I-NRLF 
 
 B M 31M 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
7 
 
THE 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS 
 
 AND 
 
 BIRDS 
 
 OF 
 
 HARLESTON 
 
 IN 
 
 NORFOLK. 
 
v* ^ 
 
AN ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS 
 
 FERNS AND ALLIES 
 
 OF 
 
 HARLESTON. 
 
 With a Sketch of the Geology, Climate, and Natural 
 Characteristics of the Neighbour Jiood. 
 
 COMPILED AND .EDITED BY 
 
 THE REV. FRANCIS WILLIAM GALPIN, 
 
 M.A., F.L.S., 
 
 TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ; FORMERLY CURATE OF REDENHALL 
 WITH HARLESTON AND WORTWELL, NORFOLK. 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 BIRDS OF THE DISTRICT 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES CANDLER. 
 
 LONDON: BARTLETT & CO., 10, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 
 
 HARLESTON : R. R. CANN. 
 
 iSSS. 
 
 M366G5O 
 
TO MY 
 
 FRIENDS AND FELLOW- WORKERS, 
 
 THE MEMBERS OF 
 THE HARLESTON BOTANICAL CLUB. 
 
 1 A plant gathered in some delightful spot is more dear to memory 
 than even a portrait." SIR J. SMITH. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE following attempt to describe the Flowering Plants and 
 Ferns of Harleston is the work, not of one, but of many. It 
 owes its existence to the observations of valued friends found 
 in my first curacy, whose kindred tastes formed an immediate 
 bond of association between us, and became the source of 
 much pleasant intercourse and, I trust, of mutual benefit. To 
 the records of the Botanical Club have been added those of 
 another personal friend, the late Rev. E. A. Holmes, Rector of 
 St. Margaret's, whose kindly interest and scientific experience 
 were ever extended to those who were endeavouring to trace 
 the wondrous paths of nature which he had himself known for 
 more than half a century. 
 
 Having, however, undertaken the duty of editing the result 
 of our combined labours, I have probably made myself re- 
 sponsible for the truthfulness of the statements given. I trust 
 it will be sufficient to say that of the six hundred and seventy- 
 six species recorded by the Club, all except twenty-six have 
 passed under my own notice ; that of the remaining one hundred 
 and fifteen species reported, more than half are confirmed by 
 the authority of Mr. Holmes ; and all records resting on 
 other authority have been carefully examined, the plants 
 being considered extinct if recent observation would probably 
 have confirmed their existence but has failed to do so marked 
 as introduced if the locality favoured that supposition 
 rejected as unwarranted if upon correspondence no specimens 
 or details were forthcoming. It asks a little self-denial to 
 refuse a reported discovery which has been long desired and 
 would augment the district list, yet cannot be satisfactorily 
 verified ; such self-denial, however, has not been wanting. 
 
 I am sorry that at the time of my departure from the 
 neighbourhood the Cryptogamic Orders were practically un- 
 touched : from observation and report I have reason to believe 
 that, were an enthusiast to arise, he would find an ample 
 
8 PREFACE. 
 
 field for his energies, especially among the mushrooms and 
 toadstools of a most fungiferous locality. 
 
 In other branches of Physical History, however, the neigh- 
 bourhood has not been neglected ; the Geology has received the 
 careful attention of my friend and fellow- worker Mr. Charles 
 Candler, who has supplied many details for the present general 
 sketch, though he is unwilling to commit himself to any 
 theories therein contained ; to him also the reader is indebted 
 for the able and interesting observations on the Birds. The 
 Butterflies and Moths have been partially recorded by the late 
 Mr. James Muskett, by Mr. Candler and his brothers, and are 
 now being examined more completely and critically by the 
 Rev. C. T. Cruttwell, Rector of Denton, who has also com- 
 menced a record of the Beetles and Flies with a view to 
 publication at a future date. The Conchology has received the 
 attention of Mr. Edmund Candler, but as his list is at present 
 imperfect, it has been thought advisable to defer it. 
 
 The lack of works of reference, which a country curacy 
 necessitated, has been amply supplied by the Libraries of the 
 British Museum and the Linnean Society, in which many of 
 the following details have been written and revised. But the 
 duties of a large London parish, "in the fields" by courtesy only, 
 have given little leisure ; I must, therefore, apologise for the 
 apparent brevity of certain portions of the work, and for any 
 editorial inaccuracies which have found place in it, notwith- 
 standing the careful scrutiny of my brother and Mr. Walter 
 Cordwell, who have kindly looked through the proof-sheets. 
 
 As I draw my pleasant task to a close, I cannot but take 
 for my own the quaint words in which a kinsman of the last 
 century, John Galpine, has concluded his efforts in the same 
 branch of Natural History with him " disclaiming any merit 
 whatever on my part, further than endeavouring to promote 
 the cultivation of one' of the most innocent, rational, and 
 useful accomplishments.'' 
 
 F. W. G. 
 
 LONDON. 
 
 S. Giles in the Fields, 
 Christmas, 1887. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION: 
 
 A. Local Features. 
 
 (i.) Geology, 
 (ii.) The Stone Age. 
 (iii.) Climate. 
 
 B. Botanical Research. 
 
 (i.) Past Observers. 
 
 (ii.) The Harleston Botanical Club. 
 
 c. Floral Characteristics. 
 
 (i.) The British Flora compared, 
 (ii.) Flora of Norfolk and Suffolk compared, 
 (iii.) Traces of a Maritime Flora. 
 
 II. BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS. 
 III. AUTHORITIES, ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 
 IV. A LIST or THE PLANTS. 
 
 V. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS. 
 VI. INDICES. 
 
I. INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE market-town of HARLESTON, the centre of the Botanical 
 District described in the following pages, is situated in lat. 
 52 24' N., and long. 1 18' E., about nineteen miles due south 
 of the city of Norwich and eighteen miles due west of the 
 coast-line, on the southern border of the county of Norfolk. 
 It is supposed to owe its origin to Herolf the Dane, who, at 
 the beginning of the eleventh century, obtained a grant of the 
 narrow strip of land on which the middle row of houses is now 
 built. The large stone near the Reading-room, popularly 
 known as Herolf's Stone, is only one of the many boulders 
 incidental to the geological nature of the district, though its 
 opportune presence may have suggested its use as a landmark. 
 In the area embraced by the six-mile circle, which is taken as 
 a convenient limit of observation, there are fifty-five village 
 parishes and parts of parishes, thirty- two being in Norfolk and 
 twenty-three in Suffolk, with a total population of over 23,000 
 inhabitants, of which about 1,500 are concentrated in or near 
 the central town. 
 
 A. LOCAL FEATURES. 
 
 The country around Harleston is undulating, with occa- 
 sional woodlands, and wholly devoted to agriculture. The 
 highest points attained above the sea are in Norfolk, on the 
 lands between Shelton and Starston over Pulham North 
 Green to Wacton Common (195 ft.), and in Suffolk, between 
 Stradbrook and St. James', South Elmham, where the ground 
 rises to 186 ft. From these points there are ever-varying 
 gradations until the low level of the marshes, which bisect the 
 district, is reached, where to the west the elevation is 67ft., 
 and to the east only 25 ft. 
 
 A mention of the height above the sea of some of the more 
 prominent places will not be without interest to those who are 
 familiar with the locality. As given by the Ordnance Survey 
 of 1884, they are as follows, with the omission in a few cases 
 of fractional parts: Harleston Market Place, 91 ft. ; Redenhall 
 Church, 89 ft. ; Wortwell Green, 50 ft. ; Alburgh Church. 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 140ft.; Topcroft Church, 155ft.; Gawdy Hall, 120ft.; 
 Thorpe Abbots Church, 137 ft. ; Hoxne Church, 125 ft. ; Wing- 
 field High Elm, 146ft.; Wingfield Castle, 163ft.; Shotford 
 Hill, 118ft.; Shotford Bridge, 58ft.; Weybread Church, 
 152 ft. ; Weybread Windmill, about 170 ft. ; Fressingfield 
 Church, 130ft.; Metneld Church, 153ft.; Mendham Church, 
 52 ft. ; Homersfiekl Church, 48 ft. ; St. Margaret's Church, 
 South Elmham, lllft. 
 
 Through the low marshes before-mentioned the River 
 Waveney, which divides the counties of Norfolk and Suf- 
 folk, traces its winding course from Lopham Ford, where it 
 rises only 300 yards distant from the source of the Little 
 Ouse, to the German Ocean at Yarmouth. In its present 
 condition it is fed by all the streams or " becks," as they are 
 locally called, of the neighbourhood, though, from the sudden 
 fall of the valley-floor from Mendham to Earsham, a different 
 arrangement of the watershed seems at one time to have 
 existed.* The principal tributary is the stream which drains 
 the shallow depression in which Harleston itself is situated. 
 Others traverse the Denton, South Elmham, Weybread, and 
 Hoxne valleys, and are known as the " becks " of the villages 
 through which they respectively pass. 
 
 (i.) Geology. A table of the geological formations, which 
 appear at the surface in the district, is given on a subsequent 
 page. The following short sketch will explain their local 
 position and characteristics, the numbers having reference to 
 the table, in which, as will be seen, the most recent beds are 
 placed first. For many of the following particulars the writer 
 is indebted to the Memoirs of the Geological Survey,! whose 
 nomenclature is adopted ; also to Dr. J. E. Taylor, of Ipswich, 
 Mr. Charles Candler, and Dr. J. J. Raven for notes and 
 suggestions. \ 
 
 The chalk, which covers the northern and western parts 
 of the county and approaches the surface at Beccles, is nowhere 
 visible, though it is reached by wells at 138 ft. (Hoxne), 55 ft. 
 (Billingford); and possibly at 23 ft. (Wortwell). The exposed 
 beds are confined entirely to the late Tertiary and Postr 
 Tertiary formations. 
 
 No. 7. Upper Crag. This is the oldest formation apparent 
 
 * Page 15. 
 
 f The Geology of the Country around Harleston, by "Whitaker and Dalton, 
 1887 ; Eyre and Spottiswoode ; Is. The principal part of the district is 
 included in the Geological Survey maps, 50 N.E. and 66 S.E. ; Stanford ; 3s. 
 each. 
 
 As the present sketch is intended for general readers, scientists are 
 referred for complete information to the works of Messrs. Wood, Home, 
 and Harmer. 
 
LOCAL FEATURES. 13 
 
 in the Harleston district, and is very limited in extent. It 
 flanks the hill-side north of the Waveney from Homersfield 
 Station up the valley of the Den ton stream as far as the Beck 
 Gate, and also appears on the escarpment- known as the Bath 
 Hills, Ditchingham. To the same formation may perhaps be 
 referred the narrow strip of gravelly sand which forms the 
 steep bank of Flixton Long Plantation, and beds of a tawny 
 sand visible on the slope north of Harleston Bridge and 
 occasionally in the fioor of the Allotment Pit to the west. 
 It abounds in fragments of shells, and is sometimes dug for 
 paths. 
 
 No. 6. Pebbly Beds. These include formations lying be- 
 tween the Crag and Glacial series, and possessing various local 
 peculiarities. The chief section in the district is obtained in 
 the Withersdale and adjacent valleys. A clayey bed, visible 
 at the Cross Roads, is referred by Mr. H. B. Woodward * to 
 the Chillesford formation, which is placed at the top of the 
 Crag series ; but a pit sunk a little time ago below this clay 
 pierced a bed of sand full of smooth round pebbles of equal 
 size, bearing a close resemblance to the Westleton Pebble Bed. 
 
 The Upper Crag and Pebbly formations are supposed to 
 have been effected in a shallow sea at the mouth of a large 
 river. As before said, they form but a small part of the 
 features of the neighbourhood, which are almost entirely con- 
 fined to the clays, gravels, and sands of the Glacial series. 
 
 The Glacial fan nations consist of beds of drift borne down 
 from previously existing rocks by the action of ice. They are 
 rendered particularly interesting by the proof which their 
 composite nature affords of the altered climatic conditions 
 of our temperate zone during the period of their deposition. 
 Stones and boulders of a considerable size, oftentimes scratched 
 and worn by long travel and the friction of the moving ice, are 
 found resting in confused masses of sand and clay, with fossil 
 remains of earlier ages. Some of these erratic blocks show, by 
 their mineral composition, that they have been transported 
 from the mountains of northern Europe, probably by the great 
 Scandinavian ice-sheet, which filled the German Ocean at this 
 time, and deposited its burden on the shores of Norfolk, as 
 well as over parts of Denmark and Germany. 
 
 By far the larger portion, however, of the East Anglian 
 drift has been derived by the action of land-ice from the rocks 
 of Scotland and northern England, with a preponderance of 
 chalk from the adjacent cretaceous formations. Among the 
 rocks represented in this drift are the white sandstone and 
 carboniferous limestone of the Pennine chain ; the magnesian 
 
 * Geology of England and Wales, p. 467. 
 
14 . INTRODUCTION. 
 
 limestone of Durham and Yorkshire ; the new red sandstone 
 of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Western Midlands ; the 
 oolitic limestones and clays of the northern and central plains ; 
 the pink granite, gneiss, and quartzite of the Highlands ; the 
 basalt of the heights of mid-Scotland, and perhaps of north- 
 east Ireland ; and the greenstone, greywacke, pink syenite, 
 felstone, chert, porphyrite, Lydian stone, and porcellanite of 
 the lower Silurian beds of south Scotland and Cumberland. 
 These fragments seem to imply the existence of a large ice- 
 stream passing from the region of the Grampians in a south- 
 easterly direction over the Yorkshire wolds to the coasts of 
 Norfolk and Suffolk, where, coming in contact with the more 
 powerful ice-sheet of the German Ocean, it was compelled to 
 diverge to the south-west until it melted in the valley of the 
 Thames.* 
 
 The Glacial series is divided into three principal beds. 
 
 No. 5. Lower Drift. This is also known as the Lower 
 Boulder Clay. It is often difficult to separate from the suc- 
 ceeding Middle Drift, but it may be seen at the bottom in the 
 Wey bread Brickyard, and perhaps in a recently-opened pit at 
 the foot of Needham Hill. Its contorted character was well 
 shown formerly in a pit at Starston, near the Rectory, t Sec- 
 tions are exposed in pits near Denton Church ; and on the 
 Bath Hills the three beds of the series are distinctly traceable. 
 The Lower Drift generally consists of a brown sandy loam, 
 with erratic stones and but little chalk. It is particularly 
 serviceable for brick-making. 
 
 No. 4. Middle Drift. This is generally exposed on the 
 sides of the valleys of the Waveney and its tributaries, where 
 it is not overlaid by the river gravels. A good section of its 
 fine sands is visible in the pit at Mendham on the Withersdale 
 Road, and in the large pit on Shotford Heath, where they may 
 be seen covered immediately by Post-Glacial gravel. The 
 Middle Drift was probably deposited in very shallow water, 
 subject to strong currents, and under a climate milder than 
 that of the Lower and Upper Periods, which caused the 
 glaciers to retreat for a, time. It is almost entirely destitute 
 of organic remains, and its chief economic value is the water 
 supply of the district .J 
 
 * Geikie, The Great Ice Aye, ch. xxix. 
 
 f Geological Magazine (1868), p. 454. 
 
 X "The junction at Potter's Pits, Weybread, between this formation and a 
 loamy clay below is most interesting. The water filters through the sand 
 till it reaches the underlying and impervious bed, at which point it trickles 
 out on the face of the section. A vigorous growth of coltsfoot ( Tussilayo 
 Farfara), which is cut off in a clear line at the top of the clay where it 
 meets the sand, shows the junction even where the slope is completely 
 grassed." C. C. 
 
LOCAL FEATURES. 15 
 
 No. 3. Upper Drift. The Upper Boulder Clay covers all 
 the high lands to a considerable depth, and forms the principal 
 feature of the neighbourhood. Its stiff plastic substance is 
 employed in brick-making, and in the manufacture of "clay 
 lumps," a local process in which it is mixed with chopped 
 straw and dried in the sun, after the manner of the ancient 
 Egyptians ; as marl, it is used for manure on cultivated lands. 
 Owing to atmospheric influences the clayey element in this 
 formation is often washed out, leaving a thin layer of stony 
 gravel and sand on the surface, which alters the apparent 
 character of the district, as at Starston Brickyard. Fossils, 
 derived from older formations and chiefly from the Chalk, Oolite 
 and Lias, are common, and in some cases well preserved. Mr. 
 Candler has obtained from the drift in this neighbourhood 
 vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus, and examples of 
 the following genera of echinoderms and mollusca : Anan- 
 chytes, Micraster, Ammonites, Belemnites, Gryphcea, Inocer- 
 amus, Ostrea, and others.* The clay contains manganese and 
 a good deal of iron, which sometimes appears in the form of 
 large nodules, and percolates through the underlying sands 
 and gravels, giving them a reddish-brown colour. 
 
 The remaining two formations belong to the Becent and 
 Post-Glacial Periods,! and are the earliest in which unques- 
 tionable traces of man's existence have at present been dis- 
 covered. 
 
 No. 2. Ancient Valley Gravel. This is the older, and con- 
 tains bones of animals now extinct. It is found at various 
 points in the vicinity of the Waveney valley, sometimes with 
 traces of river loam or brick-earth, which is worked for brick- 
 making, as at Hoxne. It was probably formed, however, by 
 the action of rivers before the existing physical features of the 
 district were developed, and when the valleys were full of 
 melting ice consequent on the change of temperature. In 
 those early times, as Messrs. Whitaker and Dal ton suggest, 
 " the brooks from the South Elmhams, Metfleld, and Fressing- 
 field may have fed, not the "Waveney, but the Little Ouse, as 
 indicated by the westward trend of their channels, and by 
 
 * " Examples of the above-named genera occur in the Eedenhall Road 
 Brickyard pit. Gryphcea incurra, a shell from the Lias, is perhaps the 
 most abundant and characteristic fossil of the Upper Boulder Clay at 
 Harleston." C. C. 
 
 t "I think that many of our so-called 'Post-Glacial' beds are Post-Gl&cial 
 only in the sense of being more recent than the Chalky Boulder Clay. The 
 latter formation, however, only marks the climax of the 'Great Ice Age,' 
 and we know from the ' Purple Boulder Clay,' and ' Hessle Boulder Clay ' of 
 Yorkshire, that twice since that climax northern England has been buried 
 beneath an advancing ice-sheet. To one or other of the two intervening 
 temperate periods some at least of our ' Post-Glacial ' brick-earths and 
 gravels will perhaps be eventually assigned." C. C. 
 
16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the slight difference of level between Mendham and Lopham 
 Ford." * 
 
 The late Mr. James Muskett, of Harleston, obtained from 
 the gravel at Wortwell, west of Homersfield Station, a tooth 
 of the mammoth (Elephas primiyenius), the horn-core of an 
 extinct ox (Bos prisons), beside bones of the elk and other 
 animals. Beds of apparently the same age occur at Homers- 
 field village (with animal remains), at Weybread Brickyard 
 and Needham Hill (once perhaps continuous), and at Hoxne. 
 As early as the year 1797, implements of chipped flints, evi- 
 dently worked by man, were discovered at Hoxne, lying in 
 undisturbed soil about ten feet below the surface, and under 
 the bones of the elephant and ox. This fact, with similar dis- 
 coveries in other parts of Europe, gives to this ancient gravel a 
 peculiar anthropological interest.! 
 
 No. 1. Recent River Deposit. As such must be classed the 
 old gravels of Shotford Heath, Flixton, Bungay Common, 
 Earsham, Brockdish, Thorpe Abbots, and Billingford, with 
 isolated and later patches in the bed of the present valley, as 
 at Mendham Old Priory and Wortwell. These gravels are 
 of various ages, the highest levels as a rule being the oldest. 
 They are due to the existing water-shed, having been deposited 
 by river currents over the clays and sands of the Drift, now on 
 one side of the valley, now on the other rarely on both at 
 the same time in the form of indistinct terraces, as the river 
 eroded its floor and changed the character of the district from 
 that of a broad brackish estuary to the ordinary conditions of a 
 narrow fresh-water stream. 
 
 It is well known that in historical times the Waveney was 
 navigable above Harleston for small vessels, though now this 
 is rendered possible only for barges by artificial means as far 
 as Bungay, seven miles below. Anchors and traces of navi- 
 gation have been found in the bed of the stream at Hoxne : 
 and in the reign of King Stephen, when St. Mary's Priory was 
 established at Mendham, the present site of the ruins in the 
 marshes was called by a distinct name, Hurst or Bruninghurst 
 probably from the coppice of alders which then stood on it 
 and is described in the founder's deed as an island ; } while, 
 according to Suckling, as late as the year 1549, during Kett's 
 rebellion, a small pinnace was prepared at Yarmouth to carry 
 twenty men up the river as far as Weybread. 
 
 * Memoir of the Geological Survey of Harleston, p. 27. 
 
 f Cf. Lyell, Antiquity of Man, p. 217 ; Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, p. 359. 
 
 + Dugdale, Monasticon, vol. v., p. 56. In the Gentleman's Magazine 
 (1808), p. 969, a plate shows the chapel and prior's lodge then standing, 
 though partially in ruins. 
 
 Introduction to the History of Suffolk, p. 7. Suckling's authority is 
 Swinden's History of Great Yarmouth (1772), but I fear he has arrived at too 
 
LOCAL FEATURES. 
 
 17 
 
 Even the present marshes, however, are gradually losing 
 their character by drainage. They consist of vegetable mould, 
 gravel, sand, and mud borne .down by the river and its streams 
 from the adjacent uplands, and are, at their greatest width, 
 three-quarters of a mile across. They mostly produce hay-grass, 
 and occasionally afford a rough grazing-ground for cattle. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE DISTRICT. 
 
 FORMATIONS. 
 
 CHARACTER. 
 
 PERIOD. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 ALLUVIAL. 
 
 
 
 
 1. Eiver De- 
 
 Mud, gravel, sand, and 
 
 Recent. 
 
 Temperate. 
 
 posit. 
 
 debris. 
 
 
 
 2. Ancient Val- 
 
 Gravel with flint im- 
 
 Pleistocene. 
 
 Unsettled. 
 
 ley Gravel. 
 
 plements, bones of 
 
 
 
 
 extinct animals, and 
 
 
 
 
 occasional brick- 
 
 
 
 
 earth. 
 
 
 
 GLACIAL. 
 
 
 
 
 3. Upper Drift. 
 
 Stiff chalky clay with 
 
 
 Arctic. 
 
 
 erratic boulders and 
 
 
 
 
 derived fossils. 
 
 
 
 4. Middle Drift. 
 
 Fine sand and gravel, 
 
 
 Mild. 
 
 
 with false bedding. 
 
 
 
 5. Lower Drift. 
 
 Brown sandy loam, 
 
 
 Sub- Arctic. 
 
 
 contorted,rarely with 
 
 
 
 
 chalk fragments. 
 
 
 
 LITTORAL. 
 
 
 
 
 6. Pebbly Beds. 
 
 Sand with round peb- 
 
 Pliocene. 
 
 Cold. 
 
 
 bles ; sometimes a 
 
 
 
 
 loamy clay. 
 
 
 
 7. Upper Crag. 
 
 Shelly tawny sand, 
 
 
 Temperate 
 
 
 charged with iron. 
 
 
 (tending in the 
 lower formations 
 
 
 
 
 to Tropical). 
 
 (ii.) The Stone Age. Allusion having been made in the 
 Geological sketch to the ancient flint implements found at 
 Hoxne, a short account of some of the forms met with in other 
 parts of the district will not be out of place. The following 
 notes have kindly been made for the purpose by Mr. John A. 
 Holmes from his own and his brother's observations : 
 
 " The implements and weapons of stone picked up in the 
 
 hasty a conclusion. The passage in Swinden (p. 939) occurs in a transcript 
 of the orders sent to the Yarmouth garrison for the defence of the town 
 against the rebels. Amongst the precautions is this : "Item, that a small 
 pinnace do go up to Waybridge, being victualled for four days, having twenty- 
 six men in her." This, I presume, is not "\Veybread near Harleston, which 
 was supplying men and money for Kett and his followers, but Weybridge at 
 Acle on the Bure, about nine miles from Yarmouth. 
 
18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 neighbourhood of Harleston are almost exclusively of the older 
 or rough-chipped type, the ground and polished implements of 
 the Neolithic Period being extremely rare. Of the following 
 specimens four are in my own collection ; it will be observed 
 that there is no record of a Neolithic weapon : 
 
 POLISHED IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 TYPE. CONDITION. MATERIAL. LOCALITY. 
 
 Axe ... Perfect ... Dark flint ... St. Margaret's. 
 
 Axe ... Butt end ... Dark flint ... St. Margaret's. 
 
 Axe ... Butt end ... Dark flint ... St. Margaret's. 
 
 Axe ... Butt end ... Chert ... Flixton. 
 
 Hammer* ... Perfect ... Quartzite ... Harleston. 
 
 " The rough-chipped implements and weapons discovered 
 in the district consist of axes of various descriptions, scrapers, 
 spear, javelin, and arrow-heads, all of flint, many very roughly 
 worked, and stained or encrusted with the material in which 
 they have been resting since their disuse. Whether all these 
 older implements should be referred to the extreme antiquity 
 of the Hoxne flints it is difficult to say, as they have been 
 picked up in most cases on the surface of the land, on stone- 
 heaps, or in the bed of streams.! My brother, however, 
 discovered in a newly-opened pit at Brockdish an implement 
 in situ, which may probably have been wielded by Paleolithic 
 man in times when the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, whose 
 bones lie buried in the ancient gravels of our valley, shared 
 with him the struggle for existence.! This specimen is sin- 
 gularly worked, and evidently intended for fighting purposes. 
 It is nearly semicircular, the entire edge eight inches in length, 
 and with a natural hole through the substance of the stone 
 towards the back, which could be utilised for passing a thong 
 through in hafting. 
 
 " Space will not permit a complete list of all the rough- 
 chipped flints found in the neighbourhood. The following are 
 selected types of these older implements in my own possession, 
 most of them nearly perfect : 
 
 KOUGH- CHIPPED INSTRUMENTS. 
 
 TYPE. MATERIAL. SIZE. LOCALITY. 
 
 Battle-axe Grey flint 6 in. x 4 in. Pit, Brockdish. 
 
 Battle-axe Dark flint 5 x 2^ Stone heap, St. Margaret's. 
 
 Adze Dark flint 4 x 2J- Roadside, St. M. 
 
 Spear-head Grey flint 4| x 2 Ploughed field, St. M. 
 
 * In the possession of the Rev. C. R. Manning, Rector of Diss. 
 t Evans, Ancient Stnn". Implements of Great Britain, pp. GO 77. 
 J Cf. Wilson, Prehistoric Man, pp. 2628. 
 
LOCAL FEATURES. 
 
 19 
 
 ROUGH-CHIPPED INSTRUMENTS (continued). 
 
 MATERIAL. SIZE. LOCALITY. 
 
 Spear-head 
 
 Spear-head 
 
 Arrow-head 
 
 Arrow-head 
 
 Scraper 
 
 Scraper 
 
 Grey flint 
 Dark flint 
 Grey flint 
 Grey flint 
 Grey flint 
 Grey flint 
 
 3 in. 
 
 1| 
 
 N 
 
 x 2 in. 
 x 2 
 x 1 
 x 
 
 early circular, 2 
 
 Ploughed field, St. M. 
 Brook, St. M. 
 Ploughed field, St. M. 
 Ploughed field, St. M. 
 Ploughed field, St. M. 
 
 , , . . 
 
 Nearly circular, l Ploughed field, St. M. 
 
 JOHN A. HOLMES, M.A.' 
 
 (iii.) Climate. As the climate of a district naturally affects 
 the plant life, and is, in its turn, dependent on the physical 
 features, an account of the Flora of Harleston will not be 
 complete without a brief summary of its meteorology. Full 
 particulars are obtainable through the careful and long con- 
 tinued observations made by the Rev. Charles Gape, M.A., 
 (late) F. Met. Soc., at Rushall Vicarage, who has kindly placed 
 his records in the writer's hands to use as most desirable. 
 
 From these observations we find that the average tempe- 
 rature of the Harleston neighbourhood is a little below that 
 of Norwich, probably owing to the open nature of the country. 
 The following analysis of the temperature for three years shows 
 the lowest and highest reading of the thermometer (in the 
 shade), and the mean temperature of day and night combined. 
 The instruments are exposed. 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 
 Lowest. Mean. Highest. 
 
 Lowest. Mean. Highest. 
 
 Lowest. Mean. Highest. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 26 4P 54 
 
 17 34* 53' 
 
 19 35 D 52 
 
 Feb. 
 
 19 40 54 
 
 17 41 57 
 
 17 33 45 
 
 Mar. 
 
 20 43 69 
 
 18 37 58 
 
 20 38 62 
 
 Apr. 
 
 20 44 67 
 
 18 45 74 
 
 25 46 70 
 
 May 
 
 29 54 78 
 
 22 4;) 76 
 
 24* 62* 77* 
 
 June 
 
 36 55 81 
 
 30 57 83 
 
 33 56 81 
 
 July 
 
 37 62 87 
 
 35 60 87 
 
 34 62 87 
 
 Aug. 
 
 36 63 90 
 
 31 57 79 
 
 40 62 85 
 
 Sep. 
 
 31 58 81 
 
 25 54 76 
 
 36 59 88 
 
 Oct. 
 
 24 50 65 
 
 29* 45* 58* 
 
 38* 55* 76* 
 
 Nov. 
 
 21 40 59 
 
 26 41 58 
 
 27* 43* 55* 
 
 Dec. 
 
 19 38 55 
 
 14 37 51 
 
 11 34 54 
 
 The average heat on a summer day at Harleston is about 
 75; on a winter day it is about 42. The average cold on a 
 
 Record imperfect. 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 summer night is 47 ; on a winter night, 31. The highest 
 temperature recorded in the sun during the years 1884 86 
 was 107 on Sept. 18th, 1884, though greater heat was expe- 
 rienced on August llth of the same year, when the thermometer 
 recorded 90 in the shade. 
 
 Thunderstorms are not infrequent, though often confined 
 to certain water-sheds ; the tremor of the earthquake which 
 took place at 9-20 a.m., on April 22nd, 1884, at Colchester, was 
 distinctly perceptible. 
 
 A comparison of the mean summer (July) and winter 
 (January) and annual temperatures (day and night combined) 
 with those of well-known places in Great Britain, and also 
 of Continental cities having the same latitude as Harleston, 
 will show the relative nature of its climate : 
 
 Harleston ... 62= ... 38 3 ... 49 3 
 
 London ... G3 ... 37 ... 51 
 
 Land's End ... 64 ... 43 ... 54 
 
 Edinburgh ... 59 ... 37 ... 47 
 
 Amsterdam ... 63 ... 33 ... 47 
 
 Berlin ... 66 ... 27 ... 48 
 
 Warsaw 64 22 46 
 
 From this calculation it will be seen that though the mean 
 annual temperature of Harleston is almost the same as that 
 of Berlin, yet the variation of the seasons is less marked ; 
 there is only 24 difference between summer and winter at 
 Harleston, as compared with 39 at Berlin. The cause is its 
 insular and quasi-littoral position ; but if we compare the 
 climate with that of an English inland town of the same 
 latitude, we find that, owing to the stiff soil, the absence of 
 forests and hills, and the prevalence of the east and north-east 
 winds during the early months of the year, the mean annual 
 temperature of Harleston is not above the British average for 
 the same latitude, notwithstanding its proximity to the mode- 
 rating influences of the sea. 
 
 Rain, including snow, hail, and heavy mist, usually falls in 
 the district on a little under half the number of days in the 
 year, and to the comparatively small amount of 26-23 inches, 
 according to the highest average. The daily records are con- 
 sequently low, and the fall of 2 -21 inches on Sept. 4th, 1884, 
 was almost unprecedented, as very rarely an inch is attained 
 in one day. The annual fall in London is estimated, on the 
 highest average, at 27 inches ; in the higher tracts of Wales 
 it is over 100 inches; in the Cumberland Lake District over 
 140 inches ; and in the hills of north-eastern India the yearly 
 
LOCAL FEATURES. 21 
 
 average is 600 inches, of which 500 inches falls in the seven 
 months' monsoon. 
 
 Although the rainfall at Harleston is among the smallest 
 in England, the district is liable to frequent and extensive 
 floods, owing to the slight gradient of the Waveney valley 
 and the numerous obstacles which impede the course of the 
 river. Snow generally covers the country in the early parb 
 of the year, and often in the later months. In the spring 
 the intensely keen north- east wind, blowing from the frozen 
 shores of Scandinavia, lowers the temperature and retards 
 vegetation, the flowering of plants being about three weeks 
 later than in the south of England. * 
 
 The subjoined tables show the monthly rainfall for the last 
 five years, with monthly and yearly averages for ten years, 
 and the number of days in each month on which rain (0 '0 1 inch ) 
 usually falls on both sides of the Waveney valley. An average 
 for the last five years is also given as perhaps the truer esti- 
 mate, because the seasons have been more normal, especially 
 in contrast to the extraordinary humidity of previous summers. 
 The record for June of the present year (1887) is, however, 
 unusually small, after the first two or three days the month 
 being practically rainless ; and the year, as a whole, has been 
 particularly dry. 
 
 Of the two records here tabulated, the northern was kept 
 by the Eev. C. Gape, of Rushall Vicarage, at 117 feet above sea- 
 level ; the southern by the Rev. J. H. White, of Weybread 
 Vicarage, at 152 feet above sea-level. The lower average fall 
 in the southern station is probably due to the fact that it is 
 sheltered by higher ground from the beat of the rain-bearing 
 
 * The following conditions of climate during the years immediately pre- 
 ceding 1883 are worthy of record : 
 
 January, 1879. A severe frost, followed by a rapid thaw, causing an 
 extensive and long-continued flood in the Waveney valley. 
 
 August 2, 1879. A thunderstorm, with immense hailstones, destroying 
 trees, glass, and roads. Rainfall at Eushall, 2 '48 inches ! 
 
 November and December, 1879. Extreme cold, the thermometer on the 
 ground registering 26 of frost on several occasions. 
 
 January 18, 1881. A great gale, and heavy fall of snow to the depth of 
 one foot in the streets, followed by a severe frost. All roads blocked, 
 and a train embedded in a drift at Pulham. 
 
 July 15, 1881. Extreme heat, the thermometer registering 95 in the 
 shade. 
 
 October 10, 1881. A great gale, with heavy rain, destroying trees, &c. 
 
 October, 1882. An unprecedented rainfall of 6| inches for the month. 
 The annual amount was 34 '55 inches (Rushall) ; much above the 
 average. 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 winds. Both records are published annually in Symons' 
 British Rainfall. 
 
 RAINFALL AT RUSH ALL, NORFOLK. 
 
 
 1 QQO 
 
 1 QQ,i 
 
 1 CQ^ 
 
 1QQ 
 
 1 QQfy 
 
 Average Fall. 
 
 Av. No. 
 
 i-V-C 
 
 
 J-OOO. 
 
 Jocyi. 
 
 loot). 
 
 J.OOO. 
 
 loo/. 
 
 5 yrs. 
 
 10 yrs. 
 
 OI 
 
 Days. 
 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 iu. 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1-54 
 
 1-52 
 
 2-26 
 
 2-11 
 
 1-33 
 
 1-75 
 
 1-41 
 
 15 
 
 Feb. 
 
 2-16 
 
 0-66 
 
 2-22 
 
 0-26 
 
 0-59 
 
 1-18 
 
 1-62 
 
 13 
 
 Mar. 
 
 1-55 
 
 1-10 
 
 1-06 
 
 1-21 
 
 1-58 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-27 
 
 13 
 
 Apr. 
 May 
 
 0-83 
 1-63 
 
 1-50 
 1-08 
 
 1-31 
 2-66 
 
 1-12 
 1-76 
 
 1-07 
 2-02 
 
 1-16 
 1-83 
 
 1-50 
 1-93 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 June 
 
 270 
 
 0-90 
 
 0-73 
 
 0-49 
 
 0-22 
 
 1-00 
 
 l-6o 
 
 11 
 
 July 
 
 3-34 
 
 1-65 
 
 0-96 
 
 3-52 
 
 1-38 
 
 2-17 
 
 2-90 
 
 15 
 
 Aug. 
 
 0-71 
 
 1-36 
 
 1-07 
 
 1-68 
 
 1-45 
 
 1-26 
 
 2-55 
 
 12 
 
 Sep. 
 
 3-18 
 
 4-19 
 
 5-14 
 
 1-69 
 
 1-88 
 
 3-21 
 
 2-97 
 
 17 
 
 Oct. 
 
 3-20 
 
 3-13 
 
 5-45 
 
 2-03 
 
 2-75 
 
 3-31 
 
 3-38 
 
 18 
 
 Nov. 
 
 3-52 
 
 1-79 
 
 3-09 
 
 2-45 
 
 2-29 
 
 2-63 
 
 2-80 
 
 18 
 
 Dec. 
 
 2-15 
 
 2-50 
 
 0-87 
 
 3-51 
 
 1-41 
 
 2-09 
 
 2-25 
 
 17 
 
 Total 
 
 26-51 
 
 21-38 
 
 26-82 
 
 21-83 
 
 17-97 
 
 22-89 
 
 26-23 
 
 175 
 
 RAINFALL AT WEYBREAD, SUFFOLK. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average Fall. 
 
 Av No 
 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 1887. 
 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 yrs. 
 
 10 yrs. 
 
 Days. 
 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 in. 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 1-55 
 
 1-35 
 
 1-88 
 
 2-07 
 
 1-29 
 
 1-63 
 
 1-45 
 
 14 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1-97 
 
 0-52 
 
 2-23 
 
 0-18 
 
 0-49 
 
 1-08 
 
 1-48 
 
 12 
 
 Mar. 
 
 1-08 
 
 1-07 
 
 0-95 
 
 1-26 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-14 
 
 1-15 
 
 11 
 
 Apr. 
 
 0-80 
 
 1-26 
 
 1-18 
 
 1-27 
 
 1-37 
 
 1-18 
 
 1-41 
 
 11 
 
 May 
 
 1-50 
 
 0-89 
 
 2-76 
 
 1-77 
 
 1-89 
 
 1-76 
 
 1-71 
 
 11 
 
 June 
 
 2-24 
 
 1-12 
 
 0-95 
 
 0-48 
 
 0-08 
 
 0-97 
 
 1-62 
 
 9 
 
 July 
 
 3-20 
 
 1-72 
 
 1-17 
 
 3-29 
 
 0-96 
 
 2-27 
 
 2-57 
 
 13 
 
 Aug. 
 
 0-46 
 
 0-92 
 
 0-94 
 
 1-29 
 
 1-59 
 
 1-04 
 
 2-16 
 
 10 
 
 Sep. 
 
