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CAUSES 
 
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 REDUCTION OF AMERICA! TOOAGE 
 
 AXD THK 
 
 DECLINE OF NAVIGATION INTERESTS, 
 
 BEING THE 
 
 REPORT OF A SELECT COMMITTEE 
 
 MADE TO 
 
 THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES ON 
 THE 17TH OF FEBRUARY, 1870.. 
 
 i/pvcA, j 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1870. 
 
41ST CONGRESS, I HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. < REPORT 
 2d Session. ( \ No. 28. 
 
 CAUSES OF THE REDUCTION OF AMERICAN TONNAGE. 
 
 [To accompany bills H. R. No. 12C1 and 1262] 
 
 FEBRUARY 17, 1870. Ordered to be printed. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH, from the Committee on the causes of the reduction of 
 American tonnage, made the following 
 
 1 .. REPORT. V ivT^-Y-v : ^!. 
 
 Tlie select committee appointed by resolution of the House of Representa 
 tives March 22, 1869, "to inquire into and report at the next session of 
 Congress the causes of the great reduction of American tonnage engaged 
 in the foreign carrying trade, and the great depression of the navigation 
 interests of the country, and also to report what measures are necessary to 
 increase our ocean tonnage, revive our navigation interests, and regain for 
 our country the position it once held among the nations as a great mari 
 time poicerf have considered the subject referred to it, and agreed to the 
 following report : 
 
 Your committee, in prosecuting its inquiries, have, during the recess of 
 Congress, held sessions at the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, 
 and Portland, receiving the statements of merchants, ship-builders, ship 
 owners, and insurance agents ; gentlemen having practical knowledge 
 and experience relating to the matter under investigation. The ship 
 owners associations of New York, Philadelphia, and Maine, and the 
 board of trade of Boston were represented at the sessions of the com 
 mittee, and presented the views of these various associations. Like 
 information and evidence have been received in the sessions of the com 
 mittee held at the capitol during the present session of Congress. 
 Circular letters have been addressed to gentlemen engaged in the 
 various branches of business connected with the shipping interests, 
 requesting a statement of their views on the subject under inquiry, 
 and also to American consuls at the principal ports of foreign countries, 
 asking them to furnish information in regard to the condition of the 
 mercantile marine of those countries. 
 
 The evidence elicited by these various modes of inquiry will be found 
 under the head of testimony taken by the Special Committee on Navi 
 gation Interests, and appended to this report. 
 
 The committee would call special attention to the exhaustive paper 
 furnished through the State Department by our consul at London, Hon. 
 Freeman H. Morse, and also to the tables of statistics prepared for the 
 
II NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 committee by Mr. F. A. Walker, Deputy Special Commissioner of the 
 Kevenue, and by Joseph Niinmo, jr., of the Treasury Department, who 
 has made the condition of our shipping interest a subject of special 
 attention. 
 
 THE DECLINE IN AMERICAN OCEAN TONNAGE. 
 
 In order fully to comprehend the extent of the decadence of American 
 shipping and the causes which have operated to produce that 
 decadence, we must ascertain the points at which the prosperity of this 
 interest culminated, and trace it thence back to the source of that pros 
 perity, and forward to the present time of decay. It is obvious that 
 whatever causes may have existed prior to the commencement of the 
 late rebellion tending to produce the present condition of our shipping, 
 their effects did not become manifest until that period. Previously there 
 was a gradual, steady, and healthy increase of our ocean tonnage, fluc 
 tuating with the fluctuations of business, but constantly gaming until 
 the year- 1861. 
 
 The increase of our. tonnage engaged in the foreign carrying trade 
 from 1830 to 1840, was about sixty per cent, j from 1840 to 1850, seventy- 
 five per cent.; from 1850 to 1860, sixty per cent. This latter is the first 
 decade in which we find any reliable statistics of the registered tonnage 
 of Great Britain, to enable us to institute a comparison between it and 
 our own. In this decade the tonnage of Great Britain, employed exclu 
 sively in the foreign trade of that country, increased about forty per 
 cent. Our own tonnage engaged in the foreign carrying trade, reached 
 its highest point in 1861, being that year 2,642,628 tons, while that of 
 Great Britain was at the same time 3,179,683 tons, giving us the second 
 place in rank among nations in the extent of our ocean tonnage, while 
 we were the acknowledged superior of all in the proficiency which we 
 had attained in the science of naval architecture and in the efficiency of 
 our mercantile marine. 
 
 It is difficult to realize that our country, which in little more than 
 half a century ending in 1860, had reached the very foremost rank of 
 maritime nations, has in less than a decade lost half its merchant shipping 
 and all its maritime prestage, and that we now stand debating whether 
 we shall without a struggle yield all, and become the mere commercial de 
 pendency of the nation for whose advantage we have been thus spoiled 
 and reduced. 
 
 From 1861 to 1866 our tonnage engaged in the foreign trade decreased 
 from 2,642,628 tons to 1,492,926 tons, a loss of 1,149,902 tons, or more 
 than 43 per cent., while Great Britain, in the same time, gained 986, 715 
 tons, or more than 30 per cent. Even this statement does not show the 
 full extent of our relative loss as compared with Great Britain, a 
 very large percentage of the increase of the latter in tonnage 
 having been made in steamers, one ton of which class of vessels is equal 
 in efficiency to at least three tons of sail vessels, while by substituting 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 HI 
 
 largely iron for wood, as building material, a still further advantage 
 was gained over us in her much larger class of iron vessels, doubly 
 as durable as those of wood. The increase of the steam tonnage 
 of Great Britain during the period alluded to, was 275, 988 tons, making 
 an addition in efficiency over our sailing ships of at least 500, 000 tons. 
 So that, taking into account the durability and efficiency of the ton 
 nage added by Great Britain to her merchant marine from I860 to 1866, 
 it would probably equal an increase of 50 per cent, of sail vessels. 
 
 RISE AND FALL OP THE MERCANTILE MARINE. 
 
 The following tables of statistics present a more forcible statement of 
 the rise and fall of our mercantile marine, and furnish a more striking 
 illustration the effect of the war upon our own shipping and that of 
 Great Britain, engaged in foreign commerce, than any other language 
 than that of figures can furnish. 
 
 Table shoiving the tonnage of United States and British registered vessels employed in the foreign 
 trade of each country, during the years, respectively, 1830, 1840, 1850, and from 1860 to 
 1868, loth inclusive. 
 
 
 
 Great Britain.* 
 
 Tear. 
 
 United States. 
 
 In the foreign trade. 
 
 Partly in home and part 
 ly in foreign trade. 
 
 
 Registered 
 sail. 
 
 Regist d 
 steam. 
 
 Total reg 
 istered. 
 
 Registered 
 sail. 
 
 Regist d 
 steam. 
 
 Total reg 
 istered. 
 
 Regis d 
 sail. 
 
 Reg d 
 steam. 
 
 Total 
 reg td. 
 
 1830 
 
 575 0. .6 
 
 1,419 
 
 576 475 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1840 
 
 895, 610 
 
 4, 155 
 
 899, 765 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1850 
 
 1, 540, 769 
 
 44, 429 
 
 1, 585, 198 
 
 2, 143, 234 
 
 45, 186 
 
 2, 188, 420 
 
 222,341 
 
 5,298 
 
 227,639 
 
 18CO 
 
 2, 448, 941 
 
 97, 296 
 
 2, 546, 237 
 
 2, 804, 610 
 
 277, 437 
 
 3, 082, 047 
 
 226, 556 
 
 29, 803 
 
 256, 359 
 
 1861 
 
 2, 540, 020 
 
 102,608 
 
 2, 642, 628 
 
 2, 866, 218 
 
 313, 465 
 
 3, 179, 683 
 
 219, 522 
 
 24, 924 
 
 244, 446 
 
 1862 
 
 2, 177, 253 
 
 113, 998 
 
 2, 291, 251 
 
 2, 993, 696 
 
 328, 310 
 
 3, 322, 006 
 
 246, 479 
 
 29, 463 
 
 275, 942 
 
 1863 
 
 1, 892, 899 
 
 133, 215 
 
 2, 026, 114 
 
 3, 246, 526 
 
 371,201 
 
 3, 617, 727 
 
 284, 413 
 
 33, 547 
 
 317, 9CO 
 
 18C4 
 
 1, 475, 376 
 
 106, 519 
 
 , 581, 895 
 
 3, 532, 242 
 
 456, 241 
 
 3, 988, 483 
 
 268, 125 
 
 36, 944 
 
 305, 060 
 
 1865 
 
 1, 504, 575 
 
 98,008 
 
 , 602, 583 
 
 3, 629, 023 
 
 523, 698 
 
 4, 152, 721 
 
 282, 295 
 
 43,225 
 
 325, 520 
 
 1866 
 
 1, 294, 637 
 
 198, 289 
 
 , 492, 926 
 
 3, 612, 973 
 
 553, 425 
 
 4, 166, 398 
 
 278, 167 
 
 47, 194 
 
 325, 361 
 
 1867 
 
 1, 369, 917 
 
 198, 115 
 
 , 568, 032 
 
 3, 641, 662 
 
 608, 232 
 
 4, 249, 894 
 
 190, 846 
 
 50,201 
 
 250,047 
 
 1868 
 
 1, 343, 703 
 
 221, 939 
 
 , 565, 732 
 
 3, 646, 150 
 
 619, 199 
 
 4, 265, 349 
 
 240, 921 
 
 52, 150 
 
 293, 071 
 
 * NOTE. This table includes Channel Island vessels hut not those of the British plantations. The 
 home trade signifies on the coasts of the United Kingdom, or to ports between the limits of the river 
 Elbe and Brest. The foreign trade signifies to ports beyond such limits. 
 
 Registered tonnage of United States, 1860 2, 546, 237 
 
 Registered tonnage of Great Britain (exclusive of colonial) . . 3, 082, 047 
 
 Total 5, 628, 284 
 
 Registered tonnage of United States, 1868 1, 505, 732 
 
 Registered tonnage of Great Britain, 1868 4, 265, 349 
 
 Total 5,771,081 
 
 If to this we add, for increase in steam tonnage 500, 000 
 
 6, 271, 081 
 
 It will be observed that notwithstanding the check caused by the 
 war upon the production of the crops of the South, which furnished so 
 
IV 
 
 NAVIGATION -INTERESTS. 
 
 arge a percentage of our exports, the aggregate tonnage of the United 
 States and Great Britain engaged in the foreign carrying trade has 
 increased about 14 per cent., while from the position of nearly an 
 equal in tonnage with that nation, our own tonnage had dwindled to 
 less than one-third of that of Great Britain. 
 
 The change of the business furnished by our own country in exports 
 and imports from American to foreign vessels is still more striking, as 
 will be shown by the following table : 
 
 A table showing the amount of American and foreign tonnage entered the ports of the United 
 States from foreign countries in 1830, 1840, 1850, and from 1860 to 186U, both inclusive. 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 American ton- 
 nage. 
 
 Foreign ton 
 nage. 
 
 American in ex 
 cess of fort- ign 
 tonnage. 
 
 Foreign in ex 
 cess of Amer 
 ican tonnage. 
 
 1830 
 
 967 227 
 
 131 900 
 
 835 327 
 
 
 1840 
 
 1 576 946 
 
 712 363 
 
 864 583 
 
 
 1850 
 
 2 573 016 
 
 1 775 623 
 
 797 393 
 
 
 I860 . 
 
 5 921 285 
 
 2 353 911 
 
 3 567 374 
 
 
 1861 
 
 5,023,917 
 
 2 217 554 
 
 2 806 363 
 
 
 1862 
 
 5 117 685 
 
 2 245 278 
 
 2 872 407 
 
 
 18G3 . 
 
 4 614 698 
 
 2 640 378 
 
 1 974, 320 
 
 
 1864 
 
 3 066 434 
 
 3 471 219 
 
 
 404 785 
 
 1865 
 
 2 943 661 
 
 3 216 967 
 
 
 273 306 
 
 1866 
 
 3 372 060 
 
 4 410 44 
 
 
 1 038 364 
 
 1867 
 
 3 455 052 
 
 4 318 673 
 
 
 863 61 
 
 1868 
 
 3 550 550 
 
 4 495 465 
 
 
 944 915 
 
 1869 
 
 3* 402* 668 
 
 5 347 694 
 
 
 1 945 C26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 VALUE OF TONNAGE. 
 
 The estimated value of the tonnage of the United States engaged in 
 the foreign carrying trade was, in 1861, $108,347,748 ; the estimated gross 
 yearly earnings of which was 33J per cent., or $36,115,916. In 1869, 
 the estimated value of the same tonnage was $70,488,945, and the esti 
 mated earnings, $23,496,315 ; a net loss in yearly earning of this inter 
 est, of $12,619,601. (Table No. XIV of the Appendix.) 
 
 The increase in gross earnings of this class of tonnage from 1850 to 
 1860, $14,719,397, or 73 per cent. Taking the same ratio of increase 
 from 1860 to 1869, say 65 per cent., and we should have, in 1869, 
 $57,417,643. The actual amount of gross earnings is $23,496,315, or a 
 net annual loss, in consequence of the decline of our ocean commerce, 
 of $33,921,328. 
 
 Add to these the table showing the relative proportion in value of the 
 imports and exports by American and foreign vessels to and from the 
 United States, (table No. XV in Appendix,) and we have a complete 
 epitome of the deplorable condition to which our shipping interests has 
 been reduced . The following, from the table referred to, shows the total 
 foreign commerce of the United States in 1850, 1855, 1860, 1865, and 1869 : 
 
 Fiscal year. 
 
 Exports and im 
 ports in Amer 
 ican vessels. 
 
 Exports and im 
 ports iu for 
 eign vessels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1850 . 
 
 6239 272 Q84 
 
 $90 746 954 
 
 &T50 037 038 
 
 1855 
 
 405 485 46 
 
 131 139 904 
 
 5 56 C r > HJ6 
 
 1860 
 
 507 247 757 
 
 255 040 793 
 
 
 1865 
 
 167 4:>2 872 
 
 437 010 14 
 
 604 41 *) ( >6 
 
 1869 .*. 
 
 289 950 272 
 
 586 492, 012 
 
 876 442 yiJ 4 
 
 
 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. Y 
 
 It will be seen by the foregoing that in 1850, 75 per cent, of our total 
 exports and imports were shipped in American vessels. In 1855, 75 per 
 cent, in American, and 25 per cent, in foreign vessels. In 18G9, 34 per 
 cent, in American to 66 per cent, in foreign vessels. Onr exports have 
 doubled since 1853, while the percentage carried in American vessels 
 has fallen from 67 per cent, to 34 per cent. 
 
 Could there be a more striking refutation of the assumption that 
 the revival of our shipping will follow the increase of our exports, 
 than is furnished by the statistics referred to. The increase of our ex 
 ports will only furnish an increased business to foreign ships unless we 
 put our own vessels in a position to compete with them on equal terms. 
 It is estimated that more than 60 per cent, of the registered tonnage of 
 the United States is engaged in the carrying trade between foreign 
 countries, on long routes carrying the bulky cheap freights, while, as has 
 been shown by the foregoing table, our own exports and imports are 
 passing in foreign bottoms, the freights going to enrich our commer 
 cial rivals, and to swell the foreign balances against us, which must be 
 settled in gold. 
 
 VALUE OF IMPORTS. 
 
 The following are the values of imports into the district of New York 
 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1869, with estimated propor 
 tion in sailing and steam vessels : 
 
 Total value of imports $295, 137, 415 
 
 Of which estimated proportion in sail 
 ing vessels 57, 867, 025, or 19 T 6 oo 7 o P er cent 
 
 Proportion in steam vessels 237, 270, 390, or 80 T 3 ^> per cent. 
 
 Total 295, 137, 415 
 
 Estimated proportion in American 
 steamers 35, 441, 606 
 
 Estimated proportion in foreign steam 
 ers 201, 828, 784 
 
 Total in steamers 237, 270, 390 
 
 Or nearly seventy per cent, of the imports at the great commercial city 
 of the country in foreign steamers. 
 
 There are now running regularly, to and from New York, 89 foreign 
 steamships, the aggregate tonnage of which is 205,338 tons. The in 
 crease in this class of vessels, since 1860, has been 47 ships, 139,605 tons, 
 or more than two hundred per cent., and the number is constantly 
 augmenting to meet the increased demands of business. (See table 
 XXV in Appendix.) 
 
 Estimating the freights paid at eight per cent, of the value of the 
 cargoes and we have here paid to foreign carriers of goods to a single 
 
VI NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 port, in round numbers, sixteen millions of dollars, while the amount 
 paid on outward cargoes will probably reach half that sum, making a 
 grand total of twenty -four million dollars annually drawn from our own 
 people to support the steamships of foreign nations, which steamships 
 constitute the naval reserve of those powers. 
 
 STEAMSHIP LINES. 
 
 At present the whole tendency of the freighting business of the 
 world is to seek direct routes, and by steam communication, to combine 
 mail and passenger with merchandise transportation. The long and 
 tedious voyages around capes are avoided by connecting oceans either 
 by ship canals or railways. The advantage of this change in the mode 
 of transportation, in addition to that of carrying passengers and mails, 
 is that it furnishes a way business that cannot be commanded by sail 
 vessels which can only carry advantageously between two points. 
 
 Great Britain availing herself of the use of steam has obtained con 
 trol of the chief of these direct lines of ocean communication, and in 
 doing so has occupied the shortest routes and those which, without 
 loss of time or distance, afford the most points to touch and tap the 
 trade belonging to them. 
 
 Between America, North and South, she has nine direct lines. Two 
 carry the mails between the United States, British America, and 
 England. Both lines start from Liverpool, touch at Queenstown, and 
 sail direct to New York. One, however, calls at Halifax. To feed these 
 lines the Cunard Company run a line from Halifax to Nassau, which is 
 subsidized. There are also " way" steamers, if we may call them so, 
 between Halifax and Newfoundland, the Bahamas and New York. 
 There is a line between Liverpool, New Orleans, and Balize. 
 
 Three lines sail direct from Southampton to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 One to Tampico, Mexico, another to Aspinwall, the third runs to 
 Puerto Cabello, in Venezuella. 
 
 There are also three lines sail for the Atlantic coast of South America. 
 One to Brazil, stopping at Kio de Janeiro, after calling at the lead 
 ing ports to the north ; another makes Buenos Ayres its stopping place. 
 The third runs to Montevideo. These lines sail from Falmouth and 
 Southampton direct, taking the shortest route across. 
 
 Panama is the starting point for four lines of British steamers. One 
 down the Pacific coast of South America to Valparaiso, touching at 
 all the chief ports. Another to the leading places in Central America. A 
 third is a local line running to neighboring points, and the fourth direct 
 to Wellington, New Zealand, connecting with an Australian line to 
 Sydney and Melbourne. 
 
 There are two lines along the West coast of Africa, both starting from 
 Southampton, one going to and from the Cape of Good Hope, touching 
 at St. Helena and Ascension, the other tapping the coast, from Cape 
 St. Vincent, Portugal, to Sierre Leone and other points. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. VII 
 
 Besides a number of short routes connecting different points, the greatest 
 line of all is that of the Peninsula and Oriental Mail Steamship Com 
 pany. Its point of departure is Southampton. From that port their ves 
 sels go to Gibraltar, through the Mediterranean, touching at different 
 points, as Malta, &c., to Port Said, through the canal, the Ked Sea, across 
 the Arabian Sea, to Bombay and Ceylon. At the latter place a line runs 
 to Australia; there connecting with a line already mentioned, running 
 from Panama, and thus making the circle complete. The general route of 
 the steamers takes in all the leading Indian ports, also Singapore. 
 Penang, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. By following the indicated routes 
 it will be at once seen that they leave out only two principal regions ; 
 Pacific North America and the lower portions of the Indian Archi 
 pelago. For the latter, short routes from point to point are being 
 organized, while it is understood that this great company propose to 
 unite the British steam marine at either end of our continental railroad 
 system, by establishing a competing line with the Pacific Mail Steamship 
 Company from Shanghai to San Francisco. This will inevitably be fol 
 lowed by another line from San Francisco to Panama. This extension 
 of lines of steamers has been procured mainly by means of liberal subsi 
 dies paid by the British and French governments for carrying the mails. 
 
 For the postal service they perform Great Britain pays to twelve of 
 her principal mail steamship companies, in the form of an annual sub 
 sidy, 903,750, or $4,392,244, besides the amounts collected for postage 
 over from other principal routes and a number of connecting lines, 
 amounting to enough more to make the entire payments at least 
 $5,500,000. Of this large sum about $2,000,000 is paid to the lines con 
 necting with the American Continents. 
 
 The French government is even more liberal than that of Great Britain, 
 and the effect of their policy is seen in the establishment of several lines 
 of the finest equipped steamships afloat, even rivalling the best British 
 lines. The French government pays several million dollars annually to 
 these lines. The French Transatlantic Company run three lines to 
 New York, to the West Indies and Yera Cruz, and to Gaudaloupe and 
 Aspinwall. It receives all the money paid for postage and a direct an 
 nual subsidy of $1,000,000. Besides these amounts, the French govern 
 ment loaned it $5,000,000 for ten years without interest, which is being 
 returned by the withholding ten per cent, of the postage paid. The 
 subsidies to the other steamship lines are on the same scale, having re 
 ceived a loan as part of their capital, and all are paid the amounts col 
 lected on mail matter which they carry. 
 
 Other chief lines start from Marseilles and run to the various Medit 
 erranean ports, the French colonies of Algiers; and one of the finest 
 appointed lines in the world, Me ssageries Imperiale, runs direct to Alex 
 andria and Port Said, through the Suez Canal, down the Eed Sea, 
 communicating with the French colonies off the east coast of Africa, and 
 thence to the leading ports in the Indian Seas direct to the two or three 
 
VIII NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 points which yet remain in French possession, thence to Saigoon in 
 Cambodia or Cochin China. The present terminus is Shanghai. 
 
 By means of these lines France is tapping the chief sources of com 
 mercial prosperity : North America, the West Indies and Central Ameri 
 ca, Africa, and Farther Asia. 
 
 There are besides the great lines indicated others which are also ex 
 tending rapidly. From Hamburg and Bremen there are finely-appointed 
 transatlantic lines, which receive aid in heavy charges for carrying mail 
 matter from Great Britain and the United States, besides direct aid from 
 the North German government. Austria and Italy both have lines sail 
 ing from Trieste and Vienna, and carrying the mails for Mediterranean 
 ports. One or both these lines are pushing toward India and China. 
 Holland has a regular line to and from her East Indian colonies, 
 and Spain one also to the Phillipine Islands. All these govern 
 ments see the advantages derived from development of the "through 
 route" steamship system. Even Japan, just waking up to the influences 
 of Western material progress, is encouraging the formation of a mercan 
 tile steam marine, and owns and employs in her own waters, and in 
 trade with China, twenty first-class steamers, paying liberally for the 
 transportation of the mails between her own ports and islands. 
 
 In striking contrast with the activity displayed by foreign nations, is 
 the want of it manifested by our own. During the year ending June 30, 
 1869, there was paid by the United States, for ocean mail service, 
 $1,101,674, of which amount $336,163 was paid to foreign companies. 
 
 We have but two lines of mail steamers running on the Atlantic. 
 One, monthly, runs to Eio de Janeiro from New York, stopping at 
 St. Thomas and Pernainbuco, the other, Pacific Mail, from New York to 
 Aspinwall, making weekly trips. On the Pacific side we have from 
 Panama, one line to San Francisco, and from there to Yokohama, and 
 Shanghai. From the same port there is a semi-monthly line to Hono 
 lulu, Sandwich Islands, one to Vancouver s Island, carrying the mails 
 to Oregon, British Columbia, and the Puget Sound country, and one, 
 semi-monthly, to Mazatlan, Mexico. In all not more than thirty steam 
 ships are employed in this service, of which the Pacific Mail have 
 fourteen. The British Peninsula and Oriental Company alone employ 
 forty-nine large vessels, forty-six of which are mail carriers for the East 
 and Australia. 
 
 Thus it appears that our shipping has declined absolutely and rela 
 tively with that of other nations j that not only the carrying trade be 
 tween foreign nations, but between our own and foreign countries 5 the 
 business furnished by our exports and imports is being transferred to 
 foreign bottoms; and last, and most important of all to our prestige as 
 a maritime nation and our influence in the affairs of the world, that we 
 have allowed other nations to possess themselves of the most important 
 lines of steam navigation connecting distant parts of the globe. 
 
 In consequence of this decline of our shipping the business of ship- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. Et 
 
 building in the United States is at the present time at a complete stand 
 still. The yards are empty, the workmen out of employment, and what 
 capital has survived the wreck of disaster is either idle or turned to other 
 channels. 
 
 CAUSES OF DECLINE, 
 
 It has been urged by some that this depression of our navigation 
 interests is the result of general causes, such as an over-production of 
 tonnage and a depression in the business of the world. - 
 
 But such causes, if existing, would be temporary in their operation. 
 If the shipping of the world were temporarily in excess of the business 
 of the world, the equilibrium would soon be restored by the natural de 
 crease of ships and the ever advancing increase of commercial business. 
 The period of prosperity would, as it always has, speedily follow that ot 
 depression. The facts stated, however, show a decline of our navigation 
 interests running through a decade a period too long to be affected by 
 a mere depression of business or any over-production of tonnage. 
 
 Moreover, the decline has been wholly in the shipping of the United 
 States. While that of other nations has been depressed from the causes 
 alluded to, there has not only been no absolute decline, but, as has been 
 shown, a constant increase in tonnage and in the efficiency of their ves 
 sels. In 18G8, there were built on the Clyde alone 197 vessels, of 169,571 
 tons, more than one-half of which were steamers. The total of tonnage 
 built and registered in the United Kingdom in 1868 was 316,197 tons 
 a larger amount than was built in any one year prior to 1863. 
 
 It is obvious from the foregoing that the causes operating to produce 
 the present condition of the navigation interest are special such as 
 affect American tonnage only and, as your committee believe, may be 
 readily ascertained. 
 
 The steady increase of our shipping engaged in the foreign trade up 
 to the commencement of the rebellion, and the sudden and rapid de 
 cline from that point, leads directly to the conclusion that its decadence 
 is attributable mainly, if not solely, to incidents of the war. According 
 to the best available data, 919,466 tons of American shipping dis 
 appeared from our lists during the rebellion. Of this amount, 110,163 
 tons were destroyed by anglo-confederate pirates, while 803,303 tons 
 were either sold to foreigners or passed nominally into their hands and 
 obtained the protection of their flags. Here was an actual loss to the 
 private owners of less than five per cent., and a loss to the nation of 
 about thirty-seven per cent, of the total of American tonnage engaged in 
 the foreign carrying trade. The loss of this amount of tonnage would not 
 of itself have produced such disastrous results as wo have seen had 
 not the value of what remained been virtually destroyed by the peril in 
 which it was placed from English piratical vessels sailing under the 
 confederate flag. The risk of sailing under the American flag was so 
 
X NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 great as to divert a large share of the carrying trade into foreign 
 bottoms, principally those of Great Britain. 
 
 That changes which have occurred in naval architecture and in the 
 materials of which ships are now being constructed operated anterior 
 to the rebellion, and tended to produce a revolution in the shipping of 
 the world, is undoubtedly true. Iron, as a building material for ships, 
 was fast superseding wood, and screw steamers were, as we have said, 
 crowding out sail vessels on all ocean routes where the carrying of pas 
 sengers and mails could be combined with the general freighting busi 
 ness. But it by no means follows that this revolution in the character 
 of the mercantile marine of the world would, if peace had continued, have 
 prevented us from maintaining with foreign nations our relative posi 
 tion as a great maritime power. Our people, with their sagacity, 
 enterprise, and aptitude for mercantile and mechanical pursuits, would 
 doubtless have perceived and availed themselves of the advantages 
 resulting from this progress in nautical mechanics. 
 
 Having invented the steamship and first navigated the ocean with 
 this class of vessels, and taken the lead of all nations in the science of 
 naval architecture, we should, it may be safe to assume, have held our 
 way against the world in competing for supremacy on the ocean, had 
 not our attention been diverted from the pursuits of peace to the pre 
 servation of our national existence. 
 
 The war not only deprived us of the advantages resulting from this 
 change in the character of commercial vessels and the currents of trade 
 affected thereby, but gave an impetus to all business connected with 
 ocean navigation, in the hands of our great commercial rival, and an 
 advantage over us, that but for the war she would not have possessed. 
 The business thus diverted into new channels could not be immedi 
 ately regained by American vessels even under the most favorable cir 
 cumstances. But the disastrous effects of the war did not cease with 
 the return of peace. They were rather aggravated by the burdens of 
 taxation which the war had left imposed upon all the industries of the 
 country, but which operated with peculiar hardship upon this particular 
 interest, inasmuch as it is subjected to the unrestricted competition of 
 untaxed foreign rivals, and this competition must be met not only at 
 home in our own ports, but in all parts of the world. 
 
 In a contest so unequal there can be but one result, and that is the 
 total loss of our foreign carrying trade and the destruction of our mer 
 chant marine. Under such conditions as these it is as impossible to re 
 vive our shipping interests, unaided by the government, as it would be 
 to build up our manufacturing interests by imposing a heavy tax upon 
 all raw materials, and at the same time admitting all manufactured ar 
 ticles free of duty. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 The fact that our commerce is rapidly disappearing from the ocean 
 has been mathematically demonstrated. The causes which have brought 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XI 
 
 it to this condition can be traced with considerable certainty, but the 
 remedy for the evil, the means best calculated to restore it, are more 
 difficult to discover and apply. 
 
 The committee, in endeavoring to find the best method of remedying 
 the evil, have considered the following proposed plans of legislation in 
 relation thereto, which have been urged upon its attention and re 
 ceived its careful consideration : 
 
 1. The readmission of the vessels which sought the protection of a 
 foreign flag during the war to American registry. 
 
 2. The modification of our navigation laws so as to admit foreign- 
 built vessels to American registry, either free of duty or on payment of 
 a moderate duty on the tonnage of such vessels. 
 
 3. The allowance of a drawback on imported material which is used 
 in the construction of vessels, or an equivalent to the drawback where 
 American materials are used. 
 
 4. Permission to withdraw from bond stores to be consumed by 
 vessels on voyages to foreign ports. 
 
 5. Exemptions of tonnage from all taxes other than by the federal 
 government. And 
 
 6. The granting of such government aid, by way of postage on mails 
 and by subsidies, as will insure the establishment of lines of Amirican 
 ocean steamers to the principal foreign ports of the world, thereby 
 enabling our citizens to participate in the profits of the trade created 
 by such lines. 
 
 REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN-BUILT SHIPS. 
 
 Your committee are of opinion that the readmission to American 
 registry of vessels placed under foreign flags during the rebellion is 
 against sound public policy. To allow citizens to avail themselves of all 
 the advantages conferred by our government during peace, and escape 
 all the risks of supporting it during war, by placing their property 
 at such times under the protection of a foreign government, would be a 
 dangerous precedent to establish. Most of the vessels which changed 
 their nationality were placed under the flag of a nation that, under the 
 guise of neutrality, was making war upon our commerce for the benefit 
 of its own. They identified their interest with those of our enemy, and 
 obtained all the advantages resulting from such connection ; to readmit 
 them now to the same privileges accorded to vessels which adhered to 
 the flag and fortunes of the country through all the perils and under 
 all the disadvantages incident to the war, would be to encourage desertion 
 in times when the country most needed the aid of its citizens. 
 
 The argument in favor of the policy of admitting foreign-built vessels 
 to American registry is based upon the assumption that the change 
 which has taken place in the character of commercial vessels from wood 
 to iron, and from sail to steam vessels, has given to foreign nations, par- 
 
XH NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ticularly to Great Britain, such advantages in regard to the cheap con 
 struction of this latter class of vessels, as to make it impossible for us to 
 compete with her ; and that we are reduced to the alternative of either 
 purchasing our ships of her or of surrendering to her the carrying trade. 
 It is further urged that this trade contributes so greatly to the wealth 
 of a nation that we should secure it, by, purchasing and sailing foreign- 
 built ships ; to which end it is necessary that all restrictions to the 
 purchase of such ships should be removed from our statutes. 
 
 The opposite policy of allowing only American-built vessels the privi 
 lege of the American flag and register was adopted at the formation of 
 the government, and has been uniformly adhered to since, modified only 
 by the act of December 23, 1852, which permits foreign vessels wrecked 
 in the waters of the United States, and repaired in our ports, the repairs 
 amounting to two-thirds of the value, to take out an American register. 
 The best proof of the wisdom of this policy is the rapid and uninterrupted 
 progress which we attained as a commercial nation under its operations. 
 Great Britain became the first maritime nation of the world under a like 
 policy, which she never relaxed until her merchant marine was strength,, 
 ened beyond danger. 
 
 In order to understand and appreciate the practical operation of the 
 policy of admitting foreign-built ships to American registry, and its 
 effects upon the national wealth, we must consider somewhat in detail 
 the manner in which the shipping of a country and particularly that of 
 our own is built up and maintained. The shipping of the United States 
 has never been built, and only to a limited extent has it been owned, by 
 capitalists, but by men of moderate means, the lumberman, the mechanic, 
 the ship-master, and the merchant, each having an interest in the pro 
 duction, the sailing, and the freight of the ship, independent of the 
 profits to be directly derived from its earnings. 
 
 The lumberman to make a market for his timber, the mechanic to ob 
 tain employment in constructing, the ship-chandler for sale of his goods 
 in furnishing, the ship-master to obtain business in his profession, and 
 the merchant to secure the commissions resulting from the management 
 of the business, all unite in building, owning, and sailing vessels. To 
 use the expression of Mr. Loring, a practical ship-carpenter, largely in 
 terested in building and owning vessels, who testified before the com 
 mittee at Portland: "The whole parish are often interested in building 
 and owning vessels." 
 
 This associated effort not only supplies the capital but the practical 
 knowledge and experience to construct and manage this description of 
 property successfully, and also furnishes an incentive to produce it far 
 greater than that of mere interest on investment of capital alone. 
 
 By purchasing our ships in foreign countries we transfer not only all 
 the labor necessary to construct them, from the taking of the timber 
 from the forests, and the ore from the mines, to the launching of the 
 ship, but also all the business of furnishing the outfits and supplies for 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XIII 
 
 the voyage. It is estimated that more than sixty per cent, of the ton 
 nage of the United States engaged in the foreign carrying trade is en 
 gaged in freighting between the ports of foreign countries, and many of 
 these vessels never return after sailing from our ports. What advan 
 tage would it be to our country to have the real or nominal ownership 
 of this class of vessels, built, fitted, manned, and provisioned for their 
 voyage in a foreign port, touching only at the ports of the United States 
 to obtain an American register, and then pursuing their voyage, per 
 haps never to return 1 If such vessels were really wholly owned in the 
 United States it could be of no advantage to us. 
 
 It would not be tonnage, the production of which would aid in furn 
 ishing profitable employment to American mechanics and American 
 agriculturalists and help to increase our national wealth. It would not 
 multiply comfortable cottages nor create thriving villages of industrious 
 workmen around busy American ship-yards in time of peace. It would 
 be simply the investment of American capital in property out of the 
 country, the dividend from which only would be returned to us. It 
 would give no strength in time of war. Representing capital alone, it 
 would partake of the timidity of capital, and whenever danger threat 
 ened, seek safety under a neutral or hostile flag. 
 
 Still further, we cannot build up a truly American merchant marine 
 in a foreign country, for the reason that the countries in which we build 
 will have every advantage over us in competing for the carrying trade 
 which is to sustain such a marine. First, in the profits of the business 
 of building and fitting out the vessels. Second, in the command of 
 cheap capital. Third, in combining the building, owning, and manging 
 interests, which can only be done in the country where the shipping is 
 built. And fourth, in the prestige such countries would obtain by furn 
 ishing the vessels which Americans would own, and also those which 
 were to compete for the business with American-owned vessels. Fur 
 thermore, it is not probable that American capital would be sent to 
 Europe to build ships with which to compete on equal terms for busi 
 ness with the ships of those who build for them, unless these foreign- 
 built vessels were allowed to participate in our coasting trade a change 
 in our policy which would not only entirely destroy every branch of 
 mechanical industry in the United States dependent upon ship-building, 
 but would ruin the present owners of coasting vessels. It would be ad 
 mitting to the enjoyment of American business foreigners who pay no 
 taxes to the American government, and who, by virtue of that exemp 
 tion, would be enabled to drive American tax-payers out of employment. 
 
 The policy of admitting foreign-built ships to American register, on 
 payment of a duty, has also been urged. The committee cannot recom 
 mend such legislation, for whatever duty might be so imposed, would 
 operate only to the advantage of the foreign ship-owner, with whom the 
 American purchaser and owner of such foreign-built ships would have 
 to compete. If we were to admit foreign-built ships to American regis- 
 
XIV NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 tor at all, it would be with the view of enabling our ship-owners to 
 supply themselves with vessels at a rate as low as that paid by foreign 
 competitors. An American ship-owner must in such case be able to 
 purchase as cheap as the foreigner, or he must obtain better ships ; 
 otherwise he is deprived of that equality of ability to compete, which 
 is an essential quality of the success desired by those who engage in 
 the carrying trade of the world. The statement is in itself a sufficient 
 answer to the proposition. 
 
 But there are other objections more weighty than those referred to, 
 that should prevent the adoption of either policy. They would deprive 
 us of the mechanical skill requisite to build our navy in time of war, or 
 oblige us to maintain it at great expense connected with the govern 
 ment works in time of peace, and would also compel the maintenance 
 of a large naval force entirely useless as a peace establishment, but 
 necessary to preserve and defend the national honor and interests in case 
 they were menaced. It would be humiliating, indeed, to every American 
 to see Great Britain employed and paid by us to build shipping to replace 
 that which she so effectively aided to destroy during the rebellion. If we 
 adopt a policy that will admit of such results, that nation could well 
 afford to pay our most extravagant demands upon her for damages in- 
 fl^cted by the cruisers which from her ports made war upon our com 
 merce during the rebellion. 
 
 Every consideration, whether of interest or of national pride, impels 
 us to build upon our own soil the ships which are to bear the flag of our 
 country to all quarters of the globe. 
 
 This result can only be accomplished by adopting a policy as liberal 
 and enlightened as that of the nations with which we are to compete for 
 the carrying trade of the world, which nations are now in possession of 
 the field. 
 
 Those nations admit all the material entering into the construction of 
 vessels free of duty ; they also allow the withdrawal from bond of all 
 stores used on the voyage of a ship sailing to a foreign port, the same 
 as though such stores were exported ; and they pay liberally to steamers 
 for carrying the mails, and thus establish lines to all parts of the world. 
 
 SUBSIDIES TO STEAMSHIPS. 
 
 The subsidies paid by Great Britain and France to establish their 
 steamship lines, and for the promotion of their general shipping interests, 
 are returned to them many fold by the nations that pursue a more narrow 
 and short-sighted policy. It is the United States that supports the foreign 
 steamships which run to and from her ports, by the mail, passenger, and 
 freight money which she pays to them, rather than to establish lines of 
 her own. Worse still, while we carefully scrutinize every appropriation 
 for our own navy, we pay annually more to support this most efficient 
 arm of the navy of Great Britain than is asked for the support of our 
 own. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XV 
 
 The testimony taken by the committee is nearly unanimous that by 
 offering to our citizens the same encouragement and protection as is 
 afforded by other commercial nations to their citizens, our shipping can be 
 built and lines of ocean steamers established as fast as the requirements 
 of business demand, and that there would be a present demand for ships 
 if they could be cheaply supplied. 
 
 That although the cost of iron and some other materials would be 
 higher by the amount paid for freight, and the wages of labor are also 
 higher with us than in Europe, yet we should have an advantage in the 
 cost of timber, a la,rge amount of which is used, even in the construction 
 of iron vessels ; and that the higher rates paid for American labor 
 would be more than counterbalanced by its greater efficiency and skill. 
 This leads us to the difficult question, as to the methods in which gov 
 ernment shall endeavor to extend its aid to our decaying navigation 
 interests. Your committee, after the most careful deliberation, impressed 
 with the great importance of restoring our commercial marine, not 
 only as a means of increasing the national wealth in time of peace, but 
 also as one of the most efficient agencies for national defence in time 
 of war, respectfully recommend the following measures as calculated to 
 promote the desired object : 
 
 First. The remission of the duties imposed upon the raw material 
 entering into the construction of vessels and steamers, limiting the 
 amount to the minimum of duties per ton collected on the material 
 required for certain classes of vessels ; and where American iron is used 
 in the construction of iron vessels, an amount per ton equivalent to the 
 duties on a like amount of imported raw materials, limiting the amount 
 to be paid. 
 
 Second. That all stores to be used by vessels sailing to foreign ports 
 may be taken in bond free of duty j and 
 
 Third. Further to encourage investment in shipping, and to extend 
 the aid to ships already built, and which have been sailed during and 
 since the rebellion at great disadvantage, allowing to all sail vessels 
 and to all steamers running to the British North American Provinces, 
 one dollar and fifty cents per ton ; on steamers to European ports, four 
 dollars per ton ; and on all other steamers running to foreign ports, 
 three dollars per ton. 
 
 In view of the fact that the tax upon tonnage cannot be removed 
 without relieving the vessels of all foreign nations of the same, while no 
 such exemption is extended to American vessels in foreign ports, and in 
 view of the further fact that the shipping interest of the country is to 
 receive some relief by the passage of the proposed measures, the com 
 mittee recommend only the removal of all tonnage, harbor, pilotage, 
 and other like taxes imposed upon shipping by State and municipal 
 authority, (most of which taxes have been declared by the Supreme Court 
 unconstitutional,) and the readjustment of the present tax upon tonnage, 
 so that it will fall more equitably upon the different classes of vessels 
 
XVI NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 affected thereby. The amount which will be received from this source 
 is estimated by the committee to be more than three million dollars per 
 annum, and will to that extent contribute to the relief which is proposed 
 to be granted in aid of the shipping interest of the United States. For 
 the purpose of carrying out the foregoing recommendations, your com 
 mittee report herewith two bills for consideration. 
 
 In reporting the bills referred to, your committee are hopeful that in 
 case of their adoption the shipping interests of the country may derive 
 very considerable relief. That they will fully meet the expectations oi 
 the large class of our citizens connected with this interest they do not 
 expect. Nor have they full confidence that the result will be the speedy 
 restoration of our lost commerce. 
 
 Time will be required to organize the capital and labor necessary to 
 embark extensively in the business of constructing iron sail and steam 
 ships ; and still greater inducements must be offered to insure the estab 
 lishment of lines of American ocean steamers which will relieve us from 
 our present humiliating and disgraceful dependency upon foreigners. 
 
 It is but a few days since that our government was reminded by the 
 managers of the English lines of steamers, the Inman and Cunard, of 
 the disgraceful fact, that not a single merchant steamer bearing the 
 American flag now crossed the Atlantic, and that we were entirely de 
 pendent upon them for the transportation of our mails, which they carry 
 under temporary arrangements, to be terminated at their pleasure. 
 While our government has with lavish liberality, in subsidies of lands 
 and money, aided in extending railways through the West, and have 
 appropriated large sums for .the improvement of interior water commu 
 nications, our ocean navigation has been left without either aid or pro 
 tection. The prosperity of the country in time of peace, as well as its 
 security in time of war, is largely dependent upon an efficient merchant 
 marine, and it is worthy of the consideration of Congress whether by 
 granting such aid as will secure the building up of a large part of this 
 marine, in swift ocean steamers, readily convertible into cruisers in time 
 of war, we are not providing a most economical and efficient means of 
 naval defense. It was stated by Admiral Porter, before this committee, 
 that with a few such ships converted into war vessels at the breaking 
 out of the rebellion, such a blockade of the southern coast could have 
 been established as would have prevented the rebels from sending out 
 a pound of cotton or obtaining supplies or munitions of war, and the 
 rebellion would have been strangled almost at its birth. Who can com 
 pute the loss in lives and in money consequent upon the want of a few 
 such ships? 
 
 It is evident that our future wars with any of the great powers must 
 be upon the ocean, and with an enemy that must cross the ocean to attack 
 us, and whose vulnerable point to assail is the population and wealth 
 which he has scattered on every sea. 
 
 Great Britain has, as we have seen, adopted the policy of subsidizing 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XVII 
 
 her lines of ocean steamers, and the result is that she has doubled the 
 efficiency of her navy, and at the same time added immensely to her 
 national wealth. These subsidized ships are subject at all times to the 
 demands of the government. Our government has no such source to 
 draw from, and must consequently depend entirely upon a navy sup 
 ported in peace, to be available in war. 
 
 It would even be a matter of economy if our government should 
 build vessels adapted to the uses of commerce in time of peace, and 
 readily convertible into fighting ships in time of war, giving the free 
 use of such ships in time of peace to merchants who would take care ot 
 and use them until required for the national defense. Under such cir 
 cumstances the government would be relieved of the cost of taking care 
 of the ships when not required for the public service, and the national 
 wealth would be increased by their use for mercantile purposes. As 
 the government can have the control of such vessels when needed, by 
 paying only a small percentage of their cost, is it not clearly a matter 
 of economy and sound public policy to legislate with a view to such re 
 sults? 
 
 The policy here suggested, in regard to extending government aid 
 to establish lines of steamers, should be entered upon only after such 
 careful and thorough consideration of the whole subject as will lead to 
 the adoption of a comprehensive system that will be permanent in its 
 character and certain to secure the desired results. 
 
 Your committee have only had time to consider the general question 
 relating to navigation interests, and leave this particular branch of the 
 subject to be reported upon after considering fully the various bills re 
 lating thereto referred to them by the House. 
 
 OUR RIVER AND RAILWAY NAVIGATION. 
 
 The vast navigable rivers and extensive lines of railway of our coun 
 try are so intimately connected with the subjects of ocean steam navi 
 gation that your committee cannot refrain from alluding to them in con 
 cluding this report. 
 
 The continental position and geographical features of this republic, 
 lying in the direct route between Europe and Asia, washed on either 
 shore by the two great oceans of the world, and interlaced with a vast 
 net-work of interior navigable waters, affords in itself the grandest of 
 all possible incentives toward determining the granting of such legiti 
 mate aid as may be accorded in the effort to revive our shipping inter 
 ests, as well as to achieve that supreme maritime leadership to which 
 we may reasonably aspire. 
 
 Oar natural advantages are still further aided by the artificial means 
 which scientific and material enterprise has afforded through the devel 
 opment of the railroad system, especially of those great lines which 
 connect the Atlantic and the Pacific, and which, with their branches, 
 
XVIII NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 are to intersect the whole territory between those oceans. They arc 
 like so many mighty rivers, furnishing capacity for unlimited transporta 
 tion. 
 
 The mail route from London to Eastern Asia lies across the American 
 continent, and passengers and valuable freights such as the trade oi 
 China and Japan provides will pass over the same lines. Yokohama, 
 the principal port in Japan, and Shanghai and Hong Kong, in China, 
 are all nearer in time and distance to London via New York and San 
 Francisco than via the newly opened route of the Suez Canal. 
 
 The following comparative distances between London and New York 
 and some of the principal ports of Eastern Asia illustrate the advan 
 tages of our position : 
 
 London to Yokohama (Japan) via Suez Canal 11,509 
 
 London to Yokohama (Japan) via New York and San Francisco 10,000 
 New York to Yokohama (Japan) via Pacific railroad and San 
 
 Francisco 7,520 
 
 San Francisco to Yokohama (Japan) per steamer. 4,520 
 
 London to Shanghai via Suez Canal 10,469 
 
 New York to Shanghai via Pacific railroad and San Francisco. . 8,555 
 
 San Francisco to Shanghai per steamer 5,555 
 
 Chicago to Yokohama 6,900 
 
 St. Louis about same distance as Chicago. 
 
 Nothing in the future is more certain than that the foreign importa 
 tions of the West are to be made directly to her chief commercial 
 cities, and distributed therefrom as they now are from the ports 
 of the seaboard. The railways which are to supply them in part 
 are but in their infancy, and by means of improvements yet to be 
 introduced may ere long be able to compete successfully with steam 
 transportation by water. Through such improvements, the routes across 
 our continent, already the most direct, may become the cheapest routes 
 from London to China and Japan. Between the western termini of these 
 routes and the lauds that are washed by the Pacific and Indian Oceans, 
 nature has provided free of cost a great highway, which we have only 
 to occupy with vehicles of transportation. No mountain barriers are to 
 be scaled or leveled to reach them. 
 
 Those Asiatic countries are teeming with a busy, industrious popula 
 tion, skilled in the mechanic arts, and adepts in the science of agricul 
 ture. Abounding in wealth, with extensive internal, and little external 
 commerce, their trade has been the prize for which all commercial 
 nations have for centuries contended. The trade of the more important 
 of these countries, India, China, and Japan, Great Britain now draws to 
 herself, and distributes again from her stores to the rest of the world. 
 
 The silver products of the mines of America make nearly the circuit 
 of the world to reach, via Great Britain, the countries of the East, 
 while the products of those countries come back to America by the same 
 circuitous route. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XIX 
 
 These far Eastern countries are at our very doors ; their relations with 
 us more friendly than with any other nation j their trade is at our com 
 mand, if wo will but stretch forth our hand and take it. 
 
 The advantages to result from the revival of our commerce and navi 
 gation, and especially from our obtaining possession of the Pacific trade, 
 are confined to no one section of the country. With the Sandwich 
 Islands in our possession, and by the adoption of a wise and liberal 
 commercial policy, we can control the trade of Eastern Asia and the 
 commerce of the Pacific, and pour their wealth directly into the valley 
 of the Mississippi, which is to be the center of population in the future 
 of our country. Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities of the West are, 
 as we have said, to become ports of entry, and distributors of the pro 
 ducts of Asia as well as of Europe. Thus, the great West has the same 
 interest in reviving and maintaining the ocean commerce of our country 
 under the American flag that the Atlantic States have in opening up 
 internal lines of commerce, whether by the building of great lines of 
 railway, or by the improvement of lake or river navigation. 
 
 Shall we, after having expended millions in opening this opportunity 
 of controling the commerce of the world by uniting the two great oceans 
 that wash the opposite shores of the continent after astonishing the 
 world by our energy and wisdom in carrying through such a gigantic 
 commercial enterprise while in an armed struggle for national exis 
 tence surprise it still more by our supineness and folly in neglecting 
 to avail ourselves of the greater advantages which nature has opened to 
 us without cost ? 
 
 JOHN LYNCH. 
 
 JAS. BUFFINGTOST. 
 
 CADWALADER C. WASHBURK 
 
 GILES W. HOTCHKISS. 
 
 DAN L J. MORRELL. 
 
 HERVEY C. CALKIK 
 
 ERASTUS WELLS. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH, from the Select Committee on the Causes of the Reduction 
 of American Tonnage, reported the following bill : 
 
 A BILL to revive the navigation and commercial interests of the United States. 
 
 Whereas the mercantile marine of the country was nearly destroyed 
 during the late rebellion in consequence of the inability of the govern 
 ment to protect it j and now, while bearing its share of taxation, has no 
 such protection from foreign competition as is afforded to other great 
 national interests and industries, and is therefore steadily declining ; 
 and whereas the restoration of our commercial marine, constituting as 
 it does, one of the most efficient means of defense in time of war, is of 
 
XX NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 great national importance and essential to the maintenance of our posi 
 tion as a first-class power : Therefore, 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives^ the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That upon all imported lumber, 
 timber, hemp, Manila, and composition metal, and upon iron not ad 
 vanced beyond plates, rod bars and bolts, which may be used and 
 wrought up into the construction of steaia or sail vessels built in the 
 United States, whether for the hull, rigging or equipment, or machinery 
 of such vessels, there shall bo allowed and paid by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, under such regulations as he may prescribe, a drawback 
 equal to the duties which may have been paid on such material: 
 Provided, That the amount of such drawback shall not exceed on 
 wooden vessels, eight dollars per ton j on iron vessels, twelve dollars 
 per ton ; on vessels known as composite, that is, vessels composed of 
 iron frames and wooden planking and sheathing, ten dollars per ton ; on 
 wooden steamers, ten dollars per ton ; on composite steamers, composed 
 of iron frames and wooden planking, twelve dollars per ton ; on iron 
 steamers, fifteen dollars per ton : And provided further, That where 
 American material is used in the construction of iron or composite ves 
 sels or steamers, there shall be allowed and paid, as aforesaid, an amount 
 equivalent to the duties imposed on similar articles of foreign manufac 
 ture when imported, the full allowance on American and foreign mate 
 rials not to exceed the amounts per ton, on vessels of each class re 
 spectively, hereinbefore specified. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That all ship stores and coal, to be 
 used and consumed by any vessel on its voyage from any port of the 
 United States to any foreign port, may, in such quantity and under such 
 regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe, be taken in 
 whole packages in bond, and disposed of for such purposes, free of im 
 port and internal duty and tax. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted. That the owner of any American 
 registered sail or steam vessel which shall be engaged for more than six 
 mouths in the year in the carrying trade between American and foreign 
 ports, or between the ports of foreign countries, shall, at the end of each 
 fiscal year in which such vessel has been so engaged, be paid by the 
 collector of the port where such vessel is registered, upon exhibiting 
 satisfactory evidence, in form to be prescribed by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, that such vessel has been so engaged, upon every sail vessel, 
 one dollar and fifty cents for each registered ton; and upon every 
 steamer running to and from the ports of the North American Province, 
 one dollar and fifty cents for each registered ton; and upon every 
 steamer running to and from any European port, four dollars for each 
 registered ton ; and upon every steamer running to and from all other 
 foreign ports, three dollars for each registered ton. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XXI 
 
 Mr. LYNCH, from the Select Committee on the Causes of the Eecluction 
 of American Tonnage, reported the following bill : 
 
 A BILL imposing tonnage duties, and for other purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of tlie United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That in lieu of all duties on 
 tonnage now imposed by law, a duty of thirty cents per ton is hereby 
 imposed on all ships, vessels, or steamers entered in the United States ; 
 but the receipts of vessels paying such tax shall not be subject to the 
 tax provided in section one hundred and three of an act approved June 
 thirty, eighteen hundred and sixty -four, nor by any act amendatory 
 thereof: Provided, That no ship, vessel, or steamer having a license to 
 trade between different district of the United States, or to carry on the 
 bank, whale, or other fisheries, and no vessel or steamer to or from any 
 port or place in Mexico, or from any port or place south of Mexico, down 
 to and including Aspinwall and Panama, or from any port or place in 
 the British Provinces of North America, or the West India Islands, and 
 employed regularly in these trades and no others, shall be required to 
 pay the tonnage tax contemplated by this act more than once in each 
 fiscal year. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That no harbor dues, pilotage fees, 
 or other taxes on imports levied, or pretended to be levied, on the ton 
 nage, merchandise, trade, imports, or cargoes of any vessel, by virtue 
 of the authority of any State or municipal government, except wharfage, 
 pierage, and dockage, shall be collected ; and the collection of, or at 
 tempt to collect the same, or any portion thereof, shall be a penal offense, 
 to be punished as hereafter provided. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That any person who, by virtue of 
 any authority or pretended authority derived under any State or mu 
 nicipal government, shall collect any such illegal tax, fees, or dues, or 
 shall attempt to collect the same, shall, upon the conviction of each 
 offense, be fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars for each 
 offense, the amount of which fine shall be paid into the Treasury of the 
 United States to the credit of the judiciary fund, and he shall further be 
 liable to pay a sum not exceeding double the amount of the illegal taxes, 
 fees, or dues thus collected, or attempted to be collected, one-half to be 
 paid to the informer, and the other to be placed to the credit of the ap 
 propriation for light-houses. 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That any captain or master of a ves 
 sel, or any other person being the duly authorized agent of any vessel, 
 line of vessels, or transportation company, who shall pay, with or with 
 out protest, any such illegal taxes, fees, or dues as are prohibited by 
 this act, may recover the sum from the person collecting the same by 
 action in appropriate form in the district court of the United States of 
 the district where the collection was made, and the courts of the United 
 States shall have full jurisdiction in all cases arising under this act. 
 m NI 
 
NAVIGATION INTEEESTS. 
 
 TESTIMONY TAKEN BY THE COMMITTEE. 
 
 NEW YORK, October 14, 1869. 
 
 The committee met in a room in the custom-house. 
 
 Present: The chairman, Messrs. Buffiuton, Morrell, Wells, Calkin, 
 and Holman. 
 
 The chairman stated the objects for which the committee was ap 
 pointed, and said that he had been notified that committees had been 
 appointed by the Ship-owners and Ship-builders Associations, of New 
 York, to present the views of those associations, and that the com 
 mittee would now be pleased to hear from the New York associations. 
 
 The New York Ship-owners Association was represented by Messrs. 
 Gustavus A. Brett, Edward Hincken, Ambrose Snow, James W. Elwell, 
 William Nelson, jr., and Allstou Wilson. 
 
 Mr. HINCKEN, as one of the representatives of the New York Ship 
 owners Association, stated that there were one hundred and eighty 
 members on the rolls of that association, and that almost every man 
 owning a ship in the city of New York was represented by the associa 
 tion. The matter before the committee had been discussed by that 
 association, and it believed that there was but one salvation for the 
 shipping trade, and that that consisted in Congress permitting the pur 
 chase of ships where they could be bought cheapest. He thought that, 
 with one or two exceptions, that was the unanimous opinion of the ship 
 owners of New York. The ship-builders of Maine would present their 
 own views of the case. The ship-owners saw no other means of compet 
 ing with foreign nations for the carrying trade unless they could buy 
 their ships in the same market. The cost of sailing-ships, after they 
 came under the American flag, would be greater than their cost would 
 be to foreign ship-owners ; but it was believed that the ship-owners of 
 America had sufficient energy, enterprise, and ability to overcome that 
 difference, just as the ship-builders of Maine thought that they could 
 overcome the difference in the cost of labor, &c., if the materials that 
 entered into the building of their ships were free of duty. The sh ip-own- 
 ers of New York were IbrVuying their tools where they could buy them 
 cheapest, because a ship was but a tool, and it was the only tool that 
 was prohibited from being imported. As to the amount of duty that 
 was to be paid on imported ships, that would be a question for Con 
 gress to decide. They claimed as carriers that they ought to have the 
 right, if the carrying trade of the country was of any advantage, to 
 buy their tools wherever they could buy them cheapest. England had 
 bought her ships here when she could not build them so cheaply her 
 self; but England was now building iron ships, and France and Ger 
 many and Belgium were buying their ships in England. Before the 
 French had entered into this commerce there were sixteen regular 
 packets running from New York, which sailed as regularly as the day of 
 sailing came round, whether they were full or not full. But what 
 was the case now I The house which he (Mr. Hincken) represented was 
 
2 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 the sole survivor of four similar houses, and it was reduced to two 
 ships. The trade of France had gone into foreign steamers. And why? 
 Because American houses could not buy and sail foreign-built vessels. 
 Certainly, they might go to England and buy steamers and run them 
 under the English flag ; but he asked that those vessels should be al 
 lowed to run under the American flag, if there was any national im 
 portance attached to the fact that the carrying trade of the country 
 should be done under the American flag. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Cannot ships be built in the United States as 
 cheaply as in Europe, provided the materials used in the construction 
 are obtained free of duty I 
 
 Mr. HINCKEN. I only know by what our ship-builders say that, if 
 they had the materials duty free, they would compete with the cheaper 
 labor on the other side ; but they could not compete with the greater 
 cost of the materials. I am told that England allows drawbacks on 
 everything that enters into the construction of ships, and I know that 
 she does upon ship stores. If I take a cask of sugar out of the custom 
 house in this city, it will cost five or six dollars for custom-house fees 
 besides the duty, whereas in England such stores are admitted free of 
 duty and of fees; so that this operates very much against American nav 
 igation interests. There is no provision for so provisioning ships under 
 our revenue laws. 
 
 Mr. AMBROSE SNOW, also representing the New York Ship-owners ? As 
 sociation, said that, as to the matter of cost of building ships, that 
 could be very well explained by the gentlemen who would come before 
 the committee as builders, but that he and the gentlemen with him, rep 
 resenting the Ship-owners Association, confined themselves simply to 
 the difficulties that they met in the prosecution of their business. They 
 were prepared to answer any questions that might be put to them in 
 that connection. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN said that he had asked the last question because he 
 supposed that the gentlemen who were members of the Ship owners 7 
 Association knew the relative cost of building vessels on both sides of 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 Mr. SNOW remarked that they were all more or less familiar with it, 
 but that they were disposed to confine themselves to the difficulties 
 which they had to contend with as ship-owners, and to the condition of 
 the ship-owning interest. It was very apparent that the foreigner was 
 taking away that trade, and they had casl; about to see where the trouble 
 lay. They could see that there was no way for them to compete with 
 the foreigner, unless they were able to buy ships as cheaply as foreigners 
 bought them, and they had settled down on the proposition that a free 
 navigation law, similar to the law passed in England some twenty years 
 ago, was what would relieve the ship-owners of the United States. It 
 seemed rather paradoxical that the ship-owner who was interested in 
 protection should at the same time be in favor of free trade. The ship 
 owners of the United States had now the whole coasting trade, and yet 
 they asked for free trade in their ships. It might seem natural for them 
 to oppose free trade, but they did not ; they found that every nation in 
 the world was encouraging free trade in ships ; they found that all 
 nations had faeen forced, from one cause or another, to recognize that 
 their interests lay in that sort of free trade. The ship-owners of New 
 York had had a great deal of discussion on the subject, and they had 
 come to the conclusion that a free navigation law, similar to the law 
 passed in England some twenty years ago, would relieve the shipping 
 interest more than any other thing. If American ship-builders could 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 3 
 
 compete with foreign ship-builders upon the allowance of a drawback, 
 then the free navigation law which the ship-owners advocated would not 
 hurt the ship-builders. The question was not so much one of building 
 wooden ships in Maine as it was a question of occupying the ocean 
 routes, which he compared to railroad routes. The route of the Penin 
 sular and Oriental Steamship Company, which started from South 
 ampton, touching at Marseilles, and which went from Marseilles to Alex- 
 auclria, then across the Isthmus of Suez, then down the Ked Sea and to 
 Hong Kong, and from Hong Kong across to San Francisco, and from 
 San Francisco to Panama, and then back to Southampton, making a 
 complete circuit of the world, might be considered as a railroad track 
 round the world. That company was putting on just as many steamers 
 as could be employed in the trade, and was thus absorbing the trade. 
 As American ship-owners could not build ships to compete with such 
 companies, they held that free trade in ships should be made the law, so 
 that they could buy ships where they could buy them cheapest. An 
 other line of ships, starting from Southampton and touching at Bordeaux 
 and the Canary Islands, going thence to Valparaiso, was taking posses 
 sion of those avenues of trade. This was almost like laying a railroad 
 track across a continent. Once a railroad track was laid to San Fran 
 cisco, there was not any great encouragement toward laying another 
 railroad track near it. The New York ship-owners were simply asking 
 for a law to enable them to occupy, as it were, railroad tracks across the 
 Atlantic Ocean, and they had settled down to the belief that the only 
 relief which they should ask from Congress was the passage of a free 
 navigation law. He remembered very well the passage of a similar law 
 in England some twenty years ago. He recollected very well the dis 
 cussion on that law. The ship-owning interest had opposed it very much. 
 They had said that England, of all other nations, should keep the ship 
 ping trade to herself. She had her colonies then the same as -she had 
 now, and could build cheap ships. She had a very large colonial trade, 
 and the English government opened the whole of that trade to competi 
 tion. And yet, during the twenty years since then, the English shipping 
 trade had increased enormously, so that that navigation law proved to 
 be one of the most beneficial measures of legislation. If Great Britain 
 were to do with this country what this country was doing with her, and 
 refuse to Americans a participation in her colonial trade, American ship 
 owners would be obliged to put a large portion of the ships they now 
 own under the British flag, in order to get employment for them. The 
 conclusion that American ship-owners had come to was, that uncondi 
 tional free trade in ships was what they must have. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think it better that we should, if possible, 
 build our ships in this country ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. We have thought of that a good deal, and there are many 
 gentlemen, particularly ship-builders, who entertain that opinion. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Will it not in the end be likely to produce the same 
 result as it produced in England, namely, build up an interest which 
 will eventually cheapen the cost of ships ? The proposition seems to me, 
 so far, rather beneficial to English ship-builders and English interests 
 than in favor of American interests and American ship-builders. 
 
 Mr. SNOW. If American ships could be built cheaper than English 
 ships, we admit that that would be a. help. We also think that a bonded 
 warehouse system, such as they have in England, would be of much 
 advantage to us. Prior to the war, and prior to having any internal 
 revenue tax upon our goods, we did not feel the want of a bonded ware 
 house system ; but now we do. If a ship is taking among her stores a 
 
4 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 barrel of whisky, for instance, instead of buying it here out of bond, 
 at cost price and free of duty, she has to go to England and buy it 
 there ; because there she can get it free of duty and here she cannot. 
 In England, all ships going abroad take their stores out of bond free of 
 duty, which lessens very much the cost of the outfit of the ship. Here 
 there is no such provision, and we need it very much. We have thought 
 that such a system might be inaugurated here with a great deal of profit. 
 The trade of ship-chandlers in this city has been almost ruined by the 
 difference between the two countries. It would take four hundred sail 
 ing ships of one thousand tons each to do the work which the European 
 lines of steamers to this port now do ; and those steamers buy nothing 
 here except their fresh stores. They buy in their own ports our pro 
 ducts which go from here abroad, because they get them cheaper than 
 they can get them here. It will be seen that the laws governing our 
 commerce in this respect require modification. They require first-class 
 talent to be brought to their examination, and they require complete 
 modification. It is the defect in our laws that is putting us behind other 
 nations in the carrying trade. A few years ago American ships always 
 got the preference in fine goods and fabrics going to the East; but now 
 American ships get no fine goods for trade; they get nothing but the 
 coarsest articles. In England, ship-building has been so much improved 
 that England is now a first-class nation in the carrying trade. Hereto 
 fore, in the cotton ports, our ships always got one-sixteenth of a penny 
 per pound more than English ships did ; but now we do not get any 
 such preference. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. That is to be attributed to the introduction of steam, 
 is it not ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. No, sir; it is to be attributed to the improvement that the 
 English have made in the building of their ships. From being a first- 
 class carrying nation we have become a second or third-class carrying 
 nation. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN remarked to Mr. Snow that he supposed that in the 
 matter of ship stores the disadvantage was one more to the general trade 
 than to ship-owners especially. 
 
 Mr. WELLS inquired as to the relative cost of iron ships and wooden 
 ships. 
 
 Mr. BRETT, one of the committee of the New York Ship-owners 7 Asso 
 ciation, remarked that he found that question answered in the New York 
 Times of this morning, in a letter from a correspondent, who was sent 
 to Europe for the purpose of inquiring into the ship-building business. 
 He (Mr. Brett) read a portion of the letter, and asked that it be incor 
 porated in the proceedings of the committee. 
 
 As the author of this letter was not before the committee, it was not 
 deemed proper to introduce an anonymous paper into the report. 
 
 Mr. HINCKEN replied that it affected ship-owners also, and that if 
 the disbursement bills of foreign ships at this port were examined it 
 would be seen that their disbursements for ship stores were confined to 
 articles of positive necessity. Ship-owners would buy wherever they 
 found stores the cheapest. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The point is, whether an American master provision 
 ing his ship in a foreign port is placed upon the same footing as the 
 masters of vessels belonging to that nation? 
 
 Mr. HINCKEN replied that he was. American ship-masters bought 
 their ship stores abroad on the same terms as foreign ship-masters. In 
 regard to the building of iron ships in this country, he remarked that it 
 would not do to suppose that they could be built here at first as good 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 5 
 
 and as cheap as they were now built upon the Clyde. The first building 
 of them here would necessarily be an experiment, and very few ship 
 owners were willing to try that experiment. 
 
 Mr. MORBELL. Do you not consider it an advantage that we should 
 acquire the skill and facility to build iron ships here? 
 
 Mr. HINCKEN. Certainly. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Would it not be better for us to so legislate as to make 
 that possible, rather than to drive our ship-owners abroad to obtain 
 ships f 
 
 Mr. HINCKEN. I believe it would be much better if we could so legis 
 late that ships could be built here ; but it would take four or five years 
 to acquire that facility in building iron ships as cheap and as good as 
 they are now built on the Clyde, and that period of four or five years 
 might be very fatal to the interests of commerce in this country. 
 
 Mr. BRETT read a letter which he had received some time since from a 
 very intelligent ship-master, and which had been recently published in 
 the Journal of Commerce, of New York. 
 
 The letter is as follows : 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, September 10, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : As an old friend, I take the liberty of writing you a few lines in regard 
 to a matter in which I know you take a deep interest that is, our " shipping." 
 I see that the Ship-owners Society of New York, of which you are a prominent member, 
 have made a movement, which I hope will lead to the repeal of the navigation laws ; 
 laws so ancient that the far-famed " oldest inhabitant " docs not remember when they 
 were made. That our shipping interest has declined no one will deny. The cause, 
 most ascribe to the war ; but I do not think this a correct assumption. The war I 
 consider an accessary after the fact only. The main cause for the decline of our ship 
 ping interest I ascribe to the wording of our reciprocity treaties and the existence of 
 our navigation laws. Many years ago Congress passed an act admitting into our ports, 
 on the same terms as American vessels, the vessels of all foreign nations that would 
 extend to us the same privilege in their ports. By the wording of these treaties foreign 
 nations are allowed to bring into our ports, on reciprocal terms with an American ves 
 sel, all vessels sailing under their flag. Now the American is not allowed by his gov 
 ernment to hoist the United States flag on any but an American-built ship, and at the 
 present day all foreign nations allow their subjects to nationalize vessels without 
 regard to where they are built, whether at home or in a foreign country ; and those ves 
 sels can then enter a United States port on the same terms as an American-built vessel. 
 If when these treaties were made our diplomats had understood the matter in hand, 
 they would have considered that as the American flag could only be hoisted (legally) 
 on an American bottom, so must reciprocity exact the same of the foreigner, and only 
 those foreign vessel* be admitted to reciprocity that were bnilt in the country of the 
 flag under which they sailed. 
 
 As the case now stands the Hamburger can go to England or Scotland, buy a steamer, 
 put her under the North German flag, and run her betAveeii any foreign port and any 
 port in the United States with all the privileges of and in effect as an American vessel. 
 This with the consent of our own government. At the same time the American is not 
 allowed by his laws to purchase this steamer and hoist on her the American flag And 
 even gives the Hamburger further encouragement by giving him the European mails 
 to carry from our country. Here we see our government, by its laws and acts, encour 
 aging foreigners, to the detriment of its own citizens. I suppose no one will dispute at 
 this time that iron steamers are much better than those built of wood, for ocean navi 
 gation, as regards strength, speed, capacity, and economy. The high cost of iron 
 steamers and vessels in the United States precludes our building them, and if not al 
 lowed by our government to purchase them abroad, we must go without them and see- 
 all foreign-carrying trade pass out of our hands. Ship-owners can, and have the right 
 to, demand of our government that they be placed by our laws on the same equality as 
 the foreigner, or else that the reciprocity laws be repealed, and no vessel of any nation 
 or flag be allowed to come into our ports on terms of reciprocity, unless it be those 
 built in the country of the flag under which they sail. Almost all the iron steamers or 
 sailing vessels are built in Great Britain ; they can be built much cheaper there than 
 in any other country. A first-class iron ship, to class A 1 for twenty years, with an 
 East India outfit, which includes two suits of sails, three bower chains and anchors, 
 and in fact everything belonging to the ship, except provisions and cabin stores, can 
 be built for 14 10s. per ton re#ti*er, and guaranteed to carry one and a half tons weight 
 per register ton ; also to attain rt speed of twelve knots. The insurance on such a ship 
 
6 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 oirt to Calcutta and back is two and a half per cent. I know you are fully aware of 
 the advantage of iron in the construction of ships, and I merely mention the above a-s 
 facts that have coine under my own observation. There is another matter I would 
 wish to call to your notice. Last summer Mr. Seward made an arrangement with 
 Great Britain whereby vessels under that flag could enter at the custom-house in the 
 United States under their English register and not bo remeasured, American ships to 
 enter the customs in England under their American register. This is another example 
 of the smartness of our diplomats. Now, in England American ships almost invariably 
 measure less than they do (honestly) at home. For instance, the Norway, that I now 
 command, measures in England 1,983 tons ; United States register says 2,107 tons, a 
 difference of 124 tons. By this American register now dock dues, pilotage, steam hire, 
 &c., are paid, and our government, in its great desire to reciprocate with foreign na 
 tions, obliges me to pay the above dues on 124 tons more than I ought or would, 
 prorided the above arrangement had not been made. The Ne Plus Ultra, that I com 
 manded before this ship, was 1,534 tons American and 1,450 English ; and, if necessary, 
 I could give you many other instances of the same kind. I complained to the English 
 officials, but they told me to go to my own government ; it was it that made the 
 arrangement. To that I could make no reply. I was really in hopes that when we got 
 a new Secretary of State it would be one who knew how to make a bargain, and who 
 would get value equal to what he gave. Of Hamilton Fish I have not much hope. 
 All our laws relating to seamen abroad want revising as they now stand. Consuls can 
 do as they please, and ship-masters are obliged to submit. 
 
