THE ROBERT E. COWAN COLLECTION PRESENTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHLJFORNIH BY C. P. HUNTINGTON cJUNE, 1897. Recession No, Class Sennacherib's Campaign IN Syria, .Phoenicia, and Palestine, ACCORDING TO HIS OWN ANNALS. ASSYRIAN TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION, TO- GETHER WITH PHILOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES, BY HENRY GUSTAVUS KIEME, Theologire ac Philologice Sacrae Studiosus. V V LACHISH INSCRIPTION. SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN IN Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, ACCORDING TO HIS OWN ANNALS. ASSYRIAN TEXT AND ENGLISH TRANSLATION, TO- GETHER WITH PHILOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES. BY HENRY GUSTAVUS KIEME, Theologize ac Philologiae Sacrae Studiosus. DISSERTATIO ACADEMICA PRO A. M. HONORIBUS. SAN FRANCISCO: BACON & COMPANY, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, Niantic Building, Clay Street. TO W. A. SCOTT, D.D., LL.D., PRESIDENT OF THE SAN FRANCISCO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, AND PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMATIC AND PASTORAL THEOLOGY, ETC., ETC., AS A MARK OF LOVE AND GRATITUDE, BY H. G. K. INTRODUCTION OURS is an age of great mental activity and research. In whatever direction we may turn our eyes, we see the vestiges of the acuteness, pro- fundity, and energy of man's mind. The narrow limits of old sciences have been widened and enlarged, new branches of learning discovered and created, theo- retical knowledge made practical, the dark depths of the wide ocean, and the lofty heights of the snowy mountain, the mysterial distances of the astral regions, and the hidden bowels of our own planet, have been searched, with equal vigor, with equal success. Espe- cially in the domain of history, archaeology, and phil- ology, remarkable progress has been made during these last fifty years. Not only the strange hieroglyphs of the ancient Egypt, and the intricate cuneiform inscriptions of Assyria, Babylon, and Persia, have been deciphered and explained ; but likewise the oldest written remains of Phoenicia and Arabia, of Cyprus and Troja, of Carthage and Etruria, have been dug out, and studied, and read, and their records made available, and I trust, that not many years hence, even those mysterious signs upon the well-known stones of Hamath will disclose to us their thus far hidden mean- ings. VI INTRODUCTION. Before giving the following pages to the public, I will say a word or two with regard to the occasion, to the reason why I have launched this little brochure upon the fickle waves of the critical ocean ; and then a few short remarks concerning the graphic, written, characters and the language of the Assyrians, which, after an interval of more than three thousand years, after a long sleep of oblivion, comes again in notoriety. In the first place, the study of the Revealed Word of God, to which I have given my mind and my time, draws from year to year more subject-matter into its sphere ; the critical apparatus to the Sacred Writings accumulates in remarkably great dimensions. It is impossible that a theologian now-a-days can compass with equal exactness and thoroughness all the sub- divisions of theological learning. The work must be divided. Sacred philology, an important part of theo- logical training, especially now, when subtle objections so often are thrown in the way of orthodox, faithful exegesis, is considerably enlarged. Not only Latin, Greek, and Hebrew are expected to be mastered by the well-informed theologian, but also Assyrian and Egyptian soon will constitute an acknowledged, import- ant part of theological science. Those of my fellow- students in theological Seminaries or Divinity schools, who have received from their Creator the gifts and the inclinations toward the study of sacred philology, should by all means cultivate them, for the true, ultimate result of these studies will certainly contribute towards the establishing of the supreme authority of the Sacred Scriptures, and thus to the glory of God ; and the quicker and readier those of our ministers and students, who have not yet been tainted with the subtle rational- INTRODUCTION. Vll istic poison of England, France, and Germany, take part in these interesting and important studies, so much the better. For none of the original discoverers and decipherers, neither Rawlinson nor Oppert, neither Schrader nor Sayce, who are now successfully popular- izing Assyriology and its results, of course in their fashion, can be charged with too great bias towards the Holy Scriptures. l I am now far from claiming the necessary philological learning for the taking up and successful carrying on of Assyrian studies on the con- trary, I must confess that I am only a tyro thus far in the domains of Semitic languages, for neither leisure, nor the necessary books and publications, have been at my disposal. 2 Gesenius Thesaurus Philologi- cus, EwalcCs Hebrew Grammar (8 edit), Wright's Arabic, Hoffmanns Syriac, Dillmanris Ethiopic, together with Fursfs Ararnaeischen Lehrgebaude, and Schrader s and Sayce s Assyrian Grammars, have been my only helps in Semitic studies. 3 I trust, that in the future, D. V., I will have more leisure and more means to carry on Old Testament philology. There is no doubt whatsoever, that Assyriology soon will become a good and sharp weapon in the hands of the wise and judicious Christian Apologists, and together with Egyptology, rightfully used, may be of the great- est profitableness and advantage in the present spir- ited war against all kinds of unbelief and misbelief. 1 See Princeton Review, 1874, page 397. Remarks by Dr. Green. 2 Deficiente pecu deficit omne nia. 3 I must not forget to mention, that I have made also good use of Wal- ton's Polyglot Bible, and Castelli's Heptaglot Dictionary ; the very pearl among the excellent books which Dr. Burrowes has donated to the San Francisco Theological Seminary. Vlll INTRODUCTION. Secondly, I may be permitted to make a few remarks on cuneiform writings and the languages written in these characters, for those of my lectores benevoli who have not had an occasion to acquaint themselves witn the facts of the discovery, explanation, etc., of cunei- form inscriptions. It was as early as 1842 that M. Botta, at that time French Consul at Mosul, on the river Tigris, discovered the first traces of Assyrian remains underneath the great mound called by the Arabs Kouyyunjick, oppo- site Mosul ; afterwards, not being as successful in his excavations as he expected, he shifted the locality of his operations to a place about fourteen miles distant from Kouyyunjick, called Klwrasabad. In 1845, Mr. Layard commenced similar operations at the supposed site of the ancient Nineveh ; what his results have been is generally known, for the accounts of his excavations, laid down in a masterly manner in his various books, have been accessible to the people also of America, by the fact that the books were republished here and sold considerably cheaper than in England. From that time, expeditions have been repeatedly undertaken, mostly by French and English scholars, all of which were crowned with the most remarkable success. The last investigations have been made by that eminent and sagacious Assyrian scholar, George Smith, of the British Museum.* An immense number of baked clay tablets, of terra- cotta cylinders, and burnt bricks, covered to a great ex- tent with minute writings in a wedge-shaped manner, *The narrative of his various expeditions has just been published in England, but I have only in the latter part of this brochure been able to make use of his interesting book. INTRODUCTION. have been dug out. sometimes, unfortunately, in a mutilated condition. These have been taken to Lon- don and Paris, where in leisure they have been copied, studied, and read. Especially rich in Assyrian remains is the British Museum in London and the Louvre in Paris. It is true that we cannot read this cuneiform writ- ings with such an exactitude and correctness as we might wish, and it is equally true that there still remains a great deal to be done ; but on the whole, the claims of Assyriology, as an established branch of Oriental Phil- ology, cannot be doubted nor disputed. Three kinds of cuneiform writings have so far been discovered, the first and the simplest of which is called the Persian. The initial steps towards the explana- tion of this kind were taken by Professor Grotefend in Gottingen, as early as 1802. He was soon followed in this kind of research by a host of distinguished English, French, and German savants ; who, by hard and intense work, finally succeeded in settling con- clusively the meanings of the different characters. It was found that the writing is a purely alpha- betic one, consisting of about forty characters. The language is called Old Persian, belongs to the great Indo-European family, and is very closely related to the Sanscrit. The inscriptions which we possess in this language are the great Darius inscrip- tion of Behistiin, besides smaller ones of Cyrus, Xerxes, Artaxerxes, and a few more Persian kings. 4 The second class is the so-called Median. Especially Westergard, Norris, Holzmann, and Mordtmann have done great service in settling the relative value of the * See: Fr. Spiegel: Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften, Leipzig, 1862, who gives text, translation, grammar, and glossary. X INTRODUCTION. characters, (about 400), all of which denote a consonant with inherent vowel, for instance, ap, er ik, su, etc. The language is Turanian or Ural-Altaic, and closely allied to Turkish, Finnish, or Baskish. 5 These two classes have no interest for Biblical scholars, only history and philology derive advantage from their being ex- plained. The third kind, which alone deserves our notice, is the so-called Assyrian and Babylonian, very complicat- ed, consisting of more than-4OO signs, which denote not only syllables, but also whole words ; besides simple syl- lables, numerous ideograms, polyphones, and homo- phones, are found indiscriminately used with the great- est freedom, so that a word of three syllables may be written with an ideogram, a simple syllable, and a polyphone. The language of Assyria and Babylonia is purely Semitic, with an underlying Turanian stratum, called now by cuneiform scholars generally Accadianf in 5 The best article on the so-called second kind of cuneiform inscription is found in Zeitschrift d. D. M. G. vol. 26, by Dr. A. D. Mordtmann : " Entzifferung und Erklarung der Armenischen Keilinschriften von Van und der Umgegend." 