 2-21 
 
 3-57 
 
 5-34 
 
 I'M 
 
 2-03 
 
 2-86 
 
 2-84 
 
 14 
 
 Oct. 
 
 2-83 
 
 276 
 
 5-37 
 
 1-80 
 
 2-20 
 
 2-99 
 
 3-07 
 
 15 
 
 Nov. 
 
 3-12 
 
 T53 
 
 2-80 
 
 2-76 
 
 2-15 
 
 2-47 
 
 2-68 
 
 16 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1-76 
 
 2'46 
 
 0-96 
 
 3-65 
 
 1-00 
 
 1-97 
 
 2.13 
 
 15 
 
 Total 
 
 22-72 
 
 19-17 
 
 26-53 
 
 20-87 
 
 16-39 
 
 21-36 
 
 24-27 
 
 151 
 
BOTANICAL RESEARCH. 23 
 
 B. BOTANICAL RESEARCH. 
 
 Though Harleston itself can claim but few native botanists, 
 yet the district has not remained unnoticed or un worked. 
 Little, it is true, has hitherto been recorded for its northern 
 and western limits, but on the east and south observations have 
 been carried on for a period of over eighty years. 
 
 (i.) Past Observers. Attention was first called to the 
 floral characteristics by Mr. T. J. Woodward, F.L.S., who for 
 a long time resided at Bungay, and supplied information to the 
 well-known Botanist's Guide of 1805, and to the later editions 
 of Withering's Arrangement of the British Flora. Additional 
 observations were furnished by him to the New Botanist's 
 Guide (1835), together with those of a younger botanist, resi- 
 dent in the same town, Mr. Daniel Stock. Mr. Stock's records 
 are deprived of much of their value for our present purpose by 
 their vagueness, as in most cases his various localities are 
 included under the name of the town in \vhich he lived. Such 
 as they are, however, they supply the chief information of the 
 neighbourhood in Henslow and Skepper's Flora of Suffolk, 
 published in 1860. Mr. Stock furnished additional notes to 
 the Rev. Kirby Trimmer, who in 1866 edited the result of his 
 own inquiries and observations in the county of Norfolk, and 
 has brought them up to date by a Supplement published a short 
 time ago. 
 
 Meanwhile, a careful examination of the country around 
 Harleston was being made by the Rev. E. A. Holmes, F.L.S., 
 late Rector of St. Margaret's, South Elmham. Commencing 
 his observations on his institution to the living in the year 
 1833, -he continued them for more than fifty years, keeping an 
 annual record for at least half that period. Unfortunately, in 
 this case also, an absence of specified localities detracts in a 
 great measure from the extreme value of his work. This 
 deficiency has been somewhat counteracted by the personal 
 knowledge which it was the writer's privilege to have of Mr. 
 Holmes. During many botanical rambles and conversations 
 opportunity was given for identifying the localities of the rarer 
 plants, and even of verifying some of the records of Mr. Stock. 
 The notes thns made, with a few written sud manu in an inter- 
 leaved copy of the Botanist's Guide, have proved of great 
 assistance in determining the localities of other plants in the 
 annual lists, which, through the kindness of Mrs. Holmes, 
 have been inspected for the purposes of this Flora. Mr. 
 Holmes' long residence in the neighbourhood, his complete 
 knowledge of the subject, and intimate acquaintance with the 
 
24 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 immediate vicinity of Harleston, render his records by far the 
 most valuable of the past. 
 
 Two names connected svith the town itself deserve a men- 
 tion that of the Rev. H. Tilney, who occasionally resided 
 here in the early part of the present century, and contributed 
 many localities of rare plants to the Botanist's Guide; and that 
 of the late Mr. James Muskett, whose entomological pursuits 
 brought him into close contact with the wild flowers, and 
 enabled him to give much interesting and trustworthy in- 
 formation. 
 
 (ii.) The Harleston Botanical Club. In the autumn of the 
 year 1882 the writer became acquainted for the first time 
 with this Eastern county. Having made some personal obser- 
 vations of the Flora during the following year, on his sugges- 
 tion it was resolved, in the spring of 1884, to form a small 
 club of working botanists resident in the town and neighbour- 
 hood for the purpose of collecting information upon its flower- 
 ing plants and ferns. A short account of methods used and 
 results attained may perhaps suggest to other lovers of nature 
 the formation of a similar parochial society for the recreation 
 and instruction of its members, as well as for the general 
 advancement of science. Nor was there anything in the 
 existing local circumstances which predicted or insured the 
 success of the Harleston Club ; on the contrary, from the first 
 the difficulty of . combined work was foreseen, owing to the 
 various occupations of the observers. Interleaved copies of 
 the London Catalogue of British Plants were, however, sup- 
 plied for independent use, while the members offered to share 
 in common such books and knowledge of the subject as they 
 possessed for the identification of doubtful discoveries. At 
 the end of the year the catalogues were collected, and their 
 contents tabulated in one schedule, which was circulated 
 amongst the "workers. Such is the course which has been 
 pursued in the main for the four years during which the Club 
 has existed, though, as the Flora has been more completely 
 recorded, fewer annual additions have required shorter 
 schedules. Apart from frequent walks in company, two 
 general meetings have usually been held each year, at which 
 results have been announced, reports collected, and plans for 
 extended observations submitted and accepted. In order to 
 encourage a systematic study of botany, the Club, for two 
 successive years, offered prizes at the Harleston Horticultural 
 Society's shows for specimens of plants belonging to the natural 
 orders JRosacece, Compositfe, Juncacece, Cyperacece, Graminew, 
 and for aquatic plants, but the response did not warrant their 
 continuance. 
 
 In the first year (1884) the area under observation was 
 
BOTANICAL RESEARCH. 25 
 
 that included by a circle of four miles' radius from Harleston 
 Station. At the close of the year 532 species of flowering 
 plants and ferns were recorded, with twenty varieties. For 
 the next year (1885) the circle of observation was extended to 
 a radius of five miles. Eighty additional species were re- 
 corded, including a more complete study of the local Rubi and 
 Gramma* In the following year (1886) the area was extended 
 another mile, and forty new species were added, with five 
 new varieties. During the present year (1887) a general re- 
 vision of the existing area has been attempted, and, as might 
 have been expected from the active investigations of previous 
 years, few additions have been made, twenty -four new species 
 only having been recorded. 
 
 In order to render the details of the Flora more perfect 
 and representative, the observations of Mr. Holmes and others 
 before-mentioned, together with the reports of friends, duly 
 examined and credited, have been included in the present 
 account. The following table will therefore show the number 
 of species at present known within six miles of Harleston, and 
 in those parishes through which the six-mile circle passes. 
 Eighteen of their number are probably extinct, not having 
 been observed for many years : 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS AND ALLIES. 
 
 SPECIES observed by the HARLESTON BOTANICAL CLUB (1884) 532 
 
 ., ( 1885 ) 80 
 
 ( 1886 ) 40 
 
 (1887) 24 
 
 TOTAL SPECIES observed by the Club 676 
 
 SPECIES added by an examination of PRINTED RECORDS ... 50 
 ,, MANUSCRIPT LISTS ... 57 
 
 ,, CREDITED REPORTS ... 8 
 
 TOTAL SPECIES within a six-mile radius 791 
 ADDITIONAL SPECIES already recorded within an eight-mile radius 43 
 
 TOTAL 834 
 (The species are determined by the London Catalogue, 8th edition, 1886.) 
 
 A comparison of the Harleston Flora with those of Great 
 Britain and the Eastern Counties will be found in the next 
 section of the Introduction. The proceedings of the Club 
 have already been noticed in a paper read before the Norfolk 
 and Norwich Naturalists' Society in February, 1886, and 
 followed by an additional paper in the present year.* The 
 
 * Transactions of the Norfolk and Nonvich Naturalists' Society, Vol. IV., 
 Part II., p. 225, and Part III., p. 395. 
 
26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 enumeration given above differs slightly from tliat recorded in 
 the Transactions of the Society, and supersedes it. 
 
 The progressive aspect of the Club's efforts will be shown 
 by a mention of the species which it has been enabled to add 
 to the Floras of Norfolk and Suffolk. The list of Norfolk 
 plants, with additions published yearly, is already approxi- 
 mately complete, under the direction of a friend interested 
 in the Club, Mr. H. D. Geldart of Norwich. The Suffolk 
 Flora is very imperfect, so far as the present published records 
 are concerned. Even Britten's list of Suffolk plants (1874) 
 admits a great many additions from the Harleston list, but it 
 has been considered hardly just to base calculations on accounts 
 so defective. The Rev. W. M. Hind, LL.D., of Honington, 
 near Bury, has prepared for immediate publication a new 
 Flora of the county. The manuscript of the present list has 
 therefore been submitted to him, and, in addition to several 
 records of plants collected by Dr. Hind himself, the writer 
 has received a statement of those of which the Club furnishes 
 the first information. By this means it is hoped no undue 
 credit is gained. 
 
 SPECIES AND VARIETIES RECORDED FOR THE FIRST TIME. 
 IN NORFOLK. IN SUFFOLK. 
 
 RlLENE NUTANS. RlJBUS RHAMNIFOLIUS. 
 
 VIOLA REICH ENBACHI ANA. RUIUJS KOEHLERI (infestus). 
 
 RUBUS SALTERI. JUNCUS DIFFUSUS. 
 
 RUBUS SCABER. SPARGANIUM NEGLECTUM. 
 
 ORXITHOGALUM PYRENAICUM. *LILIUM MAKTAGON. 
 
 CAREX ACUTA (gracilescens) . 
 *ANEMONE APENNINA. 
 *ERANTHIS HYEMALIS. 
 *TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM. 
 *PETASITES FRAGRANS. 
 *NARCISSUS BIFLORUS. 
 
 *LlLIUM MARTAGON. 
 
 C. -FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS, 
 
 Under this title an attempt has been made to show, by 
 comparison with other Floras, some of the peculiarities of the 
 botany of Harleston. In so small an area it is hardly possible 
 that great divergencies can exist, but the eastern position of 
 the district, its situation on the sands and clays of the Drift, 
 and its proximity to the sea-coast, give to it a character 
 interesting if not unique. 
 
 (i.) The British Flora Compared. The late Mr. H. C. 
 
 * Introductions. 
 
FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 27 
 
 Watson, in his Cybele Britannica, was one of the first to 
 systematise the distribution of plants in the British Islands. 
 Considering the Flora, first of all, with reference to the climate, 
 he arranged it under two regions, called respectively the 
 Agrarian and the Arctic, each containing three zones, rising 
 in altitude, and distinguished by the presence or absence of 
 certain well-known plant forms. Following his arrangement, 
 the lowest Agrarian zone is marked by the presence of the 
 southern-type plants, Clematis vitalba, Rubia pereyrina and 
 Cyperus longus ; the mid- Agrarian zone by the absence of these 
 species, but the presence still of Rhamnus catharticus ; the 
 highest Agrarian zone by the absence of Rhamnus, but the 
 presence of Pteris aquilina. The lowest Arctic zone is, in its 
 turn, distinguished by Erica tetralix, without Pteris ; the mid- 
 Arctic zone by Calluna vulgaris, without Erica ; and the 
 highest Arctic zone by Salix herbacea, without Calluna.* 
 
 As will be seen from the first record in the Flora, the 
 district of Harleston lies in the lowest Agrarian zone ; though 
 Rubia and Cyperus are not found in the neighbourhood, 
 Clematis is decidedly frequent. In fact, all the country south 
 of the Humber and the Dee, or an imaginary line drawn from 
 Liverpool to Hull, is included in this lowest zone, except the 
 mountainous tracts of Wales, and the high moors of the Severn 
 provinces. The following plants found in the Harleston dis- 
 trict are, in most cases, generally distributed throughout the 
 zone to which it belongs, but are unknown as natives in the 
 mid- Agrarian zone immediately above it : Helleborus fcetidus, 
 Aconitum napellus, Trifolium glomeratum, Trifolium suffo- 
 catum, Latliyrus aphaca, Tilloea muscosa, GEnanthe Jluviatilis, 
 Fceniculum vulgare, Galium anglicum, Linaria spuria, Cheno- 
 podium hybridism, Rumex pulcher, Carpinus Betulus, Ruscus 
 aculeatus, Fritillaria meleagris, Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, 
 Tulipa sylvestris, Alopecurus fulvus; while the following 
 denizens are absent in the succeeding zone : Adonis autumnalis, 
 Erysimum cheiranthoides, Verbascum Blattaria, Setaria viridis. 
 No mention is here made of the more local species which are 
 enumerated under the next section. 
 
 Mr. Cottrell Watson then proceeds to resolve the British 
 Flora into types with reference to geographical position. 
 
 1. The British Type includes thirty-four species of plants 
 thoroughly native to our island, though not to be considered 
 necessarily of sole British origin. All of these the Harleston 
 Flora possesses. 
 
 2. The English Type includes thirteen species adapted to 
 
 * Cf. Cybele Britannica, vol. i., p. 40; Compendium of the Cybele, pp. 
 1432. 
 
28 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the geographical position of England.* Of these the district 
 claims all except Ulex nanus, which, however, is reported as 
 growing a few miles beyond the border. 
 
 3. The Scottish Type ; and 4. The Highland Type embrace 
 species generally unknown in lower latitudes. It is notice- 
 able, however, that the district possesses two species of Ferns 
 which are natives of higher elevations Asplenium viride and 
 Cystopteris fragilis. There is, of course, some difficulty in 
 deciding how far they owe their presence here to human 
 agency, but both have been recorded by various observers for 
 nearly half a century, and in 1884 Cystopteris appeared and 
 was immediately eradicated in spite of the efforts of the Club 
 to preserve it in a new locality in which its intentional intro- 
 duction was out of the question. 
 
 5. The Germanic Type embraces eleven species of plants 
 having a tendency to a distribution connected with the pro- 
 vinces of England bounded by the German Ocean and North 
 Sea.f It is natural that, owing to our eastern position, a 
 record of all these species should be expected ; but, owing also 
 to the absence of the chalk which covers a large part of the 
 east of England, and the distance which now separates the 
 district from the sea, only four species are forthcoming : 
 fieseda lutea, Silene nocti/tora, Lactuca scariola, and Aceras 
 anthropophora. 
 
 6. The Atlantic Type includes species having a tendency 
 to a distribution on the western side of the island. It is not 
 to be expected that such species should be met with here, 
 though Ceterach officinarum, which is generally known as a 
 western plant, finds a place in the district list. 
 
 Hence it will be seen that the Flora of Haiieston belongs 
 to the lowest zone of the Agrarian Region ; that it confirms 
 the British, English, and Germanic character its geographical 
 position assigns to it, and at the same time anticipates by 
 certain marked forms the approach of higher latitudes. 
 
 (ii.) The Flora of Norfolk and 'Suffolk Compared. Allu- 
 sion has already been made to the new species which the Club 
 has been enabled to add to the Flora of these counties ; it, 
 therefore, only remains to point out general affinities and 
 divergencies between their botany and that of the district. 
 
 An inspection of our list reveals a marked absence of heath 
 
 * English Type. Examples : Rhamnus catharticus, Ulex nanus, Tamus 
 communis, Bryonia dioica, Hottonia palustris, Chlora perfoliata, Sison amo- 
 mum, Linaria elatine, Ranunculus parviflorus, Lamium galeobdolon, Hor- 
 deum pratense, Alopecurus af/restis, Cettrach officinarum. 
 
 f Germanic Type. Examples : Frankenia Iceris, Anemone pulsatilla, 
 Reseda lutea, Silene noctijiora, Silene conica, Pimpinella major, Pulicaria vul- 
 garis, Lactuca scariola, Atriplex pedunculata, Aceras anthropophora, Spartina 
 stricta. 
 
FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 29 
 
 and marsh plants from the district. The sole representative 
 of the natural order Ericacem is one plant of Callunci erica 
 (vulgaris). The so-called " heaths " of the neighbourhood are 
 usually beds of Post-Glacial gravel, with disused pits, possess- 
 ing none of the characteristics of true heather-land, except the 
 gaunt forms of Pinus sylvestris. It is, moreover, strange that 
 species so generally distributed as Saxifraga tridactylites, 
 Pedicularis sylvatica, Polystichum angulare, Athyriuin Filix- 
 fwmina, and Asplenium adiantum-nigrum should be amongst 
 the local rarities ; and when we turn to the Flora of the 
 marshes, where the frequent occurrence of typical plants might 
 be reasonably expected, we find that though records are given 
 for some of them, yet, on the whole, they are now seldom seen. 
 This is probably due to the effective system of drainage, which 
 was established about thirty years ago ; for in the " good old 
 times " the Bladderworts, the Water Soldier, and many other 
 interesting plants gladdened the eyes of the fortunate ob- 
 server ; but, while they still linger in higher parts of the 
 Waveney valley and are to be found in the lower' reaches of 
 the river, they are known to us no more. 
 
 The district nevertheless is abundant in species belonging 
 to the natural orders Geraniacece, Leguminiferce, Rubiacece 
 and Scrophularinece. It is especially rich in the Monocotyle- 
 donous orders Orchidacece, Iridece, Amaryllidece and Liliacew, 
 the chalky clay seeming to favour the growth of bulbous 
 plants. Forty -six species, belonging to these last-named orders 
 are reported in the latest lists of Norfolk plants : thirty-seven 
 species have already been observed in the neighbourhood of 
 Harleston, including the two new plants Ornithogalum pyre- 
 naicum and Narcissus biftorus, but exclusive of Narcissus 
 major and Asparagus officinalis, established in a wild locality 
 for nearly a century.* 
 
 As the surface soil of the district mainly consists of the 
 chalky boulder clay before mentioned, we might expect to 
 find that some of those plants which have a preference for the 
 
 * The habitats of these two plants the large hedgebank on Beacon Hill 
 above Shotford Bridge, and the clump of trees a short distance eastward, 
 called Mendham Grove, Norfolk are interesting. By their Flora they sug- 
 gest the existence in former days of gardens, and tradition asserts that in the 
 last century two halls, one of them perhaps never completed, stood on these 
 spots. An old map of the year 1795, however, shows no such dwellings there, 
 and the oldest inhabitant of Harleston, Mr. Barber, who remembers the 
 locality as it was in 1810, can give no information respecting them. It is, 
 perhaps, possible that at one or other place stood WHICHENDON, or WHITE- 
 HILLS HALL, the family seat of the Frestons, to whom the manor was 
 granted in the first year of the reign of Edward VI. The family, whose 
 history is traced by Blomefield (Hist. Norfolk, Vol. V., p. 377), held an im- 
 portant position during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but now 
 not even the name much less the site of their ancestral mansion is remem- 
 bered in the neighbourhood. 
 
30 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 chalk formation occur also on its drift. Suck have been re- 
 corded in Reseda lutea, Galium tricorne, Carduus nutans, 
 Cnicus acaulis, Lactuca muralis, Specularia hybrida, Ac.eras 
 anthropophora, Ophrys apifera, Ophrys muscifera, Iris fceti- 
 dissima, and probably in Tulipa sylvestris, Bupleurum rotandi- 
 folium and Viburnum Lantana.* 
 
 Of plants chieny confined to the counties of Norfolk and 
 Suffolk the district possesses Holosteurn umbellatum, Trifo- 
 lium ochroleucum, Veronica verna (extinct ?), Primula elatior, 
 Muscari racemosum, Potamogeton trickoides, Apera interrupta 
 and Gorynephorus canescens. 
 
 The London Catalogue (8th edition) records 1,858 species 
 of flowering plants, ferns, and allies, for the British Isles ; the 
 Flora of Norfolk, published by the Norwich Society, reports 
 about 1,200 species ; the new Flora of Suffolk will include 
 1,219 species, and 177 varieties; the Flora of Haiieston re- 
 cords for six miles 791 species, and 36 varieties, and for eight 
 miles, according to present information, 835 species. 
 
 (iii.) Traces of a Maritime Flora. In an age of theories 
 it is not the writer's wish to multiply them needlessly. There 
 are, however, certain species of flowering plants growing in the 
 higher Waveney valley which seem to exist as relics of an 
 older and maritime Flora. In the Geological sketcht mention 
 has been made of the former condition of the valley as a 
 brackish estuary, and of the traces still lingering in its physical 
 features. An observer standing on Redenhall Church tower 
 during a period of flood will gain some idea of the ancient 
 character of the surrounding country. In association with 
 this estuarine condition, a class of plants incidental to salt 
 marshes arid the sea-coast was naturally established, and some 
 of them seem still to linger. Such, for instance, are the fol- 
 lowing Umbelliferous species : 
 
 Fodniculum vulgar e. According to Hooker's Flora (3rd 
 edition), the Fennel is found on " sea-cliffs," and is " perhaps 
 native from North Wales and Norfolk to Cornwall and Kent." 
 In a corresponding position inland, upon the sides of the valley 
 of the Waveney and its tributaries, this plant is frequent 
 throughout the district. As early as 1835 it was recorded as 
 growing "on the Bath Hills for many years," and its preva- 
 lence seems only satisfied by the supposition of a native origin, 
 and not by an introduction from innumerable gardens. 
 
 Apium yraveolens. " Marshy places, chiefly by the sea " 
 (Hooker). Though the Celery is not recorded at present 'within 
 
 * In this and the statements of the next section Hooker's Student's Flora 
 (3rd edition) and Watson's Topoyraphical Botany (2nd edition) have been 
 adopted as standards. 
 
 f Page 10. 
 
FLORAL CHARACTERISTICS. 31 
 
 our six-mile circle, it grows just outside it at Bungay, and in 
 the lower parts of the valley is frequent. 
 
 Sinyrmum olasatrum. " Waste places, especially near the 
 sea" (Hooker). This plant is a doubtful native in Britain, 
 and if only a few specimens of it occurred in the district, it 
 would not call for notice, as in olden days it was cultivated as 
 a pot-herb under the name of " Alexanders." It abounds, how- 
 ever, in many spots on the valley-sides, as a rule at a somewhat 
 lower level than the Fennel. 
 
 The following plants are particularly interesting in this 
 connection, as they are representative of the Flora now exist- 
 ing on the coast : 
 
 Trifolium suffocatum. This Trefoil grows in a pit on 
 Bungay Common, and also at Broome. It is found " especially 
 near the sea," and, though a rare plant, is abundant on the 
 sandy Denes of Yarmouth, Lowestoft, and Southwold. 
 
 Erodmm cicutarium. The Stork's-bill, which is "most 
 frequent by the sea," is common on dry banks throughout the 
 district. Both here and on the coast it is one of the earliest of 
 the wayside flowers. 
 
 Teesdalia nudicaulis. The Teesdalia forms one of the 
 principal elements of the coast Flora, and in the early months 
 of the year characterises it. In the Harleston district it grows 
 on a bank of Post-Glacial gravel, called " Homersh'eld Heath," 
 opposite the Flixton. Park gates, and has also been found on 
 the gravel at Needham Hill and Ditchingham. 
 
 Senecio viscosus. This Groundsel is especially noticeable 
 on the coast, where its sticky stem is coated with the blown 
 sand. In our district it has been observed in a gravel-pit at 
 Ditchingham. 
 
 Coryne])ltorus canescens. This rare grass was discovered 
 by Mr. Walter Cordwell, of our Club, on the Post-Glacial gravel 
 at Flixton before-mentioned. It is plentiful on the Denes at 
 Yarmouth and Lowestoft, but grows nowhere else in England. 
 Its presence so far inland (about sixteen miles due west) is re- 
 markable ; but Dr. Hind has received the report of another 
 inland station in north-west Suffolk. The fact that, sixty 
 years ago, Mr. Stock cultivated specimens of this plant in his 
 garden at Bungay, does not seem sufficient to account for its 
 establishment on Homersh'eld Heath. The east winds, which 
 might perhaps transport the seeds from the coast itself, are 
 almost entirely confined to the earlier months of the year, 
 when the grass, which is an annual, is not even in bloom. The 
 late Mr. Holmes, moreover, who knew Mr. Stock, and often 
 spoke of Homersfield Heath, never mentioned its existence 
 or its introduction there. As it grows in immediate associa- 
 tion with Teesdalia^ and in close proximity to the plants named 
 
32 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 above, it points its origin rather to the littoral conditions which 
 once existed in its present locality. 
 
 Other plants there are which, by a like association, imply 
 a similar condition ; amongst them we may mention Samolus 
 Valerandi, Iris fwtidissima and Rumex maritimus.* Sufficient 
 traces are, therefore, extant to bear common testimony with 
 the physical features to the great change which has been taking 
 place in the general aspect of the valley during the formation 
 of its present Flora. 
 
 * Additional interest has been added to these conclusions by the capture 
 of the rare moth Eremobia ochroleuca at Harlestoii by Mr. C. Candler, and 
 at Denton by the Rev. C. T. Cruttwell. Its few known haunts are on or near 
 the sea-coast. 
 
II. BOTANICAL BOOKS AND 
 COLLECTIONS. 
 
 MANY who are desirous of acquainting themselves with our 
 native flowers are occasionally in doubt as to the best books 
 for their purpose. It has therefore occurred to the writer 
 that a short and informal excursus on Botanical books, with a 
 few hints to intending collectors, would be both welcome and 
 useful. 
 
 There are, of course, a great number of treatises of recent 
 publication bearing on the subject, and on special branches 
 of it, but our intention is not to advise specialists or advanced 
 students ; the works enumerated are for general knowledge, 
 and their value has been tested by practical experience. In 
 order to include beginners, who might be deterred from taking 
 up the pursuit through fear of long words and hard names, the 
 list is arranged under two heads, according as the subject is 
 treated in the (so-called) "popular" and "scientific" methods. 
 
 POPULAR TREATISES. 
 
 1. The Flowers of the Field, by the Rev. C. A. Johns, F.L.S. ; 
 
 post 8vo. 5s. S.P.C.K. 
 
 This is an excellent book, and its low price brings it within 
 the reach of all. The letterpress, which gives an explanation 
 of the structure of plants, contains a short account of most 
 British species as far as the Pond- weeds and Rushes. It is 
 copiously illustrated with wood-cuts, and has done more to 
 diffuse a knowledge of plant-life than any other book of its 
 kind. 
 
 2. British Ferns and Allied Plants, by Thomas Moore, F.L.S. ; 
 
 coloured plates ; fcap. 8vo. Is. and 3s. 6d. Routledge. 
 
 This little book is a useful adjunct to Johns' Flowers of the 
 Field. Besides the plates, there are numerous illustrations of 
 varieties, with full particulars of Fern structure and culture. 
 
34 BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS. 
 
 2*. A History of British Ferns, by Edward Newman, F.L.S. ; 
 8vo. 18s. Sonnenschein. An abridged edition, 2s. 
 
 The excellent engravings which distinguish Newman's 
 works surpass the coloured plates of most authors. The illus- 
 trations of varieties are very numerous and minute in their 
 details. 
 
 3. Familiar Wild Flowers, by F. E. Hulme, F.L.S. ; 200 
 
 coloured plates and descriptive text ; 5 vols., post 8vo. 
 62s. 6d. Cassell and Co. 
 
 Carefully prepared, with artistic representations of the 
 plants described. It is a work in which scientific difficulties 
 are avoided, and additional volumes would extend its use- 
 fulness. 
 
 4. The Flowering Plants, Sedges, Grasses, and Ferns of Great 
 
 Britain, with their Allies, by Anne Pratt ; coloured 
 illustrations of 1,644 species ; 6 vols., 8vo. 75s. 
 Warne. 
 
 The Flowering Plants of Great Britain, by Anne Pratt; 
 coloured illustrations of 1,340 species; 3 vols., 8vo. 
 42s. Warne. 
 
 The Ferns of Great Britain, with their Allies, by Anne 
 Pratt ; coloured illustrations of 63 species ; 8vo. 
 12s. 6d. S.P.C.K. 
 
 Anne Pratt's works are too well known to require much 
 comment or recommendation. The descriptions are not suffi- 
 cient for a scientific identification of the plants, but illustra- 
 tions of almost every British species are attached, and the 
 popular portions are most interesting. The three publications 
 mentioned above are similar. The first is the original and 
 complete edition, or its re-issue ; the second is an issue of 
 the first five volumes, with the letterpress printed in smaller 
 type, and the original plates retained. The third is the 
 latter part of the sixth volume published separately. The 
 Sedges and Grasses have not been so issued at present. 
 
 Wild Flowers, by Anne Pratt; with 192 coloured plates; 
 2 vols., 16mo. 12s. S.P.C.K. 
 
 This is a simple guide to the flowers of the fields and hedges, 
 but it has in its day given to many, as to the writer himself, 
 the first introduction to a friendship with Nature "which will 
 stand true for ever. 
 
SCIENTIFIC TREATISES. 35 
 
 SCIENTIFIC TREATISES. 
 
 Amongst those held in most general estimation at the pre- 
 sent time are : 
 
 5. The Student's Flora of the British Islands, by Sir J. D. 
 
 Hooker; 3rd edition ; post 8vo. 10s. 6d. Macmillan. 
 
 This is the latest authority on English botany : to a critical 
 description of every plant, the geographical range is also added. 
 There are no illustrations in this work, but it is by far the most 
 useful and interesting to the student. 
 
 6. A Manual of British Botany, by Prof. C. C. Babington ; 
 
 12mo. 10s. 6d. Van Voorst. A thin paper edition 
 for field use, 12s. 6d. 
 
 A work of long-recognised merit. There are no illustra- 
 tions, but the descriptions are valuable, and special points are 
 emphasised to facilitate identification. 
 
 7. A Handbook of the British Flora, by George Bentham ; 
 
 1,295 wood-cuts; 2 vols., post 8vo. 1 Is. Reeve. 
 
 This handbook has found many admirers. It departs, 
 however, so widely from the present accepted definition of 
 species and varieties that confusion is inevitable. 
 
 The plates which accompany it in a second volume are 
 carefully executed, but are too minute to insure safe guidance. 
 
 8. The Botanist's Pocket Book, by W. R. Hayward ; crown 
 
 8vo. 4s. 6d. George Bell. 
 
 This is only a small key of genera and species for field 
 use. The writer has used it constantly with doubtful satis- 
 faction. 
 
 9. Soiverbijs English Botany, containing a description and 
 
 life-size drawings of British plants, edited by Boswell 
 Syme ; 1,923 coloured plates; 12 vols., imp. 8vo. 
 <24 3s. George Bell. (The 12th volume, containing 
 Ferns and Allies, with General Index. 35s. cloth.) 
 
 This is the standard work on British Botany. It has seen 
 many alterations and additions since it was first issued in 
 1790. An edition in 12 volumes, published in 1832 1846, 
 with descriptions by Sir James Smith, is sometimes met with ; 
 it is carefully executed, and the plates of Flowering and Crypto- 
 gamic Plants not to be surpassed ; but, as it is arranged on the 
 Linnean system, it is somewhat out of date. A good copy is 
 worth about 12. The present and third edition (18631886) 
 
36 . BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS. 
 
 is an entire revision and re-arrangement to suit the Natural 
 Order system and the extended knowledge of the British Flora ; 
 it only contains the Flowering Plants, Ferns and allies. 
 
 For many the. possession of all the above-named works is 
 needless, perhaps impossible, though it may be worth remem- 
 bering that many booksellers (Edward Bumpus, Holborn Bars, 
 E.G., for instance) will allow 25 per cent, off the prices here 
 quoted. For practical purposes, however, sufficient would be 
 found in N"os. 1 and 5, or, better still, in Nos. 4 (6 vols.) and 5 ; 
 perhaps in No. 7 alone, used with caution. 
 
 To these should be added a book on Structural Botany : 
 Oliver's Lessons in Elementary Botany (Macmillan, 4s. 6d.) 
 is as good as any. There is a work recently published by 
 F. A. Messer (10s. 6d.), which is a praiseworthy attempt to resist 
 the unsatisfactory and unworthy plan of identifying plants by 
 pictures, without a knowledge of their structural peculiarities. 
 Sections are given of the critical parts of the plants, and if the 
 principle were extended to the species as well as the genera, a 
 want would be supplied and an evil checked. A most in- 
 teresting book is Le Maout and Decaisnes' General System 
 of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical, translated by Mrs. 
 Hooker, with 5,500 figures and sections (31s. 6d., Longmans). 
 It embraces exotic as well as British orders. The chief 
 authority on the whole subject is Sach's Text Book of Botany, 
 translated by Bennett and Dyer (31s. 6d., Clarendon Press), 
 in which the organism of plants is subjected to a rigid and 
 critical analysis. 
 
 Having spoken of the aids to a knowledge of Botany, and 
 intending to append a few hints to collectors, a protest must 
 here be made against the pernicious custom of rooting up wild 
 plants for transference to the garden. The inevitable result 
 must be a complete annihilation of all interesting species, as 
 there are but few gardens where their natural surroundings 
 can be supplied and their growth insured. From the first the 
 Club has endeavoured to discountenance this practice, with 
 what success the total destruction of the rare Brittle Bladder 
 Fern in its new locality will show ; if that fern is extinct in 
 Harleston, it is probably lost to the county. Foreseeing, then, 
 that the publication of the localities of the flowering plants of 
 Harleston might be their death-knell, the writer has abstained 
 from giving much of the detailed information possessed, pre- 
 ferring to direct those who desire to obtain specimens without 
 injury to the living plant to the members of the Club, on whose 
 authority the records are given. It is a truly selfish principle 
 which robs the woods and hedges of flowers given for the 
 enjoyment of those who, as the writer himself, have no other 
 
HINTS TO COLLECTORS. 37 
 
 flower garden, and ask no other. Nor can it be for one 
 moment supposed that our modest English flowers will yield 
 the true pleasure for which they were created when they are 
 ranked side by side, in. seeming mockery, with the gay produc- 
 tions of foreign countries. 
 
 Trusting that in the student of Nature love and reverence 
 will go hand in hand, the writer ventures to give the following 
 few suggestions on the collection and preservation of plants 
 based on his own experience : The chief requisite for collecting 
 is a long and nariow tin-box, in which the specimens may be 
 placed when gathered, and in which they will keep fresh for 
 some hours. To insure lasting specimens for the herbarium 
 the plant should not be gathered when soaked with rain or 
 heavy dew ; if such is unavoidable, the moisture must be 
 damped off* with blotting-paper before pressure is applied. For 
 drying, use a rough paper without glaze, and fairly thick. Some 
 kinds of newspaper, blotting-paper (if often changed), and an 
 absorbent brown paper used by grocers and sold sometimes as 
 botanical drying-paper are good for the purpose. The plant 
 must be placed between the sheets as evenly as possible ; if 
 the stem is thick, it is advisable to take a slice off' one side ; 
 and if it prevents the pressure resting on the petals as in the 
 Rosce and Rubi, for instance a pad of blotting-paper under the 
 flower will prevent shrinkage. A perfect specimen should 
 contain flower and fruit ; if the root is a critical part, it 
 should also be added. The plant, thus prepared and placed in 
 the drying-paper, must be put between boards under a strong 
 and even pressure. After the second or third day it should be 
 examined ; as it will then be less rigid, the leaflets and petals 
 may easily be set out. Pressure even stronger than before 
 must again be applied, and for succulent species the paper 
 changed occasionally. 
 
 When completely dry the plant should be mounted on stiff" 
 white paper. The size depends on the purpose of the collec- 
 tion ; paper 17 in. by 10 in. will be found useful and workable, 
 and can be obtained of most printers. It is a bad system to 
 fasten the specimens on with glue or gum, as it renders it 
 impossible to shift the mount, and the finer parts of the 
 flowers are destroyed. The writer has found that very thin 
 strips of parchment, cut with wider ends, laid across the 
 stoutest parts of the plant and fastened to the paper with 
 strong cement, form a most easy and effectual way of mounting 
 with the least possible unsightliness. 
 
 To the paper must be attached the name (Latin and Eng- 
 lish), the Order, the date of collection, and the locality of the 
 plant. Each Species should be placed, with its fellows of the 
 same Genus, in a stout cover of blue or brown paper, bearing 
 
38 BOTANICAL BOOKS AND COLLECTIONS. 
 
 the generic name in the right-hand lower corner ; the Genera 
 in their turn should be included in another cover, bearing 
 the name of the Natural Order to which they belong. The 
 Orders may then be arranged after some such recognised list 
 as the London Catalogue (Bell and Sons, price 6d.), and placed 
 in a box or cabinet having many shelves to prevent undue 
 pressure. 
 
 A systematic arrangement, insuring easy consultation, is 
 necessary if the collection is intended for practical reference, 
 and not for a melancholy spectacle of faded beauty ; for it is 
 impossible to prevent certain colours from changing, though 
 careful selection and drying will do much to save disappoint- 
 ment, and to maintain at least some traces of Nature's 
 loveliness. 
 
III. AUTHORITIES, ABBREVIATIONS, 
 AND SIGNS. 
 
 AUTHORITIES. 
 HARLESTON BOTANICAL CLUB. 
 
 18841887. 
 
 BBREV. 
 
 A. Buckingham, Herbert, M.R.C.V.S., Harleston. 
 
 B. Candler, William, Harleston. 
 
 C. Candler, Charles, Harleston. 
 
 D. Cord well, Walter R., Harleston. 
 
 E. Domrison, Miss A. Stote, The Dove House, Mendham, 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 F. Galpin, Rev. F. W., (late of) Harleston. 
 
 G. Prentice, John G., Harleston. 
 H. Wilson, Edward, Harleston. 
 
 I. Cartwright, Miss Ethel, and Miss Frieda Guthe, (late of) 
 
 Flixton, Suffolk. 
 
 K. Candler, Edmund, Harleston. 
 
 L. Owles, Frederick R., Harleston. 
 
 M. Cann, Archibald, Harleston. 
 
 N. White, Miss Mary de Lacy, Weybread Vicarage, Suffolk. 
 
 O. Hanmer, Miss Alice, Weybread, Suffolk. 
 
 PRINTED RECORDS. 
 
 (FB) Flora Britannica, by Sir J. E. Smith, 18001804. 
 (BG) The Botanist's Guide through England and Wales, by 
 
 Dillwyn and Turner, 1805. 
 (WA) Withering's Arrangement of British Plants. The 
 
 sixth edition (1818) was principally consulted. 
 (NBG) The New Botanist's Guide, by H. Cottrell Watson, 
 
 18351837. 
 (HS) Henslow and Skepper, Flora of Suffolk, 1860. 
 
 (T) Trimmer, Flora of Norfolk, 1866. 
 (TS) Trimmer, Supplement to the Flora of Norfolk, 1884, 
 
40 AUTHORITIES, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SIGNS. 
 
 MANUSCRIPT RECORDS. 
 
 (EAH) A Catalogue of Plants found in the neighbourhood 
 of St. Margaret's, South Elmham, in Suffolk, and 
 Brockdish in Norfolk, by the Rev. E. A. Holmes, 
 M.A., F.L.S., 18331885. 
 
 (DC) A Catalogue of Plants found in the parish of Dickie- 
 burgh, 18601870. 
 