 Excuse" this, if uninteresting, for the good of the cause. 
 With many regards, I remain vours, truly, 
 
 J. T. WOODBERRY. 
 
 G. A. B., Esq. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. It has been a question with some whether we really 
 sail our vessels as cheaply as foreign vessels are sailed, on account of 
 our higher-priced provisions and higher wages to officers and men. I 
 want to get at the views of you, gentlemen, as to whether we do not 
 really stand on the same footing with foreign vessels in that regard, as 
 we have the privilege of buying at foreign ports, and as foreign vessels 
 are subject to the same disadvantages as American vessels in buying at 
 American ports; in other words, whether that thing does not equalize 
 itself, and whether we do not really provision our vessels as cheaply as 
 foreigners provision theirs; and also, whether we do not man them 
 nearly as cheaply as they do, we having the privilege of manning our 
 vessels with foreign crews to a certain extent the same as they have. 
 
 Mr. SNOW. When our vessels are in the same trade as foreign vessels, 
 of course we have the same facilities in those respects. If a foreign ves 
 sel was in our port bound from here to an English port, she would have 
 no advantage which our vessels would not have; but if we are fitting 
 out a ship to go from here to the East Indies, we cannot take out of 
 bond, duty free, the ship stores that we want for that voyage, but we 
 have to pay internal revenue tax upon them ; whereas an English ship 
 going to the East Indies would provision herself duty free. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Suppose, for instance, that an American line of steam 
 ers or of sailing vessels were running between Liverpool and New York, 
 with an English line running alongside of it, would not both biry their 
 stores in England at the same rates ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Certainly. 
 
 Mr. CHAIRMAN. And both would buy on this side at the same rates ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Certainly. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The vessels of both lines are assumed to be in port 
 and out of provisions the same number of times. Are they not, there 
 fore, really equal in respect to the purchase of ship stores, except in 
 their first outfit ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. I presume so. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then the cost of provisions is, in the long run, no 
 greater to an American vessel than to an English vessel ? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 7 
 
 Mr. SNOW. That is so when they are trading between here and Eng 
 land, but it is not so when they are trading between here and Bio Ja 
 neiro, or Buenos Ayres, or Havana. The vessels that get their stores 
 here do not get them free of duty, whereas the English vessels going to 
 those ports get their stores free of duty. I grant you that when trading 
 directly to England, American vessels would be on the same footing 
 precisely as English vessels. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. But the foreign and American vessels that pursue 
 the same trade stand on precisely the same footing? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Precisely ; if English ships were running from here to 
 Havana, they would be on the same footing precisely as American ships 
 in the same trade. As to ship-building, capital is being diverted from 
 that branch of industry to something else. Take an eastern ship-build 
 ing town where the people have been in the habit of investing their 
 capital in ships. They find now that that business has become uiire- 
 munerative, and little by little, as their ships are sold off, their capital 
 is diverted into something else, and the. town ceases ultimately to be a 
 ship-owning town. There are towns in Maine that have ceased to be 
 ship-owning towns in consequence of the depression in commerce. 
 When you do not protect the ship-owner, the ship-builder has no market, 
 and the matter of first importance is to make a market. If you want 
 to protect the ship-builders, there must be somebody for them to sell to. 
 Now, if all the capital is driven out of that business and diverted into 
 other channels, most of the people engaged in ship-building will in ten 
 years have gone out of the business ; the father will die and the sons 
 will not be brought up in it. If it is a matter of importance that our 
 commerce shall be retained, something must be done for that purpose 
 sooner than it can be done by the means of granting drawbacks to the 
 builders. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If you buy your ships as cheap, can you sail them 
 in competition with foreign ship-owners I 
 
 Mr. SNOW. I think we can ; there is no doubt of it ; but if we want 
 to run a line of steamers between here and England, in competition with 
 the English, we must have vessels fully equal to theirs in every respect. 
 They recently built two steamers in Boston which cost fourteen hundred 
 thousand dollars. One of them went one voyage, and the other never 
 has been at sea. One of the owners talked with me the other day about 
 buying those ships at six hundred thousand dollars. He said to me that 
 if I would take a half interest in them, he would take the other half, 
 and I could keep the management of them and run them in the Liver 
 pool trade. Now that seemed to be a very good opening, the ships 
 being cheaper than English ships ; but I venture to say that you cannot 
 run those ships by the side of the existing lines of steamships, because 
 you would have to contend with all the adverse influences that would 
 be brought to bear by the first-class iron ships in that trade. That is 
 the position we are brought to. There is no use in looking at it in any 
 other way. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Could not that be on account of the want of adap 
 tation of those ships to that particular business ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. They are very fine wooden ships ; but those foreign ships 
 occupy the ground. You cannot, for instance, put another line of rail 
 road alongside of the Pacific railroad after the present line has got the 
 start. Any other company going in would have to meet with so many 
 disadvantages, as would be ruinous to them. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You mean that a regularly established line has 
 advantages ? 
 
8 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Yes, it has all the advantages. But what I wish to im 
 press upon the mind of the committee is, that we are letting foreign 
 ship-owners take possession of all those routes, and that when once they 
 have possession, we cannot, even though we may get vessels as cheap 
 or cheaper than theirs, cut inside of them with any prospect of success. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Does that apply to the general freighting business 
 as well as to established lines of steamers I 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Not so much ; but a general revolution in business has 
 been going on, and we are being run out of the business. We are sail 
 ing wooden ships, and cannot participate in the business of running 
 iron ships. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Are these Boston ships unfit to enter into competi 
 tion with foreign vessels f 
 
 Mr. SNOW. We build the finest wooden vessels. When the Cunard 
 folks withdrew their line to Boston, the Boston people felt a great deal 
 of pride in having a line of their own, and they built those two ships, 
 hoping to get a subsidy from the government, and intending to build 
 other ships, and to have a successful line. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are not the English steamers that are running here 
 mostly subsidized by the English government ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. No, sir; there are a few lines subsidized by the govern 
 ment. Speaking of subsidies, our ship-owners, as a rule,- would oppose 
 with all their influence any subsidy, because it would be building up 
 the interests of a few to the prejudice of a great many. In England 
 they have subsidized steamers, and the result has been, perhaps, up to 
 this time, profitable ; but subsidies would not be favored by the ship- 
 owning interest in this country. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to give it as your opinion, that in 
 the general freighting business, if an American ship-owner could procure 
 his ships as cheaply as the foreign ship-owners procure theirs, he could 
 run them in competition with foreigners, except in regard to those 
 established lines ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. I would not individually go so far as to say what we could 
 do in that way; but after all the discussion that we have had on the sub 
 ject, we have come to the conclusion that if there is anything that will 
 help us, this one thing is what will help us, namely, giving us the benefit 
 of free trade in ships. I do not believe that ship-owners generally 
 claim to be sure that that would relieve them entirely. It is possible 
 that the foreigner, having still other advantages, may do better than we 
 can do, but we have faith to suppose that we should compete success 
 fully with foreigners in that trade. We want a law giving us the privi 
 lege of purchasing where we can purchase cheapest. There is no other 
 nation in the world that does not purchase ships wherever she can pur 
 chase them to the best advantage. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you believe that a drawback of the small duty of 
 twenty per cent, or ten per cent, on materials entering into ship-building 
 would remedy the evil ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. I think it would help. 
 
 Mr. BRETT expressed the belief that if American ship-owners could 
 procure their vessels as cheaply as foreigners do they could compete 
 successfully with any foreign line. Although it cost more to sail Ameri 
 can vessels, still, the superiority of the American ship-masters was 
 more than an equivalent for that. He mentioned the case of an Austrian 
 vessel which recently arrived at this port, taking one hundred and 
 twenty-nine days to come from Bordeaux. She was manned by Austrians, 
 Avho received only $8 a month, her captain receiving only $40 a month; 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 9 
 
 whereas American crews received from $25 to $30 a month, and an 
 American captain from $125 to $150 a month. But with all that differ 
 ence in the cost of running, he believed that the American vessels could 
 compete with foreign vessels, on account of the greater activity and 
 intelligence of the Yankee officers and seamen. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Let me ask you if that same superiority is not mani 
 fested by American mechanics and workmen ? 
 
 Mr. BRETT replied that it was. He said that mechanics in this country 
 now demanded five dollars a day for their labor, whereas in England 
 they obtained only five shillings sterling a day; and he thought that, 
 having to pay five dollars a day for skilled workmen in the building of 
 ships, American ship-builders could not successfully compete with Eng 
 lish ship-builders. That was the reason why the Ship-owners Associa 
 tion asked the privilege of buying vessels where they could buy them 
 cheapest, and of having such vessels, when purchased, navigated under 
 the American flag. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What I want to get at is whether, although American 
 labor costs more than foreign labor, its greater efficiency does not over 
 come the difference in the rate of wages. 
 
 Mr. BRETT. Our labor is no better, so far as mechanical skill and 
 work are concerned, than it is in England. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. But do not our workmen accomplish more in the same 
 time. 
 
 Mr. BRETT. No ; English laborers do more work. They work a greater 
 number of hours, and do much more labor in a day than the mechanics 
 in our yards do, because our workmen are so independent that unless the 
 boss allows them all the privileges which they demand, they immediately 
 knock off work and go to some other yard ; and the demand for skilled 
 labor in this country is so great that we cannot successfully compete 
 with England. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Is that the case in the ship-building business ? 
 
 Mr. BRETT. It is. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Then I would infer from that that the ship-building 
 business is not so very much depressed. 
 
 Mr. BRETT. So far as this city is concerned, our ship-workmen de 
 mand the same rate of "wages that they did during the war. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN, of Bath, Maine, representing the ship-building interest 
 of Maine, addressed the committee in reference to the question of ob 
 taining ship stores free of duty, and as to whether that privilege was 
 reciprocal between other nations and ours. So far as the direct trade 
 between this country and England was concerned, he admitted that the 
 advantages were reciprocal, but showed that in regard to the trade from 
 New Orleans, Savannah, Norfolk, and other southern ports, the advan 
 tages were not reciprocal. American vessels going to those ports had to 
 pay duty upon all their stores, whereas British vessels going to British 
 ports had their stores free of duty, and came directly into competition 
 with American vessels for the freights from those ports. The advantage, 
 therefore, was evidently with the foreign vessels, and against American 
 vessels, So it was with the trade to Cuba, and the West Indies, South 
 America, and all over the world, except in the direct line from this country 
 to England. 
 
 Mr. BRETT read to the committee a resolution which he had submitted 
 last evening to the Ship-owners Association, and which it had been 
 thought prudent to lay over for the present. The resolution is as fol 
 lows: 
 
 Resolved, That the committee of this assoociation appointed to confer with the con 
 gressional Committee on Commerce and Navigation be instructed to express the viewB 
 
10 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 of this association as desiring for American citizens the right of purchasing vessel prop 
 erty in any part of the world where they may find it most advantageous to do so, which 
 vessel or vessels, when so purchased, shall be entitled to all the privileges of United 
 States registry. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Can you tell how much more per ton it costs to build 
 an iron ship here than it costs to build one in England ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Iron ships are now built in England, classed A No. 1, for 
 from 12 10s. to 14 a ton. Steamers will cost about 20 a ton. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What do they cost in this country ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. There have been very few iron ships built here, and I do 
 not know what they cost. The ship-builders will be able to answer that 
 question. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. -What does it cost to build wooden ships here 1 
 
 Mr. SNOW. Wooden ships, classed A No. 1 for about nine years, are 
 costing now about $80 in currency per ton. 
 
 Mr. BRETT. These questions are answered in the coinmraiication from 
 the Journal of Commerce, to which I have already directed the atten- 
 of the committee. 
 
 Mr. SNOW remarked, in speaking of iron ships, that an American ship 
 captain had mentioned to him the other day the case of the iron ship 
 Richard Cobden. which had been built about thirty years ago, and which 
 had been registered in England some time since for ten years longer, 
 making her classification run for forty years. He mentioned in that 
 connection that the life of a wooden ship is usually considered as ten 
 years, although by extensive repairs they are sometimes made to last 
 twenty years. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you ever got any proposals from American iron 
 ship-builders, so as to know what iron ships could be built here for ? 
 
 Mr. SNOW. No, sir ; I am not prepared to say what they can be built for 
 
 "here. There is only one yard in this country that builds iron ships that 
 
 I know of; that is the yard of Harlan & Hollings worth, in Wilmington, 
 
 Delaware. I understand that they would contract to build iron ships 
 
 on English specifications at the same price as they are built in England. 
 
 Mr. BRETT. That has been rumored here for some time, but I under 
 stand it has never been carried out. I understand that they did build 
 one iron ship, the Costa Rica, for the Panama Railroad Company. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. How does the ship compare with foreign-built iron 
 ships ? 
 
 A MEMBER OP THE SHIP-OWNERS ASSOCIATION. She went down to 
 Aspinwall, and was wrecked within three months after her arrival. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN understood that there was one American-built iron sail 
 ing ship in this port now. 
 
 Mr. SNOW had heard of it, but did not knowthe particulars. But if 
 it were a fact that American builders can build iron ships as cheaply as 
 the English can, that was no argument against free trade in ships, be 
 cause that fact would be all the more in their favor. If American build 
 ers can build as cheaply as English builders can, we should not go abroad 
 to get ships, only in such measure as our own builders cannot supply 
 them fast enough. 
 
 The committee from the Ship-owners Association thereupon, having 
 submitted their views, withdrew from the committee room. 
 
 Mr. JOHN HAYDEN, of Bath, representing the Ship-builders Association 
 of Maine, remarked that he had now very little interest in ship-building, 
 as, owing to the effect of the present laws upon that trade, he had grad 
 ually got out of it, so that the position which he took upon the subject he 
 took upon national considerations, not on personal considerations. If the 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 11 
 
 disabilities that were now imposed upon American shipping, and which 
 prevented the building of ships in this country as cheap as they could 
 be built in other countries, were removed, the ship-building trade would 
 be revived in a very short time, and ships would be built in this country 
 as cheaply as in any other country ; instead of Americans going abroad 
 to buy ships the people of other countries would be coming here to buy 
 them, as they did before the war. He regarded the remedy proposed 
 by the New York Ship-owners Association as one which would be dis 
 astrous to the ship-building interest. He argued that if the govern 
 ment should take the present burden off American ship-builders, and 
 still should allow them no time to fill the void existing in the American 
 shipping trade, but would give the ship-owners time to fill up that void 
 with the refuse ships of Europe, American ship-yards would be rendered 
 inactive for all time to come. But if a little time were allowed (two or 
 three years would be sufficient in his estimation to give American ship 
 builders all the start they wanted) they could fill this void that had 
 been created, and things would go on as smoothly as before. Why did 
 Great Britain own such a large amount of shipping as she now owned ? 
 It was because, during the late contest in this country, American ships 
 had been sold to England. He himself had gone over to England and 
 sold two of his ships. England had thus filled up her trade, while 
 Americans had been depleting theirs , besides that, the extra cost of 
 ship-building in this country was now so great as almost, not quite, 
 to annihilate American ship-building. The British kept on building, 
 and now they had four or five times the tonnage engaged in the foreign 
 carrying trade that Americans had. The remedy for the evil was to 
 remove those disabilities. He suggested that a certain amount per ton, 
 the exact figures to be obtained by estimates, should be allowed as a 
 drawback upon every vessel built in this country, as an equivalent for 
 the duty paid on the copper, iron, cordage, sail-cloth, &c., used in her 
 construction. He thought that with these allowances American ship 
 builders could compete with foreign nations. He put this on high 
 national grounds. It was of the utmost importance that the country 
 should be in a position, in regard to her mercantile marine, to deter 
 other nations from going to war with her. If she put herself in that 
 position she would insure peace, and thereby prevent the cost of war. 
 It was incumbent on this country to have a large mercantile marine, 
 and to have American sailors to man her ships, and to have skilled 
 mechanics of every kind on hand ; and all this could not be secured if 
 the ship-building interest was allowed to decay. He considered that if 
 the other course were to be adopted, namely, the course proposed by 
 the New York Ship-owners Association, the mechanics skilled in ship 
 building would either leave that business and turn to some other branch 
 of industry, or would leave the country and go where they could profit 
 ably pursue their business, and that, consequently, in the time of emer 
 gency, we would not have skilled mechanics to extemporize a defensive 
 or offensive fleet. He held that it was of vast importance that this 
 country should retain the carrying trade and the profits arising there 
 from. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What do you propose ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I propose the allowance of drawbacks on the amount 
 of materials used in ship-building. I think that nothing else would be 
 requisite. Let us have this and we can build ships as cheaply as other 
 nations can. The ship-owners of New York, who have one particular 
 view of the question, would be in a very short time satisfied, because 
 things would return to the condition they were in ten years ago. 
 
12 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 would have no more cause of complaint than they had then. It is not 
 necessary that we should always have a navy on hand, but it is neces 
 sary that we should always have skilled mechanics to construct a navy. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired of Mr. Hayden as to the extent to which Great 
 ! Britain had been engaged in the purchase of American vessels before 
 the war. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN said that he was not able to state that definitely, but he 
 had been in ports of Great Britain and of the Continent, and had seen a 
 great many ships, which he knew to be American-built ships, under the 
 Sags of foreign nations. Still he would not state in what proportion 
 other nations were purchasers of American ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired to how late a date citizens of other nations had 
 been purchasers of American-built ships. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN replied that the last one he had himself sold in England 
 was sold in 18G4. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether ships had been built in the United 
 States for foreign capitalists upon contracts. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN replied that he did not think they were, except in some 
 few instances. The rule generally was to send them abroad with freight, 
 or in ballast. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether c^> to 1860 wooden ships had been built 
 as cheaply in the United States as in England or on the Continent. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Undoubtedly ; and they could be sold so as to compete 
 with foreign-built vessels. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Labor was higher in the United States ? 
 
 Mfr. HAYDEN. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. But materials were cheaper ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I do not know that; but persoos who have seen our 
 mechanics at work in this country, and have seen mechanics at work in 
 other countries, cannot help appreciating the vast difference there is be 
 tween them. On this point Mr. Hayden proceeded to give some illus 
 trations. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Is the skill of American laborers so much superior to 
 that of English laborers I 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I will not say as to England. The illustration I have 
 given had reference to France. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Your theory is that American labor, considering its 
 quality, is actually cheaper than foreign labor ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Exactly so. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And you think that if drawbacks were allowed on mate 
 rials entering into the construction of ships, ships could be built as 
 cheaply in this country as abroad? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I have no doubt of it. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Supposing that policy were adopted, how many years 
 would be requisite to construct any considerable number of ships so as 
 to materially increase our mercantile marine? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. So far as wooden ships are concerned, a good deal might 
 be done in one year ; but I can t say as to iron ships. Iron ships have 
 been laid and constructed in this country in Boston and in Wilming 
 ton and I cannot entertain a doubt that, if due encouragement were 
 given, the building of iron ships here would succeed as well as in any 
 other nation. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Suppose that the policy were adopted of allowing Amer 
 ican registrations to foreign-built vessels, either without the payment of 
 any duty, or with the payment of a small duty, imposed upon the ton 
 nage; and suppose at the same time that a drawback were allowed upon 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 13 
 
 the materials entering into the construction of ships in this country, 
 what would be the effect of that policy on the shipping interest of the 
 country? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. The immediate eifect would be that the ships already 
 built by other nations would flow in here at first and fill the void so as 
 to deprive our mechanics of the opportunity to do so. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Suppose that such vessels as were purchased abroad 
 were excluded from the coastwise trade, and that American-built vessels 
 had the exclusive coastwise trade, how would that policy affect both the 
 commerce of the country and the ship-building interest ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. In reference to the coastwise trade, I do not think that 
 we derive any advantage now from the discrimination in our favor. What 
 American who is concerned in shipping at all, and who wishes to invest 
 money in it, would invest his money in coasting vessels rather than in 
 foreign trading vessels ? What little of the foreign trade we have is 
 better to us than the coasting trade, so that I do not see any objection 
 at all to removing altogether the restrictions on the coastwise trade. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Is the foreign trade better than the coasting trade? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. There is more money made out of it. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. The coasting trade is entirely in our own hands? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Yes ; but that is a trade which requires but little capi 
 tal, and the competition is already complete, so that there is no room 
 for foreigners to get into that trade. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. But by persevering in that policy some encouragement 
 and protection would be furnished to ship-builders. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Let the whole matter remain as it is for a few yjears, 
 (in my judgment three years would be sufficient,) and let American 
 ship-builders be allowed drawbacks on the materials, and then I shall 
 be perfectly willing, as one interested in shipping and as a citizen of the 
 United States, to repeal all navigation laws, and to make them just as 
 the British navigation laws now are. But if we admitted free trade in 
 ships at once, the effect would be to crowd in all the refuse vessels of 
 foreign nations, so that it would take some time before we could have 
 anything to do. It would be a blow to ship-building worse than any 
 thing that we have yet received. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Can those inferior vessels compete with the foreign 
 lines already established ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Of course we would want equally good vessels to con> 
 pete with them. The British have the whole run now. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. As to the ordinary carrying trade, would not the pref 
 erence be given to, and a lower rate of insurance required on, the supe 
 rior vessel? As a commercial adventure, would there be any advan 
 tage in purchasing those inferior foreign-built vessels ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. No ; but a great many would be brought in for general 
 business. In reference to the letter published iu the Journal of Com 
 merce, to which the attention of the committee hos been called to-day, 
 it was written by a gentleman of San Francisco, and it is not necessary, 
 I presume, to say anything about it, because the testimony amounts to 
 nothing. He says that iron ships can be built at 14 10$. a tonj but I 
 am very incredulous on that point, as I think it costs very much more. 
 Any letter written in that way is a very loose kind of evidence. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you know how long it is since any European nation 
 has imposed restrictions on the granting of registers to foreign-built 
 vessels entering into their commercial marine? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I do not recollect, myself, except by what has been al- 
 
14 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ready stated here as to Great Britain, which removed such restrictions 
 about twenty years ago. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Has any nation, within the last twenty years, adhered 
 to that policy f 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I do not know ; T cannot testify on that point. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You spoke of the importance of protecting the ship 
 building interest, as a national measure, on account of the necessity ol 
 being prepared for emergencies in case of war. How far has the expe 
 rience of this country, say from the beginning of the war of 1812 up to 
 this time, demonstrated the facilities of improvising an effective navy 
 for war purposes out of the commercial navy of the country ? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. I suppose I know no more on that point than any other 
 person ; but I suppose it will be conceded by every one that we were in 
 a good condition at the beginning of the late war. At the beginning of 
 the war of 1812 we were not in so good a condition, because the embargo 
 had almost annihilated our shipping interest. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. In a national point of view your argument would be in 
 reference to the facilities for building ships for war purposes. 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Exactly ; and to the advantages which the country 
 would have from the carrying trade. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would not that result follow as well from American 
 citizens being the owners of foreign-built vessels? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Yes, sir; undoubtedly. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. So that the other is the real advantage for encouraging 
 that particular industry? 
 
 Mr. HAYDEN. Yes, sir. It will be recollected that in the war of 1812 
 the frigate which took the principal part in the action "on Lake Erie 
 was built in eighteen days from the time that her keel was laid. If we 
 had not had skilled mechanics, such a thing could not have been done. 
 
 Mr. P. M. WETMORE, of New York City, made some remarks to the 
 committee in reference to a proposition which had been made by him 
 during the late civil war, to send out privateers against British com 
 merce, and said that if that had been done British commerce would have 
 been swept from the seas to a greater extent even than the American 
 commerce had been. He also advocated the subsidizing of American 
 lines of steamships, giving some facts in reference to former subsidies 
 to the Collins line, and to the two lines owned by Mr. Law and Mr. 
 Aspinwall. He declared his belief that whenever the United States 
 government would restore the system of giving a reasonable subsidy to 
 mail steamers on the ocean, it would be a happy day for the commerce 
 of the country. Americans to-day could not send a letter to any nation 
 in Europe without hiring a foreign steamer to carry it. He did not 
 think that creditable to the intelligence, the enterprise, or the public 
 spirit of the country. He gave an illustration of the injury to the 
 American trade with China, caused by the necessity of our sending, 
 some years since, American letters destined to China through the Eng 
 lish mails. 
 
 Mr. WELLS inquired whether there was not an American line subsid 
 ized to Kio Janeiro, and one to Hong-Kong. 
 
 Mr. WETMORE replied that that was so, but that it was a very small 
 affair, and that when the commerce of the nation is spoken of it is not 
 South American commerce, but the Atlantic commerce that is meant. 
 
 Mr. WELLS inquired whether those subsidies did not operate benefi 
 cially to the trade between this country and South America. 
 
 Mr. WETMORE replied that they did, and that he should not like to 
 live to see the day when they would be withdrawn ; but that was only 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 15 
 
 one point in the common system of commerce. He believed that a mail 
 line on the ocean could not be supported by the mere carrying of mails 
 and passengers, but that there must be subsidies, and that the United 
 States government could well afford to give subsidies. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether there had not been many successful 
 American lines prior to I860 that were not subsidized. 
 
 Mr. WETMORE replied that if there had been he was not acquainted 
 with them. The Collins line had had a subsidy of $385,000, Mr. Law s 
 line a subsidy of $290,000, and Mr. Aspinwall s line a subsidy of 
 $199,000. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. These lines were in the direct trade with Europe 1 ? 
 
 Mr. WETMORE. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Had we any subsidized line to South America prior to 
 I860? 
 
 Mr. WETMORE. No, sir ; none to South America, nor was there any 
 subsidy to any line on the Pacific Ocean. I think that the granting of 
 a subsidy to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company was a beneficial pub 
 lic measure. L think that that company has committed the same fault 
 that Mr. Collins committed, in making its ships too costly ; in other 
 words, I think that there has been a want of economy in the manage 
 ment of the concern. 
 
 Mr. N. G. HIOHBORN, president of the Maine Ship-owners Association, 
 next addressed the committee. He said that the ship-owners of Maine 
 simply asked the committee to recommend such measures of relief as 
 would unfetter that interest, and bring back the mercantile marine of 
 the country to its former position. Up to 1860 the Maine ship-builders 
 constructed sailing ships for England cheaper than the English could 
 build them, but under the disabilities which the ship-building interest 
 was now laboring under, that trade had languished. The representatives 
 of that trade asked this committee to recommend to Congress the passage 
 of such laws as would facilitate their efforts in building up commerce, 
 and such as are granted to the same interests in other commercial nations. 
 A ship now costs sixty or seventy dollars a ton built in this country, 
 whereas in the Provinces it only costs forty-five or fifty dollars a ton, 
 and the two ships when afloat were brought into competition with each 
 other. He spoke of the importance of having a merchant marine that 
 could, in case of emergency, be used for the defense of the sea-coast, and 
 remarked that during the late civil war a single British gunboat could 
 have destroyed all the towns upon the Penobscot Bay and along the 
 coast of Maine, whereas if the government had authorized it to be done, 
 the people of Maiae could have created a floating defense in three weeks 
 that would have defied attack from abroad. He spoke of the commander 
 of the Kearsarge having been educated in the mercantile marine in Bos 
 ton, and said that though an army might be extemporized in three or 
 four months, sailors could not be extemporized in that way. He asked 
 that the ship-building trade be unfettered, and that it have the oppor 
 tunity to use iron and coal and wood and all other materials as cheaply 
 as it can procure them, and there would then be no fear of foreign com 
 petition, and there would be, in a time of national peril, a fleet and sail 
 ors ready to defend the country. If the mercantile marine were increased, 
 the ships of the navy, which were now maintained at great cost, could 
 be brought home, and the commerce of the country would be better pro 
 tected through the evidence of the strength and power and civilization 
 of the country, manifested by the fleets of the American mercantile 
 marine. He understood that there were to-day in the port of New York 
 some sixty barks, forty-three of them being foreign vessels, and only 
 
16 NAVIGATION INTEBESTS. 
 
 seventeen American vessels. Those vessels were principally engaged in 
 carrying western grain to European markets ; and he showed how it was 
 to the interest of the western producer to have his grain sent to the mar 
 ket in American bottoms rather than in foreign bottoms. Valuable as 
 was the guano of the Chincha Islands, the carrying of that guano was 
 of more value, so that if Peru continued to own those islands, and if 
 Americans owned all the shipping engaged in the transportation of the 
 guano, they would get more value out of it than Peru would. The East 
 India trade was now being carried on almost entirely by foreigners. He 
 had been informed recently by an intelligent American master that in 
 his voyage to and from Yokohama he had only spoken two American 
 vessels. It was of vast importance that this nation should have as much 
 of that business as it could possibly have. As to the inquiry whether 
 Americans could compete with foreigners in the sailing of vessels, he 
 thought that they could. American masters and seamen w r ere superior 
 to foreigners. He related an instance of the master of a small vessel 
 of six hundred or seven hundred tons which was lying some time since 
 at Boston, there being lying on the other side of the wharf at the same 
 time a British iron ship Avhich was understood as a fourteen-knot ship 
 and of about one thousand five hundred tons. They were both bound 
 for Melbourne. The merchants of Boston were invited to put their 
 cargoes into the iron ship, because she would be at Melbourne before the 
 wooden ship. But the young American master (who had come to him 
 a barefooted boy some fifteen or eighteen years before) said that he 
 w r ould do the best he could to get there before the other, and the result 
 was that- he delivered his cargo seventeen days before the iron ship 
 arrived, so that the Boston merchants who shipped by his vessel had 
 saved more than the cost of the freight in having their merchandise 
 arrive first at Melbourne. The same principle of American superiority 
 held true in the line of ship-building. As to the question of labor, labor 
 was now in excess in Europe, and the ship-builders there did not use 
 machinery to the same extent as the ship-builders here did. He did not 
 like to be over- sanguine, but he believed that if the ship-builders of 
 Portland could not learn to build an iron ship in two years they would 
 luive forgotten their skill. They only wanted two or three years, and 
 they would then take care of the ship-building interest. 
 
 Mr. WELLS inquired how Mr. Hichboru proposed to remedy the evil. 
 Was it by drawbacks? 
 
 Mr. HICHBOHN. Yes, sir; we want a drawback on the articles entering 
 into the construction of ships. He did not want to antagonize the inter- 
 ests.of Pennsylvania or any other interest; but simply asked that if it 
 took one thousand dollars to pay the duty on iron entering into the 
 construction of ships, that duty should be refunded whether the iron 
 was procured from abroad or from Pennsylvania. He spoke of the 
 English insurance companies combining against the American shipping 
 interest, by requiring a premium of from eight to ten per cent, upon 
 American wooden vessels to Calcutta, and requiring only two and a half 
 per cent, upon English iron vessels. Whereas if he were to decide which 
 style of vessel was the most competent to take a cargo to Calcutta, he 
 would say that the wooden vessel was at least as competent as the other. 
 He did not believe that the time had come for the end of wooden ships, 
 or for the disappearance of sailing ships. Ships of wood and ships of 
 iron would both be continued, propelled by steam and propelled by 
 sails. The ship-building interest of Maine called upon Congress simply 
 to unfetter it in the matter of ship-building, and it would then meet ail 
 the demands upon it. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 17 
 
 Mr. HOLM AN inquired what the present condition of ship-building in 
 Maine was? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN replied that it was a great deal depressed, now, owing 
 to the fact that the late war had troubled the exchange of the world, and 
 that a very large amount of shipping had been transferred, together with 
 the fact that more iron vessels were being built now. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether any iron vessels had yet been built in 
 the Provinces ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN replied that very few, if any, had been. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether the yards where the government iron 
 clad vessels had been built were prepared to build mercantile iron vessels, 
 and whether the same kind of work and machinery would answer for 
 both classes f 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN replied that at all events the same kind of workmen 
 would answer, and that the difference between the two classes was 
 about the same as the difference between the building of steamships 
 and of sailing-ships. There was a very fine yard in Wilmington, Dela 
 ware, for the building of iron vessels, and such vessels could easily be 
 built in Maine, if they could have the iron in Maine as cheap as they 
 had it on the Clyde. American mechanics would simply need the time 
 to learn how to rivet, and they would get out of four days labor as 
 much as they would get out of six days on the Clyde. He would say to 
 his New York friends that both the ship-owning and ship-building interests 
 were aiming at the same subject, but in a different direction. They both 
 wanted cheap ships, and the ship-builders of this country would supply 
 them if Congress would only unburden the ship-building interest. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. If you are allowed drawbacks on the materials entering 
 into the construction of ships, what is gained in a national point of 
 view between the building, of ships here and the purchase of ships 
 abroad ? Is there anything else gained than the value of the labor 
 which goes into the construction of the ship ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. Yes, sir. First we have our ship-yards kept intact 
 in case of the emergency of war with a foreign country, and that I think 
 a very essential point. Secondly, we have our sailors trained and formed ; 
 but if we get our ships abroad, we will get our sailors there too, and 
 they will be men on whom we would have no claim, and who would 
 have no love for this country in case of danger. Perhaps a great many 
 of the masters also would be from Europe, and they would be men who 
 would have no love for our flag and no disposition to spread our civili 
 zation and sentiments. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Up to 1860 had the ship-building interest of Maine 
 steadily increased from the time it commenced "? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. Yes, sir ; very steadily . You will understand me to 
 admit that it had its intermittent spells. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Was it greater in 1859 and I860 than it had been pre 
 viously ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. I do not think that it was. Our great ship-building 
 years were 1852, 1853, 1854. They were wanting ships on the other side, 
 and they discovered that we could build them very cheaply, and we did 
 build for ourselves and for the world. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Between 1848 and 1860 was any large number of vessels 
 built in Maine on contracts with foreign capitalists "I 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. Not extensively so. Our people constructed ships 
 and sent them abroad, some in ballast and some w r ith freight, and 
 there they were sold. There were, however, some built on contract; 
 
 2NI 
 
18 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 but yet we did not get acquainted with each other enough to go into 
 that business extensively. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What is the present condition of the ship-building 
 interest in Maine f 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. At this time I should think that about three-fifths 
 of our ordinary capital is at work. The inquiry may be made, how we 
 can do so much work as that under the circumstances ? The answer is 
 that those towns of ours which have been used for ship-building have 
 that business as a specialty and have nothing else that they can do. 
 The people who have followed it understand it and understand nothing 
 else; and they are now building more than they can afford to do, simply 
 because the workmen must have something to do, and they must have 
 some employment themselves. I built a ship this year, and I cannot get 
 85 per cent, of what it cost. The ships now being built in Maine will 
 not sell for more than 85 or 90 per cent, of their cost. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What are the rates that are paid now to mechanics 
 in ship-building? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. From 82 to 82 50 a day for skilled mechanics and 
 ship-carpenters. I have not paid over 82 50, and I have had a great 
 many at 82. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What were the wages before the war? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. I am quite certain that in 1854 1 have paid 83 50. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is not the decrease in wages in consequence of the 
 depression in business, and is not labor as low in that branch of business 
 as it was before the war ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. Yes, sir ; we have two applicants for labor where we 
 can only employ one. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you know anything about the price of labor of machin 
 ists, as to how it rates now in comparison with what it did before the 
 war f 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. I think that a good machinist to-day gets from 83 50 
 to $4 a day. I fell in this morning with a friend of mine who wanted 
 some stone-cutters to send to Maine, and the man with whom he was 
 talking told him that if he could not give more than 84 a day he need not 
 seek any here, because theywere getting $4 50 a day here, and yet our 
 very best mechanics in ship-yards can only get $2 50 a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then I understand you that in regard to labor you 
 can build ships as cheaply now in currency as you could before the war 
 in gold ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. Certainly we can. In 1S54 I have paid 83 50 in gold 
 to the same men that I am now paying 82 50 a day in currency; but 
 that was in an emergency. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How did the average rate of wages then compare 
 with the present rate of wages? 
 
 Mr.- HIGHBORN. My judgment would be that it would not vary twenty- 
 five cents to-day from the average for ten years before the war. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN remarked that in New York good machinists could be had 
 for 82 a day, on account of the depression in business. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON remarked that in his city (Fall River, Massachusetts) 
 good machinists received -83 50 a day, and that there was plenty of work 
 for them. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN said that Mr. Roach was hiring them in this city at 82 a 
 day. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON remarked that house-carpenters in Fall River received 
 thirty-five cents an hour, and that common dirt-diggers in the street 
 got 82 50 a day. 
 
NAVIGATION - INTERESTS. 19 
 
 Mr. WELLS inquired from Mr. Hichborn what amount per ton should 
 be allowed for duty in the shape of drawbacks. 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN replied that the estimate was about $8 per ton upon 
 wooden vessels. 
 
 Mr. WELLS inquired what it would be on iron vessels. 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN replied that it would be something more perhaps $10 
 or $12 a ton. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is that for the hull alone ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. No, sir; it is for the hull and spars and rigging. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you think that a bounty equal to $10 or $12 a ton 
 on iron vessels, and $8 a ton on wooden vessels, would put you on an 
 equality with foreign ship-builders ? 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. Yes, sir ; I am clearly of the opinion that $8 a ton 
 would do it on wooden vessels, but I am not so clear as to iron vessels. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If that is the case, why is there so much difference 
 between the cost of building in the Provinces and in Maine. 
 
 Mr. HIGHBORN. The ships in the Provinces are not so well constructed 
 as ours are, though they will get the same rate as we do through English 
 houses. They make ships entirely of spruce, which is a light and cheap 
 quality of timber. If we built ours of spruce we could build them at $8 
 or $10 a ton less; but we use oak and hard pine and hackmatack. I 
 had a vessel of five hundred tons at Boston, and on the other side of her 
 was a British vessel built entirely of spruce inside and outside. My 
 vessel was discharging sugars at perhaps $15 or $20 expense of cooper 
 age on her cargo, whereas the other vessel was also discharging sugar 
 at $200 or $300 expense of cooperage, and you could have scraped up 
 cart-loads of sugar. I think my vessel had twice the strengtli of the 
 other. She cost $20 or $30 more per ton. 
 
 In conclusion Mr. Hichboru extended an invitation to the committee 
 to visit Portland in the pursuance of its investigation. 
 
 Mr. WETMORE addressed the committee in defense of wooden vessels 
 as against iron vessels. He. believed that if a careful calculation were 
 made it would be found that from two to three iron-built steamers were 
 wrecked off Newfoundland for the one wooden steamer that was wrecked 
 there. He spoke of Admiral Farragut having put the bow of the wooden 
 frigate Hartford dead upon the iron ram in Mobile Harbor ; and about 
 the Star of the West, also a wooden vessel, placing herself alongside of 
 Fort >umter and bringing back her flag in safety. He believed that 
 the public interest of the country required that its commerce should be 
 extended wherever it could be done without infringing upon any of the 
 great principles of the Constitution. 
 
 The committee adjourned till to-morrow, October 15. 
 
 NEW YORK, October 15, 18G9. 
 
 The committee met at 10 o clock a. m. Present, the chairman, and 
 Messrs. Morrell, Holinan, Calkin, Buffinton, and Wells. 
 
 Mr. A. C. STIMERS addressed the committee. He said that he was in 
 terested in seeing ships built and run under the American flag, which 
 was not done now to any extent. If there were the same laws on the 
 subject of shipping in this country as there were in other countries the 
 result would be the same the growth of American shipping and com 
 merce. He understood the law of England to be, that all materials 
 entering into the construction of a ship were free of duty, and that all 
 stores subsequently put into her were also free of duty. With such a 
 law in this country ships could be built and run in competition with any 
 nation. Americans were superior in the arts of ship-building and navi- 
 
20 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 gation to the French, Germans, and Spaniards, and were certainly equal 
 to the English. Labor cost more here, but it was also worth more, in 
 consequence of the superior intelligence of American mechanics; so that 
 if the duty were taken oft materials a ship would not cost any more here 
 than in England. The tax should come off iron used in the construction 
 of iron ships. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL remarked that there was not much tax now on manufac 
 tured iron, except the mercantile tax. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS replied that that was one of the taxes which he wished to 
 see taken off. Ships could be built here now cheaper than was generally 
 supposed. He had noticed that it had been stated yesterday before the 
 committee that iron steamers could not, for the present, be built here as 
 well as they were abroad. He did not agree to that. During the late 
 war iron steamers had been built for the government under his general 
 superintendence, and Mr. Eowland, now present, had built as good iron 
 ships as ever had been built. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL inquired whether it would not be desirable to use Ameri 
 can materials in the construction of ships when they could be got as cheap 
 as foreign materials. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS replied that American iron was much better than Eng 
 lish iron. Shippers and shipping merchants always paid a higher price 
 for American iron than for English iron. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL inquired whether it would not be better to allow a draw 
 back on iron equivalent to the duty, so as to allow the ship-builder to 
 use American iron. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS replied that it would, and that ship-builders would 
 always prefer American iron on account of its superiority. If it were 
 made free it would come to that. At first English iron might be 
 imported, -but builders would soon come round to American iron. 
 He had been government inspector of the iron-clads, which had been 
 constructed under his supervision, in various parts of the country. 
 The machinery for government irou-clads and for iron mercantile vessels 
 was just the same. The armature of the iron-clads would be heavier, 
 but the construction of the hulls would be the same. Vessels with iron 
 hulls had been built for the government at Portland, Boston, New 
 York, Jersey City, Greenpoint, Chester, Wilmington, Baltimore, Pitts- 
 burg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis. He had been abroad, and had seen 
 nothing there to surpass the American iron work. The iron here was 
 better than is made in Europe, and, therefore, the ships were better. 
 These iron-clads had been to sea, and had pounded on sand-banks, and 
 not a hole had been made in one of them. Americans had not to learn 
 how to build iron ships. They knew to-day how to do it. Give them a 
 chance and they would build fleets of them. As to the low insurance 
 on English iron ships, the insurance would be equally low on iron ships 
 built here. The latest works on naval architecture were obtained and 
 studied in this country, so that American ship-builders knew all that 
 English ship-builders were doing, and would not produce work inferior 
 to the English work. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do I understand you as saying that the difference is 
 simply the difference in duties on materials, and that in all other respects 
 we can compete with foreign ship-builders ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir ; decidedly. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How would you overcome the difference in the cost 
 of labor? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. The labor here is worth more. You can get more out 
 of an American mechanic than you can out of an English mechanic. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 21 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is there more machinery used here ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. No, sir. We use similar machinery. In a great many 
 cases we have more ingenious arrangements for saving labor; but more 
 attention has been paid to that in England recently than used to be. 
 In 1854, when I was in England, their ships were, as a rule, interior to 
 ours in New York ; but now, I think, they are rather superior, because 
 we have had so much discouragement, and have been running down. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do the builders of wooden ships adapt themselves 
 readily to the building of iron ships ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. The change is very simple. My opinion is, 
 that when iron ships come to be made here, it will be found that the 
 builders are those who have been building wooden ships. It requires 
 only a different arrangement of materials, which is very easily learned. 
 In tact, the art of ship-building is simple if you understand naval archi 
 tecture, and that the wooden ship-builders understand. I have seen 
 men acting as common laborers, carrying, iron about, and have seen 
 them in six months afterwards driving rivets, which is the most partic 
 ular thing. If you have the head man right the labor part is easily 
 learned, as is proved by the building of alP these iron ships all over the 
 country. Of course the knowledge how to direct all to be done requires 
 a labor of years ; but, after the plans and specifications are completed, 
 the other parts of the work are easy. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. I suppose you would apprehend no difficulty in sup 
 plying the demand for all the iron ships needed if you were sure of the 
 demand after the ships were built ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I would apprehend no difficulty at all. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. That was proved by the ability to supply the demand 
 during the war? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. That is the best proof di* it. Mr. Fox, the 
 Assistant Secretary of the Navy, complained to me that the South was 
 building ships faster than we were. I said, "Yes ; but when the ships 
 meet, what becomes of the southern ships? We not only build a 
 number of ships, but we build good ships. 7 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. What you want is to be secured possession of the 
 American market for ships ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. We want to be on a par with Englishmen. That is 
 all. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You would prefer to be able to use American mate 
 rials ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir; they are better. American iron will always 
 command a better price than English iron. It is worth more. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. The vessels built by the government during the war 
 would be too costly for commercial purposes? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Their cost was not on account of their being govern 
 ment vessels, but on account of the disturbed condition of labor and 
 iinances. They were made after the rules of building iron vessels. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. But a capitalist could not think of expending anything 
 near the amount of money for a ship for commercial business that the 
 government did for its vessels. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. No ; but he would have equally good vessels. The 
 difference is that labor now is cheaper, and materials are cheaper, and 
 the finances are in a better state. The machinery for building iron 
 ships is simple. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Your experience only goes to the question of the prac 
 ticability of building such vessels in this country. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I know the cost of all the vessels that we were build- 
 
22 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ing then. I saw how they were being built. I saw how the process 
 was carried on, and how it was carried on abroad, The processes are 
 quite similar, except that an American workman will always get off 
 more work. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. I understand you to say that, with relief from the pay 
 ment of taxes, internal and external, on the materials entering into the 
 construction of ships, they could be built in this country, of wood or of 
 iron, so as to compete with foreign builders? 
 
 Mr. STIMEES. Yes, sir ; but then I also want the inducement of letting 
 all stores be put on board ship free of duty. That would be an addi 
 tional inducement to build ships, because it would afford profits. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is that the practice of all commercial nations ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. It is the practice of England. A passenger on board 
 a Cunard steamer gets his bottle of champagne for three shillings ; 
 whereas on an American ship he has to pay three or four dollars for it. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Does that policy of furnishing goods from bonded 
 warehouses extend any further than Great Britain? 
 
 Mr. STIMEES. I do not know. I notice, however, that other conti 
 nental nations are adopting the liberal policy of England in reference 
 to ships. Ships that are built in England are imported into France, 
 Germany, and other countries, and enter into navigation under their 
 laws. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. That is the policy of all the commercial continental 
 powers. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I understand that it is. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. There is no government except ours that prohibits the 
 sailing under its register and flag of vessels built in foreign countries. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I do not know of any. . 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Suppose that ship-builders were allowed a drawback 
 of duties, internal and external, on all materials entering into the con 
 struction of ships, what would be the gain to the country between that 
 policy and the policy of letting our merchants buy their ships abroad ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I think our ships would pay better profit than English 
 ships would. My opinion is that the American ship will earn money 
 where the English ship will be simply paying expenses. There are 
 technical reasons why I think that is so. The vessel that is constructed 
 here is owned here, and our people make the profit resulting from run 
 ning her. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would not that result follow if the ship were built 
 abroad and owned here ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, except that if we build our own vessels we will 
 make more money than by buying foreign vessels. Ours are more profit 
 able vessels to run. We have always led all other nations in the 
 construction of ships, both naval and mercantile. The French vessels 
 used to be superior to the English, but the French had not the aptitude 
 lor going to sea that the English had, and they were consequently 
 driven from the sea by the English. 
 
 Mr. MOREELL. Is there not another and a higher reason for building 
 our own ships and that is that we may be able to supply our navy in 
 time of need J ? 
 
 Mr. STIMEES. Yes, that is a further consideration which should be 
 kept in view by statesmen. During the war we derived great advan 
 tage from the tact that our people were able to construct ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Vessels purchased abroad by Americans would be 
 likely to be manned by American citizens. 
 
 Mr. STIMEES. If you buy a ship abroad you would be very apt to put 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 23 
 
 people aboard of her there. Ships now are owned here, as nearly as 
 they can be owned, running under the American flag, that are com 
 manded and manned by Englishmen. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Sailors are admitted to vessels without regard to na 
 tionality. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. I think it has been always so. I never heard 
 of any restrictions on that account either as to officers or crews. 
 
 The Cn AIRMAN. I believe that a certain proportion of the crew has 
 to be American. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. -Perhaps so. I do not know about that. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Then your view of the matter is, that the advantage to 
 be gained by the United States from relieving ship-builders of the duty 
 on materials is that resulting to labor from the construction of the 
 vessel here, and that of keeping up our ship-yards with a view to any 
 national exigency that may occur, and also the fact that you think our 
 ships are better than foreign-built ships. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes. These are the advantages that I had in my mind. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Taking the present condition of our commerce into con 
 sideration, would the advantages to labor resulting from the construction 
 of vessels here countervalue the advantages of allowing our merchants 
 to buy their ships abroad and have them registered here, thus stimulat 
 ing our commerce immediately In other words, which would employ 
 the largest number of persons ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I suppose that the building of ships here would. I 
 should like to see the whole thing left free to see the duties taken off 
 materials entering into the construction of ships, and then to let our 
 merchants go and buy ships abroad if they chose. I think that very 
 few would buy their ships abroad. 
 
 Mr. HOLXAN. And American commerce and ship-building would be 
 promoted to a large extent? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. In the first year, no doubt, there would be 
 quite a number of ships bought abroad ; but merchants would soon find 
 out that they could do better here. The comparison would be in favor of 
 our ships. And after the first year, I think there would be few ships 
 purchased abroad by our ship-owners. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Then you think that the true end would be obtained by 
 allowing foreign-built vessels purchased by American citizens to obtain 
 American registers, and, at the same time, by removing all duties from 
 the materials entering into the construction of ships here. 
 
 Mr. STIMEES. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You think that both these plans would improve our 
 commerce if 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Without any injury to the ship-builder ? 
 
 Mr. STIMEES. Yes, sir. I do not think he would suffer at all. I am 
 interested in it myself, because I am a ship engineer. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would you make any distinction between vessels built 
 abroad and those built at home as to their right to engage in the coast 
 wise trade $ 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I would throw the coastwise trade open to all ships 
 under the American flag, wherever they were built. 
 
 Mr. HICIIBORN, of Maine, remarked that it seemed to have been the 
 sentiment of those who had appeared before the committee yesterday 
 that, even with a remission of duties, iron ships could not be constructed 
 here at once to compete with those built on the Clyde or the Tyne, but 
 
24 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 that it would require two or three years for the American iron ship 
 builders to get ready. 
 
 Mr. STIMERS replied that Americans could proceed at once in the con 
 struction of iron ships. There were several establishments ready now 
 to go right ahead and build iron ships, and large numbers of such ships 
 could be supplied in the first year. He thought that they could be pro 
 duced here quicker than they could be procured abroad. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you think that if you had a demand for iron ships 
 at this time you would be able to build them of American materials as 
 quickly as you could by importing the materials ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. We have rolling mills that are prepared to 
 roll such iron if they only get the order. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You found no trouble during the war in supplying the 
 demand after a few months ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. No, sir. The mills sprung up to meet the demand. I 
 superintended the construction of our first iron vessel, the little Monitor, 
 and we got the iron from Baltimore for the armature. It was supposed 
 at that time that it could not be obtained anywhere else ; but just as 
 soon as more vessels were wanted the whole country was ready to sup 
 ply the article. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. If the duty on iron were remitted and there were no 
 provision made for the use of American iron on our ships, do you sup 
 pose that those American mills could live ? Do you not suppose that 
 all the American vessels would be built of foreign materials ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. It is impossible to say how cheaply the American mills 
 could produce the article. My opinion is that they would soon come to 
 the point of producing it as cheaply as it could be imported. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Were all those monitors and iron vessels built of 
 American iron ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. All of their iron was rolled here. There 
 never was a pound of English iron imported for the purpose. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You experienced no trouble in getting anything you 
 wanted of American manufacture when you were able to give the order? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. No, sir ; not at all. This country can produce anything 
 required for ships. There was competition throughout for the supplying 
 of these things. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What material used in the construction of a ship is not 
 produced in this country ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. I believe we import Manila hemp ; but that is a very 
 small matter, particularly in steamships. Most of the ships built here 
 after will be, I think, iron steamers. That is the tendency. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Then the drawback would be principally 011 iron and on 
 the stores that go into the ship after its construction? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Were any new navy yards established during the war? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. No, sir. All those vessels -were built in private yards. 
 There were naval stations established, but not what we understand as 
 navy yards. Those at Cincinnati and St. Louis and other points were 
 just improvised ship-yards. Mr. Rowland, who built the first monitor 
 for us, had already a ship-yard. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. The iron vessels at St. Louis were built on the open levee? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. All that was needed to secure the prompt construction 
 of vessels for the government was to have the skilled workmen i 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. The only difficulty about skilled workmen 
 was the needs of the army. Many of them were drafted into the army, 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 25 
 
 and employers had to took aromid and make them out of common labor 
 ers, which they soon did. At present we could not have any such diffi 
 culty. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Any man skilled in iron- work can readily be trained in 
 that kind of work f 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Certainly, sir. The head man, of course, wants to 
 understand naval architecture. We have men enough in the country to 
 build hundreds of iron ships very soon. 
 
 The CIIAIRMAN. Were not a majority of the iron-clad government 
 vessels built at private yards ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir; all having iron hulls were. We did not 
 attempt iron hulls at the navy yards. Mr. Fox asked me how long it 
 would take to build them at the navy yards. I told him that it would 
 probably take a couple of years ; and that, therefore, we must build them 
 at private yards. A few iron-plated vessels, with wooden hulls, were 
 built in the navy yards: but the iron vessels proper were built in private 
 yards. I went into a ship-yard on the river Clyde. It had been a 
 meadow eighteen months before, and yet they had already launched 
 fourteen ships from it;- so that you see it does not take long to establish 
 an iron ship-building yard. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. In case of emergency, would there be any difficulty in 
 constructing any number of vessels that might be required, with a rea 
 sonable degree of promptness I 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. No, sir. I really think we could get the vessels more 
 promptly than by going abroad for them. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Are there not concerns in Wilmington, New York, and 
 Boston, that would be prepared at once to build iron steamers ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. At Wilmington, Delaware, Chester, Pennsyl 
 vania, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, they can go right to work 
 at once, as soon as they get contracts ; you would see the riveters at 
 work in a week. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. The difficulty is the want of demand, rather than of 
 means to supply it ? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. The want of demand is the entire difficulty. That is 
 why I want to see ship-building encouraged here by the withdrawal of 
 duties. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you not think that the talent of this country in the 
 way of building iron ships is equal to that of Europe? 
 
 Mr. STIMERS. Yes, sir. We build better ships than they build abroad 5 
 ships that earn more money. I refer to iron ships, as well as wooden 
 ones. 
 
 Mr. T. F. ROWLAND next addressed the committee. He said that he 
 was the proprietor of the Continental ship-yard at Greenpoint, Brook 
 lyn. That yard was established in 1859 about two years before the 
 war broke out. Previous to the war he had only built some three or 
 four iron vessels there coasters running between New Orleans and Mo 
 bile, and one or two for the Sound trade. After the breaking out of the 
 war Captain Ericsson took a contract to build what was afterward 
 called the Monitor, and as he (Mr. Rowland) was the only man in the 
 business in New York, Captain Ericsson applied to him to do the work. 
 That vessel was built in just one hundred and one days from the day 
 she was started. She happened to be successful, and " the government 
 wanted some more of the same kind, and Captain Ericsson got a con 
 tract to build six, somewhat larger. There were only twelve months 
 allowed to build the whole six. Captain Ericsson sent for him, and he 
 told Captain Ericsson that he would undertake three of them. He sub- 
 
26 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 sequently became sick, and his foreman called to see him, and proposed 
 that if lie should get ten per cent, of the profits he would stay; otherwise 
 he would strike. He (Mr. Eowland) told him to strike and to clear out; 
 and he cleared out the whole tribe of workmen who had been with him 
 two or three years. After clearing out the whole party of experts, he 
 went to work and laid the keels of the Passaic, Moutauk, and Catskill. 
 ]Sot a man struck a blow upon them who had ever struck a blow on an 
 iron ship before. He built those vessels with house-builders, molders, 
 and all kinds of mechanics. There were no ship-carpenters among them. 
 Mr. Badger, a house-carpenter in New York, helped him a good deal. 
 Mr. Badger s business had given out, and he had a good number of Ger 
 man mechanics good fellows with whom the work was done and the 
 vessels got out. The other three, which were built in Wilmington, Del 
 aware, came out after his. After that the government had given orders 
 for two large monitors, the Dictator and Puritan, and he (Mr. Rowland) 
 took the Puritan. He thought he would send to England for some work 
 men, and he got eleven of them from the Tyne, agreeing to pay them 
 two dollars a day. These men staid but three weeks with him. They were 
 not worth their two dollars a, day, and they cleared out. He was better 
 without them than with them. He built the Puritan and launched her, 
 and he believed that there never was a piece of iron work done to excel 
 the Avork on her. He did not know the cause of the present decline in 
 the shipping interests. During the last year, at least once a week, he 
 had made propositions to build iron sailing vessels at not exceeding 
 ten per cent, in currency over their cost on the other side; but 
 people did not want ships. Mr. Low had sent for him, and he had made 
 drawings and a contract to build a ship for the China trade, but just 
 then the recent troubles in Wall street occurred, and consequently the 
 ship had not been built. He had offered to build her as cheap as she 
 could be got in England. He had seen by the paper to-day that Mr. 
 Low had stated before the committee yesterday that they did not know 
 how to build iron ships in this country. He himself, however, had built 
 a good many. The Americans were a peculiar people, but the English 
 were still more peculiar. The English never learned anything with 
 out immediately running to some printing office and publishing it all. 
 The Yankee never did that ; but he knew enough to read up and keep 
 posted. The Yankee thus had the benefit of his own experience and of 
 the Englishman s too, and had sense enough to pick out the good and 
 to throw away the bad. The iron planing machine, which had long been 
 in use here, had only recently been adopted by the English ; and that 
 was one reasoli why they were doing better work. But yet the English 
 could not build a ship much cheaper than Americans could. Iron sailing 
 ships cost about 10 sterling per ton, and steamers from 22 to 24. 
 
 It was in England as here. One could get a vessel for almost any 
 price. The idea of using English iron was all moonshine. Ships could 
 not be built in this country of English iron, but the American iron 
 would have to be rolled to order, for by the time that iron could be 
 procured from England rolled to order, the Yankee would want his ship 
 launched. During the war the Passaic had come into Isew York want 
 ing some repairs done. He had gone into Mr. Wells s store with an order 
 for about thirty plates of iron, saying that it was life and death to have 
 them ; that the vessel was in the dock, and that they must be got. Mr. 
 Wells hadn t them in the store, but said he would have them rolled. 
 This was about eight o clock in the morning, and the same evening a 
 cart drove into his yard with one load of that iron, which had been rolled 
 in Jersey City, sheared and delivered at Greeiipomt, and the rest of it 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 27 
 
 came the next day. If it had been necessary to send to England for a 
 lot of iron, he would have had to wait a long while to get it, and price 
 was no object in such a case as that. All that he had ever seen of Eng 
 lish iron was perhaps thirty or forty per cent, poorer than American 
 iron in regard to its ductility and strength. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that those English ships that are 
 built so cheaply are built of iron that is vastly inferior to American 
 iron, and that it is an unfair competition for American builders to be 
 brought into contact with them ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. The kind of iron that I have seen from England is 
 mighty poor stuff. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do not the insurance companies in Europe discrimi 
 nate against a poor quality of iron in ships ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. No, sir. According to Lloyds regulations a certain 
 weight of iron per ton measurement must be put into a ship. That iron 
 must have a strength of twenty thousand pounds to the square inch, 
 and there is no difference made. If we put in to .our ships iron of one 
 hundred thousand pounds to the square inch, we would have to put in 
 the same weight of iron as if it was only twenty thousand pounds to 
 the square inch. Until that regulation of Lloyds is changed, I do not 
 see how we can enter into competition with the English. I will make a 
 contract to build an iron ship at less than they can produce it in Eng 
 land, if regard is had to the strength of the iron, not to its weight. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You would use a lighter quality of iron and get 
 the same strength ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Yes, sir. I would use not more than five-eighths the 
 weight of iron and get greater strength. I do not propose to build a 
 ship out of English iron. I would rather leave the business. I could 
 not do it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Your experience in iron ship-building was during 
 the war, when you were obliged to have everything at once, without 
 any regard to its cost. The only question is whether you could afford 
 to pursue that mode of doing business in regard -to mercantile ships ? 
 , Mr. ROWLAND. You could not build ships of any magnitude without 
 ordering the iron rolled at the mill and cut to shape. You cannot 
 afford to have it rolled except on pattern, because if you had afterwards 
 to cut it into shape you could not stand the waste. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would not the iron be all of a certain shape, and 
 if the business were pursued would not the result be to come down to 
 those certain shapes and certain sizes, and to have them imported and 
 kept on hand ? 
 
 Mr. KOWLAND. ISTo, sir, I think not. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If you were building several thousand-ton ships, 
 would you not necessarily build them on the same model, so as to have the 
 patterns and sizes of plates alike ; in other words, would you not follow 
 the mode of building them all pretty much in the same way 1 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. I have been an engineer for about twenty- two years. 
 It is about that length of time since I first started in the building of 
 locomotive and marine engines. Our marine engines that go to sea, 
 and that all look alike to the eye of a layman, do nevertheless differ 
 from each other. I do not recollect making two engines that were pre 
 cisely alike. We are always making alterations and what we call im 
 provements, though they are only sometimes improvements. I never 
 built two engines precisely alike. I built three ships for the govern 
 ment, all apparently alike; but if you came to measure them, you would 
 find them entirely different. 
 
28 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do I understand you that the plates are necessarily 
 cut to shape ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. They are cut to shape. We generally allow a half 
 inch for the edges and use the shears. 
 
 Mr. MOREELL. You order the plates to be cut to pattern ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. And the rolling mills cut the plates to pattern ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Yes; and a half inch is allowed for irregularity in 
 the shearing. That makes a waste of a quarter of one per cent., 
 whereas if you order plates promiscuously, there will be a waste of five 
 per cent, and the labor of cutting, and no ship-builder could stand any 
 thing like that. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What, in your opinion, is the remedy for the pres 
 ent depressed condition of the ship -building interest ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. That is a pretty hard question to answer. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What would be requisite in order to revive the ship 
 building interest ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Taking the duty on iron might help us some. It 
 would make those Pennsylvania people come down in their prices, and 
 then, instead of building ships at the same prices or at greater prices 
 than they are built in England, I think we could build them ten per 
 cent, cheaper. It looks to me like a lack of enterprise among our mer 
 chants. When an Englishman makes three or four per cent, on the 
 capital invested, he is quite well satisfied; but our people do not look at 
 it in that light. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you not know that Americans are negotiating 
 to buy ships in England, and are sailing them under foreign flags, in 
 consequence of their inability to procure vessels here at cheaper rates $ 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. No, sir ; I do not know that. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Do I understand you to say that you are prepared 
 to-day to build an iron ship as cheaply as it can be built in Europe? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. I said I would do it at a diiference of not exceeding 
 ten per cent, over the cost in England. On a large specification I would 
 build a ship for less money. I do not want anything but the contract. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. You would build a ship as good, in your opinion, 
 as it could be obtained abroad for the same money ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. But under Lloyd s regulations it would cost you ten per 
 cent, more S 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Then if that statement is correct, it is not the duty 
 on the iron and on the materials that go into ships that causes the 
 depression in the trade? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. I think not, myself; but I want the duty taken off 
 iron, so as that we can build ships under Lloyds 7 rule and build them as 
 they are built in England. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Would you not consider it rather a disaster than an 
 advantage if by legislation you compelled the iron masters of this coun 
 try, in order to compete with English manufacturers, to reduce the 
 standard of their quality of iron 1 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. 1 do not want it reduced any more than it is now. 
 Our American iron is poor enough now, to say nothing of the English 
 iron. The trouble is that we do not always get the Pennsylvania iron 
 when we think we do. At the present time there are four thousand tons 
 of scrap iron in port here, which will be rolled and sold for American 
 plate iron. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 29 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. If you want plates rolled to specification, you must 
 have American bloom iron, and can afford to pay more for it ; but if 
 you compel American iron masters to sell their iron as cheaply as for 
 eign iron is sold, you will break down the business I 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. I do not know. I have got an idea that iron masters 
 like to make a great deal of money. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. There is probably some money made in the business ; 
 but there are rolling mills that are standing idle now for want of orders. 
 The best mill in the United States to-day, and the one most able to make 
 those- plates, is comparatively idle, has not made money, and has not 
 declared a dividend. I refer to Abbott s, at Baltimore. We want to save 
 this work to our own country. We do not want extreme profits, but 
 simply to be able to earn interest on the capital invested. 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. It seems to me that if we were to go abroad to buy 
 our vessels, and if English vessels were allowed to come here on the 
 same basis as American vessels, American capitalists would cease to be 
 interested in commerce on the seas, and would put their money in rail 
 roads, so that we would lose our coasting trade also. If that kind of 
 policy is pursued it seems to me that we might as well give up our ship 
 yards altogether. The ship-yards and ship mechanics of the country 
 must be taken care of. History says that the time has been when the 
 English would not sell us vessels. "That may be again. We had better 
 be ready to do our work at home. Without knowing much of the policy 
 of the government, it seems to me that if the government should give 
 up all its navy yards and should have its ships outside, it would be bet 
 ter for the government in case of an emergency. The navy yards were 
 not worth the room they took during the war. They never built an iron 
 clad during the war. The government had to take for that purpose to 
 poor fellows like myself. As to the cost of machinery here, that can be 
 constructed by the horse-power for the same money as is paid in England. 
 Mr. Delamater and Mr. Eoach, of the Morgan Iron Works, would take a 
 contract to-day to do it. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Then you are inclined to attribute the decline in our 
 ship-owning and ship-building commerce to the fact that American capi 
 talists are not satisfied with the small rate of interest that English capi 
 talists are satisfied with ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Yes, sir. There is to-day, in our port, an iron ship 
 that was built in Wilmington, Delaware, and she lies here without any 
 business. I do not know why it is. She has been here three or four 
 weeks, and there is no business to be found that would pay her. She is 
 a ship of eight hundred tons, as splendid a vessel as ever entered the 
 port of New York. There is apparently no business for her. She lies 
 at the dock paying wharfage, waiting for freight, I suppose. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that there are certain combinations 
 of great shipping lines to divert freight into the channels in which these 
 foreign vessels are chiefly employed 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. No ; I guess that merchants go where they can get 
 things cheapest. These Englishmen carry for less money than we do. 
 They are satisfied with less profit upon their investments. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Is it your opinion that the allowing of drawbacks- on the 
 materials used in shii)-building would facilitate and encourage the build 
 ing of ships here? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. It would make a ship cost fourteen or fifteen dollars a 
 ton less, and that would help us some ; there is no doubt of it. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You spoke of building ships of a lighter class of iron, 
 
30 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 using a better quality, of course not giving so great a weight. Please 
 to state that again. 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. An inch square bar of English iron is supposed to 
 hang up 20,000 pounds without breaking. I suppose that would be the 
 test of a bar of English iron. A bar of American iron of the same size 
 would be considered rather poor if it did not hold up 40,000 pounds. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. The average is 00,000 pounds ? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. Yes, sir. The Abbott Company iron will carry 40,000 
 pounds sure. Under Lloyds rules we are bound to put quite as much 
 of that 40,000 pounds iron into a ship as an Englishman puts in of the 
 20,000 pounds iron. The one costs about two and a half cents a pound 
 in gold, and we pay from four and a half to five cents a pound in cur 
 rency, so that really our iron does not cost a great deal more than theirs, 
 if you take it by the real value. But if you take it by the thickness, 
 they can beat us to death. But where we do beat them is in our labor. 
 They pay a great deal less for labor than we do ; but we do more in one 
 day than they do, and what we lose in iron we gain in labor. 
 
 Mr. HOLM AN. Do you pretend to say that the English capitalist is 
 satisfied with less profit and a less rate of interest as well on the build 
 ing as on the earnings of ships ? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. I think so. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And you attribute the decline in ship-building and in 
 American commerce largely to that fact? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. I think that the American people got pretty well 
 discouraged during the war by having their vessels taken away, and 
 they went into other speculations in which there is a great deal more 
 gain with less risk. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Speaking of Lloyds regulation in regard to the weight 
 of iron in ships, that has only reference to the insurance? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. That is all 5 but the insurance of a ship is the life of 
 her. If we cannot insure our ships there is no use in building them. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. To what extent does that rule act ? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. It acts the world over. An American ship to-day 
 would not pass Lloyds muster. To-day there are American vessels in 
 China lying up for want of trade, while there is freight waiting for Eng 
 lish vessels built under Lloyds rule. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. English vessels as well as American vessels are insured 
 here in the same way? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Would it not be an advantage to American commerce 
 if our merchants could establish something like Lloyds regulations here? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. Yes, sir; and if we could make Englishmen come 
 under it at this end of the route, it would hurt them some ; there is no 
 doubt of it. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Is it not time that we, as a nation, should establish 
 our own registration of ships J ? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. How long has this evil been felt? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. It is about twelve years since Lloyd s rule was origi 
 nally established. Four years ago, after the Eoyal Charter and other 
 vessels were lost, they went to work and got up a new set of rules 
 requiring more iron than before, and the inspection since then has been 
 more rigid than it was before. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Has this question ever been a subject of diplomacy 
 between this government and the English government? 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. Not that I am aware of. I do not know than any 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 31 
 
 effort was ever made by the United States to relieve American ship 
 owners from the effect of the English rule in reference to insurance. 
 This rule has existed ever since iron vessels have been in vogue. 
 
 Mr. L. A. SMITH, of the Continental Iron-works, New York, next ad 
 dressed the committee. He said that there appeared to be a discrepancy 
 between the ship-owners and ship-builders. The ship-owner wanted his 
 ship free; but if absolute free trade in ships were established, he believed 
 that the ship-builder could not keep his business going. There should 
 be absolute and unconditional free trade for all or for none. If the 
 manufacturing interests of the country were to be protected, the. ship 
 building interest should be protected. As to allowing iron ships built 
 in England to be brought in here duty free, and to run under an Aimg-i- 
 can registration, it would simply amount not only to allowing English 
 iron to come in duty free, but also to allowing English labor to come in 
 duty free. He had been at some little pains within the last day or two 
 to ascertain the cost of a thousand-ton iron sailing-ship, built in New 
 York, to comply with Lloyds 7 specification, and fitted out ready for sea, 
 excepting stores. It would cost $121,000. The same vessel would be 
 built in England at 16 per ton, which, allowing currency and ex 
 change to be at $1 40, would make it cost in our currency very nearly 
 8116,060. That would be a little over 4,000 less than the American- 
 built ship, and that showed about the extent of the relief that American 
 ship-builders wanted. The duty on iron averaged about thirty-live per 
 cent. The duty on the iron in such a ship would be about 8-1,000 ; so 
 that if that duty were taken off, it would give the American builder an 
 advantage of between 816,000 and 817,000. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You mean pound for pound of iron, making the Ameri 
 can ship of the same weight as the English ? 
 
