UNIVERSITY OF 
 ^CALIFORNIA 
 
REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES UP HAM SHE PA 111), M.D. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF HIS EXCELLENCY, 
 
 HENRY W. EDWARDS, GOVERNOR OF THE STATE. 
 
 NEW HAVEN : 
 
 PRINTED BY B. L. IIAMLEN. 
 
 1837. 
 
EARTH 
 SCIENCES 
 
Mslract from the Annual Message for 1835, of Gov. EDWARDS, 
 relating to a Geological Survey of the State. 
 
 " The mineralogical treasures which have been developed within a few years 
 and which are constantly coming to light in different parts of our country, give us 
 reason to believe, that we have not as yet availed ourselves to the extent that we 
 might of this source of wealth, and suggests the expediency of a more systematic 
 examination than has hitherto taken place. In some instances this has been done 
 under the public patronage, and by public authority. An examination of the kind 
 in our State, might lead to some important discoveries. An accurate and thorough 
 geological and mineralogical survey by scientific men, if it should not result in 
 any immediate discoveries of moment, would at least have the effect of aiding indi- 
 viduals in their future researches on their own lands. Much labor has been ex- 
 pended, and money wasted, in the search after metals and minerals, which a know- 
 ledge of those substances and the relative position they uniformly occupy, would 
 have shown to be useless. 
 
 "The geological character of a country indicates its topographical features; and a 
 geological map would serve as a guide, in the examination and selection of routes 
 for rail-roads and canals, and internal improvements of every kind, the location of 
 which depends on the topical features of the country through which they pass. A 
 survey of the kind referred to, would furnish every individual with such infor- 
 mation respecting his possessions, as would guard him against the wiles of prowl- 
 ing speculators. Much labor has been bestowed on this subject, and much infor- 
 mation collected by individuals in different sections of the State, and it is import- 
 ant, that this information should be embodied and preserved ; the expense would 
 be trifling, and bear but a very small proportion to the benefits which may be de- 
 rived from it. This is a subject in which the whole community has a deep interest, 
 and it is recommended that immediate measures be taken for its accomplishment. 
 Similar surveys have been already had in some of the states ; and the attention of 
 others is turned to the subject. Let us not be deficient on our part; we have here- 
 tofore furnished, and we can still furnish, our full quota to those economical and 
 scientific researches which seem to be the order of the day." 
 
 Action of the Legislature on the above recommendation. 
 
 ** Resolved, That the Governor be and is hereby authorized to appoint a com- 
 mittee of suitable persons to make a geological survey of the state of Connecticut, 
 and to report the same to the General Assembly at their May Session of 1836. 
 
 " Resolved, That the property of such survey shall be in and belong to the State, 
 and shall be disposed of as the General Assembly may direct." 
 
 34C977 
 
Abstract from the appointment of the surveyors by the Governor. 
 
 " HENRY W. EDWARDS, Governor of the State of Connecticut, to JAMES 
 GATES PERCIVAL and CHARLES UPHAM SHEPARD, greeting: Pursuant to 
 resolves passed by the General Assembly of Connecticut, at Hartford, in May, 
 1835, I do appoint you, said PERCIVAL and SHEPARD, a committee to make and 
 complete the survey and report in said resolves, to perform the duties thereof, and 
 obey the instructions from time to time received from the proper authority. 
 
 " Given under my hand and official seal at New Haven, this 15th day of June, 
 A. D. 1835. HENRY W. EDWARDS." 
 
 The Legislature of 1836 accepted the reports of the commissioners, and author- 
 ized the continuation of the survey for another year; but recommended a postpone- 
 ment of publication until the necessary researches were completed. 
 
 The economical and ruineralogical report was submitted to the Legislature of 
 1837, and gave rise to the following 
 
 Report of the Committee on the Geological Survey. 
 
 " The joint committee on the Geological and Mineralogical Survey of the State, to 
 whom was referred the Special Message of the Governor and the accompanying 
 papers relating to the mineralogical department of said survey, having had the 
 same under their consideration, REPORT, 
 
 " That Prof. SHEPARD has brought his examination into the mineralogy of the 
 State to a close, and the results of his labors have been before us in a highly inter- 
 esting and valuable Report. This Report, embracing the statistics of all our present 
 mineral resources, the condition of our mines, quarries and diggings of every de- 
 scription, and suggestions as to the most profitable manner of working them both to 
 the proprietors and the public, all of which are capable of immediate application, 
 your committee recommend should be immediately published. This Report will 
 attract public attention to the mineral wealth of the State, which is shown to be 
 most abundant, and only stands in need of capital and enterprise to be profitably 
 developed. It will apprise landed proprietors of resources, of which in many in- 
 stances they are now ignorant ; and in others will afford them information how to 
 turn to increased account such as they already know to exist. It teaches what 
 things may be expected in certain districts of the State, points out the mode of 
 searching for them and the way to identify them when found. 
 
 " Another consideration which should determine its immediate publication is, that 
 it may receive the supervision of Prof. SHEPARD while passing through the press . 
 a supervision altogether necessary from the nature of the subjects treated of, and 
 which it may not be in his power to extend after this summer. For this reason too, 
 your committee recommend its being published at New Haven, where Prof. 
 SHEPARD resides, and where publishers are more accustomed to this kind of work 
 than elsewhere in the State. 
 
 " The document will constitute an 8vo. volume, or pamphlet, of one hundred and 
 fifty pages; and if published in the style in which these surveys are done in other 
 states, will cost about twenty-five cents a copy. Your committee, therefore, re- 
 commend an appropriation of a sum of money not exceeding five hundred dollars, 
 
or such less sum as his Excellency the Governor may contract for, for the publica- 
 tion of two thousand copies. That of this number, the Governor be authorized to 
 distribute copies in the following manner: 
 
 " Two copies to the library of Congress ; two copies to the Governor of every state 
 in the Union ; two copies to the library of Yale College, of Washington College, and 
 of the Wesleyan University of this S-tate, and to each of the State Officers ; one 
 copy to each of the Judges of the Supreme Court ; one copy to each of the Judges 
 of the County Court and to each Probate Judge of this State, who are not members 
 of this Legislature ; one copy to each member of the two Houses of the present 
 Legislature; one copy to the town clerk of every town in the State; fifty copies to 
 remain at the disposal of Prof. SHEPARD, and the same number at the disposal of 
 his Excellency, the Governor. 
 
 " And the Governor is further authorized to furnish any bookseller such number of 
 copies, to be disposed of on such terms as his Excellency may deem proper, for the 
 benefit of the State. 
 
 " The disposition of this Report which your committee have recommended, in case 
 it should be published, will only reach about one half the number proposed to be 
 printed ; and will leave one thousand copies to be taken up by private sale, or dis- 
 posed of by the next General Assembly. 
 
 " With these considerations, your Committee would respectfully recommend the 
 adoption of the accompanying resolution. All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 JAMES BEEBE, Chairman." 
 
 . 
 
 The above report was accepted and the resolution passed relative to the publica- 
 tion of the same. 
 
 " Resolved by this Assembly, That two thousand copies of Prof. SHEPARD'S Re- 
 port on the Mineralogy of the State be published under the superintendence of the 
 author, and that a sum of money not exceeding five hundred dollars be appropriated 
 to defray the expenses, and that the Comptroller of public accounts is hereby au- 
 thorized to draw an order on the Treasurer for such sum, not exceeding five hun- 
 dred dollars, to be paid out of any money not otherwise appropriated, and his Ex- 
 cellency, the Governor, is hereby appointed Commissioner to see the object of this 
 resolution effected." 
 
REPORT. 
 
 TO HIS EXCELLENCY 
 
 GOVERNOR HENRY W. EDWARDS. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 I HAVE the honor, herewith to submit to your Excellency the re- 
 port I was commissioned to make relative to the geological survey 
 of the State. In accordance with my instructions, I have chiefly 
 confined my attention to mineralogy, leaving to my colleague, Dr. 
 PERCIVAL, the department of geology proper, excepting so far as 
 relates to the economical applications of that science, and the col- 
 lection of a suite of specimens to illustrate the leading formations of 
 the State. 
 
 The time allotted to the duty has been inadequate to a com- 
 plete execution of the task. For although the area of the State is 
 small, yet the proportion of rocky surface to be examined is large. 
 Under these circumstances I can but congratulate myself, that this 
 report is less imperfect than it would have been, but for the many 
 materials already accumulated by several individuals previous to the 
 commencement of the undertaking, and which were chiefly to be 
 found in the American Journal of Science and Arts. To no indi- 
 vidual is his native State so deeply indebted as to the well known 
 Editor of the above named journal, for the disinterested services he 
 has rendered with a view to develop her mineral resources, and for 
 the public spirit with which he has labored to convince the commu- 
 nity of the important practical bearings of geology and mineralogy. 
 The late Col. GEORGE GIBBS was likewise an early and a success- 
 ful observer of the mineralogy of this State. Prof. HITCHCOCK of 
 Amherst, and Lieut. MATHER of Albany, have each contributed val- 
 uable observations. Other individuals whose services deserve com- 
 memoration are, Dr. WEBSTER of Cambridge, the late Prof. BOWEN 
 
8 
 
 of Nashville, Mr. J. P. BRACE and ALFRED SMITH, Esq. of Hart- 
 ford, and Dr. PERCIVAL. During the progress of the survey also, 
 I have been favored with many useful hints from numerous cultiva- 
 tors of mineralogical science residing in different parts of the State ; 
 among whom I am bound to mention, Col. CHARLES GRISWOLD of 
 Lyme, Dr. HUDSON of Torrington, Mr. BOYD of Winsted and 
 Judge SMITH of Woodbury. In addition to the materials thus de- 
 rived, I may perhaps be permitted to observe, that I have incorpo- 
 rated with this report no inconsiderable number of facts collected by 
 myself, during many excursions through the State previous to my 
 appointment by your Excellency. But notwithstanding all the aids 
 and opportunities I have enjoyed, justice to the resources of the 
 State obliges me to remark, that 1 am far from entertaining the opin- 
 ion that her mineral wealth is yet fairly laid open to view. On the 
 contrary, a glance only has been obtained, but enough it is believed, 
 to awaken fresh zeal and confidence in relation to what remains 
 concealed. 
 
 The opinion which has until recently prevailed respecting the me- 
 tallic treasures of Connecticut was certainly erroneous. Her iron 
 mines have often been represented as fast tending to exhaustion, and 
 her iron manufacture as being attended with little advantage. One 
 of these mines however, has long yielded its proprietors a clear an- 
 nual profit of about five thousand dollars ; while many handsome 
 fortunes have been realized from the iron business in that section of 
 the State. Instead of a failure in the supply of ore, it may confi- 
 dently be asserted, that not one half of the workable beds in that 
 district are as yet fairly uncovered ; while it is equally true, that as 
 soon as proper economy in the burning of charcoal and the radical 
 improvement of the hot air-blast are introduced, cast iron will be 
 afforded at one half its present cost, and this without any diminution 
 of profit to the manufacturer. An iron resource also, of great value, 
 in the steel-ore of Roxbury, has hitherto been wholly unappreciated. 
 And if our copper region has not as yet been a source of income to 
 the State, it is not surely because we are deficient in this valuable 
 metal, as the plainest indications show; but for the reason that enter- 
 prise and capital have been wanting to open these deposits : for 
 workable veins of copper, unlike the other metals, rarely attain the 
 surface of the earth. The neglect of these mines however, until 
 
 
 
the present time will prove less a detriment to the public wealth from 
 the fact, that the working of deep mines (in consequence of the econ- 
 omy introduced into the system of furnishing supplies requisite to 
 such undertakings, and the saving of power in the improvement of the 
 steam engine) is now carried on, at less than one half the cost in- 
 curred twenty-five years ago. Cobalt, zinc, lead, bismuth and sil- 
 ver, are also to be included on the list of metals which will one day 
 augment the wealth of the State ; nor are the indications of tin, a 
 metal most of all to be desired, wholly wanting. Without wishing 
 by unauthorized statements to allure the inconsiderate, and those not 
 possessed of the necessary resources, into a branch of business where 
 the chances of success would be greatly against them, I still feel it 
 a duty to give it as my decided conviction, that the iron and copper 
 mines of the State constitute a legitimate object for the investment 
 of capital ; and that if the enterprise of opening these resources is 
 committed to persons of integrity and skill, it must prove eminently 
 remunerative in its result, both to those immediately interested and 
 to the population generally. For it is most obvious, that the work- 
 ing of rich mines will not only react in a favorable manner on the 
 agricultural interest, by advancing the price of farming produce, but 
 will also promote the public prosperity by leading to the free circu- 
 lation of capital, the improvement of roads, and to habits of increased 
 industry in the people. 
 
 The advantages possessed by the State in respect to materials for 
 architecture, decoration and porcelain, for flagging, quicklime and 
 cements, if on the whole better known and admitted than those con- 
 nected with her metallic resources, are still far from being appre- 
 ciated to their full extent. This report it is hoped will make it evi- 
 dent, that they are not only bestowed upon us with a liberal hand, 
 but that they have their value greatly enhanced by the topograph- 
 ical features and geographical position of our territory. The Sound 
 affords a navigation secure almost as a river along the whole face of 
 our southern boundary, while the Connecticut flows like a canal 
 across the centre of the State, and smaller streams and harbors 
 cleave and indent the coast. Large and growing maritime cities 
 must still continue to depend upon us for the supply of much of 
 their most valued architectural materials; and in the improve- 
 ment of harbors and the construction of fortifications, we are doubt- 
 
 2 
 
10 
 
 less destined to contribute as largely as heretofore. To an agri- 
 cultural people, the possession of so many quarries under such 
 circumstances, is peculiarly favorable; surpassing perhaps in direct 
 advantages to them, the existence of mines. For the working of 
 these, together with the smelting of ores, are arts of slow and diffi- 
 cult acquisition, requiring in many instances the investment of an 
 immense capital, which, in the fluctuating successes that often attend 
 such operations, must sometimes remain unproductive for an entire 
 generation. But the working of a stone quarry is little more than a 
 branch of agriculture. A farmer supplying himself with a few addi- 
 tional instruments and materials, may work his ledges as well as his 
 soil, according as one or the other rewards him best for his labor; or 
 he may manage both, without prejudice to either. His labor in each 
 case, is alike conducted in the broad light and fresh air of open day. 
 
 As it appeared important to connect with this report whatever 
 seemed likely to promote the future development of valuable mine- 
 rals in the State, I have felt myself called upon to introduce occa- 
 sional details respecting the uses of minerals not commonly under- 
 stood, and also to give very briefly the rules for detecting and recog- 
 nizing such substances. And as encouragement to research, as well 
 as for the purpose of making the public generally acquainted with 
 our resources, I have included frequent statistical notices relating to 
 the number of hands employed in various mines and quarries, and to 
 the amount of products annually afforded. 
 
 How far the results I am herewith able to submit concerning the 
 economical mineralogy and geology of the State will be thought val- 
 uable, I am unable to predict. I have however, discharged this 
 part of my duty to the best of my ability, though the restricted pe- 
 riod allowed, has compelled me to content myself in many instances 
 with hasty examinations and brief descriptions. That there was 
 room for the performance of many useful services in affording infor- 
 mation to individuals in different parts of the State who were occu- 
 pying themselves with mineral explorations, I am abundantly satis- 
 fied ; and both my colleague and myself have the satisfaction of 
 knowing, that we have dissuaded from many profitless enterprises 
 not a few of our fellow citizens who stood in need of such advice, 
 while we hope that we have been able also to furnish suggestions to 
 others that will ultimately be promotive of their interests. Without 
 
11 
 
 wishing to speak disrespectfully of a community which has never 
 been placed second to any other in the Union for its widely diffused 
 intelligence and general sagacity of character, I may still be permitted 
 to say, that information relating to the mineral kingdom was almost 
 every where found to be singularly deficient. Other communities 
 no doubt share with us in this defect. Many persons, not otherwise 
 wanting in intelligence, were met with, whose belief in the virtues of 
 the divining rod was unshaken, iron-pyrites was often explored for 
 gold, talcy rocks were ground for plaster, and plumbaginous mica- 
 slate extensively mined for coal ! Most fortunate would it have been, 
 could this deficiency have been supplied at an earlier period, as 
 it could not have failed to check an immense expenditure of labor 
 which has been worse than thrown away ; since it has always ope- 
 rated more or less to interrupt the industry of neighborhoods, and to 
 bring into unmerited discredit even scientific researches connected 
 with the mineral kingdom. 
 
 A scientific report, embracing notices of all the simple minerals of 
 the State, independently of their relations to the other sciences or 
 even to the arts, though uninteresting to the general reader, still 
 seemed to be demanded, not only to supply the wants of the many 
 students of mineralogy in the public institutions of the State where 
 the science is taught, but also for the purpose of indicating with accu- 
 racy the numerous productions which still lie dormant as respects 
 any useful applicability, but which the progress of the arts may ere 
 long call into requisition. It may be added also, that it was pre- 
 sumed the scientific community generally, were in the expectation 
 of finding in this report a summary at least of the leading features of 
 our mineral productions, since mineralogy has longer been cultivated 
 and taught as a branch of education here, than in any other section 
 of the country. The subject, for want of space, has necessarily been 
 treated in an imperfect manner; though I venture to hope, that inas- 
 much as many of the facts are new, it will not be found wholly de- 
 void of interest to the mineralogist. It was certainly an unexpected 
 result to myself, to be able to detect in so small a territory as that 
 of Connecticut, and one whose strata had been so little perforated 
 by mining operations, nearly one half of the well established min- 
 eral species hitherto discovered throughout the world, and fully three 
 quarters of all the elements as yet made known to us by chemical 
 
12 
 
 analysis ; much less was it anticipated at the outset, that it would 
 become necessary in the progress of the work to add several new 
 species to the productions of the mineral kingdom. 
 
 It only remains to remark, that the collection of rocks and mine- 
 rals by which the subject has been illustrated consists of nearly eight 
 hundred samples, and is carefully arranged in horizontal glazed cases 
 in the State House in this city. The samples are labeled with num- 
 bers which correspond of course, to those mentioned in the descrip- 
 tive catalogue forming a part of the report. Although their selection 
 was made under circumstances not calculated in all instances to se- 
 cure the most characteristic or showy specimens, yet it is still believ- 
 ed that they communicate a correct general impression of our mine- 
 ral and rock formations ; and it is hoped that they may continue to 
 be preserved with care, if not for useful objects of reference, at least 
 as faithful vouchers to the correctness of most of the facts mentioned 
 in this report. 
 
 Trusting that the manner in which that part of the survey assigned 
 to my hands has been performed will not disappoint the reasonable 
 expectations it may have excited in the public mind, or prove alto- 
 gether unworthy of the confidence with which your Excellency has 
 honored me, I have the honor to remain, 
 
 Your Excellency's most obedient servant, 
 
 CHARLES UPHAM SHEPARD. 
 
 New Haven, May 15th, 1837. 
 
 THE report consists of three distinct parts: 1. an Economical 
 report, 2. a Scientific report, 3. a Descriptive Catalogue of the 
 cabinet. 
 
 Under the first of these heads, the rocks and minerals hitherto 
 employed, or which are supposed capable of useful applications are 
 treated of; under the second, all the simple minerals are mentioned; 
 while to the last belongs, a description of the samples collected to 
 illustrate the leading features both of the geology and mineralogy of 
 the State. 
 
13 
 
 ECONOMICAL REPORT. 
 
 The facts and statements appropriate to this section are brought 
 forward under the following general heads: I. Metals, 2. Coal, 
 3. Plumbago, 4. Gems, 5. Polishing and Grinding Materials, 
 6. Soapstone and Potsto?ie, 7. Materials for Alcaline and Earthy 
 Salts, 8. Materials for Bricks, Pottery, Porcelain and Glass, 
 9. Fire-stones, 10. Fluxes, 11. Quick-lime and Water-cement, 
 12. Stone-Paints, 13. Decolorizing carbonaceous slate, 14. Mate- 
 rials for Architecture and Decoration, 15. Materials for Flagging, 
 Tiling and Paving, 16. Mineral Springs, 17. Materials for Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 I. METALS. 
 
 These will be described in the order of their usefulness to society. 
 
 IRON. But three species of iron-ore capable of yielding this 
 metal, are known to exist in the state ; viz. magnetic iron, limonite 
 and spathic-iron. Native (or pure) iron has indeed been found in a 
 single instance on Canaan mountain, but in a quantity too small to 
 create any other than scientific interest ; and this was very deeply 
 excited from its being one of the best authenticated instances of 
 terrestrial native iron known. 
 
 Magnetic Iron. This valuable ore, so abundant in some sections 
 of the United States and in the north of Europe, and which is so 
 well characterized by its action on the magnet, its high specific 
 gravity and its black color, was reasonably to have been looked for 
 in the extended gneiss formation of the State, since this rock is its 
 usual repository elsewhere. Thus far, however, but few localities of 
 it have been discovered. One of the most important of these is a 
 newly opened bed at New Preston, on land owned by ALVAN 
 BROWN, and situated three quarters of a mile southwest from the 
 iron-furnace at the outlet of Waramaug pond. The ore is included 
 in gneiss and occurs on a low mountain about one hundred and fifty 
 feet above its base. The position of the bed is nearly vertical, its 
 sides being well defined, and distant four feet. Such is its facility 
 of working, that the ore is raised at an expense below fifty cents the 
 ton. Some fears are entertained respecting its value from the cir- 
 cumstance, that it is more or less penerated by iron-pyrites (5426). 
 
14 
 
 But as the pyrites is very decomposable by atmospheric action 
 (3336), it is to be hoped that the process of roasting, together with 
 simple exposure to the weather for a short time, will so far free 
 it from sulphur as to permit its use advantageously, at least when 
 mingled with the ordinary ore of the vicinity. No doubt can be 
 entertained concerning the abundance of the ore ; and preparations 
 were making last summer for a full trial of its value. About thirty 
 tons of the ore from this bed are said to have been successfully 
 smelted twenty years ago in the forges of Litchfield and those of 
 the immediate neighborhood. 
 
 A bed of excellent ore (5336) has long been known to exist in 
 the southeastern part of Sharon on Buck's mountain, which is situa- 
 ted directly on the Housatonic river. The ore is half a mile dis- 
 tant from the river, and at least two hundred feet above the surface 
 of the stream. It is said to have been traced in an uniform direc- 
 tion for the distance of a mile. Where the excavations have been 
 made, it has frequently shown a width of eighteen inches or two feet, 
 though it appears often to contract within much narrower limits. 
 The ore is entirely free from iron-pyrites, and even from earthy 
 substances. Fifty tons of it were raised half a century ago, and 
 successfully employed in forges ; and a much larger quantity from 
 the same mine only eight years since, commanded the price of five 
 dollars per ton. Still the working of the bed is for the present 
 abandoned as unprofitable, although the want of success in the last 
 attempt is attributed by some to the fact that an injudicious part of 
 the bed was selected for the experiment. 
 
 Another bed of this ore has been found in Reading, on land owned 
 by M. GREGORY. It is situated near the boundaries of Wilton and 
 Ridgefield, and within a few rods of the Sugar-Hollow turnpike. 
 The ore is disseminated in irregular, discontinuous seams, from half 
 an inch to two inches wide, through a bed of quartz ten or fifteen 
 feet thick, included in a ledge of gneiss. With it, is associated in the 
 same bed, garnet, tourmaline and iron-pyrites. The rocks present- 
 ing in this place an almost perpendicular face of twenty five feet, it 
 is easy to inspect the situation of the ore, which has the appearance 
 of being confined to a portion of the bed, not above four feet in 
 width. But little labor has been expended upon the development 
 of the ore ; consequently it is difficult to form an opinion of its ex- 
 
15 
 
 tent. It (544) is more finely granular than that of New Preston or 
 Sharon, and is slightly blended up with chlorite. 
 
 An ore nearly identical in appearance with that just described, it 
 being both fine granular and intermingled with chlorite (543), occurs 
 in Newtown, on a wooded swell of land, a little east of JUDSON'S 
 quarry. It is found disseminated through seams of quartz in gneiss. 
 No mass of the ore was noticed above two inches in diameter, 
 though seams of pure chlorite (375) were common of much greater 
 thickness. At one spot indeed, this mineral was several feet in 
 thickness. As the rock is much concealed by soil, it will not be 
 easy to settle the question whether or not, a profitable bed of ore 
 does here exist. 
 
 A more encouraging prospect for obtaining a supply of magnetic 
 iron is afforded in the northeastern corner of Winchester, where a thin 
 stratum of it was discovered upwards of forty years ago. It is con- 
 tained in gneiss, and like the two last embraces chlorite (542). But 
 little labor has been expended with a view to lay it open. Its width 
 appears to be about one foot. It is well situated in point of elevation 
 for exploration, and from its contiguity to important iron works, 
 merits more attention than it has hitherto received. 
 
 Traces of magnetic iron have been observed at other places in the 
 gneissoid region of northwestern Connecticut, and occurring as they 
 all do under conditions so analogous to those of the Highland beds, 
 we are fully authorized to regard some of them as belonging to the 
 same general gneiss formation, the direction of which scarcely varies 
 from northeast to southwest. This coincidence leads us to hope 
 that more extended researches will at no distant period result in the 
 discovery of good workable beds of this invaluable ore. 
 
 The southwestern section of the State; also furnishes indications of 
 the species now under consideration, though under circumstances 
 quite different from those above mentioned. The sand of the sea- 
 board from New Haven quite to Stonington Point, and even beyond, 
 upon the Rhode Island coast, frequently contains magnetic iron in 
 the state of iron-sand (540). A forge in Voluntown has derived 
 considerable quantities of ore from this source.* The origin of this 
 
 * The magnetic iron-sand might be purified from the foreign materials with which 
 it is much blended, by means of the magnetic separating machine invented by 
 
16 
 
 sand is apparent in the granite bordering on the Sound, especially in 
 the flesh-red varieties of Stonington and Groton (466). The most 
 remarkable occurrence of the ore in place, however, is on SELDON'S 
 point, in Hadlyme. It is here found in several spots disseminated 
 through granite in beds and nests, sometimes of several square yards 
 in superficial extent, and forming one quarter or even one third part 
 of the rock. In structure, it is highly crystalline, the individuals 
 being large and apparently playing the part of feldspar in the com- 
 position of the rock (5416). The ledges are sufficiently elevated 
 to facilitate the raising of the ore, and so near the Connecticut as to 
 render its transportation to some suitable place for reduction highly 
 convenient. Under these circumstances, it seems surprising that no 
 trial has hitherto been made with a view to develop the extent and 
 value of this deposit. 
 
 The same variety of ore is common, though less abundant, in the 
 granite of Walkley hill, half a mile north of the court house in Had- 
 dam (537y) and in North Madison, two and a half miles west of 
 the meeting house on land of Col. BENTON (538). At both of 
 these places, the ore is more frequently in distinct crystals than at 
 Hadlyme. 
 
 lAmonite. This species includes all the ores which have hereto- 
 fore afforded iron to commerce in this State, if we except the un- 
 important quantity derived from the magnetic iron-sand above men- 
 tioned. It presents a number of mineralogical varieties, depending 
 on diversities in mechanical composition, the intermixture of foreign 
 species, and rarely of organic impurities. Among these varieties the 
 following may be enumerated as the most important : fibrous brown 
 hematite (547, 548), compact hematite (552), ochrey brown iron- 
 ore (553), and bog iron-ore (553, 554). 
 
 Fibrous brown hematite consists of 82 peroxide of iron,* 14 water, 
 2 oxide of manganese and 1 silica, in the hundred parts, while bog 
 iron-ore contains from 40 to 50 p. c. of peroxide of iron, the other 
 
 SAMUEL BROWNING, or possibly still better by galvanic magnets, which have 
 already been constructed with power to raise a ton's weight. As the power of the 
 latter instrument may be instantaneously suspended and renewed, it is likely that it 
 would possess decided advantages over the magnetic separating machine. 
 * Peroxide of iron contains 70 p. c. metallic iron. 
 
17 
 
 ingredients being silica, alumina, water and oxide of manganese, 
 with frequent traces of phosphoric acid. 
 
 The fibrous brown hematite, compact hematite, and the ochrey 
 mixtures of the two, are generally confined to primitive rocks, as 
 gneiss and mica-slate. They afford materials for very large iron- 
 works in many countries, and are universally regarded as the best 
 ores for yielding a malleable iron, and for being easily converted 
 into steel. Although these ores (which may be referred to, under 
 the general name of hematite) are confined to a limited district of the 
 State, they nevertheless appear to constitute its richest metallic re- 
 source. The towns in which they exist are Salisbury, Sharon, and 
 Kent; and the principal deposits hitherto explored, are those of 
 the " Ore-hill," Salisbury, the Indian pond ore-bed, Sharon, and 
 the Kent ore-bed. The two first form beds in mica-slate ; the last in 
 a micaceous gneiss and quartz-rock. At Sharon and Salisbury, the 
 ore is disposed in vast beds with a stratification every where obvious, 
 and perfectly conformable to that of the adjoining mica-slate. It is 
 moreover, free from secondary aggregates. At Kent on the con- 
 trary, the order of arrangement is less visible in the bed, which at 
 first view appears to be a confused accumulation of broken, decom- 
 posing (and in some instances re-cemented) rock, at the foot of a 
 high ledge. 
 
 The Ore-hill mine of Salisbury is by far the most important of 
 these deposits. It is situated about two miles west of the Furnace- 
 pond and covers an area of several acres, forming the southeastern 
 slope of a slight elevation of land. It is worked like a quarry, open 
 to the sky. The entire surface of the slope is destitute of vegetation, 
 and every where excavated by diggings and pits, the former being 
 slight are called by the workmen, " wood-chuck holes." The prin- 
 cipal pits are six in number. These are carried forward on a level 
 into the hill at various depths, from twenty to thirty-five feet, below 
 its general surface. The annexed diagram will give an idea of their 
 relative situation. 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 A, big drain-pit. B, mammoth-pit. C, cornstalk-pit. D, Blod- 
 get & Kelsey's pit. E, brook-pit. F, Walker's pit. a, Agent's 
 office, b, road to Furnace-pond ; dotted lines show the direction 
 of the drains from the pits. 
 
 Each pit is explored by a separate company of individuals, who 
 are allowed by the proprietors of the ore-bed, the exclusive right of 
 raising ore within certain limits. The pit-owners again grant per- 
 mission on their own terms to others who wish to engage in the 
 small surface diggings, which are never carried so deep as to require 
 the construction of drains. The brook and big drain-pits are the 
 largest : the latter raised one thousand tons of ore between April 
 and July, of the last season. One dollar and three quarters is paid 
 to the pit-men for raising the ore. The duty exacted by the owners 
 of the mine is one dollar and a quarter ; and the expense of carting 
 
19 
 
 is one shilling per mile, making the entire cost of the ore to the fur- 
 naces between four and five dollars the ton. The average amount 
 annually raised from this bed during the last forty years, has been 
 five thousand tons. Nor does it appear that the deposit has been 
 dug through excepting near its western boundary, where the exca- 
 vations have been made somewhat obliquely across the layers of the 
 bed ; its depth in the direction of the strata, it may be presumed, is 
 very great, and no satisfactory evidence could be procured, that its 
 bottom has ever in a single instance been obtained. At the present 
 rate of working the bed, no material advance in the price of raising 
 the ore is anticipated ; and ultimately, when the upper levels are 
 exhausted, the introduction of the steam engine with the usual ma- 
 chinery of deep mines, by the advantages they will afford over the 
 present mode of working, will still be able to supply the furnaces 
 without any increase of charge. 
 
 The principal furnaces supplied with the ore of this bed are the 
 following: 1. Chapin's furnace, situated in the north part of Salis- 
 bury, 2. Salisbury Iron Company's furnace, at Mount Riga, 3. 
 Canfield, Sterling &t Co., on the Housatonick, 4. Holly & Co., at 
 Limerock, in the eastern part of Salisbury, 5. Two furnaces in the 
 western part of Cornwall, 6. Ancram furnace, in New York. The 
 ore is reduced at these places in high furnaces, and yields on an 
 average from forty to fifty per cent of pig-iron. This is principally 
 converted into bar-iron at the furnaces where produced, or at the 
 forges in Winsted and Canaan, and is there manufactured into bar- 
 iron for musket and rifle-barrels, and for common uses for the black- 
 smith ; anchors, axletrees, iron-bars and tires for wheels, irons for 
 grist and saw-mills, shafts for steam-engines and manufactories of all 
 kinds ; large screws for clothiers, paper-makers, and for pressing 
 bales of cotton and hay.* 
 
 The Indian pond ore-bed is situated on the east side of Indian 
 pond, and directly at the base of a high ridge of mica-slate. Its 
 
 * The best Salisbury iron has obtained a decided preference over all other iron, 
 either foreign or domestic, for the construction of musket and rifle-barrels. Its con- 
 sumption for this purpose was sevexal years ago as follows : public armory at Spring- 
 field, (Mass.,) one hundred and twenty tons, public armory at Harper's ferry, (Va.,) 
 one hundred tons, gun factories at Whitney ville and Middletown, (Ct.,) and at Pitts- 
 field and Millbury, (Mass.,) from forty to fifty tons each. The expense of transpor- 
 tation from Salisbury to the Hudson river is five dollars per ton. 
 
 
20 
 
 distance from the pond is about sixty rods, and its elevation above it 
 forty or fifty feet. The ore forms a distinctly stratified mass, whose 
 layers correspond in direction and dip to those of the adjoining rock, 
 inclining 45 to the east. A considerable accumulation of diluvium 
 is piled up against the bed. The ore is less abundant than at Salis- 
 bury. Frequently the strata are too lean to justify exploration, in 
 which case the workmen omit to remove such portions, and follow 
 the ore in directions where it is richer. About two thousand tons of 
 ore are annually raised from this deposit, at an expense of one dol- 
 lar and a half per ton. It is principally carried to a furnace in Sha- 
 ron, owned by Messrs. Brinsmade, Wolcott & Smith, and distant 
 two and a half miles from the bed. The iron yielded by this ore 
 is less malleable than that of Salisbury, and is principally used for 
 castings. 
 
 The Kent bed was formerly considered as a very important de- 
 posit of ore. It supplied several extensive forge-establishments for 
 a great number of years with ore of an excellent quality; but partly 
 in consequence of the unskillful and improvident manner in which 
 the original workings were conducted, and partly from the limited 
 extent and peculiar situation of the bed, it has now sunk into almost 
 total neglect. It is situated on the western declivity of a low moun- 
 tain, near its base. In length the mountain is about three miles, and 
 in height two hundred feet. Its length corresponds with the edges 
 of stratification in the vicinity, which do not differ essentially from 
 north by east. Annexed is a cross section of the western slope of 
 the elevation, passing directly across the ore-bed. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 F 
 
 A. Decomposed micaceous gneiss (976), called by the workmen 
 " gray fuller's earth." Its dip is between 60 and 80 east. It is 
 covered with a thin covering of diluvium, d. 
 
 B. Ore-bed. The mine is at present in such an uncleared and 
 neglected condition as completely to conceal the position of the bed. 
 Considerable information however, was derived from several intelli- 
 

 21 
 
 gent miners who were formerly engaged in its exploration. From 
 their statements, it appears that the ore is situated in a number of 
 nearly parallel veins (beds), whose direction and dip is nearly coin- 
 cident with that of the gray fuller's earth A. Between the beds, 
 several feet of gray fuller's earth are interposed. They state more- 
 over that the fuller's earth where in contact with the bed of ore pos- 
 sesses an indurated texture, and has consequently received from them 
 the name of " shell" (986). A ground-plat view will render intelli- 
 gible the direction of these beds, as well as the general figure of the 
 pit which has been formed in excavating the mine. 
 
 X Fig. 2. 
 
 A. Surrounding banks of loose earth, clay and rock. 
 
 B and C. Oval elevations, or cones, of loose earthy materials. 
 
 D. Bed of stream (generally dry) over which the water flows that 
 carries out the earth and stone from the bed, and in which the ore is 
 washed. The water employed for this purpose is collected in a de- 
 pression, E, (fig. 1) just above the top of the bed, and is let on at X, 
 where a dam and gate are situated. It is only during a short season in 
 the spring and autumn, that they have the command of water adequate 
 to the operation. During a full supply, the mine is inundated forty 
 or fifty times in a day. By this means the loose materials, including 
 masses of rock above a foot in diameter, are swept through the 
 whole length of the drain for a distance of thirty rods into the low 
 
22 
 
 ground. The height of the inclined plane forming the bed of the 
 stream is about sixty feet. 
 
 a, Drain-vein, b, Chocolate-vein, c, Blue swamp-vein. d, Anvil- 
 ledge. 
 
 The chocolate-vein was worked from seventy to one hundred feet 
 in length, and about twelve in width. The drain-vein had nearly the 
 same width. At present, all the beds indicated in the sketch, with 
 the exception of the anvil-ledge, are covered up by the rubbish which 
 has washed down from the banks. Indeed, the working at this place 
 has almost wholly ceased, from the depth at which the ore lies and 
 the danger apprehended from the sliding down of the eastern wall, 
 which overhangs the bed in a frightful manner, presenting a nearly 
 vertical front of loose, shelly materials, sixty or seventy feet in height. 
 Several slips in this great bank have actually taken place, during 
 which at least a quarter of an acre of rock and earth have been in 
 motion at once, and have given rise to large sinks and chasms on the 
 surface. But one hundred and fifty tons of ore were raised at this 
 place last year ; and this was obtained by picking up pieces that had 
 washed out of the banks and by partial adits, called " burrows" by 
 the workmen, carried horizontally into the banks of gray fuller's 
 earth, in the direction of the beds. 
 
 In farther explanation of the bed, the following references to fig. 1 
 are added : 
 
 C. Decomposing, quartzy mica-slate (180). It dips 80 west, 
 and forms part of the eastern wall to the excavation. 
 
 D. An alternation of quartz-rock (like 1806), decomposing, mi- 
 caceous gneiss (96) and quartzy mica-slate. They rest their bas- 
 seting edges on C, and dip 20 east. 
 
 E. Wet alluvium ; during part of the year a shallow pond. It 
 extends back about forty rods to the ledge F. 
 
 F. Gneiss, thick granitic, and occasionally hornblendic. It is 
 nearly vertical, dipping 80 to 85 west. 
 
 At present the workmen are directing their attention to a more 
 recent opening, situated seventy or eighty rods north of the old 
 mine, on the same slope and at the same elevation above the valley. 
 It has been worked more or less for a period of thirty years. Until 
 lately, the ore was obtained exclusively by burrows ; but they have 
 now formed a deep drain, open to the air as at the old bed, and from 
 the sides of this drain they carry in burrows, where the workmen 
 
23 
 
 operate to advantage during the winter. In this way, one hundred 
 and fifty tons were obtained during the last year by two hands. The 
 ore sells for three dollars and a quarter per ton, at the mine; one third 
 of which sum is allowed the workmen, together with some privile- 
 ges connected with the farm on which the mine is situated. 
 
 The Kent ore-bed cannot with any degree of propriety be consid- 
 ered as exhausted. The whole distance between the north excava- 
 tion and the old bed is probably occupied by ore, while the beds in 
 no instance have as yet been dug out in the direction of their stratifi- 
 cation. From their relation to the including strata A and C (fig. 1), it 
 would appear indeed, that at a certain depth, they must grow very thin 
 and finally perhaps wedge out, altogether. But from the distance of A 
 and C, it is obvious that this cannot occur short of a very great depth. 
 To recommence the work with profit however, will undoubtedly 
 demand a heavy expenditure, though it scarcely admits of a doubt 
 that the proprietors would in the end experience a full and satisfac- 
 tory remuneration.* 
 
 Several minor deposits of limonite require a brief notice, before 
 concluding this account of the present species of iron-ore. The 
 most important of these is known as Chatfield's bed. It is situated 
 a quarter of a mile southeast from Ore-hill and at a lower level, by 
 about one hundred feet. Indeed, the natural drain from Ore-hill 
 passes directly by Chatfield's bed. The excavation here made is 
 not far from ten rods in length, by two or three rods in width and 
 from twenty five to thirty feet deep. Its direction is nearly north 
 and south. The bed, together with the adjoining rock, dips 50 to 
 the east. In excavating a drain for a considerable distance through 
 the mica-slate rock forming the eastern side of the pit, it was found 
 that the rock was hard until within ten feet of the bed, where it be- 
 came more or less soft through decomposition. The bed at the sur- 
 
 * Much of the ore afforded by the anvil ledge, some of which is still accessible, is 
 the variety called by the furnace-men " frost-ore." It is an iron-breccia, consisting 
 of fragments of quartz and ferruginous jasper, cemented together by limonite, the 
 aggregate being filled with cavities lined more or less with minute crystals of trans- 
 parent quartz (487). Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to reduce it 
 in furnaces, but it has only yielded an inferior kind of cast-iron. A different mode 
 of treatment in respect to the kind and quantity of flux, might be attended with 
 better results. The subject justly merits attention, as thousands of tons of this va- 
 riety might be raised at a trifling expense. 
 
24 
 
 face had a breadth of two or three rods, but has continued to close 
 up as it goes down, until at the south end of the pit where the work- 
 ing is now going forward, it has a thickness of but ten feet. At this 
 point, moreover, it has altered its direction, and instead of falling off 
 to the east, has assumed a southerly dip and appears likely to wheel 
 round still farther and finally to run into an old pit, twenty rods long, 
 which was worked forty years ago. The stratification of that pit 
 was said to have been southwesterly in its lie. And as the direction 
 of the excavation points directly to the Ore-hill, it would seem to 
 favor the idea of a communication between the two deposits. It 
 would be interesting to ascertain whether this connexion does actu- 
 ally exist. The sinking of a few pits at various spots in the line of 
 direction would easily settle the question. 
 
 Seven hands are employed at Chatfield's bed. In 1835, eight 
 hundred tons of ore were raised, and a much larger quantity in 
 1836. It is carried to the furnaces in Canaan and Cornwall, and is 
 said to yield an iron scarcely different from that of the Ore-hill. One 
 fact however, is noticeable with respect to the ore at this place, 
 which serves to distinguish it from that of Ore-hill. The fibrous 
 varieties are closer and often impalpable in their texture ; a circum- 
 stance which may possibly be attributed to the lower level and moister 
 situation of Chatfield's bed.* 
 
 Another bed still wrought to a small extent in Salisbury, is Da- 
 vis' ore-bed, situated two and a half miles northeast of Ore-hill. 
 It occurs along the sides of a small stream which runs through a 
 slight depression or valley, down a gentle slope of ground which falls 
 off towards the east. The gray fuller's earth is abundant in the vi- 
 cinity, and considerable ore has been dug by sinking pits into it, at 
 numerous places. It is difficult however to drain the excavations, and 
 the ore lying considerably below the surface, and being raised in 
 small pieces and much intermingled with clay, requires to go through 
 the process of washing. At present they are raising ore from an 
 excavation twenty five rods in an easterly direction from old pond- 
 bed, a pit that twenty years ago yielded three thousand tons of ex- 
 cellent ore. Four hands raised one hundred and fifty tons in one 
 
 * An opening for ore was made a few years ago, two hundred rods north of Chat- 
 field's, but the bed was found to be too thin to make its exploration an object. 
 
25 
 
 month during the last summer. They receive one dollar and sixty- 
 two cents per ton for the ore, from the proprietors of the bed. The 
 ore is carried to Mount Riga. It yields iron of excellent quality, 
 and is smelted with much less fuel than that of Ore-hill. 
 
 Two extensive deposits of hematite exist in the north part of 
 Salisbury, distant from each other about a mile ; one is called Sco- 
 vil's, and the other Cha pin's bed. They are so situated however as to 
 render the draining of them difficult. The ore is said to be abun- 
 dant, and is extremely compact in its texture (5506). All attempts 
 however, to obtain from it a good iron have thus far failed ; and the 
 beds have consequently been abandoned for upwards of eight years. 
 The product of tbese ores, when smelted, was almost wholly devoted to 
 kentledge. The complaint has been made by some of the workmen, 
 that the ore is too rich; and it has been suggested again by others, that 
 it is in consequence of the presence of oxide of manganese. But it 
 seems much more reasonable to attribute the partial success in smelt- 
 ing this ore to its compact texture, for it does not appear that the pro- 
 cess of roasting has in the least been modified in consequence of this 
 structure. The ore has accordingly been introduced into the furnace 
 in an unprepared state. Its volatile ingredients, water, sulphur and 
 arsenic (perhaps) have not been dissipated ; in addition to which its 
 texture has not become sufficiently porous to allow of the free access 
 of the gaseous combustible matter for its reduction, as a consequence 
 of which instead of passing directly to the metallic state, a large part of 
 it unites as protoxide of iron with the silica and forms an irreducible 
 slag, from which it is difficult wholly to separate the portions that have 
 suffered reduction. Some sulphur also, from defective roasting, is 
 present to vitiate the result. If the difficulty in the present case is 
 referable to the source here supposed, the remedy is obvious. Instead 
 of roasting the ore in large open heaps, it is only necessary to heat it in 
 furnaces similar to those employed for burning lime, (called perpetual 
 kilns,) where the fire is constantly kept up, and portions of the charge 
 from time to time withdrawn. Such furnaces for roasting iron-ores are 
 common in Germany. They are constructed of brick, and have a 
 cylindrical shape, with an elevation of seventeen feet. Three open- 
 ings with grates are placed equidistant, near the bottom for introducing 
 the coal, between which are three others, situated on a level with the 
 
 4 
 
 
26 
 
 ground, for pulling out the ore. A small cast-iron cone is placed af 
 the bottom of the furnace, for the purpose of keeping the ore prop- 
 erly accumulated against the grates, where the heat is the strongest. 
 Several other promising indications of hematite are found in the 
 towns of Salisbury, Sharon, Cornwall, Kent and New Milford, bus 
 no beds, excepting those already mentioned, have yet assumed suffi- 
 cient importance to be treated of in this report. Whenever the en- 
 terprise of their proprietors, or of others shall cause them to be 
 thoroughly explored, the sources of workable iron-ore to the State 
 will be augmented to a very important degree. There certainly 
 does not appear to be the smallest ground for apprehension, that a 
 decline of this resource is likely to occur for many generations to 
 come, at least so far as a supply of ore is concerned. A slight de- 
 pression in the iron-interest has been experienced within a few years, 
 which is attributed by the proprietors of furnaces to the high price 
 of ore and of charcoal. The duly on the ore of Salisbury (Ore- 
 hill) was originally but forty-two cents the ton ; but it has steadily 
 advanced, until within the last fifteen years, it has stood at one dollar 
 and a quarter. Charcoal has also increased in value fifteen or twenty 
 per cent. These advances will no doubt continue to be felt, unless 
 met by corresponding exertions to avail of higher economy and skill 
 in the fabrication of cast-iron. Important ameliorations are capable 
 of being introduced, not only in the picking and roasting of ores, the 
 preparation of charcoal, the selection and apportioning of fluxes, but 
 still more in the admission of heated air in the blast.* 
 
 * As no furnaces in the State have attended to this last mentioned improvement, 
 it is to be presumed that the nature of the invention is not fully understood by pro- 
 prietors of iron-works, A few general remarks respecting the subject may not 
 therefore, be inappropriate to this report. 
 
 In the fabrication of cast-iron it must be obvious, that a certain temperature rs 
 necessary to secure the favorable working of the furnace. If this is not reached, 
 all the stock added, is (in the language of the furnace-men) " cut to pieces" without 
 any reduction of the metal. The manner in which the hot blast secures the heat 
 required, is at once understood if we reflect upon the ascertained fact, that in a fur- 
 nace whose charges of stock amount to two tons per hour, the weight of air driven 
 in, is six tons for the same time. The difference between the admission of this pro- 
 digious weight of air at 50 and 600 is most apparent, especially when it is consid- 
 ered that it enters the hottest part of the furnace. In both cases, the effect it pro- 
 duces to support combustion is the same ; in the latter however, it does not rob the 
 combustion of the heat it produces. But before quoting the verification of the ra- 
 
 
27 
 
 The following is an approximation to the annual yield of furnaces 
 in cast-iron in this section of the State : 
 
 The ore from N. Y. The ore from Conn. 
 
 Housatonic manufacturing co, 500 tons. 
 
 Macedonia furnace co., 850 " 
 
 Kent furnace co., 600 " 
 
 Sharon valley-furnace, - 800 tons. 
 
 Raumaug iron co., 500 " 
 
 Chapinville, 400 
 
 Canfield &, Robbins, 
 
 Cornwall iron co., 
 
 Cornwall-bridge iron co., 
 
 Lirnerock furnace, 
 
 Mt. Riga, 
 
 245.0 4000 
 
 tionale given and which experience has furnished, it is proper to allude to the method 
 by which the air is heated and to slate how it is forced into the furnace. A number 
 of arrangements have been adopted in Scotland for heating the air, but no one in 
 particular seems hitherto to have proved itself superior to the rest. In general, the 
 method may be described to consist, in maintaining at a red heat,|the cast-iron tubes 
 through which the air from the blowing apparatus to the furnace is conveyed. But 
 as the temperature of the furnace near the nozzles becomes so much elevated, it is 
 necessary in order to prevent the melting of the cast-iron lining to employ the wa- 
 tr-tweer ; which consists of an iron-lining, cast hollow instead of solid, so as to con- 
 tain water within, which is admitted by means of one pipe and allowed to escape by 
 another as it becomes heated. It thus becomes practicable to lute up the space be- 
 tween the blowpipe nozzle and the tweers, whereby all loss of air is prevented, and 
 the bellowing noise formerly produced completely suppressed. 
 
 To exhibit in a satisfactory point of view the operation of this arrangement, the 
 results obtained at the Clyde iron-works in Scotland may be instanced. 
 
 " During the first six months of the year 1833, when all these changes had been 
 fully brought into operation, one ton of cast-iron was made by means of 2 tons 5 
 cwt. of coal, which had not previously to be converted into coke. Adding to this 8 
 cwt. of coal for heating, we have 2 tons 13 cwt. of coal required to make a ton of 
 iron ; whereas in 1829, when the cold blast was in operation, 8 tons.l cwt. of coal 
 had to be used. This being almost exactly three times as much, we have from the 
 change of the cold blast to the hot, combined with the use of coal instead of coke, 
 three times as much iron made from any given weight of splint coal. 
 
 " During the three successive periods that have been specified, the same blowing 
 apparatus was in use ; and not the least remarkable effect of Mr. NEILSON'S inven- 
 tion has been the increased efficacy of a given quantity of air in the production of 
 iron. The furnaces of Clyde iron-works, which were at first three, have been h> 
 
28 
 
 In order to do full justice however, to the yield of our mines, it 
 requires to be mentioned, that about nine hundred tons of ore go 
 annually from the Salisbury Ore-hill to the Ancram iron-works in 
 the state of New York, and three hundred tons of Kent ore are con- 
 sumed by the forges in the vicinity of the ore-bed. We shall be 
 justified therefore, in estimating the annual product in cast-iron from 
 the hematite ores of the State at four thousand five hundred tons. 
 
 The bog iron-ore has from an early period, attracted considerable 
 attention in the central and eastern part of the State. It was for- 
 merly dug and smelted in situations where it has long since ceased 
 to be worked, the beds then known having been exhausted and the 
 ore not since reproduced. This was the case in North Haven and 
 Branford, and some other towns bordering the Sound in the south- 
 
 creased to four, and the blast-machinery being still the same, the following were the 
 successive weekly products of iron during the periods already named, and the suc- 
 cessive weekly consumpt of fuel put in the furnace, apart from what was used in 
 heating the blast : 
 
 Tons. Tons. Tons. 
 