6 Mr. Hale'vy, the eminent Semitic scholar of Paris, read not long ago a paper before the Acaddmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, on the Pseudo-Turanians of Babylon, in which he denies in toto the existence of an Arcadian language unconnected with the Semitic dialects of As- syria and Babylon. Mr. Hale'vy sums up against the theory which ascribes the invention of the cuneiform alphabet to the Turanians, and treats the admission of a Turanian foundation for the civilization of the Assyro- Babylonians as a gratuitous hypothesis, fraught with serious danger to the progress of all historical and philological studies. We may soon ex- pect an answer from either J. Oppert or E. Schrader ; I for one believe that Mr. Hale'vy is liable to err just as well as his learned co-religionist and co-semitist did some years ago. I mean E. Rdnan. Acad. of Dec. 19, 1874. INTRODUCTION. XI which language the oldest records, exclusively in Baby- lon, have been found. The general adopted opinion is, that the early Babylonians, a non-Semitic race, were the inventors of this kind of writing, which was in the first place purely hieroglyphic, i. e., a picture-writing such as the ancient Egyptians had, but which in the course of time simplified itself into the so-called proto- chalda>an, then in the common Assyrian, till at last, in the times of Darius, the syllabic and ideographic char- acters of Assyria were still more simplified and reduced to the alphabetic system of Persia. For instance, the generally used ideograph for ''God " (Ass. ilu, hebr. , is this : - * i three arrows, two horizontal and a perpendicular one ; now in the archaeic form it con- sisted of four arrows, in the form of a star laid togeth- er, thus, FT- I n this picture of a star we see plain- ly the early symbol of the Deity. I do not doubt that the worship of the heavenly bodies, sun, moon, and stars, was the first established form of idolatry, and in fact always has been among the descendents of Sem, with the only exception of the Hebrews. The language of Assyria, as already said, is purely Semitic, the roots being, like in the Hebrew, Arabic, Ethiopic, etc., triliteral, for instance, nadan, "|rO, to give, bana, H3D, to build, sama, J^O^, to hear, halak, "pTT, to go, mala, X*?D, to Jill, etc. Analogous to other Semitic languages various conjugations are derived from these triliteral verbal roots : Kal, If teal, Pael, Iftaal, Shapel, Ishtafal, etc., still the number of these forms is less than in the more developed Arabic. The inflection is Xll INTRODUCTION. done mostly by changing the vowel inside the root, or by affixes and suffixes, or by adding a fourth character- istic consonant, for instance, " /" in the precative, n, /, etc. Besides the two main Semitic tenses, Perfect and Imperfect, Assyrian possesses a so-called Permansive 7 , a Precative, Imperative, Participle, and Infinitive. In order to become fully convinced of the Semitic character of the Assyrian language, we need only con- sider the lexical contents. 8 With the exception of a few words remaining from the archaeic Turanian which were taken over together with the graphic characters, all the roots of Assyrian may be found either in the dic- tionaries of Hebrew and Syriac, or of Arabic and Ethi- opic. It is not the place to dwell in extenso upon the remarkable manner, the acute and ingenious process, by which learned men have reached such wonderful results. I only can refer here to the popular accounts given from time to time by such men as Sir H. Rawlin- son, Talbot, Smith, Sayce, and others in various periodi- cals, especially in the " London Athenaeum," or to the most excellent papers of our esteemed Princeton Pro- fessor, W. H. Green, in the " Princeton Review," (Nos. 8 1, 84,89) some of which undoubtedly will be accessible to those who desire to know more about this greatest of all literary feats of the nineteenth century. Upon the following pages I give first the small in- 7 See : Dr. Schrader in Zeitschrift d. D. M. G. XXVI. p. 266. Sayce: Ass. Gr., p. 52. Hinks in J. of R. A. S., 1866, p. 480. At the meeting of the Internationa] Congress of Orientalists last year, in London, Rev. G. C. Geldart read a paper on "Dr. Hink's Permansive Tense in the Assyrian Verb/' I hope soon to hear more of his paper ; see Acad. No. 124, p 328. This Permansive is not yet clear to me ; I think it is adhuc sub judice Us. 8 Still, it is true that the main argument for the relationship of a language is the grammar. INTRODUCTION. Xlll scription, found over a bas-relief, representing King Sennacherib sitting upon a throne and receiving Hebrew captives. Secondly, I have quoted a few lines from an inscription, generally called the inscription of Constan- tinople, in which the submission of King Hezekiah shortly is mentioned. It is found printed in Rawlin- son's Inscr. of W. A., Vol. I, pL 43, 15, the preceding one in the same volume, pi. 7. Thirdly, there may be found a part of an inscription of Sennacherib, discov- ered upon a hexagonal terra-cotta cylinder, called after its first owner the Taylor cylinder. The original in cuneiform characters is lithographed in the first vol- ume of the great London publication, The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, by Sir Henry Rawlinson and Norris, and after the last named scholar's death, by Geo. Smith. Trtree volumes of this excellent folio- work, a very treasure-house for Assyriologists, have al- ready been published, and the fourth is expected to be ready by this time. Of this large inscription of Sen- nacherib, which records us the first eight expeditions of this monarch, I have given, of course, only that portion which has reference to Syria and Palestine, Bible-lands in the narrower sense. There exists also a parallel-inscription to the latter one, published by Rawlinson under the name of the Bellino inscription of Kouyyunjick in vol. Ill, 12, 13, which is somewhat shorter. I have not quoted it. The transcription in Roman characters is given after Dr. Schrader : " Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Tes- tament," p. 1 70 seg., but since Americans are perhaps more used to that system of transcription used in Eng- land, I have made the necessary changes, substituting the alphabet used by Sayce and given in his Ass. Gr., p. XIV INTRODUCTION. 25, with the exception of Ayin and Yodh.* Never- theless, I must confess that I greatly prefer the Ger- man system, because it avoids the use of two letters for one Semitic one, by ingeniously making use of diacritical points above and underneath the character. After the Assyrian text is found a literal English translation, made also after the German of E. Schrader ; but in the notes following the text I mention also the Variae Lectiones of Fox Talbot, as given in the neat little volume, "Records of the Past? London, Bag- ster ; and Geo. Smith in his just published book : "As- syrian Discoveries." After the text will be found what has cost me the most labor, namely the grammatical and lexical notes, explaining every word, as far as clear to me. Upon the concluding pages I have ventured to give a few historical notes of course nothing new but since doctors on that point disagree, etc. Finally, I must say, that I had commenced to write this virgin dissertation (more ac ritu Academico in Lit- erarum Universitatibus Germanicis) in Latin, being from early boyhood acquainted with that language, but one of my honored and learned friends advised me to write it in English. Of course, I know that a goodly crop of " Germanisms " is found upon these pages, therefore I beg the pardon and kind forbearance of the reader. I think that neither the late Fr. Lieber, nor K. Schurz here in America, nor the learned Sanscritist of Oxford, who wrote or still write an excellent Eng- lish style, have in their first publications been so entire- *There will be found many irregularities in the transcription. Samekh and Shin are not distinguished, because an accented j could not be found, etc. Those scholars who read Hebrew with some fluency, will without difficulty recognize the resp. root. INTRODUCTION. XV ly free from faults betraying their author's mother tongue. SAN FRANCISCO, Idibus Febr., 1875. H. G. K. A. H. Sayce, M. A., feflow and tutor of Queen's College, Oxford, transcribes the Hebrew alphabet as follows: N:=a; 3 = b ; ^ = g ; T=xl; H = h ; 1 = u ; r = z ; n = kh ; D = dh ; V= i ; D = c ; ^ = 1 ; D = m ; J = n ; D s ; P = e; ^ = p;^ = ts ; p k ; 1 = r ; tT = s ; H = t. Ebr. Schrader, D. D., Professor of Theology in the University of Jena, Germany, differs from Sayce in the following characters : nr=:h; D = d;'=y; 3 = k; V = i ; y = s ; p k. With the exception of ' and y (Yodh and Ayin), I have used Sayce's system. I. Inscription over a Bas-relief. (Lachish Inscr.) 1. Sin-akhi-irib sar kissati sar mat assur 2. ina kussu ni-mi-di u-sib-va 3. sal-la-at 'ir La-ki-su 4. ma-kha-ar-su 'i-ti-ik II. Inscription of Constantinople. Lines 13-15. Lu-li-sar Tsi-du-un-ni 4 i-kim sarrut-su ; Tu-ba-'-lu i-na cussu-su u-si-sib-va man-da-at-tu bilu-ti-ya tsi-ru- us-su u-sal-bit; rap-su na-gu-u mat Ja-hu-di, Khi-za-ki- a-hu sar-su 'i-mid ab-sa-a-ni. III. Taylor's Cylinder Inscription. Col. II., 34 seq. 34. I-na sal-si gir-ri-ya ana mat Kha-at-ti lu al-lic, 35. Lu-li-i sar 'ir Tsi-du-un-ni pul-khi mi-lav-vi 36. bi-lu-ti-ya is-khu-pu-su va a-na ra-uc-ci 2O SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. 37. kabal tiham-tiv in-na-bit-va ma-ti-su 'i-mid. 38. 'Ir Tsi-du-un-nu rabu-u 'Ir Tsi-du-un-nu tsikhru. 39. 'ir Bit-Zi-it-ti, 'Ir Tsa-ri-ip-tav, 4r Ma-khal-li-ba, 40. 'ir S'an-su-u, 'ir Ak-zi-bi, 'ir Ac-cu-u, 41. irani-su dan-nu-ti, bit dura-ni a-sar-ri-i-ti 42. u nu-ci-ti bit rat-la-ti-su ra-ru-bi 43. Asur bil-ya is-khu-bu-sunu-ti, ic-nu-su 44. si-bu-u-a Tu-ba-Mu ina cussu surru-ti 45. 'ili-su-un u-si-sib va bilat man-da-at-tubi-lu-ti-ya 46. cisid-ti ula-ma-at u-cin tsi-ru-us-su. 47. Sa Mi-in-khi-im-mu U-si-mu-ru-na-ai, 48. Tu-ba- 3 -lu Tsi-du-un-na-ai 49. Ab-di-liti A-ru-du-da-ai, 50. U-ru-is-ci Gu-ub-la-ai, 51. Mi-ti-in-ti As-du-da-ai, 52. Pu-du-ilu Bit-Am-ma-na-ai, 53. Cam-mu-si-na-ad-bi [Ma]- 5 -ba-ai 7 54. Abu-ram -mu U-du-um-ma-ai, 55. sarra-ni mat Akharri-ca-li-su-un si-di-'i 56. sat-lu-ti ta-mar-ta-su-nu ca-bid-tu a-di sa-su 57. a-na makh-ri-ya is-su-nuv-va is-si-cu sipa-ya 58. u Tsi-id-ka-a nisu Is-ka-lu-na-[ai] 59. sa la ic-nu-su a-na ni-ri-ya: ili bit abu-su sa-a-su 60. assat-su habli-su banati-su akhi-su zir bit abu-su 61. as-su-kha-av-va a-na mat Assur uras-su 62. Sarru-lu-da-ri habal Ru-kib-ti, sarru-su-nu makh- ru-u, 63. 'ili, ni-si 'ir Is-ka-al-lu-na as-cun-va na-dan bilat 64. cit-ri-'i bi-lu-ti-ya 'i-mid-su-va i-sa-at ab-sa-a-ni. 65. I-na mi-ti-ik gir-ri-ya 'ir Bit-Da-can-na, 66. 