1 9 7 3 2 1 >: > ..iW^ -J^ T^ ■> t- <-t ■^-. L .. V >,> ■ --^-^ J THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES iJHI \ THE H Y M N S of CALLIMACHUS, Tranflated from the Greek into English Verfe, With Explanatory NOTES. To which are added, Seie6i Epigrams y and the Coma Berenices of the fame Author, Six Hymns of Orpheus, AND The Encomium of Ptolemy by Theocritus. By TF I L L I A M D D D, B. A. Late of Clare-Hall, Cambridge. LONDON: Printed for the T R A N S L A T O R, And SOLD by T. Waller" in FlceUStreety and J. Ward, m;\x i\\z Royal Exchavge. M DCC LV. \ T O HIS G R A. C E TH O MA S T>\JKY.o^NETJ^CJSTLE, Chancellor of the Univerfity of Cambridge. My lord, H E N it was propofed to me by my Lord Bijhop of Chefler^ that I iliould offer thefe Firft Fruits of my academical Labours to your Grace, it was with much Satisfaction, that I embraced the Propo- fal : Nothing doubting of your Grace's Favour to a Member of that Univerfity^ which has been fo ^i- A 2 flinmaiflied DEDICJ'TION, ftinguillied by your Regard, and more efpeclally to a Member of that College^ which claims the Honour of your Grace's Education. But when the Honourable Gentleman *, who has long been an Ornament to that learned Body in general, and to our Society in par- ticular, was pleafed to introduce my Caufe to your Grace, your ready and pleafing Acceptance of my little Tribute, was no more than the Fruits of a rea- fonable and well grounded Expe6i:ation. The Author, here offered to your Grace's Pa- tronage, was happy in the Smiles and Prote(9:ion of the moft Noble and Worthy Princes : His Merits were equal to their Efteem, his Gratitude no incon- liderable Means of perpetuating their Glory, and thofe very Paflages, wherein he applauds his Bene- fa6):ors, fufficient Teftimonies of the Excellency of their Judgment. It has been my Endeavour, that he fhould lofe none of his deferved Praife in an Engliflj Drefs ^ how far I have fucceeded, muft be left to the De- * The Honourable "thomas To-mjhend, Efqv Member for the Univerfity o^ Cambridge. cifion BEDICATJON, cifion of others : But I fhall efteem myfelf happy, if the acknowledged Worth of the Author ihall re- commend to your Grace's Regard, the more hum- ble Labours of the I'ranjlator. Our Author and his Patrons are no more ; but the Works of the one are the ftandino; Memorials or the Fame of both : And, (in the Words of one of our Poets) -=.=.-What Reward " Than this more excellent, for Pow'r and Wealth To gain the Stamp of Worth and honeft Fame, Midft all Mankind ? This, this th' Atridas have : When all the Plunder of old Priam^s Houfe And all their mighty Wealth is loft in Night, And buried in Oblivion's greedy Grave. Theoc. Encom. p. 196. Suffer me, my Lord, (without that Flattery which have rendered Dedications infamous) heartily to wiih, that your Grace, like thefe illuftrious Perfons, may gain the Stamp of Worth and honefl Fame^ by di- refiling DEDICJriO N, re(9:ing all your Actions, — the leaft of which, in your high Station, is important — to the Glory of God, the Honour of your moft gracious Sovereign, and the Good of your Country : That fo, when, like theirs, your outward Splendor Ihall be diminilhed, and you ileep in Duft, yovir Fame may flourifti in happy Im- mortality below, yourfelf may flourilh in far more happy Immortality above. I am, My LOR D, Tf^ith all due RefpeS7y 7^our Grace's moft devoted^ moft ohiiged and obedient humble Servant^ h'crch 24, 1755. William Dodd. PREFACE " A S it is the ^efign of the following notes to illuftrate and explain /% fuch parts of the anti«nt Mythology as .occur in the hymns here ,X JL prefented to the reader in an E?!g///Jj drefs, it may be proper, in order to his forming a right judgment of particulars, to lay before him a general view of my fentiments concerning the rife and progrefs of what is called Mythology in the world. To do this at large, and produce the proofs and teftimonies that are neceffiiry from antiquity, would vallly exceed the bounds of a preface, which obliges me to content myfelf at prefent with giving only a fhort iketch of what I take to be the true flate of the cafe. The chief difficulty then, I apprehend, that attends an enquiry of this kind, and has rendered fo many attempts fruitlefs, is the want of a clue to lead us regularly up to the fountain ; which mull have been originally one, however afterwards, in their courfes, the flreams took different tindlures in different ages and countries. For were we once well acquainted with the nature and properties of the water at the fpring-head, we might eafily, by following the current down again, perceive when and how it became adul- terated and corrupted with adventitious mixtures. The Mythology of the Greeks and Remans, who lived in the midnight of Paganifm, juft before the day dawned, and the fun of righteoufnefs arofe upon the earth, is one vaft ocean of confufion, which ingulphed into itfelf ail the broken traditions of theological, phylical, and hiflorical truths that came near it, and converted them into fables, changing the truth of God (as the Apoftle fpeaks of them) into a LIE. Accordingly, if we look into the mufler-roll of their gods, and the fadls related of them, we (hall find fome owe their birth to the great things revealed to believers from the beginning concerning the Saviour of the world, and what he was to be, to do, and to fuffer, for the falvation of men. Thefe may be put to the fcore of theokgy. Another fet of gods are the operations of nature and the mechanical agents, that peiTorm them, deified, which may therefore be faid to have a /'^jt'/'V^/ divinity ; while a third part of the annals of heaven is made up of broken and disjointed fragments concerning heroes and heroines that lived, or were reported to have lived, and aifted upon earth ; and thefe venerable perfonages cannot, I think, be allowed more than an hijhrical godhead. Thefe I take to be the three grand fources of mythology ; and were they always kept diftindl, it might be no difficult matter, perhaps, to refer each 3 copy PREFACE. copy to its original. But the misfortune Is, they are not ; for generally, if not always, the theological and phyfical ^zrts are mixed and blended, and often there is a jumble of all three together, nothing being more common than to find a god ading in a threefold capacity, fometimes as a theological, fometimes as a phyfical, and fometimes as an hiftorical god. In this cafe, to untwifl the cord, fliew which was the original flamen, and how, when, and by whom the others were added, and woven into it — Hie labor, hoc opus — for here thofe in- genious gentlemen the poets, that twifted it, can give us no affiftance. They knew not what the materials were, or whence they came ; but they took what they found, added what embelliflmients they fanfied, and then worked them all up together, each according to his own imagination. From the time when the true hiftory of the Greeks begins, to the firft apoftafy of the Gen- tiles from the patriarchal faith and worfliip to idolatry — a period which goes under the general denomination of the fabulous age — is a great gap In the mythological chain, by which we are deprived of the firfl and mofc valuable links of it. If we knew what were the objedls of the heathen worfliip at their firft going off, and afterwards in particular of the Canaanifes, it would guide us downwards to unravel the mythology of the GreekSy who (as mod: learned men feem to agree) were fome of thofe that fled weft- ward, when difpoffefTed by yojhua. 'Till we have this knowledge, we are in a labyrinth without a clue ; we find matters in a great confufion, and after all our labours fliall leave them in a greater. To this knowledge no book can help us but the Bible, which begins with the beginning of the world and man, and brings down a hiftory of the true Re- -ligion inftituted by God, with the deviations and corruptions introduced by Satan, to the times of the Greeks and Romans, thus filling up the deficiency, and conipleating the chain. By the light aflbrded us in Scripture we find, that two of the abovementioned fources of mythology, divinity and phyfics^ were ori- ginally united, the latter being ufed as illufcrative and explanatory of the former. The invifible things of God from the creation of the ivcrlJ, from the beginning, ever fince there was a revelation made of them, are clearly ffcn, not by the eye of fenfe, but that of faith, being tinderfood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and godhead are exhibited to us by vifible objeifts, and not otherwife to be known or conceived. The counfels of the eternal Three foreordained before, and executed in time, for the redemption of man, are fhown us as in a glafs by the operations performed in nature, and the bright rulers that carry on thefe in the material world are reprefentatives of the more glorious ones that carry on thofe in the fpiritual. Iht' heavens, by the light enHuined in their tabernacle the fun, placed in them, and thence irradiated on the earth, moon and ftars, declare and hold forth to us an image of the: glory cf God, the divine light, that from the humanity of our Lord is poured forth on his Churches and Saints ; while the air in conjundion with the light dlffufed thro' the univcrfal fyflem of nature, to 3 animate PREFACE. animate and give breath to all creatures, is a moft exprelfive emblem of aa oirmiprefent fpirit, the author, giver, and preferver of fpiritual life. The patriarchs and believers made that ufe of the knowledge of nature defi-^ned by him who gave it them ; they regarded it as a ladder, wherebv they migbt afcend to a knowledge of the almighty Lord of nature, and his fpiritual operations in the oeconomy of redemption. But the nations, after their apoftacy at Babel, dropt the originals, and worfliipped the copies inflead of them, ferving the creature more, or rather than the creator. For, from that time! we find it conftantly charged upon the Babylonians, Egyptians, Canaanites, and other neighbouring nations, that they paid divine honours to the H'^jl of Hca- "jen, thofe powers in the fervice o^ Jehovah, which, from their tents, the folar, lunar, and ftellar orbs, flationed in fuch beautiful order and array in the firmament, are divided, and fent abroad to all nations under heaven. Fos, o clarijima miindi liimina I became now the general invocation ; and by the , names of the idols and temples of the Canaanites, and others remaining upon record in the Bible to this day, it appears, that they knew what great and wonderful things the powers of the heavens performed in nature, for which they adored them as the Gods that governed the world. That the heavens were the ruling agents in this fyftem was true ; but when they afcribed fu- prcmacy and independency to them, they forgot that there were higher than they, and that it was Jeho'vah that made the heavens. They were found philofophers, though rotten divines. But in procefs of time, the knowledo-e even of philolbphy declined, and was loft ; people received the Gods and creeds of their anceftors without the reafons of them, and fo worfliipped they knew not what, they knew not why ; only their fathers did it, and therefore fo did they. The knowledge of philofophy being gone, the latter heathens patched up matters with fragments of hillory and fable ; and as it had been ufual among the old idolaters for kings and great men to take the names of their Gods, they confounded the hiftorical adtions of the prince v/ith the phyfical adions of the God, which introduced that intricate and often utterly inextricable confufion in the Greek and Roman mythology, la- mented in vain by the critics and beaux efprits of modern times. The hymns called Orphic (whoever was the author of them) plainly appear to have'been wrote when the phyfical mythology was declining, and the hiftorical or fa- bulous gaining ground, are a fort of iflhmus between the two feas, waflied by the waves of both. In many places his defcriptions of the natural agents and their operations are amazingly juft and beautiful, and the com- pound epithets, he ufes to defcribe them beyond meafure, full, ftrong, and exprefiive; and in others, where there is a mixture of the fabulous, a 2;reat deal of true philofophy is fiill difcernable. But in Homer the cafe is widely different. There the fabulous almofl wholly lofes fight of the phyfical." And though there are many particulars, which may be referred to nature, the b labyrinth PREFACE. labyrinth is fo intricate, that it requires a clue far more exadl, than we can at prefent have, to carry us through its mazes. It cannot be expedled, that matters fhould be much better in this particular with our author, who is but a modern, in comparifon of i/^^w^r, and who lived, though in an age of polite learning, yet, in the very darkeft times of Paganifm. Notwithftanding, this, by fome means or other, he has mixed in the prefent hymns, feveral particulars well deferving notice, and which may fully fatisfy the reader of the fitnefs of the key above-given to open the heathen mythology, Spanheim has proved, beyond controverfy, that he was no ftranger to the LXX tranflation of the Bible; an opinion which the fol- lowing obfervations will, I imagine, abundantly confirm, as to remember it, in the perufing of them, will be of fervice to me, as well as my readers. I have been fo large in my notes, that there is little occafion to fay more on this fubjeft : and as I have provided a copious index, it will be eafy to refer to any particular. It was my original intention to have given Mr. Priori tranflation of the two firft hymns of our author, which are incomparable pieces of poetry : but upon a clofe examination, I found many mifunderftandings of the origi- nal, which would have occafioned fo frequent carping, that I determined to tranflate them afrefh ; which I have done in rhyme, for no other reafon than becaufe I was unwilling to enter the lifts with fo excellent a mafter as Mr. Prior, in blank verfe, confcious how much I muft lofe by fuch a com- petition : — The reft are in blank ; which, doubtlefs, is the moft proper for fuch compofitions. I have fpared no pains to make the work as acceptable as might be to my worthy friends and fubfcribers, whofe generous affiftance I thus beg leave to acknowledge ; and though fo long time has intervened fince my propofals were firft delivered, I truft the work has loft no- thing thereby, as I have not been wanting in a diligent revifal of it ; indeed the pains and labour it has coft me will very greatly overbalance every thing I can exped; from it : for though the work was nearly finilhed, before I took my degree, in the year 1750, -Sit Cambridge ; the toil of correding, printing, and a long &c. , amidft my many other neceflTary avocations, has been truly grievous and burdenfome. And after all perhaps, I am only making myfelf a ftage for ill-natured criticifm to difplay its malignity : be it fo : yet let me afllire every reader of this work, that if they enter upon it with a mind as candid and open to truth, as unprejudiced and unbigotted to any man's notions or opinions as my own, they will never cenl'ure others for differing in judgment with regard to fuch matters, but with fatisfadtion hear all, and give cool impartial reafon the final de- cifion : the treatment which through my notes I have given to others, will, I hope, gain to me the like. However, be the remarks of the envious and ill-natured what they pleafe, 1 Ihall always find caufe to rejoice in the obliging readlnefs of my friends to afllft and promote my endeavours : and 2 here PREFACE. here I cannot omit to pay a particular regard to my dear and worthy friend tiie reverend Mr. Parkhurji, who has furniflied me with many excellent re- marks, and from whofe found judgment, enlarged underflanding, un- wearied application, and generous opennefs of heart, the world has great and valuable fruits to expedl : Dr. R. Schomberg too has, with abundant civility, favoured me with his obfervations ; and it gives me pleafure thus to ■ acknowledge his learned and friendly aHlftance. To Maurice 'Johnfon^ Efq; I am indebted for the head of Callimachus, prefixed to this volume, which is taken from a curious drawing by that celebrated antiquary Beanpre Bell, Efq; copied from a fine antique. And very many particular kindncfles I have received from various other friend?, whofe names I efteem not more an honour to my lift, than the friendll:iip they are pleafed to favour me with, an happinefs to my life ' The original propofals promifed head and tail-pieces ; but the tail-pieces, I found, depended entirely upon chance, according as there was room left at the end of each hymn or not : and for this reafon, I threw all into one> placing the a?7tiqiies intended for the tail-pieces in the head-pieces ; by which means, there are the fame number of figures, and the fame expence to me — nay, indeed, the head at the beginning, as well as the SeleB Epi- grams are more than were at firft propofed— but it was my defire to pleafe and fatisfy my fubfcribers. Each plate contains fomewhat explanatory of paflages in the author, or in the notes, and every piece is copied from the re- mains of antiquity, found either in Montfaii^07i, or Spe??ce's Polymetis, which book will beft fhew the ufe of fuch antient remains for the explanation of the poets. Callimachus has been happy in the regard of great and learned men : the Vari- orum edition of his works prefents us with all their labours together : there we fee Gravius, Stepha7is, Frifcblinus, Voet, Faber, and his ingenious daughter Madam Dacier, Dr. Bentley, and, above all, Spanheim^ uniting their endeavours to fet forth the beauties and excellencies of our poet : and fuch names, I hope, will be fufiicient to juftify. my choice, I can never too largely commend the obfervations of Spanheim upon Callimachus, which are a rich fund of learning, and difcover at once the moft ingenious, and the moft cultivated mind : I have gathered plentifully from them ; and had formerly digefted many more of his remarks into my own ; which are in a great meafure dropped, as I have omitted moft part of my critical notes, my fondnefs for that fort of writing being confiderably abated. I have fubjoined the Life oi Callimachm, as compiled by Bajil Kemiet, which is very exa6l and impartial : and thus have, to the utmoft of my ability, endeavoured to make the work as perfeil as I was able. b 2 THE THE L I F E of CAL L IMACHUS. CAL L I M yi C HU S was born in Cyrene*, the famous city of antient Libya. His common title of Battiadss makes the grammarians ufuaiiy affign one Battus for his father: but, perhaps, he may as well derive that name from king Battus, the founder o^ Cyrene, from whofe line, as Stmbo-\ afTures us, he declared himfelf to be defcended. We are not informed of the particular year of his birth •, though few of the poets have been forgotten by Eufebius. However, it's agreed, that he commenced his fame under the patronage oi Ptolemy Philadelphus, and continued it in the reign of his fucceflbr Ptolemy Euergetes ; whofe queen Berenice having con- fecrated her locks in the temple of Venus, and a cunning mathematician having ftolen them thence to trandate them to heaven, gave occafion to the fine elegy of this poet, which we have now only in the Latin of Catullus. Whoever was his father, the poet has paid all his duties and obligations to him in a moft delicate epitaph, which we find in the Anthologia, and which fliews, that Martial had good reafon to alTign him the crown among the Grecian writers of the epigram. The old gentleman is fuppofed thus to addreis the vifitants at his tomb : \Vhoe'er thou art, that to this tomb draw'ft nigh. Know, here interr'd the fon and fire 1 lie Of a Callimachus : illuftrious name. By each ennobled, and renown'd in fame : The fire was glorious 'midft the warlike throng, The fon fuperior to all envy fung : Nor is it ftrange ; for whom the Nine behold. When young with favour, they regard when old. Before Callimachus was recommended to the fiivour of the court, he taught fchool \n Alexandria, and had the honour o{ cducMing Apollonius, the author of the Jrgonau- tics : who making him but an unkind requital for his labour, provoked Callimachus to vent his paffion in an inveftive poem, levelled againll his ungrateful ichokr, under the reproachful nam.e of IB IS^; which furnifhed Ovid with a pattern and. a title for his biting piece of the fame nature. How capable foever our poet might be of the higheft attainments in verfe, he leems to have had a particular fancy for fhort copies. And when his envious rivals uied to alledge this as their main objeftion againfl: his Mufe, that he could not attempt any thing of bulk •, he gave them the ingenious anfwer at the end ot the hymn to Apollo, which feems to be compofed and introduced with all that^r/, whicii 0^:id makes the great excellency of Callimachus. • ?t"ab. 1. 17. p ^3"; + F^g-^37* t ^"'^- '^^Callim. Envy The L I F E of CALLI MACHVS. Envy, grown pale with fclf-confuming cares, Thus fhed her poifon in /^polio's ears : " I hate the bard, who cannot pour his fong, " Full as the fea, and as the torrent ftrong." The fiend Apollo fcorning, fpurn'd afide With angry foot indignant and reply'd : " Headlong defcends the deep Affyrian flood, " But with pollution foul'd, and black with mud ; " While the Meliffa facred waters bring, " Not from each flream, but from the pureft fpring j " From whofe fmall urn the limpid current rills '* In clear perfedion down the gladden'd hills." Flail king, once more thy conqu'ring arm extend. To final ruin ranc'rous Envy fend ! The fcholiaft on this place obferve?, that to flop the mouths of thefe detractors, the poet compofed his Hecate, a work of a large fize ; now loft, but frequenly cited by Grecian and Roman authors. ■ Thofe few perfons who have a right tafte, and a juft efteem for thefe fmaller com- pofitions, will think that Callmachus needed nothing elfe to enfure his reputation. And if it be true, what Suidas reports, that he wrote above eight hundred pieces, he •will ftand free enough from the imputation of lazinefs, though he have no unwieldy labour to produce in his own defence. What we now have under his name are a few hymns and epigrams : the firft of which, as they make far the larger part of his remains, fo they are of the grearetl credit, and feem the main foundation of his fair charafter amongft his modern friends. It looks a little ftrange that Ovid *, when he gives him a place in his fine cata- logue of poets, fliould pronounce him immortal, barely upon account of his art, and at the fame time, exprefsly deny his title to wit. Indeed, we have ftill many prodigious inftances of his art, as (befides the apology already fet down} the manner of bringing king Ptolemy i, praifes into the hymns to Jupiter, the making Apolo, while yet in his mother's belly, prophefy the fame prince's viftories ; and the like. Yet it will be a difficult matter to perluade any one, who has confidered the furprizing delicacy of his thought and turn, to com- pound for half his applaufe, and to quit the credit of his invention, for that of his judgment. Both the talents feem fo happily ten^pered togetfier, that it is hard to give an inftance of one virtue, without difplaying the other in the fame view. What can be a nobler proof of both, than the gracefulnefs of thofe tranfitions, where, while he is commending one Deity, he draws in another with fo genth force, as not to wrong the firft fubjetft by obliging a new one ? Of this kind is that ad- mired ftroke on Hercules, in the hymn to Di(na : Thy approach At heaven's eternal portals Phxbus waits * Baltladei toto fimper tiintabitur orbe, ^anivii ingenio mn lalet, aitemakt, Am. ..I. 15. i- '■ 2 W ith The LIFE r>^ C A L L I MA C BU S. With Acaceftan Hermes^ this thy arms, And that the produce of thy fports to take : Such erft Apollo's tafk, or ere at heav'n's Bled banquets great Alcides found a place, Whofe is that duty now ? The rich repaft "With thee approaching, at the gates of heav'n He waits unwearied. Him mean time the Gods, But chief his envious ftep-dame, geafelefs fcofF In pleafant vein, when from the car he bears A bull's vaft weight, or by its hind- leg drags. Impatient fpurning, a wild boar's huge bulk Slow up heav'n's fleep — while thee in crafty guife Goddefs he thus befpeaks : " On noxious beafts *♦ Employ thy darts: that mortals may bellow " Alcides the preferver's name on thee ! •' Suffer the harmlefs goat, the timid hare ** Secure to range ; ought injure they mankind ? •• Poor is the triumph there : the wild boars wafte, " The wild bulls level all the blooming year : *♦ Thefe are man's foes : pour all thy rage on thefe." Thus fpeaking, all-indignant he bears off His burden, labouring. — — What can be a fairer argument for the union of the fame talents, than thofe wife and delicious fentences, which, ftriking us fuddenly in a work where one would not expeft them, look as much like infpiration as any thing that poefy can produce .' Two of thefe, in the very firft hymn, may vie with the entire labours of more bulky authors. The firft of them is a fine anfwer to the modern libertines, who, from the fanfied uncertainty of a future ilate, take occafion to live and die at a venture, and cxpeft as good a chance as their neighbours. The poet is fpeaking o{ Jupiter's title to the empire of heaven, as a thing acknowledged and unenvied by his two brothers ; and hence he refiedts on the folly of the antient ftory-tellers, who would make the three fons oi Saturn divide the three realms by lot : Vain bards of old, to fiftion that incline. Fabling relate, that heav'n by lot was thine : In equal things the urns dark chance we try -, But how bears hell proportion to the fky ? The difference who but madmen have not feen. Wide as the diftance either realm between ? The other, is the concluding ftrain of the hymn, where he makes his farewel- prayer to the Deity : Hail, father — ! tho' above all praifes, hear; Grant wealth and virtue to thy fervant's prayer : Wealth, without virtue, but enhances Ihanie, And virtue, without wealth, becomes a name : Send The LIFE of CJLLIMACHUS, Send wealth, fend virtue then ; for join'd, they prove The blifs of mortals, and the gift oijove. Some learned men have endeavoured to make Otvi's judgment fpeak a more fa- vourable fenfe. But whoever cafts his eyes on what Ikinfius* has performed in that caufe, and confiders how he is gravelled in the impoffible attempt, will be apt to imagine, that Ovid intended his words fhould be underftood according to their natural import, but that through z. fpirit of envy and emulation, he has wilfully contracfled his rival's praifes. It is plain, he had no higher ambition than to be thought to be fuperior to CalUmachus \ and he declares he fhould admire a miflrefs who would honour him with that preference f. But the greateft teflimonies of Callimachus's worth, and the foundation of his cha- racter with the antients, were his numerous pieces in the elegiac ftrain. Ofthefe, we have only the hymn on Minerva'^ bath, and Cattdlus's tranflation of the copy on queen Berenice^ hair. The former feems, like his other hymns, to incline mofl to the free fpirit of lyrics -, the curious flory oitireftas making the greater part of the poem. The other is more agreeable to our common notions of elegy -, and, as it is commonly printed with the works of Tihullus and Propertius in the fame flrain, fo it may vie with the fvveetefl and moft exaft of their pieces. For inftance, they have nothing of a more natural turn, than that thought, which makes it a greater honour to belong to the queen's head, than to have a place among the conflellations : the ftar is fuppoied to fpeak, and thus compliments its miflrels : But tho' fuch honour and fuch place is mine, Tho' nightly preft by Gods and feet divine : To hoary Tethys tho' with light reftor'd, Thefe — let me fpeak, — and truth defend the word : J Thou too, Rhatnnufian virgin, pard'ning hear> For I mufl fpeak •, llnce neither force nor fear Can make me cover what I io revere : Not tho' enrag'd the pow'rs on high (hou'd rife. Revenging tear, and hurl me from the fliies ! All thefe — bear no proportion to the pain Of fatal final abfence from myqueen, With v/hom while yet an unexperienc'd maid, I fhar'd fuch unguents, on her lovely head ! Ah, why amidll the liars mult I remain .'' Wou'd God, I grew on thy dear head again ! Take heav'n who wou'd, were that willi'd pleafure mlnej Orion's felf might next Hydrochoiis fhine ! This fpectmen (which to be fure has loft nothing in the Latin verfion) is of itfelf almoft ejiough to juftify ^tintilian J, when he gives Callimacbus the crown in elegy. i * Prolegom. in Hefud. Efi quet Callimachi pra nojliii rufica dicit Carmina ; cut flaae, fictinus :pfa placet, Amor. !. 2. £1. a; Lib. 10. c. I. and The L I F E of CALLIMACHUS. and to Ihow that Proper tius was not much out in his choice, when he pitched on him for his pattern *. There is indeed another pafTage in Propertius, which feems to contradift his former judgment, and which is commonly alledged by thofe who pretend to cenfure Calti- machus. It is in the thirty-third elegy of the fecond book, ^u fatius memorem Miifis imitere Philetam, Et no7i injiatt fomnia Callimachi. It is true, by joining non with inflati\x\ the conftrudion, the difficulty is eafily folved, and the fuppoied detraftion turns into a commendation. But it is much more ra- tional to imagine, that Propertius here cenfures ibme particular work oi Callinmchus (at prefent not extant) as bombaft and extravagant ; advifing his friend to apply himfelf to fome eafier and morp agreeable labour. Scaliger judges the particular piece to have been the A/t/« which Martial flouts as a hard obfcure bufinefs ; and which Propertius's friend might then probably think of tranflating. This con- jedlure may be farther improved from hence, that in one of the old epigrams in the Anthologia, Callimachus is fuppofed to have been honoured with the commands of the Mufes in a dream, for the undertaking that difficult work. But whatever becomes of this point, it is impolTible Propertius fliould defign any general refle(flion ; fince he declares it for his higheft wifh, to be called the Roman Callimachus \ . * Inter Callimachi fat erit placuijje libellos, Et cecinijfe modis, pure poeta, tuts . Lib. 3. Eleg. 6. —Like fweet Callimachus to pleafe. And to hiave fung, pure poet, like to thee. Will prove, indeed, fufficient fame for me. f Ut mflris tumefaBa fuperhiat Umbria lihris, Umbria Romani patria Callimachi. Let Umbria glory in her poet's lays, The natal place of Rome's Callimachus. A L IS T A L I S T of the Subscribers Names* N. B. Thofe marked with *, are for Royal Paper. A. * TT "W" I S Grace Peregrine, Duke of An- I — I carter. *-■-■*• Richard Aftel!, of Everton, Efq; * Adams, Efq; * John Abdey, Efq; Thomas Artington, of Arlington in the County of York, Efq; Thomas James Agar, Efq; The Rev. Mr. Adcoclc, of Oakham, The Rev. Mr. Affleck, ofDaventrv. The Rev. 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K k^^a •^iw 'yv* *jfHA •\i/' •\fi(* *\^ tar •\a/' na^ '\a/^ "jy* '^a/* •^^' n-jy* ^iv* *\(V* W "J^ "^ ^s?1' After all the exadeft Care, it has been impoflible to prevent many Errors of the Prefs, which the Reader is defired to correii and excufe. In p. 49, n, 147. 2 col. 1. 5. dele wilH/'g, THE r*:';v ( v:r> - 'I I. nn/.Tirmu- ,r,i,/f,' THE Firft Hymn of Callimachus. 7i Jupiter. H I L E we to Jove the pure libations pay, Than Jove what apter claims the hallow'd lay ? The God, whofe power difpcrs'd, whofe arm fubdued The daring Titans, earth's rebellious brood : Who Ver. I. Libations'^ Orig. Uafx "Smuha-i, the true fenfc of which is that given in the tranfla- tion : Mr. Prior's is very wide of the author's meaning, as well as of the time when the hymns were fang, , IVhi/e we to Jovefeleif the holy vi^im. 'Tis a pleafing refleftion, that there are fcarce any of the religious cuftoms of the Heathens, but confirm the truth of divine revelation. It will be impoffible to give a rational account of thefe Uliations among them, without having re- courfe to pofitive injiitution. And the pofitive inftitution will be as unaccountable, unlefs we fuppofe it to refer to the great libation, " the blood poured out and flied for many for the re- miffionof fins."See Num. xxviii. 7. Deut.xn. 27. Ver. 3. The God, whofe power, &c.J The Original is n-iAoitwn E?«'ir;p«, fhe difperjcr or fcatterer of the giants born of the earth. It is B well 2 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Who rules the fky, unbounded and alone, For ever great, for ever fix'd his throne ? In trembling doubt my mind delays the fong, Thy birth difputed and the conteft long : How fhall I fing ? Didaean doft thou hear, Or, doth Lyccean more delight thine ear ? lO Zealous well known to the learned reader, that the dc- fcendants of Cain are diftinguiflied in fcripture, by the name of the fons of Men, or Adam ; thofe oi Seth, by the name of the fons of God, Gen. vi. 2. Attending to this remark, we may, I hope, give a fatisfacioiy reafon of the epithet 'anT^i^Uvm, (earth-born) and others of the fame fenfe in other writers, when applied to the giants in the Heathen Mythology. The Lord God formed mati (of) the dull of the earth. Gen. ii. 7. The original word for earth in this paf- fage is, n.D'lkln HADMeH, and there is no difpute but the name Jdam DTk^ — is very nearly related to it. Since then the giants (D'VSJ Ne PHLIM, the deferters of the true worfhip) are the fons and daughters of men {Ha Da M) or Jdam, &<•«. vi. 4. and confe- quently derive their pedigree from (HADMeH) the earth : we have here a plain ground for the Heathen tradition of the giants, the rebels againft God being fons of the earth. — It is re- markable in this View, that the LXX render the word Ne PHLIM by Vtyami., Gen. vi. 4. ]t may perhaps be alfo poffible to affign a reafon of the attributes EAarsifa (the Jcatterer or difper- fer of the UmMyotut, earth born) which Callima- ctus afcribes to his Jupiter or fupreme god. The learned Spanheim has well proved, that our poet was acquainted with the LXX. tranflation of the Bible, and even if he was not, there is no doubt, but tradition would preferve, though in a confufed and imperfect manner an account of the great event which happened at Babel. Where we find, that no fooner was the earth freed from thofe fearful impreflions, which the deluge mult have made upon the eye-witneffes of it, and mankind again multiplied, but the fom of men (the earth-born race) began again to rebel againfl God : and fo became Ne PHLIM or giants. Gen. xi. 4. So the Lord fcattered them abroad upon the face of the whole earth, Gen. xi. 8, g. Ver. 9, DiSiaan, &c.] y«/;V^r was generally worfhipped by his votaries, as without end, though not without beginning : his birth-place being the fubjedl of much difpute, and various nations claiming that honour to themfelves : a matter eafily to be accounted for : as there were many Jupiters (kings fo called) and each country in which a 'Jupiter had been born, maintained itfelf the birth-place of the fovereign Jupiter. The difpute feems to have been carried higheft between the Arcadians and Cre- tans, each vindicating to thtir country, the glory of firft bringing to light the great king of of the gods. Callimachus here takes upon him to decide the controverfy ; and though fe- vere upon the Cretan, gives him his juft honour, determining the birth-place of Jupiter in Arca- dia, the place of his education in Crete. Cicero (in his Nature of the Gods, B. iii. c. 21.) tells us, that, " The divines reckon up three Ju- piters, two of which they report to have been born in Arcadia ; the father of the one Mther., whofe offspring too were Proferpitie and Bacchus : the father of the other Callus, whofe daughter the goddefs of war, Minerva, is faid to be ; the third, a Cretan, the fon of Saturn, whofe fepulchre is fhewn in that ifland." See, in this and the next obfervation — the religion of na- ture, and the admired wifdom of thefe Greeks and Romans ! THE HYMN TO JUPITER, Zealous of fame and of his country's worth, On Ida's mount the Cretan boafts thy birth : The fons of Areas with refentment glow, And thy great birth-place in their country fhew. Who vaunts, dread fovereign, and who vaunts in vain, Say — J but why a{k ? — the Cretans ever feign : 15 Their Vcr. 15. Who vaunts. Sec.'] The original is — Kptile; aei -^evrcii' xxt, &C. The Cretans pretending to fhew the tomb of Ju- piter in their iflaiid, feem greatiy to have offend- ed their idolatrous brethren of the nations : and to have drawn upon themfelves that odious cha- ra£ter which v/e find in our author, and which, from him we plainly learn, was given to them on account of this impious prophanation of their Jupreme : Tarn mendax magnJ tumulo quam Creta tonantls : fays Lucan : and Cicero — j^b Euhemero autem y mortes, ij fepultura: demon/lrantur Deorum. Utrum igitur hie confirmajje videlur religio- nem, aut penitus totam fujiulijje ? — Saint Paul takes notice of this proverb to fhew the allowed vilenefs of the Gentile world : " One of thetn- felves, even a prophet of their oiun, faid, The Cretans are always liars, evil beads, flow bellies." — The prophet here fpoken of, is Epi- tnenides, a Cretan poet (the word ■mfo(prHr,f, pro- phet, ftriftly fpeaking, means no more than one that /peaks from, for, or injlcad of another : in the fame manner as pro-conful, ttjjo in compo- fition being all one with inn^ : ("0 poets are called ■a(;fia, which here follows, but not in Callimachus : it is then moft probable that Callimachus borrowed thence the firfl words, and added the reft of his own, and fo applied it to his own purpofe : fo that all St, ChryfoJhm\ difficulties and fuppofuions muft fall to the ground, ^c." — See the comment. That Calli- machus did not borrow from Epimenides, is plain and obvious : bcfides, both St. ChryfoJlom and Dr. Hammond might have confidered, that this, which St. P^«/ quotes, Is itfelf a compleat hex- ameter verfe : And Erafmus, in his Chiliads tells us, that St. Jerom found in a work of Epimenides (enti- tuled de Oraculis) this very line : fo that St. ChryfoJlom need not have been fo anxious after, what he thought, filling it up ; nor could any thing fo well fill it up, to St. Paul's purpofe and argument, as its own words. Callimach::s men- tions nothing of the aaxct flji^i*, or yartfti afyai : and that he took ihe hrft words from Epimeni- des is fcarce probable or worthy a difpute ; as the B 2 proveib 4 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Their impious adions all their claims difprove : Prefumptuous, they have built the tomb of Jove , Immortal Jove, who bears no dying frame, A God, thro' all eternity the fame ! Where the brown forefts on Parrhaiia nod Thick, dark, and awful, Rhea bore the God ; All holy hence that bleft retreat was made Rever'd the gloom, and unapproach'd the fhade : Down from fair woman to the reptile race Each teeming female flies the facred place : 20 25 Nor proverb was, doubtlefs, Co common in every one's mouth : nay, indeed, upon the whole, it feenis probable, that Epimenieles ufed the words in a fenfe very different from CaUimachus. Ver. 18. The tomh'\ The fcholiaft is ingeni- ous enough upon this pafTage ; and feems de- flrous to free the Cretans from the odium of fo prophane an aftion, as pretending to fhew the tomb of the fupreme "Jupiter amongft them. " For, fays he, in Crete, upon the tomb of Minos was this infcription Miwo; tb Aioj ta(poq, the tomb s/" Minos, the fon cyjupiter. In procefs of time, by fome means or other, the firft vvords were effaced and obliterated, infomuch thatonly A105 T«^o;, the tomb of Jupiter, remained ; And from hence arofe the notion that Jupiter was buried \n Crete, and that this was his tomb. "Ano- ther folution he gives of the matter, which is this ; " The Corybantes who took the care of the young God, in order to deceive his voracious father Saturn the better, did in fail build a tomb for him, as if he had been really dead." The firff is plaufible and ingenious ; but we in thefe times need be in no danger of declar- ing, that moft probably there was a real tomb of a real Jupiter, a king of Crete, in all liicely- hood buried in his own realms : which as Ju- piter was the fupreme God of the nations, be- came in time (when they mifunderftood their true Jupiter, and mifconceived him) a matter of great offence. Ver. 21. Parrhafta'] Arcadia was fo called from Parrhafus, one of the fons of Lycaon ; here it was in ihe mountain Lycaus^ that Rhea brought forth the divine Jupiter : whofe birth- place was ever after held in extraordinary vene- ration by the Arcadians. Paufanius (in Arca- dicis, p. 513) fpeaking of it fays, " In the fummit of the mountain is the cave of Rhea ; where none except the facred priefteffes [yvmi%t ftorai; lEfaif T)){ 0ia) Were permitted to enter; and if any one contemptuoufly entered it, death, within the year, was neceffarily his fate." Milton fpeaking of Evez bower (B. iv. ver. 703) has fome lines that are a good comment on this paffage — — Other creature here Beaft, bird, infedt or worm durft enter none. Such was their awe of man. THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Nor daring there the pangs of birth to prove ; Such pious horror guards the hallow'd grove. The mighty burden of her womb refign'd, The goddefs fought fome Hving ftream to find : All due ablutions to perform, and lave Thy infant limbs in its aufpicious wave : Arcadia's realm cou'd then no ftreams fupply : Its fields were barren, and its meads were dry : No friendly Lad on bleft the thirfty fwain, No filver Erymanthus fed the plain : Then woods and wilds above the hollows rofe. Where fmooth, with liquid lapfe, laon flows ; ZO 35 Obf( cure Ver. 30. ^c] There is fomething very re- markable in the account which the poet gives us of this purification of the mother and the child : for that both are mentioned, the origi- nal puts out of all difpute : ilxi T9K0IO The ToJtoio Xvfi.a.Ta are the partus fordes, and as Mad. Dacier (whofe authority here doubtlefs fhould be allowed) obferves, refers not to the infant but to the mother : The word xtJT^njirairo, according to Hefyc/iius, is expreflive not of fimple wafhing only, but anointing with oil, fisra AaiB ^BirccaSai, to a^eii}/ai (*£Ta Ta /sj'ao'Sasi— to anoint after zvajinng. And it was an univerfal cuftom aniongft ihe Greeks for women to purify themfelves by wafhing : A cuftom not eafily accounted for unlefs we have recourfe to the original and pofitive inftitution of purification by wafhing j and indecdj this would open a large field of enquiry, and might, perhaps, well repay our labour: However, this is worthy obfervation, " That the mother of the king of the gods, and the king of the gods himfelf had need of purifi- cation by water." Nothing can more fully declare the univerfal confent of all mankind in the natural uncleannefs of all fejl>. Water and oil we know are the acknowledged types of the fpirit ; and a lamh and a pigeon, types of the Son and Holy Spirit, were offerings for women under the law. — See Levit. xii. Now water is the great and appointed cleanfer. I fhall leave the reader to purfue thefe hints if he thinks pro- per, referring him to St. Luke ii. 21 — 24. There is one thing more alfo obferveable in the original, that the water which .^^^a fought after, is called Poo» oJaTo;. — a river of water, living or running water. See Levit. xiv. 5. and St. John vii. 38, 39. Ver. 33.] It was a common opinion with the ancients, that fountains and rivers partook of 6 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Obfcure with duft the rattUng chariots rode, Where thunders, deep-defcending, Meks' flood : 40 Where rapid Carion rolls his waves along, Couch'd in their haunts fecure the favage throng : O'er the parch'd defert, where Metope's tide Chearing the vales, and plenteous Crathis glide, Thoughtlefs of gurgling ftreams confin'd below, 45 The hinds, burnt up with thirft, impatient drag'd and flow. Di ST RE ST the Goddefs heav'd a feeble flgh. Then fpoke (and fpeaking rear'd her arm on high :) *< Prove of the fame viciflitude, rife and decay, to which all things in naiure are fubjedt: So Oviii hys (Metam. 1. 15.; Fidi ego, quod fuerat quondam, tfc. The face of places, and their forms decay. And that is folid earth, that once was fea : Seas in their turn retreating from the {hore. Make folid land what ocean was before : And what were fields before, now wafli'd and worn, By falling floods from high to valleys turn, (sfc. And the parch'd defart floats in flreams un- known, VVond'ring to drink of waters not her own,i3'c. Dryden. The pafTage in CalUmachus is a proof of the fame opinion ; Truly poetical as it is, I am furprized that FrifchHntis fhould find fault with it as fibulous ; and prefer the account given by Paufanias of the aridity and moifture of Arca- dia. For we muft confider thefu two in their proper fpheres, the one as a poet, the other as an hi dorian and naturalifl ; the one is fuppofed not to give the cxael-, but poetical reafon of things (which with the poets is generally wide of the truth) but from the other we expeil a ra- tional and real folution of a matter of fadt. " Thai Arcadia, hys Frifchlinus, fhould be en- tirely devoid of water before the birth of yupiter, and that then fo many great rivers fhould fud- denly fpring up, is a thing no way confonant with truth, but feems to be a fiftion of the poet, in order to enhance the praifes oi Jupiter. Do I myfelf judge the opinion o( Paufanias far more agreeable to truth, than this of the poets, con- cerning the aridity and moiflure of Arcadia. In his Arcadia, he fpeaks thus — " But if the country is troubled with great drought, by means of which the com and fhrubs are all withered and parched up, then the prieft of Lycesan Jupiter, turning with prayers to the water of the fountain, having flain facrifices, and performed all neceffary rights, dips a branch of oak into the furf<;ce of the water, which im- mediately becomes troubled, and fends forth a vaporous, black fleam like a cloud ; foon after which this ftcam or cloud afcends, and then piefently the clouds gather all around, the fky lowers, and fhurly fliowers of rain refrcfh the Arcadian vallies." This cuftoni, defervcsour attention. THE HYMN TO JUPITER. «* Prove thou, O earth, with me a mother's woes, " Light are thy pangs and lefs fevere thy throes:" She faid ; her fcepter on the rock defcends, Wide at the blow, the rock dilparted rends : Impetuous to the paffage crowds the tide, And rufhes roaring down the rocks rough fide. This happy ftream thy infant limbs receiv'd, By thee firft honour'd, as with thee it liv'd : There bath'd thy limbs, and wrapt in purple bands, Thy mother gave thee to fair Neda's hands : To Didle's cave commanding to repair, And tend with fecret zeal her mighty care : 50 55 60 Neda, Ver. 5. She /aid, &c.] There can be no doubt, but that Cal/imachus borrowed this from the hiftory recorded in the Old Teftament, of the like miracle performed by Mofes, or at leaft, that the ftory, if traditional, which I rather in- cline to believe, was originally derived from thence. " Mofcs took the rod from before the Lord, as he commanded him. And Mofes and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he faid unto them, hear now ye rebels, muft we fetch you water out of this rock ? And Mofes lift up his hand, and with his rod he fmote the rock twice ; and the water came out abundantly " Numb. xx. 9 — 1 1: See alfo Exod. xvii. 6. It is obferveable, that St. Paul particularly applies this to Chrift : " They did all drink the fame fpiritual drink: for they drank of that fpiritual rock that followed theiD, and that Rock was Chrifi j" i Cor, x. 4. And this confideration will be pleafing to the fcriptural reader, that Rhea fhould (according to the heathen mythology) require water from Xhe rock, to W£7/2» her new-born infant." Such remarkable particulars in the blind devotion of the idolatrous nations muft give great evidence to the truth of that fyflem, which in its purity can alone account for, and folve thefe ftrange, and otherwife inexplicable circumflances in their praftice : And my defign is to fuggelt fuch hints as may ea/ily be cat ried on by perfons tolerably fkilled in thefe matters. It is remarkable, that Jpollonius, the cotemporary of CalUmachus, in his Argonautics, mentions this fame miracle of Rhea's, done in Cyzicum ; and fomething of the fame kind Pniifanias tells us oi Atalantay who, when hunting, being a-thirft, ftnick a rock with her hunting-ftaff, and thence flowed water. 8 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Neda, of all the nymphs that Ammon nurft, In age, fave Styx and Philyre, the lirft. Nor to the nymph was Rhea's favour fhewn By this great truft, and precious pledge alone : No trivial honour, and no fmall reward, Confirm'd her love, and witnefs'd her regard : Her favourite's name, the favourite flream fhe gave, Which rolls by Leprion's wall, its antient wave : And to Callifto's race its bounty yields. Gladdening at once both fhepherds, flocks, and fields. 65 70 To Ver. 61. Neda, &c.] Callunachus mentions here but three of Jtipiter^s nurfes (for that is, I think, beyond doubt the meaning oi ft,x,iua-a,!\o, in the original, and not — quee ipfi ohjUtruata funt — who were tnidwives to Rhea ; the fcho- iiaft well explains the word by ii^i^xv, mitrie- bant) — That there were more than three, con- trary to the opinion of fome, the original plainly declares, by informing us, that Neda was youngeft of all the nymphs engaged in this care, fave Styx and Philyre — had there been no more than thefe three — fhe was, in one word, the youngell: of all. Paufanias, in his Area- dies, mentions three nurfes of Jupiter, " The Arcadians, fays he, call Thifoa, Neda and Agno the nurfes of Jupiter ; the firft of which gave name to a city, the fecond to a river, the third to a fountain." Ithonie, Adrajle and Ida are alfo left upon record as honoured with the Of- fice : Adrajie is afterwards mentioned by our author (ver. 75) — all which {hew the truth of what I have advanced. HoelzUnus reads this line in the author — So-Homer yiv.yi^i ssuralS) — ftirx is cxcjj.tive here, " AJax was the belt of the Grecians, fays He- fner, fi.tr cciJ-Vj^ova. 'ari\eima." This Philyre was the mother of the Centaur Chiro7t, fprung from her and Saturn : Chiron is often from her called Pbillyri'des ; and Achilles is faid to have been educated at her houfe. So Pindar — |a»6oj Axi^Eu; TafiEv fj.i}im ipi^Dfa; iv Ao/y.oi;. Nem, iii. 76. We may obferve, that the Poet has addreft liim- felf to Jupiter thus far ; and afterwards con- tinues to do fo, but here he fays, at //« tots ftai- uaa.no — qua ipfuin tunc nutriebant ; and this is no impropriety. For he turns, as it were, from addrcfiing his deity to inform the people of Neda and the other nurfes of Jupiter, and fettles the age and authority of Neda, no trivial matter amongft the zealous worfhippers of this god : — fo that I. cannot approve a reading once offered, ai Ti? TOTE, quee fe tibi mitrices prabuerunt. Dr. Benttey, the younger, would have f/.ii' refer to Rhea, and in the true fpirit of criticifm, cries out, " J'erte, qua ipfani (Rheam) tunc par- lurientem curabantT — ; perperam, ipfum, cum Jovem alloquitur." But he does not fcem to liave attended diligently to the true fenfe of li.uiu(7atlo in this place. Vei. 69. And to Callifto's race, Szc] The orJL^inal is viuvot ^nxaowiij AfXToio — Areas was the Ion of Callijlo and from her it is, that the autlior heie THE HYMN TO JUPITER. To Cnoflus brought, the Melian nymphs abode, With joy the MeHan nymphs embrac'd the God ; His wants Adrafte fedulous fuppHes, And in the golden cradle lulls his cries : Milk from the duteous goat the God receives, And pleas'd the labouring bee her tribute gives : 75 Hence here calls the jfrcadians, " the psfierity of the Lycaonian fhe-bear." She was ihe daughter of Lycaon, and as the fable goes, was ravifted by 'Jupiter, on which account the jealous "Juno turned her into a (he bear. She was killed by the arrows of Diana, and by her gallant re- moved into the heavens, where flie was made a conftellation known by the name of A^toj, or lJr[a major. Ovid relates the whole fiory : 'Jove faw the charming huntrefs unprepar'd, Stretch'd on the verdant turf, without a giard : ^' Here I am fafe, he cries, from yuno's eye. Or fliou'd my jealous queen the theft defcry : Yet Wi. u'd I venture on a theft like this. And ftand her rage for fuch, for fuch a blils." Diana's fliape and habit ftrait he took, ^i. ^c. AddisoV" And thus he fucceeded ; as you may fee at large in the 2d book of the Metamorphoses •, This was the thunderer of the heathens ! — Some have given the fable an hiftorical explication— A potent prince, under the appearance of a modeft fuit and addrefs, rohhed Calli/io of her virtue, the fruits of this afterwards appearing, flie, to avoid the anger of his queen, was obliged to fly to the woods ; which is fignificantly expreft by faying, fhe was turned into a bear : She was killed by Diana's darts, that is, in child-bed ; and honours being conferred on her by the king, in complaifance, flie was faid to be made a conflellation, no uncommon piece of flatrery. There appears in the former lines of the original great beauty, not to be expreft in a tranflation. ■ ■ Tofi£» TToSi TroXw XXT KUTO &c. In the words ttoOi and avfji/^ifirai, I mean parti- cularly ; for I cannot be ot Stephen's mind, that ?ro6i is here an expletive only, ornandi gratia : Thereare fewer fuch expletives in theGreek lan- guao-e,Iconceive,than wefometimes imagine ; 1081 here may very elegantly be conftrued olim ; and as a river is a thing of continual courfe, ever rolling, and yet ever rolled away, it is not only longjincc Tree., but ftiU, rolh on, (rujA/piferai. Labitur & labetur in omne volubilis avum. Ver. 71.] The head-piece to this hymn will be a good comment upon this paffage : as will alfo the following lines from the moft learned and ufeful part of Ovid's works, his Liber Fajlo- rum, \. V. ver. 115. • Na'ii /}malthaa Cretiea nobilis Ida Dicitiir in fylvis occuluijje Jovem. Hu!C fuit hisdorum mater formofa dtiorum Inter diifaoi confpicienda greges : Cornibus aereis at que in Jua terga recurvis, Ubere, quod nutnx poff'et habere Jovis. Lac dabat ilia Deo. Sedfregit in ai bore conn/, Truncaque dimidia parte decoris erat. EiiftuUt hoc nymphe : cinxitq; recentibus herbis, Et plenum pomis ad Jovis ora tulit. Ille ubi res cceli tenuit., fcUcque paterno Sedit is' invi£io nil Jove rnujus erat : Siller a Nutricem, Nuti ids fertile cornu Fedt ; quod Domince nunc quoque r.oinen habet. \tr. yj. Milk J Bochart very well illuftrates this pilTige ; " Goats milk, he tells us, was not only of great ufe in medicine, but by many people ufcd for daily food. Hence Solomon, in his Proveris xxvii. 7.7. Aiii goats- milk enough for thy food, for the food of C tiiy lo THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Hence Amalthea 'midft the ftars was found : Hence fame the bee, and Jove's protedion crown'd.- HlGH- thy houfhould, and the life of thy maidens. Paulus Mgineta obferves, that, Lac miiliebre eji temperattffimum — mox Caprillum, h'lnc afminum, ev'illumqi'.e is' pojiremo vacc'mum. Woman's milk is moft temperate and wholfome, then goats, then afles, and fheep's, and laftly cows." And hence the fupreme of the Gods, Jupiter (or more probably fome prince of Crete about the time of Abraham) was faid to he brought up with goats milk, and the aftronomers gave the goat a place amongft the ftars. They, who know how frequently the letters N and L are changed one for the other, will eafily perceive that Amalthea came from the Phoenician, HDl^H Amantha, which comes from the Hebrew HjCK Amanth, which is ufed for a nurfe both in Ruth iv. i6. and in the 2d book of Samuel iv. 4. — Galen ob- ferves, Non tuto Lac caprarum ifferri obfque Melle, cummultis qui folumfumpferant, in ventre fit coagulatum, quod hominem mire gravat atque fuffocat. — That goats milk is not taken fafely without /("is^-y, &c. — ; with which they were not unacquainted, who in antient times affigned Ju- piter two nurfes ; one Amalthea (the goat) who fed him with goats milk, the other Melijfa (the bee) who fed him with honey. Didymus in his hook E|5)7)i(7E4;s nivJofix^K, fays, Melijfea Creten- Jium regem pri/),um, isfc. That Meliffcus the king of the Cretans firft facriticed to the Gods, and introduced new rightsand facred ceremonies. He had two daughters Amalthea and Melijfa, which nurfed the child J«/>//fr, and fed him with g02ts milk and honey : VV hence arofe that fable of the poets, that bees flew to him, and filled ths child's mouth with honey. Some of the anticnts tell u?, that infants are firft fed with milk and honey : Barnabas in his epiftle, fays, " Why then fhould I mention milk and honey, fincean infant is hrft nouriflied with honey, then with milk V — See Bochart de Anmialibus, Sf. 1. 2. C..51. — It is fomewhat very remarkable that this divine infant fliould be nourilhed with the fame food, that the celebrated prophecy of Ifaiah appoints for the San of the Fir gin : " But- ter and honey fhall he eat, that he may know to refufe the evil, and to choofe the good, ch, vii. ver. 15. Butter is milk with this addition, that it is by great heat and violence coagulated and coagmentated ; and therefore the Hebrew word for it nXDPI Hamae is derived from nDH Hame the Sun or (o\ir heat, from whence alfo this fame Jupiter takes one of his names, Hammon or Ainmon. The Son of the Virgin was to eat of this milk and this butter, thus prepared by fire and violence : Out of himfelf alfo, the true Rocky he eat the fpiritual honey. See Deut. xxxii. 13. and Pfal. Ixxxi. 16. Hence he fays of him- felf, " I have eaten my honey-comb with my honey. I have drunk my wine, with my milk." Song of Solomon v. i. and of his fpoufe the Church, " Thy lips, oh my fpoufe, drop as the honey-comb ; honey and milk are under thy tongue : iv. ii- And as thefe were found in his fpoufe, the church, fo were they pro- mifed to the Ifraelites in their Canaan, a land flowing with milk and honey. Thefe fed and nourifhed die Son himfelf, thefe muft feed and nourifh every believer, every member of that church, every feeker after that heavenly Canaan where they richly flow and abound, if they would like their matter, " encreafe in wifdom and ftature, and in favour with God and man." Ver. 78. Hence fame, &c.] The fable that Jupiter was fed by bees, and that they there- fore were particularly protected by him, was very univerfal : Virgil, who has done them and himfelf fo much honour, fpeaks thus in his 4th G E o R G I c. Proceed my mufe the wond'roustalentsfhew. Which grateful JoveA\di on the bees beftow: Since they by Cretan fwains, and cymbals led. In Dide's cave heaven's infant monarch fed. L\UDERDALE. " Nay the cave itfelf where Jupiter was thus fed by the bees, was afterwards made facred to them, and fo facred, that as the fable goes, fome who difregarded the religion of the place, covered all over with armour entered into it, and ftole honey ; for which prefumption Jupiter turned them into birds." Thus Antonin. Libe- ralis. And in the fame place he. tells us, '^ That thefe THE HYMN TO JUPITER. HiGH-rais'd their brazen fhields, around thee (land, Great God, the Corybantes, folemn band ! Their clanging armour thund'ring they advance, To the harfh found refponds the myftic dance : Loud, rough and rude tumultuous clamours rife. To mock old Saturn's ears, and quell thy cries. Swift was thy growth, and thus divinely train'd Mature the dawn of manhood was attain'd : II 80 85 Yet thefebees the nurfes of Jupiter kept and guard- ed that cave. Diodorus reports, " that thefe bees were by yupiter, as an everlafting me- morial of his love to them, changed from their then natural into a fine golden or brazen colour, XaTMu )(^^vt. And JElian tells us, " that in his time there were to be found on Ida < f Crete, lees yjxhKOH^&t of a brazen colour " The author calls the bee Panacrian, •aeaax^iSoi; tfyu ^f^^lo■o•>l?, and imme- diately fubj ins the reafon, as fome imagine, becaufe that mountain or a particular part of it, was called taatoMfa., which Stephens fuppofes to have arifen from its height, ©«» being here aug- mentative, as it frequently is when prefixed. And Diodorus obferves upon this place, " that tho' it be extremely high and much expofed to the winds and ftorms, yet the bees feel no incon- venience at all from thence." 1 am apt to ima- gine, that this place was called tsmcutfu, from the bee, not the bee 'cr«v«xpi5 Irom it : roajaxfif is a dillinL'uifhingand particuar epithet of ihc bee: — ut qui florum fafligia pervolat. — Tht-y, In fummers heat on tops of lillies feed, as Dryden exprefles it — and a"-ain — They Jkim the floods, and//) the purple flowers. The learned reader muft have obfervcd fome things in this part of the hymn impoflible to ap- pear in a poetical tranflalion — particularly Ver. 44. be. Ver. 79. Higb-rais^d, &c.] This whole paf- fage is much bell illuflrated by fome of thofe antient medals, of which we have many copies in books of antiquity, where are piflured to us the infant God, and the fierce Corybantes hold- ing aloft their fhields and clanging them around him : The word 'a(v>.ty in the original, is a Pyrrhic, or martial kind of dancing. — Span- heim favours the fcholiafts explanation of the word O-jTm, which he renders falutariter, as the fcholiaft vymvu';, — which he fays, " is a very appofite word, becaufe 'Jupiter was preferved by this very dancing around him." This furely is too mean for iuch a poet as Callimachus : It rather feems to exprefs the vehemence of their motion, and the ilrenuous beating of their ar- mour ; and indeed the author always ufes it in that fenfe (the left prefumptlou which can be that he does (o here.) Valdejlrepebant, we read in the hymn to Diana, ver. 247. where it is ufed only to exprefs vehe- mence : Stephens, very juftly in the above line alters yi to o-i — ci irift u^x"'"^^''' ^^''' 5^' Ver. 85. Sivft, &C.J The o.iginal is, Ka>a it.ij lil'fj x»'« yiTjafff, e(am Ziv, oft) S u.rtZ-ncai —— C 2 The 12 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Yet ev'n, dread ruler of the Gods, when /oung, Thy mind was perfed: and thy fenfe was ftrong: ' Twas hence thy brother's, though the lirft in birth, Nobly avowing thy fuperior worth, And fcorning envy, own'd it right, when giv'n To Jove the empire of themfelves and heav'n. Vain bards of old to iidion that incline. Fabling relate, that heaven by lot was thine : In equal things the urns dark chance we try; But how bears hell proportion to the fky ? The difference who but madmen have not feen. Wide as the diftance either realm between! 9^ 9^ Did This paffage appears to me in a fenfe fome- thing different from that which the commenta- tors in general give it ; they imagining the en- creafe was of his »iiniJ only, not of his body. " I don't take the words 0|i/ ^'a»>iS>io-a;, fays Stephens, as if they meant, 'Jupiter foon grew up inf.ature, but that he was ripe or adult in wifdom before the ufual time, and even in his childhood (for the poet Subjoins a^iX'trt roai^os tm) left any one fhould imagine him in mind and judgment a child." '1 he fenfe of the paffage feems literally this: " Swift was your encreafe or growth, great 'Jove, for (Js is frequently ufed for yaj) for excellent was the method of your education: Swift you grew up to manhood, and the foft down rofc early on your chin ; though during the fhorc feafon you continued a child, your fool was in its full perfeftion,and yourthoughts great, ripe, and worthy of God. For which reafon, becaufe your thoughts were always great,, i^c. your brothers envied you not, as being far their f iperior in worth, the empire of the hea- vens, isff." This fenfe is'much different from that wherein the paffage is commonly tiken, but I think, conveys a loftier idea of his God, jnd pays him a nobler complement ; which muff always determine us in fuch cafes. Though the word ijaiJiiot fignifies fomething more of puberty than raai; (■ajaiJfo; being as Hcfychiuj explains itj, one qui exteffit e pueris, what the Attics call cevTiTTaij) yet by the poets it is often ufed in the fame fenfe as ■raai;. So Homsr where E/iatheiis obferves — wuihix; Is for 'nutu;. It is faid of our Bleffed Saviour that " the Child grew and waxed ftrong in fpirit, filled with wifdom, and the Grace of God was upon him;" and alfo " Jefus encreafed in wifdom and fta- ture, and in favour with God and man." See. note 75 at the end. The reader of Mr. Prior's tranflation muft obferve, that part of it here is abfolutely unin- telligible — Inventive wit., Andperfeft judgment crov/n'd thy yottthful alti His next lines are truly noble, worthy the &M-. thur and tranflator. THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Did I form fables, like thofe bards of old, With jOKew of truth my ftories fhould be told r. Yet would I fcorn to vilify my fong, With iidions to amufe the vulgar throng. Let me avow, that not by chance was given, But by thine own right hand the throne of heav'n : 13 100 Dread Ver. 99. Did /, Sec] Mr. PnVand Mr. Pitt, after him, have omitted a line in this place, which, to me, gives the original a very grand and admirable turn. After he has convifted the old poets, the author, preparing to give (what he calls) the true account, feizes upon the reader's attention in this line. In the true meaning of which the commentators are divided, which might occafion the omiffion in thefe gentlemen ; the fcale feems to incline to Stephens's fide, his appearing the moft natural and eafy fenfe of the pafTage. He tranflates it — Mentlrer qua: perfiiaderi pojjint aiiribus ejus qui ea aud'nct. — After the author has told us, that what the old poets related thus of the divifions between the three brethren, i^c. was a mere fable ; he goes on, I wonder, they fhould relate fuch glaring falflioods, which manifeflly con- tradift common fenfe and reafon : As to myfdf, was I inclined to tell fabulous ftories, I would do it with more caution : 4-et)Joif4iiv, &c. 1 would at lead fo manage my fables and fidllons, as to draw credit from my hearer, and if not ftriflly true, yet they fhould wear the face of probabi- lity." '* Pejfune vertunt, fays the younger Dr. Bentley ; thus I tranflate it : Si r?'.eniiri velim, ea mendacia dicam, qua: fint ■verifimilia, iS ques au- ditoicm inditcant, ad credendian. Pacta, lays Plautus, facit illud verlfimile, quod mendaciitm eji. As to that interpretation of Gronovius, which Gravius approves, it is itiexpHcabIe,JIi':pid, unmeaning. — " The docftor himfelf is indebted to Stephens for this explication, which he gives ashis own J and therefore might as well have fpared that dogmatical afTertion at the end : For certainly there is great beauty in the interpreta- tion of Groww'w, and it was no difficilt matter for an interrogation to have dropt from the end of a line, as Gronovius imagines ; nay, we know the origiar.I MSS have no ffops at all : — Mentirerne <'^«, qtite placerent auribus ejus, qui ea audiret ? The poet having told you the ab- furdity of the fables related upon this occafion by the former poets, gives his own performance tile air of truih : " Thefe, fays he, are fak'es, with which mankind has been amufed and de- ceived : For ray own part (in matters of fuch moment) I would not relate untruths to gain the approbation of everv he;irer." Wou'd I — great yupiter — or cou'd I do this ? — No, in order to expofe their folly, I rehearfe their Hflions — but, as thy poet and prophet, in this facred hymn to thy honour and fervice, I deliver only what is the religious truth, and my particular creed." There appears nothing in this fo /lupid a.nd in- explicable ; nothing works upon any reader or hearer, fo much as an appearance of llridl attach- ment to truth in an oration or work ; and we find, that it was no uncommon method with the old poets (and why fhould we not believe them fin- cere.?) to a flu me this appearance, and thereby, a fuperiority over other poets: Euripides intwiiiicn his Hercules refuting the fcandalous tales of the former bards, concerning the amours of tlx- Gods, and faying, Thefe are the wretched tales of fabling bards. The reader immediately by this artifice imagines tlae fpeaker about to del.ver the whc-le. truth. Iluvc 14 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Dread Power and Strength their mutual aid fupply'd, And hence were feated near their fovereign's fide. Then too, great king the eagle was afTign'd, To man the favorite augur of thy mind : 105 I have endeavoured to exprefs both fenfes in the tranflation, as the original will bear both ; and fubjoin a paraphrafe by Stephens^ as a juftifica- tion of my own. Haud menthi lllos votes tarn abfurda decebat, Ufque adeo nulla veri fucata colore ; Ponderet ut reSlo ft forte examine quifquam, Deridenda queant mage quam credenda videri. Solvere ft libeat yiojlramad mendacia linguam. Saltern verba loquar, penitus non abjona veris, Non mdigna fide mea diSla ut judictt auris. Ver. 105. Power, &C.] Bm and Kapro; were fuppofed by the antients to be twoperfo: ages at- tendant on Jupiter ; they are introduced by the poet Oefch)lus as the fatellites pf Jupiter, whom Pulcati addrelTes thus — KfKTo? Blare o-^atv fill evtoX)) Aioj E;^;; TiXoj Js xai tiv i^TiroSm en. And when Ovid in his Fajii, tells us, that honor and reverence beiat nuije/iy, by whofe fide azve and dread placed themfclves, and being defend- ed by Jupiter never fince left the heavens, he fpeaks in the fame manner with onr author: Honor, p'acidoque de.ens revcrentia vultu Corpora legitiniis impojucre torts : Hi nc fata majcftas : hos ejl dea cenfa parcnta ; ^ ight hand: Jtt/lice and judgment are the habiation [marg. ejlablijhnient'] of thy throne : Mercy and truth fhall go before thy face. Pfalm Ixxxix. 13.com. xcvii.2. Chrifl is called the power of God, and the wiflom of God. I Cor. i. 24. Tind honur zwA I ower \_K.fmof\ are by St. Paul afcribed to him. 1 Tim. vi. 16. It will be necefTary to remind the reader of a ftrange iriflake, which Mr. Prior hath made here in his tranflation, inifled by a bad Latin pa- raphrafe of our author — which renders Aiipfov, currum, z chariot, though it here fignifies /i'^t??/;, a feat, the throne <^f Jupiter : The reader will, by confulting Mr. Prior, foon fee the error. Ver. lor. Theeagle &c ] Callitnachus caWs it — OiwKiv ftey' viret^oxo' — the bird far mofl excellent ofaiothes. Agreeably to our au;hor Horace (peaks thus in the beginning of one of his bcil odei — ^ualem miniftrum fulminis alitcm Cui rex T>eoru)n regnum in aves vagas Pc mifit — As the majcftic bird of tow'ring kind, Who bears the thunder thro' the etherial 'pace, To whom the monarch of the Gods afTign'd, Dominion o'er the vagrant feather'd rac& — DuNKit^. And as thus being Joveh thunder-bearer, the eagle THE HYMN TO JUPITER. To me and mine oh I may he ever prove The happy omen of thy care and love ! Thyself fupreme ; as thou haft well aflign'd, The Gods fubordinate command mankind : 15 110 The eag!e was particularly afllgned to him, and in his favour. — qucs fulmina curvis Ferrefolet pedibus — Diviim gratijfima regi. The caufe why the eagle was fo particularly appropriated to 'Jupiter and called his thunder- hearery has greatly perplexed and puzzled the mythologifts, who have given a number of rea- fons, no lefsabfurd than improbaBle; Servius fets down very gravely to account for this matter, and tells us a couple of ftrange ftories concern- ing Jupiter's being carried away when an infant by an eagle, and of his being in love with a boy named AtTo;, the Greek word for an eagle Such ftories want only to be mentioned, to refute themfelves. It appears very plain, why the heathens ufed this fymbol, if we refer to the Scripture, and nothing elfe can give us any plaufible folution of the matter. We niav firft refieiS, what it is, that really bean the thunder, is the vehicle, by which it is carried, and that we all know to be the air, from whence we reafonably conclude that the eagle was a fymbol of the air: This is confirmed by the whole voice of antiquity, by which we are clearly affur- ed that the eagle was worfhipped as a fymbol of the air. But how came it fo to be ? for this we mufl have recourfe to the figure of the Cherubim, fet up at the gates of Paradije, and in the Holy of Holies, oi if,h\ch Ezekiel hns given us fo full a defcription in his ift and loth chapters. This" figure of the cherubim was a compound figure of four faces joined to one body — the faces were thofe of % bull, an eagle,, a lion, and a man, and was a fymbolical reprefentation of the Tri- nity in Unity, with the great myftery of the Incarnation — the bull, being a type of God the father, as alfo of fire ; the eagle, of God the Holy Ghoft, as alfo of air ; and the lion of God the Son, as alfo of light ; and the man, of human nature taken into the eflence and joined to the lion, God the Son, The eagle was thus made an emblem of the Holy Spirit, and alfo of air, which, with the addition of Holy, is the name of the Third Perfon — aynv nmvp.a, the Holy Ghoft, Jpirit, air : And being thus in the very original of things confecrated to that purpofe, was aftei-wards, by idolaters, mifapplied, and mifunderftood ; remaining ftill amongft them a type or fymbol of the air, though they had forgotten the next ftep, namely, that the air was iticlf but a type : Fn m this figure of the Cherubim moft ot the abufes and furprifing conjunclions in the heathen mythology arofe ; but as it would be too long to fpeak fully of it here (or at leaft as its importance demands) 1 will fubjoin a fhort account of it in the ap- pendx ; Jn the mean time, we may remember that the Greek name of the eagle Afro?, confirms what hath been advanced, that the bird is a fymbol of the air : For the etymol. magnum, de- rives It from aiccti) ; Aeto?, ira^ot t» aisiru, to offjiv,- to njh on ox forwards, to move round ivith im- petuofity, theverycharaSleriJlicoftheair, which rufhes in every where, and moves round in circulation from the center of the univerfe to the circumference. The Almighty in the Pfahns is faid to ride upon a cherub,, and to fy ; and then what that cherub is, we are in- formed, " He came flying upon the w/»^x of the xf/W.-" xviii. lo.i. ^.upon the wings of the eagle,- the cherub, and fymbol of the wind, air, or fpirit, agreeable to which tlie R'?nans defcribc their Jupiter Oly?npitis, riding upon an cag!'-) as you may fee in any of the mj thologills. i6 THE HYMN TO JUPITER. The merchant, poet, and the man of war> Each to his guardian power prefers his prayer : While mighty kings (whofe univerfal fway 115 The foldier, merchant and the bard obey) Their grateful offerings to the altar bring Of Jove, their fovereign, Jove of kings the king. ^The footy fmiths to Vulcan's temple move, And hunters glory in Diana's love : 120 Mars reigns defpotic o'er the warrior throng, And gentle Phoebus claims the fons of fong : But monarchs bend at thy eternal fhrine. By Jove ordain'd, defended, and divine. They rule from thee : while from thy towers on high ^125 Ahke extends thy providential eye >- O'er kings, their nation's fcourge, or kings, their nation's joy. j To thefe of glory thou the means haft giv'n. Such as befuits the deleg:ates of heav'n : i=> Thine Ver. 124.- By fove, &c.1 This fentiment „ i.- j •>,.>,„•, „,, that all the power and authority of kinrs was d • v/- • >, ■ a ^-j „°. oerivfd from the lupreme, and lo, confe- '' u c j j qaently ^mw, is by no means peculiar to our So in the Provirl's of Soiowon, JV'tfdoin h\%, author : there is fcarce any of the poets that By me kings reign, and princes decree juf- do not herein agree with him : we have it in //a- tice, ^c. viii. 15. The reader cannot but ob- msr^ Hefiodt Theocritus, Mofchus, Pindar, Ho- ferve, that this paflage bears analogy to that of race, Virgil, &c. indeed Hefiod and Virgil ufe St. Paul's in his epiftle to the Romans xiii. ir. the fame words with our author — Ex ^£ AiojBa- " Let every foul befubjcclto (he higher powers, e-Ajii! — fays the former ; and ab Jovc'/unt rrgcs. For there is no power but of God : the powers the latter ; and Horace beautifully, that be *rc ordained of God, i^V, See alfo I Pet. THE HYMN TO JUPITER. Their fplendid pomp thy hand alone beftovvs : But not on all a like profufion flows, A like profulion of thy gifts divine : As plain we note, great Ptolemy, from thine ; Whofe plenteous bleflings from almighty Jove, At once thy power, and his protedion prove. To all the morn within thy breaft conceives Mature perfedion the glad evening gives : Thy greateft purpofes fhort days fulfil. Thy fmaller, inftantaneous as the will. 17 ^3S But 1 pet. 15. 