 Mr. SMITH. Exactly. As to the question of steam, they are paying in 
 England from 45 to 50 per horse-power. At that rate American 
 engines could be built at good profit, though not English engines, per 
 haps. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Does that include the boiler, &c. f 
 
 Mr. SMITH. Yes ; it includes the engine complete, ready to propel the 
 ship. The Pacific Mail Steamship Company is running its ships with a 
 consumption of about forty tons ot coal a day, and making between 
 eleven and thirteen knots. They are about three-thousand-ton ships. 
 The Clyde-built steamers, I believe, are using from fifty to seventy tons 
 of coal per twenty-four hours, and are making about the same rate of 
 speed. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The Pacific Mail Company s ships are American- 
 built? 
 
 Mr. SMITH. Yes ; they are American-built, and with American engines ; 
 they are built of wood; they are not as good ships as the Clyde or T\ in 
 built vessels ; that is, they are not such shapely ships, but their engines 
 appear to be superior. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do I understand you to say that American engines 
 can be built as cheaply here as in England 1 ? 
 
 Mr. SMITH. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The difference, then, is only in the hull of the vessel 2 
 
 Mr. SMITH. The difference would not be even in the hull if we could 
 put in American iron according to its real merits. They build ships in 
 England of steel or semi-steel; it is not a very good material it is ratlu-r 
 treacherous ; but where they have built those ships and shown a tensile 
 strength of sixty or seventy pounds to the square inch, a reduction has 
 been allowed in their scantling; if that same reduction could be allowed 
 
32 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 to Ainerican-bnilt ships, that would sustain from one-third to one-half 
 more tensile strength than the English iron, then the enhanced cost of 
 the American iron would be made up practically to the builder and the 
 owner of the ship. If we had an American insurer as reliable all over 
 the world as Lloyds, then we should have no difficulty in the matter. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Has there been any recent improvements in steam- 
 engines? 
 
 3Ir. SMITH. Yes, sir; a good many. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. I suppose you know the machinery and engines of 
 the Old Colony, the Newport, the Providence and the Bristol steam 
 boats I 
 
 Mr. SMITH. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Do you know that the Providence and the Bristol 
 consume in a trip from ten to fifteen tons less coal than the other two 
 boats, while they are much larger boats ? 
 
 Mr. SMITH. I do not know that ; I have no information on the sub 
 ject, 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. If it is so, it is not the result of the model of the 
 boats ? 
 
 Mr. SMITH. No, sir ; the Old Colony and the New Bedford are as good 
 models of boats as the Bristol and the Providence; if that is the fact, it 
 arises from the construction of the motive power, either in the engines 
 or in the furnace. 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS, of the firm of Williams & Guion, ship-owners, next 
 addressed the committee. He said that the great difficulty in the way 
 of our navigation was, he supposed, pretty apparent. The English had 
 got the tools to work with and we had not; and the English were run 
 ning away with our business. The English had started with iron steamers 
 years ago, had followed it up, and had arrived at a great degree of per 
 fection. The Americans had not done so ; they were just making a com 
 mencement, he might say. There were very few iron vessels built here ; 
 he believed that there was only one square-rigged iron sailing vessel 
 built here, and that one was built recently. Iron vessels, both of steam 
 and of sail power, were generally approved by shippers. They were 
 much the superior class of vessels ; underwriters would insure them at 
 much less rates, and of course that was operating against wooden ves 
 sels and against the American shipping interest. That was the whole 
 thing, and the question, he supposed, was how to overcome that diffi 
 culty. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you had vessels built in England ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you made any comparison as to the cost of 
 building on each side ? Have you got any proposals from parties here 
 to build iron ships ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I cannot say that we have had proposals. W T e have 
 had specifications made out, and some approximation to the cost. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you regard the difference in the cost between 
 American and English built ships as being the main difficulty in the 
 way? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I do not know what the difference is ; but, of course, 
 that is a very important point. But we have not been prepared here to 
 build iron ships ; we have had no works here to enter on that large busi 
 ness of building iron steamers of two thousand tons and upward. We 
 have not had experience in it to do it to a large extent on an economi 
 cal basis. Daring the war a great many iron vessels were built here; 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 33 
 
 but I do not think that they would meet the economical wants of our 
 commercial interests. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How many English ships have you running in your 
 line? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. We have six running now. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What is about the cost per ton of that class of ves 
 sels in England ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. They are not all the same price. They cost perhaps, 
 on the average, about 22 or 23 per ton. They are three thousand 
 ton ships, some a little less and some a little more. They are iron pro 
 pellers running from two thousand eight hundred to three thousand five 
 hundred tons. That price includes all the outfit of the ship ready for 
 sea. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you know whether the English have any advan 
 tage over ourselves in the sailing of their vessels outside of the govern 
 ment subsidy ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I think they have. I think that generally they man 
 their ships more economically. I do not know that there is any princi 
 ple which shows that that should be so, except simply that we have not 
 had the experience. We have a great many American sailing ships, 
 but not steamers, engaged in the foreign trade. Sailing between Liver 
 pool and New York, the trade that we are engaged in, the foreign ves 
 sel would have no advantage over the American in regard to fuel, 
 although you get fuel in England cheaper than you get it here. But 
 when vessels are sailing from both ports their facilities for get ting cheap 
 fuel are the same. I think that the officers and crews of English ships 
 generally sail at less rates. I think it is certainly so at present, and 
 has been so up to this time. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you officer and man your vessels principally with 
 Englishmen 1 ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Mainly so. We have a great many Americans. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. About the same proportion of Americans, I suppose, 
 as there would be of Englishmen in an American ship ! 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. But the character of the vessel and crew is English? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir; necessarily so. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. There is also an advantage in being able to buy your 
 liquors and stores in bond on the other side ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. There is a very great advantage in that; but that ad 
 vantage we would have with an American vessel as well as with an 
 English vessel. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. The English government gives you the same advantage 
 in that respect under the American flag as under the English flag? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Precisely. There is no distinction at all. We go in 
 there with American ships, and we take our stores out of bond duty 
 free. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand, then, that your vessels are substan 
 tially English vessels? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir; we have nothing but American captains. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would not the effect of building our vessels in Great 
 Britain be, in the ordinary course of business, to have them substan 
 tial^ English vessels, manned, officered, and fitted out would it not 
 substantially transfer the business, except as to the ownership, to Great 
 Britain? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. O, no; that would not be so. If we put them under 
 the American flag of course we should be subject to United States laws, 
 
 3NI 
 
31 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 and could not have a foreign crew. We might, perhaps, have English 
 engineers; but as to officers, captains, and mates, they should be Ameri 
 cans. I think that this thing is all in a nut-shell. What \ve are seeing 
 now was as apparent to me fifteen years ago as it is to-day. I saw that we 
 were going to lose our commerce simply from the effect of the advan 
 tage which Great Britain had over us in the building of iron steamers, 
 They had seen the advantage of those steamers before we did, and had 
 facilities for building them, and pressed the business ahead. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. l)id that advantage become manifest before the com 
 mencement of the war ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. It was man ifest to me fifteen years ago. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. When did it develop itself? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. It had commenced to develop itself in 1858. I went 
 to England expressly for that purpose, seeing that we could not get 
 American iron vessels here, and could not get foreign iron vessels regis 
 tered under the American flag. The war only hurried on the develop 
 ment. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. From your experience, what remedy of legislation would 
 you recommend? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I am, myself, a free-trade man. I go for free ships. 
 That policy would certainly have saved our commerce to a very great 
 degree, if it had been adopted fifteen years ago. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. That policy was adopted in Germany and France as well 
 as in England f 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. As I understand, they buy their ships wherever they 
 can get them cheapest, and run them under their own flag 1 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir. Most of the vessels in the French and 
 Bremen lines have been built in England. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are all the lines of steamers between this port and the 
 ports of Great Britain subsidized lines ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. No, sir j the only subsidized lines are the mail lines. 
 The Cunarders run two boats a week. One of them is subsidized and 
 the other not. The Inmans run one boat weekly here, which is subsi 
 dized, and one fortnightly, by way of Halifax, which is subsidized ; but a 
 large part of the tonnage is not subsidized. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What restrictions are imposed upon a foreigner in Eng 
 land as to obtaining a registry on a vessel which he purchased there ? 
 Can he hold the title himself and obtain the registration ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I apprehend not. / , : 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. The title of the vessel must be in a British citizen ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir ; I think so. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. The fact of a foreigner being an owner constitutes no 
 impediment to obtaining the registration? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I really cannot answer as to that. As regards our 
 own case, we are only part owners. W^e are shareholders in an incor 
 porated company. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have not these lines been established under sub 
 sidies ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. No, sir ; the largest amount of tonnage between here 
 and Liverpool has never been subsidized. One boat each week of the 
 Cunard line and one of the Inman line are subsidized ; but the Iiiman 
 line ran for a dozen years without being subsidized. It is only recently, 
 within a year or two, that they got that contract. The Cunard freight 
 line, and the National line, and our line, have never been subsidized. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 35 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are not the French and German steamers that run to 
 this port subsidized ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir ; they have mail contracts ; they all get more 
 or less compensation from their own governments, and some of them 
 from our government,. for the mails that they carry; and they get some 
 from the British government for the letters that they carry to England, 
 Vessels stopping at Southampton and Plymouth get a certain portion oi 
 the mail money. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is there any commercial nation except ours that inquires 
 into the fact of where a vessel is constructed, for determining the ques 
 tion as to granting registration ? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. Yes, sir ; I presume that they all do. In England 
 transfers are made without impediment; but in France there is a duty 
 of, I think, ten per cent, imposed on foreign-built ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is there a duty imposed by most other nations? 
 
 Mr. WILLIAMS. I am not advised as to that. 
 
 Mr. NELSON, a member of the Ship-owners 7 Association of New York, 
 next addressed the committee. He thought that the question before 
 the committee was one which concerned the whole country, not one 
 particular portion of it. All were directly interested in this matter of 
 ship-building. Ship-owners were clogged and dragged down by what 
 he considered an obsolete and a fossil law a law which compelled them 
 to buy their vessels in this country alone. It was a law copied, he 
 thought, from the enactments of the time of Cromwell, and yet the 
 American government was still sticking to that old law. Our commer 
 cial rival, Great Britain, had known the effect of that law and had twice 
 altered it, the last time in 1854. In that year the American tonnage 
 was 5,100,000 tons, equal to that of Great Britain ; but now what was 
 it ? It had declined within the last ten years fifty per cent., whereas 
 the tonnage of England had increased to about 7,500,000 tons. The 
 whole tonnage of the world, outside that of Great Britain, was some 
 thing like 9,800,000 tons. Deducting from that all the river tonnage 
 and lake tonnage, fishing boats and canal-boats, and reducing it down 
 to ocean tonnage, it would be found that the tonnage of Great Britain 
 at this day was equal to that of the rest of the world. The business of 
 entering and clearing from British ports had so increased that statistics 
 showed that they carried last year from sixty to seventy per cent, of the 
 whole business, while all other countries carried only about thirty -three 
 per cent. They were all seeking about to find where the trouble lay, 
 and it was a ray of light to see the appointment of this committee. 
 They had nearly given up every hope, but they now trusted that this 
 committee would make such a report and would so sift the thing down 
 as to find a solution of the trouble. 
 
 There were three important things necessary to increase American 
 tonnage: first, the vessels; second, marine insurance; third, negotia 
 bility, based both on the vessel and on marine insurance. They first 
 wanted to get the vessels, but American capital was now invested in 
 lands, houses, bonds, and all other interests that give a better return 
 than shipping gives. He would leave it to any ship-owner in New York 
 and vicinity to say whether or not the owning of tonnage for the last 
 three years had not been a grievous thing to his pocket. The knowl 
 edge tliat a man was keeping race-horses would probably not help his 
 character as a business man, but really the character of owning ships 
 was about equal to that. After the Crimean war he had been in London 
 and he found the docks there full of transports, vessels that were owned 
 by doctors, clergymen, ladies, bishops, apothecaries, tin-smiths, and all 
 
36 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 classes of tlie community. Every one owned a little piece, and many ol 
 them made large fortunes during the war; but since the war had closed 
 they were very glad to get rid of their vessels. He had seen some very 
 fine boats there for sale, and thought it would be a good thing if they 
 could be bought and owned here ; but the collector at New York informed 
 him that they could not be owned and registered here. He had asked 
 the collector whether he could not own them and put them under some 
 body else s name. The collector said: "Mr. Nelson, if you can swear 
 that no person except a citizen of the United States owns them, or is 
 directly or indirectly interested in their profits, you can take them. 3 
 He (Mr. Nelson) had, therefore, to drop that idea, and he presumed that 
 there were others at the same time willing to do the same thing. But 
 the Germans saw the chance, bought two or three of those boats, fitted 
 them up as passenger boats and sent them to this country as a nucleus 
 for new lines, and they had now grown into extensive steamship lines. 
 Gentlemen had said that the English people were contented with less 
 profit than Americans would be. He did not admit that that was so ; 
 they were not contented with small profits. Some years ago the Anchor 
 line to Glasgow consisted of one solitary ship, and now that same line 
 had thirty steamers, all built out of the profits of their business. To this 
 day the Chinaman was operating under the same navigation law that he 
 was operating under thirty centuries ago, and the Americans were just 
 following that example, wanting to shut out everything. He did not 
 think that that was a proper mode to pursue. If nature had placed iron 
 and coal and a superabundant population in one portion of the world, 
 enabling iron vessels to be built cheaper than elsewhere, Americans 
 should take advantage of that and buy their vessels where they could 
 get them cheapest. Mr. Rowland had said that he could build an iron 
 vessel within ten per cent, as cheap as it can be built in Great Britain, 
 and yet for two years he had been trying to get an order and could not 
 get one. That gentleman thought that American capitalists wanted 
 more return for their money than the Englishmen did, and that, there 
 fore, they would not invest in ships ; but surely the business of New 
 York was open to the capitalists of the whole world on the other side of 
 the water. However, they had the business so nicely digested and so 
 nicely arranged that capitalists were always ready to come forward and 
 advance money upon any steamship line. But what was the case here? 
 There was no security to be had on wooden vessels. Wooden vessels 
 had had their day. In Maine, to be sure, there had been considerable 
 money made in the building of wooden vessels ; but they had lost a great 
 many such vessels. The loss from 1854 to 1858 had been one thousand 
 two hundred, and the loss for the last five years was about one thousand 
 eight hundred. Many gentlemen on the committee were probably not 
 familiar with the ship-owning interests. It was absolutely ridiculous 
 for a man to spend his time now in going around among capitalists and 
 soliciting them to invest money in ships. An old ship-owner had said to 
 him a day or two ago, that a man who would invest money in ships here 
 was deemed a lunatic. And why ! Because there was no security in 
 lending money on a vessel. Americans could not build up their tonnage 
 unless they could buy their ships where they could buy them cheapest. 
 He supposed that there must be more or less shipping consisting of sail 
 ing-vessels; but the great desideratum now was speed, and therefore 
 the great bulk of the commerce would be done in steamships. If the 
 Englishman, the Frenchman, or the German could come to New York 
 and do business between New York and New Orleans cheaper than he 
 could do it, let them do so, and let the people of the country receive the 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 37 
 
 advantage of it. Six years ago there were between thirty and forty 
 large ships being built in New York alone. Now there was but one. Two 
 years ago, for the space of four months, there was not a single American 
 ship or vessel going from New York to Liverpool, whereas there used to 
 be six or eight great lines of ships in that trade. American sailors were 
 all going into other avocations, and, in a short time, there would be very 
 few American sailors left. He should like to see this committee take up 
 this question of supplying American ships with sailors; because, in case 
 of foreign war, sailors would be wanted. He should like to see every 
 ship obliged to carry a certain number of apprentices. He should also 
 like to see all the local pilot laws of the country repealed, and one gen 
 eral statute passed to cover all the points. 
 The following letter was received from Mr. Allston Wilson : 
 
 NEW YORK, October 15, 18G9. 
 Hon. John Lynch, Chahinan of Committee, $c. : 
 
 DEAR SIR : As a member of the committee of tlie Ship-owners Association, and having 
 been prevented from attending the conference held yesterday, I desire to call your 
 attention to a collateral branch of the subject which does not appear to have been dis 
 cussed before you by my colleagues. While fully agreeing with those gentlemen in 
 their statements that the only salvation for the shipping interest under our flag is to 
 admit to free registry all vessels upon their becoming the property of American citi 
 zens, I would add that free ships require free sailors, and therefore suggest the removal 
 of all restrictions as to the nationality of officers and men serving iu our mercantile 
 marine. It is an admitted fact that our navigation laws are behind the times, and 
 that we require a new code that will not suffer in comparison with that of Great Brit 
 ain, which passed in 1854 an act known as the merchants shipping act. many of the 
 provisions of which might be adopted to advantage in this country, to assure the better 
 protection of seamen, and to secure an organized system of shipping and discharging 
 by proper officers, with forms of certificates of capacity and conduct. The mercantile 
 community being alive to the alarming decrease of their tonnage, it becomes those of 
 is who have the ear of your committee to present our opinions for suitable legislation. 
 Very truly, yours. 
 
 ALLSTON WILSON. 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM H. WEBB next came before the committee. He said 
 that he was not prepared to make any statements, but would answer any 
 questions that might be asked. He did not see the ship-owners of New 
 York represented before the committee. He did see some members of 
 the Ship-owners Association, but in his opinion they did not represent 
 the ship-owners of New York. He had heard the sentiment expressed 
 "by some ship-owners that they would be very glad if the meeting of the 
 committee could be postponed for a little time, until they could get 
 together and put their views in some shape to lay before the committee. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN intimated that the committee would be very glad if the 
 ship-owners would do so. 
 
 Mr. WEBB repeated that the principal ship-owners of New Yerk were 
 certainly not represented by the Ship-owners Association. Those who 
 were most largely engaged in the business were not connected with that 
 association. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understand you to be a ship-builder as well as a ship 
 owner? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Yes, sir ; I have been long engaged in the building of 
 ships, and I have been heretofore very largely interested in sailing ships ; 
 and 1 suppose that to-day I have as large an interest in steamships as 
 any other man in the country. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What remedy would you recommend for the present 
 depressed condition of commerce and ship-building ! 
 
 Mr. WEBB. My general views are that if Congress would pass a law 
 freeing all materials that enter into ship-building from the payment of 
 
38 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 duties, we could then begin to build ships and could compete with any for 
 eign ship-builders. It has been said that that would open the door to a 
 great many frauds upon the government. To avoid that, I would suggest 
 that the materials when purchased and when used in the ship should be 
 ascertained by the government in such manner as might be deemed 
 best for its own security, and that then the drawback should be made 
 upon the materials that were absolutely used in the ship. I think that 
 that would enable the government to adopt this plan without being 
 defrauded. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that you are not now 
 engaged in the construction of vessels, but that you are merely a ship 
 owner"? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. I have a ship-building establishment, and keep it open, 
 but unfortunately we do not do much business there. I am. sorry to say 
 that in that yard, where we built a great many ships, the grass is now 
 growing. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. As a constructor of vessels, do you give it as your 
 opinion that you can build ships in competition with the ship-builders of 
 Great Britain if you are allowed a draw-back to the amount of the duties 
 on the materials entering into the construction of vessels ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. I do, under the protection that the ship-building interest 
 has in the prohibition of foreign bottoms being owned and registered 
 in this country. We built ships in this country, from here to Maine, so 
 cheaply and so well that we absolutely obliged foreign ship-owners to 
 come to this country and buy our ships, and I think I may say, without 
 fear of contradiction, that there is no other production known in this 
 country, or perhaps in any other, where that thing has been accom 
 plished. The English came here to buy ships, the Germans, the French, 
 and the Italians came here to buy ships. And why? Simply because 
 they could buy better ships and cheaper than they could at home. And 
 yet the wages of our operatives then were nearly double the wages of 
 the same class of operatives abroad ; but we managed our business so 
 as to be able to do that. Put us on the same footing as we were then, 
 and we would be able to compete again with the rest of the world 
 in ship-building. It is true that the cost of operating ships is much 
 greater in this country than on the other side, but I trust that that will 
 eventually find its proper level. Wages were always higher here. At 
 present we have to pay firemen on board our steamers more than twice 
 as much as they are paid in Europe. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is there any greater difference now than there was 
 before the war ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Yes, sir; there is a greater difference. The difference against 
 us is from forty to fifty per cent, greater than it was then, and it has been 
 as high as from sixty to seventy. But notwithstanding the difference of 
 wages, if we could get the materials of our ships at about the same as 
 they have them on the other side, we could compete with them success 
 fully ; at any rate, I should be willing to go in and invest my money in 
 ships and make the trial ; but as it is now it is entirely hopeless. I have 
 a place where I built more than one hundred ships within the last thirty 
 years, and, as I said, the grass is growing there now. I have attempted 
 to build a ship recently, and I have lost money by it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that if the draw-backs were allowed 
 to the amount of the duties paid, the ship-building business of the 
 United States would revive immediately 1 ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Yes, sir ; immediately* 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 39 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. And that a vessel could be built as cheaply here as 
 in England ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Not quite so cheap, but the difference would not be so 
 great as that we could not compete with them. We might not have so 
 good a return for our money, but the return would be such as would in 
 duce our people to go in and build ships, and I think that in a compara 
 tively small number of years we would regain the position that we have 
 lost. We have always had much to contend with in this country against 
 foreign ship-building. One considerable item was that a ship-owner was 
 always taxed more or less on his shipping interest as personal property, 
 whereas in Great Britain there was no personal tax on shipping. A 
 ship-owner in Great Britain does not pay any personal tax on his ship 
 ping interest ; he pays income tax, but that is all. We have always had 
 much of that to contend with, and yet we competed with them success 
 fully. That was due to the fact that we built better ships and on better 
 models. The same talent exists in the country now j and I do not hesi 
 tate to say that if we had the same help from our government that the 
 foreign steamship owners and builders have from theirs, we would be 
 able to compete successfully with them in building and running steam 
 ships. I ain entirely satisfied that we can surpass them in the model of 
 our ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What would be the effect on the ship-building and 
 general navigation interests of the country of amending the navigation 
 laws, and allowing the purchase of foreign ships, while at the same time 
 allowing a draw-back of duties on the materials entering into ship-build 
 ing in this country ? What would be the effect of having the two meas 
 ures go into operation at the same time ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. That is a question which I have not deliberated enough 
 upon to be able to give a satisfactory answer. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would the vessels probably be contracted for here, 
 or would they be contracted for in England ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. I think, without giving the thing due reflection, that the 
 operation of that would be that the ship-owners of this country would 
 buy ships that are already built to such an extent as they could, and 
 that beyond that they would be obliged to contract for new ships. 1 
 think it would take all the ship-building business from this country, and 
 for such a length of time that it would die out. I think that all the 
 ship-yards of the country would die out under that system. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that if drawbacks on materials were 
 allowed for three years, and that then the navigation laws were amended 
 so as to admit foreign vessels to register, the American ship-builders 
 would be in a condition to compete with foreign ship-builders $ 
 
 Mr. WEBB. It would take a much longer time than two or three years. 
 Time soon runs away. It would take a much longer time than that. 
 The navigation laws might have been abrogated any time between 1850 
 and I860 without injury to the American ship-builders. Then we had 
 enough of the field to ourselves to have enabled us to have continued 
 to compete with foreign ship-builders. Our labor was at a moderate 
 rate, and everything was going on successfully. All kinds of materials 
 for building ships could be obtained then at much less rates than they 
 can be now. The business was extensive, and the supply was very great. 
 Now the supply is limited and irregular. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understood you to say that American-built ships were 
 superior to foreign-built ships ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you not believe that American merchants would 
 
40 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 give the preference to American-built ships sufficiently to overcome the 
 difference that you speak of? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Yes, sir ; an American ship-owner will give more money 
 for a first-class American-built ship than he will for any other ship. He 
 would be induced to do that because the underwriters of this country 
 would certainly give the preference to American-built ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I suppose that they have been gaining on us in that 
 regard in Great Britain while our business has been depressed ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Certainly ; not only in one direction, but in all the ramifi 
 cations of the shipping interest they have been gaining ground upon us 
 until they have got the field pretty nearly to themselves, and if the thing 
 runs on as at present for one or two years longer, not only the ship-yards 
 of this country will be all closed, but the skilled operatives will have gone 
 away or left the business, and we will have no men to build our ships. 
 For the last ship that I built, last year, I found more difficulty in getting 
 skilled operatives to work upon her than upon any vessel I ever built. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you believe that if the Alabama, and the other 
 confederate privateers, had not been permitted to prey upon American 
 commerce we would have been able to have held our supremacy, not 
 withstanding the war j ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. No, sir ; I do not think we would. These vessels, of 
 course, aided very much in injuring our commerce ; but the high price of 
 labor and of materials has been perhaps the principal drawback. I do not 
 expect that labor will ever come to the level that it was at many years 
 ago 5 but it will fall sufficiently, I think, to enable us to build ships if 
 we can buy our materials cheap. 
 
 Mr. NELSON, speaking for the Ship-owners Association, asserted that 
 it represented three-fourths of the tonnage visiting the port of New York, 
 and that that fact could be proved if Mr. Webb denied it. He presumed 
 that Mr. Webb was not putting a stigma upon that association. 
 
 Mr. WEBB said he had no desire of that kind. He had given what 
 was his impression, and he still thought that the older ship-owners of 
 New York, who had had the most experience in the business, were not 
 represented by the Ship-owners Association. 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT next addressed the committee. He expressed his 
 belief that very much of the trouble was owing to the fact that the Amer 
 ican standard of mechanical labor was very greatly reduced, and that 
 we were paying very much more for the amount of labor performed than 
 we used to do in former years. He thought that the ship-builders had 
 neglected their own interests. Twenty years ago it had been the custom 
 for each ship-builder to educate a certain number of boys to the business, 
 and to make them familiar with the mysteries of ship-building ; but he 
 believed that there had been no apprentices taken for many years past. 
 The result was that the mechanics employed by ship-builders now knew 
 very little about their business, and that ships cost a great deal more to 
 build than they used to cost. Probably the bosses themselves had not 
 kept up with the times, and he did not think that they had. He thought, 
 however, that the days of wooden ships were ended. He believed that 
 iron ships possessed all the qualities that wooden ships did, and possessed 
 besides many qualities that wooden ships did not. In almost all respects 
 iron ships were superior to wooden ones, and it was no longer worth while 
 to talk about their respective merits. There had been very little expe 
 rience in the building of iron ships in New York. He understood that in 
 other parts of the country iron ships could be built almost as cheaply as 
 they could be abroad. He thought that we might be able ultimately 
 to compete with foreign ship-builders, but not for some years j because 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 41 
 
 the foreigners had got men educated to the business, and Americans 
 were not so well skilled in the art of iron ship-building as the English 
 were, and that, for the best of all reasons, because very few iron ships 
 had been built here in comparison with the immense number of iron 
 ships built in England. There were very few establishments in the 
 country in which iron ships could be built. He believed that it cost 
 more to build ships in New York than in any other place in the world. 
 There had been a time when New York built ships which were equal 
 and superior to the ships of any part of the world ; but now they were 
 turning out ships in England which, in his opinion, were equal to any 
 thing that New York had ever done in that way. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If you obtained the materials free of duty, could you 
 construct ships in competition with the English I 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I cannot speak of iron vessels, because I am not 
 conversant with them, and to build wooden ships I think would be labor 
 lost. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How much higher are the wages that are now paid 
 to ship-carpenters than they were before the war ? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Before the war we paid $2 25 per day ; we are now 
 paying $4. At that time a first-class ship cost $55 a ton to build j to 
 day it costs $110 a ton. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What proportion of the expense of building wooden ships 
 is in the labor ? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I can hardly state that, for I have built no ships 
 for several years. I have got the cost of ships recently built in Boston, 
 and I am told that they cost about $110 a ton. I have not built ships 
 for several years. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Would the cost per ton for a ship of eight hundred 
 tons be the same as for a ship of sixteen hundred tons! 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. The cost per ton would be rather greater in the 
 small ship than in the large one. As a ship increases in size the rate 
 per ton would be less. I am speaking about ships of fifteen hundred 
 tons costing about that much per ton. 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM H. WEBB was again called before the committee. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. As Mr. Webb has had experience in running steamers 
 to Europe, I desire to ask him whether, if Congress should pass a law 
 relieving the shipping interest so that iron steamers could be built as 
 cheap in this country as abroad, and if Congress should subsidize them 
 to a small amount, could a line of steamers then compete with the 
 present European lines and pay a fair dividend to the owners ? 
 
 Mr. WEBB. I have had some experience in running steamships in 
 different directions in the past year to Europe. Judging from that 
 experience, I should say that if Congress should pass a law relieving the 
 construction of steamships from the onerous duties now paid, and should 
 also grant a liberal subsidy I cannot say a small subsidy, but a liberal 
 subsidy, no more than European governments have heretofore granted 
 to their ship-owners we could run steamships and compete successfully 
 with any of the foreign lines. , 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In reference to immigration, do you know whether the) 
 immigrant coming to this country usually prefers to come in an Ameri-j 
 can ship and under the American tlag rather than in a foreign ship f j 
 
 Mr. WEBB. Heretofore they gave a decided preference to American} 
 ships ; but from the fact that American ships have almost died out, 
 that preference, as a matter of course, has also died out. I have sent 
 two ships last year, and the preference was given to them simply because 
 they were American ships. I do not mean to say by that that the pref- 
 
42 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 erence has been given to them over any foreign, ships, but I mean over 
 foreign ships of the same class. And I know from my recent traveling 
 in Europe that a sympathy exists there, especially among emigrants, in 
 favor of American ships, and a desire that American ships should be 
 put into the business again. 
 
 Mr. FRANCIS COBB, of Kockland, Maine, largely interested in ship 
 building, next appeared before the committee and was inquired of in 
 reference to the wages paid to ship-carpenters. He said that ship-car 
 penters in Maine were now being paid from $2 50 to $3 a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How do their wages now correspond with what they 
 were before the war *? 
 
 Mr. COBB. There has not been that advance with that class of labor 
 that there has been with other classes, for* the very reason that there 
 has been less ship-building than there was formerly. We used to get 
 men at perhaps half a dollar a day less before the war. There was one 
 statement made here to-day in reference to the cost of ships, which I de 
 sire to correct. It has been stated that first-class ships cost, in New 
 York, at the rate of 8110 per ton. I can say that first-class ships are 
 built in Maine (nine-year ships of the very first class of oak and pine) 
 at $55 per ton. They can be fitted out ready for sea, with all their fit 
 tings, at from $70 to $75 per ton. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What did the same class of ships cost before the 
 war? 
 
 Mr. COBB. The cost of such ships before the war was about $40 per 
 ton, without spars. Similar ships are now being built at from $50 to 
 $55 per ton. I saw a contract recently for a large ship at $55 per ton. 
 That is about thirty or forty per cent, more than they were before the 
 war. That is the price that ship-builders are selling them at, and I sup 
 pose they would not build them without making some profit on them. 
 
 Mr. E. P. BUCK, of New York, next addressed the committee. He said 
 he rose principally to corroborate what Mr. Cobb had just said relating 
 to the present cost of ships. He had just sent to sea a new ship which 
 had cost, coppered, $73 per ton, and he should launch another of one 
 thousand four hundred tons within a week, which would cost $75 a ton 
 without copper. She is more of a white-oak ship, and cost a little more 
 money on that account. She is rigged with wire rigging, which is a 
 little cheaper than hemp rigging, although I am inclined to think it is 
 not quite so good. As to the remedy for the present evil, it has puzzled 
 my head for the last fifteen years. I do not know where the remedy is. 
 Most certainly we cannot throw open our whole coastwise trade to for 
 eign ships unless we have free trade in everything, and that we cannot 
 afford to have under the present circumstances. I think that if the 
 matter is sifted down it will be found that most of the men who want 
 free trade in ships are men who are directly or indirectly interested in 
 ships built in the provinces, and who would like to get those ships regis 
 tered here so as to put them into the coasting trade. The very moment 
 that foreign ships are admitted to registration here those ships will do 
 all our coasting trade instead of the ships that are built in Maine. It- 
 will produce what Mr. Webb has described, a dearth of mechanics, and 
 we will have no ship-builders in time of war. It will also make our 
 sailors extinct, because they will not go to sea in foreign ships. I have 
 known American captains, during the war, who were so loyal that they 
 would rather stay at home than go to sea in foreign ships that were of 
 fered them. I think that if we had a reduction of the duties on all 
 the materials going into the construction of ships, whether the ma 
 terials be American or foreign, and if we could also be freed from the 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 43 
 
 taxation on ships, as is the case, I understand, in other countries, we 
 could then afford to build our ships in this country and to compete with 
 any other nation. I do not believe that there is any more ingenuity in 
 Glasgow or any other ship-building place than there is in this country ; 
 nor do I believe that there is any more energy among the foreigners 
 than among Americans. I think that if we are put upon the same foot 
 ing we will be able to compete on the ocean with the rest of the world. 
 We have a greater ocean front than . iny other nation, and it would be a 
 terrible disgrace if we allowed ourselves to be driven from the ocean. 
 It has been wisely said that the nation which controls the ocean controls 
 the world; and since we have the Pacific and the Atlantic, we are des 
 tined to do that. That is what we will do if we have sufficient en 
 couragement from the government, or rather if the government with 
 draws its restrictions upon us. The tariff renders the cost of materials 
 so great that we cannot build ships. I do not think that the ship-own 
 ers of New York are represented extensively in the Ship-owners Associa 
 tion. I am free to say that I believe that if you could call together the 
 men who have been twenty or forty years in the ship-owning business in 
 this city, you would not find the majority of them ready to throw the 
 business open to foreigners and to have oar ships purchased abroad. I 
 saw that it was stated here yesterday that British vessels are insured at 
 two and a half per cent., while the rates on our ships are from eight to 
 nine per cent. I have made inquiry this morning at the office of the 
 Atlantic Insurance Company, and I was informed that insurance is just 
 as cheap on an American vessel as on a foreign vessel. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The statement was that the low rate of insurance is 
 only charged upon iron ships abroad, and the high rate of insurance 
 upon wooden ships. 
 
 Mr. BUCK. They may insure on what they like abroad, but we want 
 our insurance done at home. They may insure iron ships cheaper there ; 
 but I do not believe that they insure cargoes any cheaper in an iron ship 
 than they do in a ship built by Mr. Webb. Just think how the balance 
 of trade is against us. If we bought our ships abroad, paying gold for 
 them at thirty per cent, premium, we would be impoverished so speedily 
 that we would never be able to get back to specie payments. 
 
 The committee adjourned till to-morrow, IGth October. 
 
 NEW YOUK, October 16, 1869. 
 
 The committee met. 
 
 Present, the Chairman and Messrs. Wells, Holman, and Calkins. 
 
 Mr. A. A. Low appeared before the committee. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The committee would like to hear from you in regard 
 to the general policy of building our ships at home or buying them 
 abroad, as we understand that you are a ship-owner and importer. What 
 should be the policy of the government to protect and foster our ship 
 ping interest and to bring it back to the standard position it held before 
 the war? 
 
 Mr. Low. Individually, I have always been in favor of protecting 
 Amesican interests. I have been inclined to sustain our own architects, 
 builders, and mechanics, and to rear our own sailors and advance the 
 interests of commerce generally in that direction. Most of our laws are 
 formed with a view to protecting our various industries; but the laws 
 which protect our general industry bear oppressively upon this par 
 ticular interest, so that the laws which are designed for the protection 
 of American industry are really a burden upon our shipping industry. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. We would like you to give the committee your views 
 
44 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 as to the causes which have operated to produce the present depressed 
 condition of affairs in our shipping interests. 
 
 Mr. Low. In the first instance we have a depreciated currency. 1 
 think that militates against the building of ships. We have very high 
 prices of labor, and high prices of all the materials that enter into the 
 construction of ships. These prices are increased by the laws which 
 are designed to protect other branches of industry, and of course they 
 all tend to increase the cost of the ships in the first instance, and the 
 cost of the sailing of the ship after she is built. I think that the Ameri 
 can shipping interest suffered before the war came on. The California 
 trade had caused the building of a vast number of ships, especially of 
 the class known as clipper ships. Then the steam lines began to multi 
 ply and to take the valuable traffic on the Atlantic. That forced sail 
 ing ships upon distant courses, and the freight was very low for several 
 years before the war so low as to be wholly unremunerative. When 
 the war came on, the privateers burned our vessels and added to the 
 cost of sailing by increasing the rates of insurance upon our ships. Our 
 ships were destroyed, and there is no motive to replace them at the 
 increased cost. Nor do I see how we can recommence building ships 
 unless the ship-building interest is relieved from the taxes put upon all 
 the materials that enter into the construction of vessels. My own belief 
 is that the policy of England, in subsidizing lines of steamers to the 
 various ports of the world, has given her a prestige which is almost 
 insuperable. Her mechanics have been trained in the construction of 
 iron ships and of all the machinery requisite for the purpose, and it 
 would seem to me that it would take our mechanics a long time to get 
 into a condition to compete with England. We have just now but one 
 important steam line, and that is the Pacific Mail Steamship line, and it 
 seems to me that all the subsidies which our government has ever given 
 to all the steam Xnes that we have ever had would not be equal to the 
 amount of loss inflicted upon that single remaining line by the Pacific 
 railway. We gave fifty or sixty million dollars, and lands extending for 
 miles on either side, to that railroad an internal line of communication 
 to the Pacific, which has cut off all the support that hitherto belonged 
 to the Pacific Mail Steamship line so that during the little time that 
 that Pacific railroad line has been opened that single line of steamers must 
 have suffered an injury of from six to eight million dollars. The capital 
 of the Pacific Mail Steamship line is twenty million dollars. Two years 
 ago its stock was worth from one hundred and forty to one hundred and 
 fifty ; now it is down to fifty-six. It has fallen within a year from one 
 hundred and twenty-five down to fifty-six, which would represent about 
 fourteen million dollars. I do not know why the Pacific Mail Steam 
 ship line would not be as good property to-day as it was before if Con 
 gress had not given fifty or sixty million dollars, and immense quantities 
 of land, to that line of railroad, and so built it up at the expense of the 
 only single line of steamers remaining to this country. There does not 
 seem to be a law upon our statute books which does not inflict an injury 
 upon our commercial interests. Then, again, the policy of England in 
 reference to subsidies has been different from our own. The English 
 have engrossed the traffic from almost every country. They have man 
 ufactures in abundance to supply the distant markets. They have their 
 distant colonies to incite them to effort. Occupying an insular position 
 i as they do, there is not a man in England that does not appreciate the 
 importance of commerce j so that all the English laws are for the benefit 
 of commerce. Our country is so large, and the opportunities for the 
 employment of capital are so diverse, that our legislators do not give 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 45 
 
 that attention to commerce which the statesmen of England do. I think 
 the English statesmen have been wiser than ourselves in subsidizing 
 largely^ in the first instance, all their ocean lines, until they have trained 
 their mechanics perfectly in the creation of steamships. There is a very 
 interesting article in the Times this morning which shows what the 
 English are doing in that line. It is easier to explain the causes of our 
 decline than it is to suggest a remedy. If there is any way of relieving 
 the ship-building interest from the duties imposed upon it for the pro 
 tection of other American industries, that would certainly be a step in 
 the right direction. If a subsidy could be given to ocean steamers that 
 would be an offset to the extra cost of building our steamers, that would 
 be another mode of meeting the difficulty. My own impression has 
 been that large subsidies should be given as an inducement, and that 
 those subsidies, while they would cost the government something in the 
 beginning, would cost the government nothing in the end, because the 
 materials used in the construction of ships would pay back in taxes to 
 the government whatever is paid in subsidies. At present we build no 
 steamers we can build none. We cannot build steamers, I suppose, 
 because iron has taken the place of wood. We abound in wood but not 
 in cheap iron. The screw steamers have taken the place of the side- 
 wheelers, and wooden vessels cannot bear the action of the ocean upon 
 the screw ; so that we are inevitably driven upon iron in the construc 
 tion of our ocean steamers, and we have not the cheap iron to compete 
 with the cheap iron of England and with the skilled labor of England. 
 I see that Mr. Webb and others express great confidence in the ability 
 of our mechanics to compete with English laborers. I must say that I 
 have not that same confidence in the superiority of our workmen. They 
 work a shorter time than the English workmen do, and demoralization 
 seems to have extended into the department of labor to a greater degree 
 perhaps than to almost any other. Our labor generally is very much 
 demoralized, and any one who undertakes to build a house or anything 
 else will soon find it out. I have no doubt that we can command as 
 skillful workmen as any in the world, but that we can command better 
 workmen than are in England I do not believe. Certainly the ships 
 that they send here are superior to any that have ever been made 
 hitherto. They are excellent in model and in workmanship. Any one 
 who has made a passage across the Atlantic in one of their ocean steam 
 ers will be satisfied of their stability and excellence as well as of their 
 great speed. It seems to me that the English have attained to the 
 utmost excellence in that line, and that although our mechanics may be 
 of the best order, we should be weak and foolish to think that we can 
 excel the English in any of those respects. We should be put to our 
 mettle to hold our own with them until we have had a good many years 
 to study the art and to practice it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Can you give us any information as to the amount 
 of subsidies paid by our government and by the English government? 
 
 Mr. Low. I cannot give you the particulars of the different subsidies 
 paid by Great Britain or by this country. I only know that the English 
 have adhered to the policy of sustaining their ocean lines of steamers 
 by sufficient subsidies. They have never shrunk from the necessity of 
 paying whatever was needed to continue a line to distant countries. For 
 instance, if a line of steamers were formed to Australia and were unsuc 
 cessful, and if it were found that a larger subsidy was necessary to continue 
 it, they would liberally give what was sufficient for the purpose. In a 
 word, the English have always, in peace and in war, manifested a deter 
 mination to hold the supremacy on the ocean ; and the supremacy which. 
 
46 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 they acquired by arms in war they have in peace acquired by subsidies. 
 They have, deliberately and intentionally, driven the Americans from the 
 ocean by paying subsidies which they knew our Congress would not pay. 
 I believe it has been the deliberate purpose on the part of En gland to 
 maintain her supremacy on the ocean by paying larger subsidies than 
 any other nation as long as subsidies were necessary to preserve their 
 control. 1 believe that when the Collins line was running, the subsidy 
 to the Cunard line was renewed for the express purpose of enabling it 
 to run off the Collins line. It was renewed several years before the 
 expiration of the subsidy already granted, so that the Cunard line might 
 enter upon contracts for new ships ; and a committee of the English 
 Parliament similar to this committee was employed to make the most 
 minute investigation into the matter. It was after the most careful 
 inquiry by that committee that the contract with Cunard was renewed, 
 for the express purpose of enabling that line to run the American steam 
 ers from the ocean ; and they have driven us from the ocean by that 
 policy just as effectually as they ever did drive an enemy from the ocean 
 by their guns. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. From your experience of the mode of conducting steam 
 ship lines, do you not think that the English run their lines at much 
 less expense than the Americans, and that if Collins had run his line at 
 the same expense as Cunard it could have been sustained? 
 
 Mr. Low. The English protect their ships, but we burden ours. We 
 burden every supply that goes on board our ships. Every pound of tea 
 and every pound of sugar is burdened with heavy tariff charges. The 
 English exempt the stores that are put on board their ships from such 
 charges. In every way they increase their shipping interests, and in 
 every way we depress ours. In the time of the war the shipping inter 
 est was the only interest that suffered. The privateers burnt our ships 
 or subjected them to heavy rates of insurance j and so far as foreign in 
 surance companies were concerned, they turned their faces against in 
 suring our ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In your opinion are ship-owners generally in favor of 
 amending the navigation laws, so as to allow the purchase of ships abroad 
 and nationalieing them here*? 
 
 Mr. Low. I dare say that those who are not fully American in their 
 feeling would be in favor of bringing foreign-built ships here, and of 
 putting them under the American flag ; but I, individually, would pre 
 fer to see our mechanics encouraged as hitherto, to build those vessels. 
 I think that we should be relieved from the burdens which now stand 
 in the way of ship-building, so that we shall not only have ships to sail, 
 but men to build them. Still, it would be better to go abroad and buy 
 our ships and put them under the American flag rather than to be ruled 
 out off the sea altogether, as we now are. The shipping interest has 
 been so unprofitable in this part of the country that capital has been 
 diverted from that branch of commerce to more inviting fields. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In your opinion, if the American ship-builders and 
 ship-owners were put upon the same footing and offered the same en 
 couragement as the ship-builders and ship-owners of Great Britain, 
 would we be able to compete with them ? 
 
 Mr. Low. If it were possible to put them on the same footing, of 
 course there is an aptitude among our people in the pursuit both of 
 building and sailing vessels that would soon manifest itself, unques 
 tionably. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. In other words, you think that if drawbacks were 
 allowed on the materials entering into ship-building in this country, 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 47 
 
 and if the disabilities in reference to buying ships abroad and putting 
 them under the American flag were removed, our commerce would re 
 vive f 
 
 Mr. Low. I have said that there are many things in the way of the 
 restoration of our commerce, and one of the first difficulties is the con 
 dition of the currency. That aggravates everything. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. That cannot be remedied for the time being. But as to 
 the more immediate relief, what do you think would be its result ? 
 
 Mr. Low. Our mechanics say that if the materials that enter into the 
 construction of ships were relieved from taxes they could go to work, 
 and I have no doubt that that is so. I have no doubt that we have iron 
 equal to any other for the construction of ships, and that we have the 
 skill to construct them. We have not the experience 5 but I have no 
 doubt that that will come. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. And we have national pride, too. 
 
 Mr. Low. We have the pride. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. That, together with the subsidies, you think would prob 
 ably be the only policy to relieve us for the time ? 
 
 Mr. Low. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You speak of the currency being an impediment. 
 Where we compete with England upon gold prices, would the condition 
 of our currency make any real difference? 
 
 Mr. Low. Inasmuch as the traffic is carried on in gold prices, we 
 would be on a par with them - 3 we should have the same remuneration 
 as they have. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then, really, what effect does the currency have on 
 the question ? 
 
 Mr. Low. It is the parent of a great deal of demoralization. Every 
 thing is high rents, and labor, and materials. We have exaggerated 
 prices for everything. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Above the difference between gold and currency ? 
 
 Mr. Low. Apparently. Labor is certainly out of proportion to the 
 difference between gold and currency. Where we used to pay eleven 
 dollars a month to sailors, we now pay twenty-five dollars. That exhibits 
 more than the difference between gold and currency. I speak of the 
 sailors in the China trade, where the rates are lower than in the Euro 
 pean trade. We used to pay eleven dollars where we now pay twenty- 
 five dollars. Commerce now is threatened in another way. The trade 
 that we have hitherto done in ships to China shall be lost to us through 
 this Pacific railroad, after awhile. The teas that now come by ships 
 may come from San Francisco over the road ; and I presume they will 
 do so before long. Then, again, we are threatened through the Suez 
 Canal, and through the competition of steamers with sailing vessels. I 
 understand that the English are already making inquiries here in rela 
 tion to the cost of transportation of teas by steam from China ; so that 
 the commerce which we have carried on with the East is threatened 
 the whole way by the land route across the continent, and by the steam 
 route through the Suez Canal. I do not, myself, believe in the trans 
 portation of teas by so expensive a route. At present there is no profit 
 in the importation of teas, and there has not been for two years past. 
 And inasmuch as there is no profit with the inconsiderable cost of 
 bringing them by sailing vessels, there would be no warrant for the 
 higher cost in bringing them by steam vessels, as steamers cannot trans 
 port freights so cheaply as sailing vessels can. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you/tthen, to be in favor of an attempt 
 
48 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 to restore our shipping by building it at home rather than by buying it 
 abroad ? 
 
 Mr. Low. Certainly, sir; my feeling is to have our ship-yards revived. 
 The skill acquired there would make us independent of foreign labor. 
 That has always been my feeling. I always had a desire to see our own 
 ship-yards restored to their usefulness, and to see men trained up in this 
 country so to make us independent of foreign skill and labor in that 
 regard. I suppose that it is the natural feeling of every one who has an 
 interest in American commerce to see American industry thrive in that 
 direction. Still, I think it would be better to resort to England for 
 steamers, rather than be ruled out entirely from the benefits of a very 
 profitable pursuit. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What effect do you think it would have on our com 
 mercial interests if we were to amend our navigation laws and go 
 abroad to buy our vessels ? 
 
 Mr. Low. It seems to me that at present the English can build much 
 more cheaply than ourselves, and that that policy would put off the time 
 when we should be independent of other nations. It would be pursuing 
 a course in reference to that particular industry of ship-building at vari 
 ance with that which is adopted in reference to all other American inter 
 ests. In regard to all other internal pursuits, we adhere to the policy of 
 protection ; but in reference to ship-building, we adhere at present to 
 one of oppression. We protect all other industries at the expense of 
 commerce. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would the effect of purchasing our ships abroad be 
 to make them foreign in their character to a considerable extent? 
 
 Mr. Low. They would be foreign ships ; and I think they could build 
 them at present so much more cheaply than we can that there would be 
 little hope of reviving that industry among ourselves. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What I mean is, whether there would not be inter 
 ests of ownership on the other side which would make those ships to a 
 great extent foreign whether it would not necessitate a change of laws 
 as to officering and manning our ships, and whether our ships would not 
 be finally pretty much under the control of foreign interests? 
 
 Mr. Low. If Americans should buy ships abroad and put them under 
 the American flag,, we have men enough to command and man them, and 
 I do not know whether there would be any tendency to employ others 
 instead of Americans. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Why I ask that question is, that was submitted by 
 the Ship-owners Association of New York, in favor not only of foreign 
 ships, but of foreign officers and crews. 
 
 Mr. Low. I think that that is the sentiment of an alien, not of an 
 American. I cannot imagine that any American should wish to see for 
 eign ships where we hitherto had American ships, and to see foreign 
 commanders and sailors in place of Americans. Our sailors have been 
 always very largely foreigners, but our ship-masters and mates have been 
 generally Americans. There are enough of them awaiting employment 
 now, and every patriotic sentiment would urge their employment. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I suppose that that was a question of economy, as it 
 is in the purchase of ships? 
 
 Mr. Low. We have many men now idle who would be glad of employ 
 ment at a very moderate compensation. In former times we had no dis 
 position to employ foreigners in preference to Americans, when the laws 
 allowed it. We always had good commanders, and when wood was em 
 ployed in the manufacture of our ships, we had the sea. It was only 
 when the new condition came into force, steam instead of sailing ships, 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 49 
 
 and iron instead of wood, that we lost it, and then, I think, through the 
 policy of England in subsidizing steam lines, which took all the valuable 
 traffic and all the passengers. The English maintain their steamers by 
 ample subsidies ; our government does not. And, as I said before, the 
 propeller has taken the place of the side-wheeler, and the wooden ship 
 cannot bear the propeller ; therefore England now engrosses almost the 
 whole building of steamers. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You say that wooden ships cannot bear the propeller. 
 Is that on account of the strain ? 
 
 Mr. Low. The action of the propeller, I am told, is such that no wooden 
 vessel can stand it on the ocean. They do very well along the coast and 
 in still waters ; but I was told that on the Atlantic a wooden vessel can 
 not stand the action of the propeller. I think that Mr. White will tell 
 you the same thing. Therefore our steamers are driven from the ocean. 
 1 do not think myself that wooden fabrics would stand the strain. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I do not understand you to be in favjor of abrogating 
 the present navigation laws ? 
 
 Mr. Low. I have beeu always in favor of American interests. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You are one of our leading merchants, and I should 
 like that expression from you. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. He has already given it while you were out. 
 
 Mr. Low read some proof-sheets of an article contributed by him to 
 Putnam s Magazine for December, which article is hereto annexed, as 
 follows : 
 
 SOVEREIGNTY OF THE SEAS. 
 
 An idea extensively prevails that the contest for supremacy on the ocean was virtu 
 ally closed with the victories of Trafalgar and the Nile. After the destruction of 
 the French fleets in the Mediterranean, it was indeed evident enough that no single 
 nation, nor all the maritime powers in the world combined, could successfully cope with 
 Great Britain on the sea. Throughout the waters of the globe the British ensign waved 
 triumphantly, the undisputed and unquestioned symbol of sovereignty. Down to the 
 time when the wars of Napoleon ceased the naval arm was used more as an auxiliary 
 to contending armies battling for dominion on the land than as a means of controlling 
 the commerce of the world. As an agent for crippling the strength of an adversary the 
 navy has always been employed ; while the lust for gain has stimulated an active cru 
 sade against private property in aid of a more direct national aim. Even now, when 
 commerce is so much extended, and the interests of all countries and all peoples are so 
 blended as to be inseparable, every effort to abolish privateering fails, and, when na 
 tions resort to war, merchant-ships, doubtless, will continue to be the prey of the 
 national cruiser and privateer alike. 
 
 The purpose of this article, however, is not to consider the "usages of war," nor the 
 abuses to which war gives rise. Friend and foe have taught the United States a lesson 
 in this regard that will not soon be forgotten. It is our aim, rather, to show in this 
 paper that supremacy on the ocean in the interests of commerce was not so directly 
 sought, nor so effectually gained, by the vast and costly armaments of Great Britain in 
 the wars that preceded the present century, as it has been by the more peaceful and 
 inexpensive method steadfastly pursued by that country during the last thirty years. 
 Or, without undertaking to show, what it might be difficult to prove, that the contest 
 on the ocean has not always been waged by Great Britain to advance the interests of 
 her foreign commerce ; or, admitting this to have been the ultimate aim, and open com 
 munication with her distant colonies a nine qua nan, demanding the utmost exertion 
 of her naval power, it is still of paramount importance to mark the policy that has gov 
 erned her statesmen since the cessation of the continental wars. Whether for coast de 
 fense, or as a means of hostile attack, or to keep pace with the growing navies of other 
 maritime powers, England steadily adds to the number of her ships of war, never fal 
 tering in her purpose of holding, at any cost, the dominion of the sea. Let any who 
 doubt this visit her dock-yards and her channel fleets, and behold the majestic irou-clads. 
 formidable for their size, their armor, and their armament, as well as for their great 
 propelling power. The superiority of England in this class of vessels for purposes of 
 attack and defense it is not popular with us to admit. We are vain enough to assume 
 that against armored ships of the greatest magnitude and the most powerful batteries, 
 our slowly-moving monitors ; with two and four heavy guns, are a safe reliance. Be it ao ! 
 
 4 N I 
 
50 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Monitors have answered the purpose for which they were created ; and it is not in the 
 direction of her naval armaments that the policy of England demands onr present at 
 tention or imitation. Were it otherwise, our naval officers are abroad they are intel 
 ligent and observing and we can safely leave to the verdict of their judgment such 
 problems as only experts can solve. 
 
 From 1815 to 1835 peace reigned throughout the world, affording an opportunity to 
 all the nations bordering on the sea to enter into a friendly competition for the carry ing 
 trade of the nations. In the ensuing struggle the United States acquired a prestige 
 that was unexcelled ; and such was the skill of our mechanics, the abundance of our 
 material for the construction of ships, and the aptitude of our sons for the life of a 
 sailor, that our republic gained the command of the trade to and from Europe, and was 
 a, bold and successful competitor with Great Britain for the traffic between her own col 
 onies and the mother-country, as well as for that from China and other portions of the 
 East. A little later on, our clippers, outsailing the old-fashioned vessels, became mod 
 els for merchantmen ; and, notwithstanding the proverbial obstinacy of the English and 
 Scotch, they were alert enough to accept and adopt them. 
 
 But what a change since then has taken place, commencing in 1837 and 1838, but not 
 patent to the common eye till ten or fifteen years later on. England s maritime suprem 
 acy is so manifest now as to reflect our national humiliation ! How this is to come to 
 pass it is not difficult to explain ; but the explanation is mortifying and painful. 
 
 Many things have combined and worked together to produce the revolution. In the 
 chain of events resulting in the rapid decline of our commerce may be cited the fol 
 lowing, viz : 
 
 1st. A substitution of steamships for sailing-vessels ; this commenced about 1837- 38. 
 
 2d. The use of iron instead of wood in the construction of ships and steamers. 
 
 3d. The reaction from high rates of freight, because of the vast increase of tonnage 
 which the trade of California brought into being, the expulsion of sailing-vessels from 
 short ocean routes, and the consequent overcrowding of distant ports. 
 
 4th. The war of the rebellion, which raised up an insidious foe, and for five years 
 rendered the building and sailing of American ships a worse than profitless pursuit, and 
 which finally imposed a burden of taxes on all the material that enters into the con 
 struction of vessels, and so enhanced the price of labor and of seamen s wages as to make 
 competition with our great rival most unequal. 
 
 When it is borne in mind that the shipping interest was the only important interest 
 at the North that suffered by the war, and that other great interests have been benefited 
 rather than injured by the enactment of import and internal revenue laws, it seems 
 strange that Congress has done little or nothing to mitigate the burden on our external 
 commerce ; failing utterly to relieve it from th operation of laws that bear unjustly 
 on the mercantile class, and hence, injuriously on the community at large. 
 
 Under four distinct heads we have now stated what seem to be secondary causes of 
 the decline of our national commerce. The disturbed condition of our currency might 
 have been named after the fourth of the series, because it is the direct conseqiience of 
 our civil war. It is too important to be overlooked ; it is too well understood, and too 
 keenly felt, to require comment. Would that there were any disposition in the people 
 at large to correct, what so many profess to deplore, and yet do nothing to amend! 
 Unless a better spirit appears than hitherto has marked the deliberations of Congress, 
 this fruitful source of demoralization and disability must continue and stand out as a 
 harm and a hinderance to our commercial progress. The depreciation of the national 
 currency, considered in connection with the other reasons for the depression of our 
 commerce, serves to intensify the claim on our government for the renewal, on a more 
 generous scale, of subsidies to ocean mail steamers. Assuming, as we do, that the contest 
 lor supremacy on the ocean did not cease in 1815, but has taken a new form, nothing 
 has transpired to signalize the wisdom of British statesmen more striking than the 
 plan so successfully pursued of subsidizing lines of mail steamers to all important parts 
 of the world. The wisdom on their part would be manifest enough if not contrasted 
 with our own folly ; and our folly would be more endurable if we had not been misled 
 by the arguments of our free-trade adversary, plausibly presented, instead of being 
 guided by his example. 
 
 The astute Emperor of France disdains not to listen to English counsel, but, with a 
 judgment better than our own, imitates English example. Indeed, it is beautiful to 
 behold two hereditary foes, in loving obedience to the doctrine of " free trade, 77 steam 
 ing side by side, in quest of .the silk of China and Japan competing in generous 
 rivalry for the trade of the East. And observe the consequences! By degrees Lyons 
 becomes the distributing mart instead of London, and English manufacturers close their 
 doors in view of the French competition. France returns the chalice to the lips of 
 England ! In the face of sfich results it must have amused the friend of Cobdeu the 
 renowned Ernperor when it was declared in Parliament that to receive proposals from 
 the Messageries Impe riales for the transportation of her Britannic Majesty s mails 
 would be " free trade run \nad," and the sentiment was applauded to the echo! Eng 
 land was for free trade just so long as England could profit by it, and no longer. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 51 
 
 The application of steam as a motive power to ships on the ocean about 1837 and 183? 
 inaugurated a new era in maritime history, and the statesmen of England were quick 
 to discern the importance of the epoch. Almost immediately a contract for the trans 
 portation of British mails to the United States was entered into, being the first of a 
 system of contracts which has been persistingly extended till it has become world- 
 embracing. Lines of steamers to Canada, to the West Indies, to Brazil, to the Cape oJ 
 Good Hope, to Australia and New Zealand, to British India, China, and Japan, are 
 among the most important of those hitherto established. These have not all been 
 uniformly successful. In the loss of ships at sea several have been unfortunate, and 
 financial disaster sometimes has been imminent ; but under every discouragement the 
 British government has been faithful, sustaining by large and larger subsidies the 
 waning fortunes of the weak, and by most liberal concessions strengthening others to 
 resist either threatened or actual competition. From the outset, the vivifying effect 
 upon the commerce of England of these swift messengers to different countries was too 
 apparent to escape observation. It was seen that under another name an international 
 express system had been established which was taking to Great Britain the " quick 
 orders " and also the most enterprising traders, to seek in the well-supplied warehouses 
 of England the merchandise they needed, while returning steamers conveyed goods and 
 buyer, at once, to his own doors at home. 
 
 The results of this extended, well-organized, and regular system of international 
 transportation were soon apparent : 
 
 1st. In the creation of a class of unsurpassed steamers. 
 
 2d. In raising up a select body of seamen, loyal adherents to the service in which 
 they were reared, and ready both to man the transports so useful in peace, and to sus 
 tain the honor of their flag in the emergencies of war. 
 
 3d. In educating a corps of accomplished officers, all the while acquiring familiarity 
 with the navigable waters, ports, and harbors constantly visited and revisited. 
 
 4th. In perfecting the skilled mechanics of the realm in the use of iron, and its adap 
 tation to the rapidly-growing steam marine. 
 
 5th. In imparting a stimulus to the manufacturing industries of the kingdom, so 
 abounding in resources and talent, garnered up and held in reserve for new and 
 enlarged uses. 
 
 6th. In drawing to the bonded warehouses of London and Liverpool the products ol 
 every country and every clime, to be distributed, through largely increased facilities, 
 to the less favored nations and the waiting markets of the surrounding world. 
 
 It were easy enough to extend the recital of advantages immediately resulting from 
 the adoption of a policy in the pursuit of which British statesmen have never wavered. 
 But the record is long enough and amply suggestive. 
 
 When ten years or less had borne abounding testimony to the success of this policy 
 on the other side of the Atlantic, the American Congress was awakened from its slum 
 bers, and manifested a willingness to follow a lead that was so full of promise, and to 
 strike for a share in the prize that was not yet beyond our grasp. A subsidy was 
 finally granted to the "Collins line," and we recall, Avith melancholy pleasure, the 
 outgoing and incoming of those noble ships, the Atlantic, Pacific, Baltic, Arctic, and 
 Adriatic, as they entered on their brief, brilliant, unfortunate, disastrous career. The 
 time of service was long enough to establish their excellence as sea-going vessels, and 
 the record of their passages will compare favorably with any similar number made in 
 later years. But misfortunes, came apace. The Arctic and "Pacific both foundered at 
 sea the Arctic in consequence of a collision with a French steamer ; the Pacific, proba 
 bly, in consequence of a collision with an iceberg. There was bad management on 
 shore, and it is said injudicious applications were made to Congress for increased pay. 
 These things disheartened and disgusted the friends of the enterprise, and it came to 
 an untimely end. The failure of this line to justify public expectation proved a death 
 blow to the hopes of all who had looked to Congress for a more generous support. 
 Unlike British statesmen, our own had yielded a reluctant assent to a pressing popular 
 demand. The statesmen of Great Britain embraced with ardor a great opportunity, 
 and adhered to it with courage and fortitude as in the prophetic strength of a grand 
 inspiration. All are familiar with the sequel. Three hundred thousand immigrants 
 come annually to our shores in British-built steamers ; and thirty to fifty thousand 
 Americana cross and rccross the Atlantic, paying tribute in gold to the superior genius 
 of British statesmanship ; and it is come to pass, in the great contest for supremacy 
 on the ocean, that the "stars and stripes" drocp beneath the cross of St. George. 
 
 It is disheartening to pursue the topic; but hope is not wholly banished. Amid 
 the host of lawyers, farmers, and politicians that throng the halls of Congress there 
 are many men of enlarged minds and noble impulses American in name and in heart. 
 It is not too late for them to ponder the lesson so dearly learned, and to fight out the 
 battle once more on the old line. 
 
 Brazil shares with our country the merit of sustaining by a feeble subsidy a number 
 of steam-packets, which, sailing monthly, touch here and there along the South Amer 
 ican coast. The Pacific mail, stretching out seven thousand miles across the ocean 
 
52 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 whose name it bears, being subsidized by Congress, still lives, fulfilling all reasonable 
 expectations. But the subsidy it receives from the Post Office Department of $500,000 
 is wholly inadequate to an extension of the service. At anytime it may be driven from 
 the fiehlby the Peninsular and Oriental line of steamers, whose contract with the British 
 government for carrying her Majesty s mails has lately been renewed, with the subsidy 
 increased to 500,000, a sum greater than $3,000,000 of our currency. In this connec 
 tion, let it not be forgotten that when Cunard wanted to build the Persia and Scotia 
 to run off the Collins steamers, after a careful investigation by a parliamentary com 
 mittee, the contract with his company was renewed years in advance of the period of 
 its expiration. Some "blue book" that is yet to meet our eyes may enlighten us in 
 regard to the spirit and arguments that animated her Majesty s ministers in this 
 increase of pay to the Peninsular and Oriental line. 
 
 The recent completion of our great continental railway imparts a fresh interest to 
 the subject of this article. The munificent appropriation of sixty millions of dollars iu 
 aid of a single work of internal improvement, a work, too, that comes in direct com 
 petition with the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, presents in niggardly contrast the 
 annual appropriation of less than one million dollars to facilitate the transmission of 
 the mails on all the great highways of the ocean, when, as we have seen, so much else 
 depends upon the venture. 
 
 About two hundred millions in gold, annually, are derived from duties on imports ; 
 fifteen or twenty millions are voted, annually, for the maintenance of a navy ; and one 
 of the declared purposes of the national income is to protect our external commerce. 
 
 Indirectly much good results from the expenditure of this income in ways that have 
 been suggested in the course of this paper ; but far better returns would be obtained 
 if subsidies were largely and wisely bestowed in building up and sustaining lines oi 
 steamers on all the great ocean routes. Let the national money be so spent as to 
 restore, if possible, our lost prestige on the sea. 
 
 The foe to our commercial development is in cabinets, and not in hostile cruisers ; 
 money, instead of guns, is the instrument employed to secure supremacy on the ocean ; 
 and, in these modern days, victory is won under the banner of peace. 
 
 When our legislators cease to be mere politicians and learn to be statesmen, they 
 will heed the voices that come up from the sea. Then the "stars and stripes," floating 
 at the peaks of our transatlantic steamers, will once more gladden our eyes, and the 
 mortification of the present hour will give place to a pride like that of our fathers, in 
 which some of us shared in our youthful days ! 
 
 Mr. POILLON made a statement to the committee. He said that be 
 was a ship-owner and ship-builder in New York. He was engaged in 
 the construction of wooden vessels, and was part owner in some twenty- 
 four vessels. His views had been fully expressed previously by Mr. 
 Stirners. The views expressed by Mr. Stiiners were generally correct in 
 relation to the conduct of our shipping interests and the mode of its 
 revival. He should like, however, to correct the impression that the 
 Ship-owners Association reflected the views of the ship-owners generally 
 of New York. That was not so. He had in his hand the constitution 
 and by-laws of the Ship-owners Association, which contained all the 
 names of its members, to tbe number of one hundred and forty-one. Of 
 that one hundred and forty one there were forty who owned foreign 
 ships entirely, and whose interests were not identical with American 
 interests in any way whatever. Although among the remainder there 
 were some of the most respectable ship-owners of New York, yet there 
 were also many others whose business was confined entirely to the con 
 signment of foreign vessels, and who were thus identified with foreign 
 ships. He therefore considered that that association was not a fair ex 
 ponent of the ship-owners of New York or of the country. Many of the 
 most respectable ship-owners, among others Messrs. Low, Nesmith & 
 Sons, E. P. Buck & Co., and many others whose names he could not now 
 recall, had no connection with that association. Several ship-owners 
 connected with the association entertained entirely different views from 
 those expressed yesterday, and were most strongly opposed to the re 
 peal of the navigation laws. He thought that all that the ship-building 
 interest of the country required was a drawback of duties on all the 
 materials that enter into the construction of ships, particularly of the 
 duties on iron, copper, and cordage. The duty on copper at present was 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 53 
 
 a prohibitory duty, preventing any importation of copper, and compelling 
 American ship-builders to pay some seven or eight cents per pound for 
 copper more than the English ship-builders paid. The duties on iron, 
 he believed, were from thirty to thirty-five per cent., operating to that ex 
 tent against the American ship-building interests. As to labor, although 
 the American workmen were paid more than the English, yet he thought 
 that the superior skill of the American mechanics more than offset the 
 difference in wages. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You say that the duty imposed on copper results in 
 actual prohibition $ 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir ; the act of last winter is a prohibitory tariff so 
 far as copper is concerned. It acts very seriously on the ship-repairing 
 interest. The ships that require to be recoppered will take a freight 
 which they know is not profitable, and sometimes where they know 
 that there will be real loss upon it, for the purpose of getting to England 
 in order to make a saving on their copper ; thus not only cutting off the 
 revenue that might be derived by this country from a moderate tariff 
 such as existed before the war, but also seriously injuring our mechan 
 ical interests in the coppering work being done in England which should 
 be done in this country. Not only was the coppering work thus lost to 
 this country, but also a large amount of repairs, which generally go with 
 the coppering of vessels, such as rigging and carpenter work. It strikes 
 at a dozen different kinds of mechanical interests. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. How does that occur, inasmuch as the duty on copper 
 does not exceed that on iron I 
 
 Mr. WELLS. It does exceed that on iron. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Very slightly. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. The duty on iron is thirty -three or thirty-four per cent., 
 and on copper seventy-five per cent. 
 