 (JM) A Catalogue of Plants found in the parish of Shim- 
 pling by the Rev. J. W. Millard. 
 
 (JC) A Catalogue of Plants found in the parishes of 
 Hoxne, Eillingford, Scole, Wacton, &c., by Mr. J. 
 C. Collins, of Diss. 
 
 [( JH) Specimens in the Herbarium of Miss Jeffes (Needhani 
 Market) ; communicated by the Rev. W. M. 
 Hind, LL.D. 
 
 CONTRIBUTORS. 
 
 The Rev. J. Landey Brown, Norwich. 
 
 Mr. Samuel Carman, Harleston. 
 
 The Rev. C. T. Cruttwell, Denton Rectory. 
 
 The Rev. Spencer Fellows, Pulham Rectory. 
 
 Mr. Flint, Gawdy Hall, Harleston. 
 
 The Rev. H. Temple Frere, Burston Rectory. 
 
 Mrs. Hanbury Frere, Horham Rectory. 
 
 The Rev. W. M. Hind, LL.D., Honington Rectory, Bury. 
 
 The Rev. E. F. Linton, Sprowston Rectory. 
 
 Mrs. J. Sancroft Holmes, Gawdy Hall. 
 
 Mr. James Muskett (the late), Harleston. 
 
 Mrs. Pemberton, Denton House. 
 
 Miss Perowne, Redenhall Rectory. 
 
 Mr. F. Spalding, -Colchester. 
 
 Mr. W. Squires, Harleston. 
 
 The compiler here takes the opportunity of thanking the 
 above-named contributors for the information and help they 
 have given ; also Mr. H. D. Geldart of Norwich, Mr. Arthur 
 Bennett, F.L.S., of Croydon, and Mr. Bagnall, A.L.S., of 
 Aston, for their assistance in determining doubtful species ; 
 and Sir Hugh Adair, Bart., and J. Sancroft Holmes, Esq., for 
 permission to explore the woods on the Flixton and Gawdy 
 Hall estates. 
 
SIGNS. 41 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 * preceding the name of a plant denotes that it has been in- 
 troduced, but is now established. 
 
 f preceding the name of a plant denotes that it is considered 
 as probably extinct, not having been observed for many 
 years. 
 
 etc. attached to the list of localities implies that it is not 
 considered to be exhaustive. 
 
 Localities connected by a semi-colon and followed by an abbre- 
 viated name rest on the same authority. 
 
 A bracketed abbreviation followed by an initial letter signifies 
 that the record has been verified by a member of the 
 Club during the years 18841887. 
 
 The usual period of flowering is denoted by the number of the 
 months following the English name. It can only be 
 considered approximate. 
 
 The nomenclature is that adopted in the London Catalogue, 
 
 8th edition, 1886. The synonyms of the 7th edition 
 
 are added in brackets. 
 Interleaved copies of the Flora are supplied for recording 
 
 personal observations and ascertaining the distribution 
 
 of plants in the district. 
 
IV. 
 
 A LIST OF 
 THE FLOWERING PLANTS, FERNS 
 
 AND THEIR ALLIES. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 BANUNCULACE^E. 
 
 CLEMATIS, L. 
 
 C. Vitalba, L. Traveller's Joy. 6 8. Frequent in hedges 
 and thickets : Weybread Road, near the Heath House ; 
 Needham ; Brockdish ; Rnshall ; Dickleburgh ; Long 
 Stratton ; Mendham ; Wingfield ; Denton ; Alburgh ; the 
 Bath Hills, Ditchingham, etc. Cf. Introd., p. 27. 
 
 THALICTRUM, L. 
 
 T. flavum, L. Meadow Rue. 6, 7. Abundant by the sides 
 of streams : The Waveney Marsh Dykes (Homerstield 
 Bridge, etc.) ; Redenhall Beck ; Flixton; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 ANEMONE, L. 
 
 A. nemorosa, L. Wood Anemom. 4, 5. Frequent in woods 
 and groves : Hornersfield ; Haiieston Wilderness Copse ; 
 Mendham Grove, Norfolk ; Flixton ; Dickleburgh,, etc. 
 
 *A. apennina, L. Blue Anemone. 5, 6. Established for 
 many years in a copse at Denton House (Mrs. Pemberton) 
 F. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 ADONIS, L. 
 
 A. autumnalis, L. Pheasant's Eye. 5 8. Very rare : on 
 land near Gawdy Hall (EAH). It occurs as a weed in 
 gardens, F. 
 
 MYOSURUS, L. 
 
 tM. minimus, L. Mouse-tail. 4 6. Very rare. Sandy fields 
 at Earsham (BG and WA), but has not been found for 
 many years (NBG). 
 
46 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 RANUNCULUS, L. 
 
 R. circinatus, Sibth. Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot. 57. 
 Common in ponds and dykes : the Waveney Marshes ; 
 Flixton Park ; Denton, etc. 
 
 R. fluitans, Lam. River Water Crowfoot. 6, 7. Rare : in 
 the Waveney below Syleham (EAH) ; introduced into the 
 Redenhall Beck, F. 
 
 R. trichophyllus, Chaix. Hair-leaved Water Crowfoot. 6 8. 
 Frequent in ditches and ponds : Mendham Marshes ; 
 Shotford; Rushall Wood; Dickleburgh ; Shelton ; St. 
 Margaret's. 
 
 R. Drouetii, Godr. Drouefs Water Crowfoot. 5, 6. Abundant 
 in streams and ponds : Moat at Ant Hill Farm, Reden- 
 hall ; ponds, Harleston ; Lush Bush ; Heedham ; Wey- 
 bread ; plentiful in the Waveney at Earsham, F. 
 
 R. peltatus, Schrank. Common Water Crowfoot. 4 6. Pond 
 on Harleston Common, F. 
 
 Var., floribundllS. Very common in ponds and ditches, often 
 growing with R. Drouetii. 
 
 R. sceleratus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. 4 8. Abundant 
 in the marsh dykes : Weybread, Needham, Mendham, etc. 
 Pond-sides at Harleston, Flixton, etc. 
 
 R. Flammula, L. Lesser Spear wort. 6 8. Frequent in 
 
 damp places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Needham Alder Carr ; 
 
 Fir Cover, Brockdish ; Rushall Wood ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Flixton. 
 
 R. Lingua, L. Greater Spearwort. 6 8. Rare : moist places, 
 Hoxne (JC). Sides of the Waveney below the Bath Hills, 
 Ditchingham (BG). 
 
 R. auricomus, L. Wood Croivfoot. 46. Common in bushy 
 places : Cuckoo Hill, Mendham ; Mendham Long Lane ; 
 Flixton, etc. Popular name Goldilocks. 
 
 R. acris, L. Meadoiu Crowfoot. 6 8. Common in meadows 
 and by roadsides. Popular name Butter-cup. 
 
 Var., vulgatus. Abundant in the marshes. 
 
 R. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. 6 8. Common in pastures 
 and meadows. 
 
 R. bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crowfoot. 5, 6. Common by road- 
 sides and in meadows. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 47 
 
 R. Sardous, Crantz. (R. hirsutus, Curtis). Hairy Crowfoot. 
 6 10. Rare : in a field in front of Weybread Lodge, 
 D ; St. Margaret's (EAH) ; Shelton (TS). 
 
 R. parviflorus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. 5 8. Very 
 rare : at Harleston (NBG). Bedingham (TS). 
 
 R. arvensis, L. Corn Crowfoot. 6, 7. Frequent in culti- 
 vated fields : near Harleston Green Lane ; Weybread 
 Rifle Range ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ; Shimpling ; Flix- 
 ton, etc. 
 
 R. Ficaria, L. Lesser Celandine. 4, 5. Common in meadows 
 and on shady banks. 
 
 CALTHA, L. 
 
 C. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. 4 6. Common in the 
 marshes of the Waveney and in meadows. 
 
 HELLEBORUS, L. 
 
 H. viridis, L. Green Hellebore. 3, 4. Very rare. Bushy 
 places near Stradbrook (HS). Very poisonous. 
 
 H. fcetidus, L. Foetid Hellebore. 3, 4. Rare : rather plen- 
 tiful in lanes at St. Margaret's, and between St. Cross and 
 Flixton (EAH) F. Bath Hills, Ditchingham (NBG and 
 Mr. F. Spalding). Laxfield (BG). Very poisonous. 
 
 ERANTHIS, Salisb. 
 
 *E. hyemalis, Salisb. Winter Aconite. 2, 3. Gawdy Hall 
 Great Wood, C. In Flixton Long Plantation (EAH) F. 
 Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 AQUILEGIA, L. 
 
 A. vulgaris, L. Columbine. 5 7. Rare: near St. Cross 
 Church and at St. Margaret's (EAH) F. Hedgerows at 
 Denton, B, and between Denton and Alburgh, H. Wey- 
 bread (JH). 
 
 DELPHINIUM, L. 
 
 |D. Ajacis, Reich. Branching Larkspur. 6, 7. Cornfields at 
 Earsham (BG), but not confirmed since. This is the 
 D. Consolida, L., of earlier botanists. 
 
48 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 ACONITUM, L. 
 
 fA. Napellus, L. Monkdwod. 5 7. Formerly plentiful in 
 a ditch at St. Peter's, but now lost owing to alteration of 
 the locality (EAH). Very poisonous. 
 
 BERBERIDE^E. 
 BERBERIS, L. 
 
 fB. vulgaris, L. Barberry. 5, 6. An old bush formerly in 
 Gawdy Hall Wood (Mr. Flint). 
 
 NUPHAR, L. 
 
 N. luteum, Sin. Yellow Water Lily. 6, 7. Abundant in the 
 Waveney ; the Redenhall and the Weybread becks. 
 
 NYMPH^EA, L. 
 
 N. alba, L. White Water Lily. 7. Not infrequent in the 
 Waveney (Syleham, Needham, Mendham, Fiixton, etc.). 
 
 PAPAVEKACE.E. 
 PAP AVER, L. 
 
 *P. somniferum, L. White Poppy. 6, 7. Occasionally in 
 cultivated ground and by way-sides, F. 
 
 P. Rhoeas, L. Common Red Poppy. 6 8. Common on 
 cultivated ground. Seed-vessel assuming the shape of a 
 smooth round head. 
 
 P. dubium, L. Smooth long-headed Poppy. 6, 7. Frequent : 
 Starston Railway Bridge ; sand-pit on Withersdale Road, 
 Mendham ; Homersfield, etc. A] (parent! y only var., 
 Lamottei, (Lond. Cat., 7th ed.). 
 
 P. Argemone, L. Rough long-headed Poppy. 6, 7. Frequent 
 in sandy places : Redenhall Road ; Mendham ; Dickie- 
 burgh ; Earsham, etc. 
 
 P. hybridum, L. Rough round-headed Poppy. 57. Very 
 rare. On an old wall at Dickleburgh (DC). I have 
 found it in a similar situation in Dorset, F. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 49 
 
 CHELIDONIUM, L. 
 
 C. majus, L. Celandine. 5 8. Frequent in hedges : Reden- 
 hall Road ; Mendham ; Weybread j Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 FUMABIACE^E. 
 CORYDALIS, DC. 
 
 *C. bulbosa, DC. (C. Solida, Hook.). Tuberous Fumitory. 
 5 7. A weed in shrubberies at Wortwell. 
 
 *C. lutea, DC. Yellow Fumitory. 5 8. On walls and 
 waste ground at Harleston. 
 
 FUMARIA, L. 
 
 F. pallidiflora, Jord. (F. capreolata, L.) Rampant Fumi- 
 tory. 5 8. Yar., Borsei. Rare : in hedges near Wey- 
 bread Church, F. 
 
 F. officinalis, L. Common Fumitory. 5 8. Common in 
 fields and by waysides : London Road, Harleston ; Need- 
 ham ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh ; Wortwell ; Flixton, etc. 
 
 CBUCIFER.E. 
 
 CHEIRANTHUS, L. 
 
 *C. Cheiri, L. Wall-Flower. 46. On an old wall in Ellis' 
 Yard, Harleston, formerly in great abundance, F. Plenti- 
 ful on the ruins of Bungay Castle. 
 
 NASTURTIUM, R.Br. 
 
 N. officinale, R.Br. Common Watercress. 5 10. Common 
 in streams and dykes. 
 
 N. sylyestre, R.Br. Creeping Yellow-cress. 6 9. Rare : in 
 a dry brook below St. Cross Rectory (EAH), F. On 
 Earsharn Common (BG). 
 
 N. palustre, DC. Marsh Yellow-cress. 6 9. Common in 
 wet places : Wortwell Marshes ; Stow Fen, Earsham ; 
 Mendham; Harleston Common ; Needham; Dickleburgh. 
 
 N. amphibium, R.Br. Great Yellow-cress. 6 9. Not com- 
 mon : sides of pond, Harleston Common, B. Pond in 
 meadow adjoining Wilderness Lane, D. Syleham 
 (EAH). Tivetshall, F. Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
50 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 BARBAREA, R.Br. 
 
 B. vulgaris, R.Br. Common Yellow Rocket. 5 8. Com- 
 
 mon in meadows, fields, and by the sides of streams. 
 
 ARABIS, L. 
 
 A. perfoliata, Lam. (Turritis glabra, L.). Smooth Tower 
 Mustard. 6 8. Not uncomfnon on dry banks : plenti- 
 ful near Wortwell Schoolroom (1885); between Homers- 
 field and St. Cross ; below Homersfield Church (EAH), F. 
 Near Wortwell Windmill (BG). Flixton (NBG). Scole 
 (JC). 
 
 CARDAMINE, L. 
 
 C. amara, L. Bitter Lady's Smock. 4 6. Abundant in 
 
 the meadows of the Waveney Valley (Weybread Water 
 Mill, etc.). 
 
 C. pratensis. L. Meadow Lady's Smock. 4 6. Common in 
 meadows and moist places : occasionally a double form is 
 found. Popular name Cuckoo Flower. 
 
 C. hirsuta, L. Hairy Lady's Smock. 4, 5. Common on 
 dry banks and walls. 
 
 C. flexuosa, With. (C. sylvatica, Link.). Creeping Lady's 
 Smock. 4 6. Rare : in shady places near Wortwell 
 Water Mill (EAH). 
 
 EROPHILA, DC. 
 
 E. vulgaris, DC. (Draba verna, L.). Common Whitlow 
 Grass. 3 5. Very common on dry banks. One of the 
 earliest wayside flowers. 
 
 COCHLEARIA, L. 
 
 *C. Armoracia, L. (Armoracia rusticana, BM). Horse 
 Radish. 5 8. Abundant in a ditch at Flixton Village, 
 F. Mendham, A. 
 
 HESPERIS, L. 
 
 *H. matronalis, L. Dame's Gilliflower. 5 7. Rare : in a 
 cultivated field on Balking Hill, Harleston, H. 
 
 SISYMBRIUM, L. 
 
 S. Thaliana, Hook. (Arabis Thaliana, L.). Thale Cress. 
 4 7. Abundant on dry banks. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 51 
 
 S. officinale, Scop. Yellow Hedge Mustard. 6 8. Common 
 in hedge-banks and by roadsides. 
 
 S. Sophia, L. Flixweed. 6 8. Not uncommon in waste 
 places : Mendham Old Priory, F. Shotford Heath, D, 
 Homersfield Village, K. 
 
 S. Alliaria, Scop. (Erysimum Alliaria, L.). Garlic Mustard. 
 5, 6. Common in hedge-banks and woods. 
 
 ERYSIMUM, L. 
 
 E. Cheiranthoides, L. Wallflower Mustard. 6 8. Abun- 
 dant in cultivated fields. 
 
 BRASSICA, L. 
 
 *B. Napus, L. Rape. 5 7. Banks and borders of fields : 
 Harleston, etc. 
 
 *B. Rapa, L. Turnip. 5, 6. Waste places and borders of 
 fields : Kedenhall, etc. 
 
 *B. nigra, Koch. (Sinapis nigra, L.). Black Mustard. 
 6 8. Not common : sides of the stream between Har- 
 leston and Redenhall (T), and also at Wortwell, F. This 
 is generally supposed to be the Mustard Plant of the 
 Bible. 
 
 B. Sinapis, Vis. (Sinapis arvensis, L.), Wild Mustard. 
 5 8. A common weed in cultivated ground. Popular 
 name Charlock. 
 
 B. alba, Bois. (Sinapis alba, L.). White Mustard. 68. 
 
 Probably frequent, but not satisfactorily determined. 
 Cultivated in gardens. 
 
 DIPLOTAXIS, DC. 
 
 D. muralis, DC. Sand Rocket. 6 9. Rare : roadside, Ear- 
 sham Village, F ; Shelton, Tivetshall (T). Bungay, D. 
 
 CAPSELLA, DC. 
 
 C. Bursa-pastoris, DC. Shepherds Purse. 3 9. Every- 
 
 where, and of various forms. 
 
 SENEBIERA, DC. 
 
 S. Coronopus, Poir. (Coronopus Ruellii, Gcert.). Common 
 Wart Cress. (5 9. Common in waste places : the Boys' 
 School, Harleston ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
52 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 LEPIDIUM, L. 
 
 L. campestre, R.Br. Common Field Pepper-wort. 5 8. 
 Frequent in fields and waste places : Baker's Barn Brick- 
 yard ; Shotford ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ; Earsham, etc. 
 
 L. Smithii, Hook. Hairy Field Pepperwort. 6 8. Rare : 
 hedge-banks, Flixton (EAH). 
 
 THLASPI, L. 
 
 T. arvense, L. Penny Cress. 5 7. Common in cultivated 
 ground : Redenhall ; Wortwell ; Weybread ; Pulham ; 
 Shimpling, etc. 
 
 TEESDALIA, R.Br. 
 
 T. nudicaulis, R.Br. Naked-stalked Teesdalm. 4 6. Rare : 
 Homersfield Heath, F ; Needham Sandpit (BG-) ; the 
 Bath Hills, Ditchingham (NBG). Cf. Introd., p. 31. 
 
 RAPHANUS, L. 
 
 R. Raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish. 6 9. Frequent in 
 waste ground : railway cutting, Redenhall ; Weybread 
 Targets, etc. 
 
 BESEDAOEL. 
 
 RESEDA, L. 
 
 R. lutea, L. Wild Mignonette. 6 8. Not common : Gate- 
 house gravel pit, Redenhall, D. Earsham, F. Scole, 
 Billingford (JC). Formerly at Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
 R. luteola, L. Dyer's Weld. 68. Frequent in hedge- 
 banks and waste places : near Harleston Station ; below 
 Homersfield Church ; Earsham ; Flixton ; Scole ; Billing- 
 ford; Needham, etc. 
 
 VIOLARHLE 
 
 VIOLA, L. 
 
 V. palustris. L. Marsh Violet. 5 7. Very rare : in the 
 Spring Meadow, Dickleburgh (DC). Reported also from 
 Flixton. 
 
 V. odorata, L. Sweet Violet. 2 5. Common in woods and 
 hedge-banks. Var. alba, frequent : Mendham Road, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 V. sylvatica, Fr. Wood Violet. 3 6. Common in woods 
 and hedge-banks. This is var. Riviniana, Reich. Popu- 
 lar names Horse or Dog Violet. 
 
 V. Reichenbachiana, Bor. Lesser Wood Violet. 3 6. Not 
 common : Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Rev. E. F. Linton) ; 
 Redenhall Lanes, F. St. Margaret's (EAH). Cf. Introd. 
 p. 26. 
 
 V. arvensis, Murr. Small-flowered Field Pansy. 4 10. 
 Common in cultivated ground. Popular name HearCs- 
 
 ease. 
 
 POLYGALE.E. 
 POLYGALA, L. 
 
 P. vulgaris, L. Common Milkwort. 5 9. Not common : 
 near Capt. Moore's Farm, Needham ; Homersfield Heath ; 
 Dickleburgh. 
 
 CABYOPHYLLE7E. 
 
 DIANTHUS, L. 
 
 D. Armeria, L. Deptford Pink. 7, 8. Occasional : near Har- 
 leston (NBG) ; Balking Hill, E. Well's Lane, D. Mend- 
 ham (EAH), B. Near the White House, Harleston ; 
 roadside opposite Middleton Hall, Mendham, G. Between 
 Denton and Earsham (Mrs. Pemberton). 
 
 SAPONARIA, L. 
 
 S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. 7, 8. Rare : in hedges 
 near houses ; between Flixton and Bungay (BG), F. 
 Formerly in a hedge-bank on the Needham Road near 
 the first milestone (Mr. Samuel Carman). 
 
 SILENE, L. 
 
 S. Cucubalus, Wib. (S. inflata, Sm.). Bladder Campion. 
 6 8. Common in fields and by roadsides. 
 
 Var., puberula ; Earsham (T). 
 
 S. gallica, var. anglica, L. English Catch-fly. 6 8. A 
 weed in the Rectory Garden, St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 S. nutans, L. Nottingham Catch-fly. 6 8. Borders of 
 fields : several plants a few years ago on a wild bank 
 
54 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 near the Little Barn, Gawdy Hall North Lodge (Mrs. J. 
 Sancroft Holmes), F. It is not cultivated in gardens, 
 and the locality appears natural. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catch-fly. 7, 8. Frequent 
 on the clay : cultivated fields, Dickleburgh, Shinipling, F ; 
 St. Margaret's (EAH). Earsham ; Shelton (T). 
 
 LYCHNIS, L. 
 
 L. alba, Mill. (L. vespertina, Sibth.). White, Campion. 
 6 10. Common in cultivated fields. 
 
 L. diurna, Sibth. Red Campion. 5 9. Common in bushy 
 places and hedge-banks. Popular name Robin Hood. 
 
 L. Flos-CUCllli, L. Meadow Campion. 5 8. Common in 
 
 meadows and damp places. Popular name Ragged 
 
 Robin. This is the true Cuckoo Flower, as its name 
 implies. 
 
 L. Githago, Lam. (Agrostemma Githago, L.). Corn Cockle. 
 6 8. Abundant in corn-fields. 
 
 HOLOSTEUM, L. 
 
 H. umbellatum, L. Umbelliferous Chickweed. 3, 4. Very 
 rare : sparingly on the ruins of Hoxne Abbey (JC, 1883). 
 It has long been recorded for the neighbouring parish of 
 Eye, but is rapidly disappearing from Norfolk and Suffolk, 
 its only British habitats. 
 
 CERASTIUM, L. 
 
 C. quaternellum, Fenzl. (Moenchia erecta, Sin.). Upright 
 Mouse-ear Chickweed. 5 8. Rare : in a dry pasture 
 adjoining Homersfield Heath, F. 
 
 C. semidecandrum, ' L. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed. 4, 5. 
 Frequent on dry banks : Well's Lane, Harleston ; below 
 Homersfield Church ; Dickleburgh. 
 
 C. glomeratum, Thuill. ^Broad-leaded Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 3 9. Common on dry banks. Included under C. 
 vulgatum, L. 
 
 C. triviale, Link. (C. viscosum, Sm.). Narrow-leaved Mouse- 
 ear Chickweed. 4 10. Common on dry banks and waste 
 places. Included under C. vulgatum, L. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 55 
 
 STELLARIA, L. 
 
 S. aquatica, Scop. (Cerastium aquaticum, L.). Water C kick- 
 weed. 7 9. Frequent in moist places : ditches of the 
 Waveney (Syleham, Mendham, Wortwell, Flixtoii, Ear- 
 sham, etc.). 
 
 S. media, L. Common Chickweed. 3 10. Common in 
 waste places and cultivated ground. 
 
 S. Holostea, L. Greater Stitchwort. 4 6. Common in hedge- 
 banks and bushy places. 
 
 S. palustris, Ehrh. (S. glauca, With.). Marsh Stitchwort. 
 5 7. Rare : in ditches of the Waveney, Billingford 
 (JC), and about Bungay (NBG). 
 
 S. graminea, L. Lesser Stitchivort. 5 8. Frequent in 
 bushy places : Well's Lane, Harleston ; Flixton ; St. 
 Margaret's, etc. 
 
 S. uliginosa, Murr. Bog Stitchwort. 5, 6. Common in 
 marshy places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Weybread, etc. 
 
 ARENARIA, L. 
 
 A. trinervis, L. Three-nerved Sandwort. 5 8. Frequent 
 in shady places : Shotford Hill ; Starston, Weybread, 
 Flixton, etc. 
 
 A. serpylli folia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. 5 8. Common 
 in dry waste places. 
 
 Var. leptoclados, Guss. Frequent : Needham Alder Carr 
 Pit ; Flixton, etc. 
 
 SAGINA, L. 
 
 S. apetala, L. Small-flowered Pearlwort. 5 9. Common 
 on walls : Harleston ; Redenhall ; Pulham Market, etc. 
 
 S. procumbens, L. Creeping Pearlwort. 5 9. Common on 
 walls and in waste places. 
 
 SPERGULA, L. 
 
 S. arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. 68. Frequent in fields 
 and waste places : near the White House, Harleston ; 
 Mendham Pit on Withersdale Road ; Flixton. 
 
56 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 LEPIGONUM, Fr. 
 
 L. rubrum, Fr. (Spergularia rubra, Fenzl.). Field Sand- 
 wort Spurrey. 5 8. Rare : gravelly places in the 
 neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 HYPEBICINEJE. 
 HYPERICUM, L. 
 
 *H. calycinum, L. Large-flowered St. John's Wort. 7, 8. 
 Mendham Grove, Norfolk, in the last century a garden. 
 Cf. Introd., p. 29, note. 
 
 H. perforation, L. Common St. John's Wort. 7, 8. Common 
 in woods and hedge-banks. 
 
 'H. quadratum, Stokes. Square - stalked St. John's Wort. 
 7. Frequent in moist places : Shotford ; Brock dish ; 
 Dickleburgh ; Earsham, etc. 
 
 H. humifusum, L. Trailing St. John's Wort. 7, 8. Rare : 
 wood near Brockdish Hall (EAH). Weybread (JH). 
 On Stuston Common (WA). 
 
 H. pulchrum, L. Small Upright St. John's Wort. 6, 7. Rare : 
 waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, C. 
 Mendham Priory Plantations, F. Hedenham (T). 
 
 H. hirsutum, L. Hairy St. John's Wort. 6 8. Not un- 
 common in woods : Gawdy Hall ; Mendham ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Flixton ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 |H. montanum, L. Mountain St. John's Wort. 7, 8. Rare : 
 bushy places, Bath Hills (WA). 
 
 MALVACEAE. 
 MALVA, L. 
 
 M. moschata, L. Musk Mallow. 7, 8. Frequent : Starston 
 Road, near the railway bridge ; Weybread ; Needham ; 
 
 St. Margaret's. 
 
 M. sylvestris, L. Common Mallow. 6 9. Abundant in 
 waste places. 
 
 M. rotundifolia, L. Dwarf Mallow. 6 10. Common by 
 roadsides : Harleston ; Brockdish ; Wortwell ; Homers- 
 field ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. ' 57 
 
 TILIACEJE. 
 TILIA, L. 
 
 *T. vulgaris, Hayne. (T. intermedia, DC). Common Lime. 
 7. Frequent in plantations and hedgerows. T. platy- 
 phyllos, Scop., has been introduced at Redenhall. 
 
 LINUM, L. 
 
 L. catharticum, L. Purging Flax. 6 9. Frequent in dry 
 pastures : Harleston Green Lane ; near Gawdy Hall 
 Wood ; Shotford ; Dickleburgh ; Denton ; Flixton, etc. 
 
 L. angustifolium, Huds. Narrow-leaved Flax. 6 8. Rare : 
 on the banks of the railway cutting at Redenhall, F. 
 
 |L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax. 1. Dry fields : 
 Shimpling and Fressingfield (formerly). No longer culti- 
 vated in the district. 
 
 GEBANIACE.E. 
 
 GERANIUM, L. 
 
 *G. Striatum, L. Pencilled Crane's Bill. 5, 6. Established 
 in plantations at Denton (Rev. C. T. Cruttwell). 
 
 *G. phseum, L. Dusky Crane's Bill. 5, 6. Rare : bushy 
 place, called Pound Hole, near Shotford Hall, L. On the 
 site of an old garden, Shimpling (JM), K. Orchard, 
 St. Margaret's (EAH), I. 
 
 G. pratense, L. Blue Meadow Crane's Bill. 6 9. Very 
 rare : waste ground, Oaklands, Redenhall (perhaps an 
 escape) B. Hoxne (JC). 
 
 G. pyrenaicum, L. Mountain Crane's Bill. 6, 7. Very 
 common on banks by roadsides at Harleston. Needham 
 (T) ; St. Margaret's (EAH) ; Oakley ( JC). 
 
 G. molle, L. Soft Crane's Bill. 4 8. Common in waste 
 places and on banks. A white variety is frequent. 
 
 G. pusillum, Burm. Small-flowered Crane's Bill. 6 9. Fre- 
 quent in situations similar to G. molle. Harleston ; 
 
58 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 Needham ; Brockdish \ Dickleburgh ; Mendham ; St. 
 Margaret's ; Earsham. 
 
 G. dissectum, L. Jagged-leaved Crane's Bill. 5 8. Common 
 in hedges and on the dyke-banks. 
 
 G. columbinum, L. Long-stalked Crane's Bill. 6, 7. Fre- 
 quent in hedges and on banks : pit between Wortwell 
 Schoolroom and Low Street Shotford Hill ; Mendham ; 
 Starston; Pulham. 
 
 G. lucidum, L. Shining Crane's Bill. 5 8. Rare : a weed 
 on rock work at Al burgh, C. Hedge-bank near St. Mar- 
 garet's Church, Ilketshall (EAH). 
 
 G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert. 4 9. Common in 
 hedges and woods and on walls. With white flowers at 
 Shimpling (JM). 
 
 ERODIUM, L. 
 
 E. cicutarium, Sm. Common Stork's Bill. 6 9. Common 
 . on sandy banks. A prolific fiowerer. Cf. Introd., p. 31. 
 
 OXALIS, L. 
 
 0. Acetosella, L. Wood Sorrel. 5, 6. Not common : Gawdy 
 Hall Wood (Miss Perowne), C. Mendham Priory Plan- 
 tations, D. Billingford (JC). Fur Green Lane at Rushall 
 (Mr. Arnold). 
 
 *0. corniculata, L. Procumbent Yellow Sorrel. 6 9. Waste 
 ground by roadside, Harleston. 
 
 ILEX, L. 
 
 1. Aquifolium, L. Holly. 5, 6. Frequent in hedgerows and 
 woods : Redenhall ; Starston ; Shotford, etc. 
 
 GELASTEINEJB. 
 
 EUONYMUS, L. 
 
 E. EuropSBUS, L. Spindle Tree. 5 7. Not uncommon in 
 hedgerows : Gawdy Hall ; Shotford Hill ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Shimpling ; Flixton, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 59 
 
 BHAMNE.E. 
 RHAMNUS, L. 
 
 R. catharticus, L. Common Buckthorn. 57. Not com- 
 mon : a bush on South Elmham Minster ruins ; in the 
 Rectory Paddock hedge, and occasionally elsewhere at 
 St. Margaret's (EAH), F. Hedge near Weybread House. 
 Hoxne (BG). 
 
 R. Frangrila, L. Alder Buckthorn. 4 6. Eare : in planta- 
 tions near Bungay (BG). Wacton (T). 
 
 SAPLNDACE.E. 
 ACER, L. 
 
 *A. pseudo-platanus, L. Sycamore. 5, 6. Frequent : Wey- 
 bread ; Starston, etc. 
 
 A. campestre, L. Maple. 5, 6. Common in woods and 
 hedges. Fine trees at South Elmham Hall. 
 
 LEGTTMINOSJS. 
 
 GENISTA, L. 
 
 G. anglica, L. Needle Green Weed. f>, 6. Rare : sparingly 
 on Wacton Common (TS and JC). Stuston (JC). Bungay 
 Common (WA). 
 
 G. tinctoria, L. Dyer's Green Weed. 7, 8. Frequent : 
 Wacton Common ; Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; 
 Weybread ; Needham ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 ULEX, L. 
 
 U. Europseus, L. Common Furze. 3 6. Common in sandy 
 and gravelly places. Popular name Gorse. 
 
 CYTISUS, Link. 
 
 C. Scoparius, Link. (Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch.). Com- 
 mon Broom. 4 6. Common, especially in gravel pits. 
 
 ONONIS, L. 
 
 0. repens, L. (0. arvensis, L.). Procumbent Rest-Harrow. 
 6 9. Frequent in barren pastures : Well's Lane, Har- 
 leston ; Wort well ; Dickleburgh; Flixtoii. 
 
60 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 0. spinosa, L. Upright Rest-Harrow. 6 9. Common in 
 waste places and pastures. With white flowers at Dickie- 
 burgh (DC). 
 
 MEDICAGO, L. 
 
 *M. sativa, L. Lucerne. 6, 7. Near the top of Stubbing's 
 Lane, Weybread, D. 
 
 M. lupulina, L. Black Medick. 5 8. Common in waste 
 ground and pastures. Popular name Black Nonsuch. 
 
 MELILOTUS, Lam. 
 
 M. altissima, Thuill. (M. officinalis, Wilkl). Common Melilot. 
 6 8. Not uncommon : fields near Harleston Bridge ; 
 Gawdy Hall ; Mendham ; Weybread ; St. Margaret's ; 
 Flixton ; Dickleburgh ; Scole ; Shimpling. 
 
 TRIFOLIUM, L. 
 
 T. subterraneum, L. Subterranean Clover. 5 8. Rare : 
 in a grassy pit of footpath-field near Starston Rectory, 
 C ; near Harleston Bridge, D. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 T. pra tense, L. Red Clover. 5 9. Common in meadows 
 and by roadsides. 
 
 T. medium, L. Zigzag Clover. 5 9, Rare : Stubbing's 
 Lane, Weybread, D ; Flixton, I ; St. Margaret's (EAH) ; 
 Bath Hills (WA). 
 
 T. ochroleucum, L. Sulphur-coloured Clover. 68. Very 
 frequent in pastures : Mendham Long Lane ; Homers- 
 field ; St. Margaret's ; Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; Thorpe 
 Abbots ; Dickleburgh ; Shelton ; Denton ; Bath Hills, 
 etc. Cf. Introd., p. 30. 
 
 *T. incarnatum, L. Crimson Clover. 6, 7. Roadsides, Need- 
 ham, Billingford, Shimpling. 
 
 T. arvense, L. Hare's-foot Clover. 7, 8. Frequent in dry 
 places : Needham Alder Carr Pit ; Mendham Pit, on 
 Withersdale Road ; Homersfield ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 T. striatum, L. Soft knotted Clover. 6, 7. Common in dry 
 pastures and gravel pits. 
 
 T. scabrum, L. Rough rigid Clover. 5 7. Rare : Needham 
 Alder Carr Pit, F. Balking Hill, Harleston (BG) ; Bath 
 Hills (WA). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 61 
 
 T. glomeratum, L. Smooth round-headed Clover. 5, 6. Not 
 infrequent in dry places : below Homersfield Church 
 (EAH) ; gravel pit near Earsham Station, F. Bath Hills 
 
 (FB). 
 
 *T. hybridum, L. Alsike Clover. 6 8. In fields and by 
 roadsides : Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redeiihall ; near 
 Mendham Bridge ; pasture opposite Hulk's Graves, Wey- 
 bread; D. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 T. repens, L. White Clover. 4 9. Common in pastures. 
 This is the Shamrock of Ireland. 
 
 T. fragiferum, L. Strawberry-headed Clover. 7, 8. Frequent 
 in meadows and pastures : Harleston Green Lane \ pond- 
 side, Harleston Common : near the Moat, Gawdy Hall ; 
 Mendham ; Weybread ; Needham. 
 
 T. procumbens, L. Hop Clover. 6 8. Common in gravelly 
 places. 
 
 T. dubium, Sibth. (T. minus, Sm.). Lesser Hop Clover. 5 7. 
 Common in dry pastures. 
 
 T. filiforme, L. Slender Clover. 6, 7. Frequent : roadside 
 
 near Denton House ; grassy bank, Shotford Hill ; dry 
 
 pasture near Homersfield Heath, F. St. Margaret's 
 (EAH), I. 
 
 ANTHYLLIS, L. 
 
 *A. vulneraria, L. Common Kidney Vetch, 5 8. In a 
 grass field near Chediston, apparently introduced with 
 seed, K. 
 
 LOTUS, L. 
 
 L. corniculatus, L. Common Birds-foot Trefoil. 6 8. 
 Common in meadows and pastures. Popular names 
 Ladies' Slippers, Shoes and Stockings. 
 
 L. pilosus, Beeke. (L. major, Scop.). Greater Birds-foot 
 Trefoil. 6 8. Common in damp places. 
 
 ORNITHOPUS, L. 
 
 0. perpusillus, L. Common Birds-foot. 5 7. Not infre- 
 quent on dry banks : Well's Lane, Harleston ; Homers- 
 tield ; pasture opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread. 
 
62 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 HIPPOCBEPIS, L. 
 
 fH. comosa, L. Horse-shoe Vetch. 5 8. Very rare: pas- 
 tures, Ditchingham (BG). 
 
 ONOBRYCHIS, Touru. 
 
 *0. sativa, Lam. Sainfoin. 6, 7. Mendham Pit, on Withers- 
 dale Road ; Alder Carr Pit, Needham ; St. Margaret's. 
 Probably escaped from cultivation. 
 
 VICIA, L. 
 
 V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy Tare. 6 9. Common in dry 
 bushy places and on banks : Needham Alder Carr Pit, etc 
 
 V. tetrasperma, Moench. Four-seeded Slender Tare. 6, 7. 
 Frequent in hedges : The Hoi-Way, Gawdy Hall : Wey- 
 bread : Mendham Hill : Flixton, etc. 
 
 V. Cracca, L. Tujted Blue Vetcli. 6 8. Frequent : Baker's 
 Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; Needham Alder Carr Pit ; 
 Shotford Dykes ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 V. sepium, L. Bush Vetch. 5 -7. Common in hedges and 
 thickets. With white flowers near the White House, 
 Harleston. 
 
 *V. sativa, L. Common Cultivated Vetch. 5 7. Borders of 
 fields and waste ground : Harleston ; Alburgh ; Flixton 
 etc. 
 
 V. angustifolia, Roth. Common Wild Vetch. 5 7. Waste 
 places, especially on a sandy soil. Var. segetalis, common. 
 Var. Bobartii, pit at Needham Hill, F. 
 
 V. lathyroides, L. Spring Vetch. 4, 5. Frequent in dry 
 pastures : Shotford Heath ; Needham Alder Carr Pit ; 
 Balking Hill, Harleston ; Homersfield Pit ; roadside 
 below Homersfield Church (" apparently spreading," 1869, 
 EAH). Bath Hills. 
 