13. St. Paul's word (irda!ned{'m the ori- ginal Tir»yix.tiai) I have ufed in the tranflation, as moll expreffiveof the author's meaning in the words, the fc! oliaft reads ru^iv, for xa^tn, which I judge to be the true reading, and St- Paul's word TfT«7(Awai confirms me in this opinion. — The poet places theGod A«(!)); » irT«Ai£i7»p ui fc:if«ixtoir HIIEIAHS 'on MoJBs Bai^oium. And again, t YnEinOYXHS Sot. Ei; la-Ti-ifdt "HEOIMI — Again, X 'HKHKOEIS yaf fiSAQH jaioi ■etotj AIKAZOIEN ETTi rai; oi*iawi Tat ^ixa; Kayroi? ■!zrfo9i;f.alth and power is united with virtue, what a field is there to aiSt in, to difFufe good and hap- pinefs to ourfelves and all mankind? There never was a more wife petition from a heathen. Riches without virtue are a firebrand in the hand of a mad-man ; given only, as a great writer ex- prefil-s himfelf, " As a confpicuous proof and example of how fmall eftimation exorbitant 'wealth is in the fight of God, when he beflows it on the moft worthlefs of mankind." The celebrated prayer of the wife Jgur is nearly of the fame import with this of our poets : *' Give me neither poverty nor riches, feed me with food convenient for me ; left I be full, and deny thee, and fay, who is the Lord ? or, lefl: I be poor and fteal, and take the name of my God in vain." Proverbs xxx. 8. But in the 7th chatter of Eccle/iaj?es, ver. 11. we have the immediate obfervation — " Wifdom is good with an inheritance, and by it there is profit to them that fee the Sun. For wifdom is a defence, and money is a defence : but the excel- lency of knowledge is, that wifdom giveth life to them that have it." The conclufion of this hymn is mofl noble ; the elegance and fweef- ntfs of the poetry, joined with the intrinfic grandeur and beauty of the thought, prefent us with the mod elevated ideas. — 1 muft obferve. Homer concludes two of his fhort hymns with the fame petition a* our poet, 1 hat to Vulcan — with • HamUt, That THE HYM]^ TO JUPITER. Wealth without virtue but enhances fhame, And virtue without wealth becomes a name : Send wealth, fend virtue then : forjoin'd they prove The blifs of mortals, and the gift of Jove. 21 ^SS That to Herculus, with whence it is obvious to remark, that this was a very favorite petition amongfl: the heathens. Horace has a very good fentiment to the fame purpofe with our author — Et genus et virtus, n'tfi cum re v'lllor alga. and for this reafon, fays Menander, Theocritus having before celebrated Ptolemy's wealth and power, of which he could not even wifti encreafe, they were fo large, concludes his hymn with A(tTw yt fiit EX A>o; cattv. as if he never could have too large an encreafe of virtue' though eminently renowned for it. — There are, who have imagined the poet here makes a kind of genteel petition to his king, and infinuates, that his fongs and genius were not fufHcient to make him happy, v/ithout the other great and material ingredient, (met fame and merit alone are not able to feed a man : So prayfcn babes the peacock's fpotted traine And wondren at hn^i Jrgus blazing eye ; hut who rewards him ere the more for thy.? Orfeedes him once the fuller by a graine ? Sike praife is fmoke, that Iheddeth in the fkye, Sike wordes beene winde and waften foon in vaine, Spenser's Calendar, lothEcioGUE. They have, I fay, conceived his cafe fome- thing like this of poor complaining Spcnfer's, who felt too truly, what he hath fo beautifully expreft : but with regard to Callimachus it may be hard to fay any thing certain of this matter, as v.'e arc ignorant of his fituation with refpeiSl to his great benefador at die time of writing this hymn ; but flnce it is moft probable that he was then high in favour, and in the mufisum, he had certainly no occafion to hint any thing of this kind. Such far-fetched and over-ftraincd conjeftures fhould not be mdulged, when the whole tenor of an author's thoughts fcems too nobly elevated to be capable of mean infinua- tions like thefe. End of the Hymn to Jupiter. GENERAL REMARK. * Hymn to Apollo.] " The tafk you injoincd me (obferves an ingenious friend) of taking a clofer and more accurate view of this hymn, has brought its own reward with it. I talce it to be one of the mofl valuable remnants of antiquity ; becaufe it informs us, in fome meafure, how^ general and deep an imprefiion the tradition of a Redeemer had made on the minds of men. And I think, we need not at all fcruple to lay, that in this poem we may fee fome of the great out- Jines of HIS character, though corrupted with foreign mixtures and attributed to a wrong objeft. But even thefe very miftakes, will not appear furprizing upon the then received prin- ciples of mankind, and may fo eafily be accounted for from Divine Revelation, as to ferve in fome degree to confirm the truth of it. — When the heathens had once fallen into that grand apoftacy of fetting up the heavens for their God, and worfhipping it as a felf-exiflent independent being, it is no wonder they attributed to their arch-idol^ what was only due, and what was originally ac- knowledged to belong to the True God. Nay, I cannot think it at all wonderful, even upon a fuperficial view (and the more clearly we examine this matter, the more thoroughly, I am per- fuadcdjWe fhallbe convinced) that they afligned diflinft offices to their trinity (fire, light and fpirit) in the fame manner nearly as the true believers did to theirs (Father, Son and Holy Ghoji, of whom thefe material agents arc the emblems or reprefentatives.) Of this numberlefs inftances might be given. But as the following hymn will fhew us, how they attributed the fame offices to the material Sun, which were only due, and which throughout the Old Teftament are claimed for, or foretold of, t'le Sun of rlghteottfiiefs, that true light, which llghteth every man, that Cometh into the world, — I fhall at prefent confine myfelf to that; but here I muft beg leave to remind you of an obfervation, which in this fort of enquiries ought never to flip out of our memories ; namely, that before the revelation of literal writing, men had no other way of preferving the knowledge they had, and of conveying it to pofterity, fo certain and 'infallible, as taking fome tf«/wrt/ or /;vf, that did, in fome refpc£i , refemble the material or fpiritual objedt they would defcribe ; and making it the reprefentatlve or fymbol of that objedt ; or, as it has fmce betn called, making fuch fymbol (whether tree or animal) [acred to that objecfl. And it requires no great fkill in antiquity to prove, that this method of communicating knowledge, efpe- cially in religious matters, was continued long after the ufe of letters was firfl difcovered to man- kind." The reader is defired to bear thefe remarks in mind, during the courfe of the notes on the following hymn. ^•y.y,y7f';t*' ^latm THE Second Hymn of Callimachus. * To Apollo. E E, how the laurels hallovv'd branches wave ; Hark, founds tumultuous fhake the trembling cave ! Fary — Tremeri tinnia vifa rcpente, ^r. Ver. I. Laurels branches ."l It was ufual not only to adorn every part of the temple of Apollo with laurel branches, the p^fts of the doors, the innermoft parts of the temple, the altar, tri- pods, i^c. but the prieftefles themfelves alfo delivered their oracles, holding laurel branches in their hands : whence our poet fpeaks not of a tree ( as Mr. Prior tranflates it) but of the branches (Jaipnto? o§'!r>;J) thus adorning the temple : And, It hath efc.iped the t.bfervation of no critic, how — Procul hinc prccul ejle pre/ani, ^c, cxailly Virgil hath herein imitated our author jx-n e 1 D . 6 Scarce had I faid, he fijook the holy ground, The laurels and the lofty hills around And from the tripods rufh a beilowi found. Drvden inaj rij 24 THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Far, ye profane, far off ! with beauteous feet Bright Phoebus comes, and thunders at the gate ; See Fly ye profane, oh fly, and far remove (Exclaims the prieftefs) from the hallow'd grove. Pitt. There are many other pafTages in the claflics greatly fimilar hereto, particularly in the 5th book of Lucan's PharfaUa. All the Gods had fome tree facred to them. Populus Alc'ida: gratijftma, vitis laccho, Formofa vcneri wyrtus, fua laurea Pha'bo, fays FirgH. " But why the laurel fliould be affigned and dedicated to Apollo, rather than any other tree, I muft confefs, never to have met with a fatisfaftory reafon. As to what they tell us (wherein all the commentators reft) that it was Sil emblem of prophecy, and from its crackling or not, when thrown into the fire, predicted good or ill fortune, we are yet as much in the dark, and as much to feek, how it came to be fo ufed, as at firfl:. The reader doubtlefs has herein been as unfortunate as my- fclf, and therefore I fliall venture to give him my own thoughts on this fubjefl. It is well known that Apollo in the Grecian mythology is the fame as the Sun, and that he was geneially reprefcntfd amongft his worfhippcrs hy a, young Vi&n Uiith a glory of conical rays about his head, not very unlike the crowns we may obfcrve in the piflures of our old kings. If we examine the leaf of the Roman laurel, as we have it in the bufts or pi(£lures of the heroes or poets of former Eges, or as it is ftill to be feen in many gardens in our own country, we fhall find no leaf fo nearly refembles tlie conical rays abovementioned as this, and therefore no tree was fo proper to be confecrated to Apo/lo or the Sun ; or in other V/oids, fo aptly reprcfniied that light, which he ■is continually fending frth, enlightening and fnlivening our lower world." We may add alfo, tl"at thelauiel, as an ever-green reprefented the perpetual youth o( /Ipollo, for he is defcribcd iis aiw.uis young, and unieard-'d. See this hymn Ver. j6 orig. Ever-greens in Scripture are made the.fvmbols of the Divinity of Chri/}, whofe leaf nevtr withers, and at the time of his birth, to teftify our belief of his immortality we adorn all our churches with ever-greens. The material Sun therefore had that affigned to him by his wor- Ihippers, which is reclaimed for, and belongs truly to the Sun of righteoufnefs . Ver. 3. With beauteous feet, &c.] It is ob- ferveable, that we meet in the heathen poeti with the mention of Apollo"^ prefence, in his temple much more frequently than with that of Jupiter, or any other of the Gods : might not this arife from tlie very general and antient tra- dition of the Lord, Jehovah, who was to come in theflefli, pitch his tabernacle (vncmoKrai) among us, and inhabit the temple of a human body F See St. John ii. ig. If you compare Aialachi iii. I-, 2, 3. you will eafily obferve a remarkable refemblance between the prophet and the poet. The Lord fhall fuddenly come to his temple : even the melTenger of the covenant whom you delight in : t« Sv^n^a KAAil isoil ^oi/So; a^uirast — who may abide the day of his coming, and who fhall {land when he appeareth — ? sxa;, exa(, era aAilp©-. The exprefTion of Apollo's knocking at the gate xuXutroSi with a beautiful foot, is par- ticularly remarkable. Our Saviour's coining to preach the gofpcl of peace, and fo his minifters alfo (as appointed by him) is thus defcribed : How beautiful upon the fiiountains, are the feet of him, that bringcth good tidings, that pub- liflieth peace, &c Ifaluh Iii. 7. and fo in the prophet A'rti/.'W i. 15. Behold upon the moun- tains, the ket of Him, that bringeth good tid- ings, ^c. — The coming of the Sun of righ- teoufnefs thus to bring peace, is compared to the rifing of the material Sun : the Sun of righteoufnefs fliall arife, with healing in his wings, Mai: iv. 2. and his feet is faid to be beautiful upon the mountains, becaufe the Sun firft arlfeth, or at lealf, appears from, and upon them. See Cant. ii. ver. 17. A.nd as Chri/l's entry into the kingdom of grace is thus figured, fo Apollo's entry into his temple is ex- prcflcd in the fame manner, by ihe rifing of the Sun, unbarring the g..ics of light, and with his jlnnir.g THE HYMN TO APOLLO. See the glad fign the Dellan palm hath giv'n ; Sudden it bends : and hovering in the heav'n, Soft fings the fwan with melody divine : Burft ope, ye bars, ye gates, your heads decline; Decline your heads, ye facred doors, expand : He comes, the God of light, the God's at hand ! 25 5 10 Begin Jhlnhig feet hmcking at the golden portal of day, according to the accuftomed language of the poets. In the xixth Pfalm the office of the divine light is nobly fet forth to us under the fame image. " In them (namely, the heavens) hath he fet a tabernacle for the fun [Sherncjh, the folar light) which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a Jirong man to run a race. His going forth is from the end of heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of it, and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof" — See alfo Ifaiah vi. r, 2, 3. Ver. 5. TJje Delian palm.] See the hymn to Deles — orig. 1. 209. The palm-tree, it is univerfally known, was facred to the fecond perfon of the true Trinity ; fo that the corrup- tion of tradition is fufficient to account for the heathens dedicating it to the /econd perfon of their trinity. It is obfervable, that on the walls of the 'Jenx.ujh temple were defcribed palm-irces and cherubims alternately ; the cherubims were only coupled ones, confifting of two faces, a lion's and a ?nan's, exprefiing the divinity (of which the lion of the tribe of fudah. Rev. v, 5. was a fymbol) joined to the humanity, reprefented by the human face. " The palm-tree was ufed as an emblem oijirength, fupport, ability to Jland upright under any prejfure ; as it is faid the pro- perty of that tree is." {Aul.Gell.No£l. I.3. c. 7.) Hence it was ufed among the heathens as an emblem of victory ; and by believers as a type oi Jalvation wrought through Chrifi-. On this account, when our Saviour made his regal en- trance into ferufaUi"., " much people took branches of palm- trees, and went forth to meet him and cried, Hofanna \_jave us~\ blefled is the king of Ifrael, that cometh in the name of the Lord, John xii. 1 2. And the faints as repre- fented in their triumphal ftate, in the Revelations vii. 9. " hold thefe branches in their hands, and cry with a loud voice faying, falvaticn to our God, which fitteth on the throne, and unto the Lamb." I may here likewife obferve, that at the feafl of tabernacles, which were made of boughs, each of which was alfo a type of fome property in Chrift, the people were ordered to carry thefe branches, and by this means afcribe viBory to their all-conquering king the Mefliah, This figure then was an emblem of Chrifl, as Conqueror : the humanity (through the a/Hftance of the lion, the divine perfon, who was united to him) was to ha\e Jlability, flrength, and pcwtr to fupport himfelf under the weight of all he was to do and fufFer for and in the ffead of man ; and after he had acquired the victory for himfelf, he was alfo to communicate the efFefts of it to his followers, i. e. He was to ^I'^e fuppoit, ability to thofe who ftiould accept him as their Saviour, to ftand here againft all the affaults of their enemies, and the preffure of temptations, and to place them hereafter in a Jlableflate oi ^ory, beyond a poffibilit)- of /i?//- ing or being removed from it." — See the fcrmons of the late learned Mr. Catcot, p 306. Ver. 9. Decline, ficc.) The reader cannot but obferve the remarkable refemblance of this paf- fage to the following verfes from the xxivth Pfalm — Lift up your heads, O ye gates, and be ye lift up, ye everlafting doors, and the king of Glory fhall come in. Who is tliis king of glory .' the Lord ftrong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle. Lift up your heads, O ye sates, and E 'be 26 THE HYMN TO APOLLO, Begin the fong, and tread the facred ground In myftic dance fymplionious to the found, Begin young men : Apollo's eyes endure None but the good, the perfed: and the pure : Who be ye lift up ye everlafting doors, and the king of glory fhall come in. Who is this king of glory ? the Lord of hofls he is the king of glory. tjelah. So too as Spanhelm obfervts, after that divinely emphatical defcription of the feraphims and their hymn in Jfaiah chap. vi. — " Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hofls, the whole earth is full of his glory," — We fnd, " that the ports of the door moved, at the voice of him that cried, and the houfe was filled with fmoke." Ver. II. Begin the fong, &c.] The original is Ad cantandum isf ad faltandum acdngamtni, fays Dr. Bentley. The Greeks were particularly careful to teach their children mufic, and tor this reafon, as we are told, " that they might at the feftivals of their gods join in finging the hymns and fongs to their praife, while the chorus danced round the altar in concert with their mufic : This Mr. Prior has very happily expreft in his tranflation of our author, — And let the dance In myflic numbers trod explain the mufic. See Pfalm cxlix. 3. " The antient heathens had, I believe, a true knowledge of the folar fyjiem, and of the agents by which the great motions of it are performed. If therefore the Sun or light derived from it, be, as they thought, the great fpring by which the earth, moon, and planets move, it feems highly pro- bable that in thefe dances, performed to the honour of Jpollo, they run round a ring or circle to reprefent the annual motion of the planets in their orbits, and at the fame time turned round, as it were upon their own axes (which is ufual in all dancing) to reprefent their diurnal moiion. Thismay appear whimfical; but can a better account of their dances be given ? Have not we fome velHges of this old idolatry (till remaining among us ? When the Eiin approaches our northern regions, do not the country-people in England keep up the fame foiC of cuftom, dancing in the manner above defcribed, round a may-pole, which, without doubt is of very an- tient (landing, and derived from our old idola- trous a"ceftors : — Kut a paffage of Proclus iit Chrejlomathia (cited VnJJii de orig. W prog, ido- latr. lib. 2. p. 368 — 9.) will ftrve tD fhew that the rites performed by the antient heathens, were not without a meaning, and at the fame time confirm the remark above made : " No- thing, fays VoJJius, does fo clearly prove Jpolla to be the Sun, as the apollinarian rites : But they were fo different in diff"erent places, that to infift upon them would exceed the bounds of my prefent defign, I fhall therefore only men- tion the rites of Apollo Ifmenius and Galaxius, which are thus dtfcribed by Proclus: — " They crown with laurels and various Jlowers a block of the oiivp-tree, on the top of which is placed a brazen fphere, from which they hang feveral fmaller fpheres, and about the middle of the block they fatten purple crowns, fmaller than that on the top ; and the bottom of the block they cover with a faftKin, or perhaps flame-co- loured garment; thur upper fphere denotes the the Sun, by which they mean Jpollo ; the next under it the moon, the appcndent fpheres, the Ifars and planets, and die crowns, which are 365 in number, their annual courfe." — This is a literal tranflation of the paffage, which ap- pears to me a very curious one, and upon which- I fhall leave the reader to make his own re- marks. Ver. 13. Apollo'r eyes. &c.] There are many paflages in fcrlpture relating to the fecond per- fin, which nearly refemble thf^fe in Calinnachus ; We are told, that " he is of purer eyes than to behold THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Who view the God, are great ; but abjedl they From whom he turns his favouring eyes away : All-piercing God, in every place confefl, We will prepare, behold thee, and be bleft. He comes, young men ; nor filent fhou'd ye Hand, With harp or feet when Phoebus is at hand : 27 15 20 If behold evil, and cannot look on iniquity." We are informed by this divine perfon himfelf, that " BlefTed are the pure in heart, for they fhall fee God." And one of his apoftles exhorts us " to follov/ after holhiefs, without which no man fhall fee the Lord and Saviour." It is ohferv- able, that in the original, vcr. 11. the author ufes the epithet Ex-atfyt — whicft is a manifeft at- tribute of the /i^ht. perfi^rming its work at a dif- tance, and impelling all things with its rays ; which will hold whether we derive it from £««{ and Bfya arceo, ■mpello, or £x«; and t(yov, or t[ya.^oi^ai — Opus, or opus facio. Ver. 20. if^ith harp, &c.] The word here ufedby the author is xi5«p>i», and in the 27th line what I have rendered lute is xeXu? ; I believe the precife difference of thefe mufical inflruments cannot now be afcertained : Many mufical in- ftruments are alfo mestioned in SS. particularly in the Pfalms ^fee Pfal. cl.) but as I pretend not to underftand clearly the diftinfl forts ot them, and as the inveftigation thereof would be too long for this place, I {hall only obferve, that as the fecond perfon appears from the Pfalm juH quoted, and feveral other paffages of fcrip- ture to have been particularly honoured with mufical inftruments by the true believers, fo it is not improbable, that the heathens derived from them their praiStice of performing the fame fort of honours to their Apolh. See Rev. xiv. I, 2, 3. where the Lamb is reprefented land- ing on mount &ion, and the voice of harpers heard^ haypi'ig with their harps — xiDaf u Jwn xiOaf*» - ^oyluy » recti xtOafan avcm. Ver. 20. IFhen Phoebus is at hand. &c.] T« ♦«i& e7rJi)(/))!|«» \% Jlatuere, it had been idle in CaUimachuj to fay antient founda- tions rather than new ; for it would be rather to be wifhed that the city fliould receive encreafe, and be furrounded with a new and more exten- five wall. But to foretcl any one, that he fhould raife a wall upon antient foundations, is the fame as to forebode, that the old fhould be firft deflroyed by the enemy ; which is a dread- ful declaration. So that Ern^sm fliould be inter- preted in the fame manner as urixEi* in Homer, not Jlatucre, hut J/are. " If you defire your walls to ftand upon their old foundations : If the wall is to ftand hereafter," fo far the doctor. There is, I conceive, no need to make tuxoj the nominative, nor to underftand f*£AA«i, as ft,i>j^iTt in the former verfe completes the fenfe — ei ftjAXscri to TfiX"! (or rather n Tttxof, according to Faher.) The author offers, as an mcentive to their piety, three temporal bleffings to the young men, whom he exhorts, neither to have a filent harp, or a.'i'otpiit i^vot — an unfounding ftep, z. filent foot, if they delire, iff. to obtam happy nuptials. 2diy. Long life, and 3diy. Peace and profperity to their fta-.e and country. " If ^vy defire their wall to ftand upon its old foundations." Mr. Prior, and Mr. Pitt who treads clofe in his fteps, have given another fenfe to the paf- fage, which appears very wide of the author's THE HYMN TO APOLLO. My foul with rapture and delight furveys, The youthful choir unwearied in their praife, Ceafelefs their lutes refounding ; let the throng With awful filence mark the folemn fong : Even roaring feas a glad attention bring, Hufh'd, while their own Apollo poets fing : Nor Thetis felf, unhappy mother, more Her lov'd and loft Achilles dare deplore, 29 30 While Ver. 26. My foul, &c.] To enter fully here into the beauty of the author, we muft imagine a folemn paufe to enfue, after he has propofed rewards to the youth for celebrating the God : When the mufic and divine fongs break through the awful filence, then the author enraptured, on a fudden breaks out into this line, expreffive of his wonder and approbation : and thus the verfe has great propriety and ele- gance : Mr. Prior and Mr. Pitt have totally difregarded it : Madam Dacier, according to her ufual accuracy, obferves, that " as this M- tival of Jpollo was celebrated at tiie beginning of the fpring ; for that reafon the fea is faid to be ftill and filent, as then, according to Piopertiits. Ponit et in Jicco molUter unda minas. This confirms the general tenour of the remarks, that this feftival was in honour of the fun, returning in fpring, to this part of the world, where thefe rites were payed to him. Ver. 32. Thetis — ] Frifchlinui thinks, that "Thetis and Niobe may be underftood of any perfons, diftrefs d wi-h grief and forrow, whole anguifh ihe powers of mufic difpel and afTuage ; agreeable to that beautiful paflage in Mr. Pope's ode on St. Cecilia's Day ; By mufic minds an equal temper know Nor fwell too high, jior fink too low : If in the breaft tumultuous joys arife, Mufic her foft afiuafive voice applies : Or when the foul is preft with cares Exalts her in enlivening airs : Warriors fhe fires with animated founds. Pours balm into the bleeding lovers wounds : Melancholy lifts her head, Morpheus rifes from his bed : Sloth unfolds her arms and wakes, Liftning Envy drops her fnakes : Inteftine war no more our paflions wage, Even giddy factions bear away their rage. I cannot help obfervinghow happy an improve- ment thefe lines of Mr. Pope are of a paffage in Hefiod; where fpeaking of the power of the Mufcs, he fays. El ya,^ Ti? xai rostOs; tyj^'' »fi>«»Jti Suva) T(Aini yaxa^cii ts OiU'; 01 OhvjATrct iy(yui,», A* \]/ eye doc^lp^onuv eT*?^>,9ETai, «^£ t* KyiOiUt QBoyovix. ver. 98. But, whatever Frifchlinus may imagine, I can- not be entirely of his opinion, lli.cc there ap- pears particular beauty and emphafis in our au- thor's chufing thefe two examples of Tletis and Niohe, whofe forrows both proceeded from Jpollo, the power of whofe fongs and 7o's niuit be amazing indeed, if they could caufe thefe two mifcrable mothers to ceafe their la- menting. 30 THE HYMN TO APOLLO, While lo, lo Psean rings around : Nay even fad Niobe reveres the found : Her tears the while, expreflive of her woe, No longer thro' the Phrygian marble flow : Which ftands a lafting monument to prove, How vain each conteft with the powers above. 35 Iq mentings. Mr. Prior has beautifully inferted this as a reafon, For PhKbus was bis foe, fays he oiAckilUs; and oi Niobe — Haplefs mother ! Whofe fondnefs cou'd compare her mortal oftsprirtg, With that which fair Latoiia bore to Jove. Callimachus (zys nothing of this, but I conceive, the context will juflify fuch a paraphrafe : as, I doubt not, this is the author's true meaning. Ver. 34. lo, lo Paan.^ "in nai»o>, *lii naiw. orig. Dr. Robertfon, in his true and antient manner of reading Hebreiv, &c. has the fol- lowing curious remark on the Hibreiv word mn' which he would pronounce — Te-u-e. " The word (fays he) thus pronounced in three fyllableS) and the middle one accented is not greatly different from the fofter Latin found of "Jehovah ; 1 mean Ye-ho-wa ; not the harfh found Dze-ho-vah, ufed in Englijh, The Greeks aimed at exprcffing the found of '"\TV by different combinations of charafters, fuited perhaps to the variations made in it by thejiivs (after they had loft the knowledge both of tlie meaning, and the pronunciation of the language of their forefathers) in the feveral ages in which the Greeks were acquainted with them, namely, U.vui, \a.av, iccu, is, luQi. So the facred name n' y^ or ye was written on the great door of the antient temple of i^pollo (more antiently of Bacchus) at Delphos, at Hrft in the eaftern way of writinc, from right to left 3i, and on re- pairing it in their own way, EI, only turning the letters to face the way then in ufe, but not putting the I before the E, as they would have done, if they had known the meaning of the word, as their forefathers did, who lirfi: wrote it there. And fo they exprefTed the found of the Hebrew n' I^^H Hallelvia, or (as I read) Ele- lu ye., by JxAsti ;« or 6^EA£^ id' — for, lays Eiijia- thiuS TO SxtjAonov »?IE1)1/ »l|lBli £ITIpwm»T£J 'in, 'Itl, when they begged God to be merciful to them, they cried out Te, ?^(or Je, jfe.) Now Te, or (as we now write) Jab, is the name peculiarly of the Son of God, th^ Mediator and Saviour. But there would be no end if I {l)ould launch out into this ocean, to flrew the deduftion of the moft antient and now almoft ohfolete Greek words from the Hebrew, for which fuch abfurd etymo- logies are afligned by the Grj?^.^ grammarians from their own language, and to countenance thofe of the words relating to religion, fuch childifh flories of their Gods, and their mammas when they were children." Thus far Dr. Robertfon. Though I do not think myfelf obliged to de- fend ever thing here advanced by him, yet I think his account fufficient to fliew us feveral particulars relating to thefe extraordinary words In, la, &c. for inftance : how they came to be ufed iiy the latter Greeks and Romans, when in grief and diftrefs (as Is, In l'uri«, &c.) as well as for expreflions of their joy and fatisfacfiion as In, In ■oanjn', lo, Jo, iriumphe. The antients, no doubt, prayed to God for deliverance from their diftrefs and calamities, as well as returned him thanks for their fuccefs and profperity. Bcfides, this fenfe alone of the words can give us any reafonable foluuon of their marvellbus efFcd, THE H Y iM N T O A P O L L O. lo again triumphant lo ling ; Who ftrives with heav'n, muft ftrive with Egypt's king Who dare illuftrous Ptolemy defy, Muft challenge Phoebus, and the avenging fky. Immortal honours wait the happy throng, Who grateful to the God refound the fong : 3 1 40 45 And efFeiH:, and the great (ruft and confidence the people had in them, It is very obfervabie that n'" ^'^"^ — Allelnjab — properly llgnifies, af- cribe the irradiation to the ejjence, Jah ; for 'p'^jT fignifies to Jhine as light docs, every way, to irradiate, whicn irradiation of light is the proper and fcripture emblem of God the Son — and the word Hallelujah exprelTes as much, as — Do thou oh fecond divine perfon in the fpiritual world, and work, fo fliine forth and manifeft thy glory, as the light, in the material world (hines forth, irradiates, fupports, and gives glory to all created things." Now the word li) in the Greek, it is manifeft, comes from the Hebrew T ' Je or J ah — and «rat»io> from «rai« to flrike, dart, or emit, and is immediately ap- plicable to the rays fent forth from the Sun, thofe darts of Apollo which fent forth from him, flew the Python (of which I fhall have occafion to fpeak hereafter) and during his conteft with the ferpent, Latona is faid to have made ufe of thofe words — (SaX^t ^mat — immitte feriendo, fays Macrobius, " qua voce ferunt Latonam ufam cum Apollinem hortaretur impetwn Pythonis inceffere fagittis." This interpretation of lo Pisan gives us the very idea of Hallelujah — emit thy darts or rays lo ; fiine forth, irra- diate Oh Jah : It is worth obferving, that the EI mentioned above over the door of the temple of Jpollo, in the Greek is nearly of the fame import with n» in the Hebrew, EI being thou art, and il' alfo the uncreated effence, the name of him who alone can be faid to BE. Ver. 41. Who Jlrives, &c.] See hymn to "Jupiter, ver. 124, U feq. I do not know of any part of Callimachus fuperior in beauty to this : The poetry is moft harmonioufly Cwcet, the didtion elegantly concife beyond any I have ever met with, and the complement to his prince the moft delicate and refined : I have by no means done him juftice in the tranfiation, but Mr. Prior has abi'olutely dropt his author. I fliall give you a comment upon this pafiige from- the ingenious Mr. Blaciwall on the facred clajfics. " There are in the Greek and Roman chifiics of the firft rank and merit, many elegant paftages of high devotion to their deities, noble panegy- rics upon their princes and patrons, and the moft endearing expreflions of rcfpecSt and tender- nefs to their friends and favourite acquaintance. The polite poet Ca///V«tff/i2/f has numerous places of this nature, one of which I will prefent to the reader, which, I think, in a few fmooth and truly poetical lines, contains a noble and juft ac- knowledgment of the divine inftitution of go- vernment, and authority of crowned heads, and the fineft exprefficns of loyalty and duty to his own fovereign king Ptolemy. Befides, we find fome of the fublimeft morals and myfteries of religion beautifully expreft, and with the pureft propriety of language, fet forth in this compre- henfive and ftrong piece of eloquence : — Kaxov ftaxafii'/y«;/ in their tri- nity in the fame fituation that the true believers did ihe. fe.ond perfon of theirs." Ver. 52. y^ golden robe, &c.] The author informs us, that every thing which belonged to JpoUo was of gold, wherein there can be no doubt that he alludes to the Sun. The epithet ;<;po-oxofio;, golden-haired, is frequently given to Jpollo ; and " that, fays Macrohius, a fulgore radi'jrum quas -vacant aureas comas folis — from F the 34 THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Gold are his harp, his quiver and his bow : Round him bright riches in profuiion flow : His delphic fane illuflrious proof fupplies. Where wealth immenfe fatigues the wondering eyes. On his foft cheeks no tender down hath fprung, A God, for ever fair, for ever young : 55 His the brightnefs of the rays, which they call the golden hair of the Sun." JJnde ^ a!::scr%x.<>,Ari^ — continues he, " becaufe the rays can never be disjoined [a'jelli) from the fountain of light." p. 239 ; and therefore the whole body ot the Sun, the fountain of the rays, may with equal propriety be called golden ; and as thtfe rays are every where difperfed, and the caufe of the encreafe of all things, whatever belongs to Apollo may very aptly be faid to be of gold, wo^t(x?y<705 yag AffoXA»»-><^ te wohvKTtavoi;. If you COniult 1 Kings vi. you will find that gold was made veiy great ufe of in the furniture ot the temple : be- caufe of all material fubftances it is the befl: rc- prefentative of the light, and fo of its antitype. As gold was an emblem of the folar light, and that light of Chrifl, the fecond perfon, the tritt light (See St. fohn i. 9.) hence gold was made an emblem of the divine nature of the Son of God : which divine nature is always fignified to us by the light ; wherever Chrift is fpoken of as the light, the Sun, &c. he is always fpoken of as God the Son, or the fecond divine Perfon in the true Trinity, as the light is the fecond con- dition, the ruler in the material Trinity. It is obfcrvable, that gold hath been always an em- blem of majefty ; and from its purenefs, radiant brightnefs and value, efteemed the royal metal, the enfign of kingly power. " A crown of this metal (i. e. a circle with pointed rays ifTuing from around it) was worn by the kings of Ifrael ; and was an emblem of light irradiating in open- ing rays ; and light was the fign by, and in which the fecond perfon ufed to exhibit bimfelf, nay, he alTumed for his diftinguifhing tide, that of ths irradiator, thz light, the iing of glory." Hence a bright circle of rays are pointed always round our Saviour's head, to fliew his divinity, which is called the glory ; and which confifts oijlraight and crooked rays when properly painted and de- fcribed, the one to (hew the eiBux of the light iiradiating from the fun, the other the influx of the fpirit rufhing into it. Ver. 56. His delphic, he ] Concerning this temple and its immenfe wealth. See the Abbe Banier's Mythology, book 3. chap. 5. p. 229. Macrohius tells us, that the name Delphian given to Apollo come avonra SnXo) afnvn, " from his maniftfiing things befcre unfeen," becaufe the Sun manifejls by the brightnefs of his light thofe things that are obfcure, quod qua ohfcura furtt claritudine lucis ojiendit." Satur. p. 242. and we may here too ohfcrve, that *oi0o{, Phccbus, fignifies, as anadje6five, pure, unpolluted, fplen- did, bright, and therefore the Sun is called Phosbus, from its purenefs and brightnefs, a fpecie iff nitore Phoebum, ;'. e. xaSaje* >^ haftTrqon, diSlum putant, fiys Macrobius. Ver. 59. A God, &c.J Callimachus charadle- rifes Jupiter (Hymn i. ver. 6..) as ever great, and ever king, Apdio as ever fair, and ever young , which is agreeable to the manner where- in he is defcribed to us by the antient artifts : the reader may remember, I obferved this in a note foregoing, n. I. ad fin. Frijchlinus fays, " that the poets defcribe Apollo as beardlcfs, and ever young, becaufe the Sun always retains the fame vigour^ nor ever grcivs old" An emblem of the per- petual vigour, and immortality of th;; true Sun ; the light not only of this, but of the future world. See Rev. xxi. 23. and xxii. 5. THE HYMN TO APOLLO. His fragrant locks diflil ambrofial dews, Drop gladnefs down, and blooming health diffufe : 35 60 Where- ver. 60. His fragrant, &c ] Milton feems to have had his eye upon our author, when he thus fpeaks of the angel Gabriel: ■His dewy locks Diftill'd ambrofia. Pard. Lost. B. 5. ver. 56. Mr. Prior has, in return, beautifully imitated him ; and he feems alfo to have had his eye upon that elegant paflage of ^:7/a«, " imagined, as his great critic Mr. Addifon, exprefles himfelf, with all the ftrength of fancy," where de- fcribing Raphael, with all his heavenly plumage, alighted on earth, he adds. Like Maia\ fon he flood And fhook his plumes, that heavenly fra- grance fill'd The circuit wide. B. 5. ver. 285. Tajfo hath given a defcription, little inferior to this, of the angel Gabriel, On Lebanon at firft his foot he fet, And ftijok his wings with roary yk'iTv-dews wet. Fairfax's Tasso. B, i. St. 14. But we obferve, that Callimachus afcribes thefe ambrofial unguents, thefe fructifying dews to the locks, the hair of ^/>(;./i9 ; for wliich, perhaps, it may not be impoffible to affign a reafon ; if we conlider what was obferved in a preceding note, that the hair of Apollo, fignifies no thing more than the rap of the Sun, thofe golden and ambrofial locks, which are the true caufe of all health and gladnefs, and the inftiument o.f fruit- fulncfs, and encreafe throughout all nature ; a pallage from the 65th Pfabn will both give and receive light from hence ; we read in the 1 1 verfe, " Thy paths drop fatnejs : they drop upon the paftures of the wildernefs ; and the little hills rejoice on every fide : the paftures arc clothed with flocks ; the valleys alfo are covered over with corn, they Oiout for joy, they alfo fing." Here the facred poet afcribes the fame efteiSls of fruitfulnefs, health, and joy to the fatncfs dropped down from or by the paths (as we read) of 'Jehovah, which Callimachus doth to the Panacea or unguents which dropt from the hairs of Apollo. The queftion then is, what can be meant by this word, which we render paths in the Bible tranflation, and in the other clouds, fomething nearer the truth .? The original word is :"]'7'yO which comes from 73V. round, circular, orbicular, a wagson-wheel, &c. and the word with the Q prefixed, fignifies thofe which are the injlrutiients of this circulation, the circulators, namely, the light and fpirit, which are the caufe of all fertility and fecundity, and which, by their motion and adtion, c.iufe thaifatnefs to drop down, which enriches the wildernefs^ caufes the Utile hills to rejoice, (Jc. i^c. I for- bear applyingthe fpiriiual meaning,and obferving that as this light and fpirit by their fatnefs and dews enrich the wildernefs, fo the true ii^ht and fpirit by their grace and divine nourifliment caufe the barren heart to abound in fruitfulnefs, to ftiout and fing for joy. " The wildernefs and the folitary place, fhall be glad for them, and the defert fli:.ll rejoice and bloflbm as a rr'fe. It fliall bloflbm abundantly, and rejoice even with joy and finging ; the glory of Lebanon fhall be gi\'en unto it, the excellency of Carmcl and Sharon : they fhall fee the glory of the Lord, and the excellency of our God, Ifa. xxv. i, 2. Lis obfervable, that the excellency of cur God, even Chriji fefus, is called the rofe of Sharon, See Cant. ii. I. and in this book we find ointment and odours conflantly given to thiSpoiife, the divine light; Becaufe oi the {ixyouv of thy good ointment, thy name is as ointment poured forth, therefcre do the virgins love thee, chap. i. 3. How much better is thy love than wine, and the fmell of thine ointments than all fpices ! chap, iv." 10. and it is faid by the Spoufe, my head is filled with dtw, and my locks with the drops of the night, chap. V. 2. Sec alfo ver.. 5. F ?. 36 THEHYMN TO APOLLO. "Where'er the genial Panacea falls, Health crowns the ftate, and fafety guards the walls. To powerful Phoebus numerous arts belong; He firings the lyre and tunes the poet's fong : Guides from the twanging bow the feather'd darts, And truths prophetic to the feer imparts : Taught by his fkill divine, phylicians learn Death to delay and mock the greedy urrL. 6s Since Ver, 62. Panacea.] I refer the reader to tlie judicious Spanheim for a full comment on the original in this place, which would here take up too much room ; we may jufl obferve, that the prophet Malachi fpeaks of the Sun of righteouf- tiefs as thus difpenfing health and univerfal me- dicine to mankind. The Sun of rlghteoufnefs fhall arife vi\th healing in his wings, MaL iv. 2. See jicts iv. 22- and 30. Apollo from thus ^\^- penfing Prtwacirff , medicine ?ini health, was called znTHP, the Saviour, as we fee on many antient coins. See alfo ver. 148. of this hymn. And it is fomewhat remarkable, that the defcriptive name, by which our Saxon ancellors called Chrijl, was all-hael, i. e. all-health, the dire£l import ot Panacea. Ver. 64. To poiverfuL] Hence Apollo was called «ro>,i;ww/io;, of many names, as thus abounding in many excellencies : Diana afks of her father, that fhe might not be herein exceeded by her brother, See hymn to Diana (tranfl. ver. 9.) Ovid has imitated Callimachus in that celebra- ted pafiage, where Apollo enumerates to the un- kind Daphne his many and great perfeftions. Perhaps thou knowft not my fiipcrior ftat?, And from that ignorance proceeds thy hate : Me Clares, Delphss, Tencdos ohcy, Thefe hands the Patareian fceptre fway ; The king of Gods begot me ; what (hall be, Or If, or ever was in fate, I fee. nples-j now, f V. J Mine is th' invention of the charming lyre, Sweet notes, and heavenly numbers I infpire : Sure is my bow, unerring is my dart ; But ah, more deadly his who pierc'd my heart • Med'cine is mine ; what herbs and fimples . grow In fields and forefts, all their pow'rs I knc And am the great phyfician call'd below. Alas, that fields and forefls can afi-'ord. No remedies to heal their love-fick lord .' To cure the pains of love no plant avails,. And his own phyfic the phyfician fails. See Ovid's Met. B. i. by Dr yden. Ver. 68. Taught.] Nothing can exceed the excellence of the original in this place, fo re- markably exprcffive and concife ; if the tranfla- tion retains any of its merit, it is wholly owing to Mr. Prior, v/ho hath here done great juftice to Callimachus. Taught by thy art divine the fage phyfician Eludss the urn, and chains or exiles death. " Paufanias tells us (as Spanheim has ob- ferved) that he once talked with a Sidonian, who aflerted, that according to the theology of the Phwnicians, ^fcidapitis was nothing more than the AIR : from whence comes ryi^a, health ; and that for this reafon Apollo, wlio is the fame with the Sun, was juftly called the father of /Ej'culapius (or the AIR) -drni Paufai.ias adds, that herein the GracLins perfedfly agreed with the Phanicians. See lib. 7. p. 443. THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Since by the love of young Admetus led, His flock Apollo by Amphryfus fed : The Nomian God, great fliepherd we addrefs Our paftures to enrich, and flocks to blefs ; And fertile flocks and paftures needs muft prove,. On which Apollo fhines with fruitful love : %1 70 75 No Ver. 70. ^ince^ &c.] CalUmachus afligns a reafon, fomething different from other poets and mythologifts, why Apollo defcended from heaven to feed the flock of Admetus, namely, his love for that prince ; which I would not underftand a criminal love, as one can never furely fuppofe the heathen blindnefs fo grofs, as to place fuch an odious paflion in the roll of their Gods praifes. The common ftory is, that Apollo, having killed the Cyclopes, or forgers of Jupiter's thunder- bolts, in order to fave from death and deftruc- tion his fon MJculapius ; he, though the favourite fon of Jupiter, was expelled from heaven, de- prived, as a mythologift (Galtruchius) exprefles it, of the privileges of his divinity for a time, and thus exiled, he became the /hepherd of Admetus ; which account of the matter Orpheus gives in his Argo- riautics, ver. 173. It is faid moreover of this Admetus, that by Apollo's means he obtained, that when the time of his death fliould come, if any other would die for him, he himfelf fliould efcape death : to which the fable adds, that he found none who would take his turn, fave his wife Alceftis ; whom, becaufe fhe was fo pious, Pro- ferpine reftored to life again. There appears in this whole fable a dark, yet obferveable reference to the occafion of our JJupherd's dcfccnding from heaven to feed his flock : he was induced by love to Adam [Admetus} man ; he, to fa.vehis ownfms from death did really difaryn his father of his ven- geance and the wrath due to their ofFtnces, and for this rclinquifhed heaven, was exiled from thence, was deprived for a time of the privileges of his divinity, and became a ftranger and a fo- journer, and yet ayo^/i/.'t'rY/ here upon earth ; and moreover he procured for Adam, that he fliould efcape death, and be delivered from it by the death of anotiier for him ; which, when no one would or could underfake, he himfelf condefcended to become h\s fub/litute, and to die, that he might redeem him from death. Plain, however it is, that Chri/f, in the New Teftamcnt, is pleafed to ex- prefs his care of believers by the figure of a fliep- herd tending his flock. See John x. i — 16. xxvi. 29. Nor was this beautiful and afFefling fimilitude of the Redeemer unknown to the prophets, Give ear, O Jliepherd of Ifrael, thou that leadefl Jofeph like a flock, Pfal. Ixxx. 1. Hefliall feed his flock like a Jliepherd; he fli;;!l gather the lambs with his arm, and carry tJiem. in his bofom, and flia!l gently lead thofe that are with young, Ifaiah x\. 11 . comp. xlix, 10. In the prophet Ezekigl, we have the very idea which CalUmachus gives in the hymn, whofe fjepherd, Apollo, he tells us, fed his flock by the river Amphryfus ; and in the prophet the true fl)epherddcc\3.Tes, that he will feed his flock upon' the mountains of Ifrael by the rivers. See Ezc- kiel xxxiv. i 3, £sff . It is not improbable, that the defignation of Jliepherd was ufed by be!i.;vcrs for the Redeemer in all ages. And it feems as if when the heathen dtfeited and determined to give the attributes of the facred three to their material trinity, they knew not what to make of this reprefentation of the fecond perfon, and fo were reduced to the miferable (hift of de- gr.iding their Apollo to a real fhcpherd ; and couching the true reafon of the true ftiepherd's- taking that cflice upon him, in this daik fable,, which tradition had imperfectly related to- them. Ver. 74. And, isc] There is a manifcft allufion in this paflage, as well as in the hymn to Diana, ver. 178. to the conclufion of the 1 44th Pfalm, to which, being quoted there, I refer the reader. The fpouje in the Canticles, comparing 38 THE HYMN TO APOLLO. No barren womb or udder there is found. But every dam-twins Iportive play around. By Phoebus honour'd and condudted, man Of future cities forms the glorious plan : The God himfelf the ftrong foundation lays, On which their walls fuccefsful builders raife. 80 In comparing the fpiritual increafe of his bride the Church, under the care and Iceeping of him- felf the true fliepherd (fee chap. i. ver. 7, 8.) fays of thefe (heep, Every one beareth twins, and none is barren among them, chap. iv. 2. with a remarkable fimilitude to our author. It is to be obferved and remembered, that Macrobius avers, Apollo was called Nomian, not becaufe he fed the cattle of Jdmetus, but becaufe the Sun feeds all things, quia Sol pafcit omnia qua terra pro- generat, p. 239. This is true with reference to Apollo, but we muft note here, that Caltimachus affigns him this name oi Nomian ox Jliepherd ex- prefsly becaufe he Jt'd the Jiick of Admetus. I ihall Ci:nclude the obfervatioiis on this point with a paflage from Theocritus, very fimilar to this of our author, which, I doubt not, like his, was drawn from the facred fountain, and where it is to be obferved, that he makes the great increafe of king Aiigias his herds to arife from the gift and influence of the Sun, his father. Wihiiit, u riaid*, T« i^o'/j:^ U7ca,{ji Aiy^ov, &^C. See Idyll. 25. ver. 118. But this was a peculiar favour fnewn, A hifffv.g fciit hy Phoebus on his Son : His cattle flill muft thrive, his herds be bleft, And heaven fecur'J, whate'er the king pofllf!: ; His cow. nc'i.'r c.ift thtir calves, and no difcafe, The herdfmiin plague, was there ailovv'd to fieze : From year to year the numerous herds increas'd ; M(.w calves were rear'd and ilill the lafl were bcft.. Creech. Moreover twelve bulls milk white were here fed and kept dedicated to the Sun— ••£501 HsAix — I am forry we have no better a tranflation of this fine poet, to do him that juflice which he merits. Ver. 78. By, &c.] OoiCy ^' lerwo/i^ot, in the original, is well explained by Virgil's, Phcsbique Oracla fecuti. Spanheim relates, " that the builders of cities or leaders of colonies amongil the Greeks ufed firfi: to confult the Delphic oracle, under whofe aufpices the affair was to be done. They confulted not only about a proper place, but alfo whether it might eafily be obtained, and then under whofe conduft, quo duce : as alfo with what facred rites and laws the future city was to be furnifhed. This opinion fo far prevailed, that cities were thought never to be fuccefsful, if they were built without the infor- mation and direcftion of this oracle. A remark- able d;.'c]aration oiCeifus to this purpofe is found ' in Origen, 1. 8. 407. " Our whole life is full of examples to prove how many cities have been built from oracles ; how many difeafes and fa- mines a\'oided ; how many, negleflful or for- getful of thefe oracles, have terribly perifhed ; how many colonies have been led out, and re- warded with great happinefs, who have not ne- g'efted the commands of the oracles." Hence then the expreflion iir7ro,ai»oi oiCia, is plain, to which Jujiin alludes, when he fays, Imme- ■mores piorfus quod ILLO DUCE, tot hclla viilores inierant, tot urbes aufpicato condiderant , lib. 8. The other part of the line in the author cc-ia^ ^iiM^cr\aana, Fir gil very well again explains to us, Vrhem defignat aratro Sortiturijue domos. THE HYMN TO APOLLO. In lovely Delos^ for his birth renowri'd, An infant yet, the noble art he found : Each day Diana furnifh'd from her toils The horns of Cynthian goats, her fylvan fpoils ; Thefe did the God with vvon'drous art difpofe, And from his forming hands an altar rofe : With horns the flrong foundations clofely laid. And round with horns the perfect ftrudlure made : Thus from his paftime, and his /port, wiien young, The future ftrength of favour'd nations fprung. 39 ^5 90 Battus Ver. 85. The horns, &:c.] The altar, which Apollo built of thefc horns, was efteemed one of the wonders of the world : what was the origin of this ftory, I cannot pretend to guefs. But we may obferve, that among all nations horned animals were facrificed to him. Horn. 111. «. &c. EtTTOTI TOl ;Uaoi£rT' £W1 ZSilltt, fl>Jf* tX)l« TAYPflN 71 J' AirnN & inf. Et Ka wui APNiiN jtmrffij? AimN ti TiXetat Virgil /En. 3. Taurum Neptuno, Taurum lib! pulcher Apollo. Mn. 4. Mallant USlas de more Bidentes, Legiferts Cereri Phoeboque. White goats were facrificed to Apollo by the Romans. See Livy, 1. 25. See alfo ver. jg. orig. of this hymn. The learned reader will eafily recolle£t many paiTages to the fame purpofe. The reafon of this very general pradice is, I think, plain and obvious. The antient heathens thought that the heavenly bodies were moved, not by an originally imprefTed projeftive force, continually regulated by a tendency to the Sun, but by external pufhes on their furfaces, occa- fioned by a perpetual efflux of light from, and inflax of fpirit (or condenfed air) lo the Sun. As this was the moft ftupendous and important inflance of the power of their God, :t is no wonder, that in all their emblems, facred animals, i^c. they had a principal eye to it ; and fup- pojing their philofophy right, how could they better exprefs their belief, than by facrificing to him thofe animals, whofe amazing ftrength re- ading in their horns, did mod properly reprc ■ fent that prodigious force of the heavens, which kept the immenfe planetary orbs in a conftant circumvolution ? The horn is often ufed in the S. S. as the defcriptive name of power Jlrength, is'c. See Pfalm xviii. 3. Ixxv. 5, 6, 11. Ixxxix. 17, 24, ^c. isfc. The abufe of it as an emblem feems very ancient, and the reclaiming it, pro- bably was one reafon of the command given to Mofes, Exod. xxvii. 2. thou fhalt make the horns of it (the altar) upon the four corners thereof." Which has fome refemblance with the poets «(fa«5 Si tjt^il t;fr£j3aAArro toij^?. In confirmation of this, it is obferved [Athan Kirch. Ob. pamp. p. 221.) " That they put ^cr«j to him (namely, Jupiter or Pan, as Bccatius teftifies) to ilgtii fy the rays of the fun, moon, and other ftars : his red and fiery face denotes the etherialfre." It is obfervable, that the Hebrew word ^p CARN, a horn, fignifies alfo a ray, flendor, a crown. See note 52. towards the end, zniiMarius deCalaJio, or Leigh's Critica facra on the word. 40 THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Bat T us, illuftrious chief, the truth can prove To Lybia guided hy Apollo's love : The crow, aufpicious leader, flew before, And to the people mark'd the deflin'd fhore, Where future kings fliou'd reign in glorious flate ; Thus fwore Apollo — and his oath is fate. 95 Thee Ver. 92. Battiis, tec] The tranfition of the author here to the fuunderof his own city is very beautiful, and argues great piety. The fcholiaft tells us of this Buttus, " that being dumb, he went to Jpollo's temple, to confult the God about his voice: concerning which he anfwer- ed him nothing, but gave him fome diredlions in regard to a colony ; which Battus obeying, went into Africa^ where there are faid to be great numbers of lions. As he was travelling, he unexpecftly beheld a lion, and by the great violence of his fear, and endeavour to cry out, broke the firing of his tongue, and fo recovered his fpeech, and built ihe city Cyrcnc, of which was Callimachus." Herodotus reports the fame of a fon of Crccfus. Ver. 94. TheCroiu, &c. ] It is fomewhat very obfervablc, that the fwan, remarkable for its ■whitenefs and purity ; and the crow, remarkable for its blacknefs and darknefs, fhould both be •dedicated to Jpollo. See this hymn, ver. 6. Vulcanius, an able commentator on our author ■fays, " Porro cygnus ApolUnl iribuitur, ut per cum (lies fignifuetur, quern nobis Solis prafentia tjjicit, Jicuti abfcntia r.o6lem cori'o fimilem jcirit." Aloreover thefwoii is dedicated to Apollo, that thereby may be fignificd the day, which the pyffence of the i:im caufeth, as his ahfence cz.\\{i{\\ the n ght, like to the crow." There is no quality in the fivnn more llrikina; and obvious th.in the unc. mnicn degree of its purity and white- nef, in which, I believe, it exceeds all birds and .inimals whitfocvcr. Wherefore it might, hf the hcTthens, be thought the moft proper icprefeiitative of the irightitcfs and purity of the Jolar light: aiid fcS that fame Light is the caufe of darknefs alfo, by its irradiation occafioning the earth to turn round, and fo producing the viciflitude of day and night, therefore the croiu, an emblem of darknefs, was dedicated to the Su7i. 1 he original word in the tiebrew for evening ^li', fignifies arrow; and the original word for morning "^pll, fignifies feeking^ enquiring, fuch as is ufed in religious exercifes, and fo divining, for which reafon, as pofTefTed of the power of divination, the fwan, as as well as the crow was cunfjcraied to Apollo : " The croiv, the raven, and ihe fwan (were confecratcd to Apollo) becauft thefe fowls were reckoned to have by inftincl a faculty of pre- didfion," fays Bonier, This may give us fome rcafonable account of this flrange, yet univerfal opinion. Ver. 97. Apollo fwore, &c.] The poet tells us, that Apollo is «« luofxoi, always irrevocable in his oath, he ever is fleadfaft and unalterable when he fwears. I have tranflated it, his oato is fate, bccaufe as the poetical reader cannot want to be inf irmed, the oath of the Gods was efleemed fo binding by the heathens, that thev themfelves could not revoke it ; no, not even Jupiter, when he had fworn by S.yx, to whom we mav remember the Fates in the Heathen Mythology are always fuperior. Swearing by Apollo, amongft the aniients, was looked upon as the firmeii bond, and ftritflefl obligatiou pofTible : and his oracles were of all others efleemed the moft true and facrcd, infomuch that Euripides fays, Phcebus alone ought to give oracles. 5«;j and clamour : which the Jthen'ans were once advifed to do by the oracle of Apollo, fay fome, they obeying, and fo gaining a viiSlory inilituted this feftival to his honour. Plutarch reports, that it was obferved in memory of a viiStory obtained by Thefeus over the Ama- zons. Others fay, it was inftituted in memory of lo, who afTifted the Athenians in the reign of Ere£iheiis. But none of thefe reafons feem per- feftly to explain theufeof the word, or to fhew us, why the month was called Bcedromian, which, I think it is plain, gave rife to this ap- pellation of Apollo, according to the mytholo- gifts. I am apt to conceive the name is only an attribute of the light, which in the month of Augujl is violent, and if we may fa fay, runs with a fwift and vehement progrefs, according to the exadl meaning of BaJjo/x^v, whence I con- ceive BoijJfjfiwf, which is accelerare, curfu incitato ferri : So that according to this Apollo was called Bocdromian from the violent and intenfe power and motion of his rays, i.e. thefolar heat, and tlie month was fo named from him. He was called Clarian, we are told, from a town of Ionia, named Claras near Colophon, where was a moft celebrated oracle of his : fo that probably he was fo named from KXufcj, fors, a lot, as being the God of augury and divination, &c. as making all things bright and clear : and it fecms probable, that the oracles of Apollo were thence the moft famous and celebrated, as the light ox fun is that which bringeth all things to view, and manifejls things that are fecret, agreeable to many ftcries in the heathen mythology ; particularly that of Venus and Mars, whofe amours Phabus faw and mrnifefted. The Latin word clarus (clear, bright) is very near in Tiund, and I imagine in fenfe to this name Ctar: :n ; whether it is ufed in the fenfe before mentioned, or comes from K^£o;, as fome funpofe, is no: for me to deter- mine : but I ftrongly believe both are derived from fyiEo;, glory, brightnejs. See Littleton's dictionary on thv- word Clarus : " x^eo;, gloria faff urn ir.uft. KAsEfo;, xXsifo,-, Clarus" So that according to this, Apollo vids called Clarian from the brightnefs and clcarnef> of the folar lighf* which manifcfts all things. G 42 THE HYMN TO APOLLO. (For to thy merit various names belong : But none like lov'd Carnean glads my fong : For fo my country celebrates the God, Who, thrice remov'd, here fix'd his firm abode. From Sparta firfl:, where firfl: the name was fung Carnean, Theras led the chofen throng : Great Theras, from a race of antient heroes fprung : Recover' d Battus then from Thera's fhore, Thee and thy colony, bright Phoebus, bore ; In Lybia rais'd a temple to thy name. And rites eftablifh'd to record thy fame. 100 I I 105 ^ J. 110 Which Ver. loi. Carnean, &c.J The poet tells us, that of all the names wherewith Apollo was dig- nified, none pleafed himfo well as that wheietsy he was peculiarly adored, and known in his own country ; of whofe honour he Qiews him- felf always very jealous, omitting no opportunity, like a found patriot, to celebrate either its praife, or that of his prince. Apollo^ we are told, v/as called Carnean from the feaft celebrated to his honour, firft at Sparta, and then at Cyrene ; which was held in fo great veneration, that children born on that day, were called Car- neadis. Many reafons are given for the naine (which fee in PoiViv't a7itiquitics, vol. I. p. 408) but none fatisfacflory. Macrobius too appears to have ftrained the matter, when he tells us, that /Apollo was called Ka^vsio;, m xaioftEjoj cf«Ti;» *fo5, vel qitod, cum omnia ardentla confumaiitur, hicfua calore candens femper tiovus conjiat-, p- 240. The true derivation is given by Hurt, in his Dcmonjira. Ev.n.'^ellca, who obfervcs, that " the v/ord lCa5»«o» is derived from the Hebrew ^~ip> KaRN, a horn. The reader will immediately recoiled: what was faid concerning Aun/y, ver. 85. and the obfervation at the end, which this of M, Huct confirms i and it is obfervable that CalUmachus, immediately after the defcription- and account of the altar of boms compofed by Apollo, celebrates the founder of his city BaituSy who under the aufpices of this God, founded Cy- rene, and inflituted the rites of Carnean Apollo, who, as the light, performed all the works of nature, and to whom therefore^oiwr^, ike. were prefented. See line 1 1 3. Ver. 104.] The author here gives us an hif- torical detail of the removal of the colony, under the aujpices oi Apo'lo, which firft was fettled at Sparta, thence iranfplanted by Theras (who he tells us was the feventh from Oedipus) to Thera or Theraa, aii ifl^nd of the JEgean fea, which had its name from this hero Theras, according to Hercd^tus. And 3dly, by Battus condu(5ltd to Lybia, who built the city Cyrene, &c. as men- tioned in the text. The author calls him Apro- rO.ni, which we are informed was his original name, that of Battus having been given him by the or.xle, when he conl'ulted it (as obferved note. 92.) he calls him cu^oj, recovered, in allu- fion to what is recorded in that note, of his re- gaining or recovering his fpeech. Concerning the bulls, horned beafts offered to Apollo, See note 85. THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Which annual in his city are renew'd. When bulls innumeious ftain thy flirines with blood, lo, Carnean, all-ador'd, we bring The choicefl: beauties of- the painted Spring, Now gentle Zephyr breaths the genial dew, That gives each flower its variegated hue : But on thy altars, when jftern winter comes, The fragrant faffron breaths its rich perfumes. 43 Sf5 To Ver. 115. Noiv gentle. &c.J The author's exprtflionis here remarkably fvveetand poetical. Zi^v^U w»«o»T<>! !!^. Zephyro infpiraiUt rorem. Flowers in t'le Tpring Ave rind were jfFered to Apollo^ a juft tribu'e to the Sun^ which brings them forth, and gives them their beautiis. Moft flowers reprefent to us the trradi tion a light, and in fome all the bell Jloivers j the cetonomy is much to be ob- fervea ; for in cverv fingie flower wc fhall find fix leaves, with an » radiation in the midfl ; and in fome more diftindtly, that which enclofes the feed, divided into three parts in one, as may be feen, particularly in the lilly : than which no emblem can better point out to us, the fix planets coving around the fun, acted upon by his irradiation and power, or by the three agents fire, light, and fpi'it, which though thiee in condition are \ ct one i'" fubfi:a;ice. It is to bt remembred, that great ufe of powers was made in the 'Jciv'Jli cereir.oiiies, the hmo\i? candhjlick, a repr;fentative of the fyjlcni, amongfl other things had foxvers to fhew the irradiation of light, Exod. xxv. 31. See alfo 7.Chron iv. 5. and on the forehead of the /i/V/j- piiefi, that well-»known type of the gre.it Irra- diator, the light of the tuorld, was placed Tifower o( gold (for fo the original word fignifies i'i a flower) nay, that pivine Light himfelf tells us, that he is the roj'e of Sharon ar.d the lilly of the valley, Cr.nt. ii. i. See note 60. ad fin. So that upon this view, it is no wonder that what was afcribed to the true Light, in emblem, was by idolaters afligned to thtir God, th materiul light Ver. 118. SaJ'ron.] I rather tranflate the word Kpoxon in ihis ]^\ice. faffron, than crocus (as Mr. Jr'rtor hath done' becaufe the crocus Uith us may rather be called zjpring, than a winter flower ; nav, indeed it is the very firfl: of the fpring flowers The faffron is pr.pcrly the auiwnnal crocus, which floucifhes in Oifcber^ about which time the teftiv;! of Carnean Apollo was celebrated. It was dedicated to Apollo for the fame reafon that flowers in general were, as juft now obfervcd, and indeed the crocui is particularly remarkable in the refiiedt niciitioned in the former note. The gardeners diflinguifh. it thus ; " It hath a flower confifting ot one leaf, which is fliaped like a lilly, fiftulous under- neath, the tube widened \n\.o fix fegmenis, and reliing on the firft ftalk ; the pointal rifes out of the bottom of the flower, and is divided into three headed and crefted capillaments ; but the empalement afterwards turns to an oblong trian- gular point, divided into three cells, and is full of rtddifh fceJs." Sf^^Millaron Ihe 'word crocus. Thefe arj the characters, which, without the terms of art, I obferved belonged to hellfioiva;., emblems of the fix planets, fupported by the three agents, in which the light, or Irradiation G 2 i> 44 T H E H Y M N TO APOLLO. To thee eternal fires inceffant rife, And on thy flirine the living coal ne'er dies. 120 When is the ruler : and of this the crocus too was in its colour an emblem, which is a fecond reafon why it was facred to the God of light. Homer alm( ft always defcribes the morning as clad in ■AJaffron robe ; nay, and calls her particularly, "The faffron morn, with early blufhes fpread. See ///. xi. , ver. i. and Virgil follows his fteps clofelj', raifimg his Jtirora from tlie croceum cubile, the faffron bed of Tithorius. By all which is meant no more than the fine colour which adorns the mornings and of which the faffron was a reprefentative, as an old poet, quoted by Spanheim, exprefly in- forms us, See Excerpta a Grotio, p. 846. The flower of the faffron, which inwove Refembles the bright rays of Sol. Ruiilum foils jubar imitatur. Grotius. And as it was thus in its colour an emblem of the bright folar light in irradiation, hence I pre- fume its name, which the excellent Spanheim hath well obferved is doubtlefs of /A-i^rao' origin, comin<' from [liD'^D CReCM, which we find in the Cant. iv. 14. and which is indifputably de- rived of 'I'^D CReC, to roll round, to move round as in a circle, which the irradiation caufes the orbs to do, and whence comes ^D"13 CReCB, an orbit, circle, compafs, as it is rendered Exod. xxvii. 5. Moreover as crocus is evide^itly derived from hence, fo I doubt not is ci/cus, circulus, a circle, orbit, for CReC, crocus, and circus are very near in found, and letters, and mutually explain and confirm cacii other. Littleton fays, thut circus )S denved a Chald. i"]"!^. CReC, cir- cundire, to compafs about. I'nuj we have a fatisfaiflory account of the name, which explains tiiC meaning of its colcur, and appropriation to \.\\c folar light, and which if, at leaft, more near the matter, than the derivation given by the fcholiaft, who tells us, that it was called Kfoxof, capa TO it xfVH GaA^ein. which feems very far Irom the fenfe or found of the word. I obferved, that it was mentioned in the Canticles, at one ofthofe aromatic fweets, thofe divine and hea- venly graces, which are in the church the fpoufe of Chrift. In Chrift himfelf the true light, is a garden of fweets, his merits, prayers and in- terceflions are as the incenfe made of all manner of perfumes and fpices afer the art of the apo- thecary. See Exod. xxx. 35. And therefore amongft the reft faffron was burnt and oflFered to him in the incenfe, as the Hebrew Rabbis and writers inform us : Hence the idolaters might ufe it amongft the other perfumes, which com- pofed their incenfe to Apollo. And at Cyrene particularly, the faffrom was remarkable for its fragrancy and odour ; as Theophraflus informs us. Etioi7(xoTa T« h rm it KYPHNH Poi"*, &c. « A.a^jjo^lwj h H T8 KPOKOY. " l^he rofes at Cy- rene are very fragrant, whence the ointment of rofes is moft fweet : nay, even the odour of the violets and other flowers there, is excellent and divine: but more efpecially t\\at o( the faffron." I have, I fear, already enlarged too much on this matter, but not fo much as the fubje£t requires, wherefore to make up for the many particulars obfervable of this plant, I muft refer the reader to the learned Spanheim' s note on this place, and alfo to the ingenious Mr. Merrick on Tryphio- dorus, note 448. We may juft obferve, by the bye, that the bhi/hes of the rofe are given to the morning, as well as the golden vejlure of the crocus. The faffron morn with rofy bluflies fpread, i^c. And Aurora now fair daughter of the dawn Sprinkled with rojy light the dewy morn. Home r. Ver. 120. yind, &C.] OuJi von x^'i"' '""f^ocr- xt'at atO^axa Tff^i. Neqne unquam hejhrnum ab- funiit carbonem cinis, fays the author; from whence we learn, that this perpetual fire was not hke fome, a lamp only burning and fed with oi). THE HYMN TO APOLLO. When the glad hours bring round the folemn day, On which Carnean rites his people pay, With joy the God beholds the choir advance, Brown Lybian dames, and warriors, to the dance. 45 Not oil, but a- fire fed with coals upon the altar : his expreflion is remarlcable and cannot well be exprefled in our language, the cinder never feeds or confumes the yejierday'i coal; for it is obferv- able, that the cinders or afhes do as it were feed upon and eat away the fire. Why a perpetual fire was kept up in the temple of the God of light, we cannot be at a lofs to under/land ; nor fhall we wonder at this univerfal cuftcm amongft all nations, Perfians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, &c. when we confider its origin, and that more- over, it was reclaimed to hlmfelf by the true light, and ordered to be kept in his temple. " The y?r^ (hall ever be burning upon the altar : it (hall never go out." Levit. vi. 13. Eufebius informs us, from Theophrajlus, " that the rite of burning perpetual fire to the Gods, had been in their worfhip from time immemorial." A- mongft the Perftaus, if at any time the facred fire went out, they fliewed fuch a regard to it, that they would not rekindle it but with flame lighted up by the Sun-beams, This circumftance in Apollo's worfhip, which is not often men- tioned, will very well explain a piece of hiflory, which at firfl: fight feems a little unaccountable, viz. " that when Dates the Per fan burnt and deffroyed without mercy, fo many of the X^re- cian temples, he fpared thofe in Deles, where Apollo and Diana were principally worfhipped." It is generally agreed, that Apollo is the fame with the Perfan's Mithras. And the pafTage before us proves, that what with the Perfians was the grand point of his worfhip, the cryj a.%ita.m, the perpetual fire, was obfirved by the Greeks as well as themfclves. The Perfians lenity in this In- ftance then is not -Turprizing, fince he himfL-If not only worfhipped the jame God, but in the fame manner. For Mithras, Ap-^lk, and the folar light were all ore and the fame. I fhall fubjoin a curious account of the mttt.od of pre- ferving the cverlafting fire near Baku, from the travels of a modern (Mr. Hanvuaf no lefs efleemed for his accuracy, than his ingenuity, humanity, and excellence of heart.. " Thefe opinions, with a few alterations, are flill maintained by fome of the pofterity of the Indians and Perfans, who are called Gebcrrs or Gaurs, and are very zealous in prefei ving the religion of their anceflors, particularly in regard to their veneration for the element of fire. What they call the everlafiing fire near Baku, before which theie people offer their fupplications, is a phasnomenon of a very extraorduiary nature, in fome meafure peculiar to this countiy, and there- fore deferving a particular defcription. The objeiT; of devotion to the Geberrs, lies about 1 o Engiijh miles N. E. by E. from the city o'iBuku, on diy rocky land . There are feveral antient temples built with flone, fuppofed to have been all dedicated to fire, mofl of them are arched vaults, not above 10 to 15 feet high. Among others there is a little temple in which the Indians now wor- fhip : near the altar about three feet high is a large hollow cane, from the end of which illucs a blue flame, in colour and gentlenefs not un- like a lamp that burns with fpirits, but feim- ingly more pure. The Indians affirm, that this flame has continued ever fince the flood, and they believe it will laft to the end of the world; that if it was refilled, or fupprefled in that place, it would rife in fome other. Here are generally forty or fifty of thefe poor devotees, who come on a pilgrimage from their own country, and fubfifl upon wild cellcry, and a kind of feru- falem artichokes, which are very good food, with other herbs and roots found a little to the northward. Their bufinefs is to make expia- tion, not for their own fins only, but for thofe of others, and they continue the longer time, in props riion to the number of perfons for whom they have engaged to pray. They mark their foreheads with faffron, and have a great vene- ration for a red cow ; they wear very little cloathing, and thofe who are of the moft di- ftinguifhed piety, put one of their arms upon their heads, or feme other part of their body, in a fixed pofition, and keep it unalterably in- that attitude." 46 THE HYMN TO APOLLO. Not yet the Dorian colony poffeft The plenteous foil, by fruitful Cyrne bleft, 125 But Ver. 125. Not yet, he] The Mthor in the foregoing lines has informed us, that the colony, which now conftituted his country, was thrice tranfplanted : and here he tells us, that they had not yet arrived at the place, which was watered by the fountain Cjre or Cyme, that is, where the city Cyrene now ftands, but wandered in the defart places of Azilis, a part of Lybia, when Jpolio ftanding on the top of Myrtiifa, a mountain in Lybia, fhewed them to his bride Cyrene, the daughter of Hypfeus (whence he calls her Hypfch) who was more particularly famous for her conqueft ever the lion, which laid wafte the country of Eurypylus. and which fhe flew on this very mountain Myrtufa. Mr. Prior tranflates the paflage thus, — Nor had yet thy votaries From Greece tranfplanted touch'd Cyrene's banks. And lands determin'd for their laft abodes; But wander'd thro' Jzi/is, horrid foreft, Difpcrs'd ; when from Afyrtiifei's craggy brow J'ond of the maid aufpicious to the city, Which muft hereafter bear herfavour'd name, Thou gracious deign'ft to let the fair one view Her ty'ie people : thou with pleafure taught'it !ier, is'c. 'lilt: iw.Jcr will eafsly fee Mr. Prior's error, which ykx ' the beauty of his poetry will atone for:. his following lines are built wholly on a iniRalce, and therefore I uniit them : and ab I know not of any better C' mmentary on this paflage, I haVe fubjoin'jd a' tranfl.ition of the f;th Pythian ode oi Pinlar, where is a full ac- count of Cjre7ie''s exploits and Apollo'-i amour. Strophe i. Qlowing bright with fhield of brafs, Victorious in the Pytivan race. Great Te/ejicrates his praife Mv foul delights to found in nobleft lays. Ye Graces aid your poet's fong, ''And l^oidJy bear the drain along, Spread, fpread the blifs, the glorv wide Of brave Cyrene': garland and her pride. From Pelion's mount where winds perpetual roar, Bright-hair'd Afollo fair Cyrene bore. To thofe bleft realms where flocks in thou- fands ftray. And fulled plenty crowns the fmiling plain : In golden car he bore the nymph awa)'. And gave her o'er the world's third part to reign. Antijlrophe i. Briglit Venus, goddefs of the fair. Who hoi Is her courts and revels there. Smiling rcceiv''d her Delian guefi, Aiid. brea^ii'd'fsft 1o\'c thrc" each enaniour'd ' ■■ ^^)-e'ai!-.' '^^'^h!!e' itiod'e'fty f.veef.-uiuini 'g fpread : he h'ap^ytevc-expe£ting bed, \\"'u 1,' .\':j 'Ap'blh'i gloX'i'ing arms. Might claTp Hypjaus' blooming daughter's charms. ' Frcni OL'>i?«*s' m'ofiarch 'v/ds Hfpffctis fprung, King c>f the Lapith/r, a warlike throng ; ' Peneus the G()d's, Hypjttus Peneui' fon : M-^ho d.tliance fond with {'mv Creufa held In Piiidus' vale, where he the virgin won, And with Cyrene's godlike father fill'd. Epode I. That father, with induftrious care. Each female virtue taught the fair : Tut fhe — a nobler tafk approving, Scorn'd the loom's enervate toys : Far from female trains removing. Talking banquets, lTO{, as their fubjeft is principally the fA-^tY////ij« in the Euxine fea, and. as that poet begins them thus, — Ac;^o;t£i'Of ff!o tpoi^Sf Sec M»)iTCf*ai ot nONTOI O xara ro,<«. ^'C- immortality." Hath not the poet preferved the tradition with remarkable exactnefs ? He does not fay, ivBv tyms uaadrityif, thou zva/l Lorn tbcSaviour, i^c. but ttiSt/ crt fiHTiip ya'ai:' dicamryifot, thy mother bore thee a Saviour, &c. * And I leave it to the reflexion of every confiderate reader," whether tiie fenfe here propofed be not much more pertincrt to tiio then ilate of man, than th.%t in which they are, I doubt, commonly under- ilood. J. P. „., •^ 7 he THE HYMN TO APOLLO. *' While the MeHflje facred waters bring, *' Not from each llream, but from the purefl: Ipring, " From whofe fmall urn the Hmpid current rills *' In clear perfe6lion down the gladden'd hills." Hail king, once more thy conquering arm extend, To final ruin rancorous Envy fend ! 