 In 1829, from 3 furnaces, 111 Iron, from 403 Coke, from 888 Coal. 
 1830, " 3 " 162 " 376 " " 836 " 
 
 1833, " 4 " 245 " " " 554 " 
 
 " Comparing the product of 1829 with the product of 1833, it will be observed 
 that the blast, in consequence of being heated, has reduced more than double the 
 quantity of iron. The fuel consumed in these two periods, we cannot compare ; 
 since in the former, coke was burned and in the latter, coal. But on comparing the 
 consumpt of coke in the years 1829 and 1830, we find that although the product 
 of iron in the latter period was increased, yet the consumpt of coke was rather di- 
 minished. Hence the increased efficacy of the blast appears to be not greater than 
 was to be expected, from the diminished fuel that had become necessary to smelt a 
 given quantity of iron. On the whole then, the application of the hot blast has caused 
 the same fuel to reduce three times as much iron as before, and the same blast twice 
 as much as before. The proportion of the flux required to reduce a given weight 
 of the ore has also been diminished." 
 
 "In Scotland, Mr. NEILSON'S invention has been extensively applied to the ma- 
 king of cast-iron, insomuch that there is only one Scotch iron-work where the inven- 
 tion is not in use ; and in that work, apparatus is under construction to put the inven- 
 tion into operation." (On the application of the Hot Blast, in the manufacture of 
 Cast Iron, by THOMAS CLARK, M. D., Professor of Chemistry in Marishal Col- 
 lege, Aberdeen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. xiii, p. 373.) 
 For additional details respecting this improvement, see a treatise " on the use of hot 
 air in the iron- works of England and Scotland, translated from a report made to the 
 Director General of mines in France, by M. DUFRENOY, in 1834. London. Mur- 
 ray. 1836. 
 
29 
 
 eastern part of the State. The region however, that now affords 
 supplies to two considerable furnaces, one in Stafford, the other in 
 Hebron, may be defined as consisting of all that part of the State, 
 lying to the north and northeast of Colchester. The parent rock 
 of this ore is a pyritiferous gneiss, which is an extensive formation 
 in the northern part of New London, Tolland, and Windham coun- 
 ties (966), and even spreads over much of the western and central 
 part of the county of Worcester, in Massachusetts. The towns in 
 which it appears to have been the most abundantly developed are 
 the following : Colchester, Hebron, Tolland, Willington, Westford 
 (in Ashford), Stafford, Union, and Woodstock. The deposits pre- 
 sent obvious differences, attributable to the periods in which they 
 were formed. The ore at present dug near the village of Colches- 
 ter (554), appears long since to have ceased in its accumulation, 
 and bears marks of having been chiefly deposited anterior to vegeta- 
 ble deposits. It forms a thin stratum reposing directly upon the 
 diluvium, and appears to be almost wholly wanting in vegetable 
 reliquia3. Above it, is a black mould or soil of one or two feet 
 in thickness. The beds in Tolland, Woodstock, and other places, 
 often embrace vegetable remains, and the depositions in some situa- 
 tions are said to undergo a renewal in ten or fifteen years. A va- 
 riety found one mile north of Black pond in Woodstock, presents 
 surfaces when it has been exposed to the weather, having a fine sili- 
 ceous coating (556) in the form of threads, and apparently due to 
 the siliceous skeletons of sedge grass, with which family of plants 
 the adjacent swamp abounds. The ore is throughout traversed by 
 these filaments, which are rendered apparent by exposure to the 
 weather. One pit at this place yielded one hundred and fifty tons 
 of ore. The proprietor obtains one dollar per ton for the ore as it 
 lies in the bed. One hand is able to dig six tons in a day. It is 
 more usual however, for the owners of the furnaces to contract for 
 entire beds, rather than to purchase the ore by the ton delivered at 
 their works. The most accessible beds in Stafford have been ex- 
 hausted ; but the towns of Union, Woodstock, Willington, and Tol- 
 land, will be able to furnish ore for a long period to come. The 
 iron-works at Stafford produce three hundred and fifty tons of cast- 
 ings, yearly. A part of the ore employed however, comes from the 
 neighboring towns of Massachusetts. The newly erected furnace in 
 
30 
 
 Hebron, is at present chiefly supplied with ore from Colchester. 
 Considering the wide extent of the ferruginous gneiss, and the abun- 
 dant indication of iron in the color of the soil and the rusty pellicles 
 on the surface of springs, we can with difficulty apprehend the speedy 
 failure of this convenient mineral resource to the inhabitants of the 
 above specified region. 
 
 Spathic Iron. This invaluable ore, of which Connecticut appears 
 to possess the most remarkable mine in the United States, will jus- 
 tify a more particular and detailed notice in this report from the 
 fact, that it has been overlooked as an iron-ore with us nearly to the 
 present time, and still remains in a neglected slate. The mine was 
 discovered at a very early period in the history of the State ; and 
 the abundance and peculiar properties of the ore excited a high de- 
 gree of curiosity and expectation. Numerous attempts were made 
 to work it as a silver-mine, and immense sums expended without 
 exciting even a suspicion of its value for iron. 
 
 Spathic iron is one of the most disguised of all the ores of iron, 
 possessed of economical value. Its high specific gravity, added to 
 Che development of iron-rust occasioned by exposure to the weather, 
 are the only properties by which its ferruginous character is generally 
 detected. Its name of spathic (or sparry) iron was bestowed in 
 allusion to its brilliant and easily effected cleavages in three direc- 
 tions, and which result in rhombic fragments of constant dimensions. 
 Its hardness is greater than that of calcareous spar ; and its color 
 when freshly taken from its repositories is a light yellowish gray 
 (357), which passes however by exposure to the air, to a reddish 
 brown (358). It is composed of protoxide of iron from 57 to 60 
 p. c., carbonic acid 34 to 36 p. c., with a proportion of manganese 
 from 0-5 to 1-5, and about the same quantity of lime and magnesia. 
 The lime and magnesia however, are liable to slight variations in 
 their proportions. 
 
 The spathic iron-mine in question occurs in a mountain about 
 three hundred and fifty feet in height, situated on the western bank 
 of Shepaug river in Roxbury, about four miles above its junction 
 with the Housatonic. The mountain is known in the vicinity by the 
 name of Mine-hill. The rock of which it is composed is, for the 
 most part, concealed by a soil supporting a fine growth of hard wood. 
 Wherever the rock makes its appearance however, it exhibits a re- 
 
31 
 
 markable uniformity in character and arrangement. The direction 
 of the strata is nearly N. E. and S. W., with a dip of 25 or 30 to 
 the northwest. The ore occupies a perpendicular vein from six to 
 eight feet in width, cutting directly across the strata ; and has been 
 detected at numerous places from the base of the hill near the banks 
 of the river, quite to its summit, a distance of above half a mile.* 
 The course and width of the vein wherever exposed, appear uniform. 
 The vein-stone, or gangue of the ore, is white quartz, which fre- 
 quently preponderates in bulk over the ore. No other substances 
 deserve to be mentioned as entering into the composition of this very 
 remarkable vein, minute portions of iron-pyrites, yellow copper-py- 
 rites, galena and blende, being the only foreign substances present, 
 and as these occur principally near the summit where the most exten- 
 sive explorations were made for silver, it is altogether likely that 
 the blende was the principal object of search. f 
 
 Whoever examines this vein must be convinced of the abundance 
 of the ore, as well as struck with the facility of its situation for be- 
 
 * Two other quartz-veins, one north and the other south of this vein, have been 
 observed. The most southerly vein has been examined in two places and discovers 
 traces of spathic iron : it may yield when thoroughly opened, a sufficient quantity 
 to justify exploration. It is situated about one hundred rods from the great vein. 
 
 t The first digging at this place was made about the middle of the last century 
 by Hurlbut & Hawley, but the history of their operations is nearly lost. The se- 
 cond company, organized by the Messrs. Bronsons (brothers) near the year 1760, 
 prosecuted the enterprise with much spirit. They sunk a shaft into the vein near 
 the top of the mountain, one hundred and seventy-five feet deep, besides carrying 
 down another of considerable depth for the ventilation of the first. The working 
 was conducted under the direction of a German goldsmith, who carried on his pro- 
 cesses of pretended separation and refining with great secrecy. It is said, that he 
 produced occasionally small quantities of silver, which kept alive the hopes of his 
 employers. Thus the undertaking went forward for several years, until the means 
 of the company were wholly exhausted. The result of this experiment might in 
 all probability have put the working of the mine for silver completely at rest, except 
 for a circumstance which occurred connected with the departure of the German. 
 When he left the mountain, he was assisted by a slave in removing a number of very 
 heavy boxes, one of which accidentally falling to the ground, burst open and re- 
 vealed to the eyes of the negro a quantity of bars, which he described as having the 
 appearance of silver. The agent was now suspected to have carried on the work- 
 ing of the mine fraudulently, and to have caused its products to be surreptitiously 
 conveyed out of the country for his private advantage ; consequently, the mine 
 again acquired the character of a valuable deposit of silver. A new company was 
 organized in the city of New York, who took a lease of the property for forty-three 
 
32 
 
 ing wrought. The expense to be incurred in raising it from its re- 
 pository and in its delivery upon the banks of the Shepaug, where 
 the necessary water-power is afforded for carrying on extensive 
 iron-works, must be comparatively trifling ; while an abundant supply 
 of hard wood is at hand for fuel, and a land-carriage of four miles 
 would connect the works with the navigable waters of the Hou- 
 satonic. 
 
 The spathic iron being an ore of such unusual appearance, and 
 no where wrought in the United States, it is not surprising that the 
 remarkable deposit here alluded to, has so long been treated with 
 neglect. Public attention however, can in no way perhaps be bet- 
 ter excited towards so valuable a resource than by making known 
 its extensive use in other countries, and by pointing out a few of the 
 leading facts connected with its conversion into steel. It furnishes 
 almost exclusively the well known German steel, so largely manu- 
 factured in the Austrian dominions. Thus in the Tyrol, the annual 
 produce is two thousand quintals, and in Carinthia seventy thousand. 
 
 years. They commenced operations on a much wider scale, and have left behind 
 the proofs of a very heavy expenditure. The excavations made by this company, 
 exhibit more science in the working of mines. They descended the mountain to- 
 wards the river in the direction of the vein, removing at intervals the accumulations 
 of soil and loose rocks which conceal it throughout its whole distance, until they 
 reached halfway to the base of the mountain, when they commenced carrying in 
 a level having the full width of the vein, and which is said to have been prosecuted 
 to the distance of twenty rods. The result of this enterprise was equally unpropi- 
 tious with the former one, though not sufficiently discouraging to lead to the final 
 abandonment of the project. Still another company was formed, consisting chiefly 
 of persons living in Goshen, who recommenced the diggings at the top of the moun- 
 tain, and persevered in the undertaking until the failure of several of the stock- 
 holders compelled them to relinquish it. The last working of the mine for silver 
 was by Mr. BACON, an extensive landholder in that neighborhood. It finally began 
 to attract attention as an iron-mine, and considerable quantities of the ore raised by 
 the different companies were carried to Kent, and there reduced along with the he- 
 matite of that place, with which it is said to have formed a very tough and excellent 
 iron. An unskillful attempt was afterwards made to reduce the spathic iron by itself 
 in a furnace at no great distance from the mine, which proving unsuccessful, no far- 
 ther notice has been taken of the ore. The present proprietor of this mine, Mr. 
 DAVID J. STILES of Southbury, procured a sample of pig-iron obtained during the 
 jast mentioned trial, and caused it to be forged into steel under his own inspection, 
 by an experienced iron-master in Salisbury. The operation was attended with great 
 facility ; and a variety of cutting instruments were manufactured from the steel, 
 all of which proved of excellent quality. 
 
33 
 
 In Stiria, at Vordernberg, fourteen high furnaces are in constant use in 
 reducing this ore, and four others at Eisenertz. They are supplied 
 from a mountain two thousand feet in height, composed entirely of 
 spathic iron. The ore is conveyed to the furnaces on rail-ways, 
 some of which are from three to five leagues in length. The an- 
 nual produce of soft iron and steel from this vicinity, is three hun- 
 dred and fifty thousand quintals. The cast-iron is afforded at the 
 low price of from one dollar and a quarter to one dollar and a half 
 per quintal, and the steel at four dollars per quintal. The steel is 
 fabricated into sythes and other articles of coarse cutlery, and is 
 exported in bars. Twelve hundred men are employed in the steel- 
 works of the two last mentioned places. Spathic iron is also largely 
 explored at Allevard near Grenoble in France, and in various other 
 places in Europe. 
 
 The following is an outline of the most approved method at pres- 
 ent practiced in the management of this ore. It is treated in high 
 furnaces like hematite, without any other" flux than the quartz with 
 which it is generally found associated. The cast-iron which it yields, 
 is remarkable for its white color, and lamellar or foliated texture. It 
 is refined or converted into steel in forges, similar in many respects 
 to those used for making bar-iron. The hearth or crucible for the 
 reception of the fuel and the pig-iron, is formed by several cast-iron 
 plates, having a bottom or sole, of refractory sandstone. The chim- 
 ney is twenty-seven feet in elevation from the level of the ground, with 
 a cavity twenty-eight inches by twenty-two. The blowing apparatus 
 is pyramidal in form, and seven feet in length. The diameter of the 
 nozzle is not large, but the current thrown into the fire is strong. 
 Consequently, copper-bellows are preferable. When the working 
 of the forge is in a medium state, the bellows throw into the crucible 
 eighty-one cubic feet of air in a minute, under a pressure of one and 
 a half pounds to the inch, and when the forge is in its highest activity, 
 the same quantity, but under a pressure of two pounds. So impor- 
 tant is the supply of a strong current of air from the bellows, that 
 this circumstance alone makes a difference in the yield of the steel 
 from the pig-iron, of from 62 to 74 per cent. The dimensions of 
 the crucible are two feet six inches from the tweer to the opposite 
 side, by two feet eight inches in depth. Many circumstances rela- 
 ting to the shape of the crucible, are of the highest importance ; and 
 
 5 
 
34 
 
 must be learnt from the plans laid down in the treatises on metal- 
 lurgy.* The operation of refining is commenced by throwing into 
 the crucible, filled with charcoal, half a cubic foot of rich cinders, and 
 upon this a plate of cast-iron of the weight of thirty or forty pounds, 
 the mass being sunk about three inches into the crucible, and 
 situated against the side opposite the tweer. It soon begins to melt, 
 and sinks into the fuel, where the decarbonization gradually ensues. 
 The refiner perceives by an instrument when it hardens, or has come 
 " to nature." When this occurs, it will form a plate an inch thick 
 on the sole of the crucible. He then adds a second charge precisely 
 after the manner of the first, only its weight is seventy-five or eighty 
 pounds. When this mass is liquefied, a part of the scoriae is run off, 
 to facilitate which, small portions of clay are sometimes added. The 
 metal of the second charge completely dissolves that of the first, 
 when they are in the right proportions to each other. It requires 
 half an hour to dissolve the first mass, and half or three quarters of 
 an hour longer for the liquefaction of both masses. A third mass 
 (of the same weight as the second) is added on the coagulation of 
 the previous charges. This induces a fusion of the whole in a quar- 
 ter of an hour. A fourth mass of sixty or sixty-five pounds on be- 
 ing added does not wholly redissolve the previous additions. At this 
 period of the process, an iron is thrust into the crucible, and the 
 steely mass is withdrawn ; and by the appearance it presents, the 
 workman judges of what is requisite to complete the operation. The 
 loup of steel is now almost entirely formed. The fifth mass (weigh- 
 ing forty or forty-five pounds) is melted like the others; after three 
 quarters of an hour, it coagulates to the consistence of butter. The 
 sixth charge of thirty pounds is put into the crucible as the loup with 
 its cinders is partially withdrawn ; it melts and forms a hole in the 
 main mass. The seventh and last mass of the same size is added 
 in a similar manner, which brings the loup in the crucible to a level 
 with the mouth of the tweer. When the last addition is refined, the 
 loup is taken to the anvil and divided into eight or ten wedge shaped 
 pieces, a process which is easily effected. The mass is thought to 
 be perfectly refined, if when withdrawn from the crucible, its lower 
 part exhibits a white heat. The loup is ordinarily of four hundred 
 
 * See Archives de M. KARSTEN, t. 18, p. 332397. 
 
35 
 
 pounds weight, of which one forge makes three in twenty-four hours. 
 But the rapidity of the process depends much upon the nature of the 
 pig-iron employed. The steel forms much more rapidly if it be 
 produced from a mixture of two thirds spathic iron with one third 
 brown hematite (limonite), but the steel is not so good. It is com- 
 mon however, in some forges to employ two masses out of the seven 
 of this kind of cast-iron, and which, instead of being lamellar and 
 white, is somewhat fibrous and gray. These two pieces, moreover, 
 are the first that are added to form the loup. 
 
 But notwithstanding the principal details of this art are to be found 
 in the source above indicated, it is yet necessary to observe that no 
 branch of iron-making stands more in need of the services of work- 
 men experienced in the business than the present. The fabrication 
 of steel is yet almost wholly an empirical art, in the practice of which 
 the workman finds for each peculiarity or accident which occurs, a 
 remedy, or mode of precedure, suggested by tact and experience 
 only ; and hence no attempt to establish this nice manufacture with 
 us, ought to be made, without securing the assistance of European 
 workmen of approved skill. 
 
 The ores of iron enumerated, are all that we appear to possess, 
 which are capable of being turned to account in the manufacture of 
 iron, specular iron not being found with us in sufficient quantity to 
 be deserving of economical notice : it was merely detected at a few 
 spots and mostly in the eastern parts of the State (545, 546). 
 
 Unsuccessful attempts have indeed been made to explore a highly 
 ferruginous hornblende both in Weston and Litchfield as an iron-ore ; 
 and at the former of these places many years since, a small portion of 
 this mineral was actually smelted and from it metallic iron obtained. 
 But although this rock has in some countries occasionally been 
 worked as an iron-ore, there can be no question that it would prove 
 unprofitable to pursue it here in the present abundance of better ores 
 and the low state of metallurgic skill. The locality of Weston is 
 about one mile north of Sandford's mills. The rock (110) forms 
 large beds in connection with gneiss and mica-slate. It separates 
 by means of three sets of cleavages into large rhomboidal fragments, 
 whose surfaces when exposed to the weather present a pitted or cor- 
 roded appearance ; and when struck with a hammer, it resounds with 
 a metallic, ringing noise. To this circumstance and the high specific 
 
36 
 
 gravity of the rock, are no doubt owing the impression of its value 
 as an iron-ore. The other locality is near Bradleysville in Litchfield. 
 It was explored very slightly eight or ten years ago by Mr. E. HOR- 
 TON. It contains small portions of magnetic iron-pyrites (460), but 
 in other respects resembles the variety just described. 
 
 The remaining ores of iron to be mentioned, though valueless as 
 sources of metal, are nevertheless of considerable importance for other 
 purposes. They consist of three species, Iron- Pyrites, Magnetic 
 Iron-Pyrites and Mispickel ; the last will be noticed under arsenic. 
 
 Iron-Pyrites. This is one of the most widely diffused of all the 
 ores of iron. Few rocks or formations are found to be destitute of 
 it in a greater or less quantity, when examined through any consid- 
 erable extent. Its peculiar yellow color, bright metallic lustre, taken 
 with its considerable hardness and the very common cubic form of 
 its crystals, serve to render it easy of recognition. It consists of iron 
 46 and sulphur 54. But notwithstanding the large proportion of 
 iron, its mineralization by sulphur unfits it for reduction to the me- 
 tallic state ; and its only uses are to afford sulphur, sulphuric acid, 
 sulphate of iron and alum. It is thus employed in Germany on a 
 very extensive scale. Large earthern retorts are charged with the 
 ore, and heat is applied until about 17 p. c. of the sulphur is distilled 
 over, and which is condensed in suitable chambers. What remains 
 behind is thrown into heaps on floors covered with clay and sur- 
 rounded with raised edges of the same material, and in this situation 
 is exposed to the weather, water being added from time to time 
 to dissolve out the copperas formed,. The solution thus obtained is 
 evaporated to a proper degree of concentration, and suffered to crys- 
 tallize in wooden vats if copperas be the object, or evaporated down 
 and distilled to dryness if sulphuric acid be the product desired. 
 The solid residuum in the latter case is a red powder, used as a pig- 
 ment in the arts under the name of colcothar, and which is either a 
 a pure peroxide of iron or a mixture of persulphate and peroxide, 
 according to the intensity of heat applied in the process. When the 
 ore under consideration is diffused through an argillite, its sponta- 
 neous decomposition gives rise, with addition of ammonia or potassa, 
 to the formation of alum as well as of copperas. Iron-pyrites is the 
 frequent attendant of gold, the precious metal existing interspersed 
 through the pyrites often in a proportion no greater than one five 
 
37 
 
 thousandth of its weight. This variety, called the auriferous iron- 
 pyrites, can sometimes be detected by its peculiar golden color, as 
 well as from its unusual tendency to suffer decomposition. 
 
 Allusion will only be made to those localities of this ore which 
 seem likely to lead to such discoveries, as may prove useful in some 
 one or other of the ways above mentioned ; for though its wide and 
 almost universal diffusion through all our rocks, with the exception 
 of the sandstone conglomerates, is continually giving rise to deposits 
 of bog iron-ore and frequently yields an essential ingredient in form- 
 ing soils suited to vegetation,* still these uses demand no formal no- 
 tice in this report. 
 
 No deposit of iron-pyrites alone, has^yet been found of sufficient 
 extent to justify either of the manufactures above alluded to, nor has 
 any of this ore been detected including appreciable traces of gold 
 in Connecticut. A few of the most promising districts in which lo 
 search for such ores however, require to be indicated. A place called 
 Brimstone-ledge, a little east of North Madison meeting-house, pre- 
 sents favorable indications of this ore (575) along with magnetic iron- 
 pyrites. A considerable vein of quartz was observed to contain it 
 (568) in the vicinity of the coal-digging at Newtown, both in a crys- 
 tallized and massive state. The plumbaginous mica-slate thrown 
 out from the excavations for coal embrace thin films of the same sub- 
 stance (151). Considerable pits were formerly sunk in Winchester, on 
 the land of Capt. SMITH, and among the refuse thrown out, traces of 
 iron-pyrites are observed. This is probably the substance which led 
 to the enterprise, but in what quantity it exists it is impossible from 
 present appearances to say. The stone quarries on Connecticut river, 
 opposite to Haddam, embrace beds of micaceous gneiss, which are 
 occasionally rich in iron-pyrites, chiefly however belonging to the 
 species, white iron-pyrites. It occurs associated with tourmaline and 
 a variety of hornblende, known under the name of anthophyllite. At 
 a digging for coal in Windsor near Pequonnoc, a fissile shale (279) 
 is abundant, containing between its layers radiating lamina of iron- 
 pyrites. It is a rock sufficiently analogous to the true alum-slate, to 
 invite attention to the pyritiferous. slates of the sandstone formation. 
 
 * The existence of iron-pyrites in a soil containing lime, leads to the formation of 
 gypsum. 
 
38 
 
 Some indications of the auriferous variety were noticed in the chlo- 
 rite-slate formation of Orange. A decomposing iron-pyrites, in cu- 
 bical crystals, with dull brown surfaces, was frequently observed in 
 the neighborhood of Savin-rock; and an ochre, rarely embracing 
 portions of undecomposed ore, occurred disseminated through a 
 quartz-vein several feet in width, in the central part of the town at 
 Lambert's mine. Specimens from both these places were care- 
 fully subjected to washing by Mr. FORREST SHEPHERD, as well as 
 to trials in the humid way, without leading to the detection of gold. 
 Still, as the appearances are so favorable arising out of the aspect 
 of the ore and the coincidences of geological formation, the prose- 
 cution of inquiries in this vicinity ought to be continued, if not for 
 the economical, at least for the scientific value of the discovery. 
 
 Iron-pyrites in very insignificant quantity was often ascertained to 
 be the substance upon which had been founded the idea of the ex- 
 istence of valuable mines. It had thus excited attention at the fol- 
 lowing places : on land of Mr. BOOTH one mile west of Stratford, 
 an excavation in gneissoid dolomite near the lime-kiln of Mr. P. 
 CHAPMAN in Ridgefield, bed of the Housatonic half a mile south 
 of the furnace in Kent and at the celebrated silver-mine of Ashford.* 
 
 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites. This ore is easily distinguished from 
 iron-pyrites, by its almost invariably massive structure and inferior 
 hardness, and from other ores by the same properties taken with its 
 metallic lustre and bronze-color. Its powder is a dark grayish black, 
 and is attracted by the magnet. It consists of iron about 60, and 
 sulphur 40. It is less widely disseminated than iron-pyrites, though 
 it sometimes forms powerful beds in the primitive rocks. Its uses 
 are similar to those of the preceding species. Three remarkable 
 localities of it are known in the State, which exist in the following 
 towns, Trumbull, New Fairfield and Litchfield. 
 
 The magnetic iron-pyrites in the first mentioned town occurs, 
 entering into the composition of the remarkable topaz-vein and is as- 
 
 * It is quite probable, that the exploration made about seventy years ago in Corn- 
 wall was in pursuit of this ore, together with the magnetic iron-pyrites and sphene, 
 as samples of these substances were detected among the fragments at present lying 
 about the excavations. The rock is hornblcndic gneiss, and contains partial veins 
 and seams of quartz, through which are disseminated pyroxene, feldspar, and the 
 minerals just enumerated (535). 
 
39 
 
 sociated with fluor, and small quantities of yellow copper-pyrites, 
 and common iron-pyrites. These minerals together, form a vein 
 from ten to eighteen inches in width, with sides of massive fluor, cut- 
 ting across a micaceous limestone. The ore at this place (574) is 
 the foliated or cleavable variety, precisely analogous to that of the 
 celebrated deposit in Bodenmais, Bavaria ; and although it does not 
 perhaps occur in sufficient quantity to justify exploration on its own 
 account, still should the other ingredients of the vein which are val- 
 uable, come to be explored, it may yet be found of some conse- 
 quence for the manufacture of copperas. 
 
 The locality in New Fairfield is near the line of Brookfield, on 
 the land of Mr. H. M. KELLOGG. It is situated on a rise of land 
 about sixty feet high, at the eastern edge of an extended swamp, 
 on Rocky river. Wherever the rock breaks through the soil, it 
 shows itself to be a decomposing pyritiferous gneiss. It has been 
 blasted to the depth of several feet in one spot on the top of the 
 hill, and about half a ton of the ore was manufactured during the 
 late war into copperas by the Messrs. TOMLINSONS of Brookfield, 
 by whom it was found to yield about its own weight of this salt. 
 The excavation made would indicate that the rock is every where 
 more or less penetrated by the ore ; while it also discovers a seam 
 or stratum nearly a foot in width almost wholly composed of this 
 substance, the only other ingredients being iron-pyrites and small 
 greenish grains and crystals of feldspar (575). 
 
 But the principal region for magnetic iron-pyrites is Prospect hill, 
 in the western part of Litchfield. It forms an occasional ingredient 
 in the constitution of the hornblendic rocks of this mountain, and very 
 early excited the notice of the inhabitants of the vicinity. The most 
 favorable place for viewing the ore is near the house of Mrs. POT- 
 TER. At this place, an excavation fifteen feet deep by eight wide 
 and high, has lately been carried into the mountain by the Phenix 
 Mining Company, whose object was a flux suited to their copper 
 ores in Granby. A part of the pyrites thrown out by the company 
 still remains in a heap atBradleysville, from the examination of which, 
 as well as from the inspection of the sides of the adit, it is apparent 
 that the ore forms on an average, nearly one half of the bulk of the 
 rock. It contains traces also of yellow copper-pyrites (573). A 
 fine spring of water issues directly from the excavation, which might 
 
40 
 
 be turned to a valuable account in the establishment of a copperas 
 manufacture. Abundance of hard wood is also close at hand. Ap- 
 pearances observed elsewhere on the mountain also, indicate that the 
 supply of ore will be found abundant. 
 
 The same pyrites was formerly observed in small quantities in 
 Reading in the bed of Saugatuck river, on land owned by Mr. Z. 
 HULL. An examination of the specimens evinced, that it was of 
 the same variety as that found in New Fairfield. Another locality of 
 this species, but in quantities too small to be deserving of attention, 
 has led within a few years to an expensive excavation in Brookfield, 
 on the land of Mr. C. HAWLEY. A shaft has here been carried 
 down to the depth of seventy feet in a quartzy rock. The ore is 
 disseminated in threads and veins (576) through this gangue, asso- 
 ciated with small quantities of calcareous spar, tabular spar, sphene, 
 pyroxene and hornblende. The object in view in this undertaking, 
 so far as it could be ascertained, was copper. It is needless to add, 
 that all expectations of profit of any kind from this place must prove 
 wholly fruitless. The same remark will apply to an excavation 
 in a hornblendic gneiss, traversed by seams of epidote, and contain- 
 ing traces of magnetic iron-pyrites (437), which has lately been 
 made in the northeast part of Woodbury. The object of search was 
 gold.* 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 Several ores of copper are known to exist in Connecticut, and ex- 
 tensive mining operations have been conducted with a view to this 
 metal ; but it still remains a matter of uncertainty, whether a suffi- 
 cient quantity of copper has been realized to reimburse the expen- 
 ditures thus far made, although the indications are highly favorable to 
 the existence of valuable mines in the State. The ores will be treat- 
 ed of in the following order : native copper, vitreous copper, variega- 
 ted copper, yellow copper-pyrites, green malachite, blue malachite. 
 
 Native Copper. This species, when unmixed with other ores 
 and earthy minerals, precisely resembles the melted copper of com- 
 merce. It is found in narrow seams, plates, threads and arborescent 
 
 * An iron-ore on Eggleston hill in Newfield, Torrington, is reported to have been 
 examined twenty years ago with a view to working, but was found to contain too 
 much'sulphur. It is possible that it belongs to the present species. 
 

 41 
 
 masses, disseminated through various rocks, as well as in water-worn 
 fragments loose in the soil. Thus far in Connecticut, it has princi- 
 pally been found in the secondary region, where it has occurred 
 either engaged in trap or sandstone, or loose in the soil. A mass 
 weighing ninety pounds, was found about fifty years ago in Hamden. 
 It was attached to a rock with which it had been connected by me- 
 tallic veins. The same vicinity has afforded a number of samples, 
 found in the soil, and often associated with red copper-ore and va- 
 riegated copper. It has of late been detected in the trap of Farm- 
 ington, in small quantities.* Although considerable deposits of it 
 are not likely to be brought to light, yet such is its value, that the 
 the discovery of it in small quantity, if attended with other ores, must 
 prove highly important. 
 
 Vitreous Copper. This ore has a blackish lead-gray color, a me- 
 tallic lustre and a foliated or granular texture, generally approaching 
 to compact. It is so soft, that when cut with a knife the particles 
 which are separated, remain upon the blade. It consists of copper 
 80 and sulphur 20, with a trace of iron. From this constitution it 
 is obvious, that it must be highly prized as an ore of copper. As 
 the Sirnsbury copper-mines are the leading repositories of this ore, 
 some notice of them is required in this place. They are situated in 
 the eastern part of the town of Granby.-)- The rock in which they 
 
 * But one locality of native copper is known in the primitive, which is at a place 
 called Lambert's mine in Orange. It is here found in a narrow quartz-vein, inter- 
 secting chloritic trap, associated with yellow copper-pyrites and iron-pyrites. Its 
 quantity however is extremely minute, the sample requiring to be immersed in 
 water to render its presence perceptible. 
 
 t The precise date at which these mines were discovered is not known. Their 
 charter of incorporation is one of the most ancient conferred in the colonies. It is 
 dated anno regni Anna Reginee septimo, A. D. 1709 ; and it appears from the va- 
 rious acts, passed from time to time during the subsequent forty years for the regu- 
 lation of the mines, that they must have been wrought at this period with consid- 
 erable activity. Whether they were then abandoned, and if so, from what causes* 
 it is difficult at present to decide, from the absence of all public documents rela- 
 tive to its regulation. It is probable that the enterprise met with a check at this 
 time, and it is possible that it might have been owing to embarrassments growing 
 out of the war between England and France in 1744, and which continued four 
 years ; but more particularly to what is commonly called the French war, that 
 commenced in 1754, and lasted for nineteen years. Not many years after the con- 
 clusion of these wars, the property was purchased by the State as a State's prison, 
 
 6 
 
42 
 
 occur is a fine grained, yellowish gray sandstone (244) of a peculiar 
 character, and which here appears to prevail through an extent of two 
 or three square miles. The ore has been observed at several places 
 in this formation, occurring in beds of greater or less extent, as well 
 as in nodules and strings. The main working is commonly known by 
 the name of Newgale, from the fact that the ancient excavations at 
 this place were occupied as a State's prison for nearly sixty years. 
 Another mine called Higley, is situated one and a half miles to the 
 south of Newgate. It has been but partially opened, but evidently 
 belongs to the metalliferous formation above described. The ore at 
 Newgate as wrought at present, is disseminated through a stratum of 
 the sandstone having a thickness of about two feet. The depth from 
 the surface, at which the working was proceeding in 1835, was 
 apparently about fifty feet, and the metalliferous bed dipped east- 
 ward 25. From the extent and shape of the underground ex- 
 cavations it was obvious, that in following the bed downward it had 
 formerly been much thicker in particular spots. Levels several rods 
 in extent had also been carried laterally, both north and south. The 
 frequent bulgings, or enlargements in the levels are encouraging, 
 since they evince the liability of the ore to become more abundant 
 occasionally, than it is where they are now pursuing it. Other pits 
 have been sunk in the vicinity of the main workings, which prove 
 also the continuity of the bed, as well as that its average yield is 
 uniform. 
 
 Respecting the richness of the ore (which contains variegated cop- 
 per and green malachite in small quantities, as well as vitreous copper,) 
 (579), i. e. its proportion to the associated rock when picked with or- 
 dinary care, and concerning the difficulty of smelting it arising out of 
 the nature of the gangue, it must be admitted that we do not possess 
 information enough to come to a satisfactory decision. No facts re- 
 lative to the produce of the mine during its early history can now be 
 collected : nor would they be deemed conclusive against its present 
 
 with the intention of employing the prisoners in the working of the mine, but the 
 plan was never carried into effect, though it continued to be used as a prison for 
 about sixty years. On its relinquishment for this use the State sold the property ta 
 individuals, who became organized in 1830, into the Phenix Mining Company. 
 Under their direction several miners have been until very lately constantly em- 
 ployed, and large quantities of ore have been raised. 
 
43 
 
 value in case it should be shown that its exploration was then un- 
 profitable, since the modern improvements in mining and metallurgy 
 have rendered the working of numerous mines lucrative of late 
 years, which during the last century were abandoned as unworkable. 
 From a variety of documents published by the Phenix Mining Com- 
 pany in 1831 it appears, that these ores afford an average yield con- 
 siderably above those of Cornwall,* though they are spoken of as 
 rather refractory in undergoing reduction, as appears to be the 
 fact also, from the failure of the company in their late attempts at 
 smelting the ore at the mine, notwithstanding the operation was con- 
 ducted by a well educated German metallurgist. The nature of the 
 
 * The following is the report of Mr. JOHN B. JENKINS of Swansea, of his trial 
 made in 1830, upon four parcels of the ore : 
 
 cwt. qrs. 
 "No. 1, wt. 4 1 
 
 2, 42 
 
 3, 41 
 
 4, 4 2 
 
 Ibs. per cent 
 
 17 produce 13 metal 
 4 121 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 cwt. qrs. Ibs. 
 025 
 022 
 21 
 
 1 26 
 
 1 2 26 
 
 " The quality of the copper in each parcel is very much the same, and may be 
 said to be of the average quality of English copper; but their smelting qualities are 
 below the average, being rather refractory. The expense of smelting the above 
 ores, per ton of 21 cwt. will be for No. 1, 2 11 9; No. 2, 299; No. 3, l 188; 
 No. 4, 2 8 0, exclusive of all custom-house charges. The ores, if there were any 
 quantity of them now for sale, would bring the following prices, viz : 
 
 " No. 1, 
 2, 
 3, 
 4, 
 
 Average, 
 
 about 
 
 At the present rate of exchange, $>44 84 
 
 40 10 
 14 08 
 35 38 
 
 720 
 
 $33 60 
 
 "These are the prices as near as I can judge of them, or as much as a smelter 
 could now give for them at Swansea, the miners to pay freight to this place, and all 
 expenses of ware-housing, sampling, &c. &c." 
 
 In order to show the richness of these ores when compared with those of Corn- 
 wall, the following statement of the produce of the English mines for three years, is 
 subjoined from the same document. 
 
 Years. Tons of ore. Tons of cop. Rate p. c. Value per ton. Total value. 
 
 1815 79,984 6,607 7^ 6 13 532,108 
 
 1816 82,442 6,968 8 6 10 5 5 37,621 
 
 1817 73,727 6,608 8^ 6 11 6 410,936 
 
44 
 
 difficulty in working this ore, evidently consists in the excess of 
 quartz with which it is associated. For although quartz is the chief 
 flux employed in the smelting of such ores, yet when in too large 
 quantity as here, it entirely frustrates the recovery of the metal. Its 
 use consists in its affinity for the iron of the copper-ore, with which 
 metal, if in the right proportion, it forms a light fusible slag, which 
 may easily be drawn off from the heavy subsulphuret of copper. 
 But if more silica be present than is required for the removal of the 
 iron, it combines with the copper also, to form an irreducible copper 
 slag (a silicate of copper). Should it prove impossible however, to 
 smelt the ore in this country from the difficulty of obtaining other 
 copper-ores to mingle with it, it may still be profitable to work the 
 mines and export the ore to England. Several shipments have been 
 made by the company, the success of which is not yet made known. 
 The ores are carried to New Haven by the canal, a route which 
 subjects them to but three miles of land-carriage. Taking into con- 
 sideration the very promising appearances as respects the quantity 
 of ore existing in these mines, and the favorable reports obtained 
 concerning its yield, added to the natural facilities of location for 
 working, it cannot be doubted, but that the Simsbury mines are yet 
 destined to assume considerable importance as forming part of the 
 metallic resources of the State. Should the copper-mine at Bristol, 
 hereafter to be described, prove to be an important deposit, it is quite 
 probable that the ore it will yield, may flux successfully along with 
 the products of the Newgate mine. This is a consideration for the 
 immediate prosecution of the enterprise, which has been commenced 
 at that place under such favorable auspices.* 
 
 * Should the exploration at Bristol prove unsuccessful however, it may be worthy 
 of consideration, whether the Newgate ore would not admit of a profitable manufac- 
 ture of blue vitriol, at least of the double salt of sulphate of copper and iron, of which 
 there is a great consumption in the arts. It is prepared in Europe by subjecting the 
 ore mingled with iron-pyrites, to a moderate roasting and afterwards to lixiviation. 
 With certain ores, the process is aided by the use of dilute sulphuric acid. If the 
 object be to separate the copper from the iron and to obtain both blue vitriol and 
 copperas, it may be effected by precipitating the copper from the hot, concentrated 
 solution of the double salt by means of old iron. The cementation-copper thus ob- 
 tained, may then be mingled with flowers of sulphur and heated in a reverbera- 
 tory furnace, whereby the blue vitriol will be formed. It is afterwards dissolved 
 by water, and crystallized for the purposes of commerce. The liquor from whence 
 the copper was obtained, will yield on evaporation, crystals of copperas. 
 
45 
 
 Traces of vitreous copper exist at Tallman's mine in Hamclen, 
 near Mt. Carmel. It is associated with green malachite among the 
 rubbish thrown out from an excavation about fifty feet deep, where 
 the trap forms a junction with the sandstone (367). An adit was 
 commenced at the foot of the hill several hundred feet distant, and 
 carried in above one hundred feet through a red marly sandstone 
 (242), with a view to strike this shaft. It is impossible, from the 
 present condition of the mine, or from what can be gathered from 
 those acquainted with the history of the enterprise, to make any sat- 
 isfactory inference concerning the productiveness of this deposit. 
 
 Another locality furnishing this ore (271) and presenting more 
 promising appearances, is situated in the same formation, in the 
 southeast part of Cheshire, on the land of Mr. E. GAYLORD. Two 
 trenches about fifty feet long and fifteen wide and deep, have here 
 been dug in sandstone and trap. A third excavation has been made 
 about one and a half miles north of this last, where the working must 
 formerly have been quite extensive. It was commenced in 1812, 
 by commissioners appointed by the King's bench. Tradition says 
 that a shaft ninety feet deep was sunk, and of a size sufficient in 
 two places to receive a large dwelling house. Two ship-loads of 
 ore, it is also reported, were transmitted at this period to England. 
 Some attempts were made to renew the enterprise early the present 
 century, but were soon abandoned. The mine is at present owned 
 by Mr. AARON BELLAMY of Otsego, N. Y., who is a descendant 
 of the individual interested in the first exploration. This gentle- 
 man, aided by a company in Canada, commenced the clearing of 
 the mine in 1836. The shaft was completely occupied by tim- 
 bers and rubbish. A small steam-engine is made use of for lift- 
 ing out the water. They had descended about twenty-five feet in 
 August last, and among the materials brought up, good vitreous 
 copper was observed, often associated with heavy spar, and occa- 
 sionally in distinct crystals (5786). On the north side of the shaft, 
 a dyke of trap is visible, having the width of three feet, in contact 
 with which the ore seems to occur. The intersected sandstone for 
 several feet on each side, is more or less stained with malachite. 
 
 One mile west of Bellamy's mine, is still another excavation for 
 the same species of ore. The examination was made at this place 
 only a few years ago. An irregular trench has been excavated into 
 
46 
 
 die sandstone to the depth of from six to ten feet, and for an extent 
 of about forty feet. The ore was found intermingled with variegated 
 copper and greeu malachite, and disseminated through a vein of 
 heavy spar. 
 
 A number of rich fragments and even crystals of large dimensions 
 of vitreous copper, have lately been forwarded for examination by 
 Mr. ISRAEL COE of Wolcottville, who states that they were found 
 about two miles from that village on rather an elevated ridge of land, 
 among the rubbish surrounding an excavation made by an English- 
 man prior to the revolutionary war. The tradition is, that the ore 
 obtained was taken to New York and put on board a vessel for Eng- 
 land, and that the vessel having been burnt, the enterprise was pur- 
 sued no farther. Several of the samples are attached to pieces of 
 quartz, and are attended by small quantities of green malachite and 
 chrysocolla. Variegated copper likewise occurs to a small extent, 
 blended with the vitreous copper. Accompanying the specimens, 
 were also sent samples of yellow copper-pyrites, associated with iron- 
 pyrites in quartz, and which were stated to have been found within a 
 short distance of the excavation. 
 
 In concluding the account of the species of copper now under 
 consideration, it should be stated, that it occurs in small quantity at 
 the Bristol copper-mine, intimately associated with the variegated 
 copper (5776). 
 
 Variegated Copper. This species is scarcely superior to the 
 vitreous copper in hardness ; it has a metallic lustre, and in color is 
 intermediate between copper-red and pinchbeck-brown. On ex- 
 posure to the air, it is prone to assume a steel-colored tarnish. It is 
 usually found massive, with an uneven or conchoidal fracture. Its 
 composition is, copper 61, sulphur 24 and iron 14; from whence, 
 it is obvious that it is a valuable ore. A most promising deposit of 
 this species has lately been brought to light in the north part of the town 
 of Bristol, within a short distance of the secondary, at a place where 
 partial excavations were made many years since in consequence of 
 the abundant cupreous stains in the strata. The rock which was 
 visible for many rods along a slight swell of ground bordering a piece 
 of low, wet land, was a micaceous gneiss (364), a soft decomposing 
 talcy mica-slate, and a decomposing granite. All these varieties 
 were more or less penetrated by green, pulverulent malachite. On 
 removing the surface for a few feet, traces of undecomposed ore 
 
47 
 
 were detected by the original explorer, but not in sufficient quantity 
 to lead to farther examination. The place was therefore suffered to 
 remain in a neglected state until last summer, when a lease was taken of 
 the region by Mr. G. W. BARTHOLOMEW of Bristol, by whom a trench 
 twenty feet long, ten wide, and seventeen deep, was excavated. The 
 general direction of the strata, six or eight rods north of the trench is 
 N. E. and S. W., but at the excavation the direction is about east 
 and west. The trench has nearly a north and south course, and cuts 
 somewhat obliquely across alternations of vertical layers of granite 
 (5776) and soft mica-slate (5726). The layers of granite are from 
 one to two feet in thickness, while those of the slate are generally 
 much less. It was found on getting a few feet below the surface 
 that the green malachite and brown iron-ochre diminished in quan- 
 tity, and that the rocks were less decomposed. Yellow copper-pyrites 
 began to make its appearance in the slate, and variegated copper in 
 the granite. The integrity of the rocks and the abundance of the 
 ore increased regularly as the workmen descended, till at the bottom 
 the granite presented several almost continuous veins, or layers of 
 ore, which in places had a thickness of two inches. No particular 
 care was observed in picking the materials raised, but the proprietor 
 is of opinion that above three tons of good ore have been obtained. 
 A shaft of six by eight feet and fifty deep, is now contracted for, and 
 provided the ore continues as rich as it was during the last few feet 
 of the main digging above referred to, the proprietor expects to 
 obtain eight or ten tons of ore in its descent. 
 
 The variegated copper at this place is much the most abundant 
 ore at present, though it is almost wholly confined to the granite, the 
 shist affording only minute sprinklings of the yellow copper-pyrites. 
 Traces of this last ore are visible in the granite, and in some instances 
 appear to be intimately mingled with the variegated copper in very 
 minute quantity. The dark gray color occasionally possessed by 
 the variegated ore (5776), and the parti-colored tints offered by the 
 streak, evince the presence of vitreous copper. It is interesting to 
 observe also, as indicative of a metalliferous region, that the granite 
 contains thin seams of a bluish green clay, or lithomarge ; also lamellar 
 white heavy spar, in which are imbedded perfect crystals of quartz.* 
 
 * The idea cannot but be suggested on the inspection of this ore and its gangue, 
 that the deposits of copper in the secondary have originated from the breaking up of 
 a primitive copper-field closely related to that of the Bristol mine. 
 
48 
 
 The rocks in which these ores are found being almost wholly cov- 
 ered by soil and diluvium, the extent of the copper is far from hav- 
 ing been ascertained, either in the number of repetitions, or the 
 breadth, of the cupreous strata, or even in their length. At present 
 every appearance favors the opinion that here is a copper-field of 
 wido extent, and probably similar to that of Fahlun or Garpenberg in 
 Sweden. 
 
 Variegated copper is found also in the repositories already given 
 for the preceding species, with which it occurs in small quantity at 
 nearly all its localities. It would appear however to be more abund- 
 ant at the Higley mine, than at Newgate ; and in general wherever 
 the gangue is trap instead of sandstone, it is likely to preponderate. 
 It occurs in specimens of the greatest purity at the quarry of Rocky 
 Hill, Hartford, disseminated through veins of quartz in trap, and 
 associated with heavy spar, green malachite, and blue malachite 
 (577). It has also been found at Winsted by Mr. BOYD in small 
 quantities, which as an indication of a copper-region is the more im- 
 portant, from the circumstance that the same ore attends the vitreous 
 copper at Wolcottville, a locality not many miles distant. 
 
 Yellow Copper-Pyrites. This ore of copper, to which so much 
 of the metal of commerce is due, is easily recognized by its brass- 
 yellow color, greenish black streak, and peculiar hardness, which is 
 rather below that of fluor. It consists of sulphur 35*3, copper 34-8, 
 and iron 29*8. 
 
 The most favorable indications of this ore found in the State, 
 are those existing at the topaz-vein in Trumbull. It is already 
 visible in considerable quantity among the magnetic iron-pyrites 
 (574), thrown out during the recent exploration for fluor at this 
 place. It shows itself again in an independent vein, distant sixty or 
 eighty rods, S. W., associated with galena and blende (572). Con- 
 sidering the strength of the mineral veins found at this place, and the 
 presence in them of the usual accompaniments of copper-ore, little 
 doubt can be entertained that this also is destined to become at some 
 future day, a mining district of considerable importance. 
 
 This ore has manifested itself at numerous places in the chlorite- 
 slate formation of Orange. Near a place called Lambert's mine, 
 where a surface-accumulation of galena was discovered many years 
 ago, a quartz-vein containing this species, nearly a foot in width, has 
 
49 
 
 been worked down to a depth of ten or fifteen feet. Iron-pyrites was 
 the most abundant ore present, but the yellow copper-pyrites evi- 
 dently improved as the workings continued. With it were associated 
 variegated copper, and faint arborizations of native copper. The 
 rock through which the vein cuts is a hard, chloritic trap. The 
 explorations at this place however, are for the present suspended, 
 although it cannot be denied that appearances less promising would 
 secure more faithful trials in other countries. Yellow copper-pyrites 
 is found under similar circumstances in the same town, at the three- 
 mile gate on the Milford-turnpike, and at two places near the Derby- 
 turnpike. 
 
 Favorable appearances of this species are observable along with the 
 magnetic iron-pyrites at Litchfield (573) ; a rich sample (573r) was 
 found in diluvium in the southwest corner of Southbury, near the line 
 of Roxbury. Traces of yellow copper occur along with galena and 
 blende at Mine-hill in Roxbury, at the Middletown lead-mine, and 
 in gneiss, at Chaplin, Westfield in Killingly, and in Griswold. 
 
 Green .Malachite. This beautiful ore of copper is known by its 
 deep apple, or emerald-green color and the delicately fibrous texture, 
 or the pulverulent form, which it generally exhibits. It consists of 
 copper 58-0, oxygen 12-5, carbonic acid 18-0, and water 11'5. It 
 is a mineral no where worked as an ore of copper entirely by itself; 
 but as it accompanies almost every other species, it often goes to 
 increase in no unimportant manner the yield of copper ores in gene- 
 ral. It thus enhances the value of the Granby ores 5 and should a 
 profitable deposit of copper-ore be found any where in the secondary, 
 the green malachite will undoubtedly enter into its composition. 
 
 The Bristol copper-mine has been mentioned as a depository of 
 this species. Another deposit was wrought about the middle of the 
 last century (and has been re-worked to some extent within a few 
 years), situated in Manchester on the land of E. WILLIS, and inclu- 
 ded in gneiss, through which specular iron and iron-pyrites are dis- 
 seminated (355, 546). A pit was formerly sunk into the rock on the 
 hill, and at its foot near by, a level was carried in for a distance of 
 several rods. Whether any other ore accompanied the malachite is 
 not now apparent. 
 
 Traces of the same ore occur in West Haven on the Derby-turn- 
 pike, in a quartz-vein traversing the chlorite-slate (366). Many iso- 
 
 7 
 
 
50 
 
 lated observations of this species might be quoted in various sections 
 of the State, but they are deemed too unimportant to merit a notice 
 in the present report. 
 
 Blue Malachite. It only differs perceptibly (unless crystallized) 
 from green malachite by its color, which is blue. Its chemical dif- 
 ference depends upon the proportion of water it contains. The only 
 locality of blue malachite met with, was at Rocky hill near Hartford ; 
 where it was noticed in minute quantities associated with variegated 
 copper and green malachite. 
 