 LATHYRUS, L. 
 
 tL. Aphaca, L. Yellow Vetchling. 5 8. Very rare : in a 
 gravel pit with Chlora perfoliata at Ditchingham (NBG). 
 
 L. NlSSOlia, L. Grass-leaved Vetchling. 5, 6. Rare : by the 
 side of the footpath from Harleston to Mendham (BG), 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 63 
 
 E ; Mendham Hill (EAH). Gawdy Hall Great Wood 
 (NBG and Rev. J. L. Brown). Thelveton Churchyard 
 (WA). 
 
 L. -pratensis, L. Meadow Vetchliny. 6 8. Common in 
 meadows and hedge-banks. 
 
 BOSACE.E . 
 PRUNUS, L. 
 
 P. communis, Huds. (P. spinosa, L.). Common Sloe. 4, o. 
 Common in hedgerows. Popular name Black-thorn. 
 
 P. institia, L. Bullace. 4, 5. Occasionally in hedgerows : 
 Lush Bush ; Wortwell, etc. 
 
 *P. domestica, L. Wild Plum. 4, 5. Near the Heath House, 
 Weybread ; Flixton Village. 
 
 P. Avium, L. Wild Cherry. 5. Not common : by the foot- 
 path from Harleston Green Lane to Mendham, H. Wey- 
 bread Village, O. 
 
 P. Cerasus, L. Morella Cherry. 5. Rare : Skeatsmere, 
 Needham, D. 
 
 P. Padus, L. Bird Cherry. 5. Rare : Starston (introduced), 
 F, Hoxne (JC). Bedingham, Earsham (BG). 
 
 SPIMSA., L. 
 
 S. Ulmaria, L. Meadow Sweet. 6 8. Common in meadows 
 and damp places. 
 
 RUBUS, L. 
 
 R. Idaeus, L. Common Raspberry. 6, 7. Not common : 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood. 
 
 R. Lindleianus, Lees. Lindley's Bramble. Frequent : Gawdy 
 Hall Great Wood : Mendham Priory Plantations, F. St. 
 Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 R. rhamnifolius, W & N. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. Rare : 
 Flixton Long Plantation, F. Of. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 R. incurvatus, Bab. Curled-leaved Bramble. Rare : Brock- 
 dish (EAH). 
 
64 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 R. rusticanus, Merc. (R. discolor, W & K). Common 
 Bramble. 7, 8. Hedges everywhere, with many varieties. 
 
 R. leucostachys, Sin. Long-clustered Bramble. Frequent : 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Flixton. Long Plantation and 
 Abbey Wood, F. 
 
 R. Salteri, Bab. Salter's Bramble. Rare: Gawdy Hall 
 Great Wood, F. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 R. carpinifolius, W N. Hornbeam-leaved Bramble. Not 
 common : St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 R. macrophyllus, W & N. Large-leaved Bramble. A variety 
 is not uncommon in Gawdy Hall Wood and Mendham 
 Priory Plantation, F. 
 
 R. scaber, W & N. Rough-leaved Bramble. Rare : Gawdy 
 Hall Great Wood (Rev. E. F. Linton), F. Cf. Introd., 
 p. 26. 
 
 R. Radula, W. File-stemmed Bramble. Frequent : Gawdy 
 Hall Wood ; Mendham Priory Plantations, F. 
 
 R. Koehleri, W. Koehler's Bramble. Yar. infestus, bushy 
 places opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, F. 
 
 Yar. pallidus, St. Margaret's (EAH). Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 R. Balfourianus, Blox. Balfour's Bramble. St. Margaret's 
 (EAH). 
 
 R. corylifolius, Sm. Hazel-leaved Bramble. 6 8. 
 
 Yar. conjungens, common. Yar. fasciculatus, frequent : 
 Lush Bush ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Needham, F. 
 
 R. deltoideus, P. J.M. Mallow-leaved Bramble. Rare : St. 
 Peter's Lane, South Elmham (EAH). 
 
 R. scabrosus, P. J.M. Tubercular Bramble. Rare : St. Mar- 
 garet's (EAH). 
 
 R. csesius, L. Dewberry. 6, 7. Common in damp places. 
 Yars. tenuis and Mspidus, Gawdy Hall Wood, F. 
 
 GEUM, L. 
 
 G. urbanum, L. Common Avens. 6 8. Common in hedge- 
 banks and fields. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 65 
 
 Gr. rivale, L. Water Avens. 6, 7. Rare : pondside, Strad- 
 brooke Rectory Grounds (Mrs. Hanbuiy Frere). Moist 
 places, Billingford (JO). 
 
 FRAGARIA, L. 
 
 F. vesca, L. Wood Strawberry. 4 7. Frequent on banks 
 and in woods : Gawcly Hall ; Denton ; Flixton ; Dickie- 
 burgh, etc. 
 
 *F. elatior, Ehrh. Hautbois Strawberry. 6 9. On roadside 
 bank, Denton House Plantation, F. 
 
 POTENTILLA, L. 
 
 P. Fragariastrum, Ehrh. Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil. 2 5. 
 Common on dry banks : often confounded with Fragaria 
 vesca. 
 
 P. Tormentilla, Neck. Common Tormentil. 5 8. Frequent 
 in meadows and woods : Starston ; Fir Cover, Brock- 
 dish ; Mendham Priory Plantations ; Fiixton ; St. Mar- 
 garet's. 
 
 P. reptans, L. Creeping Cinquefoil. 6 9. Common on 
 banks and by roadsides. 
 
 P. Anserina, L. Silver-weed. 5 7. Common by roadsides 
 and in waste places. 
 
 P. argentea, L. Hoary Cinquefoil. 6 8. Frequent on 
 sandy banks : Well's Lane, Harleston ; Shotford Heath ; 
 Wortwell ; Homersfield ; Flixton ; Earsham ; Thorpe 
 Abbots. 
 
 P. Comarum, Nestl. (Comarum palustre, L.). Marsh Cinque- 
 foil. 5 7. Rare : ditches of the lane to Wortwell 
 Cricket Field, F. 
 
 ALCHEMILLA, L. 
 
 A. arvensis, Lam. Field Lady's Mantle. 5 8. Common in 
 cultivated fields and waste places. 
 
 AGRIMONIA, Tour. 
 
 A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. 6 8. Common on 
 dry banks and by roadsides. 
 
66 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 POTERIUM, L. 
 
 *P. muricatum, Spach. Muricated Salad Burnet. 5 8. 
 Not infrequent on borders of cultivated fields : Needham 
 Alder Carr Pit, D. Redenhall Gatehouse Pit, F. Mend- 
 ham Hill, H. Near Starston Bridge, C. Generally with 
 Sainfoin. 
 
 ROSA, L. 
 
 R. tomentosa, Sm. Downy-leaved Rose. 6, 7. Frequent : 
 Gawdy Hall ; Redenhall ; St. Margaret's, etc. . 
 
 Yar. subglobosa, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Rev. E. F. 
 Linton), F. 
 
 R. rubiginosa, L. True Sweet-briar. 6, 7. Frequent : lane 
 near Harleston Station ; Needham ; Mendham ; Abbey 
 Wood, Flixton ; Dickleburgh. 
 
 R. micrantha, Sin. Small-flowered Sweet-briar. 6, 7. Rare : 
 hedges, St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 R. canina, L. Common Dog Rose. 6, 7. Vars. dumalis and 
 urbica, common. Var. lutetiana, frequent : Harleston 
 Green Lane, etc. 
 
 R. arvensis, Huds. White-flowered Trailing Rose. 6, 7. Fre- 
 quent : Harleston Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; 
 Flixton, etc. 
 
 Var. bibracteata. Gawdy Hall Wood. 
 
 PYRUS, L. 
 
 P. torminalis, Ehrh. Wild Service Tree. 5. Rare : woods, 
 Bath Hills, Ditchingham (BG). 
 
 P. Aria, Sm. Common White-beam. 5. Rare : woods, Ear- 
 sham (BG). 
 
 P. communis, L. Wild Pear. 4, 5. Not common : hedges, 
 St. Margaret's and St. Peter's (EAH). Shimpling 
 (JM). 
 
 P. Malus, L. Wild Apple. 5. Frequent : Vars., acerba 
 and mitis growing together in hedges near Starston 
 Bridge. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 67 
 
 CRATjEGUS, L. 
 
 C. oxyacantha, L. Hawthorn. 5, 6. Hedgerows : Yar., 
 oxyacanthoides, Redenhall Road, near Lush Bush. Var., 
 monogyna, common. Popular name May. 
 
 SAXIFRAGES. 
 
 SAXIFRAGA, L. 
 
 S. tridactylites, L. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. 36. Rare : on 
 old walls at Brockdish (EAH), and Mendham, F. Dickie- 
 burgh (DC). 
 
 S. granulata, L. White Meadow Saxifrage. 5, 6. Abundant 
 in pastures and on banks : Harleston ; Redenhall ; 
 Homersfield ; Hoxne, etc. 
 
 CHRYSOSPLENIUM, L. 
 
 C. alternifolium, L. Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage. 4 6. 
 Rare : Spring Wood, Weybread (BG), K. In a shady 
 lane by the river at Needham (BG). Plentiful in Flixton 
 Long Plantation, I. 
 
 PARNASSIA, L. 
 
 P. palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus. 8, 9. Very rare : on 
 Kett's Fen, Shimpling (JM), K. 
 
 RIBES, L. 
 
 *R. Grossularia, L. Gooseberry. 4, 5. Frequent in hedges 
 and woods : Starston ; Homersfield ; Flixton ; Shimp- 
 ling, etc. 
 
 *R. rubrum, L. Red Currant. 4, 5. Not common : Homers- 
 field Wood ; bank of the Weybread Beck : Shotford Dykes : 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood. 
 
 R. nigmm, L. Black Currant. 4, 5. Occasionally by streams : 
 Needham Alder Carr ; Weybread Beck ; near Flixton 
 Village; Shimpling. 
 
 CRASSULACE.E. 
 TILLJLA., L. 
 
 T. muscosa, L. Mossy Tillcea. 4 8. Rare : gravel walks 
 at Hoxne (BG) : also near Bungay (Mr. D. Stock). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 SEDUM, L. 
 
 S. Telephium, L. Live-long Orpine. 7, 8. Var., purpurascens, 
 frequent : Foxburrows Plantation, Weybread, C, D. Plen- 
 tiful in a gravel pit near Earsham Station, F. Homers- 
 field, K. 
 
 S. acre, L. Yellow Stone-crop. 6, 7. Common on roofs of 
 houses, walls, and dry banks. 
 
 S. rupestre, Huds. Rock Stone-crop. 7, 8. Rare : roadside 
 between Needham and Brockdish, D. 
 
 SEMPERVIVUM, L. 
 
 *S. tectomm, L. Common House-leek. 1. Frequent on roofs 
 and walls. 
 
 HALORAGE2G, 
 
 HIPPURIS, L. 
 
 H. vulgaris, L. Common Mare's-tail. 6, 7. Common in 
 shallow dykes and ponds : Shotford Bridge, etc. 
 
 MYRIOPHYLLUM, L. 
 
 M. verticillatum, L. Whorled Water-Milfoil 7, 8. Not 
 uncommon : ditches near Lush Bush ; pond near Rushall 
 Wood ; Brockdish ; frequent in the Mendham Marshes. 
 
 M. spicatum, L. Spiked Wat 3r- Milfoil. 5 7. Frequent in 
 the marsh dykes : Needham ; Shotford ; Mendham, etc. 
 
 CALLITRICHE, L. 
 
 C. vernalis, Koch. Vernal Water Storwort. 49. Common 
 in ditches and ponds. 
 
 C. stagnalis, Scop. (C. platycarpa, Kutz.). Large-fruited 
 Water Starwort. 5 9. Frequent in the Mendham 
 Marshes ; ponds at Pulham Mary and Gissing (T). 
 
 C. hamulata, Kutz. Hooked Water Stcirwort. 4 9. Need- 
 ham Marshes (Rev. E. F. Linton), and Shimpling, F. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 69 
 
 LYTHKABIELE. 
 LYTHRUM, L. 
 
 L. Salicaria, L. Purple Loosestrife. 6 9. Common by the 
 sides of the Waveney and water-courses. 
 
 PEPLIS, L. 
 
 P. Portula, L. Water Purslane. 6" 8. Rare : moist places, 
 Topcroft (TS). Near Bungay (Mr. D. Stock). 
 
 EPILOBIUM, L. 
 
 E. hirsutum, L. Great hairy Willow-herb. 7, 8. Frequent 
 in damp places and 011 river-sides : banks of the Waveney ; 
 Harleston Green Lane ; Redenhall Beck ; Gawdy Hall 
 Wood, etc. 
 
 E. parviflorum, Sch. Small-flowered hairy Willow-herb. 7/8. 
 Common in watery places. Var. rivulare (subglabrous 
 form) common in the marshes. 
 
 E. montanum, L. Broad-leaved Willow-herb. 68. Common 
 in woods and shady places. 
 
 E. tetragonum, L. Square-stalked Willow-herb. 8, 9. Frequent 
 by the side of ditches and in damp situations : The Wil- 
 derness Pond, Harleston ; Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; 
 Needham Marshes, etc. 
 
 E. palustre, L. Narrow-leaved Willow-herb. 7, 8. Not com- 
 mon : marshy ground ; Brockdish (EAH), Dickleburgh 
 
 (DC). 
 
 (ENOTHERA, L. 
 
 *(E. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. 7 9. Rail- 
 way banks at Homersfield. 
 
 CIRCjEA, L. 
 
 C. lutetiana, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. 6 8. Frequent 
 in shady places : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Dentoii 
 Plantations ; Flixton Woods ; Bath Hills ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Billingford, etc. 
 
70 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 CUCUEBITACE^B. 
 BRYONIA, L. 
 
 B. dioica, L. Red-berried Bryony. 6 8. Frequent iri 
 
 hedgerows : near Harleston Bridge ; Baker's Barn, Re- 
 denhall ; near Brockdish School ; Dickleburgh ; Flixton ; 
 Earsham. 
 
 UMBELLIFEB.E. 
 HYDROCOTYLE, L. 
 
 H. vulgaris, L. Marsh Pennywort. 5 8. Not common : 
 marshy ground near Wingtield Castle, 0. Lane to Wort- 
 well Cricket Field, F. On Dickleburgh Moor (DC). 
 
 SANICULA, L. 
 
 S. europaBa, L. Wood Sanicle. 5 7. Common in woods : 
 Gawdy Hall ; Homersfield ; Mendham ; Flixton ; Den- 
 ton ; Dickleburgh ; Billingford. 
 
 CONIUM, L. 
 
 C. maculatum, L. Common Hemlock. 6 8. Frequent in 
 
 bushy places : Shotford Hill ; Redenhall Beck ; Mend- 
 ham ; Weybread ; Dickleburgh ; St. Margaret's ; Flixton, 
 etc. Very poisonous : stem spotted with purple. 
 
 SMYRNIUM, L. 
 
 S. Olusatrum, L. Common Alexanders. 5, 6. Frequent in 
 waste places : between Gawdy Hall and Lush Bush, C. 
 Bungay Road, Flixton, I ; near Homersfield Wood, F. 
 Between Harleston and Scole, and at Flixton Village 
 (NBG), F. Cf. Introd., p. 31. 
 
 3UPLEURUM, L, 
 
 B. rotundifolium, L. Perfollate ffare's-ear. 6, 7. Rare : a 
 weed in the Mill House Ground, Jay's Green, Harles- 
 ton, F. 
 
 APIUM, L. 
 
 A. nodiflorum, Reich. (Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch.). 
 Procumbent Water Parsnip. Q- -8. Common in the 
 marsh dykes : Shotford, Mendham, Wortwell, Flixton, 
 etc. On Dickleburgh Moor. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 71 
 
 A. inundatum, Reich. (H. inundatum, Koch.). Lesser 
 Water Parsnip. 6, 7. Wet places : not common : Win- 
 field, D. Dickleburgh Moor and Stow Fen, Earsham, F. 
 Tivetshall (TS). 
 
 SISON, L. 
 
 S. Amomum, L. Hedge Stonewort. 7 9. Common in 
 hedge-banks and by roadsides. 
 
 SIUM, L. 
 
 S. latifolium, L. Great Water Parsnip. 7, 8. Frequent by 
 the sides of the Waveney (below Mendham Mill ; Need- 
 ham Alder Carr ; Brockdish, etc). Dickleburgh. 
 
 S. erectum, Huds. (S. angustifolium, L.). Upright Water 
 Parsnip. 7 9. Common in the marsh dykes and in 
 streams. 
 
 jEGOPODIUM, L. 
 
 M. Podagraria, L. Gout-weed. 6 8. Common in bushy 
 and waste places. 
 
 PIMPINELLA, L. 
 
 P. Saxifraga, L. Common Burnet Saxifrage. 1 9. Common 
 in meadows and on banks : plentiful on the steep bank of 
 Redenhall Churchyard. 
 
 CONOPODIUM, Koch. 
 
 C. denudatum, Koch. (Bunium flexuosum, With.). Earth- 
 nut. 5, 6. Not common : meadows near Mendham 
 Targets, C. Foxburrows Plantation, Weybread, D. 
 Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
 CHJJROPHYLLUM, L. 
 
 C. temulum, L. Rough Chervil. 6 8. Common in fields 
 and hedges : Harleston ; Weybread ; Mendham ; Starston, 
 etc. This and the poisonous Hemlock are the only British 
 species of the Order having purple-spotted stems. 
 
 SCANDIX, L. 
 
 S. Pecten-Veneris, L. Venus' Comb. 5 9. Common in 
 cultivated fields. Popular name Shepherd 's-needle. 
 
72 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 ANTHRISCUS, Pers. 
 
 A. vulgaris, Pers. (Chaerophyllum Anthriscus, Lam.). Com- 
 mon Chervil. 5, 6. Frequent in hedge-banks ; Wilder- 
 ness Lane, Harleston ; Starston "Road ; Flixton ; St. 
 Margaret's, etc. 
 
 A. sylvestris, Hoff. (Chaerophyllum sylvestre, L.). Wild 
 Chervil. 4 6. Common in hedge-banks and groves. 
 
 *A. Cerefolium,Hoff. (Chaerophyllum sativum, Lam.). Garden 
 Chervil. 6, 7. In great plenty on a bank near Hales- 
 worth, to all appearance wild (F.B., 1800). Growing 
 quite wild on the roadside between Wisset and Hales- 
 worth (id. loc., EAH). 
 
 FCENICTJLUM, Hoff. 
 
 F. vulgare, Gaert. Common Fennel. 7, 8. Frequent : 
 Wortwell ; Harleston Bridge ; Baker's Barn Brickyard, 
 Redenhall ; Starston ; Shotford Heath ; in a hedge on 
 the Bath Hills, where it has grown for many years 
 (NBG). Cf. Introd., p. 30. 
 
 (ENANTHE, L. ' 
 
 (E. fistulosa, L. Common Water Dropwort. 69. Frequent 
 in the marsh dykes : Wortwell ; Flixton ; Mendham ; 
 Brockdish ; Dickleburgh 
 
 (E. Phellandrium, Lam. Fine-leaved' Water Dropwort. 7 9. 
 Frequent in ponds and slow ditches : near the White 
 House, Harleston ; Gawdy- Hall Great Wood ; near 
 Starston Hall ; Flixton ; St. Margaret's ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 (E. fluviatilis, Cole. Miver Water Dropwort. 6 9. Abun- 
 dant in the Waveney (Syleham, Shotford, Homersfield, 
 etc.). Also in the slow ditches adjacent, where it main- 
 tains its characters. First recorded for Norfolk in 1883. 
 
 JETHUSA, L. 
 
 . Cynapium, L. Common FooVs-Parsley. 7, 8. Frequent 
 in fields, gardens, and waste places : near Wortwell 
 School ; Mendham Long Lane ; Starston Fields, etc. 
 Somewhat like the Parsley, but very poisonous. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 73 
 
 SILAUS, Bess. 
 
 S. pratensis, Bess. Meadow Sulphurwort. 69. Frequent 
 in pastures and thickets : Harleston ; Gawdy Hall ; Re- 
 denhall ; Mendham ; Shimpling ; Topcroft, etc. 
 
 ANGELICA, L 
 
 A. sylvestris, L. Wild Angelica. 7 9. Frequent in moist 
 woods : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ; 
 St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 PEUCEDANUM, L. 
 
 P. sativum, Beutb. (Pastinaca sativa, L.). Wild Parsnip. 
 6 8. Frequent, especially on clay soil : about Starston 
 Hall and Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; hedges, Jay's Green, 
 Harleston, etc. 
 
 HERACLEUM, L. 
 
 H. sphondylium, L. Common Cow-Parsnip. 6 9. Common 
 in hedges and fields. 
 
 DAUCUS, I. 
 
 D. Carota, L. Wild Carrot. 6 8. Frequent in fields and 
 by waysides : Needham Hill; Mendham; Dickleburgh, 
 etc. 
 
 CAUCALI3, L. 
 
 C. arvensis, Huds. (Torilis infesta, Spr.). Field Hedge- 
 Parsley. 7, 8. Not common : fields near the Weybread 
 Targets, D. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 C. Anthriscus, Huds. (Torilis Anthriscus, Gaert.). Up- 
 right Hedge-Parsley. 6 9. Frequent in hedge-banks : 
 Redenhall Road ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 C. nodosa. Scop. (Torilis nodosa, Gaert.), Knotted Hedge- 
 Parsley. 6 9. Not uncommon on banks by waysides : 
 Starston Road, near the Railway Bridge, H. Between 
 Needham and Brockdish, F. 
 
 AEALIACEJE. 
 
 HEDERA, L. 
 
 H. Helix, L. Common Ivy. 9 11. Common on trees and 
 in woods and hedge-banks. 
 
74 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 COKNACE.E. 
 CORNUS, L. 
 
 C. sanguinea, L. Common Dogwood. 68. Frequent in 
 copses and hedges : Harleston Green Lane ; Wortwell j 
 Flixton ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 CAPEIFOLIACE^]. 
 ADOXA, L. 
 
 A. Moschatellina, L. Tuberous Moschatel. 4, 5. Frequent 
 in woods and shady banks : Shotford Hill ; Lush Bush ; 
 Redenhall ; Homersfield Wood ; Dickleburgh ; Billing- 
 ford, 
 
 SAMBUCUS, L. 
 
 S. nigra, L. Common Elder. 5, 6. Common in hedgerows 
 and woods. 
 
 |S. Ebulus, L. Danewort. 6 8. Rare : waysides and waste 
 places : Mendham Long Lane by Harleston (BG). 
 
 VIBURNUM, L. 
 
 V. Oplllus, L. Common Guelder-Rose. 5 7. Frequent in 
 damp situations : Wey bread Beck ; Need ham Osier 
 Ground ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Rushall ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Wacton ; Scole ; Flixton, etc. 
 
 V. Lantana, L. Wayfaring Tree. 5, 6. Rare : in Mendham 
 Grove, Norfolk, K. Cf. Introd., p. 30. 
 
 LONICERA, L. 
 
 *L. Capri folium, L. Perfoliate Honeysuckle. 5, 6. Not 
 common, but well established : hedges near Needham 
 Mill, Suffolk, F. Roadside between St. Margaret's and 
 St. Peter's (EAH), F. Bath Hills (T). 
 
 L. Periclymenum, L. Common Honeysuckle. 6 9. Frequent 
 in hedges and thickets : Harleston ; Mendham ; Flixton ; 
 Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 75 
 
 EUBIACE^E. . 
 GALIUM, L. 
 
 G. cruciatum, With. Crosswort. 4 7. Frequent in hedge- 
 banks and copses : Mendham Long Lane ; Well's Lane, 
 Harleston ; near Shotford Hall ; Rushall Road ; Flixton ; 
 St. Margaret's. 
 
 G. verum, L. Yellow Bedstraw. 6 9. Frequent : Reden- 
 hall Churchyard ; Needham Hill ; Shotford Hill ; Flix- 
 ton; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 G. erectum, Huds. Narrow-leaved Great Bedstraw. 6, 7. 
 Rare : hedges, Brockdish (T). 
 
 G. Mollugo, L. Great Bedstraw. 69. Var. elatum, abun- 
 dant : roadsides, Redenhall, Wey bread, Needham ; gravel 
 pits, Redenhall Gatehouse, Wort well Broad wash, Flixton; 
 Dickleburgh, etc. A very strong growth when supported 
 by bushes. 
 
 G. saxatile, L. Heath Bedstraw. 6 8. Dry pastures : 
 not common : opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, D. 
 Homersneld Heath, F. 
 
 G. palustre, L. Marsh Bedstraw. 7, 8. Common in marshy 
 ditches and damp woods. 
 
 G. uliginosum, L. Rough Marsh Bedstraw. 7, 8. Not 
 uncommon in damp places : between St. Margaret's and 
 St. Cross ; Shotford Bridge, F. Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
 G. anglicum, Huds. Wall Bedstraw. 6 8. Very rare : on 
 an old wall below Needham Mill, Norfolk, C. 
 
 G. Aparine, L. Goose-grass. 5 9. Common in bushy places. 
 Popular name Cleavers. 
 
 G. tricorne, With. Rough Corn Bedstraw. 6 9. Very 
 rare : field near cinder-path before entering Flixton 
 Park, I. Cf. Introd., p. 30. 
 
 ASPERULA, L. 
 
 A. odorata, L. Sweet Woodruff. 5, 6. Rare : shady places, 
 Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
76 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 SHERARDIA, L. 
 
 S. arvensis, L. Field Madder. 4 10. Common in culti- 
 vated fields and on banks. 
 
 VALEBIANE.E. 
 
 VALERIANA, L. 
 
 V. dioica, L. Small Marsh Valerian. 5, 6. Frequent in 
 damp meadows : near Weybread Water Mill ; Brockdish ; 
 Mendham ; Dickleburgh ; Flixton. 
 
 V. officinalis, L. Great Wild Valerian. 6 8. Common by 
 riversides and in damp places. 
 
 CENTRANTHUS, DC. 
 
 *C. ruber, DC. Red Valerian. 6 9. In waste places and 
 on walls : Harleston Common. 
 
 VALERIANELLA, Tour. 
 
 V. olitoria, Moen. Common Lamb's Lettuce. 5 8. Common 
 on banks and in gravel pits : below Balking Hill, Harles- 
 ton ; Downs Farm, Homersfield ; Needham Alder Can- 
 Pit, etc. 
 
 V. dentata, Poll. Narrow-fruited Lamb's Lettuce. 6 8. 
 Not common : fields near Stubbings' Lane, Weybread ; 
 Needham Green Lane ; near Rushall Road, D. Shimp- 
 ling, F. Brockdish and St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 DIPSACE^E. 
 DIPSACUS, L. 
 
 D. sylvestris, L. Wild Teasel. 7 9. Not uncommon in 
 bushy places. 
 
 D. pilosus, L. Small Teasel. 7 9. Not uncommon : Gawdy 
 Hall Great Wood; Lush Bush; Weybread Beck, F. 
 Brockdish, D. St. Margaret's (EAH). Near Harleston 
 (NBG) ; Homersfield (BG). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 1 
 
 SCABIOSA, L. 
 
 S. SUCClSa, L. DeviVs-bit Scabious. 6 8. Not common : 
 moist places : near Mendham Targets, 0. Wey bread 
 Meadows, D. Shimpling, F. Dickleburgh (DC). Fres- 
 singfield, D. 
 
 S. columbaria, L. Small Scabious. 7, 8. Rare : dry banks : 
 Bath Hills, Ditchingham (T). Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
 S. arvensis, L. (Knautia arvensis, Coult.). Field Scabious. 
 6 9. Common in fields and hedge-banks. 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 EUPATORIUM, L. 
 
 E. cannabinum, L. Hemp Agrimony. 1 10. Frequent 
 by the sides of streams ; Shotford Bridge ; Weybread 
 Mill ; Needham Mill ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 SOLIDAGO, L. 
 
 S. Virgaurea, L. Common Golden-rod. 7, 8. Rare : on 
 waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread (the late 
 Mr. Muskett), K 
 
 BELLIS, L. 
 
 B. parennis, L. Common Daisy. 39. Generally distributed. 
 
 EEIGERON, L. 
 
 E. acris, L. Blue Fleabane. 1 9. Rare : gravelly places, 
 
 Needham Alder Carr Pit, E. Homerstield Heath (plen- 
 tiful), F. 
 
 FILAGO, Tour. 
 
 F. germanica, L. Common Cudweed. 6 10. Frequent in 
 
 cornfields and waste places : Shotford ; Starston ; Flixton, 
 etc. Called by the old botanists Herba impia, because the 
 young branches overtop the older head from which they 
 spring. 
 
 F. minima, Fr. Slender Cudweed. 6 9. Not common : 
 gravelly places : by the side of the Rectory House Wall, 
 Redenhall ; Flixton New Road, F. Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
78 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 GNAPHALIUM, L. 
 
 G. uliginosum, L. Marsh Cudweed. 7, 8. Not common : 
 pond-side near the Dove House, Mendham (Norfolk), E. 
 Damp places between Shotford Bridge and Spurkett's 
 Lane, D. Brockdish (EAH). 
 
 G. sylvaticum, L. Upright Cudweed. 7 9. Rare : bushy 
 ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, E. Dickie- 
 burgh (DC). 
 
 INULA, L. 
 
 I. conyza, DC. Ploughman's Spikenard. 7 9. Frequent 
 in hedge-banks and woods : Harleston Green Lane ; 
 Mendham Hill (Norfolk) ; Mendham High Road ; Bath 
 Hills, etc. 
 
 PULICARIA, Gaert. 
 
 P. dysenterica, Gaert. (Inula dysenterica, L.). Greater Flea- 
 bane. 7 10. Frequent in moist situations : Gawdy 
 Hall Wood ; Waveney Valley, etc. 
 
 BIDENS, L. 
 
 B. cernua, L. Nodding Bur- Marigold. 6 9. Frequent in 
 the marsh dykes : Brockdish ; Needham ; Weybread ; 
 Wortwell ; Dickleburgh Moor ; Shimpling. 
 
 B. tripartita, L. Tripartite Bur-Marigold. 7 9. Rare : 
 pond near Mendham Cross Roads, Norfolk ; sides of lane 
 to Wortwell Cricket Field, F. 
 
 ACHILLJEA, L. 
 
 A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow. 6 9. Common in 
 banks by waysides. 
 
 A. Ptarmica, L. Sneeze-wort Yarrow. 7, 8. Rare : river- 
 bank below Mendham Mill, H. Brockdish (EAH), D. 
 
 ANTHEMIS, L. 
 
 A. Cotula, L. Stinking Mayweed. 6 9. Frequent in waste 
 .places : Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; Mendham 
 Pit, on Withersdale Road ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 A. arvensis, L. Corn Chamomile. 6 9. Rare : waste 
 ground above the Alder Carr, Needham ; near the Met- 
 tield footpath, Mendham, F. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 79 
 
 A. nobilis, L. Common Chamomile. 6 9. Not common : 
 woods and fields at Flixton, F. 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM, L. 
 
 C. segetum, L. Corn .Marigold. 6 9. Rare : occasionally 
 in fields between Dickleburgh and Billingford (DC). 
 
 C. Leucanthemum, L. Great White Ox-eye. 6 8. Abundant 
 in pastures and on railway banks. 
 
 *C. Parthenium, Pers. (Matricaria Parthenium, L.). Com- 
 mon Feverfew. 6 9. Occasionally in hedge-banks : 
 Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; the Rectory Paddock (Miss 
 Perowne), F. Flixton, I. 
 
 MATRICARIA, L. 
 
 M. inodora, L. Scentless Mayweed. 6 9. Plentiful in fields 
 and waste places. 
 
 M. Chamomilla, L. Wild Chamomile. 6 8. Not common : 
 roadside at Highgate, between Needham and Rushall, D. 
 Waste ground, Shiinpling, F. 
 
 TANACETUM, L. 
 
 T. vulgare, L. Common Tansy. 6 8. Abundant by road- 
 sides and on banks of streams. 
 
 ARTEMISIA, L. 
 
 A. vulgaris, L. Mug-wort. 1 9. Common by waysides and 
 in bushy places. 
 
 TUSSILAGO, L. 
 
 T. Farfara, L. Common Coltsfoot. 3 6. Common, espe- 
 cially in brickyards and on clay surfaces otherwise bare, 
 C. Of. Introd., p. 14, note. 
 
 PETASITES, Gaert. 
 
 *P. fragrans, Pres. Sweet-scented Coltsfoot. 1 3. Hedge- 
 banks near Denton House, and between Pulham Market 
 Station and Village, F. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 P. Vlllgaris, Desf. Common Butter-bur. 3 5. Frequent in 
 wet places : beyond the island at Syleham ; hedge-bank 
 near Mendham Pit, on Withersdale Road ; Mendham 
 Mills ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
80 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 DORONICUM, L. 
 
 *D. Pardalianches, L. Great Leopard's Bane. 6, 7. Spar- 
 ingly in the laoe from Alburgh School to Denton, B 
 
 SENECIO, L. 
 
 S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. 1 12. Generally dis- 
 tributed. Local name Ascension Weed. 
 
 S. sylvaticus, L. Wood Grounds il. 69. Not uncommon 
 in bushy places: Gawdy Hall Wood; Shotford Heath, etc. 
 
 18. viscosus, L. Stinkiny Groundsel. 7, 8. Very rare : in 
 a gravel pit at Ditchingham (BG). Cf. Introd., p. 31. 
 
 S. erucifolius, L. Hoary Ragwort. 7 9. Frequent : Baker's 
 Barn Brickyard, Redenhall : ditches, Wortwell Cricket 
 Field : Tumbrill Hill, Needham ; Bath Hills. 
 
 S. Jacobaea, L. Common Ragwort. 7 9. Common by road- 
 sides and in waste places. 
 
 S. aquaticus, Huds. Water Ragwort. 7 9. Common in the 
 marshes (Needham Alder Carr ; Mendham, etc.). Dickie 
 burgh Moor. 
 
 ARCTIUM, L. 
 
 A. majus, Schk. Great Burdock. 1 9. Frequent : Wood 
 behind Weybread Hall ; Well's Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood, 
 etc. 
 
 A. minus, Schk. Small Burdock. 610. Common in fields 
 and by roadsides. 
 
 A. intermedium, Lange. Intermediate Burdock. 7 9. Waste 
 places, St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 CARDUUS, L. 
 
 C. nutans, L. Musk Thistle. 6 10. Frequent : Needham 
 Alder Carr Pit ; Wortwell ; Shotford ; Flixton ; St. Mar- 
 garet's, etc. 
 
 C. crispus, L. Welted Thistle. 6 9. Frequent : roadsides, 
 Mendham, Wortwell, St. Margaret's, Dickleburgh ; Har- 
 leston Green Lane. Gawdy Hall Wood (prob. var. poly- 
 anthemos). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 81 
 
 CNICUS, Hoff. 
 
 C. lanceolatus, Hoff. Spear Thistle. 7 9. Common on banks 
 and waste ground. 
 
 C. palustris, Hoff. Marsh Thistle. 7, 8. Common in wet 
 meadows and damp woods. Frequently with white 
 flowers. 
 
 C. pratensis, Willd. Meadow Thistle. 6 8. Very rare : 
 damp places, Wacton Common (T). 
 
 C. acaulis, Hoff. Dwarf Thistle. 79. Rare : Balking 
 Hill, Harleston, E. Bank near Redenhall Grange, B. 
 Dickleburgh Moor (DC). Sandpit, St. Cross (EAH). 
 Wacton Common (T). 
 
 C. arvensis, Hoff. Creeping Plume Thistle. 7, 8. Common 
 by waysides and in cultivated ground. A variety with 
 weaker spines by the side of Starston .Rectory wall, F. 
 
 ONOPORDON, L. 
 
 0. Acanthium, L. Scotch Thistle. 7, 8. Frequent in meadows 
 and waste places : field adjoining the White House, Har- 
 leston ; Spurkett's Lane ; near Mendham Mill. Alburgh, 
 Brockdish (T). This Thistle, though adopted as the na- 
 tional emblem of Scotland, is quite a southern-type plant, 
 and a doubtful native north of the Tweed. 
 
 SILYBUM, Gaert. 
 
 *3. Marianum, Gaert. (Carduus Marianus, L.). Milk 
 Thistle. 7, 8. Frequent and well established : fir copse 
 near Homersfield Church : between Mendham and Shot- 
 ford Bridge (Norfolk) ; Brockdish. Alburgh (T). 
 
 CENTAUREA, L. 
 
 C. nigra, L. Slack Knap-weed. 7 10. Common in fields 
 and by waysides. 
 
 C. Scabiosa, L. Greater Knap-weed. 6 9. Not common : 
 JSTeedham Alder Carr Pit, and beside footpath from Gun- 
 shaws Hall to the Waveney, D. Mendham Gravel Pit, H. 
 
82 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 CICHORIUM, L. 
 
 C. Intybus, L. Wild Succory. 6 9. Plentiful in cornfields 
 and by waysides. The root dried and ground supplies the 
 Chicory of commerce ; the leaves are used as a salad 
 under the name of Endive. 
 
 LAPSANA, L. 
 
 L. communis, L. Common Nippleioort. 7 9. Common in 
 lanes and woods, and on the borders of meadows. 
 
 PICEIS, L. 
 
 P. hieracioides, L. Hawkweed Ox-tongue. 610. Frequent: 
 by footpath and in pit on Shotford Hill ; bushy places 
 near Mendham Cross Roads; Norfolk ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Flixton ; Topcroft ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 P. echioides, L. (Helminthia echioides, Gaert.). Bristly Ox- 
 tongue. 6 10. Not uncommon : Gawdy Hall Wood ; 
 near Mendham Grove, Norfolk ; Denton. Hill ; St. Mar- 
 garet's. 
 
 CREPIS, L. 
 
 C. virens, L. Smooth Hawtts-leard. 6 9. Common by 
 roadsides and in waste places. 
 
 HIERACIUM, L. 
 
 H. Pilosella, L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. 5 9. Common on 
 dry banks and in pastures. 
 
 H. vulgatum, Fr. Wood Hawkweed. 1 9. Rare : copses, 
 Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
 H. umbellatum, L. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. 7 9. Not 
 frequent : waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Wey- 
 bread, E. Bath Hills (BG). 
 
 HYPOCEUERIS, L. 
 
 H. glabra, L. Smooth Cat's-ear. 6 9. Rare : in a sandy 
 field by the Bath Hills (NBG). 
 
 H. radicata, L. Long-rooted Cat j s-ear. 6 8. Common on 
 dry sandy and gravelly banks. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 83 
 
 LEONTODON, L. 
 
 L. hirtus, L. (Thrincia hirta, DC.). Hairy Hawk-bit. 79. 
 Not common : in footpath field adjoining Starston Rec- 
 tory, B. Dickleburgh (DC). St. Margaret's (EAH), etc. 
 