5' i6o The fcholiaft informs us, that Calllmachiis was abfolutely compelled by thefe reproaches of his enemies, to write a long poem, which he called Hccale. The Meiijfa: were the prieft:efres of Ceres. Mr. Prior has wandered very v.idely from his author in the conclufion of this hymn : nay, and indeed in the beginning of this fpeecli of Envy's to ApoUs, whom ihc poet introduces, as infinuating privately into the ears of the God her bitter venom; in a manner beautifully de- fcribed by Mr. Pope ; Willing to wound, and yet afraid toftrike, Juft hint a fault and hefitate diflike. Mr. PnVthus renders the pafiage, Envy thy latent foe fuggefted thus, Like thee I am a power immortal : therefore To thee dare fpeak : how canft thou favour partial Thofe poets, bfc And the lafl: line. Xaigf anal' o ii Mu^i-oq, u o ipSofo; S'j^x Koira. he thus enlarges upon, which, for the beauty of tlje poetry, I fubjoin, though it is by no means a trandatioii of Callimachus. lo Jpollo, mighty king : let envy Ill-judging and verbofe, from Z^//^^'s lake Draw tuns unmeafurable, while thy favour Adminifiersto my ambitious thirft The wholcfome draught from Aganippe's fpring, Genuine, and with foftmurmurc gently riiling, A down the mountains where thy daughters hauEt. i^(j Thus I have gone through this celebrated and excellent hymn, in which are found many re- makable pafl'ages, fuch as I fear, are not to be parallelled in thofe which follow : if from any of them, the leaft light is thrown on any part of fcripture, however fmall, I fhall rejoice, and think my labours not wholly in vain. Efid of the Hymn to Apollo. THE Third Hymn of Callimachus. * 7i Diana, O D D E S S, delighting in the fylvan chace, The bow, the quiver, dance and mountain fports, Goddefs of woods, Diana, theeweiing; Woe to the bard whofe fongs forget thy praile 1^ Thee will we Ung, and hence begin the fong ; 5 How, • Hynm to DiAf^ A.J The poet having fung the praifes oi Apollo, proceeds next to fpeak of his fifter Diana, whom lie makes it a point of reli- gion to celebrate, and a duty incumbent upon the poetical fons of Apollo, not to forget the fifter of their God : fo greatly efteemed as (he was amongft mankind ; nay, and e\ en honoured with the title of Swreifa, as that of "Zufn^, Saviour, was given to her brother. S;e hymn to Apollo, vcr. 62, and 147. By Diana, in the heathen fyflem, it is well known, is meant the moon, whom with the/iv/ zni J}ars we are affured, from infallible truth, the antient idolaters wor- fhipped. " And left thou lift up thine eyes unto heaven, and when thou fceft the ^L''A^, and the MOON, and the STARS, even all the ho/? 0/ hr.Tnen, fliouldft be driven iowor/l/ip them, ^c, Deut. iv. 19. comp. Job xxxi. 26. The reader muft not expeft to find fo many beautiful allu- fionsto revelation in this hymn as in the former,, which abounds wi;h fable, and as being prin- cipally narrative, is of necclfity not fo inflruclive in THE HYMN TO DIANA. How, when a prattler on the thunderer's lap, The little Goddefs thus addreft her fire : — <* Be vow'd virginity thy daughter's lot, 53 cr She in religious truths : yet it wants not beauties, and has been always juftly efteemed as an in- Gojnparabls piece of pcerry. The word which I have rendred fylvan chace in the firft line is, in the original >.a.y!o0ohixi, wretchedly tranflated £.(tia in the Latin verfion : the proper fenfe of the v/ord is hunting of hares, but according to no uncommon cuflom, it is applied from that ipe- cies of it, to hunting in general, as EXap)i|3o^ia, which though commonly ufed for hunting in ge- neral, fignihes in p3nicu\zTjfag-hu!!ting. DiANy^'s fpeech J Frifchlinus is ingenious enough in his annotation on the following fpeech : The poet, fays he, puts a fpeech into the mouth of the Goddefs entirely becoming her : her peti- tions are all fuch as Diana might aft: ; and more, I think they may all be underftood of the moon, ^tia quidem omnia de luna aptijjime inteliigi pojfunt : hac enim femper virgo eji, ifc. «' She is always a virgin, becaufe {he always retains the fame vigour of age, and never grows old : for the heavenly bodies do not experience that mutation and metamorphofis, which other frail and palling things, fubject to many cor- ruptions, experience. She is faid to emit her darts or arrows, and to hunt wild beafl:s, be- caufe, with her rays fent forth and difperfed in the night, {he enlightens thefe lower regions, and fupplies them with moifture, and the proper power of encreafe and vegetation. She is mofl patient and enduring of labours in her courfe, becaufe the moon in her period, which {he per- forms with admirable fwiftnefs, is never wearied : file is accompanied with many nymphs and atten- dants ; becaufe when (he {hines in the night, {lie is on all fides furrounded with flars ; fhe is in fine, nuntium cujlos, nemorumque I'irgo, the gftardian of the mountains, and virgin Goddefs of the groves ; becaufe, when fhe arifes fhe feems to us to arife from the mountains, when fhe fets, to defcend down into them." Of the power of the moon in vegetation we are informed from the fcriptures, where we are told of the precious things put forth by the moon, Deut. xxxiii, 14. and P/.'/7)- remarks, that crcfente luna frumenta gran- dejcunt. Ver. 8. Virginity 1 Her fir{l petition is for perpetual virginity, which Ovid tells, was after« wards a reque{t of Daphne's, Da mihi perpetud, genitor charijfime, dixit, Vii ginitate frui — dedit hoc pater ante Dianesi Then cafling round his neck her tender arms Sooths him with blandifhment, and lilial charms : Give me, my lord, {he faid, to li\'e and die, A fpotlefs maid, without the nuptial tve : 'Tis but a fmall requeft ; I beg no more Than what Diana's father gave before. Dr VDEN, Paul Voet, is a little fevere upon the ladies in liis note on this place : " For, he fays, women arechafle, not thro' choice and good will (being very frail in their own natures) but by neceiTity j and therefore Diana begs to be chafte, while it was fcarce poffible for her to be fo." And in- deed, " vows of virginity ihould well be weighed :" fmce e\en this challeff of chafte ones, this Diana herfelf has been taxed of cancel lino- her vow with Endymicn ! however, mytholo- gifls have endeavoured to clear her from all afperfions, by {hewing us the meaning of this allegory; and amongft the reft the moft ingenious lord Bacon, whom fee in his Sapientia Vetcrum, under Endymion five gratiofus. See alfo Bonier' s mythology, vol. i. p. 45 and 77. where this matter is accounted for rather nearer the truth than lord Bacon's, Homer h«s a p.fTage in his hymn to Venus, fimilar to this of our author; But bright Diana Venus ne'er cou'd move, To taflrethe fweets and own the pow'r of love : The virgin Goddefs flill unconquer'd roves, And with her lays of freedom charms the groves : The chace, the choir, the dance engage her foul, And ftates where virtue and religion rule. 54 THE HYMN TO DIANA. " She cry'd, my father : and for numerous names With thy Diana let not Phoejbus vie. Be mine the bow, the quiver : not from thee Thofe arms I afk : permit but the requeft, The fwarthy Cyclops fliall perform the tafk, Point the wifli'd fliafts and ftring the flexile bow : Let me bear light : and chace the flying game Down to the knee in welted tunic clad. Of Ocean's daughters, flxty lovely nymphs, Who yet have feen, but thrice three fummers bloom. 10 15 Young Ver. 9. For numerous names. 1 Amongft the fcveral caufes that have introduced (o much confufion in the lieathen fyftcni of religion, there are few have been more prejudicial than this beforeus, namely, The great variety of names, whereby they addrell their Gods, From hence it is, thiit fuch a mob of nominal deities have pro- ceeded : for thofe names, which were only ufed as epithets and charafterifiics of the feveral pro- perties, aftions, and benefits of the fame god, afterwards were thought to denote different deities, and by that means multitudes of un- heard of beings were introduced. We may remember, th;it Callimachus affigns this honour to y//f//(3 of having many names. See ver. 100. of the hymn to Apollo. " This is that ■^^o^tl^!l}'l», tr.uch fpeaiing, and vain repetition, izysGravius, which Chrift con- demns in the prr.yers of the heathens, Matt. vi. 7. for the heathens particularly affefted this, and not only the Greeks, but alfo all the eaflern na- tions. Hence Selden de Diis Syriis hath ob- ferved, that amongft the Arabians their hymns ■to God v/ere fluffed with names only, apper- taining to the deity, infomuch that above an hundred names were gathered together, without any fingleexprcflion, except thefe of invocation. Ste more concerning this iro\vuvvf/.itt. in Selden," We need not go fo far as the Syrians, fmce every reader of the hymns of Orpheus mufl: ne- ceflarily obferve, that they confifl of nothing befide thefe names and appellations of the deities to whom they are addreft, and whofe attributes they record. Ver. 15. Let me hear light. '\ This petition of Diana's is doubtlefs applicable to the moon: and beft explained by the antient remains we meet with, where fhe is reprefcntcd with a moon, and two torches, whence flie had the name of "AaoBX't, torch-hearer, as well as ipwo-pojo;, light- hearer ; which laft was often given to Minerva, becaufe, as Proclus explains it, flie, as it were, lights in the fouj the fire of underftanding ; but to Diana, becaufe file brings to light the hidden fecrets of nature. To explain thefe attrihutes, vejlments, &c. of Diana, I have given the antient coins, as the bcfl commentary on the autlior. Ver. 17. Oztzvi % daughters ."] Hefiod rec]!ions up 3 goodly company of thefe daughters of Oceanus and Tethys ; and adds, that they were in number three thoufand. — — no^?.ai 7s fJAt f.o-i xai aX^ai See Hefiod, Qteyona, ver. 364. and Banier's My- thology, THE HYMNTO DIANA. 55 Young and unfpotted all, to join the dance My lov'd compeers appoint : and from the banks 20 Of Amnifus a train inferior fend In number and degree, attendants meet My bufkins to provide, or careful tend My faithful dogs, when, wearied from the chace, Their miftrefs lays her ufelefs quiver by. 25 Each mountain be my dow'r : and, wherefoe'er Thou wilt, allot one city to my charge : Midft mountains my abode, rare fhall the din Of populous cities grate my peaceful ear : Then only, mixing with the mortal croud 30 When thology, vol. I. p. 114. ofthefe, according to going to lofe their virginity. Hence in the G/w.f our poet, Diana difires fixty for her companions, poets they are often called n«f6iHxai /*it^i, and and Gratius, who fays, in Latin, Zona virginees. Medea, meaning to Ajr -a •, r t • J- f^y flie was ftill a virgin, fpeaks thus in Apolh- MJctvere tuo comttes Jub nomine divis ■' o 7 r - r Centum emnes nemoriim, centum ds Jontibus ' ornnes. My zone ftill unpolluted and unhoi'd Naides Still pure, as in my father's houfe, remains. is nearly confonant to him ; for fhe had twenty So that thefe Oceanime are not called Aft.Tjai, of the Amnifian nymphs, fo that all together becaufe they had loft their zones and virginity, make up almoft the hundred. but becaufe they had not yet received the virgin Vcr. 19. Young and unfpotted.] The original is Zonf» being yet too young for marriage." Ver. 20. The banks of Amnifus.'] Amnifus -Wis TlaT-at tiviTtat, •Kuaa<; eti TraiJa,- «fiiT§a;. the name of a city, as well as a river ot Crete, the nymphs belonging to whichwere called Am- where Spanheim obferves, that the zones or ni/iades ; twenty of whom Diana here defires for fiAT^at, were given only to thofe virgins who her maids, for that is the meaning of Aaifi«-o?ia4, were marriageable, Firo matura ; and taken in the original, as their office confirms. Diana from them, or according to the known expref- was faid to have been begotten in this city, and fion, faid to be loofed (folvi) when they were frequently to bath in the river. 56 THE HYMN TO DIANA. Wlien women torn with child-bed's throbbing throws Di ana's aid implore : to me this lot Immediate on my birth, the Fates afTign'd, For that, without a mother's pangs brought forth, Who in my birth or bearing ne'er knew woe !" — She fpake and to confirm her words uprais'd Her little hand, attempting fond to ftroke, With adulation fweet, her father's beard : Z^ Oft Ver. 31. IVljen wonicn^ &c.] Dianam autem et lunam eandemejfe putant, i^c. luna, a lucendo nominata fit : eadem eji eiiim lucina. Itaqiie ut apud Gracos Dianam atqiie luciferam fie apud nos 'Jimonem luclnam in pariendo invocant ; quis eadem Diana omnivaga dicitur, non a venando, fied quod in feptem numeratuy tanquam vaganti- bus : Diana di^a quia no£iu qiiafii diem efipceret. Adhibetur autem ad partus, quod fc maturefcunt aut feptem nonnunquam aut plerumque novem lUna_ curfihui : qui, quia mtnh fpa:ia ccnficiunt, .menfes tiominantur. Cicero de Nat. Deorum. c. 27. lib 1. We learn from this paflage of C/<,Yr«, whjit hath been before advanced, note i. that Diana and the Mion are one ; and that the names Luna, Lucina\ ^c. are derived from fliining. That file is called omnivaga, or faid to tuander every when, not from hunting, but becaufe flie is numbred amongft the fcven wandring or er- ratic liars or planets. That file is called Diana, becaufe fhe makes a kind of day in tlie night ; and particularly, that fhe was invoked to the affiffance of child-bearing women, becaufe births are perfefted in feven, or at the moft, in nine of her courfes, i^c." There might poflibly be many other reafons given for this fable of the Moon's or Diana's afTiftance to travailing wo- men -, whofe influence upon their bodi.s did not efcape the antieiits, and whofe months are ilill their ftated reckonings, ^c. "_ The Fates are very properly mentiimcd by Callimachus (as lipnnheim obCerves) with Diana Lucifera : EiA«- 6aia ■ax^to^oi fMi^av, is an exprcfiion of Pii:dar's in his yih Nemean Ode (the firll line) and again, /p.-aking oi'Evadne's bringing forth, he fays. Jpollo caufed the Fates and Lucina to be prefent at it; Lucina and the Fates confenting To Apollo's fond requeft , All the mother's pangs preventing With the darling offspring bleft. Olympic the 6th. AnA Anton. Liheral. in his metamorphofes,fpeak- ihg of Alcmena, fays, Moijai xai £;A£t9i;ia CTpoj And this obfervation will (by the way) throw light on that paffjge m Horace, where after in- voking Iliihyia, he fpeakes of the Fates — Vofique veraces cecinijfe paras."— .-See the fiecular poem. Ver. 35. ff^jo, &c.] In the hymn to Jupiter, he fpeaks of the birth of that deity by jn-iyaXut awsfiuxaTo KtiKirm, and here, of Diana's by (pihait a^riSiixaTO x.i'hitai ; and that a.fA.ayTirtj without any pangs of labor : for, fays V\AA&m Dacier, He- roina fine dolor e pariunt : "■ Heroins bring forth without labour." But furely, that learned lady did not confider the cafe oi Latona, fully men- tioned in the next hymn, when Ihe brought forth Apollo, as well as that of /^/a«i'«(?'s liinted at in the laft note. It may be neciflary jail: to obferve (that the reader may enter the better into the meaning of the fubfequent lines) that that there was none fo great a mark of blan- dlfhment and afFediion amongft the antients, as ftroking ihe beard : as on the contrary, none fo wreat an affront as plucking it : numbcrlefs inftances of each abound in the claffics. Firgil gives us a defcription of Jupiter's fmile, not un- like this of our author. Uli fubridens. .^neid. i. ver. 258. THE HYMN TO DIANA. Oft fruitlefs : when a foft parental fmile His brows o'erfpreading, thus he anfwer'd bland : " When heaven's immortal beauties crown my joys, " With fuch a progeny — proud queen of heav'n, " Welcome thy jealous ire ! — enjoy, fweet maid, Thy every fond requeft : nor thine alone. Still more and greater will thy father add ! Of ways and ports infpedrefs thou fhalt view *' Innumerous ftatues to thy honour rais'd : " To thy protection and thy care aflign'd, " Sole tutelary guardian of thofe ftates, *' Be thrice ten cities — thefe thy name fhall bear, 57 40 (( (C (C 45 50 " Mark To whom the father of th' immortal race, Smiling with that ferene, indulgent face, With which he drives the clouds, and clears the fkies, Firft gave a holy kifs, and thus replies. DrYDE N. Ver. 41. lVhen,&cc.] The whole heathen my- tholog)' abounds wiih tales of y who's jealoufy; and indeed, fht feems to have had good caiife, from the multitude of amours and gallantries of her hulhaiid. The God here exults o\er her, and triumphs in his debaucheries, the produce of which was fo amiable a daughter as the chafte lUaiia. To make their fupreme thus prone to kift, however mythologifts may attempt to ac- count for it, is doubtltfs highly blameable in the snticnts, but to Ihevv him exulting in the fin, admits of no e>:cufe. I am perfuadsd, or at jeafl:, fo I would perfuade myfelf, that CW/Z/na- crUis meant the pafTage as a fatyrical farcafm ; taken in that fcnfe, it is reully admirible ; an I the words, well confidered, feem to convey fome thing of that fort : triough Frifchlinus imagines it expreilive of the gieatefl: dfleilion and ten- dtrnefs. Plena affeSius patsrni ac fumtnx bene- volently r.Jponfw, ^c. Ver. 46. Oj rorts, &c.] I have made bold to tranfpufe tiie order of the lines here, for rea- fons which will eafily ilrike an Englijh reader, and I doubt not v, i'l be fatisfaftory. " Jupiter too, as the learned Spai.heim obfervss, was ciilied AiftjjofTxovro?, as well as Venus pi/opinis-st^a ; ic tliat this was no mean appellation. H ,- rhinki Diana's title may be referred to the moon, who is l.id to rife from, .nd fet in the fea, by the poets ; fo Valerius FL.ccus — Diva foporiferas qua: nunc trahis icquore higas — or to that power att .^uted to her over all fublunary thin:?s, as w-il eartii is fca." But it fcems rather, that fh i was faid to prefidc QVCT ports on account of her influence over the tides, of which it is too well kncwn to fay any thing here that the moon is the prin- cipal eaufe, I 58 THEHYMNTODIANA, " Mark of diftinguifli'd flivour — nor alone ** In thefe be lionor'd : various more remain " On ille and continent where thou fhalt fliare *' In common with heaven's fynod, holy rites, " And reverence due of altars, fanes, and groves." 55 Speaking his awful head the thunderer bow'd, And ratified his promile with the nod» Swift to Di6lynna's mount the Goddefs flies,. To Ocean thence, her lovely choir to choufe. Young and unfpotted all, a virgin train, 60 "Who yet had feen but thrice three fummers bloom. In murmuring joy Caeratus' ftream roll'd on. And o'er his urn old Tethys fmiling hung. When Ver. 55. Altars and groves.] The poet places Ver. 58. DiSlynna.] It may be afked, why ^«/xot, altars, before AA^-ea, groves, theconfecra- went fhe to this mountain firfl: ? 'Why not to tion of which is generally thought to have been the ocean immediately? Probably it might be antecedent to that of temples and altars : thefe to take poflefiion (if we may fo fay) of her new dark and venerable retreats caft a folemn awe dominions, and particularly of this favorite over the minds of the worfhippers, and their mountain: but more probably, as this mountain gloomy filence added much to the folemnity of was near the fea, to the weft of Crete, the the Pagan ceremonies. It was an univcrfal poet only tells us, the part of the fca flie went cuftom to have thefe groves round the temples, to. and fo diiiinguifliing a part of the heathen idola- ti-y, that the worihippers of the the true God Ver. 62. Caratus.] Was not only the name were particularly forbidden, the ufe of them, of a river in Crete, but alfo the noble city Cnof- See Deut, xv'i. 21. Exod. xxxiv.i 2- Deut. -kVu yi/;, near which it flowed, was thence called Ci*- 2 Kings xxiii. 6. Sec alfo the ingenious Abbe ratus. CaUhnackus \exy artlully mentions fuch Banter's curious chapter of the facred Groves, pLices as particularly worshipped ly'iann ; fuch b. 3. c. 7. vol. I. was Cnojfus ; otherwife, why fliould he not 1 (hall have occafion to fpeak more of the have mentioned any other city, river or mountain facred groves hereafter in the hvmn to drcs, than that he has done ? Arte valet, was Ovid's where we have an account of her facred grove character of him, and there is undoubtedly pe- cut down, and polluted by Er\fi(hthon. Sec ths culiar elegance and nicety in this method, hymn, ver. 33, bV. THE HYMN TO DIANA. Whenas they view'd their favor'd race advance, And bright Diana lead the nymphs along. Hence to the Cyclops pafling, thofe {he found In Lipara's ifle (then Meligunis nam'd, Now Lipara) crowding round a trough immenfe That huge vulcanian anvils groaning bore : 59 65 Enormous ■1 Ver. 68 A trough. "[ noTir§D», cquarlum, a trough for water, as woTirijuiii is traiiflated from the LXX in our Bible, Gen. xxiv. 20,30, 38. Vir- gil has a fine fimile in his 4th Georgic, which he has in a great meafure repeated in the 8th jEneid, concerning the Cyclops, and which, as illultrating Callimachus, I {hall produce : Infula ficanium juxta latus asoliamque Erigitur Liparen, &c. iEn. viii. 416. Amid th' Hefpcrian and Sicilian flood All black with fmoke, a rocky illand flood, The dark vulcanian land, the region of the God. Here the grim Cyclops ply, in vaults profound. The hu^c Molian forge, that thunders round : Th' eternal anvils ring, the dungeon o'er; From fide to fide the fiery caverns roar : Loud groans the mafs, beneath their pond'rous blows, Fierce burnt the flame, and the full furnace glows : To this dark region from the bright abode With fpeed impetuous flew the fiery God. Th' alternate blows the brawny brethren deal. Thick burft the fparkles from the tortur'd ffcel. Huge flrokes rough Sieropcs and Brontes gave. And flrcng Pyracmon fliook the gloomy cave. Swift as the word (his orders to purfue) To the black labours of the forge they flew, Vafl heaps of llcel in the deep furnace roll'd. And bubbling ftreams of brafs, and floods of melted gold. The brethren firft a glorious fhield prepare, Capacious of the whole rutulian war : Some orb in orb the blazing buckler frame, Some with huge bellows rouze the roaring flame : Some in the ftreamthehifllng metals drown'd, -J From vault to vault the thund'ring ftrokcs \ rebound, f And the deep caves rebellow to the found. J Exadt in timeeach ponderous hammer plays, "i In time their arms the giant brethren raife, > And turn the glowing, mafs a thoufand ways. 3 Pitt. Homer, in h\s Odyfiy, book g. hath given us a large account of the Cyclops : of the monfter Polypheme, he fays, A form enormous ! far unlike the race Of human birth, in feature or in face ; As fome lone mountains monftrou;. growth he flood, Crown'd with rough thickets, and a nodding wood. Pope. So Callimachus compares each one of them to mount Ojpi. Hefiod informs us, they were called Cyclops, Kt'x^u7r=■;, from having their one eye in their forehead : And Virgil'm his 3d Mneid, ver. 635. compares thefe eyes to a Ji)ield, &c. I 2 Then— 6o T H E H Y M N TO DIANA. Enormous work ! which Neptune thy commands 70 Urg'd to performance—— wond'rous was the toil ! Sight fo deform, dread monfters huge in bulk As Offa's cloud-capt hills (from whofe fierce front One blazing eye, broad as a fourfold fhield, Horribly flern, fhot terror) every nymph 75 Aftonied views ; but breathing; difcord harfh when the loud bellows, as the north-winds roar Tempeftuous, ecchoed to the deep-fetch'd groan Of every Cyclops, laboring to the blow ; Reverberating hoarfe, with horrid din 80 From loud refounding anvils, as the weight Of ponderous hammers with alternate force Defcended thundering on the tortur'd brafs : ^tna re-echoed, tho' Trinacria's realms, T DC Then — Italy : fro;n thence it paflls to Corfua, and Plunge the (harp weapon in his monftrous eye : fhakes the whole ifland to its cenue. Clau- His eye, that midft his frowning forehead (hone, dlcin, fpeakiiip oF P/;v^ff's firiking the rocks of Like a broad buckler, or the blazing fun. Tnnaci'ia with his fccptre, has fomething like Pitt. our author, Argolici Clypei, out Phahea: lampadh tnjiar, Saxa ferit fceptro : ficula: tonuere cnverna ,, . r/- •; 11 1 • lurbatnr Lipare, jiupmt fornacf rel'iSio Soon after /-/rp-z/ calls him, ., , ., tL , Jj : ■ ■, r i ■ r i *, * ' Mulabcr^ t? trepiaus dejecit jwmina Cyclops. ^ ' ■> J •> & J3^,t- [.-, this paflage Llaudian is grca. ly interior Ver. 84. Mtna^ &c.] It is worth obferving, to CaUimachus : as he defcends from the greatc-r how beautifully the author rifes upon us : /Ei?in to iiifcridr circumflrances, and limits the imagi- firft receives the (h'ick, which extends itfclf nation : for though there is particular beauty in through all Sicily, then reaches the (hores of Lis Jlupuit fornace reliilo Mulcibcr, & trepiduj dcjccit THE HYMN TO DIANA. The noife refponfive rung, loud thunder'd back From fair Italia's coafts, till bellowing round To Corfica it reach'd, and fhook the ijfle. No wonder then, feiz'd with uncommon dread The nvmphs unable to fuftain the iliock, Stood trembling and aghaft : for not in heav'n The daughters of the deities behold The monfters unappafd : but when her child Wayward the mother views — the Cyclops ftrait, Arges or Steropes £he calls : whofe forms Befooted Hermes takes : the frighted babe 6f 85 90 95 Its dejecit fulmina Cychps ; yet here we are at a ftop ; all is quiet ; we can go no further : Whereas, when our a'jthor fo ni>b!y encreafes upon us, we know not where he will hurry us, . nor where the wonderful clamour will end ; — it ecchoes round to Sicily, to Italy, to CorfiCT, and we may even conceive the whole world put in agitation by the warmth of the poet's fancy — all earth to fiake to its very center. ^'er. 90. Far not, lic.'\ Spanheim obferves, that this is the only example he ever met wih of the cuftom of m^jthers frightening their children with the name of the Cyclops : Our author tells ij';, that the daughters of the Gcds, when re- fraft jrious, were filcnced by calling the Cyclops to them ; and becaufe 'fays Mad. Dacicr) the Cyclops had no habitation in heaven, Aler cury ?ppears from a fecret place ^af/ian(i(; fK fivxarcio, with his face all befmeared snd bc- froted [ffTToJiJi Kixr.i^t'of «i6ii) to terrify them. The name of king Richard, our hiftorians tell us, was equally terrible, and ferved to the fame purpofe. It may be fufjiecled that this pafTage is ruber low, and bordering upon the infantine : and in truth, contidered merely in its plain fenfe, I cannot well relilh it ; what can be the origin, or foundation of it, I know not ; nor can pre- tend to offer the leaft dillait ccnj'.-cture : a'l the commentators here leave Callimw^»j|, fo the author given the bride when fhe was unveiled, the third calls that difeafe, which makes the hair fall off day after marriage. Fj/lcanius. So Nonnus the head. See Pliny's Natural Hiftory, I. 28. H?«.r« roj peSlul fnaxlmc obnoxla ell — the fecond (and that The work which /^i t A ; . /• J r .\. f i l"i ' mentioned by the icholiait) is, becaide where- A ;7«/i7//)mf«!; tor the God oMove. c k\ .u . 1 u u '■ ■' ever a tox Itales, that place becomes barren. Brontes, i.e. /^'i//r(7« : and we find from this p.if- Frifehllnus, as Spanhelm obferves, is miflaken fage in our author, tliat this was a name of when lie fays, AAwwijI is by analogy for ATujTrtxtx : Vulcan, '["he original of the load verfe is very fince the difeafe is by Hippocrates called Aj,uT!t)^. «xpreflivc of the \iolent pulling the hair from Libro ■n'l^i ■ar-Out. Sefl. 9. <( cc THE HYMN TO DIANA. And if perchance fome favage huge and vaft A victim to my fhafts hereafter fall, " That vidim fhall be yours : the glorious prey *' Shall glut the Cyclops with a rich repaft." She fpoke, 'twas done ; commanded, and was arm'd. Forthwith th' Arcadian Gods retreat fhe fought: Nor fought in vain : for'midft his bellowing dogs n a 63 IIO 115 Ver. 114. She fpuke.'j 'Ennrti;, 01 y creXicrat' a(paf y uTrXiaa-ao Aaifioii. The line before us is beautiful and excellent : That famous pafTage which Longinus quotes from Mofes bears great fimilitude to this, in the celerity of the perfor- mance. Let there be light, fays God, and there was light : though, as Mr. Smith obferves, there is peculiar beauty in the manner Longinus quotes it. " God faid — What? Let there be light, bfc. — That interrogation between the narrative part and the words of the Almighty himfelf, carries with it an air of reverence and venera- tion. It feems defigned to awaken the reader, and raife his awful attention to the voice of the great Creator." There is a palTage of almoft equal excellence in the Pfalms — " for he fpake, and it was done ; he commanded, and it flood faft." CaUimachus wants nothing but the gran- deur of the fubjeft to render his pafTage as truly fublime. However, it is a ftriking inftance of our author's diftinguifhing excellence and charac- teriftic concifenefs. Elegans & presclarus om- nino hie verfus, quo una, imperata a Diana Cy- clopibus Tela : eadem ah sis continuo fahrefa6la : iifque induita jam dea in uitur. Cujus plane in- figms veloci'ates, feu tarn muita paucis adeo verbis compleSientis hie poette nojlri locus, meruijfet ufi- que at a Longino, aliifque fuhlimis maxime didii- enis magijlris non fuijj'et pratermijpts. So Span^ heim. Ver. 1 1 6. For^midjl, &c,] The following lines from Gratius, will cafl fome light on this aukward employment of the God Pan ; Ergo ubi plena fuo rediit viSloria fine In partem prisd.e veniat comes, i^ fua norit Piamia : flc operi juvent injerviffe henigno. L. I. ver. 246. And thefe again from Grotius, will iilaftrate our author here too, Hie et femiferam thoum de [anguine prolan Finxit. Non alio major (fub) peiicre virtus : Seu norit voces, feu nudi ad pignora mart is, Thoes commijfos {clariffima fama) leones Et fubire aftu, to" par vis domuere lacertis. Nam genus exiguum, et pudeat quam informi fateri Vulpindfpecie, tamen hue exaBa voluntas. L. I. ver. 253. We fliall very little doubt of the fpirit and fiercenels of thefe little beafts, who daily fee fui.h inflances of it : Sir. R. Blackmore's Fujiian, may be almoft excufed, when fpeaking of them, he fays, Rais'd to the clouds the fprawling maftifFs fly, And add new monfters to the frighted fky : Some ftretch'd out in the field lie dead j and fome Dragging their entrails on, run howling home. M'hat 1 tranflate Spartan dogs, are cjlled in the author Kavoffa^iJa?, which the fcholiafl tells us, vsere fo c.lled from a place of the fame name, Cynofuris in Laconia ; they were half dog, half fox. The excellence of the Spartan dogs isfpokenof by all the cl ffics : many paf- fages 64- THE HYMN TO DIANA. A lynx's flejQi dividing, him flie found : Pleas'd from the pack, or ere the boon fhe afks Seledling, he prefents two hounds half white, Three hung with ears that fweep the morning dew, And one with various fpots diverfify'd : All ftaunch the rous'd up Hon fierce to feize Blood-happy 3 and indignant to the ftall The growling monarch drag ; feven more he gave Of Spartan breed (all fleeter than the wind :) To fcent the flying fawn, the fleeplefs hare, The branching flag, the fretful porcupine. Or trace the footfleps of the bounding roe. 120 125 And fages from which may be found in the ift chap- ter of the 3d book of Meurjius's Mifcellanea La- comca, where he treats of the Fpartan dogs, veiy fully ; and to which the reader, defirous of in- fori(^a;ion on thefe fubjeSis^ is referred. Vcr. J 25. The jleeplefs hure.^^ Oiii/.votTa \xyuo> is tJie original : where the autlior aJiudL-s to the common notion, that hares fleep with their eyes <'p-'n: OculiS patentibus donniunt hpores, fays PUny : ;inJ (as Fi ijchlinus obfervt's) /Elian tells us " it is natural to this animal to fleep with its eyes cpcr, :" v/hence by NicancLr it is called Jff*£t/»>i{ (I'K^fi aperth Oiul.'s /hrmlens.) Arid Opplanm h.\s,Cynegetics atinhutuis ay fvr.nai, Infom- niam to them. At/Totp EfiyXwoi %a|;o7ro» rpawri'civ avunon and again he fays ■ aiTOTi ya€ ovi Ywioii STi /3" t^a^oieiip uvc^fi iavrii; iXowo. From this notion arofe the proverb of lepus dor- miens, which, according to Erafmus, may be applied to thofe who pretend to one thing at the fame time that they do another : quadrat in eu?n, qui quod non facit, id facer e fe ajfimulat : aut quod facit Id fe facile dljjimulat. He adds, veque per- peram, oplnor, dlcetur et in tlmldos : and indeed this feems to me the bell: and moft: natunl mean- ing of the proverb ; taken in which fenfe 1 know none To good an explanation of it, as the inimi- txh\c Skiiefpear's chdt ati er of Fa l/lii^ in the 9th and loth fcenes of the lafl: aft of the firft: part of king Henry IV. If I remember right, Cham- bers., in his diftionary, informs us, that " the eye of an hare is too big and round for the lid to cover it, even when aileep, fo that the crea- ture flceps as it were on the watch :" and he adds, " there is a difeafe called lagoptkalrnia, which arifes from a contraifion of tne upper eye-lid, which prevents its being able to cover its part of the eye : fo that the patient is obliged to fleep with the eye half open, after the man- ner of hares." See his Dicliunary. THE HYMN TO DIANA. And now equipt to high Parrhafia's mount The Goddefs leads : where, wond'rous fight ! behold Proud o'er the fummit five tall flags advance, Immenfe as bulls : their beamy antlers fhone With gold refulgent : rich Anaurus banks Ere fed the lordly beafts : fight fo augufh With pleafing admiration, as flie view'd, Raptur'd the Goddefs cries : " A prey like this Well merits our acceptance, well deferves •f Diana's firft gift- offering to be made." Light o'er the unbending turf the Goddefs flies, Five was the fum : and four fhe quickly caught To whirl her flying charriot ; but the fifth, 65 130 ^35 140 A future Ver. 134. Their heamy antlers, &e.] Horned animals were confecrated to the Jnoon, we find as well as the fun. See Hymn to Apollo, ver. 85. Ver. 135. IVith pleafing admiration.'] Era^s? is properly tranflated by mirata es, sSatftao-a?, ol^- Jhipuijli; immifijli, in theLatin tranflation is ab- furd : the text once was i-na/pc; ; the objlupuitvifu JEneas, iijiupet — obtutuque haret defixus in una, of ^'Vr^/V explain the fenfe of the author. Ver. i^i . To whirl her flying chariot. ] When Spanheim imagined that Callimachus differed but it by no means follows from thence, that they were all of them to be employed at once. 1 the rather take notice of this, becaufe ali the old remains, we meet with, reprefent Diana, drawn by a pair only ; and the authors who mention either the chariot of Diana, or any other deity, feldom mention any more than two hearts or whatever elfe were employed. Cervi currurn fubiere jugaks, fays Claudian : Cybcle is ever feen and fpoken of as drawn by two lions ; renus, junSiis oloribus : Ceres by two ferpents. from the antient remains, which we have of Bacchus by two tvgers, or fome beads of that Z).'<7?w in her chariot drawn by flag?, he did not kind. " Spanheim obferves, that Itags were co.ifider the original with his ufual excellent facred to Diana, not only for their fwiftncfs accuracy : for the author no where fays, that her but alfo for their longevity: and thence were chariot was drawn bv four flags ; but that fhe effeemed a fymbol of etcrnit)', which tie an- caught four — i»a Oot^tvafi^u (piruai — to whirl her tients reprefcnted as well by xhcmoon as they««." flying chariot; — " that they might do it." Sit Hymn to Apollo, note 59, ■\ 'auMcuntfauccti, vol. i. p 109. K 66 T H E H Y M N T O D I A N A. A future labour for Alcmena's fon By heaven's dread emprefs deftin'd, fords the flood Of rapid Celadon : and, breathlefs half. Securely 142. ^ future labour, "l The original is which they trandate, Certamen HercuU ultimMii ut ejjft. — Non ultimum tamen, ut hoc loco, inter duodccim HercuUs certamina cerva hac Xjutroxs^u;, cb eo domiia, fed tertium recenfetur ab Euripide^ fays "panheim : and fo Grcsv'ius — Non ultimum fuijp' certamen HercuUs, fed tertium Apollodorm tradit : itoqite Icgendum vri^m, i. e. pojha, pcftei te pore. But both thefe learned men, by fome inadvei iency, miltook the fenfe of the author, anJ were nufled by the error of the tranflator. For Callimachus never intended to fay that this was the ultimum, the laft labour of Hercules : vfarcit in the author muft be taken adverbially, for pij/irrmum, py.'modum, which fignification rt very frequently bears ; and in which the author plainly ufes it, Ilymn to Dclos, ver. 171. YraTov ■ i. e. commune quoddam nobis veniet bellum pojl- modum ; and again in the fragments colledled by Dr. Bentley, A\ 6' o^s^£5 ^cuiitKi, 15 vfocTov c^x^acta-S'^t, i e. Vtinam morcreris, autnunc \}oi\r;ted the one, he ought to have corre£led the other error ; which he has not : tranflating it — Kudos homines frigore infejians — although he knew cty^Mmai, was the fame as ^vry^-vumc-i.-, vdi, attrito, levi '^miiiu indutis : filo r.on jatis crnjjo^ac proinilc, fays lie, arcendo fri- gori Tbracio omnino impart That this is the true fenfe of the word, Spanheim fufficienciy proves. — In the foregoing lines Diana is faid to have gone to Thracian Hamus, but why to this mountain rather than any other ? "Either, fays Spanham, becaufc it was a very commodious place for hunting ; or becaufe this deity, under various names, was peculiarly worfliipped irt Ihrace." Ver. 155. But whence the torch, kc] Having now equipped the Goddefs with all ht-r aitributes confidered as a huntrcfs, or Diana Ay^ors^a, hav- ing given us an account of the origin oi her bow, her dogs, her attendants, her bcafts that draw her chariot, and the like : he next proceeds to a very particular attribute of hers (confidered as Diana Lticifera) which is the torch wherewith we always find her, in that charadler, repre- fented ; and of which we fpoke vcr. 15 of this hymn. Whence fhe firft procurtd this torch (from which fhe had the n.ime AaJa^"?' or torch- bearer, and fVr which fhe petitions Ju iterm the place above-mentioned) is the fub'fdi of the fol- lowing lines ; anJ taken in that fenK , the mean- ing, oiherwifevery obfcure, is extremely plain. K 2 ' The 68 THE HYMN TO DIANA. That gave the kindling touch ? Olympus mount The firft fupplied : the imextinguifh'd blaze Of Jove's blue lightning, flalhing gave the laft. Goddess, how oft you bent the lilver bow Sportful exploring ? From the twanging cord The firfl fhaft quivers in an elm's tough hide : An oak receives the fecond : and the third A panting favage in the wounded heart 160. Feels The pafTage fhouldbe read with two interoga- tions. the anfwer to which is in the next line^ andj the anfwer to which is again in the line following, It is obfervable, that this torch, or whatever name you pleafe to give it, was, according to our author taken from the pine-tree, whofe pitchy fubltance renders it moft proper for this ufe. Ver. 158. The unfxtinguijb'' d Haze.] Since Diana, in this charadcr oi Lucifer a muft be confidered as the 7no(m, it feems highly probable that the author in this paiFage alludes to her ftiining with harrowed 'uftre: and it will be ftill more probable, if we recolkft, that Jupiter, may be underftood taken for the fun, the filar fire, or orl) of the fun, as Jpotlc for the folar light ; whence Jupiter is called Jmmon, as was obferved, Hymn to Jupiter, note 75. The word aa^i^H, unextingu'jijed, may very properly be applied to the/^v, who is never like the moon, extinguijhed, but always fhines with a full orb. Spanheim hints, that it is \'ery proba- ble the author's fpeaking of th\s fame defending from Jupiter to light Diana's torch, might pro- ceed from fome knowledge Callimachus had of the fire fent down by God from heaven to con- fume Aaron's burnt-offering, Leviticus ix. 24. " And there came a fire out from the Lord, and confumed the altar with the burnt offering, and the fat ; which when all the people faw, they fliouted and fell on their face." But I- think, it feems plain, there is very little fimili- tude in any one circumftance (nay not in the very aftiOn of fending down fire) between this of our author and that of the fcripture, and, therefore (to ufe lord Baton's words) Nos omncm in hoc gencre Ucentiam nobis ipfs inlerdicamus, ne forte igne extraneo ad altare Domini utarnur. The reafon given above very well and fully ex- plains the matter, fo that we have no occafion to feek further. The epithet filver give)) to Diana's bow, ver. 160. may be applied to the moon, no lefs than gold to her other accoutre- ments. Her rays, i. e. her hoiu are of a fiver appearance : Frijchlinus fays, Habitum y cur- runi Diana defcribit, ut majefiutcm ds" divinam ejus potentiam adumb: et, qua non impertinevtur (sfe aureo luntt colore, £3" velocitate curfus inteUigi ^ pojfunt." Thus both gold ajid filver arc, wc, fee, affigned to the 7noon. THE HYMN TO DIANA. Feels trembling ! To far nobler game the fourth Than trees or fa v ages, direds its way : I fee it fly — dread hifling thro' the air, Wing'd with deftrudion to thofc impious ftates, Where hofpitable virtue dies contemn d,. And juftice lives a name ! How wretched they Whofe crimes incur thy vengeance ? Flocks and herds Of rot and peftilence wide-wafting die : Hail levels all their labours, herb, fruit, grain : Their blooming offspring gray-hair'd fires lament ; 69 i6s 170 Th( Ver. 170. Wretched they, &c.] Thefe lines of our author, where he denounces curfes and bleflinss on the unrighteous and righteous ftates are moft remarkably excellent : every word is expreflive through the whole : the curfes the moft fevere, the bleffings the moft elevated. Peftilence, war, famine and defolatioHj are op»- pofed to plenty, riches, health, long-life and peace : but there is one thing which above aJl, adds to their beauty, and that is, the great agreement ahd fimilitute we find in them to feveral of the fineft paflages in fcrip- ture : every one of which it would be too te- dious and unneceflary for me to point out. I fhai! therefore only give you fome of the moft ftriking that occur to me, and whoevr will give himfelf the trouble to fearch for more will find his labour well imployed. So for the firft par;^, in the Pfalms we find, " He deftroyed their vir.es with hail-ftones : he fmote their cattle alfo with hail-ftones : he gave up their cattle alfo to the hail and their flocks to hot thun- derbolts : he gave their life over to the pefti- lence." Or according to the Hebreto-, " their beads to the murrain :" P/lxxviii. Again '\\\Deu- teronomy, " 1 he Lord fhall make the peftilence cleave to thee, until he have confumed thee off the land, whether thou goeft to poftefs it ." xxviii. 21. See this whole chapter, where are recorded the bleflings for obedience, and the curfes for difobedience. Ver. 174. 'I heir blooming, &c.] In the orf- ginal xetqonat hhytfovTH £ip' viua-tt — that is (are not killed, trucidantur) but tondentur, are Jhavedfor than, becaufe it was the cuftom to fhave the beard upon the death of friends, as a token of grief: fo Ovid, Non mihi te licuit lachrymis perf under e juj} is, In tua nee tonizs ferre fepukra comas. And again Statins, At genitor, fceptrique decus cultufque tonantis Injicit ipfe rogis : tergcque iff peiiore fuiam Cxdnem ferro minuit. A misfortune feverer than this cannot fure be- fal mortals, an evil fo contrary to the courfe of nature, is old Cato, fpeaking of the death of his fon, tenderly obfervcs — Ct/jus a me ccrpus crcmatum ejl, quod contra decuit ab illo mcum, F: i/chlinti:, upon the pafl'age in our author, tells us, BcHicas clades figno dmunciat : ficut crajfw. 70 THEHYMNTODIANA. The wretched women or in child-beds pangs Midft poignant tortures perifh ; or refign Far from their native chmes th' unwelcome birth, But born to perifh, and brought forth to die. But whom thy genial fmiles protediing view, 17 75 « Oh Cr.rjfus Cyro refpondh, in pace parentes a liberh,in hello llberos a parentihus fepcliru I am rather apt to imagine the author meant net to denote the calamities of a war, as this misfortune then, though great, is not wholly unexpected, where- as he introduces it as the immediate effe£t of xefentment ; and fuch calamities unexpefted ap- pear much more dreadful. The paflages I fhall go on to bring you from fcripture will beft ex- plahi my meaning. In Exodus, it is faid," The JLord fmote all the firli- born in £g)ft :" and " There was a great cry in /Egypt, for there was not a houfe where there was not one dead." Exod. xii. 29, 30. And Job fpealcing of the wicked man fays, " If his children be multiplied it is for the fword : and thofe that remain of him fhall be buried in death." xxvii. 14, 15. ^' Ephraim fliall bring forth his children to the murderer," fays the prophet //ff/^« ix, 13. See too ver. 16. Ver. 175. The wretched women 1 Barrennefs, we find from many pafTages in fcripture was looked upon as the greateft misfortune: hence we find it denounced as a curfe — Give them, O Lord — what wilt thou give ? (where the ptophet feem.s to recollect fomething of the molt ftvere nature) by that folcmn qucftion and awful paufe — give them; he proceeds — a }r.ifcarrying womb and dry hreajls, Hof. ix. 14. but in Callimachus fomething more mifcrable j^et is threatned. The women with their births were to be deflroyed, to die amidfl their f ansjs, or if they did bring forth, they were to 10 bring forth a race quickly to perifh in foreign (Countries. Our Saviour pities the women, that at his coming fhould be with child. " Woe to them that are with child, and totliem that give fuck in ihofc davs." Matt. xxiv. 19. And in Deuteronomy xxvlii. quoted above, wc find a moll tlegaiit and pathetic paflage, where fpeaking of the mifcries of a fiege, it is faid, " The tender and delicate woman among you, who would not adventure to fet the fole of her foot upon the ground for delicatencfs and tendernefs, her eye fhall be evil towards her young one that cometh out from between her legs, and toward her children which fhe fhall bear : for fhe fliall eat them for want of all things fecretly in the fiege and flraitnefs wherewith thine enemy fhall di- ftrefs thee in thy gates — ." And this we find to have really happened iri that mod fhocking fiege of Jerufalem, of which the yrw///; hiftorian gives us fo terrible an account. Ver. 179. But whom, &c.] We come now to a more pleafing view : to a fight of the blef- fings which crown the virtuous after we have feen the terrible ilh that await the wicked and impious. The i28ih PJalm begins moft beau- tifully thus — " BlelTed are all they tliat fear the Lord, a:id walk in his ways. For thou fhalt eat the labour o: thine hands : O well is thee, and happy fi alt thou be : (for ufing whicii in my tranflation, I hope, there needs no apology) Thy wife fliall be as the fruitful vine upon the walls of thy houfe, thy chddren like olive- branches round about thy table, bfc. — again — " That our garners may be full and plenteous, that our flieep may bring forth thoufands and ten thoufands in our ftreet : that our oxen may be ftrong to labour, that there be no decay, no leading into captivity, and no complaining in cur ftreets. — Happy are th.e pecple that arc in fuch a cafe, yea, bleffed are the people who have the Lord for their God.'' P/al. c-xYw. ad fin. And a^ain — " Thou crowneft the \ ear with thy gnodnefs, and the clouds drop fatnefs : they flialfdrop upon the dwellings of the wildernefs, and the little hills fhall rejoice on every fide. * The T H E H Y M N T O D I A N A. 71- " Oh well are they — and happy fliall they be !" i8o Diftinguifh'd plenty crowns the laughing fields, The cattle bring forth thoufands : hand in hand Fair peace and plenteoufnefs around them rove : Nor death approaches there, till ripe with age Gradual they drop contented to the grave : 185 Difcord, that oft embittering focial joys Amidft the wifeft comes, comes never there : Union and harmony triumphant reign. And every houfe is concord, peace and love ! Grant Goddefs, grant my faithful friends may prove 190; Of that bleft number : Oh afUgn thy bard, Amidft that number place ! So fhall my foul^ The future hymn chaunt raptur'd-^ — theme divine, Sacred to fair Latona, and her race.. Apollo c The folds fhall be fo full offlieep, the vallies x. 27: The conclufion is like that in the fhall ftand fo thick with com, that they fhall Pfalms. — "Peace be within thy walls, and laugh and(ing."P/fl/. Ixv. 11. Andln Deuteronomy, plenteoufnefs within thy dwellings." Pfal. cxxii. " BlefTed fhall be the fruit of thy ground, the 7. I have forborn fweiling my notes with fruit of thy cattle, the increafe of thy kine, and paflages from antient authors, becaufc we (hall the flocks of thy fheep." chap, xxviii. See certainly find none equal to thefe from the fcrip- Hymn to Jpolio note 74. and 60. ture, and becaufe the reader, if he thinks pro- Ver. 184. A/iri/ffl/^, &c.] Long life is every per, may find many already gathered to his where in fcripture promifed as the reward of hands by the very learned Spanheim. obedience. — " Tjiou fhalt come to thy grave Ver. rgo. Grant, &c.] CalUmachus always in a full age, as a fhock of corn cometh in its fhews the excellence and generofity of his fen- feafon." 'Job v. 26. and in Proverbs, we find. — timents, by recommending his friends to the *' The fear of the Lord prolongeth days, but regard and protection of his deities. See Hymn the years of the wicked fhall befhortned," chap, to Jupiter, ver. 109. 72 THE HYMN TO DIANA. Apollo and Diana ; — facred chief To thee chaft queen, and thy immortal deeds : Thy every attribute fhall there be fung, Thy dogs, thy bow, thy quiver and the car That whirls thee brightly gleaming thro' the fky, When to Jove's court repairing : thy approach At heaven's eternal portals Phoebus waits I9S 200 With Ver. 199. That, Sec] Heit Diana appears .in a new character : entring the celcftial regions in all her pomp and glory : we fee the fuperior dignity and eminence of the Goddefb : all the denies rife to her, -The heavenly guefts All graceful rife — and by JpoUs's fide , Her feat Ihe takes fweet-fmiling The word O-iitvib in the original, which I have rendred by brightly gleaming, refers to her as the moon, and confcquently juftifies that tranf- iation : and in that character /Efchylus calls Diana Nrxms o(p9«^|t^o;, the eye of the night ; and " Phornutus (fays Spanheim) tells us Diana was called Diaynna (f;e ver. 270.) by the Greeks Im to ^iK«t feu i3«Wv«i' raj KXTwa;, from darting forth rays." Ver. 200. Thy approach, &c.J JpoUo and Mercury are faid to meet Diana at her entrance into heaven, becaufe they both were worfliipped by the Greeki at the entrance, or in the courts before houfes ; and there called wfoTri'Aajoi. So the fcholia on Arijlaphanes, eGo? fi;i(;w Ejf<,>j» iJjuojIe? ipia im fifffci'. " Becaufe he was the God of jthicves, and therefore was fet before the doors to ruard the houfes." So in ihe Elci^ra of So- fhocie. 't'ot^e, 7rfor«T«!fi£, ot< irfo tw &ufuv iJ^t/rai, and, " in Adacrohita., it is faid, apud Graces Apollo co- litur qui ©ugaio; vacatur : cjufque aras ante fores fuMi celebrant, ipfum exitus iS introitus demon- Amntis poientem. Idem Jpollo apud illos et AyvMv^ 3 nuncupatur •, quaft vils prapofitus urhanis : illi enim vias, ques intra pomaria funt Ayt/ia? appel- lant. Befides, another reaf^n may be given for Mercury meeting Diana, or Luna oricns, becaufe that conjlellation, like the moon, rifes at the evening, and fets in the morning. So that thus a two- fold reafoii may be found for thefe two, rather than any other, meeting Diana : the one, from the religion of the Heathens, the other phyfical, or hum aftrcinomy. Spanheim, Thefe obfervations of Spanheim confirm the general tenour of tiie rem.aks, that thefe fables in the Heathen Alythology havt- a conltant refer- ence to natural things . Apollo, or the Sun was, without all doubt, worfhipped as 0uf«t»s, placed before their doors, iSc. to (hew him, as Macrobius exprefTes it, potentem exitus is in- troitus ; and in reference to the works of the material light it is faij in the Pfalms, — " Thou makefi: the outgoings of the morning and evening to rejoice." Pfal. Ixv. 8. Upon this view, all the mythology and every name relative to this fubjedi may be fully underftood. The name ax«xiio-io5 given to Hermes feems defigned to ob- viate the dif^race commonly thrown on him as the God of thieves, Ji^V. for we are tolJ, it comes from words implying his doing no evil, fcu^t/o? KUKu ■crajjaiTiof uv, fays the fcholiall : a good epi- thet ot the planet Mercwj. For my own part, I don't fee how «xaxi05 can come from aKaxoi;. I fhould rather imagine it.came from ax>i &: xaim. [iKYix) inarfit adurit.) which would give an apt meaning to the word, as applied to the planet. It THE HYMN TO DIANA. With Acacefian Hermes : This thy arms And that the produce of thy fports to take : Such erft Apollo's tafk, or ere at heav'n's Bleft banquets gread Alcides found a place, Whofe is that duty now : the rich repaft With thee approaching, at the gates of heav'n He waits unwearied. Him mean time the Gods, But chief his envious ftepdame, ceafelefs fcofF In pleafant vein, when from the car he bears A bull's vafl weight, or by its hind-leg drags. 73 205 210 Impatient It is no wonder the author fliould place Her- cules in this fituation, as we find him lb much renowned for his good ftomach, fo famous for his voracioufnefs and excefs as well in eating as drinking. Hence he had the name of Addepha- gus and Paniphagus. See ver. 226. The drun- ken Hercules is a well known remain : and Her- cules his goblet is fcarce lefs famous than him- felf. Herculcm fiSioi es veieres nonfme caufa cum poculo fecerunt, fed et nonnunquam cafahundum et ehrium : non folum quod is hcros bibax fiiiffe per- hibetur : fed etiam quod antiqua hyioria cfi, Henulem poculo tanquam nav'igio ventis immenfa mar'ui tranfiffe. Ego tamen arhitror non poculo Herculcm muria iranfvectum jed navigio cut fcypho nonien fult : Ita ut Jupra cantharu/n iff carche- fium y a cymbis derivatlva cymbia, omnia l.\rc ajferuimus ejfe navigiorum vocabula. iVIacrobius Saturn. 1. 5. c. 21. There are, who have look- ed upini this ftory of Hcrcu'es his failing in a cup to the delivery oi Prometheus or man, as an allegory of our Saviour, coming in the Jle/1) — in •came tanquam fragili vafculo ad reiicmptionem htimani generis — as lord Bacon exprefles it. There feems a manifeil alluiion in the fable : our mortal bodies are called earthen veffels in fcripture. See 2 Cor. iv. y. and in many other refpefls Hercules feems darkly to figure out the Redeemer. See note 216. Ver. 209. Scoff.'] See Mr. Pope's Homer, b. 5. V. 517. and note. Ver. 211. J bull's, kc] I have endeavoured to give fome expreflion to the pafTagc by mak- ing the found imitate the fenfe, though not in the fame manner with the author, Ka^r^os OCTifffitJioio (pt^oi ■roc/Jo? ai» A^r,(pa.yfxs ra- fUi^u Tan Za'iiy xt\ivH avr^t ayftvem ! He wanted them to fatiate his hunger ! Alas poor Hercules — and miferable heaven ! -Ver. 216. Alcides the pre/crver, Sic] The original is, which doubtlefs, according to Huetius, fhould be read ©mrot a-s jSoiOon — ut homines ie auxilia- iricem, tanquam me, invocent. Chryfoftom tells tis, he was called " AKi^txaxos and Zwriip, not for the reafons here hinted at by our poet, nor for ridding the earth of deftrudlive animals and the like, but for punifhing and defl:roying tyrants and wicked men." In the ifland of Thafos the people looked upon him as their fi/vloi/r : " And we are told by Rave/in (fays Banier) that tliere are coins whereon this title is given him. If father Tournem'ine fliall ever make good his afler- tion, that moil of the heroes of antiquity were only Pagan copies of the AleJJlah known to all nations by a remamdcr of the traditions which they had diftorted, doubtlefs he will not omit to make mention of Hacules the faviour, wor- Ciipped by a people whom Panfauias and He- rodrAus make to have been originally from Tyrt in Ph^nlcla, a country fo near to that where the prophets lived, who have faid fo much of the MeJJlah. No doubt he will alfo trace the refemblance which Seneca finds between them, and it muft be owned, that either the tragic poet had borrowed the pompous ideas wherewith he embellilbes the flory of that hero's death upon mount Oetai from the accounts delivered at Rome under the reign oi Tiberius, of the faviour' s death upon mount Calvary, or, it will not be eafy to find out what could fo exalt his imagina- tion." See Earner's Mythology, vol. 4. b. 3. c. 6. the reader is defired particularly to remark this palTage ; which will greatly confirm the before-mentioned obfervations : we may remem- ber that Hercules was the fon of vlGoiI, begotten on2.mortalM.o\.her,i^c. There is fomething very peculiar in an expreflion of the author's in the 159th line yjioi, DtwOws quoad membra in deum mutatus which I have tranflated. His corruptible part immortalized : and which feems to borrow light from the paflage quoted above, as well as from the following out of the Hercules Oetaus of Seneca. Hercules. Non me gemetitis Jlagna cocyti tenent, 1963 Non puppis umbras fnrva tranfvcxit rneas : Jam parce, mater, c[usR\hui. AfanesCemel 1965 Umhrafque vidi : quidquid in nobis tui Mortale/i'i.'-'a/, ignis eveSfus tulit. P.iterna cetlo pars data ejl, flammis tua. 1968 Proinde plandf us pone, quos gnat? paret Genitrix inert i : luSlus in turp s cat. 1970 f^irtus in ajlra tcndit, in mortem tin. or. Prafens ab ajiris. matei, Alcides cano : P^nas cruentusjam tihi Euryjieus dabit : Curru fuperbum veiia tranjccndes caput. Me THE HYMN TO DIANA, *» Suffer the harmlefs goat, the timid hair " Secure to range ; ought injure they mankind ? *' Poor is the triumph there : the wild boars wafle, " The wild bulls level all the blooming year : " Thefe are man's foes : pour all thy rage on thefe." Thus fpeaking, all indignant he bears ofF His burden, labouring : tho' on Phrygia's mount Beneath the facred oak, immortaliz'd 75 220 His Me jam decet fubirc caleftem plagam Inferna vixi rurfus Alcides loca. 1975 I have quoted the whole paflage to let the rea- der fee how fimilar it is to feveral parts of fcripture : and firft, ver. 1963. " Thou wilt not leave my foul in hell," &c. Pfal. xvi. 10. St. Peter explaining this prophecy of Chrift, [JHs :i, 24.) fays, " Whom God hath raifed up having loofed the pains of death, becaufe it it was not poflible that he (hould be holden of it. 1965. " Daughters of y«7/yrt/tfw weep not for me, l£c." Luke xxiii. 28. Chrift being dead dieth no more^ death hath no more dominion over him. For in that he died, he died unto fm mce^ but in that he liveth, he iiveth unto Ood^ Rom vi. 10. 1970. Let not your heart be troubled, &c. — In my father's houfe, iSc. — I go to prepare a place for you, is'c. — See St. John xiv. i, 2, fa* fcq. what Hercules fays to his mother of her fu ture triumph over Euryfleus, 1972. feems to have great reference to what Chrift promifed his difciples, thofe that believed on him. See Matt. xii. 53. concerning their viiilory over, and tread- ing upon the head of they^r/iifw/ind all his devices. " In my name they (hall caft out devils; they fliall fpeak with new tongues, they (hall take up ftrpents, and if they drink any deadly thing it fhall not hurt them ; they fliall lay hands on the fick, and they fhall recover. So fpeaking he was received up into heaven." See St. Mark xvi. 17. This was a revenge indeed upon Euryjihc~ us, this was riding triumphantly over his proud head. 1975- " I leave the world,, and go to the father, John xvi. 28, and / come t» ihee—xvii. 11. SeeJcTsi. 9, 10, 11. J 976. Through death, he might de/lroy him that had the power of death. Heb. ii. 14. So " when this corruptible fhall have put on in- corruption, and this mortal fhall have put on immortality, then fliall he brought to pafs the; faying that is vVritten, death is fwallowed up in viftory — O death, £5V." See i Cor. xv. 54. He will dcflioy death for ever. Ifai. xxv. 8. on fuch the fecond death hath no power. Rev. xx. 6. See alfo ver. 14. and to him that overcome-h, faith Chrift, will I give to fit with me on my throne., even as I overcame and fit with my Father in his throne, chap. iii. 2i.xxi. 4. Ver. 224. Beneath the facred oak, &c.] It dcferves atter.tion, that our poet fnould fix the place of Hercules his immortalizing, his fliaklng ofF the human, and afluming the divine nature, vm A^vV, under the oai, the facred and emble- matical tree ; of which the fcriptures make fo much mention, and which v/as doubtlefs a/acred emblem of the divine covenant entered into by the eternal trinity for the redemption of man : The word for oak in the Hebretu, is the fame with that which fignifics an oath, ri^i^, whence comes J.'eim a'pi^N* as was before remarked. Hymn to Jpsllo, note 97, which fee. Hence that veneration paid to it at firlF by true bc- L 2 h<:\'ui : 76 THEHYMNTODIANA. His corruptible part, he rofe a God ; Not yet his hunger ceas'd ; infatiate flill. As when in evil hour Dryopia's king Theiodamasj he met, and madly flew. The nymphs Aranifian from the golden yoke Let loofe the panting flags, and careful bring, Rich provender from Juno's meadows reap'd, Swift-fpringing trefoil : the immortal food 225 230 Of lievers : {Abraham dwelt in or among the oaks of Mamre ('.■j'i'7»\;iy an.l there too the Lord ap- peared to hiin. Gen. xiii. 8. xviii. i, i^c. and hence too that f jine veneration paid to it by idolaters, who, when they had deferted the true vjorfhin, retained the Jign, but forgot the thing fignificd. It was peculiarly f.icred to yapiter — Sacra 'Jovi quercus, fays Ovid, and it is no im- probable reafon of this tradition, that Hercules was tranflated under the facred oak, " that the oath of God was principally to the Son. See Pfal. ex. 4. that whereby he was upheld and fupport- ed, and that whereby every believer alfo obtains Jirong confolatiiK.'icz Heb.\\. 18. forwefuppofe Hercules, in this refpeift, an imperfeiR: figureol" the fecond perfon, as obferved in the foregoing note ; and in the hymn to Apollo, note 97, this particu- lar alfo of the oath tnade to the Son is remarked. The Druids were particular in their high venera- tion (or the oak, and its excrefcence, ihc MiJJeltoe, which, above all other things, gives us the idea vi the branch, the righteous branch, foretold by the prophet Zechar. iii. 8. for Mijfeltoeb 2. branch only, having no trunk or body to fupport it ;. •and it grows peculiarly out of the oak, as the true branch from the caih of God. The Druids had their name from the oak Afu5, and feem to have been of all others the molt pure idolaters, retaining the facred emblems in the greatefl exaflnefs, and with the leaft mix- ture. A modern print by Mr. Hapian will give the curious many agreeable reflections upon this fubjeift: : it is called the Converfion of the Britons to Chrijlianity, and one of thofe which- were intended to give a general hiflory of Eng- land by cuts : whether that gentleman took the hint from any old copy, I know not, but it is very obferveable, that he introduces the crofs, and its preachers, jufi: when the Druid has fever- ed the Mijfcltoe, the branch from the oak, and the refl are preparing x.o facrifice. Ver. 228. Dryopia^s king.'\ It is reported that Hercules, having paft over Dryopia, and being preft with extreme hunger, happened to meet with k\ngTl:eiodamas, who v/as tilling the ground with oxen, and begged of him to give him ibme- thing to fatisfy his hunger : which the king re- fufing to do, Hercules enraged immediately flew him, fnatched up one of the oxen, and devoured it fo varacioufly that he left not fo much as the bones. And hence he had the name of Bsp^fo?,. as is mentioned in the fortieth epigram of the Anthologia. Frischlinus. Ver. 231. Rich provender, &c.] This partis wholly allegorical, and can with no appearance of reafon be otherwife applied : Juno, in the- Heathen fyftcm is the air; her msadovus feed not only the courfers of tiie moon, thofe which carry and fupport her, but alfo Ji3er fo elevated as that of the infernal judge, and wife lawgi\ er — The whole matter is elegantly and judiaoufly fct right by Banier in the 3d vol. 2d book, and 8th chapter of his AJythology of the Antients. — Virgil in his Ciris mentions this ftory : Ntinquam tarn obtiixe ftigicns Minois antorcs Praceps aereis fpecula cle inontibiis ijj'es : UnJc aiii fugijj'c ferunt : et riumina Phocte Virginis ajfignant : alii quo not i or ejjes Diiiynnam ciixeretuo de nomine iunam. ver. 305 See ver. 272. following. — We find Diana very frequently called by the mme oi DiSi^nna : fhe had a feflival at LacirdemoncViWcu Aixnma 3$ well as at Crete. See Meurjius Gracice feriata: lib. 2. Brite- 8o THE HYMN TO DIANA. And in receffes fecret mock'd his chacc : Or precipcies rough, o'er rugged rocks Nine tedious months he rang'd ; nor ceas'd purfuit, Till on a mountain's fummit, ready now To fcize his prey — She fprung from off its brow, Down to the ocean plunging : Friendly nets Of fifhers caught, and fav'd the panting nymph ; Hence call'd Dic^ynna : and the mountain hence Di6la?an : where in memory of the deed Due rites Cydonians pay : thy chaplets wove With, or the pine-tree's, or the maftic's boughs, 265 270 Unhallow'd Britomarus is properly fpeaking, no more than a common compound fignifying Virgo dulcis, from BfiTu;, dulcis, and luapn;. virgo ; words of Cretan extraction : the latter of which, as the excellent 5(7c/'rtr/ has obferved, ftems derived from the Arabick riK"l?J, niarath — fo that the author never means to fay, that Diana was called Britomartis from the nymph (as fome have thought) but Diiiynna. See Banter's My- thology, note 2- book i. chap. 15. Ver. 273. Difiaan, &c.] Callinwchus is ge- nerally thought guilty of a miftake in his ac- count of thefe mountains ; Difle and DiSiynna being two, at different parts of the ifland of Crete, from the firft of which the Cydonians are very far remote. To clear up the difficulty fome have imagined that KtiJwn;, Cydonians in the author, means ail the Cretans in general, becaufe Cydo- nia was the metropolis of that ifle. So Cydonia Ida are ufed for Cretan elarts. The reading, fay they, fhould be AixTuvaiov not Aixraioir. Dic- tynarus is not Difiaus, fays Ccllarius, after Strabo. The n-,ountain Diiiymia was indeed iacred to Diana., but Di£fe to Jupiter. Pro qua mcnede canores Curetum jonitus crepitantiaque aera fecuta Di(Staeo cceli regcm pavere fub antra. Virgil. See Hymn to "Jupiter, ver. 5. — Virgil, on the fame fubjedl in his Ciris commits the fame miftake, Gnoflla ncu Partho contendem fpicula cantu Didf asas ageres ad gramina nota capellas. It is plain in both places it fhould be Dic- iynnaan, as well in our author as in Virgil, and indeed the analogy, as has been obferved, be- tween AixTta, the nets, AiKTuva, and Aixrwaioj, is much more exaft than between Aixtj; and Aixxaio*. Some derive the name of Diiiyn- na from the rays which the moon cafts forth, or becaufe her power pervades all things — a ^ixH» pro /3a^.^fl», jacere vel jaculare for the firft — and from ^i«x»«a9«», permeare, for the latter. THE HYMN TO DIANA. Unhallow'd myrtle there : The flying nymph Its branches caught, and hence incurr'd her hate. Thee too, fair Upis, light-difpenfmg queen, Didlynna, from the nymph the Cretans call. 8i Nor Ver. 276- Myrtle.] They did not, I fuppofe, fays Madam Dacier, make ufe of the Myrtle in thefe rites, becaufe it was facred to Venus. A good reafon why a profeft virgin fliould dil- dain to touch it : and this explanation feems to be favoured by the plants which they ufed for their chaplets at this feaft. 1 he pine was par- ticularly appropriated to the virgins, as Spanheim has proved by many quotations : Chloe in the paftorals of Longus, is adorned with a pinea corona, as an emblem of virginity, ■arirt/oj ertpa- mro xAaJoi;, ■w\{\c\\ Da phnis takes froii^ her, and puts on his own head. So Virgil. Pronuba nee cylos acccndit Pinus odores ; and in .'Achilles Ta- tius, the virgins are faid to come forth with their heads crowned •ejitot? xo/^aij. Ovid, in his fafti, calls the pine, pura arbor, and one of his com- mentators remarks : Jd conciiiandam eaflitatem Tbefmophoria2,ufa hujus /oliis cubitus Jibi Jferne- bant. " The MafHc or Lentifk is properly ufed in thefe ceremonies facred to Di£iyntta, or to Diana the Moon, t» avivtrriiruna xai tfitpna-ri, as (he encrcafes and nourijlics all things ; who, according to Ca'.ullus, Ru/lica agricola bonis Te£ia frugibus explet. And as was obferved in a former note (note i. ad fin.) the moon's power in vegetition is clear irom Jcripture. Horace alh I'jcr Prcfperam frvgum. Od. 6. I. 4- And this tree, the majiic, is of all others moft fruitful. Lentifcus tr'plci folita ejl grandefccre f ■nj/.i^a, -^ awootoftat fteO' rtLit^cct, fpolior interdiu, fays Arijiophana ; or £x for ft£Ta, poji ; fo JEfchylus, After a ftorm to fee the loveiieft day. lolcos was a city of Magnefia in Thejfaly at the bottom of mount Pelius, where was a tomb of Pelias king of hlcos. Here it was Cyrene gained her victory over the lion, of which you have a long account in the gth Pythian ode of Pindar. See Hymn X.o Apollo, ver. 125. Pin- dar''s account of the difpofition of Cyrene has been exa<5tly copied by Firgil, v/ho fays of Camilla^ Belliitrix — non ilia colo Calathifve Minervcs Famincas ajfueta manus, fed pralia virgo Dura pat!, curfuque pedum prevertere ventos. • A warrior dame : Unbred to fpinning in the loom unfkill'd. She chofe the nobler Pallas of the field : Mix'd with the firft, the fierce virago fought, Suftain'd the toils of arms — the danger fought, ^c. Dryden, b. 7. ver. 1095. Ver. 288. Tljefe, &c.] The beft commen- tary on thefe lines are the ancient remains, where we find the huntrefles picSlured to us with their right fliouldtr and breaft naked, their bow and quiver, isV. See Montfaucon's Amiquitiesy plate 44. fig. 5. Ver. 292. la/ian Atalanta, &c.] Concern- ing the hunting of Catydon, and the whole ftory of Atalanta, See Banicr's Mythology, vol. 4. b. 4. c. I. This Atalanta is fometimes con- founded with another the daughter oiSchaneus ; and THEHYMN TO DIANA. 83 Admitted of thy choir, was taught by thee T' elance the dart unerring : From her arm Light'ning, behold, it trembles in the heart 295 Of Calydonia's monfter : Nor the deed Shall the brave hunters envy ; while thy realms, Arcadia, boaft the trophies, the fharp tufks Of the wide-wafting boar : Nor can I deem The vengeful Centaurs with fuch fury fraught, 300 Rh^ecus and mad Hylaeus (by her arm Tho' level'd bleeding on Msenalion's top) As to purfue the huntrels with their hate In Pluto's realms : Yet will their wounds not lie, But fpeak the truth and teftify their fhame. 305 Hail and I believe, there is fome confufion in our fides will not lie, (for Xayo^; does not here author. I have given the beft interpretation I iignify vifcera, but latera) i. e. they have ftill was able of the laft two lines in this ftory, left the marks of the wounds file gave them in . their fides when flie killed them. For the aa- i;yap s-ipm ajo.E!, . tients thought that whatever wounds were r^- which all the commentators have pafled over, ceivcd here their marks ftill continued when peo- and which do indeed feem, in a great meafure, pie were in the (hades below." T. E. unintelligible, fo that it is only a leap in the dark. A learned friend writes thus upon it. — Ou<7^i> ^ayow; avnini^niauiscn. " This is one of the pafTages, which I could make nothingof ; and the only fenfe I can draw nor'Jlia or vifcera — cum //>/?i mentientur — "i.e. from it, which I am afraid you will think a bad I guefs, they themfelves will falfly accufe Ata- one, is this ; the poet fays, " nor do I think that Inita., but their xvonnds (or whatever it is) will even Hylaus, or the prefumptuous Rhacus not fpeak falfly ivith them, they will fpeak the (for he attempted to debauch Atalatita) can truth. Whoever can give us a better interpreta- find fault with Jtalanta, with regard to her tion, I fliould be glad, confcfling my own inabi- knowledge in archery. For fays the poet, their hty fo to do. M 2 84 THE HYMN TO DIANA. Hail great Chitone, venerable queen, For numerous flirines in numerous ftates renown'd ; Hail Guardian of Mileteus ; led by thee, Cecropian Neleus touch'd thofe happy fhores ! Chelias, Imbrafia, mighty Cabir, hail ; Sacred to thee great Agamemnon plac'd 310 His Ver. 306. Chitone.] The fcholiaft, on the 77th line of the hymn to Jupiter, gives us two reafons for this name, the one from a people of Attica fo called, the other, on rixti>i/.am rm Bf£(pu> ansTiGtcran ta If^aria TH ApTtfuA — " Upon which Madam Dacier, with her ufual delicacy, obferves — Hoc idem hodii Jit — cum tnater pueros, Jfatim atque ipi^u» airtSiixaTo Kfikitm, fan£lo cuidam ut Frantijco vel alii vovet, is i/ litis vel'.ibtis in- duit. — " So that here we fee fome agreement of the Roman Catholic with the Pagan cere- monies. Ver. 308. Hail guardian^ &c.] It was under the aufpices of Diana that Neleus led this colony from Jtbeiis to Miletus ; (he was the A^x^ynii;, the conducting deity : and confcquently moft particularly worfniped there ; fo that I take it, MiXsTu) iffiJufce, in the original, refers to her, con- ftant refidence at, and protection of that ftate. See Hymn to Apollo ver. 20. Ver. 308, Miletus.] " P//Hy mentions the old and new Aliletus : the former he calls Lelegeis, Pithyufa, and Anaftoria : and Strabo tells us, that it was built by the inhabitants of Crete. The latter was founded according to Strabo by Neleus the fon of Codrus king of Athens, when he firft fettled in that part of Aftn. This great city ftood on the fouth fide of the river Maan- der, near the fea-coaft : The inh.ibitants applied themfelves very early to navigation, having founded, according to Pliny, eighty, according to Seneca, three hundred and eighty colonies in diftcrent parts of the world. The city itftif was no lefs famous for a tt mple and oracle of Atiollo, furnamed Didymaus, than for the wealth and rwmber of its citizens." Univerfal 3 Hijiory, vol. 7. p. 421. Nor was the worfliip of Diana lefs regarded by the Milefians than that of her brother Apollo : She was fuppofed to have been the conductor of this colony. — For as was obferved (Hymn io Apollo ver. 78.) the ancients thought that fome of the gods not only favour- ed the leading of the colony, but themfelves became the condu£lors : and that under the fhape of different animals, as a crow, a fwan, a bee, iDc. So when another fon of Codrus led a colony to Ephefus Philojiratus tells us, Mif^rai »ys»To ra vavTtxti i» «Jfi MeAit/wv. whence it is that bees are frequently feen on the coins of the Epheftans. As Diana was thus the leader of the Colony, a feftlval was celebrated to her honour called NnXui; by tht Milefians. See Ale- urfus GrieciiT feriata, 1. 5. where he mentions the prodigious veneration that was pjid to this fefl.val. It is remarked by Stephen le Moyne (f.ns Spanheim) that Aliletus is derived from the Hebrew n^ (milt t) liberare, and the "Id name of it AnaSloria from amxof, or from falute or jer- vatore. Ver. 310. Chefias, Imbrafia.] The two divi- nities, Juno and Diana feem to be one, from thefc two appellations, which are equally pecu- liar and applied to both — the firft was taken from a promontory of Samos, called Chefium, the other from a river o{ Samos, called Imbrafus, and Juno's regard for Samos is well known ; However, if Juno wjs worfhipped by the 5a- mians^ Diana was fo too — as by other proofs might be fhewn, but as heft appe.irs from t>vo Coins which you will find in Spanhsim's anno.a- tion? upon this pafTagc, with the infcription ol Za/.iii'v, one of which reprefents Juno, the otl.er THE HYMN TO DIANA. His veflel's helm : What time by thy command At AuHs adverfe winds detain'd his fleet Big with deftrudlion, breathing fix'd revenge On iHum, for Rhamnuflan Helen's rape 85 315 To other Diana, who were moft probably the fame deity, worfliipped under JifFercnt appel- lations, and in a different charadler. Servius'i remark on the 5th line of die ift Georgia of Virgil, will throw much light on this interpre- tation. " Stoici uicunt non ejp nifi unum Deum, ^ unam eandemque ejfe potejiaton, qua pro rations officiorum nojlroi uin variii nommibus appellatur : XJnde eundem folem, eundem liherum, eundem Apol- linem vacant : Item Lunam, eandem Dianem, eandem Cererem, eandem Junonem, eandem Pro- ferpinam vacant. 1 his we may obfcrve is the opinion of Macrobius, and perhaps not far from the truth. Ver. 310. Cabir.] What I have tranflated Cabir, is in the original -aipaiToSfovt, Deus prima fedis : One of the Dii confentes, or majarum gentium : " Which were the Gods worfliipped by the /Egyptians (fays the learned author of the letters on mythology) jijfyriam, Grecians, Sic — as the latter, dii minorum gentium, were Gods adopted fr' m obfcure people, among whom their worfliip had taken its rife : Thefe the philofophers and wifer of the priefts would not allow to be Gods, fuch as the Tbeban Her- cules, E/culnpius, Cajior and t'ollux, becaufe they had once been men. The others wtre the Cabeirim or mighty Gods of the Eajierns, and the Confentes, the unanimous or co-operat- ing Gods of the Romans, woi (hipped over all the world ; but whofe lites and myfteries were par- ticularly famous in the il1an s Samothrace and Lemnos, and at Eleufis. T'hey were originally but two, heaven and theyi^w, the only Gods of the jEthiopians, from whom /Egypt itfelf is faid to have drawn both its religion and learning ; Thcfe were worfhippcd in Samothrace and the /Egyptians made them firft fix, and long after- wards twelve, at which number the Dii Cabiri diifi, Gods called Cabirs, or mighty, refted ia moft nations." See more of them page 278. of the letters on mythology. Old Ennius com- prifes them in thefe two lines, Juno, Vejia, Minerva.^ Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Javis, Neptunus, Vukanus, Apollo Bochart fays, that the Cabiri were the Gods of the Phanicians, and that their name is derived from TiD Cabir, which both in the Hebrew and Arabic tongues fignifies Potens or Magnus, great, fo that Cabiri or Cabirim *"1'33 fignifies the gieat or mighty Ones. They were two only at firft, as our author above obferves, the Heaven and the Sun, or rather thofe three great agents the fre, light, and fpirit, into which all the deities of the heathtns may be refolved, and which are the material emblems of the true Cabiri, the three living ^r^a/ and mighty Ones. Ver. 315. Rhamiiufian.l Helen was fo called from Rhamnuj a town of Attica ; where, as the fch liaft tells us, Jupiter lay with Nrmfis, who brought forth an egg : and Leda finding it, hatched it, the produce of which was Helen and the Dlofcuri. Kemefs was particularly wor- fliipped ai Rhamnus ; " where, we are told, flie had a f!atue ten cubits high, of a fingle ftoiie, and fo exquilitcly be^mtifut, that it was nothing fhort of Phidiai's finefl Works." See Batiier vol. 3. b. 4. c. 15. Apollcdorus, fays Neniefis, to fhun the embraces of fupiier, turned herfelf into a goofe, and ypiter to erjoy her, imme- diately btv'ame a f^'an ; the effefls of biscom- prefTing her in this fhape, was the egg above- mentioned. 