'ir ja-ap-pu-u, 'ir Ba-na-ai-bar-ka, 4r Azu-ru, 67. ^ir-ani-sa Tsi-id-ka-a, sa a-na ni-ri-ya 68. ar-tu la ic-nu-su, al-vi acsu-ud as-lu-la sal-la-sun. SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 21 69. Saccanac-ci, rubbuti u nisi 4 ir Am-gar-ru-na 70. sa Pa-di-i sarra-su-nu bil a-di-'i u ma-bad 71. sa mat Assur, kas-vi-tu parzilla id-du-vaa-na Kha- za-ki-ja-hu 72. Ja-hu-da-ai id-di-nu-su nac-ris a-na tsil-li-'i mu-su, 73. ip-lukh lib-ba-su-un. Sarra-ni mat Mu-tsu-ri 74. tsa-bi mitpanni. narkabati, susi sa sar Mi-lukh- khi, 75. 'i-mu-ci la ni-bi ik-ti-ru-nuv-va il-li-cu 76. ri-tsu-us-su-un. I-na ta-mir-ti 'ir Al-ta-ku-u 77. il-la-mu-a si-i-dru sit-cu-nu ; u-salu 78. tuclati-su-un ; i-na tuclat Asur bil-ya it-ti-su-un 79. am-ta-kh-its-va as-ka-can hapic-ta-su-un. 80. Bili narcabati u habli sar mat Mu-tsu-ra-ai 8 1. a-di bili narcabati sa sar mat Mi-lukh-khi bal-tu- su-un. 82. i-na kabal tam-kha-ri ic-su-da kata-ai. 83. 'ir Ta-am-na-a al-vi acsu-ud as-lu-la sal-la-sun. Col. III. 1. A-na 'ir Am-gar-ru-na ac-rib-va ; saccanacci 2. rubbuti sa khi-idh-dhu u-sab-su-u a-duc-va 3. i-na di-[im]-ti si-khar-ti 'ira-lib pag-ri-su-un ; 4. habli 'ir 'ib-is an-ni u cil-la-ti 5. a-na sal-la-ti am-nu ; si-it-tu-ti-su-nu 6. la ba-ni khi-dhi-ti u kul-lul-ti, sa ara[-ti] 7. la ib-su-a, us-sur-su-un ak-bi. Pa-di-i 8. sarra-su-nu ul-tu ci-rib 'ir Ur-sa-li-im-mu 9. u-si-tsa-av-va, i-na cussu bi-lu-ti 'ili-su-un 10. u-si-sib-va man-da-at-tu bi-lu-ti-ya 11. u-cin tsi-ru-us-su u Kha-za-ki-a-hu 22 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 12. Ja-hu-da-ai sa la iknu-su a-na ni-ri-ya XXXX. VI 1 3. irani-su dan-nu-ti duri u irani tsakhruti 14. sa li-vi-ti-su-nu sa ni-ba la isu-u 15. i-na pat-bu-us a-ram-mi u kit-ru-up su-pi-i 1 6. BI. KHU. ZU. UK. SIBU. BIL. SI. KHUL. RIS. (?) Kir-ban-nati 17. al-vi, acsu-ud, II. C.M. C. L. nisi zicar u sin-nis, 1 8. susi, pari-'i, imiri, gam-mali, alpi 19. u ts-i-'ini sa la ni-bi ul-tu-cir-bi-su-un u-si-tsa-av-va 20. sal-la-tis am-nu. Sa-as-su cima its-tsur ku-up-pi cirib 'ir Ur-sa-li-im-mu 21. 'ir sarru-ti-su 'i-bu-su, khal-tsi k ili-su 22. u-rac-cis-va a-tsi-'i babu raba 'ir-su u-tir-ra 23. ic-ci-bu-us. Iri-su sa as-lu-la ul-tu ci-rib mati-su 24. ab-tuc-va a-na Mi-ti-in-ti sar 'ir As-du-di, 25. Pa-di-i sar 'ir Am-gar-ru-na u Is-mi-bil 26. sar 'ir Kha-zi-ti ad-din-va u-tsa-akh-khir mat-su. 27. 'Hi bilat makh-ri-ti na-dan cisid-ti-su-un 28. man-da-at-tu cit-ri-'i bi-lu-ti-ya u-rad-di-va 29. u-cin tsi-ru-us-su-un. Su-u Kha-za-ki-a-hu 30. pul-khi mi-lav-vi bi-lu-ti-ya is-khu-pu-su-va 3 1 . nisi ur-bi u tsabi-su-si tsabi 32. sa a-na dun-nu-un 'ir Ur-sa-li-im-mu 'ir 33. sarru-ti-su u-si-ri-bu-va ir-su-u bi-la-a-ti 34. it-ti xxx bilat khuratsa, DCCC. bilat kaspa, ni-sic- ti 35. ga-thi-li DAG. DAK. SI. abni Za-sun-mi rabiiti, 36. 'its X. KA. cussi nimidi. KA. masac, AM. SI, 37. KA. AM. SI, 'its dan, 'itsKU. NIN. TAK. SU, ni-tsir-tav ka-bid-tav 38. u banati-su, sicriti 'i-cal-su, nisi lub, 39. assati lub a-na ci-rib Ninua 'ir bi-lu-ti-ya 40. arci-ya u-si-bi-lav-va ; a-na na-dan man-da-at-ti 41. u 'i-bis ar-du-ti is-pu-ra rac-bu-su. I. Sennacherib, the king of nations, the king of the land of Assur, sits upon his high (or movable) throne ; the spoils of war of the city of Lachish before him they pass by./ II. From Elulaeus, the king of Zidon, I took away his kingdom; I lifted Ethbaal (Ethobal) upon his throne and imposed upon him the tribute (due) to my domin- ion ; the distant territory of the land of Judah, Heze- kiah, its king, I forced to obediencej III. (34) In my third campaign I marched against the country of the Hittites; (35) Elulaeus, the king of Zidon, him overcame the mighty terror of my (36) govern- ment, and he fled far away in the midst of the sea ; his territory I brought into subjection^ (38) Zidon the greater, and Zidon the lesser, Bit-Zitti, Sarepta, Machallib, Shemesh, Akzib (Ekdippa), Acco, (41) his fortified cities and his open ones (42) and unoc- cupied places, his beautiful palaces, (?) (43) (the terror 24 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. of the arms of Assur, my lord, had overcome them) submitted (44) to me. I placed Ethbaal upon the kingly throne (45) over them, and the payment of trib- ute to my dominion (46) I levied upon him as a contin- gent tax. (47) Menahem of Samaria, Ethbaal of Zidon, Abdillit of Arvad, Uruiski of Byblos, Mitinti of Ash- dod, Puduil of Ammon, Kamuz-nadab of Moab, Mali- kram of Edom, (55) all the kings of the western coun- try, near the frontiers of my empire, they brought their rich presents and jewels to me and kissed my feet. (58) But Zidka of Ascalon, who had not bent him- self under my yoke : I led away the gods of the house of his father, himself, (60) his wife, his sons, his daughters, his brothers, the family of the house of his father, (61) and I carried them into Assyria. (62) Sar- ludari, the son of Rukibti, their former king, I placed over the people of Ascalon, and imposed upon him the payment of tribute, and he offered obedience. In the progress of my campaign I marched against Beth- Dagon, Joppe, Banai-barka, Hazor, the cities of Zidka, which had not placed (68) themselves in subjection, I took them, carried away their spoils. (69) The high offi- cials, the magnates and the people of Acron, (70) who had Padi, their king, my ally and vassal of Assur, placed in iron fetters, and had delivered him to Hezekiah of Judah with hostile intentions during the shades of night: (73) their hearts trembled. The king of Egypt had called the archers, the chariots, the horses of the king of Meroe (Ethiopia), (75) an innumerable host, and they went out (76) to help them. In the presence of Altaku the line of battle had been arranged oppo- site me. They called upon their troops. Trusting SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 25 Assur, my lord, I fought them and vanquished them. The charioteers and the sons of the Egyptian king, together with the charioteers of the king of Meroe, (82) my hands took alive captive in the midst of the battle. The cities Altaku (and) Timnah I attacked, captured them, carried away their prisoners. Col. III. (i) Against the city of Acron I marched; the high- est officials, (2) the magnates, who had rebelled, I killed. (3) Upon poles of the circumvallation of the city their bodies I hung up. (4) The sons of the city (inhabitants), who had committed oppression and vio- lence, (5) I designed for transportation ; the remaining inhabitants, (6) who had taken no part in the riot and violence, who nothing abominable (7) had committed, their amnesty I proclaimed. I effected that Padi, their king, Jerusalem (9) could leave, installed him upon his throne over them, and imposed upon them ithe tribute due to my dominion. But Hezekiah (12) of Judah, who would not place himself in subjection : (13) forty-six of his fortified cities, numerous castles, and small places ; (14) which were situated in their reach, (15) I subdued with .... and the attack .... with battering engines (17)! made an assault on them, took them, 200,150 people, males and females, (18) horses, mules, asses, camels, cattle (19) and sheep without number I carried away from them (20) and declared them to be spoils of war^v Himself I in- closed like a bird in a cage in Jerusalem, (21) his royal city. Fortifications I built against them ; (22) the egress of the great gate of his city I let (by my sol- 26 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. diers) (23) open by violence. His cities, the [inhab- itants] of which I had taken prisoners, (24) I cut off from his territory and gave them to Mitinti, the king of Ashdod, .(25) Padi, the king of Ekron, and Ismibil, (26) the king of Gaza; I diminished his territory also. (27) To the former tribute I added, as tribute of subjection under my rule, a tax upon their private property, (29) and imposed such upon them. Him, Hezekiah, a great panic seized him (on account of my power), [likewise] (31) the garrisons and his people, which he had taken in for the defense of Jerusalem, his royal city. Thus he agreed to pay tribute, (34) namely, 30 talents of gold, 800 talents of silver, works in metal [?], reddish-glistening stones .... large jewels, (36) .... wood, coverings for beautiful chairs [sedans], articles made from the skin of buffaloes, (37) teeth of buffaloes, dan-wood, ku-wood, rich treasures ; (38) Likewise I commanded his daughters, the ladies of his palace, the male and female servants of his harem, to be brought to me to Nineveh, my royal residence. (40) For the payment of the tribute and for the assurance of submission he did send his legate. I, but as Hesychius speaks of the moon-god Sin, it is very plausible now that this king's name will commence with Sin ..... . All of my readers know that in Arabic, Hebrew, Greek, etc., many proper nouns are composed of names of deities, with some other phrase (comp. Jona- than, Jehovah has given, Abdallah, a servant of Allah. Dorothea, gift of God, Christlieb, loving Christ, etc.). Sign 4 is a pretty hard nut ; but fortunately there are the syllabaries, of which, of course, I have no time to speak ; they will help us out of the dilemma. There we find our sign explained as meaning akhi, brothers, plur. from akh, Hebrew root HnN, frater et amicus fuit, Ges. 1. c. 63. We have already an important por- UNIVERSITY 30 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. tion of the name, Sin-akhi-; let us now take the fol- lowing character for close inspection. These six wedges are found in the syllabaries to mean irib (comp. Schrader 1. c. 27), from the root ("13*1, to multiply; irib is therefore the third pers. sing. Imp. Kal. We have at last Sin-akhi-irib, Sinakhirib, Sin multiplies brothers, Sin gives many brothers. But does not this Sinakhi- rib resemble the Hebrew D'^rOD as one egg does the other ? Now for the next sign, number six two hooks ; it is a polyphonic character, it has the phonetic value of man, of nis, of sarru pB> = king, sar is the status construc- tus), all this we know by way of comparison. This sign appears in the first line twice. Oriental, and also Occidental kings, have been always in the habit of enumerating after their names their titles. Especially the stereotyped phrase of the Assyrian rulers was to call themselves "kings," "great kings," "the king of kings," " kings of etc." A good, sharp guesser might conjecture now that something like a title would fol- low. Sar is one of the four or five phonetic values of this sign ; sar means now king ; there we have it. It is very peculiar that sar and melek, both equally found in all Semitic dialects, seem in Hebrew and Assyrian to have changed their roles : sar in Hebrew means rather a subordinate prince, and melek supreme ruler ; in Assyrian it is just the reverse, at least 'the Assyr- ian rulers always call themselves sarri. (Apropos, a further meaning of this sign under discussion is the numeral twenty ; see Menant : Recueil des Alphabets pour sevoir a la lecture et r interpretation des ecritures cun. Parish) The next sign is a double wedge ; as ideogram it has