 Mr. POILLON. The copper is furnished in England at about l^d. per 
 pound, whereas here it is twenty-seven cents. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Then the practical result is actually to exclude copper 
 from importation I 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir. It operates also very seriously against our 
 docking interests. We have the best docking facilities in this port that 
 there are in the world. We can take up the largest vessels with the 
 most expedition. There are millions of dollars invested in the docking 
 interests in this port, and this prohibitory tariff on copper strikes them 
 very seriously. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What effect would the imposition of a duty upon all 
 foreign-built ships coming to this country have upon our commerce 1 ? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. That would cause great excitement, and foreign gov 
 ernments would be inclined to put the same duty upon American ships, 
 so that I think it would not have the desired effect. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Then the only remedy, you think, is to allow drawbacks 
 upon the materials used in the construction of ships I 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir ; to put our mechanics on the same footing 
 with the English mechanics. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. In the event of Congress passing a law of that kind, 
 what would be your opinion as to the expediency of removing all obsta 
 cles in the way of purchasing ships abroad and affording them Ameri 
 can registration? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. I think that, after we once got a start, we would require 
 out a short time to be able to compete with England in ship-building, 
 and American ship-owners would find that ships could be built as cheaply 
 
54 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 here as iii England $ and, wherever that has been so, American vessels 
 have always been preferred. .. . 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Under our present law a great number of ships owned 
 by Americans are sailing under the English flag, and that would bring 
 those ships back under the American Sag, and would, of course, give 
 our commerce more respectability abroad as well as at home? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. It occurs to me that all that the ship-building interest 
 of this country requires is to be put upon the same footing with the Eng 
 lish. If free trade in foreign bottoms y/ere to be allowed, and not free 
 trade in ships 7 materials at the same time, so that the two should go 
 hand in hand together, the result would be that our coasting trade would 
 be swamped with English bottoms before we could defend ourselves. 
 They would be nominally held by Americans, but in reality they would 
 be held by British subjects and would be controlled by British capital ; 
 and our immense coasting trade, the only thing of value left to us, would 
 be swept entirely from us. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Mr. Stimers expressed the opinion that if drawbacks 
 were allowed to the extent of the duty on materials entering into the 
 construction of ships, and if free trade in ships were allowed at the same 
 time those two measures going together, without any reference to ad 
 mitting foreign -built bottoms to our coasting trade our commerce and 
 ship-building interest would revive. What would be your view on that 
 point, taking those two measures together ? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. I think that they ought not to go together at the same 
 time. I think that the ship-building interest ought to have the prefer 
 ence, so as to give sufficient start to put itself on a fair footing, so as to 
 make the responsibility equal. After the ship-building interest having 
 this advantage for two or three years, then the whole trade should be 
 opened ; but I think we should have a little chance first to recover our 
 selves. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Let us have your idea of the time required again more 
 definitely. 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Two years would be ample. What Americans cannot 
 do in two years they never can do. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. If you connect these two measures, free trade in foreign- 
 built vessels and drawbacks on materials entering in to ship-building, and 
 if you give American-built vessels exclusively the whole coastwise trade, 
 how would that affect commerce, the whole three going together from 
 the beginning? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. I think that that is all that our people could reasona 
 bly ask for. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you not think that allowances of reasonable subsidies 
 to new lines of steamers, in connection with those other measures, would 
 have a tendency to increase our commercial interests ? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. I think that that is the only way we can ever recover 
 the European trade ; but it would not be requisite in regard to other 
 trade. The English have such an immense start over us in the Euro 
 pean trade that that is the only way we can ever place ourselves even 
 with them, even if we should build ships as cheaply as they do. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you not think that our business men here would give 
 American bottoms the preference? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. American merchants have not the same unity of action 
 that the English merchants have. Capital is more abundant in Eng 
 land," and the English are content with less interest for their money. 
 For any enterprise that looks like paying at all there never is any lack 
 of capital there. The English and Erench have pursued the same policy 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 55 
 
 in the South American trade. They subsidize vessels to a large extent 
 in the Brazilian trade and in the trade to the west coast of Africa, and 
 wherever there is an opening to build a commerce, there they subsidize 
 ships. The result is that in the Brazilian trade the French lines are 
 superior to the English, as they have more encouragement. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. The French subsidize their ships heavier and have finer 
 ships? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir ; that is the opinion I have heard expressed 
 by Brazilians of them that the French ships are preferred to the Eng 
 lish. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Then I understand from you that the English and 
 French governments are subsidizing their steamers running to South 
 America and to other ports more than they do those running to this port? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir; that is done to get this Brazilian trade. That 
 has always been the policy of England. It was so in relation to this 
 country. It was the means employed to crush out the Collins line to 
 gether with the opposition of Vanderbilt, who failed to get a subsidy 
 for his line at that time, and then turned and helped to crush the Collins 
 line. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. The English government formerly subsidized the Cu- 
 nard line more than it does now ? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes ; the line is now more able to take care of itself. 
 But the English government would have supported that line to any ex 
 tent rather than see it broken down. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You are not able, I suppose, to state the extent to which 
 the English encourage shipping by subsidies ? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. No, sir; I have seen the amounts that are paid by the 
 mail department, but I have not them in my mind at present. The 
 English government is more liberal with lines to South America and 
 other countries, than with lines to this country at present. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You are not able, I suppose, to state the extent of its 
 subsidies to this trade? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. No, sir ; I am not. We would require something more 
 than free trade in ships in order to put us on a par with England. 
 Their policy is to allow a drawback upon all the articles that a ship re 
 quires for her outfit. They are taken out of bond duty free. An Eng 
 lish ship would still have a very great advantage over our vessels if our 
 vessels were not entitled to the same privilege. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Does that system prevail generally among commercial 
 nations? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. I am not prepared to state how it is in France; but my 
 impression is that it does, because the French have been copying in a 
 measure the English laws so far as they relate to commerce. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would that system naturally exist with any nation 
 that was not peculiarity a commercial nation? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. I think not. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Where commerce is the main object, such a policy 
 would be natural and proper enough? 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir. The fostering of commerce has been the 
 source of England s wealth, and they have always had that in view. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. I understood you to express the idea that if free trade 
 were allowed in foreign-built vessels at the same time as a drawback of 
 duties on the materials used in the construction of ships here, and if a 
 preference were given in the domestic trade to American-built vessels, 
 those three measures going together would revive our shipping and com 
 mercial interests ? 
 
56 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. POILLON. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. George Opdyke, banker, and vice-president of the New York 
 Chamber of Commerce, came before the committee. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The committee would like to hear any suggestions 
 that you* may desire to make in reference to the subject of inquiry, 
 which is as to the causes operating to depress our navigation interests 
 and as to the remedies needed in order to revive them. 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. My reflections on the subject of the depression of our 
 shipping interest have led me to the conclusion that the present de 
 pression is mainly due to three causes : The first is and perhaps in as 
 large a degree as any other the substitution of iron for wooden vessels, 
 and of steam for sailing vessels. Great Britain has a great advantage 
 over this country in the lower cost of iron and in her larger experience 
 in its manufacture. The English can build of iron much cheaper than 
 we can. When vessels were built mainly of wood we had the advantage 
 of the English in consequence of the superior abundance and cheapness 
 of that material in this country. In machinery, as well as in steam, they 
 have the advantage. The cheaper labor there for running vessels gives 
 them also another advantage. The second cause is the high duty charged 
 upon such foreign materials as enter into the construction of our ships. 
 Ships, after they are built in this country, have to compete, without any 
 protection, with the ships of other countries. If we charge a high duty 
 on the materials used in the construction of our ships, their cost is neces 
 sarily enhanced to that extent. And after they are finished, unlike our 
 domestic manufactures that are sold at home, our ships enter on the 
 ocean and have to compete, even, without any protection, with the 
 vessels of other countries. That I regard as a most onerous exaction 
 upon our shipping interest, and one that has done much to cripple it. 
 Then there is another cause, which is probably temporary, but which, 
 for the time being, has been more potent than either of the others named : 
 It is the effect of the premium upon specie. We know that everything 
 bought with our currency at home, including real estate, commodities of 
 all kinds, and the price of labor, which is the best criterion of all, is on 
 an average at least seventy-five per cent, higher than it was under our 
 convertible currency ; so that we are building ships and paying for mate 
 rials in currency at an enhanced cost of seventy-five per cent., and send 
 ing them out to a trade where the business is done upon a coin basis, 
 but where we do it on a currency basis. You see at once what an enor 
 mous disadvantage we labor under in competition with ships built for 
 coin, and the earnings of which are in coin. The difference between the 
 premium on gold and the depression of currency some thirty-five or 
 forty per cent. is an absolute loss to that interest. That, after a time, 
 will be corrected. The difficulty has existed since the war in consequence 
 of our dropping the use of coin as currency, save in a few of our transac 
 tions, and lessening the demand for coin at home. Our securities have 
 gone abroad to pay the adverse balance of trade, so that the demand 
 for the precious inetals in this country has not been equal to the supply, 
 and this has kept the premium far below the price of other things. 
 That, in brief, is my view of the cause of the present depression. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What measures would you suggest for the improve 
 ment of the navigation interest? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. The first advantage to the shipping interest would be 
 to exempt from duty all materials entering into the construction of ships. 
 I have long felt that that was due to the shipping interest, and without 
 it I do not think that we can ever fully or successfully compete with 
 foreign-built vessels. The last cause will correct itself very soon. It 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 57 
 
 does not need any legislation. The other cause is more difficult to over 
 come, and I fear it will be very many years before we can build steam 
 ships of iron, such as are now controlling nearly all the ocean trade, 
 as cheaply as they can be built in Europe. One remedy has been sug 
 gested, and that is to permit foreign-built vessels to have American reg 
 istration, and to make absolute free trade in ships. As a free-trader, I 
 am inclined to believe that that would be the true policy ; but so long 
 as protection is the policy of the country, we can scarcely expect an ex 
 ception to be made in favor of the shipping interest. It is one of the 
 last things that the American mind will accept. But if we had a policy 
 of absolute free trade, which I think would result in great benefit to the 
 country, (not to do it at once, but to do it gradually,) then I would em 
 brace with it ship-building, and the purchase and the sale of ships 
 abroad. The granting of subsidies is another remedy. While I am op 
 posed in theory to all government subsidies, it would seem to be essen 
 tial, if we desire to control the maritime commerce that properly belongs 
 to us on important lines, that our government should, to some extent, 
 follow the policy of Great Britain in that respect, as otherwise we can 
 not probably successfully compete with her. How far that policy should 
 go I am not prepared to say. In theory I am opposed to it altogether 
 But from the present crippled condition of our commerce, if we desire 
 to regain the position that we once held, I am inclined to believe that it 
 would be good policy for the government in proper cases, where valua 
 ble lines of steamers should be established between this and other im 
 portant ports of other nations, to meet Great Britain with her own 
 weapons and grant subsidies in some form. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to say that you are in favor both 
 of exempting materials used in the construction of ships from duty, and 
 also of amending the navigation laws, so as to allow the registration of 
 foreign ships? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. As an ultra free-trader I should be in favor of that ; 
 but that is not the policy of our country, and I should not be in favor 
 of it unless it is adopted prospectively as the policy of the government 
 in reference to other things. I mean absolute free trade. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. At first you would be in favor of the exemption of 
 materials used in ship-building, and you would let all the other things 
 follow ? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. Yes; my policy would be to abandon gradually the 
 whole protective policy of the country not suddenly, which would be 
 disastrous to many interests and unjust to them, but by a system of 
 gradations extending over ten or twenty years, so as ultimately to get 
 out of this false system altogether. The navigation laws stand upon 
 the principle of reciprocity and are an absolute necessity for every mari 
 time nation. We cannot, for example, permit other vessels to coine and 
 join in our coasting trade, and to come into our ports and be exempt 
 from the charges and duties to which our vessels are subject in the ports 
 of other countries, except on the principle of reciprocity. It would never 
 do, therefore, to repeal the navigation laws, even with absolute free 
 trade. They are always necessary. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Taking those three subjects in connection : the rebate 
 of the taxes, internal and external, on materials entering into the con 
 struction of ships ; free trade in ships built abroad ; and the giving to 
 ships built in America the preference in our domestic trade what effect 
 would those three measures together have, probably, upon our commerce? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. I take it that they would give us the supremacy of the 
 sea. The American people have more aptitude for maritime commerce 
 
58 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 than any other people in the world, and all that they want is an oper 
 field and fair competition to win that supremacy. I mean by the 
 " supremacy of the sea" that we should have a larger maritime commerce 
 than any nation in the world. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What effect would those measures have upon oui 
 ship-building interests ? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. My impression is that they would greatly diminish the 
 building of ships in this country for a period. How long that period 
 would last would depend on circumstances. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In your opinion, is there not some protection needed 
 for a period to our ship-building interest from foreign competition, in 
 order to overcome the disadvantages under which it has labored for a 
 few years past, and the advantages which foreigners have acquired by 
 that condition of things ? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. In my opinion there is no means of protecting the ship 
 building interest successfully except by the granting of bounties. Our 
 ships have to compete with the ships of other nations, and inasmuch as 
 we have not the same advantages for building ships as cheaply in this 
 country as they have in Europe, the only way that the government, by 
 its interference, can annul that advantage possessed by foreigners, would 
 be by the granting of a bounty. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You mean by "the granting of a bounty ," the exemp 
 tion from duty of the materials employed in the construction of ships ? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. That in itself would not be sufficient at present, on 
 account of the superior advantages of Europe in the construction of iron 
 vessels and of steam machinery, and in consequence of the cheaper labor 
 there, and also in consequence of the marked difference between the 
 value of coin and paper money. The purchasing powers are different. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The statement of steam engineers yesterday was that 
 we can now build steam-engines as cheaply as they can be built in 
 Europe. 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. I am not sufficiently informed in regard to that ; but 
 judging from all other fabrics of metal, such as rails for railroads, and a 
 thousand other things of import paying a very heavy duty on tjiem and 
 competing with our home productions, I am satisfied that England has 
 great advantages over us. The rebate of duties upon foreign materials 
 entering into the construction of ships is no protection whatever. It 
 simply puts the American builder upon the same platform with his foreign 
 competitor. The ships would cost our people precisely the same as they 
 cost the people of England. And then, besides, we labor under the dis 
 advantage of a difference of thirty-five per cent, between the purchasing 
 power of gold and of paper money. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do the nations which admit foreign-built vessels to 
 their registration exclude them from their domestic trade ! 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. I am ignorant of the policy of other nations in regard 
 to registration ; but if England and France do admit foreign-built ships 
 to registration, I suppose they put them on the same basis as their own 
 ships in regard to the coasting trade. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Supposing that to be a fact, taking into consideration 
 the extent of our coasting trade in connection with our foreign commerce, 
 if you exempt from, duty the materials entering into the construction of 
 ships, and give American-built ships the exclusive control of the domes 
 tic trade, and supposing the duty on the main material entering into the 
 construction of ships amounted to thirty-five per cent., would not the 
 protection to the American builder be equal to forty-five per cent, in the 
 construction of ships? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 59 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. If I properly apprehend the question, I cannot say that 
 it would. There is another view, suggested by your question, which is 
 a very important one : If we should admit foreign -built vessels to register 
 here and put them on an equality with our own American-built vessels 
 in our coasting trade, I think the effect would not fail to be injurious to 
 American ship-building. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Can you state the relation which our domestic shipping 
 interests bear at this time to our foreign shipping interest ? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. I suppose that our coastwise trade is at least three-fourths 
 of our whole trade, because our shipping interest in foreign commerce 
 is very small. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you ever had anything to do with the building 
 of ships, or have you ever contracted to have them built for you ? 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. No, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you ever owned or sailed ships ! 
 
 Mr. OPDYKE. I have had a very small interest in ships, but I have 
 not at present. I believe if anything is done in the way of admitting 
 foreign-built vessels to registration, it should be on the condition that 
 they should be only employed in the foreign commerce. I do not believe 
 that the government or the people will ever permit foreign-built vessels 
 to participate in our domestic trade. That is a prize of our own which 
 we have a right to make the most of. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Agricultural people, however, may take one view of 
 that subject, and the strictly commercial and manufacturing interests of 
 the country may take a different view. 
 
 NEW YORK, October 16, 18G9. 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND, of the firm ofHowland & Frothingham, shipping mer 
 chants of New York, stated as his opinion that the loss of American 
 commerce resulted from various causes : First, that there is less carry 
 ing than heretofore ; second, that there is a superabundant supply of 
 tonnage in proportion to the business ; and third, on account of the 
 accident of the late civil war, which gave to foreigners an advantage in 
 shipping business, and in fact gave them the track for the time being, 
 and which he believed they would always keep. He did not see any 
 thing to prevent it. Foreigners could build their ships cheaper than 
 Americans, and could sail them cheaper, and their ships, he thought, 
 were better managed. They had better seamen, and better officers, as a 
 class, than Americans. Their iron ships were improving, whereas 
 American wooden vessels were growing old and out of date. Iron was 
 superseding wood for ships, and must take the place of wood for the 
 reason that it was much more economical. It would be some years, he 
 thought, before the United States would be able to cope with Great 
 Britain in building iron ships, because the English had had a longtime 
 to organize and to systematize their business, so that they could now 
 build ships almost in a day. He was a ship-owner and had been a ship 
 master. His ships had always sailed under the American flag. They 
 were American-built wooden ships. He had no iron ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What advantage do you consider the iron ship has 
 over the wooden ship ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. Economy throughout. An iron ship carries her cargo 
 much safer and with less damage. The only in convenience is the not 
 being able to metal the bottom. But there is no wear and tear. They 
 are twenty-year ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is not the matter of fouling the bottoms of iron 
 ships a serious one ? 
 
60 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. Yes; but they are getting over it. Barnacles will 
 grow on the bottoms of iron ships very rapidly in tropical climates. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do I understand you to say that the English sail 
 their ships cheaper than we do? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. No, not cheaper. They carry more men than we do. 
 They are required by law to have twenty-five per cent, more men than 
 we carry. They can sail cheaper because they buy all their outfits in 
 bond, free of duty ; and not only that, but their wages are lower. I do 
 not see that it is possible for us to compete with them under our present 
 federal and State laws. So long as sailor landlords here have charge of 
 manning our ships they have it all their own way. and we cannot expect 
 wages to be any lower than now. A ship-owner has no control of his 
 vessel in that respect. My impression is that it will be some years be 
 fore we can compete fairly with foreign countries. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that if the materials entering into 
 the construction of vessels were admitted free of duty, we could build 
 ships here in competition with English ship-builders 1 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. We could, after a certain length of time ; but I think 
 it would require a few years first, to build up our prestige again. We 
 must use machinery in building iron ships, and it will be some time 
 before we are fairly started. Then, again, there is another difficulty to 
 contend with. The shipping interest is not a favorite interest with 
 investors. On the contrary, it is probably the poorest interest. No 
 man will invest in a ship unless it pays him at least as much interest 
 as other investments ; and as to outsiders, who used to own small in 
 terests in ships, you can hardly find any person now in the city of New 
 York to make such an investment, because it is considered a poor one. 
 A man puts his money into a ship, and there it must remain. He puts 
 it entirely out of his own hands, and has not the least power over it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Has it not been usual for ship-builders to get up par 
 ties to make a company for the ownership of the vessel 1 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. That was done not so much by the builder as by the 
 agents. The agent would endeavor to make up capital for the ship. 
 The builder would generally take an interest in it. There Av>uld be 
 generally eight or ten owners of the ship ; but now it is almost impos 
 sible to get any man, who knows the history of our shipping interests 
 for the last six or eight or ten years, to put his money into a ship. There 
 is nothing to warrant him in doing it. There is no encouragement. I 
 think, however, that if all the duties were removed from ship-building 
 materials, and if ship s stores could be taken out of bond free of duty, 
 these measures would be the best that could be adopted. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Previous to the war, when ships could be built as cheap 
 here as in England, and when the carrying trade was gogd, is it not a 
 fact that, all along our sea-coast and in our large seaport cities, there 
 were many men who amassed large fortunes in running ships ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. Not large fortunes. Many have made comfortable 
 fortunes. I do not know of any one who made a large fortune in this 
 city by running ships, whatever may have been the case in the East. 
 But what has been is evidently not Avhat is now, or what is likely to be. 
 I do not see any encouragement for building ships, except we can build 
 them and sail them as cheap as other nations. And we are worse off in 
 that respect in regard to steamers than we are in regard to sailing ves 
 sels, for there is the strongest competition in steamers. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would you be in favor of an abrogation of the nav 
 igation laws as a means of restoring our shipping interest ? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 61 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. I should not. I should be in favor of throwing off all 
 restrictions and duties on building materials. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You would be in favor rather of building ships at 
 home than of buying them from abroad ? 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. Certainly. The foreigners have got our carrying 
 trade now ; and if we pay them for making our ships, and even after 
 that cannot compete with them for the carrying trade, we would be 
 worse off than we are now. Then, again, that would endanger our 
 coasting trade, for, once they get in the entering-wedge, we do not 
 know where they would stop. The right to buy and register foreign- 
 built ships would benefit a certain class of people, such as commission 
 merchants and shipping agents for British ship-owners ; but it would 
 not benefit our mechanics or ship-owners. On the contrary, it would be 
 a prejudice to our coasting trade, which has saved our shipping interest 
 for the last five or six years. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What would be the effect on our commerce alone (with 
 out reference to the question of ship-building) of allowing foreign built 
 vessels to obtain American registers, and of excluding them from the 
 coastwise trade f 
 
 Mr. HOWL AND. It would increase competition. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would it increase largely ship-owning in the United 
 States ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. I do not think it would ; because I think there is 
 already tonnage enough for the business of the world. I do not believe 
 that we would increase our tonnage ; but, at the same time, many ves 
 sels might come under the American flag. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Suppose that a duty of twenty-five per cent, (the lowest 
 average of duties on manufactures) were imposed on vessels purchased 
 abroad by American citizens, so as to entitle them to American registry, 
 would such a policy increase the ship-owning interest in the United 
 States? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. I should think not, because that would bring ships 
 quite as high as they could be built for at home. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you know any good reason why a different protect 
 ive policy should be extended to the ship-building interest from that 
 extended to any other manufacturing interest in this country ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. I do not. I think myself that the allowance of draw 
 back of duties on ship-building materials would be inconsistent, and an 
 exception to the general rule. I dp not think that we have a right to 
 claim free trade in ships more than in anything else. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is there any national interest connected with the sub 
 ject at all, except it may be that of having facilities for the construction 
 of vessels for war purposes in case of emergency ? Is there any other 
 reason to discriminate in favor of that particular branch of industry in 
 preference to others ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. I do not see any. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. To what extent ought it to be the policy of a nation 
 like this to afford peculiar protection to the ship-building industry, with 
 reference to securing available means for the prompt construction of 
 war- vessels ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. I should think to no great extent at this time, because 
 high wages will bring all the men that we want for our navy. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Supposing that iron vessels supersede entirely wooden 
 vessels, (as may possibly be the result in the course of time,) in the 
 event of an emergency and necessity for the rapid construction of 
 ships taking into consideration the various branches of industry con- 
 
62 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 nected with iron manufactures if the government did not specially pro 
 tect its ship-building interests, would there be a trouble in the construc 
 tion of ships resulting from the absence of skilled workmen in that 
 branch of industry f 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. Yes ; I should think that that might have an effect, 
 because it would spread into other pursuits all over the country the 
 mechanics now engaged in ship-building, so that the government could 
 not avail itself of their services. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is the art of ship-building so peculiar and exclusive 
 that you could not readily get together bodies of skilled workmen to 
 construct ships, even if they had not been specially employed in that 
 particular branch of industry ? 
 
 Mr. HOWL AND. I take it for granted that all house carpenters, after 
 a little practice, could go in and assist in building ships. Still, every 
 man to his business and trade. I do not apprehend, however, that it 
 would affect the government much, one way or other, whether we build 
 iron ships or wooden ships. If ships were to be built rapidly, they 
 would be probably wooden ships, because iron ships cannot be built so 
 rapidly. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If I understand Mr. Holman s question, it is whether 
 there is any real necessity for a nation to have an educated class of 
 skilled workmen for the construction of ships, or whether that is a mat 
 ter that can be improvised at once, at any time whether ship-building 
 is really an art to be cultivated and that requires time and experience, 
 or whether workmen in any other business can be set to \vork at it? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. I should think it necessary to have men trained to 
 the business. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. We have always been a ship-building nation ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. Always. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And would be, under any policy ? 
 
 Mr. HOWLAND. Undoubtedly. 
 
 Mr. JAMES W. ELWELL, a member of the Ship-owners Association, 
 stated that he had been a ship-owner and a ship-agent for over thirty years. 
 During the Mexican war and the famine in Ireland there had been a 
 great stimulus given to ship-building, and American tonnage had in 
 creased very rapidly, because the few ships then employed were finding 
 remunerative business. Up to 1854- 56 so many people entered into the 
 building of ships that the market became overstocked and the owners 
 suffered great losses. Then the commercial panic of 185 7 depreciated 
 the shipping business very much. Afterward a market was found for 
 American shipping in England, on the continent, and in the East Indies. 
 This, and the business resulting from the new article of guano, again 
 stimulated the building of ships. Up to the commencement of the late 
 war the size and number of American ships had been increasing, and 
 finer ships were being built. During the war the foreign demand for 
 American ships increased, owing, a good deal, to the difference in the 
 value of gold and currency, and a large number of ships, especially 
 those advanced in years, were sold abroad. Very few ships were built 
 here at the same time, on account of the great cost of materials and 
 labor; and as, in addition to these causes, many ships had naturally 
 been lost, American tonnage had decreased very materially perhaps 
 fifty per cent. The burden of the ship-owners now consisted in the 
 increased cost of building and equipping vessels, and in the increased 
 expense of running them. The present expense of the labor part 
 loading and unloading vessels and of the mechanical part, for repairs, 
 was, on an average, two hundred or three hundred per cent, over what 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 63 
 
 it was before the war. For instance, the stevedore s bill, which nsed to 
 be, say, $500, would be now from $1,200 to $1,500. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN remarked that that applied to all vessels, native and 
 foreign. 
 
 Mr. EL WELL assented, but remarked that foreign vessels kept their own 
 crews, and did the work with them, whereas American vessels did not. 
 Then the cost of repairs had increased so largely that the yearly in 
 surance on a ship, which was formerly from seven to eight per cent., was 
 now from twelve to fourteen per cent. The cost of building vessels now 
 was not so great in proportion as it was during the war. Ships that 
 cost, during the war, $100 per ton in currency, could now be built for 
 from $65 to $70. His impression was, that if there were a drawback 
 of duties allowed on all ship-building materials, American ship-builders 
 could build ships and make a small profit on them. Then the ship 
 owner should be allowed, as in other nations, to buy his outfit and 
 equipments, including provisions, in bond. Then he thought that 
 Americans could compete with foreigners in the carrying trade of the 
 world. At present the largest proportion of the repairs of American 
 ships is done abroad, and outfits of all kinds were purchased abroad, 
 thus causing large American expenditures to be made on the other side 
 instead of at home. Every two or three years a ship required a general 
 overhauling, and this was done abroad now, as well by American as by 
 foreign vessels, taking a large amount of employment from American 
 mechanics and giving it to foreign mechanics. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether foreign vessels had any advantage in 
 that respect over American vessels running in the same trade, inasmuch 
 as the former had to employ American mechanics just as much as the 
 latter had to employ foreign mechanics. 
 
 Mr. KLWELL replied that the ship-owner made repairs on his ship 
 where he could do them most cheaply, but that still, as a general thing, 
 an American ship-owner preferred to have his repairs done, if possi 
 ble, at home, even at an advanced cost, because he could have them 
 done under his own- eye and supervision. The item of drawing stores 
 and supplies free of duty was a very important matter to ship-owners. 
 Americans had that privilege in England, but were liable to be called 
 upon at home to pay duty on any excess of stores that they might have 
 on board. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the remission of duties on ship 
 building materials would tend to restore American shipping ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I think it would, very materially. It would produce an 
 interest in ship-building which would grow as fast as the country would 
 require it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Are you in favor of the repeal of the navigation 
 laws as a means of restoring our commerce ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Not at present. I do not think that the country is pre 
 pared to take that measure yet. I think it could have been done years 
 ago with more propriety than it could be now. And it may again, years 
 hence. Still, there might be an import duty imposed on vessels the 
 same as on merchandise. But even that would be objectionable, as it 
 would burden commerce with a great many old vessels at low cost, 
 unless there was a specific duty imposed of so much per ton, without 
 regard to the age or quality of the vessel. This, too, would be liable to 
 a great deal of fraud and of objection. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. To what extent, under that policy, would our people 
 become ship-owners more than they are now ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. It is difficult to answer that question, as I think that a 
 
64 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 large portion of our ships might be owned in other nations, though 
 really sailing under the American flag. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then you think that it would lead to foreign owner 
 ship? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. For the purpose of obtaining the benefit of oui 
 coastwise trade ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Supposing our coastwise trade to be at present equal 
 to three-fourths of our entire commerce carried on by American citizens, 
 how would these three measures, taken together the relief to the ship 
 builder to the extent of a rebate of internal and external duties on all 
 materials entering into the construction of ships, free trade in foreign-built 
 vessels, only excluding them from the coastwise trade, and giving to the 
 home-built ships the exclusive right to that trade affect, first, the com 
 merce of the country, and second, the ship-building interest ? Would 
 they promote or diminish either ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. They would promote the commerce of the country, and 
 they would promote the ship-building interest, if the time for allowing 
 foreign-built ships to be owned and registered here were postponed until 
 our own ship-builders could commence operations. If that time were 
 not postponed, foreigners would come in at once and fill up all the 
 gaps in the way of commercial lines from place to place, before oui 
 people were prepared. I think that, in the course of a few years, our 
 people would be prepared, and that then we could compete with other 
 nations in building ships, whether with free trade or not. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Taking into account the rebate of tax on materials 
 entering into the construction of ships internal revenue as well as 
 external and the exclusive benefit of the domestic commerce to Ameri 
 can-built vessels, what would be the approximate extent of protection to 
 the American ship-builder resulting from these two things together ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. It would vary from ten to fifteen per cent, on the value 
 of the ship. It would be more on iron vessels than on wooden ones, 
 because there would be a greater rebate of duty on the former. It would 
 not be over from ten to fifteen per cent. Our labor here is higher than 
 it is abroad. Our ship-builders are ready to contract for a ship of one 
 thousand tons, and would be satisfied with a profit of from $2,000 to 
 $3,000 for their superintendence and the use of their tools and yards. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Have you any means of knowing the proportions of our 
 domestic and foreign commerce ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I should think that forty per cent, of our tonnage goes 
 to foreign ports, and that sixty per cent, is engaged in the domestic 
 trade. The coastwise trade is not of so much importance for the last 
 two or three years as it was formerly. There used to be ten or eleven 
 lines to New Orleans, each line employing five or six ships 5 whereas now 
 there is not a regular line of sailing-ships to New Orleans. The domestic 
 carrying trade is now done a good deal by the laud lines of transporta 
 tion instead of by sea. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is not the tonnage employed in the domestic trade 
 increasing ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I should think it is. Since the close of the war a good 
 deal of trade has been opened in the South. So far as large ships are 
 concerned, our domestic trade, except the California trade, is of very 
 little consideration. The California trade employs large ships, otherwise 
 there would be very little business for them. The domestic trade is 
 mostly done by a small class of vessels, and by steamers. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 65 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. But these vessels require the ship-yards to be kept up, 
 and enter largely into the profits of ship-builders f 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Our coasting trade has not been profitable. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you attribute the falling off in that trade to inland 
 land transportation f 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Yes, sir 5 there has been an entire change. We used 
 to bring all our tobacco, cotton, lead, &c., from St. Louis and Cincin 
 nati by water, and vice versa, but now they all go by land. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Suppose that our tonnage in 1860 was something over 
 five million tons, what proportion of that would naturally, in these nine 
 years, have been taken off by the use of inland land routes ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I should say that the coastwise trade is not over one- 
 half of what it was previous to the war. It may not be. over a third. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to represent the Ship-owners Asso 
 ciation ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Yes. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. That association had a meeting and passed some 
 resolutions, and appointed a committee, of which you were a member f 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Yes. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How many were present at that meeting ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. Perhaps between a dozen and twenty about as many 
 as generally attend the meetings of the Chamber of Commerce out of 
 a thousand members. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. My ebject is to ascertain how full an expression of 
 opinion it was. To what extent do the ship-owners of the country (not 
 the ship-builders) favor a more liberal policy with regard to granting 
 American registry to foreign-built vessels ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I should think they were about equally divided. They 
 are all unanimous in favor of some legislation to relieve the shipping 
 interest ; but I should think there was not a majority of them in favor 
 of free trade in ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Suppose the policy were adopted of relieving the ma 
 terials entering into the construction of ships of all duty, what then, in 
 your judgment, would be the opinion of the majority of the ship-owners 
 in reference to admitting foreign ships to American registry ? 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I do not think that at present there would be a largo 
 majority in favor of it. The one measure would, of course, increase the 
 number in favor of the other 5 but I do not think that that would satisfy 
 all parties. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. But you think there would be a majority in favor of 
 excluding foreign ships from American registry I 
 
 Mr. ELWELL. I do ; but I think that, after a few years, it could be 
 done with greater unanimity of feeling among the ship-owners and ship 
 builders, and all connected materially with the interest of ship-building. 
 Their attention is turned now to the building of iron ships; and it will 
 require two or three years to get up all the machinery and appliances to 
 build them. 
 
 Mr. PAUL M. SPOFFORD, ship-owner, expressed the opinion that there 
 were various causes operating to produce depression in the American 
 shipping interest. Among them were the system of subsidies granted 
 by foreign governments to their lines of mail steamers, which had built 
 up their steam marine at the expense of that of the United States, and 
 the very great cost of constructing and navigating American ships. 
 He did not know but that these were among the chief causes. If it 
 were the policy of this government to revive the commerce of the coun 
 try, he thought that it would be conducive to that end to allow Ameri- 
 5 NI 
 
66 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 cans to purchase ships wherever they could be bought cheapest, and 
 to allow those ships to American registry. He thought that the Amer 
 ican ship-owner should not be compelled to use American ships at the 
 high price that he has now to pay for them, when he had to come 
 into competition for trade with foreign ships. He thought it also de 
 sirable that on the materials used in ship-building there should be a 
 rebate of duty. The duty should either be entirely taken off, or only a 
 small duty charged, so that American ship-builders might have an 
 opportunity of competing on more favorable terms than they had at 
 present. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to be in favor of the abrogation of 
 the navigation laws ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I should be in favor of the abrogation of the naviga 
 tion laws so as to permit American citizens to purchase foreign-built 
 ships and run them wherever they pleased. But I should not be in 
 favor of allowing the foreigner to engage in the coasting trade with a 
 foreign ship. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If foreign-built ships were admitted to American 
 registry, and if three-fourths of the vessel were owned by English and 
 the other fourth by the nominal owner, an American, would not three- 
 fourths of that ship s profit in the coasting trade go to the other side of 
 the water? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I presume so. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would there be any practicable mode of preventing 
 that result ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I do not know that there would be. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. And might not the entire ownership, by some little 
 evasion of the laws, be on the other side, just as the entire ownership 
 of some vessels under the English flag is here*? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. Yes, sir. I presume there would be methods of evad 
 ing the laws and giving the benefit of the coastwise trade to foreigners. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. There is nothing now to prevent a foreigner being the 
 actual owner of an American vessel engaged in the foreign trade? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. No, sir. There is that disadvantage at present. If I 
 purchase a British ship and wish to employ her in the English coasting 
 trade, it is my impression that I must get a registry in the name of an 
 Englishman. The English grant registers only to citizens. That is 
 what I am in favor of. We should grant to our citizens a registry which 
 would enable them to purchase their ships wherever they pleased, and to 
 engage in our coasting trade or in any other trade; and if foreigners reap 
 any side advantage, or if in benefiting our own citizens we also benefit 
 foreigners, I do not think that the small advantage which we thus con 
 fer on them would counterbalance the great advantage which we would 
 be conferring on our own citizens. I am speaking now with reference 
 to the general advantage to the commerce of the country. I do not 
 suppose that, so far as the mere ship-building interests are concerned, a 
 measure of that kind would be particularly beneficial to them. But if, 
 in addition to that measure, ship-building materials were relieved from 
 duty, I think that there is that preference for American-built ships, and 
 that there is that skill and industry in this country, to enable our ship 
 builders to compete favorably, and that they would eventually carry 
 the day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that if the duty on ship-building 
 materials were taken off, the demands of American ship-owners for ships 
 could be supplied by our ship-builders at as low a cost as they could be 
 got by purchasing them abroad $ 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 67 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I think that it would require some little time to get 
 things organized. Our commerce has received too severe a blow, not 
 only by direct but by indirect causes. Take, for instance, the case of 
 the Collins and Cuuard lines of steamers. The Cunard line has been in 
 the receipt of a very heavy subsidy, while the subsidy to the Collins line 
 was discontinued. We find that the English government is paying sub 
 sidies for its mail service all over the world. Of course that gives the 
 recipient of such subsidy a very great advantage. I do not say that it 
 is an insuperable advantage. I think that talent and attention to 
 business will sometimes overcome this advantage. But, all other 
 things being equal, it certainly gives a very great advantage. Gov 
 ernment subsidy has been the English idea for many years, and it 
 seems as if it was now being followed up by the French. The French 
 and English are building up a magnificent marine, and ours is all 
 going to decay. Within a comparatively few years the business of 
 ocean commerce has been much changed. Steamships have taken 
 the place of sailing-vessels. That alone is one cause of the decay of 
 the business of building sailing-ships. Take our own case. A few 
 years ago we had a line of packets from New York to Liverpool, com 
 prising five or six of the largest ships sailing out of port. We could 
 not run those packets now in opposition to the steamers. We have been 
 obliged to send them to the Pacific. It is not because they are under the 
 American flag as much as it is because we come right into competition 
 with steamers which, on these short voyages, can carry their freight at 
 a less rate. The English steam marine has been built up by subsidies 
 in the mail service, and by the efforts which have been made in every 
 way to develop that interest. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You now own steam-vessels f 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. Yes. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I believe that it is a fact, conceded by the merchants of 
 New York, that the Collins line was extravagantly and badly managed. 
 Do you not think that the merchants of New York have learned very 
 much, in running steamship lines, to economize and run them cheaper? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I think they have. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. They can manage them more economically now than they 
 could when they first got into the business, so that, with a little help, 
 they would be able to compete with foreigners better than they could 
 ten or twelve years ago ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. It may be a little egotistical in me to make the remark 
 that my father, the senior of the firm, was engaged in the first ocean 
 steamboat line in this country, and we have thus far, until within a few 
 years past, found our steamship interest profitable. We have continued 
 the business steadily up to the present time. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Then I understand your answer to be that they do man 
 age the business with more economy than formerly, and are, of course, 
 getting more knowledge of the business I 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. Yes, sir; so that with some subsidy we should be able 
 to compete with foreigners. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Your theory is that three measures are necessary to 
 give new impetus to American commerce: first, the drawback on mate 
 rials entering into the construction of ships to the extent of the duty, 
 external and internal; second, free trade in ships; and third, subsidies 
 from the government to encourage American lines in competition with 
 foreign lines ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. Yes, sir; these three measures I am in favor of. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. As to the coastwise trade, you think that whatever 
 
68 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 vessel sails under the American flag, without reference to the nationality 
 of its birth, should be at liberty to participate in that trade ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. Yes. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If the policy of admitting foreign ships to American 
 registry were adopted at once, do you not think that the tendency would 
 be to have our navigation interests owned, in a few years, very largely 
 by foreigners, and that, after a short time, our commerce would not be 
 essentially a foreign interest ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I am hardly prepared to give an opinion on that sub 
 ject. So long as we keep the control of it under our flag, I do not know 
 that there would be any more disadvantage in that than in allowing for 
 eigners to own large interests in our railroads. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would they own in our shipping to the same extent? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I think not. Of course foreigners cannot be directly 
 interested in our shipping, on account of the oath required of the Ameri 
 can ship-owner, but they might be indirectly interested. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is not the tendency to have ships owned and con 
 trolled where they are built ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. I am hardly prepared to give an opinion on that sub 
 ject. My impression is that the mere building of the ship does not give 
 the control. I do not know that the people of Maine, a large ship-build 
 ing State, control vessels as much as the citizens of New York do. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is it not a fact that foreign capital is to some extent, 
 interested in American shipping now, not only in ownership but in run 
 ning vessels ? 
 
 Mr. SPOFFORD. That is my impression. I know cases were it has 
 been so in former years. I am not prepared to say that that is any great 
 disadvantage. If we wish capital for the prosecution of other public 
 works, so long as we retain the management of it, I do not know that it 
 is any great disadvantage for us to have it. 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM WHITLOCK made some remarks to the committee on the 
 change that has taken place in substituting steamers for sailing vessels. 
 He said that to a large extent the coastwise trade was done by steam 
 ers. The lines of packets between New York and the Gulf were now 
 almost unknown. So with the Liverpool packets. Steamers were su 
 perseding them. He held that the application of all laws should be 
 made universal. If the navigation laws were repealed it would be for 
 the benefit of a class, thus introducing a species of class legislation in 
 order that the capitalist might invest his money to the best advan 
 tage. He had no objection to that, but the principle should be carried 
 out to its logical conclusions. He believed, however, that if the restric 
 tions which now interfere with the building of ships here were removed, 
 capitalists could invest their money in ships here as well as they could 
 abroad. He was in favor of the latter solution of the difficulty, but was 
 not in favor of the former, He had been a ship-owner and had been 
 more or less intimately connected with ships for some years. He thought 
 that all Avho were engaged in commerce, and who wanted to be able to 
 carry freight at the minimum price, would undoubtedly favor for the 
 time being the abrogation of the navigation laws, but he believed that 
 the true American policy was to continue to foster every interest which 
 would enable ships to be built in the United States rather than have 
 them purchased abroad. He did not see what harm could be done (but 
 rather benefit) by the invest ment of foreign capital in American shipping 
 interests. 
 
 Mr. NESMITH, ship-owner, remarked that they had been very much 
 puzzled by the question, What ought to be done to restore American 
 commerce whether that could be best accomplished by allowing draw- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 69 
 
 backs to ship-builders, or by allowing ship-owners to buy their vessels 
 where they could buy them cheapest? They had thought that the 
 idea of allowing drawback could not possibly be carried through, and 
 they had therefore about made up their minds that free trade in ships 
 was the only course that could give the country a commercial posi 
 tion. In order to show the condition of things in the East Indies, 
 for example he had brouglft with him, and he submitted to the com 
 mittee, the last Calcutta Freight Eeport, which showed that out of 101 
 ships in port only 6 were American, and that three-fourths of them 
 were iron ships. He also submitted the specifications for an iron sailing 
 ship of 1,030 tons, with a proposal from a Glasgow firm to build such a 
 ship, with outfit and all ready for sea, at 14 10s. sterling per ton. 
 They had had such ships offered, ready for sea, with double outfit, as 
 low as 12 sterling per ton. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If the American ship-builder could obtain his mate 
 rials, whether for an iron or a wooden ship, free of duty, could he, in 
 your opinion, build his ships to compete with foreign ship-builders, and 
 supply the demand as fast as ships are required here ? 
 
 Mr. NESMITH. I should think so ; but I do not think that, whatever 
 you do whether you open the door to free trade in ships or allow a 
 drawback on ship-building materials you can increase our commerce 
 largely at present. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You think, however, that whatever ships are required 
 to supply the demands of American ship-owners can be supplied by 
 American ship-builders as cheaply as by English ship-builders, if they 
 have the materials free of duty ? 
 
 Mr. NESMITH. As to wooden ships I should say that there is no ques 
 tion but that they can do better; but as to iron ships I am not so well 
 satisfied. In the first place, we must be able to get our material as cheap, 
 which we cannot do, even with the drawback. I think, however, that 
 if the American ship-builders were placed on the same footing with regard 
 to materials as the English ship-builders are, they could furnish ships, 
 whether of iron or wood, as fast as they are required, and better ships, 
 too. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You then do not believe it necessary to buy our ships 
 abroad for the purpose of supplying the demand providing the other 
 measure can be carried out ? 
 
 Mr. NESMITH. I should say not. We are altogether Americans, and 
 we want American ships and American everything. We do not wish 
 to be compelled to step out of the business because we cannot have iron 
 ships, and prefer that something should be done, either through free 
 trade in ships, or in some other way, to enable us to procure and run 
 ships in competition with other nations. 
 
 The following is the specification referred to in the statement of Mr. 
 Nesmith : 
 
 SPECIFICATION OF AN IRON SAILING SHIP. 
 
 DIMENSIONS. 
 
 Length for tonnage 208 feet. 
 
 Breadth of beam, 34 feet 9 inches. 
 
 Depth of hold, 21 feet 2 inches. 
 
 Break, 45 feet by 20 inches. 
 
 Tonnage register, about 1,030 tons. 
 
 To class A A 1 at Lloyds, and twenty years in the Liverpool underwriters book. 
 
 Keel to be of forged iron, 8 by 3 inches, in long lengths, scarfed together. 
 
 Stem of forged iron, 8$ by 3 inches, scarfed at least 7 feet into the keel. 
 
70 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Stern post of forged iron, 8 by 4 inches, with solid forged gudgeons on back for rud 
 der braces. 
 
 Center keelson to be box form, 16 by 17 inches, of -}g-inch plates, with angle irons 3J 
 by 3 by fa inches, riveted to double-reverse bars on top for floors. 
 
 Frames of angle iron, 5 by 3 by fa inches, spaced 21 inches to center, to be in one 
 piece from keel to gunwale. 
 
 Reverse frames of angle iron, 3 by 3 by fa inches, extending to gunwale and lower 
 deck beams on alternate frames. 
 
 Floor plates, on every frame, 24 by \% inches, extending up to the bilges to the 4-feet 
 water line. 
 
 Bilge keelsons, four in number, of angle iron, 5 by 4 by fa inches, riveted back to 
 back and to double-reverse angle irons, and to be connected together at ends by breast 
 hooks. 
 
 Intercostal keelson to be fitted on at each side at halffloor for two-thirds the vessel s 
 length, of ] g-inch plates, connected to floor-plates by angle irons 3^ by 3 by fa inches, 
 and to project above floor-plates to form a keelson, riveted between double-angle irons 
 5 by 3 by fa inches, to have iron wash-plates. 
 
 Main deck stringers, 34 by \% inches in midships, reduced at ends to 26 inches, to be 
 fitted close to the sheer strake, and secured thereto by an angle iron 5 by 4 by fa 
 inches, with a flange formed round the scuppers. An angle iron 4 by 3 by fa inches, 
 to be riveted to the stringer plates, forming a gutter water-way 16 inches broad. The 
 butts of stringer plate in midships to be triple riveted. 
 
 Tween deck stringers, 25 by }% inches, riveted to top of beams, and connected to re 
 verse bars on frames by an angle iron 5 by 4J by fa inches. 
 
 Main and tween deck beams, of Butterby iron, 8| by fa inches, spaced 3 feet to cen 
 ters with double-angle irons 3J by 3 by f inches riveted on top edge, secured to side 
 of vessel by the ends of the beams being turned down and formed a knee of, which is 
 to be riveted to the frames 21 inches deep ; hatch beams and fore and afters to be 94- 
 inches deep. 
 
 Deck tie plates, 12^ by |f inches, to run fore and aft on each side of hatchways on 
 main and lower deck beams. Diagonal ties to be fitted, where practicable, on main 
 deck beams, and in wake of masts, on tween deck beams. " Mast partners to take three 
 beams in length with bulb-iron combings. 
 
 Bulkhead One collision bulkhead, to be fitted forward, of ^-inch plates, riveted be 
 tween double frames, and stiffened with angle iron 3| by 3 by fa inches, spaced 30 
 inches apart. All stringers to be continued through the bulkhead, and collars fitted 
 round them to be perfectly water-tight. 
 
 Stanchions in lower hold 3| inches diameter, tween decks 3 inches diameter. Double 
 stanchions to form iron ladders at main hatch, to have option of hollow stanchions, 
 extra size. 
 
 Plating 
 
 Garboard strakes, If inch ; ^ 
 
 From garboard bilge, } inch; T h rpf ] 1irpr i of PTU i s 
 
 From bilge to three-fifths depth of hold, U inch ; oe reuucea at enat>, 
 
 From thi-ee-fifths depth of hold to sheerstrlkes, & inch ; [ as aUowed ^ L1 y ds 
 Sheerstrake, -ff inch ; J 
 
 Butts of sheerstrake and main deck stringers to be triple riveted in midships. 
 
 Bulwarks to be of iron fa inch in way of break and forecastle, and fi 6 inch in body 
 of ship ; to be stayed with H-formed stanchions, 1 incn - Top-gallant bulwarks to be 
 neatly paneled with teak, varnished, and to have cast lead ornaments. 
 
 Main rail, of angle iron, 7-J by 3^ by f inches, riveted to bulwarks with angle iron on 
 inside edge, 2^ by 2 by f inches, for fixing greenheart pin rail, say 7 by 3 inches, or 
 teak rail, owner s option, and greenheart pin rail. 
 
 Top-gallant rail, of teak 7 by 3| inches, fixed to an angle iron 2 by 2 by fa inches, 
 riveted to bulwarks and caulked. 
 
 Rudder stock, of forged iron, 5f inches diameter at head and 3 inches diameter at 
 heel, with two short stays forged to the frame, and plated with ^-inch plates. 
 
 Riveting To be double riveted throughout, bevel necked rivets to be used on the 
 outside plating. 
 
 Decks, of yellow pine : main deck 5 by 4 inches, break-deck 4 by 3 inches, fastened 
 with galvanized iron bolts and nuts let well into the decks, and plugged with well- 
 seasoned turned plugs dipped in white lead. Decks to be well free from knots, and 
 have two coats of raw oil. Teak plank next water-way, 8 inches broad, and one for 
 ring bolts on each side of hatches 10 inches broad ; cabin deck 6 by 3 inches. 
 
 Half deck, laid on tween decks, 8 feet from side and from after-hatch to break bulk 
 head ; full deck also from fore bulkhead till afterpart of fore-hatch, 6 by 3 inches. 
 
 Hatches to be in size according to plan approved of by owners, with iron combings 
 .standing 15 inches above the deck. The fore and after hatches to have teak booby 
 hatches on top. Main hatch 17 by 12 by 6 feet; lower hold 21 by 12 by 6 feet, with 
 loose beams bolted with screw bolts. Fore and after hatch 6 by 5 feet. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 71 
 
 Ceiling, to turn off bilge, of red pine, 2| inches thick ; the flat of bottom to bo laid in 
 hatches, with rings to lift ; the ceiling at bilge and ends where no hatches are formed 
 to bo properly caulked ; the side, from top of bilge to main deck, to be sparred with 
 2i-inch battens, spaced 10 inches apart, the battens to be properly planed and beaded 
 on both edges. 
 
 Sweat boards The gunwale stringer to be fitted with movable shutter boards, to 
 carry off sweat from cargo. Shutters to be made of 1-inch pine and fastened with bat 
 tens. 
 
 Chain lockers, of sufficient size to contain the chains, fitted according to plan ap 
 proved by owners, to bo made of greenheart. 
 
 Hawse pipes Two on each bow, of cast iron, fitted in hard wood chocks, with iron 
 sliding shutters. 
 
 Timber heads, of cast iron, to answer for ventilators, with brass tops and elevators ; 
 also all necessary mooring pipes of cast iron. 
 
 Windlass to be fitted with a patent, say 23 inches purchase, with fluting whelps and 
 patent stoppers, spindle to run through the entire length of windlass ; the windlass 
 bitts to he of iron or greenlieart ; pall bitt of iron. 
 
 Winches One at main-hatch with triple purchase, and one at fore-hatch with double 
 purchase, and chain lifters ; one small, portable, for cargo. 
 
 Capstan Two on main-deck of the large size, and one smaller on forecastle-deck, to 
 have brass plates on top and brass mountings round the holes ; capstan plates to have 
 ship s name and port engraved. 
 
 Store-decks in fore and after peaks as required by owners. 
 
 Galvanizing All wrought and cast iron work connected with the hull, on deck, to 
 be galvanized. 
 
 Tanks, two in number, to contain 4,500 gallons, placed where required by owners. 
 Bread tanks, six in number, to contain 10 cwt. each, placed where required; or if re 
 quired by owner, one tank fitted in run to hold 20 cwt. 
 
 Pumps, of Wilson & Formby s patent, 7 inches diameter, with fly-wheel motion. 
 Bilge pumps, 5 inches diameter, to work of same spindle as main pumps. One small 
 pump to be fitted between main pumps, 4 inches. One head pump to be fitted, and 
 one pump in fore-peak. One brass or copper pump for water tanks, with all necessary 
 pipes, &c. 
 
 Deck house to be fitted between main hatches and foremast for officers, crew, and 
 boys, and galley store-room, &c., to be strongly built, and neatly finished outside with 
 teak pilasters and moldings, and have carved moldings round top. 
 
 Forecastle Fitted up in a plain style, for the accommodation of crew, with store 
 rooms, if required. 
 
 Cabin Fitted in mahogany and maple, polished, with gilt moldings, and trusses 
 between skin and ceiling to be filled with cork shavings. Captain s room to be fitted 
 with mahogany bed, front drawers, book case, sofa, &c. Chief officer s room to be 
 fitted in a comfortable style and painted oak. Pantry to be fitted with dresser with 
 lead top and brass basin, with all necessary racks and lockers, lined with zinc. State 
 rooms to be fitted according to plan, with wash-hand b^isin with marble top in each 
 room. The plan of the cabin to be approved by owners, and all to have first-class 
 finish. 
 
 Companions and skylight to be of teak, varnished. The cabin skylight to have 
 stained glass, and all locks and hinges to be of hrass. 
 
 Painting To have three coats of paint, inside and outside, to owner s satisfaction ; 
 the bottom inside to be cemented with the best Portland cement. Mclnues s or other 
 approved composition to be put on the bottom ; the ship to be tested with water before 
 cemented. 
 
 Boats, as required by board of trade. Boats beams to be fitted, also chocks for long- 
 boat, with swivel and a set of davits, with gear complete on each side. Boats beams 
 to be covered on top, and paneled on sides with teak wood, to owner s approval. 
 
 Masts Fore and main and mizzen masts, also bowsprit, lower yards, and lower top 
 sail yards, of best iron. The other spars of red and pitch pine, owner s option. The 
 smaller spars of spruce. The dimensions of masts and spars to be mutually agreed 
 on, and masting plans to be approved by owners. All the spare to bo of first-class 
 quality. 
 
 Rigging Standing rigging of best charcoal iron wire rope, 4 inches circumfer 
 ence, to be parceled and served over with small strings, the rest in proportion. The 
 running rigging of European or best St. Petersburg clean hemp, to be fitted with a 
 complete suit of ropes and blocks, brace halyards, and principal blocks to be patent 
 roller bushes and steel pins. Blocks and bushes to be to owner s satisfaction. Dead 
 eyes of lignumvitai 10 inches, brass caps for end of stays. In addition to tho above, 
 the vessel to be supplied with spare gear, as hereafter mentioned. Jibstays to be fitted 
 in wake of booms with chain. 
 
 Anchors and chains according to Lloyds and underwriters rules, and admiralty test. 
 Anchors to bo of Rodgers s patent. An anchor davit to be fitted on forecastle deck ; 
 
72 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 90 fathoms of 1-inch mooring chain to be supplied, together with all necessary small 
 chain for rigging ; one box chain punches to be supplied. 
 
 Generally The whole to be of best workmanship and materials, as required for an 
 A A 1 iron ship by Lloyds, and for the twenty years 7 class in red, in Liverpool under 
 writers book. 
 
 GENERAL OUTFIT. 
 
 WARPS, ETC. 
 
 1 towline, 11 inches, 90 fathoms. 
 1 warp, 8 inches, 90 fathoms. 
 1 warp, 7 inches, 90 fathoms. 
 1 warp, 5- inches, 90 fathoms. 
 
 BOATS, ETC. 
 
 1 long boat, 26 by 8 by 3 feet 8 inches, bottom coppered, and round stern, > , 
 
 1 skiff, 24 by 5 feet 9 inches by 2 feet 9 inches, 5 Carrel. 
 
 1 gig, 24 by 5 feet 9 inches by 2 feet 4 inches, ? r , , 
 
 1 dingy, 18 by 5 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 3 inches, $ Ule 
 
 Rowlocks brass for gig and dingy. Brass yoke do., and with rudders for each boat. 
 Boats to be of larch, and thoroughly copper-fastened. Necessary back boards, 
 gratings for boats, &c. Long boat to have cover over top, with teak- wood top- 
 sides, and fitted under on deck for live stock. Iron rowlocks for long boat and 
 skiff. 
 
 SAILS. 
 
 1 flying jib. 
 
 1 standing jib. 
 
 2 small jibs. 
 
 2 foretopmast stay-sails. 
 
 1 fore stay-sail. 
 
 2 fore-sails. 
 
 2 sets foretop sails. 
 2 foretop-gallant sails. 
 
 1 fore royal sail. 
 
 2 mainsails. 
 
 2 sets maintop sails. 
 
 2 main top-gallant sails. 
 
 1 main royal sail, 
 
 1 main stay-sail. 
 
 1 top-gallant stay-sail. 
 
 1 main topmast sail. 
 
 1 royal stay-sail. 
 
 1 main spencer. 
 
 2 mizzens. 
 
 1 cross jack. 
 
 2 sets mizzen top-sails. 
 
 1 set mizzen top-gallant sails. 
 
 1 set mizzen royals. 
 
 1 mizzen stay-sail. 
 
 1 mizzen top-mast stay-sail. 
 
 1 mizzen top-gallant stay-sail. 
 
 3 topmast studding-sails. 
 
 2 lower studding-sails. 
 
 3 top-gallant studding-sails. 
 2 royal studding-sails. 
 
 2 wind-sails. 
 
 1 set awnings to mainmast and foremast, with stanchions and ridge chain complete ; 
 also, forecastle awnings, with same. 
 
 6 bolts canvas, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. 
 24 pounds seaming twine. 
 18 pounds roping twine. 
 
 1 set boat sails and spars for long boat and skiff. (Owners .to >be iallowed .to make 
 
 sails at Is. Wd. per yard, dropping \d. each number.) 
 
 2 sets fids. 
 
 6 palms, assorted. 
 6 dozen sail needles. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 73 
 
 6 sail hooks. 
 2 iron rubbers. 
 Canvas covers for skiff, gig, and dingy. 
 
 CARPENTER S AND BOATSWAIN S STORES. 
 
 1 hand copper pump. 
 
 4 pump spears. 
 
 4 lower boxes. 
 
 1 break and weegee and wheel motion. 
 
 1 pair rigging screws. 
 
 2 sounding-rods. 
 
 1 spare top-gallant mast or yard. 
 
 1 spare top-mast or lower yard of red pLu?. 
 
 1 spare jib-boom or topsail yard of red or pitch pine. 
 
 4 spare Norway spars. 
 
 1 full set studding-sails, booms, and yards, with blocks and gear complete. 
 1 side accommodation ladder, fitted and mounted complete, of teak wood. 
 1 Jacob s ladder, complete. 
 
 hold ladder. 
 . half-deck ladder. 
 
 forecastle ladder. 
 
 store-room ladder. 
 
 larzarette ladder. 
 
 1 set hatch bars with brass padlock^ 
 
 2 sets tarpaulines. 
 6 handspikes. 
 
 2 sets tarpaulines for small cargo hatches. 
 
 2 log chips. Full set capstan bars, fitted in rack where required. 
 1 pitch pot and ladle. 
 
 1 booby hatch for half-deck and fore hatch, teak wood. 
 30 gallons lamp oil. 
 
 35 gallons raw oil. 
 
 3 gallons turpentine. 
 
 5 gallons olive oil. 
 
 10 oil tanks, 10 gallons each. 
 
 2 five-gallon tanks. All to be fitted where required. 
 1 bladder patty. 
 
 1 leaf hog s lard. 
 
 1 brass bell and stand with ship s name and port on. 
 
 1 small brass bell for quarter-deck, with stanchions complete and ship s name and 
 
 port on. 
 Mahogany wheel and teak-wood cover, and ship s name carved and gilded on each 
 
 side of cover, and bound with brass, and ship s name engraved. 
 Screw steering apparatus, with spare tiller and blocks and chain, to owner s ap 
 proval. 
 
 3 forecastle lamps. 
 1 cook s lantern. 
 
 1 shark hook. 
 
 1 portable filter. 
 
 1 medicine chest, with ship s name on brass plate, mahogany or teak, fitted com 
 plete for India or China voyage, say 30 inches by 17 inches. 
 
 1 ensign. 
 
 1 union jack. 
 
 1 burgee. 
 Ship s name. 
 
 1 house flag. 
 
 1 set signals and halyards and book, Maryatt s, and commercial code complete, in 
 addition to full set of gear. 
 
 1 coil If-inch rope, 120 fathoms. 
 
 1 coil 2 j-inch rope, 120 fathoms. 
 
 1 coil 3-inch rope, 120 fathoms. 
 
 1 coil 31-inch rope, 120 fathoms. 
 
 1 coil 3f-inch rope, 120 fathoms. 
 
 1 coil 18 thread. 
 
 1 coil lanyard rope, 5-inch. 
 
 1 coil 2 yarn-spun yarn. 
 
 4 skeins amberline, > 
 
 4 coils marline, Vsay 2 hundred-weight. 
 4 coils house line, ) 
 
74 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 2 buoys and ropes. 
 2 patent life buoys. 
 
 1 spare shackle for each anchor. 
 
 2 dozen assorted forelocks. 
 2 dozen washers for bolts. 
 
 Fids for masts, iron. 
 1 hundred-weight nails, assorted. 
 1 axe. 
 1 adze. 
 1 saw. 
 1 maU. 
 1 hammer. 
 
 4 cork fenders, large size, to be worked over with hemp ropes by hitching. 
 1 set boat s chocks, complete. 
 
 1 pig-house, with iron bars. 
 
 2 dozen assorted connecting shackles. 
 2 dozen small shackles. 
 
 Iron check blocks on lower yards for top-sail sheets. 
 
 Iron hoops on lower yard for jack-stays, and quarter hoops for top-sail sheets, with 
 rollers for studding-sail booms. 
 
 1 portable forge. 
 
 2 hundred-weight rivets, assorted. 
 1 set riveting jacks. 
 
 1 ratchet. 
 
 Set of drills from -J inch to 1 inch, with knee. 
 4 chisels. 
 1 screw wrench, with patent spanner. 
 
 1 chain-purchase sling. 
 
 2 pairs skeets for ship s side, with covers for the rail in way of fore and main 
 
 hatches. 
 
 60 feet hard wood, 12 by 3. 
 8 scrapers. 
 
 400 feet red fir planks. 
 4 spare ash oars. 
 4 iron crowbars. 
 
 2 dozen hooks and thimbles, assorted. 
 2 dozen clip hooks. 
 
 4 large ventilators, to be properly placed. 
 6 deck scrubbing brushes, with weegee. 
 
 1 register box and locks, with ship s name. 
 8 paint scrubbing brushes. 
 
 2 whitewash brushes. 
 
 18 paint brushes, assorted. 
 
 4 pencil brushes. 
 48 birch brooms. 
 
 4 joiner s scrapers. 
 
 2 plumber s scrapers. 
 
 2 cabin sweeping brushes, long and short. 
 12 hundred-weight paint, assorted. 
 
 1 cask M Innes s paint, or tallow, say 3 hundred-weight. 
 40 gallons paint oil. 
 
 1 transparent compass, fitted on tripod, or some other suitable place. 
 
 1 azimuth compass. 
 
 1 steering compass, fitted complete in brass dolphin binnacle, all properly adjusted. 
 Compass fitted with 10-inch card and storm gimble center, owner s approval. 
 
 1 cabin compass, transparent. 
 
 2 spare compass cards marked with degrees, 
 thermometer. 
 
 sympiesometer, $ C 
 
 pair glasses. 
 
 telescope, to be approved of. : 
 
 log glasses. 
 
 patent log and line. 
 
 1 half-hour glass. 
 
 2 mops and handles. 
 1 log slate. 
 
 1 log book. 
 
 1 log reel and line. 
 
 1 patent deep-sea lead line and reel, 200 fathoms. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 75 
 
 1 patent sounding machine. 
 
 2 band leads and lines. 
 1 harpoon. 
 
 1 pair grains. 
 
 1 side pump leather. 
 
 1 side service leather. 
 Brass signal lamps, to be fitted up per board of trade requirement, say 4. 
 
 1 flash light. 
 12 fishing hooks. 
 
 1 box blue lights. 
 
 1 box rockets. 
 
 3 fishing lines. 
 
 2 spare log lines. 
 
 1 brass speaking trumpet. 
 1 fog horn. 
 
 Gratings between skylight and wheel ; also, between cabin doors and skylight, with 
 gratings front of poop, and gutter waterway on poop, all of teak wood. 
 
 1 grindstone and trough. 
 
 4 long tar brushes. 
 
 2 short tar brushes. 
 
 1 set ash oars to each boat. 
 -J cask pitch. 
 i cask rosin. 
 
 1 cask Stockholm tar. 
 
 2 hundred-weight oakum. 
 18 chain hooks. 
 
 7 luff-tackle blocks, say 13 inches double. 
 7 luff-tackle blocks, say 13 inches single. 
 18 spare blocks. 
 2 spare dead-eyes and pins. 
 2 spare cargo pennants, with blocks and fall. 
 2 chain stoppers. 
 2 shank-painters. 
 2 chain claws. 
 
 1 spun-yarn winch, iron. 
 
 2 double 21 -inch purchase blocks. 
 
 1 triple 21-inch purchase block. 
 
 2 cat-blocks. 
 
 2 top blocks, say 5 and 6 each rope. 
 
 3 snatch-blocks. 
 
 1 purchase gin and chain. 
 1 gaff fitted to mainmast. 
 1 ballast gin and chain. 
 
 1 anchor nshho^Jf. 
 
 2 boat-hooks. 
 
 2 watch tackles. 
 
 12 marline spikes, flat pointed. 
 6 serving mallets. 
 
 3 serving boards. 
 
 2 pair chain can-hooks. 
 2 pair chain nippers. 
 1 pair chains for puncheons. 
 1 pair chain-purchase slings. 
 9 ballast shovels. 
 9 coal shovels. 
 16 feet hen-coops, teak. 
 1 fire-engine and hose, with teak cover. 
 
 COOPER S STORES. 
 
 4 water casks, 100 gallons. 
 
 2 breakers, 20 gallons each. 
 
 2 oval harness casks. 
 12 deck buckets. 
 
 1 water can. 
 
 1 wash deck tub. 
 12 mess kids. 
 
 1 water funnel. 
 
 2 draw buckets. 
 4 bread boxes. 
 
76 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 1 cask for flour. 
 
 3 vinegar casks, 20 gallons each. 
 
 2 lime casks, 20 gallons each. 
 1 molasses cask, 15 gallons. 
 
 All casks and 12 buckets to have galvanized iron hoops ; also, 12 buckets and 2 har 
 ness casks which are to have brass hoops, and to be of teak. 
 
 CABIN STORES. 
 
 1 iron tea-kettle. 
 
 1 copper tea-kettle. 
 
 1 britannia metal tea-pot. 
 
 1 britannia metal coffee-pot. 
 12 table-spoons, E. P. No. 1. 
 12 tea-spoons, E. P. No. 1. 
 
 1 dozen table knives and forks, with white ivory handles. 
 
 1 dozen table forks, E. P. No. 1. 
 
 1 dozen dessert knives and forks, with white ivory handles. 
 
 1 dozen forks, E. P. No. 1. 
 
 1 basket for electro-plates. 
 
 1 metal tureen and ladle. 
 
 1 electro-plate tureen and ladle, No. 1. 
 12 electro-plate dessert spoons, No. 1. 
 
 1 electro-plate inustard-pot spoon, No. 1. 
 
 2 electro-plate salt spoons, No. 1. 
 
 6 common knives and forks, with 6 table and 6 tea-spoons, britannia metal. 
 1 carving knife and fork. 
 1 steel, ivory handle. 
 1 set castors, E. P. No. 1. 
 
 4 dish covers, E. P. No. 1. 
 1 blackjack. 
 
 4 brass candlesticks. 
 4 pair snuffers and tray. 
 4 dozen plates, assorted. 
 1 dozen dishes. 
 6 vegetable dishes. 
 
 1 dozen mugs. 
 
 2 butter boats. 
 2 butter pots. 
 
 1 dozen egg-cups. 
 
 2 glass salts. 
 
 2 sugar basins, (1 glass.) 
 Crockeryware to have ship s name on. 
 \ dozen basins. ^ 
 
 1 wash-hand basin and jug to be fitted up in each state-room. 
 
 2 water jugs for cabin. 
 
 2 dozen cups and saucers. 
 
 4 decanters. 
 
 1 dozen tumblers. 
 
 1 dozen wine glasses. 
 
 1 dozen champagne glasses. 
 
 2 brass cocks. 
 
 4 chamber pots. 
 
 1 pair flour scales and weights. 
 
 1 pair steel-yards. 
 
 1 set weights and scales complete. 
 
 2 coffee mills. 
 1 candle box. 
 1 spice box. 
 
 1 flour dredger. 
 
 1 set pewter measures, Bay 6 
 
 1 plate basket. 
 
 corkscrew. 
 
 dust pan. 
 
 hand bell. 
 
 fancy bread baskets. 
 
 cabin lamp, to be approved. 
 
 brass bar, to be fitted in skylight, with swing tray attached 
 
 berth lamp to each state-room and pantry. 
 Damask curtains in each room. 
 1 cabin stove, with copper funnel complete. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 77 
 
 Iron funnel inside of copper, to bq approved. 
 
 1 coal box, japanned. 
 
 1 set fire-irons. 
 
 1 chair for end of table. 
 
 1 stool for each room. 
 
 1 forecastle stove and funnel. 
 
 1 teak or mahogany table, to draw out. 
 
 1 stove for house on deck, and funnel. 
 Settees on each side of cabin table, with swinging backs. 
 All hair-cloth to be covered with hollands and bound with red. 
 Sideboard to bo fitted in cabin of Spanish mahogany and marble top and brass rail. 
 Sofa, drawers, and book-case of teak in captain s room, with small table for chronom 
 eter. 
 
 Settees and after-lockers to bo covered with best hair-cloth. 
 All hiuges or locks in cabin or elsewhere to bo brass. 
 Furniture for locks, to be glass, owner s approval. 
 
 1 cloth for cabin table. 
 
 1 oilcloth for cabin table. 
 
 1 carpet for cabin floor, and oilcloth for each state-room and pantry, with runners. 
 Carpet for captain s room, with oilcloth and all necessary table-cloths and towels for 
 the voyage. 
 
 1 side light in each room, and all to be approved by owners. 
 
 Steward s pantry and lazarette to be properly fitted up, with all necessary pease and 
 other lockers, lined with zinc throughout. 
 
 1 water-closet and bath to be fitted in cabin, to have double-action valves, and 1 in 
 
 wing of monkey, forecastle. 
 Cabin stairs to be leaded, and to have brass diamond step plates, fitted with brass 
 
 rods from deck to cabin. 
 All small ladders on deck to have diamond brass plates. 
 
 1 looking-glass over sideboard, and one in each room, to owner s approval. 
 
 1 time-piece to match mirror. 
 
 2 guns complete, with carriages of teak, say 4-pouuders. 
 
 24 rounds cartridges, ammunition, 24 shots for the voyage, with copper magazines. 
 
 6 muskets. 
 
 6 pistols. 
 
 6 bayonets. 
 
 6 cutlasses. 
 
 6 hand-cuffs. 
 Ship to have female figurehead. 
 
 The poop skylight companion grating over wheel. 
 12 buckets and harness casks and fore 
 
 forecastle scuttle to be of teaK. 
 All cooking utensils to be supplied, with caboose of first-rate quality for East India 
 voyages, to owner s approval. 
 
 COOKING EANGE, (to be sufficiently large to cook for 24 hands. 
 
 2 copper boilers and steamer. 
 
 3 lined oval pots. 
 
 4 saucepans. 
 1 fish pan. 
 
 1 cullender. 
 
 2 frying pans. 
 1 cooRs ladle. 
 
 1 basting spoon, 
 1 cook s knife. 
 1 cook s axe. 
 1 saw. 
 1 cleaver. 
 1 steel. 
 1 tormentor. 
 1 mincing knife. 
 
 1 bread grater. 
 
 2 pudding pans. 
 
 3 bread tins. 
 
 3 pudding molds. 
 2 roasting pans. 
 
 2 gridirons. 
 
 1 pepper box. 
 1 slice. 
 6 skewers. 
 
 3 baking dishes, enameled. 
 
78 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 It is understood that anything enumerated twice is only to be singly supplied. No 
 extras to be supplied without the same be given 111 writing to any party appointed by 
 the owners, and having their approval by signing the notice, a copy of which is to be 
 sent to 
 
 Anything left out of this specification which it is customary to supply to this class oi 
 vessel, it is understood that the same will be supplied by the builders. And anything 
 left out of this specification must be supplied in this case in accordance with contract, 
 and everything to be carried up to Lloyds and underwriters rules. 
 
 Everything of first-class material and of the best workmanship. Delivery at the 
 Broomielaw, Glasgow, after being in graving dock, on the , or before, if 
 
 practicable. 
 
 Model to be approved of before laying the vessel down, and finished model sent to 
 purchasers during the building. 
 
 Builders present price, as per specification, 14 10s. per register ton. 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM H. WEBB suggested that the committee should, before 
 adjournment, request the ship-owners of Kew York, and the under 
 writers, to communicate their views in writing on the question before 
 the committee. He himself would be prepared to do so, and could give 
 more information in that way than he could orally. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN stated that the committee intended to address circu 
 lars to gentlemen interested in the various branches of the business, and 
 to get all the information that it could, in writing as well as orally. The 
 committee would be very glad to have Mr. Webb communicate his views 
 in writing. 
 
 Mr. WEBB said he should be very glad to do so. 
 