86 T H E H Y M N T O D I A N A., To A^rtemis Corefia Proems rais'd Grateful, his firft remembrancer : For tliat By thee refl:or'd, his madding daughters ceas'd Lowing to wander o'er Azenia's hills : The fecond fane to Hcmerefia rofe, When of thy favor more the monarch prov'd, Their fury vanifh'd, and their fenfe return'd. 320 Beneath Ver. 316. I0 Artemis^ &c. ] Pratus was a king of the Arglves, and his daughters names, we are told, were Lyfippe, Ipponoe, and Cyria- najja. Comparing themfelves in beauty with Juno ; or, as others will, converting the gold of her garments (as they were her prieftefles) to their own ufe : flie in vengeance caufed fuch a madnefs to feize their minds, that imagining themfelves transformed into heifers, they run through the fields to hinder their beina; yoked in the plough, and made them re-eccho with their lowings : fo Virgil. Pratides implerunt falfts mugitlbus agros. " It is thought that they actually became de- lirious, and that their madnefs conlifted in fancy- ing themfelves heifers," Melampus the fon of Amythao-ri bargaining to have Cyrianajfa to wife, and part of the kingdom, by appeafing y7<«u, and infetfting the fountain where ihey ufed to drink with fome certain medicine, cured and reftored them to their right fcnfes. See Ser- vius on the place above quoted from Virgil, Our author tells us, their cure was owing to Diana, and that in return their father built two temples to her, one to Diana Corefia, the other to Diana Hcmerefia ; and that fays the fcholiaft, JtoTt Tag Ksfa; nftefui7£i/. " It is probable (fays Banier) this madnefs was the efFedl of fome diftemper where the imagination was much effected, as we fee in hypochondriac people, who fancy they rcfemble feveral forts of animals. Accordingly Melampus employed in their cure black hellebore, fmce called from his name Melampodion" — " According to Paufanias they were not the only perfons feizcd with this di- Itemper : that author afllgns it to other women of Argos ; and this madnefs of theirs confifted in running up and down the field. See vol. 3. b. 2. c. 5. The reader will obferve in the 315th line I read Azenia, though the word in the author is A*««a, which they tranflate inhofpita' tie : but the fchnliafl: explains the word by fay- ing it is Ojoc A^xaSiaf, a mountain of Arcadia, which Azenia was, and near the fountain where Melampus cured the Pratides ; of which Ovid fpeaks Clitorio quicunque fitem cle fonte levarit Vina fugit ; gaudetque meris ahjlemius undis. Seu vis ejl in aqua calido contraria vino Sive, quod indigents memorant, Amythaone natus, Pratidas attonitas pojiquam per carmen & herbas Eripuit furiis : purgamina mentis in illas Mifit aquas ; odiumque meri permanftt in undis. See Metam, J, 15. THE HYMN TO DIANA. Beneath a beach the war-affe6ling race Of Amazons, to thee a flatue rais'd. Where Ephefus' proud towers overlook the main : Otrera firft perform'd the holy rites, While round in faliar dance they clang'd their arms, Hoarfe to the hymn refounding ; till the choir At length they form'd and meafur'd o'er the ground Refpondent to the fhrill fife's feeble ftrains. Not yet Minerva, to the flags a foe, S7 325 330 Drew Ver. 323. Beneath, &c.] The poet in the following lines gives us an hiftory of the firft rife and progrefs of Diana's celebrated temple at Ephefus., which he allures us, the Amazons were the firft occafion ot, by the little ft.itue they raifed under a beach, or (as Dionyfius has it) in the niche of an elm, a ftriking inltance of the fimplicity of the firft ages. The grandeur of that temple in after-times, and the particular veneration wherein DflWi? was held there, is too well known to require any thing from me on that head. " Grent is Diana of the Ephejians," was the cry of her blind adorers ; and that Diana, was a (mall flatue, as we are told, of ebony, made by one Canitla, which the Ephc- fians called Aiottetss, or one tliat fell down from Jupiter. There were two temples, the firft not fo grand as the fecond : Erojiratus, to make himfelf famous, burnt the firft, \\'h\Q\\ /llc.xander oft'er d to rebuild at his own expencc, if the Ephejans would put his name on the front : but they rejected it, by telling him, " it was not fit one God fhould build to another." The fecond, and the more fumptuous Edifice, is fup- pofcd to have been burnt in the time of ConJIantine. There are fome ruins, and a few broken pillars of this ftruclure ftill remaining — an accuuiit of which may be (i:in in Spon's voyaa,e. See Montfaucon's antiquities, b. 2. p. I. c. II. plate 6. fig. 24, 25. Otrera or Hippo, it feems, was the firft prieftefs, and 3 lAiaruv Auatfin^uy, one of the Amazonians, as the fcholiaft informs us. Ver. 331. 'Not yet, &c.] From this palTage in the author, we may gather two things : — that the Tikite of the antients were of the (Os-ta) bones of deer, and that their inventrefs was Minerva : Prima terehrato per rara foramina luxo, Ut daret cffeci Tibia longa fonos : Vox placuit : Uquidamfaciem rcferentibus undisy Vidi, virgineas intumuife genas : Ars mihi non tanti cji, valcas mea tibia, dixi, Excipit abjeiiam cefpite ripa fue, fays Minerva in Ovid's fnjlorum lib. 6. \'er. 697. And in Arijhphanes, a Eaotian fays, T015 ortVOI? (pUff-yiTi Toil TT^UKTOV KltOi. where the fcholialt obferves he ufcs oj-uci?, be- caufe formerl)' pipes were made awo Tut t\a(peiui> orBut, from the bones of ftags. 7 hey were fonietimes made of afles bones : one would won- der, fays Plutarch, that an afs, « Tuxmaioi, *a» BfteiTUTaTo; u\i -rahXa, an animal fo hejvy and averfe to inufic fhould afford ortov ^t^•T(STaTo» xat fiso-ixwrart/v, the moft ftirill toned and mufical bones. Whoever thinks it worth his while to read more about the pipes, is'c. of t^ e antients, may find an account of them in Monifiuccn, part the 2d of the 3d vol. b. 5. c. 2. 88 THE HYMN TO DIANA. Drew from the hoUow'd bones the flutes ripe found. Fair Sardis heard, the Berecynthian realms The diflbnant rout re-ecchoed, as the dance With warhke din attending, rough the twang 335 Of rattling quivers from their fhoulders rung. Around the ftatue foon a temple rofe, Divineft edifice — whofe ftately height And rich magnificence, the fumptuous eaft Unrivall'd boafts, not by the Pythian dome 340 In all its glories equal'd ! — Touch'd with pride Contemptuous, and with madding fury feiz'd, A crowd of ftout Cimmerians, like the fand For numbers, from Inachian Bolphorus, To pour deftrudion on thofe facred walls 345 Stern Lygdamis led on : Miftaken prince, Alas how loft ! nor thou, nor one of thofe Whofe chariots crowded o'er Cayfter's mead Thick as autumnal leaves ; fhall hence return Or Ver. 341. Touched, &c. ] Lygdamis and the for he fubjoins, mijialcen prince, he tells us Cimmerians in the reign oi Ardyes king uf Ly- he erred from his defign oaoniAirtv! He perifli- dia, invaJed and ovL-r-ran all Afta minor, as ed in Ciliiiti, according lo Strata. The Cim- Strabo tells us. They took Sardis, the metro- rnerians were the defc ndants of Gomer. :.nd the polis of Zj'^^/tf, hut could never win the caftle. hme v.'kh the Gauls of Jjia minor. Pliny fpiixk- As Strabo and Herodotus are filent upon that ing of them favs, Cimmerei populi feptentriona- head, I imagine what Hefychius fays, namely. Us jwit, ad Bofporum pcuti tuxinl fretum " That Lygdamis burnt the temple of Diana," hahitantes : cujus era curvatur in maotim, Scy- is not true; and Callimachus particularly fays, thice Paludem, See Univerfal Hjjhry, vol. I. *' He did not lay it wafte, he only threatned p. 275. and led on his Cimmerians fo to do, aAa7r»^!f*!> : THE HYMN TO DIANA. 89 Or view their country more 1 Diana's arms, 350 Bleft Ephefus, thy fortrefs, thy defence ! Goddess of ports, divine Munychia hail! Let none contemn Diana ; Oeneus felt Her heavy hand avenging: Let none dare To rival in her arts the huntrefs queen : ^K'i For with no trivial mulct the proud prefumption Of Atreus' fon fhe fin'd — Nor to their bed Let any court the virgin : Wretched joys Crown'd Otus and Orion's bold addrefs; Let none decline the folemn choir to join, 360 Not even Otrera's favour'd-felf refus'd Unpunifh'd, unafflided : Goddefs hail, Great queen, and be propitious to the fong ! Ver. 352. G-dde/s, &c.] See the remarks on his daughter. Mia-fiw, in the original is ufed for verfe 46 abi)ve. She was called Munychia from pcena, or rather, as 1 have rendered it, a mtilii : Munych'.a at Athens, which the fcholiaft tells us Donatus obferves, Pretiump ojiultitia ejl peena^ tri f*£fot ra w«§a(a;. The ftory of 0^«f ttJ is well prctium pro iiirtute lucrum. Andrta Act :;. S. 5. known, that he negledted Diana in the fa- Ver. 359- Orion^ Or Oarion, as he is fre- cred rites, which he pail to all the deities, for quently called amoii;jft the poetE, is faid to have which (lie incited his neighbours to raife a war attempted to ravilh Diana. againil: him, and befides _ . " — Et Integra On Oencus fields flie fent a monftrous boar, Tentator Orion Diana, That levell'd h. averts and whole forefts tore, Virgined domitus fagittd, according to Homer. /Agamemnon & offence. Die- fays Horace. See an ingenious hiflory oi Orion in tys Cretenfis tells us, was the Jhooting a goat in Banier's Mythology, vol. 4. b. ^. c. 7. Otus was the grove o( Diana, a place held very facred. oneof the famous /^/o/i/w, who were flain, accord- Tlie price of which offence was no lefs than ing tofome, byDw;/ainA'«A-w, forOw^'scrimei End of the Hymn to Diana, N THE Fourth Hymn of Callimachus. To Delos. F facred Delos, great Apollo's nurfe, When, when, my foul, or ever wilt thou fing ? Moft facred, all the Cyclades might well Jiach furnifh theme divine : But Delos firft Fiom every Mufe demands the tribute lay, c For that fhe firjft their infant God receiv'd. And Hymn to Delos.] Hymns upon thefe popular occafions were a kind of prize poems ; which moil of the p! THE HYMN TO DELOS. And firft triumphant hail'd the Deity. Not with lefs hate the nine purfue the bard Forgetful of Pimplea, than Apollo Him who forgets his Delos : — Be my ftrains Turn'd then to Delos : That th' approving God At once may favour and infpire the fong. Tho' to tempeftuous feas and ftorms expos'd, Its firm foundations rooted in the deep, Unfhaken flands the ifle ; round whofe rough fhores 91 10 15 (More ZtV 0£O»5 ^iU^U Tt\oq, Philo makes it clear, that Pindar performed his defign, when he fays, A'a ««» Ilivoafoj ivv thj All^ou ^tjo-i, X*'?' " fleoTifiTE, &c. Nothing can begin more nobly than the prefent hymn, the double intei rogation of ti»i» Xf"""* ^^^ ■am, roufes the attention — and the addrefs to his foul, Sliunt, is elegantly poetical. ^lAomrop, \s Pindar's frequent addrefs, and &ufAt, he liicewife ufes. There is no appearance of a tautology in thefe two interrogations, as has been imagined, the one means at what particular time, when ? tlie other, will you ever — ? Ver. 3. Moji facrcd, &c,] As thefe iflands had their name from furrounding Delos (Cyila- das fie appeilatas, quod omnes arnbiunt Delum.) It feems probable they bad thence alio their title of li^wToIai, or mo^ facred) as Delos was a part of thele Cyclades, and looked upon itlelf the moHfacred place in the world. Utherwife why a parcel of poor wretched iflands famed for no- thing but the mife-^y and hirmr wherewith they threatned the offending Roiko's, {SpretiS Myconos, humilifque Seriphos ) why they fliould be fo highly honoured, I know not : Spanheim's firft conje<5lure, that they pro- bably were once in betier cafe, feems quite groundlefs : and his fecond, though more reafon- able is yet, I think, not fatisfa(Sory : he fays, they were called u^una-rat, on account of the great veneration they paid to Delos : it is true, they are known fo to have done ; but were not other places equally religious in the worfhip they payed to that ifland .? — a town has been celebrated and efteemed venerable for having had a great man in it, a country for a particular city or temple, and why not a number of iflands for having one of themfelves fo eminently re- nowned ? The reader muft judge. Ver. 13. 7ho', Sec] This is a very difficult palTage in the original : I have endeavoured to give it as poetical a fenfe, as I am able : 1 had once rendered it more paraphraftically, thus : About its defert coafts tho' rough winds blow Howling, as round I'ome billow-beaten rock, To fmiling Ceres and the generous fteed Ungrateful tho' its foil, fit place of reft For cormorants that wing the mid- way air : Tho' thus jnmov'd it braves th' Jcarian waves That proudly o'er its cliffs their curling foam Triumphant dafh : tho' once its barren fhores None but the wandring race of fifhers knew : Yet when to Ocean's and huTethys' court, i3c. N 2 The 92 THE HYMN TO D E L O S. (More pervious to the cormorant than horfe j Where whilom lonely fifhers made abode :) Th' Icarian waves their white foam roaring dafh ; Yet to old Ocean's and his Tethys' court When move the iflands, murmuring none beholds 20 Majcllic Delos graceful lead the train Claiming prime honour : Corfica demands The fecond place : Eubaea next appears, Her follows fweet Sardinia, and the ille, Which happily recciv'd the queen of love, 25 When from the waves emerging ; for reward, Its fhores her kind protection ever fhare. Thefe The learned reader will, by confidering the Ver. 19. Yet to, &c.] The foregoing lines v/ords in the original, find ihis^ I hope, expref- are a kind of apology for this fuperior honour, five of them. Firgil fays of Delos. That which, the poet tells us, was given to DtloSf /Ibollo though in itfelf an ifland of fo fmall eftimation, ' ,. , ,. Egean waves, no more Uncertain and unfeen it rang'd the main. Thee not refentful Juno's vengeance mov'dj The fury of whofe wrath impetuous burft 65 On all the concubines of Jove : But chief On bright Latona : From whofe loins a fon Was deftin'd to be born, that fhou'd eclipfe And rival in Jove's love her darling Mars. Big with the thought and brooding dire revenge yo From heav'ns high tow'rs, follicitous fhe kept Obfervant watch : And, with the pangs of birth, Detain'd Latona, lab'ring : Earth to guard Two faithful centinels fhe fix'd : Dread Mars On Thracian Hiemus furious fhone in arms, y ^ The continent with ftern regard beholding : Whilft His courfes Boreas' feven-fold cave receiv'd. With £xt attention, o'er the fcatter'd ifles Thaumantian Iris, plac'd on Mimas' brow, Hung fedulous furveying : Thefe, what itates S6 So e'er Latona in her anguifh fought, Inftant, dire menacing, approach'd : And dafh'd Ver. 8x. Injiant, &c.] Though this whole beginning of things, as may perhaps hereafter ftory has a plain philofophical refer enct to the firft be more fully fliewn (J una being the uir, La- tona THE HYMN TO DELOS, Each riling hope of hofpitable reft.* Arcadia heard their mandates, heard and fied : Hoary Phenseus, facred Auge's mount, All Pelops ifle, Egiale except And Argos : (There, where Juno reign'd fupreme, 'Twere vain to hope admittance ;) thefe as climes Forbid, Latona fought not : But her courfe 97 85 Shap'd tona the firfl rude chaotic mafs, without form and void, for fhe is called Anru, from A>j6w, to lie hid in oblivion, and that darknefs, which was over the face of the firjl deep, and from hence comes the Latin word Lateo ; each of which words are primari!/ derived from the Hehveiu rj^^;' LAT, to lie hid, Sec. whence, according to Leigh, comes our word lot, becaufe a lot is of obfcure and doubtful things. This Latona being impreg- nated by Jupiter, the ethei ial fire, was detained by the Jlruggling of the air from bringing forth Apollo and Diana, the Sun and Moon, &c.) though, I fay, this fable has thus plainly in its original a reference to tiature, yet doth it fecm 7,!fo to have fome dark analogy to the tradition fully recorded in the 12th chapter of the Rive- lation. "• There pppeared a great wonder in hea- ven : a ivoman clothed with the Sun, and the Moon under her feet : and upon her head a crown of twelve ftars. And file being with chi.d, cried, travelling in birth, and pained to be de- livered. And there appeared another wonder in heaven : and behold a great red dragon, having feven heads and ten horns and feven crowns upan his head. And his tail drew the third part of the ftars of heaven, and did cail them to the earth : and the red dragon flood be- fore the woman, which was ready to be de- livered to devour her child, as foon as it was born. And fhe brought forth a man child, who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron : and the child wa-- caught up to God, and to his tlirone, and when the dragon faw that he was caft »o ttie earth, he perfecutcd the woman, which brought forth the man child," i^c. fee the whole chapter. It is obferveable, that as this/o« of the woman flew this great dragon — fo theyi^ of La- tona, according to the fable, flew the Python, as you will read m the fequel of this hymn. Ver. 86. All Pelop's ijle.] This peninfula was not known by the name oi Pe'op's ifle or Pelopon- nefus, at the time when Latona is faid by the mythologifts to have brought forth Diana and Apollo : for Pelops was not then born : it was called Pclafgia, /Egialea, Apia, and according to Hefyckius n«na : and afterwards got the name of Peloponnefus, upon Pelops his arrival into Greece from Lydia or Phrygia. But it is well known to be no uncommon thing with the an- tient poets, more particularly the tragic ones, not to call the country where the matter, they are relating, happened, by its antient, but then modern n;'.me, fuch as was ufed in their own times. Spanheim. And this remark of Span- heiins will ferve to clear up, not only many of the antitnts, but alfo many of our own poets, from the objections of this fort, which feveral lit'le critics too lulWy'throw out againfl them. Pkenaus or Peneus is, according to the fcholia, «ro^i; .AfxaJiiif apaia, which Spanheim fijppofts to be the reafon why the author dei'cribes him as an old man yt^uv ip«aio; : but Gravius thinks the author has rcfpcift to the lake clofe by the cty of the fame name, and calls him yiftna, becaufe the aiitients wi-.cn they would rcprcfint fhe f^a, rivers, lakes, Is'c. alwa\s painted the figure of an old man. O 98 T H E H Y M N T O D E L O S, Shap'd towards Aonia : All Aonia flew, go Dirce and Strophie : While their hands fupport Their fire Ifmenus' fteps : And far behind Lag'd, by Jove's thunder marr'd, labVing his way With footing flow, Afopus : While diftreft Each wood-nymph, Oread or Dryad fatCj 95 Viewing their oaks coeval, on the top Of moving Helicon nod their wavy brows Loud groaning to the fall : Ye Mufes fay If ought on oaks the Dryads fate depends, Or with them born or dying ? 100 When the gay trees, in beauteous verdure clad. Their blooming honours flKew, the nymphs, like them In fulleft charms all blithfome trip the plain : And Ver. gi. Dtrceaml Strophie'l Were two four- anticnt times it was ufuai to intermix fable with tains and//>w«z/iariverofT'/;i'/'M, accordingto the hiftory, thofe who wrote this, faid, the river fcholiaft : Afopus was faid to be thunder-ilruck Jfopus had with his ftrcams made war upon by Jupter, who ravifli'd liis daughter Mgtna, 'Jupiter ; and that he, by transforming himfelf for vomiting out his waters againll: him : into tire, had tliunder ftruclc him : a phyfical XT r . ■■ TT • 1 J- circumftance founded upon the fituation of that Jyattique ferunt raptam patrits ylLztna)2 abunais i- i n • l i i /I J I . -n- 4 ■ r ■. /I ■ '-> /in ■ Hvcr, which flows m a country that abounds yiinp'exu latuille fovis : twit /Irnnis, o A tin -irii >)c r> • i / n T I r , 11 1 c - With fulphur. See Earner^ vol. 4. p. 268. liifen us bcltaye parat, tsc. ■,, "^ if 1 ^1 i 1 -ri e ■' ■' •' - t . T.I 95" '^**«- ".>■''"/''•' ) &C.J I heio were ' ' ' call'id Dryads, or Hamadryads from tlie coni- " Afopus was a king of Rceotia, and con- mon tradition, which. C a llimachiis here mentioiK^ founded with a river, whence he was faid to be of their li\'inff : cadla, who bore that name, had done t) his The reader will be agreeably eiitert.ilned by daughter, raif<-'d againft him a powerful army referring to the 8th vol. of the 5^<-'t7r-;/5'-, No. 589. and gave him battle; wherein he was routed, where he will find an account of thcle //«//;«- as we learn from Tlnodontius ■. and bccaufe in dr.yads. THE HYMN TO DELOS. And when deform'd by furly winter's blafts, The fympathetic nymphs lamenting mourn. Apollo yet unborn dread rage conceiv'd 'Gainft thefe inhofpitable realms : and thus Denounc'd, oh Thebes, th' irrevocable curfe : " Oh miferable Thebes, why, why too foon " Draw on thy certain fate ? Compel me not *' Unwilling to foretel thy deftiny ! *' What tho' no Pythian tripod feels the God, " What tho' not yet the ferpent — ^from the banks 99 105 no Of Ver. 107. ^Gainjl thefe, &C.] Tat; ft.-n en- AiraTAuv x^^'-'^"' -^'-f igtur ApoUo graviter iratus fuit, at thefe Jlatei, namely, who refufcd his mother admiffion ; the fcholiafi fays, t«i! (*»! A,-|«i/.£fBi; onAaJij TDV A,)t«, BlliI 3 et fpite of tliis the Latin trajifl.itor hath foifted into his text — . HU quercubus, a mifbie, which the reader fliould be apprifed of. Tlu; umuilUngnefs, which Jpcllo fpeali:; of, to deliver- the oracle — aiKiintc pfx^io — is befl explained by the oracle deliver- ed by the Pythian prlcrtefs in the 6th Mnad of Vifgil : and like that, all oracles were fuppofed to be delivered in a compolfive way. /ft Phwbi nondum pati^ns, immanis in antr$ Bacchiitur votes, magrium fi pe£iere pojftt, Excujfijji Deiim, isc. Ver. 77. Concerning the laurel, fee Hymn to Apollo note i. v.-bere it is remarked, that the Tripods were a- ttorncd with laurel. Concerning the woman, Kiobc, mentioned, 1. 121. See the Hymn to Apollo]. 35, and for the laft line of the Ipeech, fee the 1 3th line and note of tlie lame hymn. Ver. 112- What tho', 5:c.] It is remarkable this threefold divifion of things found in the Hcat.hi'L A§ythd:gy : the world is divided be- tween the three brothers, yiipiter, Neptune, and Pluto ; Jupiter has his three forked lightning, Neptune his trident, or three- fold fceptre, as Pluta likewife at whofe gates is placed the triple- headed dogCeiberus : and the oracles of Apollo arc delivered from a Tripod, a feat with three feet — This divifion cannot but ftrike an attentive ob- ferver. It has greatly perplext the mythologifis to find out whence this cuftom came ot' Apollo's oracles being delivered from a Tripod, and very numerous as well as abfurd are their foKitions of tile matter. Spanheim has a long diffcrtatioil upon it in his note on this place, at the end ot which he feems to have perfectly futislied him- felf, and is plcafed, he tells us, to find his opi- nion countenanced by a learned author, who with liirn, agrees in the fimilitude of thefe things in the v.'orfhip of Apollo, to the ceremonies in the Jeivijh temple: whence he doubts not fuch iniperfeiit traditions were taken. His word* are — Cni tamen ultimaiii, nee iniportunam, uti opinor, addeinus Coronda, nempe eo Apollinls, Jett Mi.Tbados, in templi Delphici adyto, fuprei tri- podan fedentis, refponfaque inde, Dei idius ora- culum coafulentibus, edentis fn£to, adumbrari « (rentlhbus pridem nobis vifum, id quod legilur, Nume. vii. 1J9. JMofem, qu:tici itigredcretur ta-' O 2 berfiacnlunr . loo THE HYMN TO DELOS. " Of Pliftus rolling his nine-folds immenfe, " And now around Parnaffus, fnovv-capt mount, 115 '' Their beniaculum, iit conf'jleret oraculum (prout hie vetus interpris) audlvijje vocem ad fe loquentis-, e frop'initor'io, gti'jd eriit/nper arcam (feu ejus oper- culum) iiiler duos Che\uh[m. ^ua: baud d'iffiteor jam acute adtigi(j'e eruditum auiiorem Ubri memo- rati Delphi Phnenizintes, quamquam pojtea de- mum ecUtl ac fei'ius a nobis iiifii iS" cui catero- quin viro doffa ad tahernaculum cum area ad fchi- Itintem fub "Jofua (Jof. xviii. \.)fixu>n^ totam hnnc Hebriiici ritus in Delphici Tripcdis bf ora- culi conjiitutione originem ac fimulacrum referre placuit, is'c." I would advife the reader, cu- rious in thefe matters to confult the note itfelf. There feems, no doubt, luit that this cuftom of delivering theorac/esofjpollo from z tripod phced in the more retired and Jacred part of the temple proceeded from whence Spanheim fuppofes : the Holy of Holies was itfelf called the oracle, and the judicious in the original language want not to be informed of the reafon of that tranflation which Spanheim produces, and which it would be too long for me to explain here : In the ift book of Kings viii. 6. we read — " And the prieft brought in the ark of the covenant of the Lord unto his place, into the oracle of the houfe, to the mofl holy place, even under the wings of the cherubim." Where the word oracle in the original is "^'II"', DeBIR, and in the LXX tranf- lation Aa|9i§, and in the text from Numbers, Mofes is faid to go in "^JIT', LDeBeR, to fpeak to him, to confult the oracle. But herein is the principal point remark,'.blc, that x.\\\s oracle was delivered from C'ft' the mercy-feat, from be- tween the cherubim, concerning which I have iuft fpcken in general in the hymn to Jupiter, note 107. — Thefe cherubim were placed in this moft holy place, where none but the high prieft was permitted to enter, and be but once a year, and then not without blood and incenfe — in this fo facred a place w^re thefe cherubim fituated, which were emblems or reprefentatives of the di- vine and Holy "Jhree, as may be proved by innu- merable arguments : upon which I cannot flay row, intending only jufl: to hint to the curious reader, how exaftly the devil aped this moft hal- lowed part of divine worfliip hy hh orachs, de- livered from a tripc.f, a tbrct-ftoi^d feut, fituated in the inner and moft facred part of his temple. And the particular of the ?ff/7i7//«'! of the /')'/g//'(y}, her being fwelled and infpired by the air, will ftdl, to the attentive reader, more confirm this folution of the matter, when he confiders, that all true oracles and prophecies proceed from the injpiration of the Holy Ghoji tunvf/.a. aytot, the- hoi" air or fpirit. This the very learned and ingenious Spanheim delivers as his opinion of the oiia,in of this cuftom ; and another thing which he informs us (nay, and of which he hath given us fome coins) is no lefs obferveable, that there were frequently tripods amongd theantients, with a ferpent rolled round them : fo that there he was worfhipped in his genuine form : and in confirma- tion of this we may obferve, that Apollo, the God of the temple himfelf was called Python ; nay, and moreover, as he tells us in this place, he had no tripod before this exploit of killing the ferpent Python ; whence we may obferve in return, that there was no oracle or cherubim before the promife to bruife the ferpent's head, which yet were immediately fet up, foon as that was neceflary to be done. See Gen. iii. 15, and 24. And concerning this analogy I have fpoken in the ]42d note of the hymn to Jpollo : in fur- ther proof of what was advanced there it may be neceflary here to add, that the name Python is diredly Hebrew from |nD, PeTHeNy an afp or ferpent, and a text where the word oc- curs, is by this Python himfelf applied to our Sa- viour. See Matt. iv. 6. which refers to Pfalm xci. where we read in the 13th verfe. " Thou flialt tread upon the lion and |rD Python, the adder or ferpent ;'" which hath an obvious and dired: ap- plication to this Heathen ftory of JpolWs deftroy- irtg the Pythcn. The word occurs in the fame fenfe in many other texts, as you may fee in any Hebrew concordance. Leigh, in his Critica Sacra upon the word, explains it, " an afpe^ Cockatrice, or the ferpent Python, called in He- brew Pethen ; which name noteth (by the con- trary) the unperfuadednefs which this Pfalm. (the 58th) fhevveth to be naturally in that beaft. And fo the wicked have the title of a/TreiSei;, un- pcrfwadtd or difobedient. Tit. i. 16." Vndt wnSw!', (adds an atubor quoted by Leigh) quippe qui THEHYMNTODELOS. loi " Their flimy length involving) tho' not yet " My darts have pierc'd the monfler : Hallow'd truths " Nathlefs, as from the Delphic laurel fure, " Unerring hear me fpeak : Far off, far off: — " Quick jQiall I find thee: Quick my arrows wafli 120 " In Theban blood : Thine is the impious race ** Of that tongue-doughty woman ! Hence not thou *' Profane, not thy Cithseron fhall the birth *' Of Phoebus hallow: Righteous is the God, " And on the righteous only fhines his favour.'* 125 He fpoke : And thence Latona wand'ring turn'd, Sad fighing to Theffalia : (Since in vain At Elice or Bura, and at all Achaia's ftates inhofpitable, fought The burden'd mother entrance :) There alike 130 Unfortunate ihe rov'd : Anaurus fled With great Lariffa, and fam'd Pelion's mount : Even Peneus too his difregarding waves Roll'd qw ferpens fiv} afph facer ejfet JpoIUni, & per in thefe things will beft underftand, and moft quem divirMtiones oUm injlituerentw. There is, readily excufe the imperfedtion of my account, I think, no doubt but the Greek verb 'ssn^u, to which is fcarcely any thing more than bare hints perfwade, comes from ]riD. PeTHeN, the great to raife the attention, and promote an enquiry original ev\\ perfivader or Jeducer. into fuch fubjefts amongft men far more able Thus as it {hould feem, we have a complete and much more at Icifure for them than my- and reafonablc account of this tradition concern- I'clf. I liave forbore enlarging on the phyfical ing Jpolh's killin;i the Python^ and delivering his folution which mythologifts give of this exploit oracles in the moft /acred part of his temple, o( Jpolis's l^WVmg the Python, becaufe itisfo unii- ivom 3. tripod. They who are iijoft converlant veilally mejitiwned,, fy well and juitly applied. 102 THEHYMNTODELOS. Roll'd rapidly away thro' Tempe's vale. Nor touch'd compaflion thy relentlefs heart Steadfaft in hate, dread Juno ; when her hands In fupplicating fort extending wide, Latona thus befought the pitying nymphs : " Intreat, ye daughters of the flood, fair nymphs «' Of Theffaly, try every blandifliment, «' From Peneus, from your father to procure <' \ birth-place for Jove's offspring : Beg him flay *' His mighty flood ! — -Ah Peneus, wherefore ftrive " Swift to outfl;rip the winged winds ? No race, *• No contcft claims this fpeed : Move ever thus «* Thy feet, the ground light-leaving? or now flrft *' Do terror and Latona bear thee on, ^35 140 145 (C And Ver. 139. Intreat, &:c.] This whole fpeech of Latona to the nymphs is truly beautiful : the elerance of the expreffions arxl the admirable breaks in tlie fentences greatly coaim-entl the author's judgment and genius. The lall line in the original, isp:cu!iar: the word wp.oToxa; refers to a com- monly received opinion amongft the antients (of which you may read in Pluiy and other natu- ralifts) that the lionefs never brings forth but once, the parts jiccefTary to generation being always torn away through the violence rf her agonies in bringing forth : as their opinion feems not founded in truth, I have ul'ed in the tranf- lation, a word, which will either ferve that fenfe, or the general one, if this be not as re- ported : the author ufes the word nJ««?, for the produce of the birth, an fimilar, would incline one to believe that Callimachui borrowed it from the LXX tranflation, with which we muft remem- ber, he could not but be acquainted. Spanhiim obfcrves judicioudy from Bochart, that this opinion of a lionefles never bringing forth but once i^ fufficiently refuted by thefacrcd Scriptures, particularly the igrh chapter of Ezckiel, and the 2d chapter and ver. 12. of Nahuin. T H E H Y M N T O D E L O S. 1 03 *' And to thy flight add wings ? — He hears me not, " Too abjedl for regard ! Ah me, my load, " Where fhall I bear thee? — For my flacken'd nerfes 150 " And yielding finews to the. birth give place ! *' Oh Pelion, happy Philyra's retreat, '' Stop thou thy courfe : oh ftop : — Thou not receive *' Jove's offspring, — when amidfl thy mountainous /hades " The famifli'd lionefs torn in labour finds 155 " Safe £helter to caft forth her dolorous birth !" The piteous river-god uprear'd his head, Bqdew'd with tears, and tenderly replied : " Heaven witnefs, oh Latona, I thy pangs ** Behold not unregarding : But what power 160 " Than dire Necefhty more ftrong ? Thefe waves " Thou Ver. i6r. Necejfity, &c.] The antients had He has well obferved too, that in the laft line univerfally this opinion of Nccejfity, that flic of this (peech there feems a contradidlion ; for was the ftrongeft of the deities, nay, and even how fhould Latona implore the affiftance of fuperior to y«w : of whom Or/)/j^w fays, Lucina, when as yet, flie was not born, fmce Diana and Lucina, as is univerfally agreed, were A«„ yap A^^y^r^ ^«r« *farw«. ^.^^ ^^^^ _p ^.j^j^ diiEculty is folvcd by Pan/a- Dreadful Nccejfity connnands and governs all. nias, wlio tells us, that there was:) nother Lucina, _ .^,,. ^ ., Ik/- 1. ■ u- difFerent from Diana, the d.U2;hter of Juno: Fri/chiinus riTetuy enouoh oblerves, that in this , . ,- ^\ zj ^ i „ , „/rrt/) /^ /, ■ , D , r a- > who coming; from tlie Hyperboreans allifteu La- refolution of feneus, rather to iufter every evil . , ° , i tj „ l- u„„,„ ,„ , . .^ li /»io .1 L ri I ,- tona in her labour: Homer, in hi;, tiymn to when luno could afriiit, than bafciy to defert a i c^ e ^ r ■ i.» ;„»,J i,,. '^.,.,/> ,-./., n J L r i ,r Apodo, " reprefents Lucina as detained by Juno a friend in the utmolt diitrefs and neccTity, we ' \ '• , . „ n„^„ ,.,,. ^X, rp , , .,. ,- J 1 , from iuccommf!, Latoftff. Diana, we mo//» ; yet we cannot but the addrefs and elegance of the poet in thefe de- ftand amazed at the grofs abfurdity of the hea- licate and refined compliments, which we fee thens, woriiiippiiig, addreffing and adormg thefe he takes every opportunity to pay his prince. See poor periAipg kings as Gods— e^o; «Mo«— nay,. to THE HYMNTO DELOS. 107 " My mother, muft thy fon be born : thefe climes " Tho' I nor difapprove, as amply crown'd 210 " With golden plenty : nor envy the renown " Of thy Apollo's birth. But from the Fates " To thefe bleft realms another God is due, " Of the great Soter race the brighteft ftar, " Immortal Philadelphus ; at whofe throne 215 *' Shall either continent and every ifle, *' (Far as from w^hence up the high fteep of heav'n " The fiery courfers bear the Sun's bright car, " To where i' th' weftern world their journey ends) " Nought murmur to bow down, and nought refufe 2 2» " To own that Macedonian's fway, whofe foul " Shall bright refled his godhke father's virtues. " Hereafter fhall a common contefc claim " Our force united : when from th', utmoft weft '* Another race of Titans fliall fpring forth, 225 «' In multitude like fleaks of falling fnow, <' Or to thefe Ptolemies, we are informed, divine r^.^uy, by Soter, tlian Saviour. When CaMi- worftiip was paid, and flatteries beyond imagi- niachui fpeuks of either continent, ver. 2i6. nation fulfome. 1 liave, for a very obvious rea- «ft;poT£§ii Msa-cyaa, he fpealcs agreeable to the ■fon given in the 214th line, to the original feiitiments of the antients, who divided the world into two parts Afia and Europe. Con- SAOTHPfiN .^«T« 7.KC. ^^^^^;^^g j^;^ p^;^^^, ^ ^^^ ^^^j^^ wi!l hcat Hiore the turn of a proper naTie or appellation, chuftng in the Encomium of Theocritia, which I have rather, and I think more juflly, to render £««- given purpofely to explain thefe palTages. P 2. loS THE HYMN TO D E L O S. ' Or as the ftars that in the JEther feed ' Innumerable — flafhing dire o'er Grecia's realms ' The fword barbarian ; and the Celtic Mars * In all his fury roufing ! loud laments, 2 jO * From Delphic towers, and Locrian battlements, ' From fields Criffiean, and each ftate alarm'd, ' Shall eccho round : the neighbour fwains fhall view ' Th' adjoining harvefts blaze — and fcarcely view ' Ere the devouring fire fliall feize their own. 235 ' Now fhall they fee, with horrible difmay, ' The hoftile phalanx round my temples marfhall'd : ' Now, midft my holy tripods, helms and fhields ' And all the bloody implements of war, ' Unhallow'd and abominable ! Caufe 240 ' Of future defolation to the throng. (( Mad Ver. 226. Or as, &c.] The original is, that the ftars were fed and fupported by the air, and the feveral moiftures exhaled from H iaci^i^jA.oi the earth and fea. See hyn^n to Diana, note 231. T«5£criir, ijiixa 'STA«r« ««t' jjtga Botxo?i£o»T»i. where we find that notion applied even to the Moon. Lucretius confirms this, by faying. Where, as Madam Dacier has well obferved, U„de Mthzr fidera pafcit. Concerning the re- the word BouxoX£ji-n ir-. lu m- 1 / • , i ^ So roll d the float, and lo its texture held, (Jlim purpurea man natabat . , , ,■ 1 , , , , 77. . f • L- f-e ■ J J And now the outh, and now ilie north bear- ish moto tevis nine <3 inde venta _ ' Ibat fluiilbus ttiquieta futnmis : a 1 ' ^ ', n , r n 1 1 Ma/lllam geminh Deis cotenh ^nd now the eaft the foamy floods obey, Hac aha Gyaro ligavlt, Ulac ^nd now the weft-wuid vvhnis it o er the I Conlianti Myeones dedit tenendam. n , ■' ^ Pope b. 5. ver. 420. This epigram, with the following lines from no THEHYMN TO DELOS. «' Boreas or Aufter, or th' uncertain flood. *' Thither thy burden bear : the wiUing ifle " Shall to Latona gladly grant admittance." He Taid : the ides retiring fought their place Obedient to his word , Afteria then, Of hymns divine regardful, to behold The facred choir of Cyclades, came down In happy hour from fair Eubaea's coafts, Encumber'd in her courfe with burdening weeds From rough Geraeflus gather'd : in the midft She flood : and with a generous pity touch'd At fair Latona's forrows, quick confum'd 260 265 270 The Ver. 263. 4fteria, &c.J The original is,' Er>:5 o til fi,i(Tar,at' xa-roiKim^aaa St A»tw of which I have given the bcft tranflation I was able : though I am by no means clear in the fenfe of this moft difficult and perplext paf- lage : it has been too hard for all the commen- tators, who cannot tell what to make of the nCPlfCAIEO nyPI, ks burning roumi with fire, ■which confumed this fea-weed, *i;xo5 a.-rca.v xaraipTii- iai. Spanbeim has given fome of the bed hints tov/ards its explication, which I will extratl from him, and then we fhall be the better enabled to judge ; " A learned Man thinks, fays he, that this is fpoken in allufion to the barrennefs and badnefs of the foil in Dclos, &c. But that this cannot be the meaning of the words fufH- ciently appears from the reafon (which is imme- tiiiiiel)' addedj of this zvccd's being burnt up by 3 Delos ; namely, becaufe the ifland burnt all around with fire, beholding the pangs of Latona, Sec. iTTii ■aipxxiio TOi^fi, &c. In that therefore, from CalUmachus himfelf it is plain, the whole reafon of the thing is placed: Delos amon^'fl its antient names, fuch as A/ieria, Ortygia, Sic. (of which we have fpoken before) was formerly called a!fo Pyrpoles or Pyrpiles, fire being firji invented or found out there according to Pliny, and fo Solinus fays, that it was called Pyrpole., quon'am U ignltabula ill tff ignis inventa funt. To which antient name of Delos, and this account of its original, CalUmachus undoubtedly refers in this place ; where he fays, that all t\\e fca iveed brought with AJieria or Delos from Ger/rjius, a promontory of Eubcra., was burnt up by it, be- caufe OTE^ixaiio wupi, quandoquide7n igne Jlagraret circumquaquc, iSc. and not referring to this account ot PUny\ and of Solinus, has been the reafon why fo many learned njen have been unable to clear up the pafTage." So far Span- beim; the reader may remember that in a former note (note 61.} it was obferved from Solini^s, " that THE HYMN TO D E L O S. ur The weeds impeding : for indignant flames Burnt round her fhores, the fuffering pangs to view Of female anguiih : " Wreak, dread queen, flie cried, " Oh Juno, wreak on me, what vengeance beft " Shall fuit thy foul : thy threats fhall not difarm 275 " My honefl purpofe : come, Latona, come : " Afteria, waits thee gladly." Thus her toils The wifli'd for end obtain'd : befide the banks Of deep Inopus (whofe proud current wells Moft rapid, when from ^Ethiopia's rocks 280 The Nile defcending deluges the land :) Her wearied limbs £he lay'd, the crowded zone Unloofing ; while againft the facred palm's Sup- " that Delos, after the great deluge, wasfirftof real fire (prung /fpo/lo znd Diana; as the reader all the places of the earth illmninatedhy the rays of will hnd at large in the conclufion of this hymn : the Sun, and thence had the name £)^/w." Now and a note in the appendix on this paflagc will it is not impoflible that in this intricate pafTage, perhaps fet it in a clearer light. there. 1% (ome phy/ical allufion to fomething of Ver. 283. Palms, &c.J Concerning this this fort ; for as £)^/w was the birth place of the palm-tree at Delos, (o famed for its antiquity. Sun, Apollo, it may properly enough be faid to you may read in almofl every claffic writer : why hum around xvlth fire : and as the folar fire it was peculiarly dedicated to Apollo was ob- purges and deftroys all corruptible and noxi- ferved In the hymn to that deitv, note 5. and it ous principles, and promotes vegetation, there deferves particular attention in confirmation of may poflihly be fome allufion hereto in its what was faid there, that the mother of the God burning up and cnnfuming the fea-iveed. And of light (hould recline againjl this tree, and be we may remember De'os, though barren before htifeK fupported hy that which is the en)blem of /Ipcllo was born in it, afterwards became re- fupport. Some have faid, that Apollo was markably plentiful and fruitful. I obferved, brought forth between an olive-tree :iiid a palm, that in this whole aSiiW o{ Latona's perfecution, a tradition remarkable enough: Ovid men- Sec, there was a manifeft allufion to natural lions it. things ( note 81 ) Phurnutus conhrms that jnu incumbens cum PJLLADIS ARBORE opmion, who makes /-«/««« to iignify the night P/ITM/P ov dz.vk Chaos, itQmyihom by Jupiter \hQ atht- rj-i:--j.' • r ,,-,,.„»„^.4 ' ' J J r —Edidit Dicita gemnm Latona mven,!. 112 THE HYMN TO D E L O S. Supporting trunk reclin'd, with bittereft pangs She groan'd diftreft ; and big cold drops diflill'd Adovvn her fainting body to the ground. Breathlefs amidfl: her throes, " My Ton, £he cried, " With intermitted fervency, ah why *' Thus grieve thy tortur'd mother ? when to thee " A kindly iHe the wifli'd reception grants : " Be born, be born, and eafe thy mother's pangs." But long the deed from Juno to conceal 'Twere vain to hope : for trembling with the tale Her watchful Iris fled, and while her breaft Big pants with confcious fear, " Oh queen, flie cried, 285 290 295 Oft We fee there is no mention made of Diana, who according to her own account (Hymn to Diana ver. 34.) was brought forth without any pain to her mother : the difficulty was to bring forth the Sun, the Moon lives but from him, if we may fo fay. The dcfcription of this labour of Latona has juftly obtained univerfal praifes. Ver. 295. Oh queen, &c.] The excellence of CalUmachus in keeping up the charafters of his feveral perfonages is much to be admired, and it will appear by no means in a better light, than by comparing the conduit oi Mars on the reception which Pencus was about to give to Latona, and this of Iris, on AJleria's re- ceiving her: the fpeech of Iris is very excel- lent, and the art of her addrefs much to be commended. We may juft obferve our au- thor's pliilofophical accuracy in thus appropri- ating IRIS or the Rainbow to Juno or the Air : Homer, in his hymns, makes Iris a friend of Lqionn's, as does Lucian in his dialogues. But " CalUmachus, fays Frifchlinus, refpefts the i\\!anation : we have only to re- fo much talked of. fer to the beginning of things, and the pe'feJl ion Q. 2 ii6 THEHYMN TO DELOS. For ere the eighth foft concert was begun, He fprung to birth — -the Delian nymphs aloud >, All grateful to Lucina tun'd the hymn, The facred fong rejoicing ! ^ther hears And from his brazen vault returns the found 350 Exulting ; perfect glory reign'd : and Jove Sooth'd even offended Juno, that no ire Might damp the gen'ral joy, when Sol was born. Then, Delos, thy foundations all became Of pureft gold ; the circling lake, the flood 355 Of deep Inopus roll'd the fplendid ore Adown their glittering ftreams : and golden fruit On golden ftems thy favour'd olive bore. Thou too from off the golden foil uprais'd The new-born God, and fondling in thy breaft 360 Thus fpoke • — " See thou, Oh earth, fo richly bleft, *' Thou fertile continent, and ye full ifles " Who boafi: fuch num'rous altars, fhrines, and ftates. (( I am Ver. 354. Then, 5cc.] //»/wr gives the fame Jpollo from the ground, the golden foil; upon account of this affair, and tells us, that all be- which Spanheim obferves, that it was always came golden at Delos upon the birth of the Sun ; ufual to lay infants, when firft born, upon the no dfficult matter to account for, efpeciiilly if we earth, by which they acknowledged it the w«- refer to 'he hymn to Apollo, vcr. 52, and note, mon parent and nourijher : after whicTi they were CalUmachui fays, that the ifland Delos took taken up and delivered to the parents. THE HYMiV TO D E L O S/ 117 ** I am that poor uncultivated ifle *' Defpis'd and barren ; yet obfervc, from me 365 *' Delian Apollo fcorns not to receive' " An honour' d name : and hence no other clime " From any God fhall equal favour fhare : " Not Cenchris by her Neptune fo belov'd, " By Hermes nor Cyllene : nor by Jove 370 " lUuftrious Crete : as Delos, happy ifle " By her Apollo: fteadfaft in his love *' Here will I fix, and wander hence no more." She fpoke j and to the God, her fnowy breaft Unfolding, gave fweet nurture : o'er the babe 375 Enamour'd fmiling with paternal love : Hence, Ver. 374. Her fnowy hreajt, he."] Homer, who, according to Plutarch, averred that the in his hymn to Apollo, gives a very different ac- Sun was nourilhed and even kindled by the fca" count of this matter, informing us, that Apollo, So far Spanheim, in which he refers to that immediately after his birth, v^as not fed with curious treatife of P/utarJ/s, rtf^t ijiJos ««» milk like other infants ; but had nclar and O^ipJot, which is rendered iiuo Englifij by Dr. amhrofta, the meat and drink of tlie Gods, im- Squire, in whofe tranflation, p. 14. we read • mediately brought him by T/iemis : ~ " Nor can we fuppofe it their opinion, that the 0»J af ATroTAuva xft/iT»!p, ^""j hke a new-born infant, fpriiigs up every AMa 0£ 1! «xTap te xai afx.|9pus with his golden locks '^'' !^'""''.; '^"^ '^' l'''^"". '''' '.^"^^ '^'^V "^^7 Did fair Utona give : but Themis brought ^^'^^y ^'^J^'^l '° ".-^' „''^''f '^ '^ "'^'/^"''^ '° "^^''^ To Ids immortal hands the heav'nly fo^od ^^ "^ [^ \"""'"^ °^ '*''' '"'"'"^r^-" ^^ Ofdeities— ambrofiaandneaariioy f\ ^"^ ^«'""' the reader s while, defirous of Fill'd his glad mother. f"'''^^'' ^Pi-o^'ement in thefe fpeculatior^s, to read the whole treatife. And by the way we may " Becaufe, probably, the Sun or Apollo, as the obferve, that the word Ictus is derive,) from the producer and nourijher of all thing-, on earth, fame Hebrew word as Latotia, Lot, &c. — as cannot be fupported by earthly diment, but noted, ver. x8. of this hynm , a repark worth heavenly oniy. To fay nothing of the Stoics^ the reader's attention. ii8 THE HYMN TO D E L O S. Hence, holiefl of iflands, thou waft call'd The nurfe of Phoebus : privileg'd from death, From bloody Mars, and wild Bellona's wafte, Who ne'er deftrudive tread thy hallow'd plahis. But from the fubjed world primitial tenths 5S 380 Are Ver. 378. Privileg'd from death, &c.] It was never permitted any perfon to die, or to bring forth, in Delos ; anil the great veneration paid to the ifland by the whole world preferved it from the danger of war. Whenever any were Tick they were carried into a little ifland jufl: by, CA\\e<\ Rbenca, where they buried. And to this our author alludes in the lines above. Frifchliiius remarks a faying of Paiifanias, the fon of Cleombrotui, to this purpofe : who replied to the Dclians upon a difpute between them and the Athenians, concerning the property of the iflc, when they obi'ervcd this particular that no women were delivered, nor dead buried, in their illc. — " How then can this be your country, in which no one of you hath been, nor •will hereafter be ?" In qua neque fuit quifquain vejirian, neque futurus eft ? Ver. 381. But primitial tenths, &c.] Calli- maclms here informs us of a very remarkable particular in the worfliip of Apollo, " the fend- ing him the firjl-fruits and tenths by every na- tion in the world, and from the inhabitants of every part of the globe," to each of which the influence of the 5«« extends, and from all of which at this birth-place of his he demanded, and obtained, an acknowledgment of his uni\'er- fal dominion. It appears impofliblc to give any tolerable folution of this cuftom, unlefs we re- fer to the Sf/», and his univerfal influence. The cuftom oi o^trrngfirji-frults is, without doubt, extremely anticnt, prior to Adofes, and as old as the fall : when Cain brouijht of the fruit of the ground, arid Abel of the firJlUngs of his flock : the one a bloody, and fo an acceptable facfifice ; the other only of the/r« t of the ground, curfed and not redeemed. And in reference to this Jjloody ofFirring, the learned commentators upon our author oblervc, fhat in the original there is mention of more than the fheaves, and therefore I have tranflated it (ver. 390.) The holy (heaves and myjiic offerings bear. In thefe facred handfuls, or bundles of corn, they aver, that the bloody offering was wrap- ped up to preferve it, which is confirmed by a pafTage from Herodotus, who fays, that the Delians fpeak of IPA EvJiJsftwa i» xaXaf/.») roufwy eI YTTf^/Sofsai/ (pi^iij.;iz, — facred things bound up in a fjcaf of wheat, brought by the Hyperboreans" upon which Spanheim adds, that IPA is com- monly ufed for victims that are offered in fa- crifice, or for parts of them [awafX'x-n' firji- fruits. The reader will find much to this pur- pofe in the notes of that learned commentator : the cuftom however feems from hence fufficiently plain, and, with a reference to the firjl -lings-, ■dud fi^f-fruits mennoncd in fcripture, cafy to be refolved : fmce thefe were payed to the Sun, the emblem of the true Sun of Righteoufnefs, who Wis facrifced for the fins of the whole luorld, the frft-born of every creature, and the firji-fruits of the dead. In a work called Bibliotheca Bi- llica, printed at Oxford, many hints of this kind are fully explained ; the reader, amongft other parts, may confult vol. 3. p. 42. Span- heim obfervcs, that this uni\erfal regard and tribute, paid by all nations to Apollo or the Sun, at Delos, was fometiiing fimilar to the veneration paid to the the temple of the true Sun at Jenfalem by all the Jews, inhabiting every part of the globe. See his note. And when the light of the wo, Id was born, wife men from the .moft iliftjnt parts, kd by hhjlar, came to worJijipVym and to pre- fcnt their ^///j an!^ offerings, the firJi fruits of the acntiles. THE HYMN TO DELOS. Are fent to Delos : wliile each pious ftate Unites with facred joy to celebrate The gen'ral feaft ; ftates flowing from each clime Of the well-peopled globe, from eaft and v/eft, From Ardlic and Antardlic pole — where heav'n The virtue of the habitants rewards With length of days : thefe to the Delian God Begin the grand proceffion ; and in hand The holy fheaves and myftic offerings bear ; Which the Pelafgians, who the founding brafs On earth recumbent at Dodona guard, 119 385 390 Joyous Ver. 388. Thefe, &c.] The author here de- fcribes the proceffion of this holy offering, which he tells us comes firfl: from the dwellers at the antar£iic--pole, the Hyperboreans, and io is con- veyed through different hunds to Delos. Pau- fanias has a paffage which well explains our author — " In prafienfihus antem ( Attica; pago) Apollinis cj} temphim, quo HYPERBOREO- RUM primitias mitti tradunt; eas enitn Hyper- borci Arifmaj'p'is committunt, Arifmafpi Iffido- nibus ; ab its acceptas Scytha Sinopen : inde ad prafienfes Grreci deportant ; eas deindc Delon A- tlienitiifts Kittuni." lib. I. p. 59. Ver. 392. Dodona, &c.] This on^cle of Ju- piter's at Dodona was of a very fuigular kind, I'uppofed to be the mod antient of all the oracles of Greece, prior to the flood, butreftored by Deu- calion, according to the tradition, alter it. The fcholiaft upon the i6th Iliad, 233, ^c- gives this account of it — T15 It snv tb Au^rnxm Aio;?iovoc, &:c. What is the ffory of this Dodonean Jupiter, and wha: is the place from whence he received this n.sme ? To wliich he anfwcrs, from a very antient author, Thrafyhulus, that Deucalion afterthe flood, winch happened in his time,having got fafe upon the firm land of Epirus, preached or prophefied in or by an oak — i^oLmmto •» tf \\n — and by the admonition or counfcl of an oraculous Dove, having gathered together fuch as were faved from the flood, made them to inhabit together in a certain place or country, which, from Jupiter and Dodona, one ot the Oceanides, they called Dodona.'' Thus far the fcholiaft. The reader cannot but ob- ferve the remarkable references herein to the affairs of Noah, of which this doubtlefs is a plain heathen tradition. Concerning the oak, fee hymn to Diana, note 224. What the doie fi 'uifies we may underRand by Noah's dove fent from the ark ; the tradition is rem-.-.rkable, that this dove flew from the lap of Thebe, or, as others, from Thebes, the very name of the ark \\\ the Hebrew T\'2\.'r\ Thcbc, to Dcdona, whicil is a compound word from ml and *j~lN', Dod and Achnai, fo Dodonai, as will appear irom an author, who has fallen into my hands while I am writing this ; and whom I will produce at the end of the hymn, as not having room for him here. The Pelafgians, Uihoujy^u were the dcfccndcnts of, and had their name from Phuleg 20 THE HYMN TO D E L O S. Joyous receive, and to the Melians care The hallovv'd gifts conlign : whence o'er the fields Lelantian pafs'd, to fair Euboea's fhores At length arriv'd, a ready paffage wafts The confecrated off 'ring to the fhrine Of DeUan Apollo. Oi the north, 195 Chill or Pelfg J"* 3. See StiUingflecfs Origines Sacr^. The tradition of tlie Do/iouean orac\e, that it was prior to the flood, but reftorcd by DeucaUon, is fimilar to wl'.at the Jt'ivs dehver, that the altar upon which Ncab facrificed after \.\\cf.ood, was the fame Vv-hicii Jihim had built after the fall, whereon Cain and Jhel offered their oblations — and whereon alfo Abraham offered, i^c. See BihUothcca Bihltca, vol. I. p. 227, is'c. In antient times, and at the beginning, the ora- cles were delivered by the murmuring noife of a fountain at the foot of an oak, and alfo from the oaks themfelves: but in after times they made ufe of the brazen kettle, of which Calltmachus fpeaks, the founding brafs, which, whethtr it were ufed in delivering oracles, is doubted by fome. We have two accounts given us of the reafon, why it was faid to be always founding:, ao-r/iToio, as CalUmachus calls it ; one, That niany of thefe brazen kettles were fo artificially placed about the temple, that by ftriking one of them the found was communi- cated to all the refl. The other, and the moft probable, account is, that there were two pillars before the temple, on one of which was placed a ketth, upon the other a boy holding in his hand a whip with lajltes of brafs, which being, by the violence of the w'nd, ftruck againft the kettle, caufed a continual found. Concerning this whole matter, fee Potter's Antiq. of Greece, vol. I. p. 265. and other writers on Mytho- logy. Thefe bra%en pillars, &c. feem to have fome reference to the two brazen pillars before the temple of Solomon, i Kings vii, 21. called Icin and Bo%, which were reprefentativcs of the fupporters of this fyftem, and reclaimed by God to liiBifelf from ihe heathen wovfhipers of thofe fupporters ; of whom it is faid, that they fend out thelv found ; th y, namely, the D'plt^— the athers, thejfn/gglers, light and air, Pfalm Ixxvii. ' 17. of whom itis alfo faid, that their voice and found is gone out through the whole earth. Pfal. xix. So the brafs at Dodona lAwzys found- ed, and that by means of the air, as we ob- ferve ; where, if the brafs was an emblem of light (as was gold in the temple of God) we have the two agents. And to this the bells of gold on the high priefls vejlments joined with the pomegranates referred, which were always to fend forth their found when he entred into the oracle or Holy of Holies. See Exod. xxviii. 34. As thefe have all a mutual connexion and application to the fame thing (which fcems to have been the heathen grand offence) a wor- Jhipping the created agents, which are the fup- porters of, and whofe found or power extends through all creation, and is continually aiilng ; it fcems very reafonabic to fuppofe, that thefe ever-founding kettles of brafs, with their feveral appendages, refer hither alfo : and the more attention we give to the remarkable columns before the temple of God, the clofer fimilitude, I am apt to believe, we fhall find : bearing in mind, that thefe brazen kettles were of modern in- vention, compared with the oracle, oak, dove, &c. Ver. 398. Of the north, &c.l Spanhciin pro- duces a paflage from Rudheckius to prove, that this worfhip of Apollo by the Hyperboreans, or fons of the north, was the fame with the ido- latry paid to Baa'-Stphon ; for the word Sephon in the Hebrew confeifcdiy is the no-th. Tnefe are his words: Hunc vero juxtii Gracos auSiores, cultum ah Hypcrboreis Apollinem, nm em ejje cum Baal-Scphon, Deo leu idolo, aijiis nientio, Exod THE HYMN TO DELOS. (Chill Boreas' climes, the Arimalpians feat,) The lovelieft daughters, Hecaerge blefl, Bright Upis, and fair Loxo, with a choir Of chofen youth accompany'd, firfl brought The grateful fheaves and hallow'd gifts to Phoebus : Thrice happy throng, ordain'd no more to fee Their native north, but ever flourifh fair In fame immortal, fervants of their God ! The Delian nymphs, whom to the nuptial bed Midft melting mulic Hymen gently leads Trembling with am'rous fear, their votive locks To thefe bright daughters of the north conlign t And to the fons the bridegrooms confecrate The virgin harvefl; of their downy chins. 121 400 405 410 Thee Exod. XIV. I. conicndlt idem de quo patilo ante, v'lr ingerilofus ac indujirius Rudbeckius Atlant. p. 761. quod nempe Sephon ^^ Septentrione, feu aquilinari plaga, ab Hcbrxis did fit in confejfo : fitquc ita Baal feu Relum feptentrionalem, nihil tjfe aliud qiiam Apollinem Hyperboreum : Baal enim a Scaidis i^ in Eddn, omnium prajlantif- fimum denotare. Cui & illud fnffragari infupcr pojfet quod a Lhaldjeis "|13'i', Sephon, de extre- me ftptentrione idea dici adftrant veteres mrrgi- Jiri, quod Sol i! ic fit velut abCconditus, id autem de Hyperboreis tra .iderunt Mcla^ PUnius, (sc. eos per femijfem SoY\s luce carcre." Thus that learned and ingenious Commentstor ; and ihe names of thefe three Hyperborean virgins evi- dently (hew their connection with the Sun, in confirmation of what Spanheim has remarked ; each being an appellation of the Sun, who is c:;lled Hecaergus from emitting his rays, or darting them from afar^ Loxius, from the ob- lique eourfe, which he annually dtfcribes, which the worJ Aofo; fignifies, See Mac)-ol>ius, Phor- nutus, bfc Upis, for the fame reafon that Dinna was fo called, viz. from \.\\& fplcndor and brighti:-fs of I is face. See hvmn to Diana, ver. 278. Add to this, that ^lie Virgins and young men we { a to dedicate to thcii; virgins and their companions, tlieir Hair, when about to be manitd ; hereby acknowledging; tt.e Sun to be the caufe of a I fruitfitlnefs ixiiijirength, cf which tiie Hair, in reference to his rays, was the fymlol. See hymn to JpoUo, note 52, and 60. and alio the cafe of Samffon, whof i /ireng.'h lay in his feven /fff-f^, as mentioned. Judges \\\. i-j, i^c. R 122 THE HYMN TODELOS, Thee bright Afteria (whofe rich altars breathe Divined fweets to heav'n) the cirding ifles Encompafs round, and form a beauteous choir 415 Not lilent nor devoid of facred fong : But radiant vefper crown'd with golden locks. Still views thee hymn'd with grateful harmony. The youths, prophetic Olen, chaunt thy lays Delighted : while the maids the folid ground. 420 Shake with their choral feet : and load with wreaths Fair Venus' facred ftatue^ which^ from Crete Returning with his peers, kind queen of love, Thefeus uprais'd to thee : who, when efcap'd The mazy labyrinth, death's fequefter'd feat, ^ 425 And dread Pafiphae's offspring by thy aid. Grateful around thine altar led the choir With facred dances to the tuneful harp. And hence the fons of Cecrops annual fend The Ver. 414. The circUng ip^, &c.] Concern- writers on Mythology are coprous. Tl.ucydldes ing the Cyclades, fo called from furrounding and Plutarch alfo give an account of it, and the Delos, I fpoke, note 3. Olen was a Lyctan^ Englijh reader will be fatisfied by confulting and compofed hymns to the honour of Jlpollo at Potter's Antiquities of Greece, vol. I. p. 284. Delos. Concerning the ftatue of f^enus in Delos., where the archbifhop refers to this paflage in the honour paid to it by Thefeus, and the yearly Callimachus. ceremony performed by the Athenians^ all THE HYMN TO DELOS. The fam'd Theorian vefTel, that defies The pow'r of time, for ages ftill the fame. Thee, ever honour'd ifle, what veflel dares Sail hy regardlefs ? 'twere in vain to plead 123 430 Strong Ver. 433. Thee, Sic] Here we have a re- markable inftance of the veneratioji paid to Delos, which was univerfal, and of which /Eneas fpeaks Hue feror : hrrc fejjbs tuto placidijfima portu Acdplt : egrejft veneramur ApoUinis urhem. /En. iii. 78. See too Cicero's Oration pro Lege Man'dia. Nos quoque, i^c But the ceremony, which CaUima- chus fpeaks of, is very peculiar : liic fchoiiaft fays, " That it was a cuftom in D^los to run round the altar of Apollo., and lo ftiike it with a whip, TW9rrnt(*^riy, and with their hands or arms bound behind them, to ■^Ite the oUv:." The firlt part of the ceremony is plain enough, and ea!y to be underflood by referring to th; hymn to Apollo,no\.e II. and I think die fecond p.,rticubr is of the ume nature with what we read in i Kings xviii. of the priefls of Baal, who leapt upon the altar they h.id made (which th<; LXX render JisTjfXw, run round, the exadt import of our author's phrafe :) and they cried aloud, and cut themfelvcs, after their manner, zuith knives and lancers, till the blood gujhed out upon them. The conteft here was, whether Baal, the light, or the opera- tion of the air could confiame the facrificeor not ; fo that the idol worfliipped v/as plainly the fame with Apdlo or the Sun, See note 408. The running round the altar imported the motion and ailion of thsfolar light ; the ftriking luith a tvhip the altar, or cutting themfehes with kni-ves, (a more cruel cuftom) mean while prayina; to their God, which they did (and they cried aloud iind cut thcmfelves, &:c.) was a f/.nbolical action, denoting their defire, that he v/ould by the aSiion of his rays, flri'ke, pervade, and cut (as it were) or fliew forth hi> power upon all nature in general, and l\\zi facrifice in particular now be- fore him : and to this, as was obfjrved, hymn to Apollo, note 34 and 142. refers the Exclamation lo Paan : Tlnocritus fpeaks of the like cuftom, which was ufed by the Arcadians, to their God Pan, who was the univerfal nature, and to be firuck, pervaded, and cut by ihck lajhes or darts O," the Sun : Kw /^i» Tai'S £pJoi{, W7ra» ^l^E, fjij ru t» oai^i; A^za&iKoi t7Xi\?^xiJhV V7T0 -zaXtv^xq te xui ufj-a^ TccnXSt fCar'O'^OlEl' 0T£ X^iU. TUtBcC ISU^SiVt, &C. See IdylUum 7. ver. 106. In the account of the Dodonean kettles there is mention of a whip of hrafs, which I fuppofe refers to the fame : and in the Orphic hymns, v/e read, in the hymn to the Sun, MA2Tiri aw >xiyv^yi tetjosojok affiec, Swxut, Oh charioteer With founding WHIP driving thy fplendid car Drawn by four horfcs. which feems fully to confirm what has been ad- vanced above : and having thus furrounded the altar of Apollo, and by this fymbolical action de- clared their belief in his univerfal power, they were to bend their own a, v/holealtar they furroanded, they expected to attain and lay h U of zhdt peace, whereof ibe olive was always a fvmbol, fee Gen. viii. 1 1. and which, though pe- culiarly the gift odhe true light, St. Johnxv. 27. was y.t iiy the heathens fupp .fed the gift of t':eu- material light : the arm is known always '<^ d - note power, as fcripture and profane writers fully prove, thus it appears, the heathens by this ce- remony cxprcffed their bcliefofobtainingjiftfi"^ and worldly fecuiity, by his power, vih-n pervad.ih all things and not by any t:rm orflrtnothff theirs. There arc fojnc pLin allufuns, to this R 2 abotr.i- 124 THE HYMN TO D E L O S. Strong driving gales, or, ftronger ftill than they, Swift- wing'd neceflity : their fwelling fails Here mariners mufl: furl ; nor hence depart Till round thy altar, ftruck with many a blow, The maze they tread, and, backward bent their arms, The facred olive bite : for fuch the Iports, To pleafe thy infant fancy, and divert With youthful mirth, the Delian nymph devis'd. Hail Vefta of the illes, the middle place 435 440 For abomination, in the S.S. particularly in the prophet Micah, who fays, 'I'hus faith the Lord concerning the prophets, that make my people err: that bite with their TEETH, and cry PEACE, chap. iii. 5. and in Zecharlah we read, And a baftard fhall dwell in ASHDOD (the beloved fire) and I will cut ofF the pride of the PhilifiiHes : and I will take away his blood out of his mouth, and his ABOMINATIONS from between hi, fEETH. chap. ix. 6, 7. Afidod here is rem.irkable, ~i-|"ltyN% for from 'Z'K, ejh, or li'J.% o/h, ihz folar fire, and 7-], to di aw silt, comes Delos ; as will appear more fully hereafter : and in the fourth verfe of the fame chapter of Zechariah, it is faid, (he fhall be eat up, b'2^r\, iomedetur, m fire ^''^ ; from which word we muft remember comes Eri«, Fejla, mentioned in the next note : who obtained the middle place, as there obferved from this folar ASH or orb, which fhe reprefented. Nee tu al'iud VEST AM, quam vivam credlto Flammam, fays Ovid, Fa ft. lib. 6. 291. and fo Delos, be- ing a fymbol of this living fire, is here called, the Vejia of the ifinnds. Ver. 441. HallVcJla, &c.] This expreflion alludes to the well-known cuftom of placing the Prytanea facred to Vefta in the middle of cities, as alfo her images in the middle of private houfes; as the Suns orb, which (lie reprefented, was placed in the midft of ihcjr/hm. I have tranf- lated the laft line of the hymn agreeable to the opinion of Spanhelm and many other learned commentators, who can never think that the poet would addrefs Diana (for fome have applied the words to her} after the clofe of a hymn, where (he has been fcarceiy mentioned. The learned and attentive reader cannot but have obferved, that this hymn, facred X.o the birth of the God oiW^t, refers immediately to ihe firjl production of things ; and though there are fome llrange fables interm.ixed, yet we muft look upon it in this light, if we would in any degree comprehend the author's defign ; and this I fug- gefted in a general note 81. Since the printing of which, a work of fmgular learning hath fallen into my hands called Originals by the re- verend Mr. Holloway, in the 34th page of whofe 2d volume, where he is confidering the word t3lS, Lot, Myrrh, I w;'^ greatly pleafed to read. " From the Hebreiv \^-^, Lot, or OJ^^^, laat, to He lid, the heathens derived their Amu, Latona, the mother oi Apollo and Diana; that is, of the light in its mixed or confufed ftate, before the fourth day of creation, when it was fet up in the orbs of the Sun, Moon and Stars : and this tDl'?, Lot, myrrh, was facred for the ufe of a fumiga- tion to the idol Lat.na ; doubtlefs irom fome imagined refemblance betwixt the lurking virtue of the gum, and that concealed Jl ate of the God- defs, before (he was delivered of the Sun and Moon : and what might that be, but that, as the virtue of the gum is brought to H^ht cut of its THE HYMN TO DELOS, For thou obtain'ft well-ftation'd ; Delos hail. ^25 Hail its Jolution by water, fo the Sun and Moon were born of Latona, or fetched out of their difFufion through the watery chaos, in which they had before lain hid, &c." See the whole curious chapter. May not this concealnunt, &c. re- marked by iV]r. Holloway tend to explain what Juno fays of Latona' s fecret coition with 'Jupiter, and fecret bringing forth yaftioiaSt- AA©PIA xai T.KTom KEKPYMMENA, ver. 32 1 ? And in this folution of the matter there is nothing new, as the learned reader is well informed : Phurmitus hints the fame : E| OY (namely Jupiter) (lis Avo\- Pi4i» xcci AfTEfti; iymr,^yijat Six t))? Avirf? : Ajira yatf T»i» NYK.TA ivoiix^as-t xara (/.iTaGEair ra ^ainuq 6 «{ TO xiXon auTs T A)!6>! Ti; Bi Afii, prophefy hy, or under feme oak or tall Ipreadir.g tree — for the text tells us, that this happened while Noah was in his tent, Gen. i.K. 20. Noah began to be an hujl.'indman, and he planted a vineyard, and he drank of the wij-.e and was drumen, and he was uncovered within his tent. But what is ftill .core to the purpofe, it is 126 THE HYMN TO D E L O S. Hail Phoebus ! and thou. Mother of the God. h Lid of Abraham, Gen. xiii. 18, that he re- moved Ills tent and came and dwelt iji the plain of Mamre (which is properly the oaks of Mnmre, as appears from the original Hebmv and the LXX. The Hehrczu Elon, an oak, is from El Deus, as much as to fay the tree, of God, as jilah which is rendred by exccratus efl, juravif, adjurovit, is from the fame root, i^c. Hence tiie oak amoniift the Greeks and Romans was arbor '"■fovt facra, dedicated and devoted to God, '(3c. — See the author. Thirdly, it is to be obferved, that Thrafybuius alfo takes notice of the dove or pigeon, which was fo remarkable a circumftance in the hiflory of the flood. Nouh jcnt ou! his dove. Gen. viii 7, &c. and her in- formation v;ell explains the or.ic'e of the dove, Xf^^fiov T»){ 'mnxetahi;, which inflrudled Deucalion. Fourthly, It is to be obferved, that Deucalion called this place where he and the refl: came cut of the ark, Dodor.a, which the fcholialt informs us was fo named aivu Ato? x«t Aw^wi/n; — from 'Jupiter tlwCl Dodona : but why from fupfer, I pray ? Here we fee a manifeft inltance of the ignorance of the Greeks and their corrupting the traditions of the ea^l, for war.t of ui.derftanding tlie language in which they v/ere delivered : foi it is true, as the Greeks did flill retain a fmat- tering of the bufinefs, that Dodona was fo called aito TB Ami, not from the word but the perfon fo called, who is in Hebrew called Adonai, and by the Carthaginians or Pha^n-cians, Donai, and the name refers to God's promife to Noah of not curfing the ground again, Gm. ix. 21. and is plainly as much as Doddonai, beloved of God, and tha' place, above all oihers, might well de- ferve fo to be called, in which God accepted fo gracioufly the firft facrifice after the flood, and was reconciled to mankind upon it. Fifthly, As an indicarion that Dodona was, tx A 0?, as J have explained, and tiiat it was not a Greek but an exotic and eaftern name, I obferve, that the fcholiafl faith of the nymph Dodona, that fhe was f*ia Til* HKia.]i\iu», one of the 5'r«-nymphs or daugh- ters of the OfM?7, themeaning of which is, that the name travelled by y:, the tree of God, or the oak under which the mofi: antienl. of the patriarchs were ufed to pitch their tents, bfc The author mentions two more particulars of refemblance in Deucalion and Noah, the one the excellency of their characters — for the fcrip- tiire faith oi Noah, that he was a juji man and perfeSl, &c. and Ovid of Deucalion, Non illo melior quifquam, ncc amanticr aqui Vir fuit, aut illd reverentior uUa Deorum. The moft UPRIGHT of mortal men was he : The mofk ftncere and holy woman fhe ; i. e. Pyrrha his wife. The f,:cond is, that the floods that happened in their times are faid to have been fent as par- ticular judgments, for the fins and enormities of the age which fuflered by them. God faid,— The wickednefs of man is very great, 1 will de- fir oy him. Gen. vi. 5. and Ovid of Deucalion's times, Contigerat nofiras infamia te?npor!s aures, ^lam iupiens falfam fumtifo detabor olympo, Et Dcus humand lujlro fub imagine terras : Longa ?nora ejf, quantum noxa fit ubique re- pertum Enumerate, minor fuit ipfa infamia vera. Met. I. The clamours of this vile degenerate age. The cries of orphans and th' oppreffor's rage, Had reach'd the fkies : I will defcend, faid I, In hope to prove this loud complaint a lye. Difguis'd in human fhape I travell'd round The world ; and more than what I heard, I found. Dryden. Thus I have given you a fhort exfrad of what this accurate author hath delivered upon the fubjed: : whoever wants proofs mull confult him, and he will Hnd it well worth his labour. It muft be remarked in confirmation of this compound derivation of Dodona^ that Span- heim thinks it a compound alfo, though he de- rives it from nil' "in Duda jona amahilis columba. May fuch refearches into the dark myfteries of antiquity, caufe us to rejoice in the glorious light of the Gofpel, and bring us to a due acknowledgement cf^ his praifes, who hath brought life and immortality through that gofpel to light ! End of the Hymn to Delos. ®y!'5!!'^3^ -"^ THE Fifth Hymn of Callimachus. 7i the * Bath of Pallas. OME forth, ye nymphs, whofe facred hands prepare The Bath for mighty Pallas : hafte, come forth. Even now I hear her hallow'd courfers nei^h : The Goddefs is at hand : hafte Argive nymphs, Crown'd "* Bath of Pallas.] The fubjea of the prefent always performed before day-break: whence poem is a very celebrated ceremony, which was Theocritus : performed annually at jirgos. " The Argive women, fays the fcholiaft, had a cuftom of A.<^9£» ^V("5 '"«,"■» ^f =<'''» 9foa. ..f^, &c. taking on an appointed day the image of Mi- Idvll. xv. 132. nerva and of Diomede, which they brought to the The Palladium hovtmi (which fell from heaven) river Jnacbus, and there zvaficd." And this was and was taken by Dio^ed at Troy, was reputed to * have 128 THE HYMN TO THE Crown'd with the o-olden locks, Pelafo-ians hafle/ Her ample limbs Minerva never bathes In cooling ftreams, ere from her panting fteeds V/ith have been brought by him ?.nd kept ztArgos : for vhich reafon, as is generally thou^it, he had this honour paid to him. There was a cere- mony of this Icir.d performed at Athens, called wxiji-flupta, wlicre Minerva's ftatue zvas %vnjhed : vvhicri was efteemed a very inaufpicious day, as you may read in Plutarch' % Life of Alclbiacks, and in Potter's Antiquities, p. 425. vol. 1. And the like ceremony was performed at many other places, in honour of other deities, ^panham alTigns various reafons for tliLfe facred wajbi?igs, which were principally dcfigntd to indicate the internal purity which the Deities required ; and of which Pallas was efteemed peculiarly the Goddefs : Proereatrix omnium virtututn, as Pro- clus fays of her, the mother of all virtues ; and who was able to render life unpolluted and pure, up^ccciTOf zxi *a6a§o( ; of whom Arijlidei, in his liymn to her, faith: " The prophets and priefts call her r-a^y-ea-im, the purger or purifier, and ii.\c^txa-)ioii, the driver aiuay of einls, and the in- fpeEtrefs of the niifi perfcSf purifications ; tw„ •nUiwrct-rui, EOPON KAQAPJIN. In all which, Spunheim adds, it is cafy to behold the traces of the Mo fate rites ; wherein it appears, that ex- ternal zuaJIAngs were prelcribed as a fign of in- ternal purification, from what is faid, to omit all other places, in Numb. viii. 7. and Ifaiah lii. II." The fathers generally taxed the gen- tile idolaters with thefe ceremonial wajhings of theirs when thev refufed to be baptized with the baptifm of Chrif}, of which all the indituted wafliings were typical; fo that theirs of con- fequence, as received from pofitivc injlitution origuially, led tj the true wnjhing, if they had iindcrfluod their own rites. Sec hymn to fu- piter, note 30, and 51. The particular /i?//-/;'^ of which the aniients riippofjd Pallas the ntuther, and Goddefs, as ubf;rved before, deferves atten- tion, and will cafily be aiccounted for, when we come to confiJcr what Pallas reprefented in the heathen fyitsm. Ver. 1. Come, &c.] This poem is written in the Doric diale(rt, as w^ might expciS, feeing it 3 is written for Dorians : Madam Dacier, upon what authority I know not, afferts, that Calli- machus, at the time of compofmg it, was at Argos : the word Aur^ox'"'*, fignih^ej pourers out of the xvaterfor the bathing of the Gcddcfs, which I have exprefl as clearly as a pottical tranflation would admit. Thefe Argive virgins ufed to confecrate their hair to Minerva, as the Dclinn to the Plyp rboreans, meinioned in the laft hymn, and for the fame reafon I fuppofe — Statius fpeaks thus of the cuilom in his ihcbais, 1. 2. -Jnnuptani lun.ine adibant PALL/IDA, munichiis cui non Argiua per urhes Pofihabita efi lj?i.r\K^jitgis ; hie more parentitm, lafldes, thalamis ubi cajla nd.hfceret estas Virgineas lihai e comas, primojque folcbant Excufare Toros, The reader cannot but obferve that there isfome fimilitude in the beginning of this hymn, to that of the hymn to Apolo ; and there may be good reafon to defcribe the approach of both deities to their temple in the fame manner, if, as I hope will fully appear in the fequel, Pallas is no other than The pure, unmixed foLir light. Ver. 7. Steeds, &c.J We fee Pallas is re- prefented drawn by horfes, as well as the Stm., Apollo, and for tiie fame reafon, namely, the impetuous, fiery na'ure of thofe creaiuies, their flrength, a^ well as their grc':^t fwiftnefs, where- by was reprefented the nature, and Jirength, as well as fvjiftnefs uf the folar light. Haji thou given the horfe flrength, haft thou cloathed his neck, with Thunder ? &c. fiays Gijd to j^ob xxxix. 