 L. hispidus, L. (Apargia hispida, Willd.). Rough Hawk-bit. 
 6 9. Frequent in grassy places : Harleston Green Lane : 
 Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 L. autumnalis, L. (Apargia autumnalis, Willd.). Autumnal 
 Hawk-bit. 8, 9. Frequent in pastures and waste ground : 
 Harleston Green Lane ; Mendham, etc. 
 
 TARAXACUM, Juss. 
 
 T. officinale, Web. Common Dandelion. 3 10. Var. dens- 
 leonis, common. Var. erythrospermum, frequent on sandy 
 soil : Beacon Hill, Shotford : Redenhall Road, near Lush 
 Bush, F. 
 
 LACTUCA, L. 
 
 L. virosa, L. Strong -scented Lettuce. 7, 8. Rare : Shotford 
 Heath Pit, C, D. Alburgh (T). 
 
 L. Scariola, L. Prickly Lettuce. 7, 8. Apparently frequent: 
 Billingford, Needham, Harleston, Brockdish (T) ; Stars- 
 ton, Redenhall (TS). Have seen it only at Billingford, F. 
 Cf. Introd., p. 28. 
 
 L. muralis, Fres. Ivy-leaved Lettuce. 6 8. Frequent .in 
 shady places : Starston ; near Rushall Village : between 
 Denton House and Rectory ; Dickleburgh ; Pulham Mary ; 
 
 St. Margaret's. 
 
 SONCHUS, L. 
 
 S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow-Thistle. 6 8. Common in 
 fields and waste places. 
 
 S. asper, Hoff. Rough Sow-Thistle. 68. Common : Balk- 
 ing Hill, Harleston ; Brockdish Road, etc. 
 
 S. arvensis, L. Corn Sow-Thistle. 8, 9. Plentiful in corn- 
 fields : Mendham Hill ; Gawdy Hall ; Flixton ; Dickle- 
 burgh, etc. 
 
84 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 TRAGOPOGON, L. 
 
 T. pratensis, L. Yellow Goat's-beard. 6, 7. Frequent : road- 
 way, Clapper Farm : Mendham Hill : Ant Hill Farm, 
 Redenhall : Gawdy Hall ; Dickleburgh, etc. Yar. minor, 
 Redenhall Churchyard, F. Shimpling (T). 
 
 CAMPANULACEJB. 
 
 JASIONE, L. 
 
 J. montana, L. Annual Sheep's-bit. 6 9. Not uncommon 
 in sandy places : Mendham Pit, on Withersdale Road ; 
 roadside below Homersfield Church ; opposite Hulk's 
 Graves, Weybread ; Needham Hill Pit. 
 
 CAMPANULA, L. 
 
 C. Trachelium, L. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. 810. Rare : 
 bushy places near Middleton Hall, Mendham, B. St. 
 Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 C. latifolia, L. Giant Bell-flower. 7 9. Rare : thickets, 
 Linstead Parva (BG). The Bath Hills (T). 
 
 C. rotundifolia, L. Hare-bell. 7 9. Frequent on dry 
 banks : Harleston ; Needham ; Starston ; Shotford Heath ; 
 waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread ; Homers- 
 field Heath. 
 
 C. Rapunculus, L. Rampion Bell-flower. 7, 8. On old walls 
 at Earsham (NBG). 
 
 C. patula, L. Spreading Bell-flmoer. 7 9. In hedges at 
 Denton (Rev. C. T. Cruttwell), F. 
 
 .SPECULARIA, DC. 
 
 S. hybrida, DC. Venus' Looking-glass. 6 9. Rare : in cul- 
 tivated ground near Shotford Bridge, Norfolk, E. 
 
 EKICACE.E. 
 
 CALLUNA, Salisb. 
 
 C. Erica, DC. (C. vulgaris. Sal.). Common Ling. 6 9. 
 Very rare : one plant in the waste ground opposite 
 Hulk's Graves, Weybread, E. Cf. Introd., p. 29. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 85 
 
 MONOTROPE.E. 
 HYPOPITYS, L. 
 
 H. multiflora, Scop. (Monotropa Hypopitys, L.). Yellow 
 Bird's-nest. 7, 8. Rare : lir plantations in the Norfolk 
 neighbourhood of Bungay (NBG). Beech woods at Ear- 
 sham (Mr. F. Spaldiiig). 
 
 PEIMULACE.E. 
 HOTTONIA, L. 
 
 H. palustris, L. Water Violet. 6, 7. Abundant in the 
 marsh dykes. 
 
 PRIMULA, L. 
 
 P. vulgaris, Huds. Common Primrose. 3 5. Common in 
 woods and on hedge-banks. Yar. caulescens (a luxuriant 
 form with many flowers on one stalk) occasionally found. 
 
 P. veris, L. (P. officinalis, With.). Cowslip. 4, 5. Abundant 
 in pastures. 
 
 P. elatior, Jacq. Jacquin's Oxlip. 4, 5. Rare : pro wing 
 rather freely on a small boggy hill on Dicklebur jh Moor 
 (DC), F. Cf. Introd., p. 30. 
 
 P. veri-vulgaris, Syme. Common Oxlip. 4, 5. A hybrid. 
 Frequently found with the Primrose and COM slip. 
 
 LYSIMACHIA, L. 
 
 L. vulgaris, L. Common Loosestrife. 7, 8. Nr t common : 
 near Spring Wood, Weybread, K. Shimplin,' (JM), K. 
 Riverside between Shotford and Mendham (EA rl). For- 
 merly on Dickleburgh Moor (DC). At the fooi of the 
 Bath Hills (WA). 
 
 L. Nummularia, L. Moneywort. 6 8. Frequent in 
 
 meadows : Shotford ; Weybread ; Mendham ; Rushall ; 
 Dickleburgh ; Pulham, etc. Popular name Creeping 
 Jenny. 
 
 L. nemorum, L. Yellow Pimpernel. 6 9. Not uncommon 
 in moist woods : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Spring Wood, 
 Weybread ; Abbey Wood, Flixton ; Billingford. 
 
86 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 ANAGALLIS, Tour. 
 
 A. arvensis, L. Scarlet Pimpernel. 5 10. Common in cul- 
 tivated ground. Popular name Poor Man's Weather-glass 
 
 A. cserulea, Sch. Blue Pimpernel. 7, 8. Rare : cornfields 
 at St. Margaret's (EAH), F. Redenhall (T). 
 
 A. tenella, L. Bog Pimpernel. 7, 8. Very rare : on Kett's 
 Fen, Shimpling (JM). 
 
 SAMOLUS, Tour. 
 
 S. Valerandi, L. Brookweed. 1 9. Not common : river- 
 side below Weybread Mill, C : rather plentiful near Luck's 
 Mill, Needham, D. St. Margaret's (EAH). Of. Introd., 
 p. 32. 
 
 OLEACE.E. 
 
 FRAXINUS, L. 
 
 F. excelsior, L. Common Ash. 4, 5. Common in woods and 
 hedgerows. 
 
 LIGUSTRUM, Tour. 
 
 L. vulgare, L. Common Privet. 6, 7. Frequent in hedge- 
 rows near dwellings. 
 
 APOCYNACE^E. 
 
 VINCA, L. 
 
 *V. major, L. Greater Periwinkle. 4 6. Hedge-bank near 
 Weybread House, F. Pondside, Pulham Mary ; Tiyets- 
 hall : the Bath Hills (T). 
 
 V. minor, L. Lesser Periwinkle. 4 6. Abundant in some 
 places : Mendham Grove, Norfolk ; Denton ; Flixton ; 
 St. Peter's ; Earsham Wood, etc. 
 
 GENTIANE.E. 
 
 BLACKSTONIA, Hucls. 
 
 B. perfoliata, Huds. (Chlora perfoliata, L.). Yellow Cen- 
 taury. 6 9. Not common : roadside between Flixton 
 and St. Margaret's, I. Brookside, St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 Hoxne (JC). Wacton and Earsham (T). Gravel pit 
 adjoining the Bath Hills, with Lathyrus Aphaca (NBG). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 87 
 
 ERYTHEMA, Ren. 
 
 E. Centaurium, Pers. Common Centaury. 6 9. Frequent : 
 Harlestoii Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; lane from 
 Rushall to Tumbrill Hill, Needham ; Flixton, etc. At 
 Hoxne, with pink, white, and red flowers (JC). 
 
 MENYANTHES, L. 
 
 M. trifoliata, L. Common Buckbean. 5 7. Not common : 
 Stow Fen, near Earsham Mill (EAH), F. Shimpling 
 (JM). Dickleburgh Moor, F. Formerly in the Wort- 
 well Marshes (W. Squires). 
 
 CYNOGLOSSUM, Tour. 
 
 C. officinale, L. Hounds-tongue. 6 8. Not infrequent : 
 Mendham Grove and Pound Hole, Norfolk ; Shotford 
 Hill Pit ; Earsham ; St. Margaret's. 
 
 SYMPHYTUM, L. 
 
 S. officinale, L. Common Comfrey. 5 9. Not common : 
 Mendham Pit, on Withersdale Road, E, H. Roadside 
 between Weybread and Wingfield, F. Dickleburgh (DC). 
 
 BORAGO, L. 
 
 *B. officinalis, L. Borage. 6 8. Waste ground, Gawdy 
 Hall Wood, I. Shimpling, on an old garden site (JM). 
 
 ANCHUSA, L. 
 
 *A. sempervirens, L. Evergreen Alkanet. 5 7. Rare : 
 waste ground, Flixton Village, I. 
 
 LYCOPSIS, L. 
 
 L. arvensis, L. Small Bugloss. 6 8. Frequent on banks, 
 by roadsides, and in fields : roadside below Homerstield 
 Church, near Shotford Bridge, Norfolk. Weybread ; 
 Mendham ; Flixton ; Earsham ; Needham ; Billingford. 
 
 MYOSOTIS, Dill. 
 
 M. csespitosa, Sch. Tufted Water Forget-me not. 6 8. Not 
 common : ditches of the Waveney at Mendham, F. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 M. palustris, With. Common Water Forget-me-not. 6 9 
 Abundant in the Waveney and in moist places. 
 
 M. repens, Don. Creeping Water Forget-me-not. 6 9. Not 
 common : St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 M. sylvatica, Hoff. Wood Forget-me-not. 5 8. Rare : 
 Flixton Woods (EAH), I. 
 
 M. arvensis, Hoflf. Field Forget-me-not. 6 8. Common in 
 fields, woods, and waste places, 
 
 M. COllina, Hoff. Dwarf Forget-me-not. 4, 5. Common on 
 dry banks in the spring. 
 
 M. versicolor, Reich. Yellow and blue Forget-me-not. 4 6. 
 Not common : wayside bank, Homersfield Wood (EAH) ; 
 Homersfield Heath and Flixton, F. 
 
 LITHOSPERMUM, Tour. 
 
 L. officinale, L. Common Gromwell. 5 8. Frequent in 
 waste places : Redenhall Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; 
 Billingford ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 L. arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. 5 7. Frequent in culti- 
 vated fields : near Starston Railway Bridge ; near Spur- 
 kett's Lane ; near Mendham Old Priory ; St. Margaret's, 
 etc. 
 
 ECHIUM, L. 
 
 E. vulgare, L. Viper's Bugloas. 6 8. Not uncommon in 
 gravelly places : Needham Alder Carr Pit : near Harles- 
 toii Bridge ; Flixton New Road ; Dickleburgh. 
 
 COKVOLYULACE^]. 
 
 CALYSTEGIA, R. Br. 
 
 C. Sepium, R.Br. (Convolvulus sepium, L.). White Convol- 
 vulus. 7, 8. Common in bushy places, especially near 
 water-courses. Popular name Bindweed. 
 
 CONVOLVULUS, L. 
 
 C. arvensis, L. Field Convolvulus-. 6 8. Common on banks 
 and in fields. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 CUSCUTA, Tour. 
 
 fC. Epilinum, Weihe. Flax Dodder. 7. Shimpling (JM). 
 This parasitical plant is probably extinct, as Flax is no 
 longer grown in the district. 
 
 C. Epithymum, Murr. Lesser Dodder. 7, 8. On furze and 
 thyme : rare : Dickleburgh (DC). Also near Bungay 
 
 (T). 
 
 *C. Trifolii, Bab. Clover Dodder. 7 9. Occasional : clover- 
 field near Old Weybread Green, D. Field near the New 
 Buildings, Harleston, K. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 SOLANACEA 
 SOLANUM, L. 
 
 S. Dulcamara, L. Woody Nightshade. 6 8. Frequent in 
 hedgerows, and common in the marshes. Popular name 
 Bittersweet. Berries poisonous. 
 
 S. nigrum, L. Black Nightshade. 6 10. Abundant in 
 waste places : Clapper Pit, Mendham ; marsh above Syle- 
 ham Mill ; Harleston Gasworks ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh, 
 etc. Berries poisonous. 
 
 LYCIUM, L. 
 
 *L. barbarum, L. Box-thorn. 6 9. In hedgerows near 
 dwellings : Redenhall ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 ATROPA, L. 
 
 *A. Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. 6 8. A weed in 
 the late Mr. Muskett's garden and yard, Harleston, F. 
 Plentiful at Framlingham Castle. The most poisonous of 
 all British plants to human beings, though animals and 
 birds appear unaffected by it. 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS, L. 
 
 H. niger, L. Common Henbane. 5 8. Occasional : railway 
 cutting near Lush Bush (the late Mr. Muskett). A weed 
 in garden ground, Dickleburgh (DC). Earsham (T) ; St. 
 Margaret's (EAH). Mr. Muskett observed that the seeds 
 require repeated exposure to the air in order to insure 
 growth, and will lie dormant for years until the soil is 
 newly turned. Poisonous. 
 
90 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 SCKOPHTJLAKINE.E. 
 
 VERBASCUM, L. 
 
 V. Thapsus, L. Great Mullein. 6 9. Common on dry 
 banks : roadside, Shotford to Mendham, Norfolk : Shot- 
 ford Heath ; Shimpling ; Billingford, etc. 
 
 V. pulverulentum, YilL Hoary Mullein. 7. Rare : road- 
 side at Earsham (Mr. F. Spalding). Ditchingham (WA). 
 
 V. nigrum, L. Dark Mullein. 6 9. Frequent by waysides : 
 Homersfield and St. Cross Road ; Mendham and Metfield 
 Road ; Scole ; Billingford ; Great Melton, etc. 
 
 V. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. 7, 8. Rare : waste ground, 
 Weybread (JH, 1863). 
 
 LINARIA, Tour. 
 
 *L. Cymbalaria, Mill. Ivy-leaved Toad-flax. 6 10. Fre- 
 quent : walls ; Wilderness Lane, Harleston ; Brock dish ; 
 Flixton, etc. 
 
 L. Elatine, Mill. Sharp-leaved Fluellin. 7, 8. Not common : 
 field, Harleston Green Lane, opposite Anthill Farm, 
 F. Field near North Lodge, Weybread, D. Dickleburgh 
 (DC), F. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 L. spuria, Mill. Round-leaved Fluellin. 7 9. Not common : 
 with L. Elatine, near the Green Lane, Harleston, F. 
 Field near Mendham Grove, Norfolk. At St. Cross in 
 great abundance (EAH). 
 
 L. vulgaris, Mill. Yellow Toad-flax. 7 9. Frequent on 
 dry banks and in cornfields. 
 
 L. viscida, Mcench. (L. minor, Desf.). Least Toad-flax. 
 6 10. Not common : cornfields, St. Margaret's (EAH), 
 F. Flixton 1. 
 
 ANTIRRHINUM, L. 
 
 A. Orontium, L. Lesser Snap Dragon. 6 10. Not com- 
 mon : Homersfield Allotments (W. Squires), F. Wortwell 
 School Allotments, F. Cultivated ground, Dickleburgh 
 (DC). 
 
 SCROPHULARIA, L. 
 
 S. aquatica (var. Balbisii), L. Water Betony. 6 9. Abun- 
 dant in the marsh dykes and by the side of streams. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 91 
 
 S. nodosa, L. Knotted Figwort. 6 8. Frequent in damp 
 bushy places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Alburgh ; marshes at 
 Wey bread and Shotford, etc. 
 
 VERONICA, Tour. 
 
 V. hederifolia, .L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. 3 8. Common in 
 fields and by waysides. Popular name Winterweed. 
 
 V. polita, Fr. Grey Procumbent Speedwell. 3 9. Frequent 
 in fields and waste places : Harleston Green Lane ; Reden- 
 hall Road ; London Road, Harleston ; St. Margaret's ; 
 Dickldburgh, etc. 
 
 V. agrestis, L. Green Procumbent Speedwell. 3 9. Common 
 in fields and on banks : Harleston Bridge j Flixton, etc. 
 
 *V. persica, Poir. (V. Buxbaumii, Ten.). Buxbaum's Speed- 
 well. 4 9. Abundant in cultivated fields. This strong 
 species, introduced into England in 1829, is rapidly exter- 
 minating V. polita and V. agrestis. 
 
 fV. verna, L. Vernal Speedwell. 4, 5. Balking Hill, Harles- 
 ton (BG). The features of this locality are now altered 
 through cultivation and enclosure. 
 
 V. arvensis, L. Wall Speedwell. 4 7. Common in pastures 
 and waste places. A very small form on Balking 
 Hill, F. 
 
 V. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 5 7. Frequent 
 in dry places and by roadsides : Shotford Heath ; Spur- 
 kett's Lane ; Flixton ; Homersfield Wood ; Dickleburgh. 
 
 V. officinalis, L. Common Speedwell. 5 8. Frequent : 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood \ near Weybread Mill : Mend- 
 ham ; Needham ; Flixton ; Brockdish ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 V. Chamaedrys, L. Germander Speedwell. 5 8. Common 
 on grassy banks and in woods. Popular name Bird's-eye. 
 
 V. montana, L. Mountain Speedwell. 4 6. Rare : road- 
 side near Flixton Church and at St. Cross (EAH). Flix- 
 ton Woods, I. Earsham (T). 
 
 V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. 6 8. ^ Not common : 
 marshy ground, Wingfield Common, D. Boggy Meadow, 
 St. Margaret's (EAH), F. 
 
 V. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell. 6 8. Frequent in marsh 
 ditches : Mendham ; Weybread ; Flixton ; Scole ; Dickie- 
 burgh, etc. 
 
92 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 V. Beccabunga, L, Brooklime. 5 9. Common in ponds and 
 ditches. 
 
 EUPHRASIA, L. 
 
 E. officinalis, L. Common Eyebriyht. 5 10. Frequent : 
 Clintergate Road, Redenhall ; Meiidham Hill, Norfolk ; 
 Stubbings' Lane, Weybread ; Flixton Park ; Dickleburgh, 
 etc. 
 
 BARTSIA, L. 
 
 B. Odontites, Huds. Red Bartsia. 7, 8. Frequent in culti- 
 vated ground : Gawdy Hall ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 PEDICULARIS, L. 
 
 P. sylvatica, L. Procumbent Lousewort. 5 8. Rare : be- 
 tween Brockdish and Rushall, near Fir Cover (EAH). 
 
 MELAMPYRUM, L. 
 
 M. pratense, L. Cow-wheat 58. Rare : Gawdy Hall 
 Great Wood, F. Knight's Grove, Langmere (DC). Bil- 
 lingford (JC). 
 
 RHINANTHUS, L. 
 
 R. Crista-galli, L. Yellow Rattle. 5 7. Common in damp 
 meadows : Weybread ; Shotford ; Wort well ; Flixton ; 
 Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 OBOBANCHACE^E. 
 OROBANCHE, L. 
 
 fO. ramosa, L. Branched Broom-rape. 8, 9. Earsham (T). 
 Formerly not uncommon on Hemp and Galeopsis Tetrahit. 
 Mr. Holmes, however, failed to find it on Hemp grown 
 some years ago by the late Lord Waveney at Flixton. 
 
 0. major, L. (0. Rapum, ThuilL). Greater Broom-rape. 
 6, 7. Not common : waste ground opposite Hulk's Graves, 
 Weybread, D. The Bath Hills (T). Dickleburgh (DC). 
 Parasitical on broom and furze. 
 
 0. elatior, Sut. Tall Broom-rape. 68. Rare : Needham 
 (T). Parasitical on Knapweed. 
 
 0. minor, Sm. Lesser Broom-rape. 6 8. Frequent : fields 
 near Harleston Bridge ; Wortwell ; Pulliam ; Shimpliug ; 
 Flixton, etc. Parasitical on Clover and many other plants, 
 including the garden Geranium. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 93 
 
 LENTIBULAKIEjE. 
 UTRICULARIA, L. 
 
 U. vulgaris, L. Greater Bladderwort. 6 8. Now rare : 
 pond between Brockdish and Rushall, B. Ditch adjoin- 
 ing Needham Osier Ground (the late Mr. Muskett). In 
 ditches near Mendham Bridge and at Brockdish (EAH). 
 Cf. Introd., p. 29. 
 
 U. minor, L. Lesser Bladderwort. 68. Very rare: in 
 slow water at Pulham Market (TS). 
 
 VEKBENACEJE. 
 
 VERBENA, L. 
 
 V. officinalis, L. Common Vervain. 1 9. Frequent by 
 roadsides : Redeiihall ; Well's Lane, Harleston ; Wortwell 
 Low Street ; Flixton. ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 LABIATE. 
 
 MENTHA, L. 
 
 M. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Mint. 7 9. Not infre- 
 quent in banks and moist places : roadside opposite Mend- 
 ham Priory Mansion ; Withersdale Street ; Metfield Road ; 
 near Wey bread Windmill ; Shimpling Common ; St. Cross. 
 
 M. sylvestris, L. Horse Mint. 7 9. Rare : road from 
 Metfield Parsonage to Church, at the bottom of the hill 
 (EAH). Moist places, Pulham Market (TS). 
 
 *M. viridis, L. Spear Mint. 8 10. Rare: on the south 
 side of the Waveney, about a mile below Sylehain Mill 
 (EAH). Alburgh (TS). 
 
 M. Piperita, Huds. Peppermint. 8, 9. Rare : damp places : 
 var. officinalis, Denton (TS). Yar. vulgaris, Harleston 
 (TS). 
 
 M. hirsuta, L. Hairy Capitate Mint. 7 9. Common in 
 ditches and damp places. Often very luxuriant, as at 
 Mendham Cross Roads, Norfolk. 
 
 M. sativa, L. Hairy Whorled Mint. 1 9. Not common : 
 Pond, Harleston Common ; ditches, Weybread Marshes ; 
 Gawdy Hall Wood, F. Scole, Shimpling (TS). 
 
94 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 M. rubra, Sm. Glabrous Bed Mint. 79. Rare : damp 
 situations, Wacton and Scole (TS). Reported from the 
 Waveney Marshes, but requires confirmation. 
 
 M. gentilis, L. Bushy Red Mint. 1 9. Rare : damp 
 places, Pulham, Starston, Shelton, Hempnall (TS). 
 
 M. arvensis, L. Corn Mint. 8, 9. Common in cultivated 
 ground. Var. Allionii, Needham (TS). 
 
 M. Pulegium, L. Penny-royal. 8, 9. Rare : wet places, 
 Bedingham (T). Ditchingham (BG). 
 
 LYCOPUS, L 
 
 L. europseus, L. Water Horehound. 6 9. Frequent in wet 
 places : Harleston Green Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; 
 Dickleburgh Moor. Abundant in the marsh dykes. 
 Popular name Gipsywort. 
 
 ORIGANUM, L. 
 
 0. vulgare, L. Sweet Marjoram. 7 9. Rare : dry banks, 
 Hempnall (TS). Yar. megastachyum, Hardwick (TS). 
 This is supposed to be the Hyssop of the Bible. 
 
 THYMUS, L. 
 
 T. Serpyllum, Fr. Creeping Wild Thyme. 6 8. Not 
 common : Flixton New Road, I. 
 
 CALAMINTHA, Mcench. 
 
 C. Clinopodium, Benth. Wild Basil. 7 9. Frequent in 
 bushy places : Harleston Green Lane \ Lush Bush ; Mend- 
 ham Priory Plantations ; Starston, etc. 
 
 C. officinalis, Mcench. (C. menthifolia, Host.). Common 
 
 Calamint. 7 9. Frequent on dry banks : Shotford 
 
 Hill ; Withersdale Road, Mendham ; Metfield ; Homers- 
 field, etc. 
 
 SALVIA, L. 
 
 S. Verbenaca, L. Wild English Clary. 5 8. Abundant on 
 dry banks : Wortwell ; Well's Lane, Harleston \ Star- 
 ston ; Billingford ; Scole ; Shotford ; Flixton ; St. Mar- 
 garet's ; Ditchingham, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 95 
 
 NEPETA, L. 
 
 N. Cataria, L. Cat-mint. 7 9. Frequent on banks : Wort- 
 well End ; roadside near Shotf ord Hall ; Abbey Wood, 
 Flixton. ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 N. Glechoma, Benth. Ground-ivy. 3 6. Common in hedges 
 and woods. Before the introduction of Hops the Ground- 
 ivy, with the Wood Sage and Sweet Marjoram, was in 
 great demand for ale-brewing ; hence its popular name 
 A le-hoof. 
 
 SCUTELLARJA, L. 
 
 S. galericulata, L. Skull-cap. 7, 8. Abundant in the Wave- 
 ney Marshes. Gawdy Hall Wood ; Shimpling. 
 
 PRUNELLA, L. 
 
 P. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. 7 9. Common in meadows and 
 waste places. 
 
 MARRUBIUM, L. 
 
 M. vulgare, L. White Horehound. 7 9. Rare ; waste 
 ground, Brockdish (T). On the site of St. Nicholas 
 Church, South Elmham (extinct, EAH). 
 
 STACHYS, L. 
 
 S. Betonica, Benth. Wood Betony. 7, 8. Rare : pastures, 
 Brockdish (EAH). Footpath field near Syleham Hall 
 (W. Squires). 
 
 S. palustris, L. Marsh Woundwort. 1 9. Common in the 
 water meadows : also in corntields and by roadsides. 
 
 S. sylvatica, L. Hedge Woundwort. 7 9. Common in hedge- 
 banks and bushy places. 
 
 S. arvensis, L. Corn Woundwort. 4 10. Frequent in 
 cultivated fields : Mendham Hill, Norfolk ; fields near 
 Shotford Bridge ; Lush Bush Allotments ; near the 
 Woodman's Cottage, Gawdy Hall ; Brockdish, etc. 
 
 GALEOPSIS, L. 
 
 G. Ladanum, L. Red Hemp-nettle. 6 9. Not common : in 
 cultivated ground near the river, Brockdish, F. 
 
96 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 G. speciosa, Mill. (G. versicolor, Curt.). Large-flowered 
 Hemp-nettle. 7, 8. Rare : cultivated fields, Dickie- 
 burgh (DC). Earsham (T). Brockdish (not lately, EA.H). 
 Eye (JH, 1876). 
 
 G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-nettle. 7 9. Common in 
 cornfields and cultivated ground, especially in damp situa- 
 tions. With white flowers in cornfields below Mendhani 
 Mill and near the Shotford Dykes. 
 
 LEONURUS, L. 
 
 *L. Cardiaca, L. Motherwort. 7, 8. Rare : hedges and 
 waste places : near (the late) Wortwell Windmill (BG), 
 but probably extinct, F. Denton, Ditchingham (T). 
 
 LAMIUM, L. 
 
 L. amplexicaule, L. Henbit Dead-nettle. 5 9. Not com- 
 mon : gravel pit near Redenhall Gatehouse, F. 
 
 L. hybridum, Vill. (L. incisum, Willd.). Cut-leaved Dead- 
 nettle. 4 8. Frequent : roadside near Weybread House ; 
 the Hoi- Way, Gawdy Hall ; Needham, etc. 
 
 L. purpureum, L. Red Dead-nettle. 5 9. Common in hedges 
 and waste places. With white flowers near Shotford Hall 
 and Mendham Mill. Yar. decipiens, waste ground, 
 Withersdale, F. 
 
 L. album, L. White Dead-nettle. 5 8. Abundant in hedge- 
 banks. 
 
 L. Galeobdolon, Crantz. Yellow Archangel. 5, 6. Frequent 
 in bushy places : Cuckoo Hill, Mendham, Norfolk. Lush 
 Bush ; Homersfield Wood ; Billingford ; Dickleburgh ; 
 Bath Hills, etc. 
 
 BALLOTA, L. 
 
 B. nigra, L. Slack -Horehound. 7 9. Common in hedge- 
 banks. 
 
 TEUCRIUM, L. 
 
 T. SCOrodonia, L. Wood Sage. 7, 8. Not common : bushy 
 places opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, D. Mendham 
 Priory Plantations, F. Foxburrows Plantation, Wey- 
 bread, C, D. 
 
 AJUGA, L. 
 
 A. reptans, L. Common Bugle. 5 8. Common in pastures 
 and woods. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 97 
 
 PLANTAGINE.E. 
 PLANTAGO, L. 
 
 P. major, L. Greater Plantain. 6 9. Common by roadsides 
 and in waste places. 
 
 P. media, L. Hoary Plantain. 6 9. Common in pastures. 
 
 P. lanceolata, L. Rib -wort Plantain. 6 9. Common in 
 waste places, . 
 
 P. Coronopus, L. Buck's-horn Plantain. 6 8. Frequent in 
 waste places : Wortwell Road, opposite the Schoolroom ; 
 Well's Lane, Harleston ; Needham Alder Carr, etc. 
 
 ILLECEBKACE.E. 
 SCLERANTHUS, L. 
 
 S. animus, L. Annual Knawel. 6 8. Rare : a few plants 
 on sandy ground, opposite Hulk's Graves, Weybread, F. 
 Abundant on Bungay Common. 
 
 CHENOPODIUM, L. 
 
 C. polyspermum, L. Many-seeded Goosefoot. 7 9. Abundant 
 in cultivated ground. 
 
 C. album, L. White Goosefoot. 7 9. Var. candicans, com- 
 mon. Var. viride, Wortwell School Allotments, F. Var. 
 paganum, Allotments near Dickleburgh Rectory, F. 
 
 C. murale, L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. 6 9. Rare : waste 
 ground, St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 C. hybridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. 7. Rare : waste 
 places : St. Margaret's (EAH). Earshain (T). 
 
 C. glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. 7, 8. Rare : waste 
 ground, Ditchingham (TS). 
 
 C. Bonus- Henricus, L. Allgood. 6 8. Abundant by roadsides 
 and in waste places, especially near villages : Redenhall ; 
 Wortwell End ; Dickleburgh, etc. Popular name Good 
 King Harry. 
 
98 f FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 ATRIPLEX, L. 
 
 A. patula, L. (Var. angustifolia, Sm.). Spreading narrow- 
 leaved Orache. 1 10. Frequent on cultivated and waste 
 ground : Needham Alder Carr Pit : St. Margaret's ; 
 roadside, Redenhall, etc. 
 
 Var. erecta, rare : Brockdish (EAH). 
 
 A. hastata, L. (A. Smithii, Sm.). Hastate-leaved Orache. 
 7 9. Not uncommon : waste ground below Balking 
 Hill, Harleston ; Wort well ; fields between Wey bread 
 and Needham Mills, etc. 
 
 A. deltoidea, Bab. Triangular-leaved Orache. 6 8. Fre- 
 quent in waste places and cultivated land : Harleston ; 
 Homersfield Allotments, etc. 
 
 POLYGQNAOB^B. 
 
 POLYGONUM, L. 
 
 P. Convolvulus, L. Climbing Buck-wheat. 7 9. Abundant 
 011 cultivated land. 
 
 P. aviculare, L. Common Knotgrass. 5 9. Common in 
 waste places. 
 
 P. Hydropiper, L. Water Pepper. 7 9. Common in ditches 
 and marshes. 
 
 P. minus, Huds. Small Persicaria. 8, 9. Rare : damp 
 places in the neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 P. Persicaria, L. Spotted Persicaria. 6 9. Common in 
 damp places and in cultivated ground. 
 
 P. lapathifolium, L, Glandular Persicaria. 7, 3. Not in- 
 frequent : damp ground near Weybread Targets ; beckside 
 near Redenhall Gatehouse, F. Needham (T). St. Mar- 
 garet's (EAH). 
 
 P. amphibium, L. Amphibious Bistort. 7 9. Common in 
 or near the marsh dykes. 
 
 P. Bistorta, L. Common Bistort. 6, 7. Not common : on 
 the island, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Mrs. Pemberton), F. 
 in meadows near the Church, Mendham ; Flixton Hollow 
 (EAH). 
 
FLOWERING PLA.NTS. 99 
 
 RUMEX, L. 
 
 R. conglomerates, Murr. Sharp Dock. 6 9. Frequent in 
 the marshes. 
 
 R. sanguineus, L. (R. nemorosus, Sch.). Bloody-veined Dock. 
 6, 7. Var. viridis, not unfrequent : Needham Alder 
 Carr ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Flixton Park. 
 
 R. pulcher, L. Fiddle Dock. 79. Frequent by roadsides : 
 Rederihall ; Well's Lane, Harleston ; Flixton, etc. 
 
 R. obtusifolius, L. Broad-leaved Dock. 510. Common by 
 waysides and in fields. 
 
 R. crispus, L. Curled Dock. 6 9. Frequent in waste 
 ground : London Road, Harleston ; The Green Lane, etc. 
 
 R. Hydrolapatkum, Huds. Great Water Dock. 7, 8. Abund- 
 ant by the riverside and in the dykes. 
 
 R. Acetosa, L. Common Sorrel. 5 7. Common in meadows 
 and woods. 
 
 R. Acetosella, L. Sheep's Sorrel. 5 7. Common 011 dry 
 banks and in pastures. 
 
 THYMEIIEACEJG, 
 
 DAPHNE, L. 
 
 *D. Mezereum, L. Mezereon. 3. The Lady's Grove, Gawdy 
 Hall (EAH). Formerly at Laxfield (WA). Ditching- 
 ham (T). 
 
 D. Laureola, L. Spurge Laurel. 2 5. Frequent in woods 
 and hedge-banks : Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; Mendham 
 Grove, Norfolk ; near St. Cross Schoolroom ; Flixton ; 
 the Bath Hills ; Denton Plantations ; Redenhall Green 
 Lane ; Shelton ; Dickleburgh ; Hoxne, etc. 
 
 LOEANTHACILE. 
 
 VISCUM, L. 
 
 V. album, M. Mistletoe. 3 5. Not common : on poplar- 
 trees, Pulham Market ; on Wild Apple, Pulham Mary, F. 
 Orchards, Homersfield, G. Alburgh, F. St. Margaret's 
 (EAH). Veales Farm, Fressingfield, N. 
 
100 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 EUPHORBIACE.E. 
 EUPHORBIA, L. 
 
 E. Helioscopia, L. Sun Spurge. 3 10. Common in cultivated 
 ground. 
 
 E. amygdaloides, L. Wood Spurge. 48. Rare : bushy 
 places, Shelton (TS). 
 
 E. Peplus, L. Petty Spurge. 6 9. Common in cultivated 
 ground. 
 
 E. exigua, L. Dwarf Spurge. 7 10. Common in cultivated 
 fields. Yar. retusa, DC. Shimpling, F. 
 
 *E. Lathy ris, L. Caper Spurge. 6, 7. In waste places, and 
 a weed in old gardens,, Harleston, Withersdale, F. 
 
 MERCURIALIS, L. 
 
 M. perennis, L. Perennial Doys Mercury. Common in woods 
 and shady banks. 
 
 UETIC ACE^E. 
 ULMUS, L. 
 
 U. montana, Sm. Broad-leaved Elm. 3, 4. Redenhall Road, 
 near the second railway bridge, F. Popular name Wych 
 Elm. 
 
 U. campestris, Sm. Common Elm. 3 5. Var. suberosa, 
 common. 
 
 HUMTJLUS, L. 
 
 H. Lupulus, L. Common Hop. 7 9. Frequent in hedge- 
 rows : Harleston ; Redenhall ; Denton ; Flixton ; Withers- 
 dale ; Mendham, etc. 
 
 URTICA, L. 
 
 U. dioica, L. Common Nettle. 5 9. Common in waste places 
 and hedge-banks. 
 
 U. urens, L. Small Nettle. 5 9. Abundant in waste places 
 and cultivated ground. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 101 
 
 PAEIETARIA, Tour. 
 
 P. officinalis, L. Pellitory of the Wall. 5 10. Not common : 
 walls of Wingfield Castle, F. Metfield churchyard wall, 
 D. Pulham (T). 
 
 CUPULIFEE^]. 
 
 BETULA, Tour. 
 
 B. alba. L. White Birch. 4, 5. Not abundant. A row of 
 
 fine trees on the Weybread and Syleham Road, C. 
 " Byrche is called in Latin Betula. I have not red of 
 any vertue that it hath in physik, howbeit it serveth for 
 many good uses, and none better than in betinge stubborne 
 boys that ether lye or wyll not learne." TURNER, 1550. 
 (Quoted in Flor. Dorset.) 
 
 ALNUS, Tour. 
 
 A. glutinosa, L. Common Alder. 4, 5. Abundant in damp 
 thickets, and by banks of streams. 
 
 CARPINUS, L. 
 
 C. Betulus, L. Hornbeam. 4, 5. Abundant in hedgerows 
 
 and woods : Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Harleston Green 
 Lane ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 CORYLUS, Tour. 
 
 C. Avellana, L. Hazel. 2 4. Common in hedgerows and 
 woods. 
 
 QUERCUS, L. 
 
 Q. Robur, L. Oak. 4, 5. Var. pedunculata, common. A 
 very fine tree near the railway (north side), between Pul- 
 ham Market and Tivetshall Stations. 
 
 CASTANEA, Tour. 
 
 *C. sativa, Mill. (C. vulgaris, Lam.). Sweet Chestnut. 5, 6. 
 Priory Plantations, Mendham. Fressingfield Hall Plan- 
 tations. 
 
 FAGUS, Tour. 
 
 F. sylvatica, L. Common Beech. 5. Abundant in woods 
 and hedgerows. 
 
102 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 SALICINE.E. 
 
 SALIX, Tour. 
 
 S. fragilis, L. Crack Willow. 4, 5. Frequent in moist 
 meadows : near Weybread Mill, etc. 
 
 S. alba, L. White Willow. 4. Frequent on banks of streams: 
 near Needham Osier Ground ; Starston Beck ; Wortwell, 
 etc. A fine male tree near Spring Wood Bridge, Wey- 
 bread. 
 
 S. triandra, L. Almond-leaved Willow. 4 6. Abundant on 
 damp banks. Cultivated in osier grounds. 
 
 S. purpurea, L. Purple Willow. 3 5. Not common : river- 
 side near Weybread Mill ; Shimpling, F. 
 
 S. rubra, var. Forbyana, Sm. Basket Osier. 4. Bare : river- 
 side at Needham Osier Ground. Many varieties are cul- 
 tivated in the district for basket-work. 
 