 In concluding our notice of the ores of copper thus far made known 
 within the State, it appears just to observe that the indications they 
 afford of valuable copper-mines have been too much neglected. It 
 is not to be expected that copper, however rich we may be in this 
 metal, will force itself upon our regard in powerful beds and veins at 
 the immediate surface, as do our deposits of iron-ore. Copper but 
 very rarely reaches the surface in veins. It is seldom abundant 
 except at a depth of from fifty to one hundred fathoms from the sur- 
 face. The first twenty or thirty fathoms of good workable veins 
 frequently exhibit nothing but quartz and brown iron-ochre, called 
 gossan by the English miner; and hence the common expression 
 among miners, that gossan occurs very generally on the back of the 
 lodes (veins). Iron-pyrites and mispickel are often replaced at a 
 few fathoms below the surface by tin, and this again at greater depths 
 by copper. The best veins of Cornwall were not explored for copper 
 until near the end of the seventeenth century, whereas their mean 
 annual yield in copper-ore between 1726 and 1735 was six thousand 
 tons ! WILLIAMS, in his Mineral Kingdom (Vol. I. p. 232.), says, 
 " In general I have observed that the greatest number of such veins 
 as are roomy and capacious between the sides at a good depth, L e. 
 from ten to twenty fathoms down, are generally very strait and close 
 at the superficies of the strata. ... At the same lime, it is 
 also proper to observe, that it is very uncertain at what depth they 
 begin to open. A great number of fine veins, with their sides per- 
 fectly close above, appearing at the superficies of the strata no wider 
 than a common joint, the sides of the vein perhaps not an inch asua- 
 der, nevertheless gradually open downward, until the cavity or body 
 of the vein between the sides, at twenty or thirty fathoms deep, is six 
 or eight feet wide, or more ; some, which are close above and wide 
 
 
51 
 
 below, begin to open at two or three fathoms below the surface ; 
 others do not open until they are eight or ten fathoms down ; and 
 again some continue so close and strait for a great way down, 
 that they are not a foot wide at twenty fathoms below the surface, 
 which nevertheless open out to several feet at a greater depth. These 
 remarks seem to favor strait or narrow veins, and in my observations 
 I do not remember seeing many such as were close, extensive, or 
 narrow at the surface, which did not open below, if there was an 
 opportunity of seeing them at a good depth." Applying these re- 
 marks to the pyritous quartz-veins in the chlorite-slate formation, to 
 the topaz and fluor-veins of Trumbull, the copper-mine at Bristol, 
 the Roxbury Mine-hill veins, as well as to the lead-mines generally 
 in the primitive, all of which contain copper, it is surely not extrava- 
 gant to predict the ultimate discovery of rich copper-mines in Connec- 
 ticut. Their discovery however, attended as it probably will be by 
 much scientific research and by more or less of hazard, and demand- 
 ing as it must large pecuniary resources, should in no case be 
 attempted by agriculturalists or individuals of limited means, who, 
 should they engage in these enterprises, would be likely in nearly 
 every instance not only to fail of success, but finally to be overwhelmed 
 in embarrassment and ruin. Undertakings of this nature must be 
 left to joint-stock companies of ample capital, by whom the highest 
 degrees of practical skill and science will always be commanded, 
 and where the number of shares is so great that adventurers are 
 scarcely affected by temporary losses. Such associations are already 
 beginning to be organized in the country, and will increase in number 
 as the value of copper rises, and as soon as our people become better 
 informed respecting the success of English companies.* 
 
 LEAD. 
 
 Galena. This is the only ore deserving of mention as furnishing 
 the lead of commerce. It is a mineral in general easily known by 
 its brilliant metallic lustre, pure lead-gray color, and disposition to 
 cleave into cubical fragments. These properties, added to its soft- 
 ness and weight, are always sufficient to identify the varieties of this 
 
 * The copper-mines of England yielded between 1825 and 1835 the sum of 
 8,053,263. Single mines yielded in some instances a clear annual profit of from 
 30 to 50,000. 
 
52 
 
 species. It consists of lead 85, and sulphur 14. It has been found 
 at numerous places in the State, and has at different periods led to no 
 inconsiderable expenses in its exploration. One of the most remark- 
 able of these is at Middletown, directly upon the bank of Connecticut 
 river. It here occurs in a thin bed or seam of quartz included in 
 mica-slate, having a thickness of from ten to twenty inches. The 
 strata dip west between 35 and 45. The ore (582) is associated 
 with blende, iron-pyrites, and rarely with yellow copper-pyrites. 
 These ores however form but a small proportion of the seam, into 
 the composition of which a plumbaginous argillite (152), or mica- 
 slate, often enters. The galena even seems less abundant than some 
 of the other sulphurets. The excavations prove that the mine must 
 have been wrought formerly to a considerable extent. If it was then 
 found profitable, it is highly certain that the present low price of lead 
 must effectually preclude all farther attention to this repository, unless 
 the vein (bed) opens on being wrought to a greater depth. 
 
 The more recent discovery of galena in Brookfield excited for a 
 time, sanguine expectations of a valuable lead-mine. The examina- 
 tions which have been made however, seem to prove that the ore, 
 instead of occupying a continuous bed or vein, is rather disseminated 
 either in small bunches or in a net-work of little veins. The rock 
 containing the ore is white limestone, occasionally dolomitic, which 
 in some places abounds in quartz. With the galena is associated 
 blende (584), whose surface very rarely presents small crystals of 
 white lead-ore. Calamine and pyromorphite are also found here. 
 Many good mines of lead have been opened in other countries under 
 less favorable auspices than are presented by this place. The main 
 bunch of ore was indeed exhausted very soon ; but slender threads, 
 or leadings as they are called are left, which if followed will very 
 likely conduct to richer repositories. Indeed the nature of the con- 
 taining rock as well as that of the immediate vicinity, which for a 
 considerable district (one or two miles in extent with a considerable 
 breadth) is chiefly pure limestone though in a dolomitic country, 
 affords much encouragement to the idea of a valuable mining dis- 
 trict. 
 
 The next deposit of galena worthy of mention is that at Monroe, 
 known as Lane's mine, where it exists attended with a variety of 
 other ores disseminated through an immense bed of quartz. The 
 
53 
 
 galena has never been supposed to exist at this place in sufficient 
 quantity to authorize exploration on its own account ; but being unu- 
 sually rich in silver, it has excited some attention on this account. It 
 was found by Prof. SILLIMAN to contain silver in the ratio of 2 to 
 3-5 p. c. compared with the metallic lead of the ore. The pros- 
 pect of remuneration from the working of an ore but sparingly dis- 
 seminated through so hard a gangue as quartz does not appear flat- 
 tering. As the bed has been examined however to a very limited 
 extent, future researches may lead to a discovery of the ore in greater 
 abundance. 
 
 Several other lead-mines, but of inferior importance, have been 
 opened in various parts of the state, to some of which it may be 
 expected that allusion should be made, although but little informa- 
 tion could be acquired respecting their condition. The silver- 
 mine in Wilton is one of these. Here is an excavation said to be 
 seventy-five feet in depth, and reported to have been made during 
 the period of the revolution. The rock penetrated was a quartzy, 
 granitic bed, situated in mica-slate. Among the materials thrown 
 out were observed minute portions of galena, associated with yellow 
 copper-pyrites, iron-pyrites, and rnispickel. At Sandy Hook, New- 
 town, about fifty rods north of the spot where search was made for 
 coal, is a tunnel carried for a short distance through a projecting 
 quartz-vein contained in mica-slate. It is called a silver-mine. At- 
 tached to the walls of this excavation, traces of galena and iron- 
 pyrites were observable. Kensington parish in Berlin has another of 
 these old lead-diggings. The veins containing the galena, blende, 
 &tc. (581) are at the junction of a ridge of trap with indurated shale. 
 It was explored during and prior to, the revolutionary war. Unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to find a body of ore were also made about thirty 
 years ago. Rolled masses of quartz including galena have been 
 found in Canton near Collinsville, in Bethlehem and Plymouth 
 (5816), indicating the existence of veins of such ores in these regions. 
 Galena also occurs at the cobalt-mine in Chatham, and at Trumbull 
 near the topaz-vein associated with yellow copper- pyrites, as well as 
 in the spathic iron-veins of Roxbury. Other indications have been 
 observed in Bethany, in East Haven in trap at Black Rock (New 
 Haven harbor), and in granite near the light-house, in Canton on 
 Whortleberry-hill, and in Southington. 
 
54 
 
 ZINC. 
 
 The increased use in the arts made of this metal renders its 
 sources in the State important. The only natural ores known to ex- 
 ist are blende and calamine. The chimnies of the iron-furnaces in 
 Salisbury afford considerable incrustations of cadmia, and occasion- 
 ally coatings of electric calamine. 
 
 Blende. This ore, though abundant in nature, has until within a 
 few years been almost wholly neglected. It is now however begin- 
 ning to be employed largely as a source of metallic zinc and in the 
 manufacture of brass. It is a brittle, shining, easily cleavable ore, 
 possessed of an adamantine lustre, of a hardness rather below fluor, 
 and various shades of color, of which yellow, brown and black, are 
 the most common. It consists of zinc 64 and sulphur 34, with 2 
 and sometimes 5 p. c. of iron. After the notice of galena, with 
 which blende generally occurs associated, it will be easy to indicate 
 the localities of this species. 1 shall mention them in the order of 
 their apparent importance : Middletown lead-mine (582), Chatham 
 cobalt-mine (585), Lane's mine, Monroe (586), Brookfield (584), 
 Kensington in Berlin (581), Bethany (5656). 
 
 Calamine. It is a carbonate of zinc, consisting of oxide of zinc 65, 
 and carbonic acid 35. It usually occurs massive, and often in a fri- 
 able or earthy condition. Sometimes however, it assumes a stalactitic 
 shape, with rough, corroded surfaces. Its ordinary color is white. 
 It is much valued in the manufacture of brass. The only locality in 
 the State is at Brookfield, where it occurs in white limestone (358r) 
 along with blende and galena. 
 
 The cadmia which forms in the chimneys of the iron-furnaces at 
 Salisbury (592) and vicinity, is deserving of economical attention, 
 since it is the richest ore of zinc known, and is carefully preserved 
 at all the furnaces where it accumulates in Europe, being employed 
 in the fabrication of brass. Its origin and properties may be described 
 as follows : The zinc exists in the iron-ore, either in the condition 
 of a sulphuret or of an oxide. The heat of the furnace causes it to 
 assume the form of vapor, which in making its escape from the fur- 
 nace is condensed in thin layers on the throat of the chimney where 
 it is comparatively cold, from the frequently introduced charges of 
 ore, coal and flux. The deposit gradually increases until it becomes 
 
55 
 
 several inches thick, when unless removed with care, it is liable to 
 separate and to fall into the furnace, producing in some instances se- 
 rious inconveniences. It consists of oxide of zinc 91, oxide of lead 
 5, protoxide of iron 1, charcoal 1. A sample of this product of iron- 
 furnaces from the vicinity of Salisbury was analyzed by Dr. TORREY, 
 and found to contain neither lead nor silica. It is to be regretted 
 that its nature has not been understood in the region of the iron- 
 works, where great quantities of it have been thrown away as of no 
 value. 
 
 The electric calamine is a still more remarkable product of these 
 furnaces, inasmuch as it has never before been observed, except 
 in natural repositories. It is used also in the fabrication of brass. 
 It differs from the cadmia chiefly in containing about 25 p. c. of 
 silica, and 7 p. c. of water. It forms stalactitic and coralloidal in- 
 crustations of half an inch in thickness, and covered by minute crys- 
 talline facets (593.) It is impossible to say how frequently this min- 
 eral is produced, or to point out the circumstances under which it 
 forms in place of cadmia. Both substances will be found worthy 
 of being preserved for the manufacture of brass. 
 
 BISMUTH. 
 
 Native Bismuth. This species is found in small masses, having 
 the peculiar color and lustre, as well as lamellar texture possessed 
 by the bismuth of commerce. It (563) occurs disseminated through 
 the metalliferous quartz-bed of Monroe, associated with mispickel, 
 iron-pyrites, wolfram, galena and blende. The small quantity in 
 which it is found, has thus far discouraged all attempts to separate it 
 from its gangue for the purposes of the arts. 
 
 Bismuthine. This is a sulphuret of bismuth, and has barely been 
 detected at Haddam in the granite-vein containing the chrysoberyl. 
 With it, occurs a yellow pulverulent substance resembling the bis- 
 muth-ochre. 
 
 ARSENIC. 
 
 Mispickel. The white arsenic of commerce is chiefly derived 
 from this species. It is found in several places in the State, though 
 probably, so far as is at present known, only at one locality in 
 such quantity as to render it of economical value. It is a mineral 
 
 
56 
 
 very apt to be regarded by people in general as a silver-ore. Its 
 silver-white, or steel-gray color, and high specific gravity, are no 
 doubt the reasons of this impression. When heated on charcoal, it 
 affords copious fumes having the odor of garlic, and a residuum of 
 sulphuret of iron remains, which is attractable by the magnet. It 
 consists of iron 36, arsenic 42, and sulphur 21. 
 
 The leading deposit of this ore above alluded to, is in Derby, on 
 the land of Mr. A. BASSET (566.) It has long been known as the 
 silver-mine, and was worked probably under this idea, prior to the 
 revolution. It appears to occur in nests and beds in a quartzy 
 gneiss, and contiguous to a powerful dyke of trap. A number of 
 excavations were made for the ore ; some of which were vertical, 
 and one horizontal. Whether any continuous bed of it exists in 
 place, it is difficult to say, but large masses of it are frequently met 
 with dispersed through the fields in the vicinity.* Galena, blende and 
 iron-pyrites are often observed, associated with the ore. Other less 
 remarkable localities of this species are Lane's mine in Monroe, the 
 lead-mine in Wilton, and near the Quaker's farm-factory in Oxford 
 (5666) and at Bethany (5656.) 
 
 COBALT AND NICKEL. 
 
 Cobalt is a metal hitherto unemployed in a state of purity in the 
 arts. Its only use is for imparting a rich blue, by the union of its 
 oxide with certain alcaline and earthy glasses and enamels. 
 
 Smaltine. This species is the chief source of the cobalt thus em- 
 ployed in the arts. Its color is tin-white, and its hardness is nearly 
 equal to that of feldspar : it is massive and fine granular. It con- 
 sists of arsenic 65-7, cobalt 28, iron 6-2. It is prepared for use by 
 exposure in a reverberatory furnace to the action of heat and air, by 
 which operation its elements are oxidized, and the arsenious acid is 
 principally expelled in the form of vapor, an impure oxide of co- 
 balt remaining, which is well known in commerce by the name of 
 zaffre. From this, the beautiful blue colored glass, called smalt, is 
 
 * The proprietor of this mine has been in the practice of applying it to a very 
 ingenious use, viz. that of expelling crows from his corn-fields. Fires are kindled on 
 the windward side of a field, and fragments of the ore thrown upon them : either the 
 odor of the garlic, or the deleterious impregnation of the atmosphere with arsenic, ef- 
 fectually deters this cautious hird from his customary depredations. 
 
57 
 
 obtained, by fusing it with a mixture of sand and potash. The zaffre 
 also furnishes the pure oxide of cobalt, with which the porcelain- 
 manufacturer stains his ware of an intense blue.* 
 
 Smaltine is found at Chatham at the well known cobalt-mine, and 
 has been considerably worked at two periods ; the first during the 
 last century, and the last, about fifteen years ago. The mine is 
 situated upon a mountain three hundred feet above the little lake, 
 at its northwestern base. The prevailing rocks of the mountain are 
 quartz-rock and mica-slate. The direction of the strata is very 
 nearly east and west, with a dip to the north of between 40 and 45. 
 The mine is situated about seventy-five feet up the mountain, and 
 forms a thin bed or seam in the mica-slate, whose dip and direction 
 conform precisely to the general stratification of the mountain. The 
 stratum embracing the ore appears to run directly across the moun- 
 tain, and has been more or less excavated for nearly the whole ex- 
 tent. Its thickness is with difficulty inferred from the present con- 
 dition of the mine, but appears to be about one foot ; it consists of an 
 aggregate of quartz, garnet and hornblende. The greatest depth to 
 which the ore has been followed in any one place is said to be forty- 
 five feet. It is accompanied by copper-nickel, blende, galena, and 
 traces of yellow copper-pyrites (585, 564, 567). The last working 
 of the mine was carried on by Mr. SETH HUNT, and was persevered 
 in for upwards of three years. It was abandoned in consequence of 
 the difficulty experienced in separating the nickel from the cobalt. 
 
 The copper-nickel is closely associated with the smaltine (564), 
 though obviously in small quantity compared with the latter species. 
 It is massive and compact in its texture, and is easily distinguished 
 from the other ores with which it is associated, by its reddish gray 
 color and metallic lustre. It consists of nickel 15-6, cobalt 4'6, iron 
 16-6, arsenic 46, antimony 1-04, sulphur 8-6. f The universal dis- 
 semination of this species through the smaltine, renders the profitable 
 working of the mine a nice operation, but one for which the advanced 
 state of chemical science is fully prepared, at least so far as the sep- 
 aration of the cobalt from the nickel is concerned. Such ores are 
 wrought in various parts of Germany with success, so that the only 
 
 * The cobalt mines of Saxony annually yield above $225,000 in value, of smalt. 
 } The specimen analyzed was blended with smaltine. 
 
 8 
 
58 
 
 question concerning the propriety of re-coin mencing the working of 
 this mine must turn on the quantity of ore it is capable of supplying.* 
 
 MOLYBDENUM. 
 
 This scarce metal has heretofore been applied to but a single use, 
 the fabrication of the carmine-blue, a pigment of some celebrity. 
 Its constitution chiefly depends on the presence of molybdic acid. It 
 is formed by the following process ; molybdenite (sulphuret of mo- 
 lybdenum) is boiled with sixteen times its weight of water until the 
 water is reduced to one third its volume. A small quantity of 
 hydro-chloric acid is then added in drops, and afterwards one twenty- 
 fourth its weight of metallic tin : the blue precipitate appears in a 
 few days. 
 
 The gneiss quarries of Haddam have occasionally produced the 
 molybdenite, also those in Chester near Deep River (587). 
 
 TITANIUM. 
 
 Like cobalt, this metal is never employed in a state of purity. In 
 combination with oxygen as it exists in rutile, it has of late been used 
 to stain porcelain of a peculiar brown, and for the more important 
 purpose of imparting to the artificial porcelain-teeth a yellowish 
 tinge. Rulile has been furnished for this last purpose from the mica- 
 slate of Monroe, where it occurs sparingly disseminated in rounded 
 grains and crystals (536). It is found also in Plymouth, Granby, 
 North Greenwich, and probably in many other places, without oc- 
 curring any where in quantity. A few nearly transparent crystals of 
 a blood red color have been found in the china-stone quarry of Mid- 
 
 dletown.f 
 
 URANIUM. 
 
 But one of the oxides of this rare metal has as yet been employed 
 in the arts : the protoxide is used for imparting to porcelain a pe- 
 
 * The general method at present pursued in the treatment of such ores is, to sub- 
 ject them to a very intense heat, equal for example to that of the porcelain-furnaces, 
 in order to expel the sulphur and arsenic they contain. The residuum is then treated 
 with such a quantity of nitre or of carbonate of soda, that from 12 to 15 p. c. of the 
 metallic matter may not be attacked : the nickel being less oxidable than the cobalt, 
 collects together into a mass by itself, while the scoria containing the cobalt is almost 
 perfectly free from nickel. 
 
 t Rutile sells in New York at eight dollars per pound. 
 
59 
 
 culiar yellow tint, as well as for producing a rich shining black. 
 Pitchblende is the ore of uranium, from which this oxide is obtained. 
 It usually occurs of a pitch black color, massive, compact, and very 
 heavy. Its hardness is nearly equal to that of feldspar. It consists 
 of the protoxide of uranium, with traces of iron, lead, and rarely of 
 cobalt. This ore occurs in the china-stone quarry at Middletown 
 (560), associated with blende (whose form of crystal it sometimes 
 imitates), columbite and rutile. Thus far, it has only been found in 
 very small quantity. Closely associated with it also, is found the 
 green uran-ochre ; an ore never before observed, and which consists 
 of the protoxide of uranium in a state of freedom as respects other 
 metallic oxides, and suited to the purposes of the porcelain manu- 
 facturer. Its quantity, however, is small. 
 
 COLUMB1UM. 
 
 No useful application has as yet been made of this metal, which 
 may perhaps be attributed to its great scarcity, rather than to its un- 
 fitness for use. The State of Connecticut furnished the first sample 
 of the ore to science ; and in consequence of its American origin 
 it received in England the name of columbite, and the new metal it 
 was found to contain, that of columbium.* 
 
 The china-stone quarry at Middletown has furnished the most ex- 
 traordinary specimens (559) of columbite yet described in the world. 
 A single group of crystals obtained at this place weighed fourteen 
 pounds. It occurs in crystals disseminated through the feldspar, 
 many of which are very remarkable, not only for their size, but for 
 their perfection of form. It is also found in small quantity at Had- 
 dam, in the granite-vein which contains the chrysoberyl (558). 
 
 TUNGSTEN. 
 
 This is another of the rare metals not hitherto applied to any use, 
 except on a small scale as a yellow pigment in the state of tungstic 
 
 * The first sample was sent by Gov. WINTHROP to Sir HANS SLOANE, and was 
 deposited with the collection of this gentleman in the British museum, where it was 
 examined by Mr. HATCHETT, and afterwards by Dr. WOLLASTOJV. The speci- 
 m en was supposed to have been found near New London, which was the resi- 
 dence of Gov. WIJVTHROP ; but as the ore has not been re-discovered in that vicini- 
 ty, it is more probable that it was obtained from the region of Middletown. 
 
60 
 
 acid. Still its presence is every where viewed with interest, as be- 
 ing a metal indicative of tin. Three of its ores are found at Lane's 
 mine in Monroe ; viz. Wolfram (557), Tungsten (359), and Tungs- 
 tic ochre (561). They likewise occur at the topaz-vein in Trumbull. 
 
 It is not perhaps a matter of wise regret that gold and silver 
 do not find a place among the metallic productions of the State. 
 Should these metals be detected within our territory, their pursuit 
 would neither operate favorably upon our agricultural interests, nor 
 tend to the successful working of the more useful metals, whose ex- 
 istence has already been pointed out. That gold is not likely to oc- 
 cur to any extent, may be inferred from the limited development of 
 the gold-formation, and from the improbability that a metal which 
 like this, presents itself in every rich gold-district in grains of consid- 
 erable size, should have escaped observation in a country so old and 
 thickly settled as Connecticut. Should silver ever be worked, it 
 will probably be in connection with galena ; and of this, the only 
 promising deposit is that of Monroe. 
 
 As tin is an ore belonging to granite, it is within the range of pos- 
 sibility that we may yet discover this valuable metal. The occur- 
 rence of the tungsten-ores at Monroe and Trumbull, as has already 
 been remarked, invite researches in that direction. The china-stone 
 quarry of Middletown also, is another quarter where it is likely to 
 be discovered. 
 
 II. COAL. 
 
 It is an observation as well founded in fact as it is important in 
 practice, that coal occurs only in rocks of a peculiar nature and geo- 
 logical age. Good workable coal has never been found either in 
 the oldest crystalline rocks, or in the newest formations of the sec- 
 ondary and tertiary. Accordingly, in three quarters at least of our 
 territory, in all but the secondary region of the valley and the limited 
 basin of Woodbury and Southbury, the existence of coal is as cer- 
 tainly denied as is that of rock-salt in the same district. The discov- 
 ery of anthracite at Worcester (Mass.), in mica-slate, (which gradu- 
 ates into argillite,) and unattended with any secondary or recomposed 
 rocks and vegetable remains, is the only apparent exception to this 
 rule. It may well be questioned however, whether this seam of plum- 
 
61 
 
 baginous mica-slate deserves the name of coal. It is ignited with 
 great difficulty, and according to the experiments of Mr. BULL, its 
 heating power compared with the Lehigh-coal is only one half. Its 
 greater specific gravity by one-third than anthracite shows still far- 
 ther, the preponderance of the rock over the carbonaceous matter. 
 
 The only serious attempt which has been made to obtain coal in 
 the primitive of Connecticut, is at Sandy-hook in Newtown. The 
 excavations have been made into a highly glazed, plumbaginous mica- 
 slate (151), on the banks of a small river (the Potatuck). The 
 working was still in progress last autumn, but has not been resumed 
 this year. A level fifty feet in extent, was carried into the mountain 
 on the west side of the stream. Judging from the materials thrown 
 out, it would be a liberal estimate to rate the richest samples as con- 
 taining ten per cent of carbon ; nor could any ground be perceived 
 for inferring an improvement in the rock by a further prosecution of 
 the enterprise. As however iron-pyrites is disseminated in minute 
 crystals through the rock, and especially through a quartz bed near 
 by, some hopes may be entertained of finding it in sufficient quantity 
 for the manufacture of copperas. There is surely nothing else de- 
 serving attention in the vicinity, and all expectation of coal ought 
 to be abandoned without delay. 
 
 The geological structure of the secondary does not preclude the 
 existence of coal, though the character of the formations and the 
 failure of all attempts heretofore made for its development, give but 
 a feeble promise of the addition of this valuable mineral resource 
 to the State. The great central valley abounds in a conglome- 
 rate-rock, obviously composed of fragments derived from the con- 
 tiguous primitive ; nor is it wholly wanting in bituminous shales 
 and dark colored sandstone-slates, which are the more immediate 
 attendants of coal deposits. Still these have not yet been found col- 
 lectively arranged in that order of alternation, and penetrated and 
 interleaved by vegetable remains and argillaceous iron-ore, circum- 
 stances which are at least requisite to constitute safe indications for 
 boring. The hopes that have been entertained have chiefly been 
 founded on bituminous shale and limestone, black fissile slate, and 
 thin interrupted seams and grains of indurated bitumen in sandstone 
 and amygdaloid. Fragments of coal have not arrested attention on 
 the banks of rivers or streams, or been detected in a more commi- 
 
62 
 
 nuted state, blended up with the soil or diluvium of the country. 
 The frequent intersection and disturbance of the secondary by trap 
 dykes in this region, have also failed to afford intimations of the 
 combustible in question. 
 
 It is unnecessary to particularize the character of the numerous 
 diggings which have been made in this formation, since they are all 
 alike destitute of the indications essential for success ; and I am 
 happy to state, they are nearly or quite abandoned as hopeless, by 
 all prudent persons.* 
 
 III. PLUMBAGO. 
 
 This valuable mineral, for which new uses have within a few years 
 been discovered, is found in several parts of the State, and in two 
 places at least in very encouraging quantity. It is often called gra- 
 phite by mineralogists, and in common life is known by the very 
 objectionable denomination of black-lead, a name calculated to con- 
 vey the idea that lead is an ingredient in its composition, whereas it 
 does not include a particle of this metal, but consists essentially of 
 carbon. It is therefore closely allied to anthracite, since the purer 
 varieties of plumbago contain ninety-five per cent of carbon, the re- 
 mainder consisting of the oxides of iron and manganese, and of silica 
 and titanic acid. In some varieties alumina enters in large propor- 
 tion, and taken along with the other foreign ingredients, reduces the 
 relative proportion of the carbon to sixty or seventy per cent. The 
 purer and more compact varieties are used for the fabrication of pen- 
 
 * Impressions of plants are of very rare occurrence at the places where excava- 
 tions have been made, and in many instances altogether wanting. A cupriferous 
 sandstone-slate in Suffield at Enfield falls, occasionally embraces compressed stems, 
 apparently of calamitae, which are converted into brown coal (259). Similar re- 
 mains were noticed at Southington, in one of the quarries of hydraulic lime. The 
 coal-digging in Durham also afforded some obscure vegetable impressions. The 
 coal from these plants burns with a feeble flame and a disagreeable peat-like 
 odor. That found in trap at Farmington (311), Southbury, and at Rocky Hill, Hart- 
 ford (320), ignites slowly and burns without flame or odor : it is therefore, rather 
 referable to anthracite than to bituminous coal. The coaly matter, occurring in 
 seams with crystals of dolomite in marly shale at Berlin and in the bituminous 
 shales of Southbury, is compact bitumen. In many instances when freshly taken 
 from the quarry it is semi-fluid, or only so much inspissated as to form what is called 
 the elastic bitumen, or mineral-caoutchouc. It burns with a white flame and much 
 smoke. 
 
63 
 
 cils, while the common kinds are employed in the manufacture of 
 crucibles, to the composition of which this mineral imparts the val- 
 uable qualities of strength and infusibility. Other uses of plumbago 
 are, to polish iron-stoves, rails, &c., to which it imparts a handsome 
 gloss, at the same time that it preserves them from rusting. Still 
 another application of this substance is, when mingled with oil, to 
 diminish the friction of machinery ; it is said also to afford security 
 against fire, when formed into a paint and laid upon the roofs of 
 houses. 
 
 A plumbago-mine was worked to some extent seventy or eighty 
 years ago in the northwest corner of Ashford, on land then owned 
 by Mr. ADONIJAH BACKUS. It had been previously opened, but at 
 what period is not now known. At the time here mentioned how- 
 ever, a number of tons of plumbago were obtained. The mine was 
 worked in the manner of a quarry, and an excavation made of con- 
 siderable extent. This is now completely filled up with stones, 
 which have been carted thither from the contiguous fields ; a road 
 also passes quite across one end of the trench. The rock of the 
 vicinity is gneiss, analogous to that embracing the plumbago at Stur- 
 bridge, which is about six miles in a northeasterly direction from this 
 place. And such is the conformity of this direction with that of the 
 stratification of the gneiss, as almost to justify the opinion, that the 
 Ashford and the Sturbridge deposits of plumbago have a connexion 
 with each other. This suggestion is the more probable from the 
 fact, that the gneiss rock is similar at both places, and contains scales 
 of the mineral in question at several intermediate points. 
 
 Whether the Ashford mine is worth pursuing, can only be ascer- 
 tained by clearing out the rubbish with which the original excavation 
 is filled. Mr. BENJ. SIMMONS, who now owns the estate on which 
 it exists, states that a number of persons from Colchester made some 
 trials for the substance as late as 1813. The attempt however, was 
 confined to an examination of the bank of loose materials, thrown out 
 by the company who worked it eighty years ago. They obtained 
 among these, a waggon-load of plumbago in a short time. It is a 
 matter of regret that the situation of the mine is low, and that the 
 course of stratification in the engaging rock (which the deposit un- 
 doubtedly follows) leads directly along the edge of a wet. swampy 
 swale of land. 
 
64 
 
 Another depository of plumbago is in the western part of Corn- 
 wall, on a mountain nearly three hundred feet high, and situated di- 
 rectly upon the eastern bank of the Housatonic river. It is the 
 property of Mr. GIDEON P. PANGMAN. The rock is gneiss, and 
 wherever it comes into view on its western slope, this mineral may 
 be detected as entering more or less into its composition, some- 
 times in large proportion (74), forming a plumbaginous gneiss. A 
 trench has been excavated at an elevation of about one hundred and 
 fifty feet above the river, nearly six feet wide and twenty long, into 
 a rock made up of a gray pyroxene, through which large laminae of 
 plumbago are disseminated (369). The cross seams of this bed pre- 
 sent a coating of very pure plumbago, about half an inch in thick- 
 ness. The wide diffusion of the mineral at this place, affords some 
 encouragement that a vein or bed of it fit for working will ultimately 
 be found. Less promising indications of the same mineral were 
 noticed at Danbury, near the factory of Col. WHITE (37 ly), near 
 Foster's factory in Reading, in the north part of Bethany (371), at 
 Humphreysville, in Bolton, Mansfield, Ashford and Union. 
 
 IV. GEMS. 
 
 Under this general head there is little more to report than the 
 fact, that most of the precious stones exist in the State. As yet they 
 have attracted little or no notice for supplying the demands of jew- 
 elry. Specimens of asteriated sapphire have been found in Litch- 
 field, but wanting too much in transparency to constitute them beau- 
 tiful gems. A very extraordinary repository of topaz has been 
 brought to light at Trumbull only within a few years, where crystals 
 of unprecedented dimensions have been found in abundance. But 
 few pieces however, have as yet been met with, having the requisite 
 transparency to answer the purposes of jewelry. The chrysoberyl 
 of Haddam is nearly in the same condition ; for although it exists in 
 crystals of unusual size, it yet lacks the higher attributes of opales- 
 cence and clearness, which are necessary to render it valuable as a 
 gem. lolite has been obtained from the albite-granite of Haddam 
 (481) and in the vicinity of Norwich (4826). of a remarkably rich 
 blue color and exhibiting the interesting property of dichroism, which 
 recommends it both as an object of beauty and as an optical curiosity. 
 Haddam has also afforded a number of exquisitely beautiful beryls of 
 
65 
 
 perfect transparency, and well fitted for ornamental purposes. A 
 transparent, garnet-red rutile occurs very sparingly in the china-stone 
 quarry of Middletown, which has been cut and found to possess the 
 rich color of the fine Bohemian garnet, along with the metallic, ada- 
 mantine lustre of the diamond. The agates of Farmington, East Ha- 
 ven and Woodbury, as well as those of many other places in the trap- 
 region though small, are yet possessed of considerable beauty.* A 
 number of them have been cut in the form of seal-stones, which fully 
 rival those of Scotland and Germany, in the delicate arrangement of 
 their layers and the richness of their colors. Zircon, though found in 
 two localities, Haddam and Middletown, has not yet presented itself 
 in crystals of the requisite color or transparency, necessary to consti- 
 tute it a gem. The same may be said of the garnet, which is every 
 where found through the primitive of the State. 
 
 V. POLISHING AND GRINDING MATERIALS. 
 
 Those minerals possessed of the highest degrees of hardness are 
 employed for cutting, polishing and shaping bodies less hard than 
 themselves. The diamond being at the head of the series for hard- 
 ness, enjoys the highest value for this purpose. Besides its well 
 known use for cutting glass, its powder is used in polishing that gem 
 itself, and for slitting and shaping all the others. As the diamond- 
 powder is so expensive however, such minerals as stand next in 
 hardness are resorted to ; and the emery, which is an impure variety 
 of corundum, is most in esteem. It is chiefly derived from Naxos and 
 other Grecian islands, being there found in large loose blocks ; and 
 from Saxony, where it occurs in a kind of talc-slate, presenting a fine 
 granular appearance like greenstone. This precious substance, of 
 which such vast quantities are consumed not only by lapidaries, bjut 
 in burnishing steel, and in polishing hardware goods generally, has 
 been found repeatedly in various parts of Litchfield, disseminated 
 with talc and apatite through blue kyanite : and inasmuch as the 
 same aggregate exists in the mica-slate of that region, it will with 
 propriety become an object of search in the future investigation of 
 
 * The calcedonic balls lately discovered in Torringford by Dr. HUDSON, from 
 the size of a hen's egg to several feet in diameter, are very handsome ; some of 
 them having rich carnelian shades and a milky translucency (504y, 604r). 
 
 9 
 
C6 
 
 that part of the State. It also occurs in small crystals with buchol- 
 zite and edwardsite, at the falls of the Yantic in Norwich. 
 
 Whether an adequate supply of the emery can be found or not, 
 we at least possess a valuable substitute in the topaz of Trumbull, 
 which has been too long overlooked, since the topaz-rock of Europe 
 is known to answer an excellent purpose as a polisher of gems. We 
 have a right to predict that the topaz of Connecticut will be found 
 superior to that of Saxony, inasmuch as it is purer from foreign in- 
 termixtures : the European topaz-powder is derived from an aggre- 
 gate of topaz, clay, tourmaline and quartz, whereas that of Trumbull 
 generally occurring in large crystals, some of which are four or five 
 inches in diameter, can easily be picked so as to be perfectly pure. 
 To prepare it for use, it will only be necessary to crush it in iron- 
 mortars, to agitate the powder in large vessels of water, and to sep- 
 arate it by subsidence into qualities of different degrees of fineness. 
 If suitably prepared, there cannot be the least doubt that it may take 
 the place of emery in our axe and gun-factories with great advan- 
 tage. 
 
 Beside the topaz, they are in the habit of employing a massive 
 garnet in Saxony and Bohemia as a polishing material. Of this we 
 have several deposits in the State. 
 
 The first to be mentioned is a bed in Plymouth, half a mile south- 
 east of Mr. HOADLEY'S factory. It was opened seven or eight years 
 since, and explored to some extent, under the mistaken idea of its 
 being an ore of iron (5216). The layer of garnet is at least six feet 
 wide, and nearly vertical in its position. It is very slightly inter- 
 mingled with other substances, quartz, pyroxene and calcareous 
 spar being the only species observed connected with it, and these in 
 trifling quantities. 
 
 A second locality of massive garnet is in Reading, on the cross- 
 cut turnpike, four miles south of Danbury. It occurs directly by 
 the road-side, and is extremely abundant : the only associated min- 
 eral is a granular pyroxene, nor is this generally present. Masses 
 of the pure garnet many feet in diameter were common in loose 
 blocks (5226). It undoubtedly here exists in place, and in the 
 greatest abundance. 
 
 A bed apparently of inexhaustible extent, and admirably fitted to 
 the purpose, is also found at North Madison. It is situated a quar- 
 
67 
 
 ter of a mile east of the meeting-house on the Essex-turnpike, and 
 very near the road. The rock has the appearance of a fine grained 
 red sandstone (527), but when nearly examined is extremely bril- 
 liant. It is almost wholly made up of garnet, and is reduced to a 
 fine sand with great ease. It is connected with the gneiss forma- 
 tion, and attains the surface only for a rod or two in extent. It is 
 much to be desired that the proprietors of the localities enumerated 
 will soon cause experiments to be made of the adaptedness of this 
 mineral to the purpose here specified. 
 
 The fine garnet-sand (528) on the shore, at the quarry of Mill- 
 stone point in Waterford, may answer the same purpose, provided it 
 can be collected in sufficient quantity. 
 
 At Andover, on some low land owned by Mr. ELISHA. PERKINS, 
 is found an ash-gray, siliceous loam, which proves very useful as a 
 polisher of brass and silver. It is so light when dry, as to float on 
 water, and is perfectly impalpable in its texture. When heated to 
 redness, it takes fire, and turns to a pure white color, at the same 
 time diminishing in bulk. When heated with borax before the blow- 
 pipe, it melts into a transparent glass. A sample which had been 
 dug for upwards of a year afforded the following results when sub- 
 mitted to analysis : 
 
 Water of absorption, 7* 
 
 Vegetable matter, - 23- 
 
 Silica, - 64- 
 
 Alumina, - 5' 
 
 99- 
 
 The property under consideration evidently depends upon its be- 
 ing siliceous in its constitution, and impalpable in its texture. It is 
 prepared for use by burning. The supply appears to be unlimited. 
 
 A similar variety is said to occur in the western part of Monroe. 
 
 Rocks adapted to the purposes of common grindstones do not ap- 
 pear likely to occur in Connecticut. The qualities essential to such 
 stones are a small and uniform size of the grain, a state of aggrega- 
 tion not too difficult to overcome, and hardness sufficient to abrade 
 steel. A fine grained, quartzy mica-slate was obtained for grind- 
 stones in Black-hollow, Marlborough, during the last war. At that 
 time, they were held in considerable esteem, and were used in the 
 
68 
 
 public armory at Springfield (Mass.). They are not in much de- 
 mand however, at present. 
 
 A red sandstone quarry (245y) lately opened on land of Mr. 
 ASAHEL Mix, between Bristol and Farmington, promises to yield a 
 stone closely resembling in fineness of grain and the character of its 
 grit, the English Newcastle stones, so much esteemed for grinding 
 edge tools, especially axes. No trial has yet been made of this stone 
 for the purpose in question. Its contiguity to the large axe-factory 
 at Collinsville, it is to be hoped will ensure it an early examination. 
 It is probable also that the fine grained, red sandstone of North 
 Branford (249) alluded to below, would answer a similar purpose. 
 
 Millstones are occasionally hewn out of granite in various parts of 
 the State. No material however, appeared to possess such advan- 
 tages as a carious jasper (502, 589) found disseminated through the 
 bed of porcelain-clay in New Milford. Provided they occur in suf- 
 ficient quantity and in masses of a suitable size, they will probably 
 be found capable of being substituted for the French buhr-stone. 
 A cellular drusy quartz (4936) found on Whortleberry-hill in the 
 south part of Canton, was used during the last war for millstones. 
 Several acres near the top of this hill are strewed over with large 
 masses of this rock. 
 
 A fine grained red sandstone (249), found in North Branford, 
 seems well suited to the purposes of the marble-polisher, to be used 
 as a muller. It is uniform in its texture, compact, and yet possessed 
 of the requisite porosity for the imbibition of water. 
 
 No good oil-stones have been detected in the State. The only 
 approximation to an oil-stone is a compact feldspathic rock (165) 
 in Bethany, found contiguous to granite (21). The mica-slate of 
 Bolton and Vernon is extensively used as coarse whet-stones for 
 sharpening sythes. 
 
 VI. SOAPSTONE AND PoTSTONE. 
 
 No mineral substances are in general more easily detected than 
 soapstone and potstone. An unctuous feel, and a softness sufficient 
 to allow of their being easily cut with a knife, are the chief charac- 
 ters necessary for their recognition. It is deserving of remark, that 
 these ftames (and many others by which certain varieties are de- 
 nominated) all refer to but a single mineralogical species, which is 
 
60 
 
 talc. Those varieties depend upon certain accidental diversities in 
 mechanical composition and the presence of foreign substances. The 
 term chlorite is employed to designate a dark green, firmly cohering, 
 granular variety ; potstone to denote a lighter colored, finer grained 
 and slaty variety ; while steatite or soapstone is perfectly compact or 
 impalpable in its composition, and is of various colors, of which green, 
 gray and reddish white are most common. Chlorite and potstone 
 have been employed among all nations, from time immemorial, in the 
 fabrication of vessels adapted to domestic use. They constitute a 
 species of natural pottery, which only requires to be shaped on the 
 lathe, or with the knife, to fit it for immediate use ; and articles of 
 this manufacture are admirably adapted to sudden changes of tem- 
 perature. Those used in cooking therefore, admit of a very simple 
 and effectual mode of cleansing, only requiring to be heated in the 
 fire in order to be restored to their original sweetness and purity. 
 The steatite or soapstone, which when taken from its original reposi- 
 tories is often so soft as to admit of being kneaded like dough but 
 hardens on exposure to the air, is used in the manufacture of fine 
 porcelain, in fulling cloth, for marking broadcloths, for polishing mir- 
 rors and giving lustre to marbles. It is likewise employed in the 
 preparation of glazed paper, as a species of paint, as well as for 
 diminishing friction.* 
 
 From the foregoing remarks it is obvious, that the terms soapstone 
 and steatite are erroneously applied in this country. The substance 
 so well known among us and so much used for fire-jambs and linings 
 of furnaces is the potstone, whereas the true steatite is a very scarce 
 substance in the United States ; still the term soapstone has been 
 too long in use with us to allow of a correction of the error, nor is 
 it a matter of sufficient importance to justify the attempt. The word 
 soapstone will therefore be employed in the way in which it is gen- 
 erally understood in the country. 
 
 A soapstone in order to answer the most valuable purpose as a 
 fire-stone should consist as nearly as possible of talc. This is indis- 
 pensable, not only on account of the infusibility required, but also of 
 the freedom with which the stone should yield to the saw and chisel 
 
 * According to HUMBOLDT, a savage race on the banks of the Orinoco live for 
 nearly three months in the year principally by eating this kind of talc, which they 
 first slightly bake and then moisten with water. 
 
70 
 
 of the manufacturer. The foreign minerals liable to injure the 
 quality of the stone are rhomb-spar, hornblende, and magnetic iron. 
 Of these, hornblende is by far the most abundant, and generally 
 exists in the form of thin light-colored, almost capillary crystals, 
 called asbestiform tremolite. This substance consists of silica, mag- 
 nesia and lime ; a compound which is quite fusible compared with 
 talc, and one whose hardness is superior to that of glass. If the 
 crystals attain any size, they not only operate injuriously by dulling 
 the stone-cutter's instruments and by increasing the fusibility of the 
 rock, but render it brittle and more likely to crack by heat. When 
 these crystals on the other hand are mere fibres and scarcely dis- 
 cernible by the naked eye, they are much less prejudicial to the 
 qualities of the stone and if not present in too great proportion, 
 do not destroy its value. 
 
 It is very common to hear of soapstone beds in the southwestern 
 part of the State ; but none of them are fairly entitled to the name. 
 The rock referred to under this name in Greenwich (461), Stan- 
 wich, Litchfield, New Hartford, Wilton and Colebrook (462) is en- 
 tirely composed of asbestiform tremolite, and might with great pro- 
 priety be called asbestus-rock, since in some of these places it 
 forms extensive beds. All attempts to quarry and to slit it,jnust be 
 attended with so much difficulty, that it can never come into compe- 
 tition with genuine soapstone. Rudely shaped blocks of it are used 
 to some extent in furnaces, in the chimneys of smiths and for com- 
 mon chimney-backs. 
 
 A soapstone better entitled to the name, though not of the best 
 quality (374), exists in Somers, where it has been quarried for many 
 years. The quarry is on the eastern side of Durfee mountain, about 
 one hundred and fifty feet above its base. It occurs with talc-slate 
 in interstratified masses in hornblendic gneiss. It abounds too much 
 in tremolite crystals, and grains of magnetic-iron, to admit of the 
 most valued applications of this substance as a fire-stone ; besides, 
 ,it is injured by possessing too shistose a texture. The uses to 
 which it has been applied are, for hearth and grave-stones, and for 
 jarnbs. At present however, it is but little worked. 
 
 The chlorite of Newtown (375) is well adapted to the manufac- 
 ture of ink-stands and similar articles, and has already been em- 
 ployed to some extent for this purpose. The true soapstone or 
 
71 
 
 steatite is found at Bartholomew's factory in Bristol, and at two pla- 
 ces farther south, where it exists in a limited formation of hornblen- 
 dic serpentine, forming coatings and veins (376y). It possesses all 
 the requisites for the purposes above described as pertaining to this 
 substance, and it has already attracted the notice of tailors, who 
 have found it possessed of the same properties as the French chalk 
 of the shops. 
 
 VII. MATERIALS FOR ALCALINE AND EARTHY SALTS. 
 
 Allusion has already been made under iron-pyrites to some indi- 
 cations of the existence of alum-slate in Connecticut. It may far- 
 ther be mentioned that the alumina-sulphate of iron, sometimes alone 
 and sometimes attended by alum, occurs as an efflorescence upon 
 mica-slate and micaceous gneiss rocks at many localities in the 
 State. The most remarkable instance perhaps, of the existence of 
 these minerals is in Plymouth, three quarters of a mile from the 
 Waterbury line and near the Naugatuck river. They occur coat- 
 ing the protected part of a high projecting ledge of mica-slate, and 
 arise without doubt from the decomposition of iron-pyrites and mica. 
 Under somewhat similar circumstances it occurs in Salisbury, Pres- 
 ton, Oxford and many other places. It is generally known to the 
 people of the vicinity, and resorted to by them, for domestic use. Al- 
 though no example is known of the use of a pyritous mica-slate for 
 the formation of alum, there is every reason to believe that it would 
 answer the purpose on being submitted to roasting and lixiviation, as 
 well as the genuine alum-slate. The experiment is certainly worthy 
 of being made at some of the places here enumerated. 
 
 Our formations are singularly exclusive of the soluble and sapid 
 salts ; and no hopes may ever be entertained of procuring common, 
 epsom, or glauber's salt except from the waters of the Sound. The 
 very rare and costly salt, borax, has not yet been detected in the 
 United States ; nor have we discovered the elementary acid of this 
 salt in an insulated state, with which as it exists in Europe, borax is 
 so easily made. Both borax and boracic acid are minerals thus far 
 only found in volcanic districts. One ancient volcanic rock, the 
 trap however, does contain an earthy mineral in which the boracic 
 acid is present in the proportion of from twenty-one to thirty-live 
 per cent. This mineral is the datholite. Its other ingredients are 
 
72 
 
 silica and lime. This is decomposed by means of sulphuric acid ; 
 and the borax may be formed by adding carbonate of soda, and 
 withdrawn from the silica and sulphate of lime, by crystallization. 
 Should this method be attended with difficulties, a variety of others 
 might undoubtedly be substituted with success. The quantity in 
 which the daiholite is found appears to authorize its being pointed 
 out to chemical manufacturers as deserving of attention in this point 
 of view. Its localities are numerous ; and at some of them, it is 
 quite abundant. The most important of these are Hartford, South- 
 ington, Middlefield and Berlin. The trap is every where its gangue, 
 in which it generally forms small nests and geodes (390, 393, 394), 
 though it sometimes, as at the Rocky Hill quarry, occurs in veins 
 (391, 392). Should the localities of this substance already discov- 
 ered be inadequate to the manufacture proposed, it is possible that 
 others may be found where it is more abundant, since it appears to 
 be a very frequent mineral in the trap. The importance of this salt 
 in the working of the metals, in porcelain and glass-manufactories 
 and as a flux generally, will attach a high value to the discovery of 
 the materials for its production in our State. 
 
 A source of carbonate of potash (potashes) from feldspar, has of 
 late been ingeniously suggested in Europe. The mineral is to be 
 be calcined with lime, and after having been left for some time in con- 
 tact with water, the liquid is to be filtered and evaporated. Feldspar 
 treated in this manner, yields from nineteen to twenty per cent, and 
 mica from fifteen to sixteen per cent. The china-stone quarry range 
 of granite would afford the former of these minerals in the greatest 
 abundance, while the latter might be obtained to advantage for this 
 purpose at numerous places in the mica-slate ranges. It is not to 
 be expected however, that this source of potash will attract attention 
 so long as wood continues to be the principal fuel of the country. 
 But it is gratifying to know, in the event of the substitution of coal 
 and peat for wood, that this indispensable salt can be supplied directly 
 from the mineral kingdom, and probably without any serious en- 
 hancement of price. 
 
73 
 
 VIII. MATERIALS FOR BRICKS, POTTERY, PORCELAIN AND GLASS. 
 
 The materials for the fabrication of bricks are every where abun- 
 dant and of the best quality, throughout the secondary region of the 
 State. They also exist to a limited degree, in some sections of the 
 primitive ; especially in regions of argillite and mica-slate. Informa- 
 tion respecting this subject however, is too common and widely 
 diffused, to demand any remarks in this general report. 
 
 It is a more important duty to speak of the resources of the State, 
 for the manufacture of fine crockery and porcelain. When we con- 
 sider how few countries are possessed of these, and bear in mind 
 the heavy tax to which we are subjected for articles of foreign man- 
 ufacture, it is surely a subject of just congratulation that we have 
 within our own territory, every thing essential to the production of 
 the finest fabrics of this nature. And though we have not yet com- 
 menced the manufacture of porcelain, it is gratifying to find that the 
 country from which is received the most of our fine crockery, is al- 
 ready laid under an annual tribute to us, for the raw material of some 
 of her most finished ware. It is hoped that the time is not far 
 distant, when Connecticut will add the fabrication of porcelain, to 
 the long list of arts she already so successfully cultivates, and imita- 
 ting the example of the French nation, be able to supply herself 
 with articles of durable porcelain even for common use, in place 
 of the flimsy and sometimes deleterious wares, for which she is at 
 present so exorbitantly taxed. 
 