19. fee the whole defcnption, as well as thd^t of Firgil's. Diana or the M.on was re- preiented as drawn hy Jlegs, fee hymn to D ana ver. 140. on account of the greui fwiftuefs of thofe animals, whereby was reprefented the fwifi and unwearied motion of the Moon, whence arofe the fable d Diana's inJefatigablentfs in hunting, hinted note on Diana's fpeech. jMr. Spence, in his Pclymetis, hath given us a very BATH OF PALL A^S. With careful hands the noble dufl is cleans'd ; Not tho' her arms with clotted gore defil'd 129 She very remarkable drawing from a Gem, plate 26. fi"-. I. in the outer circle whereof we have the feven phinets defcribed in their perfonal cha- racters, and drawn in a fort of chariots by the animals ufually confecrated to thefe deities : Saturn by Serpents ; Jupiter by Eagles ; Mars by two Horfes ; Sol by four ; Venus by Doves ; Mercury by Cocks, and Luna by Stags. In the next round we have the twelve figns of the Zodiac^ and in the center a perfon playing on two pipes, and fitting, which Mr. Spence hath not obferved, at the foot of either a palm or an olive- tree, as it fhould feem from the drawing ; tho* I cannot determine certainly from it. Here, I think, we have a full and plain pidure of the whole myflery and meaning of the heathen my- thology. And this antique tlie reader will find before the hymn to Apollo. Ver. g. Not tho\ &c.] Concerning the im- port of the phrafe Sons of the Earth, fee the hymn to Jupiter, note 3. The poet here al- ludes to one of the moft celebrated exploits of this Goddefs : of which Horace fpeaks in the 4th Ode of his 3d book. ^lid Rhrecus, evulftfque truncis Enceladus jaculator audax. Contra fonantem '-"aliadis segida Poff'ent ruentes ? And Phurnutus, pag. 189. informs us, that the Arijltia were given to Pallas in the battle againft the giants, (he defcrving befl-, and being the chief caufe of the victory ; whence flie had peculiarly the name of Gigantophantis, killer of the giants. The Abbe Banier, though, as at- tached to a fyftem, he was obliged to make all things fquare with it, could not help cojifef- fing thus much concerning this fable of the battle of the giants : " It is true, moft of the learned of the laft age are of opinion, that the enterprize of the tower of Babel, which may be conilrued a literal aflaulting of heaven, had given rife to the fable I am now explaining. Let us build, faid the authors of that mad pro- ject, a toivcr [that mav reach] to Heaven. Be- fides, add they, Nimrod, who headed that en- terprize, a Jlrong and mighty hunter before the Lord, muft, no doubt, have been accounted a kind of gi.mt ; thus nothing, they think, is wanting to compleat the refemblance, and they would have it not to be doubted, but that this is the explication of the fable." See vol. 2. p. 206. In further confirmation of which, I would defire the reader to recolleft what vv: s fhewn note 3. of the hymn to Jupiter, con- cerning thefe giants ; which the dcfertcrs of the true vjorfnp are called. Thek Ncphlim ov giatits were the defcendants of Cain, as obferved in that note ; and they, headed, as is probable, by ihMgreat and arch-rebel Ninirod,i(ter the fear- ful impreffions, which the deluge had caufed, were worn oft", undertook tliat piojccf, which Banier might well call mad, in the light he underftood, and men generally conceive it : for it was more mad than the fabulous ftory of the giants heaping mountain upon mountain to fcale tj hea\en, to begin building a tower, whofe top fliould reach to heaven in a remarkable lozu valley, as was that of Shinar, according to all geo- graphers. But the truth is very different ; and thefe giants, thefe deferters of the true worjhip, thefe rebels againjl God and his NAME, pro- ceeded rightly enough according to their own principles. Go to, faid they, let us build us a city and a tower, whofe top — may reach — unto heaven. The words, may reach, are read in Italics in our Bibles, a mark alw.;ys to the rea- der, that there are no fuch words in fhe origi- nal: D'^c'n r:\s-"i —urashu BcSH- MIAf, are the Hebrew words, literally, and its top or head to the heavens, their grand and arch-idol ; and their meaning was, " let us make us a city, and a tower tor a place of wor- fhlp and defence, and let us dedicate its icf, or CO fecrate it to the honour and fcrvice of our God, the heavens.'' And they add, let us make us a name, Oct", Shem, a NAME to u-or-ihip, in oppofition to him who is the true NAME, a name above every name, and after whom Shem the elder foil of Noah, in figure and type, was named. Upon this defign of ihtfe rebel worjljippers to deftroy the true Name, and to let up another in oppofition to it, the blef- S »"e'l I30 T HE H Y M N T O T H E She bears, the blood of earth's injurious fons. But from her golden chariot firft £he frees Their mighty necks, and with old Ocean's waves Wafhes away the painful filth of fweat : The foam expurging from their well-champt bits. Haste, Argive virgins, hafte j no unguents fweet 10 IS (I hear leJ Trinity in council determine to defeat their purpofe, and to blaft their devices : Go to, le: Its go down, faid the three divine perfons in one "Jehovah, and there confound their language, &c. So the Lord Jehovah frittered them abroad, isc." I cannot help remarking in proof of this Explanation of that grand event, that Herodotus reports, in his time, there was a chapel on the top of this toiuer, a golden table and a bed, for (hamelefs piirpofes ; and in a fhrine beneath a flatue of Jupiter : and Strabo confirms this ac- count. Now, that from this tranfaftion the ■whole heathen faWe of the giants, Nephnm, de- ferters and rebels arofe, I fliould apprehend will fcarce admit of a doubt with any reafonable per- fon. But it may be aflccd, how does this con- cern the point you fet out with, the Arijieia given to Pallas for her valour and principal con- cernment in the victory over thefe giants ? That I have not forgotten, and, by what I have ad- vanced, propofe to lead you thereto : firit de- iiring you to remember, that in all the hLftories we have of this terrible war againft the Gods, Apollo, or theyi/^r light in general; Hercules, or the folar light in its glory undflreirgth; and Pal- las, or the folar light in its purity and 'unmixed Jlate, v/ere the chief adtors. And thefe three are only different names and attributes of the fame thing, namely t\\c folar light : the queflion then is, why thcie divinities, or rather, this divinity, fhould in this combat be fo diflinguifh- ed ? And this can be folved no otherwife than by having recourfe to the original : where we find, that the oppofttion was to the DC^, the NAME, the ficond divine perfon, whofc reli- gion they defertcd, and from whom they flew off, defpifmg his hlood and atonement, as their firft-father Cain did, offering no bloody facrifice, and fo not being accepted. Gen. iv. 3, 5. Thefe deferters defpifed the NAiliE Jehovah, and at- tempted to make a name to themfelves ; lb Jehovah the 7tame fcattered them. And as light,, ihe folar light, the Glory, the .S«« of Righteouf- nefs, is all through the Scriptures, and hath ever been the fymbol or emblem of this fecond per- fon, this divine Name, this Jehovah, whofe caufe was principally concerned, and in whofe caufe the other perfons of the Trinity united ; as, I fay, this divine light was chiefly oppofed,. and fo gained the vicftory, therefore the tradi- tion amongft the heathens preferved it fo far exacft, as to aflign it to thefe powers in the hea- vens, which were the fymbols of this AWmzSun, particularly to Pallas, the light., in its virgin, pure, and unmi.^ed nature ; of whom we Ihall Ihortly fee more in the prefent hymn : as alfo of her Mgis — fonantem agida, — againft which •Caz giants could not at all prevail. Ver. 15. No unguents, &c.] All mixed oint- vunts were hateful to Pallas, and that on ac- count of the pure uriconipound virgin nature, if I may fo fay, of that light, whereof ftie was the fymbol : as alfo becaufe of its perpetual verdure. See hymn to Apollo, note i. at the end, to whom, for the fame reafon, the laurel, an ever- green, alfo was confecrated : for the folar light is always in its glory, flourifhing, and ever- young, as the poet defcribes Apollo. And on account of the purity of the folar light Pallas is reprefented a virgin, and therefore unmixed oint- ments, pure and u icon.poundcd oil is grateful to, her. Phurnutia fays, p. 188. Ho' EA-iiA iufit BATH OF PALLAS. (I hear her rattling wheels refounding ring :) No unguents fvveet, in curious alabafter, For Pallas, nymphs, provide : the Goddefs fcorns All mixtures of her pure and iimple oil : Bring ye no glafs : beauty for ever fhines And graceful luftre in her beaming eye. She, when on Ida's mount the Phrygian youth Pafs'd witlefs judgment, carelefs of the ftrlfe, 131 20 Nor tn, oia TO ?a^^e^^, xai Jia to rAAYKnilON Ti f%H»- xatt TO EAatoi' en avofjiVTov gfi «;* aX^« fy^^j aXAa Ka»* olive is the giti ot Minerva, btcaufe of its per- petual verdure, and he bluiijh (or ax,ure) caji Avhich it hatli : and «// cannot be adulterated by any other liquor, but always continues pure, unmixed, mjua finceritate, fo that it fcems \cry congruous to a virgin^ Phuniutus, in the lame chapter a little above, fays, that flie was reprefented with thtfe blue eyes, or azure-colour- ed, y>~avKwm<;, according to Ho/ner's epithet, be- caufe {he repiefcnted the rt/r, or ather, which hath this blue or azure appraraiice, Ji« to toi/ Asp* yy.x-jxdv £.iai — Now wc know, that this fine a%ure bluencfi is the peculiar cfFeft of the light. And Turner confirms this, who in page 197. of his book Hiys, " y'KxvxuTry; is 23 much as Cicfios or cieruleos cailos habens, which refers to the azure colour of the fky, or tsthcr \' — ■whi h he confirms by fcvcral other attributes of heathen deities. And Dicdiriis Sicuhts, as quoted hy Dr. Clarke in his note en the 206 \'erfe of the ift Iliad oi Homer, has this icmark, that Pallas was not called y'/.avxumi from her really \\:s\lh\7. fuch eyes, a^iX airo tk to» AEPA rriti •ETfoo-- »v]/iv EX-n" ayKxvKtu {y>Mvxov, the Do£lor Would read] but from the air's having this blue or az,ure appearance." And as it is thus on all hands agreed, th;'.t this eclour, given by mytho- lo!iifts to the eves ci Pallas, refers to the beauti- ful a%ure of the hca\ ens ; fo I fuppofc, what Callimachus fays in the lines abovCj of the per- pitnal beauty of her eye. Act xkAo* Oft«a TO T>i»a;, refers in like manner to the continual beauty of the fo la r light, which wants no additions of art, but in and by itfelf is always ^/7j/;f and graceful. In the hymn to j^poHo, note 6>. I have referred the reader to Spanhcim for a comment on thJ original,- which is difficult : but upon retrofpec- tioii from this pafl'ige, it will appear perfeftly plain : for the author there fpcaking of the Panacea, the fragrant deivy oiniment diftilling from the locks of Apol.o, fays particularly, that thefe locks do not drop Aown fatnefs ; Of AiTO? WTTorst^ovaiv am' avrr.v riANAKEIAN. not fat, jnixed and compound unguents, fucli as Pallas diflikes, but pure Panacea : thofe rays which gather up, and Ihake down the enriching dew, dilHl not ihcfe compounds, but a f.mple fruiSlifying oil : and thus both paflages give light to each other. Of the \\{t. of an alabaf.cr box fir ointment, fee St. Alatt. xxvi. y. Mo^tniain- hrafs [a^nyjO-xa!,] and vjater were heretofore the only lookhig-glaffcs: luxury brought in fi!ver-ones afterwards; fome liave imagined that our au- thor delicately fatvrifes the luxury and effemi- nacy of his times, in thefe different and oppo- fite characters of Venus and Minerva. Concern- ing the 30th line, the reader may fully fatisfy himfelf by referring to Spanheinis lc;iri;cd note, or Potter's Antiq. vol. r. p. 4^-2. ' .S 2 132 THE HYMN TO THE Nor in the mountain-brafs, nor lucid flream Of filver Simois look'd, to aid her charms ; Nor flie, nor Jove's fair confort : but the queen Of fmiHng love fond feiz'd the fhining brafs, Which pleas'd reflected every glowing charm, While oft £he plac'd and flili replac'd each hair ! But Pallas, each gymnaftic toil compleating, (Like the twin flars on fam'd Eurotas' banks) Rubb'd o'er her manly limbs with fimple oil Pure and unmixt, her garden's genuin growth. Behold, ye virgins, how the early morn, Like the pomegranate in vermilion dy'd, 25 30 35 Or Ver. 34. Behold, &c.] The fenfe, I have given to this paf'age, is that which the learned and in2;enious iVIadam Dacicr firft propofed, and which Spanhe'nn after her approves. For, as was obferved in tha firft note upon this hymn, the ceremony was performed always early in the morning, at day-break : fo that according to Madam Dacier, " Dicit poeta, O puella, tnatu- tinum rubor ccehun occupat ^ «ai m. ^laprcpter ilii mine, antequam fcUlcet matutinum tempus abeat, ferte oleum quo mares miguntur." And there fcems a very obvious reafon for this me- thod of expreffion in the poet, as well as for the cuftom itfelf, if Pallas be indeed ihe folar light, the firft appearance of which in the eaj} gives the fky that beautiful and bluihing luftre. See hymn 10 Jp.llo, note n8. at the end. And agreeable to this mterpretation our poet very remarkably, after faying, the rofy tnorn returns, (the reafon why the facred \irgins fhould be ready) adds almoft immediately, e|it' AeHN.-ilA, 3 Come forth, oh Minerva, The golden comb, wherewith her /Inning hair was to be fmoothed, has a like reference to the rays of the Sun, with what is mentioned hymn to Apollo, ver. 52. and this cuftom of carrying a golden comb was no unufual thing in the ceremonies of feme other deities, but in all referring to the fame. To {hew th :t this was no piece of luxury and delicacy in Minerva, fucli as that juft reprovf d in Venus, hear how, according to the inger.ions Mr. Glover, (who has immediate claflical authority for what he advances) the warlike Spartans employed themfelves. The Spartans (hen wereftation'd out on guard, Thefe in gymnaftic exercife employ'd, dS'c'. — While others calm beneath their polifh'd helms Drew down their hair, which hung in f^blc curls. And fpread their necks with terror. Ljeonid^s, b. 3. ver, 635. BATH OF PALLAS. Or damafk rofe with glowing blufhes fpread, Comes from the Eaft : hafte therefore and bring forth The manly oil alone, by Caftor us'd And great Alcides : bring a golden comb To fmooth the fhining beauties of her head. Come forth, bright Goddefs : lo, the grateful choir, The daughters of the noble Aceftorides, Wait thy approach ; bearing in holy hands The glitt'ring fhield of warlike Diomed : As erft the Argiv^es thy much favour'd prieft Eumedes taught ; he flying from the death By bloody hands deflgn'd, to Creon's mount. 133 40 45 Thy Ver. 43. Bearing, &c.] Diomed was pecu- liarly favoured by Pallai, and he with tllyJJ'es recovered the famous Palladium from Tray, which could never be taken while that image remained in it ; the ftory is well known, and fpoken of at Lrge by every writer on thefe fub- je£ls. We cannot have a better comment on our author, than the following lines from Ho- mer, in Mr. Pope's tranflation. But Pallas now Tydides' foul infpire5. Fills with her force, and warms with all her fires : Above the Greeks his deathlefs fame to raife. And crown her hero with diftipguifh'd praife. Hi-h on his helm celeflial lightnings play, His beamy fhield emits a living ray : Th' unwcary'd blaze incelFantftreams fupplies. Like the red ftar that fires th' autumnal flxies ; When fr.fli he rears his radiant orb to fight, And bath'd in Oceaa flioots a keener ligiu. Such glories Pallas on her chief beftow'd. Such from his arms the fierce effulgence flow'd. B. 5. ver. I. Such was the care of Pallas for Diomed, and fuch was his fhield : which was hung up in a temple of this Goddefs at Argos. Pindar tells us, that Pallas conferred immortality upon Diom-d ; and if fo, we have a very good reafon , why his fhield, as being that of a God alfo, fhould be thus honoured : S) •asati y'h.tt.vKuini i^i\x.i ©eov. and, accordingly, we read, that he was wor- {hipped as a God. I fliould be apt to conceive from hence, that here is fome firange mixture of fable : for the word AIOMHAHS fignifies ths care, or prudiuce, or counfei of Jupitir, whicli Pallas is faid to be ; and this Jhield one would imagine to be no other than her famous /Egis, ci v/hich I CtizW have occafion to fpeak more. 13 THE HYMN TO THE Thy facred image, which he bore away, Plac'd on the craggy rocks, which thence obtain'd The name, Paliatides, from thee, dread queen. Come forth, Minerva, whofe deftriK^ive frown Whole flates confumes j whofe golden hchnet darts 50 Terri- Ver. 51. Corns, &c.] We fee the Goddefs here in a new character, which is fomewhat extraordinary for the Goddefs of JVifchm, as we know Pallas is efteemed in the heathen fvflem. Jiut when we refer to what fhe reprefented, thefe contrary attributes will no longer appear jarring and diffonant. That (he fhould be efteemed the Goddefs of Wlfdorii is no marvel, iince the outward and fliining light of the Sun hath been ufed in euery age, and by every peo- ple, as a fymbol to exprefs the inward light and wifdom of the mind : and in this view no won- der the invention of fo many and excellent arts have been attributed to Pallas, infonmch that Orpheus calls her nx"'" /^i"? rooXyoxS;, the rich 7nither of arts. And when we confider the burning and fiery quality of that light, confirming and dcjiroying all things with its fury and vio- lence, we have a very reafonable folution of this difficulty, why the Goddefs of Wifdom {hould alfo be the Goddefs of JVar. For it is the fame bright and fplendid light, which illumines, and which burns, rages and confumcs. In re- ference to the head and fountain of that I'.ght, the filar arb, Pallas is defcribed by the poets, and amongft the reft (as you read) by our au- thor, as adorned with a golden helmet, xp'-"^-"- ■arihnt There is a very contrary epithet given to this Goddefs from that of a defrayer o{ /htes or cities, tat^aitrro^.H, namely e^firiirToXis. the />ri5 • teSior or defender of cities ; and how can thefe contrarieties be reconciled, unlefs we refer to the different qualitits of the f^me light, v/nere- by it conjunies, and wr.ereby alfo it defends, and faves, being the Hf and prefervation of all created things ? The fame qualities are afcribed 10 Mars, of deftroyer, coufumer, Sic. whofe G ''•,'(: nune Apij;, as wJl as his Latin one MARS, is d.-.ived from the Ilebmu TtH, and 1Mi;2, AUR and MAUR, tofiir:cas li^ht, and the receptacle oi light, a luminary, the t'un, ISc. See the Lexicons. By him it is univerlally granted thefolar heat is meant ; who, like Pallas, and for the fame reafon, is reprefented always in armour ; as file indeed was born, accordliig to the mytho- losifts, being always expedite, always equipped and ready, and always in asSlion. Mars hath onlv the confuming quality : Pallas, as being Goddefs of IVifdom as well as IVar, enlightens :^» well as burns : Mars only reprefenting the light in \ts fery and violent, Pallas the l.ght in its beneficent as well as dfilruSiive nature. i/»- 7ner's celebrated defcription of Pallas preparing for war, will confirm what has been advanced. Now heav'n's dread arms her mighty limbs invert, fove's cuirafs blazes on her ample breaft : Deck'd in fad triumph for the mournful field, O'er her broad fhouldcrs hangs his horrid fiiield. Dire, black, tremendous ! round the marain roU'd, A fringe of ferpents hiffing guards the gold : Here all the terrors of grim war appear. Here rages force, here tiembles flight and fear: Here ftorm'd contention, andherc fury frown'd, And the dire orb portentous Gorgon crown'd. The m-di'y golden helm {he next affume?. That dieadtul nods with four o'crfliaJing plumes : So 7!afi, the bread ci'cumfercnce contains A huadred armies on an hundred plains. The Goddels thus th' imperial car afccnds. Shook by her arm the mighty jav'lin bends, Pond'rous and huge: that when her fury burns, Pround tyrants humbles and whole ftates o'er- turns.' Iliad 5. ver. 908. by Pope. Hrgil, BATH OF PALLAS. Terrific luftre : thou, whofe martial foul Proud neighing fteeds and clanging {hields delight. This facred day dip not your ample urns, Ye Argive maidens, in the running ftreams, But from the fountains draw ; this facred day Hafte to the fprings, or limpid Phyfadea, 135 55 Or Virgil, the faithful imitator of Homer, thus defcribes the celebrated -^gis, of which the above lines are almoft a tranflation . Mgidaque horrificam, turbata Palladii arma, Certalim fqiiamii ferpentum auroque polibatUf Connexojque ungues, ipfamque in pcipore dives Gorgonn, dejecla vertentcm lumina collo. iEN. 8. 435. Tftis terrible ^gis none of the Gods could wield, but Pallas ; to whom Jupiter, as you will find at the end of this hymn, granted ■nrjt- Tfuia Trasra ^t^sa-Sai, t3 have, or carry all that belonged to her father : flie had the /■tavr and force, (he carried this Mgis ; by which is meant the orb of the Sun, as many writers agree, and amongft the reft Turner, who lays, " the fhield or target of Alinerva called Atyi;, or /Egis, is no other than a poetical defcriptioii and hiero- glyphic adumbration of the Sun." p. 178. But I fhall have occafion to fpeak at large of it by and by, as alio of the frpents whicli were about it. No common reader can miftake the meaning of the helmet, as defcribed by Homer, whofe broad and golden circumference can be referred to nothmg but what was hinted above, namely the broad and golden circumference of the folar orb. In the 43d chapter of Ecclrftcjlicus we have a mofl: beautiful defcrip;i(in of the Sun, white thefc properties, its brightncjs or purity, and its heat or fu:y, are finely explained. '• The pride of the height, the clear firmament, the beauty of heaven, with his glorious fliew ; the Sun when it appeareth, declaring at his rifing a marvellous inftrument, the work of the moft High. At noon it parcheth the country, and who can abide the burning heat thereof ? A maji blowing a furnace is in works of heat, but the Sun burneth the mountains three times more ; breathing out fiery vapours, and fending forth bright beams, it dimnieth the eyes, ^c. Ver. 58. Phyfadea and Amymme] Were two fountains at Argos, fo called, as it is faid, from two daughters of Danaus, of the fame name : the account which the author gives of Inachus confirms the general tenor of the remarks, that Pal.'as was Goddefs of the light, to whofe honour fi'jVjers and gold were peculiarly attributed. See hymn to .'//>ii//o, note 115, and 52. and hyma to Dtlos, note 354. Spanhcim is of opinion, that this notion, which was general amongft the anticnts concerning the inadvertent fight of the Deities, proceeded from the fcriptures originally, or at leaft from fome tradition of what happened at that time, when God ordered the people to beware left they fhoiild ga^ze at him and pcrijhy &c. And the Lord faid unto ALJes, Go doivn, charge the people, lejl they break through unto the Lord to GAZE, and many of them PERISH., Exod. xix. 21. as alfo from what happened to thofe who looked into the ark, — And the Lord fmote the men oi Beth foeniejhy bec^ul'ethey had looked Into the ark of the Lord, i Sam. vi. ig, is'c. And this great man alfo is of opinion, that the cuftom of letting none but the priefts be- hold the more facted images of their Deities, or enter into the more retired and fccret part of the ceremonies, proceeded from the veneration paid to the Ho.'y of Holies in the feimPi tem- ple, where none was permitted to enter but the high-prieft only, and th.!t but or.ce a year ; as obicrved, h', mn to Delos, note 112. You obferve hec.ills A//«^rT;(7, in the 66 Ywe, guardian offlates no?.nix.'"'i UiV epithet lim hr to that produced, n. 5 1. i^o THEHYMNTOTHE Or Amjmone : for his hallow'd flood, With gold and fiowrets mixt, from fertile hills 60 Rolls rapid Inachus ; the beauteous bath For Pallas thus preparing. But beware, Beware, Pclafgian, left thy eyes behold With accidental flght the martial maid : Who in her naked charms Minerva views, 65 Guardian of flates, ah haplefs that he is, Then laft fhall Argos view ! Come then, come forth, Minerva, all-ador'd : mean time the Mufe A tale renown' d fliall to the virgins flng. Great and unequall'd was the tender love 70 Which to a Theban nymph Minerva bore. The mother of Tireflas : join'd in heart No time or place cou'd feparate the pair. Whether to Thefpians old, or Coronea, Where to her honour on the fertile banks 75 Of pure Curalius altars ever blaze, And blooming groves their fragrant fweets difpenfe, Or whether to Boeotian Haliartus The Goddefs drove her courfers ; ftill was ken Charicio BATHOFPALLAS. 137 Chariclo partner of the golden car : 80 No converfe with the nymphs, nor fong, nor dance At all delight her foul, if not the choir Her lov'd Chariclo led ; yet fhe muft pay Her tribute to deep woe, ev'n fhe, tho' thus By Jove's great daughter favour'd and efleem'd. 85 Their gilded clafps, their broider'd zones unloos'd. The naked pair in Hippocrene's fpring Securely bath'd, while mid-day filence reign'd Thro' Flelicon's retired mount : they bath'd Secure : 'twas ftillnefs all : and not a breath go Difturb'd the mid- day filence of the mount. Tires I AS then, whofe downy cheeks befpoke The dawning man, fought with his panting dogs The Ver. 88. ^#7;/7^, &c.] The repetitions ufed by as alfo what the prophet fpeaks tauntingly to the author here are very beautiful, and far fu- the worfhippers of Baal, i Kings xviii. 27. perinr in the original to any tranflation ; no- Cry aloud, for he is a G««/ ; either be is talking, thing can be fofter or more fweet than this line, or — peradventure, he Jlcepctb, and muji he _ ,^ V awaked. And, for this reafon, they held it un- ^ lawful to enter the temples at mid-day, lelt The reader will be agreeably entertained with a they fliould difturb their Gods ! — A good defcription of «5a«-r//;( and its filence, by our ex- obfervation is drawn by feme of the com- cellent poet Thomfjn, in his Summer. The an- mentators from what is laid of Chariclo in the tients thought th:it their Gods, as Gravius re- 83d and following lines, " That the greateft marks, flept in the middle of the day : to favourites of heaven muft not exped to be ex- which opinion may be referred what the fhep- empt from calamities, which are the lot of herd fays oi Pan, in the firll IdylUum of Theo- mortals, and often the greateft evidences of the critus, love of God. Whom hs loves, he rebukes and Thro' fear of Pan / dare not pipe at men, &c. ^^"J^^"'" T 138 THE HYMN. TO THE The facred place : urg'd by ftrong thirft he came For draughts refrefliing from the hmpid Tpring : Wretch that he was ! unwilhng he beheld, What, unpermitted, none of mortal race May fee unpuniih'd ! him Minerva thus, TJio' mov'd with ire, addreft : " Haplefs fon " Of Euerus, what lucklefs Deity " Guided thy footfteps to this ill-ftarr'd place, *' Whence thou no more flialt bear thy forfeit eyes ?" She fpoke : his eyes eternal night o'erfpread j Speechlefs he flood ; chill horror froze his limbs, 95 100 Amaze- Ver. 96. Wretch that he was, &c.] The offence was, beholding the Deities without their permiffion, though it was accidental and unde- figned : we are told in the Heathen Mythology of many favoured mortils, who had thcFr eyes pur-ged and purified to behold the Gods. See ver. 129 following: hut Tirejias the poet tells us, OVK tOeAu* «Jt, TOt (/-» fisfuJs;. Invitus afpaxit quod baud fas erat afpicere. Which, as was obftrved from Spanheim^ feems plainly derived from the Hebrews. 'Thou canjl not Jee 7ny face., faid God : for there fliill no man SEE me an ! live, Exocl. xxxiii. 20. And hence the fear of Gideon, in 'Judges vi. 22. And when Gideon perceived., that he was an angel of the Lord (^A^^ "^I^^", the meffenger, or f;,nt Jehovah, that perfon in Jehovah. who was^ t® be fent, and to be incarnate) Gideon faid, ,0 Lord God mn'' TiH (Jehovah Adonai, the peculiar name of Chrift) for becaufs I have fen an angel of the Lord (the Mclak Jehovah) face to face, Jnd the Lord faid unto him, (the Lord niri' Jehovah) peace' be unto thee, fear not, thou /halt not die. From whence it is pLin, that this perfon, who made himfclf vifible to Gideon in fome form, moft likely human, was known by him to be the very and true God, otherwife his fears were gronndlcfs ; and from thence it follows, that our Saviour is the very and true God, for he is the Jehovah Melak, God ma- nifeji \nt\\Qflefl>. I Tim. iii. 16. whom, otherwife than as fo manifeft, no man hath fen, nor can fee. I Tim. vi. 16. ^ss Spanheim, note loi. Ver. 104. Speechlefs, &c.j So in Milton we read, when Adam was ordered to remove from paradife, and thus to lofe fight of the divine Sun, which flione upon him there in full luftre, Adam, at the news, Hcart-ftruck with chilling gripe of forrow flood That all his fenfes bound. B. xi. ver. 263. How different is the beautiful complaint of Eve's following chefe lines, to the wild grief of Charicloy and her little reverence for this venerahlt BATHOFPALLAS. 139 Amazement feal'd liis. tongue/- But ftraight the nymph 105 Diftraaed cries, " Oh Goddcfs, what haft thou *' Inflidled on my fon? and are the pow'rs *' Of heav'n fuch friends ? Why, thou haft robb'd my child <* Of eye-fight, precious fenfe! Ah, wretched boy, " True, thou haft feen Minerva's naked charms, no " But thou fhalt fee the face of Sol no more ! " Thrice miferable mother — Flence adieu ** Oh HeHcon, adieu once-pleafing mount : " A mighty tribute haft thou claim'd fevere, *' My fon's dear eyes, for thofe few flying goats, 11^ *' And tim'rous deer of thine, which he hath flain !" Then, her lov'd fon embracing, loud laments Mixt with fad tears fhe pour'd, like Philomel When forrow for her young fwells every note. The Goddefs mov'd with pity, to aftliage 120 Her vowabh Deity Pallas ? Yet alas, there are not call)' complaining of his misfortune, defires to wanting, even in our better days, examples of be equalled h reno'tvn with Tirefias : he fpeaks'^ \ fuch wild extravagance, ?.nd paflionate upbraid- of no more feting 'the 6'?^i-'i xai cr«oT05- AiUtcii, wlicn patheti- B. iii vcr. 19. See alfo vcr. 36. T 2 I40 THEHYMNTOTHE Her grief, thus fpoke foft comfort to her foul : *' Oh noble fair, recall each hafty word *' Which blind refentment utter'd : 'tis not I, " Who o'er his eye-lids fpread eternal night : *' What joys it me poor mortals to deprive " Of that bleft fenfe ? But thus old Saturn's laws " Firmly decree ; ** Whoever fhall behold " Any of heav'n's high habitants, unlefs " By grace peculiar favour'd with the fight, ** Dread penalties await the fatal view !" ** 'Tis paft, irrevocably paft : and thus " The Parcze fpun th' unalterable doom " Or ere thy fon was born : thou then receive, *' Oh Euerides, this thy deftiny ! 125 130 (( How Ver. 125- TVhatjoys, &c.] This, hys Span- helm, feemed very contrary to this Goddefs, who was called Oonr^ioposi Lucifera, or light- bearer, according to Proclus, no lefs than Diana. See hymn to Diana, ver. 15. and to whom, under the title of Of8a.x,ai5, a temple was raifed near Sparta for preferving the eye of Lycurgus. Nay, (he was named naiwua and tyeta, and was faid alfo to be the inventrefs of medicine, as Porphyry witnefTes, laxfixnv btto t)i! aGuj*; nKat. Whence alfo fhe was called rwreipa." In all which the reader cannot but obferve the exa£l agreement between this Goddefs and Apollo. See note 165, and hymn to Apollo, note 62. Ver. 131. And thus, &c.] This was univer- lally the opinion of the antients, who imagined the Fates fuperior to all their Deities, as was inftanced in NeceJJity, hymn to Delos, ver. 160. The ffory of Aciaon, though fomewhat dif- ferently, is related at large by every mythologifl:. The reader will find a curious copy of a gem on this {\\\>\tSi\r\Spence''%Polymetis, plate 13. fio. 5. Mr. Spence has given the ftory at large from Ovid and Apuleius. This punifliment of Tire- ftas and Ailaon is fufficient to overthrow the obfervation made on the 194th line of the 16th book of Mr. Pope's tranflation of Homer's Odyf- fcy, where the annotator did not confider tlie circumftance, which CalUmachus always care- fully infifts upon, the involuntary fight, ■ ■■ UK lGj7i«». BATHOFPALLAS. 141 " How many vidlims wou'd Autonoe give, 135 " How many Ariftaeus, to accept '' With lofs of iight their haplefs fon Adaeon ? *' Him, tho' co-partner in the fylvan chace " With great Diana, nor that chace, nor fports "In common fhar*d, fhall refcue from his fate : 140 " When naked in the Bath his lucklefs eyes " Unwilling fhall behold the huntrefs queen : " But his own dogs blood-happy fhall devour " Their former lord : o'er woods and wilds fhall rove " His weeping mother to regain, fad lot! 145 ** His fcatter'd bones : and thee mean time fhall call ** Thrice bleft, who from the woods thy fon, tho' blind, " Receiveft happy. Mourn not then, my friend, " Since greater gifts, for thy dear fake, from me " Await Ver. 149. Since greater, &c.] Ovid fays, that was blind — Vfe find — " ^ofdam etiam that Jupiter beftowed that gift upon him ; mundi philofophos, iit iotam cogitationem ad mentis T, , • J ,, coherent puritatcm, fibi oculos eruiffe." Epiji. 32. o •„ /- ^ J J-. ^ ' 1 -.7 ad Jhzaum; and in the next to this, Inewing bctrefutura deait, panamque Uvavit honore. , ,,•,/-« u . u a. „j „. „,;« ™ ■' 1 1 t fj^^j bhndnejs Ihould not be elteemed as arihng The annotators upon our author have in gene- from any immediate fin in the perfon bhnd : ral applied this to the mental faculties, which he adds, '♦ Referes crimen in Jacob, cujtis call- are obferved for the moft part to be more ftrong gaverat acies, & cum interiorihtis oculis isf in perfons blind ; who, all outward objedls be- fpirituprophttali longe poji futura profpiceret, l^ ing removed, attend more clofely and earncftly Chrijium cerneret de jiirpe regia ejje venturum, to the things of the mind : numberlefs in- Ephraim tsf Manajj'm videre non poterat.'^ — ftances might be produced. In a paflage It muft be remembred that Tirefias was always quoted by Spanheim from one of St. Jerem's led about by his daughter, and from her or £pijfles, which he wrote to comfoi-t a perfon fome other attendant was doubtlcfs informed 3 ^ 142 THEHYMNTOTHE " Await thy fon : him henceforth will I make ; " A prophet, of all others moll renown'd, " As far moft excellent : he fhall difcern " Of birds the lucky or unlucky flight, ** With all their winged augury : and hence " To Cadmus, and the fam'd LabdacidaB, " And to Boeotians fhall his foul reveal " Many high oracles : a mighty ftaff " To guide his footfteps will I aifo give j " And crown him with a plenteous length of days. 150 ^5i a And of the particular flight of the birds, whence the aujurv was taken, and Co delivered his oracles : the reader will find this whole matter of divi- nation hy bixdi in a full and leai ned manner ex- plained by Spanheim in his notes on this pallage. I {hall only juft hint, that it has feemed to many ingenious writers, that the cuftom of di- vining by the flights of birds took its original from feme traditions of Noah's raven and dove : which Spanheim confirms by many clear proofs and arguments ; and we muft remember, that Dei/ca/ion,a.mong(i the heathens, had his^^walfo. Ver. 152. ^ mighty Jiaff, &C.] Mtya ^aiCT^ai, Apollodorus tells us, that this flaff was of fuch wonderful power, that it fcrved him entirely in the ftead of eyes. All the augurs had their Lituus, their augural {faff, or rod, clarijjtmnm infigne auguratus, incurvum & leviter a ftimnw irHexum bacillum, ?.s Cicero in his book de Divi- nationc defcribes it. Thcfe were of mighty ufe in their dl\'inations ; and to thefe, the moft learned Spanheim well obferves, the prophet Hifea iv. 12. ni'ift probably alludes- — " Mv people d(k counfel at thtixjlocks, and their ftaff ileclarcth unto them." He fubjoins, " Vnde infuper aliis, qu e tanqnnm inter Ahf:n ac Tire- jiam communia coll git vir magnus in demonjlra- tiane ev'engdica, addi opportune illiid pojfet, de vdtieiniis aut miraculis Mofis Baculo feu Viiga in £gypto editis." That the flaifs or rods ufed by the augurs, and fo this of Tirefias alfo, pro- ceeded originally from the traditions concern- ing the rod of Mofes, can never be doubted : Homer calls the ikz^ oi Tit cjias xpf^^™ c7KrnrTfo>, a golden jceptre, fee next note. And it feems pro- bable that all the floriesof xhefceptres^Jfaffs, club!, caducei, &c. of the heathen Deities were derived from the fame fountain oi Mofes his rod: con- cerning which the 'Jeivijh rabbis have many wonderful and aflonifhing ftories to relate : a£, of its growth in Jethro's garden, Mofes his plucking it up, and performing all hisi miracles by means of the ineffable name fehivah, which was upon it, (s'c. Thefe are their dreams, which arc to be found in any of their writings. The C duceus of Mercury had a ferpent rolled round it, which, that it arofe from the (lory oi Mofes his 7-od becoming a ferpent, JVIonfieur Huet affirms, as.undouotedly certiin ; fuch too was . the r«(f of C/nv. The reader maybe inftruoted in' ibis particular by reltrring to B:bH6;heca.. BihHa,_ V. 2. p. 88, ^c. Sceptres were a, kind of ft-dffs among the antients. See the accouut of' Achilles his fceptre, in the ift Iliad. BATH OF PALLAS. <* And when his long-fpun thread the Fates fliall cut, " He only midft the fhades fhall hve infpir'd, *' And fliare dread Pluto's favour." Thus fhe fpoke, And fpeaking gave the nod : her nod is fate : Since Jove of all his daughters this high gift H3 i6o To Ver. 1 60. yfnd when, &c.] Nothing will be a better comment on this place than feme lines from Homer concerning Tirefias : upon which, I doubt not, CaUimachus had his eye : There feek'the Thehan bard, depriv'd of fight. Within * irradiate with prophetic light : To whom Pcrfephone, intire and whole. Gave to retain th' unfeparated foul. Odyff. by Pope, B. x. 582. And When lo, the mighty Thehan I behold : To gtude his Jleps he bore a JJaff of gold : Awful he trod, majeftic was his iook. And from his holy lips thefc accents broke. Odyff. xi. 112. * \I^^^X.O}^ fpeallng of himfelf fays. So much the rather thou celejiial I'ght Shine inivard, andthemindthro' all her povSrs Irradiate^ there' plant eyes. Mr. Pope obferves on the firft lines above, That Tirefias was to be confulted by Ulyffes rather than any other ghoft, becaufe, according to Horner^ This expreffion is fully explained, and the no- tion of [he foul after deith, wj-.ich prevailed anongft the antients, is fet in a clear light, \er. q2. and 122 of the 23d Iliad. But whence had Tirefias this privilege above the reft of the dead \ CaUimachus afcribes it to Minerva. Andvjhen-, &c. as in the text. v. 160. 7i(//y motions ths pre-eminence of TiV^ij^ in his firlt book of Divination., &:c. But I ought not to fupprels what Diodorus Siciilus relates concerning Tirefias, Biblioth. 4. he tells us, that he had a daughter named Daphne., a prieft- efs at Delphi : " from whom it is faid, that the poet Homer received many (of the Sybils) verfes,- and adorned his own poetry with them." If this be true, there lay a debt of gratitude upon Homer, and he pays it honourably by this diftinguifhing charafter, which he gives to the Father," bSc. See the note. Ver. 164. Since Jove, &c.] Hence flic is faid to fit at the right hand of fupiter, as well as Apollo. See hymn to Apollo, notes 41, 47. Whence Ariftides, in his hymn to her, fays, nikJapo; J'ao ^utri, &c. But Pindar fays, " that file, fitting at the right hand of the Father, re- ceives his commands which are to be carried to the other Go'ds." And again, " For fhe is greater than the angels ; and delivers to them the different commands which (he receives from her father." Which words Spanheim obferves are very like what we find in the SS. concern- ing the divine and only begotten Son " being made fo much better than th; angels, &c. Heb. i. 4. He is alfo of opinion, that thefc opinions were taken by CaUimachus from the LXX tranflation of the Old Teftament. See his note on hymn to Apollo, ver. 29. One would rather imagine, that thiife g;eneral notions o^ Apolo'% znd AJi- neyva\ fefFion at the right h.Tnd of their father, prcc^eded from far more anticnt tradition con- cerning the divine niyftery of the glory of the i^(7f'Yr and of t\\c Son : fmce we find it men- tioned long before the dzys of CaUimachus. Pin- dar, as you have fccn above, from Arijlidcs fpoke cf t'le fame thing : and Homer fpeaks of the joint p nver of Jupiter and Minerva in Odyir n. \cr. 264. Sophocles addreffis her as tlie lirit in power. 144- THEHYMNTOTHE To Pallas only granted, that his pow'r. Even all her father's glories fhe might bear. No mother bore the Goddefs : but the head 165 Of npnxA o5 etmi Kctt tk AOjjja;, to be the common works oUJupiter and Minerva ; which, as Span- helm conceives, may be referred to the myftery in the New TiJlament, imperfedly known by antient traditions ; and when the true light was licfcrted by idolaters, thefe honours, peculiar to him, were impioufly transferred to the creature, the material light, which St. P;f.iiT>i5 is a com- pound of An or Mti, Die, as flie is called in Latin, which is her proper appellation, and MijTDg, which many etymologifts have fuppofed to be quaji rij«rT»i?, by a change of A for r — Mother-earth : others have fuppofeii A>iw derived from A>)«, a verb fignifying to feek, becaufe Ceres fought her daughter Projerpine : but it appears to me, as if the original of the name Dio muft be found amongft the Hebrews, and that it is a corruption of ''1 Di, fufficiency, and fo fignifies that power which gives ,\ fufficiency of all things which caufes fertility, encreafe, plenty, &c. From this word H. it is uni\erfally confefTed, come Divus, Deus ; the Arabic De, to poffefs ; AiJo)/*!, do, to give ; and various other where it is obvious, that Liber and alma Ceres names of the like found and import, as you are to be referred to clarijftma lurnina mundi. ■ — VcJIro, ait, ft munere tellus Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arijla. where you obferve that Macrobius, upon the authority of Virgil, afcribes the fertility of the earth, and the ripening of its fruits as well to the nightly temperament of the Moon, as ro the diurnal heat of the Sun. The paffage in Virgil is very explicit. — Vos, clariflima mundi. Lumina, labentem Cailo qua ducitis annum. Liber I2 alma Ceres j vejlro, &c. GfiORG. I. ver. 5. will find in all the befl lexicographers. And from hence comes that great name of Gcd '1!^' SheDi, omnipotent, all fufficient, he who hath in and from himfelf all fufficiency and all abun- dance. From hence, I doubt not, Ceres had her name Ar,u, and was hence called Aa^aTSf, as by our author, the fertile mother, as agreeable to the import of the word I have tranflated it, or fhe who is fufficient to give nourifhment, en- creafe and plenty to the earth, «,according to Callimachus, mahm^utpi, ■sjaXofteJ'i^i'E. Some have imagined her to be no other than the Moon, and their opinion is founded on good authority. That (lie was fuppofed to be that pozver in the Mocn particularly which promotes _/>r/////;' and encreafe, \& liighly realbnable ; for we are to remember, 3 the Sun and Moon : and it is amazing fo good a critic as Dr. Trapp fliould have fo puzzled and confounded himfelf by fuppofmg the contrary. As thus Ceres was, in the heathen fyflem, that power, thztf/fficient fertile mother, which caufed the encreafe and fecundity of the earth, therefore this feaft was celebrated to her honour, as a grateful memorial of the fruits of the earth, received from her bounty. Very able writers have concluded, that all the feafts of this fort were derived from the Jewi/h feffivals of the like nature, when they offered to the true Giver of all encreafe the firjl-fruits of their harvcjl, &c. See Exod. xxiii. 16. and Bibli. Biblica ver. 2. p. 276. note 6. and ver. 3. 364. Ver. 5. The faffing, ^'c] All tlie prophane or THE HYMN TO CERES. Behold the facred bafket, ye whofe mouths With painful falling are parch'd up and dry. The bright-hair'd Vefper from a golden cloud 149 10 Beholds or uninitiated, of what fex, age or ftate foever, were ordered to view this facred hafket onlyJ?and- ing on the earth, and that for a very obvious and plain reafon, becaufe the earth being facred to Ceres, as nourifhing, enriching and giving it fertility, it would have been an abomination not to have flood upon it, and fo confefTed the power of the Goddefs. Spanhcim gives the fame reafon. What I have tranflated virgin, is a xa- Ttx^aTo xa'Ta», ea quiv diffudlt Capillos, a para- phrafe for a virgin, who, amongit the Greeks and Romans ufed to have their hair loofe and un- bound, as Spanheim has, with a great labour of learning, proved in his note on this place. The original of the 8th and 9th line is very difEcult: commentators fay it alludes to the fafting oi Ceres mentioned in the fubfequent lines, of which the Goddefs was by no means to be reminded by any at this facred time, when more efpe- cially they honoured her as the giver of plenty. Ye.^. 10- TiJehright-hair'd Vefper, hc.'\ This is no more than to inform us of the time when this ceremony was begun, namely, at the even- ing, when Hefperiis or the evening-ftar appear- ed ; and the reafon of their beginning at this time, as thofe of Pallas in the morning, as mentioned in the former hymn, note 34. vvas, becaufe the Moon, whofe vegetative power Ceres reprefented (as obferved above) rifes at this time, fhcwing herfelf at the evening, when iW. Sun departs. What the poet fays conccrtiiiiT Hefperns or the evening perfuailing Cevci to drink. Sec. Spanheim is of opinion, alludes to the cuftom oS fajling on this lolemnity, which they ufually did till the evening ; in remembrsnce of the faft which Ceres kept till the evenin'^ when feeking her daughter. But it feems pro- bable fomething more is meant hereby, parti- cularly by the poet's exprciHon of driniing : he does not fay that Hefperus perfuadcd her to eat Knd drink, but only imui, to drink ; which pro- bably alludes to the notion they had of the Moon's being fupported by the Sea, as well as Air, which fupport, fhe might then be fuppofed to take when (he appeared, namely, at the evening. Confult hymn to Diana, note 231. However, be that as it will, this whole ftory of her feeking her daughter Proferpine has plainly and confelVedly a philojopliical meaning ; for Proferpine is no other than that power that hides ?ii\d preferves, even in thi:'n Rdte of corrupt ion and dijjolution, the feeds under or in the earth, apud inferos, during the earth's recefs in the winter from the Sun. Hence fhe was feigned to have been the winter half of the year in the (hades below, in thtjiatc of death, with Pluto, and the fummer half of the year with her mother : and hence, in the antient remains, Ceres is found drawn by ferpents, with a torch in each hand, feeking her daughter, to (hew, that by the in- fluence of the light only, and its power in ve- getation, Proferpine can be recovered and brought up from the infernal kingdom. See the hymn to Diana for the meaning of the torches, note 15. and to Pallas for the ferpents, note 168, ad fin. But fome lines from the Orphic hymn to Proferpine fet this matter in the cleareft light : <1)EP2;E<1)0NEI.'1- *EPEIS ya^a^t xai irarrx *0- NEYEIS- KXvOi, j/.uxcafu 8ia, xafw«,- S'avairfjA,v' avo yxtr^. Vernal, rejoicing in the gales that feed The fertile meads ; thy facred hoJy /having In the firlf germens o. the yet green fruit : Ravifh'd and carried to thy marriage bed After the autmnn : thou only li(e and death To mortals toiling and laborious ; thou Art Proferpine, for tliou 'ere he^reJlaW things. Yet all dejiroyefl and corruptifi all. Hear, Goddefs, and from fiA\t\\ fend far ih the Iruits. Nothing, I50 THE HYMN TO CERES. Beholds the grand proceflion : he alone The Goddefs cou'd perfuade to tafte the draught Refrefhing, when thro' many a clime unknown She fought her ravifh'd daughter : fay, dread pow'r, How the long journey cou'd thy tender feet Support enfeebled, to the diftant weft, The tawny jfEthiopians, and the climes Fam'd for the golden fruit ? All food mean time. 15 Or Nothing can be plainer, than what is meant by Proferpine, from thefe lines ; the derivation of whofe name, according to Orpheus, fliews her nature. The word afvayiiyixnc, which Orpheus ufes to exprefs the ravijinng of his natural Pro- ferpine, is the lame which CalUmachui ufes on the fame occafion, ver, g. Apwayifta; xwf«;. It is obfervable, that Orpheus in the fame hymn calls Proferpine xiaipops, light-bearer, the epi- thet of Diana, which they who have confider- ed that triform figure of Diana, which repre- fents her in her threefold capacity, Diana, Lu- na, Hecate, powerful in heaven, on earth, and in hell, will not wonder at : for thefe are only references to the power of the Aloon, and fo of the light which proceeds from her, in the ge- nial work of nature : for this light afts in each of thefe ftates, as well below or upon the feeds and plants, when under the earth, and in a ftate of corruption, as when they are rifen up, and cloath the earth with their beauty. What an infinite number of inftruding and comfortable truths may be deduced from iience ? and how may we beautifully contemplate the refurreBion of our bodies from a flate of death and corrup- tion to a ftate of glory by the power of the di- vine light : for nothing is quickened except it die : and nothing is quickened but by the power 01 light. See 1 Cor. xv. 36. H lloiuay, in his Originals, vol. i. p. 32. fpeakingof this/r//(?rw idol (which fee in the head- piece before the hymnto Diana) fays, " The fame idol (to exprefs what they principally underftood by it in phyfics) was furthermore called by the Greeks ^ucifopi fifa, light- bearing Goddefs, as alfo Aa^s^os. torch-hearer : whence again the Romans had their Facilina in the fame fenfe : which names though covered and difguifed with the mafk of the fable, muft have been taken from the phyfical agency principally un- derftood by thefe attributes and names, which was that of the li^ht and heat in generation : ac- cording to that definition in Cicero ; Luna a lucendo nominata efl, eadeni eji Lucina : the Moon has its name from illuminating or immittitig light into bodies ; the fame is alfo Lucina. Their whole meaning was, that the celejiial light con- jlituted the genial powers in nature, which they deified under thefe names Luna, Lucina, Hpa (which, according to our author, comes imme- diately from T^Tt Ere, to conceive, the name of Juno, the imagined female power in the air and earth, which matures and brings the foetus to its birth, iffc.) And that the attributes above given, (pua^ofoc, facilina, isfc. were phy- fically right, Holy Scripture hath informed us, Deut. xxxiii. 14. (as quoted -hymn to Diana adinit.) For the precious fruits brought forth by the Sun, and for the precious things put forth by the A^oon." — To do juflice to this learned writer I fhould quote him much more, but cannot deprive the reader of fo much pleafure and inftrudion, as a thorough peruftl of this work will give : to which 1 refer. THEHYMN TO CERES. 151 Or meat or drink, and the reviving bath Difdaining ? Thrice the filver ftream you paft 20 Of Achelous, and as oft each flood, That with eternal current ceafelefs flows : Thrice to the center of SiciHa's iQe, Fair Enna, urg'd your courfe : and thrice diftrefl: Beflde CalUchorus on earth lay down 25 With hunger faint, and parch'd with thirfl: : for meat Or drink, or genial bath, to thy fad foul Gave nor fupporting fl:rength, nor kind relief. But ceafe, nor let th' ill-omen'd tongue relate What caus'd the Goddefs woe : far better tell 30 How flie with wholfome laws fupplied mankind : Far better tell, her favourite how £he taught, Tripto- Ver. 32. Far letter, &c.] All words of ill the antient Hebrew writers the fcaft wt 0E2- omen were religioufly avoided in the facred ce- MO^OPiriN, of giviii»a ruD o-jrip- fjiajm Kara j/i;; a^amrfn'ii^ &C. See the author. And the Abbe Banier, (0 unluckily wedded, as he Wus, to his hiflorical fyftem, bears, this notwithfianding, the following full, though un- willing teflunony. " Notwithftanding all thele t jfilmonies, mojl mythologijls look upon the rape of ProfiT'ine to be only an allegory, which has an obvious relation to agriculture. Thus, ac- cording to them, the divifion which 'Jupiter makes of the tmie which this Goddefs was to ftay with her hufband and mother, means no more hut that the grain, after having lodged fix months, appears upon its furface, grows up and ripens." See b. 4. c. 8- p. 52. v. 3. ]s not this the facred body of Prcferfinc, as Orpheus calls it r I have quoted thefe autr.orities to fhew the reader, that the opinions I advance are by no means fingular : it would be eafy, did the compafs of thefe notes permit, to be more co- pious !n authorities, which I doubt not the can- did reader will excufe, the learned need them not, and there is no occafion to inform them, that all through this work I have advanced nothing wir.hout the fimction cf antiquity, fo that no charge of noNclty can arife, but from the un- learned and u»/k'lful. THE HYMN TO CERES. A beauteous grove to Ceres : fuch the lliade, The fwifteft arrow vain vvou'd ftrive for pafTage, Through branches clofe with branches interwove, Tall pines, luxuriant elms, the fertile pear, And apple glowing with its ruddy fruit. A cryftal river, bubbling from its fpring, Water'd the grove, which Ceres fondly lov'd With deep affedtion, more than Enna's vale, Triopium, or EleuHs. But, incens'd His better Genius, what dread counfels rofe Deftrudlive in proud Eryiichthon's breaft ? Behold with twice ten flaves he fallies forth, ^53 45 50 All Ver. 41. J beauteous grove, &c.] All the heathens had their facreJ groves, the great abo- mination of which is fufficiently clear, from the commands in Scripture to the people of God con- cernin£r them. Their original was doubtlefs from the tradition of paradife: and the great offence was, their making to themfelves thefe 7nt)ck Edens, thefe paradifiacal gardens and groves, in contempt of the true Jehovah, with- out whom they pretended to arrive at the tree of Life. This grove of Ceres, you may obferve, was a very plain copy of paradife ; here was all beauty in it, all forts of pleafant and defirahle tree-, here was a river of water which ran through it, as the rivers in paradife watered the garden, and here was a tree, fuperior to the rell, the poplar, i^sya AevJ^eoi', aiS.-p xufot, to anfwer to the great tree in the midft of the paradife of God. The poplar was facred to Hercules, the folar light in its flrength ; fo it is plain, this grove Nfv-as confecrated to the light, and thence to Ceres or the Moon, who borrows her light from the Sun. And I need not obferve what many learned men have thought and written concern- ing the tree of tlie knowledge of goid and evil in paradife. It v.-as indeed my firft intention to have been pretty copious both upon thefe gar- dens or gro\'es in general, and the dedicated tree in particular; but finding this fubjciS handled ia fo full and mafter'y a manner by i\']r. Halkivay in his Originals, it would be prefumptuous in m-.: to take the fubjefl in hand after hun : and as any extrafl would not do him the julHce which a full perufal of his thoughts muft, I beg leave to refer the curious and learned rea- der to his enquiries on the words jj, and ]"!>*, garden, and Eden, in the ift vol. 79 ij^ Jcq. pag. of his Originals, and particularly page 15, (sfc. of the fame vol. Ver. 52. Behold, c^'c] There can be no doubt, but the exploit of Gidevi muft have greatly raifed tl'.e indignation and deteflation of X all 154 THE HYMN TO CERES. All in full vigour, and as in attempt So in their ftrength gigantic : fraught with pow'r Whole Hates to overturn, each mighty arm Wielding a ponderous axe ; daring the Gods, . 55 Dauntlefs all the heathen idolaters ; and there appears to me fo ftrong a reference to it in this llory of Eryjlchtbsn, that I am apt to believe it took its rife 'from what Gideon performed, who deftroyed the grove facred to Baai, the Lord of the hea- vens, the folar light, as Eryfuhthon this which was dedicated to the light, as obferved in the lall note. The hiilory m Judges vi. 25. is re- markably fimilar. " And it came to pafs the fame night, the Lord fiid unto him, take thy father's young bullock, even the fecond builock o{ feven years old ; and throw down the altai of BAAL which thy father hath, and cut down the GROVE that is by it : and build an altar up to the Lord thy God, upon the top of this rock, in the ordered place ; and take the (tcond bullock, and offer a burnt-facrifice with the wood of the grove, which thiiu flialt cut down. Then Gideon took TEN men of his SERVANTS, and did as the Lord had faid unto him : and fo it was, becaufe he feared his father's houfhold and the men of the city, that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night. And when the men of the city arofe early in the morning, beliold the altar of ^/fy^Z was cafl down, and the GROVE was cut down that was by it, and the fecond bullock was offered upon the altar, that was built, i^V." I refer the reader to the Bible, and leave him to make his own remarks. In a poem called Gideon or the Patriot, print- ed for Millar, 1749. the author of which I know not, book the iff. ft. 31. is a long de- fcription of this grove of Baal, in the centre of which iht poet (and perhaps not without reafon) places an oak : Flat like a tabled plain, the laft high flage Nourifh'd one to-airing oak, which Ifroiigly ffood. The time-fwoln growth of many a pcrifli'd age. And bore on one proud trunk a fpacious wood. Down, o'er the fhadow'd groves, about th' enor- mous branches hung. And form'd a fheltry arbour round the pole : Mov'd by the wind with murm'ring fv/eep they fwung. And blew cold horror over Gideon's, foul, (s'c. He fpeaks, ft. 33. of the ten fervants. Up rufh the fummon'd ten with glad confent. To ev'ry hand a Jinning axe he gave. Bad them be refolute and brave, fsff. Li the next, he feems almoff to have imitated what Callimachus fays in the 60th line. Speaking he clcav'd the image at a blow. On either fide the parted Godhead fell ; Winds o'er the groves flirill-fhrieking ecchoes blow. And all the demons of the place ^r«aH'5f!a. Ceres was generally defcribed (and fo her pricffefs, who reprefented her) with a crown made of corn, and with poppies .- and that for very obvious rcafons ; for flie was the Goddefs of t-arK, amongfl which poppies zrc lA- Ways found : " To yuf ^foy)'y^o», &-C. The roundnefs and glohidar make of which, fays Phurnntus, reprefents the form of the earth, which is fpherical : the inequality of "the poppies (hews the vallies of the earth, and the tops of the mountains : the inner parts are like the trees, and caverns of the earth : and by the in- numerable feeds is figni,*i;d the great fertility of the earth, i^c." Various other reafons are moreover added by mythologifts. Some fay, that the prieltefs here is defcribed, with a key only as a badge of her office ; others make it a myftical emblem of the fecrecy of the Elett- finian myfleries ; but the true reafon niuft be drawn from that power which this Goddefs re- prefents in nature, which w,is the grand fccret in thefe fame Eteuff ian mylferics, namely, her locking up and opening again the womb of earth, whereby the work of vegetation is carried on, the feeds buried, and locked up in the earth for a feafon, and at the proper time brought forth; the my fiery of Proferpine's abode und^r a.nd above the earth, as (hewn at large before. And hence, in the firft Orphic hymn, to Ufn&u- ^cmx., the Goddefs who prefided over all entran- ces, &c. whom he calls Afrs^.t,-, Ei>.«Sn2, (5cc. and fpeaks of as the Goddefs o{ child-births, and all the births of nature; hence, I fay, hegives her, as the open.r and Jhuiter, the epithet of KAEIAOYX' — Key-bearcr. which is reclaimed by God to himfc'f in the facred Scriptures . and he who alone hr.:h the power of the new birth, and the relunecrion from the dec:d, is faid " To have the key of the houfe of David laid upon his J})tiuldcrs ; fo he fhall open and none fhall ihut, and he (hall (liut and none fhall open. Comp. Ifaiah xxz. 22. wi'h Revel, iii.-. See, for a further account hereof, Holloivay'% Originals^ vol. I. p. 185 — 90. X 2 156 T H E H Y M N T O C E R E S. Nicippa's form, lier prieftefs : and in hand 65 The crown and poppies bore : the myftic key Hung from her fhoulders : and in fort hke this, She flrove to footh the vile offending mortal : " My fon, whofe lucklefs hands thus wound the trees, " That heav'ns high powr's hold facred — oh, defift : 70 " Ev'n by thy parents tender love, I plead, " Defift, my fon : and fend thy fervants hence, " Left fhe, whofe grove thou injur'ft, be enrag'd, " Dread Ceres." — He, with looks more furious far Ey'd her afkance, than upon Tmarus mount 75 The lionefs birth-tortur'd (from her eyes When anguifh flaflies fury) growling views Th' advent'rous hunter : " Hence, he cries, this axe " Left in that corfe thou feeleft : hence and know, <' For Eryfichthon this thy facred wood So " A fplendid dome fliall form : whofe jovial roof '* Shall with the banquets revels ceafclefs ring." He Ver. 65. Niiippa her priejlefs, &c.] Virg'tt With filver hairs her temples were o'erfp read, has imitated our author here. And wreaths and verdant olives crown'd her head : In vtthusfcfe transformat amies, i^c. Her wither'd face with wrinkles was imboft, And in the woman all the fiend was loft : ,ffiN. 7. 416. She now appear'd a venerable dame, And to the couch like Juno's prieftefs came. Pitt. THE HYMN TO CERES. He fpoke infulting : Nemefis his words lU-omen'd, frowning mark'd : Ceres incens'd, Glow'd with refentment : inftant fhe afTum'd- The Deity : on earth flie ftood, her head Touched the heav'n : the jQaves, with horror ftruck, Rufli from the grove half-dead : and in the trunks Fall: fix'd their axes leave : unnoted thefe (As by their Lord's commanding pow'r conftrain'd) 157 85 90 She Ver. 86. On earthy &c.] Almoft all the poets have on fome occafion or other given a defcription of this kind : Homer led the way, where fpeaking of Difcord he fays, Difcord, dire fifter of the flaught'ring pow'r. Small at her birth, but rifing every hour : While fcarce the fkies her horrid head can bound, She llalks on earth, and fhakes the world around. Pope, 11. iv. 502. Virgil has followed him very clofe in his de- fcription of Fame : Firft fmall with fear, (he fwells to wond'rous fize, And ftalks on earth, and tow'rs above the fkies. Pitt, J£i\. iv. 263. and of Orion he fays, Ingredlturque folo, ijf caput inter nuhlla condit, iEN. x. 767. He walks on earth, his head within the clouds. The introduftion and grandeur of the perfonage in CaUimachus renders his defcription not in- ferior to either of thcfe great poets : upon each of which the reader may find a critiqvie by Lcn- ginus, as alfo by Scaliger, both of whom are mentioned and referred to in Mr. Pope's note on the paflage above from Homer, Our Mi.'tiin, 3 inferior to no poet in any refpect, hath, in my judgment, herein exceeded them all : fpeaking of Satan he fays, — On th' other fide Satan alarm 'd, Cdllefting all his might, dilated ftood, Like Teneriff ox Atlas unrcniov'J : His ftature reach'd the fky ; and on his creft Sat horror pluni'd. Parad. Lost, b. 4. ver. 985. But flrange it is, that while vi'e are admiring and applauding thefe high efforts of human ge- nius, we fhould forget that great fountain from whence they Row, and where fublimity reigns in every page. What are thefe defcriptioiis to thole magnificent words of the Omnipotent — Thus fiiith the Lord, the heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footftool : where is the houfe that ye build unto mc ; and vvhcie is the place of my reft? Ifni. Ix. i. Who hath meafured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with the fpan, and comprehended the dufl of the earth in a meafure, and weighed the mountains in fcales, and the hills in a ab- lance ? xl. 12. But fuch paflages are innu- merable : I fhall only juft db'erve, that in tne book of IVifdom, we have the exact ima^e, whl;!i thefe poets have borrowed. — " And it TOUCHED the HEAVEN, but it STOOD upon the earth." xviii- 16. 158 T H E H Y M N T O C E R E S. She fuffers to retire : while thus {he pafs'd On him the dreadful fentence : " Build, ay, build, *' Thou dog in heart, in fufF'ring, build the dome *' To fhare the jovial banquets : feafls indeed, '' And feafts inceffant are hereafter thine." 95 She {poke : and Eryfichthon inftant felt Her heavy hand avenging : hunger keen. Horribly ftrong and burning with fierce rage, Dry'd up his bowels and confum'd his frame. Wretch that he was, enjoyment but increas'd 100 Defire : his hunger was but fed by food ! Twice ten prepared him food, twelve flaves drew wine. For Bacchus was his foe : fince, who oiFends Dread Ceres, mufh offend the God of wine. From focial banquets or the friendly feaft 10^ His parents, ftill devifmg each pretext With Ver. 103. For Bacchus, &c.] Bacchus, by joined and connefled wilh the honour and vvor- Plndar called nafiJpoj, the a£e[jor of Ceres, fliip of the other. In the 123d verfc we have was worfliipped together with her ; to him as an inftance of the fimplicity of the primitive well as her the invention of agriculture has been ages, vihcn Kings fins ted their fathers flock, afiigned ; Ceres is called in the Orphic hymn to and the chief of the people were not averfe to her, Bfoftioii7t cmi-toi-. all which Spanheim has -pajiornl employments. But this I oiily hint, obferved, and which is cafily accounted for, numbers having already treated the ful jedl: {o upon the obfervation made in the lit note of fully. In the 90th lin^-, ^c. we have an ex- this hymn, that Liher and Ceres, according to ample of retorting punifhment, which feems to Firgil, are duo lamina mundi, the Sun and Moon, have been of general ufage ; to which allude affeflbrs, mutual operators in the produdlions of thefe lines in Siaiefpear's Lear, nature, and fo the honour of one is neceflarily The THEHYMNTOCERES. 159 With palnfulnefs of care, detain'd their fon : Him to Itonian Pallas' facred games Th' Ormenidce invite : His mother cries, " To Cranon tribute to demand he went 110 " From hence on yefterday." Polyxo came, Together with the lire to call the fon To her Adorion's nuptials : tears o'erflow'd The troubled mother's eyes, while thus confus'd : *' Thee Triopas fhall vifit ; but my fon, 1 1 5 " Nine days has groan'd beneath a deadly wound " A boar's fell tufk on Pindus' mount infix'd." Unhappy tender parent ! what excufe Didft thou not feign ? to feafts did any call ? Abroad was Eryfichthon : — to the mirth 1 2Q Of fprightly nuptials ? — or the difc hath ftruck, Or from his horfe hath fall'n the lucklefs youth ; Or The Gods are juft, and of our plea/ant vices, cit proiride Theodoritus Qiijcft. lo. in Numercs^ Make inftruments to plague and punifti us. p. 146. t. i. ^t ui ya? n uiAafna, Sm tarm n t>- fA-wfta- per ques enim qui: peccat, per ea punitur. See the Beauties oi Shakefpear, vol. 2. p. 133. Aderumvero exemplutn ejl clulantis qu:tidie di- " C:ijufmodi, fays Spanheim fpeaking hereof, vitis, Luc. xvi. 27. ac in ea ctiam parte qua cbvia uiique in veteri ac novo fcedere exempla : plus deliquerat, itidem puiiiu, feu, ut de eo ait ficut {ut hac duo tantunt, hie magis opportuna, Chryfojlomus Serm. Ixiii. in Divitem iff Lazarum hue adducam) unum extat muUeris adulterte, p. 730. t. 5. tnt y} oKrirat xo^al^trai, ?i >!{ tw tjo. cujus uterus aquis makdiSiionis in peenamdijrum- (fv t}.aji0iftc. in lingua punitur, qua citos acce- pendus dicitur : Num. v. 21. £3' ad quern locum pirat." j6q the hymn T O CE res. Or numbers he his flocks in Othrys' dale. Mean time within, the glutton banqueter, Sequefter'd, fed his hunger : flill the more 125 His greedy maw devour'd, the more demand His fwoln inlatiate bowels : where finks down Th' improfitable food, as rivers loft In the voracious ocean's deep abyfs. As waxen fhapes, or fnow on Mimas top 130 Before the mid-day Sun, fo faft confum'd His miferable form : till on the nerves, The fibres and the bones were only found. The mother wept, the tender fifter plain'd. His nurfe, and each domeftic wail'd his hap, 131; Lamenting : his grey hairs in piteous fort While the old father tore, and thus pour'd forth To unregarding Neptune his fad foul : " Oh, falfely call'd my father — view this third, " This third fiom thee ! if from thyfelf indeed 140 " And fair ^olian Canace I hold '* My high dcfcent : and yet this fon of mine " Is made thus wretched ! Oh, that ftruck by Phoebus " My hands had to him paid the lafh fad rites ! " But THE HYMN TO CERES. " But now fierce hunger, all- voracious, fits " On his funk eye-balls : father, or avert " This fell difeafe, or take him to thyfelf *' And feed the fufF'rer : for no more my board *' Its wonted hofpitality affords : " The widow'd fields, the ftill, deferted flails " Mourn their loft habitants : and ev'n the cars " Their very mules refign : a facrifice i6i 145 150 turns. Grows more voracious, a ihc more it preys. Recruits dilate the fl.m;.;, r.nd fpread tlic blaze: So impious Eryjichthon's hu!;_cr raves. Receives refreftiments, and refrefhments craves. Food raifes a defire for food, nnd meat Is but a new provocative to eat. He grows more empty, as the more fupply'd. And endlefs cramming but extends the void. Vernon. Oviii tells us, in the fubfequcnt lines, that he off'ered alfo to proftitute his own daughter for fupport, as the reader will find by confulting the latter end of the bth book of ihc Melamorphofa. i62 THE HYMN TO CERES. " His pious mother had for Vefta fed, "^ The long well-pamper'd ox; the vi(ftor fteed, " Once glorious in the courfe and proud in war ; 155 " And ev'n domeftic animals, become *' All viftims to his raging appetite." While ought the houfe of Triopas contain'd, His menial train alone the evil knew : But there exhaufted all^ when famine rag'd 160 Thro' the deep defert palace, fad to view Beiide the public ways the fuppliant fate, A monarch's fon ! and ruefully intreats The fcraps and fordid refufe of each feaft ! Oh Ceres, ne'er be foe of thine my friend. 165 Nor under roof with me ! th' unhallow'd wretch Thy Ver. 165. Oh Ceres, &c.] So in the facred Ja7ne roof, eating and drinking with publicans books we read, " An unjuft man is an abomi- ar\6/ifi?iers. nation to the juft, Prov. xxix. 27. And, Do Horace has a paflage in his 2d ode, 3d book, not I hate them, O Lord, that hate thee ? And immediately referring to tbefemyfteries of C^r«, am not I grieved with thofe that rife up againfl and the impiety of the man who profaned them thee ? I hate them with perfedl hatred : I count by divulging their inviolable fecrecy : them mine enemies, Pfal. cxxxix. 21. I had rather be a door-keeper in the houfe of my God, £/i i^ fidel'i, &c. than to dwell in the tents of w.ckednefs, Pfal. ^,^„^ treach'rous man, whofe fcoffing tongue Ixxxiv. 10, Innumerable pallages or the lame , ° ° fort are found in Scripture and from this fpring c.m''',ny.lerious rites and facred wavs, flowed all thofe notions of the ant.ents concern- ^^r^, hatred his loath'd prefence I'd Vefrain, mg the pollution ^c. ar.fmg Irom the prof.ne ^^^ ^^^^,^ ^^^ ,r ^^ j^- ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ and enemies of the (jods : and hence the great j ■> 1 indignation conceived againft our Lord by the formal pharifaical Jews, for being umUr the See the prophet Jonah chap. i. THE HYMN TO CERES. Thy hate incurring, juftly merits mine. Ye virgins fing, ye women join the fong, " Hail Ceres, fertile mother, rich encreafe, " And all-fufficing plenty are thy gifts." As to thy fhrine four milk-white courfers bear The facred Calathus, fo wheeling round Still favourable, Goddefs, lead along The varying feafons, fpring and fummer clad In milk-white robes, winter and autumn rich 163 170 ^75 With Ver. f69. Hail, &c.] The reader will per- ceive that thefeare thefame with the lines ufed at thebeginn ngof the hymn, and make up part of the chorus fung hy the women, which ends at the 180th line. Some of the external ceremo- nies are here allegorifcd and explained to us, fo that we need fearch no further ; the facred my- fteries none were to divulge. The Ca'atbus was drawn by four milk-white courfers, bee :u''s white is the emblem of x\\s fclar as well as the lunar light : hence the fwan dedirated to Apollo, hy. to./f/)5//(j,n.g4..bence thefilver ho-w oi Diana, hy. to Diana, v. i6o. And becaufe the Sun and Moon moft t'xcrt their influence in the fpring and fui/.mer, therefore it is ohfervable, our author gives them, not autumn and winter, the epi- thet of Aeuxoj, zvhite. It is plain from Callima- chus, th?.t the cuftom of v/alking upon thi^ oc- cafion with their heads and feet bare and un- covered, was in atteftition of their full depsn- dance upon the deity they vvorfhipped for bodily proteiSion and defence. Some writers have fup- pofed, that this very general cuftom amongft the Crenti'e idolaters of wal'-.ing barefoot in their religious ferviccs, proceeded from Goers eom- mand to Mofes, Put off thy Jlioes from off thy feet, &c. ExocL iii. 5. " Hence the Da:mons, fays Jujlin Martyr, Apcl. a. p. 74. had their mimicry of requiring their priefts to enter their temples always barefoot : as the priefts obliged their people a!fo to do." But our learned countryman AJede fays, " I am prone to think, that thefe words unto Mofes gave not the firii beginnmg unto it, but were an admonition only of the divine prefence : thereby commanding the rite, then accuftomed in places fo hallowed : and that therefore it was rather as other reli- gious lites, derived unto the Gentiles by tradition from the Patriarchs before Mofes. See this learned writer's farther illuftrations on this cuftom, lib. 2. of hii works, § 3. p. 348. And certainly his opinion is confirmed by a great number of old prnfane authors, of whom it will be fufficient to inention only a few. According to famhlichus (de Fit. Pythag. c. iS.j it was a, rule in Pythagoras' i rubrick or precepts for di- vine vvorfhip, 0u.=:v Xf^ ANYnOAETON, ScC. Dif- calceate, c pull off ycur fljces before you approach the facred ordinances. And fo of Jpdlo'i prieft in FuUrius Flaccus, Delius hie long} candenti "vefte facerdos Ducit t5f adfluvios, & vincula folvcre monjirat Prima pedum. Silius Italicus fays of this, E lege parentt^m PES NUDUS, in the cafe of public calamity, i^c. See Bibliotheca Biblica, vol. 2. p. 30. V 2 f64 THEHYMNTOCERES. With fruits ; and to the next preferve the year. As with uncover' d head and naked feet We trace the city, fo from harms fecure May we poffefs our bodies I Fill'd with gold As women bear the facred canifters, With the bright ore fo may our coffers fwell ! Far as the Prytaneum, let the pomp By women not admitted to the rites Moft fecret be attended : there receiv'd And uffier'd to the Goddefs, by thofe dames Moft venerable, who thrice twenty fprings Have feen returning : and let thofe oppreft i8o 185 By Ver. 179. FiWd with gold, &c.] It is plain from hence, that thefe facred Aix»a, or canifters, were filled with gold, as the Calathus or bafket was filled according to the poet, Spoliis agrejiibus, with the fpoils and fruits of the field : thefe con- fefledly contained the mylleries, and indeed we have different accounts of their contents : but from what our author fays, all here feems plain enough ; and, decyphered, thefe cercmanies fay no more than this, " That as Ceres was the giver of corn and encreafe, fo from thence pro- ceeded the riches and wealth of man." It is re- markable tiiai a AiKtot, a 'acred Cijia, Canifter, or whatever you chufc fo call it, was ufed alfo in the ceremonies of Bacchus, which was fur- rounded with ivy, and drawn by a ferpent, as is feen on fome antient coins : nav, this Cijia or Va'.nus was c mmon both to Bacchus and Ceres, Libera and Liberie, as Spa-heim obferves. A'lore- over, the fr th day of the f.Ieuftnian m)fteries was called Iaxx'5, lacchus or Bacchus, from lacchus the fon of Jupiter and 6V?w, who ac- companied the Goddefs in her fearch after Pro- ferptne, with a torch in his hand : whence his ftjtue always held a torch. How plain is all this myftery, when referred to nature, the Sun being ever the attendant of Ceres, the Moon, in her fearch after Profrpine, the vegetative part of nature? Archbifhop Potter, in confirmation of this, vol. I. p. 391. fiieuking of the officers uftd in the Eleuftnian mylteiies, fays, " The Hieraphantes had three affiftants, the firfl of which was called trom his oilice AaJs^^o;, i. e. torch hearer, and to him it was permitted to^ marry. '] he fecond wa> called K>!pt;|, of whofe office I have alrea !y given an' account. The third miniflred at the al-ar, and was for that reafon named O etti ru ^u^uu. Hierophantes is faid to have been a type of the great Creator of all things. AaJbx"?' o' 'he Sun. K>iff|, of Mer- cury ; and O ivt Tu ^ujUr of the AJoon.' — So that however juft this may be, which I dont undertake to defend, yet we plainly fee, they univerfally referred tliefe things to nature. THE HYMN TO CERES. By weight of years, by pregnancy or pangs Of foon-approaching child-birth, but attend Far as their feeble knees permit : on fuch Ceres as richly will her bleffings pour, As if they reach'd her temple ! Goddefs hail, In concord and profperity prefer ve This ftate : and from the fertile fields return Matureft plenty. Feed our flocks and herds ; Bring forth the corn, and happy harvefts give ; And peace, fair peace fupport, that the glad hand Who fow'd may reap his labour's happy fruit. 