526 F5& INDIANA THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES EDWIN STANTONFICKES - HIS BOOK --f^9 II D I AN A: RELATION TO ITS $ ragrapjjt}, ItaMm, Snstitutinra, COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY, ETC. WITH A "REFERENCE INDEX" TO COLTON'S MAPS OF INDIANA. from fRcfal antr otljer ^utfjentfc Sources. BY RICHARD S. FISHER, M.D., NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, No. 86 CEDAR STREET. 1852. Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1852, by J. H. COLTON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. ADVERTISEMENT, THIS little book has been prepared to accompany COL- TON'S MAPS OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, and to illustrate the geography, statistics, and institutions of that import- ant portion of the American Union. The descriptions, though brief and concise, embrace nevertheless a great mass of information useful not only to the immigrant set- tler, but also to those who, from long residence in the state, may be entitled to the distinguished title of " citi- zen." The descriptive portions of the work have been chiefly compiled from the publications of the most recent writers ; but a large mass of information has also been derived from the labors and inquiries of the publisher's agents, and from numerous private sources, all of which has been incorporated. The statistical matter is chiefly based on the census of 1850, the official returns of the sev- eral departments of the federal and stale governments , and from the reports of companies incorporated within the state. Every available source of Accurate information, indeed, has been consulted, and the publisher has no hesi- tation in saying that there is no other work on the same subject, and within the same compass, that furnishes so much valuable information as is contained herein. With regard to the maps themselves, most persons who will be likely to purchase them are already cognizant of the course the publisher has taken to make them accurate and perfect. His agents in Indiana intelligent and busi- ness-like men have been engaged for about three years in visiting every part of the state, observing its condition, and noting from day to day its progress ; and the publisher has here to acknowledge with gratitude the important 998854 Iv ADVERTISEMENT. assistance they have had from all those of whom they have sought information ; and he at the same time would tender for himself his thanks to the officers of the several rail- road and other incorporated road companies who have so willingly troubled themselves to lay down the true lines of their several roads on the maps that have been sent them for that purpose. All these gentlemen may be said to be the authors of the works, for without their aid it would have been impossible to have compiled them. Their trouble will be repaid materially by the possession of more accurate maps than could otherwise have been made. The maps are three in number, varying little but in the scale on which drawn, and the amount of information they severally contain. The largest map is engraved on six plates, and when mounted is 66 inches long, and 48 inches broad. It con- tains the full surveys in sections, the general topography of the state, the internal improvements, and all the in- formation usually found on the most elaborate maps. The medium sized map is engraved on two plates, and measures 43 inches long and 32 inches wide. All the features of the large map are found in this, but on a re- duced scale. The small map is engraved on one sheet, and is intended only as a traveling map, but contains, nevertheless, more than the usual information found in like works. All these maps are engraved in the best style of art, and are colored in a handsome manner. A REFERENCE INDEX, by the aid of which any place on the maps may be readily found, is appended to this work. NEW YORK, April 15, 1852. CONTENTS. Situation, Boundaries, and Superficies 7 Face of the Country 8 Ohio Valley 9 White River Valley 9 Wabash Valley 9 Rivers, Lakes, etc 10 Geology, etc 12 Botany 19 Zoology 20 Public Lands, with Diagrams, etc 21 Aborigines 25 Present Inhabitants, Population 1850, etc 27 Productive Industry 29 Agriculture 29 Manufactures 30 Commerce 31 Banks 32 Canals 33 Railroads 34 Other Roads . 36 Government the Franchise, Legislature, Executive, Judiciary 37 Finances Expenditures and Resources, Pub. Debt, etc. 39 Public Institutions 42: State Prison 4S Education Schools, Colleges, and Universities, etc... 43 Ecclesiastical Establishments 46 History 48 County Seats their Distances from Indianapolis 50* vi CONTENTS. County Topography - f*l Page Page Page Adams 51 Hendricks. 70 Porter... 88 Allen 51 Henry .... 70 Posey 89 Barthol'w . 52 Howard... 71 Pulaski .. 89 Benton 53 Huntington 71 Putnam.. 90 Blackford . 53 Jackson... 72 Randolph 90 Boone 54 Jasper 72 Ripley... 91 Brown 54 Jay 73 Rush .... 91 Carroll 55 Jefferson .. 73 St. Joseph 92 Cass 55 Jennings .. 74 Scott 93 Clarke.... 56 Johnson... 74 Shelby... 93 Clay 57 Knox 75 Spencer . . 94 Clinton ... 57 Kosciusko . 76 Starke... 94 Crawford. . 58 La Grange. 76 Steuben.. 94 Daviess ... 58 Lake. . 77 Sullivan.. 95 Dearborn. . 59 La Porte.. 77 Switz'land 95 Decatur... 60 Lawrence . 78 Tipp'canoe 96 DeKalb... 60 Madison... 79 Tipton ... 97 Delaware.. 61 Marion ... 79 Union 97 Dubois 61 Marshall .. 81 Vanderb'g 98 Elkhart... 62 Martin 81 Vermilion 99 Fayette ... 63 Miami .... 82 Vigo 99 Floyd 63 Monroe ... 83 Wabash.. 100 Fountain.. 64 Montgom'y 83 Warren .. 100 Franklin.. 65 Morgan ... 84 Warrick.. 101 Fulton 65 Noble 85 Washing'n 101 Gibson 66 Ohio 85 Wayne... 102 Grant 66 Orange 85 Wells .... 103 Greene 67 Owen 86 White.... 103 Hamilton.. [68 Parke 86 Whitley . . 104 Hancock .. 68 Perry 87 Harrison .. 69 Pike 87 TRAVELING ROUTES... 126 INDIANA: ITS GEOGRAPHY, STATISTICS, INSTITUTIONS, ETC., ETC., ETC. INDIANA* lies in the form of a parallelogram between Ohio and Illinois, and extends from Michigan, on the north, to the Ohio river, on the south. Geographically, it is situated between the latitudes 37 51' and 41* -16' north, and between the longitudes 85 Q 49' 30" and 88* 2' 30 W west from Greenwich, or 8 48' and 11 01' from Wash- ington. Its extreme length from north to south is 276 wiles, and its greatest width 176 miles ; but its average length is only about 242 miles, and its average breadth not more than 153 miles ; and within these limits the area of its superfices is 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,760 acres. * The definite boundaries of the state, according to the ordinance of Congress, dated 19th April, 1816, are as follows : " Bounded on the east by the meridian line which forms the western boundary of the state of Ohio, being a north line from the mouth of the Miami ; on the south by the river Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Miami to the mouth of the river Wabash ; on the west by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash from its mouth to a point where a duo north line, drawn from the town of Vincennes, would last touch the northwestern shore of the said river, and from thence by a duo north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme of Lake Mich- igan ; on the north by the said east and west line," etc., to beginning 8 INDIANA. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, ETC. The general features of Indiana are those which pertain to all countries where mountain, in the strict sense of the word, is wanting ; for if we except the river-hills and the accumulations of sand on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, no portion of the country has any continuous or definite elevation which even a florid imagination could dignify by such a term, and all of mountain that really appears is a few isolated "knobs," which serve only to diversify the scenery. Nearly two thirds of the state is level, or at most undu- lating, and a most singular feature of the country is the absence of any water-shed or dividing ridge, such as al- most every geographical region presents, from which the waters flow in different directions ; still, however, the country has continuous slopes of great extent, and the difference in elevation of the highest land and the Ohio river at the Falls is nearly 600 feet, and a considerable difference is observed (about 70 feet) between the levels on the Ohio, at the Falls, and at the mouth of the Wabash, the latter being the lowest. The river-hills, of which previous mention lias been made, extend at various distances from, and parallel to, the courses of the Ohio and other streams, and inclose what are termed the bottom-lands, which are chiefly covered with a rich alluvial soil, and thickly set with forests. These hills, along the Ohio river, are generally as high as the highest levels of the interior, often of a rugged and broken as- pect, and where torn through by the tributaries of the Ohio, present much imposing scenery. Behind these a table-land spreads out and forms what with propriety may be termed the interior of the country ; and now every thing is changed. Instead of the bottoms, with their mighty forests, the most various landscape appears ; here are extensive groves of oak, ash, and other trees ; there FACE OF THE COUNTRY, ETC. 9 vast prairies, sea-like in their dimensions, and with un- troubled surface ; here the land undulates or rolls as if formed into billows by the dalliance of soft winds, and oc- casionally hills, rising from 100 to 300 feet high, remind us of a tempest-tossed sea, when the waves accumulate in their might. There is such a marked difference between the several parts of the country, however, that no general description could embrace its topography, and hence it is necessary to detail its principal characteristics, and its di- visions as indicated by nature. 1. The Ohio Valley, including that of the White Water, contains some 5,000 square miles. This is a limestone re- gion ; it was originally clothed with heavy forests ; and the soil in the bottoms, hill tops, and sides is very rich. The hills are abrupt and broken, and the numerous trib- utaries of the Ohio river break through them in every direction. Many of these streams in dry weather show only the marks where the torrents have disappeared, al- most as soon as the storms which occasioned them. Of this division of the state about two thirds is good farm- ing land, and the residue either too hilly or the soil too ' poor for profitable culture. The poorest part is in the flats at the heads of the streams. 2. The White River Valley extends from the Wabash centrally through the state to the Ohio line, and covers about 9,000 square miles of surface. It is almost uniformly level and heavily timbered, except in the western parts, where there are some prairies and barrens, and ranges of low rugged hills. The whole valley is destitute of rock, and the soils are of the richest kind, with little that is unprofitable. Most of the streams are clear and never- failing, and water-power is generally abundant, 3. The Wabash Valley is the largest division, and em- braces an area of upward of 12,000 square miles. It 10 INDIANA. interlocks with the valley of the White river, and the eastern portion resembles it. It is equally fertile but more broken. The middle part of the valley has abundant water-power, but in the upper and lower parts it is less plentiful. From the river-hills : on the Ohio, to the Wa- bash, the surface is an inclined plane, and it is not a little curious to find streams, the head waters of which are near the borders of the Ohio Valley, traversing toward the Wa- bash, a river so much farther distant from their sources. 4. The north part of the state, watered by the St. Jo- seph's and the Kankakee, is much similar in its general character to the Wabash country, but is, perhaps, more swampy, and near the lake the country has extensive sand hills, which are covered only with stunted and shriv- eled pines and burr-oaks. RIVERS, LAKES, ETC. Indiana has numerous fine riv- ers, but for navgable purposes, few of them except the Ohio, Wabash, White, etc., are at all eligible. Most of them, however, afford valuable water-power. The Ohio, the final reservoir of the principal water- courses of the state, borders the whole country on the south, from the mouth of the Miami to that of the Wa- bash, a distance, by the river's course, of 380 miles. Be- tween these two points few streams of any volume empty into it, and none exceed thirty or forty yards in width at their mouths. Laughery, Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian, Blue, Anderson, Big Pigeon, Little Pigeon, etc., are the principal. The White Water joins the Miami six miles above its entrance into the Ohio. The Wabash, which rises in Ohio, runs first north, then northwest, then west, then southwest, then south, and again southwest, making the whole distance to its junc- tion with the Ohio, upward of 600 miles, of 'which more than one half is navigable. Its principal tributaries are : RIVERS, LAKES, ETC. 11 from the south and east, the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Sugar or Rock, Raccoon, White, and Patoka rivers ; and from the west and north, Little W abash, and Embarras rivers in Illinois, Vermilion in both states, and in Indiana altogether, Tippecanoe, Eel, and Little rivers. White river, the most important of these, empties into the Wabash 100 miles above its mouth ; the West Fork, its longest branch, rises in Randolph county, near the Ohio line, and runs in a southwest direction, receiv- ing in its course Eel river, Fall creek, etc. ; and the East Fork, the principal tributaries of which are Salt creek, the Muscatatuck, Sand creek, Clifty, Flat Rock, and Su- gar creeks, rises in Ripley county, and has a western course to its junction with the West Fork the two form- ing White river proper about fifty miles from its entrance into the Wabash. The St. Joseph's and St. Mary's form the Maumee, which passes to Ohio and Lake Erie. Another St. Joseph's and its tributaries, the Elkhart, etc., pass through the north- ern tier of counties, and ultimately fall into Lake Michi- gan. The Kankakee, the principal branch of the Illinois river, rises near South Bend, and runs sluggishly through the northwestern counties for 100 miles, and in its course receives Yellow river, a stream about 50 miles long ; ex- tensive marshes everywhere bound its course. Deep and Calumic rivers lie near and south of Lake Michigan, and in some places are only separated from it by banks of sand. The Iroquois or Pickamink rises south of the Kan- kakee, and runs nearly parallel to it for 50 miles, and joins it in Illinois. Besides Lake Michigan, on the northern border, there are numerous other, but small lakes, in different parts of the state, principally to the north of the Wabash river. Several of them have no outlets ; they are generally clear, 12 INDIANA. however, and have sandy shores and bottoms. They sel- dom exceed a few acres in extent, though some at the head of Tippecanoe river and Turkey creek, and near La Porte, cover several hundred acres. Mexancukkee lake, a beautiful sheet of water, in Marshall county, is three miles long and half as broad ; and Beaver lake, six miles long and three miles wide, covers 10,000 acres. All these lakes abound in fish, and form in the surrounding scene objects which attract the gaze of the traveler. GEOLOGY, ETC. The concluding chapter of the Report of D. D. Owen on the Geology of Indiana, thus sums up the results of his reconnaissance on that topic : "Three geological formations exist in Indiana. 1st, a bituminous coal formation, occupying that portion of the state west of the second principal meridian ; 2d, a lime- stone formation (similar to the mountain limestone of Eu- ropean geologists), prevailing in the counties east of that meridian ; 3d, a diluvium, consisting of deposites of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders ; overlying, and in many places covering up, the two other formations, to a greater or less depth, particularly in the northern part of the state. " Now, as in this country no perfect seams of bitumin- ous coal are found associated with calcareous deposites, similar to those of Middle and Eastern Indiana, the geol- ogist can confidently predict, that it is a waste of time and labor to search for coal in any part of the state east of this second meridian, for instance, as has been done in the neighborhood of the black bituminous aluminous slate, stretching north in a narrow band, commencing at New Albany in Floyd county, and extending through part of Clarke, Scott, Jennings, Bartholomew, Decatur,and prob- ably beneath the diluvium, in a northerly direction to- ward Elkhart. " If we were to speculate from geological observations, GEOLOGY, ETC. 13 on the future condition of Indiana, we should say, that the western counties are destined to become, one day, the chief manufacturing counties ; since, with a few excep- tions, all large manufacturing towns and districts are sit- uated on the coal formation. " The freestones of this formation being soft and fissile, owing to the existence of mica disseminated in layers through their substance, and to the ferruginous cement which unites their particles, being liable to undergo al- terations by the action of the atmosphere upon it, a care- ful selection by the builder is always necessary. In sev- eral places, particularly toward the base of the formation, or nenr its eastern boundary, as at Attica, Williamsport, on Pine creek, and near the French Lick, with a little care, freestone, white and fine grained, and excellently suited for architectural purposes, may be readily obtain- ed. In character and geographical position it resembles the celebrated Scotch freestone, of which the new town of Edinburgh, and a portion of the town of Glasgow, are built. " At New Harmony there is a quarry of freestone, yielding rock that has stood the test of twenty years ; yet it is by no means equal to the strata above alluded to, in our eastern counties. " A freestone of a very fine grain and white color is quarried at the French Lick, west of Paoli. It is manu- factured into whetstones, that answer admirably for put- ting a fine edge on tools, and for polishing. They are ex- ported to all parts of the United States. " Good grindstones are also manufactured from a sim- ilar stratum of these freestones, of a coarser grain. " The eastern boundary or base of the coal formation is the most likely place to afford salt water ; for we find the most productive salt wells throughout the Western 2 ]4 INDIANA. country occupying in the inferior members of the coal for mation. Thus, should symptoms of salt water make their appearance in the counties of Perry, Spencer, Dubois, Martin, Daviess, Greene, Owen, Clay, Putnam, Montgom- ery, or Tippecanoe, the encouragement to make a search would be greater than if found elsewhere in the state. " Salt, however, is not, strictly speaking, constant in its geological position. In Europe, it usually occurs in the new red sandsone a formation higher and of more recent origin than the bituminous coal formation ; while on the Holston, a tributary of the Tennessee river, there is a fine salt deposit, surrounded by gypsum or plaster of Paris, lying on the grauwacke formation. " Two or three salt wells have been sunk in the knobs east of Bloomington, through the silicious beds belonging to the sub-carboniferous group. The salt is of excellent quality ; but the water has hitherto proved too weak to afford a fair profit. The boring after salt is, in truth, at all times attended with considerable uncertainty. " Quantities of argillaceous iron ore from which in Great Britain 600,000 tons of iron are annually obtained occur in some of the clay slates of the bituminous coal formation of Indiana. " Some of the clay slates answer well for fire-brick. That now excavated near Troy is to be manufactured into fire-brick for sale an important article of commerce, in a country where steam-engines are so extensively used, and indispensable where furnace operations are carried on to any extent. " Some of our clays in the coal formation answer well for the manufacturing of stone-ware and gray pottery- ware. Such wares are now manufactured from them at Troy. " Since I first called the attention of the proprietors to GEOLOGY, ETC. 15 the deposite of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, near the Falls of Eel river, examinations have been made, by digging in four or five different places : ore has been struck in all of them ; many tons have been thrown up, and the prospects are so encouraging, that the proprietors of the Falls are now endeavoring to form a company, to erect a furnace, and commence, on an extensive scale, smelting the ore. " Sandstone being the predominating rock in the coal formation, and the greatest part of the soil of those west- ern counties being formed from its disintegration, we find it generally of a sandy character. " The dip and position of the various beds belonging to coal measures are generally constant, unless where, from the protrusions of basalt or greenstone, those volcanic disturbances called by the miners, 'faults' ' troubles,' or ' dykes,' have disturbed the regularity of position. If, then, the general dip and order of succession of the strata can be ascertained, and these should appear to be free from faults or material undulation, a pretty correct esti- mate might be formed of the depth of the various seams of coal and other strata in different parts of the coal fields of Indiana. *' Most of the limestones in the oolitic series that is, those occurring in the counties of Crawford, Orange, Lawrence, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam make good build- ing materials. The enerinital limestones in Harrison, Washington, Jackson, Bartholomew, and Morgan counties, are also very suitable for that purpose ; but the silicious strata, or sand rocks, in these counties, are generally soft and crumbling, and by no means durable. The only use that the black bituminous aluminous slate, occurring in the sub-carboniferous group, can be put to, is for the man- ufacture of alum. The sub-carboniferous group affords a 16 INDIANA. water-lime, which appears to be a compound chiefly of limestone and clay, with some bituminous matter. It is associated with the black bituminous aluminous slate above mentioned. Some of the limestone in its neighbor- hood for instance, those rocks which are excavated at the top of the hill behind Madison contain green earth, and some are impregnated with bitumen and sulphuret of iron. In making a selection of building materials in such strata, care should be taken not to use any such, unless their durability has been well tested ; for they are gener- ally liable to decay. " The fosiliferous limestones of East Indiana, namely, those found in Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Ripley, Franklin, Fayette, and Union counties, are durable rocks, and some of them make beautiful marbles. " The sub-carboniferous formation of Indiana is ident- ical with the formation occurring in Middle Tennessee, in which the enormous deposits of the hydrated brown ox- ide of iron, constituting so much of the mineral wealth of that state, are found. " The deposits of this kind of ore in Indiana, however, although found in the same formation, are not associated with exactly the same strata. In Tennessee, they are in the silicious strata, just above the enerinital limestone : those at present discovered in Indiana are either resting on the oolitic series of limestone, or near the bituminous aluminous slate. " The soil in Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam counties, being formed chiefly from the oolitic limestones, has a calcareous character, and is ad- mirably adapted for the growth of grasses. " Clay will be found to predominate in the soil of the counties of Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jennings, and parts of Bartholomew, Decatur, Shelby, Johnson, Marion, and GEOLOGY, ETC. 17 Hancock ; because the soil of these counties is underlayed by clay slates. Hence we find the beech-tree, -which de-. lights in a clayey soil, there growing luxuriantly. " The soil of Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Ripley, Franklin, Fayette, Union, and parts of Decatur and Rush, being formed upon alternating strata of clay and lime- stone, must partake chiefly of these two earths. This soil is also well adapted to the growth of grasses. " The soil of the northwestern counties appears to be a siliceo-calcareous sand, resting upon a clay bottom. This I conceive to be the reason why it is so much more pro- ductive than its external appearance promises. These points, however, I intend more fully to verify, by ana- lysis, so soon as I can get samples of all the various soils. As yet, my opinion has been formed chiefly from ocular observation, and reasoning from general principles. ' ' The water in the northwestern counties is strongly impregnated with carbonic acid. This, acting as a solvent upon limestone and the protoxide of iron, dissolves them whenever it meets them in its passage to the surface. And thus we find these waters often highly charged with these two ingredients, forming calcareous and calybeate springs. As they lose very soon, by exposure to the air, the excess of carbonic acid, which acts as a solvent of these ingre- dients and as iron is brought also by the same exposure to air, to a higher degree of oxidation, and therefore to a more insoluble form these two causes acting together, soon produce deposits of calcareous tufas and bog iron ore, so frequently found in that country. The quantity of bog iron ore is, therefore, continually on the increase. " The greater part of Indiana must have been, at some period of the earth's history, covered by an ocean ; for most of the fossils in the limestones are of a marine origin, 18 INDIANA. " None of the precious metals will ever be found in In- .diana, unless in minute portions in boulders, or in small quantities in combination with other metals ; because the primitive and grauwacke formations, in which alone pro- ductive mines of gold and silver ore occur, do not exist in Indiana. It is true that, in some rare instances, silver is found as a sulphuret and as red silver ore, in such forma- tions as exist in the Western country ; but I have seen no symptoms of any such in our state. The same may be said of bismuth, tin ore, and native arsenic. The only metals which we need look for, are iron, lead, antimony, manganese, zinc, cobalt, and possibly some varieties of copper and ai'senic ores. " It is not likely that anthracite coal will ever be found in Indiana, because that mineral is usually found in the primitive and grauwacke formations. " Several detatched pieces of native copper have been found in the state, one weighing five pounds; but, from the nature of the ore, its occurring in washed gravels, and only in isolated pieces, I have reason to believe that they do not originate in the state. I may add that the Kupferschiefer of the German miners yields, at the mines of Mansfield, in Thuringia, an abundant supply of copper ore. This copper slate, as found at the bottom of the new red sandstone formation, which overlies the bituminous coal formation, and copper ores, have been found in the carboniferous and mountain limestone ; there is, therefore, a possibility of discovering workable copper ore in the formations of Indiana. " The fertility of the soil of Indiana is universally ad- mitted, yet few are aware that it arises mainly from its geological position. It is well known to geologists, that that soil is the most productive, which has been derived from the destruction of the greatest variety of different BOTANY. 19 rocks ; for thus only is produced the due mixture of gravel, sand, clay, and limestone, necessary to form a good medium for the retention and transmission of nutri- tive fluids, be they liquid or aeriform, to the roots of plants. Now, Indiana is situated near the middle of the Great Valley of northwestern America, and far distant from the primitive range of mountains ; and her soil is accordingly formed from the destruction of a vast variety of rocks, both crystaline and sedimentary, which have been minutely divided and intimately blended together by the action of air and water. It has all the elements, therefore, of extraordinary fertility." BOTANY. The forests of Indiana contain all the trees natural to the soil and climate of the whole central region of the United States ; oaks and beech-trees, however, preponderate ; they are found in almost every portion of the state, and probably count two thirds of the whole number of its forest trees. Next in order are the sugar- tree, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar, elm, sycamore, cherry, hackberry, linden, coffee-tree, honey locust, and white maple, which are as widely diffused as the oak and beech. The black locust is abundant near the Ohio river, but is not found in the interior ; the chestnut is only found in the neighborhood of the upper course of the east fork of White river ; the pine is only found on the ' ' knobs," near the Ohio, and on the sand hills near Lake Michigan, while the tamarack is found only in the swamps of the Kanka- kee. The cypress, catalpa, and pecan, are chiefly found in the counties on both sides of the White river, below the junction of the forks ; and cotton wood is rare, except on the bottoms of the southern streams. Of the smaller trees and undergrowths, the principal are the dogwood, paw- paw, spear, plum, and thorn, and the persimmon and crab apple. Many of the forest trees attain magnificent dimen- 20 INDIANA. sions, and in numerous instances the oak, sycamore, wal- nut, and poplar, have been found, measuring from five to seven feet in diameter, and more than 120 and 130 feet in height. The indigenous fruit trees found in Indiana com- prise the wild plum, hawthorn, persimmon, pawpaw, wild cherry, mulberry, crab apple, etc. These are found in- termingling with forest trees, or bordering the prairies and barrens. Cranberries are abundant in the north, and wild grapes, blackberries, gooseberries, and strawberries, of excellent flavor, grow spontaneously, and give assur- ance that the corresponding domestic fruits can be culti- vated with success. Walnuts, hickory nuts, and hazel nuts, are unusually abundant, and generally oak and beech mast is found in such quantities as to contribute largely both to feeding and fattening hogs. ZOOLOGY. The buffalo and elk, once the zoological monarchs of the country, have disappeared from the scene of their former glories. They were formerly very numer- ous, and have left behind them ineffaceable tracks or paths. The bear, panther, wild cat, beaver, and others, are now but seldom met with, except where the lands have not come under cultivation. Wolves are still numerous, and still more numerous are the deer, oppossums, rac- coons, squirrels, 'etc. Besides these, the fox, porcupine, pole cat, ground hog, rabbit, mink, musk rat, weazel, mole, mouse, gopher, etc., are found in particular locali- ties, but not usually in great numbers. The rat, not an indigenous animal, is becoming a denizen, and appears to increase in number in ratio with the population, and spreads to the new settlements along with the pioneer. The usual domestic animals have all been imported. The birds originally belonging to this country are the wild turkey, prairie fowl, partridge or quail, pigeons, geese, ducks, cranes, etc., all which are frequently seen in great PUBLIC LANDS. 