 The following was received, and ordered on file : 
 
 MR. CHAIRMAN AND GENTLEMEN OF THE CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE : I have here 
 tofore been quite a vessel owner and builder, but not so now, and therefore cannot com 
 plain much ; but I feel proud to think that there has been enough evidence before your 
 honorable body by the merchants and ship-builders of the United States to convince 
 you that the taxes and tariffs on ships and ship-building materials ought to entirely 
 cease, for the protection of commerce. But there is another branch of taxes which I 
 wish to call your serious attention to. I have been for the last three years contesting 
 the illegality of State and municipal taxes on the commerce of the United States. 
 Those sort of taxes on vessel property are enormous, and attended with obstructions, 
 delays, and damage. I hope, Mr. Chairman, you and your committee will not be un 
 mindful in assisting us in pressing our claims at the next session of Congress to abrogate 
 and finally break up the different and various State and municipal taxes that are im 
 posed upon and exacted from commerce at the various ports in the United States, as 
 partially set forth in this petition, which has been presented to Congress, but which 
 has not been acted upon at present. 
 
 I also wish to state to you that within the walls of this edifice the collector of the 
 port of New York has collected millions of dollars, and up to this date is collecting 
 State and municipal taxes and tonnage dues from commerce, in violation of the Con 
 stitution of the United States ; in violation of the Congress of the United States ; in 
 violation of. the supreme court of the District of Columbia in a case decided October 
 24, 1867, (Nautilus case;) in violation of the Supreme Court of the United States, de 
 cided December term, 1867, (steamship Charles Morgan New Orleans case;) and, last, 
 in violation of the orders of N. Sargent, Commissioner of Customs at Washington, dated 
 August 13, 1869. 
 
 C. F. BAKNES. 
 
 The committee adjourned to meet in Boston on Monday, 18th October. 
 
 BOSTON, TUESDAY, October 19, 1869. 
 
 The committee met in the rooms of the Board of Trade. 
 
 Present : the Chairman and Messrs. Buffinton, Morrell, Calkin, Wells, 
 and Holman. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN stated the object of the committee, and invited the 
 gentlemen appointed by the Board of Trade to express their views in 
 reference to the cause of the depression of American commerce and nav 
 igation 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 79 
 
 Mr. EDWAED S. TOBEY, chairman of the Board of Trade, welcomed 
 the committee to the city of Boston and to the rooms of the board, and 
 said that the Board of Trade hailed the meeting of this committee as an 
 auspicious omen to the interests of commerce, and as showing that Con 
 gress had become impressed with the importance of doing something 
 to restore the shipping interest of the country. It was not his purpose 
 now to present at length any views that he might hold on the subject, 
 but rather to call upon other members of the Board of Trade to present 
 their views, and in the course of the investigation he would endeavor 
 to take some proper opportunity to give a statement of facts which had 
 come within his own knowledge, and such deductions from those facts 
 as might suggest themselves to his mind. He mentioned the presence 
 in the room of one of the prominent representatives of the iron steam 
 ship-building interest, the treasurer of the Atlantic Works of East 
 Boston, Mr. Smith, who was already known extensively throughout the 
 country by his very able communication on the subject of iron steam 
 ship construction. 
 
 Mr. FRANKLIN W. SMITH, treasurer of the Atlantic Iron Works of 
 Boston, addressed the committee. He said that he would not take up 
 the time of the committee by repeating what it was better informed of 
 than himself, the history of American commerce, its prosperity and de 
 cline. Nor would he trouble members of Congress with statistics, 
 among which they were buried for a great part of the year. He only 
 wished that a moiety of the intelligence possessed by members of Con 
 gress on this matter were possessed by the people. If that were so this 
 committee would not be in session to-day. He need not recall how, in 
 1861, the American tonnage was greatly in excess of the tonnage of any 
 other nation. Nor need he recall the record of the decline of that com 
 merce. In 1868 there were but six iron vessels built in the United 
 States, and at present he believed that there was not one iron vessel on 
 the stocks in this country. A bark of six hundred or seven hundred 
 tons, and the iron bark Novelty, built by the Atlantic Works, were the 
 only iron sailing vessels built in this country. As to wooden shipping 
 he was not able to follow its decline, the decline being so rapid. What 
 was the reason for this 9 The answer might be given in one word the 
 tariff. The contrast on this matter between the United States and Great 
 Britain was most painful. In 1867, out of two hundred and twenty- 
 seven ships built upon the Clyde, there were but fourteen of wood, and 
 these averaged only one hundred and sixty tons each. He held in his 
 hand a slip from the Glasgow Herald of August 7, 1860, detailing the 
 launches which had taken place during the previous month. There were 
 thirteen of them, amounting in all to thirteen thousand nine hundred 
 and ninety-one tons, averaging nearly eleven hundred, and all of iron. 
 Why could not this be done here ? Because of the tariff. He was in 
 debted to one of the able articles of the New York Evening Post for a 
 record of the changes in the tariff, and of the pressure which those 
 changes had brought to bear upon the ship-building interest. In 1857, 
 common rounds and squares of iron, such as are used in the wooden 1 
 ship-building interest, and which were then the great item to be taxed 
 in ship-building, were taxed twenty-four per cent, ad valorem. In 1861 
 they were taxed fifty per cent., and in 1864 one hundred and twelve per 
 cent, ad valorem. It was stated that by the proposed bill introduced by 
 Mr. Moorhead in 1868, those very bars of iron, essential in wooden ship 
 building, were struck at for a rate of one hundred and sixty-eight per 
 cent. He held in his hand a list showing the charges to-day of an iron 
 Bhip of one thousand tons burden, supposing that all her materials of 
 
80 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 foreign construction were imported. He submitted it in detail to the 
 committee, as follows : 
 
 Duties on materials for a 1,000-fo/i iron ship. 
 IRON. 
 
 53 per cent., plate 530, 000, duty, H cents . 
 
 18 per cent., refined iron and rivets, 180, 000, duty, 1 cent 
 
 23 per cent., T. and angle or beams, 230, 000, duty, 1 cents. 
 
 3 per cent., forgings 30, 000, duty, 2 cents . 
 
 3 per cent., castings 30, 000, duty, say 1 cent 
 
 $7,950 00 
 1, 800 00 
 2,875 00 
 600 00 
 300 00 
 
 100 per cent. 1, 000, 000 Ibs., divided by 3, 13, 525 00 
 
 4,508 33 
 $18,033 33 
 
 RIGGING. 
 
 35,000 pounds chain cable, duty, 2 cents, gold \ #, 1 ft7C - /^ 
 
 8,000 pounds small rigging-chain, duty, 2| cents, gold $ ** u 
 
 8,000 pounds anchors, 2 cents, gold 180 00 
 
 8 tons Russian hemp, $40 ton, gold duty ; or if cordage be im 
 ported, 10 tons, 2,000 pounds each, 20,000 pounds, 3 cents 600 00 
 
 5 tons Manilla hemp, 2,240 pounds, at $25 ton, gold ; or if cord 
 age be imported, 12,000 pounds, at 2 cents 300 00 
 
 2, 155 00 
 Add 33i per cent 718 33 
 
 2,873 33 
 
 20, 906 66 
 
 If wire rigging be used, 5 tons, cost 22 shillings sterling for 112 pounds, duty 35 per 
 cent, ad valorem ; costs now 7-J- cents, gold, for galvanized, duty paid. 
 
 That was about twenty-five per cent, extra on the cost of an iron ship 
 of one thousand tons in England. The Atlantic Works had recently 
 invented a tank vessel for the carriage of molasses in the bulk a pecu 
 liarly difficult liquid to carry, because of its expansive and fermenting 
 qualities. A vessel for this purpose must be constructed of iron, so far as 
 experience went, because it had been found impossible to get a wooden 
 vessel strong enough and fixed enough in its joints to hold those tanks 
 under all conditions. Those tanks, therefore, were constructed with the 
 ship, adding strength to the ship. That vessel had been invented here 
 and had been patented both here and in England, and had made two 
 voyages which had been deemed to have been an absolute and unquali 
 fied success. He might state with entire safety that there had been a 
 saving of five per cent, on each of those cargoes of molasses. The saving 
 might have been much more. That vessel would bring five cargoes in 
 the season, which would be a saving in a single season of twenty-five 
 per cent. The molasses imported into Boston alone in a single season 
 employed fifteen vessels, and one concern in New York employed fifteen 
 vessels in the trade. The Atlantic Works had built one such tank ves 
 sel, and the firm for which they built it, as well as other parties, desired 
 to have more such vessels. They were ready to build two on their own 
 account; but, singularly enough, they had been actually stayed in the 
 building of them, by the expectation of the benefits which they were 
 now asking at the hands of Congress. They did not dare to build 
 those vessels, in the expectation that Congress would strike off the duty 
 and reduce the valuation next spring from $10,000 to $15,000. The 
 building, therefore, of at least three of those vessels had been post 
 poned to another season. But meanwhile the Atlantic Works Com 
 pany finding their hands tied as iron ship-builders, and finding it im- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 81 
 
 possible to build those brigs themselves, wrote to England and had an 
 offer from England to build them on the Clyde at twenty-live per cent, 
 less than they could build them themselves. They were seriously de 
 bating the building of those brigs abroad, and having them under a 
 foreign Hag. This would probably be the case next year unless the 
 necessary relief were granted. He had no doubt that the American 
 merchants* interest in the molasses trade would insist upon this saving 
 of $5,000 per cargo. If America could not supply those vessels England 
 would ; and if American merchants were too patriotic or too timid to 
 put their vessels under the English flag, they would go abroad and give 
 to England, not only the building of the ships, but the transportation 
 besides. All that the Atlantic Works asked was a royalty on their 
 patent which was registered abroad. 
 
 He had given the committee the rates on bars and plate iron, but there 
 was another item to which he should call especial attention. The duty 
 on beams and angle-irons was practically prohibitory. They were now 
 rolled in this country by only three concerns. In iron ship-building they 
 constituted twenty-three per cent, of the entire work, and the commit 
 tee would see the disadvantage of a monopoly even in the hands of the 
 best of men, from this fact, that no matter what rate of tariff was im 
 posed, so long as the construction of those beams paid a profit as they 
 had paid a large profit for many years those three mills had only to 
 raise their scale of prices up to just below the cost of importation ; 
 and the consequence was that at present all beams and all angles had 
 their prices adjusted by the rate of importation. It was natural that 
 this should be so, and he did not wish to be understood as reflecting, in 
 the least degree, upon the patriotic impulses or business course of any 
 concern that might pursue this policy. Doubtless every concern in the 
 country would consider it perfectly legitimate; but with our commerce 
 to-day depending upon the closest possible competition and upon the 
 most advantageous circumstances both as to material and labor, it was 
 certainly a most discouraging feature that twenty-three per cent, of the 
 materials that enter into the construction of iron ships should be abso 
 lutely in the hands of a monopoly of manufacturers. It was not so with 
 pig or other descriptions of iron. 
 
 He had placed in a pamphlet, which he had had the honor to submit 
 to Congress, the reasons, drawn from most experienced authority, show 
 ing why wooden ships were to-day practically superseded by iron ships. 
 In Calcutta and San Francisco iron ships commanded five shillings ster 
 ling a ton premium in charters, because of their durability, because of 
 their increased capacity, because of the fine condition in which mer 
 chandise could be transported in them, and because of the rates of in 
 surance. While America had in her magnificent forests the monopoly 
 of material, and thus gained her prestige on the ocean, England was 
 at the disadvantage that America was at now. Now things were re 
 versed; the advantages of coal, iron, and labor England had to-day, 
 and she was building ships and selling them all over the world. Prus 
 sia was protecting her iron interest by charging ten per cent, upon the 
 iron ships bought abroad, while she charged only five per cent, upon 
 the wooden ships. But England, despite that, was building for all the 
 world. J. S. Forbes & Co., of Boston, had, last March, sent to the At 
 lantic Works specifications for a first-class iron ship for Chinese waters. 
 The Atlantic Works had not pretended to do any better than build the 
 ship at cost. They had got one contract from the Boston and Balti 
 more line of steamships, and were glad to get it at cost, because such 
 establishments as theirs were better kept running. To stop them, 
 GNI 
 
82 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 causes great deterioration. They had received those specifications from 
 Messrs. J. S. Forbes & Co., and had endeavored to figure them down to 
 the necessary point ; but they had despaired at the outset of getting 
 the contract. While they were at it they had received a note from 
 Forbes & Co., stating, " Gentlemen : We are informed by cable that 
 this ship is ordered in England." 
 
 A few days since he had gone to New York to meet a gentleman who 
 would have ordered an iron ship for the trade between New York and 
 Mexico. This gentleman had said that his judgment was that in every 
 respect iron ships were preferable to wooden ones, and that he intended 
 to build of iron, but that when he came to figure out the cost and found 
 that the absolute taxes on the materials entering into the construction 
 of such a ship would be from $40,000 to $50,000, he had determined to 
 build a wooden ship, take the chances, and let her rot out in ten or fif 
 teen years, considering that the interest on the difference would build 
 another ship. These were the facts as to the entire and absolute sup 
 pression of iron ship-building in the United States. As to a remedy, 
 he should not suggest that American ports should be thrown open to 
 foreign produce. For his own part he should be glad to see American 
 products used in preference to foreign ; they were better. He desired 
 to see, through the influence of Congress, or through an organization of 
 the merchants of the country, the establishment of the authority of the 
 American Lloyds in rating ships equal to the authority of the British 
 and French Lloyds. They should then have the opportunity to take 
 into account the admitted and unquestioned superiority of American 
 iron, and could make out a gain of twenty per cent, in the cost of iron 
 ships. He had been astonished to see that with the American prestige, 
 they had not before this time asserted an authority which should be 
 equally authoritative before the world in the matter of rating ships. 
 He could not understand why the underwriters should compel Ameri 
 can ship-owners, who a few years ago owned more ships than any na 
 tion in the world, to bring everything up to a standard of British or 
 French engineering. It seemed to him that Americans had proved in 
 the history of the last war that the judgment of their mechanics as to 
 what was strong and as to what was required to give strength, was 
 equal to the judgment and intelligence ot foreign engineers. If Con 
 gress could secure for American ship-owners the privilege of having 
 their ships rated by underwriters as authoritatively as they are now 
 rated by English or French companies, Americans could go into their 
 own mines and dig out an iron superior, by from twenty-five to thirty- 
 three per cent., in strength to English iron, and they could thus, with a 
 modified tariff, be in a position to ask no favors from any source for the 
 restoration of their commerce. 
 
 Mr. SAMUEL HALL, of East Boston, ship-builder, made a statement 
 to the committee. He said that the wooden ship-building interest had 
 been much depressed since the war. He had built but one ship since 
 the war, and had one upon the stocks now. This depression was owing 
 wholly to the high cost of the ships. The high duties upon the materials 
 entering into the construction of ships, made ships cost from fifty to sixty 
 per cent, higher than they did previous to the war. Iron which they used 
 to buy for not exceeding forty dollars per ton was now eighty dollars per 
 ton ; rigging which they used to buy at eight cents per pound was now 
 sixteen cents per pound ; duck which they used to buy at twenty-eight 
 cents a pound was now worth fifty-six cents ; and everything else was 
 in the same proportion. Unless there was something done to relieve 
 ship-builders they would have to give up their business entirely. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 83 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. The prices that you speak of now are in currency, as 
 compared with gold prices before the war ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. Formerly we used to take ships to England and 
 sell them. I believe that I took the first ship to England from this country 
 and sold her there. Now I presume that if the trade were thrown open so 
 that the English could send their ships here to be sold, there would be 
 no ships at all built on this side. We cannot compete with theln. They 
 can build iron ships cheaper than we can build wooden ones. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. How does the mechanical labor here compare with the 
 mechanical labor of England? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It is much higher here than it is there. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do our ship-carpenters here do any more work than 
 their ship -carpenters do? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think they do. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What would the average be ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think that we are degenerating very fast on that point 
 in this country, so far as my experience goes. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. The reason why I ask the question is because the builders 
 of New York gave it as their opinion that the American mechanics were 
 superior to the English mechanics and did more work ; and I want to 
 get the opinion of a Boston builder on that point. 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think that they do, as a general thing. I think that the 
 English hold on to their own notion of doing things. I do not know 
 but that their workmen work as hard as ours ; but the means that they 
 take to accomplish the work is different. Their tools are not so good as 
 ours. I think that if Congress would relieve the ship -builders by re 
 moving the duties on the materials that enter into the construction of 
 ships, it would be a great advantage to them. Unless they do so, I think, 
 in the course of a few years, there will be no more ship-yards in this 
 country. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understood you to state that it costs to build a ship 
 now from fifty to sixty per cent, more than it did before the war ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. By removing all the duties and allowing a drawback on 
 the materials entering into the construction of wooden ships, would you 
 then be able to compete with ships built in the provinces, where timber 
 is equally as plenty as it is here I 
 
 Mr. HALL. If they used the same quality of timber that we do, we could 
 build as cheap as they can in the provinces ; but they build their ships 
 out of cheaper timber, such as spruce and birch. I have worked in the 
 provinces and know the manner in which they do their work. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. You have been carrying on that business for many years ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. About forty-six years. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What is your opinion as to the necessary legislation of 
 Congress in order to enable ship-builders in this country to compete 
 with foreign ship-builders ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think that if all the articles used in ship-building were 
 admitted duty free, American ship-builders would be able to go on as 
 formerly. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Suppose you were able to go on, would you find a market 
 here for your ships? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I see no reason why we should not. Nothing but the high 
 prices prevents our finding a market now. Enough of people want ships 
 but cannot pay the prices for them. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I notice several ships lying idle here, and also in New 
 York, as if they had not any business. How do you account for that ? 
 
84 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. HALL. There is not a large amount of tonnage now, I think not 
 near as much as there was before the war. There are not half the ships 
 in New York now that there were formerly. If it were not for the coast 
 ing trade I do not know that there would be hardly an American ship 
 to be seen. If our ports were thrown open to other nations and our 
 coastwise trade opened to them, we should not have any use at all for 
 our ships. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Your opinion is that if Congress should remove all the 
 obstructions in regard to duty, allowing ship-builders a drawback, and 
 at the same time should throw open the purchase of ships in Europe, 
 the mechanics in this country could compete with English mechanics in 
 the building of ships? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think they could. If the English were allowed 
 to put their ships into the market, and if our navigation laws were re 
 pealed, I do not think there would ever be any more ships of any kind 
 built here. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. American merchants are free now to go and buy ships 
 abroad and to sail them under the English flag? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes; and I am told that quite a number of them are doing 
 it. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you understand that the business as now carried 
 on by the English nation is profitable ; that they are making money to 
 day in their commercial marine I 
 
 Mr. HALL. I cannot say as to that. I should not think that the busi 
 ness is depressed there as it is here, because they build much more 
 there, and people are not apt to follow a losing business a great while. 
 
 Mr. MOREELL. But they are willing to keep their ships running even 
 when they are not making money ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I cannot say as regards the English whether their shipping 
 is depressed or not ; but I know that in this country it is very much 
 depressed. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. The question was asked you whether, if the drawback 
 on the materials were allowed, and if the navigation laws were repealed 
 so that capitalists could go abroad and buy ships, American mechanics 
 could compete with English ship-builders, and you answered that they 
 could not. Do you think that if the time were extended for instance, 
 if the drawback were allowed, and then in the course of four or five 
 years the navigation larws were repealed the ship-builders of this coun 
 try could get themselves in a position by that time to compete with 
 foreign builders ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think they could. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You think it would take a longer time ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes. If the navigation laws were repealed almost all the 
 ships in the world would be built in England. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You understand niy question. It is whether, if a draw 
 back were allowed for four or five years before the navigation laws were 
 repealed, the American mechanics would then be in a position to com 
 pete with the English mechanics ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think not. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How long a time would it take for American ship 
 builders to compete with foreigners ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think they ever can. If Congress anticipates 
 repealing the navigation laws it may as well do so to-day as wait for 
 five years hence. The result would be the same. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What are the wages paid at present to ship-carpen 
 ters and mechanics here I 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 85 
 
 Mr. HALL. About three dollars a clay in currency. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What were they paid before the war say from 1854 
 to 1800 f 
 
 Mr. HALL. Not exceeding two dollars a day from that to one dollar 
 and seventy-five and one dollar and fifty cents. I built the first clipper 
 ship, I believe, that was built in Boston, the Surprise, in 1850, and I 
 then paid one dollar and seventy-five cents a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. 1850 was a year of great depression. How was it in 
 1854, which was a year of great activity in the building of ships ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Not so much as in 1852. In 1852 we had the greatest 
 activity in ship-building in this country that we ever had. I recollect 
 that I built four ships from March to December of that year, of eleven 
 hundred tons each. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What were the average rates of wages paid to first- 
 class nuechanics from 1850 to I860 ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would fall below two dollars. I should say that one 
 dollar and seventy -five cents would be about the average, and sometimes 
 it went down to one dollar and fifty cents for first-class mechanics. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So that there has been an advance of fifty per cent, 
 in wages? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. The carpenter work on a ship which would then 
 cost about seven thousand dollars would now cost about twelve thousand 
 or thirteen thousand dollars. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You think, then, that something more than the 
 admission of the materials entering into the construction of ships duty 
 free is necessary to enable American ship-builders to compete with for 
 eigners J ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. As long as things remain as they are now, the cost of 
 labor will not recede much. Mechanics are going out of the business 
 and seeking other employment, and there is great scarcity even now of 
 mechanics in ship-building. That, of course, enhances the cost of 
 wages. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think, from your knowledge of the character 
 of workmen here, and in Europe, that the difference in labor would be 
 overcome or nearly overcome by the greater efficiency of the American 
 workmen ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do. It takes the English a great while to do a little 
 work. They are diligent men, but they are very slow. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How would the cost of materials that enter into the 
 construction of ships stand now free of duty as compared with the price 
 of materials before the war, making an allowance for the difference 
 between gold and currency ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. The cost would be considerably higher now. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Does that refer to timber as well as to iron ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, sir ; to nothing but the iron ; the wood we get here. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. What is the value of the iron in wooden ships as com 
 pared with the value of the other materials? 
 
 Mr. HALL. A ship of one thousand three hundred and fifty tons, such 
 as I am building now, will take about seventy-five tons of bolt iron and 
 square iron. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you not use a great deal of copper in the building of 
 wooden ships? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. "VVhat is the difference between the cost of copper now 
 and its cost previous to the war ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. We do not now use clear copper. 
 
86 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. You cover the outside with copper ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. That is sheathing copper. Before the war it was worth 
 seventeen cents a pound ; now it is worth twenty-seven cents. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In case of a repeal of the navigation laws, what would 
 be the effect upon ship-carpenters labor in this country in the course oi 
 four or five years ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. There would not be any at all. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Can you take a house-carpenter or a wood- worker of any 
 kind and make a ship-carpenter of him readily 9 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, sir ; no more than you can take a common mechanic 
 and set him to make a watch. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What will be the policy of ship-builders hereafter in 
 regard to the building of wooden vessels I Are wooden ships likely to 
 be built hereafter to any extent, or will iron ships supersede them 1 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think that iron ships at present, unless they are 
 built much cheaper, will compete with wooden ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Take the commerce of the world. 
 
 Mr. HALL. I thkik the tendency is toward iron vessels. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Supposing that Congress should adopt a more liberal 
 policy by admitting foreign built vessels to American registration, only 
 excluding them from the coastwise trade, and supposing that a rebate 
 were allowed upon all the materials entering into the construction of 
 ships, what effect would these measures, taken together, have upon our 
 commerce and our ship-building ? Would they promote the one and 
 injure the other, or would they promote both ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I should think you would not promote the ship-building 
 interest by throwing the trade open to foreign vessels. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. By giving the coastwise trade exclusively to American- 
 built ships? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think that there is enough of that to make it 
 worth while building ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. In 18GO, when our commercial marine was much larger 
 than it is now, was not our domestic trade equal to fifty per cent, of the 
 whole of our commerce ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Congress can tell better than I can about that. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You had no occasion to inquire into that question ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You think that the advantages resulting from the 
 domestic trade to American-built ships are not very important, and 
 that the reservation of that trade to American-built ships, combined 
 with the use of free materials in the construction of ships, would not 
 promote our ship-building, if registration were granted to foreign-built 
 vessels ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. No ; I do not think that these measures would be of any 
 great benefit; I think that ship-building here would finally die out. If 
 the government does not do something to protect the ship-building in 
 terest it certainly will die out, and that very soon. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And you think that this would be done in two ways : 
 first by preserving the navigation act ; and secondly, by allowing ma 
 terials exempt from, internal and external taxes to be used in the con 
 struction of ships? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Are American capitalists willing to employ their capital 
 at as low rates of interest in ship-building as English capitalists are ? 
 
 Mr. HALL Yes, I think so. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Can you tell whether the business of building 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 87 
 
 wooden ships in the provinces is about as much depressed as it is here ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I cannot tell you. I think there is very little business 
 doing there. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Have you any means of knowing whether it is de 
 pressed there as much as it is here ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I have not. 
 
 Mr. JOHN TAYLOR, ship-builder of Chelsea, next made a statement to 
 the committee. He said that he agreed in the main facts that had been 
 stated by Mr. Smith and by Mr. Hall. What had been said in regard 
 to iron ships was equally applicable to wooden ships, so far as half or 
 more of the whole cost of the ship was concerned. He would not add 
 to or take from what had been already stated. There was great de 
 pression here in the ship-building interest. The cause of that depres 
 sion had been stated, and he did not know that he could add anything to 
 the statement. He had been thirty-five years engaged in ship-building, 
 and had constructed over one hundred large ships. He was not con 
 structing any ships at present, nor did he contemplate doing so, as he 
 had made up his mind to abandon the business altogether, and never to 
 build another ship. This was for the simple reason that it could not be 
 done; that American ship-builders could not compete with the ship 
 builders of other nations so long as the difference in the cost of materials 
 existed. He believed that there were two ships at present on the stocks 
 in this port, but that in two weeks from this time there would not be a 
 ship on the stocks in Massachusetts. He accounted for the fact that 
 there was any ship-building going on now in Boston, by saying that it 
 was in order to keep the yards in existence and to employ the mechanics. 
 He himself had done as little as he could possibly do, so as to employ 
 his materials and workmen, hoping ere long that some assistance would 
 come to the ship-building interest. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Can the ships which are now being built be sold at 
 profit to the builder ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. No, sir; they are being built merely on account of the 
 mechanics, and for the purpose of using up the materials and keeping 
 the men together, in the hope of better times. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Where have you constructed heretofore ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. In East Boston for the last few years. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How long is it since you have built any skips? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I have one now just about finished. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Please state to the committee the rates of wages 
 which you are paying to first-class mechanics. 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. From three to three and a quarter dollars a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What were the average rates of wages for the same 
 kind of mechanics previous to the war say from 1852 to 1860 ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. In 1852- 3 wages were very high. In 1850 and 1851, 
 and again in 1856- 7- 8, they were low. My experience would vary a 
 little from Mr. Hall s. I think that the average would reach quite as 
 high as to-day, and perhaps a little higher for first-class mechanics. For 
 second-class mechanics wages would be very much below that. A great 
 portion of them would be hired at from nine shillings a day to one dollar 
 and seventy-five cents. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Reduced to gold, the present rate of wages would be 
 about thirty-five per cent, higher than the rate of wages then ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, about that. There has been a great deal of tam 
 pering with labor here, and that, in my estimation, has injured the cause 
 a great deal. These societies here have formed laws regulating labor, 
 determining the hours of labor, &c. 
 
88 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How many hours do your mechanics work now? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. We have worked ten hours. The navy yard here em 
 ploys about seven-eighths of all the ship-carpenters in this vicinity. There 
 they work for only eight hours, and are paid three dollars and twenty- 
 four cents a day, so that all the ship-carpenters are nocking to the navy 
 yard. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What hours did your mechanics work previous to 
 the war ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Ten hours. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What effect does the navy yard have upon labor ? 
 Does it tend to increase the rates of wages in the neighborhood of the 
 yard? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir ; it always does. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So that a ship cannot be built as cheaply in the 
 neighborhood of a navy yard as remote from it ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. No, sir ; men will always seek employment in a navy 
 yard even at lower rates of wages than they can get at private yards. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How does the price of materials at the present time 
 (keeping in mind the difference between gold and currency) compare 
 with the price of materials before the war say from 1852 to 1860? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. If we used white-oak plank it would be very much 
 higher ; yellow pine would be very little higher. 
 
 The CHAIR3IAN. How would it be, taking the materials for a ship right 
 through by the ton ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. All the outfits, everything like spars and rigging, sails, 
 iron, copper, and all finishing work, trimmings, brass work, and every 
 thing of that kind, is more than one hundred per cent, higher in currency. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Eeduce it to gold and take the duty off, and how 
 rould the price of materials then compare with the prices previous to 
 *,he war ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. If the duties were all taken off, I do not think there 
 orould be a great deal of difference, with the rates reduced to gold. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do not navy yard commandants send to the different 
 manufacturing establishments in the community and base the price of 
 Aabor in the yard upon the price of labor outside ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I do not think that they do. That is to say, I do not 
 think that they get a fair representation of labor outside. Labor is 
 always higher in the navy yard than it is out of it. We have several 
 classes of labor. There is the repairing of ships. That labor fetches a 
 higher price than new work does. For instance, if new work were paid 
 at the rate of three dollars a day, old work would be paid at the rate of 
 four dollars. The navy yard people are more inclined to take that kind 
 of labor as a criterion ; or, at all events, they take that kind of labor and 
 the new, and they draw a line between them which would make the labor 
 on the new ships higher than is paid outside. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you think that ship-carpenters get any higher wages 
 than they ought to according to the price of everything ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I do not think they do. I do not find any fault with the 
 price of labor. We do find some fault with the time that mechanics 
 propose to labor. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You say that you believe that the vessels now being 
 built cannot be sold at a profit to the builder. Do you think that they 
 could be sold at a profit, provided the duty on all the materials were 
 refunded or a drawback allowed ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I do. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 89 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you think that an additional number of vessels 
 could be profitably put into the service and run at this time? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, I think we can run our ships against the world. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Is there a demand at this time for ships at any price? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Perhaps not at the present moment. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that the want of a demand for ves 
 sels has something to do with the depression in the business just now? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Undoubtedly ; there is no question about that. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I suppose that you experienced periods of depression 
 before the war ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Oh, yes. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You have seen dull times in ship-building before ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir; very dull indeed. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that the introduction of iron vessels 
 and of vessels of larger capacity propelled by steam has had a great 
 deal to do with the depression of the ship-building business? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. It may have ; I should think, however, very little now. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. One vessel of large capacity takes the place of several 
 vessels of smaller capacity and makes quicker trips? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, that affects the coastwise trade and perhaps the 
 trade between here and Europe. It has been asked whether iron ships 
 would finally supersede wooden ones entirely. There are some trades 
 which iron ships are not fit for. For instance, the China trade. There 
 they prefer wooden ships. In Calcutta and Bombay iron ships have 
 quite the preference over wooden ones some half dollar a ton, I think, 
 in freight. The question was asked about our competing with foreign 
 labor. I am inclined to think that we can do so. I am satisfied in my 
 own mind that we can. Three years ago I was in Liverpool and had 
 some large repairs done upon a ship there, and I made up my mind that 
 so far as the labor was concerned we could do the work quite as cheap. 
 Two years ago I was in Bremen, where labor was very low only sixty 
 cents a day for the best mechanics. I am satisfied that labor there costs 
 more than it does here in Boston, although we pay four dollars a day 
 and they only pay sixty cents. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Why do they prefer wooden ships to iron ships in the 
 China trade ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I do not know. I think that I know the fact, but why 
 it is I do not know. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If you have any other suggestions to make, the com 
 mittee will be pleased to hear them. 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. In reference to repealing the navigation laws, it occurs to 
 me that in that case the government would be more seriously affected than 
 even ship-builders or merchants, for, as Mr. Hall says, the ship-carpen 
 ters would become extinct in a short time, there would be scarcely 
 enough left to repair old vessels, and then in case of a war like the last 
 one, or in case of a war with England, (and such a thing may be,) we 
 should be in no position whatever to provide ships of war, because our 
 mechanics would be all gone. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Is not the navigation law virtually repealed already? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I think not. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. There is nothing to prevent American ship-owners buy 
 ing ships in England and running them under the English flag ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. No, sir; but that has its disadvantages. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. It has been shown before the committee that it also has 
 its advantages, as they get their stores cheaper and labor cheaper. 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Perhaps so. 
 
90 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I suppose that the disadvantages are with reference to 
 the title to the property and to the management of it ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. That is the disadvantage that I have spoken of. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Would not the allowance of a drawback of duty on 
 all the materials going into the construction of a ship operate to exclude 
 the. use of American materials I 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. No, sir ; it would affect the prices of American materi 
 als, as Mr. Smith represented. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not suppose that other interests are affected 
 by legislation the same as your own J ? Do you not suppose that other 
 interests can be entirely wiped out, as well as the ship-building interest, 
 by adverse legislation ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir ; there is no question about that. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. If you render it impossible to produce those materials 
 in the country profitably that is, if the labor that produces them can 
 be employed more profitably in other pursuits than in producing materi 
 als for ship-building Avould it not operate to prevent their production 
 here, and to compel you to buy foreign materials ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir ; that would be the tendency, beyond a doubt. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. It is a fact, however, that certain interests have been 
 rather protected by the events of the war J ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Has not ship-building been entirely depressed by the 
 war ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Very much so. It was effectually destroyed. Those who 
 were engaged in it were carrying it on under great disadvantages and 
 loss ; whereas the iron trade has been protected, so that the people en 
 gaged in it have been making money. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you think that if you were able to build ships cheap 
 in Boston the Boston merchants would put their money in them ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir, I do. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. At as cheap a rate as foreign capitalists ? For instance, 
 will not an English or a French or a Prussian capitalist invest his money 
 in ships at from four to five and six per cent. ? And with the various 
 advantageous modes of investing money in the United States, will 
 American capitalists do that ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. I think they will. I think that a certain class of Amer 
 ican capitalists would prefer to invest in ships rather than in anything 
 else. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. That would be the case, perhaps, in commercial cen 
 ters and in ship-building districts ? 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. PAUL CURTIS, ship-builder, next made a statement to the commit 
 tee. He said that he could not add much to what had been already said. 
 It was very evident that under the existing tariff ships could not be 
 built in this country. If a ship-builder should goto a merchant and ask 
 him to buy a ship, the merchant would say, " No, our ships are taxed 
 too much. I cannot invest money in them.* He thought that there 
 would not be any ship-building done in Boston, at present, were it not 
 for the purpose of keeping up the ship-yards. He himself was not 
 building any at present. He had built a Ship this summer of 1,418 tons, 
 new measurement. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Please state to the committee the difference in the 
 cost of the labor on that ship now, and what it would have been before 
 the war both in gold. 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. If you take gold at one-third higher than currency, I do 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 91 
 
 not think there would be any great difference. Ship-carpenters are work 
 ing probably as cheap as they can work. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What were the average rates of wages paid to ship- 
 carpenters before the war, say from 1852 to 18GO "? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. In California times we were paying a great deal more 
 than we are paying now. That was from 1852 to 1854. There was a 
 great deal of building then, and frequently when we got a ship built 
 she would fetch ten thousand or twelve thousand dollars more than the 
 contract price. Now it is quite the reverse. We get a ship built and 
 there is no chance to sell her so as to make anything out of her. Lately 
 I have not built any ships except on contract. This ship that I built 
 was built on English account. They sent over word that if we could 
 build a sjiip at so many pounds sterling we might go ahead and build 
 her. We could not meet them at first, but finally we did get together 
 and took the ship very low and built her. One of the parties in Eng 
 land, however, thought that he preferred an iron ship, and he requested 
 us to sell her on his account. That ship was built at some four thousand 
 or five thousand dollars less than we could duplicate her for, and yet we 
 would not find a merchant who would buy that ship. She was offered 
 here at two and a half per cent, on the cost, and there was no one to 
 step forward and buy her. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you made any estimate as to the difference in, 
 th^ enhanced cost of materials at present and before the war <? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Hard pine is about a third higher. Before the war we 
 could get hard pine at twenty- five cents, and now we are paying from 
 thirty-six cents to thirty-eight cents. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How is it as to the cost of iron ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Iron is a great deal higher. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How much is the total cost of iron to-day that is put 
 into a thousand- ton ship all fitted for sea ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I do not know exactly. All that I know is that the low 
 est ever paid for iron was thirty-seven dollars a ton, and now we are 
 paying somewhere about eighty dollars. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. When did you buy iron at that price ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. J guess four or five years before the war. I imported it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You were going on to state the cost of all the mate 
 rials entering into the construction of a ship ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Mr. McKay says that he went into a careful calculation, 
 and that he made out the difference in the cost of a thousand-ton ship, 
 caused by the tariff, to be from eight thousand to ten thousand dollars. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What does it cost to build a wooden ship of that ton 
 nage? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. We can build her for about eighty dollars a ton in cur 
 rency. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. What would she have cost from 1855 to 18GO ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. You would have got her for about fifty-five dollars a ton. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean fitted out for sea 1 ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir. I have rigged many a ship for eleven thousand 
 or twelve thousand dollars. This ship which I have just sent away cost 
 us twenty -five thousand dollars for rigging, over and above the hull. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. That is a great deal more than the difference which 
 you have just stated as the difference on all the materials. 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. These ships may not have been quite as large; but for 
 a number of years the price of rigging a ship did not vary a thousand 
 dollars. It would be from eleven thousand to twelve thousand dol- 
 
92 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 lars. At present they are using iron with the rigging, and they would 
 probably use it more than they do if it were not for the high tariff on it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is it used to any great extent upon wooden ships ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. There have been three or four lately rigged with it ; -this 
 one which I have just sent away was rigged with iron rigging; but I 
 believe our merchants think that they would rather have the hemp rig 
 ging, because the old hemp will sell for enough to pay for the wear; 
 they use the hemp here for some time, and then they go to England and 
 put in wire rigging, and the hemp is then worth as much to sell as the 
 wire costs in England. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Prior to I860 to what extent were vessels built by ship 
 builders of Boston for foreign capitalists ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. When we built ships on our own account, if -we could 
 not sell them here we sent them to Europe; and there were a great 
 many built here and sold in that way. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you know of any having been built by contract 
 with foreign capitalists prior to 1860 ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir; I built some myself, and I believe two or three 
 since 1860 for the firm of Warren & Co.; four years ago I built a 
 wooden ship for them of one thousand three hundred or one thousand 
 four hundred tons ; two or three years before that I built one of one 
 thousand one hundred or one thousand two hundred tons for them. 
 I do not know whether we can compete with the English in iron-ship 
 building ; we cannot at present ; but I am satisfied that we can in 
 wooden-ship building if we could have some relief on the tariff on our 
 materials. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You think that if the materials were relieved from taxa 
 tion our ship-builders could compete with English ship-builders as to 
 wooden vessels ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. But you think it doubtful as to iron- ship building, sup 
 posing that iron were relieved entirely from duty? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. We should want a little more experience than we have 
 got; the English are building their iron ships very scientifically that is, 
 they have got fairly under way, and it would require some time for us 
 to do so. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is it not an advantage to the English ship-building in 
 terest that the rate of interest for capital in England is low ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Undoubtedly ; at the same time I have built three ships 
 for an English house within the last six or seven years. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Where does the government get its mechanical labor 
 from for the navy yards ship- carpenters, calkers, engineers, boiler- 
 makers, &c. *? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. It gets them, of course, from private yards. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. The government does not educate mechanics of any kind 
 in the navy yards ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Xo, sir ; apprentices are very seldom taken. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. I understood you to say that a ship which formerly 
 cost fifty-five thousand dollars would now cost about eighty thousand 
 dollars f 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir ; it would not vary much from that. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. That is eighty thousand dollars in currency against 
 fifty-five thousand dollars in gold beforcfthe war ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. That is twenty-five thousand dollars in currency over 
 the gold cost ? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 93 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Perhaps eighty dollars a ton is a little more than a ship 
 would cost now. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. I think it was stated in New York that a ship could 
 be built for seventy-five dollars a ton. 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. We took an account of stock before we commenced to 
 build this last ship, and we took an account of stock after we got through. 
 We took the contract for less than eighty dollars a ton ; but we lost 
 money on it. For a thousand-ton ship I should say that eighty dollars 
 a ton was a fair price j but for a larger ship it could be done cheaper. 
 It does not cost so much a ton to rig a large ship as it does to rig a 
 small one. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. If all the duties were taken from the materials that 
 entered into the construction of that ship, how much cheaper could you 
 have constructed her f 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. 1 have not gone into that question ; I only know, from 
 what Mr. McKay says, that on a thousand-ton ship the difference would 
 be about eight thousand dollars. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. About eight dollars a ton ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Would the cheapening of a ship eight dollars a ton 
 enable you to find work for it in this port ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I think it would ; I think our merchants would give con 
 siderably more for an American-built ship than for a foreign-built ship. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Then it seems that the whole matter lies in the cheap 
 ening of a thousand-ton ship from eight thousand dollars to ten thou 
 sand dollars ; would it not be a greater boon to the ship-owner if he 
 could get the supplies of that ship relieved from duty rather than have 
 the cost cheapened to that extent ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. The ship-owner would evidently want some other things 
 off. For instance, if Mr. McKay is going to carry his ship to New York, 
 he has got to pay a year s license on her in order that he may carry her 
 to New York and sell her. I understand that it costs six hundred dol 
 lars to get a ship sent there. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Is not that tax in itself more important than the duty 
 on the materials ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. All these things go to depress the business. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. After the vessel is constructed can the American owner 
 mil her as cheap as the English or the French owner? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I have no doubt that he can, and cheaper ; he pays a 
 little more to his men j but he takes less of them, and they are more 
 efficient. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you run ships as well as build them ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I am to some extent a ship-owner. We are often obliged 
 to take one-eighth of a vessel for the sake of getting the contract to 
 build her. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do ship-builders here generally own interests in the 
 ships that they build ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. There has been very little of that business done here. 
 Ship-builders have depended upon the merchants. There is where we 
 have not done so well as the people of .Maine have. The ship-builders 
 in Maine have owned parts of the ships, and there is more money made 
 in running ships than there is in building them. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do our merchants attach any importance to the custom 
 that prevails in some European countries of allowing ships stores to be 
 taken out of bond free of duty ? Is that a matter of any importance in 
 any of our lines of trade! 
 
94 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. That is not a subject with which I am familiar. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Please state the effect oil the ship-building interest 
 of the tariff 011 copper. 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I hear it stated that you can get your yellow-metal 
 some seven or eight cents a pound cheaper in England than we can get 
 it here. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What is the general practice of ship-builders and 
 ship-owners in reference to the coppering of vessels ? Is it generally 
 done here or on the other side of the water ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. If vessels are going to California, they are coppered 
 here. If they are going to a cotton port and thence to Europe, they 
 wait till they get over there. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If the cost of a ship at the present time is eighty 
 dollars per ton here, would it be as low as that if there was the usual 
 amount of ship-building being done? In other words, is not the cost 
 reduced by the limited amount of business ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Probably wages would go higher if there was much 
 work doing ; but they are repairing vessels at the navy yards and are 
 employing a great deal of labor. That, however, is local and tem 
 porary. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If the navy yard were not in operation would the 
 rates of wages be lower? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. And on the other hand, if ship-building for mercan 
 tile purposes were increased, that would increase the cost? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. That would bring it up again, probably. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If there were ten or fifteen ships building here when 
 you were building yours, would it have cost you any more for the labor ; 
 and if so, how much more ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Undoubtedly, if there were more ships building with 
 the same state of things in the navy yard, there is no doubt but wages 
 would be higher ; but that is merely local and confined to the neighbor 
 hood of navy yards. Of course the more business that there is doing, 
 the more wages we have got to pay. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Does not that thing always regulate itself? Does 
 not the increased business alwavs enable you to pay the increased cost 
 of labor ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. Certainly. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that you could build a ship for eighty 
 dollars a ton if labor was in as large a demand at present as it was in 
 1860? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I do not suppose that I could. I suppose that that 
 would increase the cost of the ship. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Was there not a time previous to the war when there 
 was a large demand for ships, and when you could not produce them 
 for fifty-five dollars a ton ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. In California times, when everybody went on ships, and 
 when they could get freight enough to pay for the ship, they wanted 
 ships built in a hurry, and then wages were high ; but just before the 
 war the business was very much depressed ; labor was low, and 
 materials and everything. That is the time when ships could be built 
 at fifty-five dollars per ton. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In your opinion, providing the materials that enter 
 into the construction of ships were admitted free of duty, you could 
 then build ships in competition with foreign ship-builders? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. We could build wooden ships j I have no doubt of that. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 95 
 
 As to iron ships, I have no experience that would enable me to answer 
 the question. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. But you think there is no doubt that the remission 
 of the duties would enable you to build wooden ships here as cheap as 
 before ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I have no doubt of it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe there would be the demand for the 
 ships in case they were" built at that reduced rate I 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I can only say that that is what the merchants estimate. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Is it not more the tax to which the ship is subjected 
 after she is built that merchants object to, rather than the enhanced 
 cost of the ship itself? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. That is a question which had better be answered by the 
 merchants. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Speaking about coppering those ships, what is the ex 
 pense of coppering a thousand-ton ship ? How many tons of copper 
 does it require? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I do not know that I can answer that question. Cop- 
 peri Dg is an extra charge, and it is not very often that we copper ships 
 ourselves. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If the price of a ship is eighty dollars per ton fitted 
 out for sea, does that include a copper or metal bottom ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. No, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How much would that increase the cost of a vessel 
 of one thousand tons ? 
 
 Mr. CURTIS. I suppose about $4,000 or $5,000, or four dollars and 
 fifty cents a ton. 
 
 Mr. E. H. DERBY next addressed the committee. The committee 
 was aware that the American tonnage, when it culminated in 1851, had 
 reached the point of about five and a half million tons. It had risen 
 just above the tonnage of England. Now, American tonnage had de 
 creased to 4,300,000 tons, and the English tonnage had risen to 
 7,300,000, and was at present about seven millions. During the late 
 war, and while England drew the great bulk of her cotton from India, 
 the voyage occupied nearly a year ; but, when the war ended and Eng 
 land again drew her cotton from America, the voyage was shortened 
 more than half, so that less than half the tonnage was required for that 
 business. That had some effect in diminishing English tonnage, and an 
 immediate check was given to ship-building in England, which had been 
 exceedingly rapid during the war, the tonnage having nearly doubled. 
 Many American vessels had been placed under the English flag, and 
 the consequent increase of English tonnage and decrease of American 
 tonnage had been very great. With the close of the war, when American 
 ships again entered into the field of commerce, there was a great check 
 given to English tonnage ; from the end of the war to the present time 
 there had been rather a diminution than increase of English tonnage; 
 but still the disparity between that and the American tonnage was very 
 great. 
 
 By referring to statistics of American tonnage it would be found that 
 now the coasting trade preponderated greatly over the foreign trade. 
 By analyzing the returns of about nine months of the past fiscal year 
 from June to April he found that the arrivals and clearances in the 
 domestic trade were fifty-one million tons, and the arrivals and clearances 
 in the foreign trade only seventeen millions, showing that the amount of 
 business done in the coasting trade (the voyages being shorter) was nearly 
 three times as great as in the whole foreign trade. When he came to 
 
96 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 analyze the foreign trade he found that of this seventeen million tons (of 
 which, in former times, two-thirds were American and one-third foreign) 
 two-thirds were foreign and one-third American, the American dwindling 
 from year to year, and the foreign increasing. He found that, during 
 those nine months which he had examined, the increase in the foreign 
 tonnage was at the rate of fourteen per cent., and the diminution in the 
 American tonnage was at the rate of twenty-eight per cent. ; so that it 
 would be seen that the American tonnage engaged in the foreign trade 
 was being very rapidly extinguished, and was being driven from the 
 ocean. 
 
 There was on the files of Congress at Washington a very valuable re 
 port on the commerce of the United States, which contained the reports 
 of the United States consuls at all the foreign ports. That of Mr. Morse, 
 consul to London, showed that before the war the American tonnage 
 engaged in the carrying trade of the world was two and a half million tons, 
 of English shipping very nearly an equal amount, the aggregate of all 
 the rest not coming up either to the American or English. He (Mr. 
 Derby) entertained no doubt that that two and a half millions of Ameri 
 can tonnage was now reduced to five or six or seven hundred thousand 
 tons, (less than one-third of what it had been,) and that that small pro 
 portion was rapidly diminishing. 
 
 The condition of American shipping at present was, that in the coast 
 wise trade it was gradually and slowly increasing, particularly on the 
 rivers and lakes, and a little on the coast ; and that in the foreign trade 
 there was an immense diminution. While the schooners, brigs, and small 
 steamboats were increasing there was a great diminution in the construc 
 tion of ships. For instance, before the war there were on the average 
 three hundred and fifty ships a year built ; now that three hundred and 
 fifty had dwindled to sixty, and those were employed almost entirely in 
 the coastwise trade. It had become apparent from the course of events 
 that American vessels were being driven from the ocean in competition 
 with foreign vessels, that Americans could not hold their own in the 
 foreign trade, and that all they could do was to cling to the coastwise 
 trade. 
 
 What had caused this; and how was it to be remedied ? It had been 
 said that the diminution in American shipping was due to the war. They 
 had lost by privateers and British pirates between one and two hundred 
 thousand tons of shipping, but that did not explain the loss of tonnage. 
 The explanation was in the diminution in ship-building, and in the de 
 parture of vessels from the American flag to the British flag. Thus the 
 tonnage of England had been increased, and that in the United States 
 very materially diminished. 
 
 The difficulty in which commerce was at this moment was that, by the 
 legislation of Congress, American vessels were shut out from the foreign 
 trade. First, the vessels that had gone under a foreign flag were for 
 bidden by law to return. They could not come back again. If a sheep 
 were lost it might be recovered and brought back to the fold, but the 
 ship once gone was gone forever. Such was the legislation of Congress. 
 He would say a word for those parties who had parted with their ships. 
 He regarded them as among the most meritorious merchants of the 
 country. The duty of the Bailor was to save his ship, to cling to his ship, 
 and to bring her safe back to port. From, time immemorial it had been 
 the custom in time of war to put ships under a neutral flag, and it had 
 always been considered perfectly legitimate to do so. During the late 
 war the United States navy could give no protection to commerce. No 
 armed ships could be spared to take care of American commerce oil the 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 97 
 
 open sea. He believed that there had not been a convoy during the 
 war, the armed ships being employed in blockading southern -ports, and 
 properly so employed. The question that addressed itself to the com 
 mittee and to Congress was a question of common sense. Was it to the 
 interest of the country to save its ships ? He held that it was to the 
 interest of the country to save the ship, and to bring her safe to port. 
 She could now return safe to port if Congress would only permit her. 
 The question was whether Congress would compel an American owner 
 to continue still to sail his vessel under the English flag, or permit him 
 to bring her back to her own country. These ships could still make good 
 whalers, and render good service in carrying oil from the Pacific and 
 Atlantic. They could render good service in the Pacific trade, carrying 
 lumber from Washington Territory to California, He did not represent 
 one of them directly, but he would respectfully ask that the door be 
 opened to them and that they may be brought home to diminish by so 
 much the tonnage of England and increase that of the United States. 
 
 He presumed that at the end of the war there were nearly a million 
 tons of American shipping sailing under the British flag. He did not sup 
 pose that there were now more than four or live hundred thousand tons, 
 and he would ask that every American-built ship be permitted to come 
 back. If the government did not take care of them during the war was 
 it not proper that they should take care of themselves, and should they 
 not now have the opportunity to return I 
 
 Passing from that subject to the subject of those duties that precluded 
 the building of ships in the United States, he would say, in the first 
 place, that by the navigation act foreign-built ships are prohibited from 
 getting an American registry. He suggested that it would be politic 
 to permit some foreign-built vessels to be owned and registered in 
 the United States on the payment of a duty. If iron ships could be 
 built cheaper in England than in America let them come not freely, so 
 as to break down American mechanics, but under a duty of ten or fif 
 teen per cent., or $10 or $15 per ton ; and then let a remission of duty to 
 the same amount be made to the American ship-builder. He would not 
 be in favor of taking the duty directly off the foreign commodity used 
 in ship-building, but would make a general remission of duties to the 
 amount of $10 per ton. That was Mr. McKay s estimate of the differ 
 ence in the cost of a thousand-ton iron ship caused by the tariff, not $8 
 per ton, as had been mentioned to-day. He would let that sum go to 
 the American ship-builder, and let it go to buy American goods instead 
 of foreign. He had been lately in the provinces, (having made four 
 reports on the subject of reciprocal trade,) and he found that labor there 
 was little less than in the United States ; that ship-building materials 
 were inferior in quality, but were suitable for building a cheap class of 
 vessels that would endure for only two-thirds or one-half the length of 
 time that the white-oak vessels built in the United States last. Still, 
 they made them very cheap, and, for certain purposes, they came in com 
 petition with the vessels built in the United States. Formerly those 
 vessels had carried lumber to England, Ireland, and Scotland, but, under 
 the free-trade system, they were now excluded from all but the western 
 coasts. Norway, Denmark, and Prussia were sending supplies to the 
 eastern coasts, and TV ere getting round to the Bristol Channel, where the 
 competition was about equal. He entertained the very confident opinion 
 that if the duty on ship-building materials were virtually taken off , by 
 making a concession of so much per ton, American merchants and ship 
 builders would be enabled not only to supply their own wants but to go 
 into the market and again sell ships abroad. There should be a reinis- 
 
 7NI 
 
98 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 sion of $10 per ton, and at the same time there should be another change 
 which he had seen foreshadowed the other day in California .the resto 
 ration of gold and silver as the circulating medium. A specie currency 
 was needed to relieve the shipping interests. If a man were now to 
 build or buy a ship at $85 per ton, and if next year the country were to 
 go back to the gold currency, he would find his investment reduced to 
 $60 per ton. Therefore it was necessary to get back to the gold currency 
 as soon as possible, because the present condition of the currency de 
 terred men from going into that kind of investment. 
 
 Another view of the subject was, the change produced by substituting 
 steam for sails and iron for wood. They had undertaken recently in 
 Boston to build two magnificent steamers, two of the finest vessels in the 
 world. But Congress had virtually provided, by refusing to grant sub 
 sidies, that the United States should have no steamers carrying the mails 
 across the ocean. The only subsidies allowed were to a few vessels run 
 ning to Brazil and China, not half the number that ought to run between 
 China and California. How could Americans under such circumstances 
 run lines of steamers in competition with English and French lines which 
 were largely subsidized 1 ? England had a fleet of a hundred sail of 
 steamers running to the east, to Bombay, Calcutta, Japan, and China. 
 And how was this immense fleet supported? How was it that England 
 had to-day something like 500,000 tons engaged in steam navigation, and 
 a navy more powerful than the navies of all the rest of the world 3 ? It 
 was by her subsidies. She gave one, two, three dollars a mile to steam 
 ers, and, if necessary, was prepared to give four dollars. France had 
 put on a line to China, and had begun to press the English line a little; 
 but the English government had come forward and said, "We will give 
 you $3 a mile on condition that your profits shall not get up beyond a cer 
 tain sum; but you shall run your steamers and not be put down by the 
 French." When other governments pursued the policy of granting lib 
 eral subsidies, why should not the American government do the same ? 
 Kot one of the great steamship lines could have paid expenses without 
 a subsidy, and the subsidy had been the sole basis on which they had 
 run. If that were the case, if they could not run without subsidy, 
 how could American lines run without subsidy, and with all the duties 
 imposed upon them? Were Americans prepared to abandon the ocean? 
 They were abandoning it to-day. If they wished to win fame and wealth 
 on the ocean, as their fathers had done, their steam lines must be sub 
 sidized. They must be put on an equality with foreign lines, and then 
 they would compete with the rest of the world. 
 
 It had been suggested that navigation should be made free, and that 
 foreign vessels should be admitted to American registry. In theory that 
 might seem to do very well, but would not Congress have to go a step 
 further? When it dealt with navigation in that way, would it not have 
 to go further and take the high duties off manufactured goods, and off 
 iron and other things? If Congress took the high duties off ships, and 
 kept them on everything else, who would want to own ships? What 
 seemed essential to him was that a great reduction should be made in 
 the cost of American-built ships, without doing injury to American 
 manufactures, and that a tax should be put upon foreign-built vessels. 
 
 He had been in California the other day, and had seen that there was a 
 competition between the Pacific railroad and the Pacific mail steamers, but 
 he was certain that if the steamers running to Panama could be diverted 
 to China, the diversion of each of the til-monthly steamers would be 
 worth a million dollars .to the railway. In the one case the steamship 
 line was an opponent, in the other case it would be a feeder. He thought 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 99 
 
 it would be extremely desirable to have a line of propellers established 
 between San Francisco and China, and he understood that the English 
 were thinking of it. It seemed to him that" there was so much need of 
 some iron screw propellers for that trade that, if they could not be built 
 cheaply here, some of them should be let in from England, and run on 
 American account. 
 
 He had to say a word on another point in this connection. If they 
 were to have shipping, the shipping must have something to carry. But 
 Congress, by its legislation, provided that the foreign business should 
 be to a great extent destroyed. He was rather inclined to give some 
 protection to manufactures ; but he thought there were certain limits to 
 the protection which should be given. When duties were higher than 
 thirty per cent, they encouraged smuggling. He found that there was 
 a large amount of smuggling going on from the provinces, which op 
 erated in weakening and impairing the force of the United States duties. 
 In the article of woolens particularly there was a very great amount of 
 smuggling. He wished Congress to take off the duty on foreign wool, 
 and to have the wool come in free, as it does in Europe, so as to give 
 American shipping something to do in the way of carrying wool. He 
 had been to California, and had learned something there about the manu 
 facture of wool. The current price of a three-quarter pluck wool 
 nearly up to the full-blood grade was twenty-one cents a pound ; and 
 he was told they could raise it a good deal cheaper than that. A gentle 
 man, Colonel Halliday, had crossed the mountains in 1854 with a flock 
 of twelve hundred sheep, and lost four hundred on the way. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understood that it was eight thousand, and that he had 
 lost two thousand. 
 
 Mr. DERBY. " I tell the tale as it was told to me" at the Pioneer Woolen 
 Factory in San Francisco; but whether the flock was eight thousand or 
 twelve hundred will not matter materially, because the result is so pro 
 digious that either will answer. That flock has increased to sixty-four 
 thousand, and is yielding $100,000 a year to him, with wool at twenty- 
 one cents a pound. And yet we have gentlemen from Ohio and Iowa 
 saying that they must have forty or fifty cents a pound on wool, while 
 here is a man making $100,000 a year out of what was originally worth 
 little or nothing, by selling wool at twenty-one cents a pound in Cali 
 fornia. 
 
 That carries me to the story of La Plata wool. They have on those 
 plains seventy-five million sheep, yielding a large amount of wool. In 
 18G5 we received, principally from that country, Australia, and Africa, 
 eighty-seven million pounds of wool. While we were receiving this 
 large quantity of wool the government threw on the market some army 
 clothing. Probably the country was a little overstocked with woolens. 
 Wool fell in price; an excitement was got up; and a duty equivalent to 
 thirteen or fourteen cents was put on foreign wool. The result was that 
 the importation of wool was reduced from eighty-seven million pounds 
 to twenty-three or twenty-four million pounds, and that sixty million 
 pounds were excluded from the country by that duty. I want to show 
 its effect on shipping. That wool gave employment to several hundred 
 thousand tons of shipping. The vessels engaged in the trade carried 
 back flour, furniture, fish, domestics, and a great variety of commodities 
 from this country. They were exchanged for wool, and the wool was 
 brought here and manufactured. The duty on wool was put up; and 
 what became of La Plata? They sent their wool to England, France, 
 and Belgium, where it was sold very cheap. We who give away our 
 land to the .settlers have put on a duty of fourteen cents a pound on an 
 
100 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 article which has since been selling in Liverpool at ten cents a pound a 
 duty of one hundred and forty per cent. The effect is that, in La Plata, 
 they arc getting out of the wool business, and are raising cattle instead 
 of sheep. They have advertised a great fair, and have invited our gov 
 ernment to send out specimens of all the machines of Yankee invention. 
 They are abandoning the sheep business and are going into the cultiva 
 tion of wheat and the raising of cattle. We are excluding them from the 
 sheep business, and now they are going to take the cattle business and 
 the wheat business out of our hands. Instead of shipping our wheat 
 from California, England is going to get it more or less from La Plata, 
 because we have excluded her wool. 
 
 You are sitting here on the question of ships, but let me say we do 
 not want the ships unless we give them something to do. If you are 
 going to destroy the foreign trade, and to say that foreign wool shall 
 not be imported, what occasion have we for shipping ? If the importa 
 tion of wool employed three or four hundred thousand tons of shipping, 
 and if you say that no more can be imported, we do not want the ships. 
 Give us the trade. 
 
 Take the article of salt. I passed the other day through the very 
 flourishing village of Syracuse, where salt is made. They have a pro 
 tection of two hundred per cent, on salt. After the Revolution our 
 ancestors put on duties of ten per cent., thinking that that was sufficient. 
 We put on two hundred per cent. The result is that Syracuse is a flour 
 ishing village. They are said to have made $5,000,000 from salt since 
 the war. But the salt trade and the navigation that should bring the 
 salt home is very much broken down. In New Brunswick the duty on 
 salt is three per cent., in the United States two hundred per cent. We 
 compete with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in the fisheries. Some 
 relief was given by Congress. It was provided that all the salt which 
 our fishermen could buy in New Brunswick (and no thanks to Congress 
 for that, for our fishermen could stop at the Nova Scotian ports and 
 take the salt) should be free of duty. And what do you think the 
 Syracusans do ? They determined that we should not have a salt trade 
 with the West Indies. They come to Gloucester and say, "We have two 
 prices of salt that which is used on shore and that which is used 
 on sea. We will take the duty off the price of that used at sea." 
 They go over to Canada and sell salt, duty free, at a certain price; but 
 if New York wants to buy salt it must pay two hundred per cent, addi 
 tional in order to get it. The Syracusans go to Saginaw and say, a Gen 
 tlemen, you are trying to get salt out of your springs ; we will under 
 take to supply you with what you want cheaper. 7 Thus they monopo 
 lize the salt business of the country under a duty of two hundred per 
 cent. The result is that they have come here to Boston, and stolen one 
 of our clergymen and made him a bishop in their country. They are 
 showing an unbounded prosperity, as I understand, on this basis of two 
 hundred per cent, duty on salt. We ought to have a million tons of salt 
 imported over what we do import to-day. The sun makes it gratuitously, 
 and you can put it on board ship in the West Indies for eight cents a 
 bushel or two dollars a ton. All the salt that you want you can get at 
 the West Indies, or Cadiz, or up the Mediterranean to Sicily at about two 
 dollars per ton, made by solar evaporation j while we put the duty at two 
 hundred per cent., and burn up our forests for the purpose of benefiting 
 Syracuse, and deprive our shipping of its legitimate business. 
 
 What I would suggest in regard to shipping is this : Take off the du 
 ties on ship -building materials. The question is, can you afford it? Mr. 
 Wells told us a year or two ago that the surplus jevenue was one hun- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 101 
 
 dred and twenty million dollars. Mr. Wells is a very careful man. He 
 always underrates. He does it habitually. He holds a responsible office 
 and does not want to be deceived. I feel confident, from looking over 
 the same figures, that our customs are paying to-day two hundred mil 
 lion dollars a year, and our internal revenue two hundred million dollars. 
 We are also running from twenty to thirty per cent, ahead of last year 
 on our incidental revenue. We are selling every week one or two mil 
 lions of gold at about thirty, and putting into the treasury from this 
 source about thirty millions a year. There is a revenue of four hun 
 dred and thirty millions. Our estimated expenditures are two hundred 
 and ninety millions, leaving a surplus of one hundred and forty millions. 
 By reducing the duty on a few articles, such as Spanish cigars, spirits, 
 spices, and wines, you can actually increase that surplus up to one hun 
 dred and eighty millions. Just as by reducing the tax on whisky from 
 two dollars to fifty cents a gallon you increased the revenue from it from 
 eight millions to eighty. So that, with our revenue capable of being 
 made, by reduction of duties, equal to one hundred and eighty millions 
 surplus, you can make very large reductions in these foreign duties, and 
 so aid shipping. You will aid shipping -more by reducing the duties than 
 in any other way. I speak as one in favor of protection incidental to 
 revenue. I do not speak as a free-trader. 1 do not go to those extremes. 
 Perhaps I am not wise in not going further than I do. But I stand on 
 moderate protection. Your protection to-day is forty-eight per cent, on 
 the average on everything that you import. How was it before the war ? 
 Fourteen and a half per cent, was the average. Is Congress aware of 
 that great disparity ? Is Congress aware that we have crept up from 
 fourteen and a half per cent, to forty-eight per cent, duty on everything 
 that we import? Does Congress believe that forty-eight per cent, is a 
 proper stage of duties, or that we are to maintain them at that rate ? Is 
 it just for this nation to do it ? I respectfully submit that it is not wise 
 nor just for this nation to do it. 
 
 In reference to the facilities for smuggling from the provinces into the 
 United States, Mr. Derby related an incident which came within his own 
 knowledge, of a merchant tailor in Halifax who showed him his order- 
 book containing orders for suits of clothes from a large number of Amer 
 icans, some of them wealthy residents of Boston, and which were deliv 
 ered in Boston free of duty and at the same price as if they had been 
 delivered in Halifax. He said that the only way was to do what the 
 English and French and Belgians had done, that is, to go back to free 
 trade in wools. The man who had his land gratuitously, or who could 
 get it with scrip at seventy cents an acre, certainly did not need protec 
 tion as against the Frenchman whose land cost him four hundred dollars 
 an acre, or against the Englishman whose land cost him three hundred 
 dollars an acre. Some employment must be given to American ship 
 ping, and if Congress was going ta favor the shipping interest, the duties 
 on imports should be at such a rate as that goods could be imported 
 into this country. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Speaking of the vessels which sought protection 
 under the English flag during the rebellion, you say that it has been the 
 policy of all nations in times of war to allow their subjects to put their 
 ships under a neutral flag. Do you think that dining our late war Great 
 Britain occupied the position of a neutral toward us ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Only nominally. I do not think she was really a neutral, 
 but she was nominally so, and the merchants had a right to consider 
 her so. 
 
102 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In regard to subsidies, can you inform the committee 
 how much money the English government is now paying for subsidies i 
 
 Mr. DERBY. The London Times of April 1, 1809, states that the 
 Cunard Company was paid prior to 18G8 178,000 a year for one weekly 
 service, and then 80,000 a year, and all the postages on letters from 
 America. Seventeen lines of steamers have made during the last year 
 1,322 voyages between England and America. The Inmaii line is now 
 paid for one weekly service. Three lines of British steamships sub 
 sidized for the carriage of the mails, viz., the Cunard, the Eoyal, and 
 the Peninsular and Oriental Steamship Companies, employ more than 
 200,000 tons of shipping propelled by steam. The amount paid them 
 has ranged from $1 to $3 per mile. In addition to these many other lines 
 were subsidized from England, viz., a line to Montreal, a line to the 
 coast of Africa, the Inmaii line, a line to Brazil, a line to Australia, and 
 a line to the coast of Chili and Peru. The last named has fourteen 
 steamships. The trade between Liverpool and the Mediterranean, chiefly 
 conducted by them, amounts to 600,000 tons a year. In 1843 the Cunard 
 line had four steamers, of 5,000 tons. In 1805 it had thirty-seven steam 
 ers, of 07,000 tons. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. I infer from your remarks that a large proportion of 
 the seeming decline in American commerce is only nominally so, and 
 that the difference consists in vessels sailing under a foreign flag but 
 still belonging to American citizens ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. That element, however, is diminishing. As these ships 
 perish they are not supplied, and when the owners can sell them they 
 do so. They are reluctant to have foreigners hold a trusteeship of their 
 property. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. At the present time the apparent falling off has not 
 been entirely real ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Not entirely. I think that we own still four or five hun 
 dred thousand tons sailing under the British flag; but I think that that 
 tonnage is diminishing at the rate of 100,000 tons a year. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What is the average life of a wooden ship ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. There is a difference of opinion upon that. It depends 
 very much upon the class of ship. A good white-oak built ship will 
 last sometimes twenty or thirty years ; but taking the chances of life, I 
 suppose that twelve or thirteen years would be the average duration of 
 a wooden ship. The average duration of the wooden ships built in the 
 Provinces is not more than six or eight years. I have seen a ship that 
 was built by my grandfather, and which, I think, was run after being 
 forty or fifty years old. Ships are like individuals ; some of them have 
 greater longevity than others. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is there any commercial power that entirely excludes 
 from its registration foreign-built vessels ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I am not aware of it. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What is the most general policy ? Do any of the con 
 tinental powers admit foreign-built vessels to register except on the pay 
 ment of some duty ? And what is the average of that duty ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. My knowledge does not extend that far. I know that 
 there is a disposition among continental nations to increase their marine. 
 Their duties are very low. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What would be the effect on our commerce (discon 
 nected with ship-building) of allowing foreign-built vessels an American 
 registration on payment of a duty of ten or fifteen per cent., and at the 
 -same time excluding them from the coastwise trade f 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 103 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I am inclined to think that that would be the best 
 policy. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. If Congress should allow foreign-built vessels to obtain 
 an American registration on payment of, say, ten per cent., relieve the 
 ship-building interest of the United States from the taxes on the ma 
 terials entering into the construction of ships, and secure to American 
 ship-builders the coastwise trade, what effect would these three measures, 
 taken together, have both upon commerce and ship-building ? 
 * Mr. DERBY. If you allow me to make one modification, and instead of 
 ten per cent, duty on foreign vessels, say $10 per ton, I would go for the 
 measure heartily and think it a most beneficial one. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would it, in your judgment, promote our commercial 
 interest, and at the same time afford a reasonable protection to the ship 
 building interest ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. With the modification I have suggested, I think it would. 
 I would allow ten dollars per ton on wooden ships, and from fifteen to 
 eighteen dollars a ton on iron ships. I am fearful of taking off the 
 duties on the materials. In the Provinces there is a very strong dispo 
 sition to join the United States, particularly in the maritime provinces ; 
 but if you let in their vessels free, or at a duty of ten per cent., they 
 would not join us. They would stay where they are. I would have the 
 duty high enough to induce them to come. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you know of any nation which puts a duty on the 
 raw materials that enter into the construction of ships f 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I do not recollect any. I think that these materials 
 ought to come in free, either by a remission of duty or in some other 
 way. I think the remission of duty would be the fairest way. I am 
 very much impressed with the importance of subsidies to steamers j so 
 much so that I volunteered to speak before the Post Office Committee 
 at Washington on that subject. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Is it your opinion that we cannot support steamship 
 lines without subsidies f 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I do not see how we can. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that steamers were super 
 seding sailing-vessels, and that that was one of the causes of the decline 
 of our tonnage. How do you account for the fact that in the whole for 
 eign commerce of New England, neither a foreign nor an American line 
 of steamships has been able to sustain itself in competition with sailing- 
 vessels ? Does not this prove that steamers, standing on the same foot 
 ing, cannot compete with sailing-vessels in long voyages, and in foreign 
 commerce, unaided by any subsidy ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I am inclined to that opinion, that steamers require the 
 aid of subsidies to compete, 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Are not subsidies confined to vessels that are required 
 to make quick time 9 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I understand that of late they have been building a class 
 of vessels at Glasgow cheap vessels that will run for twenty-four hours 
 with one ton of coal to the hundred tons, or ten tons of coal to the 
 thousand-ton ships. I presume that that class of vessels running slowly 
 would be able to compete with sailing-vessels ; but I believe that the 
 great increase in the steam navy of England has been due to the subsi 
 dies which have given it a stimulus. Congress did give a subsidy to 
 one European line, the Collins line ; but the vessels of that line were so 
 expensive that even with the subsidy they could not get along. If they 
 had followed the policy of the Cunard line, with a liberal subsidy of 
 Congress, they would have been sucessful. One of the mistakes of 
 
104 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 our countrymen is, in undertaking to strike out new paths instead of 
 following others which have already been discovered. Since the intro 
 duction of screw steamers, the English government has reduced the 
 subsidy. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. But only a portion of the English lines are subsidized. 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I believe that that is so ; but the steamship lines have 
 been built up by the aid of previous subsidies. I think that that class of 
 screw steamers which I have just alluded to might possibly be built to 
 run slowly, carrying merchandise which would make money without a 
 subsidy. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. It has been stated that not only in England but also in 
 Germany and France ships 7 stores are taken out of bond without pay 
 ment of duty. 
 