the value of SU, but that gives no SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 3! sense ; Sennacherib, king of Su, king of No, that won't do. Very well, let us see what the syllaba- ries say. Surely there we find that this sign is equiv- alent to the two syllables kis-sat, kissat. In Ges. thes. phil.tcan be found no root HDD but a root D3J, with the meaning, collegit, congregavit ; kissat, a noun with the feminine termination of the plural signifies, therefore, a host, a multitude, a nation. Often in the standard-inscription is it found, " king of hosts," " king of multitudes," "king of nations." The next sign (8), three small arrow-heads, is often met in cuneiform inscriptions. By comparison we find it in the name Ar-tak-sat-su, standing in the third place, means, therefore, sat; in Di-ig-lat it means lat ; besides that, it means also kur, mat. Now, to some of my read- ers it may seem rather strange that such a small, insigni- ficant sign should express four or five different ideas ; but it is, nevertheless, true, and after all not so very incredible. Even in English we have many polypho- nous signs ; e. g., X, that means 10 (ten], it means cross (X roads), it means Christ (Xmas\ it means times (33:3=9), it means Ex (X press), it means, who knows what more. If we now look and try what fits best in our text, we find mat means land in fact, it is again and again used as the very determinative for names of countries. Now for the last character in the first line. We have : Sennacherib, the king of multitudes (or nations), the king of the land of Who in the world expects now anything else than Assyria? By way of comparison, it was found that the phonetic value of this ideograph is Asur, for it is repeatedly phonetically written A-sur. The first line, I hope, is now clear to all. 32 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. Second line : first, a solitary wedge, having the phon. value of as\ of ruv, of dil; sometimes it stands for Assur, has consequently the same phonetic value as the last sign in the first line ; further it means habal, son ; finally it means ina, a prep., upon. By comparing the various syllabaries, parallel texts, bilingual '&&& trilingual inscriptions, etc., the meanings of all these phonetic values can be so settled that not even a shadow of doubt remains. The second sign corresponds in the trilingual inscription to the Old Persian gathu, throne ; its phonetic value is clear from a syllabary ; there it is written, cu-us-su, cussu, Hebrew NDD. It is, of course, not possible to enumerate and describe all the different manipulations, etc., which were required to reach such results ; every one can see how intricate the process has been. Signs 4, 5, 6, are all plain syllables, ni-mi-di; the root is "1J70, after Schrader, or as Oppert says 110> or rather "VJD (see below). The first root would give us the 'meaning of high, the second that of movable. The following sign means u or also va, the Hebrew \ a simple syllable. The next, two wedges, by compari- son we find also written si-ib, that is sib or sip ; the last stands for va or ba\ the whole word is now u-sib-va =usibva=usiba, third per. sing. Impf. Kal from D^N Hebrew 3t?', to dwell, to sit. The whole line reads now : Upon a movable throne he sits. The third line. Signs i, 2, 3, sal-la-at. No. i, sal, is explained by a comparison with the so-called Korsabad Inscription, where it is written phonetically sa-al; la and at are both written phonetically. Salat is a noun from /7C?, spoliavit, to carry away, therefore, spoil, booty. The fourth sign in this line is the well known SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 33 ideograph for Vr, Hebrew TV. city ; by comparing, etc., it is made clear. The three last characters signify la- ki-su. The Assyrians were in the habit of writing foreign words, especially proper nouns, phonetically, with simple syllables. Doubtless the well-known city Lachish, in the southern part of Judah, near the con- fines of Egypt, is meant ; perhaps, the place now called Um-Lakhis, not far from Eglon. In the last line we have only two words. The first syllable, ma, is written phonetically, the second, kha, likewise, and so is the third, ar, and the fourth, su. (In the copy of the Inscription which I have before me, there seems to be a mistake, but see note at the end of this chapter. If Rawlinson's great work was not so expensive, I would soon find what is right.) Ma- kha-ar, makhar, is a preposition, means coram, before. Root ^nD = ~\nD, festinavit; su is the affixed pronoun of the first person. The last three signs, 'i-ti-ik, are all phonetically written, itik third per. sing. Impf. Kal. from pHJf comp. the Talmudic p'njfn, est transcrip- tus, to move along, pass by. Schrader translates here : he takes for himself . I do not agree to that better is: the spoils of the city of Lachish before him they pass by. Now let us sum up : The most difficult word was the first, Sennacherib, because written as ideogram, but the rest of these four lines, both as regards the phonetic values of the arrow-headed characters, as also the meanings of the words, is very easy, and, I trust, clear to every one. Of course, it has cost not alone time, but also study, and imagination, and most of all a judicious application of historical and philo- logical combinations . With the helps published in Lon- don, Paris, and Leipzig, every Semitist will be able .3 34 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. correctly, but, of course, slowly, to read and under- stand Assyrian records. After the preceding notes had been written down, I found in the New York Nation two notices, one by Rev. Selah Merrill, of Andover, the other an answer by the editor. Mr. Merrill corrects Smith's Bible Dic- tionary, but the editor of the Nation corrects Mr. Mer- rill. With regard to the second word in the second line of our inscription, the editor says: " Schrader suggests the derivation from ma ad, to be great, but this root, in Assyrian, as in Hebrew, never refers to size, height, but to quantity, strong, much, exceedingly, and could hardly produce a derivative meaning high, for which we have the familiar Assyrian word illu. Besides, the prefix n by no means generally gives the ''passive" sense, nor could it, from the intransitive ma ad, give a passive nimidi, any more than nimiqui, mysterious, can be passive from a root emiq, to be deep. The connection in this and other passages makes it quite as likely that its root is mot, or ma ad, to move, to shake, and that it indicates the movable throne or sedan, carried by the kings on their journeys." I have quoted this passage, because, coming from an American source, it is very acceptable, and shows that undoubtedly soon American scholars will also claim a voice in Assyriology.* * It is here, perhaps, the place to say, that both in Layard's book and in Smith's Dictionary, the Lachish inscription is faulty. In the wood-cut which I had made I have altered two signs, not because I had a correct copy before me, but because I could find nowhere the characters given by Layard. Therefore, by way of a little guessing and hazardous con- jecturing, I made the change. Those of my learned friends who have access to Rawlinson's In. of W. A. will be able to see how far I have been right or wrong. I shall be very glad to receive information on that point. SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 35 II. Lull, Geo. Rawlinson spells his name Luliya, a king of Zidon, no doubt the same whom Menander (Joseph. Ant. Jud. ix, 14) calls Elulaeus, but not the Elulaeus of Ptolemy's canon ; Tsiduni, Sidon, or Zidon, pT ; 'ikim first pers. sing, Impft. Kal from DDK = DpJ, ultus est, vindicavit ; to take away ; sarrat-su, his king- dom, "W, princeps fuit, in Assyrian sarru, king, sar- rat, queen, sarruti, kingdom ; su is suffix of third pers. Tubalu, Ithobal, SjDnX (I Kings xvi, 31), Ethbaal ; ina, prep., in, at, upon, Hebrew 3 ; cussu, already explained ; usisib, first pers. sing. impf. Shaf., from the root DtPN, sedit, to place somebody; mandattu, tribute, root, )i"0, to give, Persian bdji; biluti-ya, bilat, domin- ion, ti, phonetic complement, ya, suffix of the first person : r. of course ^JH, lord, is written often ideog. ; ts^russ^l, prep, tsir, upon, (conf. "1), rock) with suffix of third pers. usalbit, first pers. Impft. Shafel of labat , flexit, plexit, than embrace, impose upon ; rapsu = HD, separavit, distinxit, here an adjective, far, distant; nagu, district, Arab, root, nagawa, territory; mat, already explained ; Jahudu, Judah, Hebrew rniJT, written phonet. ; Khazakiahu, Hezekiah ; sar su, its king; ^imid, first pers. Impft. Kal from "1EJ7, transit. in Assyrian, to impose; absan, subst, root in Arabic, abasan, to bring in subjection, comp. also, Hebrew COD, to trample down, Schrader translates : zwang zum gehorsam. Oppert renders absan with pietas. This word is not entirely clear to my mind. 36 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. III. TAYLOR'S CLAY CYLINDER. (34.) Ina, preposition " in "; salsi, " three," salsai, " the third," which is expected. The Assyrian numer- als, with few exceptions, are the same as in other Semitic languages. See Sayce, Assyrian gr., page 131, and Schrader, page 243. Girri, " expedition," "cam- paign," Arabic, garrah ; yais the prefixed possessive pronoun of the first person. I give here in short these pronouns, because they appear so often. SINGULAR. PLURAL. First pers. com. ya my. nu (ni) our. 2d pers. mas. ca thy. cunu your. 2d pers. fern. (ei) thy. (cina) your. 3d pers. mas. su his. sunu, sunut, their. 3d pers. fern, sa (si) her. sinat (miit) their. Ana, preposition, "toward," "against"; like the Hebrew ^, it corresponds to the Dative in the Old Persian in the trilingual inscriptions.* Mat, "land," forms in Assyrian two plurals, one mascul., mati, and one fern., matat, analogous to the Hebrew jamot and jamim, etc. Khatti, u Hittites," so called from CHET, or KHET, a son of Canaan. The Assyrians understood *To avoid expense and typographical difficulties I have used, as much as possible, English type, even for Hebrew words and roots. Every Semitist will recognize the word, even in a modern dress. SENNACHERIBS CAMPAIGN. 37 under KHATTI all westward living Aramaeans, in the widest sense of the word. In an inscription of ESAR- HADDON (mentioned in 2 Kings, xix, 37), twenty-two tributary kings of the Khatti are enumerated, who all were living either in Syria, Phoenicia, or Palestine; lu, " indeed," " truly," Ethiop. lal, " ipse "; allik, first pers. sing. Impft. Kal., from the root halak. On the As- % Syrian Verb, see especially Sayce. 