 S. viminalis, L. Common Osier. 4, 5. Common in damp 
 places and osier grounds. 
 
 S. cinerea, L. Common Sallow. 3 5. Not common : Shot- 
 ford Heath Pit, F. Var. aquatica, common in moist 
 places : Mendhara Long Lane ; Gawdy Hall Wood, etc. 
 Yar. oleifolia, frequent : Harleston Green Lane, etc. 
 
 S. Caprea, L. Great Sallow. 4, 5. Frequent in hedges and 
 woods : Harleston Green Lane ; Wortwell ; Gawdy Hall 
 Wood, etc. 
 
 POPULUS, Tour. 
 
 P. alba, L. White Poplar. 3. Not common : Mendham 
 Grove, Norfolk; Pulham Market, F. St. Margaret's 
 (EAH). Popular name Abele. 
 
 P. canescens, Sm. Grey Poplar. 3, 4. Frequent : roadside 
 near Redenhall Church ; Shotford ; Starston, etc. 
 
 P. tremula, L. Aspen. 4, 5. Frequent : Shotford Hill ; 
 Wortwell ; Gawdy Hal] Wood. 
 
 *P. nigra, L. Black Poplar. 4. Abundant : Shotford 
 Bridge ; Homerstield ; Redenhall ; Pulham ; Ru shall, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 103 
 
 CERATOPHYLLE.E. 
 
 CERATOPHYLLUM, L. 
 
 C. demersum, L. Common Hornwort. 6 8. Frequent in 
 the marsh dykes : Homersfield ; Shotford ; Mendham, etc. 
 Ditches, Lush Bush. 
 
 C. submersum, L. Unarmed Hornwort. 6 8. Rare : ditches, 
 Brockdish (EAH). 
 
 CONIFERS. 
 
 TAXUS, Tour. 
 
 *T. baccata, L. Yew. 3. Occasionally in plantations. An 
 old tree opposite the Yew Tree Inn, Redenhall. 
 
 PINUS, Tour. 
 
 *P. sylvestris, L. Scotch Fir. 5, 6. On sandy and gravelly 
 soil : Homersfield ; Redenhall ; Shotford ; Earsham, etc. 
 
MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 HYDEOCHAEIDEJE. 
 
 ELODEA, Mich. 
 
 *E. canadensis, Mich. (Anacharis Alsinastrum, Bab.). 
 Water Thyme. 7 9. Frequent in the marsh dykes : 
 Wortwell, Shotford, etc. A North American plant, first 
 observed in England in 1847, and now generally dis- 
 tributed. 
 
 HYDROCHARIS, L. 
 
 H. Morsus-ranae, L. Frog-lit. 7, 8. Frequent in ditches : 
 Weybread Mill ; Shotford Bridge ; Mendham Marshes ; 
 Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 STRATIOTES, L. 
 
 S. aloides, L. Water- Soldier. 7, 8. Formerly frequent, 
 now rare : Homersfield ditches (1863), and slow ditch 
 above Syleham Mill, Norfolk (EAH). Pond in Alder 
 Carr Meadow, Neeclham (the late J. Muskett). Ditches, 
 Scole and Billingford (JC). Cf. Introd., p. 29. 
 
 OKCHIDE.E. 
 
 NEOTTIA, L. 
 
 N. Nidus-avis, Rich. Bird's-nest Orchis. 6. Not common : 
 Gawdy Hall Wood (BG), I. Barker's Wood, Rushall 
 (EAH). Hedenham and Tindall Woods (T). 
 
 LISTERA, R Br. 
 
 L. ovata, R. Br. Common Tway Blade. 5 7. Abundant 
 in woods and copses : Gawdy Hall ; Denton ; Starston ; 
 Weybread ; Needham ; the Bath Hills, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 105 
 
 SPIRANTHES, Rich. 
 
 S. autumnalis, Rich. Autumnal Lady's Tresses. 7 9. Rare : 
 St. Margaret's and All Saints (EAH). Flixton (the late 
 J. Muskett). Near Gawdy Hall Wood (Mrs. Pemberton). 
 Bedingham Green (BG). 
 
 CEPHALANTHERA, Rich. 
 
 fC. ensifolia, Rich. Long-leaved Helleborine. 5, 6. Rare : 
 bushy places at the foot of the Bath Hills (BG). 
 
 EPIPACTIS, Rich. 
 
 E. lati folia, All. Broad-leaved Helleborine. 7, 8. Rare : the 
 Abbey Wood, Flixton, E. Gawdy Hall Wood (Mrs. 
 Pemberton). Reported also from Starston. 
 
 ORCHIS, L. 
 
 0. pyramidalis, L. Pyramidal Orchis. 6 8. Frequent : 
 Redenhall ; Starston ; Baker's Barn ; Gawdy Hall ; Al- 
 burgh ; Flixton ; Mendham ; Hoxiie ; Scole ; Dickie- 
 burgh ; Shimpling ; Gissing ; Tivetshall ; Shelton, etc. 
 
 0. Morio, L. Green-winged Orchis. 5, 6. Abundant in 
 meadows : occasionally with white flowers. This and the 
 next species are called Cuckoo-flower in Norfolk. 
 
 0. mascula, L. Early Purple Orchis. 4, 5. Common in woods 
 and meadows. 
 
 0. incarnata, L. Common Marsh Orchis. 5, 6. Not com- 
 mon : marshy field, St. Margaret's (EAH), and meadows 
 near Weybread Mill, E. 
 
 0. latifolia, L. Broad-leaved Marsh Orchis. 5, 6. Frequent : 
 Wortwell Marshes ; Weybread Marshes near the Targets ; 
 St. Margaret's ; Billingford ; Wacton ; Dickleburgh. 
 
 0. maculata, L. Spotted Palmate Orchis. 5 7. Common 
 in woods and damp places. 
 
 ACERAS, R. Br. 
 
 A. anthropophora, R. Br. Green Man-Orchis. 6. Not com- 
 mon : meadows near Mendham Long Lane (the late J. 
 Muskett). Hartcup's plantations near Bungay (EAH). 
 
106 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 Shimpling (JM). Tivetshall St. Margaret (TS). Ear- 
 sham (NBG). In a dry pit (now the Dove House Dell) 
 at the end of Mr. Wright's garden at Mendham, Norfolk 
 (BG). 
 
 OPHRYS, L. 
 
 0. apifera, Huds. Bee Orchis. 6, 7. Common in some years : 
 Needham Alder Carr Meadows ; between Wey bread 
 Church and Beck ; Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall : 
 Gawdy Hall Wood ; Mendham Long Lane ; Denton ; 
 Earsham ; St. Margaret's ; Flixton ; Dickleburgh ; Shimp- 
 ling. Frequent near Harleston (BG, 1805). Plentiful 
 1884. 
 
 0. muscifera, Huds. Fly Orchis. 5 7. Occasional : All 
 Saints' Rectory field with Spiranthes autumnalis (EAH, 
 1884). Shimpling (JC). Gawdy Hall Wood (NBG, and 
 Mrs. Pemberton). Bath Hills and Earsham Wood (WA). 
 
 HABENARIA, R. Br. 
 
 H. conopsea, Benth. (Gymnadenia conopsea, R. Br.). % Fragrant 
 Orchis. 6 8. Not common : Shimpling (JM). Dickie- 
 burgh (DC). Fulham (TS). Sparingly on Wacton Com- 
 mon (T). Reported also from Gawdy Hall. 
 
 H. viridis, R. Br. Frog Orchis. 6 8. Abundant in fields 
 near St. Margaret's (EAH), F. Ditchingham (T). 
 
 H. bifolia, R. Br. Lesser Butterfly Orchis. 68. Frequent 
 in damp woods and pastures : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Need- 
 ham ; Wey bread ; Starston ; Mendham. Denton (Rev. 
 C. T. Cruttwell). Wacton (T). 
 
 H. chloroleuca, Rid. (H. chlorantha, Bab.). Greater Butterfly 
 Orchis. 5, 6. Not uncommon : Gawdy Hall Wood ; 
 Starston Wood ; Rush all Wood ; Flixton. 
 
 IBIDEM. 
 
 IRIS, L. 
 
 I. fcetidissima, L. Blue Iris. 5 7. Not common : Mend- 
 ham Grove, Norfolk, F. Flixton Long Plantation, I. 
 Swampy ground, Tivetshall Wood (Rev. H. T. Frere). 
 Very abundant on the Bath Hills, Ditchingham (WA). 
 Cf. Introd., p. 32. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 107 
 
 I. Pseudacorus, L. Yellow Iris. 58. Frequent : banks of 
 the Waveney; Bedenhall Beck; pond, Shotford Hill; 
 Spring Wood, Wey bread ; Flixton, etc. Popular name 
 Flag. 
 
 CROCUS, Tour. 
 
 * C. vernus, All. /Spring Crocus. 3. It " covers a field by 
 the side of Mendham Long Lane by Harleston, and has 
 grown there before the memory of the oldest person in the 
 neighbourhood" (EG, 1805). Still abundant and appar- 
 ently spreading. 
 
 AMAETLLIDEJB 
 
 NARCISSUS, L. 
 
 N. Pseudo-narcissus, L. Wild Daffodil. 3, 4. Not com- 
 mon : occasionally in meadows near Jay's Green, Harles- 
 ton, F. Plentiful on the island, Gawdy Hall Wood 
 (EAH), F. Popular name Lent Lily. 
 
 *N. major, L. Spanish Daffodil. 3, 4. Mendham Grove, 
 Norfolk, in the last century a garden. Cf. Introd., p. 29, 
 note. 
 
 *N. biflorus, Curt. Two-flowered Narcissus. 4, 5. Bare : 
 in a meadow at St. Margaret's (EAH), E. Mendham 
 Grove, Norfolk, DH. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 GALANTHUS, L. 
 
 G. nivalis, L. Common Snowdrop. 2, 3. Not common : 
 marshy corner of a meadow by the Waveney, Weybread, 
 C. Plentiful in the Long Plantation, Flixton (EAH), 
 F. Hedges at Laxfield in the greatest profusion (BG). 
 
 DIQSCOBEJB. 
 
 TAMUS, L. 
 
 T. communis, L. Black Bryony. 5 7. Frequent in woods 
 and hedges : Jay's Green, Harleston ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; 
 Flixton ; Dickleburgh ; Thorpe Abbotts, etc. 
 
 LILIACEJE. 
 
 RUSCUS, L. 
 
 R. aculeatus, L. Butcher's Broom. 3, 4. Bare : in an orchard 
 hedge, Alburgh, A. 
 
108 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 ASPARAGUS, L. 
 
 *A. officinalis, L (var. hortensis). Asparagus. 6 8. Estab- 
 lished in the hedge-bank of a cultivated field on Beacon 
 Hill, Shotford. Norfolk, in the last century the site of a 
 hall and its gardens, D. Cf. Introd., p. 29, note. 
 
 CONVALLAEIA, L. 
 
 *C. ma.jalis, L. Lily of the Valley. 5, 6. Gawdy Hall Great 
 Wood (Mrs. Sancroft Holmes). Scarcely spreading, F. 
 
 ALLIUM, L. 
 
 A. vineale, L. Crow Garlic. 6, 7. Rare : bank of footpath 
 from Harleston to the Dove House, E, G. Field between 
 . the Mendham Long Lane and White House (Mrs. Pember- 
 ton), F. Very scarce in Norfolk. 
 
 A. ursinum, L. Broad-leaved Garlic. 5 7. Not infrequent : 
 Homersfield Wood \ Spring Wood, Weybread ; Bath Hills. 
 Popular name Ramsons. 
 
 MUSOAEI, Tour. 
 
 M. racemosum, Mill. Grape- Hyacinth. 5. Rare : on dry 
 banks : roadside opposite Shotford Hall, E. Harleston 
 Common, C. A doubtful native. Root poisonous. 
 
 SCILLA, L. 
 
 S. nutans, Sm. (Hyacinthus non-scriptus, L.). Wood Hya- 
 cinth. 4 6. Abundant in some woods ; Homersfield, 
 Weybread, Need ham, etc. Occasionally with white 
 flowers. Root poisonous. Popular name Bluebell. 
 
 ORNITHOGALUM, L. 
 
 *0. umbellatum, L. Common Star of Bethlehem. 5, 6. Not 
 uncommon in meadows : near Spurketts' Lane by Har- 
 leston, D. Field near Potash Driftway, Weybread, E. 
 Meadow near Flixton Hollow, I. 
 
 0. pyrenaicum, L. Spiked Star of Bethlehem. 6, 7. Very 
 rare : in the Rectory Paddock (Miss Perowne, 1883), F. 
 A casual. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
FLOWEIUNG PLANTS. 109 
 
 LILIUM, L. 
 
 *L. Martagon, L. Turk's Cap Lily. 6, 7. Not common, but 
 well established. Denton Plantations, and in hedges in 
 the neighbourhood, F. Copse near Flixton Village, G. 
 Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 FRITILLARIA, Tour. 
 
 F. Meleagris, L. Common Fritillary. 4, 5. Not infrequent 
 in pastures. " In a field called the Seven Acres, and the 
 adjoining ones by the side of Mendham Long Lane, near 
 Harleston, where it also varies with a white flower " (BG, 
 1805), C. Meadows at Laxfield, near the church (BG). 
 Plentiful in a field at St. Margaret's, where it has grown 
 from time immemorial ; also at St. Cross (EAH). 
 Meadows at Luck's Mill, Needham, D. Metfield. 
 
 TULIPA, Tour. 
 
 T. sylvestris, L. Wild Tulip. 4. Very rare : above Wey- 
 bread Watermill, Suffolk (NBG), F. It rarely flowers in 
 its natural locality. 
 
 COLCHICUM, L. 
 
 C. autumnale, L. Meadow Saffron. 8, 9. Not common : in 
 a meadow at Fressingfield (the late J. Muskett), D. Plen- 
 tiful in the parish of Pulham S. Mary Magdalene (Rev. 
 Spencer Fellows). St. Cross (EAH, 1864). Laxfield 
 (BG). Reported also from Starston. 
 
 PARIS, L. 
 
 P. quadrifolia, L. Herb Paris. 5, 6. Very rare : Beding- 
 ham Wood and Tindall Wood, Ditchingham (T). 
 
 JUNCACE.E. 
 JUNCUS, L. 
 
 J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. 7, 8. Common in muddy and 
 marshy places. 
 
 J. glaucus, Ehr. Hard Rush. 6, 7. Common by roadsides 
 and in poor pastures. 
 
110 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 J. diffusus, Hop. Diffuse Rush. 6, 7. Rare : damp places, 
 Flixton Woods, F. St. Margaret's (EAH). Cf. Iiitrod., 
 p. 26. 
 
 J. effusus, L. Soft Rush.' 6 8. Common in moist places. 
 
 J. conglomeratus, L. Common Rush. 7, 8. Common in 
 marshy places, especially in woods. 
 
 J. obtusiflorus, Ehr. Blunt-flowered Rush. 7, 8. Not in- 
 frequent in wet meadows : Needham, Shimpling, etc. 
 
 J. lamprocarpus, Ehr. Shiny-fruited Rush. 7, 8. Abundant 
 in the marshy meadows of the Waveney Valley. Gawdy 
 Hall Wood ; Spring Wood, Weybread. 
 
 J. acutiflorus, Ehr. Sharp-flowered Rush. 6 8. Not un- 
 common : wet ground, Jtushall Wood and Spring Wood, 
 Weybread, F. Marsh near Earsham Hall, F. Brockdisli 
 and" St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 LUZULA, DC. 
 
 L. pilosa, Willd. Hairy Wood Rush. 3 5. Abundant in 
 woods and shady places : Gawdy Hall ; Shotford Hill ; 
 Homersfield, etc. 
 
 L. campestr.is, DC. Field Wood Rush. 4, 5. Common in 
 pastures and on grassy banks. 
 
 L. multiflora, Lej. Many-headed Wood Rush. 6. Rare : 
 Fir Cover, Brockdish, F. 
 
 TYPHACEJ3, 
 
 TYPHA, L. 
 
 T. latifolia, L. Greater Reed-Mane. 7, 8. Frequent in ponds 
 and ditches : Baker's Barn Brickyard, Redenhall ; near 
 Mendham Priory ; Dickleburgh ; Harleston ; Wortwell ; 
 Pulham ; Shimpling, etc. Popular names Cat's-tail, Bul- 
 rush. 
 
 T. angustifolia, L. Lesser Reed-Mace. 6, 7. Not infrequent 
 in ditches and pools : The Little Barn, Gawdy Hall North 
 Lodge ; riverside near Mendham Targets ; Brockdish ; 
 Shimpling ; Pulham Market ; Earsham. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. Ill 
 
 SPARGANIUM, Tour. 
 
 S. ramosum, Curt. Branched Bur-reed. 6, 7. Abundant in 
 the marsh ditches and streams. 
 
 S. neglectum, Beeby. Sharp-fruited Branched Bur-reed. 7. 
 Banks of the Waveney at Needham, and in the Wey- 
 bread Beck, K. This is a new plant, and has only recently 
 been named. Cf. Introd., p. 26. 
 
 S. simplex, Huds. Unbrancked Bur-reed. 7. Frequent in 
 ditches and streams : Redenhall Gate House ; Wort well ; 
 Dickleburgh ; Brockdish ; Scole ; Pulham Mary, etc. 
 
 ABOIDE M, 
 ARUM, L. 
 
 A. maculatum, L. Common Cuckoo-pint. 4, 5. Common in 
 hedge-banks and shady places. Occasionally with a 
 yellow spadix. Poisonous. Popular name Lords and 
 Ladies. 
 
 ACORUS, L. 
 
 A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. 6. Now rare : waterside, Hoxne 
 (JO). St. Margaret's Moat (introduced, EAH). The 
 Waveney, near Bungay (WA). It still grows at Bungay 
 Staithe (Mr. F. Spalding). Till very lately the floor of 
 Norwich Cathedral was strewn with this sweet-smelling 
 rush on certain festivals according to the general custom 
 of the Middle Ages. 
 
 LEMNACE.E. 
 LEMNA, L. 
 
 L. trisulca, L. Ivy -leaved Duck-weed. 6, 7. Frequent in 
 ponds and slow ditches : The Wilderness, Harleston ; 
 Shotford Dykes ; Gawdy Hall Wood, etc. 
 
 L. minor, L. Lesser Duck-weed. 6, 7. Common in pools 
 and ditches. 
 
 L. gibba, L. Gibbous Duck-weed. 6 8. Not uncommon : 
 in the beck at Redenhall, F. Ditch near Wortwell Low 
 Street, CD. 
 
112 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 L. polyrrhiza, L. Greater Duck-weed. Flowerless in England. 
 Frequent : pond near Harleston Common ; ditch near 
 Alburgh Wood ; Shotford Bridge Dykes ; Dickleburgh. 
 
 ALISMACE^]. 
 
 ALISMA, L. 
 
 A. PlantagO, L. Greater Water Plantain. 7 9. Common 
 by the side of streams and in ditches and ponds. 
 
 A. ranunculoides, L. Lesser Water Plantain. 6 8. Not 
 
 common : marshy ground near Wingfield Castle, C. 
 Needham Alder Carr Meadow, F. Scole and Hoxiie 
 (JC). 
 
 SAGITTARIA, L. 
 
 S. sagittifolia, L. Common Arrow-head. 7 9. Abundant 
 in the Waveney and its ditches. 
 
 BUTOMUS, Tour. 
 
 B. umbellatus, L. Flowering Bush. 6, 7. Not infrequent: 
 
 Shotford Dykes ; Mendham Mill ; Flixton Marshes ; 
 Stow Fen, Earsham ; Dickleburgh ; Scole ; Shimpling ; 
 Hoxne. 
 
 NAIADACE M. 
 
 TRIGLOCHIN, L. 
 
 T. palustre, L. Marsh Arrow-grass. 7, 8. Frequent : marshes 
 of the Waveney at Hoxne, Needham and Weybread. 
 Boggy ground, St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 POTAMOGETON, L. 
 
 P. natans, L. Floating Pondweed. 5 7. Common in ponds, 
 ditches, and streams. 
 
 P. rufescens, Sch. Ruddy Pondweed. 6, 7. Not common : 
 Dickleburgh Moor ; pond near Rushall Wood ; Shimp- 
 ling, F. Billingford, Pulham Mary (T). River near the 
 Bridge at Scole (FB). 
 
 P. heterophyllus, Sch. Different-leaved Pondweed. 6, 7. 
 Rare : slow water, Dickleburgh (TS). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 113 
 
 P. lucens, L. Shining Pondweed. 6, 7. Common in the 
 Waveney and its ditches. 
 
 P. praelongus, Wulf. Long-stalked Pondweed. 6, 7. Not 
 common : in the Waveney at Homersfield (EAH) and 
 above Shotford Bridge, F. 
 
 P. perfoliatus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed. 7. Abundant in 
 the Waveney at Flixton and Earsham, otherwise rare, F. 
 
 P. crispus, L. Curled Pondweed. 6, 7. Common in the 
 marsh dykes and ponds : var. serratus, Wortwell 
 Marshes, D. 
 
 P. densus, L. Opposite-leaved Pondweed. 6, 7. Frequent in 
 the Waveney and its ditches : Mendham ; Wortwell ; 
 Shotford, etc. 
 
 P. pusillus, L. Small Pondweed. 6, 7. Frequent in ditches 
 of the Waveney : Homersfield ; Mendham, etc. 
 
 P. trichoides, Cham. Hair-like Pondweed. 7 10. Hare : 
 Brockdish Dykes (EAH). Slow water ditch near Tivets- 
 hall Station ; Pulham Mary ; Alburgh (T). Discovered 
 in Norfolk and added to the British Flora by the Rev. 
 Kirby Trimmer. 
 
 P. pectinatus, L. Fan-like Pondweed. 6, 7. Rare : in the 
 Waveney at Earsham, F. Ditchingham (TS). 
 
 ZANNICHELLIA, L. 
 
 Z. palustris, L. Common Horned Pondweed. 5 8. Frequent 
 in the marsh ditches : Mendham Old Priory, etc. ; Wort- 
 well Broadwash. 
 
 Z. pedunculata, Reich. Long-horned Pondweed. 58. Rare : 
 slow ditches, Gissing (T). 
 
 CYPEEACE.E. 
 ELEOCHARIS, R.Br. 
 
 IE. acicularis, Sm. (Scirpus acicularis, L.). Slender Spike- 
 rush. 7, 8. Very rare : on Stow Fen, at Earsham (T. 
 and EAH). 
 
 E. palustris, R.Br. (Scirpus palustris, L.). Creeping Spike- 
 rush. 6, 7. Abundant in the marshes (Mendham, Need- 
 ham, etc). Pond, Harleston Common. 
 
114 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 E. multicaulis, Sin. (Scirpus multicaulis, Sm.). Many- 
 stemmed Spike-rush. 6, 7. Rare : Needham Alder Carr 
 Meadow ; Wortwell Marshes, E. Stow Fen, Earsham 
 (EAH). 
 
 SCIRPUS, L. 
 
 S. setaceus, L. Bristly Club-rush. 6 8. Rare : moist places 
 about Earsham and Bungay (EAH). 
 
 S. lacustris, L. Common Bull-rush. 7, 8. Common by the 
 riverside and in ditches. 
 
 S. sylvaticus, L. Wood Club-rush. 7. Frequent : banks of 
 the Weybread Beck, C ; bushy places near Foxburrows 
 Plantation, Weybread, K ; near Mendham Targets, F. 
 Above the Mill at Syleham, and at the entrance of the St. 
 Margaret's rivulet into the Waveney (EAH) ; moist woods, 
 Ditchingham (FB). 
 
 S. Caricis, Retz. (Blysmus compressus, Panz.). Broad- 
 leaved Blysmus. 7, 8. Rare : damp pastures, Shimpling, 
 K. Ditchingham Bath Hills (T). 
 
 ERIOPHORUM, L. 
 
 E. angustifolium, Roth. Common Cotton Grass. 5, 6. Rare : 
 boggy meadow, St. Margaret's (EAH), and Wortwell 
 Marshes, E. 
 
 CAREX, L. 
 
 C. disticha, Huds. (C. intermedia, Good.). Soft Brown Sedge. 
 5, 6. Not common : pondside, Harleston Common, F ; 
 bank of the stream between St. Peter's and St. Margaret's 
 (EAH), F. 
 
 fC* teretiuscula, Good. Lesser Panided Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : 
 marshes at Earsham and Ditchingham (BG). 
 
 C. paniculata, L. Greater Panided Sedge. 6. Not common : 
 pondside, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (EAH), and Flixton 
 Long Plantation, F. 
 
 C. VUlpina, L. Great Spiked Sedge. 5, 6. Abundant by 
 ponds and streams : Baker's Barn, Redenhall ; Redenhall 
 Beck ; Needham ; Tivetshall ; Wacton, etc. 
 
 C. muricata, L. Greater Prickly Sedge. 5, 6. Frequent in 
 woods, pastures, and on banks : the Wilderness copse, 
 Harleston ; Gawdy Hall ; Redenhall Road ; Flixton ; St. 
 Margaret's, etc. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 115 
 
 C. divulsa, Good. Grey Sedge, 5, 6. Frequent in moist 
 shady places : roadside, Baker's Barn ; Gawdy Hall 
 Wood; Harleston; Needham; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 C. remota, L. Distant-spiked Sedge. 5, 6. Abundant in 
 damp woods and hedge-banks ; Gawdy Hall Wood ; Lush 
 Bush ; Tumbrill Hill, Needham ; St. Margaret's ; Ear- 
 sham ; Hard wick ; Wacton ; Shimpling ; Dickleburgh, etc. 
 
 C. axillaris, Good. Axillary Sedge. 6. Frequent in wet 
 ditch banks : Harleston Green Lane ; St. Cross ; St. Mar- 
 garet's ; Mefcfield ; Earsham ; Pulham ; Tumbrill Hill, 
 Needham ; Rushall Road, etc. 
 
 C. OValis, Good. Oval-spiked Sedge. 6. Not common : marshy 
 ground, Gawdy Hall Great Wood, F. 
 
 C. stricta, Good. Tufted Sedge. 4 6. Rare : wet meadows, 
 Earsham (NBG). 
 
 C. acuta, L. Slender-spiked Sedge. 5, 6. Not common : 
 wet meadows, St. Margaret's (EAH). Var. gracilescens, 
 north bank of the Waveney above Syleham Mill, F. Cf. 
 Introd., p. 26. 
 
 C. Goodenowii, JG. (C. vulgaris, Fr.). Common Sedge. 
 5, 6. Frequent in wet pastures and woods : Weybread 
 Meadows ; Fir Cover, Brockdish ; Dickleburgh ; Tivets- 
 hall ; Shimpling ; St. Margaret's. 
 
 C. glauca, Murr. Glaucous Heath Sedge. 5, 6. Common in 
 poor pastures and damp places. 
 
 C. pilulifera, L. Round-headed Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : wet 
 pastures near the Bath Hills, Ditchingham (T). 
 
 C. praecox, Jacq. Vernal Sedge. 4, 5. Not common : dry 
 pastures, Harleston, F. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 C. pallescens, L. Pale Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : damp places, 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood, F. 
 
 C. panicea, L. Pink-leaved Sedge. 6. Not common : Fir 
 Cover, Brockdish, F. St. Margaret's Marsh, (EAH), F. 
 
 C. sylvatica, Huds. Pendulous Wood Sedge. 5, 6. Common 
 in shady places : Gawdy Hall Wood ; Denton Planta- 
 tions ; Rushall Wood ; Spring Wood, Weybread ; Mend- 
 ham Grove, etc. 
 
 C. flava, L. Yellow Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : marshy ground, Fir 
 Cover, Brockdish, F. Var. lepidocarpa. 
 
116 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 C. hirta, L. Hairy Sedge. 5, 6. Common in meadows and 
 wet places : Ant Hill Farm, Redenhall ; Spring Wood, 
 Weybread ; meadows of the Waveney Valley, etc. 
 
 C. Pseudo-cyperus, L. Cyperus-like Sedge. 6. Frequent : 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood ; Wingfield Castle Moat ; 
 Rushall ; pond, Spurkett's Lane, Harleston ; Weybread, 
 etc. 
 
 C. paludosa, Good. Lesser Pond Sedge. 5. Abundant by 
 the riverside : Needham Alder Carr ; Flixton Long Plan- 
 tation, etc. 
 
 C. riparia, Curt. Greater Pond Sedge. 5. Common by the 
 riverside and in ditches. 
 
 C. rostrata, St. (C. ampullacea, Good.). Bottle Sedge. 5, 6. 
 Not common: ditches near Needham Alder Carr; Stow 
 Fen above Earsham Mill, F. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 C. vesicaria, L. Bladder Sedge. 5, 6. Rare : Gawdy Hall 
 Great Wood (EAH), F. St. Margaret's Beck (EAH). 
 
 PANICUM, L. 
 
 *P. glabrum, Gaud. (Digitaria humifusa, Pers.). Glabrous 
 Finger-grass. 7, 8. Rare : sandy fields by Bungay 
 (NBG). Earsham (EAH). 
 
 SETARIA, Beauv. 
 
 *S. viridis, Beauv. Green Bristle Grass. 7, 8. Rare : 
 Homersfield Allotments (EAH), F. Very abundant at 
 Ditchingham (T). 
 
 *S. glauca, Beauv. Glaucous Bristle Grass. 9. Extremely 
 abundant in sandy fields at Ditchingham (T). 
 
 PHALARIS, L. 
 
 *P. canariensis, L. Canary Grass. 7, 8. Waste ground,- 
 Needham, A. 
 
 P. arundinacea, L. (Digraphis arundinacea, Trin.). Reed 
 Canary Grass. 7, 8. Common in streams and ditches of 
 the Waveney. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 117 
 
 ANTHOXANTHUM, L. 
 
 A. odoratum, L. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. 5 7. Com- 
 mon in meadows and pastures. It gives the scent to hay. 
 
 ALOPECURUS, L. 
 
 A. agrestis, L. Slender Fox-tail Grass. 7, 8. Abundant in 
 fields and waste places. 
 
 A. fulvus, Sm. Orange-spiked Fox-tail Grass. 6 8. Rare : 
 in ditches on Dickleburgh Moor, F. 
 
 A. geniculatus, L. Bent Fox-tail Grass. 6, 7. Not common : 
 damp meadow, Jay's Green, Harleston, A. Baker's Barn. 
 Brickyard, F. Near Mendham Priory Ruin, D. Pulham 
 (T), etc. 
 
 A. pratensis, L. Meadow Fox-tail Grass. 5, 6. Common in 
 meadows and pastures. 
 
 MILIUM, L. 
 
 M. effusum, L. Wood Millet-grass. 6, 7. Rare : Gawdy 
 Hall Great Wood (EAH). 
 
 PHLEUM, L. 
 
 P. pratense, L. Timothy Grass. 5 10. Common in meadows 
 and by waysides. Var. nodosum, roadside below Homers- 
 field Church, F. 
 
 AGROSTIS, L. 
 
 A. canina, L. Brown Bent Grass. 6, 7. Not common : near 
 Weybread House, E. Potter's Pits, Weybread, F. 
 
 A. alba, L. Marsh Bent Grass. Common in the marsh 
 meadows. 
 
 A. vulgaris, With. Fine Bent Grass. 7, 8. Very common in 
 cultivated and waste ground. 
 
 CALAMAGROSTIS, Ad. 
 
 C. epigeios, Roth. Wood Small Reed. 1. Rare : Gawdy Hall 
 Great Wood (Mr. Flint), F. Spinney in Rushall, near 
 Brockdish Hall (EAH), F. Earsham Wood (WA). 
 
 C. lanceolata, Roth. Purple Small Reed. 6, 7. Rare : pond- 
 sides, Gawdy Hall Great Wood (EAH). Blake's Grove, 
 Gawdy Hall (BG). Earsham Wood (T). 
 
118 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 APERA, Ad. 
 
 A. interrupta, Beauv. (Agrostis interrupta, L.). Short- 
 panicled Silky Bent Grass. 6, 7. Very rare : in culti- 
 vated ground between Homersfield and St. Cross, 1884, A. 
 
 AIRA, L. 
 
 A. caryophyllea, L. Silvery Hair Grass. 6, 7. Frequent in 
 dry places : Homersfield Heath ; Mendham Pit on Withers- 
 dale Road, etc. 
 
 A. praecox, L. Early Hair Grass. 4 6. Abundant in dry 
 gravelly places : pasture near Homersfield Heath ; Wort- 
 well Railway Cutting, etc. 
 
 CORYNEPHORUS, Beauv. 
 
 C. canescens, Beauv. (Aira canescens, L.). Grey Hair-gra*s. 
 
 6, 7. Yery rare : plentiful on Homersfield Heath, D. 
 Cf. Introd., p. 31. 
 
 DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. 
 
 D. caespitosa, Beauv. (Aira caespitosa, L.). Tufted Hair- 
 
 grass. 6 8. Common in woods and moist shady 
 groves. 
 
 HOLCUS, L. 
 
 H. mollis, L. Creeping Soft Grass. 6 8. Frequent : Flix- 
 ton Long Plantation ; Homersfield Village ; Mendham 
 Priory Plantations ; Gawdy Hall W'ood ; St. Margaret's. 
 
 H. lanatus, L. Meadow Soft Grass. 6, 7. Common in fields 
 and by roadsides. 
 
 TRISETUM, Pers. 
 
 T. flavescens, Beauv. (Avena flavescens, L.). Yellow Oat 
 Grass. 7, 8. Common on dry banks and in pastures. 
 
 AVENA, L. 
 
 A. pubescens, Huds. Downy Oat Grass. 6, 7. Not common : 
 Gawdy Hall, near Redenhall Lodge, F. Near the Beck 
 Bridge at St. Cross (EAH), F. 
 
 A. pratensis, L. Narrow-leaved Oat Grass. 6, 7. Dry pastures 
 in the neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 119 
 
 *A. Strigosa, Sch. Black Oat Grass. 6, 7. Rare : cultivated 
 fields, Brockdish (EAH). 
 
 A. fatua, L. Wild Oat Grass. 6, 7. Not common : corn- 
 fields near Harleston, A. St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 ARRENATHERUM, Beauv. 
 
 A. avenaceum, Beauv. (Avena elatior, L.). False Oat Grass. 
 6, 7. Common in hedge-banks and bush}'- places. Yar. 
 nodosum, hedge-banks near Weybread House, F. 
 
 SIEGLINGIA, Bern. 
 
 S. decumbens, Bern. (Triodia decumbens, Beauv.). Decum- 
 bent Heath Grass. 7. Rare : barren pastures in the 
 neighbourhood of St. Margaret's (EAH). 
 
 PHRAGMITES, Trin. 
 
 P. communis, Trin. (Arundo Phragmites, L.). Common 
 Reed. 7, 8. Abundant in the Waveney. Pond, London 
 Road, Harleston ; Denton, etc. 
 
 CYNOSURUS, L. 
 
 C. cristatus, L. Crested Dog's-tail Grass. 58. Common 
 in meadows and pastures. 
 
 KOELERIA, Pera. 
 
 K. cristata, Pers. Crested Hair Grass. 6, 7. Not com- 
 mon : dry pastures in the neighbourhood of St. Mar- 
 garet's (EAH). Plentiful on Bungay Common, F. 
 
 CATABROSA, L. 
 
 C. aquatica, Beauv. Water Whorl Grass. 5 7. Frequent 
 in damp places : Shotford Marshes ; Mendham Old Priory ; 
 Needham and Brockdish Road ; Pulham Market ; Scole. 
 
 MELICA, L. 
 
 M. uniflora, Retz. Wood Melic Grass. 5 7. Frequent in 
 shady places : The Wilderness Copse, Harleston : Gawdy 
 Hall Wood ; Mendham Hill, Norfolk ; Brockdish, etc. 
 
120 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 DACTYLIS, L. 
 
 D. glomerata, L. Rough Cocks-foot Grass. 68. Common 
 in meadows and by roadsides. 
 
 BRIZA, L. 
 
 B. media, L. Common Quaking Grass. 6. Plentiful in 
 meadows : Harleston ; Starston ; Needham, etc. 
 
 POA, L. 
 
 P. annua, L. Annual Meadow Grass. 3 10. Common in 
 fields and waste places. 
 
 P. nemoralis, L. Wood Meadow Grass. 6, 7. Not common : 
 roadside between Harleston and the Dove House, A. 
 Gawdy Hall Great Wood, and Redenhall Green Lane, F. 
 Nichols' Hill, Mendham : Flixton, E. 
 
 P. COmpressa, L. Flat-stemmed Meadow Grass. 6 9. Fre- 
 quent in dry barren ground ; roadside, Redenhall; pastures, 
 Mendham, Scole, etc. 
 
 P. pratensis, L. Smooth Meadow Grass. 6, 7. Common in 
 meadows and on hedge-banks. 
 
 P. trivialis, L. Rough Meadow Grass. 6, 7. Frequent in 
 meadows : Lush Bush ; Weybread ; Redenhall, etc. 
 
 GLYCERIA, R.Br. 
 
 G. fluitans, R. Br. Floating Meadow Grass. 6 8. Common 
 in ditches and ponds. 
 
 G. plicata, Fr. Folded-leaved Meadow Grass. 6 8. Rare : 
 wet places, St. Margaret's and St. Cross (EAH). 
 
 G. aquatica, Sm. Reed Meadow Grass. 7, 8. Frequent by 
 the side of streams and in ditches : Wortwell ; Mend- 
 ham ; Needham ; Pulham Market ; Scole, etc. 
 
 FESTUCA, L. 
 
 F. rigida, Kunth. (Sclerochloa rigida, Link.). Hard 
 Meadow Grass. 6. Frequent on dry banks : St. Cross 
 School-ground (EAH), F. Needham Alder Carr Pit; 
 Flixton New Road, F. 
 
FLOWERING PLANTS. 121 
 
 F. myurus, L. (F. Pseudo-myurus, Soy.). Mouse-tail Fescue 
 Grass. 6, 7. Not common : abundant in Mendham Pit 
 on the Witiiersdale Road, F. 
 
 F. sciuroides, Roth. (F. bromoides, Sm.). Barren Fescue 
 Grass. 6 8. Frequent in dry places : Needham Alder 
 Carr Pit : field near Starston Bridge ; gravel pit, Earsham 
 Station, F. 
 
 F. ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue Grass. 6, 7. Frequent in dry 
 places : Homerstield Heath and roadside below the 
 Church ; gravel pit, Earsham Station, F. St. Margaret's 
 (EAH). 
 
 F. rubra, L. Red Fescue Grass. 6, 7. Damp shady places : 
 Harleston Green Lane ; Flixton Park, A. 
 
 F. fallax, Th. (F. duriuscula, L). Hard Fescue Grass. 6, 7. 
 -Frequent in dry pastures and on banks : Mendham 
 Pit on Withersdale Road ; Rushall Road ; Gawdy Hall, 
 etc. 
 
