
 91 George Bullen, Esq. British Museum, 
 
 Chairman of Caxton Committee N" i. 
 
 xcii Chancellor J. V. L. Pruyn, for the New 
 
 York State Libraiy, Albany. 
 93 
 94 
 xcv The Library of Yale College, New 
 Haven, Connecticut, New England. 
 96 M. Alfred Chaix, Paris. 
 
 97 
 
 xcviii The Newberr}' Library, Chicago. 
 
 99 
 
 ICX5 Mrs Henrj' Stevens, Vermont House, 
 1 3, Upper Avenue Road, N. w . London.
 
 PRINTED BY JOHN C. WILKINS, g, CASTLE STREET, 
 
 CHANCERY LANE, LONDON, 
 
 25 MARCH, 1878.
 
 
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