1. c. p. 48 seq. (35.) Lull. Fox TALBOT spells this name in his trans- lation Luliah ; GEO. SMITH, Elulias* Here is, perhaps, the place to say, that GEO. SMITH, of the British Mu- seum, has found in his recent explorations in Assyria and Mesopotamia a third, larger inscription of SENNA- CHERIB, called Cylinder C, relating the story of this king's expedition into Syria. SMITH says in his just published book: "Assyrian Discoveries. New York: Scribner, Arm- strong & Co., 1875": "This cylinder is, in fact, an octagonal prism ; the text is very similar to that of the Taylor cylinder, and its value consists in the fact that it is intermediate in date between the Bellino and the Taylor cylinder It has the records of four wars, two more than the Bellino, and four less than the Tay- lor." In the following notes I will give, if I think it is necessary, the various readings of TALBOT and SMITH.! Pulkhi, " fear," from a root, which is found also in Aram. * Names or words already explained upon the preceding pages are, of course, not a second time taken up. Proper names I intend to analyze, and, if possible, identify with Biblical or classical references, at the end of this chapter. fin one or two instances the Bellino Cylinder gives us some details which neither Taylor's nor Smith's have preserved ; e. g., " Elulaeus seeks refuge in the Land of Jatnan." There is no doubt that the island of Cyprus is meant, because cities such as Idalium, Citium, Salamis, etc., are named as being situated upon this island. Jatnan is perhaps the same as Caphthor. but see STUART POOLE, in Smith's Bible Dictionary. 38 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. milavi, from maid, " full," then " whole," " mighty." (36.) Bilutiya, explained in the Constantinople inscrip- tion. Iskhupusu, " to throw to the ground," from the root sakhaph ; very often used in Assyrian ; F. T. translates : " had overwhelmed him. "Anna rued, " in a distance," " to a distant spot," root is raJchok. (37.) Kabal, "fight," "battle," it also means "the midst," written both as an ideogr. and phonetically. Tihamtiv, root taham, " sea," Hebrew, tahom ; innabit, niph. of nabat, "to fly"; imid, see above. SCHRADER translates: "I brought in subjection"; SMITH: "I took "; TALBOT: " I entered." (38.) Rdbu-j "great," from rO~l, adjective ; there is also found a noun, rabu, and the plural, rabidi, " the mag- nates." Tsikhru, also found tsakhru, " little," comp. tsir. (41.) Durani, dur, "dwelling-place," also "castle," TH. Assariti, plural, fern, of asar. SMITH and TAL- BOT translate, " walled," SCHRADER, " open," " even," root, jashar. Dannuti or dannu, adjective, " strong," root, damn. U or va, copula " and." (42.) Nucit, perhaps, plural of nuci, ^ to be clean, ' ? then, "to be free of soldiers," "unoccupied"; differ- ently SMITH and TALBOT: " fenced/' " enclosed." Rat- lot, "villa," "beautiful edifice," Arabic, ratal. Rarub, " terror. 7 ' JULES OPPERT translates this whole passage thus: " Les grand es villes, les citadelles, les places de pelerinage et de de votion, les temples, tout etait terrifie par la gloire d'Assour, mon maitre; ils se rendirent a moi." SCHRADER and the Englishmen enclose rarubi Asur lilya iskhiibusumdi in brackets. Iskhubn, third pers. sing. Impft Kal, "he took entirely," TALBOT, "had overcome," GEO. SMITH, " overwhelmed "; root sakhah. SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 39 Icnusit, third pers. sing, and also plural Impft. Kal from canash, u they made submission." (44.) Sibu, Aram. " foot,-' then used as a prep. " un- der." Hi, prep., the Hebrew ^V ; sometimes, also, used together with other prepositions, for instance, ana Hi, ina Hi, etc., " over." Usisib, Shafel, from root ashabh, Hebrew jashabh, "to place." Va, conj. " that," often enclitical. Bilat, a noun, from abal, Hebrew,/^/, "to carry/' " to bring. 7 ' * (46.) Omdti " spoil," ''tax." SMITH translates : " And taxes and tribute to my dominion, yearly, unceasing, I fixed upon him." F. TALBOT: " A fixed tribute to my majesty, paid yearly without fail, I imposed upon him." Ulamat, ohm, "eternity. 7 ' Vein, first pers. sing. Impft. Af. of cun, " I placed, 7 ' " I imposed. 77 Tsirussu, already explained in the Constantinople inscription. (47.) 8a, relative pronoun ; compare the Hebrew asher and C', GES. th. ph. p. 1344 seq. Calisun, He- brew col, "all. 7 ' Sidi, "limits, 77 comp. Arabic, sada, "terminus. 7 '' TALBOT leaves this word untranslated. SatM = sitlut, " dominion, 77 root, salat. Tamartu, " pre- sents, 7 ' properly, what has been exhibited, " Schau- stiick. 77 from namar, "to see. 77 Cabidtu, adj., "heavy, 77 "rich, 77 from cabed, ''to be heavy, 7 ' also in Hebrew. Adi" until, 77 often connected with Hi set, " until that, 77 " during. 77 Sasu, comp. Hebrew sasas and sasah, here a noun, "property, 77 "treasury. 77 Tssimuva, third pers. plur. Impft. of nasa. This form is rather irregular. Schrader speaks here of a nun epentheticum ; it means II they brought. 77 IssiJcu, from nasak, third pers. plur. Kal, "they kissed, 77 the same in Hebrew. Sipd, a noun in dual, written in the cuneiform text as ideogr. ; 40 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. it means ''both feet," or only u feet," see Ges. 1. c. p. (58.) Nisu, "man," plur. nisi; in the Old Persian martiya, Hebrew, ish. Nir means originally "yoke," but also used as preposition " under." In the follow- ing lines we are made acquainted with the Assyrian names of many of the family relationships, all more or less easily explained with the help of the Hebrew or Syriac. Abi, "father," Hebrew DN. Saw, root, shasha, " ille," u himself" Assat, li .woman," Hebrew, isha. Ha- bal, u son," Old Persian,/>w^ra ; the root wherefrom habal comes seems to mean "to create." Banat, plur. of bintu, "daughter," see SCHRADER in ZEITSCH. d. D. M. G. xxvi, p. 193. Akhu, '' brother. Zir, "seed," "race"; Hebrew, zerah. Urassu, first pers. com. Impft. cum surf, from arah, resp.jardk, "jecit," then it means also "forcibly to carry away." Assukhava, first pers. Impft. of naaakh, " to remove." (62.) Makkru, ' l former," comp. Hebrew, makhar ; as- cunva, from mean, first pers. sing. Impft. Kal., " I made." " I placed " ; citri'i, a noun formed from the I ft. of the verb cam, u to bend himself," therefore, " submission " ; isadh or isudh, Impft. Kal. of s-6dh, u to follow." " to be obedient " ; from this root is formed absan, " obedience," root still in Arabic abasa, " to subject" (?). (65.) Milik, noun, from atak, " to proceed," therefore, "the course"' in Hebrew u to advance"; ana niriya, " under my yoke." F. TALBOT translates this, passage thus: "which to my feet homage had not rendered." SMITH, exactly the same. SCHRADER, whom I have followed, differs. The ideogram which is used in the cuneiform text for the word niriya, can also be read sipaya. I have already said, in the introduction, that SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 41 in Assyrian we often meet polyphones. Hipaya is already explained ; it means " feet." Both readings make good sense ; but since I see that TALBOT and SMITH adopt the later reading, I do not hesitate to adopt also their explanation. (68.) Ardu; it ought to be artu, " obedience," from arat, or jurat . La. negative particle. Hebrew 5O, "not"; aim, first pers. sing. Impft. Kal, *' I besieged," from the root lavdh; acsud, " I took," first pers. sing. Impft. Kal, from root casat, very often used in the war reports of the Assyrian kings. Aslula, '' I carried off." first pers. Impft. Kal, from salal; the same root pro- duces the noun salati, "booty " ; sallassun, instead of sal- latsun, the t assimilated to s ; Hebrew, " spoliavit," "diripuit." Saccanaccu, a noun, written ideograph- ically " vice-king," " high officials, " or, as others take it, u high-priest." Adii, noun, from a root adah, like jadah, means properly, " recognition," then also, " faith." " submission " ; mabad, from the root abad, "to be sub- missive"; comp. another inscription in LAYARD, 73, 1 6. Samsi sarat mat Aribi sa mabad Samas titiku, i. e., " Samsieh, queen of the Arabs, who had devoted her- self to the service of the Sun-god." (71.) Casritu. "fetters," comp. the Hebrew casar, " to bind " ; parzilla, " iron," Hebrew, parz&l ; iddu, from nadah. ''to put on," comp. Hebrew nadah, "trusit"; nacris. an adverb, from the root nacar, "to be hostile "; therefore nacir, "an enemy"; tsilli, plur. of tsil, "shadow," Hebrew, tsel. There is a difference between the authors which I have before me. If I were so happy as to possess OPPERT'S text, or RAWLINSON'S I. of W. A., I might, perhaps, express an opinion of my own, but I must take what SCHRADER transcribes. He 42 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. translates: " Und dem Hizkia von Juda in feindlicher Absicht im Schhatten der Nacht iiberliefert batten." TALBOT: " And acted toward the deity with hostility." SMITH, in the Parallel inscription C : '* For the evil they did." Oppert: " Et ils avaient agi en se revoltant contre le droit." Of course, I cannot know what each one reads in the original. Quot capita, tot sensus. ,Op- PERT'S book, ''Inscriptions des Sargonides" I have not seen. Musu is the common word for " night " in Assyrian. (73.) Iplukh, Impft. of palakh, " to be afraid." Libbu, I don't need to remember on the Hebrew 3^, u heart." Mutsur, Egypt, Mizraim ; there is an exhaustive essay on this word by SCHRADER, in the Journal of the German Oriental Society , xxiv., p. 436. Two countries are called Mutsur : one in the east of Assyria, the other is Egypt ; all that I can do here is to refer to SCHRADER'S essay. Tsabi, "people," written as ideogram, comp. Tsabah. Mitpanni, "the bow," ''men of the bow," "archers." Narcabati, plur. of narcabat, "wagon," "chariot," root is racabh. OPPERT says that the ideograph with which this word is written ought to be read so. His readings are generally very reliable. (75.) Imuciy " host," " forces," from the root amac. Nibi, a noun, from root nabd, " to name," " to number." Iktirunu, Impft. I ft of kara, " to call," " to call together." lllicu, from halac. OPPERT translates this whole pas- sage thus : " Mais leur cceur redoutait le roi d'Egypte ; car les archers, les chars, les chevaux du roi de Meroe, des multitudes innombrables, se reunirent et marcherent contre moi." Ritsu, " assistance," from ratsd, " to help." Tamirti, for tanmirti, "sight," from namdr, "to see"; so SCHRADER. TALBOT : " In the plains." SMITH : " In the vicinity." lllamu, a prep, "before," "in front of." SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 43 Sidru, " battle array," comp. the Syriac sarad, " tremuit." Sitcun, adj. from the root saca, " to place," " placed." Usalu, third pers. pi. Impft. of sha'al ; these two words, malu, tiiclatimn, are differently translated. TALBOT : 44 They discharged their arrows." SMITH, like SCHRA- DER: " They urged on their soldiers." Tucult, I think, means in the first place, " confidence," tuclati, would then be " faithful