 F. elatior, L. Tall Fescue Grass. 6, 7. Not infrequent : 
 damp situations, Harleston ; Flixton Park, A. Between 
 Gawdy Hall and Alburgh, F. 
 
 Yar. loliacea, Huds. Frequent : meadows, Lush Bush ; 
 Wey bread ; St. Margaret's, etc. 
 
 Yar. pratensis. Meadow Fescue Grass. Common in pas- 
 tures. 
 
 BROMUS, L 
 
 B. giganteus, L. (Festuca gigantea, Vill). Tall Brome 
 Grass. 7, 8. Not uncommon : Gawdy Hall Wood 
 damp places near Wortwell Mill ; Mendham Mill ; 
 Flixton. 
 
 B. asper, Murr. Rough Brome Grass. 6, 7. Common in 
 hedge-banks and bushy places. 
 
 B. sterilis, L. Barren Brome Grass. 6. Common on dry 
 banks, walls, and in fields. 
 
 B. secalinus, L. (Serrafalcus secalinus, Bab.). Rye Brome 
 Grass. 6 8. Rare : cultivated fields in the Norfolk 
 neighbourhood of Bungay (NBG). Local name Drauk. 
 
 B. racemosus, L. (Serrafalcus racemosus, Parl.). Racemose 
 Brome Grass. 6, 7. Rare : damp pastures, St. Mar- 
 garet's (EAH). 
 
122 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 B. commutatus, Sell. (Serrafalcus commutatus, Bab.). Con- 
 fused Brome Grass. 6, 7. Frequent : pastures and cul- 
 tivated ground : Mendham Mill ; Needham ; Rushall ; 
 Gawdy Hall ; Wortwell ; St. Margaret's. 
 
 B. mollis, L. (Serrafalcus mollis, Parl.). Soft Brome Grass. 
 6. Common on banks and in pastures. 
 
 *B. arvensis, L. (Serrafalcus arvensis, Godr.). Field Brome 
 Grass. 7, 8. Waste places and fields ; Shotford Hill ; 
 FlixtoD, A. Formerly at Earsham (BG). 
 
 BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv. 
 
 B. sylvaticum, Sch. Wood False Brome Grass. 7, 8. Plen- 
 tiful in woods and shady places. 
 
 B. pinnatum, Beauv. Barren False Brome Grass. 1. Rare : 
 dry open fields, Earsham (T). 
 
 LOLIUM, L. 
 
 L. perenne, L. Common Eye Grass. 5 7. Common in 
 meadows and waste places. Var. *italicum occasionally 
 as an escape from cultivation. Monstrosities are fre- 
 quent. Popular name Tinker-Tailor. 
 
 fL. temulentum, L. Darnel. 6 8. A very troublesome 
 weed among wheat in Norfolk and Suffolk (WA). Culti- 
 vated fields, St. Margaret's, formerly plentiful, now ex- 
 tinct (1874, EAH). Seeds very poisonous. This is the 
 Tare of the Bible. 
 
 AGROPYRUM, Gsert. 
 
 A. repens, Beauv. (Triticum repens, L.). Creeping Couch 
 Grass. 6 9. Frequent : Lush Bush Spurkett's Lane, 
 etc. Var. barbatum, field opposite the Anthill Farm on 
 the way to Mendham, F. Spurkett's Lane, A. The 
 awned plants appear to be all A. repens. 
 
 HORDEUM, L. 
 
 H. pratense, Huds. Meadovi Barley. 6, 7. Frequent : 
 Needham Alder Carr Meadows ; pastures near Redenhall 
 Grange ; Lush Bush, etc. 
 
 H. murinum, L. Wall Barley. 6, 7. Common by waysides 
 and in waste ground. 
 
FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 ACROGENES. 
 
 F I L I C E S . 
 
 PTERIS, L. 
 
 P. aquilina, L. Common Brake. 6, 7. Common : roadsides 
 and waste places in a sandy or gravelly soil. 
 
 ASPLENIUM, L. 
 
 A. Adiantum-nigrum, L. Black Spleenwort. 6 9. Rare : 
 a few plants on Dickleburgh Church, wall (DC). Near 
 Ditchingham Hall (Mr. F. Spalding). 
 
 A. viride, Huds. Green Spleenwort. 6 9. Very rare : dis- 
 covered by Mr. T. M. Spalding, forty years ago, 011 an 
 old wall between Denton and Bungay, and growing there 
 still (Mr. F. Spalding), F. Cf. Introd., p. 28. 
 
 A. Trichomanes, L. Maiden-hair Spleenwort. 5 10. Rare : 
 occasionally on buildings at Gawdy Hall (Mr. Flint). 
 Bedingham Church wall (Mr. F. Spalding). 
 
 A. Euta-muraria, L. Wall Rue Spleenwort. 5 9. Not 
 infrequent : Harleston Common, B. Fressingfield Church 
 wall. Syleharn (DC). Dickleburgh (TS). Ditching- 
 ham Church wall (Mr. F. Spalding). Long Stratton 
 Church (WA). 
 
 ATHYEIUM, Roth. 
 
 A. Filix-fcemina, Roth. Lady Fern. 6, 7. Rare : Flixton 
 Long Plantation, F. Formerly in Gawdy Hall Wood 
 (the late J. Muskett). 
 
 CETERACH, Will. 
 
 C. officinarum, Will. Scaly Spleenwort. 4 10. Very rare: 
 Mendham Church wall, B. Bridge near Forncett Station 
 (Mr. H. F. Wilson). Cf. Introd., p. 28. 
 
124 FERNS AND ALLIES. 
 
 SCOLOPENDRIUM, Sm. 
 
 S. vulgare, Sym. Common Hart's Tongue. 7, 8. Frequent 
 in shady places. 
 
 CYSTOPTERIS, Bern. 
 
 C. fragilis, Bern. Brittle Bladder Fern. 6, 7. On an old 
 wall at Harleston (1843, the late Mr. Muskett and Mr. 
 T. M. Spalding) ; locality destroyed. Harleston Station 
 wall (1884, B.). Cf. Introd., p. 28. 
 
 POLYSTICHUM, Roth. 
 
 P. lobatum, Pres. (Aspidium lobatum, Sw.). Prickly Shield 
 Fern. 7, 8. Shady hedge-bank near Redenhall Gate- 
 house, B. Gissing (T). 
 
 Var. aculeatum, Sym. Not infrequent: Redenhall, Rushall, 
 Needham, etc. 
 
 P. ang-ulare, Pres. (Aspidium angulare, Willd.). Angular 
 Shield Fern. 7, 8. Rare : shady hedge-banks, Shelton 
 (Mrs. Sancroft Holmes). Formerly frequent at Dickie- 
 burgh (DC). 
 
 LASTRJJA, Pres. 
 
 L. Filix-mas, Pres. (Nephrodium Filix-mas, Rich.). Male 
 Buckler Fern. 6, 7. Generally distributed in woods and 
 hedge-banks. 
 
 L. spinulosa, Pres. (Nephrodium spinulosum, Desv.). Spinu- 
 lose Buckler Fern. 7 9. Rare : moist places in several 
 parts of Gawdy Hall Great Wood (Mr. Flint), F. 
 
 L. dilatata, Pres. (Nephrodium dilatatum, Desv.). Broad 
 Buckler Fern. 7 9. Very rare : sparingly in a shady 
 lane at Shelton (Mrs. Sancroft Holmes). 
 
 POLYPODIUM, L. 
 
 P. vulgare, L. Common Polypody. 7 11. Common in banks 
 and on trees. 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. 
 
 0. vulgatum, L. Adder's Tongue. 5, 6. Not infrequent : 
 pasture near Jay's Green, Harleston, B. Gawdy Hall 
 .Great Wood, F. Meadow, St. Cross, G. Gawdy Hall 
 Lawns (Mrs. Pemberton), F. Fressingfield, D. 
 
FERNS AND ALLIES. 125 
 
 E Q U I S E T A C E JB . 
 
 EQUISETUM, L. 
 
 E. arvense, L. Common Horse-tail. 4. Common in cornfields 
 and gravel-pits. 
 
 E. palustre, L. Marsh Horse-tail. 6, 7. Frequent in ditches : 
 ISTeeclham Alder Carr Meadows ; Weybread, etc. 
 
 E. limosum, Sm. Smooth Horse-tail. 6, 7. Common in 
 ditches and streams. 
 
 E. hyemale, L. Rough Horse-tail. 7, 8. Very rare : "I 
 believe I have seen it growing at the Earsham end of the 
 Bath Hills " (Mr. F. Spalding). Hedenham (WA). 
 
 CHAEACE^B. 
 
 CHARA, L. 
 
 C. fragilis, Desv. Slender Chara. 6 8. Pond, Harleston 
 Common, F. 
 
 C. aspera, Willd. Rough Chara. 8. Ditches near Wey- 
 bread Mill, Suffolk, F. 
 
 C. vulgaris, L. (Chara foetida, ABr.). Common Chara. 
 6 8. Abundant in the marsh dykes : Shotford-; Mend- 
 ham Priory Meadows, etc., F. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED WITHIN EIGHT MILES. 
 
 Viola canina, L. (Var. flavicornis.) Dillenius* Dog Violet. 
 4, 5. Sandy places, Broome Heath (T). 
 
 Sagina nodosa, Mey. Knotted Spurrey. 7, 8. Broome Fen 
 
 (T). 
 
 Ulex nanus, Forst. Dwarf Furze. 8 11. Stuston ; Bungay. 
 
 Medicago maculata, Sib. Spotted Medick. 5 8. Bungay 
 
 (NBG). 
 
 Tri folium suffocatum, L. Suffocated Clover. 6, 7. Bungay 
 Common (EAH) ; Broome (T). Cf. Introd., p. 31. 
 
 *Sedum reflexum, L. Crooked Stone-crop. 6, 7. Bungay, E. 
 
 Epilobium angustifolium, L. Rose-bay Willow-herb. 6 8. 
 Hedenham (T). 
 
 Epilobium obscurum, Sch. Short-podded Willow-herb. 7, 8. 
 Bungay (Stock). 
 
 Apium graveolens, L. Celery. 6 8. Bungay (NBG). Cf. 
 Introd., p. 30. 
 
 *Inula Helenium, L. Elecampane. 7, 8. Mettingham (WA). 
 
 Taraxacum palustre (DC). Dandelion. 5, 6. Damp meadows, 
 Broome (WA). 
 
 *Mimulus luteus, L. Monkey -flower. 7 9. Bungay (HS). 
 
 Veronica triphyllos, L. Fingered Speedwell. 4. Bungay 
 (Suckling). 
 
 Pedicularis palustris, L. Marsh Lousewort. 5 9. Bun- 
 gay (Llev. W. M. Hind). 
 
 Calamintha arvensis, Lam. (C. Acinos, Glair.). Basil 
 Thyme. 6 9. Gravelly places, Bungay (Stock). Brooke 
 
128 APPENDIX. 
 
 Chenopodium urbicum, L. Upright Goosefoot. 1 , 8. Bungay 
 (HS). 
 
 Chenopodium rubrum, L. Red Goosefoot. 7, 8. Bungay 
 (HS). 
 
 R-umex maritimus, L. Golden Dock. 7, 8. Bungay (NBG). 
 Rumex palustris, L. Marsh Dock. 8 10. Bungay (NBG). 
 
 *Aristolochia Clematitis, L. Birthwort. 6 9. Stuston (Dr. 
 Amyot). 
 
 *Urtica pilulifera, L. Roman Nettle. 68. Bungay (FB). 
 
 Salix pentandra, L. Bay-leaved Willow. 4, 5. Bungay 
 (WA). 
 
 Salix aurita, L. Round-eared Willow. 5. Bungay (WA). 
 
 Epipactis purpurata, Sm. Purple Helleborine. 7, 8. He- 
 denham (WA). 
 
 Epipactis palustris, Cr. Marsh Helleborine. 7, 8. Broome 
 Fen (T). 
 
 Gagea fascicularis, Sal. Yellow Star of Bethlehem. 4. Pas- 
 tures, Shipmeadow (WA). Confirmed' by the Rev. E. A. 
 Holmes in 1884. 
 
 Juncus squarrosus, L. Heath Rush. 6, 7. Bungay (HS). 
 
 Potamogeton plantagineus, Ducr. Plantain-leaved Pond- 
 weed. 6, 7. In ditches by Broome (T). 
 
 Scirpus pauciflorus, Light. Few-flowered Rush. 7, 8. Broome 
 Fen (T). 
 
 Schoenus nigricans, L. Black Bog Rush. 6, 7. Broome 
 Fen (T). 
 
 Cladium germanicum, Sch. Prickly Twig Rush. 7, 8. 
 Bungay (WA). 
 
 Carex dioica, L. Creeping Dioecious Sedge, o, 6. Broome 
 
 (BO). 
 
 Carex pulicaris, L. Flea Sedge. 5, 6. Bungay (WA). 
 
 Carex echinata, Mnrr. (C. stellulata, Good.). Little Prickly 
 Sedge. 5, 6. Bungay (Stock). 
 
 Carex strigosa, Huds. Loose Pendulous Sedge. 5, 6. He- 
 denham (BG). 
 
 Carex distans, L. Loose Sedge. 6. Bungay (HS). 
 
APPENDIX. 129 
 
 Carex (Ederi, Ehr. (Eder's Sedge. 6, 7. Bungay (Stock). 
 *Panicum sanguinale, Scop. Hairy Finger Grass. 8. Broome 
 (Stock). 
 
 Bromus erectus, Huds. Upright Brome Grass. 6,7. Bungay 
 (Woodward). 
 
 Agropyron caninum, Beauv. Fibrous Couch Grass. 7. 
 Bungay (HS). 
 
 Lastrea Thelypteris, Pres. Marsh Buckler Fern. 7, 8. 
 
 Bungay (WA). 
 Equisetum maximum, Lam. Great Horsetail. 4. Bungay 
 
 (HS). 
 Lycopodium inundatum, L. Common Club Moss. 8, 9. 
 
 Bungay (HS). 
 
V. 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON 
 THE BIEDS. 
 
OBSERVATIONS ON 
 
 THE BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES CANDLER. 
 
 THE following list, compiled for the most part from casual 
 notes entered in a diary from time to time during the last 
 seven years, without any thought of publication, must not be 
 taken as a complete catalogue of the birds of the district. 
 Many species which I have strong reasons to believe are 
 regular or frequent visitors to our neighbourhood are here 
 omitted, as for want of a larger number of observers (or 
 perhaps I should say of more careful attention on my own 
 part) they have hitherto escaped detection. So far, however, 
 as the observations extend, I have taken care to insure their 
 accuracy, and I think that in this respect they may be con- 
 sidered reliable. It will be found that the notes relate to a 
 much more restricted area than that covered by the observa- 
 tions of the Harleston Botanical Club. Indeed, of the 126 
 species mentioned below, upwards of 100 have been met with 
 in the two parishes of Redenhall and Mendham alone ; and, 
 with a very few exceptions, all have occurred within three 
 miles of Harleston Railway Station. In conformity with 
 Messrs. Gurney and Southwell's authoritative List of the 
 Birds of Norfolk, recently published,* the arrangement and 
 nomenclature adopted by the editors of the fourth edition of 
 Yarrell's British Birds have been followed ; and I am per- 
 sonally indebted to Mr. Thomas Southwell for kindly looking 
 through my notes and otherwise assisting me. 
 
 The species marked with an asterisk are known to breed in 
 the district. 
 
 1. WHITE-TAILED EAGLE (Halioeetus albicilla). 
 
 A bird in immature plumage is still preserved at Gawdy 
 
 * Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, vol. iv., 
 pp. 259286 and 397-432, 
 
134 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 Hall, which, according to the Journal of the Rev. Wrn 
 Whitear,f was shot in the wood on January 29th, 1823. 
 
 2. PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus). 
 
 A female in second year's plumage was shot near Gawdy 
 Hall on the 12th January, 1884. 
 
 3. f HOBBY (Falco subbuteo). 
 
 Rare. Mr. Stevenson records the nesting of this hawk at 
 Thorpe Abbots. About fifteen years ago a pair of Hobbies 
 built a nest in an oak-tree in Gawdy Hall Park. The birds 
 were shot, and, with their nest and eggs, are preserved at the 
 Hall. The Hobby has also been killed at Flixton (Suckling's 
 Suffolk). 
 
 4. MERLIN (Falco fesalon). 
 
 Sir E. Kay's keeper has killed three or four Merlins at 
 Thorpe Abbots. 
 
 5. *KESTREL (Falco tinmmculus). 
 
 Though a constant war is waged against this bird, it is 
 still by no means uncommon. For several years a pair nested 
 in the tower of Redenhall Church, and I have known the bird 
 to breed in the fragment of old wall which is all now remain- 
 ing of the ruins of Mendham Priory. (In the summer of 1886 
 I found a Kestrel's nest, containing six eggs hard sat upon, 
 in the ruinous tower of Linstead Magna Church, within a few 
 feet of the bell chimed every Sunday for service. ) 
 
 6. *SPARROW-HAWK (Accipiter nisus). 
 
 Less common than the Kestrel, but not yet extinct as a 
 resident with us. 
 
 7. [BUZZARD (Buteo ?). 
 
 Frequent reports of large raptorial birds seen in the 
 neighbourhood are brought to me in autumn ; most 
 probably Common or Rough-legged Buzzards on 
 passage.] 
 
 8. *TAWNY OWL (Strix aluco). 
 
 A few Tawny Owls still exist in the woods around Flixton 
 Hall, but elsewhere in the district the bird is either extinct or 
 very rare. Two or three years ago Sir E. Kay's keeper killed 
 one of these birds at Thorpe Abbots. 
 
 t The Rev. Wm. Whitear, M.A., F.L.S., was Recbor 9f Starston from 
 1803 till his death in 1826. His Journal, covering the years' 18091826, was 
 published by the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, in their " Trans- 
 actions " for 188081, vol. iii., pp. 231262. 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 135 
 
 9. * LONG-EARED OWL (Asio otus). 
 
 Occasionally found in the neighbourhood of the town at 
 Shotford Hill, and in other similar localities. In the fir woods 
 at Flixton the bird is common. 
 
 10. SHORT-EARED OWL (Asio accipitrinus). 
 
 An autumn visitor, occasionally shot by our sportsmen in 
 the stubbles and turnip-fields. 
 
 11. *BARN OWL (Aluco flammeus). 
 
 Too many of these most useful and interesting birds pass 
 every year through the hands of our local bird-stutters. They 
 cling tenaciously to their old nesting-places. A pair have for 
 many years haunted a hollow elm near the town, though 
 frequently robbed of their eggs, stoned, and shot at. If this 
 bird received the protection it deserved, there would be 
 scarcely an old homestead in the district without its pair of 
 Barn Owls. 
 
 12. *RED-BACKED SHRIKE (Lanius collurio). "Butcher 
 
 Bird." 
 
 Now sparsely distributed in summer, the trim fences of 
 the modern farm affording the bird no nesting cover. 
 
 13. "^SPOTTED FLYCATCHER (Musicapa yrisola). 
 A common summer visitant. 
 
 14. ^MISTLETOE THRUSH (Turdus viscivorus). "Fulfer" 
 
 and "Dow-fulfer."f 
 
 Common. A noisy and conspicuous bird in autumn. 
 
 15. "^SONG-THRUSH (Turdus musicus). "Mavis." 
 
 Common ; disappearing in seasons of severe and prolonged 
 frost, as the winter of 1880 81. 
 
 16. REDWING (Turdus iliacus), and 
 
 17. FIELDFARE (Turdus pilaris). "Fulfer." 
 
 Regular winter immigrants, the latter being the more 
 conspicuous and better known. 
 
 18. ^BLACKBIRD (Turdus merula). 
 
 Common. A hardier bird than its congener the Thrush. 
 
 t In the hope of interesting my boy friends in the subject, I have given 
 the local names of a few of those birds with which they are most familiar. 
 The word " fulfcr" is here spelt as it is locally pronounced. The name is 
 also applied, and more properly belongs, to the Fieldfare. 
 
136 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 19. RING OUZEL (Turdus torquatus). 
 
 "1818. April 25th. A Ring Ouzel was shot this day 
 upon Spurling's farm in this parish [Starston]." Mr. Whitear's 
 Journal (Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, 
 vol. iii., p. 247). 
 
 20. *HEDGE SPARROW (Accentor modularis). 
 A common and, I believe, a constant resident. 
 
 21. "^REDBREAST (Erithacus rubecula). 
 
 Common. Breeding with us from year to year in apparently 
 unvarying numbers. 
 
 22. ^NIGHTINGALE (Daulius luscinia). 
 A summer visitant, sparingly distributed. 
 
 23. * REDSTART (Ruticilla phcenicurus). 
 
 A regular summer visitant, frequenting our gardens, though 
 in small numbers. 
 
 24. STONECHAT (Saxicola rubicola). 
 Not at all common. 
 
 25. *WHINCHAT (Saxicola rubetra). 
 
 Scarce, especially on the Norfolk side of the river. 
 
 26. WHEATEAR (Saxicola cenantke). 
 Met with on migration. 
 
 27. *REED WARBLER (Acrocephalus streperus). " Reed- 
 
 bird." 
 
 A summer visitant, nesting regularly in the beds of Arundo 
 Phraymites which fringe the Waveney in many places between 
 Wey bread and Needham Mills. 
 
 28. *SEDGE WARBLER (Acrocephalus scliosnobcenus]. 
 
 A common summer visitant, haunting rank growths of 
 vegetation near streams, ponds, and ditcher* all over the 
 district. 
 
 29. GRASSHOPPER WARBLER (Acrocephalus nosvius). 
 
 Mr. Whitear writes in his Journal, under date April 27th, 
 1821 : " Saw a Grasshopper Warbler in the hedge of the Beck 
 meadow." He also notes the arrival of the bird at Starston on 
 the 23rd April, 1822. 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 137 
 
 30. *WHITETHROAT (Sylvia rufa). " Hayjack." 
 One of the most abundant of our summer migrants. 
 
 31. * LESSER WHITETHROAT (Sylvia curruca). 
 
 " We have noticed the Lesser Whitethroat more than once 
 at Starston, and have also procured its eggs at the same place " 
 (Sheppard and Whitear's Catalogue of the Norfolk and Suffolk 
 Birds 1825, p. 19). Mr. F. Boyce tells me that he has often 
 met with this bird at Redenhall, and it appears to be not rare 
 in the neighbourhood. 
 
 32. * GARDEN WARBLER (Sylvia hortensis), and 
 
 33. *BLACKCAP (Sylvia atricapilla). 
 
 Summer migrants, generally distributed in groves and 
 gardens. 
 
 34. WOOD WREN (Phylloscopus sibilatrix). 
 
 " This species is scarce. A specimen was killed at Starston.'' 
 (List of the birds of the county in Stacy's History of Norfolk, 
 
 1829.)f 
 
 35. *WILLOW WREN (Phylloscopus trochilus). "Ground- 
 
 oven." 
 
 Common in orchards and plantations through the summer. 
 
 36. *CHIFFCHAFF (Phylloscopus collyUta). 
 
 A summer visitant, and nearly as plentiful in our district 
 as the Willow Wren. 
 
 37. "^GOLDEN-CRESTED WREN (Regulus cristatus). 
 
 Not very common in summer ; more frequently met with 
 in autumn and winter. 
 
 38. *WREN (Troglodytes parvulus). 
 Very common. | 
 
 f This list was contributed by John Hunt, of Norwich, author of an 
 illustrated work on British Birds, and a friend and correspondent of the Rev. 
 Wm. Whitear, from whom, no doubt, he received the above information. 
 
 Some years ago, before the days of compulsory education, Wrens were 
 familiarly known around Harleston as " stags ; " and " stag-hunting " that is, 
 stoning a Wren up and down a hedge till a shot from one side or the other 
 killed the bird was a favourite sport with our boys, and even young men. 
 The school-attendance inspector is in many ways a good friend to our wild 
 birds ! 
 
138 OBSERVATIONS ' ON THE 
 
 39. *TREE CREEPER (Certhia familiar is). 
 A common resident. 
 
 40. *NUTHATCII (Sitta ccesia). " Nutcracker." 
 
 Fairly common. An examination of the old oaks by the 
 roadside in Gawdy Hall Wood will show traces of the work 
 of this bird in the form of broken nutshells firmly wedged in 
 the crevices of the bark. 
 
 41. *GREAT TITMOUSE (Parus major), " Pickcheese," 
 
 " Blackcap," and 
 
 42. *BLUE TITMOUSE (Parus cceruleus). 
 Two very common birds. 
 
 43. *COAL TITMOUSE (Parus britannicus), and 
 
 44. *MARSH TITMOUSE (Parus palustris). 
 
 These two species appear to be equally .plentiful with us. 
 The Marsh Tit is by no means confined to the river valley, but 
 has been frequently observed by Mr. F. Boyce at Redeiihall, 
 and is, I believe, generally distributed in the upland districts. 
 It has been shot in my father's garden in the town. 
 
 45. "^LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE (Acredula caudata.} "Pud- 
 
 dingpoke." 
 
 Tolerably common. Less frequently noticed in summer 
 than in winter, when small parties are constantly met with 
 actively moving about in search of food. 
 
 46. *PiED WAGTAIL (Motacilla lugubris). "Penny 
 
 Wagtail." 
 
 Not common, only a few pairs nesting in the neighbour- 
 hood. 
 
 47. * YELLOW WAGTAIL (Motacilla raii). " Capering Long- 
 
 tail." 
 
 A summer visitant. Several pairs nest regularly along the 
 margins of the dykes on the Mendham Marshes. 
 
 48. *TREE PIPIT (Anthus trivialis). 
 
 A common summer migrant. The slopes of the railway 
 cuttings and embankments are favourite nesting haunts of 
 this bird. 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 139 
 
 49. *MEADOW PIPIT (Anthus pratensis). "Titlark." 
 
 Not very common ; found frequenting the rough water- 
 meadows by the Waveney. 
 
 50. *SKYLARK (Alauda arvensis). 
 Very common. 
 
 51. *REED BUNTING (Eberiza schcenidus). "Blackcap." 
 Common in the river valley at all times of the year. 
 
 52. *BUNTING (Emberiza miliaria). 
 
 A common and conspicuous bird, particularly in the meadows 
 near the town. Its nest is very rarely found. 
 
 53. * YELLOW HAMMER (Emberiza citrinella). 
 
 An abundant and, I think, increasing species. Nesting in 
 banks and ditches, and feeding on grain, it has been little 
 affected by the destruction of the old hedgerows. 
 
 54. ^CHAFFINCH (Frinyilla ccelebs). " Spink." 
 Abundant. 
 
 55. BRAMBLING (Fringilla montifringilla). 
 An occasional winter visitor. 
 
 56. *TREE SPARROW (Passer montanus). 
 
 Mr. F. Boyce has identified the Tree Sparrow at Redenhall, 
 and has taken its eggs from a hole in a tree by the beck. 
 
 57. *HousE SPARROW (Passer domesticus). 
 Abundant everywhere. 
 
 58. (* 1) HAWFINCH (Coccothraustes vulgaris). 
 
 Not at all rare. I have a bird shot in a garden in the 
 town in November, 1880, and some dozen others have been 
 killed in the immediate neighbourhood during the last few 
 years.f 
 
 59. ^GREENFINCH (Coccothraustes chloris). "Green 
 
 Linnet." 
 
 Only less abundant than the House Sparrow. 
 
 f As to the occasional abundance of this bird at Diss, see Mr. Southwell's 
 note in his edition of Lubbock's Fauna of Norfolk, p. 03. 
 
140 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 60. ^GOLDFINCH (Carduelis elegans). " King Harry." 
 
 A few pairs nest in our orchards every summer, but unfor- 
 tunately their broods are generally secured by some bird-- 
 fancier. The bird will soon be rare. 
 
 61. SISKIN (Carduelis 
 
 A winter migrant, uncertain in numbers, frequenting in 
 severe weather the alders by the river. 
 
 62. * LESSER REDPOLL (Linota rufescens}. 
 
 Resident, I think, in small numbers, but better known as a 
 winter visitor. Some years ago a very large flock frequented, 
 at this season, a wood near Mendham Mansion. 
 
 63. *LiNNET (Linota linaria). " Brown," " grey," or "red 
 
 Linnet." 
 
 Not very plentiful. Nests frequently in the furze bushes 
 on the now enclosed and cultivated tract of land still known 
 as " Shotford Heath." 
 
 64. ^BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula europwa). " Blood Olph." 
 A resident, sparingly distributed. 
 
 65. * STARLING (Sturnus vulgar is). 
 Very common. 
 
 66. *CARRION CROW (Corvus corone). 
 
 A much-persecuted and now scarce bird. For years a pair 
 has attempted to breed in a plantation near Weybread Hall. 
 One or two nests are found every summer in the Gawdy Hall 
 Woods. The bird is frequently seen at Thorpe Abbots, and 
 nests in some high trees near the river. 
 
 67. HOODED CROW (Corvus cornix). " Kentish Crow." 
 A regular and common winter migrant. 
 
 68. *RoOK (Corvus frugilegus). 
 
 Abundant. The largest rookeries in the neighbourhood 
 are at Flixton and Gawdy Hall. In 1881 the rooks returned 
 again to their old quarters in the lofty elms of the " White 
 House " garden, which had been deserted by the birds for 
 several years. Three nests were then built, and the number 
 has increased every year since. 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 141 
 
 69. * JACKDAW (Corvus monedula). "Gadder." 
 
 Common enough in winter, mingling with the rooks, or 
 flying separately in flocks often of considerable size. A very 
 small number of jackdaws breed in the neighbourhood. A few 
 pairs nest in the hollow trees at Flixton Park. 
 
 70. MAGPIE (Pica rustica). 
 
 As a resident, the Magpie is quite extinct in the district 
 under observation, and can only be included in this list as a 
 very rare visitor. Mr. J. A. Holmes has observed the bird at 
 Flixton within the last fifteen or twenty years, and I learn 
 from two informants that it has been seen much more recently 
 at Thorpe Abbots. The Rev. H. T. Frere tells me that a 
 Magpie was seen for some weeks last year at Gissing, which, 
 however, he thinks may have been an escaped bird, as it was 
 very tame. The last pair of Magpies which Mr. Frere re- 
 collects in this part of Norfolk frequented the neighbourhood 
 of Frenze fifty years ago. 
 
 71. *JAY (Garrulus ylandarius). 
 
 This bird still holds its own against the keepers, thanks to 
 its silent and wary habits during the breeding season. 
 
 72. *S WALLOW (Hirundo rustica). 
 Common through the summer. 
 
 73. *HousE MARTIN (Chelidon urbica). 
 
 Not very plentiful. Some years ago my brother counted 
 forty-five nests under the broad eaves of a thatched house at 
 Alburgh. This is the largest colony I have met with. The 
 front of the Swan Hotel in this town is a well-known rendez- 
 vous of the Martins before their autumn emigration. Numbers 
 of them may be seen here in the early morning sitting in rows 
 along the narrow ledges of the brickwork, and clustering upon 
 the ornamental ironwork supporting the old sign. 
 
 74. *SAND MARTIN (Cotile riparia). 
 
 Common. A considerable number nest in the large sand- 
 pit at the foot of Needham Hill. 
 
 75. *SwiFT (Cypselus apus). " Devil " and " Deviling." 
 
 Not plentiful. A few pairs nest in the tower of Eedenhall 
 Church every year/ 
 
142 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 76. ^NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus europceus). 
 
 A rare bird in the vicinity of Harleston, but more fre- 
 quently met with in Wortwell, Mendham, and Homersfield, on 
 lighter and warmer soils. A young bird was shot at Brockdish 
 last August, and another a few weeks later at Wey bread. At 
 Thorpe Abbots, in the extreme west of the district, the bird is 
 scarce, though a wooded country and gravelly soil would seem 
 to be favourable conditions. 
 
 77. *CUCKOO (Cuculus canorus). 
 
 A common summer visitor. In July, 1881, a Cuckoo laid 
 her egg in a Spotted Flycatcher's nest, built in the cleft of a 
 pear-tree, in an orchard near the town. The young Cuckoo 
 was hatched, and partly reared by the Flycatchers, but unfor- 
 tunately was taken from the nest before fully fledged. (A 
 similar instance of a Cuckoo's egg having been deposited in a 
 Flycatcher's nest, came under my notice at Fundenhall in the 
 same year.) 
 
 78. HOOPOE (Upupa epops). 
 
 One killed at Harleston in April, 1859 (Stevenson's Birds 
 of Norfolk}. 
 
 79. ROLLER (Coracias garrulus). 
 
 Mr. Stevenson notes the occurrence of a Roller at Earsham. 
 
 80. ^KINGFISHER (Alcedo ispida). 
 
 These birds suffered much from the high floods and severe 
 frosts of the years 1878 1881, during which period several 
 were found dead. In 1878 we found a Kingfisher's nest, con- 
 taining seven eggs, in a Sand Martin's burrow in a gravel pit 
 close to the town, and at some distance from the river. Pro- 
 bably not more than three or four pairs now breed in the 
 vicinity, but in autumn a considerable immigration takes place, 
 and the bird is then frequently seen, and much too frequently 
 shot. 
 
 81. * GREEN WOODPECKER (Gecinus viridis). 
 The most common of our three Woodpeckers 
 
 82. *GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus major). 
 
 Less common than the last-mentioned species, but not rare 
 in the Gawdy Hall Woods, the Starston Plantations, and other 
 suitable localities. 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 143 
 
 83. *LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus minor). 
 
 Rare or perhaps seldom observed. A bird was shot at 
 Mendhara in February, 1881, and one at Pulharn Market last 
 October. 
 
 84. *WRYNECK (lynx torquilla). " Cuckoo's mate." 
 
 A common summer visitor, and one of the best known 
 heralds of the spring. 
 
 85. *RiNG DOVE (Columba palumbus). 
 
 Very common, nesting in nearly all our woods and planta- 
 tions. In autumn great numbers resort to the oak groves to 
 feed on the acorns, and are shot from huts made of furze and 
 hurdles. I have known fifty -four birds, in a small plantation 
 at Starston, fall to a single gun in one day. In the crops of 
 these birds I have found, on dissection, an almost incredible 
 number of entire acorns. 
 
 86. STOCK DOVE (Columba cenas). 
 
 Nests in the hollow trees at Gawdy Hall and Flixton 
 (where I found, in 1880, a nest containing three eggs). I have 
 also found its nest in a hole in the masonry of the ruined 
 wall of Mendham Priory. Flocks of Stock Doves are occa- 
 sionally seen here in winter. 
 
 87. ^TURTLE DOVE (Turtur communis). 
 
 A summer visitant, nesting in the plantations at Gawdy 
 Hall, Starston and Shotford Hill, and, indeed, wherever it can 
 tind a sufficiently dense cover. 
 
 88. *PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus). 
 
 89. * PARTRIDGE (Perdix cinerea). 
 
 90. *RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE (Caccabis rufa). 
 
 The " French " is decidedly less abundant than the 
 " English " bird in this district. 
 
 91. QUAIL (Coturnix communis). 
 
 An uncertain visitor. In 1880, I believe, one or two pairs 
 nested near the town, and their curious trisyllabic note was 
 noticed by many persons. A bird was shot at Alburgh in the 
 autumn of the same year. Several arrived on the Suffolk side 
 of Scole, May, 1868. (Babington's Birds of Suffolk.) 
 
144 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 92. *LA.ND-RAIL (Crex pratensis). 
 
 Not a common bird with us, though hardly a summer 
 passes without one or two pairs breeding in the neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 93. SPOTTED CRAKE (Porzana parva). 
 
 Mr. John A. Holmes informs me that he killed a bird of 
 this species some years ago in Gawdy Hall Wood, when 
 pheasant-shooting. 
 
 94. * WATER RAIL (Rallus aquations). 
 
 Rarely seen through the summer, though not uncommon. 
 In winter it is often shot by our sportsmen along the 
 river-side. 
 
 95. *MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus). 
 
 Common. Between Shotford Bridge and Mendham Priory 
 the Waveney, during the summer, is in many places silted up 
 and choked from bank to bank by a rank growth of (Enaiithe, 
 Sium, and other weeds, which afford protection to numbers of 
 waterhens. 
 
 96. COOT (Fulica atra). 
 
 Occasionally shot upon the river in winter. 
 
 97. RINGED PLOVER ((Egialetis hiaticula). 
 
 Mr. James Elsey, of Mendham, tells me that some years 
 ago he stuffed a Ringed Plover, which was shot in a ploughed 
 iield near his house. 
 
 98. GOLDEN PLOVER (Charadrius pluvialis). 
 
 Flocks appear in our fields in autumn, and again in spring, 
 when they have been shot with the black breast of their 
 breeding plumage. 
 
 ^99. * LAPWING (Vanellus vulgar is). "Peewit." 
 
 The Lapwing frequents our fields and marshes in varying 
 numbers throughout the winter. A few pairs breed here and 
 there in the valley of the Waveney, and occasionally upon the 
 larger upland fields. 
 
 100. WOODCOCK (Scolopax rusticola). 
 
 A regular autumn visitor, though only met with in very 
 small numbers. At Flixton, this autumn, twelve birds have 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 145 
 
 been shot in a week. In the woods at Thorpe Abbots and 
 Brockdish more than three birds are rarely killed in one day. 
 
 101. *COMMON SNIPE (Gallinayo ccdestis). 
 
 The Snipe appears regularly upon our marshes in autumn, 
 its numbers, however, varying greatly with the condition of the 
 weather. It breeds with us in, I hope, increasing numbers. 
 Last summer I heard of four nests within a mile of Shotford 
 Bridge. 
 
 102. JACK SNIPE (Gallinago gallinula). " Half Snipe." 
 A winter visitor, generally in very small numbers. 
 
 1 03. DUNLIN. ( Tringa alpina). 
 
 I have noted but one occurrence of the Dunlin near Harle- 
 ston a bird shot a few years ago by an upland pond-side in 
 Mendham. 
 
 104. COMMON SANDPIPER (Totanus hypoleucus). 
 Often seen by the river-side in winter. 
 
 105. GREEN SANDPIPER (Totanns ochropus). 
 
 Single birds of this species have been seen in this neigh- 
 bourhood at almost every season of the year. It is not infre- 
 quently shot by the side of marsh dykes in autumn and 
 winter. 
 
 106. CURLEW (Numenius arquata). 
 Frequently seen or heard passing overhead. 
 
 107. LESSER TERN (Sterna minuta). 
 
 An occasional visitor. Two or three have been shot in 
 Mendham. 
 
 108. BLACK TERN (Hydrochelidon niyra). 
 
 One shot by the river at Mendham, May, 1883. (Babing- 
 ton's Birds of Suffolk.}. 
 