 The discovery of porcelain-clay in New Milford was made about 
 thirty years ago, by a goldsmith ; who first employed it, in the fabrica- 
 tion of crucibles. It is situated three miles west of the village, form- 
 ing a bed whose extent has not been fully explored, upon the west- 
 ern slope of an elevated range of granitic gneiss. The clay has been 
 dug, over an extent of several acres ; although the principal pits are 
 near each other, and contiguous to a ravine through which flows a 
 small stream. In many places the decomposition of the parent rock 
 is so complete, as to present the aspect of a secondary deposit; 
 but the prevailing appearance is that of the rock altered in place, 
 through the decay of the feldspar and mica. Indeed, the same re- 
 lative arrangement of the quartz and the altered feldspar is observed 
 in the bed, as is presented by these materials in the undecornposed 
 
 10 
 
74 
 
 rock (418, 419). Veins and seams of a perfectly impalpable and 
 white clay (420) traverse the bed in various directions, analogous to 
 veins of feldspar in the granite of the neighborhood. The only use 
 hitherto made of this clay has been, the fabrication of the common 
 domestic porcelain-furnace, and of fire-brick for anthracite-furnaces. 
 One of the proprietors of the bed (Mr. L. HINE) has carried on this 
 manufacture for upwards of eight years, giving employment to five 
 or six hands. A second manufactory still more extensive, was es- 
 tablished in the same place two years ago by Mr. ANAN HINE, who 
 is a joint proprietor in the same clay-bed. The products of both 
 these establishments amount the present year to about $6000 ; of 
 which $1000 is in portable kitchen-furnaces, and the balance in fire- 
 bricks. These last enjoy a very high reputation. They are largely 
 employed in the Olmsted anthracite-stoves, for furnace-linings, in 
 brass-kettle manufactories, and in puddling furnaces. The price is 
 about two-thirds that of the Stourbridge brick, which they nearly 
 equal in their refractory properties. The clay selected for their man- 
 ufacture is the variety abounding in small quartz-grains, and which 
 at the same time, is as free as possible from ferruginous stains. The 
 material is quite different from that which affords the English brick, 
 although it is no doubt capable of yielding a very superior article.* 
 Similar clay has been observed between this bed and Sherman, 
 though where it has been opened it appears somewhat stained with 
 iron (423). But a bed of very pure and white porcelain-clay (4236) 
 exists in the south part of Kent, about two miles east of the Housa- 
 tonic, on Mr. R. PEAT'S land. It forms a vein of many feet in 
 width, cutting through quartz-rock. It owes its origin to a graphic 
 granite, which must have been free from mica. Trial was made of 
 it at the Jersey-city manufactory a few years since, and its quality is 
 said to have been excellent. The cost of transportation however, 
 was found to be too great to permit its use in that establishment. A 
 partial vein of the same substance is known in the southeast part of 
 Cornwall, on the land of Mr. STEPHEN CURTIS. It is less pure 
 
 * The Stourbridge clay is found in the Staffordshire coal-field, beneath a stratum 
 of coal and of mixed materials. When first raised, it is almost of a stony hardness 
 and of a leaden or gray color. It soon crumbles to dust on exposure to the air, and 
 is easily softened and tempered with water. 
 
75 
 
 than that of Kent, containing frequent crystals of black tourmaline. 
 Besides, the feldspar is far from being completely decomposed. 
 
 A feldspar admirably adapted to the purpose of forming a glaze to 
 porcelain-ware,* has within a few years been discovered in the south- 
 eastern part of Middletown. Its application was first suggested by 
 Dr. BARRATT of that place. The quarry is situated in an extensive 
 range of granite, distinguished for the whiteness of its feldspar and 
 for the unusual size of the individuals in which it occurs, masses 
 sometimes occurring of several hundred pounds weight, without any 
 admixture of quartz or mica. In some parts of the quarry albite, a 
 mineral whose composition scarcely differs from that of feldspar ex- 
 cept in the substitution of soda in it for potash, is intimately blended 
 with the feldspar, its existence being distinguishable only by 
 the superior whiteness of color and pearliness of lustre which it pos- 
 sesses (411). The situation of the quarry is favorable for being 
 easily worked, and it is capable of supplying an unlimited quantity 
 of the material. Seven hundred tons were delivered at Middletown 
 
 * The applicability of decomposed feldspar, or of porcelain-clay, to the manufac- 
 ture of porcelain depends on its loss of the alkali it contained previous to its decompo- 
 sition, tn consequence of this change, the articles into which it is moulded become 
 capable of withstanding fusion in the intense heat of the furnaces, becoming only 
 semi- vitrified, or converted into what is called biscuit- ware. In this condition their 
 surface is not smooth, nor are the articles impermeable to water. They require to 
 go through the process of glazing or enamelling, whereby a composition which is 
 applied to the surface may be completely fused and incorporated with the body of 
 the ware, at a heat which will not soften the articles or in any manner affect their 
 shape. In common kinds of ware the glaze is composed of powdered gun-flint 
 litharge and common-salt, the disadvantage of which process is, that the enamel is 
 so soft as very soon to yield to the knife and other agents to which it is subjected in 
 common use ; and besides, the rapid destruction of the ware, the oxide of lead it 
 yields is sometimes injurious to the health. In the most superior manufactures how- 
 ever, the enamel is derived almost wholly from pure, undecomposed feldspar, 
 which in consequence of the alkali it contains, forms a colorless glaze without the 
 addition of any deleterious substance. It simply requires to be reduced to powder 
 and diffused through water with a litle borax to the consistence of cream, to pre- 
 pare it for application to the biscuit-ware. The articles to be glazed, after immer- 
 sion in this paste, are subjected to the heat of the furnace, whereby they become 
 coated with an enamel harder than glass and unalterable by acids, alkalies, and all 
 other agents to which they are commonly exposed. By mingling pulverized feld- 
 spar with porcelain-clay, or the purer varieties of potter's clay, a basis for the com- 
 mon kinds of earthern-ware is obtained. 
 
7G 
 
 last year, of which six hundred were shipped to Liverpool, and one 
 hundred to the porcelain-factory at Jersey city near New York. 
 
 The same coarse grained granite in which this quarry occurs, is 
 spread over an extensive district, proceeding in a northeasterly direc- 
 tion with tolerable continuity, in high and broken ledges to Roaring 
 brook in Glastenbury. It can scarcely be doubted therefore, that oth- 
 er places will on proper search, be found within this formation equally 
 productive of this precious material.* A spot in particular, between 
 this quarry and Maromus, on land of Mr. CHASE and adjoining the 
 road, appeared to offer very encouraging appearances of this mineral. 
 
 A vein several feet wide, of a very soft unctuous clay, was dis- 
 covered in digging a cellar in Greenwich, near the inn of Mr. A. 
 LYON. The same vein has been noticed in several other places, 
 one of which is half a mile distant. Its first appearance is that of 
 porcelain-clay. It lacks however some of the properties of that val- 
 uable substance. Its unctuosity when rubbed between the fingers is 
 unusual, and its odor is scarcely at all argillaceous. Grains of quartz 
 and feldspar are diffused through its mass. After drying, minute la- 
 minae of talc, or of decomposing mica become apparent, and the ad- 
 dition of hydrochloric acid produces slight effervescence. The only 
 trial thus far made of it was in the chimney of a blacksmith's shop. 
 It was employed as mortar in the brick-work about the fire ; and is 
 said to have proved very refractory. It may still be doubled, how- 
 ever, whether it will be found valuable in the manufacture of porce- 
 lain : it might prove useful in the fabrication of coarse furnaces and 
 of fire-brick. 
 
 A limited bed of porcelain-clay was discovered several years ago 
 in the northwestern part of Granby. Its quality was found to be 
 good by Prof. SILLIMAN, to whom samples were submitted for ex- 
 amination ; but the quantity in which it occurred was insufficient to 
 excite any expectations of utility. Favorable indications of the 
 same material are said to have been observed in digging a raceway 
 
 * It is an interesting fact, that the china-stone rock of England is that in which the 
 tin mines are found ; and since we have already detected several of the rarer met- 
 als in the Middletown quarry, it is by no means impossible that this great desidera- 
 tum with us may yet be realized. The finding of titanium and uranium imbedded 
 in the china-stone is a singular coincidence also, since the only use of these metajs 
 is for staining porcelain. 
 
77 
 
 in Bristol, three miles southwest of the meeting-house at Johnson's 
 mills. 
 
 Sand. It is an object of some importance to ascertain the exist- 
 ence of particular varieties of sand adapted to the different purposes 
 of the glass and porcelain-manufacturer, as well as for the construc- 
 tion of moulds in brass and iron-founderies. But a single deposit of 
 sand suited to the fabrication of plate and flint-glass, attracted par- 
 ticular attention during the survey. This occurred on the shores of 
 the Quosipaug pond in Middlebury. It (331) consists almost ex- 
 clusively of quartz, the grains of which are colorless and transparent. 
 From its great purity, it must be equally adapted to the wants of the 
 porcelain-manufacturer. A bed of sand suitable for inferior kinds of 
 glass exists in Eastfield, on the Providence road and half a mile west 
 of the Rhode Island boundary. It (325) is in very fine grains and 
 of a light color, though less free from foreign substances than that 
 above described. The sand resulting from the decomposition of the 
 Stafford fire-stone, a micaceous quartz-rock, would be found very 
 serviceable for moulds in iron or brass-castings. It gives rise to a 
 very fine, unctuous and infusible sand, and would no doubt be valu- 
 able also in glass-making. 
 
 IX. FIRE-STONES. 
 
 Under this name are included those refractory stones which serve 
 for the linings of furnaces, used in the smelting of ores and the fusion 
 of metals. All the requisites in a stone destined for this use are 
 rarely found. Such stones must not only be infusible, but must not 
 be liable to crack or exfoliate. The presence of lime or magnesia 
 unfits them for this application ; if they consist wholly of quartz they 
 crack when heated, or if there is an excess of any fusible mineral, 
 they are converted into a glass. The stones most commonly em- 
 ployed are quarlzy graywackes, micaceous gneiss, mica-slate and 
 steatitic or asbestus-rocks. In the iron-works in the neighborhood 
 of Salisbury, mica-slate is employed for the inner wall of the fur- 
 nace, and red sandstone from Haverstraw on the Hudson, for the 
 hearthstone. Trial has lately been made of a shistose quartz-rock 
 (1816) found in Sharon on Mr. ABEL'S land, two miles south of Lime- 
 rock, for furnace-linings, and the result is very promising. In the 
 eastern part of the State, quartz-rock (172) has been used to some 
 
78 
 
 extent ; while at Stafford a stone of intermediate quality, a mica- 
 ceous quartz-rock (171) is preferred to all others. As this last 
 mentioned rock enjoys a very high reputation, and is beginning to be 
 extensively used as a furnace-stone, it demands a somewhat detailed 
 notice. The quartz is arranged in lamina of such thinness, that it 
 requires at least fifty repetitions of them to form an inch. Each 
 layer is completely coated with an almost unbroken film of white- 
 mica. The rock cleaves with the utmost facility, and perfectly 
 strait. The layers of quartz, moreover, are made up of slightly co- 
 hering, transparent grains, in consequence of which structure the 
 rock is a very weak one, and may be broken with a slight force 
 even in slabs of considerable thickness, and it may be cut and 
 dressed on the edges with much more facility than the softest sand- 
 stone. It occurs at the quarry in strata nearly vertical ; and is shaped 
 into blocks two feet square on the broadest face by sixteen inches 
 thick. In this condition it sells for sixteen dollars per ton. The de- 
 mand for the stone at present is sufficient to afford constant em- 
 ployment to two quarrymen. The blocks simply require to be 
 so arranged in furnaces as to have their edges perpendicular to 
 the surface of melted metal. Some of these fire-stones at the fur- 
 nace in Stafford after they had been subjected to this use, were ob- 
 served to have undergone a semi-fusion only, even where they had 
 been exposed to the most intense heat. The silica on the exterior of 
 each siliceous lamina had apparently been adequate to the saturation 
 of the earthy bases contained in the mica, leaving the centre unaf- 
 fected ; while the glass produced, had on the whole been sufficient to 
 convert the stone from a friable, into a closely agglutinated mass. 
 Those fragments and masses of the rock not adapted to use in fur- 
 naces are reduced to sand, and employed to some extent along with 
 lime, in the preparation of a handsome finish for the walls of rooms. 
 
 X. FLUXES. 
 
 The term flux denotes any substance added to assist the fusion 
 of minerals. The number of different fluxes, simple and compound 
 (some of which are metallic, but the greater part unmetallic) em- 
 ployed is very great. Of these, but a small number have been used 
 in the large way in this State, in the treatment of iron and copper- 
 ores. 
 
79 
 
 The great flux in use for the treatment of iron-ores is limestone. 
 Its operation depends upon the presence of silica and alumina inti- 
 mately blended with the ore, which in the white heat of the furnace 
 form with the lime a light fusible glass that rises to the surface of the 
 fluid contents of the furnace, and is from time to time, withdrawn. 
 Several of the iron-furnaces in the western part of the State make 
 use of dolomite instead of limestone, and it admits of very well 
 grounded doubts whether a considerable loss is not thereby sustained 
 in the fluxing of their ores ; for there is a very material difference 
 between these two species in their composition. The first consists 
 of lime 56 and carbonic acid 43, whereas the last consists of lime 
 30*5, magnesia 22' 1, carbonic acid 47*2. It requires nice observa- 
 tions to distinguish these species from each other ; and there are 
 cases in which the two are intimately blended. For the purpo- 
 ses of architecture, or for common mortar, the difference is not 
 so important ; but as a flux, the distinction is one of some conse- 
 quence. In the case of fluxing iron ores, it must be borne in mind 
 that in the process, the scoriae and glasses produced are definite 
 compounds of silica (silicic acid) with such bases as may be present 
 (lime, alumina, magnesia and oxide of iron), and that among these 
 compounds there is a wide diversity as to fusibility as well as in the 
 quantity of the metal which they withdraw from the product of the 
 operation. It hence becomes important to add the right kind of flux 
 and in correct proportions, if we would have the earthy matters rise 
 with facility and without impoverishing unnecessarily the yield of 
 metal. When dolomite is used, magnesia is added compared with 
 lime, in the ratio of 22 to 30. Such an addition is undoubtedly very 
 injurious. There are some ores analogous to those of Salisbu- 
 ry requiring a flux of clay and limestone within certain propor- 
 tions, as silica from 40 to 60 p. c., lime 20 to 40 p. c. and alumina 
 about 20 p. c. : others again require pure limestone. None are 
 known in which magnesia can be employed advantageously ex- 
 cept it be in small quantity ; for metallurgists have ascertained that an 
 excess of magnesia greatly diminishes the fusibility of the scoria?, 
 and interferes with the free working of the furnace. The majority 
 of the furnaces in the Salisbury region employ dolomite instead of 
 limestone. This is the case with the furnaces at Bull's bridge, at 
 Kent, and New Preston ; while those of Mt. Riga, Limerock and 
 
80 
 
 Cornwall, employ a flux which consists of a mixture of dolomite and 
 limestone, but in what proportions has not been ascertained. The 
 subject is worthy the attention of iron-masters, nor will it probably 
 be difficult to find beds of pure limestone associated with the dolo- 
 mite in the region of most of the furnaces, though it was not detected 
 in ascending the Housatonic before reaching Cornwall ; here a mix- 
 ture of the two species began to prevail, and continued into Canaan. 
 With proper care a flux of sufficient purity can no doubt be had in 
 the vicinity of Canaan falls. * Whenever the spathic iron of Rox- 
 bury is worked, it will be unnecessary to add any flux, as the silica 
 of the vein-stone which will adhere to the ore will doubtless prove 
 sufficient for its proper fusion. This will depend, however, upon the 
 quantity of manganese the ore contains. Should magnesia prepon- 
 derate over manganese, the ore will demand a large dose of lime- 
 stone as well as of the vein-stone, of the two taken together a weight 
 equal to half the ore, and in this process, it will be essential to avoid 
 dolomite. 
 
 The Phenix Mining Company procured a small quantity of the 
 magnetic iron-pyrites from Litchfield, and of fluor from the topaz- 
 vein in Trumbull, with the view to employ them in the smelting of the 
 copper-ores of Granby, which are contained in siliceous sandstone. 
 How far they have been able to use these fluxes to advantage is not 
 known ; but fluor is a valuable agent to employ in the case of silicates 
 in ores, since during their fusion together, a portion of the silica is 
 expelled by the union of its basis (silicon) with its radical of fluoric 
 acid (fluorine), to form the fluo-silicic acid, which is a gaseous pro- 
 duct. The proprietor of the topaz-vein supplied a considerable quan- 
 tity of the fluor for the purpose just alluded to, at sixty dollars the ton. 
 Should other copper-mines be wrought in this country to any extent, 
 it is probable that this deposit of fluor will become highly valuable, as 
 it is the only one in this part of the United States capable of affording 
 it in quantity. It may also be used advantageously in fluxing some 
 ores of iron. 
 
 * The most convenient mode of detecting a pure limestone is to pour on a few drops 
 of dilute nitric or muriatic acid to a freshly detached mass of the rock : if the effer- 
 vescence is brisk (similar to what it would be on chalk) it is a pure limestone, 
 whereas if it yields but a few bubbles, it is dolomite. 
 
81 
 
 XI. QuiCK-LlME AND WATER-CEMENT. 
 
 Any rock containing enough of carbonate of lime to slack with heat 
 on the addition of water after calcination, is called by people in gene- 
 ral a limestone, and is capable of being employed as a source of quick- 
 lime. The effect of the calcination is to expel the carbonic acid, 
 which in a pure limestone, is present in the proportion of forty-four 
 per cent. The products of calcination however, will differ according 
 to the foreign materials in the limestone. We may accordingly be 
 said to have in the arts, three principal kinds of quick-lime : viz. pure 
 lime, magnesian lime and hydraulic lime. The first of these is pro- 
 duced by the burning of pure limestone, i. e. where the carbonate of 
 lime is present in a proportion not lower than eighty-five per cent., 
 the remainder consisting of magnesia, alumina, the oxides of iron and 
 manganese, and of silica. The magnesian lime is the product of rocks 
 in which carbonate of magnesia is associated with the carbonate of 
 lime in a proportion, between fifteen and forty-five per cent.* Hy- 
 draulic lime is derived from rocks containing between ten and thirty 
 per cent, of clay (a mixture of silica and alumina in nearly equal 
 proportions). These varieties are essentially different from each 
 other. The two first are alike adapted to atmospheric uses ; the last, 
 as its name signifies, to subaqueous applications, having the extraor- 
 dinary property of hardening under water. 
 
 The pure and the magnesian limes differ from each other in sever- 
 al important particulars. The pure lime is burnt the easiest, slacks 
 with the greatest violence, and is reduced to an impalpable powder or 
 to a perfect magrna (according to the quantity of water added) ; 
 whereas the magnesian lime slacks with less extrication- of heat, pro- 
 duces a powder not so impalpable (often being resolved partly into 
 small grains of the size of broken rice), and with excess of water 
 yields a less perfect paste. The pure lime again is superior to the 
 
 * When carbonate of magnesia is present as high as forty-five per cent., the rock 
 is pure dolomite, which is a double salt of carbonate of lime and magnesia ; when in 
 less proportion, it is a mechanical mixture of dolomite with carbonate of lime (pure 
 limestone). Dolomite is sensibly harder under the knife than pure limestone. It is 
 also slightly heavier. With dilute nitric or muriatic acid, dolomite in the unpow- 
 dered state scarcely effervesces, whereas pure limestone boils briskly. Intermixtures 
 of dolomite and pure limestone exhibit intermediate properties in these respects. 
 
 11 
 
 
82 
 
 magnesian in its caustic or alcaline effects. A still more important 
 difference between the two, relates to their fitness for agriculture : the 
 pure lime on a majority of lands is an amendment of the highest 
 value, while the magnesian lime is said to be positively injurious, at 
 least for a considerable time after the dressing has taken place, and 
 consequently is not employed as a manure. In their fitness for mor- 
 tars and cements, the magnesian lime appears to enjoy the preference, 
 both as to the strength andthe hardnessof the work. It likewise has 
 greatly the advantage in whiteness, and appears to be capable of 
 taking up the most sand in the formation of mortar. 
 
 Connecticut affords the three kinds of lime just enumerated. The 
 magnesian lime however, is by far the most abundant. It is more- 
 over of the strongest kind, being derived from the pure dolomite. On 
 account of its very superior whiteness and the excellent mortar it 
 forms, it enjoys a decided preference over the pure lime. Whether 
 it would continue to do so to the same degree as at present however, 
 were equal pains bestowed npon the burning of the better quarries of 
 our pure limestone, admits of a doubt. The hydraulic lime does not 
 require the enumeration of its distinctive properties. 
 
 The following is a list of the principal kilns for the production of 
 the three kinds. 
 
 1. Magnesian Lime. 
 
 Hill's Kiln in Reading. This quarry enjoys the highest reputa- 
 tion of any in the State for the quality of its lime. The rock is large 
 grained and remarkably white (35 \y). Mr. HILL burns twelve kilns 
 of twelve hundred bushels each, annually. Forty cords of wood are 
 required to a kiln, and the burning lasts for six days. It sells for two 
 dollars and an eighth per cask of three and a half bushels, at the kiln. 
 
 Wildmarfs Kiln in BrooTcfield. This kiln holds but seven hundred 
 bushels. It is burnt several times in the year. The quantity of 
 wood consumed is thirty-five cords to the kiln, and the burning lasts 
 eight days. Its price is ten shillings the cask, the barrel being re- 
 turned. 
 
 Chapman's Kiln in Ridgefald. Mr. CHAPMAN burns two or three 
 kilns only each year. The size of his kiln is the same as that of Mr. 
 WILDMAN'S. 
 
83 
 
 Mead's Kiln in Ridgefield (348). This kiln was not in operation 
 when visited in 1835. 
 
 Camp's Kiln in Washington. Mr. CAMP burns a few small kilns 
 only, each year. 
 
 Peat's Kiln, in Washington. This kiln was supplied from the 
 marble-quarries. It is not now in operation. 
 
 Kiln between Kent and Cornwall, on the Housatonic. A small 
 kiln, which is only burnt occasionally. 
 
 Canaan Kiln. Reference is here made to a kiln situated half a 
 mile north of the post-office. Other kilns exist in this town, but 
 whether they afford magnesian or pure lime is not known. 
 
 Geer's Kiln in North Stonington (218). This kiln holds but 
 three hundred and fifty bushels. It has not been burnt for several 
 years. 
 
 Greenwich Kiln. A small kiln not at present in activity, exists in 
 the northwest part of Greenwich. 
 
 2. Pure Lime. 
 
 Bassett's Kiln in Derby. It is situated directly on the Housatonic, 
 three and a half miles above Derby bridge. The kiln holds two 
 hundred and seventy bushels, and is burnt once a fortnight during 
 several months in the year. The burning is kept up for five or six 
 days and consumes from eight to ten cords of wood. The lime sells 
 at forty-five cents per bushel at the kiln. In whiteness, the lime is 
 inferior to that of Reading, nor has it attracted attention as a remark- 
 ably strong lime, although it is derived from a very pure limestone 
 (342, 343). Whether this is to be accounted for on the ground of 
 want of observation in those who use it, or from an imperfect cal- 
 cination of the limestone, it is impossible to decide : as likely to be 
 connected with the latter cause however, it may be remarked that 
 the furnace is exceedingly defective in its construction. 
 
 Quaker's Farm Kiln. This quarry, situated a few miles above 
 the last mentioned, affords a pure limestone ; but owing to the diffi- 
 culty of raising it from its bed, it is now nearly abandoned. 
 
 Bidwell's Kiln in Watertown. It has not been burnt for the last 
 fifteen years. The limestone is very pure and white (345, 378), 
 and though abundant, yet from the manner in which it is interstrati- 
 fied with granite, the quarrying of it will be attended with considera- 
 ble expense. 
 
84 
 
 Weltotfs Kiln in Watertown. This kiln is situated on the west 
 bank of the Naugatuck, one mile and a quarter below HENRY TER- 
 RY'S factory in Plymouth. It is not in operation at present. The 
 limestone is abundant and accessible. 
 
 Wells' Kiln. Situated one mile and a half southwest from Zoar- 
 bridge. 
 
 Shelton's Kiln in Monroe. Preparations are now making to burn 
 lime at this quarry. 
 
 Kiln in Trumbull. It is in the vicinity of the topaz-vein, but is 
 not in operation. The limestone is abundant at this place, though 
 rarely free from imbedded minerals, such as mica, pyroxene, horn- 
 blende, &ic. 
 
 3. Hydraulic Lime. 
 
 Southington Kilns. It is now upwards of ten years, that hy- 
 draulic lime has been prepared in Connecticut. The greater part 
 of it is furnished by the town of Southington. The quarries are 
 situated near the line of Berlin in a narrow band of shale, between 
 trap and amygdaloid. The rock occurs in thin, nearly horizontal 
 strata, alternating with clayey marls and shales. It is nearly com- 
 pact, earthy, and somewhat bituminous. On exposure to the weather 
 it loses its glimmering lustre, becomes softer, attended with devel- 
 opment of oxide of iron (291). To prepare it for use, it is partially 
 burnt in small kilns so as to render quick a considerable part of the 
 lime, after which, it is ground in mills like plaster. The quantity 
 annually supplied by the town of Southington, does not fall much 
 short of five hundred tons. Kilns of the same rock are occasionally 
 burnt at South Britain, (Southbury,) where an abundance of the. 
 material likewise exists. The coal-digging in Durham affords the 
 hydraulic limestone, and under circumstances of great convenience 
 as respects the contiguity of wood and water. 
 
 Elliot's Kiln in Northford. This is a bed of compact gray lime- 
 stone (296, 2966, 2976), contained within the secondary, and con- 
 tiguous to trap. The bed is extensive, and presents an obscure slaty 
 arrangement. It is cavernous, or amygdaloidal in its structure ; and 
 is raised without the aid of blasting. It is burnt for the common 
 purposes of quicklime in a kiln holding about five hundred bushels. 
 This quantity is burnt once or twice each year. It is not a white 
 
85 
 
 lime, and is said to slack slowly ; but when carefully prepared by the 
 rnason forms an excellent mortar. As the calcined limestone con- 
 sists in the hundred, of lime 82, silica, alumina and oxide of iron 
 (together) 15, and magnesia 3, it is obvious that this deposit is well 
 adapted to the fabrication of hydraulic lime. Its constitution fits it 
 also when burnt as at present, for entering into the composition of 
 stucco-work, and rough cast-finish. 
 
 Pure limestone as well as dolomite, are both extremely scarce 
 throughout the whole eastern half of the State. It is probable that 
 the bed of dolomite in North Stonington may be found extending 
 itself for a few miles, both in a northerly and southerly direction 
 from Geer's kiln, but beyond this no indications of limestone appear 
 except in the mica-slate of Bolton mountain. At the notch in Bol- 
 ton, several thin beds of pure limestone (219) make their ap- 
 pearance, and the same strata occur again nearly two miles north in 
 the flagging-stone quarry in Vernon (3476). The overlie of the 
 flagging-stone here, for a thickness of thirty feet, chiefly consists of 
 a calcareous mica-slate, in some layers sufficiently rich in carbonate 
 of lime to be burnt for agricultural purposes, if not for the fabrica- 
 tion of mortar. The same stratum is no doubt continuous through 
 the range, and in some part of it may be still richer in lime. 
 
 The western part of the Slate on the other hand, is in general 
 well supplied with the varieties of calcareous rocks, although the 
 dolornitic kind greatly prevails. Still even within the dolomite, it is 
 believed that extensive beds of pure limestone exist. This is known 
 to be the case, particularly in the towns of Brookfield and Danbury. 
 Beginning a little northeast of the lead-mine, a belt of nearly half a 
 mile in breadth, including the mine, passes off in a direction towards 
 Danbury for two or three miles. It was formerly burnt at BANKS', 
 two miles south from the lead-mine, and at Williams & Benedict's 
 quarry, one mile and a half northeast from Bethel. Indications of 
 a bed of pure limestone also, were noticed a little west of the Dan- 
 bury meeting-house. A bluish granular limestone in Canaan near 
 the falls, seems likely to be sufficiently free from magnesia to make 
 a pure lime. The samples examined from Limerock in Salisbury, 
 evidently consist for the most part of pure limestone. These deposits 
 and many others, which careful examinations in this region will un- 
 doubtedly bring to light, are entitled to special regard, provided the 
 
86 
 
 distinctions between pure and magnesian lime, above pointed out, are 
 well founded. 
 
 The Trumbull and Derby region of lime contains no dolomite. 
 The beds in this quarter are doubtless much more numerous than 
 has been imagined. One well adapted to being wrought near Hum- 
 phreysville, on the road to Oxford, has not hitherto attracted at- 
 tention. It is situated on a hill near Little river, a stream on which 
 are located several small iron-manufactories. The land is owned 
 by Mr. WASHBURN. The limestone crops out at two places. It is 
 connected with granite beds in gneiss, and will undoubtedly prove 
 abundant and of excellent quality. Dolomite is also wanting in the 
 Watertown beds of limestone. This likewise is a region of great 
 importance as a source of pure lime. Indications of a good lime- 
 stone are frequent in the north part of Milford, particularly on land 
 of Mr. ENOCH CLARK. The green marble of the Milford quarry 
 has been burnt into lime. Its foreign ingredients however, were too 
 abundant for the production of a quick-lime adapted to general use. 
 Moreover, its dolomitic character would prevent its application to 
 agricultural purposes. The argillo-micaceous limestone in the north- 
 east part of Woodbridge (168), and a similar rock cropping out in the 
 argillite by the road-side on the Litchfield turnpike, near the house 
 of Mr. T. J. PERKINS (167), is worthy of the attention of the in- 
 habitants in that vicinity. As the limestone is free from magnesia, 
 it would be well worth burning for the benefit of lands, and might 
 subserve a valuable purpose as an hydraulic lime. Some of the beds 
 at these places abound in iron-pyrites, and are consequently prone 
 to decomposition. Such strata, if broken up and scattered upon 
 the land without burning, might be found serviceable ; as the change 
 it would undergo from exposure, must result in the gradual formation 
 of gypsum. 
 
 Before concluding the present section, public attention should be 
 invited to more economical methods of burning lime. Fuel is be- 
 coming so scarce throughout the State, that unless radical improve- 
 ments are made in the lime-kilns, the use of lime on land it is to be 
 feared can never obtain to that extent with us, which it has done in 
 all those countries where agriculture has attained its highest perfec- 
 tion. Many of the furnaces for burning lime in the State are faulty 
 in their shape, and often unprovided with grates. No perpetual 
 
87 
 
 kilns are in use. The limestone is introduced in pieces much too 
 large. The time employed and the fuel consumed in the burning 
 of a kiln, are unreasonably great. In Pennsylvania, and in some 
 parts of New York and Ohio, a kiln is burnt in forty-eight hours. 
 When the burning is over however, the furnace is completely closed 
 up for a week, whereas the average time of burning in Connecticut 
 is a week ; and here no attention is paid to stopping the passage of 
 cold air through the furnace when the burning is completed. The 
 perpetual kilns of Pennsylvania yield seven hundred bushels of 
 lime for every eight cords of wood and one ton and a half of anthra- 
 cite, consumed. In New York, two [thousand bushels of lime are 
 burnt with twelve cords of wood. The use of anthracite coal might 
 be availed of to great advantage in the quarries of the Derby region, 
 and will no doubt come into extensive use in Brookfield, as soon as 
 the contemplated rail-way between Bridgeport and New Milford is 
 completed. It is not however fully ascertained, whether the lime- 
 stone which is calcined by anthracite affords a quick-lime so well 
 suited to the fabrication of mortar as that produced in the old way. 
 The quick-lime furnished by the anthracite-kilns of Pennsylvania, 
 and which is derived from pure limestone, is said to take up only 
 three and a half times its bulk of sand in the formation of mortar. 
 Peat likewise might be used in this Stale for the calcination of lime- 
 stone to great advantage. It is extensively employed in Europe 
 with the highest success. Lime is in this way produced with only 
 twice its volume of this cheap combustible. 
 
 XII. STONE-PAINTS. 
 
 The practice of substituting the powder of certain soft minerals 
 for the metallic pigments, is comparatively modern. There is an 
 extensive mill for the manufacture of these lithic paints at Miannus 
 (Greenwich), where fifty tons were prepared during the year 1835. 
 The stone to which the preference is given is soapstone ; and the 
 supply is chiefly derived from the refuse-fragments of the stone-cut- 
 ters in New York. The asbestus-rock of Stanwich is used to 
 to some extent, as also the serpentine of Hoboken, (N. J.) These 
 minerals are ground with whale-oil, in which condition the paint is 
 sold at five dollars the cwt. It is said to answer a good purpose, 
 especially for the roofs of houses. Two coats of it are found to 
 form an excellent basis for a single coat of common paint. 
 
88 
 
 Mr. E. D. GODFREY has lately commenced the grinding of tal- 
 cose-slate (212) in Wilton. The rock is not abundant, though ap- 
 parently of a good quality for this purpose, being both soft and light 
 colored. The veins of heavy spar (sulphate of barytes) in the sand- 
 stone of Cheshire, are also beginning to attract attention with a view 
 to a lithic paint. This species has already been employed success- 
 fully in Europe in the composition of lithic paints, and its use with 
 several important modifications, has been introduced by Mr. FOR- 
 REST SHEPHERD, into this country. It may certainly be said to ap- 
 proach very near to white-lead in purity of color and weight ; and 
 even surpasses it in inalterability. The difficulties to be met in 
 the use of stone-paints, are doubtless connected with their want 
 of affinity for oils and the impossibility of reducing them to a state 
 of comminution comparable to that of white-lead. This last men- 
 tioned defect will be obvious to every one, who reflects upon the 
 great difference which must always exist between the finest powder 
 obtained by mechanical means, and those insoluble precipitates 
 which result from chemical combination. 
 
 XIII. DECOLORIZING CARBONACEOUS SLATE. 
 
 A bituminous slate found at Menat in the Puy-de Dome (France), 
 has lately been applied most unexpectedly, to a valuable purpose as 
 a decolorizing agent in place of animal charcoal. It occurs in thin 
 layers and sometimes in considerable masses. It contains the im- 
 pressions of fishes and traces of vegetable remains. Its color is yel- 
 lowish or blackish gray. It is fragile, easy to pulverize, burns with 
 flame, and leaves a residue of a red color, which constitutes a true 
 tripoli. To prepare it for use, it is burnt or charred in kilns like 
 charcoal. After having gone through this process its color is 
 changed to black, the slate becomes harder, but is still easy to pul- 
 verize. It is now suited to the clarification of liquids, and has been 
 found to answer a purpose equally valuable, if not more so, than 
 animal charcoal. Care is taken in the selection of the slate to avoid 
 those pieces which are penetrated by iron-pyrites, as the sulphuret 
 of iron if intermingled with the decolorizing material, is apt to stain 
 prejudicially the syrups of sugar. 
 
 The bituminous slate excavated in examinations for coal half a 
 mile northwest from Rocky Hill, in Wethersfield, (2776, 278) pre- 
 
89 
 
 sents so strong a resemblance in its properties with the description 
 above given as to lead to the hope, that it may be found to possess 
 the same valuable property. The ichthyolite-bituminous slate of 
 Durham (27S&) deserves to be mentioned as worthy of examination 
 with the same view. 
 
 XIV. MATERIALS FOR ARCHITECTURE AND DECORATION. 
 
 Materials for architecture and decoration are very naturally dis- 
 tinguished from each other. To the first, belong all such as with- 
 out particular regard to their color, possess the strength and inde- 
 structibility required in the materials of large buildings and heavy 
 constructions, and such as at the same time are found in sufficient 
 abundance and under such circumstances as not to render their 
 quarrying too expensive ; while to the latter belong those rocks and 
 minerals of more limited extent, but which are possessed of delicate 
 colors, and such as in general from their texture and hardness, ad- 
 mit of, and retain, a high polish. 
 
 Materials for Architecture. Several properties are essential to 
 constitute a good building material. Of these, strength is undoubt- 
 edly the first requisite. The material which under a given volume 
 will sustain the greatest weight, is the best. Numerous experiments 
 have been made upon the various kinds of rocks, with a view to de- 
 termine this point. The following table illustrates the difference 
 whicli experiment has decided to exist, among a few of the most 
 common building stones : 
 
 Basalt, 51 
 
 Porphyry, - 50 
 
 Red Egyptian granite, 20 
 
 Black marble, 19 
 
 White statuary marble, - 8 
 
 The next general requisite is, inalterability from the external agents 
 of air and moisture. Many rocks which are firm when first quar- 
 ried, become weak on exposure to the air ; and others again, when, 
 they are subjected to the moisture of underground situations. It is 
 also an important recommendation of a building stone, if it can sus- 
 tain a high heat without suffering disintegration. Other considerations 
 will demand attention according to the use to be made of the build- 
 ing material ; as whether it be for splendid edifices, or for ordinary 
 
 12 
 
90 
 
 structures as ware-houses, fortifications, bridges, stables, &c. In 
 the former case, agreeable shades of color and freedom from materials 
 which cause stains on exposure to the air will be taken into the ac- 
 count ; while in the latter, these considerations will be unimportant. 
 In the latter case again, it is desirable to find quarries capable of 
 furnishing them without the use of gunpowder, and where they de- 
 mand but little labor in shaping them for use. A degree of porosity 
 is also a recommendation ; since, besides rendering them lighter, it 
 permits the mortar to bind them together more securely, and fits 
 them to receive with advantage the stucco-finish and water-cement. 
 
 The building stone of Connecticut) both ornamental and common, 
 must be regarded as constituting one of the most valuable resources 
 of the State, whether considered as affording a supply to its own 
 wants, or materials for exportation. The principal kinds at present 
 in use are granite (the term being used in its widest sense), gneiss, 
 sandstone, marble, sandstone-conglomerate and trap. The two last 
 mentioned are only employed as a common building material. 
 
 The ornamental granite found in the State presents numerous va- 
 rieties ; in treating of which, it will be convenient to refer them to sev- 
 eral general types under distinct names. 1 . Gray granite. A fine grain- 
 ed rock whose materials are intimately blended together, the feldspar 
 (or the albite) and quartz forming a grayish white base (sometimes tin- 
 ged with blue or yellow), through which minute scales of dark col- 
 ored mica are more or less thickly sprinkled, having their broadest 
 faces to some extent arranged in a parallel direction. This is the 
 most widely diffused, and the most generally employed, variety of gra- 
 nite in the State (40, 41, 42, 426, 43, 44, 46). 2. White granite. 
 This differs from the gray granite in the preponderance of feldspar 
 or albite (or of both) over the quartz, the mica being wholly want- 
 ing (32), or of a light color (25, 37, 516). 3. Flesh colored 
 granite. This is a granite of distinct individuals of feldspar and 
 quartz with but little mica, the feldspar having a flesh-color with a 
 shade of gray (1,2, 26, 446, 466, 476, 45, 496). 4. Red granite. 
 A coarse grained granite in which the feldspar is deep red (136). 
 5. Epidotic granite. This rock is fine grained, with a light colored 
 basis of feldspar, quartz and epidote, through which is disseminated 
 particles of a shining black mica (60, 61, 62, 63). 6. Porphyritic 
 granite. Of this rock there are two varieties, the green and the gray. 
 
91 
 
 (a.) Green porpliyritic granite. This rock has a basis analogous to 
 the epidotic granite, except that it includes a fine grained dark col- 
 ored chlorite. Through this base is disseminated middle sized in- 
 dividuals of feldspar, either of a flesh-red, (53, 54) or of a white color 
 (51, 52). (b.) Gray porphyritic granite. A rock with a quartzo- 
 micaceous basis, through which are disseminated distinct individuals 
 of white feldspar, either large (55) ; middle sized (56), or small 
 (50) ; in the last case, the rock is scarcely distinguishable from gray 
 granite. 7. Chloritic granite. This is a rock apparently peculiar 
 to our region, and presents two striking varieties, at least as respects 
 the color of the chlorite and of the feldspar. (a.) Black chloritic 
 granite. This would pass for a sienitic granite unless subjected to 
 close examination. Instead, however of hornblende, we find the 
 black patches (107, 103) to consist mainly, of an intimate mixture of 
 dark colored mica and chlorite with very little hornblende. Little 
 or no quartz is present, and the feldspar is of a grayish white color. 
 The rock is extremely tough. When moistened with the breath, it 
 emits an argillaceous odor. (6.) Green chloritic granite. If the 
 last rock is liable to be mistaken for sienite, this is nearly as much 
 so, for some variety of chloritic marble. The feldspar has a grayish 
 purple color, while the chlorite, which is also in little patches, has a 
 dark leek green color, and imparts the prevailing tint to the rock. 
 It is destitute of quartz, and emits an argillaceous odor on being 
 moistened. 8. Sienitic granite. This rock contains but little quartz, 
 consisting almost entirely of feldspar and hornblende. 9. Pseudo- 
 sienitic granite. The variety thus denominated is a gray granite, 
 through which a black mica is disseminated in patches, imparting to 
 it the aspect of sienite. 
 
 Of these varieties, the gray granite is by far the most abundant. 
 Its geological repository being gneiss, the prevailing rock of the 
 State, it is found throughout this formation in the form of beds, veins 
 and interstratified masses, as well as in blocks, dispersed through the 
 diluvium, its greater hardness and freedom from iron-pyrites than 
 the rocks which inclosed it having preserved it from decomposition. 
 There are districts indeed in which it is less abundant than could be 
 wished, even for supplying the limited wants of the people ; while in 
 regions where it does exist, comparatively but a small number of its 
 quarries have as yet been successfully wrought. That of Millstone 
 
92 
 
 point in Waterford, and which is directly at the water's edge, is the 
 most extensively worked quarry of granite in the State. It employs 
 about twenty men. The rock possesses an obscure horizontal cleavage, 
 which occurs at intervals from one to three feet. It is wrought by 
 drilling perpendicular holes near each other in the line of direction, 
 in which it is desired to split it, into which iron-wedges are simulta- 
 neously driven. In this manner, blocks ten or fifteen feet in length, 
 can easily be detached from the bed. The rock of this quarry is a 
 firm and elegant building material, and has but a single defect that is 
 in the least calculated to limit its use. This depends upon the oc- 
 casional presence of minute crystals of iron-pyrites, which impart to 
 faces of the stone after long exposure to the weather, a rusty appear- 
 ance. This effect is visible at the quarry wherever the fissures and 
 cleavages in the rock have admitted air and moisture. Portions of 
 the rock thus stained, are called by the workmen, sap. Fortunately 
 however, the iron-pyrites is not disseminated through the whole 
 quarry, and in no case does it exist in such quantity as to weaken on 
 its decomposition, the strength of the rock. Wherever this stone can 
 be employed in sheltered situations, the sap will not make its appear- 
 ance ; and for those parts where ornament is not consulted, as in the 
 foundation and rear of buildings, a superior granite cannot be found. 
 As the quarry covers but a few acres of ground, and is but fifteen or 
 twenty feet above the Sound, it will be exhausted in ten or fifteen 
 years at the present rate of working. A bluish gray granite (436) 
 has been explored to some extent at Portersville on the Mystic, 
 about sixty rods above the bridge. Present appearances would 
 seem to promise a valuable material at this place ; though the quan- 
 tity cannot be very great, and considerable expense must be en- 
 countered in quarrying it. A fine grained blue granite (426) has 
 recently attracted attention near the stone-quarry on land owned by 
 the heirs of Mr. SAMUEL STANTON. Several blocks of large di- 
 mensions have been dressed for use, in the village of Paucatuck. It 
 remains to be seen however, whether the extent of the bed is such 
 as to entitle it to much regard. 
 
 Mine-hill in Roxbury has been much resorted to, for a more shis- 
 tose and lighter colored granite than that just described. It is easily 
 obtained in very large tabular blocks, and might with as much pro- 
 priety be embraced under flagging stones, as it is employed for 
 
93 
 
 paving, as well as for building stone. Its leading use however, is for 
 underpinning and for stepping stones. At present, it employs but two 
 or three hands. A similar use is made of the Willimantic quarry 
 and of several others.* The quarries in Greenwich afford several 
 light colored varieties of gray granite, but are wrought almost ex- 
 clusively as a common building stone, and are taken in large quan- 
 tities to New York city. 
 
 Other localities deserving to be indicated as likely to furnish val- 
 uable deposits of this stone, are the following : Stonington, Groton, 
 the country between Norwalk and Darien, North Fairfield, north 
 part of Wilton, region in vicinity of Torringford and Wolcottville, 
 Winsted, western part of New Milford, Canada village (Goshen,) 
 Warren, Marlborough, and Voluntown. 
 
 There is but one quarry of the white granite which is wrought at 
 present. It is in Plymouth, near the woolen factory of Mr. HENRY 
 TERRY. The bed is extensive, forming apparently the western side 
 of a hill, which is above a mile long, though concealed to a considera- 
 ble extent by soil. It is the most beautiful granite in the State (51 6) ; 
 nor is it surpassed in whiteness and transparency of material by any 
 granite in the country. The distance from water-communication 
 only prevents it from being a source of great value to the proprie- 
 tors. It is deserving of consideration, whether it would not bear 
 transportation to the Farmington canal. White granite exists also in 
 the western border of Voluntown (34), one mile southwest of Nor- 
 walk (29), in Chaplin (26), in Canaan, and in the western part of 
 New Mil ford. 
 
 The flesh colored granite (of a dull grayish tint) is particularly 
 abundant in the towns of East Haven, Branford, and Guilford ; and 
 if judiciously explored might lead to the discovery of quarries, whose 
 value would be enhanced from their contiguity to the Sound. 
 
 A quarry of reddish white, quartzy granite is situated within eighty 
 rods of the Thames in North Groton (696), three miles below Po- 
 quetonnock. It is owned by Capt. STODDARD. The ingredients of 
 the rock are so arranged as to impart to it when dressed, a veined 
 appearance. Its texture is less compact than is desirable for a gran- 
 
 * An account of the Haddam and Connecticut river quarries is reserved for the 
 head of Flagging, since this is the almost exclusive use to which they are applied, 
 
94 
 
 ite to be employed in decoration : the feldspar is too minutely divi- 
 ded, considering it bears so small a ratio to the quartz. The rock, 
 however, is free from iron-pyrites ; and when dressed, produces an 
 agreeable effect. It is much used in Norwich, and has been sought 
 after to some extent in New York city and its vicinity. The quarry 
 employs about eight hands. The proprietor receives six cents a foot 
 for the stone ; for which sum however, he incurs the expense of 
 transportation from the quarry to the river. The quarry has yielded 
 thirty thousand feet in one year. 
 
 Another valuable granite of the pale reddish white variety exists at 
 Portersville, situated about one hundred rods west of the old bat- 
 tery. Its color partakes slightly of the yellowish tinge, and its 
 grain is exceedingly fine. As yet the quarry has only been opened. 
 Appearances indicate a bed of considerable extent ; and its short 
 distance from the river must contribute to enhance its importance. 
 A similar variety is very abundant on Candle-wood hill, distant 
 nearly two miles in a northwesterly direction from Portersville. 
 Small quantities have been quarried at this last place for upwards of 
 twenty years. Granite of a similar quality, but considerably differ- 
 ent in appearance owing to the presence of thin, slender black prisms 
 of mica (446), occurs on land of Mr. SAMUEL LANGWORTHY at 
 Upper Mystic, where a quarry has recently been opened. It splits 
 into long slender posts with great facility. Eighteen hundred feet 
 were quarried last season for Mr. CHARLES PHELPS of Stonington, 
 at an expense of ten cents the foot. The bed is situated at a dis- 
 tance of eighty rods from water-communication. 
 
 A red granite of a still deeper color, is found a little north of the 
 village of Upper Mystic (45). It has already been used as an un- 
 derpinning stone in the vicinity of its locality. It works freely, and 
 when dressed is a very handsome stone. Limited beds of flesh col- 
 ored granite occur upon the railway also, near Stonington point 
 {466, 476). A variety at North Stamford (24), is a rock not un- 
 suited to ornamental architecture, and even to many purposes of dec- 
 oration, as its whole tone of color and effect is often very beautiful, 
 and entitle it to be compared with specimens of Egyptian granite. 
 Red feldspar is the leading ingredient, through which are dissemi- 
 nated albite-grains and a semi-transparent quartz. Light greenish 
 mica is also rather abundant in the compound, with minute grains of 
 
95 
 
 the same mineral of a black color. This rock is found in place 
 near the meeting-house, and is apparently very abundant. 
 
 The epidotic granite is very common in Chatham, west of the co- 
 balt-mine, and at Eastbury. It is wrought to some extent through- 
 out this region, and more particularly near Eastbury. From the 
 abundance of mica it contains, it is more brittle than the gray gran- 
 ite. It is therefore quarried more freely, but probably demands 
 greater care in dressing, as it cannot so well sustain the shock of the 
 hammer. It is on the whole one of the most beautiful varieties of 
 our granite, and will come into extensive use when better known. 
 
 Green porphyritic granite is found to some extent throughout the 
 region of the epidotic granite, and may be seen in considerable va- 
 riety at Roaring-brook in Glastenbury. Still more beautiful varieties 
 were observed near the line of Brooklyn and Killingly. It is a fine 
 rock unless it contain an excess of mica, which is rarely the case. 
 Some of its varieties, especially that with flesh-red feldspar (54) 
 from Killingly, would constitute when polished a strikingly beautiful 
 rock. 
 
 Gray porphyritic granite is one of the most abundant rocks in the 
 State. The coarse varieties (55), particularly those found in Derby, 
 Bridgeport and vicinity, are sometimes rudely dressed for common 
 uses, and present a singular mosaic effect when laid up in fences and 
 in the walls of factories. The finer varieties, in which the feldspar is 
 in smaller individuals, is scarcely distinguishable when dressed, from 
 the gray granite. It is quarried a little northeast of Humphreysville, 
 also in Thompson near New Boston (50). At the last place, it 
 occurs in beds with cross-seams from one to four feet apart. Other 
 localities are Hearth-stone hill (partly in Norwich and partly in 
 Franklin) and between Abington and the Factory-village in Ashford. 
 
 The black chloritic granite so strongly resembles sienite (into 
 which rock it probably passes), that when dressed, the two would 
 not ordinarily be distinguished. The labor of working it however, 
 would be considerably less ; for though it is extremely tough, yet the 
 absence of quartz and hornblende would greatly add to the freedom 
 of its preparation. It would probably rank very high, on account of 
 its qualities for strength and inalterability. As it is very common in 
 the fences of Lebanon, and enters largely into the formation of a 
 considerable elevation north of the village, it is no doubt a very com- 
 mon rock in that region. 
 
96 
 
 Green chlorilic granite must possess many of the advantages of 
 the variety last noticed, its ingredients being essentially the same ; 
 but the effect of its color would be quite different and entirely 
 unique for a rock of this class. It is difficult to say which shade of 
 color preponderates, the purplish gray or the leek green, or what 
 would be the general effect of the rock when dressed. I observed 
 it only in the southeastern part of the State. It was abundant in de- 
 tached masses in the diluvium of Stonington, and occurred in place 
 north of Lantern-hill in North Stonington. 
 
 The pseudo-sienitic granite (716) exists in Chatham, two and a 
 half miles north of Middle Haddam landing, at a place called Great- 
 hill (or Stewart's hill), which adjoins the cobalt-mine hill. It has been 
 quarried for several years, and is decidedly the most valuable re- 
 pository of granite in the State, taking into consideration its conti- 
 guity to water-communication. It is a very handsome stone, and 
 quarries with great facility ; so much so, that it is split out in large 
 quantities as curb-stone. It is dressed with greater freedom than the 
 fine-grained granite in the eastern part of the State, and in this re- 
 spect resembles the granite of Maine. As the supply is unlimited 
 and the nature of the ground favorable, an inclined plane will no 
 doubt one day be constructed from the quarry to the river, which is 
 distant but one and a half miles. The number of hands employed 
 at present is but six, though the quarry has furnished employment 
 some seasons, to upwards of thirty men. It supplied a large quan- 
 tity of stone in 1832. to the contractors for the Delaware and Hud- 
 son canal, and has aided in the construction of the fortifications at 
 the mouth of the Chesapeake. At present, it is chiefly wrought for 
 the supply of the New York market. 
 
 Every variety of sienitic granite may probably be obtained in the 
 western part of Litchfield. The want of internal communication in 
 that part of the state however, must for the present preclude its ex- 
 ploration. 
 
 The limestone and dolomite (marble) of this State have hereto- 
 fore attracted little or no attention in architecture, notwithstanding 
 white marble is a building material the most consecrated by time and 
 approved by the general taste of mankind. 
 