servants," perhaps " soldiers " ; I must con- fess : hie haeret aqua ! Itti, prep. " with," comp. the Hebrew HN. Sun is, of course, suffix. (79.) Amtakhits, Impft. of makhats, Hebrew the same, " to fight," very often found in the inscriptions. Astacan, the Impft. of sacan, " to place." Hapicta, root hapac, " to overthrow," here a " defeat." Bill marcabati, " masters of the chariots," " Wagenlenker" both words already ex- plained. Adi properly means "until," the Hebrew '"W, but very often used as a simple copula, so here; see SCHRADER, Z. d. D. M. G. XXVI. p. 290. Baldhusun " alive," baldhu, plur. baldhut, sun is affix, now we have baldhut-sun ; t is thrown out, and the sibilants changed ; but on account of typographical difficulties I have not been able to mark in these pages the difference be- tween Samek and Shin. Col. III. (i.) Acrib, Impft. from carabh or Jcarabh, written both ways, " to approach." Kidhdhu, from root kadhd, "pec- cavit," in Greek "hamartano"; properly, to miss the mark in shooting ; here kidhdhu is a noun, " crime." Usabsu, third pers. Plur. Shaf. of basu, "they committed." Aduc, " they killed," from root tulc, resp. takak, " contudit," 44 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. " contrivit," Ges. sub voce. Dimii, " stakes," " poles "; the meaning is certain, but what the root is, is yet sub judice. Sikharti, " circumvallation" from sakhar, " cir- cumivit," see Ges., page 946. The translation I have given is very awkward, better TALBOT : " On stakes all round the city I hung their bodies." Inscription C seems to differ here, for SMITH translates : "And in heaps over the whole of the city I threw down their bodies." Alib, first pers. Impft. Kal from alabh, " to hang up," Arabic the same ; Latin, " resecare," German, " aufspiessen." Pagru, "dead bodies," Hebrew peger, cadaver, used by the prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah. (4.) Ibis, act. part, from abhash, " to do," although habli is plur., still ibis is sing. ; but such incongruities happen. What anm and cillati mean, I am not sure. I have translated as Schrader has done, without ex- pressing an opinion about his being right or wrong. TALBOT : " Who had done likewise, together with their wives, to slavery I gave." SMITH: "And the revilers into slavery I gave." Amnu, from mandh, first pers. sing. Impft Kal, "I counted." Sittut, " the rest," in Arabic it means the back of the body. (6.) Bani, part, from banah, " to make." Cululti, "abominable," root V?p. Arati, from arar, "defiance," "violence." Ibsu, Impft. Kal from abhash. Ussur, "re- ward," comp. Hebrew asher, "salvation." Akbi, first pers. Impft. of kaba, "to speak." Ultucirib, " ex medio." On the Assyrian prep. comp. SCHRADER, p. 289, who is very clear and exhaustive. Usizava, first pers. Impft Shaf. from R. azd c. cop. va. (14.) Livit, from lava, " to touch*," here a noun, " neigh- borhood." The two following lines, 15 and 16, are very difficult SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 45 to interpret. There is no doubt that the Assyrian his- torian speaks of different war-engines, the names of which are very hard to understand, and the nature of which it is difficult to identify. SMITH, the latest of my authorities, translates the parallel inscription thus : " With the marching of a host, and surrounding of a multitude, attack of ranks, force of battering rams, mining, and missiles." OPPERT, some years ago, ren- dered it in the following manner : " Avec lesquelles je combattis en domptant leur orgueil et en affrontant leur colere. Aide par le feu, le massacre, les combats, et les tours de siege, je les emportai, je les occupai." (17.) AM and acsud are clear. Zicar and sinnfe, 44 male and female," zicar, like Hebrew sinnis, adj. fem. The Arabic has preserved us this word in the same meaning. Here, now, we have six names for animals : susi, Hebrew, sus, parii, Hebrew, pereh, 44 mule"; imr, Hebrew, chamor, " ass "; gamali, Hebrew the same ; alpi, Hebrew, eleph, " cattle "; ts^im, Hebrew, tson, small cattle, 44 sheep and goats," all very plain. (20.) A very remarkable passage comes now, often quoted and commented upon. Itstsur, " bird," written as ideogram with two wedges, but phonetic value and meaning clear by way of comparison. Kuppu, 44 cage," comp. Hebr. Jcublah. Ibusu, 44 I concealed him," " I inclosed him," from kabdh. Perhaps the " black stone of the desert," the KAABAH. knows something about this root? Khaku, 44 fortress," 44 siege- tower." Uraccis, first pers. Pa. of racas, 44 to build," 44 to erect," often in the Inscription. In Hebrew we have racas, in Aram., rakas, in Arabic, rakas, 44 to bind." Atsti" exit," "egress," from root atsd. .Bab, 44 gate." Every schoolboy knows Bab-el- Mandeb from his geography lessons. Utirra, first 46 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. pers. sing. Af. " to effect," from rooter. SMITH renders " To divide it, he had given command." Iccibus, third pers. plur. Impft. of nacab, "perforate"; see on this syntakt. connection : " EWALD'S Lehrbuch d. Hebr. Spra- che 285 b" OPPERT, some years ago, took this passage differently : " J'investis et je bloquai les fortes au dessus d'elle ; ceux qui sortaient de la grande porte de la ville furent amenees et pris." There are difficulties which I cannot remove.* (23.) Abtiic, first pers. sing. Impft. of root batac, "to cut"; in Arabic, "to tear away." Utsakhir, Pa. from tsaar, "ty, " to diminish." Makrit, fern, of maJchru, " former," see above. Cisid-ti, of course, from acsud, root, casad, " to take," therefore casidti, " tribute," " taxes." Uraddi, first pers. sing. Impft. Pa. from radd, in As- syrian, " to add," the same in Arabic. (31.) Urbi, "watchman," plur., " Besatzungs-trup- pen," or TALBOT: "workmen." SMITH, strange to say, does not translate this word, but writes, " urU" Tsabisusi, " his men," tsabi, " men," su, suffix, si is a pho- netic complement; see more about it in SCHRADER, 1. c. p. 22 and 243 seq. TALBOT: "The workmen, sol- diers, and builders, whom for the fortification of," etc. Dwmwn,, Impft. Pa. of danan. "to defend." Usiribu, third pers. Shaf. of 3"U>, in Assyrian, "to enter." Irsu. from rasa, " to incline "; SCHRADER'S rendering, made three years ago, seems to be more correct than TALBOT'S from last year, for even GEO. SMITH writes : " Whom to be preserved within Jerusalem, he had * Assyriology is a new science, and, of course, progressive. On some points Assyriologists have to change their views, perhaps inside of twelve months. I should not be surprised to hear that it has been already finally settled in Europe, but philological news takes longer time to travel to San Francisco than political or commercial ! SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 47 caused to enter, and they inclined to submission," etc. TALBOT, on the other hand, has: " Whom for the forti- fication of Jerusalem, his royal city, he had collected within it, now carried tribute," etc. (34.) Khiirats, : 'gold." Hebrew p"H, v. Ges. 1. c. p. 526. Caspu cesspit, "silver." Nisicti, perh. from root nasac, " to weld," spoken of metal. In the following lines, 35, 36, and 37, I will first explain those words which are clear to me, and then give the various versions before me. Gakhli, perhaps the Hebrew D'bfU, " burn- ing coals," or as Oppert says, " shining stones." Ainu, may be from abdn, " ston e." There is no doubt that precious stones are here spoken of, because the deter- minative proves it. Masac, undoubtedly " skin," from the root p^J, to take off the skin either of man or beast. The Assyrians were in the barbarous habit of flaying enemies captured in war. Amsi, not quite cer- tain which animal is meant perhaps the buffalo. Ka- Amsi, " horns" or " teeth" of the Amsi. Its, " wood," like the Hebrew ets ; what dan and ku-wood is, I con- fess is a riddle to me. Following SCHRADER, I should think it means " sandal-wood" and " ebony." Oppert writes " ebony " too. Nitsirtu means properly what a man keeps, " a keepsake," from rootnatsar, u to watch"; consequently it signifies "precious things." Cabudtu,adj. fern., from cabed, "heavy." TALBOT renders these lines thus : " (34.) .... woven cloth, scarlet, embroidered, precious stones of large size, couches of ivory, movable thrones of ivory, skins of buffaloes, teeth of buffaloes, dan-wood, ku-wood, a great treasure of every kind." SMITH : " Precious carbuncles, daggasi, great stones, couches of ivory, elevated thrones of ivory, skins of buffaloes, horns of buffaloes, izdan, izku, every- 48 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. thing a great treasure." SCHRADER : " Metallarbeiten (?) rothschimmernde steine grosse edelsteine holzbeschlage tiir prachtsessel, gegenstande aus dem felle des Amsi, horn (?) vom Amsi, san- delholz, ebenholz, reiche schatze." (38.) Sicriti, comp. the Hebrew ^fr', uxor regia, it means, at all events, " females," for the determina- tive which stands before this ideographically written word proves it ; the phonetic value is demonstrated by GEO. SMITH in his " Assur lanipal, etc." leal, "palace," comp. Hebrew /DTf, Lub, perhaps "harem." Arid, prep. " after." Usibilavva, first pers. shaf. from root /^N, " to bear," with cop. m. Ardut, " submission," " homage," comp. drad=jarad in Hebrew. Ispur, third pers. sing, impft. from sapar, "to send." Raebu,, from racabh, "to ride," " to drive," here a noun : " envoy/' " messenger." t * The capitals which are used in the Assyrian text for printing doubt- ful words denote that they are written ideographically, but that neither the phonetic values nor the exact meanings are, so far, conclusively settled. fMy original plan was to give, after this chapter, an alphabetical list of all the Semitic Roots to be found in the foregoing inscriptions; but I must leave them out in order not to swell this brochure which, piece-meal, during midnight hours, and in haste, has been written into a little book, which I fear has interest for but a few. of MENTIONED IN OUR INSCRIPTIONS. ABDILIT, or as Talbot writes it, Abd' Hint, a king of Arvad ; nothing further is known of him. ABURAMU; some read this name Airamrnu, and suggest that it may be the same as Hiram, a name borne by various Phoenician kings. The so-called inscription of Parahyba, found in South America, which may be a fraud, mentions also (see Schlottmann Zeits. d. D. M. G. xxviii. p. 483) a king of Zidon called Hiram, in the third line. This man in our inscr. was King of Edom. Accu, the Accho of the Book of Judges, I, 31. The Arabs call it now Acca, Europeans St. Jean d'Acre. ACZIBI, perhaps the same word as found in Josh, xix, 29. Ekdippa of the classical writers. This Achzib was a city of Judah in the Shefelah ; there was an- other town with that name belonging to Asher. AKHARRI, mat Akharri, the western country. Assyrian name for