165 190 195 On Ver. 197. And peace, &c.] Ceres is no God- defs without peace, war levels all her produfti- ons, her gifts then are deftroyed, and flie ceafes to blefs mankind. So that no wonder the poet prays to fach a Goddefs for peace : It is ob- fervable that Bacchus too, or the Sun under this character, is applied to by the heathens for peace : nay, and is faid to love it. He loves wealth-giving Peace, a Goddefs the nourifher of men, fays Euripides : and on fomc antient coins we find Peace herfelt reprefented with the inftgnia of Ceres, with ears of corn round her head, in her bicalt, and hand : to whxh Tibullus doubtlefs alludes, when he fays, At nobis pax alma vcni, fpicamque teneto. Lib. I, El. 10. See Fpanheim's note. It hath been well ob- ferved, tliat the v^ords following in our author, that the glad hand, &c. are agreeable to Scrip- ture, and many profane writers. " They fliall build houfes and inhaBit them : and they fhall plant vineyards and eat the fruit of them, Ifai. Ixv. 2. Comp. Amos ix. 14. and Ezekiel xxxiv. 26. Impius hac tamen culta, i^c. Says Virgil in his firft Eclogue. Did we for thefe barbarians plant and fow. On theie, on thefe our happy fields be- ftow? Good heav'n, what dire eftefts from civil difcord flow ! Dryden. 1 Here are the reafons why the poet begs the Goddefs to give peace ; Pace Ceres lata eji : l^ vos orate coloni Perpetuam paiCm, pacifcumque duccm. Ovid. Faft. lib. 4. Of this we fliail fee more in the Orphic hymn to Cens. 3 i66 T H E H Y M N TO CERES. On me propitious fmile, queen thrice ador'd, Great emprefs, of all female pow'rs fupreme ! 200 Vcr. 199. On mi. Sec.) CtiUlnwchus con- cludes his hymns with a prayer to the Goildcls Ceres for hinifelf, l^aSi ftoi, be propitious to me ; have mercy on mc. lAaa-9>;T> f»oi, t ic words ot the publican's prayer in Luke xviii. 13. and this phrafe lAa9i /^oi, was very common with the heathens. The poet honours his Goddefs with very high appellations. Thrice adored^ great queen of the GoddelTes : Avhich expreilioii Spanhehn thinks means no more than great queen of the number of the Goddef- f.s : by a like manner of fpeaking wi;h Ai« yu- taiiwv, fanSla dearum, isV. and yet he produces a remarkable paffage from Euripides, where the poet calls her, ©<* attwi-xm aioLiraa,-, Goddefs the queen of all ; with remarkable fimilitude to our i iithor. Hence (he is always Mr.ro^, mother, Aiji; ■ar»//fiDT«f«, Ceres the inother of all, as in the Z)rphichyinn to her, to which I refer the reader; obfcrving lallly, that (he was called rpiXAirt, thrice adored, qucs ter vocata audis (fa\'s Horace) in reference to that threcfoldpowerof wliich I fpoke, note 10. Hence in ode 22. lib. 3. Horace ceWs her Diva triformis, and Virgil, Tergcminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Diancs. Hence the old epigram, I'crret, lujlrat, agit,Proferpina, Luna, Diana, Ima,fuprema,feras : fceptro, fulgore, fagittd.' No wonder CalUmachus, upon this view, calls her //.sya Kfetisaa. Qcccur, great queen of the Gpd- deffes ; fmce into this power, as it feems, well nigh all the other Goddefles may be rcfolved, who are only parts and attributes of this great triform Diana. End of the Hymns ^j/Callimachus. SELECT EPIGRAMS AND THE COMA BERENICES O F CALLIMACHUS. THE Encomium of Ptolemy by Theocritus, AND Six HYMNS of Orpheus T O JUPITER JUNO APOLLO DIANA PALLAS CERES. SELECT EPIGRAMS. I. O R counfel fage to Pittaciis the wife With doubts perplext an am'roiis youth appHes : **' Dread fire, two virgins covet my embrace, *' The hrft my equal both in wealth and race : " In each fuperior fhines the fecond fair : *' Which (hall I wed — where fix, oh tell me, where ?" He fpoke ; the fage, his footfteps faithful friend Uprearing, cry'd, " Lo thofe thy doubts will end, (( Fak c SeJeSi Epigrritns, &c.] I liave given the rea- der a few of our author's Epigrams, as they are excellent in their kind, and as afpecimen of the fimplicity of the Greek Epigram : which we are to remember in its lull original intent was no more than irr/fa^/fia, an infcriptiou, " De hijioria Epigrammatis £3' arigine turn rei turn voc's, heec accepimus, confuejje antiques Jiatiiis Deorum & heroum infcriptiones quafdam breves tnfcul- fere, qua: t-nrtyfafat iS nnyixiiiiaTa nominohantur, i^c." Thii5 Dr. Trrt//), in his Pra'u^. Poctica, Prcsl. \2ma ; where the reader will find a com- plate diflei tation on the fubjeiEl. The word Epigram, and the fpecies of poetry going under that name, rendered it neccflavv to obfcrve tlijs, at the entrance of thefe litt'e pocins of our au- thor, which moderns would r;aher call mijcella- 77ec!is, than ctigramtnatictd. Tliere is a rexnuilc- abic pafiage quoted by Madam Ducier from the fcholiaft upon JEfchylus, which would almoil incline one to believe, that this firft Epigram of our author's was founded on a real flory. The Z reader lyo' SELECT EPIGRAMS. " Take their advice — " and pointed to the throng That urg'd the fpinning top with fmacking thong :. Attentive to their words the youth drew nigh And oft, " Take one, one equal," heard them cry : Whence warn'd he fled the loftier beauty's charms, And took the equal maiden to his arms. A choice like his in wifdom wou'd you make, So you, my friend, to wife an equal take. II. SA Y, honeft Timon, now efcap'd from light, Which do you moft abhor, or that or night ? " Man, I moft hate thefe gloomy fliades below, *' And that becaufe in them are more of you." III. reader will find it in the Variorum or Gravius's From ev'ry flroke flies humming o'er the edition of CalUmachus. Horace fpeaks of the ground, inequality of Telephiis to fecure his humbler And gr.ins new fpirit as the blows go round. P/;y//V to hmifelf, Pitt. JI/flr//i7/ has an Epigram (lib. 8. 12.) to the Telephum ^^^^ purpofe with our author : Nan tuae iortis juvencm, Od. II. 1. 4. You aflc, why I refufe to wed. Good friend, a very wea'thy maid ? Virgil has this elegant fimile on the boyifh Becaufe to my own wife, d'ye fee, /port mentioned in the Epigram : On no account I'd married be : For fure, unlefs inferior is the fair, Ceu quoficlam, Wf. The wife and hufband never equal are. C^,'//;«flf/jw feems to advife rather more wifely So the gay firiplings lafh in eager fport than Martial : fince, why men fhould marry Atop, in giddy circles, round a court: equally, is plain and reafjnable enough 1 but In rapid lings it wliirls and fpins aloud, why the wife fhould be inferior, is not eafy to Admir'd with rapture by the blooming crowd : determine. Sec the ChiUach oiErafmus, p. 1 1 46. SELECT EPIGRAMS. 171 III. A SHELL, bright Venus, wonder of the fea, -*• -^ Fair Selenasa dedicates to thee : And the firfl tribute, which the maid cou'd give, Me, little Nautilus, dread queen, receive : Who o'er the waves, when blew propitious gales, With my own cable ftretch'd my proper fails : " My legs as oars extending on each fide, *' Hence call'd a Polyp in my pearly pride :" The Epigram III.] For the trandation of this Epigram, and the remarks upon it, I am obliged to my worthy friend, that curious anti- quary, Maur'iceJohnfon,Y^{(\; " 0/>/i/fl«'s defcrip- tion of this fifli referred to by Mr. Pope in his EJJoy on Man-, • (Learn of the little Nautilus to fail. Spread the thin oar, and catch the dri\ing gale) may fomo what illuftrate this Epigram. Within a curious concave fhell conceal'd There lies a -fifh, whofe wond'rous form re- veal'd, The Polyp much refembleth ; rightly he's A failor call'd, by fuch as ufe the feas : Refiding on the (and at bottom there, "Si'et rifmg fometimes to the open air : Seeking the furface quick reverts his fliell, ],efi: wat'iy weight his energy repel ; But foon as, Jwpbitrite, he can gain The wave fuperior in thy noify niain, Jnilaut he turns himfelf and fwims no more, l^it feems as failing wafted tow'rds the fhore : Stretches his limbs, like tackling fome applies, ^Vith fome the ftr^ani like bufy oars he plies : Expands his membranes as a gath'ring fail, (So fpread our oars, and fo we catch the gale) The Sun thro' thinner medium views more fair. And for variety takes frefher air. But if o'er head the hov'ring ofprey fly. Or other danger threaten, e'er too nigh The wary nautil ftrait with prudent fpeed, Diav.'s in his tackle, weightier drops fucceed, And filling fave fecure tlie fubtile ilfli. Him finking downward to his deep abyfs : Hence were we told in hollow barks to fail, And learn to fpread the oars, and catch trie gale." Mr. John/on refers to Dr. Gniv, in his catalogue, of the Royal Society's Phfaunly and ' to Ai- drovayidu:, as nic.lt full of an.y author, on this molt curious article. The fubjjct of this Epigram, we are to ob- ferve, is the dtdication of a Nautilus taken in the ifland Cos hy Seknaa, daugJncr of 6T«w, a nobleman of Smyrna, to Fenas Zephyritis, that is, Jr/ince, the mother of Berenice, who^ had divine honours paid to her, and was ca'led l'er,iis, Zeplyritis, Cypris, &c. See Ci/;:a Berenices, at' d^y- Lncomium of ttoUniy, Z 2 172 SELECT EPIGRAMS. The cabinet of Arlinoe to adorn I to the Coan coaft at length was borne. No more for me to fl:im the filent flood, O'er thy cahii offspring, gentle Halcyon, brood : But be that grace for Clinias' daughter found ; The maid is worthy, and from Smyrna bound. IV. A YOUTH, who thought his father's wife Had loft her malice with her life, Officious with a chaplet grac'd The ftatue on her tomb-ftone plac'd : When, fudden falling on his head, With the dire blow it ftruck him dead : Be warn'd from hence, each fofter-fon, Your ftep-dame's fepulchre to fhun. V. IN facred fleep here virtuous Saon lies ; 'Tis ever wrong to fay a good man dies. VI. Epigram W.'\ For the tranflation of this Epi- ladies are much indebted for his poem, greatly gram I am obliged to my ingenious friend Mr. to their honour, of the Femincad. Dwufmbe of Bcnnet in Cambridge ; to whom the SELECT EPIGRAMS. ^11 VI. T X 7 H A T mortal of the morrow can be fure, So frail is man, and life fo infecure ? But yefterday we faw our living friend ; And on the morrow to the grave attend : A heavier lofs hath never parent known, For never parent had a better fon. VII. "IT T O U ' D God, no fliips had ever croft the fea, ' ^ Then, Sopolis, we had not wept for thee : Then no wild waves had toft thy breathlefs frame, Nor we on empty tombs engrav'd thy name. VIII. Epigram VII. Would God, &c. ] Horace greatly admires the hardinefs of the man, who firft put out to fea : his lines may give life to oiirauthor : Illi rohur & aj triplex, isfc. Od. Sure he who fIrft the paflage try'd, In harden'd oak his heart did hide, And ribs of iron arm'd his fide. Or his at leaft, in hollow wood Who tempted firft the hriny flood ; Nor fear'd the winds contending roar, Nor billows beating on the fbore ; Nor Hyadis portending rain. Nor all the tyrants of the main. What form of death could him affright. Who unconcern'd, with fleadfaft fight, Cou'd view the fnrges mounting fteep. And monflers rolling in the deep : Oould thro' the ranks of ruin go, With ftorms above, and rocks below ? In' vain did nature's wife command Divide the waters from the land. If daring fhips and men prophane Invade th' inviolable main, Th' eternal fences overleap And pafs at will the boundlefs deep. Dryden. 174 SE LE CT E PIG R A MS. VIII, "^"TTHOE'ER thou art, that to this tomb draw nigh, Know, here interr'd the fon and fire I lie Of a Callimachus : illuftrious name, By each ennobled, and renown'd in fame : The fire was glorious 'midft the warlike throng. The fon fuperior to all envy fung : Nor is it ftrange, for whom the Nine behold, When young with -favour, they regard when old. IX. H Sun, faid fam'd Cleombrotus, adieu, And from the rock himfelf triumphant threw : Not courting death, by burd'ning ills oppreft, "^ But reading Plato, his enlarged breaft '). Long'd to partake his fouFs immortal rePi. X. ^T~^ O Violanta conftant love -^ Fond Callis-notus iio-hino; fwore : Pie vow'd that none his heart fliou'd move, riis heart, tiiat ne'er fhou'd vary more. Ep:gra?n Vlil.] See the account of the author's, life. J He SELECT EPIGRAMS, 175 He fwore indeed : but oaths, they fay, Which languifhing young lovers fwear, To heav'n did never make their way, Cou'd never reach immortal ear ! For now he burns with other fires, And wretched Violanta fcorns, Who, while new love his heart infpires. Unnoted quite complains and mourns. XI. ^^ H O R T was the time on thee, O earth, I fpent, ^^-^ With little bleft, and yet with that content : Friend to no crimes, to no good man a foe, I come : nor you, ye pow'rs, that rule below. If fandlion ever to a crime I gave. Be juft ; nor, earth, lie light upon my grave. XII. P I C E D E S, defying frofts and fnows, Hunts o'er the mountains and his game purfues : But Epigram X. He fwore, &c. ] So Tihullus fays. The hunter does his eafe forego, Perjurla ridet amantum And lies abroad in frolt and fnow, Juppiter, y ventos irrita ferre jubet. Unmindful of his tender wiff, cv , u . 1 • • And all the foft delights of life, isV. Jove laughs at lovers perjuries, ° And ^ives them to the winds. c ur ^ /-\ i t i_ -.iin ° oee Horace s Udcs, &c. by eminent hands, roets Epigram XII.] Horace, in his firfl Ode, and lovers all agree, that T/;c/; w/ /^^/ w;7//j// fpeaks of this particular ; without Jhaking, is by far too mellow. 3 "\ 176 SELECT EPIGRAMS. But give him, what you will, already ilain, Tlie game he fcorns, and fends it back again : Such is my love : I court the fair that flies, Eiut eafy conquefts with proud fcorn defpife. XIII. •^ ALLIMACHUS takes up this part of earth, ^-^ A man, much fam'd for poefy and mirth. XIV. ^ I ^ H E Lydian warriour, Goddefs, gives to you His empty quiver and his ufelefs bow ; >■ His arrows he hath given to the foe ! j . XV. T" Tj" A L F of my life I yet pofTefs, The other half is flown : To love or death— I cannot guefs, But certainly, it's gone. Ah Epigram 15.] ^, Catn'us, an old Latin poet, 1 doubt not, but the EngUft) reader will readily hath elegantly imitated (I niiglit fay, irtfn/7a/^^_j pardon my appl) ing thtfe love ftoiies to the this little poem of our author's ; ladies, rather than boys, as in the original, in Jufugit mi animus ^credo^ ittfolet, adTheoiimum the love cf whom we furcly cm fee nothing but Devenit ; fic fjl ; perf- giumilludhabet. what is fliocking, dctL-ftable, diabolical: and ^■■idft non interdixan ne Ilium fiigitiviim muft with forrow behold the grofs ftate of the Ailtieretadfe intro;fcdmagii ejiceret? heathens, who could thmk fuch a praftice fo Ihlmu' qwrfitum. Fa-umne ipji tem-amur honourable as to be reno-^ned in > .^ / Formido. ^I'd ago f Da yenu' confilium. SELECT EPIGRAMS. 177 Ah me, I fear to that lov'd maid The fugitive draws nigh, From whom fo frequently I bade The flutt'ring fool to fly : For well alas — too well I know, What ufage there 'twill prove : In fcorn return'd, befet with woe, And murder'd half with love ! XVI. "^"T 7 H E N Archeftrata, beauteous fair, Firft rofe upon my fight ; I faw no mighty charms in her, And thought her beauty light : I faid — (and troth I thought it true. When Nemefis, quite raging, Obferv'd my words, and book'd them too) " She w^as not fo engaging." But quick in vengeance of my fcorn, A fudden change I prove : ... And as again I gaze, I burn. And all my foul is love ! A a Shall 178 S E L E C V E P I G R A M S. f Shall I for this affront appeafe The maid or Deity ? Ah, fair one, thee cou'd I but pleafe, What's Nemefis to me ? XVII. On Berenice the wife of Ptolemy. OUR are the Graces, with the former three Another lately has obtain'd a place : In all things bleft, bright Berenice, thee. Without whofe charms the Graces have no grace. XVIII. ^T 7 H O E ' E R thou art that on the defart fhores, Leontichus has found, he lays to reft 5 While his own life of peril he deplores, With fweet repofe, oh never, never bleft : Condemn'd to travel o'er the watry plain, And, like the cormorant, rove about the main. COMA Epigram XVII.] There is an Epigram in the Anthologia, exadtly fimilar to this j Epigram XVIII.] For a pleafing commentary n on this, read the beautiful 28th Ode of the «► x«f^'5 Tf«! EiT.- ff w »» ^ta T*ij Tfiiri KMctn J j^ ^^qqJ, ^f ij^race. COMA BERENICES: O R, The Lock of Berenice. • The trejjes Mgypfs princefs wore. Which fweet Callimachus fo Jung before. Parnell. HE, who with curious and enlarged eye Survey'd the fplendid glories of the fky ; Who found how ftars to rife and fetting run, How {hades obfcure the brightnefs of the Sun : At certain times how certain ftars decay ; And how foft love from her aerial way Wheel s Coma Berenices, 5cc.] The original Greek of this poem is loft, and what v/e now have is only a tranflation of it in Latin by Catullus : it is generally efteemed very excellent, its politei:efs and elegancy being much admired. VcJJitis favs, f'ix elegaiitius carinenRon.ano ferrnonefcriptum. Dr. Bcntley has collecSled what remains of the Greek, which the learned reader will find, vol. i, p. 434. of Gravius his edition of our author. There are very many critical enquiries concerning the Latin verfion, which I do not think myfelf obliged to confider : as my intention is only to give the reader a tranflation, as near the fenfe as we can be fuppofed to come : Critics will fiiid room enou"h to exert their faculties and difplay their acumen by confulting Vcjfuis, who hath given an edition of Catullus : after confidering their feveral remarks, I have en- deavoured to exprei's what appeared to me the author's true meaning. \'cv. 6. From her aerial, 5.:c.] Gyro aerio — " We may learn from hence (fays a learned friend) that the antients, contrary to the opi- nion of modern philofophers, imagined that the • air was extended thro' the coclf-ftial region?, as far as, or perhaps beyond the hxL ftars. 1 hus Horace aerias tenlaJJ'e dorms, ts'c. See alfo Tully de Nat. Deorum, lib. 2. Perhaps this notion min the orignal revelation. Vid Gen. i. 1 7. and Mar. ver. 6. A a 2 i8o COMA BERENICES. Wheels gentle Trivia, in her nightly charms, To flolen pleafures and Endymion's arms : ME, that fame Conon, in the fkies furvey'd The ihining Lock from Berenice's head : lo Which fond fhe promis'd to the pow'rs above, ") What time, her hands uprais'd, with heav'n £he ftrove, )• For her dear king, juft happy in her love, J To battles hurried, and feverer fights, From fofter wars, and hymeneal rites. 15 Is Venus, then, to other loves fo true, To virgins only, and to brides a foe : And feign' d or real are thofe fighs and tears. Which damp the parent's blifs with tender fears ? Which, when approaching to the nuptial bed, 20 The blufhing virgins in abundance fhed ? In Ver. 12. Her hands uprais'd, &c.] Proten- hands, as an act of religious worfhip, which was dens brachia. — Upon which the fame ingenious generally performed (as in the pafTigs before friend remarks, " This part of religious wor- us) when they prayed for deliverance from dan- fliip, though fo often mentioned by the heathen ger or adverfity, they did by that emhlematicaJ writers, is generally quite overlooked by com- a£tion exprefs their belief that their Gods had mentators, or but lamely accounted for. The power to deliver them, or that they had no origin of it feems to be this. The hand is, no power to help themfelves but what was derived doubt, a very proper emblem of power in gene- from them. Thus JEneas in a florm is de- ral. Hence the hand in Scripture is frequently fcribed by VirgH, dupUcis tendens ad fidera pal- afcribed to God as well as the eye and ear ; 7nas. The reajon why they held their hands hence 'f?rix^f^<^> and fuch words derived from x^^, upwards rather than downwards, or in any other are ufed m Greek for all atten.pt^ bodily and particular pofture, was, becaufe the heathens mental, and hence t/tanus in Latin for power univerfally worfhipped either the heavens them,- and force of any fort. See Littleton s Diflionary. felves, or fame intelligencies refident therein. When therefore the heathens lifted up their COMA BERENICES. i8i In troth thofe tears by no means are fincere : And thofe foft fighs, the fighs of hope, not fear : So taught experience, when I heard my queen, True virgin-Hke, in tim'rous fort complain : 25 When furious rufh'd the bridegroom to her arms, Love's war to wage, and fpoil her virgin charms. But you, whate'er your maiden fighs might fay, Sincerely wept your hufband torn away : And on your lonely pillow truly fhed 30 A flood of forrow for your lover fled : What anxious fondnefs then your bofom prov'd, How much you languifl:i'd, and how much you lov'd ! Where then, my queen, was all that courage flown, Which Berenice from a child had fhown ? 35 And quite forgot was that illuflrious deed. By which you mounted the imperial bed : Greater Ver. 22. In troth, &c.] Similar hereto is Ver. 36. that illujlriatis d.ird, &c.] The aifl what i)ur foft poet Rowe delivers in his Fair of courage, and the bonum facinm licrc alluded Penitent. to, is thus recorded by Hjginus, in Poctica rj^, ■ • V -J L r -^L J II r Aftronomico. c. 24. " There are other feven The virG;in bride who fwoons with deadly fear, // .-, 7.i- 1 i- »■ 1 ^ r \ jruu n, "ars at the tail of the lion, placed in a triangle, J o fee the end 01 all her wilhes near : ,u/> 1 •• c <> 1 ,,,, 11 n- c ^u /• L^ J Li- 1 which Go«a7, a mathematician of iiainos, ana When blulhino; from the light, and publick ,, „• ; . n i r ;. i- p ■ . ° b y V tallunachus the poet call the Lock ot bcremce ; /T^ ^L ' , • J .. r ^1 • u»/v fl- for when Ptolemy married Bcrerice, h.s filler. To the kind covert of tne ni^rht (he flies : . 1 l r A 1 j f r i- 1 •.Tr., I c . .LI, the daughter of P/«/(7/2y and /Ay/Wt, a tew da5-s With equal nretomeet thebr;de";room moves, ^ ,°. . , . ^ ,,-', • ^/ ,,, 1. ■ u • I -.u 1 r n, 1 after their nuptials he was called to war in /yw. Melts in his arms and with a loofe Ihe loves. u u d ■ t .i,^, ;f k» Ai/mU upon which Beraucf vowed, that iJ he Ihould return i82 COM A BE RE N I C E S. Greater than which no female ever dar'd, As meed more happy never female fhar'd ? But when about to part, what words you fpoke, 40 From your foft lips what love enamour'd broke ? How oft you fighing told your doubts and fears, And dew'd his hands with kilTes and with tears ? What God cou'd change you thus ? or was it hence, That with each other lovers ill difpenfe ? 45 ' Fwas then you made a folemn vow to heav'n, *' Shou'd to your arms your prince again be giv'n, ** That I lov'd Lock, with blood of goats, fliou'd prove " A willing prefent to the pow'rs above." They heard your vow, and quickly to your arms j^o Reflor'd your hero with encreafe of charms, His cheeks frefh flufli'd with vidlory's bright glow. And Afia's laurels verdant on his brow ! For return vicSlorious, fhe would cut off this lock : Berenice was ufcd to breed horfe=;, and fend which happtning agreeable to her vow, ftie them to the Olympic games. They moreover placed the condemned lock in the temple of add, that Ptolemy., the i\\iher of Berenice, being Fenus Arftnoe Zephyritis : which the next day terrified by the multlmde of his enemies, fought was not to be found. Hereupon C'o;;o/' the ma- fafety by flight: upon which his daughter, as thema.ician dtfigning to get into the king's good flie was often ufcd, leap.rd upon an horfe, mar- graces, faid, that tlie loci was feen placed fluilled the forces, killed very many of the among the ftars, and accordingly fhewed thefe enemy, and put the reft to flight , for which feven ftars, which he pretended to be the lock, aftion Callimachus here calls her of ^W courage Some, v/ith CaUimachus, have faid, that this and magnanimity." COMA BERENICES. 183 For this your vow difcharging, 'midft the hoft Of heav'n, I gain'd an honourable pofl; ! 55 From your dear head unwilling I withdrew, Unwilling — fwear I by that head and you : Who fwears in vain fhall dreadful vengeance feel ;— But what, what's equal to all-conqu'ring fteel ! By that o'erthrown, the mightiefl mountain lay, 60 O'er which bright Sol diredls his fiery way : By that great Athos felt the rufhing flood Bear thro' its parted fides the Perfian crowd : And when fharp fteel can fuch dread force fubdue, Ah, what can Lady's Locks defencelefs do ? 65 Perifli, good God, dire fteel's deftrudive race; And him, who firft dare earth's dark bowels trace, So fell a mifchief from its feat to bring. And handle fuch a hard death-doing thing ! As Ver. 59. But 7vhat, &c.] Mr. Pope, in his Steel cou'd the works of mortal pride con- Rape of the Lock, has the following lines, Cant. iii. found, V. 171. And hew triumphal arches to the ground ! What wonder then, fair nymph, thy hairs What time wou'd fpare, from fteel receives ftiould feel its date, The conqu'ring force of unrefilled fteel ? And monuments like men fubmit to fate : Steel cou'd the labour of the Gods deftroy, In the 6ift line I follow Dr. Bciitley^s infer- And ftrilce to duft th' imperial tow'rs oiTroy, pretation, which appears jndifputably ri.lit. i84 COMA BERENICES. As my hard hap, from my companions torn, 70 My fifler Locks in friendly forrow mourn, Flutt'ring his airy pinions thro' the fkies, Adown the gently -breathing Zephyr flies : (The gentle Zephyr from great Memnon fprings, And bears Ariinoe's mandates on his wings : 75 He took and bore me thro' the realms of air, "| To the chafte bofom of that virtuous fair, j. Whom Venus liccns'd her own name to bear.- J For fuch was Zephyritis' kind intent. When thus her winged mefl'enger fhe fent, 80 To thofc fweet fliores, where once delighted rov'd Her beauteous daughter with the nymphs fhe lov'd : That not amid ft the ftarry track alone Shou'd brightly glitter Ariadne's crown : But that we too, the heav'n-devoted hair, 85 With o-olden luftre mio;ht adorn the air. From ocean wet, by her kind aid I rife To the great temple of the Gods, the fkies. And Vcr. 74. Arftnol\ &c.] See Epigram 3d. and Fields, or coeleftial manfions, were fuppofed to the Encomium of P/a'fOTj'. pafs through the ocean, {o CaHimachus feigns Ver. 86- From Ocean wet, &c.] As departed the Lock of Berenice to have been carried to the fouls before they could arrive at the Elyfsan heavens wet with the ocean's waters. Vojftus. 3 COMA BE R E NICE S. 185 And by lier guidance to my place repair, Amidft the ftars to fhine a fellow ftar. 90 Juft by the Virgin and the Lion plac'd I lead the flow Bootes to the weft, Who tardy rolls along his lab'ring wain, And fcarce, tho' late, flow flnks into the main. But tho' fuch honour and fuch place is mine, 95 Tho' nightly preft; by Gods and feet divine : To hoary Tethys tho' with light reftor'd, Thefe — let me fpeak, — and truth defend the word : Thou too, Rhaninuflan virgin, pard'ning hear, ^ For I muft fpeak ; flnce neither force nor fear >ioo Can make me cover what I fo revere : J Not tho' enrag'd the pow'rs on high fhou'd rife, Revenging tear and hurl me from the fkies ! All thefe — bear no proportion to the pain Of fatal final abfence from my queen. 105 With whom while yet an unexperienc'd maid, I fliar'd fuch unguents, on her lovely head ! Haste, happy maids, whom Hymen's bonds have join'd, To the dear choice and partner of your mind, B b In i86 COMA BERENICES. In box of alabafter grateful bear 1 1 o The pleafing gifts to Berenice's hair : Before your trembling hands withdraw the veft From the foft beauties of your throbbing breaft. Such gifts alone let charter matrons pay ; But be th'adultrefs and impure away : i r ^ Their impious prefents let the dufl receive, I fcorn the wretches, and each boon they give ! But you, ye virtuous, as with duteous care Your queen you honour, and her Lock revere, Concord and peace fhall ever fmile around, 120 And all your days with faithful love be crown'd ! You too, my queen, when Venus {hall demand, On folemn feafls due off 'rings from your hand ; When, lifting up to heav'n your pious eyes, Bright on your view your once lov'd Lock fhall rife ; 1 25 Then let fweet unguents your regard exprefs, And with large gifts, as you efteem me, blefs \ Ah, why, amidft the ftars muft I remain ? V/ou'd God, I grew on thy dear head again ! Take COMA BERENICES. 187 Take heav'n who wou'd, were that wifh'd pleafure mine, 130 Orion's felf might next Hydrochous fhine ! Ver. 131. Orion's, &c.] " I wifh, faith the Lock, I might be reftored again to the head, whence I was taken ; Orion then for me might be next Hydracbous, although now fo remote from each other ; and I cared not, if the whole order and fituation of the heavens were invert- ed, fo be I were reftored to my former place. Orion is joined with Hydrochous very properly, fince the one is cfteemcd no Icfs rainy than the other ; as much as to fay, that regarding not the heaven, this Lock could very readily permit, that the two moft watry conftellations fhould be joined together, that all things might again perifh in a deluge, if it could only be reunited to its beloved head. I'ojfius. I give Mr. Pope's conclufion of his Rape of the Lock, as an agreeable illuftration of our poet : Eut truft the Mufe, flie faw * it upwards rife, Tho' mark'd by none but quick poetic eyes : (So ^ew/s great founder to the heav'ns witli- drew. To Proculus alone confefs'd in view.) A fudden ftar it fhot thro' liquid air. And drew behind a radiant trail of hair. Not Berenice's Lock's firft rofe fo bright. The heav'ns befpangling with diflievell'd light. The Sylphs behold it kindling as it flies, And pleas'd purfue its progrefs thro' thefkies; This the Beau-?nonde (hall from the mall furvey. And hail with mufic its propitious ray : This the bieft lover ftalF for Venus take. And fend up vows from Rofamonda's lake : This Partridge foon (hall view in cloudlefs (kies. When next he looks thro' Galileeo's eyes : And hence th' egregious wizard fhall foredoom. The fate of Louis, and the fall of Rome. Then ceafe, bright nymph ! to mourn thy ravifh'd hair. Which adds new glory to the (hining fpherc ! Not all the trelTes that fair head can bjaft, Shall draw fuch envy as the Lock )'ou loll. For, after all the murders of vour eye. When, after millions flain, yourfelf fhall die ; When thofe fair Suns fhall fct, a? fetthey muil. And all thofe trefles fliall be laid in dufc. This Lock the Mufe fhall confecrate to fame-. And midft the ftars iiifcribe 5^//W(7's name. The L:ck. B b T H E ( i88 ) T H E ENCOMIUM of Ptolemy, BEING THE XVII Idyllium of Theocritus. WI T H Jove begin, and end the fong with Jove^ Ye Mufes, wou'd ye of immortals fing The beft, the greateft ; if of mortals, firft. And midft, and laft, let Ptolemy adorn The facred fong \ for he of men is nobleft. The Encomium, &c.] The following piece is as remarkable an inftance, as can well be pro- duced, of the amazing lengths to which flattery and adulation may carry men. We fee the father, mother, and their fon alfo, by the ad- drefs of our poet, enrolled aniongft the Gods: but to fay the truth, the whole blame muft not be thrown upon Theocritus, fince this deifying of thefe venerable perjonages was a publick att : and as fuch, gives us as good a pidure of na- tural religion as can be defircd, {hewing in very (rlaring colours, what were ils effects and power even "amongft: the moft polite and civilized people ! Ver, 4. Him firjl, &c.] Milton, in his moll 5 Heroes, beautiful hymn, Par. LoJ?, b. 4. ver. 165, has imitated and greatly improved our poet : On earth join all the creatures to extol Him firft, him laft, him midft, and wiihaut end ! and I cannot but recommend the conclufion of that hymn ; a compjrifon of which, with all that ever heathen poet wrote in the fame way, will fhew the manifeft fuperiorfty of the Biitllh Bard : Hail univerfal Lord, be bounteous Itili, To give us only good : and if the night Have gathcr'd ought of evil, or conceaFd, Difperfc it, as now light difpels the dark. THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. 189 Heroes, of race immortal, erft obtain'd Wife bards, their glorious adlions to record : But thou, my Mufe, for well thou know'ft to fing, Shalt hymn illuftrious Ptolemy : and hymns Are of the Gods themfelves the honour'd meed. lO To Ida's top approach'd with forefts clad, Amidft fuch plenty hefitating looks The woodman round, where firft to fix the blow ; So, where fhall I begin ? Ten thoufand themes Of praife at hand to crowd th' applauding verle, 15 Wherewith the Gods have crown'd the beft of kings, Ev'n from his anceftors ! Like Lagides, Thofe mighty plans, which other mind than his Cou'd ne'er have form'd, where other cou'd be found Nobly to execute? Him the fire of Gods :iTimi 20 Hath equal'd with th' immortals, and in heav'n A golden dome beftow'd : near which the wife And Ver. II. To Ida's, &c.] Tn an elegy on the Ver. 22. The wife. Sec] I read in this place death of the Prince of fFci/es, 1 alluded to this aioXoftura?, with Heinfius and Cajaubon. Horace beautiful fimile, pnys the fame court and adulation to JuguJIus, 1 , r c ruri r j whom he m.ikes an nfTe-JJor with the Gods, and In deep fulpcncc fuch lolemn icenes around , ^ , . . -'. -y, ,.,u;.-k TV,^. ,o',^ rn. 1,1, r apartiikcrof their loial banquets; which i *(■:- 1 (tand, w,iere nrlt to touch the lyre of woe: '. ,, , , ' f .kl, p> -,'„.,« ^c vu.-U . , - ,. , . 't ] i-r//w tells uf, Ins hero s lather r/5,wy, as wlU As leaning on his ax, where trees abound, , , ,, j, , ...„,„ The woodman doubts where fird to fix the ^^ ''^^' S""^^^ '^^^'"J'^'* ^^'"^''"^'"' ' ^'''' blow. H^^ I90 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. And dread deftroyer of the Perfian race Holds fecial habitation : oppofite Of firmeft adamant compadl, the dome < 25 Of fam'd Alcides flands ; he, as he fliares With heav'n's bleft habitants the joyous banquet, Triumphs his great defcendants to behold From mortal coil fet free, by Jove's high gift Drawing aetherial air, and Gods Hke him: 30 For from Alcides both defcend : and hence When fatiated with nedar's od'rous juice, Their father to fair Hebe's bed retires, This takes his bow and quiver ; that, his club, Ruaged with pointed knots ; and thefe they bear 35 Before their fire, conduding Jove's great fon To his immortal v^^ife's ambrofial bed. How bright above the wifeft of her fex lUuftrious Berenice flione : the pride And glory of her parents! Venus' felf, 4^ With Hac arte iSc. B. 3. Od, 3. Where now Auguf.ui mix'd with heroes lies, ' ' And to his lips the neiftar bowl applies : - Such were the godlike arts that led ^^m ruby lips the purple tincture Ihuw, Bright Pollux to the bleft abodes : ^^^ ^-^^ immortal ftains divinely glow ! Such did for great Jlcides plead, , »^-/- „ And gain'd a place among the Gods : Dry d e N s M,fcell. 3 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. With her own foft and rofy lingers fill'd Her odorif 'rous fnowy breafl: with love ! And hence 'tis faid, no woman ever pleas'd, Her raptur'd hufband, as this beauteous bride Her royal Ptolemy : and, bleft in love. With more than equal fondnefs {lie returns His tendered affed:ion : to his fons Plence in full confidence the prince refigns The weight of cares and kingdoms, and retires With love tranfported to her arms of love. Ere on forbidden joys rove the wild thoughts Of faithlefs wives, by no affedion bound : Num'rous their progeny, but none can fhew The face and features of the haplefs fire ! igi 45 5^* Fair Ver. 50. TVilh love, &c.] Let us hear Mil- toii's moft beautiful ucfcription of csujugal love, which may be perhaps the beft commentary on our author : Hail wedded love, myfterious law, true fource Of human ofFrpring, fole propriety In paradife, of all things common elfc. By thee aduU'rous luft was driv'n from man. Among the beftial herds to range : by thee Founded in reafon, loyal, juft and pure, Relations dear, and all the charities Of father, fon, and brother firft were known. Far bs't, that I fliou'd write thee fm or blame. Or think thee unbefitting holicft place, Perpetual fountain of domeftic fweets, Whofe bed is undefil'd and chafte pionouac'd, Prefent or paft as faints and patriarchs us'd ! Here love his golden fhafts employs, here lights Hiscon'laiitlamp, and waves his purple wings. Reigns here and revels : not in the bought fmile Of harlots, lovclcfs, jovlefs, unindear'd, Cafual fruition : nor in court amours, Mix'd dance, or wanton mafk or midnight ball. Or ferenade which the flarv'd lover fings To his proud hW, beft quitted with diidaiji. Thefe lull'd by nightingales embracing flept. And on their naked limbs the flovv'ry roof Sho'.v'r'd rofcs, which the mom repair'd. Sleep on, RIeft p^ir ! and oh, yet happieft, if ye feek No happier flute, and know to know no mere f PAR-LQ^f- b, 4- Yer,,j5,cu.^ 192 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. Fair Venus, all-excelling, beauty's queen, 55 She was thy care : and 'twas from thee alone, That Berenice pafs'd not o'er the flood Of baneful Acheron : her the Goddefs caught. Or ere fli' approach'd the ftream, where gloomy Hands The melancholy porter of the dead : 60 And in her temple placing, to partake Her own high honours gave : to mortals kind. Hence breathes £Iie gentle loves, and pleafmg cares Thro' each glad votary's enamour'd breaft. To mighty Tydeus fair Deipale 65 Great Diomed, dread thunderbolt of war, Brought forth : to Peleus beauteous Thetis gave Warlike Achilles : but to Ptolemy A Ptolemy, illuftrious as his fire. Fair Berenice bore : the new-born babe 70 From his glad mother favour' d. Cos receiv'd : For there the queen Lucina's aid invok'd : Benign the Goddefs came, and o'er her limbs Diffus'd a foft infenlibility : And Vev. 71. Cos, he] For this whole pafTage, fee the hymn to Delis ^ vtr. 208, and follow- K.ig, and alfo ver. 359, i^ feqq. % THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. 193 And thus the Ton was born, fo like the fire. n r Cos faw, and all her cliffs with fongs of joy Refounded : in her arms flie held the babe, " Be born, bleft infant, fhe began, be born : *' Nor with lefs honour dignify my ille, " Than her Apollo, Delos ; let the mount 80 " Of Triopus, and neighb 'ring Dorians, fhare " No lefs renown from thee, than from the God " Rhensa, neighb' ring to his native ifle." She fpoke : on high the eagle, bird of Jove, Thrice from the clouds refounding clapp'd his wings, 85 Aufpicious omen of the thund'ring God : Kings are the care of Jove : and whom firft-born His eye indulgent views, pre-eminence Attends, with copious blifs : wide o'er the fea. And wide o'er earth unbounded roams his power ! 90 On nations numberlefs great Jove pours down His fertile fhow'rs and full increafe : but none, iEgypt, can vie in plenteoufnefs with thee ; Thy rich glebe mellow'd by th' o'erflowing Nile • None Ver. 84. Eag!e, &c.] See hytnn to Jupiter, 124, i2'c. of the fjmc hymn j anJ alfo hymji to ver. 107, and ncte ; and for the next lines, ver. Jpollo, ver. 41, and note. C c 194 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. None boafts fuch num'rous cities : and o'er all o e Sole monarch reigns great Ptolemy : his fway O'er the Phoenicians, Syria's, Lybia's fons, Arabia and the tawny ^thiop, Extends : Cilicia's war-delighting race, Pamphylians, Lydians, and the Carians owa loo His univerfal povv'r : the Cyclades Confefs the monarch : for the fpacious fea His warlike fleet commands ; the beft that fails Old Neptune's v/ide domain : to Ptolemy Sea, land, and barrier floods fubmiflive bow ! 105 Around him troops of horfe and fpearmen crowd Clangino; their arms, a terror to the foe. In opulence all monarchs he exceeds, Such tributes daily to his heap immenfe, A boundlefs Ocean, flow : his people ply 110 Secure Ver. 95. N'one, &c.] There is a moft auk- The fcholiaft adds, O^ ya( ■ssacat ai TOc?et;{ ward embarafled defcnption in the original, Tpcr/ifpiat, Tfi,^m BKccroncch^ aJ^o/^r.xa. p^^^^j ^^gj^ hatred, and confent to fear, i^c. Aoiai ^e TfiaJes, (ttTK h cripicriv ivS'fitosJsf Tf«j. See the wholc poem. THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. 195 Secure their occupations : Nilus' banks No hoftile iootfteps tread ; nor warlike din Difturbs the peaceful village : on the fhore Ne'er from their veffels leap invading foes The flocks to plunder, and lay w^afte the plains. 115 Such is the influence of a prince like thee, Such is the terror of thy warlike name, Oh Ptolemy 1 Thou all thy father's rights Art ftrenuous to afi'ert : (as well befeems Good kings ;) and not lefs zealous to acquire 120 New glories of thy own. Not unemploy'd Lies in his fplendid dome the glitt'ring ore, Like that on India's plain by lab'ring ants Fruitlefs amafs'd : full royally he gives To the bright temples of the Gods, firfl fruits, 125 And nobleft prefents numberlefs : to kings Lefs pow'rful and lefs opulent than he Much he beftows, and much to friendly flates ; And much, much more to his illuftrious friends. Is there a bard, well fkill'd in facred fong, 130 Who unrewarded from our prince defcends, C c 2 And 196 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. And meets not favours equal to his worth ? Munificence like this, great Ptolemy, Hath charm'd the xVIufes prophets to refound Thy fame in fong immortal : what reward 135 Than this more excellent, for pow'r and wealth To gain the ftamp of worth, and honefl: fame Midft all mankind ? This, this th' Atridje have : When all the plunder of old Priam's houfe And all their mighty wealth is lofl in night, 140 And buried in oblivion's greedy grave ! Of Ptolemy's fam'd anccftors, like him None in their father's footfteps trod fo clofe, And o'er them rofe fo nobly ; high he rear'd The fragrant temples to his parents honour : 14^ Where Ver. 142. Of Ptoknifs, &c.] I have given 'tTrifxna ^fn, I have JJepped over you, I am heyond what appears to me the true fenfe of this pail'age, you; to this Theocritus alludes when he fays, ai^reeable to the interpretation of //i?/»/;«i, who t\\^t Ptolemy trod clofe in his father's foot fiefs, feems to explain it very rightly ; the cultom to and rofe over them. "Lrafioy.mi Ka^vmf^i- what I which the poet alludes mufi be referred to, com. render clofe, is an flfff^a xohyi, yet warm in the pleatly to underftand his meaning; It was an ufual d:ij7, or yet nnu und juji made, like the foot- conteft ; wherein the antagonift ufed to place his fleps of the contending parties, as obferved be- right foot in the left footflep of the perfon with fore. For further information herein, if the whom he contended, and fo with his left foot reader defires it, he is referred to the rotes of touch the right footjlfp, which if he could Cafatibon and Heinfius, exceed, the ufual expreffion was, Zm^ijSvtx crH, 3 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY. 197 Where form'd of gold and ivory he plac'd The new divinities : henceforth invok'd The guardians and protestors of mankind. There on the hallow'd altars, red with blood Of vidlims, as the mighty months roll round, 150 The fatted facrifice the monarch burns, He and his lov'd Arlinoe : than whom No fairer woman in a happier bed A greater fpoufe embraces : there improv'd The nat'ral tye, with double warmth fhe loves 155 The brother and the hufband : fo the race Immortal of great Rhea hold above Their facred nuptials : where the blufhing maid, From whofe bright hands perfumes diftil their fweets, Ambrofial Iris decks one od'rous bed 160 For Jove, and Jove's lov'd fifter and his wife ! Hail royal Ptolemy ! equal to the race Of Ver. 146. Of gold and ivory, &c.] See that makers, related in the 44th chapter cf Ijaiah fine account of the vanity of idols, and iilol- from ver. 9 to ver. 20. 198 THE ENCOMIUM OF PTOLEMY, Of god-born heroes, thee the Mufe extols : And what {he iings^ if prefcient ought, fliall prove Not unacceptable to future times. Hail, and increafe of virtue afk of Jove ! 165 Ver. 163. Thee the Mufe, kc] Thefe old poets feldom entertained any flender opinions of themfelves; they were not wanting in pro- nouncing their own merits, and prophefying their own fame. Our poet gave us a fpecimen at the beginning, which I have put into as nio- deft terms as was allowable ; but this laft is a bolder ftrain, and you fee the poet was no falfe prophet. Ovid's boafJ- at the end of his Meta- morphofes is well known, as is that of his bro- ther Horace, both of which defied their G»<5? and all his malice, to deftroy their works, and the monuments more durable than brafs, which they erected to their own honour and immortality. Though this may give us no unfavourable idea of the excellence ofthofe works which have indeed fo defied the anger and power of their Jupiter ; nay, and even outlived him ; yet I am afraid it will never afford us any very favourable one of the humility of the authors. Six ( 199 ) Six HYMNS of Orpheus JUPITER JUNO APOLLO T O DIANA PALLAS CERES. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. THAT thefe hymns were written by the antieiu poet and lawgiver Orpheus, is beh'evei, I fuppofe, by no man of any reading : but, that they are extremely antient (if not the OT«y? antient remains of Gr^ff?^ is on the other hand doubted, I imagine, by no man of learning. They fhew us moft clearly, what the idolatry of the heathens was, and in the moft fatisfaftory manner, demonftrate that the Deities they worfhipped, were no other than the powers and parts of nature : I have fubjoined thefe fix, as corroborating evidences of the ge- neral remarks made in the foregoing notes : and thefe notes, together with a general key given, will be a fufficient explanation of them. I had prepared large remarks upon them for the prefs, but upon obfervation that mv work was already fwelled beyond the determined number of fheets, I found mvfelf obliged to withdraw them : It would give me no fmall fatisfadion to fee any man of learning and genius attempt a full explanation of thefe moft curious pieces, a woik v.'hich muft reflect honour upon the performer, though it would require no fmall abilities to accomplifli. I can recommend to the reader no better method of acquiring a complete underftanding of thefe hymns, which I have given, than to compare them with fome others of the fame author, particu- larly thofe to Protogcnus, or the firft-born, the Sun, Nature, Pan, Hercules, Proferpine, Bacchus, and Fulcan : which are each of them extremely curious : there are very large afliftances to be had from Macrobius, Vojftus, Bochart, he. but from none, more than from Turner and Phurnutus, the latter of which dcferves every fcholar's attenUoii, as he feems to have undcrftood and explained the heathen creed in the cleareft m?.nner. If the reader fhould refer to his 3d chapter concernhig 'Juno, I cannot help remarking in juftice to the author, that tiva-mi (1. 7. Gale's edit.) fhould un- doubtedly be read aj-m,-. " And they are both, fays he, nnmely, f^fiter and Juno, produced from the fame y//^/tfH«. For the fubftance flowing into thinne'.s, ^ffio-* ya? «? AEirroTijTa rl Oi/s-ta. produces both the fire (the pure plafticy?;c, Jupiter) a"d the air, Juno." Many excellent and ufeful hints will aifo be found in the Letters on Mythology, the author of which, p. 409. fpcaks thus, " You have in the general p'an of mythology, firft the grand key, that tlie powers pro- ducing, and parts compofing the untvcrfe, were the greaie/l Gods." Nor mu(t I omit to adver- tife the reader, that as many hints towards a compleat underftanding of Orpheus are to be found in Halloivay's Originals, as in any of the before-mentioned writers. Concerning Orpheus himfelf and the editions of his works a full account will be fecund in the Bibliotheai Graca oi Fabriiius, vol. I. p. 117. The edition I have u'ld is thzt oi' Efche.ibach ; in which the hymns are tranflated into LatiK verfe by Scaliger, the work only of five days, as he tells us at the end ; a maik of prodigious and uncommon learning. As this is a work not for the many, where the gricts and beauties of diction and poetry are not to be fought, I would hope the lovers of truth will ufe it wi'h candor, and if pleafure or profit arife to any one from it in the leaft degree, let him be af- fured, that it hath anfwered the tranflator's deftan. TU ( 200 ) I. The 14th HYMN of Orpheus. To J U P IT E R. JOVE, ever honour'd, everlafting king, Accept this vvitnefs of thy fervant's love. Due facrifice and praife. Great pow'r, thro' thee All things, that are, exifl : earth, mountains, fea, And all within the mighty fphere of heav'n. 5 Saturnian Jove, dread monarch of the fky, In thunders loud and terrible defcending : All things producing, as of all the end So the beginning, author of encreafe, Omnipotent, pow'r creative, purifier, - 1 Whofe arm rolls thunder, and the forky blaze Of lio-htnino; darts ! whofe glorious word can fliake t3 D CD Earth's deep foundation ' Oh accept my prayer. Multiform deity, and give us health. Fair peace, and riches with pure virtue crown'd. 15 II. HYMNSOFORPHEUS. 201 II. The 15th HYMN. To Juno. PL A C ' D in the azure bofom of the fky. Airy-form Juno, of Jove's heav'nly bed Happy partaker, thou with gentle gales Life-giving, quicken'ft all terreftrial things. Of clouds, of rain and winds the nourifher ; 5 All things producing, for the breath of life Without thee nothing knows : fince thou, with all Thyfelf in wond'rous fort communicating. Art mix'd with all. Thou, fov'reign, too obtain'ft An univerfal empire, borne along 10 In airy torrents with refounding murmurs. Goddefs, whofe names are num'rous, all-ador'd, Propitious come with lovely fmiling flice. D d ill. 202 HYMNS OF ORPHEUS. III. The 33d H Y M N. To Apollo. TJ LEST Pffian come, Lycorian Phoebus, foe ^^ Of daring Tityus, honour'd Memphian God, Giver of health, of riches : golden-Iyr'd ; From thee the feed, the field its rich encreafe Receives prolific, Grunian, Smynthian, bane 5 Of deadly Python, hallow'd Delphian prophet, Rural, light-bearer, lovely noble youth : Head of the Mufes, leader of the choir, Far-darting God, with bow and quiver arm'd, Bacchian and twofold, whofe dread pow'r extends 10 Afar, diffufed wide ; whofe courfe oblique Is fliap'd ; pure ; Delian king, whofe lucid eye Light-giving all things views : whofe locks are gold, Who oracles and words of omen good Revealeft. Hear me with benignant mind 15 Entreating for the people : for thou view'ft This boundlefs aether all, this plenteous earth. And ev'n beneath thro' the dark womb of things, In night's ftill, gloomy regions, and beyond Th' HYMNSOF ORPHEUS. 203 Th' impenetrable darknefs fet with ftars. 20 The fix'd foundations thou haft lay'd beneath, And the whole world's extremities are thine. Thyfelf for ever flourifhing, to thee Of things the rife and the decay belong, The end and the beginning. With thy harp 25 Of various modulation thou the whole Of nature harmonifeft : the loweft ftring Now fweetly touching, now in Dorian meafure Afcending to the higheft : nature's tribes, No lefs than nature, to thy harmony 30 Owe the variety and pleafing change Of feafons ; mix'd by thee in equal parts. Summer and winter ; on the higheft ftring This modulated, that the loweft claims. While to a Dorian meafure the fweet prime 35 Of lovely fpring advances : mortals hence Have caird thee royal Pan, two-horned God, The vivifying gales, thro' fyrinx fam'd Emitting : wherefore thou the marking feal Of the whole world poflefleft. Hear bleft pow'r, 40 And with propitious voice thy myftics fave. Ver. 20.] Ytt' arifooniiamt 0(«p»)iir. This feems fyftem is bounded by a thick and outer darknefs, to countenance theii" opmions, who hold that the where arc the fixt ftars. D d 2 Ver. 22. J SesP/almxlx. 5, 6. 204 HYMNS OF ORPHEUS. IV. The 35th HYMN. To Diana. T T EAR me, oh queen, Jove's daughter, various -nam'd, "*" ^ Bacchian and Titan, noble huntrefs queen, Shining on all, torch-bearer, bright Didynna, O'er births prefiding, and thy ready aid To all imparting in the pangs of birth, 5 Tho' unexperienc'd of thofe pangs thyfelf ; Diffolver of the zone, foother of care. Fierce huntrefs in the courfe unweary'd ftill, Delighting in the bow and fylvan fports, Trav'ling by night, aufpicious and renown'd, 10 Of manly form, ered and tow'ring, fwift T' aiTift, pure expiating pow'r, great nurfe Of mortals, earthly and celeftial, bleft And rich, the woody hills poffeffing, bane Of beafts, purfuer of the nimble flag. 15 Dread HYMNSOFORPHEUS. 205 Dread univerfal queen, who flourifh fair In youth perpetual, woods and dogs delight Thy foul, Cydonian, multiform. Oh come Benignant to thy myftics, faving pow'r, Aufpicious, fend from earth the beauteous fruits, 20 Give us fair peace, and health with lovely locks, And to the mountains drive difeafe and pain. V. The 31ft H Y M N. To Pallas. JT^ N L Y-begotten, noble race of Jove, ^^ Pallas, bleft Goddefs, warlike martial maid, Thou word ineffable, of mighty name, Inhabiting the ftars, o'er craggy rocks And £hady mountains pafling ; thou in groves Thy foul delighteft : with wild fury fixing The minds of mortals, joying in bright armour. Gymnaftic Ver. 3.] Affitr , itv f%Tn, DlHa indiifa. Sea- Ver. 4.] Aj-pofiaiTf, I read ; it is anepithet of Wgcr, —Hfrcuks too is called Apfw'. Pan alfo : fee the hymn to him. 2o6 H Y M N S O F O R P H E U S, Gymnaflic maid, with fierce and furious foul : Virgin, dire Gorgon's bane, mother of arts, Impetuous, violent : vvifdom to the good, lO And to the evil, madnefs : parent of v^^ar, •And counfel: thou art male and female too : Multiform dragoncfs, fam'd enthufiafliic, O'er the Phlegraean giants with deftrudion Thy courfers driving : fprung from head of Jove. 15 Purger of evils, all-vidorious queen ; Hear me, with fupplicating vows approaching Both nights and days, and ev'n in my laft hours : Give us rich peace, faturity and health, With profp'rous feafons, O thou blue-ey'd maid, 20 Of arts inventrefs, much implored queen. Vcr. 12.] Aflive and paflive in nature. VI. HYMNSOF ORPHEUS. 207 VI. The 39th HYMN. To Ceres. 1 ^ I O, fam'd Goddefs, univerfal mother, ■*-^ Giver of wealth, thou holy nurfing Ceres, Giver of riches, nouriflier of corn. Giver of all things, in the works of peace Joying : of feed, of harveft, threfliing, fruits 5 Goddefs, inhabiting Eleufis' feats Holy, retir'd : delightful, lovely queen, Supporter of all mortals ; who firft joined The ploughing oxen to the yoke, and bleft Man with the plenteous means of happy life ; I o In verdure ftill encreafing, high in honour, AiTeflbr of great Bacchus : bearer of light Pure, bright : rejoicing in the reaper's lickles, Celeftial and terreftrial, kind to all. Fertile, thy daughter loving, holy nurfe j 15 Thy pair of dragons yoking to thy car Around thy throne in circling courfe thou'rt driven. Singing the lacred orgies : only -begotten. Yet thou'rt of many mother, much rever'd. 'I Thine 208 HYMNS OF ORPHEUS. Thine are the various forms of facred flow'rs, And fruits all beauteous in their native green. Bright Goddefs come, with fummer's rich encreafe Swelling and pregnant : bring with thee fmiling peace, Fair concord, riches, and imperial health. The reader may obferve, that in the liymn to Jpollo, ver. 37, that deity is called Pan, and in the Letters on Mythology, p. 65, finding the Orphic hymn to Pun tranflated, I here fubjoin it, as a good comment on that to Apollo. " Pan I invoke ; the mighty God, the uni- verfal nature, the heavens, the fea, the all- nouriftjing earth, and the eternal fire : for thefe are thy members, O mighty P A'N ! Come then happy fource of ever-wheeling motion, revolving with the circling feafons, au- thor of generation, divine enthufiafm, and foul- warming tranfport ! thou liveft amongft the ftars, [arpeJ'*'"] and leadeft in the fymphony of the univerfe by thy all-chearing fong: thou fcatter- eft vifions, and fudden terrors among mortals, delightefl: in the towring goat-fed rock, the fprings alfo and paftures of the earth ! of fight unerring, fearcher of all things, lover of the echo ofthyown eternal harmony ; all-begotten, and all begetting, god-invoked under a thoufand names, fupreme governor of the v/orld, growth- giving, fruitful, light-bringing power, co-ope- ng with moifture, inhabiting the recefies of es, dreadful in wrath, uwQtivo-hornedJove! 20 o rati caves, By thee earth's endlefs plain was firmly fix'd. To thee the fea's deep heaving furge gives way : And antient Ocean's waves obey thy voice. Who in his briny bofom laps the globe. Nor lefi the fleeting air, the vital draught That fans the food of every living thing ; And ev'n the high-enthron'd all fparklingeye Of ever-mounting fire : thefe all divine Tho' various lun the courfe which thou or- dain'il. And by thy wondrous providence exchange Their feveral jarring natures to provide Kood for mankind, all o'er the boundlefs earth. }5ut O bright fource of extafy divine. And dance enihufi.iftic, with our vows Inhale thefe facred * odours, and vouchfafe To us an happy exit of our lives, Scatt'ring thy panics to the world's end." * Concerning thefe odours, and the facred thiimiamii, or perfume, which you find mentioned before each of the Orphic hymns, confult Hol- hvjays Originals, vol. 2. p. 32. In the 39th verfe of the hymn to JpoUo the original is, Hales fignacula Ax'lAi.mundi, Scal; Of which a learned friend- fending me the fol- lowing ingenious explication, I caimot deprive the reader of it. " 'Job%xy.v\\\. 12 — 14. Haft thou command- ed the morning, fince thy days ? and caufed the day-fpring to know his place, that it might take hold of the ends (wings) of the earth, and the D'Vti^"! (the grains) fhall be fhaken from {by) it: it ftall conform itfclf ("IQnnn) as clay to the feal, and they (the wings or airs) (hall fland about it like a garment." Jpollo is called in Orpheus, Pan (i. e. xov ftoio TO o-wfi7r«») the tivo-horned God, /. e. who has both the light and the fpirit under his direc- tion, fending forth, putting in motion the breaths of the airs (niHl^) wherefore he hath the marking feal (TtnrwTr!» feems adive here) of the whole world, that feal wiiich gives to the whole world its form. If we take OTa»To; soo-jkb to fiffnify the whole body of the earth, or the earth and all its produce, he means, that the light znd fpirit communicate to each their forms, as zfeal doth to foft wax or clay. And in a ftiU more extenfive fenfe, the light and fpirit or expanfion at firft formed the planetary orbs. But in Job this is with a more firiift philofo- phical propriety confined to the earth." Vive & vale, amice leSior — -ft quid mvijli rec- tius i/lis, Candidus imperii, ft non, his utcre mecum. « APPENDIX. ( 209 ) APPENDIX. Is U B J OI N here (agreeable to my pro- mife, hymn to Jupiter, ver. 107.) a £hort account of thofe glorious figures the Che- ruhim, which were placed ia the Holy of Holies of the Jeivijli temple. This account is extrafted from Dun.an Forbes (Lord Advocate of Scotland) his Thoughts on Natural and Re- vealed Religion, p. 99. 4th edit, the whole of which treatile will well repay the reader's cu- riofity, if he thinks proper to perufe it. " As the Cherubim are not fully defcribed in the hiftory of framing and building of the ta- bernacle or temple, and as the prielts who might have feen them in the San£ium SanSiorum, and the other perfons, who muft have feen them on the walls and doors of the temple, might have failed before the fecond temple was compleatly finifhed, which would have furnifhcd an excufe to the fucceeding Jcius for being without thofe emblems in the fecond temple, and for neglect- ing the knowledge thereby conveyed j it pleafed God to exhibit to one of his prophets, Ezeftiel, in vifion, at diiFerent times, the figure of thefe emblems, which he has in two fcveral places, chap, ifl and loth, carefully recorded. And it is not a little furprifing, that though the Jews unanimoufiy hold Ezekiel to be a prophet, and thefe pafTagcs to be infpired, yet they never thought fit to give the figures he defcribcs a place in their temple, or to guefs at the mean- ing of them, though they hold that thofe vifions contain the moft important myflerj'. The defcription of the creatures feen in this vihon by Ezeh'el, is fo full, and fo anxioufly and laborioufly given, that there is no miflaking fome of the great lines of it. Each Cherub had tour lieads, at leaft faces, and but one body ; each had hands of a man, and wings ; and the four faces were, firft, the face of a bulJ, which IS properiy called a cherub ; fecondiy, to the right of the bull, the face of a man ; thirdly, to the right of the man the face of a lion ; and 4Jje face of -the man and lion are faid, chap. i. vcr. 10. to have been on the right fide, whereas the face of the bull is faid to haVe been on the left fide ; and, fourthly, the face of an eagle, without taking notice of any particular conjunc- tion between the face of the bull, and that of the eagle. ^ And the prophet takes fo much care to incul- cate, that the creatures, or figures thus repre- fented, were the Cherubim, and that the de- fcription in the firft and tenth chapter relate to the fame Cherubim, that there can be no doubt he defcribes the very Cherubim placed in the taber- nacle and temple ; unlefs it can be fuppofed that this defcription was given on fet purpofe to de- ceive and miflcad us. Knowing thus, horn Ezekiel, the form of the Cherubim, and knowing the ufage of the moft antient nations, particularly the Egyptians, of framing compounded figures of this kind, for hieroglypiiical or fymbolical purpofes, from the remains of tlx-ir antiquities ftill extant, we can entertain no doubt that this reprefentation was fignificati\e. He who cannot believe that the Cherubim was fet in the Hoh of HqUcs to repre- fent one animal, compounded of bull, man, lion and eagle, muft necefiarily admit, that the faces of thefe animals, fo joined, were intended to fignify feveral charafters, powers, or perfous united together in one. The Italian Janus was hifrons, fometimes qucdnfrons ; Diana was trifirmis ; many Egyp- tian monuments fhew two, fometimes three heads of different creatures to one body ; in vart numbers of gems, particularly thoie called Abraxa's, human bodies have the licads fome- times of dogs, fometimes of Worn, fometimes of eagles or hawks, iiSc. and no one can doubt that each of thofe reprefentations was fymbo- lical. In confidering this fubjetSl we muft. recolle^^t that, though the building of the tabernacle was not fo early as to give birth to thufc ftrange compofitions over the heathen Nvoild, yet this £ e ::g'jre 210 APPENDIX. figure was exhibited, immediately upon the ex- pulfion of man from paradife, and was fo well known when Ifrael left Egypt, that the work- man made the Cherubim, v/ithout any other direftioii than that of making them out of the gold t'.iat compofed the mercy-feat, and placing them on either end of it looking towards the mercy-feat, and ftretching their wings over it. So that the compound figures of the antients to reprefent their deities, had no other original but that at the eaft end of the garden of Edeti. However, the emblems or reprefentations of the heathen divinities may have been compli- cated of the forms of different animals originally ; yet we fee, with length of time, they feparated thofe fymbols, fuppofed the different figures to be different deities, and at laft worfliipped them apart. The Egyptian Apis, the bull, in imitation whereof the IfraeHtcs made their golden calf, and Jeroboam made his calves, was but one of thofe figures ; and the deity called Baal amongft the Syrians, which is alfo called the heifer Baal, was the fame, and yet was the reprefen- tation of the great God, the Lord of all. The Perfian Mithrlts was in all the devices of the fervants of that God pictured a lion, or with a lion's head ; and the Egyptian fphinx, which flood at the entry of their temples, had but two of the cherubical figures, joined in a itrange manner, the head of the man put on tlie body of the lion. The eagle was to the Greeks and Romans an emblem facred to Jupiter or 'Jovis their great God, whom they pictured like a man ; in the talon of this bird they put a thunderbolt, and this expreffion of thunder, proceeding from clouds, borne by the eagle, whofe way i.n the air is among the clouds, was the enfign of Ni!p£A)iysfiT>i! Ztt's' and we know from Sanchoni- athon, that the Tyrians had a pillar facred to wind, or air in motion, as well as they had to fire, built, as they faid, by TJjous the fon of Hypfouranias, which fire and wind they wor- fliipped as Gods. We knov/ from antient authors, and we fee in antient gems and other monuments, that the Egyptians were very much accuftomed to make the body of their image or reprefentation hu- man, fometimes with the head of a lion, fome- times with that of a hawk or eagle, and fome- times with that of a bull, a ram, or fome other horned creature. And as, from the original exhibition of the Cherubim renewed, and recalled to its proper ufe in the tabernacle and temple, we fee the antients had a pattern from Whence they might have taken thofe reprefentations, which they monftroufly abufed, we may reafonably con- clude that thefc reprefentations, which, na- turally, and without fome inftitution, would never have come into the heads of any men, flowed from an early practice, that bad a different intent from that, to which it was at lafl turned. And from the application made by the antient Pagans of each of the figures in the Cherubim, to fignify a different deity, we may with resfdn conclude, that they underllood that particular figure in the Cherubim, which they chofe for their proteflor or God, reprefented in the hie- roglyphical ufage of the early times, the power, the thing, or perfon, that they intended to ferve. Thus, for example, if the curled hairs and horns in the bull's head were in hieroglyphical writing, made the emblem of fire in general, or fire at the orb of the Sun, thofe who took ma- terial fire for their deity would fet up that em- blem, and worfhip it. If the lion's piercing eyes, or any other con- fideration, brought that animal to be the em- blem of light in general, or of light ilTuing from the body of the Sun, fuch as took light for their God, if any fuch were, would fet up the lion for their emblem. And if the eagle's foaring flight and com- merce thereby with the air, brought that bird to be the emblem of air, fuch as imagined a divinity in the air, in clouds, in winds, would take that bird to refemble their deity. And the human figure in the Cherubim, muft. one fhould think, be the mofl natural occafion of that univ'erfal miftake which all the heathens, at length, dropped into, of pifluring their Gods with human bodies, and the very earlieft gave fome countenance to injoining parts to the hu- man body to, almofl, all their reprefentations of their Gods. Now, lb it i?, that we do know from . innu- merable texts of Scripture, and from many paf- fages in heathen hiftorians and mythologills, that the objects of the earlieft pagan adoration, after lofing the idea of the true God, were the povi'ers in the heavens, that were fuppofed to maintain this fyftem ; the Sun, Moon and Stars, the hoft of heaven, the queen of heaven ; fire, v?hich was fuppofed to be one of the chief APPENDIX; 211 agents in fupporting the motion of the univerfal light ifluing from the fire ; and the air, clouds, winds, i^c. which had infinite force, and were i'uppofed to aft a very confiderable part in the go- vernment and prcfervation of the material world. In particular, we know that fire at the orb of the Sun was worfhipped by the antient i?^;'/)//^?"^, who made ufe of Jpis, the bull, for their em- blem ; and that the worfhippers of Baal the heifer, believed their God had the command of fijre. For, in the remarkable contention be- tween 'Jeho'-jah and Baal, managed on the one fide by Elijah, on the part of "Jehovah, and on the other by four hundred and fifty priefis on the part of Baal, the ted of all was, which of their dejtiis could command fire to come down from heaven to confume the fiicrifice, and the iflue difgraced BmI, and deitroyed all his priefts : and therefore, it is no ra(h conclufion, that the ox's or bull's head was the hieroglyhical emblem of fire, perhaps fire at the orb of the Sun. We know alfo, that many of the Egyptians, and of the neighbouring nations, wurlhipped light ; it was difficult to feparate the idea of lisiht from that of fire. Thofe that ferved the moon and planets had no fire for their obje£t. The Perf.ans, who worfhipped fire, and emi- nently the body of the Sun, had light nectlTarily in efteem as their beneficentprinciple. Oromaf- dei was light. Job talked of worlhipping light as idolatry. There were feveral temples in Egypt and in Canaan to the light of the fun : and in Egypt, as well as Pcrfia, the lion was a facred emblem : wherefore it feems highly probable the lion was ufed as the fymbol or emblem of light, as the bull was made ufe of as the emblem of fire. Wc know alfo, that the earlieft heathens took the air, wind, that which in the antient lan- guages is exprefled by a word fignifyins, pro- mifcuoufly, wind and fpirit, that invifible agent which we feel, and which performs fo many confiderable effedls in nature without being feen, for a deity ; that to it they afcribed in- fpiration ; their Sibyls, their deliverers of ora- cles were inflated ; futurities, the will of their God, was difcovercd by the countenance of clouds, and the flight of birds, which were re- ligioufly obferved by augurs, in the Hebrew cloud-mongers ; thundci was the voice of their God, which was portentous, and much obferved. Thunder was afcribed to the great Jove, the thunderer, and the eagle with the thunderbolt was his enfign ; whence we may, pretty fafely, conclude, that the eagle, to worfhippers of the air, reprefented, hieroglyphlcally, air, wind, fpirit. If the deity, to give fome idea of himfelf from a fenfible objcd, had made choice of -the heavens as the fenfible objefl, from which to take the imperfcl»>l, /flr er* ; and to perpetuate this attribute of their arch-idol, there was for many years a conjlant fire kept up in Delos. Hence in after times, by taking em- blems ox fithftitutes {^irrealities, ths ifiand Delos was taken for the real birth-place of JfOllo, who from being in truth the folar light, was now reprcfcnted as a man (from fome tradition of fV,e union of the True Light with the Man Chri/i Jefus) and his moi\\cr Lai una (the ItiTT, Gen. i. 2. the Heb. ^^b) as a v.-rman. The ii^ht could not naturally fpiing forth unlefs the grofsffirit furrounding the folar erb was fit on fire. And this the folar orb [z'V^'i) l^'^i"^ '^M did : and becaufe Delos the ifiand was furround- ed with a remarkable quantity of fea-wccd as thtt i'im wiih the grcf jpirit, 1 think we may hence explain the otherw'iCe tmintelligiile jargon, of the ifiand Delos burning up all thefea-weed round it, that Latona might bring forth Apollo, i. e. the central fire burnt up the furrounding fl'irit, that darknefs might produce light. The above account will, I think, both illuftrate and be confirmed by line 193. where Delos is re- prefemed as driven backwards and forwards by the north and fouth winds. I know not that there was the leaft foundation in falf for af- firming this of the ifiand, but if we refer it to its antitype the Sun, it is true, that has an ap- parent northern and fouthern declination, and that the real declination of the earth is effefled by the fpirit's ailing on its northern and fouth- ern regions. It is remarkable that Calliniachus does not fay that Delos was agitated by the eafi and wefi wind, but only by the north and fouth." The true reafon why Jipollo and Diana, Ju- piter, Venus, Sec. were all faid to be born in iflands, will be found in Turner, p. 224, k^c. and in the following pages he abundantly con- firms what is here advanced, namely, that Delos was no other than the -Sz^z itfelf. P. 125. note 441. The following paffage from the Letters on Mythology p. 174. may ferve to il- luftrate the obfervations made in this note. " Of the twelve great Gods, the greateft, according to the Egyptians, was Pan or the Univerfe, to whom the higheft honours were paid. Next to him Latona or Night : Vulcan was next in dig- nity ; and then Ifis and Ofiris, with Orus or Ivight, their fon. That is, in iveffern language, that the univerfe, comprehending nature and all her powers, lay overwhelmed in darknefs, until the igneous vivifying fpirit broke loofe, and difpelled the fhade that for eternal ages had been brooding over it : that then the Sun and Moon (hone forth, parents of light, prefiding over tha generation of animals, the vegetation of plants, and the government of the whole." This appears no improper ccnclufion of thefe annotations ; which, whether the world will approve or condemn — 1 cannot be allowed to :on and Callimachus, p. iSi. n. 36. The llory . of it at large, ibid. Why called magnanimouj, p. 182. n. 36. Her lock, why fuppoftd to be carried up to the heavens wet, according to Pcjjlus, p. 184. n. 86 Bhickmore (Sir Riihardj his defcription of the Spnr- ton dogs, P' 63. n. 1 16 Blo.ckivall, his chara£ler of the compliment paid by Callimachus to king Ptolemy, p. 31. n. 41. His • high encomium of a paffage of St. Paul, in his epiftle to the Epheji&ns, P- 32. n. xi S Blejfmgs that attend the virtuous beautifully de- fcribed, p. 70, i3 feq. n. 179, and 184 Bochait, his charafler of goat's milk, p 9. n. 7; His etymology of the ifland Dehi, what, p. 9^. n. 61 Boedromian, Apollo fo called, by wTiom, and why, p. 41. n. 9S. 7'he month of Augujl fo called by whom, and why, ibid. A feftival fo called by the Athenians, and why, ibij. Bride (a virgin one) how defcribed by Mr. Rc-j.e, p. I 8i . n. 22 Britcmartis, the name of a nymph, from whence derived, and the fignification thereof, what, p. 79 n. 263. Not aicribed by Callimachus to Diana, Hid. Brontes, who, and his gifts to Diana, w|iat, p. 62. n. 100 Butter and Honey, the food of Chrift, p. 10. n. 75 Cahir, D/Vra fo called, and why, p. 85. n 310 Cabiri, or Cabirim, the term from whence derived, and its fignification, what, ibid. Caeratus, the city of Cncjfus, fo called, and why, p. 58. n. 62 Cain, hisdefcendamshow diftinguiflied in Scripture, p 2. n 3 Calathus, its ceremonies obferved by king Ptolemy ZX Alexandria, in honour of Ceres, p 14.7. n. i To be viewed only Handing on the ground, and why, p. 149. n. 5. Drawn by four raiik-whiti horfes, and why, p. 163. n. 161). With what filled, p. 164. n. 179. The canilfers how filled, ibid. The ceremony performed in the evenin?, and why, p. 149. n. To Callimachus, is proved by Spanheim to be acquainted with the Septuagint tranflation of the Bible, p. 2. n. 3. If not, he had a peifeft idea of the con- fufion at Babel, by tradition, ibid. His enco- mium on king P/o/r)llo\ ttmple, its affinity to the /ft^fw term, (Jah) p. 31, n. 34. Its proper fignification, what, ibid. EI, ox IE, [its reverfej from whence deriv'd, and of wli2t BApreflive, P- 49> n. 142. EUufinian, [myfteiies] what, the fixth day of their folemnization, what call'd, and why, and the perfons that officiated theiein, how named, p. 164, n. 179. Ephefus, a colony led thither, and by whom, p. 84, n. 308 Bees frequently feen on the coin there, and why, ibid. Epidcmia, of Apollo, what, and how defcrib'd by Virgil, p. 27, n. 20. Epigram, [of CalUmachus'] feleft and excellent in their kind, p. 1 69, iif fcq. Their firft original inten:i;)n, what, ibid. A compleat diflertation on them where to be found, ilia. Epijrunida, his fatyrical charafter of r.\\Q Cretans, and why, p. 3. n i ^. Is call'd a prophet, and a divine man, and why, ibid. Is quoted by St. Paul, in regard to the charafler of the Gentiles, ibid. Erojlatus, fets the temple oi Diana at Ephefus on fire, and with what view, p. 87, n. 323. Eryfichtoit, his flory of deflroying Ctr.j's grove, from whence taken, p. n;4, n. 52. His llory told by Oind, Hid. His punifhment, and excefs of hunger defcrib'd, p. 158, y /fj. F. Fair, [fex] the flying one's moft purfu'd, and the too eafy commonly defpis'd, p. 175, n. on Ep. 12. Fan.e, how de'crib'd by /'»-^;/, p. 157, n. 86. Tales, deem'd by the antients fuperior to all their deities, p. 140, n. 131.- Firc, of the heathens, of what the emblem, p. 22, isc. Fires, [perpetual] kept up in honour of ripollo, and why, p. 45, n- 120. Kept up in like manner upon ihe Jt-ivip altars, ihid. -■ the ceremony of burning them perpetually, in honour of the Gods very antient, p. 45, n» I 20. Peculiarly regarded by the Fcrjians, ibid. A particular detail of the manner of preferving them at Baku, ibid. Firjhfruils, the cuftom of ofi"ering them prior to Mcfes, and as old as the fall, p. 118, n. 381. Their reference to fcripture, ibid. This tribute paid to Apollo, or theSa//, by all naions fimilar to the veneration paid to the temole at 'Jerufalem by all Jeivs in general, ib:d. The pioceflion of this holy offering to Delos defcrib'd, ibid. Flejh, all naturally unclean, p. j, n. 30. Flo-iuers, [moft of them] of what their emblem, p. 43, n. 1 15. more particularly the bell flowerand thelilly, ibid. Great ule made of iheminthc Jeivi/ti ceremonies, and why, ibid. Of gold plac'd on the high prieil's forehead, and why, ibid. Fountains, and rivers fubjeil to decay, fee OwV/ Metam. 1. 3iv. p. 6, n, 33. Fraud's, Chrift, the fum of the holy fcnptures highly N D E X. highly recommendeJ, p. 144, n. 164. FrifJjlinus, an able commentator, hisanuotalion o\\ Z)i«;/ij's fpcech, ingenious, and why, p. 53. G. Gabriel, the angel, how dcfcrib'd by M//««, p. 35, n. 60. .And by laffo, ibid. Galen, liis opinion of goat's milk, p. 10, n. 75. Giants, how cal'ed in the llcbreiu, and the meaninj; of the term, p 2, n. 3. Who they were, and from whence they deriv'd their pedigree, ibiJ. How they became fo, ib.d. How the/ became fcatter d, ibid, (their battle) the fablt to what finiilnr, p 1 39, n. i. Gideon 'his (lory, p, 153, n 52. Gigantophantis, a name given to Pallas, and why, •J1. I2g, n. I. Goat, why p'ac'd among the ftars, and by whom, p. 10, n.75. Go Tt^s-milk, its peculiar virtues acco.