 Mr. DERBY. That is the case in England. I know that their wines 
 and supplies of that kind are taken out of bond duty free ; and with 
 respect to coal, 1 believe that the foreign coal was taken out of bond 
 here duty free by the Cunard line, under a certificate that it is con 
 sumed at sea. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is that the case now ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. It was the case some years ago. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. It is the same, I suppose, with American vessels ; 
 they would have the same advantage as the foreign vessels ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Yes, sir; I am told that in the matter of coal the Cunard 
 line had ultimately to refund the duty. They gave bond to have the 
 question passed upon afterward. I am told that they made a test case 
 of it, and that the decision was against them. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In either case, whether they paid the duty or ob 
 tained it free, the American and foreign vessels would be on the same 
 footing ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Certainly. The question has been asked to-day, whether 
 ship-owners should not be favored in getting their supplies free of duty, 
 so as to compensate for the duties on the ship-building materials. I 
 should apprehend that the compensation would not be sufficient. The 
 great expense of ship-owners is in fuel. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Which would be the better policy ; to remit the duties 
 on the materials entering into the construction of ships, or to make an 
 average allowance per ton ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. The difficulty that I see in allowing a drawback upon 
 the materials actually used would be that American ship-builders would 
 use no American iron ; they would use nothing but foreign materials. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. So that in reality your suggestion is in favor of a bounty 
 to ship-builders, rather than a remission of duties 1 ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Yes, sir ; an inducement to build. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Would not the opening of ship-yards for building iron 
 vessels in Massachusetts, Maine, and New York, actually stimulate the 
 manufacture of iron materials that enter into the construction of iron 
 ships ? There is none of that material of any consequence made in the 
 United States. 
 
 Mr. DERBY. There is a certain amount of it made, because we are 
 building ships for the coasting trade. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Would not the industry in the manufacture of iron for 
 the construction of ships be actually increased by adopting a more lib 
 eral policy in reference to the use of foreign materials for ship-building? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. I think it would give a great stimulus to the industry of 
 the country. We can build vessels for the coastwise trade ten dollars 
 a ton cheaper, and we can carry the iron and coal cheaper, and thus 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 105 
 
 stimulate the iron industry. There is one suggestion which I have 
 omitted. It is this : If you can enlarge American shipping and build a 
 half million tons every year, as we did a few years ago, you make an 
 immense market for American products. If a Hamburg ship does the 
 business, or if an Italian ship does the business, they get most of their 
 supplies from Germany and from Italy. But if an American ship does 
 the business its supplies are got here almost entirely, and you thus make 
 a great market for the produce of the farm by reviving the navigation 
 interest. All that market is now lost, and the men who have been sail 
 ors, and who have been using the products of the West, are now liable 
 to become farmers in the West. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. In making this remission of duty or this bounty, should 
 vessels for the inland commerce have the same benefits as ships for for 
 eign commerce ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. That question is in my mind. It is not so essential for 
 vessels in the coastwise trade as it is for vessels in the foreign trade; 
 because in the foreign trade we meet foreign competitors,- but in the 
 domestic trade we meet only domestic competitors. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do we not meet the foreign competitor in our coastwise 
 trade as competing with the railroad interest owned by foreigners ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. There is a competition there with the railway, unques 
 tionably. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. And the more steamboats we can build, and the greater 
 facilities, and the more drawbacks we can give them, the cheaper we get 
 our wheat to market. 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Certainly, sir. But I am so much of a railroad man 
 myself, that if we do anything for steamers I should like the same thing 
 to be done for railroads, which are a benefit to them. But I was look 
 ing at the foreign competition which is driving us from the ocean. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I take it that this question resolves itself down to a 
 question of developing the labor of the country generally on all points ? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. Yes, sir ; to a great extent the promotion of navigation 
 benefits the whole country. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Exactly. Your whole argument has been that if we 
 build ships we encourage all the other interests of the country? 
 
 Mr. DERBY. We do; and I think that by discouraging ship-building 
 we are building up a competition with our farmers and depressing the 
 labor of the West. 
 
 Mr. HARRISON LoRiNG, iron ship builder, argued against the policy of 
 a rapid contraction of the currency and return to specie payments, and 
 submitted citations and figures from an English atlas (Tullock s) to 
 show the effect in Great Britain of expansions and contractions of the 
 currency expansions being followed by general prosperity and con 
 tractions by stagnation in business. 
 
 He also called attention to the high rate of interest paid by the United 
 States government as being injurious to business interests. Six per 
 cent, was a rate that was above the labor of the country; and ho 
 thought he was safe in saying that, somewhat in proportion as the rate 
 of interest is above the labor of the country, so will money go with 
 increased rapidity from the hands of the masses of the people to those 
 of the rich and to the great cities. At compound interest money at 
 six per cent, would double in eleven years ; and it was not possible for 
 labor to produce the same result. He was inclined to think that one of 
 the first steps toward relieving commerce would be the reduction of 
 duties as far as possible. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You are an iron-ship builder ? 
 
106 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. LORING. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Have you any information to give the committee as to 
 the cost of building iron ships, and as to your ability to compete with 
 foreign builders ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. In 1857, 7 5S, 7 59, 7 60, and 61 I could deliver a ship in 
 India or China at the same price as English ship-builders could, but 
 without profit, while the English ship-builder would have from five to 
 ten per cent, profit. In 1857 I built one steamer for parties in Calcutta, 
 and in 1858- ? 59, one for parties in China. The chairman asked Mr. 
 Derby if steam could compete successfully with sailing-vessels. I be 
 lieve Mr. Derby did not answer that question. I will say that steamers 
 are competing successfully with sailing-vessels without a subsidy. In 
 fact, most of the business with the principal cities on the coast is done 
 by steamers. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. They are really running off sailing-vessels ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Yes ; from the trade between Boston, New York, Balti 
 more, Norfolk, Charleston, New Orleans, and Savannah. That is a 
 question which will take care of itself. American steamers can compete 
 successfully with American sailing-vessels in our waters. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What, in your judgment, can the government do to 
 revive the ship-building interests of the country I 
 
 Mr. LORING. I did not come .here prepared to take up the different 
 points and discuss them, and whatever I say will be said in a desultory 
 manner. We all know that no nation can become wealthy on manu 
 factures or on agriculture or on commerce alone, and that nations, to 
 increase in wealth, must encourage two or more of those interests. My 
 idea is, in relation to the whole business of the country, that we must 
 aim to furnish the labor of the country with everything that it con 
 sumes, outside and inside, at the lowest possible cost, with a view of 
 reducing the cost to commerce. An additional cost of one per cent, will 
 prevent millions of exports. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. A nation may promote its commerce at the expense of 
 the manufacturing industry engaged in the construction of ships. That 
 can be done, of course, by allowing the purchase and registry of foreign- 
 built vessels. But, looking at the question in connection with ship 
 building alone, and as only a mere agent of commerce, can the govern 
 ment do anything to promote the interests of the ship-builders except 
 by relieving ship-building materials from, the payment of internal and 
 external duties ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Of course the best way would be a reduction of duties 
 on imports ; but no one expects that we are coming to free trade. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Take only those materials that enter into the construc 
 tion of ships in which foreign labor comes in competition with our own. 
 
 Mr. LORING. That, as Mr. Derby remarked, would interfere with 
 American manufactures. It seems" that the only way would be the 
 allowance of a drawback. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What drawback would you suggest for the purpose of 
 encouraging the building of iron ships here ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. No more than the amount paid in duties. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. How much is that per ton ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I have not gone into a computation. I presume that 
 ten dollars per ton on wooden vessels is about correct. Wooden ships 
 cost about eighty dollars a ton, and iron ships one hundred and twenty 
 or one hundred and thirty dollars. To encourage iron-ship building of 
 course a drawback should be allowed in proportion to the extra cost. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 107 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Would a drawback of twenty dollars per ton be suf 
 ficient? 
 
 Mr. LORING. It is easily computed. I do not know what the cost of 
 iron ships in England is. It is some three years since we have given 
 up all idea of building. I have all the facilities for building. I am 
 keeping up an establishment and organization in hopes of having some 
 relief. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. It was stated before the committee in New York that 
 twelve dollars per ton would be sufficient to justify the building of iron 
 vessels in this country. 
 
 Mr. LORING. I think it was set too low. That would be discriminat 
 ing in favor of wooden vessels. If ten dollars per ton be allowed for a 
 wooden ship, the amount for an iron ship should be in the proportion 
 to the cost, which is one hundred and twenty-five dollars per ton to 
 eighty dollars for a wooden vessel. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. It was remarked there that a wooden ship could be built 
 in England at from fifty-five to sixty dollars, and here at about seventy 
 dollars, and that an iron ship cost in England about one hundred and 
 twelve dollars a ton, and here from one hundred and twenty to one 
 hundred and twenty-five dollars the difference being from ten to fifteen 
 dollars. 
 
 Mr. LORING. If these are the facts, of course an allowance of twelve 
 dollars per ton would be sufficient. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In your opinion, as an experienced iron-ship builder, 
 if the duties on iron were remitted, could American ship-builders then 
 compete with foreign ship-builders \ 
 
 Mr. LORING. There is no question as to that ; we have one great ad 
 vantage in this that an American ship of the same weight of metal 
 would be very much stronger than an English vessel, and would havo a 
 better reputation all over the world. 
 
 The committee here took a recess for dinner. 
 
 AFTERNOON SESSION. 
 
 Mr. ANDREW T. HALL, of Boston, ship-owner, said that there could be 
 no question as to the very positive decline in the shipping interests of 
 New England. This had always been a great point for building ships. 
 There was no time within the past fifteen years that ships on the stocks 
 could not be counted by dozens in and around Boston. Now there were 
 none on the stocks. Iron was so very heavily taxed that, without some 
 thing in the nature of a drawback, American ship-builders could not 
 compete with English ship-builders. Iron ships had been recently in 
 troduced in England for commercial purposes, and would enter largely 
 into the carrying trade of the world. Americans could not begin to com 
 pete with the English in iron ship building. As to wooden ships, they 
 were still trying to keep the business alive. He had, himself, built a 
 large wooden ship within the last few weeks, but there was very little 
 opportunity for profit in the business. What ship-builders wanted, he 
 thought, was a drawback of duty on the iron used in the manufacture 
 of ships. There was a good deal of iron rigging used now in ships, 
 which had not been the case heretofore, and a drawback of duty upon 
 it would be a material help. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you make a specialty of the iron, or dp you require 
 a drawback on all the articles entering into the construction of a ship? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Iron is the principal object, because the wood we have 
 ourselves, and the copper also. 
 
108 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you speak of iron ships particularly ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I am speaking of iron ships. There is not so much differ 
 ence in the foreign and American value of copper as there is in that of 
 iron. We are producing such a large quantity of copper that the price 
 has been reduced somewhat. 
 
 Mr. BOLIVIAN. To what extent, if it should be done at all, do you think 
 this government should adopt a more liberal policy than its present one 
 with reference to the admission of foreign-built vessels to American 
 registry^? 
 
 Mr. JUALL. I should think that that would be the means of driving 
 every ship mechanic out of the country. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What effect would it have on the commerce of the 
 country alone, apart from the ship-building interest? 
 
 Mr. HALL. We should have no commerce but in foreign-built ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Suppose that all articles entering into the construction 
 of ships were relieved from taxation, that the coastwise trade was re 
 served exclusively to American-built vessels, and that foreign-built ves 
 sels were admitted to American registry on the payment of a small duty, 
 say ten or fifteen per cent, on the value, what effect would these three 
 measures, taken together, have on our commerce as well as on our ship 
 building ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I have not thought of it in the view that you present it. 
 I should suppose, however, that any mode which would introduce for 
 eign-built ships into our mercantile marine would be adverse to Ameri 
 can interests. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Our policy, however, up to the present time, has been 
 more restrictive than that of any other commercial nation ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. We have a reputation in New England of build 
 ing good ships ships that last. The reputation of the Provinces in 
 that respect is far inferior. Their ships will rarely last over four or five 
 years, whereas New England ships frequently last from fifteen to twenty- 
 five years. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. If the materials used in the construction of wooden 
 vessels were relieved from taxation, how far do you think that would 
 enable the American ship-builder to compete with the foreign ship 
 builder? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think it would enable him to compete entirely. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And as to iron vessels ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. As to iron vessels also. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. As successfully? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would take us some time to compete with England in 
 iron vessels. We would have to get up large establishments like theirs. 
 There are establishments in England where they are building fourteen 
 or fifteen iron ships at a time. We could hardly expect to go into the 
 business so extensively at present, but we would arrive at it in course 
 of time. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. W^hat probability is there, in the immediate future, of 
 iron vessels superseding wooden ones? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Judging from what they have done in England, I should 
 think that half our ships for the foreign trade would be iron ships. 
 There are objections to iron ships which do not apply to wooden ships 
 as, for instance, if an iron ship gets on a rock she is gone, whereas a 
 wooden one, although injured, may be got off. But, keeping them off 
 the rocks, the iron ship lasts much longer than the wooden one. In 
 England they class iron ships for insurance at twenty years. At the end 
 of that time she is examined and is classed for twenty years more, so 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 109 
 
 that they run on a low rate of insurance for forty years. Then they 
 require no calking. They require, once a year, to go into dock to be 
 cleaned. And they run at much less expense than wooden vessels. I 
 cannot say what the difference in the rates of insurance between an iron 
 and a wooden vessel is. The difference is in favor of the iron vessel. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Is there any difference in the insurance here? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not know. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You spoke of their having advantages in England over 
 us in building iron ships. Is their machinery for constructing iron ships 
 superior to ours? 
 
 Mr. HALL. They have a greater magnitude of machinery. They have 
 larger establishments. We could come to it here if we had a demand 
 for the ships. There is an immense capital employed in the business 
 there, which in this country we are hardly able to furnish. Mr. Laird s 
 concern, opposite Liverpool, is almost a town. All along the Clyde, 
 in Glasgow, there are immense establishments. Where we commence 
 with dollars they do with pounds. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What preference do iron ships have over wooden 
 ones in freight? 
 
 Mr. HALL. They have no advantage in carrying except that they can 
 be sailed cheaper. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do iron vessels command higher rates of freight than 
 wooden vessels? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I should think not. I should think that, if anything, the 
 reverse would be the case. I think that wooden ships would have the 
 preference for our East India voyages. There are some cargoes, salt for 
 instance, that cannot be brought as well in iron as in wooden ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the cargo is generally carried as 
 well in wooden as in iron ships ? 
 
 t Mr. HALL. I should think so. I should give the w r ooden ships the 
 preference. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Can you suggest any other means by which the Ameri 
 can shipping interest can be improved than what you have mentioned 
 the abatement of the duty or internal and external tax on the materials 
 used? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I know of no other advantage that we should have the 
 right to claim. I do not think that the ship-builders of New England 
 would call on the government for any other aid. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. That would be more practicable, you think, than boun 
 ties? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. I am not in favor of any bounties for American 
 ships. We want to be allowed a chance of competing with foreign 
 ship-builders by having the materials that enter into the construction 
 of ships free of duty. It would be very beneficial to the ship-owner, 
 and would increase the production of our own iron founderies. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would you regard it as consistent with the interests of 
 other branches of industry to encourage the production of iron to a 
 greater extent than at present, and at the same time to relieve ship 
 builders from the duty imposed on that article ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I am not prepared to advocate that. I only regret, as an 
 American, that we are so dependent on abroad for the immense supply 
 of iron that we should furnish ourselves. It is for Congress to suggest 
 a remedy. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you think that the iron interest is protected suf 
 ficiently to warrant the construction of other founderies? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not know enough of the trade to answer the question. 
 
110 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Practically speaking, it does not appear to be, judging by the enormous 
 quantities landed on the Constitution dock here from Liverpool. That 
 is all that I judge by. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. To what extent would allowing vessels to take ships 7 
 stores in bond, as is done in England, relieve the shipping interest? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think it would be proper to allow ships going on for 
 eign voyages to take goods in original packages free of duty. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How much of an item would that be ? Would it be 
 any measure of relief to the ship-owner ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Not to a very great extent, except in packet-ships, where 
 they carry a large number of passengers. There it would be quite a 
 relief. It would be a very great advantage to the steamship lines. 
 You can get a bottle of champagne on the English steamers cheaper 
 than you can get it in Liverpool, although they put on large profits on 
 board ship. It might lead to abuse ; but I think that where goods can 
 be taken out of bond in original packages bags of coffee, barrels of 
 sugar, &c. it would be a very important relief to the shipping interest 
 to allow it to be done. I regret very much to see mooted the subject of 
 admitting foreign ships to registry in this country. I think that it 
 would be, if anything, more destructive than the high duty on ship 
 building materials. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the admitting foreign ships to 
 American registry would have a tendency gradually to transfer the 
 shipping interests to the other side of the water, and make our ships 
 largely foreign and only nominally American? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think it would. I think it would be a death-blow to 
 ship-building in this country. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. And that the ownership, as well as the building, 
 would go to the other side ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. In a great measure. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. No nation, I suppose, allows a foreigner to hold the 
 title to a ship registered there? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think not. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. So that, if the American government adopt a more 
 liberal policy, the title would have to be in an American citizen ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes. During the war many of our citizens put their ships 
 under the English flag, put in captains, and took mortgages on the 
 ships. I was told in England that those mortgages were of no legal 
 effect, as being in violation of the law. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you not understand that there are a great many 
 Americans owning ships that do sail under a foreign flag? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think it is so to a great extent. I have no means, 
 however, of knowing. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And, on the other hand, I suppose there are foreign 
 capitalists interested in our vessels sailing under an American register ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Unquestionably, to some extent. All the lines of steam 
 ships to this country are owned by foreigners. I take it that the 
 amount owned by Americans in those ships is a mere bagatelle, if any 
 at all. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is it your opinion that the commercial interests of the 
 country are promoted by adhering to our present policy in regard to the 
 nationalizing of foreign bottoms ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Decidedly so. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You think that it would promote the permanent com 
 mercial interest of the country to adhere to that policy ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. Ill 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Yet it is not the policy of any other commercial power ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you know how long Great Britain adhered to the 
 policy of excluding foreign ships from English registry I 
 
 Mr. HALL. ]STo, sir, I do not. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Has not the policy of Great Britain rather been to 
 increase and enlarge her carrying trade than to promote specially ship 
 building ; and has not the ship-building interest been promoted by her 
 more liberal commercial policy ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I have not seen any evidence of it. I judge that the com 
 mercial activity of the Euglisb has arisen solely from their having advan 
 tages over us in building iron ships. They certainly have not increased 
 their wooden ships. It is the iron marine that has been affected most. 
 That has been increased many hundred thousand tons. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Up to I860 we had considerable advantage over Great 
 Britain in the construction of wooden vessels ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think we had. American ships had always the prefer 
 ence all over the world for freight. There was no port where English 
 and American vessels were together that the American vessels had not 
 the preference. There was some difference in the China trade, for which 
 their ships were built with a great deal of care and elegance. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. It has been advocated here this morning that those ships 
 which were once under the American flag, and that went under the 
 British flag, should be allowed to come back. What do you think? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I should hope that it will never be done. An American 
 who put his vessel under the English flag should be let keep her there. 
 I have some national feeling about it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How many ships did you own during the war ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. About six. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Did you sail them under the American flag under all 
 the disadvantages ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Entirely. I had one ship which was unfortunately put 
 under the English flag without my knowledge. I owned half of her. 
 She lay at Hong-Kong four months and could get no freight. We sent 
 out a power of attorney to sell her. The captain put her under the 
 English flag, brought her to Australia, and there sold her. I am too 
 much of an American to want to have a ship of mine sailed under the 
 English flag. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You sailed your ships under great disadvantages in 
 keeping them under the American flag ? Those who put their ships 
 under the English flag had a great advantage over you in insurance and 
 rates of freight f 
 
 Mr. HALL. Decidedly. I had to pay double insurance all through 
 the war, which I could have avoided by putting my vessels under the 
 English flag as others did theirs. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not consider the present depressed condition 
 of American commerce largely due to the unfriendly action of England 
 during the war, in permitting the departure from her ports of such ships 
 as the Alabama ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It had an influence, but to what extent I am not prepared 
 to say. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to say that if the materials entering 
 into the construction of ships were relieved from duty you could compete 
 successfully with the English ship-owner in the foreign carrying trade. 
 
 Mr. HALL. I believe entirely so. I believe that we build better ships, 
 
112 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 more convenient and sightly ships, than the English do, and I believe 
 that we could have a large share in the carrying trade of the world. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You have to pay higher rates of wages, I presume, 
 to officers and crew than the English do ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I should think that our officers are better paid; but I 
 think we sail our ships quite as well as the English do, and with as 
 little expense. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You think that, on the whole, you sail them as econom 
 ically as they do ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In sailing them with a less number of men 1 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, I think there is better care taken of the ships. I think 
 that American ship-captains are men of a higher grade than English 
 ship-captains that they are men of more understanding and more 
 mind. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You think that the greater efficiency of American 
 officers and crews overcomes the difference in the rates of wages that 
 you have to pay 1 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So that, on the whole, you can compete with the 
 Eoglish in sailing your ships ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I think that our intelligence is such that we can manage 
 our ships to better advantage than the English do. Of course there are 
 exceptions ; but it is a well-known fact that the captains of American 
 ships are altogether a grade higher than the captains even of English 
 ships. Many of our American captains are part owners of the vessels. 
 The crews are supplied with better provisions than in foreign ships. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. The ship-owners of New York complain on account of 
 the assessment or tax put upon them by the State authorities of New 
 York, as being quite a detriment to the shipping interest. How does 
 that affect it here in Massachusetts? Is there a tax here on the shipping 
 interest ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Individual taxation. If a man owns a ship he pays a tax 
 on it as on other property ; but there is no special tax on ships. Every 
 man is assessed according to his property, whether it be in ships or 
 anything else. 
 
 Mr. MoRRELL. Is not that species of property taxed abroad as other 
 property is taxed ? Would a shipowner in England be exempt from 
 paying the same rate on ships as he pays on real estate ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not know how that is. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is not the decline in our ship-building interest partly 
 attributable to the fact that there are so many other more profitable 
 modes of investing money in this country ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not think that that enters into the question at all. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In case the government relieves the ship-building inter 
 est and enables American ship-builders to compete with foreigners, do 
 you think that the merchants and capitalists of Boston will put their 
 money in ships again, and go on and build as usual? 
 
 Mr. HALL. They will, the moment they see that they can get a return 
 for their money. Show them a probability of success, and there will be 
 capital enough invested in the business. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Can a capitalist in this country afford to invest money 
 in ship-building unless he has a profit of eight or nine per cent.? 
 
 Mr. HALL. If he is sure of his eight or nine per cent, he will go in ; 
 but as a general thing shipping pays better than that. 
 
+ NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 113 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Ought it not certainly to pay ten per cent., to make 
 allowance for the deterioration of shipping? 
 
 Mri HALL. Yes, sir j it must be a very badly managed ship that does 
 not pay it. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Yet there is a material difference between ship-owning 
 and ship-building the one is merely an agency of commerce, while the 
 other is but an article of manufacture. 
 
 Mr. HALL. There is a difference to what extent I do not know. I am 
 ^iot able to say what the profits of ship-building are, but I know that 
 ship-builders are men who acquire a handsome competency in course of 
 time. You will find that the ship-builders in Maine are all more or less 
 interested in the ships that they build. It is so in London also. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you think that it is the policy of the government 
 rather to protect the interests of ship-building than to look to the pro 
 motion of commerce at the expense of the ship-building interest ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I do not see how you can separate them. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. The United States might be a very powerful commer 
 cial nation and yet its vessels might be built elsewhere, as is the case 
 with some continental nations. 
 
 Mr. HALL. I have not thought of that subject, but my impression is 
 that the two interests are so connected that you can hardly separate 
 them. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Speaking of the profits of ship-building, so far as 
 your knowledge and observation extend, have not ship-builders, prior 
 to the war, been as successful in proportion to the amount of capital 
 employed as any other class of manufacturers? 
 
 Mr. HALL. They appear to me to have done as well. Now that their 
 yards are idle they are living, of course, on what they made before. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to give it as your opinion that it 
 is necessary to revive the ship-building interest in order to revive the 
 ship-owning interest, and that the building of our ships abroad would 
 carry the ownership and business abroad ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would have that tendency. You revive our commercial 
 interest by creating ships. We do a large carrying trade all over the 
 world. We have three or four ships in the guano trade. That trade 
 employs two or three hundred American ships. I would venture to say 
 that more than half of that guano trade has been done by American 
 ships. . 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do the ships that are in that trade go back in bal 
 last! 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, sir ; after landing their cargo of guano at a port in 
 Ireland, England, or Scotland, or at Antwerp or Rotterdam, they gen 
 erally go to Cardiff, where they take a load of coal, which they carry to 
 Rio Janeiro or some other South American port, and then go to Peru 
 for the guano. They generally get enough from the cargo of coal to 
 pay their expenses round to where they get the guano. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is there much of that guano trade done with the 
 United States now? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Not so much as formerly. I have not noticed any of it 
 coming this way of late years. 
 
 Mr. CHAIRMAN. Before the war it was carried principally to the south 
 ern ports ! 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes; and a good deal of it went to New York at one time. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. There is, then, an actual profit resulting to American 
 citizens in a commerce that lias no direct relation to the United States. 
 Now, would you not consider it a wise measure of national policy, if 
 
 8NI 
 
114 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 both the ship-building and the commercial interests cannot be revived 
 together, to promote the commercial interests of the country without 
 reference to the kindred question of ship-building; and can that be done 
 by adopting a more liberal policy with reference to the registry of foreign- 
 built vessels in the United States ? 
 
 Mr, HALL. I think the two are so combined that you can hardly sepa 
 rate them. If you want to revive the commercial interests of the coun 
 try you must do it by creating ships. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. We have a separate and peculiar industry connected 
 with commerce and disconnected from ship-building? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And we have a peculiar industry connected with ship 
 building and not connected with commerce? 
 
 Mr. HALL. Exactly. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Now if ship-building cannot be revived if, from the 
 nature of the impediments thrown in its way by the national debt, by 
 the opportunities for making more profitable investments and other 
 causes, it cannot be revived would it not be the policy of the United 
 States (supposed to have peculiar advantages as a commercial power) 
 to adopt a more liberal policy with reference to nationalizing foreign- 
 built vessels? 
 
 Mr. HALL. No, sir. I should think that we were throwing all the 
 advantages to the foreigners which should be retained to our own citi 
 zens. The commerce of the country and the ships of the country are 
 so identified that you can hardly separate them. It is only a small pro 
 portion of our ships that are always abroad. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. If there is nothing done to relieve the ship-building 
 industry here, and if foreign-built ships be allowed to come under the 
 American flag, how long will it be before there will be no American 
 vessel in the foreign carrying trade? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would not be many years before the foreigners would 
 monopolize the whole of it. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Outside of the point of view of national pride, would it 
 have any particular effect on the commerce of the country if those ves 
 sels that struck their own colors and hoisted the English colors were 
 admitted back ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would deprive us of the building of just so many ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Are there many of those ships in existence at the 
 present time ? 
 
 Mr. HALL. There are probably a good many of them. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I speak of commerce, not of the ship-building interest. 
 Would it have any particular effect on the commerce of the country if 
 those ships were allowed to be brought back? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would prevent the commercial interests of America 
 from receiving the profits they now get from, their own ships. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Would it be beneficial or not? 
 
 Mr. HALL. It would not be beneficial to the commerce of the country. 
 I am unquestionably opposed to their being brought back. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. During the late war more than half of the vessels 
 engaged in commerce on the Mississippi River went down into rebellion 
 and hoisted the confederate flag. When the blockade was removed 
 from time to time those vessels came back under the American flag. 
 There was no objection to that. But, according to your doctrine, that 
 property should have been sacrificed ? 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. If I understand it, those vessels are now under the 
 American flag? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 115 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Certainly. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What flag would they get under f 
 
 Mr. WELLS. (To Mr. Hall.) Are you aware of the fact that blockade- 
 rmmers which were captured by the government were sold and are now 
 under the American flag? 
 
 Mr. HALL. I was not aware of it. 
 
 Mr. E. S. TOBEY. Those vessels were sold under a decree of the United 
 States district court, which entitled them to registry. 
 
 Mr. THEODORE NICKERSON next addressed the committee. He said 
 he was associated with one of the largest ship-owning firms in the city. 
 They were ship-owners and ship-builders. They could not afford to buy 
 ships, and therefore they built them. They could not afford to pay 
 another man to build ships for them, and therefore they built them for 
 themselves, saving thus so much. They had been long of opinion that 
 the remission of the duties on materials entering into the construction 
 of ships would be a decided advantage, and would enable them to com 
 pete successfully with foreign tonnage. The prosperity of English ship 
 building was coincident with their iron ship building. For himself and 
 his firm, they would prefer wooden ships ; but the question seemed to 
 turn really on the point whether they would be allowed to build iron 
 ships and to compete with England in that respect. Iron ships were 
 sought for, and higher rates of freight were paid to them, and lower 
 rates of insurance charged. A prominent Calcutta merchant had given 
 him as a reason why he preferred to ship goods by an iron vessel that, 
 if an accident happened, that was the last of her, and he was paid his 
 insurance, whereas a wooden ship would go into port and be repaired, 
 and after a lapse of time he would get his goods to market. He (Mr. 
 Mckerson) believed that the matter of iron shipping would decide 
 whether Americans could successfully maintain their commercial marine. 
 Although wages were higher in the United States than in England, he 
 thought that the superiority of American labor counterbalanced the 
 nominal difference in wages. He thought that, in coppering vessels, the 
 relative cheapness of the copper in England was offset by the greater 
 difficulty of having the copper put on in a workmanlike mariner; 
 
 As to admitting foreign-built vessels to American registration, it 
 occurred to him that, aside from the question of embarrassing American 
 ship-builders, the demand for ships from this side, added to the demand 
 at home, would necessarily increase the price, and eventually make the 
 cost of ships greater than they could be built for at present in the 
 United States. 
 
 As to the coasting trade, he thought that if English ships were ad 
 mitted to it, under ever so great a tax, (unless it amounted to prohibi 
 tion,) the only avenue open to the employment of the American mer 
 chant marine would be closed. Fully half the tonnage of the United 
 States ships was employed in the trade between Boston, New York, and 
 San Francisco ; and if that avenue were closed, American tonnage would 
 not be worth fifty per cent, of its present value. 
 
 As to admitting back the ships that were put under the: English flag 
 during the war, he was opposed to it. Although his firm held a grpat 
 many ships during the war, it had not put one of them under a foreign 
 flag. He could not agree with the argument of Mr. Derby in that 
 respect, and he failed to see any advantage that would result fiwm 
 restoring them to the American flag. 
 
 Mr. EBEN HOUSE, an underwriter and representative of the French 
 Lloyds, next came before the committee. He said that his business was 
 more particularly to examine the quality and merits of ships, and to 
 
116 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 classify them for the benefit of underwriters. He inspected ships 
 during their construction to see that they had all the requirements 
 which the rules and regulations prescribed to make them sea-worthy. 
 His impression was that there was no difference in this country in the 
 rates of insurance charged on iron and on wooden vessels of the same 
 class. He presumed that in England they did make such a difference. 
 His experience in England, which country he frequently visited, was 
 that there had been an effort made there to create a prejudice against 
 wooden ships and in favor of iron ships for many years past, the reason 
 being that the English had iron to build ships and had not wood. That 
 was one reason, and, he presumed, a very proper one. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Your business has led you to observe the revolution 
 that has been spoken of in the construction of ships. What is your 
 opinion in reference to iron ships superseding wooden ships ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. I have no doubt that that will be the case when we 
 get out of wood to build ships, and when they can be built cheaper and 
 to better advantage of iron. Previous to 1862- 3 we could compete with 
 any nation in the world in the building of sailing-vessels. We asked 
 no favor from the government then ; we wanted none. We were having 
 a fair chance and could compete with all the world. Since that time, 
 and since the high duties have been put on, we have not been able to 
 do so. There is the simple fact. Everything is so high in building a 
 ship, and in sailing her, (that is, in regard to provisions,) that we cannot 
 compete with England. In England they get all their supplies out of 
 bond free of duty, and this advantage amounts to a good deal. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What relief, in your judgment, would be sufficient to 
 enable us to restore our commerce ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. Simply put us back where we were previous to 1861 
 in reference to duties on the materials in ship-building. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You think that the exemption of ship-building ma 
 terials from duty would be sufficient ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. I have no doubt that it would help a great deal. We try 
 to struggle along to build a ship now and then; but it is a very poor 
 business. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. In the examination of wooden ships for registration 
 you take into account the materials of which they are built as well as 
 the manner in which they are built ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. Certainly. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you take into consideration, in the examination of 
 an iron ship, the quality of the iron of which the ship is built ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. That is always taken into consideration. The iron 
 has to bear .certain tests. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. What are those tests ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. I really do not know. I have had very little to do 
 with iron-built vessels, and 1 would have to refer to the rules and regu 
 lations respecting iron-built vessels. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. It was tested in New York that the English Lloyds 
 require iron vessels to be built at a certain weight per ton, and that 
 they make no requirements as to the quality of the iron except that it 
 should boar a test of twenty thousand pounds to the square inch ; and 
 it was stated that the iron which would stand two or two and a half 
 times that tensile test would not require to be of so much weight. 
 
 Mr, E. HOUSE. It depends upon the length and depth and breadth of 
 the ship. The weight of iron must be according to that. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. It was stated there that if the American ship-builders 
 were permitted to use an iron of the same strength, yet lighter in 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 117 
 
 weight, they could build American iron ships, of the same tensile 
 strength, as cheap as English iron ships. 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. I presume that it is according to the goodness of the 
 iron. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. It was stated there that the fact of the greater 
 strength of the iron was not considered in the insuring of a vessel in 
 England. Is that considered here ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. I really do not know what rules they have here in 
 regard to iron ship-building. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. I believe it was stated there that they would not rate 
 a vessel A No. 1 that did not weigh so many pounds to the ton measure 
 ment, regardless of the strength of the iron. 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. 1 have not attended to the statistics about iron-built 
 vessels. I have asked the question several times at headquarters in 
 Paris, where I get my instructions from. They had a meeting in Liver 
 pool this last year to revise the rules and requirements of ship-buiMing, 
 and to try to get a uniform regulation, and I have not got the result 
 yet. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Areyo"u aware that, so far as English iron vessels are 
 concerned, the question of their insurance rests on the rules and specifi 
 cations prepared by the English Lloyds as an English requisite to pass 
 those ships ? 
 
 Mr. E. HOUSE. Yes, sir ; that is the fact. I believe that the French 
 and English engineers have now entered upon one uniform mode of 
 building iron ships. 
 
 Dr. OSBORN HOUSE next addressed the committee. He said that he 
 was a ship-owner in the foreign trade. His vessels were entirely wooden 
 ships, trading to California, the East Indies, and Europe. He had some 
 interest in iron steamers running between Boston and New Orleans. 
 There were two English-built iron steamers on the line. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What measures would you suggest to be adopted in 
 order to revive our navigation interests $ 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. I think, if we were placed as we were formerly, ,with 
 but little if any duties on our ship-building materials, we could compete 
 with foreigners. Formerly we felt that we could take care of ourselves. 
 I think" that until quite recently ship-owners have never asked any aid 
 or assistance from the government. They have always said, " Let us 
 alone and we can take care of ourselves." But for seven or eight years 
 past we found it pretty hard work to get along, on account of the high 
 duty on many articles" used in the construction of ships. The cost of 
 ship-building materials in this country is double the cost that they have 
 to pay in England. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How would it be if the iron of which you manufacture 
 were duty free? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. It would be a great saving to us, of course. Then 
 there is Manila hemp, for which there is no substitute, and that article 
 pays a duty of twenty-five dollars per ton in gold. It does not come in 
 competition with any hemp raised in this country. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Does it not come i n competition with Kentucky hemp ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. Not at all ; for it is used for running rigging, and Ken 
 tucky hemp is never used for that purpose. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the exemption from duty of all 
 the raw materials that enter into the construction of a ship hemp, iron 
 in a crude state, bars, bolts, sail-cloth, and duck would enable Amer 
 ican ship-builders to compete with foreign ship-builders ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. I think so. 
 
118 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would you ask any exemption on manufactured duck ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. The price is much higher here than cotton duck. Dur 
 ing the war we were obliged to use foreign duck altogether, as cotton 
 was so high, and we got a very poor article at that. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You think that the exemption of duty on the raw 
 materials would be sufficient to revive American ship-building? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. I think that with that we would be able to compete 
 with foreigners. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you any interest at all in ship-building? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. None at all. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. As a ship-owner, would you be in favor of granting 
 American registration to foreign-built vessels ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. 1 think not. I think that would be a great injury to 
 our mechanical industry. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What effect would it have upon our navigation 
 interests, aside from the ship-building interest? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. It is impossible to say. It would have a very serious 
 effect upon the ship-building interest ; there is no doubt about that. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Suppose that the two measures were put together, 
 the exemption from duty of all the materials entering into the construc 
 tion of a ship, and the free registry of foreign-built ships, what effect 
 would they have upon the ship-building interest ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. Since the English have commenced building iron ships 
 I think they have rather an advantage ov<3r us. It is possible that if 
 the duties were taken off, or a drawback of the duty allowed on iron, 
 we might successfully compete with them ; but we probably could not at 
 first. It would take some time to get things properly arranged so that 
 we could build iron ships as cheaply as they can. They can build an 
 iron ship almost as cheaply as we can build a wooden one. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. How is the coasting trade now ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. It has not been very profitable these few years past. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. A law relieving the ship-building interest would help 
 very much the present ships in the matter of their repairs. 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. It would in their repairs. I think that most of the 
 repairs that are now done on the other side would then be done here. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. If the policy were adopted of giving to the American 
 ship-builder the benefits that may arise from the exemption of his mate 
 rials from internal and external taxes, and if American-built ships were 
 given the exclusive benefit of the domestic trade, as they have now, and 
 if at the same time Congress were to allow the registration of foreign- 
 built vessels purchased by American citizens on tbe imposition of a duty 
 of ten or fifteen per cent., what effect would these three measures com 
 bined have on ship-building and on. commerce ? How would they affect 
 the ship-building interest on the one hand and the commercial interest 
 on the other ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. I should think they would have a favorable effect ; it 
 strikes me so. I never thought of that mode of dealing with the ques 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Two of those measures would be friendly to the ship 
 building interest, and the other one to the promotion of commerce ? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would not these three measures taken together have 
 the effect of increasing the ship-owning of the country, at least? 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. I should think they would. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And might they not have that effect without necessarily 
 impairing the interests of the ship -builder ? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 119 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. I do not see how they, would injure him. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Looking at the subject as a ship-owner, you think that 
 these three measures connected together, if they should become the 
 policy of the government, could not be justly objected to by either the 
 ship-building interest on the one hand or the commercial interest on the 
 other 1 
 
 Mr. O. HOUSE. My impression is that they would be well received ; I 
 should think so. 
 
 Mr. FREDERICK NICKERSON, ship-owner, said that he concurred gen 
 erally in the expression of opinion by the ship-owners and ship-builders 
 as to the necessity of relief in the shape of drawbacks. The only point 
 that he would like to draw the attention of the committee to was to the 
 relief to steam navigation in the matter of coal. He suggested whether, 
 if the duty on coal were not to be repealed, an arrangement might not 
 be made by which coal should be allowed to be brought from abroad, 
 entered in bond, and exported for consumption on the high seas. He 
 said that coal could be bought in Pictou at $2 05 a ton in gold. The 
 duty here was $1 25 in gold. If that coal could be brought here and 
 landed in bond, and could be shipped for consumption on steamers and 
 consumed at sea, with a proper guard against its being relanded, it would 
 be a very great relief to the steam commerce of the country. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. I think that that would be entirely satisfactory to the 
 coal-producing interest of the country. 
 
 Mr. F. NICKERSON remarked that it seemed to him that that relief 
 to the steam commerce of the country was as much needed as any other 
 matter. It was a matter of very great importance. The high price of 
 coal was very much against the encouragement of steam commerce. 
 That system would naturally follow, on the same principle as allowing 
 ships to take their stores for consumption at sea, as is done in England. 
 In fact, there had been some little correspondence with the Secretary of the 
 Treasury 011 that very point. It had been thought first that it was a 
 point that might be decided by himself 5 but; there had been afterward 
 nothing done about it, as it had been considered that it might lead to 
 opening the door to some other matters, such as taking ships stores out 
 of bond. This privilege seemed to him a very reasonable thing to be 
 asked for and granted. 
 
 Mr. NATHANIEL McKAY submitted a written statement of the cost 
 of building iron steamships both in this country and abroad. 
 
 The letter is as follows : 
 
 BOSTON, October 18, 1869. 
 
 GENTLEMEN : * * * The cost to build an iron ship in England ready for 
 sea is (14) fourteen pounds per ton ; in this country it would be (22) twenty-two 
 pounds per ton. Ho says that there are now building on the Clyde one hundred ves 
 sels, all of iron, upward of one hundred thousand tony, twelve thousand horse-power; 
 last year (18G8) they built 171,126 tons of steam and sailing vessels, 15,940 horse-power, 
 and still the business is on the increase, and several new ship-yards are starting up. A 
 steamship arrived in London in the month of September with three thousand tons of 
 tea. sixty-five days from China, and still another with a freight valued at thirty thou 
 sand pounds, or one hundred and iifty thousand dollars. He says the steamships will 
 use up the tea sailing clippers in the China trade, and owners of iron sailing ships are 
 jnneh alarmed at the progress of steam over sailing vessels in the China as well as 
 other trades. A new ship in Scotland, built of iron, 387 feet long, 43 feet beam, 30 feet 
 deep, speed ten knots, cost seventy-eight thousand pounds. This ship has made six 
 teen and one-quarter voyages to New York in twenty-lour months, an average of forty- 
 four and one-fourth days to the round voyage. Carries of crew, all told, one hundred 
 and ten persons. This same company are now building .another vessel to run to New 
 York from Liverpool. She is to be 415 feet long on deck, 43 feet beam, :!0 feet deep, 
 speed twelve knots, costing complete, ready for sea, without provisions, eighty-iivo 
 thousand pounds. The engine for this ship cost eighteen thousand pounds. We could 
 
120 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 not "build the same ship hero for twice that amount of money. A steamer, with a com 
 pound engine, has just arrived from China, with two thousand four hundred tons of tea, 
 in sixty-two days. She is a ship 309 feet long, 28 feet deep, 39 feet wide, register 2,280 
 tons gross, net 1,550 tons 2,400 tons of fifty feet to the ton ; sails nine knots ; bark- 
 rigged; main yard sixty-two feet ; burns twenty-four tons of coal per day ; cost fifty- 
 two thousand pounds. The same company are building four others for the China trade. 
 The Chinese tea clippers are used up on account of the steamers doing such wonders. 
 The cost of the angle iron for the frames of ships, in England, cut to lengths, seven 
 pounds ten shillings; the cost of plates, cut to shape for an entire ship, is eight pounds 
 five shillings ; wire rigging twenty-one pounds per ton ; chain cables ten pounds pel 
 ton. Cost of American angle iron for a ship $134 40 per ton, a difference in favor of 
 England of $89 40, or four cents per pound. Cost of plates in America $112 per ton ; 
 in England $49 50 ; difference in favor of England, $62 50, or three cents per pound. 
 Cost of chain cables in this country is $134 40 per ton ; difference in favor of England 
 $57 20. Cost of wire rigging in America. $291 20 per ton ; difference in favor of Eng 
 land, $89 60. * * * * * 
 I have many more figures that I could give you, but will not tax your patience. 
 
 I remain, cordially yours, 
 
 NATH L McKAY. 
 To JOHN LYNCH. 
 
 Chairman Committee on Commerce. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked Mr. McKay whether his firm had built any iron 
 sailing or steam vessels. 
 
 Mr. McKAY replied that his firm could not afford to build them. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN inquired who had built the Merrimac. 
 
 Mr. McKAY replied that it had been built by Mr. Loring, who had 
 been before the committee to-day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. In your opinion, if the duties were taken off from the 
 materials entering into the construction of iron and wooden vessels, could 
 the American ship-builder compete successfully with foreign builders in 
 the construction of both those classes of vessels ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. I think he could ; but if we go to work to have a bill 
 passed repealing the duty on iron alone it will kill the whole thing, for 
 we will have all Pennsylvania in Washington. And if we try to have 
 the tax withdrawn on cotton duck, we will have the mills of Lawrence 
 and Baltimore represented at Washington. 
 
 Mr. BTJFFINTON. And if you say hemp, you will have my constituents 
 acting against you ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. Yes, sir. We cannot specify any one thing. But we 
 must have the duty remitted on everything that goes into the construc 
 tion of a ship and into its repairs, whether it be a sailing ship or a steam 
 ship. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you know any ship-owner who has gone entirely 
 out of the business I 
 
 Mr. McKAY. Yes, sir ; I know one gentleman who was appointed on 
 the committee of the Board of Trade, but who would not attend, he was 
 so much disgusted with the business. He was a very large ship-owner ; 
 but his money is invested to-day in railroads. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Do you think that railroads pay him a better per 
 centage than ships would ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. I think they do. The government has aided them more 
 tl&m it has aided the ship-yards. I asked one member of Congress from 
 Boston, the other day, who used to be one of the largest ship-owners in 
 the country, in reference to this* drawback on ship-building materials. 
 Well, he did not know. He thought it might be done. The committee 
 was very much in favor of it, but for himself he had very much doubt 
 ebout it. If we do not have this relief we are going to be wiped from 
 the ocean. We do not want American ships that went under the Eng 
 lish flag taken back to this country $ nor do we want foreign ships en- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 121 
 
 rolled in this country. If we adopt that policy, the honest men who 
 learned the ship-building trade will have to pack np, go west, and buy 
 farms, or get the government or some of the railways to give them farms. 
 To-day you cannot hire a joiner in Boston to work on a ship at less than 
 four dollars. The mechanics who have worked side by side with me are 
 to-day driving potato carts through the city. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. If the government does not protect the shipping interest 
 all the mechanics will be driven out of it, and in five or ten years there 
 will be none left ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. There will be still some left to keep up the coastwise 
 trade. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Various opinions have been expressed in regard to the 
 capability of American mechanics competing with foreigners in the con 
 struction of iron ships. Do you not think that they are ready to go to 
 work and to build iron ships without waiting one or two years to learn 
 how ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. I do not think that any man on the other side of the 
 water can beat a Yankee any way. That is my idea. I am a good deal 
 of the opinion of John Bright, who said in a speech that every other 
 Yankee you find has got a patent of some kind. I do not think that 
 any class of mechanics can beat the American mechanics. Of course, 
 we have got to have some experience in building iron steamers. We 
 have built but few iron ships, and most of them have been failures. 
 The government spent one hundred millions during the war and got no 
 navy. All that New York is doing in the way of merchant marine is in 
 the coastwise trade. The New Yorkers pride themselves on the number 
 of steamers in their port ; but John Bull owns them. As to the Pacific 
 Mail Steamship Company, the English have got ships on the same line 
 that are burning only thirty tons of coal a day, when these New York 
 side-wheelers are burning sixty-five tons, and the English will eat them 
 all up. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Allow me to say that the Pacific Mail Steamship Com 
 pany is running large steamers on a consumption of forty tons a day. 
 
 Mr. McKAY. Well, they run very slowly. But you will find that when 
 they come to run last they burn from fifty to sixty tons a day. If the 
 government will only go to work and relieve the ship-builders and give 
 us some subsidy for mail lines of steamers, you will see the hammers and 
 axes at work in every ship-yard. The government gives millions of sub 
 sidies to railroads, and for want of a subsidy to steamships it allows all 
 our trade across the ocean to be carried on in foreign bottoms. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. In your communication to the committee have you stated 
 the comparative cost of an iron ship here and in England ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. Yes, sir ; I say that it costs nearly as much again here. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are you now engaged in the building of ships ? 
 
 Mr. McKAY. No, sir ; there are no ships to be built now ; and I think 
 I shall spend the rest of my days in the city of New York, where all 
 business goes. 
 
 Mr. E. S. TOBEY, of the Boston Board of Trade, said that it had been 
 remarked by a distinguished member of Congress, and not without appa 
 rent truth, that every interest in the United States had its friends, but 
 that the American shipping had none. He did not wonder at that re 
 mark, judging from the standpoint at Washington, where the represent 
 atives of the American shipping interest had seldom or never appeared. 
 It had been stated before the committee that that interest had never 
 needed relief. Up to 1801, when the w r ar commenced, that was true, so 
 farjis related to sailing vessels, but not so far as related to steamers 
 
122 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 because the Collins line of steamers did ask and did receive aid from the 
 government. He submitted that it was specially the interest of the 
 United States government, for its own sake, to restore the American flag 
 to the ocean. It was pre-eminently a national question. Capital could 
 very well take care of itself. The only thing on the part of Congress 
 was to see that it did not take too good care of itself. It was a rare and 
 exceptional thing to find a large capitalist who could be called a ship 
 owner ; ships were generally owned by several persons. Capitalists who 
 had money in ships could sell their ships to England and put their cap 
 ital in western railroads and mortgages. Thus capital would take care 
 of itself. But that was not for the interest of the government, which 
 should encourage, maintain, and develop the mechanical industry of the 
 country, as the cheapest way in which to maintain its navy power. If 
 the ship-building interest were not encouraged, the mechanics engaged 
 in it would be dispersed ; and once dispersed, how could they ever be got 
 back again ? The trade of a ship-builder was not learned in a day. Naval 
 architecture was perhaps one of the finest sciences that could be named ; 
 and the time might come when the country would need another Erics- 
 sou. If the business were to be transferred to the rival of the United 
 States on the other side of the Atlantic, by admitting foreign-built ves 
 sels to American registry, it was not to be expected that the few ship 
 builders now attempting to carry on their business would continue that 
 fruitless attempt. It was, therefore, a matter of the highest importance 
 for the government itself, that the ship-building mechanics should be 
 sustained, not for the sake of capital, but for the sake of the nation. 
 Every American ship-owner could better afford to transfer his ship to 
 Great Britain and invest his capital how he chose, than the United 
 States government could afford to allow that to be done. 
 
 As to the decline of the shipping interest of the United States, he 
 would merely refer to Mr. Wells s report, in which it is stated that whereas, 
 in 1853, American commerce on the high seas was fifteen per cent, greater 
 than that of Great Britain, and maintained a close competition until 
 1SG1, it had fallen in 18G4 to less than one-half as much, and was now prob 
 ably not more than one-third. The causes of this decline he attributed, 
 first, to the operation of confederate cruisers, by which many vessels 
 were destroyed and many more transferred to the Engh sh flag, to the 
 natural termination of ship s lives, and to the fact that American currency 
 had become inflated to such an extent that it was impossible, during the 
 war, to replace those ships. American commerce had thus declined, not 
 through any want of enterprise on the part of American citizens, but 
 from natural causes which the government itself could not control, and 
 for which it was in no degree responsible up to this time. He regarded 
 the appointment of this committee as one of the most encouraging feat 
 ures that he had seen for a long time, because it showed that Congress 
 meant to obtain information on the subject, and to address itself to the 
 remedies by which the shipping interests of the country could be brought 
 up to a point in competition with other maritime nations. 
 
 The simple question was, how it could be done. He submitted, as a 
 logical proposition, that if the United States would do just as England 
 and other nations had done to promote their commerce, the same results 
 would follow, and American shipping would again come to the front 
 and claim its share in the carrying trade of the world both by steam 
 and sailing vessels. This country was to-day paying from twenty to 
 thirty million dollars a year to foreign nations for the mere transporta 
 tion of merchandise in foreign bottoms. 
 
 If the government adopted the policy of permitting foreign-built ves- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 123 
 
 sels to be purchased and registered in the United States, what, he asked, 
 would be the effect on the finances of the country to say nothing of its 
 effect on mechanical industry? It would take from the country another 
 vast sum of gold, and hand it over to the commercial rival of the United 
 States to build up its mammoth steamboat interest and utterly to crush 
 put that of the United States. It seemed to him entirely suicidal to the 
 interests of the United States to think for a moment of transferring to 
 the American flag vessels of foreign construction. A ship was a sort 
 of national institution ; and the men to build ships must be kept at home. 
 Steamers and ships amounting to three hundred sail had been put in 
 requisition to blockade the southern coast during the rebellion ; and if 
 there had not been American artisans to draw upon, where would these 
 ships have been built and repaired ? 
 
 Secretary Stan ton had said to him, in the early part of the war, " I 
 want you to go home and, by private enterprise, push our iron-clad s for 
 ward. Bring everything into requisition, and give us something to con 
 tend with this Merrimac, or we are gone. Even the southern women 
 are selling their trinkets to build up a navy, and here we are relying on 
 the navy yards, and no results." Fortunately the ship-yards and the 
 skill were to be obtained. This country was liable to be at war again. 
 If that war were to be with Great Britain, and if Americans had gone 
 to work and built up her navy at the expense of the iron ship-building 
 interest, what would be the result ? 
 
 He found that there was a very prevalent notion abroad that Ameri 
 cans did not know how to build iron steamships. There was no greater 
 fallacy than that. The Collins line had proved the ability of American 
 steamers to compete with English steamers in point of speed. Mr. Col 
 lins had made a mistake, however, in undertaking to surpass the English 
 in that respect. It cost too much, and that cost was not counterbal 
 anced by the subsidy. He (Mr. Tobey) was chairman of the committee 
 which had the Mississippi and Merrimac steamships built recently at 
 South Boston, and he had been informed by the man who made the 
 model that he was paid six hundred dollars to duplicate the model and 
 send it to Liverpool. These ships proved the ability of American 
 mechanics to model a ship equal to anything that floated. Why should 
 that ability not be cherished and encouraged ? 
 
 American seamen should also be kept up and encouraged. During 
 the late war the government had drawn from the merchant marine thirty 
 or forty thousand men to blockade the southern ports. Without that 
 blockade the war would have terminated speedily in the success of the 
 rebellion ; and, without the merchant marine, the blockade could not 
 have been maintained. The government could not afford to see the 
 American merchant marine crushed out. That merchant marine was 
 indispensable for the maintenance of the national maritime power, and 
 it must be constructed by American mechanics, conducted by American 
 citizens, and owned by American capitalists. 
 
 The English government had increased its subsidies to steamship 
 lines. It had increased that of the Peninsular and Oriental line from 
 about two hundred thousand pounds sterling originally to five hundred 
 thousand pounds. England claimed to be a free- trade country ; but 
 what did she do with her foreign commerce her steamship interest? 
 She protected it to a degree that no other interest there ever was pro 
 tected. And why ? Because it was the most potent means of developing 
 every other commercial interest, and because it was the cheapest way 
 of sustaining her navy. Earl Gray had said that one of the reasons 
 why he was in favor of subsidizing steamships to all parts of the world 
 
124 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 was, that swift ships bring back swift orders for manufactured goods. 
 And, as illustrating the force of that remark, in less than five years 
 after subsidizing the line to Brazil, the exports from England to Brazil 
 increased three hundred per cent. 
 
 While England possessed the natural advantage of cheap coal, cheap 
 iron, cheap labor, cheap capital, she was not content with them as a 
 means of competing with other nations; but she very wisely took a 
 still further step, and, for the purpose of drawing capital to the" develop 
 ment of her steam commerce, she had commenced in 1838 to pay four 
 steamers, running from Liverpool to Boston, eight hundred thousand 
 dollars a year for carrying the mails. She had commenced, the same 
 year, the subsidies to the Peninsular and Oriental line, and increased 
 them till they now reached five hundred thousand pounds sterling per 
 annum. The course which England pursued in subsidizing her foreign 
 commerce he regarded as wise. 
 
 Just as soon as the policy of the United States government would 
 allow American ship-builders to construct vessels as cheaply as they are 
 constructed in England, by remitting the duties on materials, and would 
 then compensate steamship lines for carrying the mails to the same extent 
 and for as long a period as England did, and would then remit the 
 duties on all ships stores as England did, and would then omit to tax 
 American ships internally as England omitted to do when the United 
 States government accepted those ideas and acted on them, it would be 
 found that the enterprise and skill of the people of the United States 
 would enable them to compete with any other people. 
 
 The policy of subsidizing had not been pursued by England alone. 
 The Emperor of the French had seen the results achieved, and had said 
 that he was not going to have such a powerful neighbor without 
 competing with her, and he had commenced to subsidize a line to New 
 York, which to-day received twenty-six thousand dollars in gold for 
 every round trip. And the result was that the last New York enterprise, 
 the line of the Arago and Fulton, had had to surrender. Although the 
 United States government had given them the postal service, they were 
 compelled to withdraw and to give up the whole route to the French. 
 The Pereire and Ville de Paris had been built in Scotland, but it was 
 because the Emperor knew very well that France had not the experience 
 in naval construction to compete with England or with the United States 
 in the merchant marine. It was just the same with Germany and with 
 Holland. They were subordinate naval powers, and therefore had no 
 objection to allowing foreign-built vessels to their registration. They 
 saw their advantage in transportation interests. They had acted wisely 
 and well in the matter. But the tlnited States, occupying a great central 
 position, holding to the continents of Asia and Europe, claiming even to 
 be the rival of England and France as a naval power, could not afford 
 to do so. The navy and the mercantile marine of the country had done, 
 prior to the late war, more than anything else to raise the reputation of 
 the nation before the maritime nations of the earth, and to make the 
 American flag respected ; and every American citizen wanted to see 
 that flag flying again in every foreign port. In tbe war of 1812, New 
 England owned seven-eighths if not a larger proportion of the tonnage 
 of the United States. The merchants of Salein had contributed out of 
 their own pockets to build the Essex frigate, which chased hundreds of 
 British ships from the seas, which went into the mouth of the English 
 Channel, and which so pestered and restrained the commerce of England 
 that the rates of insurance went so high as practically to exclude their 
 ships from the sea ; and this had been one of the most potent means of 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 125 
 
 bringing England to terms. He had adverted to these facts to show 
 the intimate relations that existed between the naval power and the 
 mercantile marine, and to show that the one cannot be maintained 
 without the other. The men who constructed ships were needed as well 
 as the men who navigated them; and he believed that everything 
 possible should be done to cherish the ship-building interest. He felt 
 encouraged and hopeful that when the facts were fully investigated and 
 understood it would be found tha.t the interests of the country, irre 
 spective of section, demanded the restoration of the American flag not 
 only on sailing-vessels but on steamships on the ocean. 
 
 It had been assumed, erroneously, that the people of the. West had no 
 particular interest in the matter of shipping. But he proposed to show 
 that they had absolutely more interest in it than the people of the East 
 had. The latter could better afford to dispose of all their ships and to 
 invest the proceeds in western railroads, where they could get a better 
 return to their capital, than the people of the West could afford to 
 dispense with the facilities for getting their produce to foreign markets 
 at a low rate of transportation. If the United States government should 
 pay a subsidy for carrying the mails across the Atlantic as large as 
 England pays so large as to compensate entirely the ship-owner for 
 the whole voyage, and so large that he could say to the producer or 
 shipper, "We can afford to carry your goods for nothing, we are so liberally 
 compensated by the government 7 who would be deriving the most 
 advantage from it I The producer in the West. He could have his 
 goods transported at a very low rate, because the ship-owner could afford 
 to do it, and competition would induce him to do it. Therefore the 
 subsidy paid out of the treasury of the United States and assessed on 
 the general interests of the country would be one of the best means of 
 developing the agricultural interests of the country, by aiding to cheapen 
 transportation from the place of production to the place of consumption on 
 the other side of the Atlantic. Hence, as a mere practical question, the 
 people of the West had as much interest in promoting lines of steamships 
 and sailing vessels as the people of the East. He had never met the 
 first man in his intercourse in Washington, or in a convention of two 
 hundred and forty members held in Boston two years ago, who dissented 
 from the general proposition that it was of the greatest national import 
 ance to restore American commerce under the American ilag. That 
 convention had unanimously voted a resolution to that effect, which had 
 been transmitted to Congress. 
 
 In conclusion, Mr. Tobey stated, in reply to a remark by Mr. Calkin, 
 that American ship-owners must be put on the same footing as for 
 eigners. They must have all the encouragement that foreign govern 
 ments give to their commerce ; and even then the American ship-owners 
 would be placed under the disadvantage arising from the condition of 
 the currency. 
 
 Mr. FRANKLIN W. SMITH, treasurer of the Atlantic Iron Works, made 
 some additional remarks. He said that the revenue was now receiving 
 nothing from the taxation of ship- iron, because none was imported. 
 Therefore the government would be no loser by allowing a drawback 
 on iron used in ship- building. The iron men of Pennsylvania were 
 making no sales of ship-iron to-day, and therefore they would not be the 
 losers. It would be remembered that the subsidies to the British lines 
 were at first looked upon with great jealousy in the United States because 
 that navigation would be making the entire coasts of the United States 
 familiar to British pilots. He remembered that when the Cuuard steamer 
 Unicorn came into the port of Boston there was great alarm, because 
 
126 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 the pilotage of the port was being made known to British pilots. 
 But to-day there was scarcely a port of the American coast that was not 
 as familiar to British ship-masters and British pilots as to any American 
 pilots. The object of the Britisli subsidies had not been simply to keep 
 up a mercantile marine, but had been also to keep afloat in the cheapest 
 possible way a naval force; and England had done it. She could throw 
 fifty thousand men upon any point of the globe to-day earlier than any 
 other nation. It seemed to him that there was no interest to be injured 
 by a change in the present condition of affairs. The iron men of Penn 
 sylvania should join instantly with the shipping and commercial interests, 
 and let the ports be open to English iron, but let the ship-builders have 
 the choice to use American iron. And if they used American iron, let 
 them have a drawback equal to the duty on English iron. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. That is all that the iron men have asked. 
 
 Mr. SMITH. That is all we want. We certainly would use American 
 iron, and the incidental demand for American iron would be very great. 
 The government would certainly lose nothing by it ; for it is getting no 
 revenue to-day from ship-building iron. The western interest would be 
 benefited by it, because the ship is the continuation of the western lines 
 of railroad around the globe. 
 
 The committee adjourned to meet in Portland on the 21st of October. 
 
 PORTLAND, October 21, 1869. 
 
 The committee met in the collector s room in the custom-house. 
 
 Present: The chairman and Messrs. Morrell, Buffinton, Wells, and 
 Calkin. 
 
 Captain WASHINGTON RYAN submitted his views to the committee. 
 He said that he had noticed newspaper reports of the statements made 
 before the committee, and he agreed with most of them. There was another 
 thing, however, which he thought tended to the depression of our com 
 merce, and which he had not seen touched upon. That was the deterio 
 ration of the men who sail American ships. He thought that they had 
 been in the down-hill road for some years from one end of the ship to 
 the other masters, officers, and crew. He thought that that was owing 
 in a great measure to the apathy of the ship-owning interests, or perhaps 
 to the want of public spirit. He had never known any ship-owner who 
 seemed to him to take any interest in improving the condition of the 
 men who sailed his ships. He thought that the American merchant 
 marine law, if there was such a law, needed a thorough and complete 
 revision. In fact, he might say that there was no mercantile marine 
 law in this country. Masters and officers of ships came up like Topsies. 
 There was no board of examination, and nobody knew whether an officer, 
 when he came on board a ship, could determine the latitude and longi 
 tude of a ship by meridian observation. There was what is called a 
 Ship-masters 7 Association in New York, which gave certificates to officers, 
 but did so without making any examination. He considered an associ 
 ation like that an absolute and positive injury to the shipping interest, 
 because it encouraged a bad state of things. And it was astonishing to 
 hitn that the underwriters of New York would take a risk at one-half 
 per cent, less on the strength of a certificate from such an association. 
 He favored such a revision of the mercantile marine law as had been 
 proposed in the Senate of the United States by Mr. Fish, of New York, 
 in 1853. He thought that, had that bill become a law, it would have 
 produced a very different state of thin gs. As it was, respectably brought 
 up young men, who might have imbibed a passion for the sea, went now 
 for a voyage or two, and became so disgusted with the business that 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 127 
 
 ttiey invariably quitted it. He thought that the navigation laws of 
 England and of the southern European nations was such as to keep 
 their best men in their own navies, leaving only the refuse to American 
 ships. The consequence was that the sailors on board American ships 
 were, in a great measure, the refuse of the maritime nations of Europe. 
 He approved of the government shipping offices that were to be found 
 in every seaport in England. Sailors were shipped arid paid off in those 
 offices. The names of the sailors shipped there were kept upon the reg 
 istry with memoranda of their characters; so that unless a sailor had a 
 good character he could not get employment at one of those offices. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do I understand you to say that the character of 
 American seamen is below that of the seamen of Great Britain? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. No, sir ; I do not mean to say that ; but we were so far 
 above them years ago, that we had some room to fall and still to be fully 
 equal to them. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean to say that American seamen have dete 
 riorated, and are not as good as they were formerly ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Yes j and the causes of the deterioration are going on every 
 year. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How is it with the English sailors ? Are they im 
 proving ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I should judge so. I should judge that the inevitable 
 consequences of the shipping act, which has not been long in operation, 
 must be to keep their best men for their own ships, and to send off the 
 refuse. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How is it with the officers? How do they compare 
 with our officers ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Our officers compare favorably with them, and perhaps 
 they always will j but I do not think they are what they were some 
 years ago. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I understood you to say that it is no great credit to a 
 captain to procure a certificate from the Ship-masters Association of 
 New York. 
 
 Mr. EYAN. No, sir. The last application that we had from a captain, 
 lie was told by the chartering party that he was required to have a 
 certificate from the Ship-masters Association of New York, and his ex 
 clamation was, li Humbug ! I have been a master for ten or a dozen years, 
 and I have gone along safely. What is the use of one of those things?" 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are not these certificates given under oath ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. No. sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Well, what harm can it be to have a certificate ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. The harm lies in this: that that board is presumed to be 
 a duly constituted and properly qualified board of examiners, and so 
 long as it is in existence it tends to prevent the formation of a proper 
 board, which should be under the authority of the government. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. How long have you been a ship-owner ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I was a sailor for twenty-eight years, and twenty years of 
 that time I was a master. I have been on shore for the last fifteen years; 
 but I have been interested more or less in vessels since 1853. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are you familiar with commerce ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understood you to say that, in your opinion, the grade 
 of officers and men employed at present is not up to the same standard 
 as it was some years ago. 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I do not think it is. 
 
128 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Is it your opinion that that is one of the causes of the 
 depression in our commerce ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Yes, sir ; my opinion is that that is one of the causes of the 
 depression in our commerce. Take the matter of insurance. The pre 
 mium of insurance has increased thirty per cent, within twenty years 
 back, and I think it is mainly due to that cause. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Are not vessels that are running with American crews 
 insured as cheaply as other vessels 1 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I think so. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Were American vessels formerly insured at less rates 
 at corresponding times? 
 
 Mr. KYAN. Yes. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. What legislation would you recommend to encourage 
 the building up of a better class of seamen? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I would recommend a thorough revision of the mercantile 
 marine law by practical men. I would have sailors shipped in every 
 considerable port in the country by a government shipping officer. J 
 would have the men mustered under the eye of that government officer 
 on board the ship, before she proceeds to sea. These details are carried 
 out fully in the bill introduced by Mr. Fish, to which I have already 
 referred. On every vessel bound on a foreign voyage I would require 
 that there should be an examining surgeon, and that every one of those 
 men shoulcl be examined, as men are examined in the navy before they 
 go to sea. Our ships go to sea with the least possible number of men, 
 and if one of the men becomes sick or disabled it affects all the rest. I 
 would have the men paid off at the government office when the ship 
 returns, as is the custom in England. I think that that is the only way 
 to break up the sailor landlord system, which is the curse of our mer 
 cantile marine. I would have this board of examiners appointed by the 
 government, and every application for the position of master or first or 
 second officer examined by that board, and then, when the vessel returned 
 from sea, I would have the ship paid off at that government shipping 
 office, and every man s character recorded whether there was any 
 trouble on board the vessel, any fighting, quarreling, &c. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In other words, you would have a government espionage 
 on the mercantile marine of the country f 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Call it espionage or what not, I would have the same kind 
 of a court as they have in England, before which cases of collisions, &c., 
 are tried such a court as that of Dr. Lushington in London, assisted 
 by two experienced naval officers. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Would you have that only for the foreign trade, or to 
 cover our coastwise trade also ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I would have it for every case occurring on board a vessel, 
 and for this reason, that discipline is necessary, and that it cannot be 
 maintained by bringing those cases before the civil courts. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that our whaling business of former 
 times contributed to build up a better class of seamen by the co-operative 
 system of paying the seamen and officers a percentage on the profits of 
 the voyage? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. That system is carried on to-day in the whale-oil 
 trade? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Yes; but there are not so many whalemen as there used to 
 be, and consequently there are not so many seamen drawn to the ocean 
 by that business. I think the principle is a correct one, and the tend 
 ency would be certainly to improve the class of seamen. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 129 
 
 ,Mr. CALKIN. Are not many of the captains now in our foreign trade 
 and in our immense coasting trade interested in their vessels ? 
 
 Mr. KYAN. A great many of them are probably more than half o 
 them. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Does not that have a tendency to make them more dih 
 gent and vigilant in their business? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Certainly. That is the only reason why the owners of ves 
 sels require masters to have an interest. But at the same time there is 
 a disposition, especially in certain ports of Massachusetts, not to permit 
 masters to have an interest in their vessels, but to manage the vessels 
 by merchants and agents at each end of the route, the master being 
 merely the navigator. I am told that that is becoming more and more 
 common, except down on the Cape. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. When you spoke of the depression of our commerce 
 being the foult of the sailor, did you intend to apply that to the coasting 
 trade? 
 
 Mr. KYAN. It has its effect upon all branches of trade. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. But our coasting trade has increased ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Yes; but the same men who maybe on an East Indiaman 
 one voyage may be in the coasting trade the next voyage. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that the building up of these exten 
 sive lines of foreign steamers, principally owned by foreigners, having 
 their agencies at both ends of the route, was calculated to interfere very 
 much with the ordinary American commerce, and that the tendency is 
 to force the business into these channels, and to deprive the individual 
 ship-owner of getting his ordinary share of business? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. Freight will go where it can be carried cheapest. If these 
 great lines can carry freight more expeditiously and more cheaply than 
 single ships, whether propelled by steam or sail, I suppose that freight 
 will go there, and thus co-operation thoroughly organized and well 
 managed may, I suppose, monopolize the greater part of the trade. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What is the sentiment in Portland in reference to the 
 navigation laws ? Are you in favor of repealing the navigation laws? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. No, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Are you in favor of Congress passing a law allowing a 
 drawback or bounty to the ship-building interest? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I am. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are you in favor of repealing the navigation law, of allow 
 ing a drawback on the materials used in ship-building, and at the same 
 time of retaining the coast wise trade exclusively for American-built ves 
 sels? What effect would those three measures, taken together, have 
 upon the commercial and ship-building interests of the country? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I do not know whether one of those measures would offset 
 the other. The benefit that would be derived from the remission of 
 duties on the materials entering into the construction of ships would 
 be offset by the privilege given to our merchants to buy foreign-built 
 ships. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Suppose that there were nothing done excepting to 
 allow a drawback upon the materials going into the manufacture of a 
 ship, do you believe then that there would be an increase of ship-build 
 ing, or that the American ship-builders would be able to compete with 
 foreign ship-builders, taking into view the whole state of the country at 
 present, the capital invested in other business, and the interest that is 
 received from that capital ? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I am satisfied that the ship-building and commerce of the 
 country would be increased. 
 