Canaan, inclusive of Phoenicia and Pales- tine. 50 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. ALTACU, Etthekeh, has not yet been conclusively identi- fied; perhaps it was situated not far from Ekron. An- other Etthekeh was in the tribe of Judah, the former belonging to Dan. I am inclined to accept the more southerly situated town as the battle-field between Sennacherib and the Egyptians. AMGARUNA, undoubtedly Ekron, one of the five towns belonging to the Philistines, now Akir. It was situ- ated inside the limits of Judah, but seems never to have been conquered. ARUDA, Arvad, a place in Phoenicia ; it may perhaps be the same as the island Ruad, which lies off Tortosa, two or three miles from the Phoenician coast. Ezech. xxvii, 8, n. Bibl. Sacra, V., 251, seq. ASSUR, or Asshur, Assyria, the once mighty empire of Western Asia. See Smith's Bible Dictionary, s. v. ASDUDA, Ashdod, one of the five confederate cities of the Philistines, midway between Gaza and Joppa, noted for its worship of Dagon, the fish-god ; destroyed by the Maccabees ; now it is an insignificant village called Esdud. AZURU, Hazor, in Naphtali, mentioned in Josh, xix, 36, but this does not fit well in our narrative perhaps Hazar Shual is meant. F. Talbot, 1. c. p. 36. BANAI-BARKA, comp. Josh, xix, 45. Bene-berak ("sons of lightning "), the Syriac version reads Baal-debac. Kno- bel identifies it with Ibu-Abra/c. SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 5! BIT-DACAMA, Beth-Dagon, house of Dagon. Three cities are known to us as bearing this name ; the one spoken of in our inscription was perhaps situated in the so-called Shefelah, in the tribe of Judah. Robinson's identification with Beit Dejan is unten- able. BiT-Zim, City of Olives. There is a Beth-sittah in Issachar, but it is rather doubtful whether it is the place spoken of in our inscription. BIT-AMMANA, Beth-Ammon; a city bearing this name is unknown to me as being mentioned either in the Bible or classical writers. House of Ammon. CAMUSINADAB, Kamuz-natli. Chemosh was the chief god of the Moabites. I may be permitted to refer here to the so-called Moabite stone, where Chemosh is mentioned. Fiirst interprets, "god of fire." Sol-' omon introduced the worship of that god into Jeru- salem and Josiah abolished it. GUBLA, Byblos, situated on the frontiers of Phoenicia, somewhat north of the mouth of the small river Adonis ; it is now called Gebail by the Arabs, thus reviving the old Biblical name. JAHUDI, Judah; no need of further remarks. JAPPA, Joppa (beauty), now Yd/a or Jaffa, a town on the southwest coast of Palestine, well known in history. Especially during the crusades this place acquired a great importance. 52 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. ISKALUNA, Ashkelon, Askelon, one of the cities of the Philistines. With regard to the fulfillment of the prophecy (Zeph. ii. 4, and Zech. ix. 5), "Askelon shall not be inhabited," see Thompson's Land and Boole, ii., 328, seq. ISMIBIL, like Ismael ; perhaps it means " Bel hears." KHAZIKIAHU, already explained. KHATTI, Hittites; all the westward living Aramaeans. LULII, Elulaeus ; see Lachish Inscription. LACISU, Lachish, a city in Judah, besieged and cap- tured by Sennacherib : there exists now a place called Um-L&kis, perhaps the very spot. See Smith's Bible Dictionary. " MACHALLIBA, Makalliba, a place unknown to me. MINKHIMMU, Menahem, of Samaria, is mentioned in an inscription of Tiglath, Bileser II., together with Rezin of Damascus. There is no doubt of the identity of our Minkhimmu with the Menahem, ruler of the northern kingdom. MITINTI, a king of Asdod. MABA, Moab, the well-known trans-Jordanic country, which since the discovery of King Mesa's stele by Rev. Klein, a German missionary in Jerusalem, has been repeatedly searched by archaeologists after antiquities. A certain Mr. Clermont Ganneau has of late acquired a rather questionable notoriety by SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 53 denying the genuineness of the Moabite pottery, etc., recently purchased by the German government for its museums ; but a sort of literary Sedan is all that this jealous and annoying Frenchman has so far earned. Prof. Schlottmann, of Halle, the worthy successor of a Gesenius and Roediger, and undoubt- edly the most learned Semitist in Europe, will soon, under the auspices of the,German Oriental Society, publish a full description of all the Moabite antiqui- ties which are in the Berlin Collection. MUTSUR, Egypt. MILUKHI, Meroe ; the best authorities are now inclined to identify both names. NINUA, Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, the very city, the ruins of which have furnished us with the greater portion of the Assyrian records. Mosul is situated just opposite the mounds which cover the once mighty city. PADII, a king of Ekron, was treacherously delivered into the hands of Hezekiah, but afterwards restored. PUDUIL, a king of Ammon. RUKIBTI, name of a ruler or petty king of Askelon. SARLUDARI, a prince of Askelon, properly an Assyrian name. SINAKHIRIB, already explained. SARIPTAV, Sarepta, a city of Phoenicia, between Tyrus and Zidon. i Kings xvii, 9, 10. 54 SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. SANSU, Talbot writes Usu, Schrader calls it Shemesh. I cannot identify it. TUBAAL, a king of Zidon. This name seems to have been very common among the early Semites (or Hamites either). TAMNA, or Timnah, a town in the kingdom of Judah, near Ekron. Josh, xv, 10. Its name signifies "lot," or as others say, " south," because situated at the southern part of Palestine, in the tribe of Dan. 'Now called Tibneh. TSIDUN, Zidon, the well known city of Phoenicia. TSIDKA, Zedek, ("justice") a king of Ascalon. UDUMMA, Edom, Idumcea. URSALIMMU, Jerusalem, often mentioned in cuneiform inscriptions. USIMURUNI, sometimes also Samirina, Samaria, the cap- ital of the northern kingdom. 722 a. Chr. n. cap- tured by Sargon. URUISKI, or as Talbot reads, Ummilki, a king of Gabal. Having already overstepped the limits of this lit- tle pamphlet, I can in conclusion give only a few re- marks on one or two historical questions, which natu- rally enough are the consequences of philological re- searches. Hebrew history and chronology are fields very extensive on the one hand, and often sterile and unproductive on the other. Beside the inspired writers of the Sacred Canon, and a tew post-biblical historians, classical authors tell us very little about that peculiar, secluded nation, the Is- raelites. Therefore the discovery of the Assyrian rec- ords and their contents was of the highest interest to all biblical scholars, and has indeed startled the minds of many searchers after truth. Acceptable as cuneiform narratives are now, one thing is to be regret- ted, namely, that in some minor points they are in obvious discrepancy with the Bible. I say in minor points, be- cause the important facts of the Scriptures, as far as As- syria is concerned, are most wonderfully attested ; and only in numbers and in a few names occur differences, which, I trust, in the course of time, when more discov- eries are made and new inscriptions unearthed, more or less will be done away with. Three sources we have, from which we may derive information. The first, and of course the most import- 56 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. ant one, is the Bible ; the second are Greek and Egyp- tian narratives ; and the third, the cuneiform records of Assyria. Leaving all side questions untouched, we will consider here only one point, that is: " Has King Sennacherib been twice in Syria, or only once ?" or in other words, are the events narrated by the author of the second Book of Kings, and again in nearly the same language by the prophet Isaiah, to be referred to one or two expeditions ? As on many other points, scholars, who have paid special attention to this matter, disagree. Sir Henry Rawlinson and his learned brother, together with some other English divines, and the greater number of or- thodox theologians of Europe and America, are gen- erally inclined to assume two separate expeditions ; Lenormant, Schrader, and the more " advanced " biblical scholars, refer all the events to one, and only one cam- paign. But nobody should now be so prejudiced, without inquiring thoroughly in the matter, to side with either one or the other of the parties according to his own " standpoint," to use this rather imported word. The reasons given by French and German scholars in favor of only one expedition, are very clear and con- vincing. It is true, that some of these advanced theo- logians often wrest the Holy Scriptures, by reading be- tween the lines, and subordinating the authority of the Bible under that of their cherished cuneiform inscrip- tions; but the judicious historian, and the frank and sincere critic, ought to examine all the accessible sources with impartiality. "Audiatur et altera pars" Every careful reader of the i8th and igth chapter of the second Book of Kings, and of the 35th and 36th of Isaiah, will sometimes have wondered, Why Jerusa- SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 57 Jem, after King Hezekiah had already paid such an enormous tribute, which ought to have satisfied the Assyrian monarch, was subsequently requested to open jts gates unconditionally to the conqueror. Again, it must be surprising, that Sennacherib came in the four- teenth year of Hezekiah's reign. If it is true that Sam- aria was taken in Hezekiah's sixth year, Sennacherib cannot have marched against Jerusalem in the four- teenth year of its Jung's reign, but rather in his twenty- seventh. Samaria was taken in 722, by Sargon ; there is no mistake about the year. Hezekiah came upon the throne in 726, and ruled twenty-nine years. Of course, some differ. But there is no doubt, as we will prove presently, that Sennacherib's campaign must be placed in 701. Therefore we cannot help changing, in II Kings, xviii, 13, the fourteen years to twenty-seven. Such a chronological alteration detracts not a jot from the scriptural authority, for the Bible does not pretend to teach critical history or comparative chro- nology, but DOCTRINES. Sennacherib, according to the Assyrian lists of eponyms, succeeded his father Sar- gon in 705; Now, we have three terra-cotta cylinders which enumerate the various campaigns of Sen- nacherib, not as do the obelisk-inscriptions of Shal- manezer or the annals of Tiglath-Pileser, according to years, but they record the exploits according to expeditions (girri). The various narratives always commence thus : " In the first, second, third, etc., expe- dition." The march against Syria, which we have ^already considered, is spoken of as the third. It is not likely that Sennacherib undertook in one year more than one expedition, for the distances were