21 numbers. Pheasants, paroquets, woodpeckers, f^d birds, mocking birds, and humming birds, and indeed most of the birds of the Eastern States are found here, but usually are not numerous. Of the carnivorous spe- cies the eagle, buzzard, hawk, crow or raven, owl, etc., are occasionally seen. Rattlesnakes and copperheads, formerly numerous, are now seldom found, having been consumed by the prairie fires, or destroyed by hogs. The varieties of fish are not great ; those in the tributa- ries of the Ohio are the pike, perch, sucker, shovel fish, garr, buffalo, etc., while perch, trout, white fish, etc., are found in the northern lakes and small streams that empty into Lake Michigan. With regard to insects, all that need be said is, that no state in the same latitude is better sup- plied, and that in many parts musquitos are not scarce. PUBLIC LANDS. In all new states and territories the public lands are surveyed and sold under a uniform sys- tem. In the surveys, meridian lines are first established, running due north and south, and these are intersected at right angles, running east and west, by what are termed base lines. The FIRST principal meridian is a line running due north and south from the mouth of the Miami river, and is, in fact, the east line of Indiana ; and the SECOND prin- cipal meridian is a line due north and south from Little Blue river, 85 miles west of the former. Other meridians are established further west, but these are all the princi- pal meridians referring to the surveys in Indiana. The only base line running through the state crosses it east and west in lat. 38 30' north, leaving the Ohio about 25 miles above Louisville, and striking the Wabash about four miles above the mouth of White river. From this base line townships of six miles square, Or containing 36 square miles, are numbered north and south, 22 and from the second principal meridian all the ranges of townships are numbered east and west, except those in the counties of Switzerland, Ohio, Dearborn, and parts of Franklin, Union, Wayne, and Randolph. The part of the state containing these, attached to the Cincinnati Land Office, was surveyed in townships from a base line 15 miles north of the former, and in ranges west of the first princi- pal meridian. The following diagram represents townships laid off north and south of a base line, and ranges laid off east and west of a meridian. The former are represented on the maps in Arabic figures, thus : 1 , 2, 3, 4, etc., and the latter in roman figures, thus : I., II., III., IV., etc. = 6 ~ :. 2 4 t :i -. 9 VI. v . IV. in. ii. ,. 1 I. II II!. IV. V. V! E EC -" *s 1 l.i B& ft, a = :; H 4 - 5 6 Townships, as above surveyed, are subdivided into 36 equal parts or sections, each containing one square mile, or 640 acres. The sections are again subdivided into half PUBLIC LANDS. sections of 320 acres, quarter sections of 160 acres, eighth sections of 80 acres, and sixteenth sections of 40 acres. Fractional sections, or other subdivisions, are such as are intersected by streams, confirmed claims or reservations, and are of various sizes. The township is laid off into sections, commencing at the northeast corner, and numbering from east to west, and from west to east alternately, as in Diagram No. 1 ; and the method of subdividing the sections into halves, quar- ters, eighths, and sixteenths, is shown in Diagram No. 2. DIAGRAM No. 1. DIAGRAM No. 2. Half. Quarter. Eighth. Six- ' Six- teenth. teenth. The sixteenth section of all public lands, marked in Dia- gram No. 1 thus * is reserved for the support of public schools. Five per cent, of all moneys received is also ex- pended for the benefit of the state, and two per cent, for the construction of roads. In the state of Indiana there are six land districts, with an office attached to each, open for the sale and entry of the public lands; viz., the Jeffersonville district, the Vincennes district, the Indianapolis district, the Craw- fordsville district, the Fort Wayne District, and the Wina- mac district. The offices above referred to are located at the towns indicated in the nomenclature of the several districts, and have each a register and receiver. 24 Lands bought of the government are excepted from tax- ation for five years next after purchase. All other lands owned by residents and non-residents are subject to taxa- tion for state and county purposes. The following exhibit shows the condition of the lands of Indiana on the 1st of January, 1849 : Total area of the state in acres 21,637,760 Quantity surveyed up to Jan. 1, 1849 21,487,760 Quantity proclaimed for sale 21,359,707 Quantity sold up to date 15,477,629 Quantity otherwise disposed of, namely : Common School Reserves 650,317 Donated to State University 46,080 " for Internal Improvements 1,609,862 " to Individuals , 843 " for Seat of Government 2,560 Military Bounties (war 1812) 69,777 " (Mexican War) 189,540 Saline Reserves 24,435 Indian Reserves 126,221 Private Claims confirmed 179,881 Swamp lands 981,682 Lands open for sale and entry 3,271,731 The number of acres of the public lands sold in each fiscal year since the establishment of land oflices in the state, have been as follows : Tear. Acres. Tear. Acres. Year. Acres. 1807 33,063.83 1815 155,985.52 1823 151,893.41 1808 47,867.51 1816 371,374.80 1824 157,24621 1809 31,242.89 1817 272,023,12 1825 157.102.lg 1810 35,711.79 1818 192,586,15 1826 197,195.16 1811 44,949.91 1819 56,461.09 1827 205,476.37 1812 35,876.26 1820 165,482.02 1828 245,073.60 1813 55,050.98 1821 266,340.52 1829 339,744.83 1814 137,135.96 1822 252,573.64 1830 465,576.69 ABORIGINES. Year. Acres. 1831 537,237.64 1832 531,858.68 1833 534,484.44 1834 650,665.81 1835 1,547,500.21* 1836 3.016,960,77* 1837 1,131,327.84* To which total must b of land sold in that district, which is sit namely, 1838 497,800.08 1839 572,474.89 1840 102,277.45 1841 93,746.82 1842 54,000.29 1843 46,543.40 1844 99,999.99 e added the quantity jart of the Cincinnati uated within Indiana, Year. 1845 1846 1847 1848 Total 73,257.42 108,528.65 230,627.51 396,043.89 14,298,369.50 1.179.259.50 Total quantity sold 15,477,629.00 Amount received for lands sold $21,316,100.00 Amount of the 5 per cent fund " " 2 " " ABORIGINES. The Indians found in this state by Eu- ropeans were evidently not entitled to be considered as the aborigines. The true aboriginal inhabitants were the " mound builders," but whence they came, who they were, and whither they went, who can tell ? Their existence is only evidenced by the remains of their earthworks and other relics, which, however, are numerous throughout the state. The Indians who held the lands at a later period were chiefly of the Miami and Pottowottame family, but were divided and subdivided into numerous tribes, bear- ing distinct names. The Pottowottame families resided chiefly in the northern section, and the Miamis in the mid- dle and southern parts. It is not our purpose to enter into a history of these people. It suffices to say that they have been displaced, and that their lands have fallen into other hands. On the subject of the antiquities referable to the original occupants, the erudite author of the Indi- ana Gazetteer thus descants : * Chiefly purchased by speculators. 3 26 INDIANA. " Mounds, similar to those in Ohio and other Western states, are found in considerable numbers in this state ; but there are none that have attracted much attention, except three in the neighborhood of Vincennes. These, at a distance, resemble immense hay stacks, and on being ap- proached, each appears to cover about an acre of ground, and to rise gradually to a point, probably from eighty to one hundred feet high. It is impossible to conceive, at the present day, for what object these immense piles were erected. Their situation is not such as to lead us to sup- pose that they were constructed for any purpose connected with war or defense, and as they were built without the aid of iron tools, it would not be surprising if, among a sparse population, their erection required the labor of many years. Human bones have been found in such as have been opened, and in some of them are strata of earth composing the mound, which differ from each other and from the earth in the immediate vicinity. The different layers of earth were about a foot in thickness, and between them charcoal and ashes were found, in which human bones lay in a horizontal position. From these facts it has been conjectured, that when the monuments were erected, it was customary to burn the dead, and then cover the bones with earth, and that probably from time to time this process was repeated until the mound was finished. Religious ceremonies and superstitious rites may also have been connected with these works. They are most frequent in the vicinity of alluvial bottoms, and where even in early times the abundance of game, and other advantages, would accommodate the most popula- tion. " There are none of these works which cannot claim a great antiquity, for the trees on them differ in no respect as regards age, from those in the venerable forests around. PRESENT INHABITANTS. 27 While these memorials of an age long past are so distinct, the large establishment of the Jesuits at Ouiatenon, and the various military -works* of the state, formerly so im- portant for defense against Indian hostilities, scarcely show any remains of what they once were. " On the bottom of Big Flat Rock, in the northwest corner of Decatur county, is a mound about eighty feet in diameter, and eight feet high, originally covered with trees, like the other forests around. An excavation was made into it a few years since. First, there was a mix- ture of earth, sand, and gravel for one foot ; then dark earth, charcoal, lime, and burnt pebbles were cemented together so as to be penetrated with difficulty ; then a bed of loose sand and gravel, mixed with charcoal; then were found the bones of a human being, in a reclining position, with a flat stone over the breast and another under the scull. Most of the bones were nearly decomposed, but some of them, and a part of the teeth, were quite sound. From the size of such of the bones of the skeleton as re- main, it must have once been of gigantic size. A short distance from this mound is a much smaller one, which contains a great number of skeletons." PRESENT INHABITANTS. The French were the first Europeans that settled within the limits of Indiana, and their first permanent settlement was at Vincennes, on the Wabash. At this period the country was included in that extensive boundary called New France, which was ceded to Great Britain in 1763. This cession stayed the progress of settlement, and it was not before the commencement of the present century that any farther accession to the popu- lation was made. The country, however, was found invit- ing, and since then has been rapidly thrown open, and has been as rapidly filled up by people from all lands. Ire- land, Germany, and the eastern states of the union, have 28 INDIANA. been the principal contributors to the state, but it would at the same time be more difficult to mark out the due proportions of each, than to say what nationality is not represented in the blood of the Indiana people. The popu- lation at the present time amounts to 988,416, and is thus classed in the census of 1850 : Classes. Males. Females. Total. White Persons 506,400 471,205 977,605 Indians (in Cass County). 8 15 23 Colored 5,472 5,316 10,788 Total 511,880 476,536 988,416 And in order to exhibit its actual and relative progress, the following abstract of each census from 1800 is ap- pended : Date of Census. \Vbite Persons. Colored Free. Persons. Slave." Total Popula. Decennial : Increase. Per 100. 1800 4,577 163 135 4,875 1810 23,890 393 237 24,520 19,645 402.9 1820 145,758 1,230 190 147,178 122,658 500.2 1830 339,399 3,629 3 343,031 195,853 133.8 1840 678,698 7,165 3 685,866 342,835 99.9 1850 977,628 10,768 988,416 302,550 44.1 The distribution of the population to the several counties is given, with the special description thereof. Kapid increase of population is one of the chief indica- tions of a happy state of society, and depends solely on the absence of checks caused by misgovernment and want of employment. In a new country like Indiana, where free republican institutions exist in their full power, and where so much vacant land is to be found, these drawbacks must necessarily exist to a very limited extent, and hence it is that we find an increase in every thing pertaining to the general prosperity of the state, and a special ratio of in- * Or more properly, indentured apprentices. PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 29 crease in relation to population. No want of .the means of subsistence is known to the industrious, and early mar- riages, the result of a plentiful abundance and easy cir- cumstances, insure a regular recuperation of numbers in a natural way ; and the same causes are the inducements to immigration. The above tables tell the result of so auspicious a combination of circumstances, and from them we find that from 1840 to 1850 the absolute increase of population was 302,550, and its relative increase 44.11 per centum an increase which, if sustained, would indicate a duplication of the population about every twenty-two and a half years. The following statistics, as exhibited in the census of 1850, will elucidate the condition of the people at that period in regard to housing, pauperism, crime, and the infirmities incident to all communities. The number of dwelling houses was 170,178, and the number of families, 171,564, each of which in the aggregate containing 5.82 persons ; the number of paupers was 861, or about 0.87 per 1,000 of the population; the number of convicts was 81, or about 0.08 per 1,000 of the population; the num- ber of blind persons was 278 ; of deaf and dumb persons, 517 ; of insane persons, 442 ; and of idiots, 617 ; the num- ber of marriages in 1849-50 was 11,231, and the number of deaths, 12,728. PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. The industry of the people is chiefly devoted to agricultural pursuits and commerce. The trades and manufactures, although these have made considerable progress, are yet engaged in to a compara- tively limited extent. Commerce and transportation are in a most prosperous condition. Agriculture. The number of farms under cultivation in 1850 was 93,896, and the quantity of land improved at that date, 5,019,822 acres, or about one fourth part of the surface of the state. The value of these farm lands was 30 INDIANA. assessed at $128,325,552, and the value of farming utensils at $6,748,722. The live stock, valued in the aggregate at $22,398,965, consisted of 310,475 horses, 7,068 mules and asses, 280,052 milch cows, 37,108 working oxen, 385,969 other descriptions of horned cattle, 1,068,413 sheep, and 2,314,909 swine. The products from animals in ihe year 1849-50 was wool, 2,202,763 pounds ; butter, 12,748,186 pounds, and cheese 666,986 pounds ; and animals slaugh- tered were valued at $5,668,374. The quantity of honey and beeswax obtained was 830,261 pounds, and of silk co- coons 1,591 pounds. The great grain crop is that of Indian corn, which in 1849-50 amounted to 52,887,564 bushels. The crop of wheat amounted to 5,625,474 bushels ; that of oats to 5,269,645 bushels ; and the crops of buckwheat, rye, and barley, to 174,972, 80,948, and 39,815 bushels respectively. The hay crop was 402,791 tons ; that of clover seed 17,591 bushels, and of other grass seed 35,803 bushels; that of peas and beans, 38,109 bushels; that of Irish potatoes, 1,969,693 bushels, and of sweet potatoes, 211,925 bushels. The value of garden products was $68,134, and of the products of the orchard, $339,000. Beside those above enumerated, there was produced, tobacco, 1,035,146 pounds; wine, 13,004 gallons; hops, 124,685 pounds'; hemp, 1,569 tons; flax, 559,508 pounds ; and cotton, 2,000 pounds; also, maple sugar, 2,921,638 pounds, and maple molasses, 181,518 gallons. The value of home-made goods is stated at $1,647,200. Manufactures. -The total capital invested in manufac- tures amounted in 1850 to $7,235,220, which was distrib- uted to 4,326 establishments, and the value of manufactured products was $19,199,681. The manufactures of Indiana center in no one locality, but are distributed more or less to all the counties. The manufactures of iron, cotton, and wool, employ but a small moiety of the aggregate PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY. 31 capital. The chief towns in which any large factories are established are Madison, Jeffersonville, and Cannelton on the Ohio, and some of the principal towns on the Wabash. The manufacture of iron is mainly confined to the western portion of the state. In 1849-50 there were in the whole state but 19 establishments pursuing this branch, the sta- tistics of which are as follows : Pig Iro Cast Iron. 14 $32i900 $66,918 143 $3,600 $149,430 Wr't. Iron. 3 $17,000 $4,425 24 $594 $11,760 Total, 19 $171,900 $95,743 255 $6,384 Number of establishments, 2 Capital invested, $72,000 Value of raw material, $24,400 Hands employed, 88 Monthly wages paid, $2,290 Value of Products, $58,000 The manufacture of cotton goods employs only two es- tablishments and 95 hands ; capital invested, $43,220 ; value of raw material, etc. , $28,220, and value of products, $44,200 ; and the woolen manufactures employ 33 houses and 226 hands; capital invested $171,545; value of raw material and fuel used, $120,486, and of products, $205,802. From these statistics it will be seen that the great manu- factures of the Union bear but a small proportion in regard to the miscellaneous manufactures in Indiana. The bal- ance of the capital, after deducting these from the aggre- gate invested, is employed chiefly in milling, tanneries, distilling, and other manufactures incident to an agricul- tural country. In this account of manufactures, however, it must be observed that none are taken into account, the products of which do not amount to $500 per annum. Commerce. The staples of export from Indiana consist chiefly of its agricultural products. Flour and pork, how- ever, may be considered as the exportable material, the first of which is exported chiefly from the north, and the latter from the south outlets ; and to these may be added horses, cattle, corn, poultry, the products of the dairy, 32 INDIANA. and other agricultural staples. The numerous railroads, with the canals, form the great avenues of transportation, and it may here be observed that scarcely any portion of the state is now far away from one or more of these. Be- yond the state the greatest facilities are enjoyed for trans- port to the seaboard ; the Ohio river on the south forms a great highway to the west and to the gulf of Mexico, and east to Pittsburg, and the line of railway and canal through Pennsylvania to the Atlantic. The northern lakes in like manner afford a direct communication with the railroad and canal systems of New York and New England, and also to the British provinces. The great bulk of the commercial material, however, is sent to New York for export to foreign countries, but nevertheless a considerable moiety of the whole is carried farther east to New England, the great industrial hive of the Union, for consumption , and in a lesser amount to New Orleans. The returns for these exports are goods of every descrip- tion. The ports on the Ohio river are Lawrenceburg, Madison, Jefferson, New Albany, Fredonia, Evansville, etc; and on Lake Erie, in Sandusky, Cleveland, etc., in Ohio, which are reached by canal and railroad. Michigan City, on Lake Michigan, is the sole port of consequence on the northwest. Banks. The " State Bank of Indiana" is the only insti- tution of the kind known to the laws of the state. The principal office is located at Indianapolis, and there are branches at Redford, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapo- lis, Lafayette, Lawrenceburg, Madison, Michigan City, New Albany, Richmond, South Bend, Terre Haute, and Vincennes. The bank does not issue or pay notes, except at its several branches. The aggregate condition of this institution on the 16th November, 1850, is shown in the following figures : 33 Liabilities. Capital (State) $1,006,604 27 (individuals) 3,076,346 32 Resources. Notes discounted ...$1,709,935 38 Bills of exchange . . . 2,414,951 06 $2,082,950 59 Surplus funds $750,678 17 Profit and loss 97,258 59 Divid. unredeemed. . 27,661 91 $4,124,886 44 Suspended debt $270,213 77 Banking houses, etc. 175,610 22 Other real estate .... 188,623 32 Suspended int., etc. . 34,600 66 $634,447 31 $910,199 33 Due to banks 112,175 47 Due sinking fund . . . 43,467 83 Due school fund 2,763 93 Funds in E. cities . . . $449,153 09 Due from banks 148,86117 Remittances, etc 247,048 01 Ind. treas. notes 108,485 00 Branch balances 6,168 75 $943,547 27 $164,575 98 Due depositors $556,432 70 Notes of other banks $224 ; 842 00 Gold and silver 1,197,880 58 Notes in circulation .$3,548,267 50 Less notes on hand 126 822 50 1,422,722 58 $3,421,445 00 Total liabilities .$7,135,603 60 Total resources. $7,135,603 60 CANALS. The W abash and Erie canal is the greatest work of internal improvement in Indiana. The act of Congress, granting lands for its construction, was passed in 1827, and additional grants were made by the acts of 1841 and 1845. The canal was commenced in 1832, and completed to Lafayette in 1841 ; to Covington in 1846, to Coal Creek in 1847, to Terre Haute in 1849, and to Point Commerce in 1851 ; and its final completion to Evansville, on the Ohio, is fixed for 1853. The length of the canal in Indiana is 375 miles, and in Ohio from the state line to Toledo, on Maumee Bay, 84 miles ; making, on the whole, a line of artificial inland navigation equal to 459 miles ; and in addition to this the navigable channel is continued southward to Cincinnati, 181 miles, through the Miami canal. The Whitewater canal, connecting the navigation 34 INDIANA. of the Ohio at Lawrenceburg with Cambridge City and' the towns on the Great National road, is 76 miles long. Many other canals were included in the original design, and some were commenced, but all else than the above have been abandoned. The expenses attending the prose- cution of these great works laid the foundation of the present public debt. RAILROADS. In the great enterprise of the age, Indi- ana has outstripped all its western competitors, save Ohio, which alone has eclipsed it in the grandeur of its system of internal improvements. The lines of this state com- pleted, progressing, and proposed, the latter including only those that will be built, extend in length upward of 1,600 miles, of which 640 miles, more or less, are in suc- cessful operation. The names and lengths of the several roads are as follows : 1. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad, extending between the two places, and running through Wirt, Lan- caster, Vernon, Queensville, Scipio, Elizabethtown, Co- lumbus, Taylorsville, Edinburg, Franklin, Greenwood, Southport, etc. , has a length of 86 miles. Branches con- necting with this line diverge from Edinburg to Shelby- ville, 16 miles, and thence to Rushville, 20 miles, and to Knightstown, 27 miles ; and from Franklin, through Liberty and Morgantown, to Martinsville, 29 miles. 2. The Jeffersonville and Columbus railroad, running through Sellusburg, Vienna, Rockford, Azalia, etc., is 66 miles long, uniting with the Madison and Indianapolis railroad at Columbus, whence to Indianapolis, is 41 miles. 3. The New Albany and Salem railroad, now open to Gosport, and which is intended to be continued to Craw- fordsville, whence to Lafayette the line is already com- pleted, and from the latter place directly to Michigan City, will be the longest line in the state % From New RAILROADS. 35 Albany to Salem the distance is 35 miles, and thence to Gosport, by way of Bedford and Bloomington, it is 44 miles, and to Crawfordsville 51 miles; from Crawfordsville to Lafayette the distance is 26 miles, and from Lafayette to Michigan City 97 miles ; in all, about 253 miles. In its course it will intersect the Cincinnati and St. Louis rail- road, the Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad, the Wa- bash and Erie canal, and the northern lines of railroad running round the head of Lake Michigan, all of which will become its tributaries. 4. The Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis railroad will pass through Greensburg, St. Omer, and Shelbyville, a distance of 91 miles. 5. The Evansville and Illinois railroad, now finished to Princeton, 26 miles, will be extended to Vincennes, 25 miles farther, and perhaps to Terre Haute. 6. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad, taking almost the direction of the National road, will unite the two places, distant 72 miles, and in connection with the Indiana Central railroad, form an east and west line from Ohio to Illinois. 7. The Indiana Central railroad, 71 miles long, ex- tends from Indianapolis to Richmond, and is continued thence four miles to the Ohio line by the Richmond rail- road. 8. The Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad will extend from the eastern line of the s&ite to Vincennes, on the Wabash, about 160 miles, and be continued thence through Illinois. 9. The JVew Castle and Richmond railroad, connecting the two places, is 27 miles long. 10. The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine railroad, one of the most important in the state, commences at Indian- apolis, where it connects with the roads diverging there- from, and runs thence in a northeastern direction through Pendleton, Andersontown, and Muncietown, to the Ohio state line, a distance of 83 miles, where it connects with the railroads of Ohio. 11. The Lafayette and Indianapolis railroad passes in an almost direct line between the two places, a distance of 68 miles. 12. The Peru and Indianapolis railroad is 73 miles long, and runs in a north and south direction, through Noblesville, Buena Vista, Kokomo, Miami, Leonda, etc. 13. The Northern Indiana railroad, a continuation of the Southern Michigan railroad, extends from the north- ern state line, about five miles east of where the line is cut by St. Joseph's river, through Bristol, Elkhart, South Bend, New Carlisle, La Porte, and thence onward to the western line of the state, and beyond it to Chicago in Illi- nois. Its length is 135 miles, and it has branches to Go- shen and Michigan City. The Michigan Central railroad is also being carried round the head of Lake Michigan toward Chicago. These are the principal lines, but there are others ; and many whose old charters have laid dormant for years will now be brought into existence. OTHER ROADS. The state has long been provided with good macadamized roads and ordinary county roads, and in many of these the public treasury is a large cred- itor. The plank-road system has been introduced, and already from and between the more considerable cities and towns this species of communication has become very common. But it is unnecessary in this place to enter into the details of them the map, of which this volume is an accompaniment, will more readily convey to the inquirer information respecting them than the most labored de- ecription possibly could do. GOVERNMENT. 37 GOVERNMENT. The government, as now organized, is based on the constitution which went into operation No- vember 1st, 1851. This instrument of the fundamental law of the state secures the right of voting at elections to every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, resident in the state six months next preced- ing, and to every white male of foreign birth, resident in the United States one year, and in the state six months next preceding, who shall have duly declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States. No negro or mu- latto can vote ; and all persons using bribery, threats, or rewards, to procure their election, shall be ineligible to hold office during the term for which they may have been elected. Duelists and public defaulters are barred from all offices of profit and trust. All elections by the people are by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly are viva voce. The second Tuesday in October is the day on which the general elections are held. The legislative powers are vested in a General Assem- bly, which consists of a Senate of not more than fifty mem- bers, and House of Representatives of not more than one hundred members, both classes being elected from districts by the people thereof, the senators for four years, and the representatives for two years ; and the former must be at least twenty -five years old, and the latter at least twenty- one years old. They must be at the time of their election citizens of the United States, residents of the state for the two years next preceding and of the district by which chosen for one year. One half the senate and all the representatives are renewed biennially. The General Assembly convenes at Indianapolis biennially on the Thurs- day next after the first Monday of January, and it is ex- pressly provided in the constitution that no regular session shall continue for more than sixty-one, and no special 4 session for more than forty days. The lieutenant-governor is ex-officio president of the senate; the representatives elect their own speaker. The executive powers of the state are vested in a governor, who is chosen by a plurality of the popular votes, for four years. The governor must be at least thirty years old, and have been a citizen and resident of the United States and of the state for the five years next preceding his election. Persons holding office under the state or United States are ineligible for the office of gov- ernor of the state. The gubernatorial term commences on the second Monday of January. In case of the removal or death of the governor, the lieutenant-governor (elected at the same time and under the same circumstances as the governor) would succeed to the office, and should disability or death prevent him from assuming the dignity, then it is competent for the General Assembly to appoint some other person. The governor has the power to grant par- dons, etc., except in cases of treason and impeachment ; he may veto an act of the legislature, but, if afterward passed by a majority of those elected to both houses, it becomes law nevertheless. The governor is not eligible for re-election until the expiration of four years from the close of his official term. The chJef administrative officers namely, the secretary of state, the auditor of the public accounts, and the treasurer of state, are chosen by the people for two years, and no persons are eligible for these offices for more than four out of every six years. The administrative officers of the counties are chosen by the voters of the counties respectively, and of these the most important are the county auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner, and surveyor, also the clerk of the circuit court ; the two first and last one are elected FINANCES. 