-ding to Bocbnrt a.nd S'.lomofi, P- 9> "• 7v Gad, (the true) how beautifully defcrib'd in fcrip- ture, p. 1 1;7, n. 86. Gods, thought by the antients to be the condudors of colonies, under various fliapes, and whar, p. 84, n. 308. GJd, made very great ufe of in the furni'.ure of the temple, p. 34, n 52. Of wh^t the emblem, ib:d. A crown made of it for the ufe of the kings of Ifrai.l, ibid. " How furm'd, and of what the reprefentation, ilid. Giieks, their women conftantly wafli'd themfelves by way of purification, a'ter child-birth, p, 5, n. 30. The cuftom not to be accounted for, but by having recourfe to the original inftitution ef p'jrihcation by water, ibid. Peculiarly fond of teaching their children mufic, and why, p. 26, n. • I. ConfulteJ the De'phic oracle, and why, p. 3S, n. 78. Gronovius, vindicated from the aflertions of Dr. B em ley, p. 13, n 99. Cro'Vfs, (facred) cufl-omarily furrounded the /'fl^.'« temples ai d ahars and whv, p. 58, n. 55. The ufe of them toibidd.n by God to the Jews, ibid. That of f.'(:7-,.\f tiefcrib'd, p. 153, n 41. A'l in genera! facred to the heathen deities, ibid Were a great abomination 10 the people of God, and why, ibid. Their origin Ir.jm whence taken, r'-'V. By wi.om deftioy'd, p. 153, n. 52. That of £««/ defcrib'd, and by whom celtroy'd, p. i 54, n. 52. H. HADMeU,z !'eb:cn./5'.''s leven locks, in which hi-: ftrength lay accounted (or,ib.d. UalUliijih, its proptrfignification, what, p. 31, n, 34, Hamadryads, fee Dryads, Hamlet, a quotation from that play of hhahfpiar, p. 20, n. 151. Hammond, {Dr,} his obfervaion on the proverb of E,.imtnedes, quoted by St. Paul, p 3, n. 15. Ha/,:., of what the emblem, p. 180, n. 12. Af- crib'd to God in Icripture, and wi.y, iad. When lifted up in r'-lig'ous worfhip of what expr* ffive. ibid. Why upwards rather than downwar'!s, ibid. Hare, faiJ to be fleeplefs, and why, p. 64, n. iz;. (Sleepin-J.) a proverb, and how applied by Erafmus, ibid. His eye defcrib'd, and how, hy Ch .ambers, ibid. Hayvian, the tranflator's remarks on one of his cuts, or print', intended for the hiftory of E>:glaiid, call'd the converfion of the Britons to chriilianity, p. 76, n. 224. Heathens, their miftakes in regard to their idolatrous worfhip, to be accounted for from divine revela- tion, p. 22. Their trinity, what, ?'^;V?. The di- ftinifl offices of their trinity, what, ibid. Their prajers condemn'd by our laviour, and for what in particular, p. 54, n. g. Inexcufable in not on- ly making their ^'i/;»-<:OTf i^e/()' prone to luft, but triumphing in his debaucheries, p 57, n 41. H.raergus, .ipdlo fo call'd, and why, p. t 2 1 , n. 398. Hecale, a long poem of Callimachui's, and on what account compoled, p. n 147 Homcr^ his fentiments in regard to the power and ajtiioriy of kings, p 16, n. 124. Concludes his hymn to Vulcan, with the fame petition as (.nlltmachus, p. 20, n. 151. As alio that to Hercules, ibid. His charadler of Minis, p. 79, n. 263. Honry, and milk, thfir fpiritual import, p. 9, n. 75. Horace, his character of the E s^le, p. 14, n. 107. His notion of ixieulth as necefl'ary to be join'd with Virtue, p. z\, n. 151. His fentiments in regard to the power and authority of kings, p. 1 6, n 1 24. Horned, (animals) to whom particularly confecrated, p. 6;, n. 132. Herns, an altar erefted by ApoHo with thofe materi- als, a d the wonder of the world, p. 39, n. 8,-. Of what the reprefentation according to the an- cient Heitthens. ibid. Of what the emblem in fcrip- ture, p. 39, n. 8c;. The abufe of them, as an emblem very anticnt, ibid. Their various figni- fications, what, ibid. Hunger, the miferies of it, how defcrib'd by O-vid, p. 161, n. 145. Hunter, (the) how defcrib'd by Horace, p. 175, n. on Ep. xii. HuntreJJes, howpiiftur'dby the antients, p. 8 :, n. 2S8. Hymns, a kind of prize poems, and why wrote, p. 91, n. I . That to Dilos, why wrote by Callima- chus and Pindar, ibid. I. Ida, one of Jupiter s nurfes Jehovah, p. 8, n. 6i. p. 128, n. 96 Jerom, (St.) his obfervations on blindnef?, by way of confolation, what, p. 141, n. 149. Jerufalem, the fatal efiefls of the fiege of it de- fcrib'd, p. 70, n. 175. Imbrajia, Diana fo ca'l'd as well as Junt}, p. 84, n. 310. htconftancy, the ill confequences of it exemplified, p. 174, and Jiq. Ep. x. Infants, zs foon as born, laid down on the ground by the antients, and the cuilom accounted for, p.u6, n. 354. lo, loPtnan, ex^plain'd at large, p. 30, n, 34. lalcos, where fituate, and for what remaikable, p. 82, n 282. Jpponc'e, the daughter of king Frttin, how puni(h"d, and for what, and how cur'd either by hlclampus, or Diana, p. 86, n. 3 1 6. Iris, her fpeech very beautiful, and her manner of addrefs peculiarly artful, p. 112, n. zqt^.Callima- t}}uss accuracy viAble, in his appropriating Iris to Juno, ibid. The Phenomenon defcrib'd by all the philosophers, and by fcripture, p. i i2,n. 295. Ijmenus, a river, and vvhtre fituate, p. 98, n. 91. Ith'jme, one of Jupiter's nurfe-^, p. 8, n. 61. y«ao, turns Ca/li/lo into a Ihe-bear, and why, p, g, n. 69. Is caird the jealous i;oddefs, and why, p. 57, n. 41. In the heathen fyllem, what, p. 76, n. 231. Her meadows ot what produdive, ibid. Puniihes the Pratidcs, how, and for what, p. 86, n. ^16. Her execration againil yljleria, or Delos, ar.d all the concubines of Jove, p. 114, n 321. Jupiter, Caltimachus's hymn to him, p. I , iff fej. Libations to be pad to him, p. i, n. i. His omnipotence defcrib'd, ibid. His attribute of fcatierer or difperfer of the giants, p. i, n. 3. How worihipp'd by his votaries, p. 2, n. g. His birthplace much difputed, and by whom, ibid. The conteft decided by Calhmachus, ibid. His education, where, and by whom nurs'd, ibid. the number of his nuifes according to Cicero, p. 2, n. 9. The number of them according to Cnllimachus, p. 8, n. 6t. The number of them according to faufanias, ibid. Had feveral others, and who, ibid. One of the Arcadian king=, from whom defcended, and to whom related, ibid A Cretan king, from whom defcended and to whom related, ibid. His fepulchre ihewn in C'-ete, ibid. A tomb adlually built for him by the Corybantes, and with what viev/, p 4, n. 18. His food in his infancy, very remarkable, and why, p. to, n. 75. i he notion of his being fed by bees, and being their proreftor, univerfal, p 10, n 78. The manner how the Corybantes ufed to dance round him, p. ii,n.7g. Ravilhes Ca////?ff, turns her into a conltellation, and why, p. 9, n 6g. Affumes the fhape of Diana, and proves fuccefs- ful in his amour, ibid. His fwift encreafe of growth defcrib'd, p. 12, n. 69. its affinity with that of our blefied Saviour, ibid. (Olympian) how defcrib'd by the i?oOT<2w, p. 15, n. 107. His two principal attendants, who, p. 14,11. 105. His thunder-bearer, wJio, p. i 5, n. 107. Why par- ticularly worfhipp'd by kings, p. 16, n, 124, Why plac'd in citadels, or watch-towers, bv Calli- machus, p. 17, n. 124. (Capitolinus) why fo cali'd by the Romans, ibid. Is fometimes to be taken for the Sun, is'c. from whence his attribute of /^mmsn u derivd, p. 68, n. i;8. The oak- tree facred to him, and why, p. 76, n. 2 :4, His ainour with Nemef.s, and the confequences of it, what, p. 85, n. 315. Turns himfelf into 3 Swan, and why, ib.d. Ravilhes JEoina, the daughter of Afopus, and under what pretence, p. gS, n. 9 1 . His oracle at Dodona prior to the flood, l^c. See Dodona. By what animals drawn, p. 129, n. I. Recompences Tirefias for the lofs of his fight, and how, p. 141, n. 149. His nod, finely defcrib'd by Homer, ar\d univerfally admired, p. 14-, n. 167. His flory of bringing forth A'rtZ/jjj out of his head, when Vulcan cleft his fkull, ac- curately explain'd, jbld 3 K. Key. N D E K. Key-hearer, p. 155, n. 63. Kings, their power and authority, from whence de- riv'd in the opinion of the poets, p. 16, n. 124. From whom according to Holomon, ibid. L. Lacedamon, remarkable for the feftival call'd DiBynnia, (icred to Diana, p, 79, n 263. Lamb, a J^pe of the Son of God, and a proper offer- ing for women under the law, p. 5, n. 30. Latona, the term from whence deriv'd, p. 57, n. 81. The ftory of her fon flaying the Python, fimilar to a paiiage in the Rev. ch. xii, ibid. Laurel-tree, why particularly affign'd to Apollo, never rightly accounted for by the antients, p. 24, n. 1 . Of what emblematical, tbid Nothing more pro- per to be afcrib'd to /Apollo, and why, ibid. Leda, finds the egg that Kimefis had lain, and hatches it, p. 85, n. 315. Its extraordinary pro- duce, what, ibid. Lelcgtis, the famous city of hliletus, fo call'd by Ptiiy, and by whom built, p. 84, n 308. Lentijk, us'd in the ceremonies, facred to Diclynr.a, Diana, or the Moon, and why, p- 8 1 , n. 27b. Is the moft fruitful of trees, according to Horace and Aratus. ibid. Libation, (the great one) what, p. i. n. i. To whom to be paid, ibid. Callimachus'% true fenfe of the term, ibid. Life, (long) the rev.ard of obedience, p. 71, n. 184. The uncertainty of it, p 173, Ep. 6. Light (of the Heathens) of what the emblem, p. 22. Of what the emblem in Scripture, p. 31, n. 34. (Divine) cai'd the rofe of Sharon, and the Lill^ of \\m Valley, and why, p. 43, n. iij. De- fcrib'd, p. 72, n. 200. Light-barer, a title peculiar to Diana and Miner'va, and why, p. 54, n. 1 5. Lilly, of what the emblem, P'43) "■ ''S- Liin, of what the emblem, p. 15, n. 107. Lions, facred to Cybele, and draw her chariot, p. 65, n. 141. Lipara, the habi'a'ion of the Cjr/c/ir, beautifully de- fcrib'd by I'irf^il zx\ii Homer, p. 59, n. 68. Lock (of Bennice) what fo called by Ccncn and Cn/li- machus, p. 181, n. 36. The llory of it told at large, ;W. (The ^rt^; of it) a quotation from Mr. /V/c, p. I -.3, n. CO. Longusr, appropriates the pine-tree to virgiris, and why, p 81, n. 276. Looking-glajfes, what heretofore, p. 131, n. 15. Sil- ver ones brought in by what means, ibid. Lot, how explain'd, p. 124, n. 441. Lotus, the fin faid to rife from it, and why, p. 1 1 7, n. 374. The term from whence deriv'd, ihid. Low, (for boys) ihocking and deteftable, p. 176, n. on Ep. 1 1^. Lixius, Jpollo fo call'd, and why, p. izi. n 398. Luct,n, his charafter of the Cretans, p. 3. n. 15. Ltuifern, an attribute of Di^'na, and to what it al- lodes, p. 08. n. 158. Lucina, why {o call'd, according to Cicero, p. 56. n. 31. Luna, why fo call'd according to Cicerc, ibid. By what animal.'- drawn, p. iz;. Lupus, a term made ufe of to terrify children when refrailory, p. ti, n. 90. Lycaon, who, p. 9. Lycteus, a mountain, remarkable for the b'rth-place of the fupreme ^7"^''^''> ^fd he d in great vene- ration by the //r(-« Mc'.ian (nymphs) who, and the place of their abode, where, p. 9, Melifa, her nameexplain'd, p. 10, n 75. Is one of Jupiter's nurfes, ibid. Mtlifjre, who, p. 51, n. 149. Menander, his notion of wealth necefTary to be join'd to virtue, " p. 21, n. i ci . Mercury, fometimes befmeard with fjot, and for what purpofe, p. 61, n. go Is faid to meet Dia- 7ia, in company with Apollo, at her entrance into Heaven, and why, p. 72, n zoo By whom worfhipp'd and where plac'd, ib'd. Is called . Akckefios, and why, ihid. By what animals in particular drawn, p. 129, n. i. His Ca'.u(eus having a ferj^ent twilled round it, from wlience taken, p. 142, n. 152. Mcrcy-jeat, of what the emblem in Icripturc, p. 33, n. 47. Merit, and fame without wealth, not able to feed a man, p. 21, n. 151. M>'urJ:i,s, his account of tlie Spartan dogs wor;hy of notice, p. 63, n. 116. Mi.'c^s, the favourite rcfidence of Diane?, and why, p. 84, n. 308. (The old andnew) both menuon'd by PJinf, ibid. The former how calld, ibid. The latter by whom erefted, ibid. How fituate, p. 84, n. 308. The inhabitants remarkab'e for their early praflice of navigation, ibid. The number of colonies planted by them according to Pliny and Seneeet, ibid. The city for what par- ticularly famous, ibid. The inhabitants as re- markable for their veneration to Diana Ziio Aprils, ibid. A grand felb.val there celebrated to her honour, and how call'd, ibid. 'J he derivation and meaning of the term, ibid. Milk, what meant by. it fpiritually, p. 9, n.. 1 1;. MiJtont. N D E X. l\]iltt>i>, his description of the two angels Gabrii I and Raphael, from \\\v m i^utat^d. p. 35, n. 60. His pathetic compla'nt of his blindneis. and de- fire of being reno-vn d as 'Jiiejia!, p i 39, n. 104. Mincy-^'a, See PrJias. Minos, two prirces of that name, and entirely differ- ent in charaiter, hut flrangely confounded by an- tient hiftoriai-s, p q, n. 263. H w call d by Homer, Ctullits and Hrg^/, and t .e itory how i'et r'ght by B.imer. ib'd. M'ptae (the excrefcence of the osk) of what in par- ticular expreffiie, p. 76,n 2. '4. Moon, her power in vegetation, tt;keii notice of in Scripture, p 53, n. S. PrefiJc over ports, and why, p. 57,0.46. Her accoutrements faid ui be of iilver and gold, and why, p. t)8, n. 158. Her vegetation clear fiom fcripture, p, 81, n. 26. Morn, caird rofy, and why, p. 132, n. 34. Cah'd faffron by Homer and V"gil, ar.dwhy, p. 44, n. I 18. Mofchis, his fentiments in regard to the power and authority of kings, p. 16, n. 124. Moles, \hu rod) ailonilTiing ftorie? related of its mira- culo-is powers by the /^'■•"'{/'•'•'^''^^'f^) P- '42. "• '5^" Munychia, Diana (o calTd, and why, p. 89, n. 352. Muf.c. the Greeks particularly careful to teach their children that fcience, i3'c. why, p. 26, n. 11. The power of it beautifully defcnb'd by Mr. Pope, and Hcfaii, of which the former is an im- provement, p. 29, n. 32. M-irtle, never made ufe of in the folemnization of 'Dianas rites, ai!d why, p. 81, n. 276. Sacred to Feinis, '■''"'/• Mythology, (of the Heathens I has a conftant reference to natural things, according to Sfanhcim,-^- 72, "• 200. Its threefold divifiou of things very re- markable, p. QQ, n. 107. Its grand key, p. IQQ. Letters on it quoted, ibid. N. Uais, one of J/ipittrs mnks, p. 9, n. 71. O'viJ's account of her in his Lib. Fuji . ihid. J^'anns, the variety of them given to the heathen deities, very prejudicial to the fyftcm of the t'a- o-«H religion, and why, p. 54, n. 9. The hymns of t\\iAiabiaiis to their Gods Huff 'd with nothing elfe, l^/i''- hautilus, (a remarkable fifh) from whence call'a a Polyp, p. 171. A curious defcrip'ion of it,- ibid. n. onf/. 3. An account of one taken in the ifland of Cos, by whom, and to whom dedicated, ibid. }Jeda, one of Jupiter s nurfes, p. 8, n. 61. Neleiis, from whom defcended, and for what peculi- arly remarkable, P84, n. 308. NemefiS, her amour with Jupiter, and the confe- quence, what, p. 85, n. 31 5. By whom particj- larly worlhipp'd. Hid. Her ftatue erefted at i-rj mrm, its height and beauty peculiarly re- markable, ibid. Turns herfelf into a goofe, and why, 'b'd. l^e-PHLIM, an Hebreiv term, its original fignifica- tion what, p. 2, n. 3. How render'd by the Septuagint, ibid. (Or giants) fiora whom de- scended, p. izo, n. I. Their projeft more mad than that of the fabulous giants, and why, ihid. Nicippa, (prieltefs of Ceres,) how reprefented, p. 1^-6, n. 65. Nimrod, accounted a kind of giant, and why, p. 129, • n. I. Kibe, what perfon to be underllood by that name, p 29, n. 32. Hated by .^/o//o, and why, p 30.n. 32. Nomian, Apollo fo calTd, and why, p. 3S, n. 74. Kcondey, and its filence how defqrib'd by Mr. Thompfon, in his Summer, p. i 37, n. 88. De- votid to fleep by the Gods, according to the anti- e:its, ibid. To this notion may be referr'd what the prophet fays to the worfhippers of Baal, by way of derifion, ibid. O. Oak-tree, frequent mention made of it in fcripture, as facred and emblematical,' p. 75, n. 224. The Hehre--M term for it the lame with that for oath, ibid. Great veneration paid to it by true believers, ibid. As a!fo by idolaters, and why, p. 76, n. 224. To whom peculiarly facred according to Or^:id, and why, ihid. Oaks, held in particular veneration by tie D'uids, as alfo its excrefcence, the mifletoe, ibid. Dedicated hyiheGreeksa.n n. 55. Sacn, hisepita;h, p. 172, ep. 5. Satati, how defcrib'd by Millon, p. l 57, n. 86. Saturn, father of the CV,/;.?; Jupilcr, whole fepul- chre was Ihewn in i'.nte, according to Ciccro, p. 2, n. g. By what animals particularly drawn, p. 1 29, n. I . Sceptres, a kind of ftaffs among the antjents, p. 142, n. 152. An account of that of //c/j/V/Vj, in A/o^TOfr's fiift Iliad, remarkable, Hid. Seneca, his remarkable defcription of the death of Hercules, P- 74. n. 2i5. Serpents, facred to Ceres, and draw her chariot, p. 65, n. 142. Seth, his defcendants how diftinguifh'd in fcrip'.ure, p. S, n. 61. Se'ven, the number of perfeftions, and how explain" J p. 115. n- 339- Shptu-bread, of what the emblem in Scripture, p. 33, n.47. Siege {oi Jerufalem) themiferiesof it defcrib'd, p. 76, n. 175. Sleep, has wings aflign'd to him by moft poets, and why, p. 113, n. 295. Sol, by what animals particularly drau n, and how many, p. i 29, n. i . Solimis, his etymology of the ifland of Dehs, what, p. 95, n. 61. Solomon, his charafter of goats-miik, p. 9,n. 75. Sopci:s, his epitaph, p 173, ep 7. Soter, Hercu'es, fo called by Chryfofiom, and wliy, p. 74, n. 214. Spanheitn, his obfervation on a beautiful pafiage in C.allimathus, how applied and improv'd, p. \i, n. 140. His obfervations quoted, pajy^m. Spencer, confirms the notion that merit and fame without wealth is not able to feed a man, p. 21, n. 151. Spheres, the harmony of them accounted for, p. 1 • 5. n. 339. Spirit, (of the Heathens) of what the emblem, p. 22. Stags, to whom facred, and why, and of what the fymbcl, p. 65,n. 141. Rcinaikdble when preft for taking the water, p. 66, n. 142. Their chace how defcrib'd by Mr. 'rhcinfin, ibid. St.irs, their (liooting beautifully defcrib'd by Firgil, p. 94, n. 46. How fed and fupported in the opinion of the antier.ts, p. ic8, n. 226. Slfphens, his criticifm on a paffage m CillJmachus, and how by him exp'.ain'd, p. 18, n. 146. Stoics, their notion of virtue falfe, and why, p. zo, 2 n, 151. Strength, Sec Pctver, Atrophic, a fountain, and where fituate, p. 98, n. 9*. Styx, one of 'Jupidr'i nurfes, but not miJwife to the goddtfs Rhea, his mother, p. S, n. 6r. f««, caU'd Phallus, and why, p. 34, n. 36. Of what the emblem, ibid. His rays ho.v cle'ctib'd, and of what the caufe, p. 35, n. to. Said to be unextii-guilli'd and why, p. fS, n. 158. Said lo ftand fliil at the celebration of Diana's anniverfa- ry rites, and why, p 78, n. 248. How applica- ble to its Handing Hill at Cibcon, ibid, a beauti- ful defcription of it, p. 135, n. 51. Sivan, remarkable for its whitenefs, dedicated to Apollo, and why, p. 40, n. 94. divans, facred to l^enus and draw her chariot, p ^5. n. 141. Peculiarly devoted to Apollo, and whv, P IIS. n- 33V- T. Tnjfo, his defcription of the Angel Gabrid vety beautiful, p. 35. n. 6e. Tatius, appropriates the pine-tree to virgins, ai.d why, P' Si, n. 276. Thafcs, the inhabitants thereof look on Hercules as a faviour, p. 74, n 214, Theiodavias, King of Dryopia flain by Hercules, and why, p. 76, n. 228. Theocritus, his fentimci^fs in regard to the pow.;r and authority of kings, p. \6, n. 124. His de- fcription of the increafe of king Atcgias^s herd;-, and from whence it arofe, p. 38, n. 74. Tieras, who, and Irom whom defcended, p. 42, n. 104. Thetis, what perfon to be underftocd by that name, p, 29, n. 32. Thi/oa, one of Jupiter's nntks, p P, n.6i. Thruciam, worOiip Diana under various name?, and where in particular, p. 67, n. 153, Thrafybulus, his account of Deucalion, fimilar to that oi Noah, p. 12;, n. 441. Takes no:ice of the Do've, or pigeon, ibid. Similar to Neal/s ac- count, ''^■'■''• Tibi^, (of the antients) of what materials comj-os'd, and by whom firfl: invented, p 87, n. 331. Tire/us, llruck blind, and for what offence, p. 138, n. 96. The reference of this flory to the He- bre^cs, ibid. Stands fpeechlefs at his fudden af- fliflion, like Adam when tuin'd out of paradife, ibid. How recompens'd for the lofs of his fight, p. 141, n. 149. His ftafF, the miraculous power of it, p. 142, n. 152. Is call'd a golden fceptre by Homer, ibid. An account of him from Hcrur, p. 143, n. 160. Had the privilege of being con- fulted after he was dead, and by whom ccnfcned, ibid. Had a daughter a prieftefs at Delphi from whom Horner receiv'd the Sybilline verfes, and in- ferted them in his own, ibid. Titans, (a race of giants) earth-born, rebels iojoie. See Ne Phlim. Titnb (of Joie) the Scholiajl on Callimaehus endea- vouring to free the Cr,ians from the odmin of G g fticwing N D E X. iliewiflg it, and how, p. 4, n. i8. One aftually built for him by tlie Cotybantei, and why, ibij. A real tomb of a real JvpJtir, or king of Cicte, jvas no doubt adHially ercfled in that kingdom, and his body interred there, ihiJ. Torch-bearer, a peculiar title of Diatiaf, and why, p. 54, 15. 1 5. From whence procur'd, p. 67, n. i5v Icuraemiiie, his affertion that the heroes of antiquity were all Pagan copies of the MeJJiab referr'd to, p. 74, n. 216. Trazemans, all their hymns to Diana call'd U/,i:;gs, and why, p. 81, n. ?-S. Trees, diftinft ones, facred to particular deities, p. 24, n. I. Trinity in Unity, how hieroglyphically reprclented, p. I c, n. 107. Of the henihens, what, p. 22. The diftinft offices thereof what, ibid. Tripods, whar, and how generally adorn'd, p. gg, n. 107. The various conjefturcs of autiiors in regard to the cullom of Afollo'i Oracles being deliver'd upon them, and wherein fimilar to tho 'JeTxiijh ceremonies in the temple, ibid. Triptolemui, how favour'd byCaes, and why, p. 15 2, n. 23. Turtiir, an extraft from his mythological notes, which are learned and curious, p. 125, n. 441. Tygers, facred to Bacchus and draw his chariot, p. 65, n. 141. V. and U. Venus, her cliariot how drawn, and by what crea- tures, p. 6;, n. 141. Her' ftatue of Delos, how honour'd by Thefeus, &c. p. 122, n. 414. By what aninidls in particular drawn, p. 129, n. i. Vcjla, one of the names of Dt/ffj, and why, p. 124, n- 433- ■Virgil, his defcription of bees, p. 10, n. 78. His fentiments in regard to the power and authority of kings, p. 16, n. 124. His defcription of the cpidemia of Phoebus, ^neid iv, p. 27, n. 20. His account of the ftory of Minos, what, p. 79, n. 263. Appropriates the pine-tree to virgins, and why, p. 81, n. 276. His defcription of Camilla copied from Pindar, p. 82. n. 278. Virginity, the firft petition of Diana, and why, p. 53, n. 8. Afterwards the requeft of Daphne, according to O-vid. Hid. Virtue, the Stoics miftaken in their ntftion of it, p. 20, n. 191 . Unguents dropping from the hair of Jfollo, what, p. 35, n. 60, Voet (Paul) his fatyrical refleftions on the fair fex, p. 53, n. 8. Upis, one of Diana's attendants, and why fo call'd, p. 81, n. 278. JfoJlo Co caird, and why, p. 121, n. 398. Urfa Major, who, and why fo call'd, p. 9, n. 69. Vulcan, his habitation and workmen beautifully de- fcrib'd by Homer a.nd P'irg'l, p. 59, n. 68. W. Walking barefoot, and with heads uncoverM in fo- lemn proceffions by idolaters, cf what an affec- tation, p. 163, n. 169. Thecuftom from whence deriv'd, ibid. War, a very dreadful calamity, and why, p. 70, n. 174, Water, the great and appointed cleanfer, p. 5, n. 30. Water and Oil types of the holy fpirit, ibid. Wealth, without virtue, its fatal conlequences, p. 21, n. 151 Women, purified by ivater and Oil, among the hea- thens, p. 5, n, 39. Chaff, and why according to Voet, P- S3> n- S. Z, Zodiac, its 1 2 figns how defcrib'd from Mr. Spence, p. I 29. n. I. Zones, to what virgins in particular given according X.0 Spanheim, p 55, n, ig. Their meaning and of what expreffive. ibid. A A TABLE of fucli Texts of Scripture as are either cited, or illuftrated in this Work. ihid. ibid, ibid. GENESIS. Chap. vi. vcr. z. p. 2. n- 3 iii. 24. p- 33- "■ 47' ix. 2C, 24. p. 125. n. 441. ^iii. 18. 'l'''d viii, 7, p. i?6, n.441, xi, 10, P- 2' "•, 3 vi, 4, xi, 4. xi, 8, 9, xi, 8, 9, P- '. n- 3- xiii, 8, xviii, i, p 75- "• ='-4- iii, 6, p. 155, n. 63, viii, II, p- 123, n. 433. iii, 20, P- 9' "■ '42- EXODUS. Chap, xxiii, ver. 1 6, p. 1 48, n. » . xxiii, i6,&xxxiv,22,p.i5i, n.32, XXV, 18, XXXI, 3, p. 73' " 47- xix, and xxi, P-i35>" 5^- xxviii, 34, p. 12;, n. 392. xxiv, 31, p- 43> n 1' J- xxxiv, 13, ?• 58, n. 3;. xxvii, 2, p. 39> "• 85- xxiii. i6,xxxlv, 2 2, p. 151,11.197. xvii, 6, p. 7> n. 51. XXX, 35, p. 44> "• "^• xxiii, 20, p. 1 38) n- 9^- iii, 5. p. 163, n. 169. xii, 29, 30, and xxvii, 14, 15, p. 70, n. 174. LEVITICUS. Chap, vi, ver. 1 3, p. 45, n. i zo. xii, p.5,n. 30. ix, 24, p. 68, n. 158. xii, p. S, n. 30. xiv, 5, ibiti. xii, ibid. NUMBERS. Chap, xxviii, ver. 7, p. i, n. 1. ■viii, 7, p. 128, n. I. XX, 9, 10, II, p. 7, n. 51. DEUTERONOMY. Chap, xxviii, ver. 2 1 , p.6g, n. 1 70. xxiii, 14, p. I 50, n. 10. xxviii, p. 69, n, 174. iv, ig, p. 52. n- '• xxxiii, 14, P 53' ^■'^■ xvi, 21, p. 53, n. 55. xii, ii>'^i- xxviii, p. 70, n. 17,'. xxxii, 13, p. 10, n. 75. xii, 27, p. I, n. I. xxxiii, 14, p. 53- xxviii, p. 76, n. 175- xxviii, p. 70, n. 174. JOSHUA. Chap. X, ver, 1 2, p. 78, n. 248. JUDGES. Chap. vi. ver. 25, p. 154, n. 52. xvi, 17, p. 121, n. 398. vi, 2Z, p. 138, 11.96. 1. SAMUEL. Chap. vi. ver. 19, p. i 35, n. 58. 1. KINGS. viii, n, p. 27, n. 20 xviii, p. 1 23, n. 433 vii, 21, p. 120, n. 392 vi, p. 34,11.52 xviii, 27, p. 137, n. 88 vi, 29, p. 33, n. 47 2. KINGS. Chap, xxiii. ver. 6, p. 58, n. 55. CHRONICLES. Chap, iv. ver. 5, p. 43, n. 1 1 5. J O B. xxxi, 26, p. 52, n. I. v, 26, p. 71, n. 184. xxxi, 26, p. 77, n. 236. xxxix, 19, p. 128, n. 7. PSALMS. XXIV, p. 25, n. g. Ixxviii, p. 6g, n. 170. xviii, 10, p. 15, n. 107. Ixxx, 17, p. 33, n. 47. Ixxviii. p. 69, n. 1 74. xxiv, p. 18, n. 146. cxiix, ^, p. 26, n. I I. p. 74, n. 216. ibid. xvi, 10, ii, 24, xviii, 3, Ixxv, ;, 6, lo ii, Ixxxix, 17, 24, feV. p. 3g, n- 8 J. Ixxxi, 16, p. 10, n. 75. cxxii, p. 71, n. 184. Ixv, p. 72. n- 200. ex, 4, p. 4'. "• 94- ex, 4, p. 76, n. 224. ex, p. 144, n. 164. xcviii, I, Ixxxix, 13, xcvii, 2, p. 14, n. 103. xci, 13, p. 100, n. 112. xxxiii, 10, 13, 18, 22, p. 18, n.140. XV, II, p, 35' "» ^°' Ixxx, 10, p. 21, n. 151. PROVERBS. Chap. XXX, ver. 8, p. 20, n. 151. xxvii, 27, p. 9'"- 75- viii, 15, p. 16, n. 124. X. 27, p 71, n- '*4- xxix, 27, p. zi, n. 151- ECCLESIASTES. Chap, vii, ver. 1 1 , p. 20, n. 1 5 1 • The Song oi Solomon, or Canticles. ii, I, P- 43. "• "S- ii, J, 2, 3, iv, 10, V, 2, 5, p. 35, n. to. V, I, iv, 1 1, p. 10, n. 75. ISAIAH. Chap, xxii, ver. 2, p. 155, n. 63. iv, p 18, n. 146. Ix, I, xl, 12, p. 157. n- ^6. XV. 8, p. 75' n-2'6. vii, 15, p. 10, n. 75. i, 29, p. 155' n- ^3- Iii, II, p. 128, n. I. Lxiii, 5, lix, 16, p. 14, n. 105. XXV, I, 2, p. 35, n. 60. JEREMIAH. Chap, i, vei-. 18, p. 9, n. 142. E Z E K I E L. Chap, i, ver. 28, p 112, n. 295. xxxiv, 26, p. 165, n. 197. j, and X, p. 33, n. 47. H O S E A. Chap, ix, ver. 13, and 16, p. 70, n. 174, AMOS N D X. AMOS. Chap, ix, ver, 14, p. 165, n. 197. M I C A H. Chap. iij. ver. 5, p. 123,11.4.33. ZECHARIAH, Chap, iii, ver. 8, p. 76, n. 224. Ix, 6, 7, p, 123, n. 43.3. M A L A C H I. Chap, iv, ver. 2, p. 36, n. 62, WISDOM. Chap, xviii, ver, 16, p. 157, n. 86. ECCLESIASTICUS. xliii, p. 135, n. 51, MATTHEW. Chap, xiii, ver, 5, p. 17, n. 124 vi, 7, p. 54, 11. g xii, 53, p. 74, n. 216 xxvi, 7, p. 131, n. 15 xxvi, 64, p. 144, n. 164 iv, 6, p. 100, n. 1 12 XXJV, 19, p. 70, n. 174 LUKE. Chap, xviii, ver. I3,p.i66, n.199. xxiii, 28, P-74> n- 216. i> 35. p. 144, n. 164. 51, 31 to 24, p. 5, n, 30. JOHN. Chap. xi. ver. 19, p. 27, n. 20. i, 9. P"34. n 52- xiv, 1,2, p. 74, n. 2 1(5. xvi, 28, xvii, II, p. 75, n. 216. XV, 27, p. 123, n. 43}. xvi, 5, V, 2b, xvii, 10, i, 18, i, 3, p. 144, n. 164. xii, 12, p. 2, I). 5, vii, 38, and 39. p. 5, n. 30. X, 12, p. 78, n. 248. ACTS. xiii, II, p. 139, n. 96. yii, 55, p. 33, n. 47. i, 9, 10, IT, p. 75, n. 2i6. iv, 22 and 30, p. 36, n. 62. ROMANS. Chap, vi, ver. 10, p. 74, n. 216. xiii, 2, p. 16, n. I 24. i, 25, p. 144, n. 164. 1 CORINTHIANS. Chap. XV, ver. 54, p. 71;. n. 216. i, 24. p. 144, n. 164. i, 24, p. 14, n. 104. X, 4, p. 7, n. 51. 2 CORINTHIANS. Chap, iv, ver. 7, p 73, n. 200, GALATIANS, Chap, iii, ver. 1 3, p. 41, n. 94, EPHESIANS. Chap. 5, ver. 2, p. 9, n, 142. I . TIMOTHY. Chap vi, ver. 16, p. 14, n 104, ii, 6, p. 9, n. 142. iii, 16, p. 138, n. 96. TITUS. Chap, i, ver. 16, p. 100, n. 112. HEBREWS. Chap, ii, ver. 14, p. 75, n. 216. vi, 17. p. 41, n. 94. yi, 18, p. 76, n, 224. >,. 4, p. 143, n 164, ix, 26, p. g, n. 142. ix, 1 3 and 16, [p. 70, n. 1 74, 1 PETER, Chap, ii, ver. 13, p. 17,11. 124. 2 PETER. Chap, xi, ver. 5, ii, 13, p. ,5, . "• '24. REVELATIONS. Chap, iii, ver. 7, p. 155, n. 63. XX, 6, and 14, ■ p. 75, n. 216. iii, 21, xxi, 4, iiiti, iv, 3, p. 112, n. 295. xii, p. 97, n. 81. vii, 9> P-25, n. 5. XXI, 23, xxii, 5, p. 34, n. 56,. FINIS. SOLOMON de MundiVanitate, LIBER S E C*J^^ Btt S, CUI TITULUS INSCRIBITUR VOLUPTAS, poeMa matth^i prior L AT INK TRADUCTUM; CUI ADJICITUR ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM^ DRY DEN I in ^.Caciliam ODE, LINGUA EADEM DONATA A GEORGIO BALLT, Coll. Regal. Cant. Alumnv CAN rABRIGlM, TYPIS ACADEMICIS EXCUDEBAT J. BENTHAM. Vcneiint apud J. etR.Toxsov, P. Vaillant, et R.Dodslev, Londinr, Cos.N.et J.Crownfield, et Gul.Thurlbourn, Cantabrigice; J. Fletcher Oxonij, ctJ.PoTE EtoncE. MX>CC.XL1II. P R ^ F A T I O. PAUCA de Opufculo hoc, quod e Scrlnii (ubi forfan melius latuiflet) jam in Pub- licum evolavit Carcere, neceflarium mihi prae- mittere videtur. Qui enim in Campum Criti- corum Martium famse petitor defcendit, cum quibus conflidletur, compluria invenit mala. V eterani ifti, et jam Rude donati Poetica Scrip- tores, quse in Capite fuo pridem exaruit, Tiro- nibus Lauream fummo ftudio detrahere conan- tur. Eum Hoftem judicant infenfiffimum, Ei bellum derepente indicunt apertum, qui fub Apollinis vexillo militat. Ad Stili venuftatem quasi de induftria csecutiunt, et in Vitia, fi qu3e occurrant, veluti prasdam fibi deftinatam, non minus quam Aquilce in Cadaver, in volant. Optimus Quifque a PeiTimis hifce neutiquam tutus eft Obtreclatoribus, qui tunc fe Virtutem aliquam affecutos autumant, cum in Alio Cul- pas deprehenderint. Quid, ciim Celfiffimi in A z om.ni P R ^ F A T I O. omni Scriptionis genere (li ita loqul liceat) GI- gantes horum venenatis obnoxii fuerint Spi- culis. Ego Pygmseus faciam Homuncio ? Hoc autem psene defperanti adefl Solatium, quod, dum Clariffimos I Hi ao-grediuntur Au61ores, Me incokimem mea fortafse prasftabit Obfcu- ritas. Sin autem aliter evenerit, quicquid erit, sequo ferendum eft animo ; cumque opus pe- riculofx plenum Alex tra^taverim, Aleatoris mihi patienda funt Incommoda. A Quibufdam forfan Arrogantix inlimulabor, quod alienae Mefli faJcem immiferim. Fa(Sli hujufce Invi- diam a me prorfus amoliri velim. Quippe Pra- va neutiquam me incendit j:^mulatio ut cum Infigni Viro contenderem, quem in Poeticis fa- tis feliciter audere Omnes fatentur, quique Miltonum Orbi Literato Latinum, Anglicano propemodum parem, non temere, opinor, pol- licetur. Probam Illius Verfionem non nifi meo ad umbilicum ducSlo perlegi Opufculo : Quam fi prius legiffem, a meo duplici de caufa coepto deftitiflem : Imprimis quod de fucceflu, cum in €o tot confpicatus ellem veneres, timuiflem meo P R ^ F A T I O. meo, turn quod ab eo qusedam non pofTem non mutuari, cum Verficuli ejus etiam invitse fe obtruderent memorias. Paucula in meo quas- dam libello, quse ex ante di6i:o Poeta adum- brari videntur, unufque et alter eodem torna- tus modo verficulus, ita prorsus fe habebant, priufquam elegantem Illius Poelim confpexe- ram. Nondum enim (Diis habeo gratias) eo reda(9:us fum penurise, ut tenue Ingenii Furto augeam peculium. Ut Poetse Hujufce Anglican! quasdam lati- ne redderem Stili pasne Claflica impulit Mun- dities, quae in I Ho infigniter elucet. In prasf- tantiflimo Solomonis Poemate Romanum (Lin- guam folummodo excipias) Omnis fapit Pagina, A Secundo autem libro mei tentaminis duxi exordium, quoniam inibi pulchrarum delicias Imaginum, et Poeticum plenlus leporem ineile arbitrabar. Si itaque fuperindu(Sl:a Latinitate Anglicanas nitor Poefe6)s non obfcuretur, et fi Loquelas elegantis Flofculi in aliud quasi fo- lum tranflati quam minimam patiantur injuri- am, hafce Otii mei in publicum primitias nihil utique P R ^ F A T I O. utique me pigebit protulifle. Melius enim ce- leberrimum aliquod Poema non inficete in ali- um fermonem vertere exiftimo, quam, ut ple- rique folent Neoterici, de Cerebro telam, Ara- neae textura non magis durabilem, infoecundo elicere. De Ode Drydeni 7roAy0^i^MnV&), quam nefcio an feliciter audax latinitate donaverim, paucula, (fi vacet Le(£lori) pr^fari velim. Si a Stili granditate non prorsus defciverim, et fi Spiri- tum quodammodo aflecutus fuerim Pindaricum, caeteras fpero maculas, quibus operis me fecit difficultas obnoxium, Candidum excufaturum fore Judicem. His itaque de Opufculo meo .prsemiffis, Gratias I His quam maximas habeo, quorum mihi patrocinata eft Benignitas. Ho- rum in Clientelam huncce trado libellum. His Primitias utinam arrideant mese, ne Beneficri in Indi^num collati Eis inoriatur faftidium ! Vale. ERRATA fie corrigas; In prima Latinl Poematis pagina Lin. 17. pro varittligis&varia, Pag; i, Lin. 8. pro Than lege Tba(. Eadem pagina Lin. 9. pro Libia's corrigas Ijffa*si Pagina 47. Lin. 15. poft j«<^, dele comma. Ubicunque je pro oe irrepferit,' hunc Typographo fcriptionis meje non admodum perito errorem imputes, A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. HUGH ANDREWS, Efq; The Rev. Mr. Anjley. Edward A}hley\ Efq; "JohnAlderJbn, Efq; Fellow- Com. of Sidney College Cambridge. Rev. Mr. Apthorp^ M. A. Fellow of King's Coll. B. Sir Kogcr Bradjhanv. George Baker, Efq; Fellow-Com- moner of St. John's Coll. David Barbiitty Efq; 4 Books. Rev. Mr. Barford, A. B. Fell, of King's Coll. Mr. George Baker, Scholar of King's Coll. Richard Barney, Efq; of Caius College. Mr. Samuel Berkley, M. A. Fell. ofKing's Coll. ' Kcv. Dr. Berry ma/}, Fell, of Eton College. Mr. James Belcbier,_ M. A. Fell. ofKing's College. Mr. Blake. T'homas Bowen, Efq; Edmond Britiffe, Efq; Mr. Henry Broadhead. Mr. Broad, of Sidney-College. Mr. Richard Bull of Trin. Hall. Daniel Burgefs, Efq; 6 Books, Peter Burrell, Efq; Fell. Com. of St. John's Coll. Mr. Brown, Scholar of King's College. Mr. Richard Burton^ of Emanuel College. TheRt. Hon. the Earl oi Chol- mondley, 4 Books. Sir William Codrington. George Campbell, Efq; Mr. Carrol of Clare-Hall. John Creed, Efq; Fellow-Com.. of Sidney College. Rev. Mr. Clofe, A. B. Fellow of Sidney College. Chefelden, Efq; Fell.. Com. of Emanuel Coll. William Cole, Efq; Fell. Com. of King's. Coll. James Cole brook, Efq; Robert Colebrook, Efq; 2 Books. Arthur Collins, Efq; Rev. Mr. Cook, Head Maikr of Eton School. Charles Cotterell, Efq; Rev. Mr. Cox, A. B. Fell. ofKing's College. Francis Cujl, Efq; A. B. Fell, of King's, 2 Books. D. SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. D. The Rt. Hon. EarlofDaU^eiib. Mr. Dampicr, A. M. Fellow of King's Coll. Mr. James Da^jijb-n of Jefus Coll. Captain James Draper. Charles JD unbar, Efq; Mr. Thomas-Roger Diiqiicjhe , A.B. Fell, of King's. Coll. E. The Rev. Mr. Eyer^ Prebendary of Wilton. II. The Rt. Hon. Earl o? Effingham Howard. The Rt. Hon. Earl of Holdrmefs. The Hon. Thomas Hoivard, Efq; Mr. William Hanmer, A. B. FelL. of King's Coll. IVTr. JVilliam HoUatid. Rev. Mr. Hotchkins, Mafter of the Charter- Houfe School. Rev. Mr. Heidy. Hall Efq; M. A. Fell, of King's Coll. 2 Books. Richard Har court, Efq; of Caius Coll. 4 Books. Mr. Heivit. The Rt. Hon. Earl Fitzunlliams, 4 Books. Francis Fane, Efq; Henry Fane, Efq; Mr. Farewell of Caius Coll. Jofeph Fortefcue, Efq; Rev. Mr. Fraigneau, M. A. Fell. of Trin. College . G. J- John Jeffreys, Efq; Mr. Edward J ackfon, of C.C. C. M-T. John Jacob, Scholar of King's College. Mr. George Lewis Jones, SchoUar of King's College. K. His Grace the TinkQ oi Kingston. Henry Kelfal, Efq; Rt. Hon. Lord Vifcount Gallaway. Rev. Dr. George, Provofl of King's College. 2 Books. Rev. Mr. Greene B. D. Fell, of St. John's Coll. John Gore, Efq; 4 Books. Mr. Richard Gardner of Cath. Hall. The Rt. Hon. Earl of London- Derry, of St. John's Coll. The Hon. Henry Legg, Efq; Mr. Lally of Peter-Houfe Coll. John Lane, Efq; Robert Long, Efq; Fellow Com. of Enianuel College. William SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Willi fi}n Larcwan, Efq; 4 Books. The Rev. Mr. LyneM. A. Fell, of King's Coll. William Loivnds, Efq; 'Thomas Lotaids, Efq; Peter Lehcupe, Efq; Mr. William hfnicday. Mr. Theophilm Lifter, A. B. Fell. of King's Coll. M. Lord Vlfcount Middkton. Mr. Manley of Sidney Coll. William Milner^ Efq; Mr. Morrifon. Robert Moneypcn?iy, Efq; James Moneypenny, Efq; Thomas Manningham, M.D. Nicholas Mann, Efq; Mafler of the Charter-Houfe, F. R. S. 4 Books. Charles Mills, Efq; of Cliire-Hall. Henry Mills, Efq; of Clare-Hall. N. : Nafi, Efq; The Rev. Mr. Nichols. O. Rt. Hon. Earl ofOrford, 2 Books. Mr. Obrian of Sidney Coll, Henry Oxenden, Efq; Rt. Hon. Stephen Poyntz, 2 Books. Alexander Pope, E(q; Mr. Potenger, Scholar of King's College. Mr. Paxton, Scholar of King's College, John Pratt, Efq; of Queen's Coll. Mr. Septimius Plumptrce, A. B. Fell, of King's Coll. Chcftcr Pern, Efq; of Abington. Rujfel Phimtre, M.D. P.R. Richard Pinnel, Efq; Mr. Peter Pimel. A.B. ofTrin, College. Rev, Mr. Prime, B. D. Fellaw of St. John's Coll. Thomas Proby, Efq; of JefusCoIl^ R. His Grace the Duke of Rutland. Lord Rayinond. Mx. Henry Reade., A. B. of Queen's College. Mr. Reade, A. B. Fell, of King's College. Thomas Robin/on, Efq; Fell. Com. of Trinity College, Thomas Rider, Efq; Mr. John Reepe, Scholar of King's College. S. Lord John Sackville, 4 Books. Lord Robert Sutton. Mr. Erafmus Saimders, M. A. Fell, of Merton Coll. Oxford. Rev. Mr. Stephen Sleech, Fell, of Eton College. Edwin Sandys, Efq; John Scrope, Efq; Mr. Samuel Sawiders, Scholar of King's College. Mr. Sleech, Scholarof King's Coll Rev, Mr. Scurlock. William SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. William Sharp, Efq; Rev. Dr. Spateman. Mr. JoJ'epb Saunderfon. Rev. Mr. Gregory Sharpe. The Hon. I'homas l'o'wnJJ:e}id, Efq; The Hon. George 'fownpend^ Efq; 6 Books. The Hon. CharIes7'o'WJ7fjend,E{cii 4 Books. Mr. Irarit. Robert T'racy^ Efq; Mr. Chrijiopher Tiljon, A. B. of Trinity College. 'Jattiei Thompfon, Efq; 6 Books. V. Mr. Vaillant, W. Hon. Lord Walpole, 4 Books. Edward Walpole, Efq; 4 Books. Horatio Walpole, Efq; Fell.-Com. of C. C. C. Horatio Walpole 'yirnov , Efq; Rev. Dr. Whalley, Mafter of Pe- ter-Houfe, S.T. P.R. Mr. James Worjley, of Clare-Hall. John Ward, Efq; Mr. yob?i Whaley, A. M. Fellow of King's College, Edward WatJ'o7t, Efq; Mr. Wijl. r. The Hon. Philip Tork, Efq; The Hon. Charles Tork, Efq; Mr. Charles Tatema?i, of Eman. College. Mr. Temans. Mr. ro/^;;^, Scholar of King's Coll. SOLOMON DE MUNDI VANITATE. CUI TITULUS INSCRIBITUR VOLUPTAS. Surgit amari aliquid, quod in ipjts Floribus angat, LUCRET. ^idvetaty et nofmetf HOR. ARGUMENT. O L O M O N fe eking Happinefs^ enquires ifJVealth and Greatnefs can produce it: begins with the Magnificence of Gardens and Buildings^ the Luxury of MufickandFeafting\ and proceeds to the Hopes and Defres of Love, In two Epifodes are floewn the Follies and Troubles of i hat Paffion. Solomon Jiill dif- appointed, falls under the temptations of Li- ber tinifm and Liolatry\ recovers his thought, reafons aright, and concludes, that as to the pur fait ofPIeafare, and fenfual Delight, all IS VANITY AND VEXATION OF SPIRIT. ARGUMENTUM. SOLOMON Felicitatem anxie veftigans, utrum Opes et Dignitatis nitor vere Regius earn poflint fuggerere, cum fuo diiceptat pec- tore. Ex Hortorum ac ^dium magnificentia, e Mufices atque Epularum Luxuria tentaminis fui ducit exordium j et ad Spes ac Amoris pro- greditur Cupidines. In duohus' ETrua-oStoig affedtus illius ftultitia et incommoda ad vivum delineata exhibentur. Solomon adhuc animo deceptus in impiae morum licentias, et 'EiSodMhoLTf^sicig nefari3e illecebras incidit ; ad fanam poftea mentem re- dit, Rationis recftcC praeceptis obtemperat, ac re ferio examinata ftatuit, quae ad Voluptatis ftudium, pravaeque Libidinis delicias attinent, OMNIA VANITATEM ESSE ET PERTURBATiE MENTIS SOLLICITUDINEM. OF THE VANITY of PLEASURE, A POEM. TRY the?!.^ Man^ the moments to deceive^ 'That from the womb attend thee to the g?'ave t For wearied Nature find fome apter fcheme : Health be thy hope^ and Pleafure be thy theme : From the perplexing and unequal waysj Where Study bri?igs thee ; from the e?idlefs mazey Which Doubt perfuades to rmij forewarn d recede^ To the gay feldi a?id flow ry path, that lead To jocund Mirth, foft Joy, a fid carelefs Eafe: Forfake what may inflruSl, for what may pleafe : Ejfay amuf?7g Art, and proud expence ; And make thy ReafonfubjeB to thy Se?ife. I co7nmund thus : the powr of Wealth I tryd. And all the various luxe of ccflly pride, Artifls DE VOLUPTATIS VANITATE CARMEN. SOLLICITOS age falle dies viteque labores, Cunarum comites, et ad ultima fata fequaces : Invenias nova Naturae folatia laflb, Spes tibi fola, Salus, fit et Unica Cura Voluptas : Praemonitus falebras obliqui avertere callis, Quo pallens ducit Studium ; via confita fpinis, Et Dubii vitetur inextricabilis Error. At Campos pete ridentes, qua femita floret Strata Rofis, Violifque et purpureo Narci fib ;. Otia quo peramzena vocant, ac nefcia ludlus Gaudia ; follicitae hie ducas oblivia vitas ; Quod placeat, cupide arripias, quod profit, omittasr Delicias Artis, fijmptum experiare fuperbum, Et fibi fiibjedla Senfus Ratione triumphent. Hasc tacito mecum fiifpendi verba labello ; Tentavi quid Opum miranda potentia pofiTet, Sedulus omnigenae vari^ inftrumenta paravi Luxurias : Artifices, et molis pi6la fijtura^ Fabrica: t 6 PLEASURE. « Artijls and plans relievd myfolemn hours : I founded Palaces^ and pla?ited Bozvrs. Birdsj F/JheSf Bcajls of each exotic kind I to the limits of my Court confnd. To Trees transferred I gave a fecojtd birth\ And bid a foreign! fJjade grace JudaFs earth. Fifj-ponds were 7nade^ where former forrefls grew \ And hills were leveltd to exte7td the view. Rivers diverted from their ?iative courfe, A?id bound with chains of artificial forcey From large Caf cades in pleafng tumult roWd', Or rofe thro figurd flone^ or breathifig gold. Fro7}i furthefl Africa s tormeiited womb The Marble brought^ ereSis the fpacious dome^ Or forms the pillars long-extended rows. On which the planted Grove, and penfde Garden grows. The JVorkmen here obey the Maflers call. To gild the turret, and to pai?jt the wall'. To 7nark the pavetnent there with various flone : And 071 the fafper fleps to rear the Throne : The fpreading Cedar, that an age had flood, Supre77ie of Trees, and Miflrefs of the Wood, Cut VOLUPTAS. 7 Fabrica lenibant curas, et fcria vitce : Arborea ardentem non admittentia folem Tedla mod 6 ftruxi ; modo cclfa Palatia coelo i^quabam ; fepfi Aulae intra confinia noftra;, Quicquid alit Pontus, vel Djedala Terra, vel Aer. Continuo Sylvas alienam agnofcere matrem Juffi tranfpofitas ; Judam peregrina ftupentem Ornarunt querceta, et non fua veftiit umbra. Antiquum Nemus exclufit Pifcina ; repente Decrefcunt celfi proftrato vertice colles, Extenfis acies ut latius imperet arvis. Ipfa oblita fuos flexerunt flumina curfiis, Compedibufque novis miram devinda per artem, Prascipiti gratum fremuere voluta tumultu ; Aut fpirans faluere per aurum, aut fculptile faxum. Quod Libye vexata gementi mittit ab alvo, Erigit effulgens, fpatiofa Palatia, marmor, Aut nitidas difponit in intervalla columnas, Queis Lucus viret innitens, ac penfilis Hortus. Artes in quafcunque voco, non tarda fequuntur Fabrorum manus: hie paries vita semulus ardet, Atque auro turris rutilanti obdudla fuperbit : Verficolore illic nitet area pidla lapillo, Et Solium gemmis fuffultum, et Jafpide furgit. Cedrus opaca, ingens, quas fera in fecula gentis Arborcas fleterat Regina, ac Gloria Sylv^e, Excila 8 PLEASURE. Cut down and carvdy my JJjining roof ador?is \ Afid Lebanon his mind ho7iour mourns. A thoufatid Artijls Jhew their cunni72g powr, lo raife the TOJtders of the Ivry Towr. A thoifa7id Maidetis ply the purple loom^ *To weave the bedy and deck the regal roomi ""Till Tyre confeffes her exhaufled florey Than 071 her coaji the Murcx is 770 more \ 'Till frotn the Parian 7/Z?, a7id Libia s coafly The Motmtains grieve their hopes of marble lofl\ And India s Woods return their jufl co77iplainty Their brood decay dy and want of Elephant, My full defgn with vafl ex pence atchievdy I camey beheld, ad77iirdy refleSledy grievd. I chid the folly of jny thoughtlefs hafl : For, the work perfeSiedy the joy was pafl. To tny new courts fad Thought did fl ill repair \ A7id roimd 77iy gilded roofs hung hovring Care. In vain on flke7t beds I fought repofe ; And reflefs oft frojn purple couches rofe ; Vexatious Thought fill found ^ny flying tnind Nor bound hy li7nitSy tior to place confrid ; Haunted VOLUPTAS. 9 Exclfa, aiiratum decorat nunc fculpta lacunar, Plorat et everfbs Lebanon viduatus honores. Mille hie Artifices certant expromere vires, Splendida ut exurgant miracula Turris Eburna;. Mille operi inftantes exercent penia Miniftrse, Ut Torus ardenti contextus fulgeat oftro, Rideat et pidlis decorata tapetibus Aula ; Donee jam exhauftas queritur Tyros indiga gazas, Et fruftra petitur nativo in littore Murex ; Donee jam focias Libya et Paros orba querelas Flebiliter mifcent, dum Ipes perit irrita fzec'li, Et Juga marmoreos cellant producere fstus ; Triftiaque emittunt Indorum murmura Sylvae, Amiflamque dolent fobolem, ca^fofque Elephantas. Cumque opus et fudor, fumptufque exegerat ingens, Adveniens vifu obftupui, reputanfque dolebam. Stultitiam increpui, feftinatofque labores ; Namque habuere parem cum cjepto gaudia finem. Infequitur vetus, atque novam Dolor obfldet aulam, Auratique volat circum laquearia tedi ; Necquicquam invitant bombycina ftrata foporem ; Exilii quoties farrano infomnis ab oftro ! Prenfavit vaga Cura animum, comes atra, fugacem, Omnia pervolitans late loca, limite nullo Contenta; hcec fomnos turbabat flebilis Umbra, Solis et ad nitidos non unquam evanuit ortus ; B Me IP PLEASURE. Haunted my nightSy a?td terrify d my days ; Stalk' d thro my garde^is, a?id purfii d my ways, Nor fjut from artfid bowr, 7ior loft in windifig maze. Tet take thy bent, 7ny Soid\ another fenfe Indulge ; add Mufic to Magnificence : Efjay, if harmojiy 7nay grief controU; Or powr of found prevail upon the foul Often our Seers and Poets have confefs'd. That Mufic s force can tajne the furious beafi; Can fnake the Wolf or foaming Boar refirain His rage ; the Lio?z drop his crefied jnain, JltteJitive to thefong-, the Lynx forget His wrath to 7nan, and lick the MinfireFs feet. Are we, alas I lefs favage yet than thefe; Elfe Mufic fure 7nay hu7nan cares appeafe. Ifpake my purpofe ; and the chearful Choir Parted their fijares of Harj7i07iy : the Lyre Softe/id the Ti7?ibrers 7ioife : the Trimipet s found ProvoKd the Doria?i Flute [both fweeter found When 7}iixd :) the Fife the Viot s 7iotes refind. And evry firength with evry grace was joi7i d. Each VOLUPTAS. II Me veniente die, me decedente premebat: Noftrum iter infcclata, ruit graflata per hortos, Nee viridi feclufa domo, arboreoque receflii, Nee labyrinthasas inter decepta latebras. Eja novas, Anima sgra, dapes, nova gaudia quasras, Magnificis Melicos, age, flimptibtis adde Lcporcs, Omnis et ex Oculis dulcedo migret ad Aurem : Experiare, utruni curas compefcere norint, Sollicitifque adhibere animis medicamina, Cantus. Saepe etenim fuavi Vates cecinere camiena, Et veteres dixere Sophi, mirabile pled:ri Eloquium domuiile Feras, rabiemque Luporum ; Et fpumantis Apri delenivifle furores: Quin implacati juba luxuriofa Leonis Procubuit mollita fbno : trucis immemor irs Lynx prolapfa dedit Citliarasdi bafia plantas. Mollior an nobis pertentat pe<£lora fenfiis ? Turn certe humanos vis mufica leniet sftus, Et medici curas pellent miracula pledlri. Edixi ; exultans animis Chorus ilicet omnis Partitur melos, et Prasludia Mufica tentat. Mitigat aufteros Siftri Lyra blanda fbnores : Claflica confpirant, et Dorica Tibia ; miftis Dulcior his quoniam fbnus, ac difcordia concoi-s. EmoUit Lituus Citharam, et nimis aipera levat, Et coeunt vis omnis, et omnis gratia cantus. B 2 Matuti- 12 PLEASURE. Each mor7i they waKd me with afprightly lay : Of ope7ting Heavn theyfimg^ a7id gladfome Day. Each eve?ii?2g their repeated skill exprefs d Scenes of repofe, and images of reft : Yet fl ill in vain : for Miifc gather d thought : But how ti?iequal the effeSis it brought I The f oft Ideas of the cheat fid ?wte-, Lightly receivd^ were cafly forgot ; "The fole7?t7i viole7ice of the graver foimd K7iew toflrike deep^ and leave a lafling wound. A7id 710W refleEli7ig^ I with grief defciy The fickly Lufl of the fa7itaflic Eye; How the weak orga7i is with feeing cloydy Flying ere Nighty what it at Noo7i e7iJoyd. A7id 710W [tmhappy fearxh of thought .') I fou7id Jhefckle Ear foon glutted with the found-, Condemn d eternal Cha7iges to piafue^ Tird with thelafi^ a7id eager of the 7iew. I had the Firgins a7id the Touth adva7icey To temper Mufic with the fprightly Dance. In vain I too low the 7ni77iic-motio7is feein : What VOLUPTAS. 13 Matutinvim alacrl ruperunt carmine fonmum In numeris patuit fulgentis regia Caeli, Solque orlens veneres, et lucida tela retexit. Hefperus ut nodi fplendorem induxit opacaj, Miiia Jyr^e folers placidas fimulachra quietis Artifici cantu, fomnique imitamina lufit. Necquicquam ! curae medio in modulamine furgunt, Quosque Aurem delenit, abeft a Mente voluptas ; Quod tulit, eripuit fubito melica aura, levamen. Feftivi Umbra foni, laetique jocola canoris Excepta heu 1 levitcr, leviter quoque fugit Imago. At gravis, aufteraeque potens violentia Mufaj Altum animo impreflit ftimulum, et durabile vulnus. Jam reputans Luxum efFrasnem petulantis Ocelli,, Deliciasque breves, et lubrica gaudia ploro. [am defefla patet fatiarier organa vifu, Vefpere dumprimo fugiunt, qua? luce petebant. Senfi etiam, (Ah miferum fcrutantem talia!) mollen, Mellifluo Auriculam faturatam aegrefcere cantu r i£ternas damnata Vices perferre canons, Ufque novis intenta, fonos exofa priores, In labyrinthseo concentu implexa fatifcit. Continue Pueros jufli, inuptafque Puellas Feftivas Melico Choreas fociare Lepori. Necquicquam ! infoliti lafcivia mimica geftus, Crebraque mobilitas, levia et ludicra videntur ; Conci- 14 PLEASURE, what takes our hearty iiiifjl f/icrit our efleem. Nature-) I thought .^ perfor'/U d too mean a parf.^ Forming her movements to the rules of Art ; A77d vexd I found) that thz Muficians hand Had o'er the Daji^ei' s mbid too ?reat Co7nma)id. o / drank \ I liKd it 7iot : 'twas rage ; 'twas noife ; Afi airyfceiie of tra?ifit07'y joys. hi vai7i I trujiedy that thefiowi7ig Bowl Jf^ould ha7iifjj forrowj a7id. e7ilarge the foul. To the late revel, and protraBedfeafi JVild dreams fucceedcdy a7id diforde7' d refl ; And as at dawn of 7nor7i fair Reafori s light Broke thro the fumes and pha7it07ns of the 7iight ; What had been f aid) I asK d 7ny foul, what dofte; How flow d our mirth) and whence the four ce begim? Perhaps the jefi that charm d the fprightly croud) A7id 77iade the jovial table laugh fo loud) 'Tofo7ne falfe notion owd its poor prete7ice, To an ambiguous words perverted fe77fe) To a wild fo7inet) or a wanton air. Offence and torture to the fober ear. Per haps ) alas I the pleafmgfireajn was brought Fro7n this mans error, frQ7n a7iothers fatdt ; Fro77i V O L U P T A S. 15 Conciliandus Amor prius, ac faftidia nolliis Ex animis vdlenda, capi quam pedlora pofliriC. Naturam partes dolui tradlare fecimdas, Artis ad arbitrium motus componere jufiani, Et dolui duro Harmonicas fubjed:a teneri Imperio Dextras, faltantis Corda caterv£e. Vina bibi, nee grata bibi; Furor inde Tumultufque ; Et fimul exhaufto fugientia gaudia poc'lo. Speravi incaffum, quod pleno flumine Crater Exundans, curam elueret, fevofque dolores, Ac bene porrigeret contradlae feria mentis. Sero etenim cyatho, ac produdae in lumina casnas- Succeffit turbata quies, fimulachraque fomni Triftia : cumque flios aurora retexerat ortus, Et nodtis difculT^ umbrae, ac lux reddita menti ; Quid fadlum, did;umve fuit, cum corde putabam^s Unde voluptatis noftrae profluxit origo. Forfitan ille jocus, qui turbae cepit ovantis Pedlora, et elicuit plaufum, rifufque folutos, Vilia de falfo conceptu exordia difxit, , Vocis ab ambiguo tortse crudeliter ufu ; Aut dedit huic ortus fpurci lafcivia cantus, Qux violat caftas, et acerb um vulnerat aures : forfitan heu! dulci manabant gaudia rivo, Quorum fons vitium fuit illius, illius error, Queis i6 PLEASURE. Fro7?t topics which Good-nature would foi'get^ A7td Prude7ice mention with the lajl 7'egret. Add yet tm7iu7nber d ills^ that lie U7ifee7t In the per7iicious draught ; the word obfce77ey Or harfl:)^ which once ela7ic d 77tuji ever fly Irrevocable ; the too pro77ipt reply-, Seed of fever e diftrufl-i a7id fierce debate \ What we fljould fnmt and what we ought to hate. Add too the blood i7npoverifij dy a7id the courfe Of Health fapprefs dy by Wines C07itinii d force. Unhappy Man I who7n forrow thus and rage To difl'rent ills alternately e7igage. Who drinks^ alas \ but to forget ; 7ior fees^ That 7mla7icholy Sloth, fevere Difeafe, Me77iry co7ifus d, a7id i7iterrupted Thought., Death's harbingers, lie late7it in the draught : And in the flow" rs, 'that wreath thefparkling Bowl, Fell Adders hifs, and poys^ious Se7-pents roll. Re77iains VOLUPTAS. 17 Quels amat optatam prostexerc Candidus umbram, Et Sapiens meminiiTe horret, lu6i:uque refugit. His fuper accedit feries immenfa malorum, Quae miferos fallunt, hauftufque fequuntur amaros : Hie immunda latent, ignominiofaque dida, Quasquc emifla femel volat irrevocabilis, auri Vox durum morofa fonans ; nimis acre, citumque Refponfum, unde ferox ftirpem traxere nefandam Sufpicio, fa^vifque minax diicordia verbis ; Quseque petita nocent, et quse fugiffe decorum eft. Sanguis hebet, frigentque efFaetas in corpore vires ; Alma Talus etiam curfus oblita priores Degenerat, nimioque meri corrumpitur ufu. O nimium miferos Homines, fua fi mala norint ! Quos agit alternis dolor et dementia cscos, In peftefque rapit varias, perque afpera verfat. Secures ktices, et longa oblivia potant ; Scilicet ignorant inamcenum ignobilis Oti Torporem, in memori confufas pedlore rerum Effigies, fevoque timendos agmine Morbos, Conceptus interruptos, titubantia Verba, Nuntia venturae Mortis, latitare fub hauftu, Triftiaque in mediis pofuifle cubilia poc'lis : Inter et amplexas Isetum Cratera corollas, (Ufque adeo eft aliquid, quod in iplls iloribus angat) Volvi Hydros, Colubrofque tumeicere fibila colla. C Inten- i8 PLEASURE. Re?nains there ought untryd^ that may renwce Sicknefs of mind^ and heal the hofom P — Love^ Love yet remains : indulge his genial fire y CheriJJj fair Hope, folicit young Dejirey And boldly bid thy anxious fold explore 'This lafl great remedy's myflerious powr. Why therefore heftates my doubtful breafl f Why ceafes it o?ie mome72t to be bleft j Flyfwifty my Friends ; 7ny Servant Sy fly ; imploy Tour infl ant pains to bri?ig your Mafler joy. Let all my Wives and Concubines be drefsd : Let the?n to-7iight attend the Royal Feafl ; All Ifraets Beauty y all the foreig?i Fairy The gifts of Pri7jcesy or thefpoils of War .- Before their Monarch they flj all f7igly pafsy And the ?nofl ^worthy fhall obtai7i the grace. If aid: the Feafl was fervd: the Bowl was cro'W7idy To the Ki7tgs pleafure went the mirthfid rou7id: The Wofne7i ca^ne : as cufloni willsy they pafl : On One [0 that difli7iguiflj d 07iel) I cafl The fav rite glance : 1 yet my mind retai7is ^ — That fond beginjiing of tny infant pai7is. Mature VOLUPTAS. 19 Intentatum aliquid rcftat, quod leniat agrum Pectus, et accedat noflro medicina dolori ? Reftat Amor: Isetiis genialem pafce Calorem, Spefque fove teneras, ac molle Cupidinis OEftrum Sollicita, mentemque jube, quse fludluat zeftu Curarum, explorare novi medicaminis ufum. Cur igitur dubio jadlatur turbine pedtus ? Cur trahit ufque moras, ac felix effe recufat ? Vos Socii properate, (imul properate Miniftri, Qujerite Deliciafque novas, Luxumque recentem, Et Dominum veftro juvet empta labore Voluptas. Conjux ornatus, et Pellex induat omnis, Regiaque hdc hilares celebrent Convivia no6le ; Quas habet Ifrael veneres, peregrinaque tellus, Bellorum ipolia, aut magnorum munera Regum. Ordine quaeque fuo fub Principis ora verendi Prodeat, exortemque ferat digniflima palmam. Dixi ; epulas menfe apponunt, cratera coronant, L^etitiamque vovens Regi fcyphus adlus in orbem Feftivum redit, atque hilari fremit Aula tumultu. Continue Muliebris adeft de more vetufto, Inceditque Cohors : vifu perculfus in Unam, Egregiam ante alias Unam, jaculabar amorem. Multa animo heu ! Nymphs virtus, multufque recurfat Oris honos, et adhuc tener^e primordia flamm^e Agnofco, et noftri cunabula feva doloris. C 2 Jam 20 PLEASURE, Mature the Virgbt was of Egypt's race : Grace JJjaf d her limbs ; and Beauty decKd her face : Eafy her motion feetti d-^ ferene her air : Full^ thd unzond^ her hofoni rofe : her hair Untydy and ignorant of artful aid^ Adown herfJjoulders loofely lay difplayd ; And in the jetty curls ten thoufand Cupids playd. Fixd on her charms^ and pleased that I could love-, Aid me my Friends^ co7itribute to improve Your Monarch's hlifs^ If aid ; frejh Rofes bring To jlrow ?ny Bed, "till the impov riJJj d Spring Confefs her want ; around my amrous head Be dropping Myrrhe, and liquid Amber fjedy ^Till Arab has ?io more. Fro?n the f oft Lyre, Sweet Flute-i a?id ten-Jlringd injlrument^ requi?'e Sounds of delight : and thoUyfair Nymph ^ draw nigh; Th ou V O L U P T A S. 21 Jam matura Viro, jam plcnis nubilis annis, -^gypti {qCc Virgo de gente ferebat : Fingebaiit artus Charites, Venus ora polibat. Ambiit banc furtim, quoquo veftigia flexit, Mollis honor, placidofque fecuta eft Gratia geftus. Non tereti ftrophio turgentes vin6la papillas, Exeriiit : nee pexa comam eft, religatave nodis, Quas propriis pollens opibus, nihil artis egena, Ex humeris, nitidoque undavit amabile collo : Crinibus intortum nigris lafciviit Agmen Aligerum, cirrifque Cupido fub omnibus hxfit. Dum ftupui, obtutuque hxCi defixus in uno, Dumque puellaris forms mirabar honores, Intus ovans, quod Amoris erat concefla facultas, Auxilium pra^fens, diledli, afferte, Sodales, Addite deliciis noftris, ac gaudia Regis Provehite in melius, dixi ; date Lilia plenis, Pubentefque Rofas calathis, et quicquid Odorum Halat; agris deftnt fua Florea fccula, nofter V Dum crefcit Torus, et colledo Vere fuperbit. Myrrha caput ftillans, et Succinus irrigct Imber, Aptaque Amatori fudent Opoballama crines, Donee plura negant Arabum felicia regna. Elicite imbelli modulamina dulcia Plc6lro, Jucundumque melos; do6lique laceflite pulfu Pollicis inftrumenta decern refonantia chordis: Tuque etiam accedas propius, pulcherrima Virgo, Tu, 22 PLEASURE, T'hou^ in whofe graceful form') and potent eye Thy Mafler s joy long fought at leiigth is found \ And as tJjy brow^ let i?iy deftres be crown d ; O favrite Virgiii^ that hafl warnid the breaf, PFhofeJovreign diSlates fuhjiigate the Eafl I Ifaid; and fudden from the golde?i throne With afubmijfwe flep I hafied down. "The glowing garland from my hair I took, Love i?t my heart, obediejice i?t my look ; Prepare! to place it 07i her comely head : O favrite Virgin 1 (yet again Ifaid) Receive the ho7iors defli7zd to thy brow ; Aid above thy fellows happy Thou .' ^ Their duty mujl thy fov reign word obey. Rife up, my Love \ my fair one, come away. What pajig, alas \ what ecflafy offnart Tore up my fejifes, a7id tra77sfixd my heart ; When Ode with modefi fcor7t the Wreath return d, Recliiid her beauteous 7ieck, and i7tward 7nour7id? Forcd by 7ny pride, T 77iy concer7t fupprefs d. Pretended drowfinefs, and wifj of refl ; And fu lien I foffook tlj i7nperfeB feafl : Orderin, 'g VOLUPTAS. 23 Tu, cujus nitido in vultu, formaque decenti, V Cujus et in rutilis, quos fulgur obarmat, ocellis, Inventa eft domini, longum qusfita, Voluptas : Ipfe meis votis, et tu potiare corona : O chara ante alias Virgo, quse fub juga vidum Mififti, late devifto Oriente tyrannum! Talia di6la dedi, ac folio feftinus ab aureo Exilii, vultu mque ferens, greffufque precantis. Eripui Ipfe meis ardentia ferta capillis, (Obfequium afpedus geffit, cor intus amorem) Illius et capiti Gemmatum Infigne decoro Impofiturus eram : rurfufque Hjec ore locutus, O chara ante alias Virgo, cape pra^mia fronti Debita, et O fociis falve pr^elata Puellis ! llljE omnes, fludiofa cohors, tua juffa fequentur. Eripe te, formofa, moras, mea, furge, Voluptas. Quam fsevus dolor heu ! quam non tolerabilis angor Concuflit labefadlum animum, perque ofia cucurrit , Refpuit oblatae cum munera Virgo Corollaj Saivitia facili, et vultu indignata modefto Interius doluit, tereti cervice reflexa ? Indecorem averfata fuperbia noftra repulfam Introrfum curas premere alta mente cocgit: Languidus expetii fimulato corde foporem, Atque epulas imperfedas, et plena reliqui Pocula difcedens, media inter gaudia triftis: Semi- 24 PLEASURE. Ordering the Rtmtichs^ to whofe proper care Our Eajier?t grandeur gives tJj imprifottd Fair^ "To lead her forth to a dijiinguijjjd bowr^ And bid her drefs the bed^ and "wait the hour. Rejllefs I follow d this obdurate Maid [Swift are the fleps that Love and Anger tread) Approach' d her perfo?i-, courted her embrace^ Renew d 9nyfla?ney repeated my difgrace : By turns put on the Suppliant, and the Lord: Thrcatejid this moment, and the ?iext itnplord ; Offer d again the imaccepted Wreath, And choice of happy Love, or infla7tt Death. Averfe to all her avirous King dejird. Far as flje might, flje decently retird: And darting fcorn, andforrow from her eyes. What means, faid flje, Ki-ng Solomon the Wifef 'This wretched Body trefnbles at your Powr: Thus far could Fortune: but fjje can no more. Free to her f elf my potent Mind remains ; Nor fears the ViSlor s Rage, nor feels his Chai?ts. 'Tisfaid, that thou canfl plaufibly difpute. Supreme of Seers, of Angel, Man, and Brute ; Can^ VOLUPTAS. 25 Semiviros jufli, quorum, iic pofcit Eoa Majeftas, fervat tutela innoxia Nymphas/ Arboreae exortes educcre iedis in umbras, Ledum ubi conftrueret, tempufque maneret amicum, Jrrequieto intus verfante cupfdine pedus, Difficilis duraeque comes veftigia prefli Virginis ; (ufque adeo curfiis Amor Iraque iioftros Pr^ecipitare folent, et plantis addere pennas) Accefll propior coram, amplexufque petivi ; -Et repetitus Amor, fuit et repetita repulfe Szepe mihi labes : in formas cereus omnes, Supplicis inque vices indutus, et ora Tyranni, Nunc terrere Minis, Prece nunc mollire parabam : Serta iterum rejedla tuli, juffique beat« Aut vidlam Flammae, aut certas fuccumbere Morti. At non Ilia preces tradlabilis audiit ullas, Sed quantum potuit, paflli regrefia decenti eft : Eque oculis mixtum ludu jaculata furorem, Quid Sapientis, ait, vult haec Infania Regis ? Te Dominum infelix agnofcit Corpus, et horret j Tantum Fortunas licuit : fed non datur ultra. Arrogat imperium iibi Mens, ac libera reftat, Vidlorifque minas, et inania vincula temnit. Tu potes occultos rerum penetrare recefllis, Divorumque fuper natura, Hominifque Fersque Diilerere, argutus Sophize, et non fordidus Audor. D Tu %6 PLEASURE. Ca7tjl plead withfubtil wit a7id fair difcourfet Of PaJJt072s folly, and of Reafoft s force. 'That to the Tribes attentive Thou canfl pow^ Whence their misfortmies.-, or their blefftngs flow : That Thou in Science-, as in Powr art great ; And Truth and Honour on thy EdiSis wait. . Where is that Knowledge now, that Regal Thought, With jufi advice, and timely counf el fraught ? Where now, Judge of Ifrael, does it rove f — What in 07ie inoi7tent dofi thou offer f Love — hove f why ^tis "Joy or Sorrow, Peace or Strife ^ 'Tis all the Color of remaini7ig life : And Hiwian Misry mufl begin or end. As He beco7nes a Tyra7it, or a Friend. Would David's So7t, religious, jufl, and gravey To the firfi bride-bed of the world receive A Foreigner, a Heathen, and a Slave f Or grant, thy paffon has thefe 7m77tes defiroy d ; That Love^ like Death, 7}iahs all difinSiion void'. Yet VOLUPTAS. 27 Tu potcs, lit perhibent, miranti oftendere Turbas, Indole fubtili inftru6lus, piilchraque loquela, In quantum Affedus, animique effrsena Cupido Defipiint, quantum fapiat Rationis acumen. Attentas Te pofle Tribus it fama docere, Unde Boni dulcedo , Malive exurgat amaror. Nee Te Majeftas, quantum Sapientia, clarat; Et Tua caftus Honor, Verumque Edida fequuntur. Quo nunc ilia abiit Sapientia ? provida Regis Quo fanis adeo, ac maturis prjedita Corda Confiliis ? ubi nunc, Judex Solymae, vagantur ? Quod mihi nunc offers properanter munus ? Amorem ? Siccine mutatus Solomon infervit Amori ? Quid fit Amor, qu^eris ? Dolor eft, aut grata Voluptas, Aut cum Pace Quies, aut Nox cum lite Diefque ; Hinc et vita trahit, fupereft qu^cunque, Colorem. Principium Humane fumant, finemve necefle eft iErumnee, infefti hie faevit fi more Tyranni, Aut ft Fautor adeft, ac mitia pedora geftat. Siccine Davidides, triplici quem inftgnit honore Et pietas, et prifca fides, mentifque decorum Pondus, in amplexum Peregrins Virginis iret, Et Famulce conjux, et Nymphas Monftra colentis, Infignem triplici macularet crimine Ledum ? Nomina, cede etiam, quod Amanti base cafla putentur, Et quod Amor, Mortis ritu, difcrimina tollat : Dum tamen in pedus tibi dura hie efferus Hoftis D 2 Imperia 28 PLEAS U R E. Yet in his empire oer thy abjeEi breajl. His flames and torments only are exprefl : His Rage can in my Smiles alone relent ; And all his Joys folicit fny Confent. Soft Love-, fpontaneous Iree^ its parted root Mufl from two Hearts with equal vigour fljoot : JVhilfl each delighted-, and delighting-, gives The pleafng ecflafy-, which each receives : Cherifljd with Hope, and fed with Joy it grows : Its chearful buds their opening bloom difclofe -, Afid roujjd the happy foil diffufive Odor flows. If angry Fate that mutual care denies \ "j The fading Plant bewails its due fupplies : > Wild with Defpair-, or fick with Grief it dies. j By force Beafls aB-, a?jd are by force reflraiiid : The Hu7?ian Mifid by gentle means is gai7i d. Thy tfelefs flre^igth-, miflaken King, employ : Sated with rage, and ignorant of joy-, Thou fljalt 7iot gai?i what I de7ty to yield \ Nor reap the Hai'veft, tho thoufpoiffl the Field. K7tOWy V O L U P T A S. 29 Imperia exercet, fsevaque Tyrannide ludit, Per flammas folumj tormentaque, Numen Amoris Agnofcis, virefque, expertus tela, tremifcis. In Noftro folum, dum ridet amabile, Vultu Mollefcit Rabies, ftimulique hebetantur acuti ; Omniaque e Noftro pendent huic Gaudia Nutu. Arbor mollis. Amor, nullo cogente fub auras Sponte fua erigitur, gemino quin Corde necelle eft Partita exiliat radice, ac viribus asquis : Deledetque vicifTim, et deledetur Utrumque, Et dulces animi motus, quos Utraque prabent, Utraque percipiant, et amico foedere crefcant. Spe& fovet banc, almofque miniftrant Gaudia fuccos t Hinc trudit gemmas, et frondes explicat omnes j Et late Ambrofii circum jadantur Odores. Mutua fin crudele negarit pabula Fatum, Subfidio viduata fuo Planta arida marcetr Et vel mentis inops, moritur, vel viSm dolore. Vis regit ingenium Bruti, ac vis fola coercet: Blanditias, mollefque aditus Humana repofcunt. Nee nili tormento vincuntur Pedora leni. Infelix errore tuo, ac fpc captus inani EfFundas rabiem, Solomon, et inutile robur : Irarum fatur heu ! blandique ignarus Amoris, Quod prece vique obfcfla nego, non vidor habebis j. Nee, fpolies licet Arva, optata Mefie frucris. Agnolcas, 30 PLEASURE, Know, Solomon^ thy poor extent offway ; ■ContraEi thy browy and Ifrael p^all obey : But "wilful Love thou mujljwith Seniles appeafc. Approach his awful throne by jufl degrees ; And if thou wouldjl be happy y learn to pleafe. Not that thofe arts can here fuccefsful prove : For I a7n deflind to ajtothers love. Beyond the cruel bounds of thy Cofnmandy 'To my dear Equals in ?ny native land-, My plighted vow I gave : I his receivd : Each fwore with truth : with pleafure each believd. The mutual C072traB was to Heavn convey d : In equal fcales the bufy A?tgels weighed Its folemn force, and clafd their wings, and fpread Ihe lafling Roll, recorditig what We f aid. Now in my heart behold thy poinard flaind: Take the fad life which I have lo7tg difdaind : End, in a dying Virgins wretched fate. Thy ill-flarrd Pajfion, and My fiedfafl Hate. For long as blood informs thefe circling veins ; Or fleeting breath its latefi powr retains ; Hear VOLUPTAS. 51 Agnofcas angufta tui Pomaeria Rcgnf, Adde Supercilio nubem, parebit et omnis Ifrael : at Amor, cui ftat pro lege voluntas, Fronte tibi eft placida, ac Rlfu pacandus amico ; lUius ad folium vultu pafTuque modefto Leniter arrepas; ac fi cupis efle beatus, Suadelam edifcas mellitam, artemque placendi. Nil tamen hie poterunt pollens fuadela, vel artes :- Namque Ego fum pridem Alterius devota cubili. Imperii fines ultra, tuaque effera Rura, Compare cum fponfo Patriae in felicibus arvis Mutua pada fides, et mutua dextra coibat: Juravit verum, atque lubens credebat Uterque. Vota alternaDeum ventus referebat ad aures: Lancibus ^therii librarunt pondus in requis Indigenas, et lastum plaufere ftrepentibus alis ; Dumque manu late Sacrum explicuere Volumen, F^dera Perpetuis mandarunt mutua Faftis. In Mea nunc cernas immerfum Pedlora ferrum ;: Spumantemque cruore enfem, collapfaque membra ^ Quin animam eripias triftem, quam faucia curis Contempfi dudum ; ac miferanda in morte Puell^,, Laevus Amor tuus, et vivax mea concidat Ira. Namque Hx vitali faliunt dum fanguine Venn?, Extremufve aegros dum Spiritus hos regit artus ; JEgypth 32 PLEA SU RE, Hear me to Egypt's vengeful Gods declare. Hate is my part : be thhie, King, Defpair. Now Jlrike, Jbe faid-i and open d bare her breajl -, Stand it in yudaFs Chronicles co?ifeJl, "That David's Son, by impious pajfion movd. Smote a She-Jlave, and murder d what he lovd. Apamd, confusd, I Jlarted frojji the bed; And to my Soul yet tmcolleSled faid : Into thyfelf, fond Solo7non, return ; RefleEi agaiti, and thou again fjalt jnourn. — ■ When I through number d years have Pleafure fought ; And in vain Hope the wanton Phantom caught ; To mock ?ny fenfe, and mortify my pride, ""Tis in another s powr, and is de7iyd: Am I a King, great Heavn I does Life or Death Hang on the wrath, or mercy of my Breath ; While kneeling I my Servant s f miles implore ; And One mad Damfel dares difpute my Powr ? To ravip her I that thought was foon deprefsd. Which mufl debafe the Monarch to the Beafl. To fend her back \ whither, and to whomf To hands where Solo?non muf never come ; To V O L U P T A S. 33 ^gyptl Ultores Divos in vota vocantem Exaudij et Nemeft fundentem hcec verba feverag ; Ufque OdifTe meum eft; Tibi defperare fuperfit! Nunc ferias, ait, ac pedlus nudavit ad idlum ; In Judce vigeat Scelus indelebile Faftis ; Pofteritas legat, ut turpi cor percitus ira Davidides Famulam immiti percuflerit enle," Crudelifque Procus Nympham jugularit amatam. Turbidus introrfum, perfufus et ora pudore, Protinus invifo eripui mea membra Cubili; Atque Animo haec dixi turbato, cegrcque recepto ; In te defcendas, Solomon infane ; quid ultra Queeris ? quin itcrum reputes, iterumque dolebis. Cum jam Ego quaefivi per tosdia temporis Unam Longa Voluptatem, et jam fpe fallente Procacem Prasfumpfi, placida delufus Imagine, Praedam ; Ut Faftum contundat, et sgrum eludat Amorem, Poffidet banc, dulcefque negat mihi Fasmina fru6tus. Rex Ego fum, Superi ! vocem officiofa fequuntur Fata meam, pendentque meo Mortalia nutu ; Dum veneror Supplex curvato poplite Servam, Contemnitque meas Virgo temeraria Vires ? Vimne inferre velim ? hoc fubito de pedore ceilit Confilium, in Mentem quod Regia Corda Ferinam Turpiter indueret : patrias dimittere ad oras ? Quonam iret, Cui miffa, Anim^e pars altera Noftrce r Ad Terras, Solomoni aditus ubi Fata negarunt; E iEmuli 34 PLEASURE, To that Lifidti?jg Rival's happy arms. For whom^ difdaming Me-^ She keeps her char?ns. Fantajlic Tyrant of the ajnrous Heart ; How hard Thy Yoke \ how cruel is Thy Dart I Thofe fcape thy anger ^ who refufe thy fway ; And thofe are punifjd mofl, who mofi obey. See yudaFs King revere thy greater Powr : What canfl thou covet., or how triumph more? Why the?if Love^ with an obdurate ear Does this proud Nymph rejcEi a Monarch's pray r f Why tofomefimple Shepherd docs p:)& rim, From the fond arms of David's fav rite Son? Why flies pe from the glories of a Court, Where wealth and pleafure i7iay thy reign fupp07't, Tofome poor cottage on the mountains brow, Now bleak with winds, and cover d 7iow withfiow : Where pinching Watit mufl curb her warm Defires, And Houpold Cares fupprefs thy ge?iial Fires f Too VOLUPTAS. 35 yEmuli In amplexus iret petulantis, honores Cui Formas egregios, Me dedignata, refervat. Effere, et O Sola conflans levitate, Cupido, Qui fasvo heii nimium ludo diftringis Amantes I Quam non molle Jugum! quam non innoxia Telai Indociles tua juffa pati, et fubmittere duro Colla Jugo, fugiunt Iram, ultricefque Sagittas, Dive, tuas ; at Quifque magis quo paret Amator, Torquetur magis, et pa^na graviore laborat. Afpice, ut agnofcat vires, majoraque Sceptris Sceptra fuis, Judas: pollens ditione Tyrannus. Quid cupias majus, majorefve unde Triumphos Vidor ages ? cur ergo Superba base excipit aure Surda Virgo preces, et Regem fpernit Amantem ? Defugiens Charae cur Davidis ofcula Prolis, Nefcio quern properat Paftorem ample6lier ulnis, Qui, quas pafcit, Oves hebeti fors Indole vincit ? Cur Aulas eximium decus, ac fulgentia linqult Atria? ubi imperium tibi fuftentare, Cupido, Divitiffi poffint, et Luxuriofa Voluptas: Cur habitare Cafam pendentem in Vertice Montis Stramineam mavult, cundlis modo pervia ventis Qiis friget, canis nunc horret operta pruinis ; ^ftum animi in duris urgens ubi rebus Egeftas Compefcet, frigufque, et penfa operofa Maritas Reftinguent Tadam, atque tuos, Amor alme, Calores? E 2 Ethnica 36 PLEASURE, Too aptly the afiiEied Heathens prove The force-, while they ereSl the Jhri?jes of Love i His ?ny/lic form the Artizans of Greece In 'woimded ftone-, or molten gold exprefs : And Cyprus to his Godhead pays her vow : Fafl i?i his hand the Idol holds his Bow : A Quiver hy his fdefuflains a flore Of pointed Darts ; fad emble^ns of his powr : A pair of Wi7igs he has-, which he extends "j Now to he gone ; which now again he bends I Pro7te to returtiy as hefl jnayferve his wa?iton ends. j Entirely thus I find the Fiend pourtray d, Sificefirfit alas I I faw the beauteous Maid : I felt him fir ike •■, and now I fee himfiy: Cursd Dcemon I I for ever broken lie 7hofe fatal fjaftSj hy which I i?tward bleed I 01 can my wijhes yet oertah thy f peed \ Trrd 7?myfl thou pa?it., and hang thy flagging wi77g^ ~] Except thou tur7ifl thy cou7fe^ refolvd to bri7ig V The Da7nfel back., and fave the love-fick Ki77g. ] My foul thus ftruggli77g in the fatal Net-, Unable to e7ijoy., or to forget, I reafofid much-, alas \ but 7/wre I lovd ; Sent VOLUPTAS. '^j Ethnica Gens nimis apta Dei per figna fatetur Vim fibi funeftam, diim Fana educit Amori. Myftica Graiorum Manus ingeniofa Fabrorum Effingens limulachra, infligit Vulnera Saxo, Aut fcevum excudit liquefad:o Numen in Auro. Supplicibus Votis, et Thure hunc Cyprus adorat : Arcum Dextra tenet : Lateri lethalis adhasret Corytos, Jaculis horrendum fastus acutis, Masfta Poteftatis, durique Infignia Regni : Pennarum Duplex humeris innedlitur Ordo, Quas nunc extendit properans difcedere, quas nunc Contrahit in reditum pronus, mutabile femper Mentis ad arbitrium, utque procax Lafcivia fuadet. Sic nimis heu ! vere depidium Dasmona novi, Ex quo Pulchra meos Virgo praeftrinxit ocellos. Senfi idunij nunc cerno fugam : Tibi Spicula, Alaftor, -(Sternum jaceant lethalia fradla, medullam Quae mihi trajecere, interno tindla cruore f O pofiuntne tuos mea Vota ^equare volatus !" Torpida deficiat tibi Penna, et feffus anheles ; Ni curfum propere fleclas, Nymphamque reducas^ Et Rcgi Medicus fis idem, ut VuLneris Audlor. Dumque Anima in laqueo fie collu6Lata laborat Fatali, nee pofle frui. aut ex corde Puellam Oblito delere datur ; cum mente putabam Serius heu! multum tacita, at magis asger araavi; Et 58 PLEASURE, ISe?it and recalfd , ordain d and difapprov d : 'Till hopelejs piling d in an abyfs of griefs I from Necejfity receivd relief: Time gently aided to affwage my pain ; J^?id Wifdom took once more the flacken d rein. But how fhort my interval of woe I Our Griefs how fwift ; our Remedies hotv flow I A720ther Nymph [for fo did Heavn ordain^ To change the mafiner^ but renew the pain) Another Nymph^ amongfl the many Fair, That made my fofter hours their folemn care. Before the refl affe&ed flill to fland; And watcFd my eye, preventing my command. Ahra, Shefo was calTd, didfoonefl haft To grace my prefence ; Abra went the lafl : Abra was ready ere I calfd her name\ And thd I caird aiiother, Abra catne. Her Equals firfl obfervd her growing zeal; And laughing glofsd, that Abrafervdfo well To Me her aStions did unheeded die. Or were remark' d but with a common eye ; "Till more apprizd of what the Rumour faid. More V O L U P T A S. 39 Et mifi, et revocavi ainens, jufli, atqiie vetavl : Donee jam Curarum cxfpes fubmcrfus in imdis, Aecepi tandem miferanda a Sorte levamen. Temporis hora meos lenibat fcra dolores, Et laxas iterum Sapientia fumpfit habenas. Heu breve folamen, miferos heu parva labores Excepit Requies ! curfli quam prcepete Ludlus Approperant ; pede quam claudo Medicina moratur I Altera Nympha, (Deo ftetit hasc fententia, paenas Mutata facie curas renovare priores) Altera Nympha, inter formofas mille Puellas, Mollia quje noftroe curabant Tempora Vitas Intentis ftiidiofae animis, operaque fideli^ Stare locis voluit primis, et prima videri Ante alias, Oculique loquacis figna notavit OfEciofa mei, celer antevenire jubenti. Abra, {hoc nomen erat Nymphze,) mihi fponte fub ora Objecit fe prima, noviflimaque exiit Abra: Abra parata fuit, nomen licet Ip{e tacerem ; Cumque vocarem Aliam, properavit et adfuit Abra. Glifcens Sedulitas, et daedala cura placendi Confervas primum baud latuit; dedit AbraCachinno, Materiamque Jocis, opera vehemente Miniflra. At male apud memorem flabat me Gratia Fadi^ Refpexive pigro Spedator lentus ocello ; Donee plus patulam pra;bens rumoribus aurem. Plus 40 PLEASURE. More I obferv d pecidiar in the Maid. The Su7i declind had pot his wejiern ray ; JVhen tird with bufmefs of the Jolemn day^ I purposd to unbend the eveiiing hours, A?id bafiquet private in the TVojne7is bowrs. I caWd-, before I fat, to wafj my ha?ids : For fo the precept of the Law cojumands. Love had ordain d, that it was Abrd s turn To mix thefweets, a?id itiiitifler the ti7'n. With awful homage, a7id fubmiffive dread The Maid approach d, on 77jy declini7ig head To pour the oils : She tre77ibled as fhe pourdy With an imguarded look fie 7iow devour d My 7iearer face : and now recall d her eye, And heavd, a7id firove to hide a fudden figh. A7id whe7ice,faid /, ca7ifl thou have dread, or pain f What can thy i7nagry offorrow i7iean f Secluded fro7n the World, a7id all its Care, Hafl thou to grieve or joy, to hope or fear? For fur e, I added, fur e thy little heart Neer felt Loves anger, or receivd his dart. Abaft) dfje blufp d, a7id with diforder fpoke : Her rifmg ftoa77ie ador7i d the words it broke. If V O L U P T A S. 41 Plus Nympham attentus, plus fingula fada notavi, Inque opere Ancills plusquam Ancillaria vidi. Jam Sol Helperio demcrfcrat i^quore Currus ; Cum jam ego pertasfus curas, et feria Lucis, Suaviter aufteros ftatui laxare labores Vefpere, fecretafque Fpulas celebrare Catervam Inter Fsmineam, viiidi reclinis in urgbra, Afferri manibus lympham jufli ante, parats Quam menfe accubui : fie Leges, Juraque pofcunt. Abraj blandus Amor mandarat munia, fontes Ut liquidos daret, ac fuaves mifceret odores. Acce/Tit Nympha obfequio pudibunda decentj, Ut prono redolens Capiti irroraret Olivum : Irrorans tremuit ; nunc caftum oblita pudorem, In Me avidos pavit vifus, arfitque tuendo : Nunc fuffiila rubore vagos revocavit ocellos, Et tacite eft conata tumenti in pedlore motus, Ac moefti premere introrfum Sufpiria Cordis. Unde t:ibi, dixi, manat timor, unde dolores ? Quid fibi Msroris velit hac lugubris Imago ? Semota a Mundi rebus, fejun^laque longe, Tun' Ludlum nutris, etGaudia, Spemque, Metumque? Nam certe, nunquam certe Tibi Pedlus, Amoris, Anguftum, aut Rabiem fenfit, Jaculumve recepit. Erubuit, fubitoque Animi confufa tumultu Singultim h^ec dixit : Pulcher Pudor ora loquentis Ornavit, pondufque dedit, venerefque Loquelie. F Si 42 PLEASURE. If the great Majler will defcend to hear The humble feries of his Hand-maid' s care ; 0\ while fje tells it, let him not put 07i The look-) that awes the Nations from the Throne: I let not Death fevere i7i glory lie In the King s frown, and terror of his eye. Mine to obey ; thy part is to ordain : And tho to mention, be to fuffer paiji; If the King f miles, whilji I my woe recite', "J If weepi7ig I f fid favor in his fight ; \. Flow f aft my tears, full rifiig his delight. J ! witjiefs Earth beneath, ajul Heavn above ; For can I hide it P I am ftck of Lo-ve : If Madnefs may the naine of Paffion bear ; Or Love be caWd, what is i?ideed Defpair. Thou Sov reign Powr, whofe fecret will cojitrolls The inward be?2t and tnotion of our Souls I Why haft thou placdfuch infinite degrees Between the Caufe and Cure of my difeafe f The mighty ObjeSl of that raging fire. In which unpityd Abra 77mjl expire. Had he been bor7i fo7ne fii7tph Shepherd's heir. The lowing herd, or fieecy fijeep his care; At 7norn with him I o'er the hills had ru7i. Scornful of Wi7ite7-s frofl, a7id Su7n77ie7'' s fim. Still VOLUPTAS. 