great, and the means of locomotion in those times, of 58 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. course, not such as now ; the remains of telegraph poles or railroad tracks have not yet been discovered, neither in Assyria, nor anywhere else thereabouts. The Syrian expedition would therefore fall in 702. But there are other proofs which conclusively show that really 701 is the year. The already named Bellino cylin- der, made in the fourth year of Sennacherib's reign, does not mention the Syrian campaign, simply because it had not yet been undertaken. Besides, other col- lateral testimony is at our disposal, which here to adduce would lead us too far. Sennacherib, in 701, marched into Syria. Why? Only to reduce such petty kings as those of Zidon, Askelon, and Judah to subjection ? I am rather inclined to think that the main object of the terrible Assyrian monarch was to invade and subdue Egypt, the only equally powerful rival of Assyria. The wars against those comparatively small and insignificant Syrian kings were only so many episodes and incidents. Sennacherib had heard that Egypt was trying to get a solid foothold in Syria, in order to take revenge for its defeat some years before, near Raphia. when Shebek, the Egyptian king, had been completely routed by Sar- gon, the father and predecessor of Sennacherib. To put a stop to these Egyptian intrigues, he, having settled matters in Babylon, in Armenia, and on the eastern frontiers of Assyria, during the first four years of his reign, turns now his attention to Egypt ; but the way to Egypt leads through Syria (in its wider sense). He comes, takes on his road, without much difficulty, Zidon and Askelon, and pretty nearly Jerusalem too. But Hezekiah, perhaps advised by his great friend Isaiah, prefers the payment of an imposed tribute, SENNACHERIB S CAMPAIGN. 59 rather than to risk the dangers of a siege. This tribute the Hebrew king accordingly sent to the Assyrian monarch, who in the meantime had advanced as far south as Lachish. After the capture of this town, Sen- nacherib seems to have taken a good position near Al- tacu, or Elthekeh, in order to wait for the approach of the Egyptian and Ethiopian forces. Sennacherib, however, not being satisfied with such a nominal submission of the Hebrew king, sends from these, his headquarters, in the meantime, those messen- gers who should ask for and demand the delivery of Jerusalem, because, first, that city was a very strong point, of great strategical value, easily defended, and alto- gether too dangerous in the hands of a king who had already once forgotten his oath of allegiance and vassal- age ; and secondly, this Jerusalem might, in case of a defeat by the united forces of Egypt and Ethiopia, form a most useful position to cover and protect his retreat. Sennacherib was an able general, and undoubtedly "in- tended to provide for the changes of war. In this time, I think, falls the parley between the messengers of the monarch and the deputies of Heze- kiah, and also the sending of that famous letter ; in short, all that is related in II Kings, xviii., ly-xix , 34, and in Isaiah, xxxvi., 2-xxxvii., 36. The approaching army of the united Egyptians, which induced the Assyrian king to demand the delivery of Jerusalem, was the very cause why Hezekiah , refused it. I think there were at that time two, or rather three parties in Jerusalem, who were striving after political influence: the Assyrian, the Egyptian, and the National, headed by the good king and his great adviser, the prophet Isaiah. Following the lat- 60 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. r ter's counsel, Hezekiah refuses to surrender, hoping for help from Jehovah. And surely in one night the Assyrian host was destroyed, not by the arms of the Egyptians, but by "the Angel of the Lord." The various explanations which have been suggested pes- tilence, sirocco, mice, etc. are altogether foolish, and not worth the paper upon which they are printed. It was the Angel of the Lord who slew the Assyrians. I cannot see why in the world assume a second expedition two or three years after the first (so called). Prof. Geo. Rawlinson, in his " Five Great Monarchies," vol. ii., p. 158 (sec. edit), accepts the idea of two cam- paigns, and he has arranged the facts narrated in the Bible, in the Assyrian inscriptions, and in the Greek and Roman authors, very nicely and ingeniously ; the only drawback is, that neither the Bible nor the Assyrian records know anything of such a nice dis- tribution of incidents into two campaigns. His argu- ment is, that Sennacherib does nbt speak of a second expedition because too disastrous for him, and that Assyrian kings were equally as indisposed to give their defeats to posterity as the French are to depict the battles of Waterloo and Sedan upon the walls of the Tuilleries. To this I may be permitted to say, that , every one who is acquainted with the stereotyped boasting phrases of Assyrian kings, will miss, in our three narratives of the Syrian war, those bragging and minute enumerations of booty, men, horses, chariots, etc. He speaks of capturing a few Egyptians, but that is all. I rather think his victory near Elthekeh, sup- posing it was one, must have been such a one as Pyrrhus won near Heraclea, in 280. In like manner, Geo. Smith (in Lepsius Zeitschrift SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. 61 fur ^Egypt. Spr., 1870, p. 40) speaks of a first expedi- tion, but without producing sufficient proof for his assumption. There is nothing in the Biblical nor in the Assyrian records referring to the length of time spent by Sennacherib in Syria. Perhaps he remained after the indecisive battle near Elthekeh a considerable time longer in the southern and western part of Judah, con- quering smaller places, as fbr instance Timnah, etc., perhaps making preparations for a more energetic assault upon Egypt, when the terrible disaster befell his troops. There was sufficient time to carry on the transaction between himself and the Hebrew king. It is very obvious that he (Sennacherib) had sent also a considerable portion of his army to give force and weight to his demands. There is another point, which has induced me to reject the assumption of a second campaign. In our Lachish inscription we see the king of Assyria sitting upon his movable throne, receiving Hebrew captives bringing tribute ; we may therefore, naturally enough, assume that Hezekiah sent his thirty talents of gold and eight hundred talents of silver to Lachish, where the Assyrian head-quarters were. Those scholars, now, who plead for two separate expeditions, say that in verses 13-16 of the i8th chapter, the whole record of the first is contained, and that verses i7-xix., 36, enu- merate the incidents of the second. But in verse 1 7 we read, this time in the Bible, that the Tartan, the Rabsaris, and the Rab-shakeh (en passant, these are not the names of so many men, Assyrian officers, but rather, the titles of their respective offices) came from Lachish to King Hezekiah. I think it is a gratuitous 62 SENNACHERIB'S CAMPAIGN. assumption to insist that Sennacherib both times should have had his head-quarters before Lachish. Besides all this, the utter silence of the Assyrian records : I mean, if there had been, two or three years later, a second warlike excursion into Syria, we might find a clue somewhere, but nothing what- soever is alluded to. Herodotus, as is well known, tells us (in ii., 141) that the famous disaster befell the Assyrians as they were encamping opposite the Egyptian army at Pelusium. This place is considerably further south than Lachish, and, without attributing too much authority to Herod- otus, who only wrote from hearsay, it is nevertheless admissible that after the doubtful victory near Elthekeh, and after having taken Lachish and Libnah,the Assyrian monarch went south as far as Pelusium, where " the blast" came upon him, which prodigy was afterwards by the Egyptian priests attributed to the protecting power of their own gods. Considering all the facts which throw light upon this matter, I think it pretty safe to assume only one expedition, the one which is related by the Bible, so far as the Hebrews are concerned, and by the Assyrian records as far as it had reference to the Assyrians, leaving out, of course, the ominous disaster in the south of Palestine, and giving in its place a somewhat meager and surprisingly sober list of deeds done against the small princes of the " Hittites/' and pre- serving an excusable if not justifiable silence about the Egyptians. CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA Page i. On the so-called Hamath Inscriptions see " Unexplored Syria " by RICH. BURTON and CHAR. F. TYRWHITT DRAKE, London, 1872, vol I, p. 333 seq. Most excellent engravings of five inscriptions are given, together with short notes. I hear that of late still more of this sort of hieroglyphic inscriptions have been found and copied. Page ii. A number of eminent English Egyptologists and Assyriolo- gists have combined to teach these branches of Oriental philology sys- tematically, and for this purpose SAM BIRCH and Rev. SAYCE will issue elementary grammars. These efforts are made under the patronage of the " Society for Biblical Archaeology " in London. Page iii. I ought not to have mentioned JULES OPPERT as being bi- ased against the S. S. ; on the contrary, he has most nobly defended Bib- lical chronology. Last year in London HE and Prof. SCHRADER of JENA had a sort of literary rencontre at the session of the Semitic section of the Oriental Congress. See Triibner's Oriental catalogue and Jenaer Literatur Zeitung, 52, 1874. Page viii. I see that a former schoolmate of mine, A. HILDEBRAND of Jena, has a similar subject selected for his " doctor dissertation " : Judo's VerhUltniss Zu Assyrien in Jesajd's Zeiten. His brochure has been just published, but I have not yet seen it. A. Hildebrand is an ac- tive Assyrian student. Page x, tenth line from below, for " Arcadian" read Accadian. Page 17, third line from below, for "y = i " read y = 'i. Page 30, third line from below, for Page 35, fifth line from above, read Q3K> acam. Page 35, twelfth line from above, read 3>X> (ishabh Page 38, seventeenth line from above, read Page 42, sixth line from below, read d'Egypte. On Biblical Chronology numerous books and pamphlets have appeared of late. The funniest which I have seen is " Ernest de Bunsen : The Chronology of the Bible." Facts and fancies are so nicely mixed that a person does not know which is which. UNIVERSITY 14 DAY USE DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. .. %^_L REC'D LD NOV 8J95T 10Dec'57C?f . pC'D tS* Btt a* . ,o-r if REC'D LD JAN 9 J 64-12M LIBRARY USE AUG 31 ' LD 21A-50m-8,'57 ;C8481slO)476B General Library University of California Berkeley