39 for four years, and are not eligible for office for more than eight in every twelve years, and the others hold office for two years, but no one is eligible to the office of treasurer or sheriff more than four out of six years. All county officers must be inhabitants of the places from which they are chosen for at least one yefir before their election, and they and town officers must reside in their precincts. The judiciary consists of a supreme court, circuit courts, and other courts of inferior jurisdiction. The SU- PREME COURT, to consist of not less than three, nor more than five judges, has appellate jurisdiction, and such origi- nal jurisdiction as the legislature may direct. The judges are chosen from districts by the people at large for six years, and the clerk of the court is chosen for four years. The CIRCUIT COURTS consist of one judge for each circuit, chosen by the people thereof for six years, and a prosecuting attorney, elected for two years. Justices of the peace are chosen for four years by the people in the several towns. The practice of law in all the courts of the state is open to all voters of good moral character. His opinions on matters of religion does not render a witness incompetent in any case; and in all criminal cases the juries may determine the law and the facts. FINANCES. The official report of the auditor of public accounts, made on the 31st of October, 1850, gives the following statements of the revenue and expenditures, debt of the state, etc. : Balance in the treasury, 31st Oct., 1849. . . $428,941 19 Revenue for financial year ending at this date $1.432.442 78 $1,861,383 97 Warrants on the treasury for year end- ing at this date $1,513,53404 Balance in the treasury 31st Oct., 1850. , $347,849 93 Principal Sources of Income. Permanent revenue, 40 INDIANA. | $455,63002; state prison, $11,14542; common school fund, $55,863 00 ; university fund, $9,477 04; bank tax, $1,98419; saline fund, $4,99945; Wabash and Erie canal, by trustees, $857,149 61, etc. Chief Expenditures. Legislature, $31,01064; execu- tive, $5,877 93 ; judiciary, $19,705 81 ; public printing, $11,522 49 ; state library, $964 81 ; state prison, $3,606 63 ; treasury notes cancelled, $144, 575 00 ; interest on treasury notes, $59,420 78; interest on public debt, $188,595 00; Wabash and Erie canal, by trustees, $824,987 85; deaf and dumb, $27,97992; blind, $11,78109; insane hos- pital, $32,501 33 ; university fund, $14,332 39 ; saline fund, $7,765 53 ; bank tax fund, $3,624 96, etc. The lands assessed for taxes in 1850 amounted to 17,025,109 acres, valued for purposes of taxation at $59,314,861, and the improvements were valued at $25,414,851; town lots and buildings at $16,140,540; corporation stock at $286,516; personal property at $36,276,797; total taxable property, $137,443,565. The number of polls assessed in 1850 was 149,983. There is a poll tax of 75 cents, and an ad valorem tax upon property of 25 cents on the $100 for state purposes. The state tax levied for the year 1850 amounted to $571,51274; the county tax to $453,809 24; the road tax to 147,50002; the school tax to $127,641 33 ; other taxes to $32,239 24 ; and delinquent taxes to $186,540 99 ; total taxes for 1850 $1,519,243 56. Public Debt. Prior to 1847, the state owed on her foreign debt, principal, $11,048,000; interest, $3,326,640; total, $14,374,640. By the acts of the legislature of 19th January, 1846, and 27th January, 1847, proposals were made to the holders of bonds that they should complete the Wabash and Erie canal, and take the state's interest in it for one half of this debt, and the state would issue FINANCES. 41 new certificates for the other half, upon which she would pay interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum until January, 1853, and after that time at 5 per cent., and issue certificates for one half of the arrears of interest, upon which she would pay interest at the rate of 2 per cent, per annum after January, 1853. In this 2 per cent, stock is also included 1 per cent, per annum upon the principal, which gives the holder of the old bond, when surrendered, 5 per cent, per annum upon the new 5 per cent, stock from the dividend day next preceding his surrender of the old bonds. August 5, 1850, there had been surrendered of the old bonds, and new certificates taken under this proposition by the state, of principal, $9,563,000, leaving then out- standing of her old bonds, of principal, $1,485,000. The state has issued of the new certificates of stock, paying 4 per cent, until 1853, and after that time 5 per cent., $4,781,500; of 2 per cent, stock, she has issued $1,736,727 50. The state keeps an agency in the city of New York for the surrender of the old stock, issuing the new, and receiving transfers of the new. The state in 1839-40 authorized the issue of one and a half millions of treasury notes to pay off her internal im- provement liabilities. These notes were made receivable for all state dues, and have been annually returning into the treasury, and are now nearly all withdrawn from cir- culation. The state also issued bonds for the bank capital, and treasury notes to pay the bank a debt which the state owed it. But these treasury notes were based upon a sinking fund belonging to the state and held by the bank. The bank attends to the bonds issued for its capital, and also to the redemption of the notes based upon the sinking fund. The means held by the bank are considered ample for these purposes. 42 INDIANA. The liabilities of the state and canal, August 5, 1850, may be thus stated : State Debt. State's half principal of bonds surrendered $4,781,500 00 State's half interest on bonds with one per cent. of principal, with half of coupons added 1,736,727 50 Total foreign debt 6,518,227 50 Add domestic debt 257,295 00 Total foreign and domestic debt $6,775,522 50 State Stock 5 percent. State stock $4,781,500 00 2| per cent. St ite stock 1.736,727 50 5 per cent preferred Canal stock 4,079,500 00 5 per cent, deferred Canal stock 702,000 00 2.1 per cent special preferred Canal stock 1,216,250 00 2 per cent, special deferred Canal stock 207,400 00 Total stocks issued to August 5, 1850 12,723,377 58 Deduct for 2} per cent. State stocks redeemed . 20,000 00 Total outstanding, August 5, 1850 812,703,377 50 The state is paying interest only on her 5 per cent, state stock, at the rate of 4 per cent. After the year 1853 the rate of interest on this will be 5 per cent. After 1853 the 2 per cent, state stock will draw interest at that rate. The remaining stocks are thrown upon the canal, and their redemption, principal and interest, depends upon the re- ceipts from the canal, in accordance with the provisions of the act above referred to. STATE INSTITUTIONS. At Indianapolis are located, 1st. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, at which all the deaf mutes of the state, between ten and thirty years old, are entitled to education and board, without charge ; 2d. The Institute for the Blind, also free to all blind citizens not over twenty-one years old ; and 3d. The Hospital for STATE PRISON EDUCATION. 43 the Insane, open for the reception of patients from other states, but free only to those of the state of Indiana. These are noble institutions, and well supported. STATE PRISON. The state prison is located immediately below the city of Jeffersonville, and is a building of brick, the walls of which are thirty inches thick ; in all, enclosing an area of four acres. The number of convicts in the prison on the 3d November, 1850, was 142, of which 93 had been admitted during the year ending at that date. They are lodged in separate cells during the night, and are kept at hard labor, under the silent system, during the day. Of the convicts above named, 12 were less than 20 years old, 69 from 20 to 30, 34 from 30 to 40, 16 from 40 to 50, and 10 from 50 to 60 ; and 8 were committed for life, 1 for 36 years, and 67 for terms of 2 years and less. With regard to degree of education, it was found that 35 had none at all, 25 could read only, 81 could read and write, and only one had had a good English education ; in regard to condition, 54 were married, 13 were widowers, and 75 were single persons ; in regard to habits, 61 were intemperate, 25 were moderate drinkers, and 56 temper- ate ; in regard to nativity, 23 were natives of Indiana, 26 of foreign countries, and the remainder of other states of the Union; in regard of color, 128 were white persons, and 14 colored persons ; and in regard to offense, 114 were committed for offenses against property, and 28 for offenses against the person. The number of prisoners discharged during the last year was 83, of which 16 were by pardon, 28 by expiration of sentence, 3 by escape, 1 by order of court, and 35 by death. From 1824 to 1830 the average number of prisoners was 35 ; from 1830 to 1840 it was 62, and from 1840 to 1850 it was 133. EDUCATION. The old constitution (supplanted in 1851) made it obligatory on the legislature to " pass such laws 44 INDIANA. as shall be calculated to encourage intellectual, scienti- fical, and agricultural improvements," and to provide by law for a general system of education, etc. These injunc- tions of constitutional law have no doubt been adminis- tered beneficially, if not to the satisfaction of all ; and it may truly be said that few states have made greater pro- gress in practical education than has the state of In- diana. Common Schools. By an act of the legislature, 19th January, 1849, the common school fund was constituted of the following funds, the estimated value of which is as annexed : Surplus revenue fund $694,216 91 Saline fund 20,039 64 Banktax fund 29,923 25 Sixteenth section fund, valued at 1,146,035 28 Total 01,890,215 08 The new constitution, which also changes somewhat the former organization of the public schools, added to this fund the moneys to be derived from the sale of the old county seminaries (now abolished), and the moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries ; all fines, forfeitures, and escheats ; and lands not otherwise specially granted, including the net proceeds of the sale of swamp lands granted to the state by the act of Congress, September 28th, 1850. " The principal of this fund may be increased, but shall never be diminished, and its income shall be de- voted solely to the support of common schools." The whole system is under the supervision of a superintendent of public instruction, elected every two years by the people at large. There are about 300,000 children of an age proper for receiving education in Indiana, and of these about two thirds attend the common schools. EDUCATION. 45 Colleges and Universities. The Indiana University, at Bloomington, is a state institution, and since the organization of the government, has received the support of the public treasury. It is open to persons of every sect in religion, and hence it must steadily advance in pros- perity and usefulness. In 1850, exclusive of the prepara- tory department, it had 5 professors and 176 students; and its library contained 4,200 volumes. The number of its alumni was 200, of which 40 were ministers. Hano- ver College is located at Hanover, a pleasant village on the Ohio river bluffs, 4 miles below Madison. The col- lege buildings are 100 feet long, 40 feet wide, and two stories high. In 1850 it had 9 professors, 100 students, and in its library 4,600 volumes. The institution belongs to the Presbyterian church. Wabash College, at Craw- fordsville, is well appointed, and in 1850 had' 6 professors, 43 students, and a library of 6,000 volumes. It is non- sectarian in its character. The Indiana Ashbury Uni- versity is under Methodist auspices, and has been well endowed by that denomination. In 1848 the Central Medical College of Indiana was made a department of the institution. In 1850 there were in the literary depart- ment 8 professors, 120 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes. Franklin College, in Johnson county, formerly the Indiana Baptist Manual Labor Institute, is also a nourishing institution, and there are several others, as St. Gabriel's College at Vincennes, and the University of Notre Dame du Lac, near South Bend, Roman Catholic institutions ; the Friends' Boarding- School, etc., all of which stand high as seats of learning. The Roman Catholics have a flourishing theological seminary at Vincennes ; and the Indiana Theological Seminary at Hanover, and the New Albany Theological Seminary, under Presbyterian direction, enjoy a well- 46 INDIANA. earned reputation for usefulness. The library of the lat- ter contains some 3,000 volumes. Law schools are attached to the Indiana State Univer- sity, and also to the Indiana Ashbury University. There are two medical schools in the state ; one, the Indiana Central, before mentioned, and another, the Indi- ana Medical College, at La Porte. In 1850 the first had 7 professors and 104 students, and the latter 8 professors and 58 students. Most of these colleges have philosophical, chemical, and scientific apparatus, museums, and other facilities for il- lustration ; and although they do not claim to come up to the older institutions established in the Atlantic states, yet they are one and all competent to supply to the youth of the state a very reputable education, and fit them for the occupations in which their after life is destined to be occupied. Time is wanted to perfect them, and if the spirit of progress that has hitherto distinguished their career be maintained, no long period will elapse before the educational institutions of Indiana will equal the best appointed in the Union ; and if the cynic should in the interval intrude his criticisms, let it be pointed out to him that scarcely the third of a century has elapsed since the schoolmaster first crossed the borders of the state on his noble mission. ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS. According to the census of 1850 there were in Indiana 1,892 churches of all sects, and the value of church property was set down at $1,499,713, which sum, of course, does not include the prin- cipal from which the salaries of the clergy are produced. The voluntary system of contributing according to one's means and inclination, is, in fact, the only source from which the temporalities of that class of the population are derived. There is here no state churchy as in Europe, nor ECCLESIASTICAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 47 are there churches endowed, as in some of the old cities, which date from the era of the colonies, and hence the minister of the gospel has to depend on his own talents or integrity, as also on individual liberality, for a " living." The most numerous denomination is that of the Method- ist church. In 1850 it had two Conferences those of Indi- ana and Northern Indiana. The Indiana Conference had 133 traveling, 4 superannuated, and 290 local preachers, and 35,481 church members ; and connected with it were 340 Sabbath-schools, having 3,154 teachers, and 16,329 scholars. The Northern Indiana Conference had 122 traveling, 12 superannuated, and 269 local preachers, and 28,324 church members ; and connected therewith were 350 Sabbath-schools, with 2,974 teachers, and 16,667 scholars. The Baptists rank next in point of numbers. In 1850 the Regular Baptists had 24 associations, 392 churches. 191 ordained ministers, 47 licensed ministers, and 18,311 church members. During the year last past they had 1,148 baptisms. The Anti-Mission Baptists had 7 associa- tions, 104 churches, 42 ordained ministers, 8 licensed ministers, and 3,870 members. The minor Baptist sects are also numerous. The Presbyterians (0. S.) have 2 synods. The Indiana synod has 5 presbyteries, 64 ministers, 104 churches, and 5,288 members. The Northern Indiana synod has 4 presbyteries, 31 ministers, 55 churches, and 1,927 mem- bers. The Presbyterians (N. S.) have 1 synod, 7 presbyteries, 101 churches, 66 ministers, and 4,400 members ; and there are churches belonging to the Cumberland, Associate, Associate Reformed, and other Presbyterian sects. The Congregationalists have 9 parishes and 8 ministers, and the Unitarian Congregationalists a church at Can- nelton. 48 INDIANA. The Universalists have a state convention, 10 associa- tions, 60 societies, 18 meeting houses, and 32 preachers. They support a high-school at Patriot, two periodicals de- voted to their religious views, and a missionary and tract society. The Society of Friends and the Moravian Brethren have also several stations ; the former are pretty numerous ; and all the minor sectaries known to Christianity have more or less standing room in the state. With regard to the Roman Catholic and Protestant Epis- copal Church, neither can be said to be numerous. The Roman Church is comprised within the diocese of Vin- cennes, and in 1850 had 77 church edifices, 38 priests in the ministry, 2 religious communities for females, a liter- ary institution for young men, 6 female academies, and 2 orphan asylums. The Catholic population is from 45,000 to 50,000. The Protestant Episcopalians are supervised by the Bishop of Indiana, the see of whose diocese is La- fayette. This church comprises 21 clergy, 269 families, 549 communicants, and its population may be estimated at 3,400. HISTORY. The French from Canada were the first white men that invaded the wilderness of Indiana. The northern part of the state, as at present bounded, was visited by La Salle and Father Hennepin in 1690, and soon afterward mission stations and trading posts were established on the banks of the W abash. Little is known of the history of these, but it is on record that the river here named was used by the French as one of the thoroughfares between their possessions in Canada and those in Louisiana. The downfall of Quebec sealed also the fate of the posts on the "W abash, and by the treaty of 1763 the whole country east of the Mississippi was ceded to England, and after the struggle of the Revolution it became a part of the United GOVERNORS OF INDIANA. 49 States of America. The first settlers (except the French on the Wabash) were from Virginia, and located them- selves at Clarksville in 1786. At this period Indiana formed a part of the " Territory northwest of the Ohio." Its present limits were denned in 1809, when it was erected into a separate territory, and in 1816 it became an inde- pendent state of the Union. GOVERNORS OF INDIANA. Territorial Governors. Arthur St. Clair (Governor of Territory N. W- of the Ohio) William H. Harrison 1801 Thomas Posey 1812 Governors under the Constitution. Jonathan Jennings, 1816 Jonathan Jennings, (2d term) 1819 William Hendricks 1822 James B. Ray, (acting) Feb.1825 James B. Ray 1825 James B. Ray, (2d term) 1828 Noah Noble 1831 Noah Noble, (2d term) 1834 David Wallace 1837 Samuel Bigger 1840 James Whitcomb 1843 James Whitcomb, (2d term) 1846 Joseph A. Wright 1849 5 COUNTY SEATS: THEIR DISTANCES FROM INDIANAPOLIS. County Seats. Counties. MUes. County Seats. I Counties. Miles. Albion Noble 125 NE Levenw'rth Crawford . . 126 S Anderson.. Madison . . . 34 NE Liberty Union 68E Angola Auburn Sleuben De Kalb . . . 152 NE 134 NE Logansport Madison . . . Cass Jefferson . . . 70 N 86 SE Bedford ... Lawrence .. 75 SW Marion Grant 68 NE Bloomfield. Greene 80 SW Martinsville Morgan . . . 31 SW Bloomingtn Monroe 518 Monticello - White 82 NW Bluffton ... Wells 101 NE Mt. Vernon. Posey 198 SW Booneville . Warrick . . . 170 SW Munciet'wn Delaware... 58 NE Bowling Gr. Clay 60 SW Nashville . . Brown 408 Brookville . Franklin. . . 70 SE New Albany Floyd 868 Brownsto'n Jackson 70S Newcastle. Henry 47 NE Centerville. Wayne 64E New Port . . Vermilion . . 76 W Charleston. Clarke 106 SE Nobles ville. Hamilton . . 21 NE Columbia . . Whitley .... 105 NE Oxford .... Benton 95 NW Columbus . Bartholomew 41 SE Paoli Orange 988 Connersv'le Fayette 62 E Peru Miami 68N Corydon Harrison. . . 1208 Petersburg. Pike 118 SW Covington . Fountain . . 75 NW Plymouth. . Marshall... 114 N 48 NW Portland Jay 94 NE Crown P'int Lake . . . 145 NW Princeton.. Gibson 146 SW Danville . . . Hendricks. . 20W Sensselaer . Jasper 106 NW Decatur Adams HONE Rising Sun. Ohio 96 SE Delphi Carroll .... 65NW [lochester. . Fulton 92 N Dover Hill - Martin 106 SW Rockport . . Spencer 139 SW Evansville . Vanderburg 180 SW Rockville . . Parke 60 W Fort Wayne Frankfort. . Allen...... Clinton 112 NE 41 NW Rome Rushville . . Perry Rush 1268 42 SE Franklin . . . Johnson ... 20 SE Salem Washington 90S Goshen Elkhart .... 132 N Shelbyville. Shelby 26 SE Greencastle Putnam 40 SW South Bend St. Joseph . . 141 N Greenfield . Hancock . . . 20E Spencer . . . Owen 53 SW Greensburg Decatur 55 SE Sullivan ... Sullivan . . . 127 SW Hartford... Blackford . . 75 NE Terre Haute Vigo 73 W Huntington Huntington 100 NE Tipton Tipton 42 N INDIANAPO- Valparaiso. Porter 162 NW LIS Marion Vernon Jennings . . 668 Jasper Dubois 120 SW Versailles.. Ripley 71 SE Knox Starke 92 NW Vevay Switzerland. 96 SE Kokomo . . . Howard .... 51 N Vincennes . Knox 120 SW Lafayette . . Tippecanoe. 63 NW Wabash . . . Wabash 92 NE La Grange . La Grange. 101 N Warsaw . . . Kosciusko.. 109 NE La Porte... La Porte . . . 148 NW Wasbingt'n Oaviess . 106 SW Lawrenceb. Dearborn . . 97 SE Winchester Warren 74 NW Lebanon Boone 28 NW Williamsp't Randolph.. 92 NE Lexington . Scott 85 SE 1 Winnamac. y ulaski 98 NW COUNTY TOPOGEAPHY. ADAMS county, organized 1836, contains 336 square miles, and is bounded north by Allen, east by the Ohio state line, south by Jay, and west by Wells. It is drained in the north by St. Mary's river, and in the south by the Wabash, both navigable for keel and flat boats, but now obstructed by mill dams. The surface is generally level, but near the rivers above named it is undulating. About thirty or forty sections are occupied by wet prairie, the source of numerous creeks and river bottoms ; the residue is upland, heavily timbered. The soil is a marly clay, and very fertile. Oak, hickory, buckeye, ash, beech, elm, linden, walnut, sycamore, poplar, cottonwood, etc., are the prevailing growths. Wheat, corn, and hay, form the sta- ple agricultural products, and horses, cattle, and hogs are raised in considerable numbers for export. In 1850 the county contained 1,002 dwellings and families, 5,797 in- habitants, 574 farms, and 11 productive establishments. DJSCATUR, on the west side of St. Mary's river, is the county seat. ALLEN county, organized 1824, contains 672 square miles, and is bounded north by Noble and De Kalb, east by the Ohio state line, south by Adams and Wells, and west by Whitley and Huntington. The county is well water- ed, and has numerous fine mill streams. Little river and Aboite rise in the west, and, uniting near the county line, fall into the Wabash ; and the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's 52 INDIANA. from Ohio unite at Fort Wayne, and form the Maumee, which, after a northeasterly course, falls into Lake Erie. These were formerly navigable in high -water, but are now used only for mill purposes. Bee creek, in the southwest, Crooked creek in the east, and Cedar creek in the north, afford also considerable power. The surface is level and well timbered ; there are, however, some wet prairies, but these may be easily drained. The soils are excellent; near the streams they consist chiefly of a sandy loam, and in the interior of clay intermixed with marl, well adapted for cereal agriculture. In the northwest are numerous oak openings or barrens. The timber consists of oak, beech, walnut, buckeye, maple, ash, hickory, etc. In 1850 the county contained 3,097 dwellings, 3,109 families, 16,919 inhabitants, 1,300 farms, and 127 productive estab- lishments. FORT WAYNE is the county seat. BARTHOLOMEW county, organized 1821, contains 405 square miles, and is bounded north by Johnson *nd Shel- by, east by Decatur and Jennings, south by Jennings and Jackson, and west by Brown. The principal streams are Driftwood, or the east fork of White river, Flat Rock creek, and Clifty creek, the bottom lands of which occupy one fourth part of the county. The surface, except in the west, where the country is hilly and broken, is generally level or undulating, and the growths are walnut, blue ash, sugar-maple, etc. In the bottoms and level lands the soil is a rich alluvion, mixed with disintegrated limestone aad gravel. The more hilly parts have a clay soil, and there the oak, hickory, beech, etc., grow luxuriantly. The agricultural capabilities of the county are not surpassed anywhere, and, with the exception of some small extent of bog, on the inner margins of the bottoms, there is no ir- reclaimable land within its limits. In the neighborhood of White river and its tributaries the country is a perfect COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 53 paradise. The products of agriculture exported from Bartholomew annually exceed in value half a million dol- lars. In 1850 there were in the county 2,149 dwellings, 2,160 families, 12,428 inhabitants, 1,249 farms, and 49 productive establishments. COLUMBUS, on the east bank of the Driftwood, just below the mouth of Flat Rock creek, is the county seat. BENTON county, organized 1840, contains 360 square miles, and is bounded north by Jasper, east by White and Tippecanoe, south by Warren, and west by the Illinois state line. The principal streams are Big and Little Pine creeks, which, after uniting, fall into theAVabash ; and Su- gar creek, which flows west into the Illinois, all of which have good motive-power. The surface is level or undu- lating, three fifths of the whole being prairie, and the resi- due timbered land and barrens nearly in equal proportion. The prairies are mostly dry and exceedingly rich. The principal growths in the timber region are oak, walnut, ash, sugar-tree, hackberry, pawpaw, etc. The staples of agriculture are corn, wheat, and oats, and the raising of cattle and hogs is much attended to. Mount Nebo and Mount Gilbo are noted mounds in the north part of the county. In 1850 the county contained 180 dwellings and families, 1,144 inhabitants, and 149 farms. OXFORD, on the Lafayette and Chicago road, 20 miles from the former place, is the county seat. BLACKFORD county, organized 1837, contains 169 square miles, and is bounded north by Wells, east by Jay, south by Delaware, and west by Grant. The surface is generally level, but in some parts gently undulating, and the soils are excellent for farming purposes. It is water- ed by the Salamonie creek and Lick creek, the former a fine mill stream, and except a few wet prairies, the coun- try, in its natural state, was heavily timbered with oak, 54 INDIANA. ash, beech, poplar, sugar-tree, -walnut, hickory, and cher- ry. The surplus produce of the lands and a considerable number of horses, cattle, and hogs are annually exported. In 1850 the county contained 514 dwellings and families, 2,860 inhabitants, 306 farms, and 6 productive establish- ments. HARTFORD, on Lick creek, a branch of Missis- sinewa river, is the county seat. BOONE county, organized 1830, contains 408 square miles, and is bounded north by Clinton, east by Hamilton, south by Marion and Hendricks, and west by Montgomery. The prevailing soil is a black loam, several feet deep, rest- ing on a stratum of clay, and in some places of sand or coarse gravel ; it is very fertile and productive. No part of the state is better timbered, and only a small portion is open prairie. The crops are very large, and a consider- able surplus is annually exported. Boone county is sit- uated on the ridge or dividing swamps between White river and the Wabash, and contains the sources of Eagle creek, White Lick, and Walnut Fork of Eel river, which empty into the former, and of Big Racoon and Sugar creeks, which empty into the latter. None of the streams within the county, however, are of much importance as mill seats, being sluggish, and in the dry season of in- sufficient volume. Game is very abundant, and in former times hunting was the chief employment of the inhab- itants. In 1850 the county contained 1,914 dwellings, 1,936 families, 11,631 inhabitants, 1,393 farms, and 28 productive establishments. LEBANON, on the state road from Indianapolis to Lafayette, is the county seat. BROWN county, organized 1836, contains 320 square miles, and is bounded north by Morgan and Johnson, east by Bartholomew, south by Jackson, and west by Mon- roe. The surface generally is hilly, but about one third part of it consists of fertile valleys and rich bottoms. The COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 55 timber on the hills is white and chestnut oak, hickory, etc., and in the bottoms walnut, poplar, sugar, hackberry, cherry, buckeye, elm, etc. Corn and hemp grow well in the bottoms ; wheat, oats, and grass on the hills. Salt creek, the principal stream, and its tributaries, and Bear Blossom creek, carry off the surplus waters. In 1850 the county contained 790 dwellings, 805 families, 4,846 in- habitants, 585 farms, and 5 productive establishments NASHVILLE is the county seat. CARROLL county, organized 1828, contains 376 square miles, and is bounded north by White and Cass, east by Cass and Howard, south by Clinton, and west by Tippe- canoe and White. The surface is generally level, but un- dulates considerably along the Wabash, Tippecanoe, and Wild Cat, which are its principal streams. Four fifths of the country was originally forest land, heavily timbered with oak, walnut, poplar, beech, and sugar-tree; the re- mainder is dry prairie. The soil is a rich loam, well adapted for the cereals, etc., and these, with horses, cattle, and hogs are largely exported. The Wabash river and the Wabash and Erie canal, which cross this county, fur- nish great facilities for trade, and the streams generally may be used as mill seats. With such facilities the county has prospered wonderfully. In 1850 it contained 1,909 dwellings and families, 11,015 inhabitants, 1,129 farms, and 79 productive establishments. DELPHI, on Deer creek, one mile from the Wabash, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, is the county seat. CASS county, organized 1829, contains 420 square miles, and is bounded north by Pulaski and Fulton, east by Miami, south by Howard and Carroll, and west by Carroll and White. The borders of the Wabash and Eel rivers are hilly or undulating, the other parts of the country level. All the south part is heavily-timbered bottoms or 56 INDIANA. table-land, the center is mostly bottom or high bluff-land, and the north is principally prairie. The high timber- lands are exceedingly valuable, and suitable for every description of grain or grass, the prairie is most produc- tive of wheat crops, and the bottoms of those of corn. Considerable manufactures are carried on in the county, fostered by the valuable water-power afforded by the Wa- bash and Eel rivers, and also by Twelve Mile, Pipe, and Crooked creeks. Iron ore, building stone, etc., are abun- dant. In 1850 the county contained 1,863 dwellings, 1,881 familes, 11,021 inhabitants, 1,134 farms, and 108 produc- tive establishments. LOGANSPORT, at the junction of the Wabash and Eel rivers, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, is the county seat. CLARK county, organized 1801, contains 400 square miles, and is bounded north by Scott and Jefferson, east and south by the Ohio river, and west by Floyd and Washington. The surface is usually rolling but not hilly, except the bluffs bordering on the Ohio and its tributaries, Silver creek and Fourteen Mile creek, with others less important, drain the lands. A singular chain of hills termed " Knobs," form the northwest and west boundary of the county these are crowned with fine forest growths, and are the only portions which are out of the reach of cultivation. In the neighborhood of the Ohio the soil has a calcareous basis, and is equal to the best bottoms in productiveness ; in the back country the land is more in- clined to be wet, and the soils are better adapted to grasses than to cereal agriculture. The arts and manufactures have made good progress in this county. In 1850 the county contained 2,757 dwellings, 2,807 families, 15,822 inhabitants, 1,048 farms, and 88 productive establish- ments. CHARLESTOWIS-, situated two miles and a half from the Ohio river, thirteen miles above the falls, is the county COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 57 seat. JEFFERSONVILLE, opposite Louisville, is the most important city, being the south terminus of the Jefferson- ville and Indianapolis railroad. CLAY county, organized 1825, contains 360 square miles, and is bounded north by Parke, east by Putnam and Owen, south by Greene, and west by Sullivan and Vigo. Eel river and its branches, Birch, Otter, Cross, and Jordan creeks, are the only streams of consequence within its lim- its. The surface is generally level ; it has a fair portion of good land, mostly heavily timbered, and in the south- west are some beautiful prairies. Coal and iron ore are abundant and easy of access. The exports are wheat, cattle, and hogs. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis rail- road passes through this county. In 1850 the county contained 1,326 dwellings and families, 7,944 inhabitants, 829 farms, and 10 productive establishments. BOWLING- GREEN, on the east side of Eel river, is the county seat. CLINTON county, organized 1830, contains 432 square miles, and is bounded north by Carroll, east by Tipton and Hamilton, south by Boone, and west by Tippecanoe. The principal streams are the middle and south forks of the Wild-Cat river, Sugar creek, and some of lesser im- portance. The surface, except near and on the banks of the Wild-Cat, is level ; and the whole, with the exception of some small prairies, is heavily timbered. The soil is mostly alluvial, with a clay bottom. The pasturage is everywhere excellent, and the crops of wheat heavy. Horses, cattle, hogs, and wheat are largely exported. The Indianapolis and Lafayette railroad passes through the southwest part of the county. In 1850 there were in Clinton 2,001 dwellings, 2,091 families, 11,869 inhabitants, 1,411 farms, and 21 productive establishments. FRANK- FORT, on the west side of Prairie Branch, is the county seat. 58 INDIANA. CRAWFORD county, organized 1818, contains 320 square miles, and is bounded north by Orange and Washington, east by Harrison, south by the Ohio river, southwest and west by Perry and Dubois. The surface is very uneven and broken, apd the soil, except near the river, is of an indifferent character. Oak and poplar are the prevailing natural growths ; the agricultural productions are wheat, corn, potatoes, tobacco and grass. Lumber is the princi- pal export, but considerable quantities of pork and flour and some beef cattle are sent to the southern markets. Coal and iron abound in the western districts. The Great Blue river washes the eastern border of the county, and affords valuable water-power. Near this stream, four miles from Levenworth, is a large cave, which has been explored more than two miles, without reaching its termi- nation. The floor of this cave, as well as some others ex- isting in this county, was covered with crystallized salts when first discovered. Little Blue river and Oil creek also traverse this county. In 1850 Crawford county con- tained 1,027 dwellings and families, 6,524 inhabitants, 540 farms, and 33 productive establishments. LEVEN- WORTH, on the Ohio, at the Horse Shoe Bend, is the county seat. DAVIESS county, organized 1817, contains 420 square miles, and is bounded north by Greene, east by Martin, south by the east fork of White river, which separates it from Dubois and Pike, and west by the west fork, which separates it from Knox. The northeast part of the county is rolling and heavily timbered ; the northwest level, and interspersed with prairies and skirts of timber ; the cen- ter is generally level, and what is usually called barrens ; and the south and east undulating and heavily timbered. Interspersed with oak, hickory, gum, etc., are occasional districts, containing from 1,000 to 5,000 acres of walnut, COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 59 hackberry, ash and sugar-tree, and others of beech growth generally, the soil varying, as is usual, among such tim- ber in this region. The county contains every variety of soil, from a sandy to a pure clay. The White river bottoms have a rich black loam, in some places partly sandy, and were originally timbered. The principal products are corn wheat, rye, oats, hay, and potatoes, and the stock raised of hogs, cattle, and horses. The county has immense water- power, and White river affords steamboat navigation for half the year. The whole county may be considered ex- cellent farming land. The Central canal passes north and south, and the railroad from Cincinnati to Vincennes crosses it in the north, affording, together with its navi- gable rivers, great facilities to commerce. In 1850 it con- tained 1,803 dwellings and families, 10,352 inhabitants, 1,221 farms, and 11 productive establishments. WASHING- TON, four miles east of White river, on the macadamized road from New Albany to Vincennes, twenty miles from the latter place, is the county seat. DEARBORN county, organized 1821, contains 308 square miles, and is bounded north by Franklin, east by the Ohio State line and Ohio river, south by Ohio, and west by Ripley. The principal streams, besides the Ohio, are the Great Miami and White Water rivers, and Laughery, Tanner's, and Hogan's creeks. The bottoms of the Ohio, Miami, and White river, and the west and northwest parts of the county are level or slightly undulatory ; the resi- due is broken and hilly. In the hollows and on the hills the soil is a rich loam, and throughout the lands are very productive. Corn, wheat, and pork are the great staples, which are largely exported, and flour is extensively manu- factured for market. Manufactures of various kinds are also carried on. In 1850 the county contained 3,549 dwellings, 3,602 families, 20,166 inhabitants, 1,520 farms, 60 INDIANA. and 72 productive establishments. White Water canal, also the Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis railroad and the Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad pass through this county. LAWRENCEBURG, on the Ohio, twenty-two miles below Cincinnati, and at the outlet of White Water canal, is the county seat. DECATUR county, organized 1821 , contains 380 square miles, and is bounded north by Rush, east by Franklin, south by Ripley and Jennings, and west by Bartholomew and Shelby. The surface is mostly level with gentle un- dulations, though on some of the streams it is hilly. The bottoms are rich though small ; the soil of the upland is a rich black loam, and the timber consists of ash, poplar, walnut, sugar-tree, oak, and beech. In the east and south there is some flat wet land, but there is little surface that can be called waste land in the county. Considerable quantities of products are annually exported. Manufac- tures are rapidly progressing. Flat Rock, Clifty, and Sand creeks are the principal streams, all affording favor- able mill seats. The railroad from Lawrenceburg to In- dianapolis passes through the county in a northwest and southeast direction. In 1850 it contained 2,662 dwel- lings, 2,683 families, 15,107 inhabitants, 1,377 farms, and 39 productive establishments. GREE:VSBURG, on the head waters of Sand creek and on the line of the Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis railroad, is the county seat. DE KALB county, organized 1836, contains 365 square miles, and is bounded north by Steuben, east by the Ohio state line, south by Allen, and west by Noble. The prin- cipal stream is St. Joseph's of the Maumee, and its creeks are Cedar, Little Cedar, Fish, Buck, and Bear. The sur- face is generally undulating, and, with the exception of some wet prairies, heavily timbered. The soils are excel- lent for general farming, but hitherto there has been little COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 61 surplus for export. Wheat, corn, oats, etc. , are the staples, and cattle raising engages much attention, In 1850 the county contained 1,421 dwellings, 1,424 families, 8,251 in- habitants, 831 farms, and 16 manufacturing establishments. AUBURN, near the center of the county, is the county seat. DELAWARE county, organized 1827, contains 394 square miles, and is bounded north by Grant and Blackford, east by Jay and Randolph, south by Henry, and west by Madi- son. White river in the center, and the Mississinewa, which joins the Wabash in the north, near Peru, and their nu- merous tributaries, supply the county abundantly with water-power. The surface is mostly level or gently un- dulating on the rivers and creeks even the hills are in- considerable. Prairie covers about one twentieth part of the county, and affords excellent meadow and pasture lands. The principal growths are oak, hickory, poplar, beech, walnut, sugar, linden, etc., with an undergrowth of hazel, dog- wood, spice, and prickly ash, but the oak land is more extensive than the beech. The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine railroad crosses the county in a direction east and west, and will afford great facilities to its develop- ment. In 1850 Delaware contained 1,874 dwellings and families, 10,843 inhabitants, 1,084 farms, and 34 produc- tive establishments. MUNCIETOWJV, on the south side of White river, and opposite the site of Outainink, the old residence of the Muncie tribe of Delaware Indians, is the county seat. DUBOIS county, organized 1817, contains 432 square miles, and is bounded north by Davies and Martin, east by Orange and Crawford, south by Perry, Spencer, and Warrick, and west by Pike. The east fork of White river forms more than half of its northern boundary ; the Patoka is also a fine stream, and has several tributary 62 INDIANA. creeks, which are suitable for mill purposes. The bottoms of these streams are very rich, and occupy about one fifth part of the county. In the northeast, the country has a rolling surface; the residue is generally level. One eighth part of the county is occasionally inundated ; there is no prairie land, but the soils are generally good not the best. The most common timber is white and black oak, poplar, walnut, sugar, beech, hickory, etc., with much undergrowth of dog-wood and spice bush. Corn and wheat are the staple products, which, with hogs and cattle, are exported largely. Coal is abundant. In 1850 the county contained 1,146 dwellings and families, 6,321 inhabitants, 794 farms, and 9 productive establishments. JASPER, on the Patoka, is the county seat. EL.KHART county, organized 1830, contains 460 square miles, and is boun'ded north by the Michigan state line, east by Lagrange and Noble, south by Kosciusko, and west by Marshall and St. Joseph. St. Joseph river, and its tributary, the Elkhart, are unsurpassed as mill streams ; and the numberless creeks that enter into them supply abundant water-power to every part of the county ; and there are several small lakes in various parts, one of which in the southwest is the source of Yellow river, a branch of Kankakee. The country has generally an un- dulating surface, about one half of which is covered with timber ; the residue is either prairie or oak barrens. The principal growths are beech, maple, walnut, hickory, pop- lar, oak, and cherry. The prairies in the vicinity of St. Joseph and Elkhart rivers are remarkably fertile, and are highly cultivated. Wheat and corn are the staple products, and some 40,000 barrels of flour are annually exported. Other grains and grasses are also produced in abundance. Large beds of iron are found in the county, and at Mishawaka considerable amounts have been man- COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 03 ufactured. The Northern Indiana railroad traverses this county east and west. In 1850 it contained 2,254 dwell- ings, 2,316 families, 12,690 inhabitants, 1,226 farms, and 70 productive establishments. GOSHEN, on the east bank of the Elkhart river, is the county seat. FAYETTE county, organized 1818, contains 210 square miles, and is bounded north by Henry and Wayne, east by Union, south by Franklin, and west by Rush. The west fork of White Water river passes north and south through the county, dividing it almost centrally, and this, with its tributaries, affords abundant water-power at all seasons. In the east and south the surface is generally rolling, and in the north and west level, with a large por- tion of bottoms. Dense forests, principally of walnut, poplar, sugar, beech, hickory, oak, etc., originally cover- ed most of the county. The soil is everywhere remark- ably fertile, and the crops more than usually abundant. No other county, in proportion to its size, exports a greater amount of products. Pork, beef, and flour, are its staples, which are sent to market chiefly by the White Water canal, which passes along the valley of the river of the same name. In 1850 Fayette contained 1,818 dwell- ings, 1,835 families, 10,217 inhabitants, 986 farms, and 116 productive establishments. CONNERSVILLE, situated on the canal and west of the river, is the county seat. FLOYD county, organized 1819, contains 144 square miles, and is bounded north by Washington and Clarke, east by Clarke and the Ohio river, south and west by Har- rison. Silver creek divides Floyd from Clark county, and there are several other small creeks within the county. A range of hills called the " Knobs" traverses the county north and south, terminating on the Ohio near New Albany. These hills, which are from two to three miles wide, are covered with fine timber, oaks generally, but in 64 INDIANA. some places pine. In the -western parts poplar, chestnut, beech, and sugar are the prevalent growths, and in the bottoms of the Ohio and Silver creek, the timber common to such situations. The soil is very various ; little of it, however, can be classed as first-rate. Corn and grasses are the chief products, and the rearing of live stock is generally attended to. Manufactures and ship-building are carried on near the Ohio. In 1850 Floyd contained 2,448 dwellings, 2,316 families, 14,875 inhabitants, 1,428 farms, and 106 productive establishments. The New Al- bany and Salem railroad passes through the county. NEW ALBANY, situated on the Ohio, two miles below the Falls, is the county seat. FOUNTAIN (Fontaine) county, organized 1825, contains 390 square miles, and is bounded north by Warren, east by Tippecanoe and Montgomery, south by Parke, and west by Vermilion and Warren. The principal streams are the Wabash, which washes its western and northern borders, and its tributaries, Coal creek and Shawanee creek, which, with numerous arms, spread over a great portion of the county and afford abundant water-power. The surface is mostly level, though the central and south- ern parts are occasionally undulating, and it is beauti- fully variegated with heavy forests and rich prairies. Prairie covers about one fourth part of the whole area. The soil is generally a black loam, mixed with sand, and is very productive. Clay prevails in the south, and the forests there consist of poplar, sugar, and beech. In the north oak, walnut, and hickory predominate. The ex- ports are carried off by the Wabash river and the Wabash and Erie canal ; they consist of grain, flour, pork, and live stock. Coal and iron ore are abundant, and manu- factures engage considerable attention. In 1850 there were in the county 2,251 dwellings, 2,301 families, 13.253 COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 65 inhabitants, 1,357 farms, and 103 productive establish- ments. COVINGTON, on the east side of the Wabash, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, where the road from In- diana to Springfield, Illinois, crosses it, is the county seat. FRANKLIN county, organized 1810, contains 400 square miles, and is bounded north by Fayette and Union, east by the Ohio state line , south by Dearborn and Ripley, and west by Decatur and Rush. The principal water-courses are the east and west branches of the White Water, which unite at Brookville, near the center of the county, affording immense motive-power ; and besides these are Salt creek, Pipe creek, Red Cedar Grove creek, etc., which drain con- siderable sections. The northeast part of the county is generally level, the central and western parts are rolling and in many places quite hilly. The soil is good on the average ; the bottoms of the White Water and its tribu- taries occupy one half the surface, and are well adapted for corn growing ; wheat succeeds best on the uplands. The timber consists chiefly of oak, sugar, beech, hickory, and black walnut. The products of the county are car- ried off by the White Water canal. In several kinds of manufactures the county has made some ^progress, and in milling few counties can compete with this. Many relics of a past civilization, as mounds and other con- structions of earth and stone, are found in several parts. In 1850 the county contained 3,286 dwellings and families, 17,968 inhabitants, 1,739 farms, and 121 productive es- tablishments, BROOKVILLE, situated on the forks of White Water river, is the county seat. FTTLTON county, organized 1836, contains 357 square miles, and is bounded north by Marshall, east by Kosci- usko and Miami, south by Cass, and west by Pulaski. The Tippecanoe river crosses the north part of the county in a direction east and west, and this, with the creeks 66 INDIANA. named, Mill, Mud, Owl, and Chipwannuc, afford immense water-power. A ridge of small, rugged hills extends along the north bank of the Tippecanoe through the county. With this exception, the surface is level or gently undu- lating. The northeast and east parts are covered with dense forests ; the residue is barrens and prairie, alter- nately wet and dry, with occasional groves of timber. In the barrens the soil is sandy, but generally in the timber lands black earth, rich and deep, prevails. Iron ore is abundant, and the manufacture of the article is becoming important. In 1850 the county contained 1,085 dwellings and families, 5,982 inhabitants, 777 farms, and 13 produc- tive establishments. ROCHESTER, on the south bank of Mill creek, on the Michigan road, is the county seat. GIBSON county, organized 1813, contains 450 square miles, and is bounded north by Knox and Pike, east by Pike and Warrick, south by Warrick, Vanderburg, and Posey, and west by the state of Illinois. The Wabash river winds along its western, and White river along its northern border, while the Patoka and numerous other streams drain the interior. The surface is agreeably un- dulating; about one sixth is bottom land, and a small portion barrens; the residue is heavily timbered with walnut, sugar, beech, hickory, ash, oak, etc. The soil is generally loam and sand, and is everywhere productive. The agricultural exports are ample. The immense water- power of this county and its navigable streams have greatly developed its resources ; and the^anal, when com- pleted, will be a further means of promoting its already great prosperity. In 1850 Gibson contained 1,833 dwel- lings and families, 10,771 inhabitants, 1,220 farms, and 23 productive establishments. PRINCETON, situated in the center of a fine farming country, is the county seat. GRANT county, organized 1831, contains 416 square COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 67 miles, and is bounded north by Wabash and Huntington, east by Wells and Blackford, south by Delaware and Madison, and west by Howard and Miami. The water- courses are the Mississinewa and its tributaries. Except along the b'orders of the Mississinewa, which are beauti- fully rolling, the country is quite level, and nearly all was originally covered with heavy timber. The soil is rich and well adapted for agriculture generally. It has few facilities of transportation, however ; and, in this respect, suffers in comparison with most other parts of Indiana. In 1850 Grant contained 1,894 dwellings, 1,901 families, 11,092 inhabitants, 900 farms, and 52 productive estab- lishments. MARION, on the west side of the Mississinewa, is the county seat. GREENE county, organized 1821, contains 540 square miles, and is bounded north by Clay and Owen, east by Munroe and Lawrence, south by Martin and Daviess, and west by Sullivan. The west fork of White river divides it almost equally, and it has other streams which afford mill-power, and the former is navigable the whole extent. Eastward the surface is rather hilly, westward it is level, and on the rivers the soil is particularly rich. The bar- rens, which occupy one sixth part of the county, are sandy ; the other parts have a clay soil, which varies greatly in quality. Oak, sugar, walnut, beech, cherry, and per- simmon are the prevailing forest growths. The products are wheat, corn, pork, and tobacco, and large quantities are annually exported. Coal and iron are found in great abundance. The Wabash and Erie canal passes through the county, and, when open to Evansville, must be the means of adding much to the wealth of the county. In 1850 the county contained 2,089 dwellings, 2,094 families, 12,313 inhabitants, 1,227 farms, and 39 productive estab- 68 INDIANA. lisliments. BLOOMFIELD, situated on high ground, one mile east of White river, is the county seat. HAMILTON county, organized 1823, contains 400 square miles, and is bounded north by Tipton, east by Madison, south by Hancock and Marion, and west by Boone and Clinton. The principal streams are the west fork of White river, and its tributaries, Cicero, Coal, Stoney, Fall creeks, etc. The surface is either level or gently undulating, the soil good, and everywhere adapted to farming operations. Along White river there are a few dry prairies, and at the heads of Cicero and Stoney creeks a number of wet ones, but they are mostly of small extent. The residue of the county is timbered land, with a good proportion of oak, poplar, walnut, sugar, hickory, and beech. The products of agriculture are ample, and the exports, consisting of wheat, flour, corn, pork, and live stock are constantly increasing. The Indianapolis and Peru railroad, recently opened, will cause a rapid de- velopment of its resources, and stimulate every kind of industry. In 1850 the county contained 2,159 dwellings, 2,161 families, 12,684 inhabitants, 1,261 farms, and 16 productive establishments. NOBLESVILL.E, on the east side of the river, and an important railroad station, is the county seat. HANCOCK county, organized 1828, contains 308 square miles, and ia bounded noAh by Hamilton and Madison, east by Henry and Rush, south by Shelby, and west by Marion. The principal streams are Blue river, Sugar creek, and Brandywine creek, all affording excellent mill sites. The surface is generally level, hut near the streams frequently becomes undulating. The soils are rich, and much of the county was originally well timbered. The staple pro- ducts are wheat, corn, and grass ; and these, with hogs cattle, and horses, form the exports. Manufactures have COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 69 made considerable progress. The railroad from India- napolis to Richmond intersects this county, and affords convenient means of transport. In 1850 Hancock con- tained 1,685 dwellings and families, 9,698 inhabitants, 1,176 farms, and 36 productive establishments. GREEN- FIELD, in the center of the county, near Brandywine creek, is the county seat. HARRISON- county, organized 1808, contains 478 square miles, and is bounded north by Washington, east by Floyd and the Ohio river, south by the Ohio river, and west by Ohio river and Crawford. The principal streams, besides the Ohio, which washes the coast southeast, south, and southwest, are Blue river, forming the dividing line be- tween Harrison and Crawford, and the creeks Big Indian, Little Indian, and Buck. These are all fine mill streams. The face of the country, as well as the soils, is much di- versified. The " Knobs," in the east, and the river hills present fine scenery. The bottoms, valleys, and parts of the upland are fertile, and were originally timbered, but some of the barrens have many sink holes, and in places the soil is thin. Corn, wheat, potatoes, pork, beef, etc., form the staples, and these are largely exported. Six miles west of Corydon is Wilson's Spring, 60 feet in diame- ter, and, though it has been sounded 400 feet, no bottom has been found. It rises from a solid rock, and affords sufficient water to turn a valuable flouring mill. Put- nam's cave, in the same neighborhood, has been explored for a distance of two and a half miles, and is frequently visited. The descent to the cave is some twenty feet, and it then extends off horizontally. In 1850 Harrison con- tained 2,045^ dwellings and families, 15,286 inhabitants, 1,650 farms, and 19 productive establishments. CORYDON, situated on a level bottom, near the junction of Big and Little Indian creeks, is the county seat. 70 INDIANA. HENDRICK'S county, organized 1823, contains 380 square miles, and is bounded north by Boone, east by Marion, south by Morgan, and west by Putnam and Montgomery. The south side and northwest corner are undulating, otherwise the surface is level. More than half the soil is a rich loam, slightly mixed with sand, and the balance is clay, interspersed with wet prairie lands. The forests are very extensive, and consist of the most valuable timber trees. The staple products are corn and wheat ; and hogs, cattle and horses form a large moiety of the exports. The principal water-courses are White Lick, some of the upper branches of Eel river, and Mud creek, which abound in mill sites. Several woollen and other factories are in op- eration. The national road and the Indianapolis and Terre Haute railroad cross this county in a direction east and west, and are the general lines of transportation for mer- chandize from and to the county In 1850 the county contained 2,390 dwellings, 2,412 families, 14,083 inhabit- ants, 1,444 farms, and 10 productive establishments. DANVILLE is the county seat. HENRY county, organized 1821, contains 385 square miles, and is bounded north by Delaware, east by Ran- dolph and Wayne, south by Fayette and Rush, and west by Hancock and Madison. Water-power is abundant. Blue river runs from northeast to southwest through the county, Fall creek through the north, and there are sev- eral other valuable mill streams. The face of the coun- try is undulating, but there are large tracts of level in the east. With the exception of a small extent of prairie in the north, the land was originally well timbered, but most of the farms are now well cleared and cultivated. Wheat and flour are the staple exports, and a large amount of stock is annually driven to the markets. Manufactures have made some progress, and trade generally is nourishing. COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 71 The railroads from Indianapolis to Ohio pass directly across the county. In 1850 it contained 3,064 dwellings, 3,066 families, 17,605 inhabitants, 1,666 farms, and 124 productive establishments. NEW CASTLE is the county seat. HOWARD county, organized 1844, contains 279 square miles, and is bounded north by Cass and Miami, east by Grant, south by Tipton and Clinton, and west by Clinton and Carroll. It contains numerous fine mill streams. The surface is level or slightly undulating, and the soil is uni- formly rich. There are a few prairies inclining to be wet, but generally the land is heavily timbered. Corn, wheat, and grass grow finely. This county lies wholly in the Miami Reserve, and is, as yet, sparsely settled. It is tra- versed by the Indianapolis and Peru railroad, which ac- commodates all its transportation. In 1850 the county con- tained 1,190 dwellings and families, 6,957 inhabitants, 746 farms, and 26 productive establishments. KOKOMO, lo- cated on the site of an Indian village of the same name, is the county seat. HUNTING-TON county, organized 1832, contains 384 square miles, and is bounded north by Whitley, east by Allen and Wells, south by Grant, and west by Wabash The Wabash is the principal river, and there are the Sal- amonie, Little river, and numberless tributary creeks, all which are fine mill streams. The surface is generally level or slightly undulating, and the soil, clay and sand mixed, deep and very fertile. Small prairies exist, but forest land preponderates, with the usual varieties of tim- ber. Wheat, corn, beef, and pork are the great staples, and are exported to a considerable extent. The Wabash and Erie canal passes through the county. In 1850 it contained 1,356 dwellings and families, 7,850 inhabitants, 782 farms, and 32 productive establishments. HUNTING- 72 INDIANA. DON, at the mouth of Flint creek on Little river, two miles above its entrance into the Wabash, is the county seat. JACKSON county, organized 1815, contains 500 square miles, and is bounded north by Brown and Bartholomew, east by Jennings, south by Scott and Washington, and west by Lawrence and Monroe. The principal water- courses are the Driftwood or east fork of White river, White fork, White creek, Salt creek, and Muscackituck creek, all fine mill streams. The face of the country is for the most part either level or gently undulating, but in the north there are several ranges of " knobs." The bottoms are large and rich, composing about one fourth part of the whole surface, and the soil is generally sandy clay, but in every variety. The greater portion of the county is well timbered. The produce is large, and a con- siderable surplus is annually exported. In the northeast corner of the county, in the bed of White river, is