 Of dolomite we possess inexhaustible quarries, some of which are 
 capable of furnishing a marble equal in beauty and strength to many 
 
97 
 
 of the marbles of antiquity. The towns of Washington, New Mil- 
 ford, BrookGeld, Danbury and Ridgefield, also those of Kent, Sha- 
 ron, Salisbury and Canaan, particularly invite research with this view. 
 Most of the quarries and lime-kilns where this rock has been ex- 
 plored, exhibit it with the defect of foreign minerals (446, 463), 
 with too large a grain (350), or possessed of too feeble coherence 
 (221). The marble-quarries at New Preston (Washington) how- 
 ever, as well as several of the lime-quarries, often yield blocks 
 adapted to architecture. 
 
 It is only at New Preston however, that the dolomite is em- 
 ployed as marble. The quarries are five or six in number, and al- 
 most immediately contiguous to each other, within a space of one 
 mile. Unfortunately for the economy of working them, the beds are 
 in the valley of the little Aspetuck, and at a low level ; consequently, 
 the draining of them is often attended with difficulty. The conti- 
 guity of the stream, though an evil in this respect, proves never- 
 theless of essential importance for carrying the mills by which the 
 marble is slit into slabs. The number of mills for this purpose, 
 within a few miles of each other on this stream, is sixteen ; but 
 all of them are not in operation at present. The average yield per 
 annum of the quarries, in rough blocks, is between seven and eight 
 thousand dollars ; and nearly the same amount is derived to the 
 mills and marble-shops of the immediate vicinity, for preparing the 
 marble for use. 
 
 The quarries of Sing Sing, Westfarms and Kingsbridge, belong 
 to the same formation as our dolomite-range, and fully justify from 
 their long and successful exploration the opinion, that our region is 
 yet destined to afford much larger supplies of marble. The econ- 
 omy with which this stone is wrought, and especially the polish it 
 receives and retains, recommend it to a more extended use. 
 
 But the most valuable material in ornamental architecture found 
 in the State is the sandstone. It is a stone presenting numerous 
 shades of color, from nearly white (246), to brick red (247) and dull 
 brown (245). Its texture is in general fine, the rock being com- 
 posed of little rounded or angular fragments of quartz and feldspar, 
 held together by an argillaceous or an argillo-ferruginous cement. 
 And notwithstanding the coherence of this rock is often very feeble 
 when taken from the quarry, it hardens to such a degree on expc*- 
 
 13 
 
98 
 
 sure to the air, that it has been found suited to the purposes of deli- 
 cate architectural ornaments and even to statuary. Its value is en- 
 hanced by the fact, that it occurs in nearly horizontal beds, which 
 only require to be wedged in a perpendicular direction, to cause 
 them to separate into blocks and columns of any desired dimensions. 
 Its softness is such, that it can be easily wrought; while its specific 
 gravity is considerably lower than that of granite and limestone. 
 These advantages will always render it the most economical building 
 material we possess. The only objection that can be urged against 
 its use in ornamental architecture is, that it is less enduring than 
 granite and limestone; and yet the sandstone of some quarries nearly 
 rivals the granite in withstanding the effects of the weather.* The 
 heavy brown hue of a large proportion of this stone, has had some 
 effect to diminish its employment in the more tasteful private build- 
 ings, the opinion prevailing that it is rather suited to massive edifices 
 in which the Gothic style is copied. This has confined its use to 
 churches and large buildings, excepting its employment for stepping 
 and underpinning stones, door-posts, window-sills and caps. It is es- 
 pecially preferred for the last mentioned purposes in buildings con- 
 structed of brick, as its color harmonizes so perfectly with this ma- 
 terial. 
 
 It is unnecessary to enter into details respecting the sandstone 
 quarries of the Connecticut valley. There is scarcely a neighbor- 
 hood not affording this valuable material in sufficient quantity for its 
 own demand ; while the great quarry at Chatham which employs 
 two hundred men, furnishes blocks to all the maritime cities in the 
 United States. Its very great facilities for supplying, added to its 
 contiguity to the river, give it an advantage in shipping this stone, 
 which it is doubtful whether any other quarry in the country will 
 ever be found to possess. As a very peculiar variety on account of 
 its color, the quarry at Wapping (East Windsor), is entitled to men- 
 tion. The sandstone here is of a bright and uniform brick-red (247). 
 
 * In opening quarries of this stone, the utmost attention should be devoted to the 
 qualities of the stone, with respect to its liability to decomposition. It is often a 
 difficult question to decide from masses freshly quarried, or from their comparison 
 with the stone of quarries, already ascertained to be good. Important light can often 
 be derived from an inspection of loose masses of the same stone found in the vicinity : 
 if they are indurated and firm, no hesitation need be felt respecting the qualities of 
 the quarry. 
 
99 
 
 The most interesting deposit of sandstone for ornamental architec- 
 ture yet developed in the State, is situated in North Haven, at the 
 east end of Mount Carmel, on the middle road between New Ha- 
 ven and Hartford. It has but very recently attracted attention. 
 Whether it exists in beds of sufficient extent to justify being wrought, 
 remains to be ascertained. Its color is lighter than most granites. 
 A light flesh colored feldspar is the chief ingredient in its composi- 
 tion. The quartz present is semi-transparent, and possessed of its or- 
 dinary vitreous lustre. It contains a decomposed mineral, having a 
 pistachio-green color, distributed through it in little cavities, which 
 modifies the color of the rock when fresh, but would probably dis- 
 appear on a short exposure to the weather. The texture of the 
 rock is so firm, and so fresh is the lustre of its ingredients, that it 
 would ordinarily pass for a granite. 
 
 North Branford affords several very interesting varieties of sand- 
 stone, which will merit investigation. They are situated along the 
 western base of the Toket range. At one place where it has been 
 slightly explored, it closely resembles granite in color (240) ; and at 
 another, it is very fine grained and of a light red or chocolate- 
 brown color (249). The quarry of Capt. ROSE in this town, on 
 the eastern side of the same range, is well known for some dis- 
 tance in the vicinity, as affording a stone quite analogous to that of 
 Chatham. 
 
 The sandstone of the copper-region in Granby (244) is a pecu- 
 liar, light colored variety. It is already quarried to some extent, 
 and merits from its contiguity to the Farmington canal, a more thor- 
 ough examination. A quarry belonging to Mr. COWLES, two and a 
 half miles from Farmington, is valuable for the same reason. Its 
 quality is favorably exhibited in several buildings in the village of 
 Farmington. 
 
 Upon the common building materials of the State it may be re- 
 marked, that we have but few rocks unfit for cheap and ordinary 
 structures. If we except mica-slate, argillite, talcose and chlorite- 
 slate, the more fissile shales and marly slate of the secondary, all the 
 others are more or less employed. .Trap is most used in the valley 
 of the Connecticut, and is not surpassed for strength and inaltera- 
 bility by any other stone. It is frequently quarried without the aid 
 of gunpowder, the seams of the rock being taken advantage of, in 
 
100 
 
 detaching it from its beds. The natural faces of the stone are SO 
 smooth, as to require little or no labor in preparing it for use. Next 
 to trap, coarse sandstone-conglomerates are used in the same region. 
 Many of these are so soft as scarcely to cohere when raised from 
 their beds, but after a short exposure to the air they become firm ; 
 and when laid up in mortar, form a most durable building-material, 
 and one well adapted to receiving the stucco-finish. 
 
 Common building-stone is quarried at several places in the State, 
 for exportation. It is generally spoken of as foundation-stone, or as 
 fort or block-stone. Large quantities are shipped from the quarries 
 situated immediately on the banks of the Connecticut and the 
 Thames, to be employed in New York and in the public works along 
 the coast. The quarries on the east side of the river at Haddam 
 are particularly engaged in this business, and employ forty or fifty 
 men. LORD'S quarry in Lyme is well located for affording this 
 kind of stone. In 1832 and 1833 it employed upwards of thirty 
 hands, being then engaged in furnishing stone for the construction of 
 canal-locks in New Jersey. The stone for the foundation-work of 
 the Merchants' Exchange in New York was supplied during the 
 last season from this quarry. 
 
 CHAPMAN'S quarry of granitic-gneiss on the east side of the 
 Thames in Groton, a few miles above New London, is also ex- 
 tensively engaged in furnishing block-stone. Twelve hands were 
 employed here last summer. The stone is quarried at an ex- 
 pense of twelve cents the foot, and its freight to New York costs 
 from six to eight cents. A quarry for similar stone on the opposite 
 side of the river in Waterford, was worked five years ago to furnish 
 stone for the public works at Pensacola. Common building stone is 
 extensively quarried also at Greenwich, both for the construction of 
 public works and for ordinary building in the city of New York. 
 
 It will not be necessary to mention many of the quarries of com- 
 mon building-material for home-consumption. The city of Hartford 
 is chiefly supplied from the trap of Rocky Hill, while New Haven 
 in addition to an extensive use of the same material from East and 
 West Rock, derives a large amount of building-stone from the sand- 
 stone-conglomerate of East Haven. The quarries of the last men- 
 tioned rock gave employment to fifty hands during the last summer. 
 A coarse conglomerate (2436) is quarried at the west end of Mt. Car- 
 
mel in Hamden. It is worked to much advantage, and being within 
 eighty rods of the canal must be a source of great accommodation 
 to the vicinity. The thick micaceous quartz-rock in Killingly is one 
 of the most convenient building stones for common purposes in the 
 State, and is much employed in the construction of factories. A pe- 
 culiar granitic gneiss (866) at Union village, Plainfield, in consequence 
 of natural cleavages, is advantageously used for the same purpose. 
 
 Materials for Decoration. By these is meant such rocks and 
 minerals as are employed for monuments, fountains, statues, mantel- 
 pieces, table-tops, and the subordinate parts of the most splendid edi- 
 fices, as door-steps, posts, sills, &c. 
 
 The white marble of Washington has long been in high repute for 
 many of the purposes of decoration. It is of an unstained white 
 color, and when in masses sufficiently free from tremolite and not too 
 tender in its texture, is admirably adapted to monuments, for which 
 purpose it is mostly employed. The quarries from whence it is ob- 
 tained have already been mentioned, and form a range along a narrow 
 valley of one or two miles in extent, the limestone being only a few 
 rods wide, and scarcely protruding above the surface of the ground. 
 
 Connecticut possesses however, in the green marbles of Milford, 
 a material of decoration much more beautiful and highly prized than 
 white marble. These were first detected in 1811 by Mr. SOLOMON 
 BALDWIN, a student of Yale College ; and were brought into notice 
 by Prof. SILLIMAN. Two quarries were soon after opened, one 
 near the village of Milford and called the Milford quarry, the other 
 two miles and a half west of New Haven, and called the New Haven 
 quarry. They were wrought with considerable activity for several 
 years, and furnished an abundance of very rich marble : but as the 
 working of them was attended with heavy expenses, from the diffi- 
 culty of obtaining blocks of large dimensions that were perfectly 
 sound, and from the labor required in sawing and polishing, they 
 were in a few years abandoned ; and have for a long time been in a 
 neglected condition. The experiment proved an unfortunate one 
 therefore, not from any deficiency of marble or its lack of beauty, 
 for these were both fully admitted; but from a want of wealth and 
 taste in the country to sustain the enterprise. It was perhaps an un- 
 fortunate circumstance that the whole of the marble afforded by 
 these quarries was denominated the verd antique, whereas but a 
 
:\l:/: : i-v 102 
 
 small part of that furnished only by the Milford quarry, is strictly en- 
 titled to this name. Had this distinction been attended to, and such 
 slabs and blocks as possessed this character been carefully selected, 
 it is possible that a demand for it might have been found in Europe 
 sufficient to have sustained the undertaking.* 
 
 The quarry at Milford is capable of furnishing abundant supplies 
 of this highly valued marble (230) 5 although from the circumstance 
 that it occupies narrow and irregular seams among the veined mar- 
 ble, blocks and slabs of any size must always be dear compared with 
 pieces sawn as formerly without regard to its separation from the 
 more common kind. And yet as we continue to derive our ideas of 
 what is elegant in decoration from Europe, and come to possess 
 more and more the means of gratifying a taste for luxury, it cannot 
 be doubted that this marble is destined eventually, to come into high 
 estimation and demand. Whenever the attempt to re-work it is 
 made, it is to be hoped that the experience of the past will prevent 
 its use for monuments exposed to the weather ; for besides the in- 
 congruity of its color with the marbles usually employed for this pur- 
 pose, it soon loses its lustre and even its color, from the action of 
 the weather on the grains of magnetic iron-ore it contains. 
 
 The New Haven marble, though destitute of the accidental, and 
 in some measure classical value which pertains to the Milford vari- 
 ety, is nevertheless a beautiful material for decoration. In vivacity of 
 colors and the delicacy of their arrangement, it is hardly capable of be- 
 ing surpassed. It may be described as a bluish gray or dove-colored 
 limestone clouded with greenish yellow serpentine, the latter contain- 
 ing black grains and short veins of magnetic iron-ore. The disposi- 
 tion of the colors is cloud-like, flamed and veined. It pslishes with 
 
 * The genuine verd antique is an aggregate of white limestone, green talc and 
 blackish green serpentine, the last ingredient being so arranged through the two 
 first, in angular, ovoidal, cubical and vein-like masses, as to impart to the rock a 
 brecciated appearance. Wherever in a block, these pebble-like masses are want- 
 ing the verd antique ceases ; although a very handsome, green, veined marble may re- 
 main. This precious marble was originally obtained as it is supposed, in the neigh- 
 borhood of Thessalonica in Macedonia ; or as some maintain, from Lacedemonium 
 in the Morea. At present however, it is only met with, in small fragments and 
 scattered blocks among the ruins of Roman and Etruscan cities; and so scarce has it 
 become, that its price in Paris is thirty dollars the cubic foot. Its use is therefore ex- 
 tremely limited, and confined only to the more costly articles of furniture. 
 
103 
 
 difficulty in consequence of the iron-ore it contains, which though it 
 heightens its beauty, unfits it for exposure to the weather. 
 
 Several of the granitic rocks in the State will one day attract at- 
 tention for decoration ; for although the slitting and polishing of 
 them is attended with great expense, yet when polished they are not 
 liahle to be scratched or marred by use like the marbles and softer 
 stones. The green porphyritic (51, 54), the green chloride (127), 
 and the red (24), granites are the most likely to become important in 
 this view. The altered chloritic slate (210, 211), may prove valua- 
 ble for the same purpose. 
 
 XV. MATERIALS FOR FLAGGING, TILING AND PAVING. 
 
 The flagging-stone is distinguished from ornamental and common 
 building-stone, by such an arrangement of its ingredients as to allow 
 it to split freely but in a single direction. This quality is usually 
 imparted by mica, though sometimes talc or hornblende contribute 
 to the effect. Such stone, if dressed in blocks so as to show sur- 
 faces in more than one direction, will necessarily exhibit a want of 
 correspondence in color on the different sides ; besides its strength is 
 not uniform in each direction, circumstances which operate unfavora- 
 bly to its use as building-stone, while they enhance its value for flag- 
 ging and tiling. 
 
 The flagging-stone of the State is referable to the following 
 rocks, gneiss, micaceous quartz-rock, mica-slate, and sandstone 
 slate ; and together constitute a resource fully equal to its build- 
 ing-materials. The quarries of gneiss on the Connecticut river 
 rank very high in importance, not only on account of the intrinsic 
 excellence they possess, but from their proximity to the river. They 
 are situated at Middletown, Chatham, at Haddam on both sides of the 
 river, and also at Chester, Hadlyme and Essex; and they are remark- 
 able for the uniformity of their character in every place where they 
 are explored in these towns, as well as further southwest in Madi- 
 son, where extensive quarries also exist. It is difficult to ascertain 
 the number of hands employed in quarrying this rock; but from 
 such facts as could be collected, it is believed that they ordinarily 
 fall but little below five hundred. The properties of the gneiss are in 
 a measure peculiar: at least, no rock precisely resembles it in any part 
 of the State. Its leading peculiarities depend upon its black mica 
 
104 
 
 and transparent grains of albite. These are arranged in thin, strait, 
 and parallel layers, giving to surfaces produced by cross-fracture a 
 banded appearance of black and gray ; while the surfaces resulting 
 from cleavage are almost black. Both the mica and the albite pos- 
 sess high degrees of lustre, which impart to the rock a very brilliant 
 effect, rendering fresh slabs of it almost insupportable to the eyes, in 
 a strong light of the sun. The cleavages do not take place with the 
 greatest freedom, and can rarely be effected, so as to divide the rock 
 into slabs of less than six inches in thickness. They are particularly 
 prone to occur where the mica is most abundant, and this in general 
 is contiguous to those layers of albite which are made up of larger 
 individuals than the average size. The rock contains very little 
 quartz. Hornblende is occasionally present, which is of a black 
 color, highly crystalline, and brilliant in its lustre. The process of 
 quarrying appears to be conducted with the greater facility, from the 
 highly inclined position of the strata. Slabs of any dimensions are 
 easily procured. Its great use seems to be for flag and curb-stones, 
 though it is also employed extensively in the construction of wharves, 
 bridges, breakwaters and fortifications, for which purposes its strength 
 and inalterability render it very desirable. It is likewise used for 
 underpinning stones, and for posts to gateways and fences which in 
 some instances are covered by wood. As it is a material of great 
 importance in paving, it is sought for in all the large cities, being ex- 
 tensively used in Boston, New York and Philadelphia, and of late 
 has been introduced into Charleston and New Orleans, where it is 
 likely to prove highly important in the paving improvements recently 
 commenced in these cities. It may well be doubted whether any 
 material will be brought to light in the country, better adapted either 
 in quality or local situation than the gneiss of the Connecticut river, 
 for satisfying these demands. 
 
 In the northwestern part of Lebanon, a little east of what is called 
 Hearth-stone hill, a very valuable flagging is quarried. It consists 
 of a feldspathic gneiss (896, 906, 916). It is very thinly stratified, 
 strait and easily separable. Much of it consists almost wholly of 
 feldspar. Flags are quarried here of great size and any desir- 
 ed degree of thinness ; and although the transportation by land to 
 market (to Norwich) is above fifteen miles, they are yet afforded 
 so low as to compete with the Bolton stone. The price varies 
 
105 
 
 according to the thickness and dimensions of the slabs, from six 
 to twelve cents a foot, in Norwich. The expense of their trans- 
 portation thither is three dollars and a half a load, of from one hun- 
 dred and seventy, to two hundred feet. The quarries cover several 
 acres ; but unfortunately are situated at rather low levels, insomuch 
 that in the course of ten or fifteen years, they will experience con- 
 siderable embarrassment from the access of water. 
 
 The quarries of gneissoid flagging-stone in the western part of the 
 State, are in a more fissile and easily cleavable rock. A few of the 
 most important of them are the following: at Thatchersville (Bridge- 
 port), Burr's quarry Fairfield (82, 83), Judson's quarry Newtown 
 (84), Mine-hill Roxbury (89), Banks' quarry Reading (85, 86). 
 These are all valuable quarries for the convenience of the neighbor- 
 hoods in which they are located. A thin micaceous gneiss occurs on 
 both sides of the river at Derby, and also at Washington bridge in 
 Milford. The hornblendic gneiss at the New Milford Falls is capa- 
 ble of affording a good flagging material (119). 
 
 Next in importance to the gneiss, the mica-slate of Bolton mountain 
 deserves to be noticed as a flagging-stone. No material of this species 
 has yet been discovered in the United States or elsewhere, capable 
 of being compared with this invaluable stone. Slabs five feet by 
 eight, and even larger, are furnished by these quarries, whose sur- 
 faces are as true and smooth, as any granite or sandstone could be 
 rendered by the nicest process of dressing, and yet with a thickness 
 not above six or eight inches. The rock derives its color from the 
 mica, which is of a silver-gray (1416). It is so abundant that its cleav- 
 age surfaces exhibit no other mineral, and its lustre is no less brilliant 
 than that of the Haddam gneiss. The stratification of the rock is 
 extremely uniform and always thin, sometimes apparently consisting 
 of upwards of an hundred thicknesses of mica in one inch. The layers 
 interposed between the mica in one variety of the rock, consist of an 
 aggregate of grains of quartz, feldspar and garnet; but each so small 
 as to require a microscope for detection. The use for which this 
 stone is especially fitted is for side-walks, market-houses, cellars, and 
 foot-paths generally about houses, as well as for water-gutters. Its 
 strength is inadequate to the support of carriage-wheels. It should 
 therefore, in the paving of streets, be employed along with the Con- 
 necticut river gneiss, whose firmness admirably fits it for foot-paths 
 
 14 
 
106 
 
 across streets and for curb-stones. The quarries extend for two 
 miles along the Bohon mountain. The stratum which affords the 
 flagging-stone is from fifteen to twenty feet in thickness ; and of this 
 the upper part, to the depth of six feet is of inferior value, affording 
 only a small proportion of flagging-stone (147). Above this stra- 
 tum is an overlie of nearly forty feet, of dark, gray micaceous lime- 
 stone (146y) or calcareous mica-slate. The annexed diagram will 
 illustrate the singular position of this valuable flagging-stone. 
 
 Soil and diluvium. 
 
 Decomposed mica-slate, 5 feet thick 
 
 Calcareous mica-slate, 30 feet thick. 
 
 White limestone, 1 foot thick. 
 
 Garnetiferous gneiss or mica-slate, 
 6 feet thick. 
 
 " Diamond- reef," 8 inches thick. 
 
 Flag-stone (mica-slate), 14 to 20 feet 
 thick. 
 
 The strata dip westerly from 25 to 30. The thin stratum be- 
 tween the garnetiferous mica-slate and flagging-variety is called the 
 diamond-reef by the workmen, on account of the rhomboidal frag- 
 ments into which it separates. It will be obvious from an inspection 
 of the above sketch, that the labor of quarrying the flagging-stone 
 must be very considerable. The superincumbent strata require to 
 be removed as fast as the workmen advance in the removal of the 
 flagging-stone. Thus, they are obliged to reject more than two-thirds 
 of the stone in working the quarry ; besides which they have to con- 
 
107 
 
 tend against the inconvenience of water. This they are able, during 
 the dry season of the year to withdraw, by means of lead-syphon 
 tubes of the largest size. The same relative arrangement in 
 the strata is found at every opening made for this stone on the 
 Bolton mountain. It is probable therefore, that the strata are con- 
 tinuous for a distance of at least two miles in extent. But two quar- 
 ries however, are worked with much activity at present on the moun- 
 tain ; one half a mile north of the notch, and the other just within the 
 edge of Vernon. Other quarries have been opened at the notch, 
 but they are not wrought at present. The distance from Hartford 
 to the notch is twelve miles, and the expense of transportation is 
 from four to five cents the foot. They are nevertheless afforded in 
 Hartford at the low price, of from ten to twelve cents the foot. Noth- 
 ing seems to be wanting to impart to these quarries their highest value, 
 but the construction of the proposed rail-way to the Connecticut 
 river, a work which the nature of the intermediate country would 
 render extremely feasible. Already they afford constant employ- 
 ment to upwards of fifty men ; and it is easy to perceive that their 
 value would be greatly augmented if the contemplated rail-way to the 
 Connecticut river should be constructed. 
 
 The south part of Litchfield affords a mica-slate (137) which has 
 a thin and strait cleavage, but whether it will yield slabs of the re- 
 quisite dimensions, can only be ascertained by a suitable exploration. 
 
 The quarries of Killingly have but recently been opened ; and al- 
 though highly promising in their character, are comparatively but 
 little known to the public at large. The stone is altogether peculiar 
 in its character. It is the micaceous quartz-rock, consisting almost ex- 
 clusively of the species quartz. The mica present is nearly undistin- 
 guishable, and would quite escape ordinary observation but for its hair- 
 brown color. It is most obvious on the cleavage-surfaces, where it is 
 seen collected together into clouded patches (177, 178) ; but so small 
 is its quantity on the whole, that it seems almost inadequate to account 
 for the free and strait cleavages by which the rock separates, and yet 
 no other cause can be adduced for their production. The mica some- 
 times has a yellowish tinge, in which case we have a rock so exactly 
 identical in structure and appearance with the avanturine of Spain that 
 samples of it are well worthy of being submitted to the wheel of the 
 lapidary. The cleavages occur at distances, of from half an inch to 
 
 
108 
 
 
 four and six inches apart, and seem perfectly parallel often for ten or 
 fifteen feet in each direction. The surfaces of the slabs are as 
 smooth and even, as those of the best moulded tiles. In strength, it 
 is not inferior to any other flagging stone, if we except perhaps the 
 hornblende-slate. It is not liable to disintegration from exposure to 
 the weather, or from immersion in water. In these respects it sur- 
 passes in value the more micaceous slates. Judging from weather- 
 beaten masses of the rock, it grows whiter on exposure ; an effect 
 resulting from the loss of the brown mica, which is more abundant on 
 the cleavage surfaces than through the general mass of the stone. 
 
 The uses to which this flagging-stone may be applied are nume- 
 rous, and many of them quite new. As a paving for side-walks it 
 must be pre-eminently valuable, not only on account of the size of 
 the slabs and their smoothness, but from the hardness of the mate- 
 rial. The friction to which it will be subjected in this situation can- 
 not it would seem, make the slightest impression upon it ; for its 
 hardness is superior to that of the firmest and most imperishable 
 granite. For this reason, flag-stones from this rock which have been 
 long in use will not require to be roughened up with the chisel, as is 
 the case with some of the softer mica-slates. In the paving of door- 
 yards, warehouses and cellars, its value is equally obvious. It must 
 surpass all other materials also, for lining drains, water-sluices and 
 canals ; and it is even possible that it may prove useful in the roofing 
 of small buildings. It is a fortunate circumstance that the supply 
 of this stone is unlimited, and that it is favorably situated in the 
 quarries for working. Excellent stone essentially of this kind, has 
 been obtained at various places on one and the same range, for several 
 miles in extent. The most important opening made at present how- 
 ever, is that of BOLLES and TYLER. It is about three hundred 
 and fifty feet long, fifty feet wide (of uncovered rock), and twenty-five 
 above a narrow valley separating it from a higher ledge on the 
 west. The direction of strata is north by east, and the dip north- 
 westerly 40 or 45. The rock is almost without cross-seams, which 
 renders the quarrying somewhat difficult. Those which do occur, 
 are from ten to thirty feet apart, and have a direction northwest by 
 west. The rock is singularly striated in the direction of the edges 
 of stratification. The average thickness of the layers is between 
 two and four inches. 
 

 109 
 
 It should be an object of search to find some ledge in the range, 
 in which the cross-seams are nearer together, and where the strata 
 are more highly inclined in their position. The distance of the range 
 from the track of the Norwich and Worcester rail-way will be about 
 two miles. When this important route is completed, the Killingly 
 stone will find its way to market with great facility. 
 
 Flagging-stones are supplied to a limited extent from some of the 
 red sandstone-quarries in the valley of the Connecticut. The quar- 
 ries on the banks of the Connecticut river at Enfield bridge afford 
 good materials of this kind (255). They are constantly wrought by 
 a number of hands. Some of the sandstone-slates at the coal-digging 
 in Durham would answer a similar purpose. The red sandstone- 
 slate of Rocky hill, Hartford, has afforded an inferior kind of flag- 
 ging, which has been much used in that city. 
 
 Tiling. A partial exploration was formerly made in the argillite 
 of Woodbridge, at the mills, on the old road to Humphreysville. The 
 quality of the rock at this place would warrant the re-opening of the 
 quarry. Its grain is almost impalpable, its cross fracture exhibiting 
 only very minute, scarcely perceptible, brilliant points. It cleaves into 
 sheets one-tenth of an inch in thickness, and which still possess con- 
 siderable strength. It is capable of being pierced with a nail without 
 cracking, and retains its hardness under water ; nor does it appear to 
 exfoliate from exposure to the weather, during the winter. From 
 present appearances however, the quarry would not yield slates of 
 large dimensions, though probably of a size large enough for roofing.* 
 
 Paving. This is a subject deserving the attention of the two prin- 
 cipal cities of the State ; and though hitherto much neglected, a re- 
 gard to comfort and convenience will soon lead to its consideration. 
 Whenever it shall be thought an object, the materials best suited to 
 the purpose will be found at hand in the prismatic trap of the country. 
 Scarce any considerable tract of the trap-region fails to afford the 
 variety which separates spontaneously into three, four, or five sided 
 prisms, of a length several times that of their diameter. As a 
 preparation for their emyloyment, the street would require to be 
 graded as usual, and then covered with a bed of coarse gravel. The 
 prisms selected should have a diameter of from eight inches to one 
 
 * The chlorite-slate of Milford point merits examination with the same view. 
 
110 
 
 foot, and a length double that of their breadth. They should be 
 arranged side by side in a vertical position, and in such a manner as 
 to leave the fewest possible spaces ; after which, the surface of the 
 street should be kept covered with sand until all the crevices are 
 filled. A pavement thus constructed would have all the smoothness 
 of a macadamized road ; and from the strength and shape of the ma- 
 terials, must excel for perpetuity every other mode of paving. 
 
 XVI. MINERAL SPRINGS. 
 
 Our active mineral waters fall under the head of weak chalybeates, 
 some of which are feebly sulphureous. None of them are possessed 
 of alkaline or acidulated properties. But though insipid to the taste, 
 and supposed to contain little beside carbonate or sulphate of iron, the 
 effects they exert upon the animal economy are in many instances 
 decided, and highly important. The failure of chemists to detect 
 active medicinal ingredients in such waters, has it is to be feared, 
 sunk them too low in the estimation of medical men. The recent 
 discovery by BERZELIUS of two organic acids, the crenic and the 
 apocrenic, in nearly all ferruginous springs, it is to be hoped will ex- 
 cite public attention anew to the subject. The salts formed by these 
 acids may prove important to medicine. A few springs had attracted 
 attention in which chemical tests fail to detect any mineral or vegeta- 
 ble ingredients, and which if possessed of useful properties, must 
 arise from the unusual purity of the water. 
 
 The most important springs in the State are those of Stafford. Am- 
 ple accommodations here exist for invalids, and during the warm 
 season they are a favorite resort. No perceptible escape of gas from 
 the water was observed. The sides of the reservoir were lined with 
 a thick flocculent precipitate of the oxide of iron, occasioned by the 
 decomposition of the carbonate of iron from the access of air. 
 
 The spring at Prospect hill in the western part of Litchfield (allu- 
 ded to under magnetic iron-pyrites in this report) has a very percep- 
 tible styptic taste and a slight sulphuretted odor. Tested with chlo- 
 ride of barium and ferro-cyanide of potassium, it clearly evinced the 
 presence of sulphate of iron. It was first publicly noticed by Mr. 
 JAMES PIERCE of Litchfield, in the American Journal of Science. 
 He states that an astringent effect and soreness of throat is produced 
 by a free use of the spring; and that it had effected cures of obstinate 
 
Ill 
 
 rheumatic complaints that had resisted ordinary remedies. It is far- 
 ther remarked that the water was weekly sent to Hartford, and had 
 been esteemed equal to the Stafford spring. As the ore by whose 
 decomposition the spring is impregnated contains also, minute quanti- 
 ties of yellow copper-pyrites, the presence of sulphate of copper in 
 the water, was suspected ; but the addition of ammonia produced no 
 discoloration ; from whence, it was inferred that if present, its quantity 
 is too small to prove deleterious. 
 
 Other chalybeates concerning which information was acquired 
 during the survey are at the following places: 1. Kent ore-bed; 2. 
 Danbury (at Beaver brook) ; 3. Cornwall (1 J miles S. W. of meet- 
 ing-house) ; 4. Washington (road-side, between the furnace and the 
 marble-quarries) ; 5. Winchester (on land of Mr. C. SOPPER) ; 6. 
 New Hartford (on land of Mr. ATWOOD) ; 7. Litchfield (on land of 
 Mr. E. CLARK) ; 8. Roxbury (on Mine hill) ; 9. Suffield (on land 
 of Mr. E. GRANGER) ; 10. Woodbury (road-side, near the house of 
 Mr. J. R. EDWARDS); 11. Oxford (on land of Mr. NATHAN MANS- 
 FIELD) ; 12. North Haven ; 13. Colchester (on land of Mr. SAM- 
 UEL GILLET, also of Rev. L. STRONG) ; 14. Chatham (on land of 
 Mr. ABBY) ; 15. Upper Mystic (on land of Mrs. M." WILLIAMS) ; 
 16. Brooklyn (on land of Mrs. DANIELSON) ; 17. W 7 oodstock (on 
 land of Mr. H. BUGBEE*) ; 18. Manchester; 19. Lebanon ; 20. 
 Watertown; 21. Middletown ; 22. Greenwich. 
 
 From the observations made connected with the above mentioned 
 springs, it appears not improbable, that chalybeates occur in nearly 
 every town in the State. The essential condition for the produc- 
 tion of such waters, appears to be simply the breaking up of springs 
 through deposits of bog-iron-ore, or between strata abounding in 
 iron-pyrites. 
 
 Of springs which on the application of the ordinary tests appeared 
 to be unusually pure water, may be mentioned, one in Killingly on 
 the estate of Judge CHASE, and another on the Sherman and Read- 
 ing turnpike, on land of Mr. STEPHEN GREGORY. A mineral spring 
 
 * The Woodstock spring is represented by the proprietor to have undergone a 
 regular analysis by Dr. PARSONS of Providence (R. I.), and a manuscript copy of 
 the following results is shown to persons who visit the springs. " The water be- 
 longs to the class called chalybeate. The three springs differ from each other 
 
112 
 
 one mile east of Salisbury meeting-house, indicated only the pres- 
 ence of chloride of calcium together with a little carbonate of lime. 
 The rocks over which this water runs are covered with a thin incrus- 
 tation of calcareous tufa. 
 
 XVII. MATERIALS FOR AGRICULTURE. 
 
 It has been noticed from the earliest times that certain marked 
 distinctions exist in soils, qualifying them in different degrees for the 
 purposes of agriculture. Accordingly we have what are called hard 
 and soft sandy soils, clayey soils, light and dark colored molds. 
 Chemical analysis has shown the ground on which these diversities 
 depend ; and has made us acquainted with the exact constitution of 
 particular varieties, found best suited to certain crops. Thus a soil 
 which was well adapted to oats, wheat and barley, afforded in 100 
 parts, 1 1 of carbonate of lime, 9 of vegetable and animal matter, 4 
 
 chiefly in the proportion- of iron they contain. The first, or north spring, contains 
 in one gallon, 
 
 Carbonate of soda, about - 10 grs. 
 
 Carbonate of iron, - 2 
 
 with a very minute portion of lime and salt. 
 The second, or middle spring, contains in one gallon, 
 
 Carbonate of soda, .... 15 grs. 
 
 Carbonate of iron, 3 
 
 with a very minute portion of lime and salt. 
 The third, in one gallon, 
 
 Carbonate of soda, 16 grs. 
 
 Carbonate of lime, - 8 
 
 Carbonate of iron, ..... 4 
 
 with a minute portion of salt. 
 
 " The three springs contain carbonic acid gas, the exact amount of which can be 
 determined only at the springs where the water is drawn. It is this gas which holds 
 the iron in solution, so that the water is perfectly clear when first taken from the 
 spring, but when allowed to stand for a short time in an open vessel, the gas escapes 
 and leaves the iron on settling, which gives the water a turbid appearance, and 
 finally collecting on the sides and bottom of the vessel, it resembles rust or oxide 
 of iron. 
 
 " The second and third springs are best for drinking, and the first is best for 
 bathing." 
 
 It is wholly inconceivable how the foregoing statements could have been made 
 respecting these waters. If the results quoted were obtained by the gentleman 
 above named, it is certain that the water submitted could never have been afforded 
 by these springs : for the first spring differs in no respect from common water, and 
 the other two are merely chalybeates of the usual character. 
 
113 
 
 of water, and 45 of finely divided clay (more than half of which 
 probably consisted of silica, and the rest of alumina and oxide of 
 iron), the remaining 31 being coarse gravel. Another sample from 
 a field yielding wheat and beans without manure, consisted of j silic- 
 eous sand and f calcareous clay tinged with iron, the aggregate 
 containing 5 per cent, of vegetable matter. A good soil for wheat in 
 France had for its mineral basis, f clay, f river-sand and f carbon- 
 ate of lime ; and a soil for potatoes in Cornwall (England) had | 
 siliceous sand, with an absorbent power so small as to lose only 2 
 per cent, by drying, at a temperature of 400. It is from informa- 
 tion obtained in this way, that the rules for improving the mineral 
 constitution of soils have been derived. 
 
 It does not fall within the province of this report to point out the 
 different kinds of soil, and the extent of each sort in the State. They 
 will only be alluded to in a general manner, with a view to important 
 mineral amendments, capable of being availed of to some extent, 
 within our territory. The soils of Connecticut, like those of most 
 primitive regions, are especially deficient in carbonate of lime.* 
 This was not proved to be the fact from an actual analysis of soils 
 collected in different sections of the primitive, but is deduced from 
 the known character of the rocks from whose decomposition they 
 have proceeded. As respects a leading variety of soil (a sandy loam) 
 in the valley of Connecticut, careful analysis confirms the charac- 
 ter ascribed above to the soils of the State. The sample was taken 
 from a field sparsely covered with cedars, pines and oaks, situated 
 in Hamden, and about sixty rods north of what is called High rock. 
 It yielded, on a specimen thoroughly dried by several days expo- 
 sure to the sun, the following results : 
 
 * Local tracts of small extent in the limestone-section of the State, and in the im- 
 mediate vicinity of calcareous amygdaloids and marl-slates, are exceptions to this 
 remark; so also are those patches of land of still more moderate extent, situated di- 
 rectly upon the Sound, in which sea-shells are more or less thickly disseminated. 
 In these situations, the natural fertility of the soil is most apparent ; and its adapted- 
 ness to wheat and rye is particularly striking. 
 
 15 
 
114 
 
 In one hundred parts, 
 
 Water of absorption, - 3*05 
 
 Vegetable matter, - - 2-94 
 
 Alumina, - 7-19 
 
 Peroxide of iron, - - 2-83 
 
 1 Oxide of manganese, - - 0*17 
 
 Lime, - 0-06 
 
 Magnesia, - - 0-04 
 
 Silica, (53-42 in condition of small quartz-pebbles,) 83-80 
 
 100-08 
 
 As the State is not furnished with the recent calcareous marl-for- 
 mations, the only mode of making up this signal deficiency in the 
 mineral constitution of her soil, obviously consists in a resort to the 
 practice of liming. Nor will the remedy throughout a large part of 
 the State be attended with very considerable expense, even com- 
 pared with that of the marling system. The average dose to the 
 acre as a preparation for a grain-crop, will rarely exceed thirty or 
 forty bushels ;* and when lime is burnt with the requisite economy, 
 the cost of this amendment will no longer be an obstacle to its use. 
 The saving of labor in applying so small a quantity of material, com- 
 pared with the bulky article of marl, must be obvious. 
 
 It will be of the utmost importance however, to avoid the use of 
 the dolomitic, or magnesian lime, for the purpose here recommended ; 
 as it has been fully demonstrated in Europe, that quicklime of this 
 description instead of improving the qualities of a soil, exerts a posi- 
 tively injurious effect on vegetation, at least for a number of years 
 after its application. This consequence of the use of dolomite ap- 
 pears only to follow, when it has been burnt ; for the disintegrated, 
 or pulverized rock, if spread upon land proves beneficial. Farmers 
 in the vicinity of the lime-kilns in Litchfield county, have made par- 
 tial trials of the use of lime on lands ; and in all cases where it was 
 employed free from admixture with wood-ashes, the testimony was 
 unfavorable to its utility as a manure ; a result to have been ex- 
 pected, inasmuch as the lime-kilns of that region are exclusively fed 
 with a dolomitic limestone. The distinctions between pure limestone 
 
 * That for ordinary marl is above one thousand. 
 
115 
 
 and dolomite, and the kinds of lime to which they give rise on burn- 
 ing, have already been pointed out, in the section on quick-lime and 
 water-cement. The repositories of the two rocks were also men- 
 tioned under the same head ; farther allusion to them will not there- 
 fore be required in this place. 
 
 No subject connected with the agricultural interest of the State 
 more loudly demands immediate attention, than that of liming. 
 Should the system be intelligently engaged in, it is believed that her 
 crops would in a very short period be doubled ; and at an expense 
 that would well justify the practice. For " soils," it has justly been 
 remarked by M. Puvis,* " not calcareous, whatever may be the 
 culture, and whatever may be the quantity of manure lavished on 
 them, are not suitable for all products, are often cold and moist, 
 and are covered with weeds. Calcareous manures, by giving the 
 lime that is wanting on such soils, complete their advantages, ren- 
 der the tillage more easy, destroy the weeds, and fit the soil for all 
 products."f 
 
 * On the use of lime as a manure, by M. Puvis, translated for the Farmer's Reg- 
 ister. Shellbanks, Va. 1835. 
 
 t The employment of lime is rapidly extending in Pennsylvania and New Jersey ; 
 and has already very nearly led in some counties, to the disuse of plaster altogether. 
 The limestone made use of in Bucks, Lehigh and Berks counties, and probably 
 elsewhere, is free from magnesia. Samples have been examined from several lo- 
 calities which furnish the kilns from whence the supply to the farmers is derived, 
 in none of which has magnesia been detected. One specimen from Allentown was 
 submitted to analysis under the impression, that it abounded in silica, the rock 
 having a fine-grained arenaceous texture ; but it was found to contain but 1-6 p. c. 
 of silica, and was entirely free from magnesia, alumina, and even oxide of iron. 
 The Thomastown (Me.) limestone which is burnt at Newark (N. J.) by Mr. TOMP- 
 Kiifs, for agricultural purposes, is also free from magnesia. Individuals in the 
 vicinity of Allentown, employ from six hundred to three thousand bushels of lime 
 per year, according to the dimensions of their estates. It is carted from twenty to 
 thirty miles, in some instances.Trom the kilns. The quantity per acre varies from 
 thirty to one hundred bushels, according to the strength of the soil, the largest 
 quantity being used where the land is richest in vegetable and animal matter. 
 The dressing is administered once, in from five to twelve years. Where the soil 
 is thin, it is necessary to plough in the lime, the deepest. It is always added in the 
 slacked state, and generally in the fall of the .year. After liming, a crop of buck- 
 wheat, oats, or corn is taken off, previous to one of wheat. 
 
 The following remarks are abstracted from a review of Essays on Calcareous Ma- 
 nures, in the American Journal of Science and Arts, Vol. xxx, p. 161. " In the 
 north of England and in Scotland, the use of lime as a manure, may almost appear 
 
116 
 
 It will be interesting information to all persons who feel any con- 
 cern in the agricultural prosperity of the State to learn, that an en- 
 terprising individual, Mr. LEVI S. PLATT of Danbury, is about to 
 commence the burning of lime for the supply of farmers in that sec- 
 tion. The deposit from whence his kiln is to be furnished, has 
 been selected with great care ; and the undertaking, if encouraged 
 as it deserves to be, will introduce a new era in the agriculture of 
 the State. 
 
 Beds of clayey marl, useful for agriculture, have confidently been 
 supposed to exist in the Connecticut valley. Calcareous deposits 
 in this region however, are not more strongly developed than in the 
 contiguous primitive. In a few instances, there occur thin beds of 
 a fissile dark brown slate, (281, 283, 284, 285, 286) which emits an 
 argillaceous odor on being moistened, softens in water, effervesces 
 with acid, and spontaneously falls to powder on exposure for a year 
 or two to the weather. It is therefore fully entitled to be denomi- 
 nated a marl, and would unquestionably prove serviceable as a dress- 
 
 to be excessive. Two hundred bushels per acre are often applied to sandy soils, 
 and from three to four hundred on clay. Dressings of this amount are renewed 
 once in every term of twenty-one years. This high rate of application could not 
 however, be practiced upon land not yet habituated to its use, and would in most 
 parts of the United States, be too costly to yield any profit. In England, the lime is 
 usually laid in small heaps on the fields in its caustic state, and spread as soon as it 
 becomes air-slacked. In the department of L'Ain in France, the dressings are about 
 eighty bushels to the acre, and are applied as a preparation for every grain crop. The 
 lime here, is also laid on in heaps, in its caustic state ; but these are immediately cov- 
 ered with earth, which remains until the lime is slacked, when the earth and it are 
 intimately mixed, and after having rested for a fortnight, are again thoroughly in- 
 corporated. In this state they remain for another fortnight, when the whole is uni- 
 formly distributed over the ground. In Flanders, the quantity of lime applied is 
 from forty to fifty bushels to the acre, and the dressing is not repeated oftener than 
 once in ten or twelve years. The lime is usually mixed with the ashes of bitumin- 
 ous coal or of turf, or formed into a compost with other manures. In the depart- 
 ment of La Sarthe, the lime is applied at the rate of twelve bushels to the acre, 
 once in three years, and in the form of compost. In the opinion of M. Puvis, this 
 method, although the least expensive, is the best; and it may be said to be within 
 the reach of almost erery American agriculturalist. The advantage of the use of 
 lime may be stated in a few words : it is an essential part of the seed of wheat, 
 and that valuable grain will not grow in any soil which does not contain it. It may 
 therefore be reasonably hoped, that the culture of this plant may, by the aid of lime 
 in this comparatively cheap mode, be restored in those districts whence it has long 
 been banished/* 
 
117 
 
 ing for light sandy lands. The deposits alluded to, occur at South 
 Britain, at the water-limestone quarries in Southington, and at Saw- 
 mill hollow in Durham. Adequate research would probably bring 
 to light other, and perhaps more important, localities of this material. 
 
 A more abundant and widely diffused formation in the Connecti- 
 cut valley, which is capable of use as an amendment, is the red and 
 brown shale-clay. It often constitutes by itself large beds, or occurs 
 interstratified with the red sandstone-conglomerate. It is extremely 
 prone to crumble into a red pasty soil wherever it is exposed to the 
 weather; and in the spring of the year may be removed from its 
 beds with great facility, simply by means of shovels and spades. 
 Where favorably situated in the vicinity of light sandy soils, it might 
 be spread over them with undoubted benefit. 
 
 The prevailing scarcity of fresh water-mollusca in the State, ren- 
 ders highly problematical the discovery of extensive beds of the cal- 
 careous, lacustrine formation. These, wherever they exist in quan- 
 tity, constitute eminently useful applications to land. The only in- 
 dications of such deposits hitherto observed in Connecticut, occur in 
 the parish of New Britain in Berlin. In excavating a raceway for a 
 manufactory here, a bed of this character was struck, which abounds 
 in bleached shells belonging the genera Planorbus, Lymna3a and 
 Cyclas, and which afforded the rare fossil curiosity of a vertebral 
 bone belonging to the mastodon. 
 
118 
 
 SCIENTIFIC REPORT. 
 
 THE order adopted in the present section is the Natural History 
 classification, which is the same arrangement as that observed in the 
 disposition of the samples, intended for the illustration of the simple 
 minerals of the State.* 
 
 CLASS I. 
 ORDER IV. SALT.| 
 
 Genus 7. Vitriol-Salt. 
 
 White Copperas is found at several of the principal localities of 
 iron-pyrites and of magnetic iron-pyrites. Wherever either of these 
 minerals, or the mixture of the two, are exposed to the joint influ- 
 ence of air and moisture, a mealy efflorescence of the present 
 species makes its appearance. Certain conditions with which we 
 are not fully acquainted promote or retard its production. Thus it 
 forms with unusual rapidity in the aggregate of magnetic-iron, horn- 
 blende and iron-pyrites, on Brown's mountain in Washington (333 5), 
 likewise at the copperas mine in New Fairfield and the brimstone 
 ledge in North Madison (575 6) ; whereas the iron-pyrites ores of 
 Litchfield and of the topaz-vein in Trumbull are very slow in giving 
 origin to this salt. 
 
 Genus 10. Alum-Salt. 
 
 Alum occurs only in very limited quantity at a few localities, and 
 always as an efflorescence on pyritiferous mica-slate. The most 
 
 * The idea of treating the subject according to the different geological formations, 
 and the varieties of rocks, or natural repositories in which the minerals occur, first 
 presented itself; and many observations were made during the survey with that spe- 
 cial view ; the plan however, was abandoned, out of regard to the repetition and 
 prolixity to which it would lead, and for the reason that the mosi interesting facts 
 connected with such a view, will naturally be included in the geological report of 
 Dr. PERCIVAI,. 
 
 t Several species in the three first orders of this class, and which are either 
 gaseous, fluid, or found in a state of solution, might have been enumerated among 
 the minerals of the State ; but their occurrence and nature are in general so well 
 understood, as not to require a distinct mention. 
 
119 
 
 remarkable locality is in the town of Plymouth on the east side of 
 the Naugatuck river, three quarters of a mile north of the Waterbury 
 line. It here occurs on the protected side of a high shelving ledge, 
 forming crusts in many places one-eighth of an inch thick. These 
 however, do not adhere for any length of time to the rock ; but scale 
 off with the quartz and mica and descend to the bottom of the ledge, 
 where a considerable accumulation of sandy debris, impregnated with 
 the salt is formed. The crusts in some instances, are visibly com- 
 posed of short silky fibres of a pure white color. Its taste is sweet 
 and astringent. Its composition for the greatest part is not that of 
 the alum of commerce, but in place of an alkali, contains protoxide 
 of iron, in the proportion of from 12 to 15 per cent., though it is 
 very probable that the common potash-alum is occasionally inter- 
 mingled with this salt. 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 ORDER I. HALOIDE. 
 
 Genus 3. Malachite-Haloide. 
 
 Chrysocolla. This beautiful mineral, in small quantity, attends the 
 vitreous copper and variegated copper of Wolcottville. 
 
 Cube-Ore as a secondary product, derived from the decomposi- 
 tion of mispickel, has been observed in drusy coatings on this ore at 
 the arsenic-mine in Derby. Its color is grass-green with a shade 
 of gray. 
 
 Nickel- Green. This rare mineral has only been detected in the 
 most minute quantity, associated with copper-nickel in the cobalt-mine 
 of Chatham. It is pulverulent, and of a grayish-white, apple-green 
 color. 
 
 Genus 4. Fluor-Haloide. 
 
 Fluor. The State appears to contain but a single important de- 
 posit of this species, which is in Trumbull near the line of Monroe. 
 It here occurs forming the bulk of a vein about eighteen inches in 
 width, cutting across a white gneissoid-limestone, and in a second 
 spot under somewhat similar circumstances, at a short distance in a 
 southwesterly direction. The first mentioned vein has been laid 
 open to a depth of ten feet, and for several rods in extent. The 
 fluor is the leading constituent of the vein, and is associated with 
 
120 
 
 topaz, mica and quartz, and in certain parts of the vein with several 
 species of pyrites (572). The fluor is rarely crystallized. A few 
 examples of druses of small rich purple, and in variegated cubes with 
 beveled edges (334) have been noticed ; but nearly the whole vein 
 exhibits a large granular composition and a light purplish-red color 
 (338), which on exposure to light soon fades out to grayish-white. 
 It phosphoresces on the application of heat, with a rich emerald- 
 green light ; and is hence included under the variety of chlorophane. 
 With it, is intermingled a grayish white feldspar, minute scales of 
 mica, and occasionally very perfect crystals of an almost emerald- 
 green beryl. In those parts of the vein where the white topaz is 
 abundant, the fluor is in larger individuals and nearly transparent, 
 at the same time showing other tints, as bluish-green (336), dark pur- 
 ple and black (335) and reddish-white (337). The dark purple va- 
 riety frequently forms thin coatings on the topaz and mica-crystals, 
 and disseminates itself also between their laminae. 
 
 Small quantities of purple fluor have been noticed with calcareous 
 spar and quartz in the plumbaginous mica-slate in Newtown, at the 
 diggings for coal on the east side of the brook. A similar variety oc- 
 curs in the reddish granitic-gneiss at East Haven near the light- 
 house (339). The brown shale of Berlin (588) occasionally pre- 
 sents the same mineral in connection with dolomite-crystals and 
 bitumen. 
 