 109. BLACK-HEADED GULL (Larus ridibundus). 
 A common visitor in autumn and winter. 
 
 110. COMMON GULL (Larus canus). 
 Not infrequently seen in winter. 
 
 J 
 
146 OBSERVATIONS ON THE 
 
 111. HERRING GULL (Larus argentatus\ and 
 
 112. LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL (Larus fuscus). 
 
 Birds of these species frequently wander up the valley in 
 winter, those shot being generally in immature plumage. A 
 beautiful adult Herring Gull has been recently killed at 
 Mendham. 
 
 113. KITTIWAKE GULL (Rissa tridactyld). 
 
 Numbers of Kittiwakes may sometimes be seen in winter 
 at Wortwell and Honiersfield when the marshes are flooded. 
 
 114. DUSKY PETREL (Puffinus obscurus). 
 
 Mr. Wm. Hartcup, of Bungay, has a male bird of this 
 species, which was found dead at Earsham in the spring of 
 1858. This is the only example of the Dusky Petrel known 
 to have occurred in Great Britain.! 
 
 115. STORM PETREL (Procellaria pelagica). 
 
 Some years ago a Storm Petrel was brought to the late 
 Mr. James Muskett, which had fallen down the chimney of a 
 cottage, at Clintergate, Redenhall, during a gale of wind. 
 
 116. LITTLE AUK (Mergallus alle). 
 
 More than sixty years ago a storm-driven wanderer of this 
 species was caught alive in a stackyard at Pulham. (Sheppard 
 and Whitear's Catalogue of the Norfolk and Suffolk Birds, 
 p. 60.) 
 
 117. * LITTLE GREBE (Podicipes fluviatilis). " Dobchick." 
 
 The Dabchick is frequently shot on the river in winter, 
 and I think nests with us, for birds have been noticed all 
 through the summer. 
 
 + Mr. H. Stevenson has given an interesting account of the history of this 
 specimen, and its discovery by him after it had been lost sight of for 24 years, 
 in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society, vol. iii., 
 pp. 467 473. To Mr. Stevenson we are primarily indebted for our illustra- 
 tion of this bird, which is reproduced with his approval from a photograph 
 taken by Messrs. Sawyer and Bird under his direction. The Dusky Petrel 
 has, with its Australian representative Puffinus a-ssimih's, an extensive 
 ocean range in both northern and southern hemispheres, but it has very 
 rarely been met with north of the Mediterranean. The only other example, 
 which has been noted near the shores of Britain, was caught alive on a vessel 
 off the southern coast of Ireland in 1853. 
 
BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 147 
 
 118. *HERON (Ardea cinerea). " Harnser. ' 
 
 In the spring of 1884, a party of Herons, which had haunted 
 the vicinity of Flixton Hall during the winter, took up their 
 quarters in a grove of lofty oaks near the Thicket Wood. 
 Great care was taken that the birds should not be disturbed, 
 and seven nests were built in the first year. In 1885 the 
 number of nests fell to three, and remained the same in 1886. 
 Last spring the little colony increased to four pairs. A single 
 pair of Herons have, in recent years, several times nested in 
 Gawdy Hall Wood.f A small herony has also been established 
 within the last seven years in the parish of Thorpe Abbots, the 
 Herons having chosen as a breeding station a plantation on the 
 grounds of Thorpe Hall. The number of nests has varied from 
 year to year, but has never exceeded seven, and last year only 
 three pairs of birds bred in the locality. 
 
 119. NIGHT HERON (Nycticorax griseus). 
 
 A bird of this species was shot in a fir-tree in the Vicarage 
 Garden, at Meiidham, on the 10th of May, 1879. 
 
 120. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifrons).^ 
 
 Several of these birds were shot at Wortwell in February, 
 1883. 
 
 121. *WiLD DUCK (Anas boschas). 
 
 Common. This bird breeds by the ponds in Gawdy Hall 
 Wood, and in other suitable localities where protected. 
 
 122. SHOVELLER (Spatula clypeata). 
 
 I have only noted two or three of these ducks shot in winter 
 along the Waveney. 
 
 123. TEAL (Querquedula crecca). 
 
 A regular winter visitant to our streams and marshes. 
 
 124. WIGEON ( Mareca penelope}. " Smee Duck." 
 A winter visitor. 
 
 t The following entry occurs in Mr. Whi tear's notebook : "A pair of 
 Herons bred three times at Gawdy Hall ; the eggs were taken twice, and the 
 young once, about the year 1808. " (Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' 
 .Society, vol. iii., p. 258.) 
 
 + Triangles of Geese frequently pass overhead in winter, but the birds 
 are rarely killed, and the White-fronted Goose is the only species I have had 
 an opportunity of examining. I might, however, with perfect safety, add the 
 Pink-footed Goose to my list. The Rev. H. T. Frere tells me he has identi- 
 fied the bird at Burston. 
 
148 BIRDS OF THE HARLESTON DISTRICT. 
 
 125. POCHARD (Fuligula ferina).j 
 Occasionally shot in winter. 
 
 126. GOLDEX EYE (Clanyula ylaucion} 1 
 
 Mr. J. A. Holmes tells me that some years ago he shot a 
 Duck at Needham, which he identified with the " Morillon," of 
 Bewick. It has been occasionally seen at Oakley, near 
 Hoxne (Babington's Birds of Suffolk). 
 
 f Here, as elsewhere, the Teal, Wigeon. and Pochard, are known as 
 "Half- Duck." My list of Wild Fowl visiting our river marshes in winter is 
 very defective, and might be largely added to if our local gunners would pay 
 as much attention to the birds they kill as they do to their sport. 
 
INDEX TO THE BIEDS. 
 
 (The numbers refer to those prefixed to the names in the foregoing 
 Observations.} 
 
 Barn Owl, 11. 
 Blackbird, 18. 
 Blackcap, 33. 
 Black-headed Gull, 109. 
 Black Tern, 108. 
 Blue Titmouse, 42. 
 Brambling, 55. 
 Bullfinch, 64. 
 Bunting, 52. 
 Buzzard, 7. 
 
 Carrion Crow, 66. 
 Chaffinch. 54. 
 Chiffchaff, 36. 
 Coal Titmouse, 43. 
 Coot, 96. 
 Cuckoo, 77. 
 Curlew, 106. 
 
 Dunlin, 103. 
 Dusky Petrel, 114. 
 
 Fieldfare, 17. 
 
 Garden Warbler, 32. 
 Golden-crested Wren, 37. 
 Golden Eye, 126. 
 Golden Plover, 98. 
 Goldfinch, 60. 
 Grasshopper Warbler, 29. 
 Great Spotted Woodpecker, 82. 
 Great Titmouse, 41. 
 Greenfinch, 59. 
 Green Sandpiper, 105. 
 Green Woodpecker, 81. 
 Gull, Common, 110. 
 
 Hawfinch, 58. 
 Hedge Sparrow, 20. 
 Heron, 118. 
 Herring Gull, 110. 
 Hobby, 3. 
 Hooded Crow, 67. 
 
 Hoopoe, 78. 
 House Martin, 73. 
 House Sparrow, 57. 
 
 Jackdaw, 69. 
 Jack Snipe, 102. 
 Jay, 71. 
 
 Kestrel, 5. 
 Kingfisher, 80. 
 Kittiwake Gull, 113. 
 
 Land Rail, 92. 
 
 Lapwing, 99. 
 
 Lesser black-backed Gull, 112. 
 
 Lesser Redpoll, 62. 
 
 Lesser spotted Woodpecker, 83. 
 
 Lesser Tern, 107. 
 
 Lesser Whitethroat, 31. 
 
 Linnet, 63. 
 
 Little Auk, 110. 
 
 Little Grebe, 117. 
 
 Long-eared Owl, 9. 
 
 Long-tailed Titmouse, 45. 
 
 Magpie, 70. 
 
 Marsh Titmouse, 44. 
 
 Meadow Pipit, 49. 
 
 Merlin, 4. 
 
 Mistletoe Thrush, 14. 
 
 Moor Hen, 95. 
 
 Night Heron, 119. 
 Nightingale, 22. 
 Nightjar, 76. 
 Nuthatch, 40. 
 
 Partridge, 89. 
 Peregrine Falcon, 2. 
 Pheasant, 88. 
 Pied Wagtail, 46. 
 Pochard, 125. 
 
150 
 
 Quail, 91. 
 
 INDEX TO THE BIEDS. 
 
 Red-backed Shrike, 12. 
 Redbreast, 21. 
 Red-legged Partridge, 90. 
 Redstart, 23. 
 Redwing, 16. 
 Reed Bunting, 51. 
 Reed Warbler, 27. 
 Ring Dove, 85. 
 Ringed Plover, 97. 
 Ring Ouzel, 19. 
 Roller, 79. 
 Rook, 68. 
 
 Sand Martin, 74. 
 Sandpiper, Common, 104. 
 Sedge Warbler, 28. 
 Short-eared Owl, 10. 
 Shoveller, 122. 
 Siskin, 61. 
 Skylark, 50. 
 Snipe, Common, 101. 
 Song Thrush, 15. 
 Sparrow Hawk, 6. 
 Spotted Crake, 93. 
 Spotted Flycatcher, 13. 
 Starling, 65. 
 Stock Dove, 86. 
 
 Stonechat, 24. 
 Storm Petrel, 115. 
 Swallow, 72. 
 Swift, 75. 
 
 Tawny Owl, 8. 
 Teal, 123. 
 Tree Creeper, 39. 
 Tree Pipit, 48. 
 Tree Sparrow, 56. 
 Turtle Dove, 87. 
 
 Water Rail, 94. 
 Wheatear, 26. 
 Whincbat, 29. 
 White-fronted Goose, 120 
 White-tailed Eagle, 1. 
 Whitethroat, 30. 
 Wigeon, 124. 
 Wild Duck, 121. 
 Willow Wren, 35. 
 Woodcock, 100. 
 Wood Wren, 34. 
 Wren, 38. 
 Wryneck, 84. 
 
 Yellow Hammer, 53. 
 Yellow Wagtail, 47. 
 
INDEX TO THE PLANTS. 
 
 GENERIC NAMES. 
 
 (The numbers refer to the pages.} 
 
 Acer, 59. 
 
 Asperula, 75. 
 
 Centranthus, 76. 
 
 Aceras, 105. 
 
 Aspidium, 124. 
 
 Cephalanthera, 105. 
 
 Achillea, 78. 
 
 Asplenium, 123 
 
 Cerastium, 54. 
 
 Aconitum, 48. 
 
 Athyrium, 123. 
 
 Ceratophyllum, 103. 
 
 Acorus, 111. 
 
 Atriplex, 98. 
 
 Ceterach, 123. 
 
 Adonis, 45. 
 
 Atropa, 89. 
 
 Chaerophyllum, 71. 
 
 Adoxa, 74. 
 
 Avena, 118. 
 
 Chara, 125. 
 
 ^Egopodium, 71. 
 
 
 Cheiranthus, 49. 
 
 ^Ethusa, 72. 
 
 Ballota, 98. 
 
 Chelidonium, 49. 
 
 Agrimonia, 65. 
 
 Barbarea, 50. 
 
 Chenopodium, 97. 
 
 Agropyron, 122. 
 
 Bartsia, 92. 
 
 Chlora, 86. 
 
 Agrostemma, 54. 
 
 Bellis, 77. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 79. 
 
 Agrostis, 117. 
 
 Berberis, 48. 
 
 Chrysosplenium, 67. 
 
 Aira, 118. 
 
 Betula, 101. 
 
 Cichorium, 82. 
 
 Ajuga, 96. 
 
 Bidens, 78. 
 
 Circsea, 69. 
 
 Alchemilla, 65. 
 
 Blackstonia, 86. 
 
 Clematis, 45. 
 
 Alisma, 112. 
 
 Blysmus, 114. 
 
 Cnicus, 81. 
 
 Alliu'm, 108. 
 
 Borago, 87. 
 
 Cochlearia, 50. 
 
 Alnus, 101. 
 
 Brachypodium, 122. 
 
 Colchicum, 109. 
 
 Alopecurus, 117. 
 
 Brassica, 51. 
 
 Comarum, 65. 
 
 Anacharis, 104. 
 
 Briza, 120. 
 
 Conium, 70. 
 
 Anagallis, 86. 
 
 Bromus, 121. 
 
 Conopodium, 71. 
 
 Anchusa, 87. 
 
 Bryonia, 70. 
 
 Convallaria, 108. 
 
 Anemone, 45. 
 
 Bunium, 71. 
 
 Convolvulus, 88. 
 
 Angelica, 73. 
 
 Bupleurum, 70. 
 
 Cornus, 74. 
 
 Anthemis, 78. 
 
 Butomus, 112. 
 
 Coronopus, 51. 
 
 Anthoxanthum, 117. 
 
 
 Corydalis, 49. 
 
 Anthriscus, 72. 
 
 Calamagrostis, 117. 
 
 Corylus, 101. 
 
 Anthyllis, 61. 
 
 Calamintha, 94. 
 
 Corynephorus, 118. 
 
 Antirrhinum, 90. 
 
 Callitriche, 68. 
 
 Crataegus, 67. 
 
 Apargia, 83. 
 
 Calluna, 84. 
 
 Crepis, 82. 
 
 Apera, 118. 
 
 Caltha, 47. 
 
 Crocus, 107. 
 
 Apium, 70. 
 
 Calystegia, 88. 
 
 Cuscuta, 89. 
 
 Aquilegia, 47. 
 
 Campanula, 84. 
 
 Cynoglossum, 87. 
 
 Arabis, 50. 
 
 Capsella, 51. 
 
 Cynosurus, 119. 
 
 Arctium, 80. 
 
 Cardamine, 50. 
 
 Cystopteris, 124. 
 
 Arenaria, 55. 
 
 Carduus, 80. 
 
 Cytisus, 59. 
 
 Armoracia, 50. 
 
 Carex, 114. 
 
 
 Arrhenatherum, 119. 
 
 Carpinus, 101. 
 
 Dactylis, 120. 
 
 Artemisia, 79. 
 
 Castanea, 101. 
 
 Daphne, 99. 
 
 Arum, 111. 
 
 Catabrosa, 119. 
 
 Daucus, 73. 
 
 Arundo, 119. 
 
 Caucalis, 73. 
 
 Delphinium, 47. 
 
 Asparagus, 108. 
 
 Centaurea, 81. 
 
 Deschampsia, 118. 
 
152 
 
 INDEX TO THE PLANTS. 
 
 Dianthus, 53. 
 
 Hottonia, 85. 
 
 Monotropa, 85. 
 
 Digitaria, 116. 
 
 Humulus, 100. 
 
 Muscari, 108. 
 
 Digraphis, 116. 
 
 Hyacinthus, 108. 
 
 Myosotis, 87. 
 
 Diplotaxis, 51. 
 
 Hydrochaiis, 104. 
 
 Myosurus, 45. 
 
 Dipsacus, 76. 
 
 Hydrocotyle, 70. 
 
 Myriophyllum, 68. 
 
 Doronicum, 80. 
 
 Hyoscyamus, 89. 
 
 
 Draba, 50. 
 
 Hypericum, 56. 
 
 Narcissus, 107. 
 
 
 Hypocha'ris, 82. 
 
 Nasturtium, 49. 
 
 Echium, 88. 
 
 Hypopitys, 85. 
 
 Neottia, 104. 
 
 Eleocharis, 113. 
 
 
 Nepeta, 95. 
 
 Elodea, 104. 
 Epilobium, 69. 
 
 Ilex, 58. 
 Inula, 78. 
 
 Nephrodium, 124. 
 Nuphar, 48. 
 
 Epipactis, 105. 
 Equisetum, 125. 
 
 Iris, 106. 
 
 Nymphasa, 48. 
 
 Eranthis, 47. 
 Erigeron, 77. 
 Eriophorum, 114. 
 
 Jasione, 84. 
 Juncus, 109. 
 
 (Enanthe, 72. 
 (Enothera, 69. 
 
 Erodium, 58. 
 
 Koeleria, 119. 
 
 Onobrychis, 62. 
 
 Erophila, 50. 
 
 
 Ononis, 59. 
 
 Erysimum, 51. 
 Erythraea, 87. 
 Euonymus, 58. 
 Eupatorium, 77. 
 Euphorbia, 100. 
 Euphrasia, 92. 
 
 Lactuca, 83. 
 Lamium, 96. 
 Lapsana, 82. 
 Lastraea, 124. 
 Lathy rus, 62. 
 Lemna, 111. 
 Leontodo,n, 83. 
 
 Onopordon, 81. 
 Ophioglossum, 124. 
 Ophrys, 106. 
 Orchis, 105. 
 Origanum, 94. 
 Ornithogalum, 108. 
 Ornithopus, 61. 
 
 Fagus, 101. 
 
 Leonurus, 96. 
 
 Orobanche, 92. 
 
 Eestuca, 120. 
 
 Lepidium, 52. 
 
 Oxalis, 58. 
 
 Filago, 7.7. 
 
 Lepigonum, 56. 
 
 
 Foeniculum, 72. 
 
 Ligustrum, 86. 
 
 Panicum, 116. 
 
 Fragaria, 65. 
 
 Lilium, 109. 
 
 Papaver, 48. 
 
 Fraxinus, 86. 
 
 Linaria, 90. 
 
 Parietaria, 101. 
 
 Fritillaria, 109. 
 
 Linum, 57. 
 
 Paris, 109. 
 
 Fumaria, 49. 
 
 Listera, 104. 
 
 Parnassia, 67. 
 
 
 Lithospermum, 88. 
 
 Pastinaca, 73. 
 
 Galanthus, 107. 
 
 Lolium, 122. 
 
 Pedicularis, 92. 
 
 Galeopsis, 95. 
 
 Lonieera, 74. 
 
 Peplis, 69. 
 
 Galium, 75. 
 
 Lotus, 61. 
 
 Petasites, 79. 
 
 Genista, 59. 
 
 Luzula, 110. 
 
 Peucedanum, 73. 
 
 Geranium, 57. 
 
 Lychnis, 54. 
 
 .Phalaris, 116. 
 
 Geum, 64. 
 
 Lycium r 89. 
 
 Phleiim, 117. 
 
 Glyceria, 120. 
 
 Lycopsis, 87. 
 
 Phragmites, 119. 
 
 Gnaphalium, 78. 
 
 Lycopus, 94. 
 
 Picris, 82. 
 
 Gymnadenia, 106. 
 
 Lysimachia, 85. 
 
 Pimpinella, 71. 
 
 
 Lythrum, 69. 
 
 Pinus, 103. 
 
 Habenaria, 106. 
 
 . 
 
 Plantago, 97. 
 
 Hedera, 73. 
 
 Malva, 56. 
 
 Poa, 120. 
 
 Helleborus, 47. 
 
 Marrubium, 95. 
 
 Poly gala, 53. 
 
 Helminthia, 82. 
 
 Matricaria, 79. 
 
 Polygomim, 98. 
 
 Helosciadium, 70. 
 
 Medicago, 60. 
 
 Polypodium, 124. 
 
 Heracleum, 73. 
 
 Melampyrum, 92. 
 
 Polystichum, 124. 
 
 Hesperis, 50. 
 
 Melica, 119. 
 
 Populus, 102. 
 
 Hieracium, 82. 
 
 Melilotus, 60. 
 
 Potamogeton, 112. 
 
 Hippocrepis, 62. 
 
 Mentha, 93. 
 
 Potentilla, 65. 
 
 Hippuris, 68. 
 
 Menyanthes, 87. 
 
 Poterium, 66. 
 
 Holcus, 118. 
 
 Mercurialis, 100. 
 
 Primula, 85. 
 
 Holosteum, 54. 
 
 Milium, 117. 
 
 Prunella, 95. 
 
 Hordeum, 122. 
 
 Mcenchia, 54. 
 
 Prunus, 63. 
 
GENERIC NAMES. 
 
 153 
 
 Pteris, 123. 
 
 Sedum, 68. Thalictrum, 45. 
 
 Pulicaria, 78. 
 
 Serapervivum, 68. 
 
 Thlaspi, 52. 
 
 Pyrus, 66. 
 
 Senebiera, 51. 
 
 Thrincia, 83. 
 
 
 Senecio, 80. 
 
 Thymus, 94. 
 
 Quercus, 101. 
 
 Serrafalcus, 121. 
 
 Tilia, 57. 
 
 
 Setaria, 116. 
 
 Tillsea, 67- 
 
 Ranunculus, 46 
 
 Sherardia, 76. 
 
 Torilis, 73. 
 
 Raphanus, 52. 
 
 Siegling-ia, 119. 
 
 Tragopogon, 84. 
 
 Reseda, 52. 
 
 Silaus, 73. 
 
 Trifolium, 60. 
 
 Rhamnus, 59. 
 
 Silene, 53. 
 
 Triglochin, 112. 
 
 Rhinanthus, 92. 
 
 Silybum, 81. 
 
 Triodia, 119. 
 
 Ribes, 67. 
 
 Sinapis, 51. 
 
 Trisetum, 118. 
 
 Rosa, 66. 
 
 Sison, 71. 
 
 Triticum, 122. 
 
 Rubus, 63. 
 
 iSisymbrium, 50. 
 
 Tulipa, 109. 
 
 Rumex, 99. 
 
 Slum, 71. 
 
 Turritis, 50. 
 
 Ruscus, 107. 
 
 Smyrnium, 70. 
 
 Tussilago, 79. 
 
 
 Solanum, 89. 
 
 Typha, 110. 
 
 Sagina, 55. 
 
 Solidago, 77. 
 
 
 Sagittaria, 112. 
 
 Sonchus, 83. 
 
 Ulex, 59. 
 
 Salix, 102. 
 
 Sparganium, 111. 
 
 Ulmus, 100. 
 
 Salvia, 94. 
 
 Specularia, 84. 
 
 Urtica 100. 
 
 Sambucus, 74. 
 Samolus, 86. 
 
 Spergula, 55. 
 Spergularia, 56. 
 
 Utricularia, 93. 
 
 .Sanicula, 70. 
 
 Spiraea, 63. 
 
 
 Saponaria, 53. 
 Sarothamnus, 59. 
 
 Spiranthes, 105. 
 Stachys, 95. 
 
 Valeriana, 76. 
 Valerianella, 76. 
 
 Saxifraga, 67. 
 Scabiosa, 77. 
 
 Stellaria, 55. 
 Stratiotes, 104. 
 
 Verbascum, 90. 
 Verbena, 93. 
 
 Scandix, 71. 
 Scilla, 108. 
 
 Symphytum, 87. 
 
 Veronica, 91. 
 Viburnum, 74. 
 
 Scirpus, 114. 
 
 Tamns, 107- 
 
 Vicia, 62. 
 
 Scleranthus, 97. 
 
 Tanacetum, 79. 
 
 Vinca, 86. 
 
 Scleroehloa, 120. 
 
 Taraxacum, 83. 
 
 Viola, 52. 
 
 Scolopendrium, 124. 
 
 Taxus, 103. 
 
 Viscum, 99. 
 
 Sorophularia, 90. 
 
 Teesdalia, 52. 
 
 
 Scutellaria, 95. 
 
 Teucrium, 96. , Zannichellia, 113. 
 
INDEX TO THE PLANTS. 
 
 ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 (The numbers refer to the pag 
 
 Aconite, 48. 
 
 Box Thorn, 89. 
 
 Adder's Tongue, 124. 
 
 Brake, 123. 
 
 Agrimony, 65. 
 
 Bramble, 63. 
 
 Alder, 101. 
 
 Briar, 66. 
 
 Ale Hoof, 95. 
 
 Bristle Grass, 116. 
 
 Alexanders, 70. 
 
 Brome Grass, 121. 
 
 Alkanet, 87. 
 
 Brooklime, 91. 
 
 Anemone, 45. 
 
 Brookweed, 86. 
 
 Angelica, 73. 
 
 Broom, 59. 
 
 Apple, 66. 
 Archangel, 96. 
 
 Broom -rape, 92. 
 Bryony, 70, 107. 
 
 Arrow-grass, 112. 
 Arrow-head, 112. 
 
 Buckbean, 87. 
 Buckler Fern, 124. 
 
 Ash, 86. 
 
 Buckthorn, 59. 
 
 Asparagus, 108. 
 
 Buckwheat, 98. 
 
 Aspen, 102. 
 
 Bugle, 96. 
 
 Avens, 64. 
 
 Bugloss, 88. 
 
 
 Bullace, 63. 
 
 Barberry, 48. 
 
 Bullrush, 110,114. 
 
 Barley, 122. 
 
 Burdock, 80. 
 
 Bartsia, 92. 
 
 Bur-Marigold, 78. 
 
 Basil, 94. 
 
 Burnet, 66. 
 
 Bedstraw, 75. 
 
 Burnet Saxifrage, 71. 
 
 Beech, 101. 
 
 Bur-reed, 111. 
 
 Bell-flower, 84. 
 
 Butcher's Broom, 107. 
 
 Bent Grass, 117. 
 
 Butter-bur, 79. 
 
 Betony, Wood, 95. 
 
 Buttercup, 46. 
 
 Betony, Water, 90. 
 
 
 Bind-weed, 88. 
 
 Calamint, 94. 
 
 Birch, 101. 
 
 Campion, 54. 
 
 Bird Cherry, 63. 
 
 Canary Grass, 116. 
 
 Bird's-foot, 61. 
 
 Carrot, 73. 
 
 Bird's-nest, 85. 
 
 Catch-flv, 53. 
 
 Bistort, 98. 
 
 Cat Mint, 95. 
 
 Bittersweet, 89. 
 
 Cat's-ear, 82. 
 
 Blackberry, 63. 
 
 Cat's-tail, 110. 
 
 Black Bryony, 107. 
 
 Celandine, 47, 49. 
 
 Black Thorn, 63. 
 
 Centaury, 81. 
 
 Bladder Fern, 124. 
 
 Chamomile, 78. 
 
 Bladderwort, 93. 
 
 Chara, 125. 
 
 Bluebell, 108. 
 
 Charlock, 51. 
 
 Blysmus, 114. 
 
 Cherry, 63. 
 
 Borage, 87. 
 
 Chervil, 71, 72. 
 
 Chick-weed, 55. 
 Chicory, 82. 
 Cinque-foil, 65. 
 Clary, 94. 
 Cleavers, 75. 
 Clover, 60. 
 Club-rush, 114. 
 Cock's-foot Grass, 120. 
 Colt's-foot, 79. 
 Columbine, 47. 
 Comfrey, 87. 
 Convolvulus, 88. 
 Corncockle, 54. 
 Corn Marigold, 79. 
 Cotton Grass, 114. 
 Couch Grass, 122. 
 Cow Parsnip, 73. 
 Cowslip, 85. 
 Cow-wheat, 92. 
 Crane's-bill, 58. 
 Creeping Jenny, 85. 
 Crocus, 107. 
 Cross wort, 75. 
 Crowfoot, 46. 
 Cuckoo Flower, 50, 54, 
 
 105. 
 
 Cuckoo-pint, 111. 
 Cudweed, 77, 78. 
 Currant, 67. 
 
 Daffodil, 107. 
 Daisy, 77. 
 
 Dame's-Gilliflower, 50 
 Dandelion, 83. 
 Danewort, 74. 
 Darnel, 122. 
 Dead Nettle, 96. 
 Deadly Nightshade, 89 
 Dewberry, 64. 
 Dock, 80. 
 Dodder, 89. 
 Dog Rose, 66. 
 Dog's-tail Grass, 119. 
 
156 
 
 INDEX TO THE PLANTS. 
 
 Dog Wood, 74. 
 
 Hair Grass, 118. 
 
 Loose-strife, 85. 
 
 Drauk, 121. 
 
 Harebell, 84. 
 
 Loose-strife, Purple, 
 
 Drop wort, 72. 
 
 Hare's-ear, 70. 
 
 69. 
 
 Duckweed, 111. 
 
 Hart's-tongue, 124. 
 
 Lords and Ladies, 111. 
 
 Dyer's Green- weed, 59 
 
 Hawk's -beard, 82. 
 
 Lousewort, 92. 
 
 Dyer's Weld, 52. 
 
 Hawkbit, 83. 
 
 Lucerne, 60. 
 
 
 Hawkweed, 82. 
 
 
 Earth-nut, 71. 
 
 Hawthorn, 67. 
 
 Madder, 76. 
 
 Elder, 74. 
 
 Hazel, 101. 
 
 Male Fern, 124. 
 
 Elm, 100. 
 
 Heart's-ease, 53. 
 
 Mallow, 56. 
 
 Enchanter's Night- 
 
 Heath Grass, 119. 
 
 Man Orchis, 105. 
 
 shade, 69. 
 
 Hedge-mustard, 51. 
 
 Maple, 59. 
 
 Evening Primrose, 69. 
 
 Hedge Parsley, 73. 
 
 Mare's-tail, 68. 
 
 Eye-bright, 92. 
 
 Hellebore, 47. 
 
 Marigold, 47, 79. 
 
 
 Helleborine, 105. 
 
 Marjoram, 94. 
 
 Fennel, 72. 
 
 Hemlock, 70. 
 
 Marsh Marigold, 47. 
 
 Ferns, 123. 
 
 Hemp Agrimony, 77. 
 
 May, 67. 
 
 Fescue Grass, 120. 
 
 Hemp Nettle, 95. 
 
 Mayweed, 78, 79. 
 
 Feverfew, 79. 
 
 Henbane, 89. 
 
 Meadow Grass, 120. 
 
 Field Madder, 76. 
 
 Herb Paris, 109. 
 
 Meadow Rue, 45. 
 
 Figwort, 90. 
 
 Herb Robert, 58. 
 
 Meadow-sweet, 63. 
 
 Finger Grass, 116. 
 
 Holly, 58. 
 
 Medick, 60. 
 
 Fir, 103. 
 
 Honeysuckle, 74. 
 
 Melic Grass, 119. 
 
 Flag, 106. 
 
 Hop, 100. 
 
 Melilot, 60. 
 
 Flax, 57. 
 
 Horehound, 95, 98. 
 
 Mercury, 100. 
 
 Flea-bane, 77, 78. 
 
 Hornbeam, 101. 
 
 Mezereon, 99. 
 
 Flixweed, 51. 
 
 Horned Pondweed, 1 1 3 
 
 Mignonette, 52. 
 
 Flowering Rush, 112. 
 
 Horn wort, 103. 
 
 Milfoil, 68, 78. 
 
 Fluellin, 90. 
 
 Horse Radish, 50. 
 
 Milk Thistle, 81. 
 
 Fool's Parsley, 72. 
 
 Horse-tail, 125. 
 
 Milk wort, 53. 
 
 Forget-me-not, 87. 
 
 Hound's-tongue, 87. 
 
 Millet Grass, 117. 
 
 Fox-tail Grass, 117. 
 
 House-leek, 68. 
 
 Mint, 93. 
 
 Fritillary, 109. 
 
 Hyacinth, 108. 
 
 Mistletoe, 99. 
 
 Frog-bit, 104. 
 
 Hyssop, 94. 
 
 Moneywort, 85. 
 
 Frog Orchis, 106. 
 
 
 Monk's-hood, 48. 
 
 Fumitory, 49. 
 
 Iris, 106. 
 
 Moschatel, 74. 
 
 Furze, 59. 
 
 Ivy, 73. 
 
 Motherwort, 96. . 
 
 
 Ivy, Ground, 95. 
 
 Mouse-tail, 45. 
 
 Garlic, 108. 
 
 
 Mugwort, 79. 
 
 Garlic Mustard, 51. 
 
 Kidney Vetch, 61. 
 
 Mullein, 90. 
 
 Gipsy wort, 94. 
 
 Knapweed, 81. 
 
 Mustard, 51. 
 
 Goat's Beard, 84. 
 
 Knawel, 97. 
 
 
 Golden Rod, 77. 
 
 Knot-grass, 98. 
 
 Narcissus, 107. 
 
 Golden Saxifrage, 67. 
 
 
 Nettle, 100. 
 
 Goldilocks, 46. 
 
 Lady Fern, 123. 
 
 Nettle, Dead, 96. 
 
 Good King Harry, 97. 
 
 Lady's-mantle, 65. ' 
 
 Nightshade, 89. 
 
 Gooseberry, 67- 
 
 Lady's- slippers, 61. 
 
 Nipplewort, 82. 
 
 Goose-foot, 97. 
 
 Lady's-smock, 50. 
 
 Nonsuch, 60. 
 
 Goose-grass, 75. 
 
 Lady's-tresses, 105. 
 
 
 Gorse, 59. 
 
 Lamb's Lettuce, 76. ' Oak, 101. 
 
 Gout- weed, 71. 
 
 Larkspur, 47. ! Oat Grass, 118, 119. 
 
 Grape Hyacinth, 108. 
 
 Leopard's-bane, 80. | Orache, 98. 
 
 Grass of Parnassus, 67. 
 
 Lettuce, 83. 
 
 Orchis, 105, 106. 
 
 Green- weed, 59. 
 
 Lily of the Valley, 108. 
 
 Orpine, 68. 
 
 Gromwell, 88. 
 
 Lily, Turk's-cap, 109. 
 
 Osier, 102. 
 
 Ground Ivy, 95. 
 
 Lily, Water, 48. 
 
 Ox-eve, 79. 
 
 Groundsel, 80. 
 
 Lime, 57. 
 
 Ox- lip, 85. 
 
 Guelder Rose, 74. 
 
 Ling, 84. 
 
 Ox-tongue, 82. 
 
ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 157 
 
 Pansy, 53. 
 
 Saffron, 109. 
 
 Thistle, 80, 81. 
 
 Parnassus, G. of, 67. 
 
 Sage, 96. 
 
 Thyme, 94. 
 
 Parsley, 72, 73. 
 
 Sainfoin, 62. 
 
 Tillffia, 67. 
 
 Parsnip, 70, 71, 73. 
 
 Sallow, 102. 
 
 Timothy Grass, 117. 
 
 Pear, 66. 
 
 Salad-Burnet, 66. 
 
 Tinker - tailor Grass, 
 
 Pearl wort, 55. 
 
 Sand wort, 55. 
 
 122. 
 
 Pellitory, 101. 
 
 Sanicle, 70. 
 
 Toad-flax, 90. 
 
 Penny -cress, 52. 
 
 Saxifrage, 67. 
 
 Tormentil, 65. 
 
 Penny-royal, 94. 
 
 Scabious, 77. 
 
 Tower Mustard, 50. 
 
 Pennywort, 70. 
 
 Sedge, 114. 
 
 Travellers' Joy, 45. 
 
 Peppermint, 93. 
 
 Self-heal, 95. 
 
 Trefoil, 60. 
 
 Pepperwort, 52. 
 
 Service Tree, 66. 
 
 Tulip, 109. 
 
 Periwinkle, 86. 
 
 Sheep' s-bit, 84. 
 
 Turnip, 51. 
 
 Persicaria, 98. 
 
 Shepherd' s-needle, 71. 
 
 Tway-blade, 104. 
 
 Pheasant' s-eye, 45. 
 Pimpernel, 86. 
 Pink, 53. 
 
 Shepherds'-purse, 51. 
 Shield Fern, 124. 
 Silver Weed, 65. 
 
 Valerian, 76. 
 Venus' Comb, 71. 
 
 Plaintain, 97. 
 
 Skull-cap, 95. 
 
 Venus' Looking-glass, 
 
 Plaintain, Water, 112. 
 Ploughman's Spike- 
 nard, 78. 
 
 Sloe, 63. 
 Small Reed, 117. 
 Snapdragon, 90. 
 
 84. 
 
 Vernal Grass, 117. 
 Vervain, 93. 
 
 Plum, 63. 
 Polvpody, 124. 
 Pond weed, 112. 
 
 Snowdrop, 107. 
 Soapwort, 53. 
 Soft Grass, 118. 
 
 Vetch, 62. 
 Vetch! ing, 62. 
 Violet, 52. 
 
 Poor Man's Weather- 
 
 Sorrel, 58, 99. 
 
 Violet, Water, 85. 
 
 glass, 86. 
 
 . Sorrel, Wood, 58. 
 
 Viper's Bugloss, 88. 
 
 Poplar, 102. 
 
 Sow-Thistle, 83. 
 
 Wall Flower, 49. 
 
 Poppy, 48. 
 
 Spearwort, 46. 
 
 Wart-cress, 51. 
 
 Primrose, 85. 
 
 Speedwell, 91. 
 
 Water Cress, 49. 
 
 Privet, 86. 
 Purslane, 69. 
 
 Spike-Rush, 113. 
 Spindle Tree, 58. 
 
 Water Drop wort, 72. 
 Water Lily, 48. 
 
 
 Spleenwort, 123. 
 
 Water Milfoil, 68. 
 
 Quaking Grass, 120. 
 
 Spurge, 100. 
 Spurge Laurel, 99. 
 Spurrey, 55, 56. 
 
 Water Parsnip, 70, 71. 
 Water Pepper, 98. 
 Water Plaintain, 112. 
 
 Radish, 52. 
 
 St. John's-wort, 56. 
 
 Water-Soldier, 104. 
 
 Ragged Robin, 54. 
 Ragwort, 80. 
 
 Star of Bethlehem, 108. 
 Starwort, 68. 
 
 Water Thyme, 104^ 
 Water Violet, 85. 
 
 Ramsons, 108. 
 Rape, 51. 
 
 Stitch wort, 55. 
 Stone-crop, 68. 
 
 Wayfaring Tree, 74. 
 Weld, 52. 
 
 Raspberry, 63. 
 
 Stone wort, 71. 
 
 White Beam, 66. 
 
 Rattle, 92. 
 Red-berried Bryony, 
 
 Stork's-bill, 58. 
 Strawberry, 65. 
 
 Whitlow Grass, 50. 
 Whorl Grass, 119. 
 
 70. 
 
 Succory, 82. 
 
 Willow, 102. 
 
 Reed, 119. 
 
 Sulphurwort, 73. 
 
 Willow-herb, 69. 
 
 Reed-mace, 110. 
 
 Sweet Briar, 66. 
 
 Woodruif, 75. 
 
 Rest-harrow, 59. 
 
 Sweet Flag, 111. 
 
 Wood Rush, 110. 
 
 Robin Hood, 54. 
 
 Sycamore, 59. 
 
 Wood Sage, 96. 
 
 Rocket, 51. 
 
 
 Wood Sorrel, 58. 
 
 Rose, 66. 
 
 Tansv, 79. 
 
 Wound wort, 95. 
 
 Rue, Meadow, 45. 
 
 Tare," 62. 
 
 
 Rush, 109. 
 
 Teasel, 76. 
 
 Yarrow, 78. 
 
 Rush, Wood, 110. 
 
 Teesdalia, 52. 
 
 Yellow-cress, 49. 
 
 Rye Grass, 122. 
 
 Thale Cress, 50. 
 
 Yew, 103. 
 
 PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.G.