a soli- tary boulder of granite weighing several tons. No other rock of the kind is found in the county. In the same neighborhood is a large mound, about two hundred yards in circumference at its base. In 1850 the county contain- ed 1,956 dwellings, 1,965 families, 11,047 inhabitants, 1,173 farms, and 18 productive establishments. The Ohio and Indianapolis railroad passes through it north and south, and the Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad will cut it from east to west. BRowNsxowN,one mile southeast of east fork of White river, is the county seat. JASPER county, organized 1837, the largest county in the state, contains 975 square miles, and is bounded north by Lake and Porter, east by Stark, Pulaski, and White, south by White and Benton, and west by the Illinois state line. The Kankakee, which traverses the whole north boundary, and which is navigable in high water, is the principal stream. In the south the country is drained by COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 73 the Iroquois or Pickamink, Pine creek, Sugar creek, etc. Beaver lake, in the northwest part of the county, the largest sheet of water in the state, covers 16,000 acres, and abounds in excellent fish. The surface is generally level, and consists mostly of wet and dry prairie, inter- spersed with small groves of timber, usually called bar- rens or oak openings. Much of the land is very fertile, but better adapted to grazing than crops. Wheat, corn, and oats are the cereal staples. Stock is raised to a large amount. Most of the country, however, is as yet sparsely settled. In 1850 Jasper contained 592 dwellings and fam- ilies, 3,540 inhabitants, 343 farms, and 4 productive es- tablishments. RENSSELLAER, at the rapids of the Iro- quois river, at the southwest side, is the county seat. JAY county, organized 1836, contains 378 square miles, and is bounded north by Wells and Adams, east by the Ohio state line, south by Randolph, and west by Delaware and Blackford. The county is drained by a number of fine creeks, tributaries of the Wabash. The surface is generally level, but occasionally undulating, and every- where the soil is rich and productive. The principal forest trees are oak, ash, walnut, hickory, and beech, the two latter preponderating. It is a fine grazing county, and exports largely both of animal and agricultural products. In 1850 it contained 1,179 dwellings, 1,185 families, 7,047 inhabitants, 876 farms, and 9 productive establishments. PORTLAND, on the north side of the Sal- amonie, is the county seat. JEFFERSON county, organized 1809, contains 370 square miles, and is bounded north by Jennings and Ripley, east by Switzerland, south by the Ohio river, and southwest and west by Clark, Scott, and Jennings. It is drained by Muscackituck creek, which falls into the east fork of White river, Indian Kentucky creek, Big creek, Lewis creek, 7 74 INDIANA. etc., all fine mill streams. Hart's Falls, near Hanover, and the Falls of Clifty have much grand scenery about them. Except near the Ohio, the surface is usually level. The bottoms are extensive and rich, and the soil of the hills skirting the Ohio is also excellent. On the table- land, back from the hills, there is more clay, and the in- terior is well wooded, mostly with beech. It is a fine grass county, and most part of it is not suitable for grain growing. In 1850 Jefferson contained 4,092 dwellings, 4,204 families, 23,916 inhabitants, 1,396 farms, and 138 productive establishments. MADISON, on the Ohio river, the south terminus of the railroad to Indianapolis, is the county seat. Hanover is the location of a celebrated college. JENNINGS county, organized 1816, contains 380 square miles, and is bounded north by Bartholomew and Decatur, east by Ripley, south by Jefferson and Scott, and west by Jackson and Bartholomew. Near the streams, the most important of which are Graham's fork, and north fork of Muscackituck river, and Sand creek, the surface is hilly and broken, and the soil moderately fertile, except in the beech flats, at the heads of the streams, where it is fit only for grass. Excellent timber, and fine and convenient lime- stone quarries, are the staples of the county. Agriculture furnishes little for export. The Madison and Indianap- olis railroad passes northwest and southeast through the county. In 1850 the county contained 2,064 dwellings and families, 12,096 inhabitants, 1,208 farms, and 78 pro- ductive establishments. VERNON, opposite the junction of the north and south forks of the Vernon branch of Muscackituck river, is the county seat. JOHNSON county, organized 1822, contains 320 square miles, and is bounded north by Marion, east by Shelby, south by Bartholomew and Brown, and west by Morgan. The east fork of White river, with Sugar creek, Young's COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 75 creek, Indian creek, Stott's creek, etc. , drain the country, and afford it mill-power. The surface is very various ; in the southwest it is hilly, south and southeast plea- santly undulating, and in other parts principally level. Every acre is susceptible of cultivation. The soil is gene- rally a rich black loam, mixed with sand; and a great portion has excellent timber. Wheat and corn are largely exported, also, some hogs and cattle. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad passes through the county, and, also, the railroad to Mar tins ville. In 1850 Jennings contained 2,067 dwellings and families, 12,101 inhabitants, 1,153 farms, and 25 productive establishments. FRANKLIX, on the north side of Young's creek, just about its junction with Hurricane creek, and on the line of the railroad, is the county seat. Edinburg is also an important place. KNOX county, organized 1802, contains 540 square miles, and is bounded north by Sullivan and Greene, east by Daviess, south by Pike and Gibson, and west by the state of Illinois. It is inclosed on three sides by rivers ; on the east by the west fork of the White river, on the south by White river, and on the west by the Wabash river, and there are numerous fine streams penetrating its interior, as Deshee river, Marie creek, etc. Much of the surface is either level or undulating, though there are some river hills. The prairies, near the Wabash, are rich and exten- sive ; and the timbered lands, which occupy the largest part of the county, are generally productive ; intermixed with them, however, are sandy barrens and swamps. The bottoms are subject to inundations, but are the most fer- tile lands. The county sends off a large amount of surplus products. In 1850 it contained 1,969 dwellings and fami- lies, 11,084 inhabitants, 961 farms, and 37 productive establishments. VINCENNES, the oldest settlement in the state, is the county seat. It is well located on the Wa- 76 INDIANA. bash, and has prospects of becoming an important railroad center. KOSCITTSKO county, organized 1836, contains 567 square miles, and is bounded north by Elkhart, east by Noble and Whitley, south by Wabash and Miami, and west by Fulton and Marshall. It is watered by the rivers Tippecanoe and Eel, which have numerous tributary streams. The surface, for the most part, is undulating, with a generally rich soil, and more than one half is heavily timbered. Barrens, or oak openings, occupy a considerable portion of the residue, but there are dry prairies in the center of the state, and also in the northern part, diversified with wet prairies, and several beautiful lakelets abounding in fish. The products of the county are chiefly consumed within itself, but when the tide of immigration shall have fully settled the country, few districts will be able to export a greater surplus. In 1850 it contained 1,783 dwellings, 1,795 families, 10,243 inhabitants, 1,127 farms, and 21 pro- ductive establishments. WARSAW, on the Tippecanoe, is the county seat. LA GRANGE county, organized 1832, contains 396 square miles, and is bounded north by the Michigan state line, east by Steuben, south by Noble, and west by Elkhart. Fawn river, Pigeon river, and Little Elkhart river are the principal water-courses, but there are, besides these, nu- merous creeks and lakes, which afford adequate mill- power. The surface is mostly level, but there are some broken or undulating districts. Two thirds of the county are barrens or oak openings, one tenth prairie, and the resi- due heavily timbered land. Sandy loam is the prevailing soil, but in those on which timber is thickest clay preponde- rates ; both are fertile, but the former is most productive of wheat. The surplus products seek a market in Michi- gan, and are carried off by the southern railroad of that COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 77 state. In 1850 the county contained 1,479 dwellings, 1,486 families, 8,387 inhabitants, 1,062 farms, and 64 pro- ductive establishments. LA GRANGE, in Bloomfield town- ship, is the county seat. Lima, on Pigeon river, was such before 1842. LAKE county, organized 1837, contains 468 square miles, and is bounded north by Lake Michigan, east by Porter, south by Jasper, and west by the Illinois state line. The Kankakee river forms its southern border, and receives from the interior West, Cedar, and Eagle creeks. In the north are the two branches of Calumic river and Deep river. The surface and soil are various ; near the lakes sand-hills are thrown up, and are covered with dwarf pine and cedar growths ; south of Turkey creek the soil is rich and alluvial, but the central part is better adapted to grazing than crops, the soil being a mixture of clay, marl, and black " muck." Farther south there is more sand, with a mixture of black loam, 'and very productive; and still farther south, adjoining the Kankakee, are exten- sive marshes. About one half the surface is prairie, with groves of various kinds of timber. The Northern Indian railroad passes through the county in a direction east and west. In 1850 Lake contained 715 dwellings and families, 3,991 inhabitants, 423 farms, and 5 productive establish- ments. CROWN POINT is the county seat. LA PORTE county, organized 1832, contains 562 square miles, and is bounded north by the Michigan state line, east by St. Joseph and Marshall, south by Starke, and west by Porter. The principal streams are the Kankakee river, the Little Kankakee river, Gallien river, and Trail creek. The surface is undulating, and abounds with rich prairie, interspersed with groves of timber and lakes of pure water. The timber is oak and hickory, and near the lake, on the sand-hills, dwarf pine and cedar. In the more " 78 INDIANA. level regions beech, poplar, sugar, etc., predominate. The soil is very rich, but in the south are burr oak barrens and the marshes of the Kankakee. The products of the county are largely exported, and the cattle, hogs, etc., are sent to Chicago and Detroit. The Northern railroad passes through the county. In 1850 La Porte contained 2.124 dwellings, 2,150 families, 12,145 inhabitants, 1,116 farms, and 122 productive establishments. LA PORTE, situated in a beautiful lake and prairie country, is the county seat. Michigan city, on Trail creek and Lake Michigan, is also an important town, and is contemplated as the future emporium of the northwestern trade of Indiana. LAWRENCE county, organized 1818, contains 438 square miles, and is bounded north by Monroe, east by Jackson and Washington, south by Orange, and west by Martin and Greene. The principal stream is the east fork of White river; and there is also a number of fine streams, as Salt creek, Guthrie's creek, Beaver creek, ar.d Leather- wood creek, all eligible for mill-power. The chief part of the surface is either rolling, hilly, or much broken the level bottoms comprise only about a tenth part of the whole. The soil is excellent and timber abundant. Lime- stone and fine springs of water are found everywhere. The county exports largely. In 1850 the number of dwellings and families was 2,012, of inhabitants 12,097, of farms 1,031, and of productive establishments 19. The extension of the New Albany and Salem railroad travefses the county in a direction north and south, and it is prob- able that the Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad will cross it from east to west. BEDFORD, beautifully situate on the high ground between the east fork of White river and Salt creek, three miles from the former and two from the lat- ter, is the county seat. COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 79 MADISON county, organized 1823, contains 390 square miles, and is bounded north by Grant, east by Delaware and Henry, south by Hancock, and west by Hamilton and Tipton. The principal stream is the west fork of White river (navigable) and its tributaries ; and there are nu- merous fine mill streams, as Pipe creek, Killbuck creek, Fall creek, and Lick creek, which drain a large area. With the exception of a few wet prairies and the river- hills, the country is either gently undulating or level, and was originally heavily timbered. About one fourth is bottom-land, the residue upland, with soils varying, though mostly mixed with clayey loam, and sometimes with sand. The county produces largely of wheat and corn, and feeds immense quantities of stock for market. Limestone and marble are abundant. The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine railroad traverses the county. In 1850 the county contained 2,159 dwellings, 2,160 families, 12,375 inhabitants, 1,494 farms, and 67 productive estab- lishments. ANDERSON, situated on a high bluff on the south side of White river, is the county seat. MARION county, organized 1821, contains 400 square miles, and is bounded north by Boone and Hamilton, east by Hancock and Shelby, south by Jqhnson and Morgan, and west by Hendricks. The west fork of White river inter- sects this county, and it is otherwise drained by Fall or Eagle creek, and several others. The north and southwest is a beautiful rolling country, diversified with hills, but the residue, with little exception, is almost level, with slight ascents from the streams. The elevation of the county above the water of the Ohio river is upward of 250 feet, or about 680 above the sea level. One third of the surface is bottoms, and was originally heavily tim- bered with sugar-tree, walnut, ash, and oak, without un- derbrush. The soil is generally black loam, mixed with 80 INDIANA. sand and clay, on a limestone-gravel substratum. Away from the streams the soils become poorer, and require fre- quent manuring. The products, however, are abundant, and a large surplus is exported. Manufactures are rap- idly on the increase, and the demands of an increasing intercourse are ever calling for new establishments. In 1850 the county contained 3,984 dwellings, 4,003 families, 24,013 inhabitants, 1,581 farms, and 179 productive es- tablishments. INDIANAPOLIS is the county seat and also CAPITAL OF THE STATE. It is situated on the east bank of the west fork of White river, in latitude 39 46' north and longitude 86 4' west, and is as nearly as possible in the center of the state. It stands on a beautiful, very fer- tile, and extensive plain, just below the mouth of Fall creek. It is built on lands (four sections) donated by the General Government, and dates from 1821, at which pe- riod the whole country, for forty miles around, was a dense forest. Since then its growth has been rapid. In 1830 it contained 1,085 inhabitants ; in 1834, about 1,600 ; in 1840, 2,692 ; and in 1850, 8,034. The seat of govern- ment was established here 1st January, 1825. The State House is a fine building, 180 feet long and 80 feet wide, and was completed in. 1834, at a cost of $60,000, all of which, together with the cost of the governor's house and of the treasurer's house and offices, was realized from the sale of lots on the donation. Churches, schools, hotels, and every description of stores, now grace its streets ; and it boasts of numerous institutions which would do honor to cities of more pretensions. Of late years it has become a chief center of railroad traffic, and, from its position, is likely to maintain its ascendancy in this respect. No less than seven railroads meet here, coming from all directions, and conveying to and from it the wealth of an empire. It is also on the line of the Great National road, and from COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 81 it diverge several fine macadamized and plank roads, pointing to all the important places within and beyond the limits of the state. In manufactures, also, it has made rapid progress, and, at the present time, has me- chanics employed in every handicraft. Few cities in the states north of the Ohio, indeed, have so excellent a pros- pect of future greatness, and there are those who antici- pate its becoming a rival to Cincinnati and St. Louis in the number of its people, the amount of its trade, and in that enterprise which is so necessary to the fulfillment of all high expectations. MARSHAL county, organized 1836, contains 441 square miles, and is bounded north by St. Joseph, east by Elk- hart and Kosciusko, south by Fulton, and west by Stark and La Porte. The country is watered by Yellow river, which runs nearly through the center, and Tippecanoe river, in the south section ; besides which there are nu- merous smaller streams, as Pine creek, Eagle creek, Wolf creek, etc., and several beautiful lakes, of which Lake Maxineukkee, near the southwest corner, is the largest. The surface is generally level, but sometimes rolling ; and about one half is timbered lands, and the residue barrens interspersed with rich and dry prairie. The soil is excel- lent, and except in the barrens, where it is thin, well adapted for either farming or grazing. Iron ore of good quality is very abundant, and a considerable quantity has been reduced. In 1850 the county contained 928 dwell- ings and families, 5,348 inhabitants, 570 farms, and 10 productive establishments. PLYMOUTH, on the north bank of Yellow river, twenty-five miles from its junction with the Kankakee, is the county seat. MARTIN county, organized 1818, contains 340 square miles, and is bounded north by Greene, east by Lawrence and Orange, south by Dubois, and west by Daviess. The 82 INDIANA. east fork of White river, in its windings through the county, drains a large portion of it, and abundant water- power is also afforded by Lick, Beaver, Indian, and Bogues creeks. The surface is generally hilly, and the soils various in quality, but mostly clay. Nine tenths of the county was originally heavily timbered, the residue river-bottoms and barrens. A considerable amount of produce is exported. Martin will probably be intersected by the line of the Cincinnati and St. Louis railroad. In 1860 the county contained 1,025 dwellings, 1,027 families, 5,941 inhabitants, 633 farms, and 18 productive establish- ments. DOVER HILL, in Perry township, is the county seat MIAMI county, organized 1832, contains 384 square miles, and is bounded north by Fulton and Kosciusko, east by Wabash and Grant, south by Howard, and west by Cass and Fulton. The principal water- courses are the Wabash river and Eel rivr, which flow through the county from east to west ; and the Mississinewa empties into the Wabash from the south. All these are navigable for light boats, and there are numerous creeks spreading in all directions. The surface, except on the Wabash, etc., rivers, is generally level; on those streams there is a good amount of hilly land, but not so broken as to pre- vent cultivation. One half the county is timbered heavy, and the residue is either bottoms, barrens, or prairies. The soil is universally good and some exceedingly fertile. The surplus products are large in amount, and since the purchase of the Reserve, agriculture has made great pro- gress. Mills of every description line the streams, and are in active employment. In 1850 the county contained 1,944 dwellings, 1,975 families, 11,304 inhabitants, 1,184 farms, and 48 productive establishments. The Wabash and Erie canal crosses in a direction east and west, and COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 83 the Indianapolis and Peru railroad taps it from the south. PERU, on the north bank of the Wabash river, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, is the county seat. MONROE county, organized 1818, contains 420 square miles, and is bounded north by Owen and Morgan, east by Brown and Jackson, south by Lawrence, and west by Greene and Owen. It is watered by Salt, Clear, and Bean Blossom creeks. On Salt creek, a superior quality of table salt is manufactured. The face of the country is mostly hilly, though near the center there is much that is rolling. It was originally heavily timbered, without prairie, and with but a small portion of bottoms. Walnut, ash, oak, poplar, cherry, hickory, beech, etc., are the prin- cipal growths. Iron ore is plentiful in the northwest. The agricultural products are ample, and the county is well supplied with mills. Some progress has also been made in manufactures. The New Albany and Salem railroad is extended through the county in a direction north and south. In 1850 Monroe contained 1,892 dwellings and families, 11,286 inhabitants, 1,230 farms, and 46 produc- tive establishments. BLOOMINGTON is the county seat. The State University, a very flourishing literary institu- tion, is located here. MONTGOMERY county, organized 1822, contains 504 square miles, and is bounded north by Tippecanoe, east by Clinton, Boone, and Hendricks, south by Putnam and Parkej and west by Fountain. The west part and near the principal streams the surface is somewhat hilly and broken, in the north and center it is undulating, and in the south and east level. The soil is everywhere rich, and well adapted to corn, wheat, grass, fruit, etc. There are several fine prairies in the north, and occasionally barrens or oak openings, but two thirds of the county Was originally covered with heavy forests. The county 84 INDIANA. exports amply of wheat and corn, and hogs, cattle, and horses are annually driven to market in great numbers. The principal streams are Sugar creek, Big and Little Raccoon creeks, and there are numerous others of smaller dimensions ; these all form excellent mill sites. In 1850 Montgomery contained 2,971 dwellings, 3,009 families, 18,084 inhabitants, 1,880 farms, and 87 productive estab- lishments. It is connected with La Fayette by railroad, which will probably be continued southward, intersecting several other lines, on its way to New Albany. CRAW- FORDS VILLE, at which is located TV abash College and a female institute of a high order, is the county seat. MORGAN county, organized 1818, contains 453 square miles, and is bounded north by Hendricks and Marion, east by Johnson, south by Brown and Monroe, and west by Owen and Putnam. The west fork of White river in- tersects this county in a direction northeast and southwest, and is navigable throughout, and the country is drained by White Lick, Mill, Big Indian, Stott's, and other creeks. About one half the surface is river and creek bottoms, and where these terminate there is generally a line of hills. Back from these the land becomes undulating or level. In the feouth, adjoining Monroe, is a very hilly and broken region, yet the soil is here excellent, and, when divested of its covering of timber, produces the best crops. No part of the state, indeed, is more generally favorable for agricul- ture than Monroe. The principal crop is corn, but all other grains thrive well. The exports, via the White river and the Martinsville railroad, are considerable, and will rapidly be increased from the facilities now offered to transportation. In 1850 the county contained 2,401 dwellings and families, 14,596 inhabitants, 1,392 farms, and 14 productive establishments. MARTINSVILLE, about one mile east of White river, is the county seat. COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 85 NOBLE county, organized 1838, contains 432 square miles, and is bounded north by La Grange, east by De Kalb, south by Allen and Whitley, and west by Kosciusko and Elkhart. The principal water-courses are Elkhart river and Tippecanoe river. The surface is much diversi- fied, some portions being nearly level, and others rolling or hilly, and about one half is timber covered, the residue being barrens intermixed with prairies. The soil is gene- rally a dark loam, with clay or sand, or both, in various proportions. Lakes are numerous, but small. , Iron ore is abundant. In 1850 the county contained 1,395 dwell- ings, 1,402 families, 7,946 inhabitants, 772 farms, and Itf productive establishments. ALBION is the county seat. OHIO county, organized 1844, contains 92 square miles, and is the smallest in the state. It is bounded north by Dearborn, east by the Ohio river, south by Switzerland ? and west by Ripley. The face of the country, except some large and fine bottoms on the Ohio and Laughery, is very hilly, but the soil is uniformly good. Beech, ash, walnut, and sugar predominate near the streams ; oak and hickory in other places. The farms are generally well cultivated, and considerable quantities both of produce and stock are annually exported. Manufactures have also made great progress. In 1850 the county contained, 946 dwellings, 962 families, 5,308 inhabitants, 386 farms, and 34 produc- tive establishments. RISING SUN is the county seat. ORANGE county, organized 1816, contains 400 square miles, and is bounded north by Lawrence, east by Wash- ington, south by Crawford, and west by Dubois and Mar- tin. The county is drained by Lost creek, Lick creek, and Patoka creek, all which afford excellent mill power. In the south the surface is hilly and broken, abounding in fine springs ; in the north it is undulating. Three fifths of the county is upland, well timbered with oak, hickory, 8 00 INDIANA. poplar, ash, walnut, cherry, sugar, and beech; the resi- due is about equally rich bottoms or barrens. Grazing is here a principal occupation. The staples are corn, wheat, and rye. There are several sinks and caverns in this county, which has limestone mostly for its basis. In 1850 Orange contained 1,841 dwellings, 1,846 families, 10,809 inhabitants, 1,118 farms, and 8 productive establishments. PAOLI is the county seat. OWEJV county, organized 1818, contains 396 square miles, and is bounded north by Putnam, east by Morgan and Monroe, south by Greene, and west by Clay. The west fork of White river and its tributaries drain the prin- cipal portion of the county, and afford fine mill sites. Eel river, also, has immense water-power. The surface is generally undulating or rolling, and the soil is excellent, with a thick growth of timber. Iron ore and coal are found in great abundance. In 1850 the county contained 2,000 dwellings, 2,002 families, 12,106 inhabitants, 1,142 farms, and 26 productive establishments. SPENCER, on the west bank of White river, is the county seat. PARKE county, organized 1821, contains 440 square miles, and is bounded north by Fountain and Montgomery, east by Putnam, south by Clay and Vigo, and west by Vermilion. The Wabash river forms its western boun- dary, and a number of fine streams falling into it, drain the whole county ; these are Big Raccoon, Little Raccoon, Leatherwood, and Sugar creeks. Two thirds of the sur- face is either level or slightly undulating, and occasionally hills appear, but of no great elevation. The greater por- tion was originally covered with forests. The soil is a black loam, with sand intermixed, and remarkably fertile. Beds of coal and iron ore of great extent exist throughout the county. The products are immense, and the exports of both grain and live stock commensurate. The Wabash COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 87 and Erie canal traverses this county. In 1850 Parke con- tained 2,468 dwellings, 2,472 families, 14,968 inhabitants, 1,390 farms, and 63 productive establishments. ROCK- VILLE is the county seat. PERRY county, organized 1814, contains 400 square miles, and is bounded north by Dubois and Crawford, east by Crawford and the Ohio river, south by the Ohio river, and west by Spencer and Dubois. This county is drained by An- derson's, Deer, Bear, Oil, and Poison creeks, which empty into the Ohio river. With the exception of the Ohio bottoms, and some few other strips, the surface is very hilly ; and with these exceptions the soil is of an indifferent fertility, yet no part of the county is absolutely worthless. The finest of oak and poplar is found on the hills, and in the bottoms sugar, beech, ash, and walnut preponderate. Large quantities of wood and coal are furnished to steamboats on the Ohio river, and a considerable quantity of garden produce, grown chiefly in the bottoms, is sent to the neighboring markets. The interior furnishes little or no surplus. Cannelton, an important manufacturing town, is located in this county, on the Ohio river, and is famous for its coal (from which it takes its name), and it has several large cotton mills, employing many hands; and in this connection it is probable that the place will ultimately become the seat of operations more extensive than in any other portion of the state. It is also engaged in manu- facturing pottery, for which it has abundance of material. In 1850 the county contained 1,231 dwellings, 1,250 fami- lies, 7,268 inhabitants, 540 farms, and 14 productive establishments. ROME, on the Ohio, is the county seat. PIKE county, organized 1816, contains 338 square miles, and is bounded north by Knox and Daviess, east by Du- bois, south by Warrick and Gibson, and west by Gibson. It lies immediately south of the east fork of White river, 88 INDIANA. which forms its north limit. Patoka creek traverses it centrally, and there are other streams. The surface is level or gently undulating, and the soil a fine black loam, mixed with sand. The bottoms -are extensive, and the whole was originally heavily wooded. No county pro- duces more to the acre than does this, and hence its sur- plus is large. There is a great abundance of good coal in this county. Water-power for milling is deficient, but both White river and Patoka may at times be navigated, and the canal, which will soon be completed, will foster the onward progress of every species of improvement and industry. Near Petersburgh there is an Indian mound, in times long past used as a place of sepulture by the aborigines, and still so used by the present generation. The county contains 1,261 dwellings and families, 7,720 inhabitants, 909 farms, and 2 productive establishments. PETERSBURGH, one mile south of White river, and four and a half miles below the junction of its forks, is the county seat. PORTER county, organized 1836, contains 415 square miles, and is bounded north by Lake Michigan, east by La Porte and Starke, south by Jasper, and west by Lake With the exception of the lake shore hills, the surface of the country is gently undulating or level, with marshes on the Kankakee. The soil is good, and well adapted to wheat growing or grazing. About one fourth is tim- bered, with oak, walnut, poplar, pine, maple, butternut, and beech; one third