 Apatite is a more widely diffused species than has perhaps been 
 imagined. There are few extensive granite-regions in the State in 
 which it is altogether wanting, though the crystals are sometimes so 
 minute and pale as to be with difficulty distinguished. It has also 
 been observed in the secondary conglomerate of East Haven, and 
 in the garnet-sand in the same town, at the light-house. A few of 
 its most interesting localities however, only, will be mentioned. The 
 china-stone quarry at Middletown affords it in short six and twelve- 
 sided prisms, from one quarter, to above an inch in diameter. Their 
 color varies from pale reddish white, through bluish white to aspara- 
 gus-green (34 ly) ; and where penetrated by uran-ochre they present 
 a citron-yellow color. At Haddam, the nests of albitic granite in 
 the gneiss at Allen's vein yield it abundantly, in small bluish green, 
 nearly transparent crystals (340y). The beryl-granite of Monroe 
 contains occasionally, very perfect pale bluish-white crystals of apa- 
 
121 
 
 tite ; and the coarse grained albitic granite of Plymouth (340) pre- 
 sents it in brilliant, transparent, yellowish green crystals. Long, 
 slender, bluish white prisms (3406) are found in granite-seams tra- 
 versing a micaceous gneiss, at a place two miles north of Water- 
 bury, where stone has been quarried for the erection of a button- 
 manufactory. Thin bands of reddish white feldspar in gneiss con- 
 tain a pale blue variety (340r) at Winchester, one mile southeast of 
 Winsted. 
 
 Genus 5. Lime-Haloide. 
 
 Jlrragonite is a species but little known in the State, and is con- 
 fined to secondary rocks, or occurs in situations where its formation 
 is recent and still in progress. White drusy varieties of it are found 
 in many of the red sandstone-quarries, as at East Haven (3426), 
 East Windsor (3436) and Hamden ; long acicular crystals on cu- 
 preous slate in Suffield at Enfield bridge (3446) ; filling up thin cross- 
 seams in the calcareous mica-slate of Bolton mountain (341) and be- 
 tween layers of albitic gneiss in Haddam, Chester and Hadlyme. 
 
 Calcareous Spar. Crystallized varieties of this species are un- 
 common in this region. Cross-seams in the bituminous limestone of 
 Southington and Southbury rarely offer examples of the inverted 
 rhomboid ; and the agate-balls found in the trap of Southbury, Mid- 
 dlefield and a few other places, present small crystals of the form, 
 metatastique. The marly shale of South Britain embraces layers of 
 fibrous limestone. The large and easily cleavable individuals, to 
 which the term calcareous spar was formerly restricted, have been 
 observed only in agate-balls at Middlefield and in veins in trap at 
 Berlin (347). The curved lamellar variety (argentine) occurs in 
 small quantity in Monroe. Granular limestone exists in several 
 well developed beds, particularly in the towns of Derby (342, 
 343), Trumbull, Watertown (345), Brookfield (3456), North Mil- 
 ford (344), Vernon (3476), Danbury (347y) and North Canaan. 
 In most of the localities west and northwest of Monroe, the lime- 
 stone is closely associated with dolomite. This is particularly the 
 case at Reading, Danbury, Brookfield and Canaan, nevertheless 
 beds of greater or less extent of pure limestone are found in these 
 places. White and gray limestone, sometimes pure and some- 
 times mingled with dolomite and serpentine, occurs in Milford and 
 New Haven, at the green marble quarries (229, 230, 231, 232, 233). 
 
 16 
 
122 
 
 Narrow seams of white limestone traverse the argillite of Amity and 
 Woodbridge (167, 168). Grayish black, bituminous limestone 
 (292) occurs at Durham in Saw-mill brook, associated with bitumi- 
 nous slate (2786) : and the same rock, but more compact and of a 
 lighter gray color, is found in Southington (290, 295), Southbury 
 (288) and Guilford (296, 2976). 
 
 Dolomite in well-formed crystals of the primary form, occurs 
 lining seams in the white massive variety at Mead's quarry in Ridge- 
 field (348) ; also occupying narrow seams (variety pearl-spar) in a 
 bituminous brown shale at Berlin, near Hart's mills (354). The 
 white granular dolomite is one of the most largely developed rocks 
 in several towns of the northwestern part of the State, occurring in 
 extensive beds associated with mica-slate, and rarely with pure lime- 
 stone, in the towns of Salisbury, Canaan, Sharon, Cornwall, Kent, 
 New Milford, Brookfield, Washington, Danbury, Reading and Ridge- 
 field (349, 3496, 350, 3506, 351, 3516, 353). A single bed of 
 dolomite occurs in the eastern part of the State in the town of North 
 Stonington, near the line of Preston (218). It is also intimately blend- 
 ed up with limestone in the marbles of Milford and New Haven (229, 
 230, 231, 232, 233). The reddish brown massive variety (brown 
 spar) forms narrow seams in sandstone-slate at Berlin, near the vil- 
 lage of Worthington (355, 356), and in gneiss at Norwich (3566). 
 A white massive dolomite enters largely also, into the composition of 
 trap at Durham, two and a half miles south of the village on the 
 Middletown and Hartford turnpike (3166). 
 
 ORDER II. BARYTE. 
 Genus 1. Parachrose-Baryte. 
 
 Diallogite. This rare ore of manganese is found in the town of 
 Washington (New Preston Society), on land of Mr. JOEL CAMP. 
 Its color is a dark carmine-red. It forms a thin pulverulent coat- 
 ing on triplite (3586). 
 
 Spathic Iron is a very abundant mineral in the town of Roxbury, 
 forming with quartz a vein of many feet in width, and extending for 
 upwards of half a mile up the side of a mountain, situated on the 
 western side of the Shepaug river. It rarely shows itself under 
 regular forms, but is massive in large, easily cleavable individuals 
 (358). Its color, when freshly detached from the vein, is light yel- 
 
123 
 
 lowish gray (357). Blende, galena, iron and copper-pyrites, are 
 occasionally associated with it, in very small quantity (585y). Small 
 quantities of spathic-iron occur likewise, at Lane's mine in Monroe. 
 Triplite. A small bed of this rare ore is found in Washington on 
 the farm of Mr. JOEL CAMP. It occurs in granite. Attention was drawn 
 to it several years ago under the impression that it was an ore of 
 iron, and a quantity of it was raised with a view to test its character. 
 But its want of resemblance to the iron-ores of the country led to 
 its neglect, and a considerable heap of the ore is now said to lie 
 somewhere near the bed. It is much prone to decomposition on ex- 
 posure to the weather ; in consequence of which, it separates into ir- 
 regular, feebly connected grains, whose surfaces are more or less 
 coated by diallogite (3586). It is difficult to decide from the situation 
 of the bed, whether the body of the ore is considerable. 
 
 Genus 2. Zinc-Baryte.* 
 
 Calamine in the state of an impalpable powder of a white color, 
 and in cellular, bone-like masses accompanies the blende and galena 
 of Brookfield, in limestone (358r). 
 
 Genus 3. Tungstic Baryte. 
 
 Tungsten. The only known repositories of this species in the 
 United States exist in Monroe and Trumbull. At Lane's mine in 
 the former town, it is by no means a scarce substance. It occurs 
 both crystallized and massive in quartz and argillite (359). The 
 crystals are large, but rarely perfect. The massive variety often oc- 
 cupies spaces of two inches in diameter. Its color is pale yellowish 
 white, passing into gray. At Trumbull, it is situated in quartz near 
 to the topaz-vein, and is attended with tungstic ochre and wolfram. 
 
 Edwardsite.-\ This new species has been observed only at a 
 single place, the falls of the Yantic at Norwich ; and here in a very 
 
 * Electric Calamine, though unknown as a natural production in the State, never- 
 theless occurred lining the chimney of an iron-furnace in Salisbury, in the form of 
 thin crusts coated by small crystals (593). 
 
 t This species was discovered during the progress of the survey, and is named 
 for his Excellency the Governor of the State (see American Journal of Science and 
 Arts, Vol. xxxii, p. 162). The following is a brief account of its properties : primary 
 form, oblique rhombic prism of 95 ; cleavage parallel to the base uneven, in the di- 
 rection of the longer diagonal, perfect ; lustre vitreous to adamantine ; color hyacinth- 
 
124 
 
 limited quantity. It occurs in small, brownish or hyacinthine red 
 crystals (3596), disseminated through bucholzite, in a red feldspathic 
 granite, contained in gneiss. The crystals are rarely above a quarter 
 of an inch in length, and one-sixth of an inch in thickness. 
 
 Genus 4. Hal-Baryte. 
 
 Heavy Spar attends the ores of copper generally in the secondary 
 of the State, and is found also in the copper-mine at Bristol. The 
 most abundant locality of this species is in Cheshire, about two and 
 a half miles southeast from the village. It forms veins in sandstone 
 at this place, one of which cuts directly across the highway with an 
 average width of three feet. Half a mile from this, in a westerly 
 direction on the road leading to the Cheshire turnpike, appearances 
 of the same vein come into view near the road. The mineral is 
 here more crystalline in its texture, and is accompanied by crystal- 
 lized quartz. Numerous very perfect and transparent crystals, were 
 formerly furnished by this locality (see figures 228, 232, 233, 234, 
 235, 236, 237 of my Mineralogy). Apparently the same vein, (at a 
 place half a mile farther west, where a trench several rods in length 
 and many feet in depth has been excavated for copper) affords large 
 quantities of the massive variety, in broad lamellar individuals, and 
 rarely also, crystallized specimens (360). It is frequently blended 
 with quartz-crystals and green malachite (362). Heavy spar is like- 
 
 red to reddish brown; streak white; transparent to translucent; hardness=4-5 ; 
 specific gravity=4-2 to 46. Alone, before the blowpipe, in very thin fragments, it 
 loses its red color, becoming pearl-gray with a tinge of yellow, and fuses with great 
 difficulty on the edges into a transparent glass. With borax in little fragments, it 
 turns white and gradually dissolves, forming a globule which is bright yellowish 
 green while warm, but colorless when cold. When powdered, it is acted upon very 
 slowly by aqua regia. A small quantity placed on platinum-foil and moistened with 
 sulphuric acid, tinges the flame of the blowpipe green. It consists of 
 
 Protoxide of cerium, - - 56-53 
 
 Phosphoric acid, - - 26-66 
 
 Zirconia, - 7-77 
 
 Alumina, ... 4-44 
 
 Silicic acid, ... . 3-33 
 
 Protoxide of iron, - - a trace 
 
 Glucina, - " 
 
 Magnesia, - " 
 
 98-73 
 
125 
 
 wise found along with copper-ore in Bellamy's mine in Cheshire, 
 and at Rocky Hill near Hartford. By itself also, it forms a vein 
 six inches wide in trap at More's mill, Kensington parish, in Berlin. 
 The excavations for coal at Sandy Hook, Newtown, on the east side 
 of the brook, furnish samples of heavy-spar, associated with quartz, 
 fluor, and green talc. 
 
 Genus 5. Lead-Baryte. 
 
 White Lead-Ore has been noticed only in a few small crystals at 
 the lead-mine in Brookfield, associated with galena, blende and cal- 
 amine. 
 
 Genus 6. Coppcr-Baryte. 
 
 Blue Malachite. Minute quantities of this species attend the cop- 
 per-ores generally. A few distinct samples of it have been obtained 
 from Rocky Hill, near Hartford, where it was found in quartz-veins, 
 associated with variegated copper, green malachite and bitumen (320). 
 
 Green Malachite almost invariably accompanies the copper-ores, 
 wherever they occur throughout the Slate. Crystallized varieties 
 are uncommon. At the most westerly copper-diggings in Cheshire, 
 specimens are found, exhibiting globular and botryoidal shapes (362) 
 implanted upon quartz and heavy spar. Fascicular aggregations of 
 delicate crystals have also been noticed at Bristol, though its pre- 
 vailing condition at this place, is pulverulent (3626), which is the 
 fact also at the copper-mine in Hamden, in Granby and in Man- 
 chester (363, 365). It is an impalpable coating likewise at Suffield 
 (Enfield bridge), on cupreous slate (3446), and at Orange (366). 
 
 ORDER IV. MICA. 
 Genus 1. Euchlore-Mica. 
 
 Vranite presents itself occasionally in the china-stone quarry at 
 Middletown, in minute tabular crystals and thin scales of a siskin- 
 green, or lemon-yellow color. It is attended by pitchblende, ura- 
 nium ochre and apatite (367). 
 
 Genus 4. Iron-Mica. 
 
 Vimanite has been detected only in a few instances as imparting 
 an indigo-blue color to clay. It thus occurred at Manchester (3306), 
 and at the Ore-hill in Salisbury. 
 
126 
 
 Genus 5. Graphite-Mica. 
 
 Plumbago. This species attracted attention at a very early pe- 
 riod, in the town of Ashford, where it appears to have been explored 
 to some extent. The original excavation is now concealed by a 
 large stone-heap, and by a public highway. Plumbago however, 
 is frequently to be noticed in small scales disseminated through 
 the gneiss, both in place and in loose blocks, at various places in 
 a southwesterly line from the black lead-mine in Sturbridge (Mass.), 
 through Union, Westford, Willington, as far as Mansfield and He- 
 bron. It is found extensively also in Cornwall (369, 370) near the 
 Housatonick river, where it occurs in gneiss, taking the place of 
 mica in the rock (74), and likewise associated with pyroxene. It 
 has been met with also in Bethany (371), in Reading near Fos- 
 ter's factory, in Danbury one and a half miles above the village, 
 and at Vernon in the flag-stone quarry (368). 
 
 Genus 6. Talc-Mica. 
 
 Talc in a highly crystalline condition is but little known in the 
 State. Minute, yellowish white hexagonal plates are sometimes ob- 
 servable, implanted on crystallized mica at the topaz-vein in Trum- 
 bull, and in crystals of the chloritic variety, having the shape of 
 double cones applied base to base, in Monroe. The slightly co- 
 hering, small, scaly variety of a blue color, (called nacrite,) is found 
 at Mead's lime-quarry in Ridgefield (372), and common chlorite in 
 Newtown (375) and Norwich (372y). Slaty chlorite exists in Litch- 
 field (373y) containing broad scales of black mica ; and chlorite-slate 
 constitutes an important geological formation in Orange, Milford and 
 Woodbridge (186, 187). Chlorite enters largely also into the com- 
 position of the chloritic granite of Lebanon and North Stonington 
 (107, 1276). Glazings of white talc coat the cleavages of the to- 
 paz-vein at Trumbull (376), and the chrysoberyl-granite of Had- 
 dam (10). A talcose slate both green and gray (373, 374) occurs 
 in Somers, another in Wilton (212) and another in Bristol (215). 
 The last mentioned contains irregular seams of compact talc (376y). 
 The trap of South Britain embraces, in some places, spherical masses 
 of radiated chlorite. 
 
127 
 
 Mica. This important species, though a widely diffused ingre- 
 dient of most of our rocks, is nevertheless not remarkable for inter- 
 esting mineralogical varieties. The Middletown range of large 
 grained granite however, is not without some interest in respect to 
 its varieties of mica. A grayish brown variety with a shade of green, 
 which is often in large distinct crystals and in coarse granular mas- 
 sive individuals (377) as well as in broad foliated plates, is common 
 at the china-stone quarry. The same range, but near the lead-mine 
 in Middletown, produces in small quantity a large grained, pink col- 
 ored variety (lepidolite). The mica of the topaz- vein in Trumbull, 
 is sometimes found in large distinct crystals, implanted on quartz. A 
 perfectly white mica in small scales, is found in the Watertown lime- 
 stone (378) and likewise in the quartzy mica-slate of Stafford (171). 
 
 The quartzy mica-slate at Killingly (178) contains a variety in 
 hair-brown scales. Black mica in large plates occurs in the albitic 
 granite of Plymouth (9) : it is also abundant, but in small scales, in 
 the albitic gneiss of Madison (676), Chester and Haddam (946). A 
 variety of the same color, but occurring in elongated parallelograms, 
 abounds in the fine-grained, flesh-colored granite of Upper Mystic 
 (446). A light greenish gray mica in curved lamins, enters largely 
 into the composition of the mica-slate of Roxbury (146), while the 
 mica of the Bolton mica-slate is of a shining silver-gray (1416). The 
 variety pinite, often crystallized, but more commonly massive, is 
 found in the chrysoberyl-granite at Haddam (379). 
 
 Genus 7. Gypsum-Mica. 
 
 Gypsum. The trap of Cheshire and Middlefield very rarely em- 
 braces thin, transparent laminag of this species, which occupy the cav- 
 ities of agate or zeolite-geodes. It also presents itself as a secondary 
 product in small radiating crystals, on the decomposing pyritous mag- 
 netic iron-ore of Washington. 
 
 ORDER V. PICROSMINE. 
 Genus 1. jllelene-Picrosmine. 
 
 Serpentine in small, green crystalline individuals, is found dissem- 
 inated through the dolomite of Ridgefield at Mead's lime-quarry 
 (380). The precious serpentine of oil and siskin-green colors (381) 
 occurs entering into the composition of the Milford and New Haven 
 
128 
 
 green marbles. At the Milford quarry, nodular masses of black ser- 
 pentine (230) are found, and which impart to the rock its verd an- 
 tique character. Black serpentine forms extensive beds also in 
 Greenwich (236), Litchfield (2376) and Winchester (236). It oc- 
 curs besides, in boulders very frequently in the western part of 
 the State. 
 
 Picrolite. This fibrous, asbestiform mineral is very abundant in 
 the/New Haven green marble-quarry, where it presents several va- 
 rieties of structure and color. It sometimes occurs in large and 
 slightly curved, fibrous individuals of a yellowish white color. It 
 also forms strait, parallel, silky fibres, intermingled with white do- 
 lomite (383), and again in almost imperceptible, brownish gray fibres 
 (3826). It is less common in the Milford quarry, but occurs at 
 Stratford (near the mouth of the harbor) in veins traversing serpen- 
 tine-rock. It here possesses a fine columnar, or fibrous texture, and 
 a leek green color (382). 
 
 ORDER VI. SPAR. 
 
 Genus 2. Disthene-Spar. 
 
 Kyanile is found in rolled masses in the towns of Litchfield and 
 Washington, often of considerable size, and altogether composed of 
 this mineral, with the exception of thin layers of white talc and occa- 
 sional grains and crystals of corundum. It is without doubt derived 
 from the mica-slate of the region, although as yet it has not been dis- 
 covered in place. The mineral is in broad, rather short columnar 
 individuals, aggregated in a confused manner, and possessing a deli- 
 cate, pale berlin-blue color (3S7). Detached masses of a similar vari- 
 ety, though of a deeper blue color, occur in Plymouth (3876). The 
 mica-slate of Oxford near Humphreysville, abounds in nests of a 
 semi-transparent quartz sometimes eighteen inches in diameter, 
 which are thickly traversed by crystals of kyanite. The mica-slate 
 of Vernon and Bolton probably contain this mineral under similar 
 circumstances, as boulders of it are found in Bolton (385) and Cov- 
 entry (386). A grayish white variety in slender curved prisms, was 
 found disseminated in small quantity through gneiss in Chaplin (388). 
 Indeed kyanite is to be found in small crystals occasionally, through- 
 out the mica-slate ranges of the State ; but the places above men- 
 tioned are the only ones appearing to possess much mineralogical 
 interest. 
 
129 
 
 Spodumene is found in Brookfield, a few rods north of Tomlin- 
 son's tavern. It enters in small quantity, into the composition of a 
 feldspathic granite (389) in the form of small nearly transparent, 
 grayish or greenish white individuals, which are with difficulty dis- 
 tinguishable from feldspar. 
 
 Genus 3. Dystome-Spar. 
 
 Datholite. This interesting trappean species is unusually abun- 
 dant in Connecticut. Six localities are already known ; and when 
 the trap shall have been fully explored, the number will doubtless be 
 much increased. It has been noticed perhaps, in the largest quan- 
 tity at the Rocky-hill quarry, Hartford ; where it exists crystallized 
 and massive in seams, sometimes nearly an inch in width (391, 
 392). The amygdaloid in the northeast part of Southington, near 
 the house of Mr. HAMLIN, abounds with the mineral in several vari- 
 eties ; crystallized, massive in large granular individuals, and in deli- 
 cately diverging individuals (390, 393, 394). The larger cavities 
 in the trap contain also, transparent calcareous spar ; and the rock it- 
 self abounds in light colored chloritic globules, imparting to it an 
 oolitic appearance. It exists also in the amygdaloid of Berlin (near 
 Kensington), and farther south in the northwestern part of Meriden, 
 and in Middlefield (at the falls). It has also been observed at the 
 Roaring brook in Cl.eshire. 
 * 
 Genus 5. Kouphone-Spar. 
 
 Prehnite in very perfect crystals, associated with chabasie, was 
 formerly obtained in trap at Farmington, near where the canal is 
 taken across the Farmington river. The trap range just east of 
 Woodbury, abounds in balls and veins of prehnite (395). It is here 
 found in reniform. globular and stalactitic shapes of a pale greenish- 
 white color. It occurs also in small quantity in numerous places 
 throughout the trap-range, as in the vicinity of New Haven, Chesh- 
 ire, Middlefield falls, Berlin, Simsbury and Southbury. It is also 
 found distinctly crystallized in a chloritic slate, altered by a trap dyke 
 (396), near the line of New Haven and Woodbridge. 
 
 Jlnalcime, in small, though distinct, trapezohedral crystals (398) is 
 found in the trap of Black-rock, East Haven. 
 
 17 
 
J30 
 
 Chabasie. This is a rare mineral in the trap of the State, having 
 only been observed at Farmington and Cheshire, in both places at- 
 tended by prehnite. It occurs in yellowish white crystals along with 
 stilbite, heulandite and garnet at Hadlyme in the flagging-stone 
 gneiss ; also at the Paugatuck stone-quarry in Stonington, both 
 massive and crystallized (399), associated with scapolite, sphene 
 and apatite. A massive variety of a yellowish-red color in granitic 
 gneiss, is found in North Killingworth on the Essex turnpike, where 
 it crosses the Hammonasset river. 
 
 Laumonite is found in considerable abundance, both massive and 
 crystallized, filling up narrow seams in gneiss at Bradleysville in 
 Litchfield. The mineral is brought into view, by the excavations 
 made in the construction of a raceway for a paper-mill. Its color is 
 white, and its lustre pearly (3966). A somewhat analogous variety is 
 found in Southbury, a little east of the village, on land of Mr. STILES. 
 A mineral also which appears to belong to this species, occurs in the 
 town of Woodbridge, about seven miles from New Haven, on the 
 Humphreysville turnpike, in a ledge of mica-slate, which has been 
 excavated to some extent in making room for the highway. It is in 
 seams of gray quartz, and is accompanied by calcareous spar and mas- 
 sive garnet. It is nearly colorless and transparent, consisting of an ag- 
 gregation of small crystalline grains, partially elongated in their fig- 
 ure, and exhibiting under the microscope distinct cleavages. On 
 exposure to the air for a short time, it loses its transparency, and 
 gradually falls to the condition of a powder which has a pinkish- 
 white color (5946, 5956). Laumonite is found occupying thin 
 seams in trap at East and West rock near New Haven, and probably 
 at many other places in the same formation. 
 
 JVLesotype has been found in small quantity in very perfect crys- 
 tals, upwards of an inch in length at Cheshire (see figures 292 and 
 293 my Mineralogy), where it occurred in trap associated with 
 prehnite and chabasie. It occurs in the same rock, in radiating 
 closely aggregated fibres at Humphreysville ; and of a similar struc- 
 ture on gneiss, at Washington and Hadlyme (3976). 
 
 Stilbite in very minute, yet well formed crystals, is plentifully 
 found in thin seams traversing the trap of Black-rock in East Haven 
 (400.) Its color is white. A similar variety occurs in the gneiss- 
 quarry at Thatchersville near Bridgeport, lining small cavities in a 
 
131 
 
 large-grained granite (401). It is also found at Hadlyme on gneiss, 
 in columnar radiating individuals (401), associated with epidote, gar- 
 net, scapolite and apatite. 
 
 Heulandite has merely been detected in a few instances, along 
 with stilbite and chabasie at Hadlyme. 
 
 Genus 7. Feldspar. 
 
 Feldspar. Next to quartz, this is the most abundant species in 
 the State. It is rare however here, as it is in all other countries, to 
 obtain it in well defined crystals. The china-stone quarry in Mid- 
 dletown, occasionally affords imperfect crystals of the sexdecimal 
 figure, a foot in length and six or eight inches in thickness, the elon- 
 gation of the crystal taking place in the direction of the edges formed 
 by the meeting of the planes P and M, and which incline to each 
 other under 90. The color of this feldspar is white with a slight 
 tinge of yellow (4106). Crystals of feldspar from two to three 
 inches long by one inch in thickness, of the same general figure as 
 above described are abundant in the western part of Litchfield, near 
 Bradleysville, imbedded in albitic gneiss (4026). Their surfaces are 
 coated with scales of black mica ; and when broken, they are seen to 
 be permeated throughout, by the same substance. Small crystals of 
 the form binaire, were found about one mile north of Canterbury on 
 the road to Chaplin (402). Crystals have been noticed also in a 
 few instances, in various parts of the State, lining the sides of small 
 cavities in granite; but as these occurrences were so isolated and un- 
 important, they do not require enumeration. A white translucent 
 feldspar in large individuals, occurs at several places in the south- 
 western part of Greenwich (408, 409). Flesh-colored varieties also, 
 in large individuals occur in the same town, associated with albite and 
 tourmaline (403). A very glassy, flesh-red variety occurs atThatch- 
 ersville near Bridgeport, associated with hornblende, quartz and stil- 
 bite. A deep flesh-red feldspar is found at New Canaan (405) 
 and at Stonington point (156) ; while a variety almost brick-red is 
 found between Wolcottville and Winsted (136). The sun-stone (a 
 variety which in certain positions with regard to the light, exhibits 
 reddish and variegated patches of light) is found in Lyme. Adu- 
 laria, a variety exhibiting a bluish opalescence on the face of its 
 most distinct cleavage, occurs at the falls of the Yantic in Norwich, 
 
132 
 
 attended by bticholzite and edwardsite (4046). A dark purple feld- 
 spar enters largely into the composition of the green chloritic granite 
 of Groton (4066). Green feldspar is found in Bolton (413). A dull, 
 yellowish gray variety (4056) which on account of its peculiarity 
 merits further attention, is found at Reading near Danbury, at the 
 garnet and pyroxene-locality. Fetid feldspar is disseminated in 
 seams and nodules through dolomite in Brookfield, a quarter of a 
 mile north of TOMLINSON'S tavern (415) and at Danbury near Col. 
 WHITE'S factory (4166). Fine granular feldspar is frequent in the 
 eastern part of the State in Voluntown, Plainfield, Sterling, North 
 Killingly and Thompson. Decomposed feldspar (kaolin) either 
 pure or mingled with decomposed albite, abounds in New Milford, 
 Kent and Cornwall. It has been observed also in very small quan- 
 tity in Granby, Bristol and Killingly. 
 
 Albite. This species enjoys a distribution much greater than has 
 been supposed. In a crystallized state however, it has only been 
 observed at the china-stone quarry in Middletown. It is abundantly 
 found at this place, lining cavities in small translucent or transparent 
 crystals, both simple and compound (424). The massive variety is 
 found here also, both by itself (425) and intimately associated with 
 feldspar (411). In the latter case, the most distinct cleavage in both 
 species is so arranged in the same direction, as to render the two 
 minerals difficult of distinction, except by means of a slight difference 
 in color. Fine granular albite (426) is also common in this quarry. 
 A very handsome variety of albite in large, greenish white, semi- 
 transparent individuals (4266) is abundant in Haddam, about half a 
 mile southwest of the court-house. It is associated with tourmaline, 
 forming a lacge grained granite. It sometimes exhibits the bluish 
 opalescence peculiar to adularia. But the most delicate white va- 
 riety of this species is that, so common in the coarse grained granite 
 of Plymouth (427). Occasional beds of this variety are found in 
 Watertown, Bethlehem, Harwinton, Burlington, New Hartford, and 
 Canton. The coarse grained, red feldspar-granite of Greenwich (8), 
 includes large individuals of albite. Nor is albite less prevalent 
 among the different varieties of granitic gneiss, as well as among the 
 fine grained, stratified granites. Suffice it to mention in the way of 
 localities in these rocks, the gneiss-quarries of the Connecticut river 
 at Middletown, Haddam, Chester and Hadlyme. To a very great 
 

 133 
 
 extent in this region, it is noticeable that the gneissoid granite con- 
 tains no feldspar, excepting where it is cut across by granite-veins. 
 The interstratified portions, though large grained and coarse, still 
 exclude feldspar (4246) ; but wherever a cross-vein occurs, the 
 albite is completely replaced by feldspar (166).* The adularia 
 variety of albite occurs in nodular masses in the micaceous gneiss of 
 Thompson (426y), in the pyritous gneiss of Chaplin (426r), arid of 
 Union (4276). The porcelain-clays of New Milford, Kent and 
 Cornwall, are largely indebted to this species for their origin. 
 
 Genus 8. Andalusite-Spar. 
 
 Jlndalusite has only been found in detached, quartzy boulders in 
 the towns of Litchfield and Washington. It was crystallized how- 
 ever, in forms of unusual size and perfection. It is therefore proba- 
 ble that important localities of this interesting mineral will eventually 
 be discovered in the mica-slate of these regions. 
 
 Genus 9. Petaline-Spar. 
 
 Scapolite occurs at several localities in the State, without being 
 found any where in abundance, or in well crystallized varieties. It 
 is the most largely developed at Trumbull in the limestone, near the 
 topaz -vein, where it is associated with garnet and epidole (432). 
 The massive character prevails in it at this place, though imperfect 
 crystals sometimes present themselves. Its color is white. It is 
 found massive in large individuals, and with a tendency to decompo- 
 sition at Stonington, in the stone-quarry at Paugatuck. In becom- 
 ing decomposed, its color assumes a shade of pink (434). It also 
 occurs at this place in small crystalline grains, resembling tabular- 
 spar (435). Garnet, sphene, chabasie and apatite, are associated 
 with it, in the granite. Scapolite occurs lining the walls of fissures in 
 the gneiss-quarries of Hadlyme (4016), of the hornblendic gneiss of 
 Norwich, and of Canterbury (4326), near the line of Plainfield, and 
 in layers with pyroxene at the notch of the Bolton mountain (433). 
 
 * It is observable moreover, that the minerals contained in the albitic gneiss and 
 the granite intersecting it, are different. The latter contains beryl, garnet and tour- 
 maline, the former apatite and molybdenite. These facts are particularly illustrated 
 at the Allen-vein in Hacldam. 
 
134 
 
 Genus 10. dugite-Spar. 
 
 Epidote. The beautifully crystallized, pistachio-green varieties of 
 this species occur, filling up seams in the granite-gneiss quarries of 
 Hadlyme and Chester (4376). Granular epidote (scorza) of the 
 same color, is common in the albitic gneiss at Higganum in Had- 
 dam (4386), and the massive variety abounds in irregular seams 
 and veins in the hornblendic gneiss of Thompson, Killingly, Brook- 
 lyn, Plainfield, Griswold and Preston. It is also frequent in the chlo- 
 rite-slate of Milford. It enters as an ingredient in small quantity, 
 into the granites of Chatham and Glastenbury (62). A well crys- 
 tallized, yellowish gray epidote occurs at Trumbull near the topaz- 
 vein, filling up cavities and occupying seams in a massive green 
 hornblende (436). The crystals are imbedded in calcareous spar, 
 and possess a high lustre and much perfection of figure. A pearly 
 variety (zoisite), both crystallized and massive (438), has been found 
 in Monroe. Zoisite also occurs in rolled masses in the Milford range 
 of green slate ; in which rock it has been found also, associated with 
 yellow copper-pyrites, and occupying quartz-veins. The same variety 
 occurs likewise, to some extent in the mica-slate of Vernon (441), 
 at the flagging-stone quarry. A dull greenish-grafy variety, both 
 crystallized and massive, is met with traversing a hornblendic gneiss, 
 in the northwest part of Woodbury (437). 
 
 Pyroxene. This species is developed in the state nearly to the 
 same extent as the preceding, and yet it is by no means common in 
 the crystallized condition. The most distinct crystals are the flat- 
 tened white prisms disseminated through dolomite in Canaan. They 
 are often possessed of considerable dimensions, being two or three 
 inches long, by one or two in breadth. Their shape is illustrated 
 an figures 353 and 354 of my Treatise. They are found in the 
 .dolomitic sand, as well as in the undecomposed rock, near the post- 
 office in Canaan. Large green crystals in eight-sided prisms occur 
 in the blue limestone of Trumbull (442), while transparent ones of 
 very minute dimensions (fassaite) attend the fine granular, green 
 pyroxene (coccolite) of Reading, on the turnpike, near the line 
 of Danbury (445y). Massive, broad lamellar varieties in large in- 
 dividuals (sahlite) of a white color (4426) are found in Watertown, 
 at the lime-quarry near the Naugatuck, and of a dark greenish gray 
 
135 
 
 (443) in the green marble-quarry at New Haven. A grayish hair- 
 brown variety (4435) occurs in seams contained in gneiss, with gar- 
 net and magnetic iron-pyrites, between Stafford and Union. The 
 quarry of flagging-stone at Vernon contains a light bluish green, mas- 
 sive pyroxene (445). A similar variety occurs with massive horn- 
 blende in Plainfield (4446). A green massive variety is found 
 abundantly in Sharon (4456) on Buck's mountain, associated with 
 magnetic iron. This variety is of frequent occurrence in the gneiss 
 of the northwestern part of the State. A massive, compact, strati- 
 fied, white pyroxene* (445r), abounds in North Canaan, on both 
 sides of the Housatonick river. 
 
 Hornblende. The white and grayish white, semi-transparent va- 
 riety (tremolite) is almost the only one which assumes with us the 
 crystallized state : nor does this afford crystals perfect, except in their 
 lateral faces. The dolomite of Canaan, between the falls and the 
 post-office, is rich in this variety (447, 448). It also occurs in the 
 marble-quarries of Washington (4486). At the first-mentioned locality, 
 it is usually attended by white pyroxene ; and at both, it is accompa- 
 nied by other varieties of the present species, especially by the fibrous 
 tremolite. At the marble-quarries, the fibres often become silky 
 and are much interwoven, giving rise to what is called paper-asbes- 
 tus (467, 4666), and when the masses, are thick and coriaceous to 
 mountain-leather (468). A black variety in broad, compressed 
 prisms (449), and an acicular one of the same color (456) occur in 
 Torrington. A massive, shining black, easily cleavable variety (ca- 
 rinthin), associated with greenish gray pyroxene is abundant a little 
 north of the village of Danbury (450, 451, 452). The grayish 
 black, massive variety with metallic reflections (hypersthene), is found 
 near Bradleysville in Litchfield (457.) The brown, slender, curved 
 and sometimes interlaced crystals (anthophyllite) in granitic gneiss, 
 are found at Haddam one mile north of the Court House, also a little 
 west of the village along with iolite, and in Guilford two miles 
 north of the centre (458). The grayish white, radiating, fibrous va- 
 riety (asbestiform tremolite) is common in Greenwich (461), Win- 
 chester (462), Litchfield (465), Wilton and New Hartford. The 
 
 * This mineral was originally described by Prof. HITCHCOCK as scapolite, and 
 was afterwards referred to by myself, as saussurite. 
 
 
136 
 
 fibres are sometimes long and parallel, as at the locality in Winchester 
 (466). Common massive, black and greenish black, hornblende 
 (454) enters largely into the composition of the sienite of Litchfield ; 
 and into the hornblendic gneiss so abundant in Preston, Griswold, 
 Canterbury, Plainfield, Brooklyn, Killingly and Thompson, not to 
 mention its occasional presence in all the varieties of gneiss, and the 
 part it plays in the secondary trap of the State. 
 
 Genus 11. Tabular Spar. 
 
 Tabular Spar in very limited quantity, is associated with quartz 
 and calcareous spar, at the place in Brookfield where an excavation 
 was made for copper-ore. It is massive, and in large individuals of 
 a white color (469). 
 
 Boltonite is found in Ridgefield at Mead's lime-quarry. It oc- 
 curs in yellowish or bluish gray grains disseminated with mica, 
 through dolomite (470), and at Hill's quarry in Reading, of a pale 
 straw-yellow color (4716). Boulders of the same mineral are com- 
 mon in Danbury (471). 
 
 ORDER VII. GEM. 
 Genus 1. Corundum. 
 
 Spinel, in small black octahedral crystals, has been detected at 
 Haddam, associated with chrysoberyl, beryl, garnet, &c., at the well 
 known locality near the meeting-house. 
 
 jlutomolite is found at the same place, with the last mentioned spe- 
 cies. It presents a dark green color, with a tinge of blue (47 ly), 
 and occurs both crystallized and massive. 
 
 Genus 3. Topaz. 
 
 Topaz. Of this precious substance, a very remarkable locality 
 exists in the town of Trumbull. It here forms, along with fluor, 
 magnetic iron-pyrites and yellow copper-pyrites, a vein of considera- 
 ble dimensions, cutting across a micaceous limestone. The rock'has 
 a northerly direction with a dip of 15 west. The direction of the 
 vein is north, 20 west, and its dip is from 75 to 80 east. The 
 topaz forms from ten to eighteen inches of the more central part of 
 the vein, where it is much blended up with fluor, mica, quartz, talc, 
 magnetic iron-pyrites, and yellow copper-pyrites; and on each side 
 
137 
 
 this aggregate is bounded with fluor lo the thickness of from six to 
 twelve inches. The topaz forms a large proportion of the vein, 
 so far as it has been opened, which is for several rods in extent, and 
 to the depth of from five to ten feet. It is rarely crystallized with 
 high degrees of perfection, though the lateral primary planes and 
 several of the pyramidal faces, are more or less distinguishable. 
 Among the smaller crystals, it is not rare to find those which are in 
 a measure perfect and transparent* (473) ; but the larger ones are 
 only semi-transparent or translucent. The size of the crystals is the 
 most extraordinary feature of the locality. They often occur six 
 and eight inches in diameter, with a length of from three to seven 
 inches. The surfaces of the large crystals however, are generally 
 rough; and often more or less coated by mica and flour, which last 
 mineral often penetrates the substance of the crystals. The pre- 
 vailing color is while (474), excepting in those parts of the vein 
 where the species of pyrites above mentioned abound ; here, the 
 crystals assume a dark greenish tinge (475). There can be but little 
 doubt, that this vein when thoroughly laid open, will yield all the va- 
 rieties of the species in great richness and perfection. 
 
 Genus 4. Emerald. 
 
 Beryl, though not so abundant perhaps as might have been anti- 
 cipated from the primitive character of the State, is still found at 
 several places in considerable perfection. A coarse grained granite 
 in the northwestern part of Monroe, has afforded the most interest- 
 ing variety of well crystallized and handsomely colored beryl (476, 
 478). The crystals, which are greenish white and very thickly dis- 
 seminated through the rock, are generally from one quarter to three 
 quarters of an inch in diameter, much elongated, and often bent 
 either by a gradual curvature or else by a slipping of the cross la- 
 mina? successively towards one side, throughout the entire length of 
 the crystal. More perfect crystals of a richer green, approaching 
 that of the emerald, have very rarely been met with in the fluor of 
 the topaz-vein in Trumbull, some of which are surmounted at their 
 extremities by highly polished facets. A single crystal of about one 
 
 \ 
 
 * Representations of particular forms which have been detected at this locality, 
 may be seen in figures 439, 440 and 441, of my Mineralogy. 
 
 18 
 
 
138 
 
 inch in diameter was observed near the centre of Oxford, imbedded 
 in granite. Middletown and Haddam are also rich in the present 
 species. In the china-stone quarry, large crystals of a greenish yel- 
 low color (4796) occur ; and the same kind of granite continues to 
 afford a similar variety at various points, quite to Roaring brook in 
 Glastenbury. Here, in a bed of reddish granite, a deep green 
 variety of beryl is found .(479). The granite-veins of Haddam 
 and Chatham also, furnish beryl in considerable abundance. At the 
 chrysoberyl-vein near the meeting-house, crystals sometimes five or 
 six inches in diameter, occasionally occur. They have a greenish 
 yellow color, sometimes passing into wax-yellow ; and are frequently 
 penetrated by crystals of chrysoberyl. The feldspar granite of the 
 Allen-vein quarry contains a bluish green beryl (477), often in large 
 crystals. They sometimes exhibit a very peculiar tendency towards 
 an acute pyramidal termination, at one extremity. Two miles south 
 of this place, a yellow, transparent and perfectly crystallized variety 
 was formerly obtained, occupying a thin quartz-vein in a very mica- 
 ceous gneiss. The form of the crystal is represented in figure 56 
 of my Mineralogy. The granite of Chatham near the cobalt-mine, 
 has also afforded crystals of the present species. 
 
 Chrysoberyl. The most remarkable repository of this species 
 known, occurs at Haddam. It is situated in talcy granite, two or 
 three rods east of the meeting-house, and has been explored for twenty 
 feet in length to a depth of six or eight feet, and for a breadth of 
 nearly ten feet. The granite, which is mostly albitic, abounds in 
 precious garnet, and contains also yellow beryl, columbite, zircon, 
 aulomolite, &tc. The chrysoberyl occurs in large distinct crystals, 
 simple and compound (see fig. 136 of my Mineralogy) as well as 
 massive (480), imbedded in albite, beryl and garnet. It is semi- 
 transparent, and its color is olive-green. 
 
 Genus 5. Quartz. 
 
 lolite is found in Haddam in the albitic granite, half a mile south- 
 west of the court-house. It occurs in large massive individuals, 
 having one very eminent cleavage. Its colors are various shades of 
 blue and green, the former predominating (481) ; it is transparent 
 in spots, and possessed of dichroism. It is obtained at this place 
 with some difficulty, and does not promise to be abundant. A less 
 
139 
 
 pure variety intimately blended up with quartz, anthophyillite, gar- 
 net and mica, exists in gneiss (482) at a place in the highway on 
 the hill, a little west of the village. But a much more abundant 
 source of this mineral may be indicated, as existing between the She- 
 tucket river and the Quinebaug, and within a few rods of the Nor- 
 wich and Worcester rail-way, where the gneiss-rock has been ex- 
 tensively blasted out to make room for its passage, tt is massive, 
 in large individuals (4826), semi-transparent, and possessed of a 
 deep indigo-blue color. It is immediately imbedded in quartz and 
 attended by a blood-red massive garnet, and a singular variety of 
 feldspar having a pale yellowish green, pinkish red and cinnamon- 
 brown color. It is semi-transparent, and occurs in masses about a 
 quarter of an inch in diameter. Its lustre is vitreous, and its specific 
 gravity is between 2*4 and 2*7. Its hardness = 7*0. Before the 
 blowpipe in small fragments, it fuses with difficulty into a semi-trans- 
 parent white glass. 
 
 Quartz. In treating of so universal a species, it will be proper 
 to notice only a few of its more interesting varieties. Long slender, 
 semi-transparent crystals (483) abound in the soil of a hill, one mile 
 southwest of Haddam village. They are evidently derived from 
 the walls of fissures, or cavities in granite, to which they were at- 
 tached by one extremity. They vary from one to five inches in 
 length, and are often aggregated laterally into groups. A some- 
 what similar variety but in much larger crystals, occurs in the north- 
 eastern part of Thompson. Large tabular, semi-transparent crys- 
 tals in compressed prisms, occur in Mead's lime-quarry in Ridge- 
 field (485). Minute doubly terminated crystals, are found imbed- 
 ded in the compact gray limestone of Northford (484). Drusy 
 quartz associated with limonite (487) and ferruginous jasper, abounds 
 at the ore- bed in Kent. Crystals of the purple variety (ame- 
 thyst) are occasionally found, lining geodes in the trap of Wood- 
 bury, Southbury, Berlin and East Haven. A large accumulation of 
 crystallized and drusy white quartz, occurs in boulders on Whortle- 
 berry hill in Canton (4936). A coarsely columnar variety at this 
 place is sometimes striped with pale purple (4916). Large boulders 
 of a drusy and white columnar quartz, sometimes containing galena 
 and blende, are common in the diluvium of Plymouth. Rose-colored 
 quartz (492), is found occasionally in the china-stone quarry in Mid- 
 
140 
 
 dletown, and apparently constituting an extensive bed in the south- 
 western part of Southbury. Milk-white, common quartz exists plen- 
 tifully in Roxbury, in boulders, as well as in veins and beds in mica- 
 slate (489). It is also abundant in the argillite of Woodbridge (488), 
 on the Litchfield turnpike. Calcedony is found in small nodules, 
 and forming the walls of geodes at numerous places in the trap re- 
 gion, especially at Woodbury, Southbury, Farmington, West Hart- 
 ford, Berlin and East Haven. In these places, it is often banded 
 with rnilk-white opal, forming the common fortification or onyx 
 agate (495, 496, 497). At Southbury, it presents itself in veins, 
 stained of a dark green (501). A similar variety is found at Cheshire 
 (498). Botryoidal calcedony, of a yellowish and reddish white 
 color (504), is frequent in the clay and iron-region of New Milford, 
 Kent, Cornwall and Washington. It is found in the immediate vi- 
 cinity of some of these depositories in large boulders, and scattered 
 also through the diluvium of Goshen, Torringford, Washington, Litch- 
 field, and sometimes still farther south.* Several masses of genuine 
 carnelian have been found in Torringford (504y). A yellow jasper 
 occurs in the New Milford clay-bed (503). Yellow ferruginous 
 quartz (4956) exists at the Kent ore-bed, together with a drusy cel- 
 lular variety (4946) which is sometimes so light as to swim for a mo- 
 ment, on the surface of water. A pseudomorphous quartz (493) is 
 found in a large quartz-seam near Straitsville in Prospect. 
 
 Opal. Slight intermixtures of this species throughout the State, 
 attend all the striped and milky calcedony, whether occurring in the 
 
 * The source of the calcedonic and jaspery concretions in the vicinity of the por- 
 celain-clay repositories and limonite ore-beds is, without doubt, connected with the 
 decomposition of the feldspar and albite from which the clay and " gray fuller's 
 earth" originated. The silicic acid of which the varieties of quartz in question are 
 composed, was brought into solution by the liberated alkali, and subsequently pre- 
 cipitated by the access of carbonic or sulphuric acid. That this was the case ap- 
 pears most probable from the fact, that analysis rarely finds the silicic acid in such 
 clays, bearing so high a ratio to the alumina as in the original minerals, evincing that 
 some portion of the acid has been withdrawn in a soluble state along with the alkali. 
 The same explanation extends to the hyalite, found lining fissures in the conglome- 
 rate of Hamden, in which are found cavities occupied by a green clay ; likewise to 
 the formation of hyalite in the feldspar-granite of Hatldiim. And possibly we may 
 be authorized in adducing a similar explanation for the origin of agates in trap, 
 through a partial decomposition of the feldspathic ingredient of the rock, 
 
141 
 
 trap or found in the diluvium. In addition to which, small reniform 
 and botryoidal coatings called hyalite, occur lining the sides of fis- 
 sures in feldspar-granite at Haddam (505), also interposed between 
 the strata of conglomerate-sandstone at North Haven (508), forming 
 a pellicle over cellular quartz at Rocky Hill, near Hartford (507) 
 and on trap at Southbury (506), New Haven and many other places. 
 
 Genus 6. Axinite. 
 
 Bucholzite. The variety of this species found at Chester in dis- 
 tinct crystals and in long, massive individuals, is chiefly known under 
 the name of sillimanite, being regarded by some mineralogists as a dis- 
 tinct species. It is found in quartz-layers in gneiss (509). The same 
 variety occurs to some extent in Norwich, both at the falls of the 
 Yantic and at the manufacturing village one mile north of the land- 
 ing. In the former place, it occurs principally in long, slender, 
 fibrous individuals, and is accompanied by edwardsite and blue co- 
 rundum (510, 5106). At the latter place, it is in large crystals and 
 massive individuals, coated and interlaminated with talc, and attended 
 by magnetic iron and flesh-colored feldspar in thin granite-seams 
 (5436). Still another variety, much involved with talc, is found in 
 Haddam, in albitic granite near the iolite-locality, half a mile south- 
 west of the Court House (511), also in Groton near Upper Mystic 
 (512), and in garnetiferous gneiss in the corner of Stafford, Union 
 and Ashford (5116). It would appear also, that a locality exists in 
 the western part of the State, inasmuch as a pebble of the compactly 
 fibrous variety was found in the town of Oxford, near Humphreys- 
 ville. 
 
 Genus 9. Tourmaline. 
 
 Tourmaline. This is a frequent ingredient of the large-grained 
 granites, and exists also in other rocks throughout the Stale. As 
 meriting the most particular notice may be mentioned, the brown- 
 ish black crystallized variety of Monroe (513, 514, 515), which oc- 
 curs in crystals from one quarter of an inch to two and a half in 
 diameter, with a length but little greater than their thickness. They 
 occur thickly disseminated through a mica-slate, consisting almost 
 wholly of mica, or of mica mingled with a little talc. These crys- 
 tals are rendered particularly interesting from the perfection of their 
 form, which is that of a six, or a nine-sided prism with trihedral ter- 
 
142 
 
 minations at both extremities (see figures 443 and 444 of my Min- 
 eralogy). Very brilliant black crystals of a different form (see fig. 
 447 as above) are found in granite-veins in the same town. Had- 
 dam also affords very distinct crystals of this species, both black and 
 brown. The black is found in the albitic granite southwest of the 
 Court House, in crystals above an inch long. Many of them high- 
 ly complete in their form, are corroded or pitted on their lateral faces. 
 (For the form, see figure 445 as above). The brown variety is 
 found in a talco-micaceous gneiss on Walkley hill, and is often at- 
 tended by amhophyllite. The crystals are much elongated in fig- 
 ure, and channelled in an irregular manner on the surface (516). 
 The white rocks of Middletown yield at one place, green and red, 
 massive individuals and crystals of tourmaline : some of the latter 
 possess great delicacy of tint. They are associated with albite and 
 pink and green mica. On a side-hill in this vicinity, a single crystal 
 of red tourmaline, one and a half inches in diameter, was found. A 
 black fibrous variety occurs at the soapstone-quarry in Somers (519). 
 The coarser varieties of granite usually present this species in greater 
 or less abundance, and often in very large crystals, forming what has 
 been sometimes called a shorlaceous granite (5196). 
 
 Idocrase. A few crystals and grains of a reddish brown color 
 have been detected in a micaceous seam of rock, contained in Starr's 
 marble-quarry at Washington (519^). 
 
 Genus 10. Garnet. 
 