43 Si potis eft animos adeo fubmittcre Princeps, Ut Famula; Curis patientem commodet aurem ; Singula dum narrat, procul exulet horrida Frontis Majeftas, Solio Gentes quaj terret ab alto. Ne Mors in Vultu lateat lugubre micanti, Eque oculo Regis vibret intolerabile Fulgur. Imperitare Tmim ; Mihi jufla capeffere tas eft : Sitque referre licet, fsvos renovare dolores ; Dum refero ludus, ft Rex arrideat ore Pacato; fequiturque meos ft Gratia fletus, Lachryma crebra fluat, fluat Illi plena Voluptas. Te teftor, Tellus, et confcia Sidera Cteli ; Pedus amore calet : Quis condere poftit Amorem ? Si Virgo malefana meretur nomen Amantis: Sive Amor eft, nullum fperare in Amore levamen. O Suprema,Hominum penetrans quae Corda, Poteftas, Aftedus regis, et czeca moderaris habena ! Infinitum adeo cur diftinet Intervallum Difpofttas, Caufamque Mel, Morbique Medelam ? Si, mea quce violens carpit prsecordia, flamm^e Nobilis Ille Audor, flamm^, qua moefta recedet Confumpta in Cineres, heu Nulli flebilis ! Abra, Si modo Paftoris, vel Proles hirta Bubulci, Aut niveos Ovium fastus, Armentave Iseta Curaflet ; Montes iviftem mane per altos, Nil metuens Brumae furias, Solifque calores, F 2 Ufque 44 PLEASURE. Still askings iL'here he ifiade his flock to rsjl at noon. For him at 7iight^ the dear expected Gueflj I had with hafly joy prepard the Feafl ; And from the cottage^ o'er the diflant plain^ Se7it forth my longi?ig eye to meet the Swain ; Wav ri?tg^ impatie?2t.i tofsd by Hope and Fear', "j '7/7/ He and foy together fljotild appear ; \ A72d the lovd Dog declare his Mafler near. J 0?t my declini^ig ?ieckj and open breafl^ I fhoidd have lulfd the lovely Youth to refl ; Arid fro7n beneath his head^ at daw7iing day^ IFithfoftefl care have fl oh 77iy arjn away. To rife J a7ul frofn the fold releafe the Sheep^ Fond of his Flock, i7idulge7it to his Sleep. Or if kind Heav7i propitious to 77iy fla7ne {For fure fro7n Heavn the faithful ardor ca/ne) Had blefl 7ny Life, and decKd tny natal Hour With height of Title, a?td exte72t of Powr: Without V O L U P T A S. 45 Ulque rogans, medium cum Sol fuperarat Olympum, Quane Pecus requiem, et frigus captaret in Umbra. Hofpitis in chari adventum fub node paraflcm Feftinas gaudens cpulas, ct Ruris incmpta Fercula ; et angufti fpeculata e Culmine Tedi, Intendiflem avidos, paffim omne per asquor, ocellos, Sicubi Paftorem vifu deprendere poflem ; Inter Spemque Metumque incerto mobilis reftu, Impatienfque mora? ; donee venlente venirent Illo Delicite, et frontem explicitura Voluptas ; Et Canis adventus jam fignificaret Heriles, LenitcT attritas crebro finuamine Caudcs. Infufum Gremio Juvenem, Colloque retorto Foviflem amplexu perpulchrum, invaferat Artus Irrigui donee facilis Vide itia Somni. Molliter et Caniti rubdu:ere Brachia vellem, Cum Cxlo tenebras oriens Aurora fugarat ; Eximerem claufos furgens ut Ovilibus Agnos, Pulchri Temper anians Pecoris, Pecorifque Magiftri, Huic faciles Somnos, His Pabula l^eta miniftrans. Aut fi forte meo Deus afpiraflet Amori ; (Namque erit Illc mihi femper Deus, indidit ignem Qui tam ca^Ieftem cordi, qui Solis ad inflar Flagrat inextindlum, et parili fulgore corufcat) Si modo me titulis au6lam decoraiiet honeflis, Natalefque meos augufli Iniignia Sccptri (Lucinac 46 PLEASURE, Without a crime 7ny Pajfi07i had afpird^ Found the lovd Pri?2cey and told what I defrd. T^hcn I had come-, prevejitiftg Shebd s ^^een-. To fee the comelieji of the Sons of Men ; To hear the charming Poets amrous Songy And gather honey f alii ?ig from his To?7gue\ To take the fragrant kijfes of his Mouth, Sweeter tha7t breezes of her native South ; Likening his Grace-, his P erf on, and his Alien To all that Great or Beauteous I had Jeen. Serene a?id bright his Eyes, asfolar bea^ns RcfleSling temper d light from cryjlal frea^ns ; Ruddy as Gold his Cheek ; his Bofofn fair As Silver ; the curfd ringlets of his Hair Black as the Raven s wing \ his Lip jnore red Tloan La ft em coral-, or the Scarlet thread'-, Even his Teeth, a?id white like a young Flock Coeval-, newly fjor7t, fro77i the clear Brook Recent., V O L U P T A S. 47 (Lucina; favor, et nafcendi nobilis ordo) OrnalTent: creviiTet Amor mihi criminis cxpcrs; Turn molles ad Regem aditus mihi Fata dediflent, Et fari coram, dulcemque recludere flammam. Tunc Ego venifiem certans przevertere Shebae Reginam, ut veneres indutum mille viderem, Qui forma Natos Hominum fupereminet omnes. Ut Lyrici Charitas redolentia carmina Vatis Dulcifona audirem ; ut depafcerer aurea didla, Mellaque libarem, quaj Lingua Poetica fudit. Oris ut Ambrofii fragrantia Bafia fugens Exprimerem, fuaves fuperantia Veris odores, Cinnamcamque, oras Shebaj quas ventilat, auram. Egregias format Veneres, ac frontis honores Omnibus aflimilans, quas, Pulchra, autSplendida florent. Dulce micant Oculi, ceu lucida tela Diei, Refradum nitidi jaculantes lumen ab undis Chryftalli, et modico radiant fulgore fereni ; Interfula Genas diftinguit Purpura, et Auro Par Rubor ; Argenti candentia pedora vincunt Splendorem; torti per l^evia Colla Capilli Nigrefcunt, quales fparfaj per tergora pennse Cornicis ; plus Labra rubent, quam tindla colore Stamina Puniceo, Eoive Corallia Ponti ; ^quali pulchre Dentes ftant ordine, et albi Grex veluti, cui forma cadem eft, eademque Juventas, Qui que 48 PLEASURE. Recenty and blanching on the funny Rock. Ivry "With Saphirs interfpers'' d^ explams Hoiv ivhitc his Hands, how blue the majily Veins. Columns of poliJlSd Marble firmly fet On golden bafesy are his Legs and Feet. His Stature all Majeflic, all Diviiie^ Straight as the Palmt^-ee, frong as is the Pine. Saffron and Myrrhe are on his Garment: fijed : And everlafing Sweets bloom round his Head. What utter If where am If wretched Maid! Die, Abra, die: too plai?ily hafl Thou f aid Thy foufs defre to 7neet his high Embrace, And bleffings flamf d upon thy future Race', To bid attentive Nations blefs thy Wo7nb, With unborn Monarchs chargd, a7id Solomo7is to C077ie. Here o'er herfpeech her flowi77g eyes prevail. foolifij Maid I and, unhappy Tale I Myfuff'ring heart for ever fh all defy New wounds, and danger fro7n a future eye. \ yet 7ny tortur d fenfes deep retain The wretched 7neiriry of 7ny for77ier pain. Th oe V O L U P T A S. 49 Qiilque recens tonfum liqiiido de fluminc Vcllus Purum a Sordc rcfcrt, ct nunc in Rupis aprico Vertice, Phsbco fervori obnoxius albct. Sapphiris veluti miftuni violaverit apte Si quis Ebur, Manus alba, et cjerula Vena colores Non alios jaftant : hiiic Crura pedefque Columnee Stant ut Marmore^e luper Aurea fulcra locate. Nobilis Ore nitet Majeftas ; Corpore Palmam Procero, validis et Pinum viribus ^quat. Myrrhani, fragrantefque Crocos exfpirat Amiclus, Perpetuumque Nemus circa caput halat Amomi. Quid loquor ? aut ubi fum ? qua^ me dementia cepit ? Iratis heu ! nata Deis, miferabilis Abra ! Quin morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem : Heu ! Claris nimium verbis, temeraria Virgo, Vulgafti angufto conceptum in pedtore Votum ; Te velle in thalamos Tanti confcendere Regis, Amplexuque frui ; feros honor unde Nepotes, Et derivati decorabit Gloria Regni ; : Ut fortunatam Gens omnis prasdicet Alvum, Sceptrigera fetam Sobole, et Solomone futuro. Hie Lachryms impediunt iter udum Vocis obort.-e, O Virgo male/ana, infauftaque Fabula ! pedlus Ufque meum taedamque novam, et nova Vulnera temnet, Spiculaque ex oculo fugiet vibrata futuro. Heu ! prifcus dolor in confoffis fenfibus hi^rens G S^vit 50 PLEASURE, "The dire affront, and my Rgyptia?i chaht. As time, I /aid, may happily efface That cruel image of the King's difgrace ; Imperial Reafo7i ffjall refujne her feat ; Ajid Solomon 07iczfaUn, again be great. Betray d by Paffwit, as fubdu d ifi JVar, TVe wifely fljould exert a double care,' Nor ever ought afecond time to ej'r. This Abra then I faw Her \ 'twas Humanity : it gave So7ne refpite to thefo'rrows of my Slave. Her fofid cxcefs proclaiind her paffion true\ A?id generous Pity, to that Truth was due. Well I intreated her, who well defervd'y I calTd her often ; for fhe always fervd. life made her Perfon eafy to ?ny fight y And VOLUPTAS. 51 Saevit adhiic; mc Vinc'la etiamnum TEgyptia vexant, Et vel adliuc memori manct alte in Mentc repoftuni Opprobriumqiic vetus, ipreta^que injuria flamm^. Poftcra cum forfan potis eft feliciter hora Saeva adeo delere mei monimenta Pudoris ; L^ta fuas Ratio fedes, et frxnn. refumet, Et lapfus Solomon iterum ad faftigia rerum Afcendet, folitofque fibi depofcet honores. Cum femel indigna tenuerunt compede mentem Affeclusj animofque lues interna fubegit, Marte velut domitos cautas intendere vires Hie labor, hoc opus eft, Pravique ambage relida, Erroris nunquam curfus iterare finiftros. Abra mihi impllcuit limilis contagia Alorbi. Hanc vifu dignatus eram ; fic pedlus amicum In Genus humanum fuaftt : folatia Lucius Hoc dedit Ancill^, paullumque emolliit sgram. Prodebat veros Labor officiofus amores ; Parque fuit veras Nymphas miferefcere curas, Et placido vultu tantos medicarier asftus. Praemia concefli Meritis, blandoque Puellam Lenibam alloquio ; et ledlam de millibus unam Saepius, egregio dignatus bonore, vocabam ; Semper enim partes implebat lasta Miniftrs. Hanc facilem vifu repetitus reddidit Ulus, G 2 Quseque 52 PLEASURE, A72d Eafe i7ife?ifibly prodiic d Delight. TVJmie e?' I re^ielt d in the TVomeit s boivrs [For firjl 1 fought her but at loofer hours] The Apples JJse had gather dfmelt mojl fweet : The Cake Jlje hieaded was the faviy 77ieat : But Fruits their odor lojl^ and Meats their tajle-. If gejitle Ahra had 7Wt declid the Feafl. Difo7iord did the fparkli7ig Goblet Jland : XJnlefs receiv d from gentle Abrds ha77d : And when the Virgins for 771 d the eveni7ig choir ,. Raifing their voices to the Mafle7'-lyre ; Too flat I thought This voice, a7td That too frill \ One fowd too 7nuch, a7id 07ie too little skill : Nor could t7iy fotd approve the Mufcs tone ; '7/7/ all was hufjd, a7jd Abrafung alone. Fairer Shefee77id, dif}i7iguifj d frotn the reft ; And better Mien difclosd-, as better dreft. A V O L U P T A S. 53 Quasqiie fuit facilis vifu, mox grata vidcndo Enituit, fubitaqiie animum dulcedine movit. Mollia cum fuavi fallebani tcnipora luxii, Inter Faemincas fedes, et am^na vireta, Delicias Veneris meditans, et totus in illis ; (Hanc etenim primo magnarum pondere reriim LafTatus quaerebam, hor^E folamen inertis ;) Huic decerpta manu dulciffima Poma ; faporcs Hac Epulis operante novos habuere Placenta : At Frudus odor, et periit fua gratia Caena?, Jucundufque fapor; nifi amabilis Abra decoro Ornaflet fumptu convivia : fpumea Vino Pocula deliciifque fuis, et honore carebant, Haec niii Pulchra manus porrexit amabilis Abras : Cumque clioros Jeda: cclebrarent Vefpere Nympha?, iEquarentque Lyras dominantis voce canores ; Hzec nimis aufterum, nimis ilia fonabat acutum, Huic nimis artis erat, Solertia defuit illi : Nee placuit Citharce fonus, et vis Mufica cordi, Donee tota Cohors tacuit, jamque edidit Abra Sola Melos, dulcique fonorc filentia rupit. Eminuit pulchras inter pulcherrima, forma Nobilis exorti, exortes dum duxit honores ; Quoque magis nitidos induta inceilit amicluSy Ore magis nitido, et geftu meliore refullit, Mille trahens varios radianti a Vefte decores ; Tureen* 54 PLEASURE, A bright Tiara roimd her Forehead tyd, To jufler bounds conjin d its rifing pride : The blupjing Ruby o?i her f7iQ'wy Breaji^ Re7iderd its pa?2ti?7g ivhitencfs 7?iore C072fefs\l : Bracelets of Pearl gave j'oimdT^efs to her ylr?7i; A7id ev7y ge77i aug77je7Jted evry charfn. Her Se7ifes pleas d^ Her Beauty Jl ill i7nprovd\ Aftd She iTtore lovely grew^ as 77tore belovd. A77d 710W I could behold^ avow^ aTtd blatne The feveral follies of 77iy fortner flame ; WilliTig 77ty heart for recompe77ce to prove The certain "Joys that lie 771 proffrous Love. For what, faid /, fro7n Abra can I fear^ Too hu77ible to ififult, too foft to befevere ? The Da77tfeTsfole a7)jbition is to pleafe : With freedo7n I may likey and quit with eafe: She foot hs J but 7iever can enthral 7ny 7ni7td : Why may not Peace a7td Love for 07tce be joi7'idf Great Heavnl how frail thy creature Man is madel How VOLUPTAS. 55 Turgens frontis honos, inclufus limite jufto, Detumuit modicum, rutilo impediente Tiara : Emicuit magis in ludanti pedlorc candor Confpicuusj rubri diftindlus luce Pyropi: Pulchra rotundarunt Armills brachia, baccis Infignes ; Gemmaque decor fuit audus ab omni. Dumque hilares mulfere perennia Gaudia fenfus, Laetitia crevit crefcente Superbia Formae ; Nymphaque amabilior, quo plus fe fenfit amatam. Prod lit, eque nieo veneres fibi duxit amore. Agnofco reputans, mcrito et jam crimine damno Errores fatuos, ac prifci dedecus ignis ; Speratum meritis ubi refpondere favorem Contingit, jam fjoonte volens fuccumbere Amori Felici, et certae flagrare cupidine Mefiis. Qu^nam etenim ex A-bra metuenda' pericula ? Virga Corda intus fummiila, illudere nelcia capto, Et manfueta gerit, fasvos cxola triumphos. Ut placeat gtudium conftans, et Tola Puellae Ambitio eft : Mentis datur exercere poteftas Arbitrium j vel amare, aut cum jam^ taedeP, amatatti' Linquere: me mira illedum dulcedine lenit, At nunquam indecori retinebit compede vindum. Cur non pofiit Amor femel, et Pax alma coire? Quam fragile eft Animal, quam caiTo robore pollet Mortalis, proh Summe Deus ! quam prodere fenfim 56 P L E A S U R E, How by Hrmfelf mfe7ifihly betray d I In our oison Jire?igth unhappily fecure^ Too little cautious of the adverfe povcr ; And by the blaji of Self-opi?iion mov dy TVe wifj to charm, and feek to be belovd. Oit Pleafure's flowing brifik we idly fir ay y Mafiers as yet of our returning way : Seeing no danger, we difarm our mi7id\ And give our conduB to the waves and wind : Then in the fiowry Mead, or verdant Shade To wantoji Dalliance negligently laid, We weave the Chaplet, and we crown the Bowl, And f??iili7ig fee the nearer waters roll\ ^Till the flrong gufls of ragifig PaJJton rife ; '7/7/ the dire Tempefi mingles Earth and Skies ; Andfwift into the houndlefs Ocean born. Our foolifD co?ifidence too late we mourn : Round our devoted Heads the Billows beat ; Afid VOLUPTAS. 57 Se ftudetj exitiumque fibi molitur fneptus ! Nefcfa Mens Hominum fati, Sortifque futurae, Vi nimium confifa fua infelicitcr audet, Et nimis heu turget rebus fublata fecundis ! Noftraque dum Faftiis inflantur Carbafa vento, DivTriis petimus captivos ducere fenfus Illecebrls, cupidifque animis optamus amari. Laeta Voluptatis prope Flumina leniter aevum Ducimus, errantes extremo in Margine ripae, Dum vel adhuc faciles praebet Fortuna regreffus : Mens, ignara metus, fua projicit armaj peric'lum Dum latet, et Ventis tradit fecura protervis Confilium : tunc Deliciis, Venerique vacantes, Floriferis temere in Pratis, viridique fub umbra Proftrati, varia fragrantes arte Corollas Teximus, et Calices undanti implemus Jaccho ; Et labi propiore volumine cernimus eequor Ridentes; donee violento concitus jeftu Affedtus, faevitque animi malefana Cupido; Donee vi rapida Venti, velut agmine fadlo, Qua data porta, ruunt ; et Hyems jam turbida nimbis Et coelo terras, et terris mifcuit undas ; Cum nos in prseceps prono rapit asquore Vortex, Sero Stultitiamque, et fpes lugemus inanes : Devotum Morti caput undique pulfat aquarum H Impetus, 58 PLEASURE. And from our troubled view the lejfend lands retreat. mighty Love I from thy unbounded powr How fall the human bofom ref fecunf How fall our thought avoid the various fnaref Or Wifdom to our caution d foul declare "The different f apes ^ Thou pleafef to imploy. When bent to hurt^ and certain to defray f The haughty Nymph i?t open Beauty drefy To-day encounters our unguarded breaf : She looks with Majefy^ a7id moves with State : "| Unbejit her fouU a?id in misfortu?ie greats > Shefcorns the Worlds and dares the rage of Fate. \ Here whilf we take fern Manhood for our guidey And guard our conduSi with becoming pride \ Charm' d with the courage in her aSiio7i fowny We praife her mind^ the Image of our own. She that can pleafe^ is certain to perfuade : To-day belovdy to-morrow is obey d. We thifik we fee thro Reafo7t s optics right ; Nor fndj how Beauty s rays elude our fght : Struck VOLUPTAS. 59 Impetus, atque oculo Tellus fubduda dolentl Decrefcit vifu minor, et vanefcit in auras. O late pollens Amor ! O Suprema Poteftas ! Quels Humana tuas eludent Corda catenas Artibus ? aut varias Ratio qux provida fallet Infidias ? Quaenam doceat Prudentia mentem, Qux te transformas rerum in miracula, certus Laedere Mortales, et iniquo perdere leto ? Virgo tumens faftu, Veneris ditiflima donis Cor hodie oppugnat, tantis congreffibus impar: Fulget in incefTu Majeftas, fulget in ore : Libera dum curis, nulloque infrada dolore | Mens inter medios fpirat fublimia cafus, Ilia Hominum, et Fati furias irridet inanes. Hie dum feva fuis Virtus nos lledlit habenis, Et rigidos tutatur Honefta Superbia mores j Magnanims infolita capti virtute Puellse, Non indigna Viro laudamus pedora, Mentemque Excelfam, et fpeculo nobis blandimur in illo. Quae lenocinio devincit, docTta placendi Mille modos, fuadere potejR:, et corda gubernat Eloquio : ferpentem hodie per pedlora flammam Sentit Amans, fupplex Nymphas eras paret amats, Decipimur fpecie Redi, Rationis ocello Confili nimis ; ignari, quam Spicula Vultiis Formoii, radiique micantes Lumina fallant. H 2 Fulgura 6o PLEASURE, Struck with her eye^ whiljl we applaud her mind ; A7jd wheii wefpeak her great j we wiJJj her kind. To-morrowy cruel Powry thou arttijl the Fair With Jiowiftg forroWy ajid dijljevefd hair : Sad her complaint^ and humble is her tale^ Her Jighs explaining where her accents fail. Here gen rous foftjiefs warms the honejl breajl : We raife thefady and fuccour the dijlrefsd : And whiljl our wijh prepares the kind relief; Whiljl pity mitigates her riftng grief: We ftcke7i fooTi from her contagious care; Grieve for her forrows^ groaji for her dejpai'fy And againjl Love too late thoje bojoms arniy Which tears can foften^ and which fghs can warm. Againjl this nearejl cruelejl offoes^ What fhall wit meditate^ or force oppoje P Whence, feeble Nature, fljall we Jummo?2 aid; If by our pity, and our pride betray d^ External remedy Jlmll we hope to find. When the cloje Fiend has gain d our treacF I'otis mi fid; Injulting there does Reajons powr deride ; And blind himjelf, conduSls the dazled guide i My VOLUPTAS. 6i Fulgura nos Oculi pneftiingunt lucida, mentcm Laudantes; et cum fortem, magnamque fatemur, MIrando ardemus, facilemque precamur aniorem. Improbe Amor, Nymphce eras triftia fuggeris arma, Rorantefque Genas lachrymis, paflbfque Capillos : Sermo humilis, quenilufque dolor; Sufpiria praeftant Crebra vicem, quoties nee Vox neque verba fequuntur, Concipiunt placidos generofa hinc Pedlora motus: Trifte levare genu, et fuccurrere difcimus aegras : Dumque inopi auxilium votis properamus amicis ; Dum pia crefcentes minuunt fblatia lu6lus : Tranfitione malum nocet, et contagia Moeror Diflipat ; adflemus flenti, adgemimuique gcmenti j. Serius armatum Cor fefe opponit Amori,. Qiiod gemitu calet, ac lacJirynils mollefcere novlt. Hujus in incurfus, domita qui Mente triumphos Intus agit, cun6lis truculentior hoflibus, artes Quas ftruet Ingenium, qux propugnacula vires Objicient ? aut unde tuo male fulta vigore, Natura, auxilium, fociafque arccflere turmas Fas erit, ingenium fi mite, auimique feroces Nos prodant Faftus ? num fpe ludemur inani, Externamque petemus opem, cum ob{ederit Hoflis- Vifcera, et infido fub Pedore Signa locarit ? Illic infultat Vidor Ratione fubada,, Illufeque Ducis regit orbus lumine grefius ? Nunc 62 PLEASURE, My Conqueror noii^ my lovely Abra held My Freedom in her Chains : my Heart was Jilfd IFith Her^ with Her alone : in Her alone It fought its Peace and Joy : while She was gone^ Itjigljdj and grievdy impatient of her Jlay : "| Return' dj She chas d thofc Sighsy that Grief away : V Her abfence made the?tight : her prefe7ice brought the day. ^ The Ball^ the Play^ the Mask by turns fucceed. For her I make the Song : the Dance with her I lead. I court her various i?t each fljape and drefs, "That Luxury may form^ or Thought exprefs. To-day beneath the Palm-tree on the Plains In Deborah's arms and habit Abra reigns : The wreath denoting conquefi guides her brow : And low, like Barak, at her feet I bow. The mimic Chorus fmgs her profprous Ha7id\ As foe had fain the Foe, andfavd the Lafid. To-morrow f)e approves afofter Air\ Forfakes the pomp and pageantry of War ; The form of peaceful Abigail ajfumes ; And fro?n the Village with the Prefe?2t co?nes : The VOLUPTAS. 6^ Nunc vidum grata me vinxit amabilis Abra Compede : cor totum pofledit, et una replevit Dileda ante alias Virgo : fuit Ilia Voluptas, Sola fuit Requics : cum cefTerat Ilia, morarum Impatiens dolui, et fufpiria crebra profudi ; Ilia redux ludlum, et fulpiria moefta fugavit. Nox erat atra abfente, Dies praefente refulfit. Alternis fubeunt et Scenica Pompa, Chorique, Et Perfonati Lafcivia Comica Ludi. Huic pedibus plaudo choreas, Huic Carmina dice* Hanc fequor ornatus totidem formafque gerentem, Dasdala quot Luxus Solertia fingere novit. Abra hodie patulo Palmae Tub tegmine regnat, Cindla armis, habitus Deborah imitata viriles : Fefta triumphales exornant Serta capillos : Ipfe, Barachi inftar, proflrato corpore fupplex. Adv'olvor pedibus : celebrat Felicia Nymphje Coepta Chorus, fidlique canit miracula Belli ; Haud aliter quam fi patriis averterat oris Exitium Vindcx animofa, et ftraverat Ploflem. Cras placidi geflus magis, et tranquilla Venuftas Huic placet : exuit ora trucem referentia Martem, Et Pompam Armorum, Simulachraque fplendida ponit ; Paciferas induitur vultus, habitufque Abigalae ; Et Villa egrediens opulentos ruris honores Pleno lasta firiu portat : mirata Juventus Deligunt 64 PLEASURE, The Tctithfiil ba7id depoje their glittring Arms ; Receive her Boimties, and recite her Charms ; Whiljl 1 ajftime my Father s Step and Mien, To meet with due Regard my future ^ueen. If hap'ly Abrds IVill he now inclind To rajige the Woods., or chace the flyijig Hind y Soo7t as the Sun awakes ^ thefprightly Court Leave their Repofe^ and haflen to tlje Sport. In lejfend Royalty, and humble State, Tljy Kifig, fei'iifaletn, defce?jds to wait, 'Till Abra comes. She comes : a Milk-white Steed, Mixture of P erf as, and Arabia s Breed, Suflatjjs the Nymph : her Garments flying loofe {As the Sydo7iia7i Maids, or Thracia7t ufe) A7jd half her Knee, a7id half her Breafl appear. By Art, like Neglige7tce, difclosd, and bare. Her left Hand guides the htmting Courfers Flight : A Silver Bow She carries in her Right : And from the golden Quiver at her Side, Rujlles the Ebon Arrow s feather d Pride. Saphirs and Diamonds on her Front difplay An artificial Moons increafng Ray. Diana, VOLUPTAS. 65 Defigunt tclliirc haftas, et Scuta reclinant ; Accipiunt dona, ac Veneres uno ore fatentur; Ipfe Patris grcfliim, et Frontis venerabilc pondus AfFedans, multa cum majeflate Futurae Reginae occurro, et celfa in Palatia duco. Sin denfis forte in Sylvis velit Abra vagari, Et Ccr\'os agitare leves, aut figere Damas ; Sole recens orto ftratis excita foporem Excutitj agreftique accingitur Aulica Ludo Exultans animis Pubes. Celeberrimus Ille, JRex Tuusj O Solyme, Sceptri gravitate relida, Et jam Rege minor, cundlantem fedulus Abrani Expedlat : tandem magna ftipante caterva, Progreditur: Nympham Sonipes candore nivali, Perfarum ducens Arabumque ab origine gentem Ambiguam, portat : Ventis ludibria veftes Difcindlje fluitant, (Tyriis fic ire Puellis, Sic mos Threiciis) apparent parte papillze Dimidia, nudumque genu ; nullumque fatetur, Sit licet Arte exculta, decens Incuria Cultum. Quadrupedem laeva regit, et veftigia firmat : Infignem argento manus altera fuftinet Arcum. Ex Aurea, lateri, Pharetra, quae penfilis hzeret, Tela fonant, Ebenufque corufcis perftrepit alis. Sapphirus, niveaque Adamas in fronte relucens Oftendunt fidae crefcentia Cornua Lunas. I Omnia 66 PLEAS U R E. Dia?iay Huntrefs^ Mijirefs of the Groves^ The fav rite Abrafpeah^ and looks., a?id moves. Her, as the prefe?tt Goddefs, I obey : Be7ieath her Feet the captive Game I lay. 'The vmigled Chorus fi7igs Dia?ias Fame : Clarions a?id Horns in louder Peals proclaim Her Myjlic Praife : the vocal Triumphs boujid Againjl the Hills : the Hills refleSl the Souitd. If tird this Evening with the htmted JVoods^ To the large Fijh-pools, or the glajjy Floods Her Mind To-morrow points ; a thoifa?td Hands To-night e^nployd, obey the Ki?ig's Commands. Upon the watry Beach an artful Pile Of Planks is join dy a?td forms a jnoving Ife. A goldeJt Chariot i?i the Midfl isfet , And fiver Cygnets feem to feel its Weight. Abra^ bright ^ueen-, afcends her gaudy Throne, Infemblance of the Grcecian Venus k?io'ivn : Trit07is and Sea-gree?i Naiads round her move j And fi72g in i7iovi7ig StraiTis the Force of Love : Whilfi as th' approachi7ig Pagemit does appear ; And V O L U P T A S. 67 Omnia Dianje fimilis, voccmque, coloremque, Et GrefTum, Princeps nemorum nunc Abra movetur Venatrix. illam, pra^fcns ceu Numen, adoro : Illius ante pedes votivam ex ordine praedam Projicio. focio famani Chorus ore Dianae Concinit : jerifonam Lituufque et Buccina vocem Altiiis intendunt, et falfa Laude tumefcunt PJenius : Aerios certantia Murmura Colles Percutiunt : pulfi Colles clamore refultant, Et Nemorum affenfu vox ingeminata remugit. Vefpere ii fero capiant faftidia Nympham Venatus, Nemorumque, et eras pellucida malit Flumina, Pifcofofque Lacus invifere ; Fabrum Mille hac no(5le manus Regalia jufla capeffunt. Concrefcit tabulis compada in littore Moles, Inque Altum demiffa, Natatilis Infula prodit. In medio Currus radianti fulgidus auro Ponitur ; Argenteique videntur pondus Olores Sentire, ac Collo vix fuftentare gementi. Formola, alcendit Solium, Regina, corufcum Abra, et adoptivo Veneris cognomine crefcit : Plurimus banc Triton, et Naiades undique glaucas Agminibus ftipant deniis ; blandaque camoena Vim celebrant dulcem, pollenfque Cupidinis Oeftrum, Interea, propius dum Pompse accedit Imago Ludicra j fublatufque Virum jam Clamor, et Ora I 2 Pulfa 68 PLEASURE, And echoing Crouds fpeak mighty Venus near ; /, her Adorer^ too devoutly Jla?id Fajl on the utmo/i Margi7t of the Land^ JVith Arms a?td Hopes extended., to receive The fancy d Goddefs rifng from the Wave. fubjeEi Rcajon I imperious Love I Whither yet further tvould my Folly rove'^ Is it e?toughy that Abra fjould be great In the walld Palace^ or the Rural Seat ? That maskiftg Habits., and a borrow d Name Contrive to hide my Plenitude of Shame f No, no : ferufaleifi combijid mufl fee My open Fault, a?id Regal Iff amy. Solemfi a Month is defli?id for the Feafi : Abra invites : the Nation is the Guefl. To have the Honor of each Day fuflai?i d. The Woods are traversd; and the Lakes are drain d : Arabia's Wilds, and Egypt's are exploj'd: Tlje Edible Creation decks the Board: Hardly the Phenix f capes ■ The Men their Lyres, the Maids their Voices raife. To ftng my Happinefs, and Abra s P raife. And favifj Bards our ?nutual Loves rehearfe In VOLUPTAS. 69 Pulfa fono, Veiierem teftatur adefle potentem ; Ipfe plus nimiiim Cultor fervilia preefto Officia, extremoque pedes in Margine figo, Extendens cupidafque manus, et Pedlora, fidum. Ut capiam vitrcis emergens Numen ab Undis. O Ratio Alterius juffis obnoxia! Sceptro Efferus O trifti, et faeva ditione, Cupido ! Quonam me ulterius temerarius auferet Error? An fatis efl intra Muros, et Septa Palati, Aut fcenas inter virides, Nemorumque recefTus, Plufquam Regificos Abram exercere triumphos i^ An Larva fatis, ac fidto prajtexere Culpam Nomine, ct arte Nefas tantum celare modefta ? Non ita: fpedatum veniet Solymeia Tellus Principis Opprobrium, et manifefti Signa Pudoris- Lsetitis Menfis, feftoque facratur honori : Abra vocat : Judara epulas accita frcqucntat. Sufficere ut Luxu poflint alimenta diurno, Svlva exhaufta Feris viduatur, Pifcibus Unda: Quin Arabum fpoliantur, ct avia Tefqua Canopi: Undique collegium mcnfas Genus ornat Edule : Vix fugit Ipk Gulam, Volucris licet Unica, Phoenix. Jmpellunt Pueri vocalcs pollice Chordas, Innuptaj liquido refonant Melos ore Puellas, Felicemque canunt Solomona, Abramque venufEam. Quin et venales auro, Gens improba, Vates Mendaci 70 PLEASURE. In lying Strains^ and ignominious Ve7'fe : While fro7?i the Ba?iquet leacii?7g forth the Bridcy Whom prudent Love from public Eyes fhould hide ; I fjow Her to the TVorld, co7ifefs\i a fid knowji ^luezn of my Hearty and Partner of my 'Throne. And now her Friends and Flatt rers fill the Court : From Dan^ and fro7n Beeifoeba they refort : Ihey barter Places^ and difpofe of Grants^ Whole Provinces unequal to their Wants. "They teach Her to recede^ or to debate ; With Toys of Love to 7nix Affairs of State:, By praSlisd Rides her E77ipire to fecure \ And in ftiy Pleafure jnake jny Ruin fur e. They gave-, a7id She transferred the cursed Advice^ That Mo7iarchs pould their inward Soul difguife^ > Diffe7nble and C077277ia7idj be falfe arid wife ; By igno7ninious Arts for fervik Ends Should V O L U P T A S. 71 Mendaci cithara, ac probrofo carmine amores Concelebrant, titulifque decoris Crimen inaurant. Poftqiiam exempta fames Epulis, Menfasque remote^ Egredior ducens media inter millia Sponfam, Quam Prudens celaret Amor; pofitoque pudore Spedlandam exhibeo Cundlis, Soliique, Torique Confortem, Cordifque mei, Sceptrique potentem. Nunc et Adulantiim plenis vomit jedibus undan:^ Aula frequens, quos Abra fuis adicripfit Amicis : Dan exhaufta caret, caret et Beerflieba Colonis. Sordida regifico tradant commercia tedo ; Proftat Honos Auro, proftant Infignia Regni, Et minor eft avidis Provincia plurima Votis. Cedere quando opus, aut noftris fe opponere diclis. Hi Nympham erudiunt ; et Amoris Ludicra Curis Imperii gravibus mifcere, ac Seria Nugis ; Per fixas ftabilem firmare Tyrannida Normas ; Deliciifque meis fatalem infundere Peftem. Confilium, Sceleris quod debuit Ilia Magiftris,. Succinit, et diro fallit mea corda veneno ; Regibus, hsec inquit, fas eft obducere fuco Pellaci fua verba, ac casca abfcondere node Internes animi fenfiis ; fimulare, jubere, Vulpinafquc agitare cato fub pedore fraudes ; Qiiin opus eft pravas didicifie hdeliter artes, Et, fua dum fpedant ftudiofi commoda, blandis Ilia- ^ -^ PL E J SUR E. Should co7nplime?ii thei?' Foes, a?id pun their Friends. And now I leave the true and jujl Supports Of legal Priftces^ and of honefl Courts, Ba^'zillats, and the fierce BenaiaEs Heirs ; JFhofe Sires, great Partners i?z my Father s Cares, Saluted their you7ig King at Hebro/i crowjid. Great by their Toil, and glorious by their JFound. And 7WW, tmhappy Council, I prefer 'Thofe whojn my Follies only 7nade t7ie fear. Old Corah" s Brood, and tau72ting Shi77iets Race ; "j Mifcrea7its who owd their Lives to David's Grace \ \ Tho they hadfpu7'7td his Rule, and cursd hi7n to his Face-} Still Abrds Pcw'r, my Scandal fill i7icreasd\ fufiice fubmitted to what Abra pleas d : fjer will alone could fettle or revoke ; And Law was fix d by what She Latefl fpoke. Ifrael negleBed, Abra was 7ny Care : I VOLUPTAS. 73 Illaqueare doHs Inimicos, pellere Amicos, Quos Probitas cxornat, amorquc iiicodus Hoiicfli. Et jam fubduco iidas mihi fponte Columnas, Fulcraque contemno, quze Juftos optima Reges Suftentant, queis nixa viget, tollitque fub auras Lata caput, ftudlis florefcens Regia pulchris ; BarzilliE Hseredes, et fortia corda, Benaice Eelligeri Sobolem ; quorum, Gens inclyta, Patres Rite falutarunt Diadema Hebronis ad urbem Indutum, viridi cum jam pubefceret aevo, Jeffeiden, ducentem alieno e vulnere famara, Et Rerum fociis evedlum ad Culmina cutis. Nunc in deliciis habeo inconfultus et amens, Quos formidandos mea Noxa, ac devius error Reddidit, arguti metuendos Scommate Nafi ; Mordacis Shimei Catulos, Coraeque vetufti ; Queis animo David vidus clemente pepercit, Legibus obtritis licet, et moderamine Sceptri, Ipfius ante oculos diris petiere Tyrannum. Crevit adhuc Abras imperium, mihi dedecus una Crevit, et auda novas vires Infamia fumpfit ; Arbitrio Lances Abrse Themis Ipfa potentis Submifit labefada fuas : Jus hujus ab ore Pendebat ; fixit Leges Verbo, atque relixit. Pcfthabita Ifrael, mihi Publica et Unica Cura Abra fuit : parens huic foli munia Vit^ K Laeto 74 PLEASURE. I only aBedj thought-, and livd for Her. I diirjl ?iot reafo?i with my izoimded Heart. Abra pojfefid ; She was its better Part. I had I now review" d the famous Caufe, JFhich gave 7?ty righteous Youth fo jufi Applatfe \ hi vain o?t the dijfembled Mother s lo?jgue Had cufining Art., a7id fy Pe?fuafon hung ; Afid real Care iti vain, and native Love In the true Parent s panting Breafl had Jl rove ; While both deceivd had fee7i the deflind Child Or fain, or favd, as Abra frowjid, orfmifd. Unhiowijig to command, proud to obey, A life-lefs Ki?2g, a Royal Shade I lay. Unheard the injur d Ofphans now complain : The Widow s Cries addrefs the Throne in vain. Caufes unjudgd difgrace the loaded File ; And VOLUPTAS. 75 Lasto obil ftudio. Soli res fedulus egi, Huic foli tenues verllibam pc6lore curas, Huic totus vigui, Solique in commoda vixi. Heu ! non aufus eram trutina Rationis in. aequa Explorarc aliquid, vel Ixfo feria corde Volv^ere, et errores tantos proferre fub auras. Abra intus tenuit, Cordis Pars optima, Sedem. O ! fi nunc iterum peragi me Judice Caufani Vidiflem egregiam, meritos quze jufta locuto Afleruit Juveni plaufus, Ars callida Matris Fruftra infediflet fidae, Suadelaque labris Mellea ; et in Veras tumuiflent pedore fruftra Natura ftimulatus Amor, et confcia Prolis Cura fuae ; deceptae animi dum morte peremptum Spedlaflent Ambae Puerum, vel vefcier aura Permifllim stherea, litis prout Arbitra, frontem Obduxit nebula, vel rifu molliit, Abra. Imperii laxas moliri ignarus habenas, Servitium affedans, amplexatufque catenam, Truncus iners jacui, et Magni vix Principis Umbra. Fundit inauditas Orborum turba querelas Cuftodum vi laefa ; preces, ac flebile Murmur Incaflum mittunt Viduse, Soliumque fatigant. Judicii nondiim librat^ examine lites Praegrave dedecorant pendens e vertice Filum j K 2 Et 76 PLEASURE, J And Jleeping Laws the Kings NeghEi revile. No more the Elders throTigd around my Throne, To hear my Maxims, and reform their owfj. No more the Totmg Nobility were taught. How Mofes gO'ver7jd, and how David fought. LiOofe and undifciplin d the Soldier lay ; Or loji in Drink and Game thefolid Day : Porches and Schools, deftgn d for public Good, Uncover d, and with Scafolds cu7nber d flood. Or nodded, threatning Ruin Half Pillars wanted their expeEied Height ; A?id Roofs imperfeSi prejudiced the Sight. The Artifls grieve ; the laboring People droop : My Father 5 Legacy, my Country's Hope, God's Temple lies unfjiif^d The Wife a?td Grave deplord their Monarch" s Fate, And future Mifchiefs of a ftnking State. Is this, the Serious f aid, is this the Ma?i, Whofe a&ive Soul thro'' evry Science ran f Whd V O L U P T A S. 77 Et Leges (binno paritcr cum Rcge fepiiltce, Otia fecuri damnant ingloria Regis. Jam non ulteriiis Seniorum nobilis Ordo Confluit ad Solium, praecepta (alubria dod:i Hinc emendatis ut normam Moribus aptent. Jam non ulterius didicit Generofa Juventus, Quid Mofis potuit Sceptrum, quid Davidis Arma. Defuetus belli ftudiis fine more jacebat, Enervis luxu, et Solidi Spatia ampla Diei , Confumpfit lufus inter, vel Pocula Miles : Jamque Scholae, et longis le porred:ura per orbes Area Porticibus, quas olim in Publica fanus Commoda molibar, Tedi faftigia quserunt, Et Tabulatorum vidlae fub mole fatifcunt, Nutantve horrificis ex alto immane Ruinis. Culmina Dimidiae pofcunt Iperata Columnas ; Et lasdunt oculos Teda interrupta, minaeque Murorum ingentes, denormatique labores. Artifices lugent, Fabriliaque Agmina languent : A Patre legatum, Patrize Spcs maxima, Magni Templum, Auguftum, ingens, flat Numinis imperfedum, Cognatoque jacent aquanda Cacumina Cslo. Fata dolent Sapiens, aufteraque Turba, Tyranni; Et derivandas in Rcgna labantia clades. Hie Vir, Hie eft, inquit rigidus Servator Honefti, Cujus Mens agilis peregre fine corpore velox Notitis campos ruit expatiata per omnes ? Ingeniura 78 PLEylSURE, IF ho bv ji(Ji Rule and elevated Skill PrefcriU d the dubious Bounds of Good and 111 f IVhoJe Golden Sayi?tgs^ and Immortal TVity On large PhylaSieries exprejftve writ, Were to the Forehead of the Rabbins tydy Our YoiitUs InflruBto7tt and our y^ges Pride f Could not the Wife his wild Defres refrain ^ Then was our Hearing, and his Preaching vain I What fro7n his Life a?id Letters were we taught. But that his Kiiowledge aggravates his Fault f In lighter Mood the Humorous and the Gay [As crown d with Rofes at their Feajls they lay) Sent the full Goblet, chargd with Abrds Nafne, And Charms fuperior to their Maflers Fame : Laughing fome praife the King, who let ^ em fee. How aptly Luxe and Efnpire 7night agree : Some glofsd, how Love and Wifdom were at Strife ', And brought my Proverbs to confront my Life. However, Friend, heris to the King, one cries : To VOLUPTAS. 79 Ingenium cujus fubtile, ac Regula folers Ambiguos jufto fignavit limite fines, Qiios ultra Pra\'um, quos intra conftitit ^quiim ? Cujus Didia, facro mire diftindia lepore, Aurea, perpetua femper digniflima vita, Membranis infcripta amplis Rabbinica Turba Fronti annexa fliae, decus immortale gerebant ; Unde fibi praecepta Juventus commoda duxit, Et quibus exornata fuperbiit Ipfa Senedus ? Non potuit Sapiens cohibere Cupidinis asftus ? Tunc fruftra auditus, fruftra fuit lUe locutus ! Quidve aliud docuit nos Vita illius, et Artis Callida mens omnis, nifi quod tarn Nobilis ipfum Nobilitet fcelus, ingeminetque Scientia Culpam ? Indulfere jocis Hiiares Lepidique Sodales, (Ut Rofeis vindi redolentia tempora Sertis Accubuere epulis) Vinoque undantia Nobis Poc'la propinarunt, Abr^ teftantia nomen, Et Veneres, qucis Regis honos, et Gloria cellit. Indulgent Alii Rifa, laudantque Tyrannum, Qui Populo fpe(5rare dedit, quam Luxus, et apte Majeftas coeant, et in una lede morentur: Hi tacite advertunt, quanta Sapientia lite Difcordent et Amor ; Noftraeque facerrima certant Frontibus adverfis Praecepta opponere Vita^. Attamen, exclamat Quidam, Cratere falutem Hoc So PLEASURE, "To Him ivho was the King^ the Friend replies. 'The Kijigi for Judah's, a?id for Wifdom s Curje^ To Abra yields : could /, or Thou do ivorfe f Our loofer Lives let Chaiice or Folly fleer : If thus the Prudent a7id Deter7ni?i d err. Let Di?iah hind u^ith Flowers her flowi7ig Hair : And touch the Lute, and found the want07t Air : Let us the Blifs without the Sting receive^ Free-i as we willy or to e^ijoy^ or leave. Pleafures on Levity s f?nooth S urface flow : Thought brings ths JVeight, that ffiks the Soul to TVoe. Now be this Maxim to the King C07tveydi And added to the Thoufa7id he has jnade. Sadly -^ Rea/on, is thy Pow'r exprefsd-. Thou gloomy Tyra7it of the frighted Breafl I And harflj the Rulesy which we f/-07n thee receive , If for our Wifdom we our Pleafure give ; And more to think be 07tly 7nore to grieve. If yudaBs Ki?ig at thy Tribunal trydy Forfakes his Joy, to vindicate his Pride ; And VOLUPTAS, 8i Hoc voveo Rcgi: — qui Rex fuit, increpat Alter. Dcdeciis heii ! Sophias, Juditque ingloria labcs, Rex Abrae fervit mifer, imperiumque fatctur. Numquid Ego hoc pejus, vel Tu deliiiquere poflis ? Luxuriae penitus, Venerique Htemus inerti, Sorfque regat noflras, vel grata Infania Vitas ; Qiiando ita, quos forti Sapientia peclore munit, Abripit in prEeceps animi temerarius error. Floribus impediat fluitantes Dina capillos ; Et Citharas volucri percurrens pollice chordas, Lafcivum melos eliciat, modulofque procaces : Libemus nullis armata Rofaria fpinis, Sumere dum Nobis, vel fumpta relinquere fas eft. Delicias placido Levitatis in aiquore ludunt : Addit Cura ingens, et non tolerabile pondus. Quod fundo Ludlus Animam fubmergit in imo. Nunc itaque H^ec noftro mandentur Did:a Tyranno, Pr^ceptumque fuis accedat Millibus Unum. Sasva tui eft, Ratio, et metuenda Potentia Sceptri, Indigena O Pavidi, et Dominatrix afpera Cordis ! Et Legum imponis crudelia foedera Vi(5lis, Si Sophia Dulcis fit permutanda Voluptas, Et quo Quifque magis reputet, magis ingruat Angor. Si Judte Rex ipfe tuum reus ante Tribunal, Aflerat ut tumidos, ponat fua Gaudia, Faftus ; L Impe- 82 PLEASURE. Aitd changing Sorrows y I am only found Loos d from thz Chai?is ofLove^ in Thi?te morefiriBly bound. But do I call T'hee Tyrant^ or complain-^ Hois) hard thy Lavos, how abfolute thy Reicrn f While Thouy alas I art but ajt empty JVame, To no Two Men, who eer difcoursd-, the fame -.y The idle ProduSi of a troubled 'Thought, hi borrow d Shapes, and airy Colours wrought ; A fancy d Line, and a refleSied Shade ; "j A Chain which Man to fetter Man has made, y- By Artifice imposd, by Fear obeyd. j Tet, wretched Name, or Arbitrary Thing, 1 Whence ever I thy cruel EJfe?ice bri?ig, y I own thy hifiucnce ; for I feel thy Sti?ig. j ReluBant I perceive thee in my Soul, Fornid to co?nmand, a?id deflind to controul. Tes'j thy infulting DiSlates Jhall be heard : Virtue for oncef:>allbe Her own Reward: Tes ; Rebel Ifrael, this unhappy Maid Shall be difmifsd: the Crowd f jail be obeyd: The King his Paffion, and his Rule f jail leavcy No V O L U P T A S. 83 Impediarque Tuis, varia fub imagine Poena?, Ardius in Vinc'lis, Vinc'lis dum folvor Amoris, At Leges qucror immites, ac ferrea Jura, Teque colo dura horribilem ditione Tyrannum ? Dum vere nihil Ipfa aliud nisi Nomen inane es, Vifa Eadem Nullis de te certantibus olim ; Mentis opus vacuce, Prolefque incongrua Lucius ; Ornatu fplendens alieno, et Imagine falsa, Et tenui fuco depidla Volatilis Aura ; Umbra repercufla heu ! limulataque Linea ; Compes, Quam, meditans Homini fraudes Homo laedere folers Extudit, Arte mala nobis injeda, pufillum Dum Cor edomuit Timor, et parere coegit. Seu Res Imperiola audis, feu Nomen inane, Et faevos quacunque ortus ab origine duco. Jus tamen agnofco ; Tua enim lethalis Arundo Fixa haeret lateri, et ftimulos fub pedtore verfat. Ipfe tuos invitus in imo corde Triumphos Confiteor ; natamque ad fummi munia Regni Sentio, et internos mittentem fub Juga fenfus. Non nunc difcerpent Tua Jufla ferocia Venti ; Auribus accipiam placidis, et mente reponam : Jam femel Ipfa, fui Merces erit unica. Virtus. Pone tuos tandem, ludasa infenfa, furores ; Nympha eat infelix, (Turb^ parebitur] Exul, Et Thalamis avulfa meis procul xgva. recedat : Imperium limul, atque fuos Rex linquet Amores, L 2 Serviet 84 PLEASURE. No lojiger Abrds^ but the Peoples Slave. My Coward Soul Jljall bear its wayward Fate : I willy alas I be wretched to be greats Ajid ftgh i?i Royalty^ a?jd grieve in State. I /aid : refolvd to plunge into my Grief At o7icefo far^ as to expeB Relief From my Defpair alone / chofe to write the Thing I durfl 7iot fpeak^ To Her I lovd', to Her I mufl forfake. The harfi Epijlle labour d much to prove. How i?iconfJient Majejiy^ and Love. I always Jhouldj itfaidy efleem Her well'. But never fee her ?nore : it bid her feel No future Pain for Me ; but infta?tt wed A Lover more proportion d to her Bed; Aiid quiet dedicate her rem?jant Life To the jufi Duties qf an humble Wife. She read; and forth to Me fie wildly ran. To Me, the Eafe of all her former Pain. She kneeTd, ifitreated, ftruggled, threatened, cryd. And with alternate Pajfwn livd, and dyd : Till now denyd the Liberty to mourn. And VOLUPTAS. 85 Serviet et Populo, qui niiper ferviit Abrae, Mens, ignava licet, fortem tolerabit iniquam : Magnus ut evadam, fruar atro turbine Fati Egregie miler, et Regales inter honores Saepe gemam, Soliique decoro Carcere leptus Conquerar Aurati Phalerata Infignia Ludliis. Dixi ; animo fixum ftetit indulgere dolori, Atque adeo in curas immergere pedus, ut eflet Sola Salus mifero nuUam fperare falutem. Scribere malebam, metuit quod Lingua profari, Diledse, fed quas fuit ableganda, Puellze. Scripta laborarunt duris evincere verbis, Quam male conveniant, et in una iede morentur Majeftas et Amor. Crudelis Epiftola dixit. Semper honoratam Regi fore, femper amico, Ut merita eft, recolendam animo ; fed Regis ituram Nunquam in confpedtus iterum: quin juflit amaris Noftri ergo nunquam laniari pedora curis. At thalamos humiles ambire, et commoda forti Connubia, et reliquum traducere leniter a^vum, Debita Plebeite tradantem munia Sponfc. Legit, et inlano Cordis concuila tumultu Ad me proliliit, prifci Solatia ludiis. Procubuit Supplex, Ludata minataque flevit, Et Vitam infelix alterna morte recepit. Donee non permifTa fuo dare fena dolori, Viquc S6 PLEASURE. A?id by ?'ude Fury froM my Frcfence torn.^ Ihis 072ly OhjeB of my red! Care^ Cut off f?'om Hope, ahando?! d to Defpair, hi fame few pojl'mg fatal Hours is hurfd From Wcalth-f from Poivr, froDi Lovey a7jdf?'0/n the \lVorld Here tell Me, if Thou darjl, jny confcious Sotd, TVhat different Sorrows did witlmi thee rollf What Pangs, what Fires, what Racks didfi thou fuf lain? What fad Viciffttudes of fmaf'ting Pain f How oft from Pomp and State did I remove. To feed Dcfpair, and cheriflD hopelefs Love P How oft, all Day, recalfd I Abrds Charms, Her Beauties prefs d, and panting in my Arfns P How oft, with Sighs, view' a every Female Face, Where mitnic Fa?tcy might her Likenefs trace f How oft deftrd to fly from Ifraets Throne, And live in Shades with Her and Love alone f How oft, all Night, purfu d her in my Dreams, O'er flowry Vallies, a?jd thro' Cryfial Streams ; And VOLUPTAS. Sy Vique meis avulfa oculis, haec fola Voluptas, Sola mei requies animi, et chariflima cura, Spe vidua, iratis Fortiina: obnoxia telis, Jam paucis JEvi volucris fatalibiis horis, Et Gazas, et opes, et Ainorem moefta relinquit, Et penitus toto detrufa recedit ab Orbe. Confcia Mens, mihi nunc ediffere vera roganti, Si memorare aufis, varios quam concita niotus Senferis, et Ludus quis Te ja6laverit iEftus ? Ignibus arfifti quibus, et quze feva tulifti Tormenta, ac ftimulos, alternantefque dolores? A Pompa quoties Solii in fecreta refugi, Ipfe meum cor edens, Hominum veftigia vitans, Ut fteriiem largo nutrirem fomite flammam ? Inque diem quoties animo fe ingeffit Imago Pulclira Abr^e, quoties inftaurans fingula, dulces Libavi Veneres, et anhelam ad peAora prefii ? Crebra ciens quoties fufpiria, fedulus omnes Luftravi facies. Species ubi mimica luiit, Inque aliis Abram Nymphis deceptus amavi ? A Solio quoties ad Amoris Transfuga partes Optabam fugere, Imperiumque relinquere JudiCy Ut cum illi viridi regnarem folus in Umbra? In fomnis quoties tota funi Nodle fugacem Per Vitreos Amnes, et Florea Prata fecutus ; Et S8 PLEylSURE. And wakings viewd 'with Grief the rijing Stin^ And fo7idly mourn d the dear Delufion gone f JVhen thus the gather d Storms of wretched Love, In my fwoln Bofom, with long War had ft rove ; At lejjgth they broke their Bounds : at le?igth their Fo^ce Bore down whatever met its fironger Couffe : Lay d all the civil Bonds of Manhood wafle ; And fcatte}'\l Ruin as the Torrent pafl. So from the Hills, whofe hollow Caves cojitain 'The congregated Snow, a?id fwellijig Rain ; 'Till the full Stores their antient Bounds difdain ; Precipitate the furious Torrent flows : In vain wotdd Speed avoid, or Stre7igth oppofe : Towns, Forefls, Herds, and Men promifcuous drown d,^ With one great Death deform the dreary Ground : The echod Woes from difiant Rocks refund. And now, what impious Ways my Wifhes took j How they the Monarch, and the Man forfook ; And how I follow d an abandon d Will, Thro crooked Paths, a?td fad Retreats of III; How yudaljs Daughters now, now foreign Slaves, By V O L U P T A S. 89 Et fomno excitus pulfas a Sole tenebras, Et Gratas dolui fimul evanefccre Fraudes ? Cum jam ita Tempcftas feva infelicis Amoris Mifcuerat tumldo diuturnum in pedlore bellum, Et rabicm, varefque minax collegerat omnes j Aggeribus tandem ruptis obftantia curfii Proruit, ac valido disjecit turbine moles : Et Vallum Civile, et Fines ftravit Honefti ; Et qua fe rapido violens tulit impete Torrens, Obvia depopulavit, iter fignante Ruina. Haud fecus a Clivis, quorum conclufa Cavernis Nix glomerata jacet, Pluviaeque tumentis acervus 3 Donee jam veteres uberrimus humor aquai Contemnit fines, indignaturque teneri ; Prscipites agitata volutant Flumina lapfus ; Nil agiles Plantte, nil fortia Brachia profunt : Clades Una Viros, et merlas obruit Urbes, Cum fhabulis armenta trahens, fylvafque fonantes, Et magno informes inceftat Funere Campos : A Scopulis Ludlus offenfa refultat Imago. Quales nunc iniit redi Mens devia calles ; Utquc Viri alternis, et Munia Regis omifi ; Utque Voluntatis fceleratae indudlus habenis, Obliquum inceffi per iter, Vitiique nefandas Evolvi Ambages ; ut nunc de Gente Puellas Judaea, Externas nunc Scorta infamia Terras M Omni- go PLEASURE, By tHr7is 7ny projiituted Bed receives : Thrd "Tribes of JVo7?ien how I loofely rmigd '. Impatient; UK d To-night^ To-morrow cha7tgdj And by the InJli^iB of capricious Liifl^ Enjoy df difdai7i d^ was grateful^ or imjuft : Oy be thefe Scenes frofn hufnan Eyes co?tceaTdy Li Clouds of dece7tt Silence jujily veifdl 0, be the want07i Lnages co7iveyd To black Oblivion^ and eter7ial Shade I Or let their fad Epito7}ie alo7iey And outward Lines to future Age be know 71, Enough to propagate the fur e Belief That Vice e7igenders Sha7ne ; and Folly broods cr Grief Bury d i7i Sloth, a7id loji i7i Eafe I lay : TI3& Night I reveirdj a7id I fept the Dry. New Heaps of Fewel da77if d i7iy ki7idli7ig Fires ; A?id daily Cha77ge exti7iguifj d you7ig Defres, By its own Force deflroyd. Fruition ceas d. And always weary d, I was 7iever pleas d. No lo7tger 720W does 777y 77egleBed Mind Its wonted Stores, and old Ideas f7id. Fix d 'Judgei7ie77t there 770 lo7jger does abide^ To take the True, orfet the Falfe afde. No longer does fwift Me7nry trace the Cells, Where VOLUPTAS. 91 Omnlgena excepit focdata libidine Sponda: Ut v'olui Nymphas Erro vagus ire per omnes Stare loco impatiens ; ut amata relinquere pernix Quos nodlu petii. eras fugi exofus Amores ; Et v^aria inconftans moderantc Libidine pe6tus, Nunc fcevus, nunc gratus eram, potiebar, et odi. Veientur tenebris ha^c Turpia Fa6la deeoris, Et merito Humanis procul amoveantur occllis ! Lurida Lafcivas fpecies Oblivia carpant, Perpetuceque tegant eireum Caliginis Umbra ! Vel Stec'lis pateant Compendia fola futuris, Et foedi emineant Veftigia tenuia fuci, Ut fatis hinc tellure fides dominetur in omni, Ludus Stultitiam, et Vitium generare Pudorem. Exanimem confumpfi inhonefta per Otia Vitam : No(5lurno indulfi Luxu, Somnoque Diurno. Qui prius ardcbant, Pomes Novais obruit Ignes ; Continu^eque Vices hebetare Cupidinis Oeftrum. Vi propria periit potiendi Copia j laffum Deliciis nunquam fubierunt Gaudia Pedlus. Mens obdudla fitu, lentoque fepulta v^terno Non folitas rimatur opes, Simulachraque rerum Prifca, nee Archetypas vocat in Profcenia Formas. Non Vegetum ulterius manet alta fede repoftum Judicium, Curvo folers dignofcere Re6tum. Non jam agilis penetrat Cellas, ca^cofque Recellus M 2 Mne- 92 PLEASURE, Tf'^here fprhiging IVit^ o?' yoimg hivention dwells, Freque?2i Debauch to Habitude prevails : Patie72ce of Toil^ and Love of Virtue fails. By fad Degrees impaii'^d my Vigor dies ; 'Till I Command no lo?iger ev?i in Vice. The Women on i?y Dotage build their Sway : They ask J I grant : They threaten \ I obey. In Regal Garments now I gravely Jlride^ Awd by the Ferfian DamfeFs haughty Pride. Now with the loofer Syrian dance y and fingy hi Robes tucKd upy opprobrious to the Ki?ig. Charm' d by their Eyes^ their Man?iers I acquire. And pape my Foolifjnefs to their Defre. Seducd a?id aw d by the Philifiine Dame, At Dag07i s Shrine I kiiidle impious Flame. With the Chaldearis Char 7ns her Rites prevail , A7id curli7ig Fra7ih77ce7ife afcends to Baal. To each 7tew Harlot 1 7iew Altars drefs ; Andfe/'ve her God^ whofe Pe7fon I carefs. Where, tny deluded Serfe, was Reafon flow7if Where the high Majefly of David's Throne f Where all the Maxi77is of Eter7ial T-uth, With which the Living God i7for77id 77iy Youth f When VOLUPTAS. 93 Mnemoiyne, qua Vis primzevo flore Repertrix,, Ingeniumqiic Volucre fuas pofuere latebras. Crapula jam vires repetito fumit ab ufu: Vita operum patiens, et Honefto afllieta labafcit. Deficit Effoeto paulatim in Corpore Robiir, Ulterius donee peccandi ablata Poteftas. In dclirantis Senii fundamine regnuni Conftabilit Mulier, noflris evedla ruinis : Flagitat? baud renuo: minitatur ? jufTa capeflb: Nunc gravis incedo Regalem indutus amidum, Dum proprios mihi Virgo infpirat Perfica Faftus : Et nunc cum Syria, Trabeam fuccindlus, honoris Immemor et Regni, canto faltoque, Puella. Harum, inhians forma?, mores infulfus adopto, Artificique traho cundos fub PolJice vultus. Si^va Philiftinum nunc me Matrona gubernat; In fraudem allicior, flammafque ad Fana Dagonis Accendo inceftas. Decor et Chaldaea triumphos Relligio ducunt, ctjundo fcedere regnant; Hinc Baiili mittuntur odora volumina Thuris. Scorto cuique Novo Nova pono Altaria ; Numen Illius uique colens, quae me devinxit Amanteni. Quo fugit Ratio? quo me malus abftulit error ^ Inclyta Davidici quo cefiit Gloria Sceptri ? Quo Veri fugere perennia Dogmata, Menteni Queis Pater Omnipotens primis effinxitad amiis? Cum 94 PLEASURE. JFhsn "With the lewd Egyptian I adore Vain Idols-) Deities that 7ieer before hi IfraeT s Land had fix d their dire Abodes-^ Beajlly Divinities., and Droves of Gods : Ofrisy ylpis, Pozvrs that chew the Ci/d, And Dog Anubis.) Flattrer for his Food : When in the Woody Hilfs forbiddc?i Shade I carvd the Marble, and iiivolid its Aid : When i?i the Fens to Snakes aiid Flies, with Zeal Unworthy human Thought-, I proflrate fell\ To Shrubs and Plants my vile Devotion paid , A?id fet the bearded Leek, to which I prayd : When to all Beings Sacred Rites were givn ; Forgot the Arbiter of Earth and Heavn. Thro" thefefad Shades, this Chaos in my Soul, Some Seeds of Light at le?7gth began to roll. The rifng Motion of an Infa7it Ray Shot glimmering thro' the Cloud, and projnis' d Day, And now one Moment able to refleSi, I found the Kiitg abandoii d to Negle8i, Seen without Awe, andfervd without RefpeB. I found n VOLUPTAS. 95 Cum vidum illcccbris Pharia de gente Puella Me colere Effigies, Simulachraque bruta coegit, Moiiftra Deuni Omnigenumj quee non ludaea recepit Ora priuSj Stabulique obfcjena claufit in .^de j Divinafque Feras, et foeda Armenta Deorum : Mutum, ac turpe pecus, virides quod ruminat herbas, Te fimul, Api et Ofiri, et Te, Latrator Anubi, Qui captas avidis projedlam faucibus Offam. Cum Collis vetita fculptum Sylveftris in Umbra Expolii Marmor, quod mox in vota vocabam : Cum cultu indigno Mufcas veneratus et Angues, Limofas inter oroftravi Membra Paludes ; Impius et Plantas, et Numina nata per Hortos Cultor adoravi, ac Barbato munera Porro, Votaque fancla tuli, modo quod mea Dextera fevit: Cum colui quicquid Tellus foecunda cxearat, Redorem oblitus, Cceli Terr^eque potentem. Per Chaos hoc Animi, per opaca? Nubila No6lis, Emicuit demum teniiifTima Lucis Origo. Ambiguo tenebras rumpentia Lumine, primos Exphcuere ortus Subluftris Tela Diei. lamque agitans tacito cum peftore leria, Regem ContemptuKi vidi ; famuHs deferbuit ardor Obfequii, et nullos fanda formidine Vultus Perculitj elat^eque verendi frontis honores. Pada 96 PLEJSURE. J found my S uhje&s a??iicahly join-, "To leffen their DefeFh by citing Mi?ie. The P?^iejl ivith Pity pray d for Davids Race ; And left his Text, to dwell on my Dif grace. The Father-, whilfl he war?id his erring Son, The fad Examples which he ought to fmn, DefcriU d, and 07tly 7ianzd not Solomon. Each Bard, each Sire did to his Pupil fmg, A wife Child better than a foolifj King. Into My f elf my Reafoii s Eye I turbid'. And as I much refleSied, much I mourfid, A mighty King I am, an Earthly God: Nations obey 7ny Word, ajid wait my Nod. I raife or fitk, imprifo7i orfet free; And Life or Death depe77ds 07i 7ny Decree. Fo7td the Idea, and the Thought is vain : O'er JudaFs Ki7ig ten thotfa7id Tyra7its reig7t, Legio7is of Lufl, a7id various Powrs of III Infult the Maflers Tributary Will: And He, fro7n who7n the Natio7is floould receive yuftice a7td Freedo7n, lies Himfelf a Slave, Tor- VOLUPTAS. 97 Pada ]co;e Meos recitando Noftra notavi Crimina, fe Culpis, et foeda exfolvere Noxa. Multa piiis Praeful lapfa pro Gente precatus Davidis effudit, Sortem mi£Tatus acerbam, Pleniiis utque meam poflet perftringere Vitam, Contextus Seriem medio in fermone reliquit. Dum Pater a Vitii defledere tramite Natum Tcntabat monitis, et dira Exempla docebat, Quze fugere imprimis decuit, cognomine tantum Celato, Solomona ipfum fubjecit ocellis. Et Vates, Seniorque Omnis cantabat Alumno ; Prsliicet Stolido, fana Puer indole, Regi. In Me verti oculos, in Me Rationis Acumen ; Plufque Miler dolui, quo plus cum Mente putabam. Rex Ego fum pollens, Numen Terreftre : volentes Per Populos do jura, et Nutu Cun6la guberno ; Affligo, tolloquc, gravatos compede folvo ; Edidlumque meum vel Mors vel Vita fequuntur. Defipio, vanaque illufus imagine pafcor : Mille regunt, duraque premunt ditione Tyranni Regem ]u6.x Humilem ; v^ario flipata Libido Saeva Satellitio, Scelerumque Exercitus omnis Imperio Dominum cogunt parere minorem. ille etiam, Populis quem jura imponere fas eft, Servitiique Jugum Captivo demere Collo, Ipfe Aliis fervit niifer, agnofcitque Catenas ; N Dum 98 PLEASURE, Torturd by cruel Change of wild Defires^ Lajljd by mad Rage^ andfcorch'd by brutal Fires. Reafon \ once again to Thee I call : Accept my Sorrow^ and retrieve my Fall. IVifdom-, Thou fay Jl J from Heavjt receivd her Birth -y Her Beams tranfmitted to thefubjeSi Earth. Yet this great Rjnprefs of the hu7na7i Soul Does only with imagin d Powr controul\ If refllefs Pajfton by rebellious Sway Compells the weak Ufurper to obey. troubled) weaky and Coward, as thou art I Without thy poor Advice the lab''ri7tg Heart To worfe Extre^nes with fwifter Steps would ru?ty Not favd by Virtue, yet by Vice imdo7ie. Oft have If aid , the Praife of doi7ig well Is to the Ear, as Oi72tment to the S7nell. Now iffo7ne Flies percha7jcey however fnall, hito the Alabafer Ur7i fjotc d fall ; The Odors of the Sweets inclos d, would die ; And Ste7tch corrupt [fad Cha7ige \ ) their Place fupply. So the leaf Faults, if 77tixd with fairefi Deed^ Of future III beco7?te the fatal Seed : Into VOLUPTAS. 99 Dum Levis Iiunc cruciat Tormentis inille Cupido, Dum flimulat Rabies, Lafcivaquc Flamma perurit. Jam femel ecce iterum, Ratio, Te voce fatigo: Hunc capias ludlum, et pra^fcns fuccurre ruenti. Igiicus eft Sophias Vigor, et Coeleftis Origo, (Ut Tua dida ferunt) radiantia Semiiia Lucis Coelitus in Terraj gremium fluxere jacentis. HiEC tamen Humani Princeps ter Maxima Cordis, Ludicra Sceptra gerit, fid:oque fuperbit lionore ; Si Dominam imbellem fua frxna. audire Cupido Cogat, et inlimos in Pedlore mifceat seftus. Sis infirma licet, variisque agitata procellis : Conliliis tamen orba tuis, Palantia Corda, (Quamlibet exiguis) citius graviora fubirent ; Et licet his nullum Virtus daret alma levamen, Funditus occiderent, Vitii demerfa Barathro. Sspe mihi didum eft tali perfundere Laudem Aures Istitia, qualem dat olentis Amomi Copia, cum grato nares contingit odore. Sin forte accipiant Mufcas Alabaftra cadentes, Quamlibet exiles ; animas tunc protinus omnis Expirabit Odor dulces, fcetenfque tenebit Aura locum, faevamquc efflabit acerba Mephitim. Tenuia fic Pulchris interlita Crimina Fadlis, Semina Venturse fiunt lethalia Noxie. N 2 Suavia 100 PLEASURE, hito the Balm of purejl Virtue caji, Annoy all Life with one contagious Blafl. Lofl Solo7?ton I purfue this 'Thought no more : Of thy pafi Errors recolhB the Store: And f lent weep^, that while the Deathlefs Mtfe Shall fng the fufl ; fall oer their Head diffufe Perfumes with lavifj Hand; She fall proclaim Thy Criines alone ; and to thy evil Fame Impartial, fatter Damps and Poifons on thy Name. Awaking therefore', as who long had dream d. Much of my Wojnen-, and their Gods afam'd. From this Abyfs of exemplafy Vice Refolvd, as Ti7ne might aid fny Thought, to rife ; Agaiji I hid the mournful Goddefs write The fo7id Purfuit of fugitive Delight : Bid her exalt her melancholy Wi?tg, And raisd from Earth, a7id fav d frojn Pafion fng Of human Hope by crofs Eve?it defroyd, Of ufelefs Wealth, and Greatnefs tmenjoyd, Of Lifi and Love, with their fa?itafic Train, Their JVifes, Smiles, and Looks deceitful, all a7id vain, THE END. > VOLUPTAS. loi Suavia h violent Virtutis Balfama Pur^, Dira per infedlam fpargunt contagia Vitam. Infelix Solomon ! mitte hanc de pedlore curam : Multiplices Culpas recole, Errorcfque vTtuftos : Et tacitus luge, quod dum pia nefcia leti Mufa canet Juftos ; dum prodiga fparget odores^ iEtherioque facros perfundet Aromate Crines ; Ore tuum pleno referet Scelus, et Tibi Nomen Tartareis maculabit aquls, et tabe Veneni. At pulfo, veluti poft Somnia longa, Sopore, Incuffere mihi Mala Scorta, Deique ruborem MonftroU ; puduit tam dira opprobria nobis Et dici potuifie, et non potuiile refelli. Ergo animo mccum flatuens, cum tempus amicum Se daret optanti, Vitii hoc emergere vafto GurgitCj Lugubrem rurfiis memorare Camoenam Gaudia fruftratos jufll fugicntia taftus : Mcerentem jufTi fuper JEthera tollere Pennam,, Ereptamque Cupidinibus, terraque madenti Spes Caffasj et Opes, queis non conceditur uti, Et cui Frudlus abeft, Luxus cantare nitorem Magnificij et Venerem, Stimulofque Libidinis acres, Et comites Rifus, et Vota, Ociilofque loquaces, Omnia fcsta dolls, et Magnum in rebus Inane.. FINIS. VIS MUSICS, S I V E ALEXANDRI CONFIVIUM, DRYDENI inS. C^CILIAM ODE, LATIN I TATE D O N ATA A GEO RGIO BALLY, Coll. Regal. Alumno. Mufa Lyra Sokrs "Juviit aid impellk ad iram. Aiit ad huynuin mcerore g7'avi deducit et angit. HoR. ALEXANDER'S FEAST. TWA S at the Royal Feaji^ for Perjia W(?;;, By Philip's TVarlike Son : Aloft iji awful State The God- 1 ike Hero fate On his hnperial Throne : His valiajtt Peers were plac d around; Their Brows with Rofes and with Myrtles bound. {So fjoud Defert ijt Arms be crow?id:) The Lovely Thais by hisfde. Sate like a bloo77ii7ig Kafler?i Bride In Flowr of Youth and Beauty s Pride. Happy^ happyt happy Pair I None but the Brave^ No?ie but the Brave-, None but the Brave deferves the Fair. II. ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. CU M jam Regifico inflrueret convivia luxu Proles Philippi Martia, Diemque feftis dcdicaret poculis, Vidla triiimphans Perfide: Heros par Superis fedit in aureo Evedus folio, Nobilis, et facro Undique circumfufus honore. Belligeri Satrap^e pofuere fedilia circum, Quorum intexta Rods redimibat tempora Myrtus. (Talibus cingi meruit Corollis Bellica Virtus :) Huic aflidebat Thais amabilis, Eoa qualis Sponfa, fuperbiens Mvo virenti, Gratiafque Purpureo jaculata Vultu. Felices ter et amplius, Quos dulce jungit Vinculum ! Formofa Nympha Fortibus, Formofa Nympha Fortibus, Formofa fclis Nympha detur Fortibus. o II io6 ALEXANDER'S FEAST II. Timothcus placd on high Amid the tuneful ^uire, TVith flying Fingers touched the Lyre : The tre?nbUng Notes afcend the Skjy A72d Heav7ily yoys infpire. The Song bega7i from fove ; Who left his blifsful Seats above., [Such is the Powr of mighty Love.) A Drago?is fe?y Form belyd the God : Sublime on Radiant Spires He rode., TFhen He to fair Olympia prefs'd : And while He fought herfiowy Breafl : T%e77y round her Jlender Waifl he curTd., [World. And fla77if d an hnage of hi7nfelf a Sovreigit of the The lifl'7ting Crowd ad77iire the lofty Soimd, A prefe7tt Deity., they floout around : A prefent Deity the vaulted Roofs rebound: With ravifSd Ears The Monarch hearsy AJfu7nes ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. 107 II. Inter canorum Timothciis fcdens Sublimis Agmen, pollicis impulit Volantis idii fila, Mufainquc Elicuit cithara^ tacentem. Ad ccelum tremuli Modi feruntur ; Coeleftique tument Pedora Gaudio. Camcena duxit principium ab Jove ; Qui domos olim fuperas reliquit, (Tantum vis potuit feva Cupidiiiis.) Ignea Forma Deum texit mentita Draconis : Cum jam fublime corufcis Orbibus incumbens equitavit, et agmine certo Vaftum per Inane petivit Formofe niveum pedlus Olympice. Gracile tunc amore corpus ambiens plicatili, Venturam im pre flit propria fub Imagine Prolem, Quam tremeret Tellus, Dominumque agnofceret Orbis. Combibit altifonos avida Plebs aure canores : Regnare clamat Quifque Praefentem Deum ; Pra^fentemque Deum Laquearia pulfa retorquent. Extra fe rapitur fono Heros ; in Superas evehitur domos, Sublimique ferit Sidera vertice : o 2 Terras lo8 ALEXANDER'S FEAST. Ajjumes the God-, AffeBs to 7iodf Andfeeffts to JJjah the Spheres. III. The Praife of Bacchus then, thefweet Mujicianfung'y Of Bacchus ever Fair^ a?id ever Young: The jolly God in Triumph comes; Sound the Trumpets ; heat the Drums ; FlufSd with a purple Grace He fhews his honefi Face, Now give the Hautboys breath ; He comes. He comes. Bacchus, ever Fair ajtd Totmg, Drinking Joys did frfl ordain : Bacchus' Blejft7igs are a Treafure, " Drinking is the Soldiers Pleafure ; Rich the Treafure, Sweet the Pleafure-, Sweet is Pleafure after Pain. IV. ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. Terrae recedunt; induitur Deum; Manu rubenti fulmina defuper Trifulca vibrat ; jamque nutu ^theream tremefecit Aulam. III. Plurlmus in Bacchi laudes mox fila Canorus Increpuit Fidicen Lyrze; Bacchi, quern Venus, et nitens Juventas Formae perpetuo beant decore. Jam ducens hilares venit triumphos Serto revindus Pampineo Deus, L^Etitias dator, et Jocorum. Infletur Tuba, Tympanumque pulfum Edat fonores Bellicos. Numen Purpureo fuas rubore Uv^as aflimilans, honefta prodit Ora renidens. Tibia multiforos fundat acuta fonos ; Vidlor Thyoneus ad venit, advenit. Bacchus, quern Venus, et nitens Juventas Forms perpetuo beant decore, Nobis deUcias dedit Bibendi. Gazam miniftrant Bacchica Muncra, Sunt et Vohiptas Pocula A'lilitis ; Optima Gaza, Grata Voluptas; Curam Voluptas grata fupervTnit. 109 IV. no ALEXANDER'S FEAST IV. SootFd with the Sound the King grew vain ; Fought all his Battles oer agai7t ; \_jlai?i. Aid thrice he routed all his Foes\ and thrice he Jlew the Ihe Majier faw the Madnefs rifej His glowi?ig Cheeks^ his ardent Eyes ; And while He Heavn and Earth defyd^ Chang d his Haiid^ a?td checKd his Pride. He chofe a Mour7iful Mufe Soft Pity to infufe : He Jung Darius Great and Goody By too fever e a Fate^ Falle?t, fallen J fallen^ fallen-, Fallen frojn his high Eflate, And weltrijjg in his Blood : Deferted at his utmofl Need, By thofe his former Bounty fed : On the bare Earth expos d He lies-. With not a Friend to clofe his Eyes, With ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. in IV. Harmonia captus faftu Rex turget iiiani, Et pugnata, iteriim praslia fortis obit. Ter ftravit ftratos, et fufa tcr agmina fudit. Vidit canendi Callidus Artifex Infanientes Pedtoris altius Tumere fludlus, et riibore Infolito radiare Vultus ; Vidit corufcis lumina vividuni Ardere flammis ; dumque minax Polo Orbique mifcet Bella ; verfb Pollice comminuit furores. Nunc queribundum Plenum triftitiae melos ciebat, Lenire folers Pedlora: Darium cecinit Bonum, Potentem, Sorte gravi nimis et fevera Lapfum repente, flebili lapfuni vice, Lapfum e priori Glorias faftigioj Inque fua ianie volutum : Quorum pr£ecipue nunc indiget, orbus Amicis> Priftina quos aluit menfa, beavit Amor ; Defundlo dum Nullus adeft, qui Lumina condat,, En ! jacet in Gelida, Trifte Cadaver, humo. Luguf- ^'% 112 ALEXANDER'S FEAST. With down cafi Looks the joylefs ViSior fatej Revolving ifi his alter d Soul The various Turns of Chance below ; Andy now and then-, a Sigh he Jlole \ A^id Tears began to flow. V. The Mighty Maflerfmifd^ to fee That Love was i7i the next Degree : 'Twas but a kindred- Sound to ?nove ; For Pity melts the hTmd to Love. Softly fweet, in Lydian Meafures, Soon hefootldd his Soul to Pleafures. War^ hefungy is Toil and Trouble ; Honour but an empty Bubble. Never endings ft ill beginning. Fighting ft ill, and ft ill deftroying. If the World be worth thy Winning., Think ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. 113 Liigiibris In terrain Vidor defigit ocellos, Corde mutato recolens dolofae Aleam Sortis, miferofque Cafus. Nunc furtim gemitus ciet, Nunc Humor tacitas labitur in genas. V. MelicJE Magifter Artis Placido renidet ore, Gradibus fciens fecundis Paphiam federe Divam i Similes movere Chordas, Modulofque confonantes Opus unicum ciere. Aliena quippe flentis Mala, protinus medullas Subit intimas Cupido. Suaviter lenes citharas canores Elicit, Lydxque modos Camoenae Sufcitans, Regis liquefadla corda Mollit amore. Sic Fila blandis increpuit fonis. Tumultuofe Beilum opus Aleae ; Turgens inani Bulla Vento Laus, & Amor Popularis Auraj : O Qui Laborum perpete volveris Gyro, Laborum fine carentium ; Et ufque pugnas, ufque caedis, Si meruit tibi Terra vinci, Difce 11^ ALEXANDER'S FEAST, Thhiky thhikj it worth ejjjoyhig. Lovely Thais Jits befide thee^ Take the Good the Gods provide thee. The Majiy rend the Skies^ with loud Applaufe ; So Love was Crowrid-, but Mufick won the Caufe, Tlie Princey unable to co?iceal his Pain, Gazd on the Fair, Who cans d his Care, And JigFd and looKdy Jigl^d and looKdy Sigh'd a fid looJid^ and figB d agaiji : At lengthy with Love and Wine at once opprefsdy The vanquip^d ViEior fu7ik upon her breajl, VI. Now Jlrihe the Goldc?i Lyre again: A louder yet y and yet a louder Strai?i. Break his Bands of Sleep af under y And rouze hinty like a rattling Peal ofTlitmdcr. Harky harky the horrid Sound Has raisd up his Heady As awaE d from the Deady And amazdy he flares arou^-^. Re ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. u^ Difce frui, totoqiie triumphans utere Mundo. AfTidct Thais latcri decora, Dona praefentis rape laetus horse, Quas Venus ridens, Venerlfque Proles Nedlare tinxit. Infrcmuit Vulgus, pulfavit et iEthera plaufu ; Mudca fie vieit, praemia cepit Amor. Nefcius interea premcre alto pedore curas, Charam Rex inhlat ftupens Puellam, Caufam Rex inhiat ftupens doloris, Sufpirat ufque et ufque Vultus afpicit, Sufpirat iterum, et ufque Vultus afpicit, Et ufque fpedans, ufque dat fufpiria. Tandem plenus Amore, ac Numine plenus lacchi, Labitur in Pulchra: candentia pedlora Nymphae, Pendet et ambrofio Vidor devidus ab ore. VI. Pulfata rurfuni perftrepat Aurea Chelys ; fonores jam magis et magis Tollantur alti ; Vinc'la Somni Rumpite Fulmineo fragore. Sed Audin', Audin'; jam canor horridus Torpidum Regis caput excitavit ; Tanquam potentis carminibus Magi Inferna elicitus domo, Infanas acies undique conjicit. p 2 Ad Il6 ALEXANDER'S FEAST Revenge^ Revejige^ Timotheus cricsy See the Furies arife : See the Snakes that they rea?'. How they hifs in their Hair^ ■ And the Sparkles that JlaJJj from their Eyes I Behold a ghajlly Bandy Each a Torch in his Hand I Thofe are Grecian Ghojls^ that in Battel were Jlaijiy And tmburyd re7nain Inglorious 07t the Plain. Give the Vei77eance due To the VaUa?it Crew. Behold how they tofs their Torches on high. How they point to the Perjiaft Abodes ^ And glittrifig Tetnphs of their Hojlile Gods ! The Princes applaud, with a furious jfoy ; And the Kingfeizd a Fiambeauy with Zeal to deflroy'y Thais led the Way, To light him to his Preyy And, like another Helen, fird a?tother Troy. VII. ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. uj Ad Ultionem Turge, Timotheils boat. Ad Ultionem furge, clamant Atria» En ut relida luridi Profunditate Ta^nari, Diras corufcant tortilcs Hydros inhorrentes comis ! Ut ora vibrant fibila, Luminibusque feris erumpit flammeus Ardor ! Informem alpice, flebilemque coetum, Armatum facibus manus! Ha;c,Graium, quam cernis, inops inhumataqiieTurba eft, Quos Martis ira perculit ; Nunc Umbrae vidu^e mortis honoribus Campos inults pervolant. Quin ultionem folve, folve debitam, Hoftefque cxCis inferias refer, Et clade clades expia. Viden' ut alte Lampadas circum rotant, i^defque verfus Perficas tendunt manus, Fulgidaque infenfis devota Sacraria Divis \ PlauRis ingeminant pe6lore turbiduni Lzetantes Satrapje ; Rex celer igneuin Funale, fpirans exilium, rapit; Dux aperit viam, Prsedasque Thiiis indicem Prjetendit arfura: facem, Accenditque Novas Trojas Nova Tyndaris Arces. vn. ,i8 /JLEXJNDER's FEAST. VIL Thus long agOy Ere h2avi?ig Bellows leamd to blow^ While Orga?2syet were mute ; Timotheus, to his breathino; Flute And foMidivg Lyre, Cou d fwell the Soul to Rage, or kindle foft Defire. At lajl Divine Cecilia came, Invefitrefs of the Vocal Frame ; The J wee t E^ithujiajl, from her f acred Store, Enlarged the former ?iarrow Bounds, And added Length to folemn Soimds, With Nature s Mother-Wit, a7id Arts unbiown before. Let old limotheus yield the Prize, Or both divide the Cro\v?i ; Me rais d a Mortal to the Skies : She drew an Angel down. THE END. ALEXANDRI CONVIVIUM. ttq VII. Prioribus fie SjccuHs, Antequam flatu reboans anhelo Follis augiiftum Mclos cvocavitj Cum loqui nondum didicere facris ^ Organa Tcmplis j Suavi Timotheiis flamine Tibize, Et Grandis fonitu Lyr^, Infudit rabiem, placidumve accendit Amorem. Caecilia tandem Pulchra vocalem tulit Demiffa cceIo Machinam ; Dives opum fandarum et Numine plena Jehov^, Luxuriem dedit, et Modulis immifit habenas ; Gravifque Mufas duxit in longum tonos> Ingenio pollens, ignotafque addidit Artes. Cedat Puellse Timotheiis minor, Parefve regnent ; Hie Hominem extulit Ad Aftra folers ; Haee ab Aftris ^thereum rapuit Miniftrum. FINIS. • ^■t< 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JS. APR 2 isn INTERLIBRARY lJoANS APR 6 1971 THRliE WEEKS FROM DATE lt)F RECapl m MAR 20 71 ^HTD ID-«J- ^pH 13^37\ MAR ^IS^"^ m FEB^^' :cl^i-.- ■W !<-! JUL X6 1 ifi ic^ 6' :1983 Form L9-Serics 4939 i?<^^ m £ Ir'V H « 1 ^3 B r SgM?^ U ^nwIhH s<« III MINI I II J 3 1158 00493 2686 PA 39k3 1755 D 000 109 732 l^ii' fc^ ..** '•iv*>X pi\ ^^^■' 'C( '■'.' r-' 'J ■" «4^ i^ V ^ IT- ■■c" € if.;