barren, and the residue prairie or bottom lands. There are several small lakes in the county; the northern streams are Calumic river, Coffee creek, and Salt creek, and there are several creeks in the interior. The Northern Indiana railroad traverses through the northern parts. In 1850 the county contained 885 dwellings and families, 5,234 inhabitants, 467 farms, and COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 13 productive establishments. VALPARAISO is the county Beat. POSEY county, in the southwest corner of the state, or- ganized 1814, contains 420 square miles, and is bounded north by Gibson, east by Gibson and Vanderburg, south by the Ohio river, and west by Wabash river. Big Creek and Flat Creek are the principal interior streams. The surface is generally level or undulating, but some parts are hilly. There is little prairie or barrens. The bot- toms are extensive and well wooded. The soil is every- where good ; in some parts exceedingly fertile, and pro- duces a large surplus for export. A great number of mounds exist in different parts, and on the Wabash, twelve miles from its mouth, is the mound called " Bone Bank," in which many relics of a " former race" have been discovered ; and the " Causeway," above Mount Ver- non, an ancient fortification, is a remarkable construction, and indicative of a civilization which never existed in the present race of Indians. In 1850 this county contained 2,260 dwellings, 2,278 families, 12,549 inhabitants, 1,9.70 farms, and 26 productive establishments. MOUJVT VER- NON, on the Ohio river, sixteen miles above the mouth of the Wabash, is the county seat. New Harmony, on the Wabash, fifty miles from its entrance, is remarkable for its history and social system. PULASKI county, organized 1839, contains 342 square miles , and is bounded north by Starke , east by Fulton , south by Cass and White, and west by Jasper. The Tippecanoe runs through the county from north to south, and be- sides this there are several other streams. The surface is generally level, though there are sand ridges in some parts. About one half the county is prairie, and the other oak openings or barrens ; much of it is heavily timbered. The soil is a black loam, mixed with sand, and occasionally 90 INDIANA. with marl. The bottoms of the Tippecanoe are exceed- ingly rich and productive. In 1850 the county contained 454 dwellings and families, 2,595 inhabitants, and 286 farms. WINAMAC, on the norttiwest bank of Tippecanoe river, is the county seat. PUTNAM county, organized 1821, contains 486 square miles, and is bounded north by Montgomery, east by Hen- dricks and Morgan, south by Owen and Clay, and west by Clay and Parke. The Walnut fork of Eel river, Big Rac- coon creek, and Deer creek afford excellent mill sites, and there are many other smaller streams of pure water. The surface in the north and east is either level or undulating, and inclined to be wet ; in the center and southwest it is more rolling, and, in the vicinity of the streams, generally hilly. The prevailing timber is beech, sugar, walnut, ash , oak, and poplar. The soil is a black loam, clayey and calcareous, well adapted for both grain and grass, and, perhaps, no body of land of like extent has* so little waste. Limestone is the principal rock. Considerable produce, with timber, hogs, cattle, etc., is annually exported. In 1850 there were in the county 3.088 dwellings, 3,094 fami- lies, 18,615 inhabitants, 1,696 farms, and 42 productive establishments. GREENCASTLE, situated on a high table land, one mile east of Walnut fork, and the location of Ashbury University, is the county seat. The Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad passes through this town, also the extension of the New Albany and Salem railroad. RANDOLPH county, organized 1818, containing 440 square miles, and is bounded north by Jay, east by the Ohio state line, south by Wayne, and west by Henry and Delaware. The principal water courses are the west fork of White river and the Mississinewa river, with their tributaries, which furnish excellent mill privileges. The surface is generally level, and in localities wet and marshy, but it is COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 91 about the highest land in the state, and the source of rivers running in all directions. There are no barrens, and but few prairies. Timber is plentiful. Near Winchester there is a regular earth-wall, inclosing about 20 acres, with a high mound in the center, and the appearance of a gate at the southwest corner. In 1850 there were in the county 2,513 dwellings, 2,539 families, 14,725 inhabitants, 1,477 farms, and 12 productive establishments. WIN- CHESTER, on the south side of White river, is the county seat. Indianapolis and Bellefontaine railroad passes through it. RIPLEY county, organized 1818, contains 440 square miles, and is bounded north by Decatur and Franklin, east by Dearborn and Ohio, south by Switzerland and Jefferson, and west by Jennings. Laughery creek and Graham's creek are the principal streams. The county is level, and was originally timbered; but on the streams it is hilly. The bottoms are small ; the uplands are gener- ally wet, being based on an impervious blue limestone,; but the soils, where drained, are very fertile. A consid- erable surplus of products, with hogs, cattle, etc., is ex- ported. In 1850 the county contained 2,667 dwellings, 2,689 families, 14,820 inhabitants, 1,495 farms, and 49 productive establishments. VERSAILLES, on a high bluff of Laughery river, is the county seat. The Lawrence- burg and Greensburg railroad passes through the north- ern part of the county, and the line of the projected rail- road, from Cincinnati to St. Louis, traverses it in a direc- tion east and west. RUSH county, organized 1821, contains 414 square miles, and is bounded north by Hancock and Henry, east by Fayette and Franklin, south by Decatur, and west by Shelby and Hancock. Big and Little Blue, and Big and Little Flat Rock creeks, are the principal water-courses. 92 INDIANA. The surface is level or moderately rolling. The land is finely timbered with poplar, walnut, oak, ash, and hick- ory, and the soils loam on clay, mixed with sand. Great improvements have been made in this county of late, and its surplus products have been largely exported. In 1850 Rush contained 2,824 dwellings, 2,839 families, 16,445 in- habitants, 1,809 farms, and 59 productive establishments. RUSHVILLE, on the northwest bank of Flat Rock, is the county seat, and is connected with Shelbyville, etc., by railroad. ST. JOSEPH county, organized 1830, contains 468 square miles, and is bounded north by Michigan state line, east by Elkhart, south by Marshall and La Porte, and west by La Porte. St. Joseph river is the principal water-course, and is navigable to South Bend ; and the upper course of the Kankakee drains the southwest portion these, with numerous creeks, chiefly falling into the St. Joseph, supply abundant milling facilities. Except in the vicinity of the rivers, where the land is rolling, the surface of the country is almost level. The southeast portion is mostly forest-land, and the residue oak-openings with some small prairies. The soils are abundantly fertile, and agricul- ture is in a very flourishing condition. Wheat is the prin- cipal crop. At South Bend and Mishawaka several man- ufactures are carried on, and in these neighborhoods, as well as in other parts of the county, iron ore of a good quality abounds. Few counties have better facilities for transportation; besides its navigable river, it has now passing through it the Northern railroad, which connects it with Chicago and the Valley of the Mississippi, and also with the whole system of roads to the eastward. In 1850 the county contained 1,885 dwellings and families, 0,654 inhabitants, 847 farms, and 45 productive estab- COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 93 lishments. SOUTH' BEND, on St. Joseph's river, is the county seat. SCOTT county, organized 1817, contains 200 square miles, and is bounded north by Jackson and Jennings, east by Jefferson, south by Clarke, and west by Washing- ton. Its chief water-courses are the Muscatatuck on the north border, Stucker's fork, Kimberlin's creek, Pigeon, Rooster, and Ox's fork. In the east the surface is un- dulating or rolling ; westward there are beech and oak flats, fit only for grass, and a small part of the west is hilly. The prevailing timbers are beech, oak, hickory, and gum. Good building materials are abundant, and in the vicinity of Lexington are numerous salt springs. The Jeffersonville and Columbus railroad passes north and south through the county. In I860 Scott contained 1,040 dwell- ings, 1,047 families, 5,885 inhabitants, 719 farms, and 14 productive establishments. LEXINGTON is the county seat. SHELBY county, organized 1821, contains 408 square miles, and is bounded north by Hancock, east by Rush and Decatur, south by Decatur and Bartholomew, and west by Johnson and Marion. Sugar creek, the east fork of White river, Big and Little Blue rivers, and Flat Rock creek, are its principal water-courses. The surface is level and well timbered, with ample river bottoms, which are backed by hills forty to fifty feet high. The soil is underlaid with clay, and requires considerable draining. Beech, oak, and hickory predominate in the uplands, while the prevailing timbers in the bottoms are walnut, ash, hackberry, etc. The farming interest is here pros- perous, and considerable exports are made. Railroads cross it in every direction. In 1850 the county contain- ed 2,721 dwellings, 2,764 families, 15,502 inhabitants, 1,620 farms, and 59 productive establishments. SHELBY- 94 INDIANA. VILLE, on the southeast bank of Blue river, is the county seat. SPENCER county, organized 1818, contains 408 square miles, and is bounded north by Dubois, east by Perry, south by the Ohio river, and west by Warrick. The water-courses are Anderson's creek on the east, and Lit- tle Pigeon creek on the west border, with Crooked, Big Sandy, and Little Sandy creeks, all which flow into the Ohio river. The surface on the northeast is hilly, other- wise it is level or undulating, and the soil is a black loam, very rich, and resting on a stratum of yellow clay mixed more or less with sand. Oak, hickory, ash, poplar, black gum, walnut, sugar, beech, etc., are the prevailing forest growths. The bottoms yield immense crops of corn, and in the interior, corn, wheat, rye, oats, etc., thrive well. These and live stock are exported largely. Coal is abund- ant. In 1850 the county contained 1,485 dwellings, 1,488 families, 8,616 inhabitants, 988 farms, and 28 productive establishments. ROCKPORT, situated on a high bluff on the Ohio river, is the county seat. It derives its name from a hanging rock, known to boatmen as " Lady Wash- ington Rock" STARK county, laid off 1837, contains 432 square miles, and is bounded north by La Porte, east by Marshall, south by Pulaski, and west by Jasper and Porter. It is situated mostly on the marshes of Kankakee river, which passes through it in a northeast and southwest direction, and but a small portion of the county is valuable except for grazing. In 1850 it contained 100 dwellings, 101 families, 557 inhabitants, and 53 farms. KNOX is the county seat. STEUBEX county, in the northeast corner of the state, organized 1837, contains 324 square miles, and is bounded north by the Michigan state line, east by that of Ohio, south by De Kalb, and west by La Grange. The princi COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 95 pal streams are Pigeon river, and Crooked and Fish creeks ; and there are several small lakes within its limits. About one half the surface is timber-land, one sixth barrens or oak openings, and one tenth prairie ; the first and last are excellent farming lands, but the barrens have a poorer soil. Its diversified woodlands, oak openings, and prairies, interspersed with small, clear lakes, present scenes of exquisite beauty. The principal product is wheat, a sur- plus of which is annually exported. In 1850 Steuben contained 1,109 dwellings and families, 6,104 inhabitants, 586 farms, and 28 productive establishments. ANGOLA, twelve miles from the northeast corner of the state, is the county seat. SULLIVAN county, organized 1816, contains 430 square miles, and is bounded north by Vigo, east by Clay and Greene, south by Knox, and west by Wabash river. Its interior water-courses are Turman's creek, Turtle creek, and Busseron creek, on which numerous mills are located. The surface is generally level, and heavily timbered with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, pecan, beech, and sugar. The bottoms and prairies occupy a comparatively small extent. Every part is sufficiently fertile, and many sections are very productive. Its exports consist chiefly of corn, with hogs and some cattle. Coal is found in abundance, and, altogether, Sullivan is one of the richest and best situated counties in the state. In 1850, it contained 1,675 dwell- ings, 1,678 families, 10,141 inhabitants, 1,215 farms, and 31 productive establishments. SULLIVAN is the county seat; Car lisle, however, is the largest and most import- ant town. SWITZERLAND county, organized 1814, contains 216 square miles, and is bounded north by Ripley and Ohio, east and south by the Ohio river, and west by Jefferson. Log, Lick, Indian, Plum, Brian's, and Grant's creeks, 96 INDIANA. flowing into the Ohio river, drain the county. Large and fine bottoms line the margins of the Ohio ; the hills back from these rise to the height of 400 or 500 feet, and further back a high table-land is reached. The soil is every- where good, and there are some of the best farms in the state -within this county. Large quantities of produce are shipped off annually, chiefly to the south. Mills are nu- merous, and many worked by steam. In 1850 Switzerland contained 2,254 dwellings and families, 12,932 inhabitants, 1,270 farms, and 79 productive establishments. VEVAY, on the Ohio, is the county seat. This county takes its name from the fact of its having been colonized by a body of Swiss emigrants, from Vevay, under the guidance of J. J. Dufour, who settled here for the purpose of planting the vine, in 1813. The descendants of the original colo- nists still form the bulk of the population. TIPPECANOE county, organized 1826, contains 504 square miles, and is bounded north by White and Carroll, east by Carroll and Clinton, south by Montgomery, and west by Fountain, Warren, and Benton. The water-courses are the Wabash river, which traverses the county from north- east to southwest, the Tippecanoe river, which enters the Wabash in the northeast corner of the county, and a num- ber of smaller streams, as the Wild Cat, the Wea, Bur- nett's creek, etc. These streams furnish excellent mill sites, and the Wabash is navigable. The surface is gently undulating, or spread out into extensive level tracts. Along the Wabash the country is hilly. One half the county is prairie, otae tenth bottoms, and the residue well timbered up- land. The soil is generally a rich black loam, two to four feet deep, on a stratum of clay, but on some of the prairies it is light and sandy. Agriculture is in a flourishing con- dition, and it is estimated that the surplus produce ex- ported is annually worth nearly $1,000,000. Flour, wheat, COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 97 hemp, the produce of the hog, etc., are the great staples. In many parts manufactures are springing up. The inter- ests of the county have been greatly enhanced by vast internal improvements. The Wabash and Erie canal tra- verses it, and there are railroads constructed from Lafay- ette to Indianapolis, and also to Crawfordsville. In 1850 the county contained 3,227 dwellings and families, 19,377 inhabitants, 1,377 farms, and 204 productive establish- ments. LAFAYETTE, on the south side of the Wabash river, and on the Wabash and Erie canal, also the termi- nus of railroads to Indianapolis and Crawfordsville, is the county seat. It is one of the most important of our west- ern cities. The " Battle of Tippecanoe," so famous in In- dian history, was fought in this county. TIPTON county, organized 1844, contains 264 square miles, and is bounded north by Howard, east by Grant and Madison, south by Hamilton, and west by Clinton. The surface is chiefly level, and well timbered, and the soil suitable for every kind of crops. The water-courses are Cicero creek and Duck creek, which run south into White river and Wild Cat creek, a tributary of the Wabash. These drain the whole county, but, on account of its flat- ness, are inadequate as mill streams. The improvements in this county are the Wabash and Erie canal and the Indiana- polis and Peru railroad, which will contribute largely to its settlement and prosperity. Until the period of its or- ganization, it constituted a portion of the " Miami Re- serve," and hence was a wilderness. In 1850 it contained 627 dwellings and families, 3,532 inhabitants, 339 farms, and 1 productive establishment. TIPTON, formerly called Canton, situated on a branch of Cicero creek and on the railroad from Indianapolis to Peru, is the county seat. UNION county, organized 1821, contains 168 square miles, and is bounded north by Wayne, east by the Ohio state 9 98 INDIANA. line, south by Franklin, and west by Fayette. In the east the surface is level ; in the west undulating or hilly. Seven eighths of the county are timbered upland, on which beech, sugar, poplar, oak, walnut, ash and hickory are the growths ; the residue is bottoms. The principal streams are the east fork of White Water river, and the creeks Hannah, Rock- land, and Silver ; all which afford valuable mill sites. The soil is uniformly good, and the farming interest in a pros- perous condition. Union county will be crossed by rail- roads coming from Ohio, and from its proximity to Cincin- nati will feel the importance of such a connection to its material prosperity. It is already, however, a flourishing county, either in reference to agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, and, with due exertion on the part of the inhabitants, may become one of the wealthiest in the state. In 1850 it contained 1,220 dwellings, 1,229 families, 6,944 inhabitants, 606 farms, and 35 productive establishments. LIBERTY is the county seat. VANDERBURG county, organized 1818, contains 240 square miles, and is bounded north by Gibson, east by Warrick, south by the Ohio river, and west by Posey. The principal water-courses are Big Pigeon creek, Blue Grass creek, Little Creek, and Locust creek; all running to the Ohio river. The succession of bottoms, hills, and table- land, characteristic of the other counties on the Ohio, is here maintained. The bottoms occupy about one fifth of the whole surface, are very rich, and produce immense quantities of corn for export. The land beyond the hills is undulating or rolling, and, if not as rich as the bottoms, produces abundantly. The total value of the exports for the county is estimated at nearly $1 ,000,000 annually. Coal and iron are abundant. In 1850 there were in the county 2,059 dwellings, 2,104 families, 11,414 inhabitants, 743 farms, and 76 productive establishments. EVANSVILLE, COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 99 on the Ohio, is the county seat. It is an important city, being the south terminus of the Wabash and Erie canal, which will afford an interior navigation of 459 miles. Its trade is already very large, but this will be immensely increased when the canal is completed in 1853. VERMILION county, organized 1823, contains 280 square miles, and is bounded north by Warren, east by Wabash river, which separates it from Parke and Fountain, south by Vigo, and west by the Illinois state line. It is watered by numerous streams falling into the river on the eastern border. The surface is high and level, with some river bluffs, and two thirds of the whole is covered with fine timber. The soils are excellent, and the produce of the land sufficient to afford a large export. Coal is abundant, and extensive beds of iron ore are found on Brouillet's creek, near which the " Indiana Furnace" has been estab- lished. In 1850 the county contained 1,509 dwellings, 1,522 families, 8,661 inhabitants, 733 farms, and 46 pro- ductive establishments. NEWPORT, on the south bank of Little Vermilion creek, two miles from its mouth, is the county seat. VIGO county, organized 1818, contains 408 square miles, and is bounded north by Vermilion and Parke, east by Clay, south by Sullivan, and west by the Illinois state line and Wabash river, into which latter all the water-courses from the interior drain themselves. The surface is level and gently undulating, finely timbered generally, but with some prairies of small extent. With little excep- tion, the soil is rich, and produces fine crops. Hogs, cat- tle, and grain are the staples. Coal is abundant ; also, freestone and limestone, and it possesses great facilities in respect of communication. It is traversed by the Wa- bash and Erie canal, and the East and West railroad will cross through it, as does now the Great National road. 100 INDIANA. Vigo, with these improvements, will soon become one of the most flourishing counties of the state, and an important point on an important commercial highway. In 1850 the county contained 2,645 dwellings, 2,725 families, 15,289 inhabitants, 1,113 farms, and 130 productive establish- ments. TERRE HAUTE, situated on a high bank of the Wabash, is the county seat. It is much engaged in the hog trade, and has otherwise a large commerce. WABASH county, organized 1832, contains 420 square miles, and is bounded north by Kosciusko, east by Whit- ley and Huntington, south by Grant and Miami, and west by Miami. The Wabash and Eel rivers, with their nu- merous tributaries, flow through and drain this county, and afford to its inhabitants great milling facilities. No- where hilly, the great portion of this county is rolling or undulating, but at the heads of the streams there is con- siderable level country, and the bottom lands, also level, are somewhat extensive. The greater part of the county was originally heavily wooded, and the soil is everywhere rich and productive. Hogs and corn are the great staples, the exports of which are increasing in amount year by year ; and since the opening of the Wabash and Erie canal, the prosperity of the county has ever been onward. In 1850 it contained 2,079 dwellings, 2,121 families, 12,138 inhabitants, 1,068 farms, and 57 productive establish- ments. WABASH, on the north bank of the river of the same name, is the county seat. WARREN county, organized 1828, contains 360 square miles, and is bounded north by Benton, east and south- east by Tippecanoe and Fountain, south by Vermilion, and west by the state line of Illinois. Several good mill streams, as Pine creek, Rock creek, Redwood creek, etc., from the interior, fall into the Wabash. Except on the Wabash, on which bluffs bound an extensive bottom-land, COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 101 the surface is gently undulating, ascending gradually toward the west. At least half the county is prairie, and the residue woodland, the forest being much the heaviest near the river. The soil is generally good, some of it exceedingly fertile, and producing abundantly all the growths of the climate. The surplus produce, con- sisting of grain and live stock, is exported via the Wabash and Erie canal, which passes through the county. Man- ufactures of several descriptions have lately sprung up, and prosperity seems to be attending every department of industry ; indeed, Warren may now be considered one of the most prosperous counties of the state. In 1850 it contained 1,273 dwellings, 1,295 families, 7,387 inhabit- ants, 782 farms, and 18 productive establishments. WIL- UAMSPORT, on the west bank of the Wabash river, is the county seat. Much important business is transacted at this point. WARRICK county, organized 1813, contains 360 square miles, and is bounded north by Gibson and Pike, east by Spencer, south by the Ohio river, and west by Vander- burg and Gibson. Little Pigeon river and several slow moving creeks drain the interior. With the exception of the Ohio bottom lands and the abutting bluffs, the surface is rolling or undulating, but at the head of the Pigeon, etc., there are some flat wet lands. Immense quantities of corn are produced in the rich bottoms, and much of the uplands is excellent farming land, and yields fine crops of wheat, corn, oats, hay, etc., and more tobacco is raised in this county than in any other. Coal is abundant. In 1850 the county contained 1,513 dwellings and families, 8,811 inhabitants, 994 farms, and 22 productive establishments. BOONEVILLE is the county seat. WASHINGTON county, organized 1813, contains 540 square miles, and is bounded north by Jackson, east by 102 INDIANA. Scott and Clarke, south by Harrison and Crawford, and west by Orange and Lawrence. It is watered by the Mus- cataituck and east fork of White river on the north and northwest, Lost river on the west, and by the head- waters of Blue river on the east and south. The surface is more diversified than that of any other county, and the scene is ever varying. Hills, levels, and undulations succeed each other rapidly, and the forest, prairie, and barren inter- mingle strangely. Sink-holes leading to caverns below are numerous, indicating the presence of a limestone formation beneath. The soils are generally fertile, how- ever, and supply a considerable surplus of grain, which, with live stock, is the staple export. Manufactures are carried on to a considerable extent, and progress has been made in almost every branch of industry. In 1850 the county contained 2,897 dwellings, 2,954 families, 17,040 inhabitants, 1,718 farms, and 83 productive establishments. SALEM, on the New Albany and Salem railroad, and origi- nally the northern terminus of the line, is the county seat. WAYNE county, organized 1810, contains 420 square miles, and is bounded north by Randolph, east by the Ohio state line, south by Union and Fayette, and west by Fayette and Henry. The streams are the east and west branches of White Water river, which, with their nume- rous tributaries, afford sufficient water-power. The sur- face, with the exception of a somewhat hilly region in the southeast, is either level or pleasantly rolling. Dense forests originally covered the whole county. The soil is a rich loam, bedded on clay, and is well adapted for wheat, corn, and grass ; and such has been the skill and industry of the settlers, that the county has become in appearance garden-like, producing in abundance every variety of grain, vegetable, and fruit, and it exports largely of its surplus. Manufacturing industry is also in a prosperous- COUNTY TOPOGRAPHY. 103 condition. In 1850 the county contained 4,515 dwellings, 4,529 families, 25 ,320 inhabitants, 1,934 farms, and 213 productive establishments. It is crossed east and west by the National road and by the railroad from Indianapo- lis to Ohio ; the White Water canal also crosses its south- west corner. CE^ERVILLE is the county seat ; but Rich- mond, near the state line, and on the track of the rail- road, is the most important town. WELLS county, organized 1837, contains 372 square miles, and is bounded north by Allen, east by Adams, south by Jay and Blackford, and west by Grant and Hunt- ington. The Wabash river runs nearly through the cen- ter, and furnishes extensive mill privileges. The surface is level or gently undulating, well timbered with oak, walnut, ash, hickory, beech, sugar, etc., and the soil is uniformly good. With the exception of some wet prairie and swamp land, the whole county may be farmed advan- tageously. Its settlement, however, is recent, and, as yet. it has supplied but little to the markets. In 1850 it con- tained 1,021 dwellings and families, 6,152 inhabitants, 640 farms, and 14 productive establishments. BLUFFTON, on the Wabash, is the county seat. WHITE county, organized 1834, contains 504 square miles, and is bounded north by Jasper and Pulaski, east by Cass and Carroll, south by Tippecanoe, and west by Benton and Jasper. The Tippecanoe river is the princi- pal water-course, and, besides this, the county has several streams of less pretensions, as Big and Little Metamonong creeks, and Big, Spring, and Mootses creeks. Two thirds of the surface are prairie, and, at least, one half is dry and gently undulating. The soil is uniformly rich, and the forest growths of excellent quality. Abundant crops are produced, and a heavy surplus of wheat, corn, and pork are annually sent to market. In 1850 there were in the 104 INDIANA. county 821 dwellings, 825 families, 4,761 inhabitants, 458 farms, and 10 productive establishments. MONTICELLO, on the west bank of the Tippecanoe, is the county seat. WHITLEY county, organized 1842, contains 324 square miles, and is bound north by Noble, east by Allen, south by Huntington, and west by Wabash and Kosciusko. Eel river runs through the county, and, in its course, supplies good mill power. The north and middle portions are un- dulating, and in some parts hilly ; the south is mostly level. The great bulk of the county is forest land, interspersed with small wet prairies, but there are also considerable bottoms and barrens. The timber is of almost every va- riety found in the state ; and the soil is generally a sandy loam, well suited to general farming Wheat, corn, and grass thrive exceedingly well, but as yet very little sur- plus has been sent to market. The Wabash and Erie canal touches its southeast corner. In 1850 the county contained 913 dwellings, 941 families, 5,190 inhabitants, 522 farms, and 8 productive establishments. COLUMBIA, on the north bank of Blue river, is the county seat. REFERENCE INDEX TO COLTON'S MAPS OF INDIANA. ny place mentioned in the INDEX, p, and from the letters respectively :tion, near which the place sought for will be found. BiS" I'laces wnere post offices are established are marked thus, *; i printed in CAPITALS, and county seats in italics. NOTE. To find on the map the positioi observe the letters annexed to it in the fi trace lines to an intersection, near which the p " ' " Kef. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Kef. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Mn Aberdeen Ohio Ma * Angola Steuben Mj *Abingdon Wayne Dp *Angostura Pike Kd *Aboite Allen Kk Anguilla Clay L d Aboite River Allen E i *Annapolis Parke Kk Adams Decatur 1 1 Anthony's M'ls Bartholomew Me 12 ADAMS Adye's Mills Aikman's Cr'k Perry Dayfess Hp i ii Kk Applegate's M. Arcadia Ardeny Orange Hamilton Decatur Ei * Alamo Montgomery Ei *Armiesburg Parke Lg Albany Delaware Ki Arnolds Rush Kb * Albion Noble Mm Arnold'sCreek Ohio J n Albion Scott B r Arthur's Isl. F. Posey Mf Alexander Adams L b *Artic De Kalb J g *Alexandria Madison Kk Ashland Rush Ld ALLEN J e Ashland Wabash Mg Allensville Randolph L j *Ashland Fayette Mn *Allensville Switzerland E S * Attica Fountain J i Alfontsville Madison Lb * Auburn De Kalb I i *Allisonville Marion Hi *Augusta Marion Dr Lj Alpha *Alquina Warrick Fayette M rn Lb *Aurora *Avilla Dearborn Noble I f * Alto Centre Howard J in *Azalia Bartholomew Ml Alton Brown Hq Alton Crawford G f Bachelor's Cr. Carroll I f America Wabash Kb Back Creek Delaware Ff *Americus Tippecanoe il n Back Creek Lawrence Ge Amesburg *Amsterdam Parke Cass K n .