 9NI 
 
130 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. But if the navigation laws were repealed you think 
 that that would offset the drawback? 
 
 Mr. RYAN. So it seems to me, so far as I have given the subject 
 thought. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You gave it as your opinion that our sailors and offi 
 cers have deteriorated, and that the character of foreign officers and sea 
 men has improved. Do you believe that that is the cause or the effect 
 of the decline in our ship-building interest? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I think it is probably the cause. I think that the advance 
 in the rates of insurance may be traced more directly to that than to any 
 other cause. James Brown, a well-known Liverpool merchant, a man 
 to whom I used to apply for advice when I was in the Liverpool trade, 
 remarked to Captain Schofield of Brunswick six years ago, u You Amer 
 ican masters are not what you were in years past. You are going down 
 every year ; I can see that plainly." I think that one reason of it is 
 owing to ship-owners crowding down the rates of wages to masters. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You are not an old resident of Portland? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I have been here fifteen years. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In case Congress passed a law allowing a drawback on 
 the materials used in the construction of ships, so that iron steamships 
 might be built in this country for the European trade, and also allowing 
 them a fair subsidy, somewhat in keeping with the subsidies allowed by 
 the English government, do you think that you could support an Amer 
 ican line of steamers from this port, running, say, monthly at first, and 
 getting down to weekly? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I do not think we could ; but when we come to get our 
 railroad completed, connecting us with the West byway of Ogdensburg, 
 I think we can do it. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you think that a line of steamers across the ocean 
 could be supported depending chiefly upon passengers and mail service 
 for its business? 
 
 Mr. EYAN. I have no knowledge of the management of steam lines, 
 and I have not sufficient information to answer your question. 
 
 Mr. JOSEPH W. DYER, ship-builder, submitted his views to the committee. 
 He said he had no doubt but that the ship-building interest would be 
 revived by the exemption from duty of the articles entering into the 
 construction of ships. He thought that then ships could be built in 
 this country as cheaply as they are built in Europe. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What rates of wages do you pay now to ship-carpen 
 ters ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. From two dollars and fifty cents to three dollars a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What were the average rates of wages from 1852 to 
 1860? 
 
 Mr. DYER. From one dollar and fifty cents to one dollar and seventy- 
 five cents and two dollars a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Were your wages as low as that in 1854, 1855 ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir ; they were two dollars a day. We now pay three 
 dollars for first-class carpenters. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The advance is about fifty per cent. 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the difference in the cost of labor 
 between here and Europe would not prevent your building ships here as 
 cheaply as they are built in Europe ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. No, sir ; we should not ask any odds there. I think that 
 our mechanics are sufficiently better than theirs to make up that 
 difference. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 131 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You tliink that you get as much work for the money 
 you pay as they get ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. That is my opinion. That has been my experience all 
 through life. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you built ships recently? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Not very recently. I have built some small vessels within 
 the year. In the course of the war 1 built two. Previous to that 1 
 built one or two ships a year. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN, Do you know what the difference would be in the 
 cost of a thousand-ton ship between the present time and what it was 
 from 1852 to 1860 1 
 
 Mr. DYER. Previous to the war we could build a thousand-ton ship, 
 first-class, at from fifty-five to sixty dollars a ton, and since then from 
 seventy-five to eighty dollars. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Does that increase consist chiefly in the enhanced cost 
 of labor or of materials ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. There is something of it in the labor, of course. The cost 
 of labor on a ship will probably reach from seven thousand to eight 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that vessels which cost sixty 
 dollars a ton before the war cost seventy-five dollars now ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir ; from seventy -five to eighty dollars. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So that, making an allowance for the difference be 
 tween gold and currency, vessels can be built as cheaply now as before 
 the war f 
 
 Mr. DYER. About the same. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. A vessel all fitted out for sea costs no more at present 
 than seventy-five dollars a ton ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. From seventy-five to eighty dollars. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What effect do you think it would have upon the 
 ship-building interest of the country to exempt from duty the materials 
 entering into the construction of ships and at the same time to admit 
 foreign-built ships to American registration "? 
 
 Mr. DYER. I do not think the effect would be very good. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the ship-building interest could 
 be revived under that system ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. I think that if you allow foreign ships to come in here and 
 obtain American registration you cannot revive our ship-building interest. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the ship-building interest could be 
 revived if these two measures were passed at the same time ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. I do not. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understood you to say that by a remission of the duty 
 on the materials you can build a ship now as cheaply as you could 
 before the war ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. No, sir ; there is an increase in the price of labor. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You are speaking of wooden ships now ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What would be the amount of saving per ton in the 
 building of a ship by the remission of duty on the materials I 
 
 Mr. DYER. I never went into any calculation of that kind. I know 
 what it costs us to build a vessel and what it cost us before the war. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What would be the advantage of the remission of the 
 duty? 
 
 Mr. DYER. We could build so much the cheaper. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. But you could not build as cheaply as they do in 
 England $ 
 
132 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. . 
 
 Mr. DYER. Probably not. We never could. Still we competed with 
 them successfully. We considered our vessels much better than theirs. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. If you cannot build as cheaply as they, do you not think 
 that American merchants will buy their ships abroad f 
 
 Mr. DYER. Perhaps some will if they can buy them at five dollars a 
 ton less. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Then what would be the advantage to the ship-b.uilding 
 interest to have a remission of the duty if they cannot then compete 
 with ships built in other countries f 
 
 Mr. DYER! We can compete with them if the navigation laws are not 
 repealed. So far as my knowledge goes our laboring men are many 
 times better than theirs. We make better ships here and have better 
 materials. The quality of materials that enter into ships here and in 
 the provinces is very different. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that you thought you did 
 not pay any higher for the amount of service you obtained than is paid 
 abroad ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So that there really is no difference in the cost of 
 labor ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. I do not think there is. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. In case there is nothing done to relieve the shipping 
 interest what effect is it going to have within the next five or ten years 
 upon the mechanical labor connected with ship-building ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. There is no other course for the mechanics except to go 
 out of the country or leave the business. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Are there as many ship-carpenters to-day in Maine as 
 there were previous to the war ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. No, sir ; there are not. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. How many hours a day do your mechanics work here ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Ten hours a day. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Is there any difficulty in getting them to work ten 
 hoars ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. None at all. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Can you easily make a ship-carpenter out of a house- 
 carpenter, or out of a wood- worker of any kind? 
 
 Mr. DYER. I should prefer to get a green hand and make a ship-car 
 penter out of him. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. I think you did not fully understand a question put 
 to you by the chairman. I understood the chairman to ask you whether, 
 if our currency was equal to gold, you could build a ship as cheaply now 
 as you could before the war, and I think you answered, yes. 
 
 Mr. DYER. I did not mean to. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The difference that you give between the present cost 
 of a ship in currency and the cost of a ship before the war, which was in 
 gold, is only about the percentage of the difference between gold and 
 currency ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. From fifty-five to sixty dollars before the war, and from 
 seventy-five to eighty dollars now. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. That would be in the neighborhood of thirty per 
 cent, advance. 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir. 
 
 The On AIRMAN. Well, as there is now a difference of thirty per cent, 
 betweeen gold and currency, that would be the only difference in the 
 cost of a ship between now and before the war. In point of fact, the 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 133 
 
 answer you gave would have that result; so that you build a ship to-day, 
 according to that statement, as cheaply in gold as you did then f 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, provided we have the drawback. What I mean to 
 say is that if this drawback were allowed us we could build a vessel as 
 cheap as we ever did. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. If you have the drawback and the gold currency as you 
 had previous to the war, do you think you would have any market for 
 your ships, after you had them built ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. I think we would have the same market that we always 
 had. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Previous to the war you had no steamers to compete 
 with you in the domestic trade, and our foreign commerce was more 
 extensive ; the products of this country were carried to foreign countries^ 
 which is not the case now. 
 
 Mr. DYER. Not now ; but I trust they will be. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What has been the practice usually in reference te 
 the coppering of vessels built in the United States "2 Has it been done 
 in this country or in Europe ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Of late years vessels go to the other side to copper. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What is the common practice in building a vessel 
 here ? Is the coppering done here 1 
 
 Mr. DYER. No, sir. With a iiew vessel it is generally preferred that 
 she should make a voyage first, except she is going a long vogage, such 
 as to the Pacific. In that case they copper her here ; but if a vessel is 
 going into the southern trade and then to Liverpool or France, they 
 do not copper her until they get on the other side, where it is cheaper. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. When you speak of the cost of a vessel you mean 
 her cost fitted out for sea without coppering ? 
 
 Mr. DYER. Yes, sir. 
 
 Captain CHARLES M. DAVIS submitted his views to the committee. He 
 said that he disagreed somewhat with his friend Captain Ryan about 
 the trouble in the depression of American commerce. He thought that 
 it was necessary to go further back than Captain Kyan did to get at the 
 bottom of the trouble. They had got no ships now, comparatively 
 speaking, with which to make sailors. American ships had almost 
 disappeared from the ocean, and for very obvious reasons. During the 
 late war the pirates destroyed many American ships, and many were 
 transferred to foreign flags. Shipping would have to be brought back 
 and then discipline would follow. If the United States had shipping 
 equal to that of England or France, he would guarantee that American 
 ship-masters could compete with the French or the English in discipline 
 and in the sailing of their ships. He had yet to learn that American 
 ship-masters did not take as good care of their ships and did not make 
 as good passages as any foreign ship-masters. American ships used to 
 be preferred to foreign ships in the carrying trade. American shipping 
 must be built up, and in order to do that the ship-builders must have 
 something to help them or else they could not compete with foreign 
 ship-builders. He had letters in his pocket, which he had received 
 lately from Quebec and from St. John, showing that he could buy ships 
 there first-class ships of a thousand tons at from thirty-seven thou 
 sand to thirty-eight thousand dollars in gold, all fitted out for sea. Add 
 ing thirty per cent, to that price for the difference between gold and 
 currency, would make their cost in the neighborhood of fifty dollars per 
 ton in currency. They built pretty good ships in Quebec rather better 
 than in St. John. They had oak and hackmatack there and they built 
 good ships. Ship-builders on this side could not compete with them in 
 
134 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 price. Mr. (Dyer had said that a thousand-ton ship at present woulc 
 cost seventy-five dollars a ton. He could buy such a ship to-day in 
 Quebec for fifty dollars a ton. That was a great difference; but ho 
 thought that if American ship-builders could have the advantage of a 
 remission of duty on the materials used in the construction of ships, and 
 if ship-owners could get their outfits out of bond free of duty, as they 
 did in England and France, American ship-builders and ship-owners 
 could compete with the world, provided that there was business for them. 
 There was a change in the freighting business. Steamers were taking 
 the place of sailing-vessels. These latter only got heavy cargoes to 
 carry, such as tobacco, coal, salt, &c. Only let American ships be built 
 as cheaply as the ships of other nations, and American ship-owners 
 would ask no odds. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Would we labor under any greater disadvantages 
 now than we did prior to the war, provided the materials entering 
 into the construction of ships were admitted free of duty ? Could we 
 then as successfully compete with foreigners on a gold basis as we did 
 before the war ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I do not know why we should not, if business was the 
 same. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Were there not always these periods of depression 
 in the shipping business prior to the war, some years prosperous and 
 some unprosperous J ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir ; some years we could not run our ships except 
 at a loss, and then again the business would revive, and we would make 
 money. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. That business is not so regular and steady as other 
 branches of business ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. No, sir ; it is dependent upon the crops and upon a great 
 many other things, on which other branches of business are not depend 
 ent. I take it that if you will give us a fair chance, we will build our 
 commerce up again, and I think that when it is built up discipline will 
 follow. I do not think that we can undertake to have discipline when 
 we have no ships. As for our ship-masters, there is a change in them 
 as there is in every profession, and in all classes, ministers, lawyers, doc 
 tors, &c. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Are you acquainted with Cape Cod ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Not on shore. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. The tonnage of Cape Cod is far greater than it was 
 formerly, and I want to ask you if you think that the seamen of Cape 
 Cod have deteriorated at all, and if ship-owners have not seen that 
 while the interest has kept up, the seamen have kept up ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I think so. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. I think that if you go to Cape Cod you will find as 
 good captains and seamen there as ever were there. 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir ; that is true. When the interest is kept up you 
 will find no deterioration in the officers and men. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You are considerably acquainted with the business 
 on the other side of the water ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I am conversant with it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What do you know about the business of building 
 ships upon the Clyde and Tyiie ? what is the condition of the ship-build 
 ing business there ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I can give you the price of first-class iron ships at Glas 
 gow. First-class iron ships of a thousand tons fitted for sea, and rated 
 for twenty years, can be had at fourteen pounds ten shillings per ton. I 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 135 
 
 present to the committee the specifications and some letters on the sub 
 ject. [The letters are attached to Mr. Davis s statement.] There is no 
 use in talking of a demand for ships this year j there is no demand for 
 ships. It is pretty hard to charter a ship for a long* voyage ; but that 
 does not stop the building of ships on the other side, because there will 
 be a tlemand for ships. Give us a fair chance to build ships and to run 
 them by allowing a drawback of duty, and by allowing outfits free of 
 duty, and we cannot be driven off the water. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What do you think would be the effect of such modi 
 fication of the navigation laws as to admit foreign-built ships to Amer 
 ican registry ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. My own opinion is that it would be better for our com 
 merce. Some interests would not be benefited by it; but I think that, 
 on the whole, it would be generally benefited. I do not see why, if I 
 can buy a ship at St. John for fifteen thousand dollars less than I can 
 buy her here, I* should not be allowed to do so. What difference does 
 it make to the government when I am going to sail her under the Amer 
 ican flag ? 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Wliat effect would that have on the ship-building in 
 terest of the country ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I think it would rather head them off a little. 
 
 Mr. W T ELLS. I infer that you would be in favor of repealing the navi 
 gation laws and letting our merchants buy ships wherever they can buy 
 them, cheapest J ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir ; that is my opinion. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. You are a ship-owner ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I have been a ship-owner. I have been retired from the 
 business for some time. I built some ships and owned some. I have 
 not owned any ships since the war. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What did you have to pay for ships of a thousand tons 
 previous to the Avar I 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. They cost us about fifty to fifty-five dollars a ton. Before 
 the war I could get a good ship fitted out with a single suit of sails for 
 a European voyage (not for the East Indian voyage) at fifty-five dollars 
 a ton. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. The same class of ship as yon can get at Quebec now for 
 thirty-eight dollars a ton ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I think rather a little better. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that if the duties were taken off the 
 materials entering into the construction of ships, our ship-builders could 
 compete with those in Europe J ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I think so. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that ships could be built here as fast 
 as the demands of business required them 2 - 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir ; no doubt of it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then why are you in favor of the admission of foreign- 
 built ships to American registry if we can build them here as fast and 
 as cheaply I 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. You would be opening a larger market to competition. If 
 you do not the ship-builders will put their prices up. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Will not competition on this side settle that as well 
 as it settles other business "? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Perhaps it may. We have always lived under our home 
 competition and done very well by it ; but I would rather have a larger 
 field if I could have it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that if we should do that, it 
 
136 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 would be rather bard upon ship-builders here. That means, I suppose, 
 that they could not build ships if the navigation laws were repealed. 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I do not think it would go to that extent. I think the 
 case would rather level itself. I do not see why, if we had the s? me 
 chances to build a ship here with the duties off all the materials, we 
 would not do so as well and as cheaply as they do on the other side. If 
 we can, so be it ; then we will buy our ships at home; but it we can buy 
 them cheaper abroad, I would prefer to be at liberty to do so. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What would be the effect upon the general interest 
 of the country of allowing that ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I think it would be better for the whole of the country. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. If Congress should repeal the navigation law and allow 
 American merchants to go abroad and buy their ships, and at the same 
 time allow a drawback to the builders here, do you think that the build 
 ers here could live and compete with the foreign market at once, and 
 that our ship-building interest would grow up side by side with the ship 
 building interest of England ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. In regard to wooden ships I think so ; I do not know why 
 it should not be so. As to iron ships we cannot compete with the Eng 
 lish in ten or twenty years. We cannot learn tolmild ships here as they 
 do on the Clyde. I do not think that we can compete with the iron ship 
 building interest of England for the present; I think we can compete 
 with them in wooden ships. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What effect would it have to repeal the navigation law 
 and to allow a drawback what effect on the whole general interest of 
 the country, on the wealth and labor of the country ? Would it advance 
 or deteriorate it ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I think it would advance it. It would give us a stimulus 
 and a life which we have not seen for some time. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I believe you have stated that it was a very common 
 practice for masters of vessels to be interested in their vessels. Is it 
 also a very common practice for the builders of vessels to be interested 
 as owners f 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir ; here in our State it has been always so. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What would be the tendency of building ships abroad 
 and bringing them here ? Would it be to create a foreign interest in the 
 vessels and to build up a really foreign interest in our navigation? While 
 our ships were nominally American, would they not be really foreign ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I do not know why it should be so. If I want to buy a ship 
 I buy her and run her for my own purpose and under my own flag ; I do 
 not know why there should be any foreign interest in her. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If you build a vessel here the builder has generally 
 an interest in her. Now suppose you bought your ship abroad, would 
 not that be the operation of the thing that the foreign ship-builder 
 would retain an interest in her ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I should not think so. I should not want to have foreign 
 ers owning with me. My experience and observation here are that our 
 folks do not like very much to own ships with foreigners. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. That is because we cannot own them with foreigners. 
 But suppose that condition of things should cease t 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. I do not know why it should be more so here than in 
 France or Germany or other places. They have always had the privilege 
 of buying their ships abroad, and they never have filled up their com 
 merce with American ship-owners or British ship-owners. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have they ever really been in the condition that we 
 are in ? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 137 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. They have been in a condition that they can buy our ships 
 and put them under their own flag. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have we ever had 4hat advantage over them that 
 they have over us now f 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. No, sir ; I do not think so. They have got us where they 
 can handle us just as they have a mind to. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you believe that it is the policy of the government to 
 encourage iron ship-building 1 ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Kb, sir ; I do not. think so. I should think it would be 
 costing the country too much to undertake now to build iron ships so as 
 to compete with other nations. I should rather husband our own re 
 sources and wait until we get stronger. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. You believe that a large proportion of American com 
 merce across the ocean is done in iron ships ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Then are you prepared to surrender that ocean com 
 merce entirely to foreign-built vessels ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. No, sir ; I would buy them and put them under our flag. 
 The ships are yours when you buy them. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you not think that it is the policy of the govern 
 ment to encourage that interest, and to have mechanics to build iron 
 ships as well as wooden ones f 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. No, sir ; I do not think it public policy to build iron ships 
 here and to protect them by a protective tariff. If we can build iron 
 ships here as cheaply as they do in England, let us build them. I go a 
 good deal for free trade, and to let the smartest take the lead. I believe 
 that this young country will do better in that way than in the other way. 
 I do not like so much red tape, so much tied-up business. I think we 
 should do better if we had more liberty. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Then you believe it better to sacrifice that interest, at 
 present, as you know we cannot immediately compete with iron ship 
 builders abroad ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. There is no sacrifice if we cannot do it. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Iron ships have been built in this country, and can be 
 built now to some extent. 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. Time will bring it along, no doubt. We cannot build iron 
 ships here now at anything like the price that we can buy them for across 
 the water. If we undertake to build iron ships who is going to pay the 
 bills? 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Are you in favor of admitting back vessels that were 
 once under the American flag, and that were put under a foreign flag 
 during the war ? 
 
 Mr. DAVIS. No, sir. Let them die off; they will soon die off, the gen 
 eral age of a ship is from six to eight years. 
 
 Mr. Davis submitted to the committee the following business letters : 
 
 ST. Jotix, N. B., September 27, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : I have your note of 23d instant. In reply, beg to say that the hist sale 
 of a seven year veritas classed ship was, hull and spars, twenty-five dollars, gold, per ton, 
 and outfits, with wire rigging, would cost not over ten dollars per ton, gold. This sale 
 was made under peculiar circumstances, and was rather under the market; but no 
 doubt a ship of similar class could bo contracted for at twenty-six dollars per ton, 
 anything from one thousand tons and upwards. Six years class at voritas can bo pro 
 duced at twenty-four dollars per ton, outfits at the same rate as dearer vessels. 
 I am yours, truly, 
 
 WM. THOMSON. 
 Messrs. C. M. DAVIS, Portland. 
 
 English measurement about the same as American new measurement. 
 
 C. M. D. & CO. 
 
138 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 QUEBEC, September 30, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIRS : In reply to your favor of September 23, we have ascertained that the 
 cost of building ships in this place is as follows : A 1, seven years, 1,000 tons, not cop 
 pered, but copper fastened up to the lower deck stringers, and the usual Quebec outlit, 
 38 gold per registered ton ; for a 1,500-toii ship as above, the cost would not exceed 
 $37 per ton. 
 
 The highest price any of our first-class builders have named is $39 per ton, and we 
 are satisfied that, at these figures, you could contract to build a really first-class ship. 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 For R. R. DOBELL & CO., 
 T. BECKETT. 
 
 Messrs. C. M. DAVIS & Co., 
 
 Portland, Maine. 
 
 English measurement about the same as American new measurement. 
 
 C. M. D. & CO. 
 
 Mr. CYRUS F. SARGENT said that lie had been building ships for some 
 fifteen years, but had never sailed any himself. He had been no ship 
 owner. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that if the duties were taken off ship 
 building materials the ship-building interest of this country would 
 revive f 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Undoubtedly it would. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that we can compete with Great Britain 
 in building wooden ships ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I think we could if we had a drawback upon all the 
 materials that enter into the construction of ships. As it is, after a ship 
 is built here we cannot copper her here, on account of the expense. We 
 take a lower rate of freight than we would otherwise take, for the pur 
 pose of sending her to Europe to have her coppered. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do they copper a ship on the other side as well as 
 they do here ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir, I think they do. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What is the cost per ton of coppering a first-class ship ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. To copper a thousand-ton ship would cost, I think, 
 about six thousand dollars. That includes the docking of the ship, the 
 cost of the copper, and putting it on. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe, if the materials entering into the con 
 struction of vessels were exempt from duty, that ships could be built as 
 fast as the demands of business required them ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir, wooden ships could be. I have talked with 
 ship-builders from Quebec and St. John, and the information I received 
 from them is somewhat different from that which Captain Davis has 
 stated. My understanding is that ships there cost more than Captain 
 Davis has stated, and I think we can build better ships than they can ; 
 we have better materials. Our southern pine is one of the best articles 
 that goes into the construction of a ship, and we can get it cheaper than 
 any people in the world. . 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Can you get it any cheaper than they can get it in the 
 provinces ? Have they not the right to go to North Carolina for it, and 
 take it into the provinces free of duty I 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I do not know whether there is any duty on it or not. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that we sail our ships as cheaply as the 
 English sail their ships ? Do you think that an American ship-owner 
 could afford to run a ship in competition with foreign ship-owners, pro 
 vided he can obtain her as cheaply ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. It is my opinion that the English sail their ships for 
 less than we do. They have a larger number of men, and they pay them 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 139 
 
 higher wages than we do. But we ship our men in Liverpool or Lon 
 don, and they get the best men. The American ship only gets the re 
 jected men that the English ships will not take. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What is the policy of shipping the poorest men they can 
 find ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Before a sailor in Liverpool can go on board an English 
 ship, he must have a certificate from the last master that he was under ; 
 he must have a certificate of good moral character and efficiency. The 
 consequence is that the English ships take all the good men, and leave 
 the American ships only the " runaways " and desperate men, whom it is 
 hard to manage. They come right on board, and no questions are 
 asked, and the American ships take them. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. What is your opinion in reference to the repeal of the 
 navigation laws ? Do you believe it best for American commerce ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I should not think it would be, except all the tariff 
 laws are repealed together, and let us have free trade in everything. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What do you mean by that "? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I mean, to have general free trade all over the country 
 in everything. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What effect would the repeal of the navigation laws have 
 upon the general interest of the country ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. That alone, I should think, would operate against the 
 ship-building business of the country. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Would it not eventually transfer our ship-yards to for 
 eign countries ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. As Mr. Dyer remarked, it would shut up the ship-yards 
 here; but if you make it free trade in all things, I think we can compete 
 with foreigners. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I suppose it is simply a question whether our laboring 
 men shall be reduced to the level of the laboring men of other nations. 
 Would not that be the effect ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I should not think it would. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Are you well acquainted with most of the ship-owners of 
 Portland ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I know quite a number of them perhaps the majority. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Can you tell what their sentiment is in regard to the re 
 peal of the navigation laws f 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I have never exchanged views on the subject with the 
 ship-owners of Portland. I built, during the war, a ship of about eleven 
 hundred and fifty tons, ready for sea, and I believe she only cost me 
 $41,000 in gold. That was in 1864 or 18G5, I believe. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The premium on gold was very high at that time ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes. I am of opinion that a ship can be built for 
 gold now cheaper than she could be before the war. It seems to me 
 that the great difficulty is the depreciation in the currency. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean to say that you can build a ship. cheaper 
 now than you could then, paying the duty on the materials? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir ; other gentlemen may differ with me, but that 
 is my opinion. The last ship I built was fifteen hundred odd tons. She 
 was ready for sea, (not coppered,) had eighteen months provisions on 
 board, and she only cost about sixty dollars a ton. She went to sea two 
 years ago. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then, according to your present statement; we really 
 do build our ships as cheap as we ever did ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I think so ; there is the trouble about this depreciated 
 currency. It is a speculating matter. W r hen one wins another loses. 
 
140 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 That was the reason why the ship we built during the war cost such a 
 small amount in gold ; for exchange was then at two hundred and fifty. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Did you build her on English account ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. No, sir; but I made a contract with some of the own 
 ers that the account should be made up in gold. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What, then, do you consider to be the difficulty under 
 which we labor at present in reviving our commerce 1 Why do w r e not 
 build ships ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. The great trouble is in the depreciated currency. Peo 
 ple say, " I can get a better interest for my money than I can by putting 
 it in a ship." They do not wait to consider that they are really paying 
 only seventy cents on the dollar. They deceive themselves in the mat 
 ter of the currency, and you cannot get them to build a ship that would 
 cost eighty or ninety dollars a ton in currency. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then there is only an imaginary difference in the 
 price ; it is not a real difference ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Only an imaginary difference. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you live in Portland ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. No, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Where do you reside ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. In Yarmouth. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. That is a ship-building place ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What is the sentiment of the ship-owners of Yarmouth 
 in reference to the repeal of the navigation laws ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I do not know that I have ever talked with them about 
 that ; but we have talked a good deal in reference to free trade for every 
 thing and for everybody. And as to our ship-building interest, we feel 
 satisfied that we could compete with any other people, so far as we are 
 concerned, if we had free trade. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then you do not want the principle of free trade ap 
 plied to ships alone ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. No, sir. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you not find from experience that gentlemen who 
 have heretofore had their money invested in ship property make more 
 interest now by putting their money in the national banks and railroads, 
 and other speculations, and that that is a reason for the depression of 
 the ship-building interest! 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir. The English ship-owner will be satisfied with 
 four or five per cent, interest on his money ; but here in America nothing 
 will satisfy people less than eight per cent., and many of them put 
 their money in bonds and securities. The English are easier satisfied. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Prior to the war were not ship-owners making more than 
 eight or ten per cent. ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. What is the average life of American ships ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. 1 believe underwriters state it at about eight years. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What is the life of ships built in the Provinces I 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I do not kno\y. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Have we not had the reputation always of building bet 
 ter ships here than they do in the Provinces ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. We always had. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Does not the English capitalist calculate more closely on 
 his percentage on the loss being a total loss than an American does on 
 his investment in an American-built ship ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. In the north of Europe and in England, and many 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 141 
 
 European countries, they only insure against a total loss. If a ship 
 touches bottom they pay a partial loss ; but if any other damage results, 
 that is unless she touches bottom, the underwriter does not pay any 
 loss. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. How much more do you pay for the materials that 
 go into a ship now than you had to pay for them before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I have never made a calculation about that. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Bo you not pay more for iron and more for duck than 
 you did before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Do you not really pay from ten to thirty per cent, 
 more for every article that goes into the construction of a ship than you 
 paid before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Taking all the materials, I should say that they would 
 not cost thirty per cent, more than they did before the war. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. I say from ten to thirty per cent. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, they would. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. I ask you, then, this question, because it is thought 
 that there must have been an error in a remark you made, and that you 
 could not have intended to say what you did. You said that you could 
 build a ship to-day just as cheap with gold as you could before the war. 
 How could you do it with labor higher, and materials higher ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. The difference in labor and the difference in the cost 
 of materials do not amount to the difference in value between gold and 
 paper. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. But before the war, iron and all the materials that 
 went into the construction of ships were from ten to thirty percent, less 
 than they are now. Do you mean to say that after paying the increased 
 cost of these articles you can still build a ship as cheaply as you could 
 before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Either you or I do not understand it. The increased 
 price of the materials that go into the construction of a ship does not 
 amount to the premium that there is on gold ; say thirty-five per cent. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Iron costs a great deal more ; sail-cloth costs a great 
 deal more ; and in fact every article costs more. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, more in paper money. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. Do they not cost more in gold ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. No, sir ; southern pine costs less in gold. - 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. How about iron "I 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. All the difference is just the duty. 
 
 Mr. BUFFINTON. If you are correct I do ftot see that the country needs 
 any legislation on the subject. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How much do the duties on the materials in a thou 
 sand-ton wooden ship amount to ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I have never seen the figures made. I have talked 
 with a number of ship-owners on the subject, and they have put the 
 amountfrom $10,000 to $15,000 ; perhaps $12,000 might come nearer to it. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The cost of labor is somewhat higher here than in 
 England. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I suppose so. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that we can really build a 
 ship now as cheap in gold as a ship can be built for in Great Britain in 
 gold. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. That I do not know. I did not make that statement. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that the difference was only 
 about the difference in currency. 
 
142 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I made the statement that we could build a ship here 
 in gold as cheaply as we did before the war. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The tariff has been increased very largely. Do I un- 
 understand you to say that ships can be built, paying the duty on the 
 materials, as cheaply now as when there were no duties paid? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. That is the question you all want to know. I answer 
 as I did at first, that if you let the duties go just as they are, we can 
 build a ship now as cheaply in gold as we could before the war. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then how do you overcome the disadvantage result 
 ing from the increase in the tariff? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. A good deal of it comes out of the labor. We paid for 
 good men before the war from one dollar and seventy-five cents to two 
 dollars a day. Two dollars would be the average price. Now we pay 
 only two dollars and fifty cents. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then you pay quite as high in gold now as you did 
 before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. No, sir ; we do not. If you add thirty-five per cent, to 
 what we paid before the war, you will find we do not pay so much now. 
 
 Mr. WELL-S. T understood you to say that in 1864- Go you built a ten- 
 hundred-and-fifty-ton ship at a cost of forty-one thousand dollars ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir. That was in the time of the war, when gold 
 was very high. Exchange was selling for about *two hundred and fifty. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Can you tell me what the duty on iron and the duties on 
 the materials that go into ship-building are now, compared Avith what 
 they were in 1860 ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I do not think I can. 
 
 Mr. W ELLS. The difference is not over ten per cent., is it ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I do not recollect. Before the war I recollect buying 
 iron for about forty -two dollars per ton. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What effect would it have on our navigation interest 
 if Congress were to admit foreign-built ships free ? Would it have a 
 tendency to carry the ownership partly abroad? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I do not know. I should hardly think it would ; for 
 all owners like to have the other owners as near home as they can get 
 them. If you are connected in business with men, you want them where 
 you can see them occasionally j and that would be the case with ship 
 owners. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean to say that, as a general rule, we pay 
 less to our sailors than the English do I 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir ; the wages of sailors are lower in an Ameri 
 can ship than in an English ship. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that the duty is from ten to 
 fifteen dollars a ton in gold on all the materials that enter into the con 
 struction of a ship, and yet you say that notwithstanding that, you can 
 build ships as cheaply as they can build them on the other side ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Not on the other side ; you confound that thing but 
 I say that we can build them as cheaply as we built them before the 
 war. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Did we build our ships as cheaply before the war as 
 they built them on the other side 2 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. We built them cheaper. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then, of course, we still build them cheaper than 
 they do on the other side. That is a very remarkable statement ; and 
 what I want to get at is, how you account for that condition of things, 
 that we can pay an increased duty of ten to fifteen dollars a ton in gold, 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 143 
 
 and still build not only cheaper here, but cheaper than where all the 
 materials are free of duty. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. It is because our greenbacks are worth only seventy 
 cents on the dollar. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Put the two in gold. Suppose that you build for 
 gold, and that your foreign competitor builds for gold ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, but we do not build for gold; we build for paper, 
 and then w r e reduce the cost to gold. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. And you build for less on this paper basis I 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. When it is reduced to gold, the ship does not cost any 
 more than it did before the war. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then there is great advantage to ship-builders to 
 build for paper ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then, instead of the currency being a disadvantage, 
 it is an advantage ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. It operates against the laborer ; it conies out of him. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that you paid about two 
 dollars a day on the average in 1860, and that you now pay two dollars 
 and a half. Is not that an increase of twenty-five per cent. ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Yes, reckoning gold and paper equal. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. He can take his paper and sell it, and still get two 
 dollars in gold J ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. O no ; you must take off thirty-five per cent., which 
 will leave him less than two dollars in gold. If he got two dollars in 
 gold before the war ? that gold would cost now two dollars and sixty 
 cents, and w r e only give him two dollars and a half. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. That makes ten cents a day difference, and that cer 
 tainly cannot account for all the other differences. 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. There is other labor connected with ship-building be 
 sides the carpenter labor. I do not think that ship-carpenters are in as 
 good a condition now as they were before the war. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Does not that result from the fact that they are not 
 employed fully I 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I don t know about that. They are employed about 
 the same. In Yarmouth they are. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean to say that ship-building is as pros 
 perous now in Yarmouth as it was before the war. and that there is as 
 much doing there now as there was before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. More. There has been more doing for the last year 
 than there had been before the war. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What class of ships do they build there! 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. Ships for the coastwise trade, and for the European 
 trade, both. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What did ships cost before the war ? 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. A thousand-ton ship would be built for from fifty-five 
 thousand to sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. What would you build the same class of ship for to-day, 
 in paper money f 
 
 Mr. SARGENT. I should think it could be built for eighty thousand 
 dollars. I was told the other day that one w r as built in Kennebunk of 
 a thousand tons, and was sold to a party in Boston for seventy-six 
 thousand dollars. There are some materials which would be worth 
 more in gold than they were before the war. 
 
 Mr. GILES LORING, of Yarmouth, stated that he was a practical ship 
 builder. That had been his business for quite a number of years. He 
 
1 44 NAVIGATION * INTERESTS. 
 
 had acted as a boss carpenter and contractor. He had built ships 4 be 
 fore the war, and had built some during the war, and some since the 
 war. He could hardly agree with his friend, Mr. Sargent, and he could 
 not exactly agree with his friend Mr. Davis, in his answer to one ques 
 tion about foreign capitalists. He (Mr. Loring) thought that if 
 Americans bought their ships abroad, foreign capitalists would cer 
 tainly have an interest in them. The lumber which he used to get be 
 fore the war from Canada, for the floor and frame of the ship, at from 
 ten to thirteen dollars a ton, delivered in the cars at Portland, he had 
 now to pay eighteen and twenty dollars a ton for. He had got one floor 
 and top from there at ten dollars, and this year he had to pay nineteen 
 dollars for the same. Therefore, Mr. Sargent s idea that ships could be 
 built just as cheap now as before the war, on a gold basis, he certainly 
 could not agree with. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What is the difference in the cost of a thousand- ton 
 ship now and before the war ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I should give it as my idea, that the difference amounts 
 to about twenty per cent, more now than before the war. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you mean in gold ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Yes, sir, in gold. But still I may be mistaken. Gold 
 and paper were one and the same thing before the war. He disagreed 
 with his friend Mr. Sargent in stating that as many ships were built 
 now as before the war. The money which used to be invested in ships 
 was now invested in government bonds,, because the owners could do 
 better in that way. All that worked against the ship-building business. 
 It seemed to him that if there were not drawbacks allowed, (although 
 he was not able to say what they should be ? ) it would be but a few 
 years before all the ship -builders would have to leave Maine and go out 
 West. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. State your opinion as to what ought to be done. 
 
 Mr. LORING. I should rather leave that to my friend, the chairman of 
 the committee, because he is a more practical man in that business than 
 I am. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What relief would enable you to build ships in com 
 petition with foreign ship-builders ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. If you take the duties off everything that we have to 
 use in ships, we can compete with any other nation. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that that would revive the ship-build 
 ing interest ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I think it would. The great trouble now is that ships 
 cost so much, and that people are not willing to put their money into 
 them. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You then give it as your opinion, that if the duties 
 were taken off all the materials that enter into the construction of ships, 
 the ship-builders of this country would be able to build ships as cheaply 
 as they are built abroad. And you think that if ships could be built as 
 cheaply here as abroad men would invest their money in them, and 
 that that would tend to revive the business ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. That is my idea ; and if something is not done, it will be 
 the ruin of Maine ; for when our ship-building interest is gone, Maine 
 is gone. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What would be the effect upon the ship-building in 
 terest if foreign ships were allowed to come in and be nationalized, pro 
 vided at the same time that you were allowed drawbacks on the materials 
 entering into the construction of ships ? Could you then compete with 
 foreign ship-builders ? 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 145 
 
 Mr. LORING. I should hardly think we could. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If you were protected from that competition for a 
 number of years, do you think that then you could do it ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I think we could, it we had protection until we got a 
 start. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Could you have stood such competition prior to the 
 war ? % 
 
 Mr. LORINO. I should hardly know how to answer that question. My 
 opinion is that we could at that time, but that we cannot now. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. But you think that after a few years you could? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I think that, after getting once started again, we could. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What rate of wages do you pay now? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I paid this year all the way from two dollars and a half 
 to three dollars. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What did you pay to the same class of mechanics be 
 fore the war ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. All the way from one dollar and seventy-five cents up to 
 two dollars. I built one vessel on which I paid only one dollar and sev 
 enty-five cents. That was eight years ago. At that time I paid a cent 
 and a half a pound for iron. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How was it from 1852 to 1834 ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I worked as a carpenter then, and at that time wages 
 were all the way from one dollar and a half to two dollars. Wages at 
 that time were pretty high. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What wages were you paid as a carpenter at that 
 time f 
 
 Mr. LORING. Two dollars and a half. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Were you a master carpenter ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. No, sir; I was a common carpenter at that time. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. When did you commence as a master builder ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. In 1855. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. How many vessels have you built since that time ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Speaking of the cost of coppering vessels, a few years 
 ago I had a ship of seven hundred tons coppered abroad. The cost of 
 the coppering of that vessel was just about equal to the cost of copper 
 ing one of four hundred tons here. I know that, because I had at that 
 time one coppered abroad and one coppered in New York. A great 
 many of our New York ship-owners prefer to have their ships coppered 
 at home. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do they think that the work is done better here ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I do not know that it is done better; but I believe they 
 would get it done just as cheap, notwithstanding that they pay higher 
 wages here than are paid abroad. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Are you a ship-owner now? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. As a general thing, do those who build ships in your 
 section retain an interest in the vessel? 
 
 Mr. LORING. As a general thing they do. That is the way I have 
 worked. A captain comes to ine sometimes with one-fourth and some 
 times with one half the cost of a vessel, and I have to look out to. make 
 up the difference. Sometimes 1 have one-fourth of it entered in my 
 name ; sometimes more, and sometimes not so much. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How^ many vessels are you interested in* 
 
 Mr. LORING. Only four. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How large a class of vessels are you owning in ? 
 
 ION I 
 
146 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. LORING. The vessels I have built have been from four hundred to 
 nine hundred tons. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is it the practice of ship-masters also to own parts of 
 the vessel ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Yes, sir. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Then the- ownership is divided between the ship 
 builder, the ship-master, and the merchant who does the business? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Yes, sir ; and as they say with us, " all the parish." 
 Sometimes the joiner has an interest; sometimes the calker, the black 
 smith, the former, and the trader. In fact, everything of that kind with 
 us is brought into the shipping interest. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So far as you know throughout the State, is that the 
 manner in which ships are built and owned ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I should suppose it was, but I do not pretend to say that 
 it is. There is one thing which works a little against the ship-builder ; 
 m the first place, the government established eight hours for a day s 
 labor. Now, for a ship-builder to employ men in that way is rather out 
 of the question. Perhaps it is right for the government to do so; but 
 the consequence is that Mr. A, Mr. B, Mr. C, and Mr. D, ship-carpenters, 
 will say, " I must get into the government employment, because I have 
 only to w r ork eight hours, and I can get a little more pay than by work 
 ing ten hours in private employ merit." I should say that this year from 
 four to six of our best carpenters have gone to the Kittery navy yard. 
 We thus lose from this class some of our best men. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I supposed that the navy yard being so far off would 
 not have had much effect on you ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I think the effect is considerable. The distance does 
 not make any difference ; they will go sometimes to Boston and some 
 times to New York to get into the navy yards. People do not like to 
 work ten hours a day if they can get the same w r ages by working only 
 eight hours. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. As a ship-builder, ship-carpenter, and master-builder, 
 what is your opinion as to the eight-hour law? Do you think it calcu 
 lated to benefit ship-carpenters or not ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I should give it as my opinion that it was of no benefit 
 at all to them, unless it was so arranged that the ship-carpenter could 
 work after hours and get pay for extra time. Then it would be a ben 
 efit. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Do you believe that any United States law^ regulating 
 the price of labor, or the hours of labor, is of any benefit to the laboring 
 man? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I do not think it is. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you mean to say that it is no benefit to him physi 
 cally, mentally, or financially ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. I do not think it is in any way. When I began to work, 
 we used to work, I may say, from sun to sun. I was opposed to that, 
 after a while, and then we got the ten-hour system. I was in favor of 
 that and am now. I believe ten hours long enough for a man to work j 
 but when you reduce the hours of labor below that, I think you are cut 
 ting them down too much. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Do you not believe that the government gets the pick of 
 the mechanics in the ship-yards ship-builders, calkers, iron workers, 
 &c. by adopting the eight-hours system ? 
 
 Mr. LORING. Without doubt the government gets many of the best 
 men by adopting that system, but still, if you take these best men, put 
 them into the government service, and let them work awhile there, 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 147 
 
 they will soon get so that they do not do much work. I am not saying 
 that for the purpose of coming down on iny friends the carpenters, but it 
 is perfectly natural for men, when they get into the government service, to 
 do so. The tonnage dues have been rather severe upon ship-owners. II 
 there could be something done to help the ship-owners and ship-builders 
 in Maine, I think that Maine would actually come up again. But if 
 things go on as they have been going for some years back, Maine will 
 certainly be depreciated, and it must necessarily be so. 
 
 Mr. JAMES E. SIMPSON said that he was a ship-builder, and had been 
 engaged in the repairing of ships up to 18G3. He then went to Boston 
 to construct a dock for the South Point Dry Dock Company of Boston. 
 He had gone into the business of building and repairing in 1848, and 
 from that time he had more or less to do with ships, both in repairing 
 and constructing, and in the construction of docks and the docking of 
 ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What disadvantages do we labor under in the re 
 pairing of ships in comparison with other countries ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. In 1853- 54- 55- 56 we could get yellow material for 
 about eighteen to twenty cents a pound. Now it is from twenty-seven 
 to thirty cents a pound. It is so with all the materials that enter into 
 the construction of ships. We could then have bolts, spikes, &c., at 
 from three and a quarter to three and a half cents a pound. Now we 
 cannot buy the raw material short of five or six cents a pound. Ships 
 will not be coppered on this side when they can be coppered much 
 cheaper on the other side. In 1859- 6() and l8Gl the docks of New 
 York were employed all the time, and ships were entered three, four, 
 five, and six weeks ahead for their turns to get on the dock. Now, the 
 reverse is the case, the docks lie five and six weeks without a ship. 
 What is the cause of it? The natural depression in the shipping busi 
 ness which is caused by the tariff. The commerce of the country is con 
 veyed in foreign bottoms. There are to-day some eighty or .ninety 
 steamers running to New York, all foreign vessels. Do they ever dock 
 in New York ? No, unless it is for mere temporary repairs. A state 
 ment had been made by an Englishman that there were no mechanics 
 in this country who understood their business. He (Mr. Simpson) con 
 sidered that that was a slur. An English vessel had been recently taken 
 into the Erie basin and repaired in just half the time it would have oc 
 cupied to repair her in England. Where six men were employed in this 
 country the English required to use sixteen. As to the difference in 
 labor, he (Mr. Simpson) thought that, although the nominal price of 
 labor was cheaper here than abroad, there was more work got out of 
 mechanics in this country in proportion to the wages paid. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What rates of wages are paid in New York ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Wages there now are four dollars a day. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What are the rates here in Portland ? 
 
 Mi. SIMPSON. I think the prices are from $3 50 to $4. I have, while 
 constructing a dock here, paid from $2 25 to $3 25. The average is 
 about $2 50 per day, and four dollars in New York. That is on old 
 work. On new work I should judge that it is somewhat in the neigh 
 borhood of $3 50 a day in New York. They work one hour more on new 
 work than they do on old. In Boston they work ten hours on new work, 
 and eight hours on old. In New York they work nine hours on old and 
 ten hours on new work. I helped to dock the first ship that was ever 
 docked in the Charlestown navy yard the Constitution. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN, You have become a contractor and a patentee of 
 docks? 
 
148 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. I started and constructed a dock on my own idea, and 
 on rny own patent ; and I have now superintended the construction of 
 six of them. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You are one of the owners of the new dock here? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Yes. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. How do you account for the difference in labor between 
 New York and Maine ? Is there the same supply of mechanics in New 
 York as there is in other places ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. It is a point of strike. At the time they struck in Bos 
 ton the merchants undertook to hold out the same as they did in New 
 York. They held out for some time ; but finally they made a compro 
 mise to give the men four dollars a day if they would go to work, and 
 they allowed them to work only eight hours. There had been a half 
 hour allowed for lunch time, which they did away with. The ship 
 Archer went to Boston to be repaired from New York, and when she 
 got there the men in Boston struck because they were helping to sup 
 port the New York society. I think that ship-builders, repairers, &c., 
 are suffering a great deal to-day by the eight-hour system in the navy 
 yards. I have had men leave me in New York, and men have also left 
 Mr. Poillon and other master-builders to go to the navy yards, because 
 they have to work less time, and thus the best class of men are taken 
 away from the outside business. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Have you any knowledge of the building of iron 
 ships ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. I was connected with the building of the first iron ship 
 in this country. She was built by Holden & Gallagher, at East Boston, 
 for the Egyptian government. She was contracted for by George H. 
 Stone. I have seen the construction of her. She was about as thoroughly 
 well constructed a ship as I have ever seen. Since that I have watched 
 more or less the construction of iron vessels. I built in 1867 two iron 
 gates for the last dock I constructed, which were equal to about a two 
 hundred and fifty or a three hundred ton iron vessel, and I am satisfied 
 in my own mind that iron vessels can be constructed in this country, with 
 proper facilities, and we having the materials at the same price that 
 they have them abroad. I think we can compete with any nation upon 
 any kind of ship, either wooden or iron. Let the government protect 
 us as the English government protects its ship-builders, and in less than 
 five years this country can compete with the world in building ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Iron ships ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Any ships. Iron ships have been built at Delaware 
 and at Chester, and at the Atlantic Works, in East Boston. They are 
 built to-day as cheaply for gold as they can be got for gold in Europe, 
 taking the duty off. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You overcome the difference in the rates of wages 
 paid by the greater efficiency of the workmen on this side? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Yes ; we pay more wages, but I thiuk we get more work 
 for it. I think that, with the tariff off, we can build ships as cheaply as 
 they are built on the Clyde; but as the tariff is, we cannot do so. We 
 used to get yellow pine down South for $25 to $27 a thousand, and our 
 white oak for three and a half to four cents a foot, or $30 to $40 a 
 thousand. We have now to pay from $65 to $75 and $80 for white oak, 
 and from $35 to $50 for yellow pine. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is there much American iron used either in building 
 or repairing a vessel ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Not a great deal, unless we want it for strength ; be- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 149 
 
 cause the English iron is of a poorer quality. The Ulster iron commands 
 the best price. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Are you in favor of repealing the navigation laws so as 
 to allow foreign -built vessels to be brought here ? 
 Mr. SIMPSON. No, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. If the navigation laws should be repealed, and at the 
 same time a drawback should be allowed, could the ship-builders in 
 this country compete successfully with the ship-builders of foreign 
 countries ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I mean, if we repeal the navigation laws, and at the 
 same time take off all the duties on materials entering into the construc 
 tion of ships, can we commence right there and then to compete with 
 foreign builders"? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. Not just to-day. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. How long a time should the builders of this country be 
 protected if a law of that kind should be passed! 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. I think that if they were protected for five years they 
 then could compete with any nation. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. I understood you to say that previous to the war the 
 docks in New York were overtaxed, and that ships had to wait for 
 weeks for their turns to come on the dock; but that now that is re 
 versed. Is not that because iron vessels are used instead of wooden 
 ones? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. That is somewhat the cause, but not entirely. It is not 
 that we cannot put an iron ship on. Our government has never pro 
 tected our iron ship-building, and the foreigners have taken that busi 
 ness from us ; and for that reason our docks are lying idle. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Is it not a fact that one steamer will do the business of 
 four or live vessels in the European trade, and will at the same time last 
 two or three times as long without repairs J ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. I do not think that one steamer will do the business of 
 four sailing vessels. A Liverpool packet ship generally makes the 
 round voyage in from seventy-five to ninety days, and the steamer 
 takes on an average about five weeks to make the round voyage. The 
 steamers take the place of a little over double the number of sailing 
 ships. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you know, of your own knowledge, the cost of build 
 ing steam vessels in this country ? 
 
 Mr. SIMPSON. No, sir. Of course the cost varies somewhat. I think 
 that we spend more money on our merchant ships in finish and style 
 than is generally spent on merchant ships of other countries, and of 
 course they cost more on that account. But if foreigners were to build 
 ships of the same materials and finish that we do, we having a draw 
 back on the materials, I think we could build the vessel for less than 
 they can. 
 
 Captain J. B. COYLE, president of the Portland Steam Packet Company, 
 said that he was interested in coasting steamers, and that they now cost 
 nearly double what they did before the war, on account of the high 
 duties levied on everything. Then, again, if they got the steamers, 
 they were taxed to death to run them. Every little thing that could be 
 stuck on in the way of taxes was stuck on. The tonnage dues were in 
 creased. They had to pay for every passenger they carried, so that 
 after they paid all the government dues the owners had very little left, 
 and the consequence was that people were going out of that kind of 
 business. 
 
150 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You think that the coasting trade should be relieved by 
 the remission of duties and taxation ? 
 
 Mr. COYLE. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. The public generally would be relieved by it? 
 
 Mr. COYLE. Certainly. If we were relieved we could do better by the 
 traveling public ; we could take freights less and passengers less. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Are you taxed more onerously than railroads are ? 
 
 Mr. COYLE. I think so. I think that the government discriminates 
 against floating property. On all our coasting steamers, if we take an 
 alien and carry him to Boston, we must pay two dollars a head upon 
 him ; but if he goes by railroad, he goes free. The English vessels carry 
 their paupers and emigrants into Canada, and they come down here on 
 the railroads free. But if one of our coasting steamers brings them 
 here, she has to be taxed so much a head for them. That is one thing 
 against us which presses pretty hard upon steamboats. The moment 
 we get into port a revenue officer comes on board of us, and every man 
 and woman who is an alien is marked and has to be paid for. Queen 
 Victoria, if she came in that way, would have to pay head money. But 
 if you take all the paupers that were ever raised in the old country 
 and send them here by railroad, there is no such tax levied. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Would you be in favor of repealing the navigation laws ? 
 
 Mr. COYLE. If you took the duties off, I certainly would not be in fa 
 vor of having the navigation laws repealed. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. You are in favor of encouraging home industry ? 
 
 Mr. COYLE. By all means. I think that is our strength as a nation, 
 particularly in our seaports. Our best men are drifting to the West. 
 A great many of them are leaving our seaports, particularly our mechan 
 ics, who are the bone and muscle of the country. 
 
 Mr. WELLS. Do you not think that if that law were repealed, and if 
 American merchants were allowed to go abroad and buy their vessels, 
 it would have a tendency to drive all the mechanics of the country out 
 the business ? 
 
 Mr. COYLE. Certainly. 
 
 Captain CYRUS STURDIV ANT made some remarks in favor of removing 
 the duties from the materials entering into the construction of ships, 
 and thus encouraging ship-building. He trusted that Congress would 
 give the ship-building and ship-owning interest some relief, and thus 
 prevent the best men of Maine from going elsewhere for a living. As to 
 steamboats they were taxed to death. They had to get their license 
 renewed every year and to pay thirty cents on the ton for new measure 
 ment. Then the internal revenue collector exacted two and a half per 
 cent, on all the income they receive from passengers; and when the 
 season came round they had to pay exorbitant prices for coal. He hoped 
 that coal would be permitted to come in free, and said that unless the 
 ship-owning and ship-building interests had some relief in this direction 
 all engaged in them would have to emigrate elsewhere. 
 
 Mr. PUTNAM, mayor of the city, remarked that although Portland was 
 a leading ship-building port in the State, it was deeply interested in 
 navigation, and he thanked the committee for the patient labor with 
 which it was investigating this matter. He trusted that the report of 
 the committee would convince Congress of the necessity of granting the 
 relief so earn sstly needed by the great interest of the country, ship 
 building. 
 
 The committee adjourned to meet in Philadelphia on the 1st of Decem 
 ber next. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 151 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA., December 2, 1869. 
 
 The committee met at 10 a. m. 
 
 Present, Messrs. Buffinton, "Waslibum, Morrcll, and Mr. Lynch, chair 
 man. Committees appointed by the Commercial Exchange, Board ol 
 Trade, and Ship-builders Associations, of Philadelphia, Wilmington, and 
 Baltimore, to represent those associations, were present. 
 
 FRANCIS K. COPE, of the Commercial Exchange, Philadelphia, stated 
 that there was no business coming so directly in competition with for 
 eign industry as the shipping interest. A foreign vessel will encoimtei 
 the same difficulties, and earn the same freight as aji American vessel in 
 the same trade, and the reason why we cannot compete with foreign 
 vessels must be either from the increased cost of building American 
 vessels or the expense of sailing them. 
 
 With regard to the cost of building, timber is cheaper and labor 
 cheaper in the provinces, and wooden vessels can be built cheaper there 
 than in the United States. It is also true that iron vessels can be built 
 at Liverpool and on the Clyde cheaper than Americans can build them. 
 
 After the first outfit of a vessel her expenses are very nearly the same, 
 whether American or foreign. If she has to undergo any repairs, it must 
 be at the next port, after the accident or disability occurs, whether it be 
 in a foreign country or our own ; and with regard to wages we find that 
 the rate is regulated to a great extent by the wages of other persons 
 employed in other branches of business ; and in that respect a great 
 increase has taken place in this country within the last few years. Some 
 twelve or fifteen years ago the rate of wages of seamen in this country 
 was about fifteen dollars a month, while that in England was about two 
 pounds ten shillings. At the present time we are paying sailors thirty 
 dollars per month, while they are paid in England about two pounds 
 fifteen shillings. We are now sailing about four vessels between this 
 port and Liverpool, and the difference between the cost of wages we 
 have to pay and the cost at the rate paid in England amounts to about 
 twenty thousand dollars a year for the four vessels. 
 
 Now, as to the cure for these evils, my opinion is that it must lie in 
 a reduction of the tariff, which will reduce the price of everything. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether American vessels are manned with 
 as large crews as foreign vessels. 
 
 Mr. COPE replied there was not necessarily any difference. American 
 vessels are frequently better manned than British, but that is a mere 
 question of economy. Most American owners consider that it is better 
 economy to man vessels more fully and make quicker passages than the 
 British vessels make. As a rule, English vessels carry more appren 
 tices than American, but not larger regular crews. As a general rule 
 now, the crews of American sailing-vessels are perhaps more efficient 
 than those of English vessels, but the crews of British steam-vessels are 
 generally much more efficient than in former years. 
 
 In regard to the wages of sailors, the rate is determined by the port 
 from which the sailor ships. A man who goes out in an Ainerican ves 
 sel at thirty dollars per month, and leaves his vessel at Liverpool or 
 London, and again ships on another American vessel, must do vso at 
 a much lower rate. While professedly from one-half to two-thirds of 
 our American crews are Ainerican in point of fact, there is no more than 
 one American to five or six foreigners. If you oould discharge your 
 crew as soon as you reached a foreign port and reship a crew from an 
 English port, the difference in the cost of wages would amount practi 
 cally to very little; but the law requires you to carry your crew for vho 
 round trip, unless they leave voluntarily. 
 
152 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether, if we could build our ships as cheaply 
 as foreign ships are built, we could compete for the carrying trade of the 
 world. 
 
 Mr. COPE replied that that was his opinion ; certainly if the tariff were 
 reduced so as to reduce the rate of wages. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL asked whether that remedy would not be worse than 
 the evil. 
 
 Mr. COPE responded that that was for the committee to judge. We 
 have lost our commerce to a great extent, and are losing more every 
 year. No doubt a part of it would be regained by a return to specie 
 payment, and he did not know of any remedy short of that and a reduc 
 tion of the tariff. He wished, however, in this matter to be understood 
 as speaking for himself alone, and not. for the committee which he repre 
 sented. It seemed to him that if you are to protect one interest and 
 then to protect another to counteract that, there would be no end to it, 
 It was the high price of wages, the high price of food, and the high price 
 of everything else which was in the way of our regaining our old pros 
 perity in respect to the shipping interest. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN inquired whether woolen goods and breadstuff s were 
 not now as cheap as before our departure from a specie basis. 
 
 Mr. COPE replied that food was as cheap, but that woolen goods were 
 not as cheap in this country as in England and France. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked whether the labor employed in the old country 
 was as efficient as that employed in this, and whether the greater skill 
 of our mechanics did not, to a certain extent, overcome the difference oi 
 price. 
 
 Mr. COPE replied that it furnished a certain amount of compensation 
 without doubt, but there was not the same difference there used to be, 
 nor was there the same difference in the vessels produced in the two 
 countries, British steam vessels being now much superior to what they 
 used to be, and our officers of steam vessels probably not quite as good 
 as in former years. Business having declined in this regard, the best 
 class of men had, to a great extent, sought other occupations. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether the masters of American vessels 
 were not, as a general rule, in part owners of the vessels. 
 
 Mr. COPE said that those employed in the coasting trade probably 
 were. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN asked whether it would be possible so to construct 
 lines of steamers for mercantile purposes as to be readily converted into 
 vessels of war when needed for that purpose. 
 
 Mr. COPE said he could not give any opinion upon that subject, as he 
 had paid no attention to the building of iron vessels. 
 
 Mr. HENRY WINDSOR, of the Philadelphia Board of Trade, remarked 
 that he had no doubt steamers could be built suitably for both purposes ; 
 it being true of modern war steamers that only a few guns were required, 
 and those of long range, and that it might be practicable to devote a 
 portion of the very large amount now expencfed on ships of war for the 
 purpose of building mercantile vessels capable of being converted into 
 naval vessels in time of Avar. 
 
 HENRY K. EDMUNDS, chairman of committee of ship-owners for Penn 
 sylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, said he intended to have prepared 
 statistics and statements affecting the shipping interest of the country, 
 but having failed to receive the notice sent him, he had been unable to 
 do so. The association with which he was connected was more directly 
 interested in the coasting trade than in the foreign ocean mercantile 
 service, and he knew comparatively little in regard to building ships for 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 153 
 
 foreign commerce. It was found in building vessels for the coasting 
 trade that an onerous tax was encountered on all materials from the 
 commencement of construction until the vessel was ready to go to sea. 
 Everything entering into the construction of a vessel was taxed. If the 
 tax was taken off vessels could be built profitably in this country, although 
 they might not be built quite as cheaply as in Europe; yet American 
 shippers would prefer to employ vessels sailing under an American reg 
 ister. Another difficulty to be met with was, however, in the fact that 
 all important British foreign lines of steamers were subsidized by that 
 government; in fact, Great Britain had subsidized almost every line of 
 ocean steamers which had asked for it, and this country had avowed 
 her mails to be carried in foreign bottoms simply because the govern 
 ment is not willing to lend a helping hand. 
 
 It seemed to him very feasible to construct mercantile vessels which 
 should be capable of being converted into war vessels in time of war, 
 although until the suggestion was made by Mr. Washburn to-day it 
 never had occurred to him. Labor in Europe was much cheaper than 
 in this country, but the men employed do not work nearly so intelligently; 
 they are merely men driven around by masters like machines, while in 
 our country a majority of our workmen employed on every grade of 
 work were men of more or less intelligence. 
 
 The association with which Mr. Edmunds was connected has applied 
 itself more particularly to get rid of such taxation as in their judgment 
 was not only onerous but unlawful, such as half pilotage and harbor 
 masters fees, and charges of that kind, where no service is rendered. 
 They had already succeeded in procuring a decision of the courts that 
 harbor-masters fees were illegal, and they were now testing the question 
 in regard to half pilotage, which was required to be paid by every vessel 
 hailed by a pilot, although the services of a pilot were not required. 
 This tax was considered especially onerous to parties engaged in the 
 coasting trade. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether the matter of the cost of repairing 
 vessels had been brought to the attention of this association. 
 
 Mr. EDMUNDS said there was great difference in the cost of repairs. 
 A vessel in the neighborhood of Galvestonor New Orleans might almost 
 as well be given away as to undertake to pay the cost of repairs in those 
 ports. It was generally found cheaper to float her back to Philadelphia. 
 
 PHILIP FiTZPATRick, also a member of the committee of ship-own 
 ers, stated that since 1853 he had been connected with a house for which 
 a great many vessels had been built. In his opinion if the cost of build 
 ing could be reduced twenty or twenty -five per cent., this branch of in 
 dustry would again revive. He had been connected with foreign trade, 
 but had been compelled to discontinue it and engage altogether in the 
 coasting trade. He had conversed with builders of foreign vessels, and 
 was of the opinion that the difference in the cost of construction in this 
 country and Great Britain was about thirty per cent. But if twenty or 
 twenty -five per cent, could be taken off, the superiority of American 
 vessels would enable our ship-builders again to commence the construc 
 tion of ships. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired what effect the employment of a large number 
 of men in the navy yard in Philadelphia had upon the mechanics of the 
 city not so employe!. 
 
 Mr. FITZPATRICK replied that when there was plenty of work in the 
 navy yard the best mechanics went there, and only scrubs, or the poor 
 est class of workmen, could be obtained by private parties. 
 
154 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked what effect the adoption of the eight-hour la\v 
 had upon the men employed outside of the navy yard. 
 
 Mr. FITZPATRICK replied that the effect was very injurious 5 that men 
 outside were exceedingly anxious to get employment in the navy yard 
 for the purpose of obtaining the benefit of two hours a day less labor, 
 and they would go hunting around for the influence of every person 
 who was supposed to be able to give any assistance in getting employ 
 ment in the navy yard. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH asked whether the rates paid in the navy yard were not 
 regulated by rates outside. 
 
 Mr. FITZPATRICK said that was the law, but the practice was exactly 
 the reverse,, and that it operated very much to the prejudice of private 
 parties employing this class of labor outside. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired what the effect would be of allowing ship- 
 stores being taken in bond, as they are in Great Britain and some others 
 of the European nations. 
 
 Mr. FITZPATRICK replied that it would be an assistance, and in his 
 opinion commerce ought to be assisted in some way by the government. 
 We might not, if our vessels were built as cheaply, be able to compete 
 with foreigners in sailing them ; but as a general thing our vessels made 
 quicker voyages and were preferred over foreign vessels. In time of 
 war preference was given to English vessels in consequence of less rates 
 of insurance. Whenever the cost of living was cheaper the price of 
 wages would come down. Men could not work cheap while the cost of 
 living was so high. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN asked how much it would reduce the cost of ship 
 building if the duties were remitted upon all articles entering into their 
 construction. 
 
 Mr. EDMUNDS thought it would probably work a reduction of twenty 
 per cent. Wood was much cheaper in the Provinces, although the tim 
 ber here is better ; and we could afford to pay a little more than the cost 
 of building there in consequence of the preference given to American 
 vessels. 
 
 Mr. COPE remarked that, to give some idea of the difference in the 
 cost of repairs in this country and Europe, he would state that a short time 
 ago his house had a vessel repaired in Liverpool. On the return of the 
 vessel his carpenter made an estimate of the amount the same repairs 
 would have cost in Philadelphia, and reported that the work had been 
 done for one-third less than it ought to have cost in this country, 
 although the timber used had to be carried from this country to England. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked whether on account of this increased expense 
 of repairs it was customary to repair vessels engaged in a foreign trade 
 in a European country as far as possible. 
 
 Mr. COPE replied that such was the custom ; that in the instance just 
 referred to his house had saved five thousand dollars by having the 
 repairs made in Liverpool. 
 
 HENRY WINDSOR, of the Philadelphia Board of Trade, said he would 
 only refer to one of the causes for the decline of the American shipping 
 interest, which was the great change that had taken place within the 
 last few years in the increased number of steam ocean-going vessels. 
 Formerly the preference was given to American sailing vessels, in con 
 sequence of their greater speed and the superior energy of their mas 
 ters and crews. Now, for the same reasons, preference was given to 
 steamers, which secured nearly all the better class of freights, while our 
 American sailing vessels were compelled to take freights formerly re 
 jected by them and carried in English vessels. In fact, nothing is left 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 155 
 
 to us except the lowest class of freights formerly carried by foreign 
 ships; and that is a difficulty that cannot be removed by any legislation 
 in regard to sailing vessels ; it must be done by lines of ocean steam 
 ships. 
 
 It is also true that the ^English have of late years constructed their 
 steamships from much better models than, formerly, and that they have 
 evinced greater energy and brought themselves more upon an equality 
 with our masters and crews than formerly, and the result has been that 
 almost all the foreign trade worth having has gone into the hands oi 
 foreigners ; and it is not only a matter of importance with us in regard 
 to the carrying trade, but it is also true that the commerce of the world 
 follows to a great extent the carrying trade, and foreigners will soon 
 have control of the commerce of the world on land as well as on the 
 ocean, unless something is done to revive our shipping interest. 
 
 A remission of the duties on imported articles entering into the con 
 struction of ships, and a subsidy upon those of American production 
 used, would to a certain extent remedy the difficulty. Unfortunately, 
 the manufacturers of the country think their interest is directly opposed 
 to that of the ship-owners of the country. Such is not, in fact, the case. 
 The difficulty is that the nature of the shipping interest is exceptional. 
 We can protect our domestic industry on our own soil by a tariff; by 
 the prohibition of imports if they think proper ; but we can give no 
 such protection to the American shipping interest, because the ocean is 
 the great common field for all nations ; and if we assist our ship-owners 
 to compete with foreign nations it must be by reducing the cost of 
 building ships and the cost of running them. If we cannot do it in that 
 way it cannot be done at all. Give us the same privileges given by 
 the British government to their ship-owners, and if we cannot get our 
 share of the carrying trade we do not deserve to have it ; but the same 
 principle applied for the protection of American industry can be applied 
 to the shipping interest, which is a branch of American industry as 
 much as any other. It is very plain that it must be applied in a differ 
 ent way, but there is no reason why the advocates of protection to 
 American industry should not be in favor of giving protection to this 
 branch of industry because it must be reached through a different 
 process. There is no departure from the principle ; it is merely a differ 
 ence of application. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH remarked that at the commencement of the war we were 
 increasing our foreign tonnage more rapidly than Great Britain was hers, 
 and. asked whether the increase of steam vessels from 1850 to 18CO was 
 not about as great as since that time. 
 
 Mr. WINDSOR said, perhaps so, but during the war the British and 
 other foreign nations got possession of our foreign trade, and it is now 
 very difficult to oust parties who have possession. 
 
 It is also true in regard to the increased efficiency, relatively, of the 
 crews of British vessels that, during the war, our foreign commerce hav 
 ing been almost destroyed and our sailors diverted to other branches of 
 industry, our capitalists now find more profitable avenues of invest 
 ment. 
 
 It may also be worth stating that the capitalists of this country are 
 not willing to engage in the carrying trade for the same profits as will 
 satisfy those of other nations. The rate of interest is higher here and 
 our people demand larger profits. English ship-owners are satisfied, 
 after making due allowance for the deterioration and wear and tear of 
 their vessels, with a net profit of six per cent, upon their profit, while 
 
156 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 American ship-owners are not satisfied with that rate, because they can 
 do better in their investments. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN inquired if the attention of the witness had been 
 drawn to the effect of opening the Suez Canal upon the shipping inter 
 est of this country or of the world. 
 
 Mr. WINDSOR said that his attention had not been drawn much to that 
 subject, the success of that enterprise being problematical. If in the 
 event it proves successful, it will have an important influence upon the 
 carrying trade of the world ; much fewer vessels, certainly for the Euro 
 pean trade, will be required. Whether it will also affect our trade with 
 the East Indies is uncertain. The navigation of the seas beyond the 
 termination of the canal is very difficult. 
 
 HENRY TATUM, also of the committee of the Philadelphia Board oi 
 Trade, remarked that in 18GO William S. Lindsey, of London, was in 
 this country and appeared before the different boards of trade on our 
 seaboard, bringing to their attention a good many things, and among 
 others he placed in the hands of the Philadelphia board a volume con 
 taining a large mass of information bearing upon this subject. This 
 volume, Mr. Tatum said, he would place in the hands of the committee, 
 it being a report made by Mr. Lindsey to Parliament upon the subject 
 of shipping in 18GO. Mr. Tatum had been, during the war, very active 
 in urging upon be government the acceptance of League Island, for the 
 purpose of having one large ship-yard in this country. He was satis 
 fied that the idea of constructing merchant ships of such models as to 
 be available as ships of war was a pure fallacy. Vessels so constructed 
 as to be serviceable in the merchant marine could only be made availa 
 ble in war as privateers. 
 
 Mr. TATUM also stated that there was no port on our coast which is 
 not to-day at the mercy of the British navy. Neither New York, Bos 
 ton, nor any other port has any adequate means of defense against such 
 war vessels as the British government may send. The whole policy of 
 the British government during the war was to destroy our commerce, 
 and in that enterprise they were very successful, and Mr. Lindsey, prob 
 ably, as much as any other man, was instrumental in bringing about 
 that result. For instance, what motive could the rebels have in send 
 ing out one of their best vessels at a very large expense when they had 
 no money to spare, for the purpose of destroying our northwestern whale 
 trade? Mr. Tatum believed it was done with the secret service money 
 of Great Britain. The number of vessels and the number of the crews 
 which on the average were at Honolulu was well known in Great 
 Britain, and it was known that sailors belonging to these ships were the 
 best seamen in the world, and if hostilities had occurred, as there was at 
 one time imminent danger, between the United States and Great Britain, 
 one of the first acts done by Great Britain would have been to have 
 destroyed that fleet of vessels. 
 