 Garnet. For extent and wideness of diffusion, this mineral is 
 perhaps entitled to rank next to the species hornblende. In much 
 of the mica-slate, it nearly makes good the place of feldspar in 
 gneiss, existing in crystals from a size so small, as to demand a mi- 
 croscope for detection, as in the Bolton rock, up to that of a grape, 
 as in the Reading mica-slate. Granite and gneiss also frequently 
 contain this species ; besides which, it occurs in beds and veins by 
 itself. It will be proper only to indicate a few places remarkable 
 for peculiar varieties, and to allude generally to regions where more 
 common kinds occur. The chrysoberyl-locality at Haddam deserves 
 to be mentioned first. The variety here found is the precious gar- 
 net. It possesses a rich brownish red color, and is semi-transparent 
 (530). It occurs in imperfect trapezohedrons, often an inch or two 
 
143 
 
 in diameter, and sometimes penetrated by small crystals of colum- 
 bite. A very rich cinnamon-brown variety of garnet constitutes an 
 extensive bed in gneiss in Reading, on the turnpike, four miles 
 south of Danbury. Detached masses of a ton's weight, are com- 
 mon by the road-side. It appears at several spots to be connect- 
 ed with the subjacent rock. It is generally massive, with a compact 
 or impalpable structure, yet containing occasional cavities, whose 
 walls are lined with rich transparent crystals, (5236). A fine gran- 
 ular, green pyroxene (445y) or coccolite, is sometimes associated 
 with the garnet. A similar variety, but having a darker shade of 
 red and less transparent, forms a bed in mica-slate in the south part 
 of Plymouth, half a mile southeast of Hoadley's factory, where it was 
 formerly explored to some extent, under the impression that it was 
 an ore of iron (5216). The garnet contained in the mica-slate of 
 Reading, Washington and Monroe, is sometimes peculiarly interest- 
 ing from the size and regularity of form it possesses. They vary 
 in size from a pea to that of a walnut ; and have either the form of 
 the trapezohedron, or a shape intermediate between this and the 
 dodecahedron. One place in Reading has afforded them in such 
 profusion, as to acquire the name of the garnet-rock. It is situated 
 about half a mile northwest of the junction of the two largest branches 
 of the Saugatuck, a short distance above the south boundary of the 
 town of Reading. The mica-slate of Stafford, Bolton and Vernon 
 (522, 5286), affords similar varieties. Indeed, this rock throughout 
 the State is rarely wholly without garnet for any considerable extent. 
 A delicate rose-red garnet in crystals of the size of a pea and larger, 
 is common in beds of feldspathic granite (5276) in the corner 
 of Union, Stafford and Ashford. A similar variety has been ob- 
 served on the road between Hampton and Chaplin. The eurite of 
 Norwalk (525) abounds in minute but well-formed garnets. The 
 hornblendic gneiss with black mica of Preston, Norwich, Lisbon, 
 Griswold, Plainfield, Brooklyn and Thompson (525, 526, 5296), 
 contains a deep red garnet disseminated in imperfect crystals or 
 grains, which approximates to the variety called pyrope. A rose- 
 red, fine granular variety (colophonite), intermingled with quartz 
 (527), is found in North Madison, half a mile east of the meeting 
 house, forming layers, or beds in gneiss. Other localities worthy of 
 enumeration are the following: large-grained granite in Guilford, 
 
144 
 
 two miles northwesterly from the meeting house (524) ; china-stone 
 quarry, Middletown ; gray granitic gneiss of Guilford (5266), Allen- 
 vein, with pyroxene in gneiss (5246) ; chlorite altered by trap in 
 small yellowish green crystals (523) ; in sand at Millstone point, near 
 New London (528), and at East Haven (529). 
 
 Zircon. This rare mineral is found in small crystals at the chry- 
 soberyl-locality at Haddam (530), and along with pitchblende and 
 feldspar at the china-stone quarry in Middletown. 
 
 Staurotide is an abundant species throughout the State, being ev- 
 ery where nearly co-extensive with the mica-slate. The most stri- 
 king localities known, are in the Bolton mountain range, in the towns 
 of Bolton, Vernon, Tolland and Stafford (533, 534). Next to this 
 region may be mentioned the mica-slate of Salisbury and Litchfield 
 (5306, 5316). 
 
 ORDER VIII. ORE. 
 Genus 1. Melane-Ore. 
 
 Allanite is found in granitic gneiss, in slender black prismatic 
 prisms about an inch in length (5346), in the town of North Kil- 
 lingworth on the Essex turnpike, where it is crossed by the Ham- 
 monasset river. 
 
 Genus 2. Eruthrone-Ore. 
 
 Sphene accompanies pyroxene in calcareous spar at Trurnbull 
 near the topaz-vein, and occurs with the same species at GOLD'S 
 mine in the north part of Cornwall (535). Other localities are the 
 quarry at Thatchersville near Bridgeport, where it is associated with 
 a greenish black massive hornblende (536), and the quarry near 
 Paugatuck in Stonington, where it is associated with scapolite, apa- 
 tite and chabasie. It was detected also in small quantity at Plain- 
 field with pyroxene and hornblende in gneiss ; and under similar cir- 
 cumstances at New London. 
 
 Eremite. This is a species never before described.* It was 
 found in a block of albitic granite on land of Mr. DAVID MATOON, 
 
 * Its name is derived from sof^/a solitude, in allusion to the fact that thus far 
 but a small number of crystals have been found. It was discovered by Mr. THOMAS 
 R. DUTTON , a member of the Senior class in Yale College. 
 
145 
 
 three miles from Waterlown on the road to Northfield. The lar- 
 gest crystal found weighs about six or eight grains. It is semi- 
 transparent, of a rich clove-brown color, and has for its primary 
 form a right oblique-angled prism of 140 26', modified by numer- 
 ous faces on the terminal edges and angles. Its lustre is vitreous. 
 In hardness, it is between apatite and feldspar. Its specific gravity 
 is 3-714. 
 
 Rutile is found in considerable abundance in the eastern part of 
 Monroe, in mica-slate (537). It here occurs in large, indistinct 
 crystals and grains. The same rock has afforded this species also, 
 in Bristol and Plymouth. A few crystals have been found in the 
 northeastern part of Canton in granite, and at the northwestern ex- 
 tremity of New Milford in dolomite (5376). 
 
 Red Copper-Ore has only been found in very small quantity 
 within the State, and always associated with native copper. 
 
 Yttro-Tantalitel This very rare mineral is supposed to exist at 
 Roaring brook in Glastenbury. It occurs in small crystalline grains, 
 disseminated through a flesh-red granite (591) which contains crys- 
 tals of green beryl. Unless this mineral belong to the present spe- 
 cies, it will probably prove new. Its lustre is between resinous and 
 metallic. Its color is iron-black, and its specific gravity is between 
 4-9 and 5-0. Alone before the blowpipe, it is unalterable ; but with 
 carbonate of soda, it slowly dissolves with effervescence, and when 
 cold assumes a delicate sky-blue color. 
 
 Genus 3. Iron-Ore. 
 
 Magnetic Iron is an ore like iron-pyrites, widely diffused through 
 the State, in a great variety of rocks ; although rich deposits of it are 
 less frequent than in many other regions of similar extent. It exists 
 in beds at the following places : Buck's mountain, southeast part of 
 Sharon, half a mile from the Housatonic (5386) ; in the southeast 
 part of Reading near Sugar-hollow turnpike (544) ; in the northeast 
 part of Winchester (542), and on Brown's mountain, New Preston 
 (5426). It is found also in grains and octahedral crystals in a tal- 
 cose mica-slate on Mount Riga in Salisbury (5396), and also in a 
 small bed situated near the Massachusetts line in the same vicinity. 
 Thin seams or beds of this species are found in Newtown associated 
 with quartz in gneiss (643). Magnetic iron is found in granite, in 
 
 19 
 
14G 
 
 the condition of octahedral crystals and large granular individuals, in 
 Hadlyme at Selden's point (5416). It is also common in North 
 Madison near Col. BENTON'S, and at Haddam one mile north of the 
 meeting-house (537?/). The red feldspar-granite of Stonington 
 (5406) and Groton, likewise abounds in small crystals and grains of 
 this ore ; and magnetic iron-sand is of frequent occurrence along 
 the sea-coast of the State, from Milford to Stonington. 
 
 Chrome-Ore is found in small quantity in the green-marble 
 range, closely blended with magnetic-iron. 
 
 Crichtonite occurs engaged in quartz in rolled masses (5446) 
 among the diluvium of South Britain, and was undoubtedly derived 
 from the contiguous mica-slate of Roxbury. 
 
 Specular-Iron is almost unknown in the State ; traces of it only, 
 existing in the copper-rock of Manchester (546), and in diluvial 
 blocks of porphyritic gneiss at Killingly (545). 
 
 Limonite. A remarkable region for this ore has long been known 
 in the towns of Salisbury, Sharon and Kent, where it forms beds ei- 
 ther in mica-slate, micaceous gneiss or quartz-rock.* The brown 
 
 * The origin of limonite in these rocks may be attributed to the decomposition of 
 the sulphuret of iron and other ferruginous minerals with which they are known to 
 abound. It is obvious also, that in a majority of instances, this change took place in 
 the original repositories of these minerals; since no perceptible derangement is dis- 
 coverable in the layers of the ore-bed, or want of conformity in them, to the adjacent 
 rock. The Kent ore-bed is the only apparent exception to this remark. It is situated 
 in a chasm running nearly north and south, between soft decomposed gneiss (" gray 
 fuller's earth,") dipping 60 or 70 east on the one side, and micaceous quartz-rock on 
 the other, dipping 80 west. The ore-bed consequently has the shape of a wedge. 
 It is not however without order in the arrangement of its materials, for a description 
 of which see p. 20 of the Economical Report. Attributing to it the origin here 
 suggested, it would appear not improbable perhaps, that previous to the decomposi- 
 tion of the pyrites, the strata were all coincident and in the position of C and F (see 
 diagram on p, 20), and that in consequence of the change, the strata D were bro- 
 ken and tilted over on to the edges of C. The quantity of limonite in the bed must 
 constantly be receiving important contributions from the crumbling down of the fer- 
 ruginous strata D. It would not perhaps be an extravagant hypothesis to assign the 
 origin of the limenite here wholly to this source, without the supposition that any 
 considerable beds of iron-pyrites originally existed in place of the ore-bed ; for the 
 overlying pyritous strata have a thickness of ten or twelve yards, and are favorably 
 exposed for decomposition, both on account of access to the air and contiguity to 
 moisture, the surface in the rear of the bed at E, being wet and swampy. The es- 
 cape of the limonite, on being washed into the bed, is prevented by the clayey na- 
 ture of the decomposed gneiss A, whose inclination towards C also, would serve to 
 
147 
 
 fibrous, ligniform variety (547. 548) and the ochraceous varieties (549, 
 553) constitute the prevailing kinds at the ore-hill and Davis' bed 
 in Salisbury, as well as at the Indian ore-bed. A singular variety of 
 micaceous, earthy limonite (5516) is found at Davis' ore-bed. The 
 same place affords an impalpably compact, yellowish brown variety, 
 called by the workmen " bees-wax ore." A compact heavy ore is 
 found in the north part of Salisbury at the beds of CHAPIN & Sco- 
 VIL (552). The ore from Kent also is more compact and heavy 
 than the average-ores of Salisbury and Sharon, in which respect, it 
 resembles the ore found in the south part of Cornwall and at Wash- 
 ington. At this last place, it is contained in dolomite. Several 
 varieties of bog iron-ore occur in the eastern part of the State. 
 One, possessed of a vesicular sub-mamillary structure, is found in 
 considerable quantity in Colchester (554.) The granular variety 
 (5536), called " shot-ore," is found in Thompson and Woodstock. 
 At the latter place a pumice-like ore occurs, much blended up with 
 silica (556) which is probably derived from the feldspar of the rock 
 that afforded the pyrites from whence the ore originated. 
 
 Genus 4. Baryte-Ore. 
 
 Wolfram. This species, rendered the more interesting because 
 of its being the frequent concomitant of tin-ore, is found in consid- 
 
 accumulate it in the wedge-shaped bed B. It is noticeable moreover, that the lar- 
 gest vein of ore (the anvil-ledge) is that nearest to the eastern side, C, of the bed, 
 and directly beneath the basseting edges D. It abounds in a coarse iron-breccia, 
 made up of limonite and quartzy fragments of the strata D. 
 
 In evidence of an analogous origin to the other deposits of this ore, it may be re- 
 marked, that the micaceous and quartz-rocks of Salisbury, Sharon and Kent, are 
 frequently found to be rich in iron-pyrites. The garnet and staurotide also of the 
 mica-slate is often present in such proportion as to impart an highly ferruginous char- 
 acter to the rock. What the circumstances are which have induced decomposition 
 in some places and left these minerals undecomposed in others, it is at present per- 
 haps impossible to designate ; though from the low level of the ore-beds and their con- 
 tiguity to water, it is probable that this is an important agent in effecting the change 
 under consideration. 
 
 The presence of zinc, lead and manganese in the ore-bed, as is proved by the 
 formation of cadmia in the chimneys of the iron-furnaces, is well accounted for also 
 on this supposition; since it is well known that iron-pyrites is rarely unattended by 
 blende, galena and spathic-iron. The lights too, which are sometimes seen during 
 the night in these regions, and which have repeatedly led to the discovery of ore- 
 beds, can in no way be more satisfactorily explained, than by referring them to the 
 chemical changes which must be connected with such a process. 
 

 148 
 
 erable quantity at Lane's mine in Monroe. It exists in an extensive 
 bed of quartz, and is attended by tungsten, blende, galena, native 
 bismuth, iron-pyrites, &ic. It occurs both in large cleavable indi- 
 viduals and in porous masses, having an impalpable texture (557). 
 The latter are often cast in the moulds of large crystals of tungsten, 
 whose octahedral figure is precisely copied. The same mineral oc- 
 curs under very similar circumstances in a vein of quartz at Trum- 
 bull, near the topaz-vein. 
 
 Columbite. This interesting species, discovered in the eastern 
 part of the State by one of the first governors of Connecticut, still 
 continues to be found with us in unusual quantity and perfection. 
 The most remarkable samples (559) have been developed of late 
 in quarrying the china-stone at Middletown, some of which are dis- 
 tinguished for the finish of their crystals (see fig. 498 of my Mine- 
 ralogy). They vary in size from a few lines in diameter to several 
 inches in length ; and one crystal has been found weighing fourteen 
 pounds. The same granite range still farther north near the river, 
 has also afforded crystals ; and Columbite has long been known to 
 exist in the chrysoberyl-vein at Haddam, where it presents itself both 
 massive and in small slender prisms (558). 
 
 Pitchblende is another rare species developed in small quantity 
 by the china-slone quarry at Middletown, where it is found massive 
 and impalpable in composition, though often bounded by faces which 
 belong to the octahedral crystallization of blende (see figure 67, my 
 Mineralogy,) of whose crystals it is pseudomorphous (560). 
 
 Genus 5. Manganese- Ore. 
 
 Pyrolusite forms thin, pulverulent coatings on the limonite of Kent 
 and Salisbury. 
 
 Genus 6. Lusine-Ore. 
 
 Tungstic Ochre attends the wolfram and tungsten of Monroe and 
 Trumbull, in the form of a delicate straw colored powder (561). 
 
 Yellow Uranium Ochre, in the condition of a pulverulent straw, 
 or citron, yellow color, occasionally accompanies the columbite and 
 pitchblende of Middletown (562). 
 
 Green Uranium Ochre. This substance was for the first time 
 observed as a natural production in the china-stone quarry of Mid- 
 
149 
 
 dletown. It occurs occupying small cavities, mostly situated in pitch- 
 blende. Its texture is earthy, and its color dark green. It is free 
 from the oxides of other metals, being a pure protoxide of uranium, 
 with the exception of eight per cent, of earthy matter. 
 
 Melaconite. This species in the form of a black pulverulent coat- 
 ing, occurs in very limited quantity along with other ores of copper, 
 at the Bristol mine (5626). 
 
 ORDER IX. METAL. 
 
 Genus 1. Malacone-Metal. 
 
 Native Bismuth is found massive, disseminated through quartz 
 (563) in Lane's mine at Monroe, accompanied by galena, blende 
 and iron-pyrites. 
 
 Native Copper has frequently been met with in the secondary re- 
 gion of the State, both in diluvium and attached to greenstone trap. 
 A mass was formerly found near New Haven, weighing ninety 
 pounds, and one in Wallingford, half a mile west of the Hartford 
 turnpike, weighing six pounds. It has been discovered on Mount 
 Carmel penetrating trap, and in Bristol and Farmington under simi- * 
 
 lar circumstances. Minute arborescences of this metal are found 
 with yellow copper-pyrites at Lambert's mine in Orange, near 
 Milford. 
 
 Genus 2. Scler one-Metal. 
 
 Native Iron. One of the best authenticated localities of this ex- 
 traordinary substance is in Canaan. A mass, highly crystallized in 
 its texture and interlaminated with plumbago, was detached from a 
 rock on the Canaan mountain by Mr. BURRALL. All attempts how- 
 ever, to re-discover the ore have proved ineffectual. 
 
 ORDER X. PYRITES. 
 
 Genus 1. Eruthleucone- Pyrites. 
 
 Copper-Nickel accompanies the smaltine of Chatham, with which 
 ore it is intimately blended. It is massive, nearly impalpable in 
 composition and of a red color (564). 
 
 Mispickel appears to be abundant in Derby, at a place called the 
 silver-mine, where an adit was formerly carried for some distance 
 
150 
 
 into the side of a hill, and a shaft sunk also in the immediate vicinity. 
 It is generally massive and associated with quartz (566). It rarely 
 contains galena and blende (565). Other localities are Quaker's 
 Farms in Southbury (5666), and the Wilton lead-mine. 
 
 Smaltine. A bed of this ore, associated with copper-nickel, ga- 
 lena and blende, is embraced in mica-slate at Chatham (567). It 
 is found massive in small granular individuals of a tin-white color. 
 
 to' 
 
 Genus 2. Chlor one-Pyrites. 
 
 Iron-Pyrites. This species is too generally diffused to permit the 
 enumeration of its localities, except in a few instances. Crystallized 
 varieties are found in the chlorite-slate of Orange and Milford (570), 
 in quartzy mica-slate in Stafford (571) and in the flagging-stone quar- 
 ries at Haddam. Massive varieties abound in the pyrilous gneiss of 
 Colchester, Ashford, Tolland, Stafford and Union, and in several 
 other towns of that part of the State. It likewise attends the mag- 
 netic iron-pyrites at New Fairfield and Trumbull. 
 
 Yellow Copper-Pyrites. The most important localities of this 
 species are, Trumbull (572), where it occurs at one place with mag- 
 netic iron-pyrites, fluor and topaz (574), and at another near by, 
 with galena and iron pyrites ; at Orange (Lambert's mine), where it 
 is accompanied by iron-pyrites and rarely by native copper (574y) ; 
 Litchfield (Mount Tom), with magnetic iron-pyrites; copper-mine 
 at Bristol (5726) ; Southbury, near line of Roxbury (573r), in a 
 loose mass ; and in traces, in the towns of Killingly, Brooklyn, 
 Chaplin and Vernon. 
 
 White Iron-Pyrites. Fibrous varieties of this species are occa- 
 sionally found in the mica-slate, and often aid in giving rise by de- 
 composition to iron-alum. It occurs particularly at Haddam, in the 
 quarry on the east side of the river, where it is associated with an- 
 thophyllite and mica. 
 
 Genus 3. Bronze-Pyrites. 
 
 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites. The massive, cleavable variety of this 
 species found at Trumbull, along with fluor, topaz and yellow cop- 
 per-pyrites, is the most interesting variety found in the State (574). 
 The common, massive kind is abundant on Mount Tom, in Litch- 
 field, disseminated through a bed of sienite (573), sometimes accom- 
 
151 
 
 panied by yellow copper-pyrites. It is also frequent in the mica- 
 slate of Salisbury (5746) and its vicinity. A bronze-colored va- 
 riety occurs at an excavation made in Brookfield for copper-ore 
 (576). It is abundant also in New Fairfield, forming the ore prin- 
 cipally, at Kellogg's copperas-mine (575). 
 
 Variegated Copper. This is the chief ore at the Bristol copper- 
 mine, where it occurs massive in granite-beds, contained in mica- 
 ceous gneiss (578r, 5776). Small quantities of this species occur 
 in seams of quartz, attended by yellow copper-pyrites and malachite 
 at Rocky hill, Hartford (577), at the copper-mine in Manchester, 
 and at the Higley copper-mine in Granby. 
 
 ORDER XI. GLANCE. 
 Genus 1. Copper- Glance. 
 
 Vitreous Copper. This is the species which occurs at the cop- 
 per-mines of Cheshire, Granby and Wolcoltville. At Bellamy's mine 
 in Cheshire, it is both massive and crystallized. The crystals have 
 the form represented by figs. 461 and 462 of my Mineralogy. It is 
 usually disseminated through sandstone-conglomerate, and is often 
 attended by green malachite, calcareous spar and heavy spar (578, 
 5786, 579). It is likewise crystallized at Wolcottville. 
 
 Genus 2. Polypoione- Glance. 
 
 Galena. This ore is found with blende at the Middletown lead- 
 mine (582), at the Brookfield lead-mine (580), the lead-mine in 
 Wilton (582), at Kensington in Berlin (581), at East Haven near 
 the light-house in granite and in trap, as well as at Monroe and 
 Trumbull. 
 
 Molybdenite is found in the Haddam flagging-stone quarries in 
 broad flakes, between the layers of the gneiss, and in a bed of quartz 
 at Pettipaug in Saybrook (587). 
 
 Bismuthine. A few slender crystals of this species have been 
 detected at Haddam, in the chrysoberyl-vein. 
 
 ORDER XII. BLENDE. 
 
 Genus 1. Scler one-Blende. 
 
 Blende is found at the same places with galena. At Brookfield, 
 it has a yellowish green color, and is semi-transparent (5846, 584), 
 
152 
 
 at Berlin a pale yellow color (581), at Roxbury a brownish black 
 color (585/) and at Lane's mine, Monroe (586), and at the cobalt- 
 mine, a black color. 
 
 CLASS III. 
 ORDER I. RESIN. 
 
 Genus 2. Mineral-Resin. 
 
 Bitumen, in dolomite-seams, contained in brown shale, occurs at 
 Berlin (588) ; and in limestone at South Britain, Southington, Dur- 
 ham and Middlefield. 
 
 ORDER II. COAL. 
 Genus 1. Mineral- Coal. 
 
 Anthracite. This species has only been found occupying small 
 amygdaloidal cavities in trap, at West Hartford (311). 
 
153 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SAMPLES COLLECTED FOR THE ILLUSTRATION OF THE GEOLOGY 
 AND MINERALOGY OF THE STATE. 
 
 PART I. GEOLOGICAL COLLECTION. 
 
 1 Gneissoid granite. Feldspar reddish white. East Haven. 
 
 2 Gneissoid granite. Feldspar reddish white. Partially decom- 
 
 posed. East Haven, near the light-house. 
 
 2b* Gneissoid granite. Feldspar reddish white. Branford, from 
 a quarry in the high-way. 
 
 3 Granite. Large grained. Feldspar white. Huntington, south 
 
 part of the town. 
 
 4 Granite. Large grained. Albitic. Texture loose. Between 
 
 Bethlehem and Watertown, on Nonnewog river. 
 4b Granite. Large grained. Albitic. Plymouth, near Hoadley's 
 factory. 
 
 5 Granite. Large grained. Albitic, (pseudomorphous granite.) 
 
 Wilton, Sugar-hollow turnpike. 
 
 6 Granite. Large grained. Contains both feldspar and albite, 
 
 (pseudomorphous.) Watertown, one mile east of the centre. 
 
 7 Granite. Large grained. Albitic, (pseudomorphous.) Water- 
 
 town, western border. 
 
 7b Granite. Large grained. Albitic, (pseudomorphous.) Ply- 
 mouth, Hoadley's factory. 
 
 8 Granite. Large grained. Contains feldspar and albite. This 
 
 rock forms irregular veins and nests in variety No. 40, 
 Greenwich, U. S. quarry. 
 
 * The letter 6 refers to the blue color of the ticket on the specimen. The letters 
 g, r and y t are also employed in this catalogue as abbreviations for green, red and 
 yellow. 
 
 20 
 
154 
 
 81 Granite. Large grained. Cleavages of this rock striated and 
 smooth. It forms powerful veins in gneiss. Middletown, 
 JVlaromus. 
 
 9 Granite. Large grained. Albitic, (pseudomorphous.) Green- 
 wich, southwest corner. 
 
 96 Granite. Large grained. Albitic, (pseudomorphous.) Can- 
 ton, near the bridge, on road from New Hartford. 
 
 10 Granite. Talcy, albitic, (protogine.) Haddam, chrysoberyl- 
 
 vein, near the meeting-house. 
 
 1 1 Granite. Ingredients feldspar, quartz, scapolite, chabasie and 
 
 mica. Stonington, quarry near Paucatuck. 
 
 116 Granite. Feldspar purplish red. Stonington, one mile from 
 termination of rail-way. 
 
 12 Granite. Large grained. Albitic. Contains apatite. Plymouth. 
 
 13 Graphic granite. Watertown, associated with No. 7. 
 
 136 Granite. Feldspar deep red. Torrington, Still river-turnpike. 
 
 146 Granite. Feldspar deep red. Large grained. Contains mag- 
 netic iron. Torrington, three miles north of Wolcottville. 
 
 156 Granite. Feldspar deep red. Large grained. Stonington, one 
 mile from termination of rail-way. 
 
 14 Granite. Ingredients feldspar and quartz. Resembles a pitch- 
 
 stone porphyry. Branford, occurs near a hill of trap. 
 
 15 Granite. Much traversed by quartz-veins and druses; brec- 
 
 ciated in some spots, as if the seggregation had been inter- 
 rupted by a mechanical deposition. Branford, occurs along 
 with 14. 
 
 16 Granite. Quartz blue. Has a pitchstone-fracture. North 
 
 Guilford, Essex turnpike. 
 166 Graphic granite. Haddam, quarry east side of Conn, river. 
 
 17 Granite. Ingredients, feldspar and quartz, intimately blended. 
 
 Bethany, southeast corner. Forms thin beds in argillite. 
 
 18 Granite. Imperfectly shistose. Woodbridge, Litchfield turn- 
 
 pike. Occurs in argillite. 
 
 19 Granite. The feldspar predominating. Woodbridge, Litch- 
 
 field turnpike. 
 
 20 Granite. Feldspathic. Greenwich, Miannus river, forms veins 
 
 in gneiss. 
 
 21 Granite. Feldspathic. Fine porphyritic. Woodbridge, near 
 
 the line of Bethany. 
 
 
155 
 
 22 Granite. Feldspathic. Fine porphyritic. A weathered surface. 
 
 Woodbridge, near the line of Bethany. 
 
 23 Granite. Ingredients, albite, feldspar and quartz. Lyme. 
 
 24 Granite. Fine grained, red. Contains albite. North Stamford, 
 
 near the centre. 
 
 25 Gneissoid granite. Contains both feldspar and albite. New 
 
 Milford, Candle mountain. 
 
 26 Gneissoid granke. Albitic. Mansfield, near the line of Chaplin. 
 
 27 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Micaceous. Mansfield, near the 
 
 line of Chaplin. 
 
 28 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Fine grained. Bolton, forms nar- 
 
 row veins in mica-slate. 
 
 29 Feldspar granite. Eurite. Contains garnet. Norwalk, three 
 
 quarters of a mile southwest of village. 
 
 30 Feldspar granite. Red. Darien. 
 
 31 Feldspar granite. Eurite. Semi-vitrified, near junction of trap- 
 
 dyke. Derby. 
 
 32 Feldspar granite. Eurite. Griswold. 
 
 33 Feldspar granite. Fine granular. Texture loose. Canaan, 
 
 highway near the post-office. 
 
 34 Feldspar granite. Eurite. Voluntown. 
 
 35 Feldspar granite. Feldspar stained by carbonate of copper. 
 
 Bolton. 
 356 Quartzy granite. Fine grained, bluish-gray. Danbury. 
 
 36 Granite. Albitic. Fine grained. North Madison, near Col. 
 
 Benton's. 
 
 37 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Cornwall. 
 
 38 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Stained from decomposition of 
 
 iron-pyrites. Warren. 
 
 39 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Weston, North Fairfield. 
 
 40 Gneissoid granite. Fine grained. Greenwich, U. S. quarry. 
 
 41 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Greenwich, one mile northwest 
 
 of Horse-neck meeting-house. 
 
 42 Granite. Contains both feldspar and albite, with occasional 
 
 crystals of iron-pyrites. Texture close. Waterford, Mill- 
 stone Point quarry. 
 
 426 Granite. Contains both feldspar and granite. Fine grained. 
 Stonington, near Paucatuck. 
 
 
156 
 
 43 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Finegrained. Bridgeport, Thatch- 
 
 ersville. 
 436 Granite. Contains both feldspar and albite. Fine grained, 
 
 bluish gray. Portersville, north of bridge. 
 446 Granite. Feldspathic. Fine grained, reddish white. Stoning- 
 
 ton, Upper Mystic. 
 456 Granite. Feldspathic, fine grained reddish white. Exhibits 
 
 junction of, with albitic gneiss. Stonington, Upper Mystic. 
 466 Granite. Contains feldspar and albite. Reddish white. Mica 
 
 in part replaced by magnetic iron. Stonington, near rail- 
 way, one mile from its termination. 
 476 Granite. Feldspathic, red. Stonington, near rail-way, one 
 
 mile from its termination. 
 486 Granite. Contains feldspar and albite. Reddish gray. Very 
 
 fine grained. Westerly, R. I. 
 496 Granite. Contains feldspar and albite. Includes crystals of 
 
 iron-pyrites. Westerly, R. I. 
 506 Granite. Albitic. White. Westerly, R. I. 
 516 Granite. Albitic. White. Plymouth. 
 526 Granite. Albitic. Grayish white. Hebron, one mile south 
 
 of village. 
 536 Gneissoid granite. Grayish white. Contains small crystals 
 
 of garnet. Bozrah, five miles from Norwich landing. 
 
 44 Gneissoid granite. Fine grained, nearly white. Goshen, New 
 
 Canada village. 
 
 45 Granite. Feldspathic, red. Fine grained. Contains albite. 
 
 Groton, Upper Mystic. 
 
 46 Granite. Albitic. Dark gray, contains garnet. Derby, mis- 
 
 pickel-mine. 
 
 47 Gneissoid granite. Similar to 40. 
 
 48 Granite. Similar to 46. Woodstock. 
 
 49 Porphyritic gneiss. Veined with quartz and calcareous spar. 
 
 Contains specular iron, yellow copper-pyrites and green 
 malachite. Manchester. 
 
 50 Gneissoid granite. Albitic, fine grained. Similar to 43. 
 
 Thompson, northwest corner. 
 
 51 Gneissoid granite. Porphyritic, greenish gray. Glastenbury, 
 
 Roaring brook. 
 
157 
 
 52 Gneissoid granite. Porphyritic. Contains epidote. Brook- 
 
 lyn, road to Killingly. 
 
 53 Porphyritic gneiss. Feldspar red. Glastenbury. Roaring 
 
 brook. 
 
 54 Porphyritic gneiss. Feldspar red. Killingly. 
 
 546 Porphyritic gneiss. Albitic. Litchfield, Bradleysville. 
 
 55 Porphyritic gneiss. Feldspathic. Derby. 
 
 556 Porphyritic gneiss. Feldspathic. Large grained. Wood- 
 stock, eastern border. 
 
 56 Porphyritic gneiss. Feldspathic. Small grained. Woodbury. 
 566 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Haddam, quarry east side of 
 
 Connecticut river. 
 576 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Texture loose. Waterbury, two 
 
 miles north of village. 
 586 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Derby, Steele's quarry, east bank 
 
 of Housatonic river. 
 596 Gneissoid granite. Albitic. Texture close. East Haddam, 
 
 bank of Connecticut river. 
 606 Gneissoid granite. Hornblendic, with epidote. Thompson, 
 
 one mile east of village. 
 
 57 Gneissoid granite. Albitic, with shining black mica. Green- 
 
 wich, Miannus. 
 
 58 Gneiss. Micaceous. Greenwich, northwest of Horse-neck. 
 
 59 Gneiss. Micaceous. Weathered. Greenwich, northwest of 
 
 Horse-neck. 
 
 60 Granitic gneiss. Feldspathic, sub-porphyritic. Contains epi- 
 
 dote. Glastenbury, Roaring brook. 
 
 61 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, sub-porphyritic. Contains 
 
 epidote. Chatham. 
 
 62 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, sub-porphyritic. Contains 
 
 epidote. Glastenbury, Roaring brook. 
 
 63 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, sub-porphyritic. Eastbury. 
 
 64 Gneissoid granite. Similar to 2. East Haven. 
 
 656 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, red, large grained. Bethel. 
 
 656 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, white, large grained. Con- 
 tains epidote. Thompson, two miles east of village. 
 
 666 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, red, large grained. Nor- 
 wich, two miles north of landing. 
 
158 
 
 676 Granitic gneiss. Albitic, Mica, shining black. Contains iron- 
 pyrites. Madison. 
 
 66 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, reddish white. Thompson, 
 
 near New Boston. 
 
 67 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, red. Stanwich. 
 
 68 Gneissoid granite. Contains feldspar and albite. Mica white. 
 
 Stanwich. 
 
 69 Gneissoid granite. Contains feldspar and albite. Mica white. 
 
 Norwich, near the centre. 
 
 696 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic, reddish; rnica in tortuous lay- 
 ers. Preston, Capt. Stoddard's quarry. 
 
 706 Feldspar granite (eurite). Contains garnet. Hampton, three 
 miles northwest of meeting-house. 
 
 70 Gneissoid granite. Feldspathic. Black mica in small patches. 
 
 Killingly, North Society. 
 
 71 Granite. Albitic. White, with small patches of black mica. 
 
 Chatham, Great hill. 
 
 716 do. do. do. do. 
 
 72 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Shistose. Somers. 
 
 73 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Shistose. Thompson, near New 
 
 Boston. 
 
 736 Granitic gneiss. Albitic, with feldspar; shistose; mica in broad 
 patches. Thompson. 
 
 74 Plumbaginous gneiss. Cornwall. 
 
 75 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Shistose. North Stamford, High 
 
 ridge. 
 
 756 Gneissoid granite. Contains both feldspar and albite. Edges 
 of layers strait. Thompson, east border. 
 
 76 Gneiss. Micaceous, pyritiferous. Union. 
 
 77 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Micaceous. Greenwich. Miannus. 
 
 78 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Micaceous. Horse-neck. 
 
 786 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Micaceous. Between Stafford and 
 Union. 
 
 79 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Micaceous. Woodbury. 
 
 80 Gneiss. Contains garnet. Warren. 
 
 81 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Contains feldspar. Derby, west 
 
 side of Housatonic bridge. 
 
 816 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Texture loose. Haddam, Hig- 
 ganum. 
 
159 
 
 826 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Middletown, Maromus. 
 
 82 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Fairfield, Burr's quarry. 
 
 83 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Cleavages stained with oxide of 
 
 iron. Fairfield, Burr's quarry. 
 
 84 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Newtown, Judson's quarry. 
 
 85 Granitic gneiss. Feldspathic. Reading, Top-stone hill. 
 
 86 do do do. 
 
 866 Granitic gneiss. Feldspathic. Reddish gray. Stratification 
 even. Plainfield quarry, eastern part of town. 
 
 87 Granitic gneiss. Albitic. Mica black. Contains iron-pyri- 
 
 tes, epidote, sphene and garnet. Preston, Long Society. 
 
 88 Granitic gneiss. Feldspathic. North Stamford, High ridge. 
 886 Granitic gneiss. Feldspathic, with garnet and black mica. 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 89 Granitic gneiss. 
 896 Granitic gneiss. 
 
 west corner. 
 906 do. 
 
 916 Granitic gneiss 
 
 Albitic. Mica white. Roxbury, Mine hill. 
 Albitic. Close grained. Lebanon, north- 
 
 do do. do. 
 
 Feldspathic. Close grained. Lebanon, 
 northwest corner. 
 
 926 Granitic gneiss. Feldspathic, with albite, close grained. Leb- 
 anon, northwest corner. 
 
 90 Gneiss. Albitic, thin and fissile. Milford, Washington bridge. 
 
 91 Gneiss. Albitic. Windham, Willimantic. 
 
 92 Gneiss. Albitic, thin, talcy. Newtown, half mile northeast 
 
 of Judson's quarry. 
 
 93 Gneiss. Albitic, with garnet. Bolton, embraced in mica- 
 
 slate. 
 
 946 Gneiss. Albitic, with garnet. Vernon, embraced in mica- 
 slate. 
 
 94 Gneiss. Quartzy, fine grained. Texture close. Windham, 
 
 north part of Scotland. 
 946 Gneiss. Albitic. Haddam, Allen-vein. 
 
 95 Gneiss. Contains weathered crystals of kyanite ? Roxbury. 
 956 Gneiss. Albitic, with quartz in excess. Plymouth. 
 
 96 Gneiss. Pyritiferous, decomposing. Kent, ore-bed. 
 
 966 Gneiss. Pyritiferous, decomposing. Colchester, S. W. cor- 
 ner. 
 
160 
 
 976 Gneiss. Pyritiferous, decomposed. " Fuller's earth." Kent, 
 
 ore-bed. 
 986 Gneiss. Pyritiferous, decomposed. "Shell." Kent, ore-bed. 
 
 97 Granite. Feldspathic. Shows its junction with gneiss. 
 
 Bridgeport, Thatchersville. 
 
 98 Granite. Feldspathic. Shows its junction with gneiss. 
 
 Guilford. 
 
 99 Granite. Feldspathic. Shows its junction with gneiss. 
 
 Greenwich, Miannus. 
 
 100 Granite. Feldspathic, with Iron-Pyrites. Shows its junc- 
 
 tion with gneiss. Killingly, Eastford. 
 
 101 Granite. Feldspathic. Shows its junction with gneiss. 
 
 Greenwich, W. of Horse-neck. 
 
 102 Quartz seam, included in granitic gneiss. Willimanlic. 
 
 103 Granite. A tortuous layer in gneiss. Norwalk, 1 m. E. of 
 
 village. 
 
 104 Granite. A tortuous layer in mica-slate. Bolton. 
 
 105 Gneiss. Stained with green malachite. Bristol, copper-mine. 
 
 106 Granite. Shows junction of large and fine-grained varieties. 
 
 Greenwich, U. S. quarry. 
 
 107 Chlorine granite. Black. Ingredients, feldspar, mica and 
 
 talc. Danbury, Bethel. 
 
 108 Chloritic granite. Black. Ingredients, feldspar, mica and 
 
 talc. Lebanon. 
 
 109 Sienite. Litchfield, Mount Tom. 
 
 110 Hornblende, rock. Weston, near line of Reading. 
 
 111 Sienite. Litchfield, west part of town. 
 
 112 Sienite. Lebanon. ^ 
 1126 Sienite. Litchfield, Bradleysville. 
 
 1136 Hornblende rock. Compact, (diabase). Contains distinct 
 imbedded crystals of hornblende. Guilford, from a boulder. 
 
 1 14 Porphyry. Black. North Stonington, near Lantern hill. 
 
 115 Sienite passing into compact trap, (diabase). Litchfield, 
 
 Mount Tom. 
 
 116 Sienite, or hornblendic gneiss. Ellington, near line of Somers. 
 1166 Porphyritic sienite. Bridgewater, near the Housatonic. 
 
 117 Hornblendic gneiss. Ellington. 
 
 118 do. do. do. 
 
161 
 
 119 Hornblende-slate. New Milford, falls of the Housatonic. 
 
 120 Hornblende-slate. Woodbury. 
 
 121 Hornblende-slate, with ferruginous stains. Woodbury. 
 
 122 Hornblende-slate. Torringford. 
 
 123 Hornblende-slate. Contains acicular crystals of hornblende. 
 
 Torringford. 
 
 124 Gneiss. Quartzy. Contains bucholzite, white talc and mag- 
 
 netic iron. Norwich, falls of the Yantic. 
 
 125 Granitic gneiss. Contains ovoidal patches of garnet. Reading. 
 
 126 Green chloritic granite, purplish. North Stonington, near 
 
 Lantern-hill. 
 
 127 do. do, do. do. 
 1276 Green chloritic granite, purplish. Stonington point, from a 
 
 diluvial block. 
 
 128 Hornblende-rock ; garnetiferous, with pyroxene and iron- 
 
 pyrites. Greenfield, from a loose mass. 
 
 129 Epidotic gneiss. Contains iron-pyrites and chlorite. Plain- 
 
 field. 
 
 130 Hornblendic rock. Contains rounded grains of quartz. Staf- 
 
 ford. 
 
 131 Hornblendic rock. Contains rounded grains of quartz ; weath- 
 
 ered. Stafford. 
 
 132 Mica-slate. Greenfield hill. 
 
 133 Mica-slate. Contains garnet. Saugatuc. 
 
 1336 Mica-slate. Contains albite and kyanite. Plymouth, east 
 end of village. 
 
 134 Mica-slate. Contains garnet. Franklin, northwest corner. 
 
 135 Mica-slate. Windham, Scotland. 
 
 1356 Mica-slate. Killingly, east side of Flag-stone hill. 
 
 136 Mica-slate. Derby, from the side of a trap-dyke. 
 
 137 Mica-slate. Litchfield, near Great Lake. 
 
 138 Mica-slate. Contains imbedded granules of quartz. Litch- 
 
 field. 
 
 139 Mica-slate. Litchfield. 
 
 140 Mica-slate. Light gray. Litchfield. 
 
 141 Mica-slate. Contains crystals of mica imbedded obliquely to 
 
 the stratification. Orange, one mile west of meeting-house. 
 1416 Mica-slate. Vernon, flag-stone quarry. 
 
 21 
 
162 
 
 142 Mica-slate. Similar to 141. Berlin, north of Wortbington 
 
 village, from a large boulder. 
 
 143 Mica-slate. Contains garnet. Stafford. 
 
 144 Mica-slate. Calcareous. Sharon, south of Indian Pond. 
 
 145 do. do. do. 
 
 J46 Mica-slate. Stratification very undulatory. Roxbury. 
 
 146y Mica-slate. Calcareous. Vernon. 
 
 147 Mica-slate. Contains garnet. Surface wavy. Vernon. 
 
 148 Mica-slate. Shows a double cleavage. North Orange. 
 1486 Mica-slate. Shows a double cleavage. Surface wavy and 
 
 fibrous. Killingly, northeast of Westfield. 
 
 149 Mica-slate. Contains curved, lenticular masses of quartz. 
 
 Greenfield. 
 
 150 Mica-slate. Contains curved, lenticular masses of quartz. 
 
 Approaches in character to argillite. Woodbridge. 
 
 151 Mica-slate. Plumbaginous. Approaches argillite. Newtown. 
 
 152 Mica-slate. Plumbaginous. Approaches argillite. Middle- 
 
 town, lead-mine. 
 
 153 Mica-slate. Approaches argillite. Orange. 
 
 154 Argillite. Chloritic. Woodbridge, Sperry's mills. 
 
 155 do. do. do. 
 
 156 do. do. do. 
 
 157 Argillite. North Orange. 
 
 158 Argillite. Shows a striated cleavage. North Orange. 
 
 159 Argillite. Shows a striated cleavage. Grayish black. North 
 
 Orange. 
 
 160 Argillite. Greenish gray. Woodbridge. 
 
 161 Mica-slate. Woodbridge. 
 
 162 Argillite. Stratification thin, fissile. Woodbridge. 
 
 163 Argillite. Approaches mica-slate. Orange, near the meeting- 
 
 house. 
 
 164 Argillite. Much contorted. Occurs with 17. Bethany. 
 
 165 Flinty slate. Occurs with 21. Bethany. 
 
 166 Argillite. Stratification very thin. Woodbridge. 
 
 167 Argillaceous limestone. Woodbridge, Litchfield turnpike. 
 
 168 Argillaceous limestone. Contains iron-pyrites. Amity. 
 
 169 Argillaceous limestone. Having cross-seams filled with calca- 
 
 reous spar. Amity. 
 
163 
 
 170 Quartzy mica-slate. North Woodstock. 
 
 171 Quartzy mica-slate. White. Stafford. 
 
 172 Quartzy mica-slate. White. Killingly. 
 
 173 do. do. do. 
 
 174 Quartzy mica-slate. White. Franklin. 
 
 175 Quartzy mica-slate. White. Voluntown, in diluvium. 
 
 176 Quartzy mica-slate. White. Roxbury. 
 
 177 Quartzy mica-slate. Brownish white. Killingly, Bolles and 
 
 Tyler's quarry. 
 
 178 do. do. do. 
 
 179 Quartzy mica-slate. Grayish white. Killingly, Chesnut hill. 
 1796 Quartzy mica-slate. Greenish white. Killingly, near Young's 
 
 factory. 
 
 1806 Quartz-rock. Kent. 
 1816 Quartz-rock. Sharon. 
 
 180 Quartzy gneiss. Ferruginous. Kent, ore-bed. 
 
 181 Quartzy mica-slate. Woodbury, northwest part. 
 
 182 Quartzy mica-slate. Stafford. 
 
 183 Quartzy mica-slate. Epidotic. Killingly. 
 
 184 Quartzy mica-slate. Epidotic. Killingly, west part of Ches- 
 
 nut-hill. 
 
 185 Chlorite-slate. West Haven. 
 
 186 Chlorite-slate. Wavy. West Haven. 
 
 187 Chlorite-slate. Dark green. West Haven. 
 
 188 Chlorite-slate. Contains iron-pyrites. West Haven, Savin 
 
 rock. 
 
 189 Chlorite-slate. Light green. West Haven, Savin rock. 
 
 190 Chlorite-slate. Shows a thick seam of quartz. West Haven. 
 
 191 Chlorite-slate. Presents a distinct cross-cleavage. 
 
 192 Chlorite-slate. Ingredients separate. West Haven. 
 
 193 Quartz, from a large vein in chlorite-slate. Orange, near Mil- 
 
 ford, Lambert's mine. 
 
 194 Chlorite-slate. With cleavages having a red ferruginous glaze. 
 
 Milford, marble-quarry. 
 
 195 Chlorite-slate. Approaches talcose slate. Milford. 
 
 196 Chlorite-slate. Approaches talcose slate. Quartzy. Contains 
 
 magnetic iron. Orange. 
 
 197 Chlorite-slate. Twelve feet from trap-dyke. New Haven, 
 
 near line of Woodbridge. 
 
164 
 
 198 Chloritic trap. West Haven. 
 
 199 Chloritic trap. Sub-shistose. West Haven. 
 
 200 Chloritic trap. Shows several cleavages. West Haven. 
 
 201 Chloritic trap. Porphyritic. Contains epidote. Orange. 
 
 202 Chloritic trap. Porphyritic. Contains epidote. West Haven, 
 
 Allentown. 
 
 203 Chloritic trap. Contains serpentine and epidote. West Ha- 
 
 ven, Allentown. 
 
 204 Chloritic trap. Porphyritic. West Haven. 
 
 205 Chloritic trap. Orange, near Milford line. 
 
 206 Chloritic trap. Very compact. West Haven. 
 
 207 Hornblendic gneiss. North Milford, western part. 
 
 208 Chlorite-slate, altered by trap-dyke. New Haven, Humphreys- 
 
 ville turnpike. 
 
 209 do. do. do. do. 
 
 210 do. do. do. do. 
 
 211 do. do. do. do. 
 
 212 Talcose slate. Wilton, northeast part of town. 
 
 213 Asbestus-rock. Wilton, northeast part of town. 
 
 214 Talcose slate. Dark green. Somers, soapstone-quarry. 
 
 215 Talcose slate. Dark green. Bristol, Bartholomew's factory. 
 
 216 Talcose slate. Hornblendic. Somers, soapstone-quarry. 
 
 217 Granular limestone. North Milford, west part. 
 
 218 Dolomite. North Stonington, near line of Preston, Geer's 
 
 lime-kiln. 
 
 219 Granular limestone. Bolton, notch of Bolton mountain. 
 
 220 do. do. do. 
 
 2206 Granular limestone. Quartzy. Dark blue, veined with white. 
 Sharon, Indian pond. From a boulder. 
 
 221 Dolomite. Washington, marble-quarry. 
 
 222 Granular limestone. Blue. Contains hornblende and py- 
 
 roxene. North Milford. 
 
 223 Granular limestone. Blue. Contains hornblende and py- 
 
 roxene. Orange. 
 
 224 Granular limestone. Gneissoid. North Canaan, half a mile 
 
 west of the meeting house. 
 2246 Granular limestone. Passing into mica-slate. Vernon. 
 
 225 Dolomite. Ridgefield, northwest corner. 
 
165 
 
 226 Dolomite. Contains crystals of tremolite. Canaan. 
 
 227 Dolomite. Contains pyroxene. Canaan. 
 
 228 Dolomite. Contains boltonite. Danbury. 
 
 229 Green marble. (Ophio-calcite.) Milford. 
 
 230 Green marble. (Verd antique.) Milford. 
 
 231 Green marble. Milford, Boardman's quarry. 
 
 232 Yellow marble. New Haven. 
 
 233 do. do. 
 
 234 Topaz-rock. Ingredients, topaz, mica, fluor and talc. 
 
 235 Choritic trap. Torrington. 
 
 236 Serpentine. Contains hornblende and magnetic iron. Win- 
 
 chester, northeast corner. 
 
 237 Serpentine. Contains hornblende and mica. Greenwich, 
 
 Horse-neck. 
 2376 Serpentine. Litchfield, east part. 
 
 239 Sandstone-conglomerate. Coarse. North Guilford, Quin- 
 
 nipaug pond. 
 
 240 Sandstone-conglomerate. Fine, grayish white. North Bran- 
 
 ford, northwest of village. 
 
 241 Sandstone-conglomerate. Coarse, including a mass of white 
 
 granite. East Windsor, Wapping quarry. 
 
 242 Marly sandstone. Fine grained, variegated. North Hamden, 
 
 Tallrnan's mine. 
 
 2426 Marly sandstone. Fine grained. Contains nodules of lime- 
 stone. Unionville, quarry on Farmington river. 
 
 243 Sandstone-conglomerate. Composed of distinct pebbles. 
 
 Chatham quarry. 
 2436 Sandstone-conglomerate. Contains fragments of chlorile- 
 
 slate. Hamden, quarry at west end of Mount Carmel. 
 2446 Sandstone-conglomerate. Contains argillite. Hamden, quarry 
 
 at west end of Mount Carmel. 
 2456 Sandstone-conglomerate. Coarse. East Haven. 
 
 244 Sandstone-conglomerate. Fine, grayish white. Granby. 
 
 245 Red sandstone (freestone). Chatham quarry. 
 
 245y Red sandstone. Fine grained. Line of Farmington and 
 Bristol. 
 
 246 Sandstone-conglomerate. Reddish white, with tinge of green. 
 
 North Haven. 
 
166 
 
 2466 Sandstone-conglomerate. Reddish white and dull brick red 
 
 (bunter sandstein). North Haven. 
 246y Sandstone-conglomerate. Reddish white, having cavities 
 
 filled with green clay. North Haven. 
 
 247 Red sandstone. Fine grained. Deep red. East Windsor, 
 
 Wapping quarry. 
 
 248 do. do. do. do. 
 
 249 Red sandstone. Fine grained. Slaty. North Branford, 
 
 west foot of Toket range. 
 
 250 Variegated sandstone. Simsbury, near the meeting-house. 
 2506 Red marl. Cheshire, one mile west of the meeting-house. 
 
 251 Sandstone-slate. White. Woodbridge, in blocks on eastern 
 
 slope of argillite-range. 
 
 252 Sandstone-slate. Red. Simsbury, occurs with 250. 
 
 253 Sandstone-slate. Greenish gray. Simsbury. 
 
 2536 Copper-slate (kupferschiefer) occurs with 254 and 255. En- 
 field falls. 
 
 254 Sandstone-slate. Fine grained, banded. Enfield falls. 
 
 255 Sandstone-slate. Fine grained, banded. Enfield falls. 
 
 256 Sandstone-slate. Fine grained. Hartford, Rocky hill. 
 
 257 Sandstone-conglomerate. Contiguous to trap-dyke. East 
 
 Haven. 
 2576 Red marl-slate. Wethersfield. 
 
 258 Sandstone-conglomerate. Contiguous to trap-dyke. Wal- 
 
 lingford, Hartford turnpike. 
 
 259 Cupriferous sandstone-slate. Contains vegetable remains. 
 
 Enfield falls. 
 2596 Sandstone-slate. Contains vegetable remains. Durham. 
 