( n Bagnes Creek Batch'! Mill Martin Jackson I k *Amity Johnson Ha Bailey Town Porter Fq Anderson's C'k Spencer F ] *Bainhridgre Putnam Ef Anderson's Gr. Ben ton Ga Bald Hill La Porte J h * Anders wit 'ion Madison II m Bale's Bridge Monroe Lk * Anderson v'le Franklin I s *Ballenger's Tipton Fl Anderton Greene L m "Eallstown Ripley 106 REFERENCE INDEX. Ref. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Kef. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Dg * Baltimore Warren lip Big Ben Crawford Ge Barber's Mill Starke Kn Big Creek Jefferson Ln *Barboursville Jefferson Br Big Creek Gr Hp Barger's Mills "Barren Perry Harrison F r Mk Big Creek Big Cedar Gr. White Franklin He Barren Cass H b Big Eagle C'k Hamilton I 1 BARTHOLO- F b *Bigelow's M's La Porte MEW Hk Big Indian C'k Morgan Mh Bartonia Randolph F d Big Metamon- Pulaski J d Bass Lake Wabash ong Creek Mk *Bath Union I) q Big Pigeon Cr. Warrick I k Bayersville Johnson i-: t Big Pine Creek Warren Fn Beach Creek Martin K j Big RaccoonC. Parke HI *Bean Blossom Brown F r Big Sandy C'k Spencer Mm *Bear Branch Ohio F. BigShawneeC. Fountain J 1 Bear Creek Bartholomew (j a "Big Springs La Porte Lk Bear Creek Fayette Mk *Billingsvifle Union Eh Bear Creek Fountain 1 ; in Black Creek Greene I h Bear Creek Hamilton F. n Black Creek Knox Mf *Bear Creek Jay L c Black Creek Noble Kn Bear Creek Jennings Kf "Blackford Blackford Er Bear Creek Bear Creek Washington K f J k BLACKFORD Black HawkV Shelby D d Beaver Creek Jasper [ r Bladensburg KENTUCKY F o Beaver Creek Martin O cr Blair's Mills Clinton Gd Beaver Creek Pulaski cS "Blairsville Posey J e "Beaver Dam Kosciusko Fi Blakesburg Putnam Dd Beaver Lake Jasper F m *Bloomfield Greene Hn Beck's Ferry Lawrence Mf Bloomfield Jav 'Gn 'Bedford Lawrence I c Bloomingburg Fulton Le Kj 'Bee Creek *Beech Grove Wells Rush r. k Mh "Blooming Grj Franklin Blooming Port'Randolph Mj *Beechy Mire Union G 1 "Bloomington Monroe Cr "Beech Park Posey L h *Blountsville Henry En Beersville Knox Me Blue Creek Adams Kh Bell Creek Delaware Mk Blue Creek Franklin Fb Belmont La Porte Dq Blue Grass Cr. Vanderburg Gj "Belleville Hendricks J o "Blue Lick Clarke Mm Bellevue KENTUCKY J i "Blue Ridge Shelby K j Ben Davis' C'k Rush J j Blue River Shelby Gq Bennett's Mills Clinton Kc Blue River Whitley J p "Bennetsville Clarke Kc Blue River L. Whitley Ln 'Bennington Switzerland L c "Blnffton Wells J b 'Benton Elkhart Hn 'Bogard Daviess Df BENTON Br Bone Bank Posey L j "Bentonville Fayette II n *Bono Lawrence Gg *Berlin Clinton Gh BOONE Eo *Berrysville Knox K b Boone Grove Porter I 1 Bethany Bartholomew K q *Booncvillc Warrick He Bethlehem Cass Dq Boston ,Warrick Ko I* Bethlehem Clarke Mi *Boston Wayne I i |Bethlehemj Hb *Bourbon Marshall REFERENCE INDEX. 107 Ref. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Kef. Let. Names of Places. Counties. F k I h * Bowling Gr. 'Boxley Clay Hamilton Kd L k Bull Creek Bull Town Huntington Franklin Li Boyd's Henry I f Bunker Hill Er J c Boyd's Mills *Boydston M's Spencer Kosciusko Fq I n Burdett's Mills Surge's Ferry Perry Washington Do *BracevilIe Knox II f 'Burlington Carroll i q 'Bradford Harrison [ h Burlington Delaware J j 'Brandywine Shelby K j Burlington Rush Ek 'Brazil Clay E f Burnett's Tippecanoe Hb *Bremen Marshall F f Burnett's Cr'k Tippecanoe F 1 Brentonsville Owen G e 'Burnett's Cr. White Mn Brian's Creek Switzerland I) k Burnett's Mills Vigo I a Bridgeport Elkhart <; e Burnettsville Carroll Hj * Bridgeport Marion Kb 'BurrOak Noble F q Bridgeport Perry F J 'Burton Parke Mm 'Bright Dearborn I) m Busseron Cr'k Sullivan K a 'Brighton La Grange L b 'Butler De Kalb Fg *Bringham's G Tippecanoe K m Buzroen's M'ls Sullivan J 1 *Bristol Elkhart J P Buzzardsville Madison I j Ma 'Broad Ripple Brockville Marion Steuben f : g (4 a Byre's Mills 'Byron Clinton La Porte Ed Ln *Brook Brooksburg Jasper Jefferson J a 'Cabin Hill Elkhart Mk *Brooksville Franklin Ki 'Cadiz Henry DJ Brouellet Cr'k Vermilion D m Caledonia Sullivan III BROWN Kd Calf Creek Huntington Hi *Brownsburg Hendricks F a Calumet Porter I n *Broumstown Jackson F a Calumet River Porter F i Mj Brownsville 'Brownsville Montgomery Union I. h L i Calvin Creek 'Cambridge C. Randolph Wayne Ek Brownsville Vigo Gf 'Camden Carroll Dn 'Bruceville Knox Lf ^amden Jay E'i 'Bruen's X R. Parke Ki ^amp Creek Clarke Fj *Brunerstown Putnam Kn Camp Creek Jefferson La Kn 'Brushy Prair. *Bryansburg La Grange Jefferson Hk r c Camp Creek *Camp Creek Johnson Kosciusko Hn 'Bryantaville Lawrence i p Camp Run Dlarke J f Buck Creek Grant [ > g Campbell's Cr. Delaware Fm 'Buck Creek Greene in *Cana Jennings Ka Buck Creek La Grange 'Canaan Jefferson I j Buck Creek Shelby J ^ane Run Clarke Ff Buck Creek Tippecanoe K g Danesville Grant Cp *Buckskin Gibson F r 'Cannelton Perry Lk Buena Vista Franklin I 'Canton Washington I h Buena Vista Hamilton r, k Carison's Cr. Fayette Kn 'Buena Vista Jefferson Dm 'Carlisle Sullivan Do Buena Vista Knox KJ Carmel Rush Gn Buena Vista Monroe I h 'Carmel Hamilton Gc Buena Vista Pulaski ? i Carpentersb'g Putnam J Buena Vista Washington E e Carpenter's C. Jasper I m Buffalo Brown G e *Carroll Carroll Kp Bull Creek Clarke Gf CARROLL C. 108 REFERENCE INDEX. Ref. Let Names of Places. Counties. Kef. L-rt. Names of Places Counties. Hf Carrollton Carroll He Clay Cass Kj *Carthage Rusk Ek CLAY Fg *Cass Tippecanoe J c *Clayport Kosciusko He CASS Sj Claysville Hendricks Fr Fk Castleberry C. *Cataract Mills Perry Owen HO Kd *Claysville Clear Creek Washington Huntingdon Ge *Cathcart White (J n Clear Creek Monroe Co Cathlenettes P. Knox Efk Clear Creek Morgan J m Cave Jennings Dk Clear Creek Vigo Hn Lc Cave Spring Cedar Creek Lawrence Allen J e Hi *Clear Spring *Clermont Kosciusko Marion Lb Cedar Creek DeKalb Gq Cleveland Clinton DC Cedar Creek Lake Kl *Clifty Decatur Mk *Cedar Grove Franklin II n Clifty Creek Washington Db Hm *Cedar Lake Cedar Spring Lake Jackson J 1 Kk Clifty Creek Clifty Creek Bartholomew Decatur Me Cedarville Allen Be Clinton Cass J c Centre Lake Kosciusko DJ *Clinton Vermilion Db Centreville Lake (i [ IT. Ill 1 a *Coopcrs ville ; Dearborn Coop r s Ferry ..I; ckson Colbert's Cr. 'Elkhart REFERENCE INDEX. 109 Ref. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Ref Let. Names of Places. Counties. F i Cornstalk Montgomery M m Decatur Crawford K c Corsse Whitley KI DECATUR i q * Cory don Harrison E a *Deep River Lake Mj *Cottage Gr. Union Hi Deer Creek Carroll Ha *Cottage Hill St. Joseph J f Deer Creek Grant I m Dourtland Jackson G r Deer Creek Perry Ha Coupee Prairie St. Joseph F j Deer Creek Putnam Dh *Comngton Fountain J k Deer Creek Shelby Kd Cow Creek Quntington Mg Deerfield Randolph Hn Cox's Ferry Lawrence L b *De Kalb De Kalb Kg Cranberry Delaware L b DE KALB Gp CRAWFORD I n Delaney's Cr. Washington F h Gg *Crawfordsvil. Cripe's Run Montgomery Clinton L in Kg *Delaware DELAWARE Ripley J 1 Critzer's Mills Decatuf E o *Delectable H. Pike Md Crooked Cr. Alton Gf * Delphi Carroll Kn Crooked Cr. Jefferson I'- j *Delta Parke Hi Crooked Cr. Marion Bj Depew's Mills Parke Fb Crooked Cr. Porter m *Moore's Hill Dearborn J k Middletown Shelby J p Mooresville Floyd Dl Middletown Vijro II j *Mooresville Morgan Gh Midway Clinton F f Mootses White Er *Midway Spencer I 1 Moravian Set. Bartholomew J f *Mier Grant Ilk MORGAN Gp *Mifflin Crawford Eb Morgan's Mills Porter 116 REFERENCE INDEX. Ret Let. Names of Places. Counties. Ret. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Hk *Morgantown Morgan I d Newark Fulton Dd Morocco Jasper Dq *Newark Warrick J j *Morristown Shelby Bq NewBaltimore Posey Morrisville Hendricka J 1 *Newbern Bartholomew J k Morven Shelby F m "Newberry Greene Kk *Moscow Rush I j New Bethel Marion DC J k Mound Spring *Mt. Auburn Lake Shelby I Ij b New Boston New Bremen Wayne Marshall Mk *ML Carmel Franklin (i i N. Brunswick Boone I Mount Carmel Washington HI N. Brunswick Clay Ke *Mount Etna Huntington (jr. New Buffalo White Kj Mount Etna Rush K li Newburg Fountain Ee Mount Gilboa Ben ton Dr *Newburg Warrick Mg *Mount Holly Randolph K| *N. Burlington Delaware Gf *Mt Jefferson Carroll i; it "New Carlisle St. Joseph F j *Mt Meridian Putnam Ki *Nev> Castle Henry Ee Mount Nebo Ben ton K in *N. Centreville Jennings Ka *MountPisgah La Grange F a New City West Porter Lh Mt. Pleasant Delaware J b N. Columbus Madison I i Mt. Pleasant Miami EJ Newcomb's M. Parke F o *Mt. Pleasant Martin Mf *NewCorydon Jay J k Mt. Pleasant Shelby K| N Cumberland Grant Gp *Mt. Prospect Crawford F K *New Durham La Porte I n Mount Sidney Jackson (ii N.Elizabetht'n Hendricka Mm *Mt. Sterling Switzerland J n *N. Frankfort Scott Gl *Mt. Tabor Monroe Mi *New Garden Wayne I d Mt Vernon Miami Bq *N. Harmony Posey Br *Ml. Vernon Posey Ld *New Haven Allen J e Mt. Vernon Wabash J e 'New Holland Wabash Df Mud Creek Benton Me NewLancaster Jay I i Mud Creek Marion J K *N. Lancaster Tipton J d Mud Creek Wabash of N'ewLancaster Tippecanoe Gb Mud Lake La Porte I) 11] "New Lebanon Sullivan Kh * Muncietown Delaware J N. Lexington Clarke L e *Murray Wella L i *New Lisbon Henry Mm Kn Murray's Mills Muscackituk R Ohio Jefferson Kg Eo New Lisbon New London Randolph Daviess I n Muscatatuk Jackson Hq *New London Howard J b Musquebuck Kosciusko K (j New London Jefferson i q Musquito Cr. Harrison .] 'd New Madison Madison Mn Myre's Tavern Switzerland Km 'New Marion Ripley Dk *New Market Vigo J J Nameless Cr. Hancock 31 *N. Maysville Putnam LI *Napoleon Ripley Kp New Motz Clarke HI *NashviUe Brown Li -'N. M.Pleasant Jay J i Nashville Hancock J b New Paris Elkhart Go 'Natchez Martin J *N.Philadelpk Washington Gp *Nebraska Crawford Dl ^Newport Vermilion L i *Nettle Creek Wayne HI Newport Wayne J p * New Albany Floyd (j New Prospect Orange M m *New Alsace Hqj*N.Amsterd'm Dearborn Harrison I P J *N.Providence Clarke *New Retreat j Washington REFERENCE INDEX. 117 Ref. Let. Names of Places. Counties. Kef. Let. Names of Places. Countiea. Fh N. Richmond Montgomery Gq Oil Creek Perry Gi *New Ross Montgomery LI "Oldenburg Franklin J n *Newry Jackson I i Old Run Hamilton Mg New Salem Jay Gd Old's Mill Pulaski Lk *New Salem Rush F g *Olean Ripley i q *N. Salisbury Harrison E Old WeaTown Tippecanoe Gp Newt. Stewart Orange F i Oloosa Jasper Eh *Newtown Fountain lib *Onondaga Marshall Ml *New Trenton Franklin Ka ^Ontario La Grange Mk New Vernon Franklin I c *Oran Kosciusko L e Newville Wells Go ORANGE Lb *Newville De Kalb LJ *Orange Fayette I 1 *New Warsaw Bartholomew Mb Orangetown De Kalb Ko *NWashingt'n Clarke Go ^Orangeville Orange Gj N.Williamsb'g Hendricka II m Orchard's S. S. Monroe Gj *NWinchester Hendricks Lj *Oregon Fayette Mn New York Switzerland L a *Orland Steuben I e *Niconza Miami Ho *Orleans Orange I k *Nineveh Johnson Le Ossian Wells I h Nicholsonville Hamilton J c *Oswego Kosciusko J k *Noah Shelby Ma Otsego Steuben He Noble Cass Dk Otter Creek Vigo Kb *Noble C. H. Noble La Otter Lake La Grange Kb Kb NOBLE *N.IronWorks Noble K m D c *0tter Village *0utlet Ripley Lake I h *Nobletnsille Hamilton J h *Ovid Madison Lc Noblesville Noble K 1 OWEN Kj Noland's Fork Wayne Kp 3wen'a Creek Clarke F p *North Dubois Gin Owensburg Greene Gc North Bend Starke Cp *0wensvilfe Gibson Hh *Northfield Boone Kn *Owl Prairie Daviess L.m *North Hogan Ripley Bf * Oxford Benton Ha *NorthLiberty St. Joseph Kn *N. Madison Jefferson F d Paddock Mills Jasper J e *N.Manchester Wabash Gf Paint Creek Carroll I g Normandy Tipton Mk Palestine Franklin Kb *Northport Noble I c ^Palestine Kosciusko Gi * North Salem Hendrick G m Palestine Monroe He North Salem Marshall Ha Palmer's Pr. St. Joseph F e Norway White Kk Palmyra Rush Le *Nottingham Wells I P Palmyra Harrison Ha Notre Dame I e *Palos Miami du Lac St. Joseph Go *Paoli Orange Lj *NulPs Mills Fayette Gf Paragon Carroll Dj *Numa Parke J n *Paris Jennings (in Paris Lawrence Lk *Oak Forest Franklin Bj PARKE I i *Oakland Marion Fi *Parkersburg Montgomery F m *Oak Ridge Greene Ei Parkeville Parke Hp Oberon Cave Harrison Oq Parris Posey Kj *Oa;flen Henry Df Parrish's Gr. Benton Mm OHIO Gf Passeanong C. Carroll 118 REFERENCE INDEX. Ref. Let Nwnet of Places. Counties. RcC Lst. Names of Places Counties. Cp *Patoka Gibson Lk Pleasant Ridge Rush cp Patoka Creek Gibson .- m *Pleasant Rid Greene Ep Patoka Creek Pike Gf Pleasant Run Carroll Mn *Patriot Switzerland J p Pleasant Run Clarke E j Patterson's M. Parke I i Pleasant Run Hamilton J d *Paw-Paw Miami I j Pleasant Run Marion J d Paw- Paw Cr. Wabash I f *Pleasant Spr Howard I *Pekin Washington I j *Pleas. View .Shelby J i *Pendleton Madison K S *Pleas. Woods Delaware I h Penfield Hamilton Kk *Plunge Creek Clay LI Mf Pennsylvam'ab *Peunvil!e Ripley Jay J d Mn Plunge Creek Plum Creek Kosciusko Switzerland I e Peoria Miami Plum Orchard Fayette Kk Perkins Rush ib * Plymouth Marshall J h *Perkmville Madison I i Pogue's Creek Marion Lc Perry Allen I h *Poinsett Hamilton Gq PERRY F 1 *PtComm'rce Greene I d *Perrysburg Miami Gq Poison Creek Perry Dh I e Perryville Vermilion Miami F k Ga *Poland Polk's Lake Clay La Porte Eo ^Petersburg Pike J *Polk's Run Clarke Lf Petite Prairie Blackford Kc Pond Creek Fluntington J i *Philadelphia Elancock Ko Pond Creek Knox Mj *Philomath Union Dg *Poolsville Warren Lj Philpott's Mills Fayette Kc *Popano Whitley De Pickamink R. Jasper Dk *Poplar Hill Vigo J a Pidgeon R. Cr. Scott Ha Portage St. Joseph La Pideeon River Steuben Ha Portage Prair. St Joseph Ep PIKE Kb *Porter's X R Porter J c Pike Lake Kosciusko F o *Portersville Duboia Hi *Piketon Marion Eh *Portland Fountain Hp Pilot Knob Crawford J i Portland Hancock Hb Pine Creek Marshall Me Portland Jay Eg Pine Creek Warren F f *PortlandMills Putnam F a Pine Lake La Porte Kb Port Mitchell Morgan J *Pine Lick Clarke Hj Port Royal Noble Ef Pine Village Warren G n Port William Lawrence Lk Pipe Creek Franklin C r POSEY J h *Pipe Creek Madison C q *Poseyville Posey Gc Piqua Starke ft r'ouceaupich'x Gi *Pittsborough Hendricka River Tippecanoe Gf *Pittsburg Carroll Ld 'Poughkeepsie Allen Hj *Plainfield Hendricka Gh 3 rairie Creek Boone Ha Plainfield St. Joseph ig Prairie Creek Clinton Ej Plank Road M. Parke En Prairie Creek Daviesa I Plattsburg Washington Lh Prairie Creek Delaware Ln *Pleasant Switzerland Dl *Prairie Creek Vigo Fk Pleasant Card. Putnam Dh *Prairieton Vigo Hd Pleasant Gro. Fulton ( i S 'rairieville Clinton Ed 'Pleasant Gro. Jasper Ub Prairie West .ake Eh Me *Pleasant Hill j Montgomery Pleasant Mills lAdams [-1 Li *Plattsburg Premium Mills >Vayne REFERENCE INDEX. 119 Ref. Let Names of Places Counties. Jtef. Names of Places Counties. Kn Presburg Jefferson J m Rock Creek Jennings Ka Pretty Prairie La Grange E i Rock Creek Parke Ke Eo *Price Pride's Creek Huntington Pike Dg J m Rock Creek *Rockford Warren Jackson Dp * Princeton Gibson Ke Rockford Wells Gf Prince Wm. Tippecanoe Gr Rock Island Perry Hp Gd *Proctersville PULASKI Crawford II k Er Rockingham *Rockport Morgan Spencer J a Pushawn La Grange i" ' tocky Run Parke ?j PUTNAM *Putnamville Putnam J a tocky Run Rocky Run Montgomery Elkhart EJ *Roc/cville Parke J n Mn *Queensville *Quercus Gr. Jennings Switzerland Kh Eb togersville tolling Prairie Henry Lake G a tolling Prairie La Porte Kd Raccoon V. R. Huntington Kb Rome Noble En *Raglesville Daviess Jr r *Rome Perry If *Rainsville *Raleigh Warren Rush Es *Romney *Root Tippecanoe Allen Kn Ramsey's Mills Fefferson ^i j toseburg Union Mh *Randolph Randolph E i *Roseville Parke Lh RANDOLPH Kl *Rossburg Decatur El Rawley's Mills Clay G g *Rossville Clinton Ki *Raysville 3enry II q Rothwick's M. Crawford Gn ledding L,awrence Hi *Royalton Boone J m *Reddington Fackson He *Royal Centre D g Redwood Cr. Warren F n Rusjglesville Daviess Gh Reese's Mill 3oone ^ j RUSH Hq lemarkable C. Crawford ; n Rush Creek Washington Ed *Rensselaer Fasper K j *Rushville Rush I e *Reserve K j *Russell'sMills Parke Ld Richardville Allen F j *Russellville Putnam Kk *Richland Rush Gg *Russiaville Clinton Mj Richland Cr. Jnion F 1 Richland Cr. 3reene jr r Sackett's Mills Perry Kl lichmond Decatur I n *Sage's Ferry Jackson Mi ^Richmond Wayne Lk Cain's Creek Fayette Kg *Rich Woods Delaware C o St.Francisville ILLINOIS Mq Ridgeville Randolph D b *St. John Lake Dk -Riley Vigo Ha ST. JOSEPH Ka Kj Lm *Ringgold RIPLEY La Grange Rush Me J a J 1 St. Joseph R. St. Joseph R. St. Louis Allen Elkhart Bartholomew Mm * Rising Sun Ohio F r St. Louis Perry Kd *Roanoke Huntington Me St. Mary's Riv. Adams Db Robinson's Pr. Lake I k *St. Omer Decatur Eg *Rob Roy Fountain Ke Salamonie R. Huntington Mk Rochester Franklin Mh Salem Randolph Hd *Rockester Fulton I * Salem Washington J b Rochester Noble P m Salisbury Greene I 1 *Rock Creek Bartholomew 1 P Salisbury larrison Ge Rock Creek Carroll Ml Salmon franklin 120 REFERENCE INDEX. Ref. Let. Names of Places. Counties. ReC Let. Names of Places. Counties. HI Salt Creek Brown I h Sly Fork Hamilton Lk Salt Creek Franklin K j *Smelser's M. Rush Hm Salt Creek Jackson Dn Small Creek Knox Gm Salt Creek Lawrence I. }, *Smithfield Delaware Ea Salt Creek Porter r K 1 Smyrna *Smyrna Vanderburg Decatur Kl Sand Creek Decatur I. k Somerset Franklin I i Sand Creek Hamilton I i *Somerset Wabash J m Sand Creek Jennings H a *South Bend St. Joseph Dq Ea Sandersville Sand Hills Vanderburg Lake K H M !1 South Fork South Fork Jennings Ohio Ee Sand Ridge Benton Ml *South Gate Franklin I f *Santa Fe Miami K n *S. Hanover Jefferson Fk Santa Fe Owen I r South La Gros Wabash Cr *Saundersville Vanderburg I. a *South .Milford La Grange J j ^avannah Shelby K p 8. Patoka Cr. Pike Scaffold Prair. Greene I i *Southport Marion I g Schoncks Tipton i 1 Southport Owen Mk J m Scipio *Scipio Franklin Jennings K c Mn *S. Whitley *Sparta Whitley Dearborn Bq -cipio Creek Posey M 1, *Spartanbur P Union Pike I 1 Tannehill's M. Bartholomew Mj UNION Ml Tanner's Cr. Dearborn F b Union Mills -is. Porte ' Gp Tar Spring Crawford j d * Union town Wells F b ! Tassinong Porter , b Jniontown De Kalb L d Bq Taw-Taw * Taylor Allen 'osey 1C Jl Union Village Unionville Marshall don roe I 1 Eq Taylorsburg Taylorsville irown VVarrick v a p Utah Utica -.a Grange Clarke I 1 Taylorsville Bartholomew e Utica Wabash Taylorsville Clinton Ga Terre Coupee St. Joseph Gb Vail's Creek La Porte 11 122 REFERENCE INDEX. Ref. Let Names of Places. Counties. tut Let. Names of Places Counties. ' Hp *VaJerme Orange J b Wawas Lake Kosciusko I n *Vallonia Jackson I b Waweassee L. Kosciusko Eb * Valparaiso Porter I f Wawpecons Miami Ek *Van Buren Clay I m Waymansville Bartholomew Fl *Vandalia Owen Hi WAYNE Cr VANDERB'G j i Waynesburg Decatur ?! Vance's Mills Vaughn's Mills Clinton Shelby f : ii *Waynetown Wayport Montgomery Monroe Eo Veal's Creek Daviesa F - Wea Creek Tippecanoe Di VERMILION Bf Wea Prairie Tippecanoe Dh Vermilion R, Vermilion F z Weaton Tippecanoe I f Km *Vermont Howard Jennings Web's Ferry Webster Posey Kosciusko J n Vernon Fork Jackson '.] f Webster's Mill Grant Cr *Verona Vanderburg [I m Weddle's Mills Brown L m * Versailles Ripley ! c Weesaw Miami Mn *Vetay Switzerland Gb Weesaw St. Joseph Mb Vienna DeKalb I i Wellington Marion L j Vienna Rush I c WeesawCreek Miami J a *Vienna Scott F ? *WesleyChap Tippecanoe Dk VIGO L < WELLS Do * Vincennes Knox lid *Wesley ' Fulton Gm Virginia Ir.W. Greene F e West Bedford White J i West Creek Hamilton J e * Wabash Wabash DC *West Creek Lake J e WABASH G i West Delphi Carroll J e Wabash River 1 li *Westfield Hamilton Cr Kk Waggoree's C. Walker's Vanderburg Rush C r G a *W. Franklin W. Hamilton Posey La Porte Eh Fj *Wallace Walnut Fork Fountain Putnam [ h I) e *W.Kinderh'k *W. Lebanon Tipton Warren J f *Walnut Cr. GJrant Iff West Liberty Jay I o Mg Kl *WalnutRidge Ward *Warren Washington Randolph Huntington He r e Kl West Logan *West Point *West Port 7 ass Tippecanoe Decatur ^ g WARREN Kp Westport KENTUCKY Dq * Warren ton Gibson Gk *West Salem Morgan J i Warrington Hancock I. k West Union Fayette Dq WARRICK I) n *West Union Knox Dq Warrickton Warrick Di West Union Parke J c * Warsaw Kosciusko Ea Westville La Porte He. Washington Cass Kg 'Wheeling Delaware Eo * Washington Daviess Hp Whiskey Run. Crawford Mi Washington Wayne Gl *Whitehall Owen I WASHINGTN r. k *\Vhitcomb franklin Gr Waterbury Perry J i *White lancock J a Waterford Elkhart G e WHITE Fa Waterford La Porte Hi White Lick Horgan L j *Waterloo Fayette Hi White LickCr. lendricka De *Wauhoo Vigo i-; i White Oak Cr. Clay Ei Hk *Waveland Waverley Montgomery Morgan K f F o White Oak Gr. *WhiteOakG. Benton Dubois REFERENCE INDEX. 123 Ref Let. Names of Places. Counties. Bc Let. Names of Places. Counties. Cp White River Knox *Woodbury Vladison I m White River Jackson I k Woodruffs Johnson Gl *White Post Pulaski Br Wood's Ferry Posey Mi *White Water Wayne G n Wood's Ferry Lawrence". Mk White W. Riv II n *Woodville Jackson Ml White W.Can. Woodville Lawrence J d Kc *Whitley WHITLEY Whifley lib I n W'dworth's L. Woody's Fer. Marshall Jackson Gp *Wickliffe Crawford J ii Wooster Scott I 8 Wild Cat Cr. Tippecanoe F o *Worth Dubois Gf Wild Cat Riv. Tipton F m Worthington Greene I i Williams Cr. Marion F m *Wright Greene Ej Williams Cr. Parke I j Wrightsdale Shelby Lj Williams Cr. Fayette J m Wyalosing Cr. Jennings Hm I k Mi Williamsburg Williamsburg nVilliamsb'rg Jackson Johnson Wayne v;f; Ef *WyandotVil. Wyland'sMills *Wynn Tippecanoe Elkhart Franklin Eg F q * Williamsport Williams'n'sM Warren Perry Gel Wyoming White Ek *Williamsto'n Clay J f Xenia Miami Kk *Williamsto'n Decatur Gf Xenia Tippecanoe Ka Willis Lake La Grange Ea Willow Creek Porter Le Yellow Creek Adams Mm *Wilmington Dearborn I a Yellow Creek Elkhart Mm Wilson's Cr. Dearborn Hb Yellow River Marshall Do Wilson's Cr. Knox Gc Yellow River Starke Gl * Winamac Pulaski lib Yellowbank C. Marshall Mh * Winchester Randolph I k * Yellow Spr. Johnson Lh 'Windsor Randolph Dp York Gibson Kn Wirt Jefferson Ml *York Ridge Brown Db *Winfield Lake Kh *Yorktown Delaware Ep *Winslow Pike f" Yorktown Tippecanoe Ka *Wolcott's M. La Grange Young's Creek Johnson Gh Wolf Creek Boone F h *Yountsville Montgomery He Wolf Creek Marshall La Wolf Lake La Grange Kd Zanesville Wells Kb *Wolf Lake Noble Km *Zenas Jennings ROUTES IN INDIANA. %* The first column of figures refers to the distance from place to place, and the second to the total distance from starting point. Madison and Indianapolis. MADISON - Indianapolis, Lawrence- burg, and Cincinnati. North Madison . - 2 2 INDIANAPOLIS - Wirt 4 6 SHELBFVILLE 26 26 Lancaster ... 4 10 Middletown - 7 33 Big Creek .... 2 12 St. Omer - - - 3 36 Camp Creek - Graham's Fork - 2 14 4 18 Milford Junctionf Greensburg ... 7 43 10 53 Vernon - 4 22 Huntersville . 13 66 North Vernon ... 1 23 Guiltbrd- Queensville - 5 28 LAWRENCEBUBG *8 96 Scipio .... 2 30 State Line 2 98 Tannersville ... 3 33 CINCINNATI - 18 116 Rock Creek * 1 34 Elizabethtown 2 36 Indianap's and Cincinnati. Taylorville - 6 49 INDIANAPOLIS - ; Edinburg* 5 54 SHELBYVILLE 26 26 Amity .... 5 59 Rushville .... 20 46 Franklint - 5 64 5 51 Worthsville - 7 71 Connersville 12 63 Greenwood ... 3 74 Brownsville 7 70 Southport - INDIANAPOLIS ... 5 79 7 86 Liberty - STATE LINE - 5 75 7 82 Columbus and Jefferson. Oxford, O. ... Hamilton 5 87 24 111 COLUMBUS ... CINCINNATI ... 25 136 Wailesboro' - - * 4 4 Waynesville - Bannersville - Jonesville 2 6 1 7 3 10 Indianapolis, Eaton Cincinnati. and Rockford 5 15 INDIANAPOLIS - Vernon Fork - " 9 24 Greenfield 21 21 Muscatatuk Rirer - 4 28 CharlottesTille - 8 29 Centreville - * 7 35 Raysville 5 34 Vienna - - * 3 38 Lewisville 9 43 Morristown 7 45 Dublin - 8 51 Holmes' Mills 4 49 CAMBRIDGE CITT - 2 53 Sellersburg ... 9 58 Germantown 2 55 JEFFERSONVILLE 8 66 Centreyille 7 62 * Branch Railroad to Slielbyrille, 16 miles; whence continued to Knightetown, 37 miles, and to Rushville, 20 miles. i Branch Railroad, via Liberty and Morgantown, to MartinsviHe, 29 miles. Branch Railroad to Milford, 4 miles. ROUTES IN INDIANA. 125 Indianapolis, Eaton, and Indianapolis andLafayette. Cincinnati Continued. INDIANAPOLIS ... Richmond* 6 68 Piketon- ... 7 7 State Linet - - - 4 72 Royalton - - - - 7 14 Eaton - - - - 10 82 Lebanon - - - 12 26 Hamilton - - - - 34 116 Thorntown - - - 8 34 CINCINNATI 25 141 LAFAYETTE - - 26 60 New Castle, Richmond, and Indianapolis and Terre Logansport. 1 Haute. RICHMOND INDIANAPOLIS ... Washington 9 9 Bridgeport 9 9 Hagerstown - - - 7 16 Cartersburg - - - 8 17 NEWCASTLE - 11 27 N.Belleville - - - 2 19 ANDERSONTOWN - - 18 45 Claysville - - - - 2 21 LOGANSPORT - - 64 109 Crittfenden - - - 7 28 West Milton - - - 1 29 Indianapolis and Belief on- Filhnore 5 34 GREEN CASTLE - - 6 40 taine. Colloma 5 45 INDIANAPOLIS - Manhattan - - - 2 47 Zanesville ... 6 6 Brazil - - - - 11 58 Oakland - - - - 5 11 Highland - - - - 3 61 Fortville 7 18 TERHE HAUTE - - 12 73 Alibnte - - - - 2 20 Pendleton 7 27 ANDERSONTOWN - - 7 34 New Albany 'and Chicago. Yorktown - 12 46 NEW ALBANY MUNCIETOWX - . - 6 52 Bennetsville 9 9 Morristown - - - 9 61 N. Providence - - 9 18 Farmville - - - - 4 65 Pekin 5 23 Royston ... 3 68 WINCHESTER - - - 5 73 Union (State Line) - 10 83 BELLEFONTAINE, O. - 53 141 SALEM - - - - 12 35 Orleans - 20 55 Woodville - - - 7 62 BEDFORD - - 8 70 Fairfax - - - - 10 80 Indianapolis and Elkhart. BLOOMINGTON - 11 91 Ellettsville - - - 6 97 INDIANAPOLIS GOSPORT 8 105 Noblesville - . - 22 22 Cloverdale - - -11 116 Tipton - - - - 17 39 Putnamville - 6 122 Kokomo - - - 16 55 GREEN CASTLE - - 5 127 Miami - - - - 9 64 Fincastle ' - - 12 139 Leonda . - - 5 .69 CHAWFORDSVILLE - - 13 155 Peru - - - - 6 75 Linden- - 10 165 Paw Paw - . - 14 89 Romney - 5 170 Warsaw - - - . 24 113 LA FAYETTE - - 13 183 GOSHEN - - - 26 139 MICHIGAN CITY - - 92 275 ELKHAST - - - 10 149 CHICAGO - - - 58 333 * Branch Railroad to Dayton and Western Railroad, 4 miles. t Four Mile Valley Railroad, via Fairhaven, Ohio, to Junction Railroad, near Oxford, 23 miles, diverges here. 126 ROUTES IN INDIANA. Chicago, Nor them Indiana. Wabash and Erie Canal and Monroe. Continued. CHICAGO - State Line - - - 14 14 Bailey Town - - - 27 41 La Porte - - - 21 62 Reservoir - - - 11 81 Antwerp 3 84 State Line ... 4 88 West Hamilton - - 5 67 Indiana Division. Carlisle - - - 10 77 Indiana City 3 9" 1 South Bend - - . 15 92 Fairport - - - - 2 93 Mishawaka ... 4 96 Lewiston 3 96 Elkhart* - - - - 12 108 FOBT WAYNK - - - 12 108 Bristol ... 8 116 Aboit6 - - - - 11 119 State Line - - - 7 123 Huntington - - - 16 135 White Pigeon, Mich. - 6 129 Utica .... 9 144 Monroe - - 128 257 Lagro - - - 5 149 WABASH ... 6 155 Chicago, Northern Indiana Peru - - - - 15 170 and Detroit. Lewisburg - - - 8 178 Chicago .... LOGANSPORT - - - 8 186 State Line - - - 21 21 Amsterdam - - - 9 195 Lake Station - - - 15 36 Lockport - - - 6 201 Salt Creek 5 41 Carrollton 6 207 N. Ind. R.K. intersects - 4 45 Delphi - - - - 5 212 New City West - - 3 48 Michigan City - - - 9 57 State Line 6 63 Americus 8 220 LA FAYETTE - - - 10 230 Lodi or Coal Creek - 51 281 New Buffalo - - 4 67 TERRE HAUTE - - 36 317 Detroit - - - - 218 275 Point Commerce - 42 359 Wabash and Erie Canal. Newburg - - - - 17 376 Pigeon Dam - - 72 448 Ohio Division. EVANSVILLE - - 19 467 Manhattan to TOLEDO 4 Port Miami ... 812 Whitewater Canal. Maumee City - - - 1 13 Waterville 5 18 This Canal extends from Cambridge, on the National Road, to the Ohio Kiver Otsego - - - 7 25 LAWRENCES CBG to Hard- Providence 5 30 ingsburg Damascus - 6 36 Elizabethtown - 6 Napoleon 8 44 Harrison 8 14 Florida - - - - 8 52 New Trenton - - - 6 20 Independence 5 57 Brookville - - - 11 31 DEFIANCE - - 4 61 Laurel City - - - 14 45 Junction of Miami Exten- Connersville - - - 11 56 sion Canal 9 70 CAMBRIDGE - - - 12 68 * Branch Railroad to Gochen, 10 miles. 1 CATALOGUE 07 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC,, PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, NO. 86 CEDAR-STREET, NE"W YORK. Illustrated and Embellished Steel-Plate MAP OF THE WORLD, On Mercator's Projection, exhibiting the recent Arctic and Antarctic Discoveries and Explorations, &c. dec* 6 sheets. Size, 80 by 60 inches. Price, mounted, $10 00. This splendid and highly-finished map is the largest and most accurate work of the kind ever published. It exhibits a full resume of all geo- graphical knowledge, and shows at one view, not only the world as it now is, in all its natural and political relations, but also the progress of discovery from the earliest ages. In its compilation, every facility has been rendered by the liberality of our own government in furnishing published and private maps and documents ; and also by the govern- ments of Europe, especially those of France and England, whose rich stores of geographical works have elicited much, that until the present publication has been as a sealed letter. As a work of art, it excels all its predecessors, and is as ornamental as useful. It is beautifully colored, and mounted in the handsomest style. MAP OF THE WORLD, On Mercator's Projection, exhibiting the recent Arctic and Antarctic Discoveries and Explorations, &c. &c. 2 sheets. Size, 44 by 36 inches. Price, mounted, 3 00. This work is reduced from the large map, and contains all the more important features of that publication. It has been constructed with especial reference to commercial utility ; the ports, lines of travel, inte- rior trading towns and posts, &c., being accurately laid down. An im- portant feature in this map is the transposition of the continents so as to give America a central position, and exhibit the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in their entirety. The map is engraved on steel, highly embel- lished, and mounted in the best style. As a medium sized map, it coiv tains much more than the usual amount of information. 2 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., MAP OF THE WORLD, On Mercator's projection, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 28 by 22 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. This is a beautifully got up map, and, from the closeness of its infor- mation, contains as much as the generality of maps twice its size. It is well adapted for the use of those who do not require the detail of topography, which is the peculiar feature in the larger maps. As a companion to the student of general history it is, perhaps, prefer- able to any other, as it is compact and easy of reference. The pro- gress of discovery, from the tunes of Columbus to the present day, is fully exhibited ; and especial care has been taken to show distinctly the recent explorations in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. MISSIONARY MAP OF THE WORLD, On a hemispherical projection, each hemisphere being six feet in diameter, and both printed on one piece of cloth at one impression. Size, 160 by 80 inches. Price, $10 00. This map presents to the eye, at one view, the moral and religious condition of the world, and the efforts that are now making for its evan- gelization. It is so colored, that all the principal religions of the world, with the countries in which they prevail, and their relation, position, and extent are distinguished at once, together with the principal stations of the various missionary societies in our own and other countries. It is so finished, being on cloth, that it may be easily folded and conveyed from place to place, and suspended hi any large room. It is especially recommended for the lecture-room, Sunday-school, &c., and should be possessed by every congregation. MAP OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, With an enlarged plan of the Isthmus of Panama, show- ing the line of the railroad from Chagres to Panama ; also tables of distances from the principal ports of the United States to all parts of the world, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF NORTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 25 ; in cases, $0 75. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 3 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE WEST INDIES, With the adjacent coasts : compiled from the latest au- thorities. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts and other geographical publications. 2 sheets. Size, 44 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, $4 OO. This is the largest and best map of South America ever issued in this country, and the only one available for commercial purposes. It is also an excellent school map. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of the several states. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50* MAP OF EUROPE, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 53 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00. The best map of Europe extant, exhibiting the topography and polit- ical condition of that continent with great accuracy. It is an excellent map for schools as well as for the merchant's office. MAP OF EUROPE, Compiled from the latest authorities, &c., with static tical tables exhibiting the area, population, form of government, religion, &c., of each state. 1 sheet* Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF ASIA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00. This map is the largest and most accurate ever issued in America) and contains all the most recent determinations in British India, &c. 4 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., It is indispensably necessary to merchants trading with China, India, &o, and must be especially valuable at the present time, when our con- nection with those countries is daily becoming more intimate. Nor is U less valuable for seminaries of learning. MAP OF ASIA, Compiled from the most recent authorities, together with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF AFRICA, Carefully compiled from the latest maps and charts, and other geographical publications. 4 sheets. Size, 58 by 44 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00. The largest and most accurate map of Africa ever published in the United States. It exhibits the most recent discoveries of travellers the new political divisions on the north and west coasts and in South- ern Africa, &c^ &c. As an office or school map it has no superior. MAP OF AFRICA, Compiled from the latest authorities, and accompanied with statistical tables of the area, population, &c., of each state. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES. MEXICO, AND THE WEST INDIES, Showing the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. 4 sheets. Size, 62 by 55 inches. Price, $5 00. Extraordinary exertions have been employed to make this map perfect- ly reliable and authentic in all respects. It is the only large map that ex- hibits the United States in its full extent Being engraved on steel, and handsomely mounted, it forms not only a useful, but highly ornamental addition to the office, library, or hall. All the railroads, canals, and post-roads, with distances from place to place, are accurately laid down. To make the map more generally useful, the publisher has appended to it a map of Central America and the Isthmus of Panama, and also a map of North and South America conjointly. It deserves to take prece- dence of all maps heretofore published in this country. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 5 MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES, MEXICO, THE WEST INDIES, AND CENTRAL AMERICA, WITH PARTS OF NEW GRENADA AND VENEZUELA, Exhibiting the country from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from 50 N. lat. to the Isthmus of Panama and the Oronoco river. 2 sheets. Size, 45 by 36 inches. Price, mounted, $2 50 ; in cases, $1 50. The vast extent of country embraced in this map, and the importance of the territories portrayed, render it one of the most useful to the mer- chant and all others connected with or interested in the onward pro- gress of the United States. It is peculiarly adapted to the present times, showing, as it does, the whole sphere of American steam navigation on both sides of the continent, and giving the best delineations extant of our new territories on the Pacific. Ail the railroads and canals are laid down with accuracy. There is also appended to the map a diagram of the Atlantic ocean, in reference to steam communication between Eu- rope and America ; and a detailed plan of the Isthmus of Panama, show- ing the proposed lines of inter-oceanic intercourse. The map is engraved on steel and highly embelliatied. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, THE BRITISH PROVINCES, WITH PARTS OF MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES. 4 sheets. Size, 48 by 38 inches. Price, mounted, $2 00* This is a good map of the settled portion of the United States, fee., and contains all the railroads, canals, and post-roads, &c., with the dis- tances from place to place. MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, WITH PARTS OF THE ADJACENT COUNTRY, Embracing plans of the principal cities and some of the larger villages. By David H. Burr. 6 sheets. Size, 60 by 50 inches. Price, mounted, $4 00. This is the largest and best map of the state in the market, and ex- hibits accurately all the county and township lines; all internal im- provements, and the position of cities, villages, &c. A new edition, embracing all the alterations made by the state legislature, is issued as varly as possible after the close of each session annually, so that the public may rely on its completeness at the date of issue. 1* 6 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. 1 MAP OF THE STATES OF NEW ENGLAND AND N, YORK, With parts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the Canadas, Arc., showing the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, with distances from place to place. 1 sheet. Size, 30 by 23 inches. Price, mounted, $1 25. This is an exceedingly minute and correct map, having been compiled with great care and a strict adherence to actual survey. MAP OF THE COUNTRY 33 MILES AROUND THE CITY OF NEW YORK Compiled from the maps of the United States' Coast Survey and other authorities. 1 sheet. Size, 29 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. MAP OF LONG ISLAND, With the environs of the city of New York and the southern part of Connecticut. By J. Calvin Smith. 4 sheets. Size, 60 by 42 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. TRAVELER'S MAP OF LONG ISLAND, Price, in cases, $0 38. A neat pocket map for duck-shooters and other sportsmen. MAP OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK, Brooklyn, Williamsbnrg, Jersey City, and the adjacent waters. 3 sheets. Size, 56 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $3 00. The Commissioners' Survey is the basis of this map. The improve- ments have been accurately laid down : and to make the work more valuable, maps of the vicinity of New York, of the Hudson river, and of the cities of Boston and Philadelphia, have been appended. No exertion has been spared to keep the work up with the progress of the city and neighborhood. The exceedingly low price at which it is issued ought to secure to it a large circulation. PUBLISHED BY J. H. CO1TON. 7 MAP OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, Together with Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Greenpoiet, Jersey City, Hoboken, *fcc., exhibiting a plan of the port of New York, with its islands, sandbanks, rocks, and the soundings in feet. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 26 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50 ; in cases, $0 75 MAP OF THE CITY OF BROOKLYN, As laid out by commissioners and confirmed by acts of the Legislature of the State of New York, made from actual survey the farm-lines and names of original owners being accurately drawn from authentic sources. Containing also a map of the village of Williamsburg and part of the city of New York, &c., &c. 2 sheets. Size, 48 by 36 inches. Price, mounted, $4 00. SECTIONAL MAP OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Compiled from the United States' surveys. Also exhibit- ing the internal improvements; distances between towns, villages, and post-offices ; outlines of prairies, woodlands, marshes, and lands* donated by the Gene- ral Government for the purposes of internal improve- ments. By J. M. Peck, Tohii Messenger, and A. J. Bfathewson. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $2 50 ; in cases, $1 50. The largest, most accurate, and only reliable map of Illinois extant MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, Compiled from the United States' Surveys by S. D. King. Exhibiting the sections and fractional sections, situation and boundaries of counties, the location of cities, villages, and post-offices canals, railroads, and other internal improvements, &c., fcc. 6 sheets. Size, 66 by 48 inches. Price, mounted, $6 00. The only large and accurate map of Indiana ever issued, and one that every land-owner and speculator will find indispensably necessary to a full understanding of the topography of the country, and the im- provements which have been completed, and those which are now in progress. It is handsomely engraved and embellished. 8 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., MAP OF THE STATE OF INDIANA, Compiled from the United States' surveys. Exhibiting the sections and fractional sections, situation and boundaries of counties, the location of cities, villages, and post-offices canals, railroads, and other internal improvements, Arc., &c. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. (In progress.) Price, mounted, $3 00. This map is a reduction from the large work, and contains equally with that important publication all the essential features of the state and the improvements that have been effected. It is suitable for an office or house map. A NEW MAP OF INDIANA, Reduced from the large map. Exhibiting the boundaries of counties ; township surveys ; location of cities, towns, villages, and post-officescanals, railroads, and other internal improvements, &c. 1 sheet. Size, 15 by 12 inches. (In progress.) Price, in cases, $0 38. MAP OF MICHIGAN, Hap of the surveyed p%rt of the State of Michigan. By John Farmer. 1 sheet. Size, 35 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $2 00; in cases, Si 50. MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES, Viz. t Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin, and the Territory of Minesota, show- ing the township lines of the United States' Surveys, location of cities, towns, villages, post-hamletscanals, railroads, and stage-roads. By J. Calvin Smith. 1 sheet. Size, 23 by 24 inches. Price, mounted, $1 25. MAP OF FRANCE, BELGIUM, And the adjacent countries. Compiled from the latest authorities, and exhibiting the railroads and canals. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 9 STREAM OF TIME, Or Chart of Universal History. From the original Ger. man of Strauss. Revised and continued by R. 8* Fisher, N. D. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $2 50* An invaluable companion to every student of History. THE FAMILY AND SCHOOL MONITOR, An Educational Chart. By James Henry, Jr. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. In this chart, the fundamental maxims on Education physical, moral, end intellectual are presented in such a manner as to fix the attention and impress the memory. It cannot fail to be eminently useful ; in- deed, we believe the public will regard it as indispensable to every family and school in our country. PORTRAITS OF THE PRESIDENTS, And Declaration of Independence. 1 sheet. Size, 42 by 31 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. NEW MAP OF CENTRAL AMERICA, From the most recent and authentic sources ; showing the lines of communication between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. One sheet. Price, in cases, $0 50. MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS, A combined view of the principal mountains and rivers in the world, with tables showing their relative heights and lengths. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. A CHART OF NATIONAL FLAGS, Each represented in its appropriate colors. 1 sheet* Size, 2S by 22 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. 10 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., AN ILLUSTRATED MAP OF HUMAN LIFE, Deduced frpm passages of Sacred Writ. 1 sheet. Size, 25 by 20 inches. Price, mounted, 75. MAP OF PALESTINE, From the latest authorities : chiefly from the maps and drawings of Robinson & Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. E. Robinson, and with plans of Jerusalem and of the jonrneyings of the Israelites. 4 sheets. Size, 80 by 62 inches. Price, mounted, $6 00. This large and elegant map of the Holy Land is intended for the Sun- day-school and Lecture-room. It is boldly executed, and lettered in large type, which may be read at a great distance. Both the ancient and modern names of places are given. MAP OF PALESTINE, From the latest authorities: chiefly from the maps and drawings of Robinson & Smith, with corrections and additions furnished by the Rev. Dr. E. Robinson. 2 sheets. Size, 43 by 32 inches. Price, mounted, $2 50. This map is elegantly engraved on steel, and is peculiarly adapted to family use and the use of theological students. It contains every place noted on the larger map, the only difference being in the scale on which it is drawn. While the large map is well suited for a school or lecture- room, this is more convenient for family use and private study. Plans of Jerusalem and the vicinity of Jerusalem are attached. The religious and secular press throughout the country has expressed a decided preference for this map of Professor Robinson over all others that have ever been issued. MAP OF EGYPT, The Peninsula of Mount Sinai, Arabia Petraea, with the southern part of Palestine. Compiled from the latest authorities. Showing the jonrneyings of the children of Israel from Egypt to the Holy Land. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 50. An excellent aid to the Bible student. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 11 NEW TESTAMENT MAP, A map of the countries mentioned in the New Testament and of the travels of the Apostles with ancient and mod- ern names, from the most authentic sources. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, mounted, $1 25. u Its size, finish, distinctness, fullness, and accuracy, make it very ele- gant and useful. Sabbath-school teachers and private Christians, as well as theological students, may esteem and use it with great advan- tage. * * * I own and value." Samuel H. Cox, D. D. w On a scale neither too large to be unwieldy, nor yet too small to be accurate, it presents at a single view, with great distinctness, the scenes of the striking events of the New Testament, and cannot fail to give to those events a greater clearness, and by presenting so plainly their lo- calities to throw over them new interest. * * * * * It seems to have been drawn in accordance with the best authorities." Erskine Mason, D. D. " Valuable for accuracy, beauty, and cheapness. Having both the ancient and modem names of places, and being of portable size, it would appear happily adapted for the use of Sabbath-school teachers." William R. Williams, D. D. " I have been much pleased with the apparent accuracy, and the beautiful execution of a map of the countries mentioned in the New Testament, published by Mr. Colton, and think it adapted to be useful." Stephen U. Tyng, D. D. GUIDE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &c, Travelers' and Tourists' Guide-Book through the United States of America and the Canadas. Containing the routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steamboats, togeth- er with descriptions of the several states, and the principal cities, towns, and villages, in each accom- panied with a large and accurate map. Price, $1 25. ROUTE-BOOK THROUGH THE UNITED STATES, &o, Travelers' and Tourists' Route-Book through the United States of America and the Canadas. Containing the routes and distances on all the great lines of travel by railroads, stage-roads, canals, rivers, and lakes, &c. accompanied with a large and accurate map. Price, $1 00. 12 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, Tbc Canadas, fcc., showing the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, with the distances from place to place. Size, 28 by 32 inches. Price, in cases, 63. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, The British Provinces, &c. Size, 24 by 20 inches. Price, in cases, $0 38. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, The British Provinces, Mexico, and Central America, showing the rontes of the U. S. Mail Steam-ships to California and Oregon, with a plan of the " Gold Region," fcc. Size, 32 by 25 inches. Price, in sheets, $0 25 ; in cases, $0 38. GUIDE-BOOK THROUGH THE NEW ENGLAND AND MIDDLE STATES. Traveler's and Tourist's Guide-Book through the New England and Middle States, and the Canadas. Con. taining the rontes and distances on all the great lines of travel by railroads, canals, stage-roads, and steam- boats, together with descriptions of the several states, and the principal cities, towns, and villages in each- accompanied with a large and accurate map. Price, 75. MAP OF NEW YORK, With parts of the adjoining States and Canada, show- ing the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, with distan- ces from place to place. Price, in cases, $0 38. MAP OF THE NEW ENGLAND STATES, Showing the railroads, canals, and stage-roads, with distances from place to place. Price, in cases, 38* PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 13 THE WESTERN TOURIST, And Emigrant's Guide through the stares of Ohio, Mich- igan, IndiaHa, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Wiscon- sin, and the territories of Minesota, Missouri, and Nebraska, being an accurate and concise description of each state and territory ; and containing the routes and distances on the great lines of travel accompanied with a large and minute map, exhibiting the township lines of the United States' surreys, the boundaries of counties, and the position of cities, villages, and set- tlements, &c. Price, $0 75. THE BOOK OF THE WORLD; Being an account of all Republics, Empires, Kingdoms, and Nations, in reference to their geography, statistics, commerce, &c., together with a brief historical outline of their rise, progress, and present condition, &c., &c. By Richard 8. Fisher, M. D. In two volumes, pp. 632- 727. (Illustrated with maps and charts.) Price, $5 00. OPINIONS. M I have looked over the work with a good deal of interest. It ap- pears to me to be a very useful publication. It brings down the geo- graphical and statistical information of the various countries of the world to a much later period than any other work that has come under my observation, and will not only be useful to the student, but to every man desirous of obtaining the latest and most authentic information." Millard Fillmore, Vice Pres. of U. S. " The work appears to me a very excellent one, and a very valuable contribution to American literature." Charles Anihon, LL. D. " I have examined it sufficiently to perceive that it contains an im- mense amount of interesting and useful information." Robert C. Winthrop, M. C. " It deserves a place in that indispensable department of every pri- vate, and especially of every school library the department of books of reference." Henry Barnard, Sup. Com. Schools in Conn. " I have been fully satisfied with the fulness and extent of the infor- mation its ample pages present in answer to every inquiry embracing topography, physical geography, climate, products, mineral resources, commerce, and history." 5. W. Seton, Jlgt. Pub. Sch. Soc. JV. Y. " It appears to me to contain a more full and accurate exhibition of the world, in its geographical, commercial, and statistical aspects, than any work with which I am acquainted." Rev. R. R. Qurley, Chaplain U. S. Small. 14 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC., 44 As a book of reference it is of great value, and contains more in the same space than any work of a similar character 1 have yet seen. * * I have great pleasure in recommending this book to all persons who desire to possess a work of reference touching the great interests of all nations." Mbott Lawrence, U. S. Minister to England. "The work, as a whole, may be said to constitute a library within it self. There is no point, scarcely, in art, science, literature, economy, 01 history, at all appropriate to the subjects treated upon, which, on refer- ence to the work, will not be found fully elucidated ; and the aim of the author seems to have been to condense into as small a space as possible the entire circle of human knowledge." Hunfs MercJiants 1 Magazine. 44 No work of a similar character, or on so magnificent a scale, baa been issued from the American press since the volumes of the veteran Morse. * * The author has omitted nothing that could at all add to the perfection of his work." Democratic Review. 44 We feel assured that the learned compiler of these volumes has spared no investigation and care to exhibit the world as it now is, and we can very confidently recommend the result of his labors. Such a work was especially needed." National Intelligencer. 44 It is written in a style at once easy, perspicuous, and energetic." Independent, JV. T. * We feel satisfied that the greatest labor and pains-taking must have been expended, to have brought together such an amount of valuable information." JV". Y. Journal of Commerce. 44 Editors and politicians, especially, have great use for such a work. They have constant occasion to appeal to just such statistics as these volumes embody, to illustrate and enforce their arguments or explode the sophistries of dogmatists." National Era. "The 'Book of the World,' embodying as it does a vast and varied amount of information, drawn from all available authentic sources, pos- sesses great intrinsic value, and must prove useful to all classes of Amer- ican readers." Texas Wesleyan Banner. A CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE WORLD, Exhibiting the leading events of Universal History; the origin and progress of the arts and sciences, dtc. ; collected chiefly from the article " Chronology" in the new Edinburgh Encyclopedia, edited by Sir David Brewster, LL. D., F. R. S., &c. ; with an enlarged view of important events, particularly In regard to American History, and a continuation to the present time, by Daniel Haskell, A. 31., American Editor of DfcCnlloch's Universal Gazetteer, &c, 12mo. pp. 267. ^rice, $0 75. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLT ON. 15 COLTON'S OUTLINE MAPS, ADAPTED TO THE USE OF PRIMARY, GRAMMAR, AND HIGH SCHOOLS, This new and valuable Series of Outline Maps comprises A Map of the World, in two hemispheres, each 80 inches in diameter, and separately mounted. A Map of the United States, 80 by 62 inches. A Map of Europe, 80 by 62 inches, on the same plan with that of the United States, will complete the series. THE MAPS OF THE WORLD Are nearly quadruple the size of any others now in use, and exhibit the different portions of the Earth's surface in bold and vivid out- line, which makes them sufficiently distinct to be plainly seen and studied from the most distant parts of the largest school-room. They exhibit the physical features of the World, and also give an accurate view of its political divisions, showing the relative size of each, with their natural and conventional boundaries. In the corners of each map there are diagrams which exhibit the elements of physical geogra- phy, as the parallels, meridians, zones, and climates the latter by isothermal lines. There are also appended two separate hemispheres, exhibiting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans complete, fee., forming in all eight different diagrams, illustrative of the primary elements of the science. These appendices will greatly assist the teacher in his eluci- dations, and make tangible to the scholar the basis of geographical mechanism. THE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES . Exhibits the entire territory of the Union from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and also the greater portion of the British Possessions in the North, and the whole of Mexico and Central America, with part ot the West Indies, in the South. It has also appended to it a MAP OF THE NEW-ENGLAND STATES, on a larger scale. The physical and political geography of thjs interesting region is minutely detailed. The localities of the cities, and important towns, ports, and harbors are denoted by points, and the map generally has been constructed on the most approved principles, under the supervision and advice of several competent and experienced teachers. The Price of these Maps is $5 each 16 COLTON'S UNIFORM SERIES OF TOWNSHIP MAPS OF THE SEVERAL STATES OF THE UNION, Compiled from the U. S. Surreys and other Sources. These Maps are compiled from the original U. S. surveys, and other authentic and reliable sources. The size of each is 29X32 inches. They contain all the internal improve- ments, as railroads, canals, and post-roads ; the location of mines and mineral lands; the names of all cities, towns, villages, post-offices, and settlements ; the county and town- ship lines ; and all other information usually sought for on maps each map forming in itself a complete reflex of the condition of the State it represents. The following States of the series have been completed : MAINE, N. HAMP. & VT. MASS., R. L & CONN. NEW YORK, OHIO, WISCONSIN, IOWA, MISSOURI, VIRGINIA, MARYLAND, & DELAWARE. Similar maps of the otffer States and Territories will be issued at an early period ; and when the whole series is finished, it is intended that it shall form a splendid NATIONAL ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES, which, in point of scale, accuracy of information, embellish- ment, and general finish, will be superior to any like pub- lication that has ever issued from the press of either Europe or America. The price of each map, when handsomely mounted, colored, and varnished, is $1 50 ; and when put up in portable cases, $0 75. PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON. 17 MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO, Compiled from official and other authentic sources : to which is appended a corner map of the States of Central America. 1 sheet. Size, 42 by 32 inches* Price, mounted, $2 00 ; in cases, $1 50. MAP OF THE COUNTRY 12 MILES AROUND THE CITY OF NEW YORK, With the names of property-holders, &c., from an en- tirely new and accurate survey. By J. C. Sidney. 2 sheets. Size, 40 by 40 inches. Price, mounted or in cases, $3 00. WESTERN PORTRAITURE; And Emigrants' Guide: a Description of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa, with Remarks on Minnesota and other Territories. By Daniel S. Cnrtiss. In 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 360, (illustrated with a township map.) Price, $1 00. Actual observation and great experience are the bases of this work ; and in language and incident it has much to interest. It treats of the " Great West," its scenery, its wild sports, its institutions and its charac- teristics, material and economic. In that portion devoted to statistical illustration, the topography of sections and the adaptation of localities to particular branches of industry occupy a large space : the geology, soil, climate, powers and productions of each are considered, and their allied interests, their respective values and destinies, and their present conditions, are accurately described. MAP OF NEW ENGLAND, Or the Eastern States: together with portions of the State of New York and of the British Provinces ad- jacent thereto. 4 sheets. Size, 64 by 57 inches. (In progress.) MAP OF THE PROVINCES OF NEW BRUNSWICK, iMOVA SCOTIA, AND PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, And parts of the country adjacent thereto. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 29 inches. (In progress.) Price, mounted, $1 50; in cases, $0 75. 18 MAPS, CHARTS, BOOKS, ETC. STATISTICAL MAP OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, Comprising all the principal statistics of each county agricultural, manufacturing, commercial, Arc. By R. S. Fisher, 31. D., author of the " Book of the World," dec. 1 sheet. Size, 32 by 26 inches. Price, $0 25. Useful to all classes of our citizens, and indispensable for the informa- tion of parties engaged in the construction of railroads and other internal improvements, speculators in land, and persons designing to settle in any part of the State. All the material interests of the country are plainly indicated in figures on the face of the map, or in the tables which ac- company it. HORN'S OVERLAND GUIDE FROM COUNCIL BLUFFS TO CALIFORNIA, Containing a Table of Distances, and showing all the rivers, lakes, springs, mountains, camping places, and other prominent objects ; frith remarks on the country, roads, timbers, grasses, &c., &c. Accompanied by a Map. Price, $0 50. CORDOVA'S MAP OF TEXAS, Compiled from new and original surreys. 4 sheets. Size, 36 by 34 inches. Price, mounted, $5 00 ; in cases, $3 00. This is the only reliable map of Texas, and being on a large scale, exhibits minutely and with distinctness the natural features of the State and its several political divisions. The following government officers certify to its accuracy and completeness. " We have no hesitation in saying that no map could surpass this in accuracy and fidelity." DAVID S. KAUFMAN, THOS. J. RUSK, B. PILSBURY, SAM. HOUSTON. u I certify to the correctness of this map, it being the only one extanl that is truly correct" JOHN C. HAYS. Besides his own publications, J. H. C. has constantly on hand a large assortment of Atlases and Foreign Maps. Mounting in all its forms carefully executed for the trade, public institutions, d'c. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000021 244 9