 260 Sandstone-conglomerate. Contiguous to trap. Shows smooth, 
 
 striated cleavages. Branford. 
 
 2606 Sandstone-slate. Red. Contains a fossil-stem. Middletown. 
 2616 A fossil vegetable stem, in sandstone. Middletown. 
 2626 Red sandstone, containing ovoidal, organic ? bodies. Union- 
 
 ville, quarry in bed of Farmington river. 
 
 262 Sandstone-slate. North Guilford. 
 
 263 Sandstone-conglomerate. Altered by trap-dyke. East Haven. 
 2636 Red sandstone. Similar to 2626. Unionville. 
 
 264 Sandstone-conglomerate. Contiguous to trap. Wallingford. 
 
 Northford. 
 
167 
 
 265 Sandstone-marl, altered by trap. Wallingford. Northford. 
 
 266 do. do. 
 
 267 Sandstone-conglomerate, altered by trap. Trachytic. East 
 
 Haven, northwest part. 
 
 268 Sandstone-slate, altered by trap. Hartford, Rocky Hill. 
 
 269 do. do. 
 
 270 Sandstone-porphyry. North Branford. 
 
 271 Sandstone-conglomerate. Cupriferous. Cheshire, Gaylord's 
 
 mine. 
 
 272 do. do. do. 
 
 273 Clay, altered by trap. Granby. Higley mine. 
 
 274 Sandstone-slate, marly. Southington. 
 2746 Sandstone-slate, marly. Durham. 
 
 275 Sandstone-slate, marly. Southington. 
 
 2766 Sandstone-slate. Thin, micaceous. Durham. 
 
 276 Bituminous marl-slate. Southington. 
 
 277 Bituminous slate. Contains ichthyolites, belonging to the 
 
 family of Lepidoides. Durham. 
 2776 Bituminous slate. Wethersfield. 
 
 278 do. do. 
 
 2786 Bituminous slate. Similar to 277. Durham. 
 2796 do. do. do. 
 
 279 Bituminous slate. Windsor, coal-digging, west of Pequonnuc. 
 
 280 Brown shale. Berlin, south part of New Britain, Hart's mills. 
 
 281 Bituminous limestone. Southington. Merriman's quarry. 
 
 282 Bituminous shale. Southington. Moore's quarry. 
 
 283 Dendritic marl. do. do. 
 
 284 do. do. do. 
 
 285 Septaria. do. do. 
 
 286 Clayey marl. Durham, occurs with 277. 
 
 287 Marly limestone, divided by veins of red clay. Southbury, 
 
 South Britain. 
 2876 Aluminous marl. Durham. 
 
 288 Compact limestone (zechstein). Southbury, South Britain. 
 
 289 Compact limestone (zechstein). Contains ichthyolites. South- 
 
 bury, South Britain. 
 
 289y Compact limestone (zechstein). A new species of fossil-fish. 
 Southbury, South Britain. Presented by Mr. TOMLINSON, 
 Innkeeper, of Brookfield. 
 
168 
 
 290 Bituminous limestone. Slaty. Southington, Moore's quarry. 
 
 291 do. do. do. do. 
 
 292 Bituminous limestone. Durham. 
 
 293 Bituminous limestone. Southington. Merriman's quarry. 
 
 294 Gray compact limestone. Southington. Moore's quarry. 
 
 295 Gray compact limestone. Southington, Moore's quarry. 
 
 296 Gray compact limestone (zechstein). Guilford, northeast of 
 
 Northfordj Elliot's quarry. 
 
 2966 Gray compact limestone (stalagmitic). do. do. 
 
 2976 Gray compact limestone. Bituminous. do. do. 
 
 297 Marly clay. Indurated. Wallingford, occurs with 264, 265, 
 
 266. 
 
 298 Greenstone-trap. A trihedral prism. North Branford, Toket 
 
 range. 
 
 299 Greenstone-trap. A tetrahedral prism. North Branford, To- 
 
 ket range. 
 
 300 Greenstone-trap. From a dyke several rods wide. North 
 
 Guilford, Essex turnpike. 
 3006 Greenstone-trap. From a dyke several rods wide. Haddam, 
 
 Higganum. 
 
 300y Greenstone-trap. From a boulder. Hebron, Andover, near 
 meeting-house. 
 
 301 Greenstone-trap. From a dyke, cutting through chlorite-slate 
 
 (197). Woodbridge. 
 
 302 Greenstone-trap. Feldspathic. Durham, near line of Guilford. 
 
 303 Greenstone-trap. Has a distinct cross-cleavage. Contains 
 
 iron-pyrites. North Branford. 
 
 304 Greenstone-trap. Compact. Exhibits line of junction with 
 
 micaceous gneiss. Derby. 
 
 305 Greenstone-trap. Compact. Exhibits line of junction with 
 
 gneiss. Derby. 
 
 3056 Greenstone-trap. Compact. Exhibits line of junction with 
 gneiss. Haddam. 
 
 306 Greenstone-trap. Contains black serpentine, chlorite and lime- 
 
 stone. East Haven, Black rock. 
 
 3066 Greenstone-trap. Chloritic 3 with glazed, striated surfaces. 
 Hartford, Rocky hill. 
 
 307 Greenstone-trap. In concentric balls. Decomposing. West 
 
 Hartford. 
 
169 
 
 308 Greenstone-trap. Contains agate. Cheshire, southeast corner. 
 
 309 do. do. do. 
 
 310 Greenstone-trap. Brecciated. East Haven, northeast corner. 
 
 311 Greenstone-trap. Amygdaloidal. Contains anthracite. West 
 
 Hartford, with 307. 
 
 312 Greenstone-trap. Amygdaloidal. Southbury. 
 
 313 Greenstone-trap. Veined with heliotrope. Southbury. 
 
 314 Greenstone-trap. Argillaceous. North Branford, near line of 
 
 East Haven. 
 
 315 Greenstone-trap. Argillaceous. Colored by green earth. Con- 
 
 tains seams of white limestone. Southbury. 
 
 316 Greenstone-trap. Argillaceous and calcareous. Southbury. 
 3166 Greenstone-trap. Amygdaloidal, with dolomite. Durham, two 
 
 miles south of the meeting-house. 
 
 3176 Greenstone-trap. Amygdaloidal, with dolomite. Decompos- 
 ing. Durham, two miles south of the meeting-house. 
 
 3186 do. do. do. do. 
 
 317 Greenstone-trap. Similar to 314. Surface covered by arrag- 
 
 onite. North Branford. 
 
 318 Greenstone-trap. Intermingled with sandstone, clay and cal- 
 
 careous spar. Cupriferous. Simsbury, Higley mine. 
 
 319 Greenstone-trap. Forming a breccia with marly clay. Sims- 
 
 bury, Higley mine. 
 
 320 Quartz-vein in trap. Containing green and blue malachite, 
 
 with anthracite. Hartford, Rocky hill. 
 
 321 Datholite-vein in trap. Hartford, Rocky hill. 
 
 322 Brecciated quartz. Cemented by limonite. Kent, ore-bed. 
 3226 Brecciated quartz. Kent, south part. 
 
 323 Brecciated quartz. Thompson, northeast jwrt. 
 
 3236 Brecciated quartz. Cemented by limonite. Kfnt, south part. 
 
 324 Yellow jasper. Canaan, near New Canada, in diluvium. 
 
 325 Sand. Fine, white. Killingly, east of Eastfield. 
 
 326 Clay. Southbury. 
 
 327 Bog iron-ore. Colchester. 
 
 328 Bog iron-ore. Contains siliceous sinter. West Woodstock. 
 
 329 Ferruginous conglomerate. Orange, in diluvium. 
 
 330 Siliceous loam. Fine. Hebron, Andover parish. 
 
 3306 Clay, stained by phosphate of iron. Manchester, copper-niine. 
 
 22 
 
170 
 
 331 Sand. Fine, white. Middlebury. Quosipaug pond. 
 
 332 Sand. Consists of quartz, garnet and magnetic iron. East 
 
 Haven, light-house. 
 
 PART II. MINERALOGICAL COLLECTION. 
 
 3336 White Copperas ( Vitriol-Salt}. A mealy efflorescence 
 
 on iron-pyrites and magnetic iron. Washington, New Pres- 
 ton. 
 
 333 Cube-ore (Hexahedral Malachite-Haloide). A green crust 
 
 on mispickel. Derby. 
 
 334 Fluor (Octahedral Fluor-Haloide). Crystallized. Trumbull. 
 
 335 Fluor. Massive ; purple. Trumbull. 
 
 336 Fluor. Massive ; green. Trumbull. 
 
 337 Fluor. Massive ; reddish white. Trumbull. 
 
 338 Fluor. Massive ; purple. Variety chlorophane. Trumbull. 
 
 339 Fluor. Massive ; purple. In granite. East Haven, light- 
 
 house. 
 
 340 Apatite (Rhombohedral Fluor-Haloide). In slender, greenish 
 
 white prisms. North Stonington, Paugatuck quarry. 
 
 340y Apatite. In pale greenish, transparent crystals. Haddam, Al- 
 len-vein. 
 
 340g- Apatite. In yellowish green crystals. Plymouth, near Hoad- 
 ley's factory. 
 
 340r Apatite. In pale bluish crystals. Winsted, one mile east of 
 village. % 
 
 3406 Apatite. In pale bluish prisms. Waterbury two miles north of 
 village. 
 
 341 y Apatite. In pale bluish and reddish prisms. Middletown. 
 341 Arragonite (Prismatic LAme-Haloide). In white crystals, on 
 
 micaceous gneiss. Vernon. 
 3416 Arragonite. An incrustation on sandstone-conglomerate. East 
 
 Haven. 
 3426 Arragonite. In small white crystals, occupying cavities in 
 
 sandstone-conglomerate. East Haven. 
 3436 Arragonite. A coralloidal incrustation on red sandstone. East 
 
 Windsor, Wapping. 
 3446 Arragonite. In slender, transparent crystals, on copper-slate. 
 
 En6eld falls. 
 
171 
 
 342 Calcareous spar (Rhombohedral Lime-Haloide). Large grain- 
 
 ed. White. Derby, lime-kiln on the Housatonic. 
 
 343 Calcareous spar. Large grained. Blue. Derby, lime-kiln on 
 
 the Housatonic. 
 
 344 Calcareous spar. White. North Guilford. 
 
 345 Calcareous soar. White. Watertown, Bidwell's quarry. 
 
 White. Brookfield, lead-mine. 
 
 Bluish White. Vernon. 
 
 White. Danbury, quarter of a mile west 
 
 Curved lamellar ; variety argen- 
 
 Calcareous spar. 
 3456 Calcareous spar. 
 3476 Calcareous spar. 
 347y Calcareous spar. 
 
 of meeting-house. 
 
 346 Calcareous spar. White. 
 
 tine. Trumbull. 
 
 347 Calcareous spar. White. From a vein in trap. Berlin. 
 
 348 Dolomite (Macrotypous Lime-Haloide). Crystallized and 
 
 massive. Ridgefield, Mead's lime-kiln. 
 
 Ridgefield, one mile southwest of 
 
 Kent, near Gaylord's bridge. 
 Occurs with 348. 
 Washington, northeast part. 
 Shistose. Washington, Allen's quarry. 
 Brookfield. 
 
 Reading, Hills' quarry. 
 Fine grained. Washington, Allen's 
 
 In crystals and massive. Variety pearl-spar. Oc- 
 curs with fluor in brown shale. Berlin. 
 
 355 Dolomite. Massive. A vein in sandstone-slate. Berlin, 
 
 Worthington. 
 
 356 Dolomite. Massive; decomposing. Berlin, Worthington. 
 3566 Dolomite. Massive. A vein in gneiss. Norwich, two miles 
 
 north of the landing. 
 
 357 Spathic iron (Brachytipous Parachrose-Baryte). Massive. 
 
 Light yellowish brown. Roxbury. 
 
 358 Spathic iron. Massive. Dark reddish brown. Roxbury. 
 
 3586 Triplite (Prismatic Parachrose-Baryte). Massive. Brown- 
 ish black. Coated occasionally by pulverulent diallogite. 
 Washington. 
 
 349 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive 
 
 Mead's. 
 
 
 3496 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 350 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 3506 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 3516 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 351 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 35 \y Dolomite. 
 353 Dolomite. 
 
 Massive. 
 Massive. 
 
 quarry. 
 354 Dolomite. 
 
 In crystal 
 
172 
 
 358r Calamine (Rhombohedral Zinc-Baryte). Pulverulent ; white- 
 Associated with blende and calcareous spar. Brookfield, 
 lead-mine. 
 
 359 Tungsten (Pyramidal Tungstic-Baryte). Massive. Imbed- 
 
 ded in quartz. Monroe, Lane's mine. 
 
 3596 Edwardsite (Hemi-prismatic Tungstic-Baryte). In small red- 
 dish brown crystals. Associated with bucholzite in granite. 
 Norwich, falls of the Yantic. 
 
 360 Heavy spar (Prismatic Hal-Baryte). In crystals and mas- 
 
 sive. Cheshire. 
 
 361 Heavy spar. In crystals and massive, with vitreous copper 
 
 and green malachite. Cheshire. 
 
 36 Ib Pyromorphite (Pyromorphous Lead-Baryte). Pulverulent. 
 Yellowish green. Brookfield, lead-mine. 
 
 362 Green malachite (Habroneme Copper-Baryte). In fascicular 
 
 aggregations of delicate fibres, with quartz and heavy spar. 
 Cheshire, 
 
 3626 Green malachite. Pulverulent with variegated copper. Bris- 
 tol, copper-mine. 
 
 363 Green malachite. Pulverulent with vitreous copper. Granby, 
 
 Newgate. 
 
 364 Green malachite. Pulverulent in gneiss. Bristol. 
 
 365 Green malachite. Pulverulent. Manchester. 
 
 366 Green malachite. Pulverulent on quartz. Orange, Derby 
 
 turnpike. 
 
 367 Green malachite. Pulverulent on sandstone. North Ham- 
 
 den, Tallman's mine. 
 
 3676 Uranile (Pyramidal Euchlore-Mica). In greenish yellow 
 crystals and lamina. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
 368 Plumbago (Rhomb ohedral Graphite- Mica). In minute scales 
 
 in limestone, with sphene and pyroxene. Vernon. 
 
 369 Plumbago. In broad lamina?, in quartz. Cornwall. 
 
 370 Plumbago. In columnar lamina?. Cornwall. 
 
 371 Plumbago. In small scales; disseminated through quartz and 
 
 epidote. Bethany. 
 
 371y Plumbago. In small scales; disseminated though quartz. 
 Danbury. 
 
 372 Talc (Prismatic Talc-Mica). In minute bluish green scales, 
 
 (variety nacrite.) Ridgefield, Mead's lime-kiln. 
 
173 
 
 372y Talc. In minute green scales, (variety chlorite.) Norwich. 
 
 373 Talc. Slaty ; dark green. Somers. 
 
 373y Talc. Variety chlorite, containing black mica. Litchfield, 
 east part. 
 
 374 Talc. Talcose slate, containing minute fibres of tremolite. 
 
 Somers. 
 
 375 Talc. Chlorite. Newtovvn. 
 
 376 Talc. In fine scales. While ; with topaz. Trumbull. 
 376y Talc. Compact ; greenish gray, (French chalk.) Bristol. 
 3776 Talc. Compact; greenish. Newtown. 
 
 377 Mica (Rhombohedral Talc-Mica). Crystallized. Implanted 
 
 on quartz. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
 378 Mica. In scales; white. In calcareous spar. Watertown. 
 
 379 Mica. Variety pinite. Haddam. 
 
 380 Serpentine (Prismatic Atelene-Picrosmine). Crystals imbed- 
 
 ded in dolomite. Ridgefield, Mead's lime-kiln. 
 
 381 Serpentine. Compact. Precious serpentine. Milford, mar- 
 
 ble-quarry. 
 
 382 Picrolite (Fibrous Jltelene-Picrosmine). In strait parallel 
 
 fibres ; green. Stratford. 
 
 3826 Picrolite. In minute brownish fibres, with serpentine. New 
 Haven, marble-quarry. 
 
 383 Picrolite. In long silky fibres (asbeslus), associated with do- 
 
 lomite. New Haven, marble-quarry. 
 
 385 Kyanite (Prismatic Disthene-Spar). In crystals and massive ; 
 
 color blue. Bolton. 
 
 386 Kyanite. In crystals and massive ; color blue. North Cov- 
 
 entry. 
 
 387 Kyanite. Massive. Lilchfield. 
 3876 Kyanite. Massive. Plymouth. 
 
 388 Kyanite. Massive. Color grayish white. Chaplin. 
 
 389 Spodumene (Prismatoidal Disthene-Spar). In small lamina?, 
 
 disseminated through granite. Brookfield. 
 
 390 Datholite {Prismatic Dystome-Spar). Crystallized, in trap. 
 
 Southington. 
 
 391 Datholite. Massive ; a vein in trap. Hartford, Rocky hill. 
 
 392 do. do. do. 
 
 393 Datholite. Crystallized and fibrous (botryolite). Southington. 
 
174 
 
 394 Datholite. Massive. Southington. 
 
 395 Prehnite (Jlxotomous Kouphone-Spar). Fibrous, in reniform 
 
 shapes. Woodbury. 
 
 396 Prehnile. In crystals, on chlorite-slate altered by trap. New 
 
 Haven. 
 3966 Laumonite (Diatomous Kouphone-Spar). Crystallized and 
 
 massive. Litchfield, Bradleysville. 
 3976 Mesolype (Prismatic Kouphone-Spar). In compact radiating 
 
 fibres. Hadlyrne. 
 
 398 Analcime (Hexahedral Kouphone-Spar}. In crystals, on trap. 
 
 East Haven. 
 
 399 Chabasie (Rhombohedral Kouphone-Spar). In crystals and 
 
 massive ; color wax-yellow. North Stonington, near Pau- 
 gatuck. 
 3996 Chabasie. In crystals and massive, with stilbite. Hadlyme. 
 
 400 Stilbite (Prismatoidal Kouphone-Spar). In crystals. East 
 
 Haven. 
 
 401 Stilbite. In crystals. Bridgeport, Thatchersville. 
 
 4016 Heulandite (Hemi-prismatic Kouphone-Spar). In crystals, 
 with stilbite, epidote, scapolite and garnet. Hadlyme. 
 
 4026 Feldspar (Orthotomous Feldspar). A large four-sided prism 
 with rounded extremities. Litchfield, Bradleysville. 
 
 402 Feldspar. In small white crystals. Canterbury. 
 
 403y Feldspar. Massive ; white ; in a certain light, chatoyant. 
 Woodstock, Muddy brook. 
 
 403 Feldspar. Massive ; flesh-red. Greenwich, U. S. quarry. 
 4036 Feldspar. Massive ; gray. Altered by contact with trap. 
 
 Haddam, Higganum. 
 
 404 Feldspar. Massive ; flesh-red. Bridgeport, Thatchersville. 
 4046 Feldspar. Massive; flesh-red. Chatoyant (adularid). Nor- 
 wich, Falls of Yantic. 
 
 4056 Feldspar. Massive ; yellowish gray. Reading, near line of 
 Danbury. 
 
 405 Feldspar. Massive; deep red. New Canaan, near meeting- 
 
 house. 
 
 4066 Feldspar. Massive ; purplish gray. With chlorite. North 
 Stonington. 
 
175 
 
 406 Feldspar. Massive ; flesh-red. Exhibits in a certain light 
 
 the properties of the sun-stone. Lyme. 
 
 407 Feldspar. Massive ; penetrated by irregular prisms of quartz. 
 
 Lyme. 
 
 408 Feldspar. Massive; white. In large individuals. Greenwich. 
 
 409 Feldspar. Massive ; bluish-white. In large individuals. 
 
 Greenwich, southwest of Horse-neck village. 
 
 4106 Feldspar. Massive; yellowish white. In large individuals. 
 Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
 411 Feldspar. Massive; yellowish white. Intimately blended 
 
 with albite. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
 412 Feldspar. Massive ; reddish white. Intimately blended with 
 
 albite. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
 413 Feldspar. Massive; greenish white. Stained by carbonate 
 
 of copper. Bolton. 
 
 415 Feldspar. Massive; bluish white ; fetid. Brookfield. 
 4166 Feldspar. Massive ; bluish white ; fetid. Danbury, near 
 
 Col. White's factory. 
 
 416 Feldspar. Massive ; white. New Milford, Candle-wood 
 
 mountain. 
 
 417 Feldspar. Massive ; white, with albite. New Milford, 
 
 Candle-wood mountain. 
 
 418 Feldspar. Massive; white, with albite; partially decom- 
 
 posed. New Milford, Candle-wood mountain. 
 
 419 Feldspar. Massive; white, with albite; wholly decom- 
 
 posed (kaolin). New Milford, Candle-wood mountain. 
 
 420 do. do. do. 
 
 421 do. do. do. 
 
 422 Feldspar. Yellowish white, mingled with mica ; partially de- 
 
 composed. New Milford. 
 
 423 Feldspar. Yellowish white, ferruginous. Sherman, near line 
 
 of New Milford. 
 
 4236 Feldspar. Snow-white (kaolin.) Kent. 
 4246 Feldspar. Decomposed ; with decomposed mica and talc. 
 
 Greenwich, Horse-neck. 
 
 424 Albite (Tetarto-prismatic Feldspar). Crystallized in cavities 
 
 and veins in feldspar. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 Albite. Crystallized and massive ; white. Cornwall, north 
 part of town. 
 
176 
 
 4246 Albite. Massive ; bluish white. Haddam, Allen-vein. 
 
 425 Albite. Massive ; white. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
 426 Albite. Massive ; granular. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 4266 Albite. Massive ; greenish white. Haddam. 
 
 426y Albite. Massive ; bluish gray (adularia). Thompson. 
 426r Albite. Massive ; bluish gray (adularia). Chaplin. 
 4276 Albite. Massive; bluish gray (adularia). Union. 
 
 427 Albite. Massive ; snow-white. Plymouth. 
 
 428 Albite. Yellowish white, fine granular, with garnet. Monroe. 
 
 432 Scapolite (Pyramidal Petaline-Spar). Massive ; white. 
 
 Trumbull. 
 4326 Scapolite. Massive ; white. Canterbury. 
 
 433 Scapolite. Massive ; bluish gray. Bolton. 
 
 434 Scapolite. Massive ; white and reddish white, decomposing. 
 
 Stonington, near Paugatuck. 
 
 435 Scapolite. Massive ; white ; in small individuals. Stoning- 
 
 ton, near Paugatuck. 
 
 436 Epidote (Prismatoidal Jlugite-Spar). In slender brown 
 
 crystals in calcareous spar. Monroe. 
 
 437 Epidote. Massive ; yellowish brown. In hornblende-slate. 
 
 Woodbury. 
 4376 Epidote. In minute crystals ; pistachio-green. Hadlyme. 
 
 438 Epidote. Crystallized and massive ; pearl-gray (zoisite). 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 4386 Epidote. Fine, granular ; pistachio-green (scorza). Haddam, 
 Higganum. 
 
 439 Epidote. Massive ; dark green, with talc. Bristol. 
 
 440 Epidote. Massive ; pistachio-green. Killingly. 
 
 441 Epidote. In slender, grayish white crystals (zoisite). Vernon. 
 
 442 Pyroxene (Paratomous ugite-Spar). Crystallized ; green, 
 v Imbedded in bluish calcareous spar. Trumbull. 
 
 4426 Pyroxene. Massive ; white (sahlite). Watertown, near Ply- 
 mouth. 
 
 443 Pyroxene. 
 
 quarry. 
 4436 Pyroxene. 
 
 Massive; green (sahlite). New Haven, marble- 
 
 444 
 
 Massive ; greenish brown (sahlite). With garnet. 
 Stafford, line of Union. 
 Pyroxene. Massive ; white (sahlite). Canaan. 
 
177 
 
 4446 Pyroxene. Massive ; greenish gray, with hornblende. Plain- 
 field. 
 
 445 Pyroxene. Massive ; greenish while. Vernon. 
 
 4456 Pyroxene. Massive ; dark green. Sharon, Buck's mountain. 
 445y Pyroxene. Massive ; fine granular (coccolite). Reading, near 
 
 line of Danbury. 
 
 445r Pyroxene. Massive ; bluish white. Canaan, N. of Canaan falls. 
 445g- Pyroxene. Massive ; bluish white. North Canaan. 
 
 446 Hornblende (Hemi-prismaticAugite-Spar). In slender, gray- 
 
 ish white prisms (tremolite), imbedded in dolomite. Wash- 
 ington, marble-quarry. 
 
 447 Hornblende. Massive ; white, fibrous (tremolite). With py- 
 
 roxene in dolomite. Canaan. 
 
 448 Hornblende. In yellowish white prisms (tremolite). With py- 
 
 roxene. Canaan. 
 
 4486 Hornblende. In grayish white prisms, and in plumose fibres 
 (tremolite). Washington. 
 
 449 Hornblende. In long, flattened, black crystals. Torrington. 
 4506 Hornblende. In small greenish white grains, in dolomite. 
 
 Stanvvich. 
 
 450 Hornblende. Massive ; black ; in large individuals. Danbury. 
 
 451 Hornblende. Massive; black; in large individuals. Associ- 
 
 ated with pyroxene. Danbury. 
 
 452 do. do. do. do. 
 4526 Hornblende. Massive ; brown ; granular. Danbury. 
 
 453 Hornblende. Massive; radiating; black. Torrington. 
 
 454 Hornblende. Massive ; black. Preston. 
 
 455 Hornblende. Massive ; greenish black. Somers. 
 
 456 Hornblende. In acicular crystals. Torrington. 
 
 457 Hornblende. Massive ; black (hypersthene). Litchfield. 
 
 458 Hornblende. In slender, brownish crystals (anthophyllite). 
 
 Guilford. \ 
 
 459 Hornblende. In slender, white crystals (tremolite); in talc. 
 
 Somers, soapstone-quarry. 
 
 460 Hornblende. Massive ; grayish black. Contains iron-pyrites. 
 
 Litchfield. 
 
 461 Hornblende. Massive; in radiating, silky fibres (asbestiform 
 
 tremolite). Greenwich. 
 
 23 
 
178 
 
 462 Hornblende. Massive ; in radiating silky fibres. Winchester. 
 
 463 Hornblende. Massive ; greenish white. In dolomite. Ridge- 
 
 field. 
 
 464 Hornblende. .Massive ; greenish white. Stanwich. 
 
 465 Hornblende. Massive (asbestiform tremolite). Litchfield. 
 
 466 Hornblende. Massive ; in gray, silky, parallel fibres. Win- 
 
 chester. 
 
 4666 Hornblende. Massive ; in white, silky, parallel fibres (paper- 
 
 asbestus). Washington. 
 
 467 Hornblende. In closely interwoven, silky fibres (paper-asbes- 
 
 tus). Attached to dolomite. Washington, marble-quarry. 
 
 468 do. do. do. do. 
 
 469 Tabular spar (Tetarto-prismatic Tabular- Spar). Massive; 
 
 white. In quartz and calcareous spar. Brookfield. 
 
 470 Boltonite (Parachrose Tabular- Spar). Massive ; yellowish 
 
 green, with talc in dolomite. Ridgefield. 
 
 471 Boltonite. Massive ; yellow and yellowish green. Danbury. 
 4716 Boltonite. Massive. Reading, Hill's quarry. 
 
 471y Automolite (Octahedral Corundum). Massive; dark green, 
 with garnet in granite. Haddam. 
 
 472 Corundum (Rhombohedral Corundum). Massive ; bluish 
 
 white. In kyanite. Litchfield. 
 
 4726 Corundum. In minute crystals. Color sapphire-blue. In bu- 
 cholzite. Norwich, falls of the Yantic. 
 
 473 Topaz (Prismatic Topaz). In small transparent crystals. 
 
 Trumbull. 
 
 474 Topaz. Fragment of a large white crystal. Trumbull. 
 
 475 Topaz. Crystallized. Color green. Trumbull. 
 
 476 Beryl. (Rhombohedral Emerald). Small loose crystals. Mon- 
 
 roe. 
 
 477 Beryl. Small sea-gigen crystals in granite. Haddam. 
 
 478 Beryl. Greenish white crystals in granite. Monroe. 
 
 479 Beryl. Green crystals in large grained, red granite. Glasten- 
 
 bury, Roaring brook. 
 
 4796 Beryl. Massive ; yellowish green. Middletown, china-stone 
 quarry. 
 
 480 Chrysoberyl (Pyramidal Emerald). In yellowish green crys- 
 
 tals and massive ; with yellow beryl and garnet. Haddarn. 
 
179 
 
 481 lolite (Prismatic Quartz). Massive ; deep blue. Haddam. 
 
 482 lolite. Massive ; pale blue, with anthophyllite and quartz. 
 
 Haddam. 
 4826 lolite. Massive ; deep blue, with garnet in quartz. Norwich, 
 
 two miles north of landing. 
 Quartz (Rhombohedral Quartz). In small prismatic crystals ; 
 
 loose. Haddam. 
 
 Quartz. In minute crystals, imbedded in zechstein. Guilford. 
 Quartz. Portion of a large crystal. Contains crystals of do- 
 lomite. Ridgefield. 
 
 Quartz. Massive ; purple (amethyst), in trap. Southbury. 
 Quartz. In minute crystals, forming druses through ferrugi- 
 nous breccia. Kent. 
 Quartz. Massive ; white (common quartz). Woodbridge, 
 
 near Clark's tavern. 
 Quartz. Massive ; white (milky quartz). Roxbury. 
 
 Massive ; white (common quartz). New Hartford. 
 Bluish. North Guilford, Essex turnpike. 
 4926 Quartz. Massive ; in large columnar individuals. Color pale 
 
 purple. Canton, Whortleberry-hill. 
 492 Quartz. Massive; (rose-quartz.) Middletown, china-stone 
 
 quarry. 
 Quartz. Massive ; large columnar individuals. White. Long 
 
 hill, between Groton and Stonington. 
 Quartz. Massive ; pseudomorphous. Prospect, near Straits- 
 
 483 
 
 484 
 485 
 
 486 
 
 487 
 
 488 
 
 489 
 490 
 491 
 
 Quartz. 
 Quartz. 
 
 4926 
 
 493 
 
 ville. 
 
 4936 Quartz. Massive ; drusy. Canton, Whortleberry-hill. 
 
 494 Quartz. Massive ; cellular. Prospect, near Straitsville. 
 4946 Quartz. Massive ; cellular and drusy. Kent. 
 
 4956 Quartz. Massive; ferruginous, (iron-flint.) Kent. 
 
 495 Quartz. Agate. West Hartford. 
 
 496 do. do. do. 
 
 497 Quartz. Agate ; calcedonic. West Hartford. 
 
 498 Quartz. Agate ; jaspery ; in trap. Cheshire. 
 
 499 Quartz. Agate ; jaspery -, decomposing. Cheshire. 
 
 500 Quartz. Agate ; jaspery ; decomposing. Berlin. 
 
 501 Quartz. Heliotrope ; a vein in trap. Southbury. 
 
180 
 
 502 Quartz. Jaspery ; yellowish gray. New Milford, Candle- 
 
 wood pit. 
 
 503 do. do. do. do. 
 
 504 Quartz. Calcedonic, with opal. Botryoidal. Cornwall. 
 504r Quartz. Calcedonic, with opal. Contains patches of red 
 
 calcedony or carnelian. Torringford, in diluvium. 
 5Q4y Quartz. Calcedonic. Carnelian. Torringford. 
 
 505 Opal (Undeavable Quartz). A botryoidal coating (hyalite) 
 
 on granite. Haddarn, Allen-vein. 
 
 506 Opal. A botryoidal coating (hyalite) on trap. Southbury. 
 
 507 Opal. A botryoidal coating on cellular quartz. Hartford, 
 
 Rocky Hill. 
 
 508 Opal. A botryoidal coating on sandstone. Hamden. 
 
 509 Bucholzite (Prismatoidal Axinite). In distinct, hair-brown 
 
 crystals (sillimanite). Chester. 
 
 510 Bucholzite. In long parallel fibres. Norwich, falls of Yantic. 
 5106 Bucholzite. In long parallel fibres ; much interlaced. Nor- 
 wich, falls of Yantic. 
 
 5116 Bucholzite? In long parallel fibres. Stafford, near line of 
 Union. 
 
 511 Bucholzite. In delicate fibres coated with talc. Haddam. 
 
 512 Bucholzite. In delicate fibres coated with talc. Groton, 
 
 near Upper Mystic. 
 
 51$ Tourmaline (Rhombohedral Tourmaline). A large brownish 
 black crystal ; perfect in form. Monroe. 
 
 514 Tourmaline. Several brownish black crystals, imbedded in 
 
 mica. Monroe. 
 
 515 Tourmaline. Brownish black crystals, loose. Monroe. 
 
 516 Tourmaline. Brownish black crystals, loose, (regular at one 
 
 extremity.) Haddam. 
 
 517 Tourmaline. Regular crystals of black tourmaline ; in albitic 
 
 granite. Haddam. 
 
 5186 Tourmaline. Small black tourmalines in quarlzy mica-slate. 
 Stafford. 
 
 518 Tourmaline. Small black tourmalines in quartz. Litchfield. 
 5186 Tourmaline. In long slender, black crystals. Haddam. Al- 
 len-vein. 
 
 519 Tourmaline. In brownish black fibres. Somers. 
 
181 
 
 5196 Tourmaline. Massive; black. Washington. 
 519y Idocrase (Pyramidal Tourmaline). In minute reddish brown 
 grains, with mica in dolomite. Washington. 
 
 520 Garnet (Dodecahedral Garnet). In large brownish black, 
 
 dodecahedral crystals, imbedded in quartz. Lyme. 
 52(ty Garnet. Trapezohedrons ; red. Loose crystals. Reading. 
 
 521 Garnet. Dodecahedrons ; small. In mica-slate. Salisbury. 
 5216 Garnet. Massive; brownish red. Plymouth, near Hoadley's 
 
 factory. 
 5226 Garnet. Massive ; brownish red. Reading, near line of 
 
 Danbury. 
 5236 Garnet. Massive and crystallized, (cinnamon-stone.) Danbury. 
 
 522 Garnet. In small blood-red crystals in mica-slate. Stafford, 
 
 523 Garnet. In small, pale yellow crystals, in chlorite-slate, al- 
 
 tered by trap. New Haven. 
 
 524 Garnet. In small transparent red crystals, in granite. Guilford. 
 5246 Garnet. In small reddish brown crystals with hornblende and 
 
 pyroxene, in gneiss. Haddam, Allen-vein. 
 
 525 Garnet. In very minute, red, transparent crystals, in eurite. 
 
 Norwalk. 
 
 5256 Garnet. Large reddish brown garnets, coated by chlorite. 
 Canterbury. 
 
 526 Garnet. In small blood-red crystals and grains, (pyrope.) 
 
 Norwich. 
 
 5266 Garnet. In red semi-transparent crystals, with rounded edges. 
 In granitic gneiss. Guilford. 
 
 527 Garnet. Massive; fine granular, with quartz. North Madison. 
 5276 Garnet. In reddish white and pink crystals, with rounded 
 
 edges. Stafford. 
 
 5286 Garnet. In blood-red crystals and grains, in mica-slate. 
 Vernon. 
 
 528 Garnet. Garnet-sand. Waterford, Millstone point. 
 
 529 Garnet. Garnet-sand. East Haven, Light-house. 
 
 5296 Garnet. Pyrope, with minute crystals of kyanite. Thomp- 
 son, near line of Woodstock. 
 
 530 Zircon (Pyramidal Garnet). In minute grayish brown crys- 
 
 tals, with beryl, chrysoberyl and garnet. Haddam. 
 5306 Staurotide (Prismatoidal Garnet). In brownish black crys- 
 tals with garnet. In mica-slate. Salisbury. 
 
182 
 
 5316 Staurotide. In brownish black crystals with garnet. In talcose 
 mica-slate. Salisbury. 
 
 533 Staurotide. Long black crystals. Stafford. 
 
 534 Staurotide. Large brown crystals. Bolton. 
 
 5346 Allanite (Telarto-Prismatic Melane-Ore). In blackish crys- 
 tals. North Killingworth. 
 
 535 Sphene (Prismatic Euruthrone-Ore). In brown crystals, with 
 
 pyroxene and feldspar. Canaan. 
 
 536 Sphene. In small brown crystals, in blackish green horn- 
 
 blende. Bridgeport, Thatchersville. 
 
 537 Rutile (Peritomous Eruthrone-Ore). In rounded grains; 
 
 found in mica-slate. Monroe. 
 
 5376 Rutile. Massive ; in blue dolomite. New Milford, northwest 
 corner. 
 
 537y Magnetic iron (Octahedral Iron-Ore). An octahedral crys- 
 tal. Haddam. 
 
 538 Magnetic iron. In small octahedral crystals and grains. North 
 
 Madison. 
 5386 Magnetic iron. Massive. Sharon. 
 
 539 Magnetic iron. Massive. North Madison. 
 
 5396 Magnetic iron. Massive. In small grains in talcose mica-slate. 
 Mount Riga. 
 
 540 Magnetic iron-sand. Eastern extremity of sea-shore in Con- 
 
 necticut. 
 
 5406 Magnetic iron. In octahedral crystals and grains, imbedded 
 in granite. Stonington Point. 
 
 541 Magnetic iron. In octahedral crystals and grains, with sphene 
 
 and pyroxene, in granitic gneiss. New London. 
 5416 Magnetic iron. Massive, in granite. Hadlyme, Selden's point. 
 
 542 Magnetic iron. Massive. Winchester. 
 
 5426 Magnetic iron. Massive. Washington, Brown's mountain. 
 
 543 Magnetic iron. Massive ; fine granular. Newtown. 
 
 5436 Magnetic iron. Massive; compact; with bucholzite. Nor- 
 wich, one and a half miles north of the landing. 
 
 544 Magnetic iron. Massive ; fine granular. Reading. 
 
 5446 Crichtonite (Jlxotomous Iron-Ore). Massive; laminated. 
 In quartz. Southbury, in diluvium. 
 
 545 Specular iron (Rhombohedral Iron-Ore). Massive ; in stel- 
 
 lularly arranged folia3. Killingly. 
 
183 
 
 546 Specular iron. Massive; in thin veins. Manchester, copper- 
 
 mine. 
 
 547 Limonite. (Prismatic Iron-Ore}. Massive. In stalactitic 
 
 shapes, (brown hematite.) Salisbury, Ore-hill. 
 
 548 Limonite. Massive. Mammillary, (brown hematite). Sal- 
 
 isbury, Ore-hill. 
 
 5486 Limonite. Massive. Compact, (brown hematite). Kent, 
 Ore-hill. 
 
 549 Limonite. Massive. Mammillary ; iridescent. Sharon, In- 
 
 dian ore-bed. 
 
 5496 Limonite. Massive. Cellular and ochraceous. Salisbury, 
 Davis' ore-bed. 
 
 550 Limonite. Massive. Mammillary ; tarnished. Kent. 
 5506 Limonite. Massive. Compact. Salisbury, Scovil's bed. 
 5516 Limonite. Massive. Disseminated through mica-slate. Sal- 
 isbury, Davis' ore-bed. 
 
 551 Limonite. Massive. Mammillary; iridescent. Sharon, 
 
 Indian ore-bed. 
 
 552 Limonite. Massive. Mammillary and compact. Salisbury, 
 
 Chapman's ore-bed. 
 
 553 Limonite. Massive ; cellular, earthy and fibrous. Salisbury, 
 
 ore-hill. 
 5536 Limonite. Massive. Bog iron-ore. Thompson. 
 
 554 Limonite. Massive. Bog iron-ore. Colchester. 
 
 5546 Limonite. Massive. Bog iron-ore. A thin coating on quartz. 
 Trumbull. 
 
 555 Limonite. Massive. Bog iron-ore. Thompson. 
 
 556 Limonite. Massive. Bog iron-ore ; contains siliceous sinter. 
 
 Woodstock. 
 
 557 Wolfram (Prismatic Baryte-Ore). Massive. In quartz. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 558 Columbite (Pyramidal Baryte-Ore). In small crystals and 
 
 massive, in granite. Haddam. 
 
 559 Columbite. Fragment of a large crystal. Middletown, china- 
 
 stone quarry. 
 
 560 Pitchblende (Unckavable Baryte-Ore). Massive. In pseu- 
 
 domorphous crystals. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 
184 
 
 561 Tungstic Ochre (Tungstic Lusine-Ore). Pulverulent, yel- 
 
 low ; disseminated through Tungsten. Monroe. 
 
 562 Yellow uranium-ochre (Uranic Lusine-Ore). Pulverulent, 
 
 straw yellow. Middletown, china-stone quarry. 
 5626 Melaconite, (Cupric Lusine-Ore). Pulverulent, black, with 
 hydrated oxide of iron. Bristol, copper-mine. 
 
 563 Native Bismuth (Bismuth Malacone-Metal). Massive, in 
 
 quartz. Monroe. 
 
 564 Copper-Nickel (Cupreous Eruthleucone-Py rites}. Massive; 
 
 color copper-red ; with smaltine. Chatham, cobalt-mine. 
 
 565 Mispickel (Prismatic Eruthleucone- Pyrites). Crystallized 
 
 and massive ; with iron-pyrites and galena. Monroe. 
 5656 Mispickel, with blende and galena. Bethany. 
 
 566 Mispickel. Massive. Derby. 
 
 5666 Mispickel. Massive. Oxford, Quaker's farm. 
 
 567 Smaltine (Octahedral Eruthleucone-Pyrites). Massive; with 
 
 galena and copper-nickel. Chatham, cobalt-mine. 
 
 568 Iron-Pyrites (Hexahedral Chlor one- Pyrites). Crystallized ; 
 
 in quartz. Newtown. 
 
 569 Iron-Pyrites. Massive ; in granite with epidote. Bridgeport, 
 
 Thatchersville. 
 
 570 Iron-Pyrites. Crystallized and massive. Orange. 
 
 571 Iron-Pyrites. Crystallized in quartzy mica-slate. Stafford. 
 5716 Iron-Pyrites. Massive ; in dolomite. Brookfield. 
 
 572 Yellow Copper-Pyrites (Pyramidal Chlor one-Pyrites). Mas- 
 
 sive ; with galena and magnetic iron-pyrites. Trumbull. 
 5726 Yellow Copper-Pyrites. Massive ; disseminated through 
 mica-slate. Bristol, copper-mine. 
 
 573 Yellow Copper-Pyrites. Massive ; in sienite, with magnetic 
 
 iron-pyrites. Litchfield. 
 
 573r Yellow Copper-Pyrites. Massive ; in quartz. Southbury, 
 South Britain. 
 
 574y Yellow Copper-Pyrites. Massive; in quartz. Orange, south- 
 west part, near Milford. 
 
 574 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites (Rhombohedral Bronze -Pyrites). 
 
 Massive ; laminated. Trumbull. 
 5746 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites. Massive ; in mica-slate. Salisbury. 
 
185 
 
 575 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites. Massive; with iron-pyrites. New 
 
 Fairfield. 
 
 5756 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites. Massive ; with iron-pyrites ; decom- 
 posing. North Madison. 
 
 576 Magnetic Iron-Pyrites. Massive. Brookfield. 
 
 577 Variegated Copper (Octahedral Bronze-Pyrites). Massive; 
 
 with green malachite. Hartford, Rocky Hill. 
 
 5776 Variegated Copper. Massive ; with green malachite in gran- 
 ite. Bristol, copper-mine. 
 
 578r Variegated Copper ; in granite. Bristol, copper-mine. 
 
 577 Variegated Copper. Massive, in granite. Bristol, copper- 
 
 mine. 
 
 578 Vitreous Copper (Prismatic Copper- Glance). Massive. 
 
 Cheshire, Gaylord's mine. 
 
 5786 Vitreous Copper. Crystallized and massive. Cheshire, Gay- 
 lord's mine. 
 
 579 Vitreous Copper. Massive ; in sandstone. Granby, New- 
 
 gate. 
 
 580 Galena (Hexahedral Polypoione- Glance.) Massive. Brook- 
 
 field. 
 
 581 Galena. Massive. Berlin. 
 5816 Galena. Massive. Plymouth. 
 
 582 Galena. Massive. Middletown. 
 
 583 Galena. Massive. Wilton. 
 
 587 Molybdenite (Rhombohedral Polypoione- Glance). In scales, 
 
 disseminated through quartz. Essex. 
 
 584 Blende (Dodecahedral Scler one- Blende). Massive. Brook- 
 
 field, lead-mine. 
 
 5846 Blende. Massive ; in dolomite. Brookfield, lead-mine. 
 
 585 Blende. Massive. Chatham, cobalt-mine. 
 585y Blende. Massive ; with spathic-iron. Roxbury. 
 
 586 Blende. Massive. Monroe. 
 
 588 Bitumen (Black Mineral-Resin). Compact. With dolomite 
 
 in brown shale. Berlin. 
 
 APPENDIX TO THE CATALOGUE. 
 
 589 * * * *. Massive, white ; in quartz. New Milford, Candle- 
 
 wood mountain. 
 
 24 
 
186 
 
 590 Yttro-tantalite. In flesh-red feldspar. Glastenbury, Roar- 
 
 ing Brook. 
 
 591 * * * *. On trap. Woodbury. 
 
 592 Cadmia. Iron-furnace, Salisbury. 
 
 593 Electric Calamine. Iron-furnace, Salisbury. 
 
 5946 Laumonite ? in quartz. Wood bridge, Humphreysville turn- 
 pike. 
 5956 do. do. do. do. 
 
187 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 Agates, 65. 
 
 Agriculture, materials for, 112. 
 
 Albite, 132. 
 
 Alcaline salts, 71. 
 
 Allanite, 144. 
 
 Alum, 118. 
 
 Alum-slate, 71. 
 
 Analcime, 129. 
 
 Andalusite, 133. 
 
 Anthracite, 62, 152. 
 
 Apatite, 120. 
 
 Architecture, materials for, 89. 
 
 Arragonite, 121. 
 
 Arsenic, 55. 
 
 Automalite, 136. 
 
 B. 
 
 Beryl, 137. 
 Bismuth, 55. 
 Bismuthine, 55, 151. 
 Bitumen, 61, 152. 
 Blende, 54, 151. 
 Bog iron-ore, 28. 
 Boltonite, 136. 
 Boracic acid, 71. 
 Bricks, 73. 
 Bucholzite, 141. 
 Buhr-stone, 68. 
 Building stone, kinds of, 90. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cadmia, 54. 
 Calamine, 54, 123. 
 Calcareous Spar, 121. 
 Carnelian,65. 
 Chabasie, 130. 
 Chalybeate-waters, 110. 
 China-stone quarry, 75. 
 Chlorite, 69. 
 Chrome- ore, 146. 
 Chrysoberyl, 64, 133. 
 Chrysocolla, 119. 
 Coal, 60. 
 Cobalt- mine, 56 
 Columbite, 59, 148. 
 Columbium, 59. 
 Copper, workable ores of, 40. 
 Copper-mines, 42. 
 Copper-nickel, 57, 149. 
 Crichtonite, 146. 
 Cube-ore, 119. 
 
 D. 
 
 Datholite, 72, 129. 
 
 Decolorizing carbonaceous slate, 88. 
 
 Decoration, materials for, 101. 
 
 Diallogite, 122. 
 
 Dolomite, 96, 122. 
 
 E. 
 
 Edwardsite, 123. 
 Electric calamine, 55. 
 Emery, 66. 
 Epidote, 134. 
 Eremite, 144. 
 
 F. 
 
 Feldspar, 75, 131. 
 
 Fire-stones, 77. 
 
 Flagging, materials for, 113. 
 
 Fluor, 119. 
 
 Fluor, use of as a flux, 80. 
 
 French chalk, 71. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galena, 51, 151. 
 Garnet, 142. 
 Garnet-emery, 66. 
 Gems, 65. 
 
 Glass, materials for, 77. 
 Granite, kinds of used in architecture, 90. 
 Green malachite, 49, 125. 
 Green uranium-ochre, 148. 
 Grinding materials, 65. 
 Grindstones, 67. 
 Gypsum, 127. 
 
 H. 
 
 Heavy spar, 124. 
 Hematite, beds of, 16. 
 Heulandite, 131. 
 Hydraulic lime, 84. 
 
 I. 
 
 [docrase, 142. 
 lolite, 64, 138. 
 Iron, 13. 
 
 Iron, magnetic, 38. 
 Iron-pyrites, 36,150. 
 [ron-pyrites, magnetic, 38. 
 Iron-sand, 15. 
 tron, statistics of, 27. 
 
188 
 
 Kyanite, 128. 
 
 K. 
 
 Laumonite, 130. 
 
 Lead-mines, 51. 
 
 Lime, quick, 81. 
 
 Lime, quick, for manure, 114, 
 
 Limestone, for a flux, 79. 
 
 Limonite, 16, 146. 
 
 Lithic paints, 87. 
 
 M. 
 
 Magnesian lime, quarries of, 82, 
 Magnetic iron, 13, 145. 
 Magnetic iron-pyrites, 150. 
 Marble, green and yellow, 102, 
 Marble, verd antique, 101. 
 Marble, white, 101. 
 Marl, 116. 
 Melaconite, 149. 
 Mesotype, 130. 
 Metals, 13. 
 Mica, 127. 
 Mill-stones, 68. 
 Mineral springs, 110, 
 Mispickel, 55, 149. 
 Molybdenite, 151. 
 Molybdenum, 58. 
 
 N. 
 
 Native bismuth, 149. 
 Native copper, 41, 149. 
 Native iron, 149. 
 Nickel-green, 119. 
 Nickel-mine, 56. 
 
 Opal, 140. 
 
 O. 
 
 P. 
 
 Paints, stone, 87. 
 Paving, 109. 
 Picrolite, 128. 
 Pitchblende, 59, 148. 
 Plumbago, 62, 126. 
 Polishing materials, 65. 
 Porcelain clay, 73. 
 Porcelain, materials for, 73. 
 Potashes, 72. 
 Potstone, 68. 
 Prehnite, 129. 
 Pyrolusite, 148. 
 Pyroxene, 134. 
 
 Quartz, 139. 
 Quick lime, 81. 
 
 Q 
 
 Rutile, 58, 66, 145. 
 
 S. 
 
 Salts, materials for, 71. 
 Sand, 77. 
 
 Sandstone^ quarries of, 97. 
 Scapolite, 133. 
 Serpentine, 127. 
 Sillimanite, 141. 
 Smaltine, 57, 159. 
 Soapslone, 69. 
 Spathic iron, 30, 122, 
 Specular iron, 146. 
 Sphene, 144. 
 Spodumene, 129. 
 S^aurotide, 144. 
 Steel ore, 30. 
 Stilbite, 130. 
 Stone-paints, 87. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabular spar, 136. 
 Talc, 126. 
 Tiling, 109. 
 Titanium, 58. 
 Topaz, 64. 
 Topaz-emery, 66. 
 Tourmaline, 141. 
 Triplite, 123. 
 Tungsten, 123. 
 Tungstic ochre, 148. 
 Tungsten, ores of, 59. 
 
 U. 
 
 Uranite, 125. 
 Uranium, 158. 
 Uranium, protoxide of, 59. 
 
 V. 
 
 Variegated copper, 46, 151. 
 Verd antique, 101. 
 Vitreous copper, 41, 151. 
 Vivianite, 125. 
 
 W. 
 
 Water-cement, 81. 
 Whetstones, 68. 
 White copperas, 118. 
 White iron-pyrites, 150. 
 White lead-ore, 125. 
 Wolfram, 147. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yellow copper-pyrites, 48, 150. 
 Yellow uranium-ochre, 145. 
 Yttro-tantalite, 145. 
 
 Red copper-ore, 145. 
 
 Zinc, 54. 
 Zircon, 144. 
 
 Z. 
 
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