 Mr. TATUM believed that if the American ship-builders were placed 
 upon the same basis as those of Great Britain, ships could be profitably 
 constructed in this country. With a drawback on all material entering 
 into the construction of ships our ship-builders could profitably con 
 struct ocean-going vessels, as may be seen from the fact that the builders 
 at Wilmington, Delaware, and at Chester, Pennsylvania, now compete 
 very closely with foreign ship-builders. 
 
 CHARLES H. CRAMP, engaged in ship-building, said that Great Britain 
 now had the advantage of this country in the carrying trade of the 
 world, not because the vessels constructed were superior to ours in 
 model, but because of the great superiority of their marine engines. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 157 
 
 The English have built the finest and best marine engines in the world. 
 We have always been inferior to her in that respect. Our models are 
 the best, but our marine engines are poor copies of British engines. 
 The British government have developed their iron ship-building interest 
 by encouraging the skill of private ship-builders, notwithstanding her 
 enormous ship-yards. Ninety per cent, of her iron-clads have been con 
 structed at private establishments. It requires very little capital to 
 embark in the building of wooden ships. Since the commencement of 
 the war, the house with which Mr. Cramp was connected has been 
 engaged in building both iron and wooden vessels, but has built no 
 foreign iron steam-vessels since 1857, and none have been built in Phila 
 delphia, since that time. The same class of mechanics who in 1857 
 worked for a dollar and seventy-five cents a day, now receive three 
 dollars a day. With the materials entering into ship-building, our ship 
 builders can compete with those in foreign countries in building iron 
 ships $ and very few wooden vessels will hereafter be built, iron ships 
 being superior in every respect. Mr. Cramp s firm had built the largest 
 ships ever built in Philadelphia. The ship Chamberlain, which in 1855 
 was built for sixty dollars per ton, can now be built for eighty dollars, 
 and an iron ship of the same model for about one hundred and ten dol 
 lars. Timber is becoming higher and scarcer every day, and that is one 
 reason for stating that the time for building wooden ships has gone by. 
 It is impossible to state the length of time iron vessels will last. Some 
 of the first built in England are still in good condition. The character 
 of American wooden ships has been reduced every year in order to com 
 pete with the province-built vessels. There is a difference of about 
 thirty dollars a ton between the cost of iron and wooden vessels, but the 
 iron is really cheaper in the end. To enable the business of building 
 iron ships to become firmly established in this country, a very large 
 amount of very large machinery must be supplied, and some aid from 
 the government must be rendered. Great demoralization among the 
 mechanics in the government yards has been produced by the frequent 
 changes made for political reasons. At the beginning of the war nobody 
 but republicans could be employed. During the war they were turned 
 out and all democrats put in ; and since then still another change has 
 taken place, and the character of the workmen employed has been con 
 stantly running down. Large numbers of men at times are forced upon 
 the yards by politicians when there is no work for them to do. This 
 has become a great evil, and Mr. Cramp hoped the committee would 
 give it their attention. The eight-hour system has also done very much 
 to render the mechanics not in government employ dissatisfied, and it 
 has not improved the condition of anybody. Most of the best men were 
 opposed to it in the first place, and it was only supported by some 
 blathersk.vtes who were good talkers but bad mechanics. The repeal of 
 that law is required. Men do not work as hard now as they used to 
 so much more machinery is employed. 
 
 Mr. MORIIELL inquired what was the average rate of duty now paid 
 upon materials entering into the construction of ships. 
 
 Mr. CRAMP supposed the average rate would be about forty per cent., 
 and if our ship-builders could be relieved from that they could compete 
 successfully with foreign builders. The difference in the cost of labor 
 would be overcome by the superiority of American mechanics. The 
 British workmen are a degraded set of beings, and the course pursued 
 by their employers toward them tends still further to degrade them. 
 Mr. Cramp had been informed that their men were frequently paid off 
 at taverns, and that it was distressing to see women and children wait- 
 
158 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ing- to get wliat remained after a portion of the wages had been spent 
 at the tavern. It would not be desirable to bring the wages of our men 
 to as low a rate as those paid in England, if it could be done. American 
 iron in the construction of iron vessels would always be preferred at the 
 same price as foreign. It would be very inconvenient to send abroad for 
 the iron plates. It is necessary to get the form of every plate before it 
 is ordered, and if, after- doing that, we must send abroad to have them 
 made, very great inconvenience and delay would result. It was admitted, 
 too, that American iron is of much better quality for this purpose than 
 English. If the plates are of the same thickness and the same price, 
 you get a great deal more valuable article for the money in using Ameri 
 can, iron. The same thickness of plates which the English adopt is not 
 necessary if American iron is used, although the Lloyds will not insure 
 unless the vessel is built according to their standard. It is an advantage 
 in every way to use American materials in the construction of our ships. 
 The reason English marine engines are superior to ours is not because 
 our workmen are inefficient, but because they are more cloister engineers, 
 as we call them, or fancy men. The engines in which we excel are the 
 weak-beam engines, and if we are encouraged a little by the government 
 we will excel them in the construction of every description of marine 
 engines. The establishment of a large government ship-yard in any 
 city is a calamity to that city, as these yards are now managed. 
 
 LEWIS 0. MEDARA stated that his interest had been mostly in charter 
 ing vessels. He had always given the preference to American vessels, 
 because more care was taken of the cargoes and less time consumed on 
 the voyage. During the war he was obliged to charter foreign-built ves 
 sels, but found that great delay and long voyages was the result. He 
 knew nothing about the cost of constructing vessels except what he 
 could infer from the repairs made upon the vessels chartered. The 
 eight-hour law was a most unfortunate measure for the government to 
 adopt, and has affected the cost of repairing vessels very much. He was 
 not able to say whether American -built vessels, if they could be profit 
 ably constructed now, could be sailed as cheaply as foreign vessels. 
 That was a question belonging to the owner of the vessel, he chartering 
 the vessel, knowing nothing of the expenditures or disbursements. He 
 knew that American vessels made their return voyage in much shorter 
 time than English vessels. The vessels chartered by him were employed 
 principally in the Cuban and South American trade. 
 
 Captain J. S. CLARK, for many years the master of a vessel, remarked 
 that he could generally get work done cheaper in America than abroad. 
 The price of labor was less in England, but it took a great deal longer 
 time. The men would leave their work first to get their beer, then their 
 tobacco, and then their dinner, and accomplish very little in the course 
 of the day. One great difficulty was, in having to advance moneys to 
 the crews, which money was all absorbed by persons who harbored the 
 sailors on shore. 
 
 Another difficulty was in the cost of provisions. In Europe they are 
 allowed to take goods out of bond for use on ship-board. When in Ant 
 werp, two years ago, the rope-rigging of his vessel was taken out, and an 
 iron rigging put in, at a cost of nine hundred dollars in gold, while it 
 would have cost not less than two thousand dollars to have done the 
 same work in this country. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired what proportion of foreigners were ordinarily in 
 t?ie crews of vessels. 
 
 Mr. CLARK replied that very often there would not be one native-born 
 American in the whole crew, although a large portion of the men would 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 159 
 
 ship as Americans. The officers are generally native-born men. We 
 are laboring in this country under a great disadvantage by being obliged 
 to ship the rubbish of Europe under the name of American seamen. In 
 Europe there is a black-list of seamen kept at every pert, on which any 
 seaman misbehaving during the voyage is entered, and the result i& they 
 get good men there, while the bad men come to this part of the world 
 and ship on our vessels as Americans. At one time, before the war, in 
 a crew of sixty, Captain Clark said, he had but two men who could steer. 
 Since the war he had been able to get a little better class of men. An 
 other great advantage possessed by English steamers was that they em 
 ployed their men at so much a week the men finding themselves. He 
 hoped something would be done to restore the prestige of American 
 shipping on the ocean to where it was previous to the war. 
 
 JOHN W. EVERMAN, engaged in shipping, remarked that among the 
 difficulties in the way of competing with other nations in our carrying 
 trade, was the great amount of expense imposed upon shippers, for which 
 no services were rendered. The port warden fees were not now collected, 
 but under the laws of Pennsylvania, vessels now are compelled to pay 
 half-pilotage if they do not take a pilot, and whole pilotage if they have 
 an assorted cargo. At this rate, a vessel of three hundred tons has to 
 pay thirty dollars for going past the breakwater, although she employs 
 no pilot. At Norfolk her expenses for pilotage would be about one 
 hundred and twenty dollars, whether a pilot is employed or not, and in 
 Mobile, one hundred and forty dollars, or one hundred and fifty dollars. 
 These charges are unjust. 
 
 He was not in favor of allowing vessels from the Provinces or foreign 
 ports to come in here and have their stores placed in bond in the cus 
 tom-house with the privilege of withdrawing them. For instance, a ves 
 sel coming from Italy will deposit at the rate of a quart of wine a day 
 for each man on board, and they will in this way bring in fifteen or 
 twenty thousand gallons of wine as a three-years supply, and then go 
 down the river and trade it off for anything they want. 
 
 Pilotage is one of the greatest evils our coasting trade has to contend 
 with, although it is less in Philadelphia than almost any other city, and 
 the owner of the vessel has no protection, as they have in going into a 
 port in Cuba, and any other foreign ports where, if the pilot sinks the 
 vessel, the government pays for it. Here, there is no such provision, 
 and a captain coining in from a long voyage, understanding the river 
 perfectly, will be much more likely to take a vessel safely, because he is 
 sober, than the pilot, who is lying by among the islands, very likely in 
 toxicated, and yet, if the captain does not hear the orders of the pilot 
 and the vessel is sunk, the insurance will not be paid. The general prac 
 tice for coasting vessels is to sail them on shares, the officers having a 
 proportion of the earnings of the vessel. No vessel owner wants to re 
 duce the wages of the men, unless the cost of living is also reduced. A 
 couple of years ago, Mr. Ever man wrote to Montreal to ascertain the cost 
 of building a vessel of the dimensions given by him, and ascertained that 
 it could be built for twelve thousand dollars. He found that it cost 
 about twenty to twenty-five per cent, more, taking gold at forty, than to 
 build it here ; but an American-built vessel would sell at public auction 
 for forty or fifty per cent, more, so that after all it is really more eco 
 nomical to build our own vessels. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL asked what would be the cost of building a schooner of 
 six hundred and fifty tons. 
 
 Mr. EVERMAN thought that without being copper-fastened she would 
 cost twenty-eight or twenty-nine thousand dollars. A large proportion 
 
160 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 of the vessels now being built in this country are schooner-rigged, and 
 they are so built because they can be sailed with less men than a ship 
 can. A very large number of three-masted schooners are now being 
 built. Almost all schooners are iron-fastened, the duty on copper being 
 so heavy that the cost of copper-fastening is too great. 
 
 JOHN F. STUMP, formerly harbor-master at Philadelphia, and after 
 ward engaged in the custom-house, was under the impression that one 
 of the great difficulties in the way of competing with foreign ships was 
 the difference in the currency. He thought the difference in cost between 
 sailing an American vessel, or an English or German vessel, was about 
 fifty per cent. 
 
 AFTEENOON SESSION. 
 
 The committee again met at 3 o clock. 
 
 WILLIAM G. GIBBONS, ship-builder, in Wilmington, Delaware, stated 
 that for the past four years the business of the firm with which he was 
 connected had been largely engaged in building iron river steamers to 
 be used on the rivers in South America and Mexico; having constructed 
 boats for nearly ail the rivers in South America emptying into the 
 Caribbean Sea or Atlantic, and also several for those emptying into 
 the Pacific. The reason why they were able to build these boats in 
 competition with the English, was that their character was such as 
 to make them unfit to cross the Atlantic, the English builders being 
 required to take them to pieces, ship them over, and then put them 
 together again. The boats were shipped by St. Thomas, touching at 
 Demarara and various points on the coast, and had all passed safely to 
 their destination. His firm had never succeeded in getting an order to 
 build a ship lor ocean navigation purposes. They had recently built, for 
 a line of steamers to run from St. Thomas, two screw steamers adapted 
 to passengers and freight, of about seven hundred tons. The parties 
 very much preferred to put their steamers under the American flag, the 
 company being composed largely of citizens of New York; but the Eng 
 lish bids were about twenty thousand dollars lower on an estimate of 
 one hundred and twelve thousand dollars for each vessel, gold being 
 the basis in each case, and of course the English obtained the order. 
 In the construction of iron vessels about six-tenths of the entire cost is 
 labor, and four-tenths material, and the tax now required to be paid 
 upon every material entering into the construction of a ship, from the 
 laying of her keel until she is finished, is a matter of vital consequence 
 to American ship-builders. Our rates of labor are higher than those in 
 any other country in the world, and this has compelled our people to 
 exert their ingenuity for machinery and mechanic appliances to save labor 
 whenever it is practicable. We have always excelled both the English 
 and Scotch in this respect, and we have only been able to compete with 
 them by economizing labor as we have done in the larger use of machin 
 ery, but they buy their machinery for about one-half in gold what it 
 costs us in currency. For instance, forty -five dollars in gold will buy a 
 ton of plate or bar iron in England, which here costs eighty-eight or 
 ninety dollars for plates and eighty-five dollars for bars. When this is 
 worked up we find that they have the advantage of us of about two- 
 tenths in material. If the firm with which Mr. Gibbons was connected 
 could get iron put down in their yard at the prices paid by the English 
 ship-builders, they could furnish ships for anybody, and would give 
 them, their orders at as low rate as the English or Scotch could build 
 them. They have never received any drawback on materials used in 
 building vessels to be sent out of the country. In one or two instances 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 161 
 
 the excise tax had been remitted, but it caused more trouble to obtain 
 the remission than the saving- amounted to. 
 
 JOHN TUCKER, vice-president of the Reading railroad, said that last 
 winter the Reading 1 Railroad Company contracted for two iron colliers, 
 at a cost of fifty-nine thousand dollars and sixty thousand dollars, 
 respectively. He sent the specifications to a friend in London to 
 ascertain at what price they could be duplicated there. The first 
 reply was that they would not build a collier according to the speci 
 fications given, and returned their criticisms upon the specifications. 
 After my reply explaining the specifications they acknowledged that 
 the colliers would be quite as efficient as if built in accordance with 
 their usual specifications. They then sent a communication, which Mr. 
 Tucker said lie would furnish to the committee. Since that time the Read 
 ing works had contracted for eight more steam colliers, of larger dimen 
 sions, to be built at Chester, Pennsylvania, where the first two were con 
 structed. Taking gold at thirty -three and one-third per cent., the differ 
 ence between the cost of building these colliers at Chester and in England 
 would be about four thousand dollars each. The same specifications 
 were furnished to the American and English builders. American iron 
 is much stronger than English, and a less quantity may be safely used 
 in the construction of an iron vessel. One of the colliers built last sum 
 mer in passing Hell Gate, New York Harbor, struck a rock, cutting about 
 ten feet in her bottom. The vessel w r as raised and the injured piece of 
 iron was exhibited here, attracting some attention. In accordance with 
 their request, that strip of iron was sent to the Lloyds underwriters, in 
 France, as a specimen of the superiority of American iron, and since that 
 time we have been able to effect our insurance there at ten percent, per 
 annum lower than we were doing it before. Previous to that time the 
 cost of insurance was about eighteen per cent, per annum. The insurance 
 is now effected there at seven and one-half per cent. The first two vessels 
 were built as an experiment and for the purpose of taking coal all along 
 the coast. For this class of vessels the cost of building is not very much 
 more than on the other side. He was surprised to find so little difference. 
 In fact, taking into consideration the superiority of American iron, they 
 are really built cheaper in this country than they could be in England. 
 The cost of building those now ordered is one hundred and five thousand 
 dollars each for a Ihousand-tou collier. Mr. Gibbons remarked with 
 regard to the question of screw colliers just referred to, that it was the 
 opinion of his linn the prices at which they were being built were not 
 remunerative. His firm had bid for the same vessels ; but their bid was 
 very much higher. In regard to the legislation ship-builders would like 
 to have, there is a difference of opinion among different parties ; but one 
 thing is pretty clear, that if American builders can obtain their material 
 at the same rates paid by the English and Scotch builders they will be 
 able to compete with them in building ships. The cost of labor is of 
 course greater in this country, but the additional skill obtained more 
 than compensates for it. The English have old-fashioned ideas. The 
 law referred to by Mr. Tucker just now speaks of two engines, and they 
 frequently put four into one of their ships. Our ship-owners mostly 
 prefer only one engine. The parties of whom Mr. Gibbons had already 
 spoken, who desired to contract for building ships to run to St. Thomas, 
 said they were willing to give considerable more money to an American, 
 than to an English builder, for the reason that the American builders 
 provided greater comfort for passengers than the English, and passengers 
 would follow the route which w r as provided with the most comfort. The 
 boats built for the South American rivers are a sort of cross between the 
 11 N I 
 
162 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Hudson River boat and the Mississippi Elver boat. They are side-wheel 
 and built to run in shoal water. The peculiarity of the climate in South 
 America is such as to require very different accommodations for passen 
 gers from anything required in this country. The boats built by the 
 English for those rivers are of a different model, and more analogous to 
 those used during the war for running the blockade. They do not carry 
 very much freight and are exceedingly expensive. The boats built in 
 Wilmington are equally as fast, draw a great deal less water, and have 
 made a great deal of money for their owners, which is, after all, the test 
 of success. 
 
 In regard to ocean steamers it is now universally considered that there 
 is a great advantage in screw steamers over side- wheel steamers, for the 
 reason that in rough weather it very often happens that one wheel is so 
 much submerged as U> waste almost all the power used, while the other 
 will be almost out of water. This difficulty is obviated to a certain 
 extent while the side- wheel steamers are immensely large, as in case of 
 the Pacific mail steamers running between San Francisco and Hong 
 Kong, but these ships are always very slow. The English seem to 
 understand the principle of building screw ships, building them very 
 narrow and very deep, so that unless the sea is very heavy they push 
 their way across the ocean, rolling very little and being disturbed very 
 little by an ordinary sea. 
 
 Another difficulty with side- wheel ships is that in a voyage from New 
 York to Southampton you must load the vessel with coal almost 
 beyond her proper capacity, sinking the wheels too deep in the water 
 on this side, and leaving them about four feet out on the other side as 
 the coal becomes expended. The only remedy that can be asked by 
 American ship-builders,is that such scheme may be devised by which 
 they may receive their materials at a lower rate than they do now. It 
 is impossible to state any ordinary rate per ton for building an iron ship. 
 The vessels are so different in their construction, and so many different 
 considerations come into the cost of constructing different models of, 
 vessels are built upon specifications, and taking given specifications, we 
 are able to calculate the cost by the number of pounds of iron required. 
 The tonnage is of course determined by the model of the ship itself as 
 much as by the size. A thousand-ton iron ship built according to the 
 requirements of the Lloyds, with reasonable passenger accommodation, 
 would probably cost one hundred and fifty or one hundred and sixty 
 thousand dollars. The colliers spoken of have very limited power, and 
 would be nowhere if employed in the merchant service. For instance, 
 between New York and New Orleans they have a cylinder of forty-four 
 inches of diameter, while a merchant ship of the same capacity would 
 have a cylinder of sixty inches. Their steam power is accessory only, 
 but they are strong, first-rate vessels in all that relates to their carrying 
 capacity. The English make their passenger ships cost just about as 
 much as our American ships. It is only on their coarse, common work 
 that they beat us. Where a great amount of labor is to be expended on 
 tine work we can beat them; because they have to import their lumber, 
 and because they use hand labor for a very large portion of their fine 
 work, for which we employ machinery. Take the Adriatic, for instance, 
 one of the Collins line of steamers now owned in Russia. Her inside 
 work was a complete mass of elegant carving, which could not be done 
 in England for anything like the amount it cost in New York. The 
 same may be said of the St. John s and Dean Richmond, on the Hudson 
 River, or of the Providence steamers. All this work is now woven out 
 by machinery and costs very little. Ship-builders would like to have 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 163 
 
 the tariff on iron taken completely off, although they know that, as a 
 general proposition, is impracticable at present, and they would like 
 to see it done by adopting a slid ing-scale which at some distant period 
 should reach zero, and be an end to the duty on iron. A good deal has 
 been said of pauper labor on the other side of the ocean; that it is not 
 applied to the mechanical pursuits; it is applied to the agricultural 
 pursuits, where the labor is in excess of the amount of available land to 
 cultivate; while in this country the supply of labor for that purpose is 
 not equal to the demand ; but tor skilled labor the relative rates paid in 
 England and France is not very largely below that paid in this countuy, 
 taking everything into consideration. In this country, in many instances, 
 our laborers are paid too much. In the stock and mining districts many 
 of them get ten dollars a day, and coal enters largely into the cost 
 of building ships. So in our foundries, puddlers, when they will work 
 a whole week, get about sixty dollars ; but the prices have so demoral 
 ized labor that they can scarcely ever be induced to work a whole week. 
 The last advance upon the tariff rates on iron did not go into the hands 
 of the manufacturers, but, to a great extent, into the hands of the 
 laborers, who were already paid too much. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL asked, where in this country puddlers were paid the sixty 
 dollars per week. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS replied, in Wilmington. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL stated that in Pennsylvania puddlers were not earning 
 more than four dollars per day. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired whether, if ship-builders were allowed drawback 
 upon the iron used by them, and also a subsidy to the same amount 
 upon American iron used, the effect would not be that American iron 
 would generally be used. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS replied that it would be used for the reason that our ship 
 builders preferred to obtain their iron at home, both because of its supe 
 riority and because the work can be done promptly. It would be con 
 sidered a great nuisance if they were compelled to wait, before furnish 
 ing their patrons, to send them abroad for the plates to be made. As a 
 general rule, the party who wants a ship wants it now, and would not be 
 willing to wait for the two months that would be required to send abroad 
 to get the material. They could turn out a thousand-ton iron ship in 
 about nine months, or, commencing in the spring, so as to have the benefit 
 of the summer months, probably in less time than that. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL inquired the number of builders of iron ships in Wil 
 mington. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS replied that there was one other firm. His firm had for 
 merly built large ships, and within the last two years, finding it more 
 profitable, had confined themselves to river steamers. 
 
 The CHAIR^IAN inquired the cost of building a thousand-ton sailing 
 ship. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS said it would cost about ninety thousand dollars in cur 
 rency, built according to our American specifications. The cost would 
 be more than that if built on the Lloyd specifications, they crowding- 
 much more iron into a vessel than we do. The cost of building under 
 their specifications would probably be fifteen thousand dollars more a 
 vessel that under our specifications would be just as good for every 
 practical purpose but the Lloyds would not insure at the same rate. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired whether, if our ship-builders were enabled to 
 build American ships as cheaply as foreign builders, there would be a 
 foreign demand for these vessels. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS replied that it would not come immediately, because the- 
 
164 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 channel of business in this respect is nearly all foreign, in the direction 
 of Scotland, and it would take two or three years, and possibly more, to 
 change it. Currents of trade, like currents of water, when they are or 
 have once set in a given direction are difficult to change. We could 
 control in a great degree the South American trade much sooner than 
 we could that of the Mediterranean or the China trade. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked what description of vessels the Spanish gunboats 
 were, of which we have heard so much recently in New York. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS replied that they were constructed very much like our 
 tug-boats, only larger, and built to cross the ocean. He said that Mr. 
 Ericsson, who was intimate with the authorities at Madrid, obtained 
 the order and gave it to his next friend, Mr. Delamater. It was through 
 Mr. Ericsson that the order came to the United States. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked the witness if his firm did anything toward 
 building vessels for the government during the war. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS answered that they did. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN asked whether a class of iron vessels suitable for the 
 merchant marine could be constructed so as to be converted into ves 
 sels useful to the government in time of war. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS said they would require a great change, for the reason 
 that the requirements of the two branches of service are so different. 
 A merchant vessel would have to be turned inside out before she could 
 be converted into a man-of-war. For privateersmen they would be just 
 the thing. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN asked whether, in case of a war with England, these 
 would not be just such vessels as we would need. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS said they would, because they are fast. Heavy ships, as 
 a rule, are slow. The ships built in England during the war for block 
 ade-runners, and captured by us, which have been sold into the merchant 
 service, have one and all greatly disgusted their purchasers. They burn 
 a great deal of coal and carry but little freight. They were constructed 
 to run fast, but only the high freights they carried made them profitable, 
 and when freights came down they would not do at all. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN inquired whether, if we build vessels as cheaply as 
 they can on the Clyde, there would be any difference afterward in the 
 cost of keeping them in repairs. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS said there would not, because the ship would be repaired 
 wherever it was most convenient and it could be done the most cheaply; 
 that even now vessels in this country destined for the East Indies often 
 get freight from the United States to some European port, where they 
 are repaired at a very much less expense than in this country, and the 
 officers then get freight from that port to the East Indies and come home. 
 Our vessels managed mostly to get their repairs done out of the United 
 States, so as to economize, and that is the reason why we have but little 
 to do in the way of repairing. If our ship-builders could have a sub 
 sidy from the government they could build ships, but it would be a dan- 
 ferous precedent, because every other interest would want the same 
 ind of protection. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired how many hands were employed in the ship 
 yards in Wilmington. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS said his firm employed about two hundred and fifty. 
 The other firm built railroad cars as well as ships, and employed from 
 four hundred to seven hundred hands. The other firm used to build 
 boats for the American trade, but they are now building larger vessels. 
 They were the builders of the steamship Champion, running between 
 New York and Charleston ; of the two iron ships running to Savannah; 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 165 
 
 of the American line of steamers running from Tew Orleans to Galves- 
 ton, Texas. They built two very splendid vessels for the Panama com 
 pany, one of them on the larger specifications, taking them at very near 
 the quotations in Scotland. This was a vessel of two hundred and sixty 
 feet iu length, about thirty-three feet beam, and measuring two hundred 
 tons. She was finished about a year and a half ago. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN inquired at what other ship-yards in the country iron 
 steamships were built. 
 
 Mr. GIBBONS said there was one at Chester, and they were built at the 
 Atlantic Works, Boston. During the war there were establishments in 
 Kew York that built iron vessels, but they have since abandoned the 
 enterprise. The rates are greatly higher than at Wilmington. At Wil 
 mington mechanics are employed to work upon the hulls of vessels, and 
 a few of them are paid fifteen dollars a week, but the average of them 
 not more than nine and a half or ten dollars. The same class of work 
 men were paid about ten dollars a week before the war. A large grade 
 of mechanics are employed to work upon iron vessels for the reason 
 that a few skilled workmen can get along very well with a good many 
 other of the lower grade. There is more difference in the cost of build 
 ing marine engines between this country and Scotland than there is in 
 the cost of building ships. They had not gone into competition with 
 them in Wilmington in building engines. The only instance, Mr. .Gib 
 bons said, in which his firm had bid in competition was for the steel 
 works in Pennsylvania, and then they were beaten fifty per cent. It 
 might be, however, that their bids were too high and the bids in Scot 
 land too low. 
 
 Letter from Samuel Harlan, of the firm of Harlan $- HoUingsirorth, iron ship-builders. 
 
 WILMINGTON, DEL., December 1, 18C9. 
 Hon. D. J. MORRELL, of Congressional Committee, <$-c. 
 
 DEAR SIR: Wo are very much obliged for your invitation to be present at the meet 
 ing of your committee, in Philadelphia, but regret that absence from home will prevent 
 our attendance. 
 
 If agreeable to your committee, wo would be glad to present our views in writing in 
 subjoined paper. We trust this will bo acceptable to you, as the subject is one in 
 which we are most vitally interested, and feel that the only hope for relief lies in the 
 action of Congress. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 SAM L HABLAN, JR., President. 
 
 We would present our views under the following heads, viz : 
 
 1. As to the present condition of the iron ship-building interest. 
 
 2. The causes which have led to its depression. 
 
 3. Our views as to the remedy or relief desired. 
 
 On the first point we would state that at no time since 1857 has the iron ship-building 
 interest been so depressed as it has within the last twelve to eighteen months. During 
 the time named wo have scarcely been without contracts for iron boats and steamers 
 until within the past twelve months, when the business has fallen off greatly, in fact, 
 almost coming to a stand-still a good part of the timo ; yet, during this time, we have 
 had more inquiries for iron ships from parties wishing to build than ever before, but 
 owing to the cost of building being beyond what they could ailbrd to pay, and greater 
 than the same ships would cost in England, the negotiations have ended with mutual 
 regrets, and the parties resolving to wait for a more favorable condition of aii uirs. 
 What work we have taken to keep our men employed, has been at rates not remunera 
 tive, and in some instances, at positive loss. 
 
 Second. The causes which have led to its depression, &c. : 
 
 The principal one is the great advance which has taken place since I860 in the price 
 of labor and materials, ranging from forty to seventy-live per cent. In many instances 
 where parties were convinced of the superiority of iron ships, as compared with wood, 
 they were compelled to build of wood because the cost of the iron ship was so much 
 

 166 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 greater. This difference in cost is duo, in a groat measure, to the act that iron, more 
 than wood, is the production of skilled labor, and is affected more by the various causes 
 pro.hiciug the advance referred to, as well as suffering more from taxation. 
 
 Third. As to the relief desired, &c. : 
 
 We cannot hope for a reduction in the price of labor, as we find it is more difficult 
 for our workmen to support themselves and their families on the present rate of wages, 
 with the greatly enhanced cost of everything consumed by them, than it was when 
 their wages ruled the lowest, and, until the cost of living is greatly reduced, we cannot 
 hope that the wages of the mechanic and laboring man will rule much below what it 
 is at present; in fact, it cannot be, without being oppressive upon them. It remains, 
 therefore, to reduce the cost of the materials entering into the construction and equip 
 ment of iron ships, as the only remedy left. Can this be done to an extent equal to the 
 reduction in cost desired? We think not, without throwing off all the protection now 
 given to the manufacturers of the various materials referred to. While this might re 
 lieve the ship-building interest it would be ruinous to other interests, and would meet 
 with great opposition. 
 
 We cannot recommend a more simple and effectual remedy than the one already con 
 curred in by a majority of ship-builders and ship-owners who have been before your 
 board, viz: to remit the duties on all imported articles entering into the construction 
 and equipment of both wood and iron, steam and sailing ships, or a drawback be 
 allowed on all articles of domestic manufacture equivalent to the duties named above 
 on the imported article. 
 
 This latter clause is especially desirable, that ship-builders may not be obliged to use 
 the foreign article exclusively, and thus break down the American manufacturers. 
 
 The English and Scotch iron ship-builders have the advantage over the American 
 ship-builders only in their enlarged experience from the greater number of large sea 
 going steamships which they have built ; but in the quality of iron, and energy and 
 skill of our workmen, wo feel that we have decidedly the advantage, while our facili 
 ties in tools and machinery adapted to the purpose are quite equal to t heirs. The for 
 eign builders have no advantages over us except in the cheapness of their iron and 
 other materials, and the greatly reduced rates of \vages paid their workmen, but not 
 in the superiority of their workmen, nor quality of their iron, nor their ability to build 
 better ships. 
 
 What was done by American ship-builders at the commencement, and during the war, 
 in building up our American marine, is a sure guarantee of what they can do in build 
 ing up a mercantile marine, if they can be relieved from the causes producing the 
 present great depression. 
 
 Timely relief will not only allow the ship-owners to procure vessels as cheaply as 
 they can be built in foreign countries, but the stimulus thus given to the ship-building 
 interest will produce ships equal to any in the world in our judgment. 
 
 The repeal of the navigation laws would enable the ship-owner to procure cheap 
 ships, the refuse of every foreign country, and even good ships at a low figure, as the 
 ship-building interest in England and Scotland is in a depressed state since the opening 
 of the Suez canal has become an established fact. Yet it would effectually close up 
 our ship-yards except to the building of small vessels which could not safely cross the 
 Atlantic, and give to England the building of our mercantile marine as she now has 
 our carrying trade. 
 
 The statement has been freely circulated in the papers that we could build iron ships 
 as cheaply at our works, with the payments made in gold, as they could be built on the 
 Clyde; but such is not the case with the difference in cost of labor and materials so 
 greatly against us. 
 
 The advantages we have from long experience in building iron steamers, favorable 
 location, experienced workmen, every facility in the way of machinery, &c., Avill not 
 enable us to compete with foreign builders, at the present cost of labor and materials, 
 but let Congress give relief in the shape asked for above, and the ship-owner wiL not 
 have cause to complain that he cannot have ships built equal to those of any nation, 
 aud at as reasonable prices. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C., December 15, 18G9. 
 
 Committee met. Present, all the members. 
 
 T. F. Eowland, ship-builder, of New York, appeared, and stated that he 
 was present, with others, representing the ship-yard working-men carpen 
 ters, sail-makers, spar-makers, iron-workers, and other representatives of 
 the labor required to produce a finished ship ; that they came to Washing 
 ton to see if something could not be done to relieve their interests; that 
 they had reduced their views to writing, and the statement would now 
 be made by Mr. Westervelt, the chairman of the committee. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 167 
 
 Mr. D. D. Westervelt, ship-builder, of New YOIK, thereupon read 
 aud presented to the committee the following written statement: 
 
 NEW -YORK, December 14, 1869. 
 To the Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Cliairman of the Special Congressional Committee on Navigation Interests. 
 
 SIR: The undersigned, a committee appointed by the " New York Association for the 
 restoration of American shipping interests," respectfully beg leave to call your atten 
 tion to the following facts, with the view of setting forth the past and present condi 
 tion of American commerce, and for the purpose of impressing upon Congress, through 
 the action of your committee, the absolute necessity of some action being immediately 
 taken to prevent the total destruction of American international commerce ; and alsc 
 to set, forth the principle that the true policy of our government is to foster and 
 encourage American ship-builders, as we believe that a nation s prosperity is reflected 
 in the prosperity of its commercial marine. 
 
 As evidence of the condition of our commerce during the last thirty-two years, we 
 respectfully call your attention to the accompanying exhibit A, which is a true copy of 
 the record at the New York custom-house. It will be observed that during the ycai 
 1830 there entered the port of New York 407,096 tons of shipping, the handiwork oi 
 American craftsmen, and only one-third of that amount of tonnage entered under the 
 head of foreign. The American builders sustained their prestige for twenty years 
 thereafter, and specimens of their workmanship were seen and respected in every port, 
 and carried our emblem on every sea. 
 
 In 1858 the English commenced the substitution of iron for wood in the art of ship 
 building, and since, by a chain of circumstances fortunate to them but disastrous to us. 
 the record shows for 1868 that nearly two tons of foreign tonnage to one of American 
 was recorded at the port of New York. Many of these vessels, notwithstanding they 
 appear under a foreign flag, are productions of our American ship-yards, having changed 
 their record for protection during our late internal struggle. 
 
 Previous to the year 1868, the port of New York sustained not less than twenty 
 prominent ship-yards, employing with the collateral trades, such as joiners, spar-mak 
 ers, sail-niakers, &c., not less than twenty thousand skilled mechanics, in addition to 
 one thousand young men as apprentices learning the various trades. To-day these 
 yards have either ceased to exist, or are lying dormant, not one thousand skilled 
 mechanics finding employment, and so small are the inducements for young men to 
 learn the profession that apprentices are no longer to be found. 
 
 It is in the interest of the country at large, who in time of war must have ships to 
 sustain its dignity, and mechanics to build them, that wo appeal to your honorable 
 committee to recommend to Congress some potent measure for the relief of our pro 
 fession. 
 
 We would respectfully and most earnestly recommend that some action bo immedi 
 ately taken by our government to foster and encourage the art of ship-building ; and, 
 in consideration of the fact that all governments gain power and respect by the pro 
 ficiency of their seamen and mechanics, we believe it would be eminently fit and proper 
 that Congress should legislate to allow to the American ship-builder an equivalent on 
 all American materials used by him in the construction of the finished ship, equal to 
 the amount of duty which the government would receive should such raw material bo 
 of foreign production. 
 
 Regarding the proposition to modify or abrogate the United States registry laws, 
 and allow foreign-built ships to register on equal footing with American productions, 
 we most respectfully desire to protest. Nearly every native American, and, we be 
 lieve, the great majority of our adopted citizens, are possessed of a certain amount of 
 pride, and rejoice in the growth and success of our naval and mercantile marine; and, 
 though at the present time the people at large may appear to be indifferent and luke 
 warm upon the subject, it is our united opinion that could a full expression be ob 
 tained, it would be found to bo their unanimous desire that the principles inaugurated 
 by the founders of our institutions in regard to our registry laws should bo undis 
 turbed, and that all vessels partaking of its benefits should be constructed on Ameri 
 can territory. 
 
 D. D. WESTERVELT. 
 T. F. ROWLAND, 
 L. H. BOOLE, 
 WILLIAM FOULKE, 
 
 JOSHUA Yorx<;s. 
 
 THOMAS STARK, 
 JOHN E. HOFFMIRE, 
 WILLIAM ROWLAND, 
 DAVID J. TAFF, 
 ROBERTA. RUSSELL, 
 Committee of the New York Association for tlic restoration of American shipping interests. 
 
168 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 A. Tonnage entered at New York from foreign ports during the year 18G8. 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 vessels. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Seamen. 
 
 American vessels 
 
 2 084 
 
 1 033 396 
 
 31 551 
 
 Forei (r n vessels 
 
 2 734 
 
 1 867 591 
 
 68 201 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total entered in 1868 . . ... 
 
 4 818 
 
 2 900 987 
 
 99 752 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total entered in 1862 
 
 5 400 
 
 2 55 4*1 
 
 81 817 
 
 Total entered in 1852 
 
 3 847 
 
 1,709,988 
 
 58 867 
 
 
 
 
 
 Number of arrivals, amount of American and foreign tonnage, and the 
 total tonnage entered at the port of New York, during the years below 
 specified. 
 
 Year. 
 
 No. of 
 arrivals. 
 
 American 
 tonnage. 
 
 Foreign 
 tonnage. 
 
 Total ton 
 nage. 
 
 1836 
 
 2 285 
 
 407 996 
 
 149 634 
 
 556 730 
 
 1846 
 
 2, 292 
 
 496 761 
 
 185 404 
 
 682 165 
 
 1856 
 
 3 861 
 
 1 684 596 
 
 386 263 
 
 2 070 859 
 
 1866 
 
 4 827 
 
 990 116 
 
 1 776 318 
 
 2 766 434 
 
 1868 
 
 4,818 
 
 1, 033, 396 
 
 1, 867, 591 
 
 2 900,987 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DOMESTIC TONNAGE. 
 
 The returns for the past nine mouths show that the arrivals and clearances in the 
 domestic trade amounted to upwards of fifty million tons, or about three times that of 
 the foreign trade. It lias been only moderately prosperous during the present years, 
 barely paying insurance and depreciation. 
 
 Statement of the foreign trade of the city of New York, including the 
 value of imports and exports, and showing the proportion under the 
 United States and foreign flags, for the periods named. 
 
 Year. 
 
 In American 
 vessels. 
 
 Iii foreign 
 
 vessels. 
 
 1857 
 
 $239, 565, 610 
 
 $104, 354, 631 
 
 1867 
 
 123,687 012 
 
 367, 508, 647 
 
 1868.... 
 
 113, 313, 303 
 
 371, 849, 274 
 
 From the foregoing statement, it will be seen that the rapid increase of foreign tan 
 nage is most startling, as wo discover that in the year 1868 nearly two-thirds of the 
 whole tonnage entered in the port of New York was foreign, whereas during the year 
 1856 it was scarce twenty per cent, of the total. 
 
 If we look at the cargo values respectively carried in American and foreign vessels, 
 we find that during the year 1888 seventy-live per cent, ^were carried in foreign ves 
 sels; and it may be safely asserted that more than eighty per cent, of all tho value 
 of goods imported and exported from the port of New York during the present year 
 has been carried in foreign vessels. 
 
 In the year 1857, out of a value of $53-3.000,000, carried to and from all our domestic 
 ports, only $131,000.000 went under a foreign Hag. In 1867, out of 864,000,000 at all 
 the ports, $577,600,000 were carried in foreign vessels. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 169 
 
 Mr. WM. FOULKE, of the same committee, made the following state 
 ment : 
 
 As will be seen by this document, we feel as if our business had gone 
 from us, and that we were left desolate. In our ship-yards we have 
 nothing to do; and we shall have nothing to do unless the government 
 does something to protect us. I would like to see a return of the same 
 prosperity in our ship-yards which we enjoyed years ago. I think we 
 are capable of regaining our former prestige if we have a chance. We 
 do not think we have lost our ability or our skill; and we will show that 
 we have not, if an opportunity is given us to compete with foreign 
 builders. 
 
 By Mr. WASIIBURNE : 
 
 Q. Do you think that if you can obtain the materials that enter into 
 the construction of a ship as cheaply as tbey do abroad, -you can compete 
 successfully with foreign builders, notwithstanding the high cost of 
 labor ? 
 
 Mr. D. D. WESTERVELT, (ship-builder.) That is the opinion of the gen 
 tlemen composing this committee. Labor is higher here, but we think 
 American labor is sufficiently superior to foreign labor to compensate for 
 the additional price it costs. We believe our workmen are superior to 
 those of any country in the world. In former years we came into com 
 petition in this industry with Great Britain, and we almost swept her 
 ships from the China Seas, by our superiority of model; our clipper ships 
 were the best in the world, and to this day Great Britain has never 
 known how to build the model of a ship except as she has been taught 
 it by us. With all her superior and powerful engines, her ships were 
 almost always slow, because the models were bad. At present we recog 
 nize the fact that the days of Avooden ship-building are over. We may 
 in this country, as they have in Great Britain, enter upon the construc 
 tion of composite vessels, i. e., iron vessels, the bottoms of which are 
 covered with plank, and again covered with copper. But we know that 
 the great bulk of ships being built for the ocean are iron ships; and we 
 believe that if the opportunity is afforded us, we can begin almost imme 
 diately to compete with Great Britain in building iron ships. All that 
 we ask is, that we may have the materials as low as they are furnished 
 to her ship-builders. 
 
 Q. What I understand you want, then, is this : That the government 
 shall give you a bounty upon American materials used, equal to a draw 
 back of duties on foreign materials, if they were used $ 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Yes, sir ; that is about it. We prefer to use our 
 own iron, and that* the government will pay to us, on the American iron 
 we use, an amount equal to the duty we should receive if a drawback 
 were allowed on an equal quantity of foreign iron. 
 
 Q. Is there not this difference between giving a bounty and giving a 
 drawback : That the drawback applies to money which has never gone 
 into the treasury, never been in the possession of the government, and, 
 therefore, is not an actual loss of revenue, while the bounties you ask 
 require money to be paid directly from the treasury ? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. That is true ; but our idea is to promote the inter 
 ests of our own people, by building American ships of American mate 
 rials. 
 
 WM. EOWLAND, (ship-builder,) of the same committee, made the fol 
 lowing statement : 
 
 I would like to take exception to the expression used by Mr. Wester- 
 vclt, that we were asking a bounty. It is a well understood principle 
 
J70 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 that when money paid out brings back an equivalent consideration, the 
 money so paid is not a bounty. Now, we propose to give a considera 
 tion in return for the money we ask the government to pay us. A great 
 many people think that the best thing to be done to revive the ship 
 building interest is to take the duty off from iron. But that would not 
 give us present relief at all in this country; it might ten years hence, 
 but that would not answer our purpose. Our relief must come within 
 the next twelve months, or the ship-building interests are gone. The 
 consideration which we shall give the government in return for the 
 money we ask is, the education of her seamen and mechanics for the 
 ships required in time of war. Certainly if the government ever gets 
 into trouble with a foreign nation, she will need us. To-day the govern 
 ment has not a ship of war that would not be a laughing-stock if sent 
 abroad as a first-class naval vessel. During the last war, I had the 
 honor of building the first monitor and the first iron-clad for the gov 
 ernment; and I should very much dislike to think that those vessels 
 were to be taken to England as an exhibition of what American skill 
 can produce. And we cannot build vessels unless we have workmen ; 
 and I think government can well afford to educate the workmen of this 
 country, as well as States can afford to build public school-houses and 
 support schools for the education of the children. If the school-house 
 is locked up, and the schoolmaster abroad, education will deteriorate. 
 And so will ship-building, if shipyards are closed and the workmen dis 
 missed. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL inquired whether the government would not receive a 
 greater benefit than the money now asked to be paid, by the additional 
 employment this protection would give to our people. 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. The compensation which we furnish is direct. It is 
 just as directly for the benefit of the government as to cast cannon at 
 your arsenals in time of peace, and wait for war to break out before 
 using them. These ships, and men who know how to build the ships, 
 are absolutely necessary for the safety of the government. They are of 
 as much consequence to the iiavy of the country in time of war as the 
 men you employ in the army. I do not like the word "bounty" to be 
 used in this connection. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would not the simple allowance of a drawback upon 
 the foreign material used furnish sufficient encouragement to revive 
 the ship-building interests of the country? 
 
 Mr. KOWLAND. I cannot see how a drawback upon iron would be of 
 any value to us at present. The iron that goes into the construction of 
 an American ship must be rolled in this country. The raw material 
 might come from England, but it must be rolled within five hundred 
 miles of where the ship is to be built, or else the material will never go 
 into the ship. Every vessel is built on its own model ; and plates could 
 not be rolled in England for one vessel which could be made available 
 for other vessels here. Notwithstanding our great facilities of com 
 munication with England, I do not believe it would be possible to 
 obtain the plates for a thousand-ton iron ship from England within 
 three months after they were ordered. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired whether the business of ship-building was not so 
 perfected that a vessel could be built here of the same class of those to be 
 built in England, and the iron received for them within a reasonably 
 short time. 
 
 Mr. EOWLAND. No, sir ; I think not. Plates are rolled to fit, without 
 being cut at all, though I always allow for an inch. The iron scrap, or 
 waste, 01 a three-thousand-ton ship amounts to about two per cent. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 171 
 
 of the whole weight. This consists of the trimmings of the plates and 
 what is punched out of the rivet holes. This should be reduced to one 
 per cent., and undoubtedly will be, when we have had sufficient experi 
 ence. The frames are also all rolled, and cut to a particular length. 
 
 Mr. WASIIBURNE inquired what would be the cost of the raw mate 
 rial upon which a duty is paid for building a three-thousand-ton *hip. 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. I am not prepared to state to you what the cost would 
 be. There would be about twelve hundred tons of materials of all de 
 scriptions in the ship, mostly of iron ; very little copper is used. Even 
 in the construction of engines much less copper is used than formerly. 
 We find that iron is better. The loss of material caused by galvanic 
 currents formed by the combination of iron and copper is prevented 
 when only iron is used. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether the duty on copper affected the cost of 
 ship-building very much. 
 
 Mr. ROWLAND. It affects the cost of building wooden ships materi 
 ally, and let me say that I think Mr. Westervelt is very much mistaken 
 when he thinks the days of building wooden ships are over. I doubt 
 very much whether that day has arrived. 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I make that statement from data which I think 
 will convince any one. For instance, the average lifetime of a wooden 
 ship is not more than twelve years, and there is always an uncertainty 
 as to the time the vessel will live. During the war, gunboats were 
 built which are already unfit for service; whereas a first-class iron ship 
 will last for twenty-one years, without any difficulty. And although I 
 am a wooden ship-builder, and never built an iron ship in my life, 1 am 
 still of the opinion that the days of wooden ships are at an end. I 
 never expect to build another. I believe that composite ships will be 
 introduced into this country, as they have been into Great Britain. 
 During the war we built for the government the Brooklyn, and some of 
 the first batch of double-enders. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired what were the advantages of composite ships. 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. The trouble with iron ships is, the bottoms soon 
 become foul, covered with barnacles and sea-grass, so as greatly to im 
 pede their progress through the water; while ships the bottoms of which 
 are covered with wood and coated with copper will remain in the water 
 a long time without becoming foul. These composite ships will last as 
 long as iron. The frames are iron ; the planks being attached to the 
 iron frames. The ventilation is so complete that there is no danger of 
 the planks rotting. Wooden ships rot where the planks come in con 
 tact with the wooden frames. Inside the planking, five or six inches 
 distant, slats are fastened, to prevent the cargo from coming in contact 
 with the planking. The cost of composite ships, too, is considerably 
 less than that of iron ships ; and our ship-builders in this country would 
 have this advantage in their construction, that wood is cheaper here. 
 They are exceedingly useful in long voyages, particularly the tea trade. 
 I have seen one of these vessels, after returning to Liverpool from 
 China, with her bottom so clean that you would scarcely suppose she 
 had been out more then ten or fifteen days. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired as to the cost of insurance upon this class of 
 ships. 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I cannot answer that question accurately. I 
 should suppose they would not rate quite as low as an iron vessel, 
 although they are really as safe in every respect. They are no more 
 liable to burn up, and the chance of the crew escaping in case of fire 
 would really be greater. There is not very much difference in the 
 
172 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 strength 5 for the frame is iron, and the thickness of the planking is suf 
 ficient to give it the proper amount of strength. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURNE inquired what percentage of the whole cost of ves 
 sels it would be necessary for the government to pay to enable builders 
 in this country to compete with those abroad? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I am not able to answer accurately. I should say, 
 in sailing ships, thirty-three and a third per cent, would probably be 
 sufficient. Sailing ships are now constructed in Great Britain for about 
 fourteen pounds sterling per ton, and steamships for about twenty-three 
 or twenty-four pounds sterling per ton. Ship-builders in this country, 
 I think, would be able to construct better ships, because the materials 
 here are better, in respect to both wood and iron. Iron steamships, in 
 Great Britain, are constructed according to what is called Lloyd s speci 
 fications, aiid are required to conform to those specifications in order to 
 enable the owners to effect their insurance. A certain thickness of the 
 plates is required for a vessel of a certain tonnage; and, indeed, the 
 specifications enter into so great a variety of details that anybody who 
 can read can build a ship according to Lloyd s specifications. They are 
 based upon the supposition that all iron is of the same strength; 
 although the iron in this country is very much stronger than theirs, so 
 that a considerably less thickness of plate would give the same strength 
 as required by their specifications, when made of English iron. In fact, 
 a less thickness of iron of our superior quality makes a better ship. 
 Many parts of a ship are subject to a tension strain rather than a press 
 ing strain. If only the latter were to be guarded against, cast iron 
 would be very much better than wrought iron ; for you can subject it to 
 a great pressing strain without injury. Nor is it necessary that the iron 
 should be of such thickness as not to yield, to a certain extent, under 
 pressure. In fact, a ship which will yield a little, under a heavy sea, 
 may be stronger and safer than one perfectly unyielding, as all of us 
 know is true in the case of a bridge. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired whether these composite ships usually have iron 
 masts and rigging! 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Most of them have iron masts, and some have 
 Iron yards also. Iron masts are made hollow, like a stove-pipe, with a 
 hole at the top extending through to the bottom. 
 
 Mr. IIOL3IAN asked whether American ship-builders had not protec 
 tion and encouragement in the fact that a very large percentage of the 
 tonnage of the whole country was in the coasting trade, which, by law, 
 is exclusively in the hands of American builders? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Yes, sir ; and that is the only encouragement and 
 safety we have. But for that the entire ship-building interests in the 
 United States would inevitably be lost ; but even that is changing very 
 rapidly. Steam, is monopolizing the coastwise trade, just as it has the 
 foreign trade; and if we allow foreigners to compete with us in the 
 coastwise trade, it will not be five years before we shall not have an 
 American ship upon our waters. We are already losing rapidly in this 
 respect, under our present laws; and if foreign-built ocean ships are 
 permitted to have an American register, it will not be long before, hav 
 ing American crews, and being in fact then American ships, we shall 
 find them transferred to our coastwise trade. I do not think there is 
 any safety whatever to the commercial interests of this country in 
 allowing foreigners to compete with us in building ships which are to 
 have an American register, either for the foreign or the coastwise 
 trade. We must keep them off. The most of our ship-builders are 
 already quitting the business, and it will not be long before none will 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 173 
 
 be left, unless something is done to encourage ship-building in this 
 country. We are doing nothing in our own yard; we have employed 
 hardly five men a week during the last six months. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired whether the tendency now was not to crowd our 
 vessels out of the foreign trade altogether, and force them into the 
 coastwise trade, in which there was no competition f 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Yes, sir; very greatly so. The only ocean trade 
 left us, which is at all profitable, is the California business ; and that 
 only pays a few favorite ships, which have the reputation of great 
 speed ; and the competition has been so great among them for the past 
 year that freights have been taken out at ruinously low rates, at which, 
 of course, the vessels made ruinous voyages. I do not think a single 
 dollar has been made by any American ship-owner, in any voyage to 
 Liverpool, within the last five years. Still, we have ships that are con 
 tinually running in the hope of occasionally making a paying voyage, 
 and in the hope that something will occur to encourage them in this 
 trade. Our ships are being worn out, and very few are being built. 
 Some few are .built to the eastward, but there is very little sale for 
 them. They are often brought to New York and sold greatly below 
 cost. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN inquired whether the ship-builders of this country 
 could construct steamers able to compete with the Cuuard and Inman 
 lines, and which at the same time would be useful as war vessels in 
 time of war? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I think not. I think that great speed is rather 
 antagonistic to the elements required for an efficient fighting vessel. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. Would not a great many ships, in case of a war 
 with Great Britain, for instance be employed to prey upon the enemy s 
 commerce, and would not great speed be required for this ? 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Yes, sir; and also for transportation, as was the 
 case in the Crimean war. We built ships years ago capable of greater 
 speed than any other nation could build ; and we can do it now, if we 
 have the proper encouragement. There are plans and drawings now in 
 existence of a ship that will cross the Atlantic within seven days. I 
 think, without doubt. We are ahead of all other nations with respect 
 to models, and have always been. Wherever we have come into com 
 petition with the English in this respect we have always beaten. 
 
 Mr. W T ASHBURN asked whether war vessels could be built as well in 
 private ship yards as at the government yards I 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I think the private yards can build better ships. 
 If the United States government desired to get war vessels that should 
 exceed in excellence those of any other country, it should call upon the 
 ship-builders of the country for models, plans, and drawings. When 
 we made our contract for the ship of war Brooklyn, almost all the naval 
 men said she would be a failure. But Admiral Farragut told me, in the 
 presence of a number of gentlemen, that he considered her the most 
 efficient vessel in the United States Navy. There are very few vessels 
 now in the navy which can properly be called good vessels. I do not 
 know of a single one built during the war that it would be desirable to 
 duplicate for our navy. There are still good vessels in the navy r how 
 ever, built before the war. 
 
 Mr. LYNCH inquired whether the plans and drawings to which the 
 witness referred as being those of fast steamers were for screw propel 
 lers or side-wheel boats. 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. Side-wheelers. The great hindrance in crossing the 
 Atlantic has been the great draught of water. Here our English friends 
 
174 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 have made their great mistake in increasing their draught in propor 
 tion to the size of their vessels. A ship, to sail rapidly, must draw as 
 little water as possible. We now recognize the fact that the Atlantic 
 Ocean is simply a ferry, and that ships of one class are to be built 
 simply to take passengers and their baggage, while ships of an entirely 
 different class are to take the freight. 
 
 Mr. L. H. BOOLE, of the same committee, made the following statement : 
 
 There are one or two things I would like to say. In the first place, a great 
 deal has been said, and written, and sent to this committee in the shape of 
 letters and reports, by men who ought to have known and done better, 
 letters of condemnation of our ship-builders, holding them up to ridicule. 
 Now, it is true we cannot compete with the Clyde builders. Our mate 
 rials are high, our labor very high. But these very men to *viiom I have 
 referred the ship-owners, who say in their report that there has 
 been no improvement in ship-building in this country for the last ten 
 years are thus condemning the very men who in years past have fur 
 nished them the finest models of ships that ever floated on the ocean. 
 One of the difficulties we have had to contend with is that the most of 
 the ships we build are built by contract. The parties for whom we build 
 furnish a superintendent, who is constantly present to see that the ship 
 is built to suit their notions. This necessarily involves an increased 
 cost of building. If the builders were allowed to exercise their own 
 judgment, and their own ingenuity, they could build as good or better 
 ships for fifteen or twenty per cent, less money. 
 
 The ships built upon the Clyde are not to be compared with our ships 
 in either joinery or finish, in any respect. And yet these ship-owners, 
 who require us to finish our ships in the best style of joinery, and to 
 expend a great amount of labor upon the finish, tire ready to go abroad 
 and buy those cheap Clyde-built ships. I call your attention to a letter, 
 which is already in your possession, stating that the working men of 
 the Clyde have their minds so thoroughly made up upon running this 
 business out of this country that they are willing to submit to any re 
 duction of wages, and to any amount of sacrifice necessary to prevent 
 our competing with them. Not more than four or five shillings a day is 
 now paid there for skilled workmen ; and yet these men are working- 
 day after day, and are willing to submit to greater sacrifices in order to 
 compete with us in this country. It has often been remarked that, when 
 you go on board these English" steamers, you do not find any such finish, 
 nor any such joinery, as you will find on our ships. 
 
 I would like to say just one word in regard to the coasting business. 
 Our American builders not only want to compete for the coastwise trade, 
 but they want to compete with the world in the building of ships. The 
 people abroad could not build wooden ships equal to our models, and 
 were, therefore, driven, from necessity, to build ships of iron. They 
 have not the wood they have the iron, and they can now turn out very 
 good iron ships from our models. The commerce upon our lakes is just 
 about the same as the coasting trade, and the extent of that commerce 
 may not be known. In the years of 1856, 1857, and 1858, it is stated 
 that the lake commerce amounted to about six hundred millions of dol 
 lars per annum. In the year 1856, the commerce which passed the St. 
 Clair flats, exclusive of the coasting trade of the lake, amounted to up 
 wards of four hundred millions of dollars. It was then something of a 
 novelty for a Canadian vessel to come into one of our ports. Now, you 
 see, a majority of the vessels in our lake ports are from Canada $ and 
 many of our ship-builders, formerly in Boston, have gone to Montreal 
 and Quebec. It has been said very often of late by the British, that 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 175 
 
 our weak spot was in the dwindling of our shipping. Only a little while 
 ago a committee was endeavoring to make arrangements for carrying 
 the freight from the Paciiic railroad over the Grand Trunk railroad to 
 Portland; and, in their way, they seemed to be working with success to 
 draw our trade away from us. 
 
 I do not think the day for wooden ships is past, by any means. Our 
 forests in Florida, Texas, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Maine, contain too 
 large an amount of excellent ship-timber for that. The wooden clipper 
 ships of this country can still go abroad with good profit. The idea was 
 some years ago conceived by western men of building ships in the woods, 
 loading them with grain, and sending them abroad to be sold. We 
 found that the plan was feasible; and the only thing that prevented its 
 being carried out was, that the Wellaud Canal was not sufficient to 
 enable sea-going vessels to go through. Then parties from Boston and 
 Chicago undertook to see if something could not be done for the enlarge 
 ment of that canal. But they met with no encouragement from the 
 Canadian authorities. Now, when the success of the enterprise would 
 be for their benefit, they propose to enlarge the Welland Canal so as to 
 enable them to build wooden ships, and send them abroad, as ice formerly 
 proposed to do. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether the ship-building interests of Canada 
 were more prosperous than on this side of the line. 
 
 Mr. BOOLE. Yes, sir. Within the last three years that business has 
 been very prosperous in Canada. I was not long since in a Canadian 
 ship yard, in which six or seven vessels for the upper lakes were being 
 built j and the price paid to the workmen was from sixty to seventy 
 cents a day, in silver. This industry has been rapidly progressing, 
 within the last two or three years, at Quebec, Montreal, and Three Ittvers; 
 and many of the men now employed there were formerly employed in 
 Boston and other points in the United States. A few years ago you 
 could tell a " Kanuck" vessel as far as you could see it ; now, they have 
 so improved in their construction that you cannot tell one until you get 
 on board though our vessels are still superior to theirs, wiien you ex 
 amine them closely. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether an allowance equal to a drawback on 
 the materials used, in spite of our higher rates of wages, would enable 
 American ship-builders to compete with foreigners. 
 
 Mr. BOOLE. I think it would, if the law was so positive that ship 
 builders could be assured it would not soon be repealed. My judgment, 
 after a very close calculation, is, that there is about thirty per cent, dif 
 ference in the cost of building here and abroad. I think that if the 
 government would pay to the ship-builders one-third the costs, in the 
 shape of bounty, or whatever you choose to call it, it would enable thein 
 to compete with foreign ship-builders. 
 
 Another difficulty is, the higher rate of interest upon capital in this 
 country than abroad. But if the business were rendered permanent, 
 1 think our ship-builders would be ready to enter vigorously into the 
 competition. Formerly, ship carpenters commanded a higher rate of 
 wages than those employed in building houses, &c. We then paid them 
 five dollars a day, while they now command but three, or three and a half. 
 House carpenters have the advantage, that houses cannot be built abroad 
 and brought here, as railroads cannot be built abroad and brought here ; 
 while ships can be built abroad and brought here. Formerly, appren 
 tices were glad to work for nothing, or at very low wages, in order to 
 learn the art of ship-building, knowing that as a journeyman he could 
 make good wages at that business ; now there are no apprentices em- 
 
176 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ployed in our yards. I have four boys, and I would rather they would 
 go into almost anything else than into a ship-yard although I would 
 be proud to bring them up in that business, if it could be established 
 upon a basis such that ship-builders could live. 
 
 An English gentleman, who came to this country some years ago, 
 could uot undorstand how it was that we could send our lake and river 
 steamers through the water at the rate of twenty miles an hour. He 
 traveled up the Hudson, and from Buffalo to Cleveland, at that rate ; 
 but such boats are not now in existence. The tonnage of American 
 vessels on the lakes is decreasing rapidly, while that of Canadian vessels 
 is increasing as rapidly. 
 
 Iron vessels, so far, have not succeeded on the lakes as grain carriers. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN inquired whether wooden vessels could not be built in 
 this country as cheaply as in Canada. 
 
 Mr. BOOLE. No, sir; at the breaking out of the war we were getting 
 the finest quality of timber at twelve or fifteen dollars a thousand, in 
 the West. So large a quantity was then called for to be taken down the 
 river to repair forts, and for other purposes connected with the war, 
 that the price went up to twenty-eight or thirty dollars a thousand; and 
 uow it is about twenty or twenty-two dollars a thousand. We of course 
 can get all the lumber we want in this country; but in Canada labor is 
 so lo\v that they make it into ships cheaper. There is a difference in 
 the amount of labor a Canadian and an American will do ; still, two Cana 
 dians will do more work than one American, although they together 
 receive about the same pay as the American . In Canada no duty is 
 paid on any article entering into the construction of a vessel, if the 
 builder imports it himself. Very little copper is used in Canadian-built 
 vessels, and in other respects they are built different from ours ; they 
 are built almost altogether of straight timber. Again, there are under 
 writers, who have gotten up specifications for ship-building, as the 
 Lloyds have in England; and the builders are required to conform to 
 these specifications in order to effect insurance. 
 
 I think it has been estimated in this country that the duties paid on 
 a thousand-ton iron ship amount to about eleven or twelve thousand 
 dollars ; that is, about eleven or twelve dollars a ton. Vessels can now 
 be built in Canada at a cost about forty per cent, less than in this coun 
 try. We used to estimate an A No. 1 vessel at about a dollar a bushel ; 
 that is, a vessel carrying sixteen thousand bushels of grain would cost 
 about sixteen thousand dollars ; but now, I think the cost in this coun 
 try is about one dollar and seventy-five cents per bushel ; while Canada 
 builders are able to construct their vessels lower than ever before. 
 
 Mr. W^ELLS inquired what proportion of the war vessels were built at 
 private yards during the war. 
 
 Mr. WESTERVELT. I cannot answer that question with accuracy. 
 The double-enders were built at private yards ; and the first batch of 
 gunboats, and several monitors ; also a number of cutters ; but what 
 proportion of the whole I am unable to say. 
 
 WASHINGTON, December 1C, 18G9. 
 
 Committee met. Present: The chairman, and Messrs. Calkin and 
 Holman. 
 
 Mr. JOHN EOACH proprietor of the Morgan Iron Works, New York, 
 appeared, and made a statement to the committee. He said that he had 
 been connected with the iron business for thirty-five years ; and had 
 also been engaged in building all parts of ships of every kind, from the 
 smallest to the largest. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 177 
 
 Immediately after the late civil war, he gave the matter a great deal 
 of consideration. 
 
 He had made up his mind, from the prospects which he saw ahead, 
 and from the cost of building ships in America, that something must bo 
 done; and had therefore sent some of the most competent persons con 
 nected with ship-building in New York, and some competent engineers, 
 to Europe, procuring for them letters of introduction from the Secretary 
 of State, which gained for them admission into all the dock-yards of 
 England and France, and other countries where ship-building was carried 
 on to any extent. He sent them at his own expense, in order that they 
 might furnish him with information in regard to ship-building, and as 
 to the superiority of iron ships over wooden ones. By this means he 
 had probably acquired more information in detail upon this subject than 
 was possessed by any one man in England or this country. 
 
 The instructions which he had given those persons were to obtain, not 
 newspaper information, but practical information. 
 
 He had made up his mind that, sooner or later, Congress would dis 
 cover, and would act upon the discovery, that no nation could be truly 
 and permanently great which had to depend upon another nation for 
 its ships, particularly when itself possessed abundant resources for build 
 ing ships. 
 
 But aware that no man would have any right to come to Congress 
 and ask for protective legislation unless he had first adopted every means 
 in his power to protect himself, he had determined to spend a quarter 
 of a million of dollars in perfecting machinery. 
 
 The consequence was that his alone, out of ten large marine-engine 
 shops which had been in operation in the city of New York before the 
 war, had been able to survive the present state of affairs. He had thus 
 far been able to keep his shops open without sinking capital. 
 
 By a personal investigation of the matter, going around to different 
 establishments, he had ascertained that the number of men engaged in 
 the construction of ships, and in the various trades connected therewith, 
 before the war, was about twenty thousand, besides about two thousand 
 young men then engaged in learning the business. 
 
 To-day, out of the ten marine-engine shops that were in existence 
 in New York at the commencement of the war, his was the only one 
 remaining in existence. Some of them had been turned into small mills, 
 some of them into stables. The ship-yards had all been closed except 
 one, which was engaged in building a coasting vessel. He had no doubt 
 that a similar state of things existed in other parts of the country. 
 
 The question was asked, whether all this had been brought about 
 because the carrying trade was diminished ? 
 
 He thought not ; on the contrary, he believed that the carrying trade 
 had increased. He had found out, by personal examination within the 
 last year, that there were one hundred and nineteen iron steamships 
 plying between the ports of America and of Great Britain. Of that num 
 ber, one hundred and ten were running to the port of New York, with 
 an aggregate tonnage of 311,600 tons. But of all these, with the excep 
 tion of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company s steamers, of which two a 
 month ran from New York, there was not a single steamship in the great 
 commercial city of America, engaged in the foreign trade, carrying the 
 American flag. 
 
 The lust one that had crossed the ocean was the steamship Fulton, 
 and he had token her, last week, for a debt, for the purpose of breaking 
 her up. 
 
 And this was the present condition of American commerce. 
 12,N I 
 
178 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 He had no doubt tliat a great pressure would be brought to bear upon 
 Congress in regard to the introduction of foreign ships. But he was 
 prepared to meet that question, and to show that such a policy was not 
 consistent with the welfare of the United States. 
 
 In the one hundred and nineteen ships to which he had alluded, there 
 was a capital of eighty millions of dollars invested. The greater portion 
 of the earnings of these ships came from the carrying of American mails, 
 American passengers, and American commerce. 
 
 Upon a close calculation, the repairs of all these ships, embracing 
 their huUs, furniture and machinery, would amount to about nine millions 
 of dollars per annum. Of that sum there was not one hundred thousand 
 dollars per annum spent in this country, although the greater portion 
 of the earnings of these ships was collected from citizens of the United 
 States. They bring with them their own boats, their own putty, their 
 own red lead, and everything connected with the repairing of a ship, 
 and have those repairs done by their own crews ; and it is only in case 
 that general repairs are needed that they call upon the New York engine 
 shops for a little aid. Here is an item of eight millions of dollars, for 
 repairs alone, turned away from this country and sent abroad. 
 
 America had lost her commerce ; and what had she obtained in ex 
 change for it ? 
 
 Simply the right for* a few men to charge nine dollars per ton, in gold, 
 on the importation of pig iron ! 
 
 Pig iron was the basis of all other metals connected with the making 
 and repairing of ships. There had been a revolution in ship-building, 
 and iron was the material from which they were now built. The high 
 cost of iron, produced by the tariff upon it, was one of the principal dif 
 ficulties that our commerce had to contend with. 
 
 It might be said that Americans had protection in the coasting trade ; 
 but he could show the committee that that amounted to nothing. 
 
 There was probably no man in America who had more at stake in this 
 matter than himself. He had a million of dollars in property dependent 
 upon the building of ships, and, so far as he was concerned, he did not 
 care how soon the coasting trade was thrown open to foreigners. 
 
 The men engaged in the coasting trade can now scarcely live and pay 
 their bills. On account of the high duty on the materials used, it now 
 costs fifty per cent, more to repair ships in America than in other 
 countries, and on this account, and from the fact that this country is 
 now so intersected and cut up by railroads, the coasting trade by sea is, 
 to a large extent, done away with. Even the New Orleans trade is 
 disappearing, because vessels are sent down there from England to carry 
 the cotton to Europe. The Mobile trade is also passing away; so is the 
 Baltimore trade. Foreign steamers frequent these ports, and thus this 
 coasting trade of which so much has been said, after all, does not 
 amount to anything. 
 
 There had been three propositions before the committee in regard to 
 the mode of relief of American commerce. The first of these, as he under 
 stood it, was to permit Americans to go abroad and buy ships. The men 
 who had suggested this idea were mostly men who had come to this 
 country since American commerce had been transferred to England; 
 who had opened shops in New York and were doing a foreign trade. 
 He thought there were enough ships now to carry the trade. The trouble 
 was, they belong in the wrong direction they are owned by men over 
 the water. If this privilege were granted, he regarded it as being nothing 
 more nor less than permitting the one hundred and nineteen steamers 
 now plying in the port of New York to do so under the American flag. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 179 
 
 They would be owned abroad, in order to avoid American taxation, but 
 their business would be transacted on this side. 
 
 A gentleman from the New York Chamber of Commerce called upon 
 him a few weeks since and inquired what objection there could be to 
 having ships built on the other side of the water. In reply, he asked 
 the gentleman the simple question what he wanted to accomplish by 
 buying ships abroad? The gentleman answered, "Nothing more than 
 to bring commerce back to where it was before the war." He, Mr. Eoach, 
 flien asked the gentleman, "Do you know where it was before the war .* 
 With what portion of commerce would you be satisfied?" The gentle 
 man replied, " Nothing less than we then had, which was nearly one- third 
 the entire commerce o? the world." If this were to be undertaken, and 
 if it were attempted to be brought about by buying ships to replace those 
 which carried the American commerce before the war, it would require 
 an expenditure of one hundred and fifty millions of dollars; and this 
 money would be paid to England, the only great ship-building country 
 in the world; and the effect would be to increase the pric.e of ships at 
 least twenty per cent. Besides, by so doing, all the American ship-yards 
 and founderies would be closed, and the materials of American mines 
 would remain unused. Again, everybody will recollect the difficulties 
 experienced during the war from the want of ships ; and American ship 
 yards and engine-shops were in a much better condition at the breaking 
 out of the war than they are now. Yet it was found that when the 
 government called upon private establishments, and gave them contracts 
 for building ships and engines, the work that should have been done in 
 one year was not done in four years. The ship-yards and founderies were 
 not prepared to do the work. Had the American founderies and ship 
 yards and machine-shops been in the efficient condition in which such 
 establishments then were and now are in Great Britain, lie actually 
 believed that the rebellion could have been put down at half the expense, 
 if not in half the time, it really was. 
 
 Congress was much excited regarding the depredations committed by 
 the Alabama. The Alabama was only one ship let loose upon American 
 commerce ; but here were to-day, coming into the harbor of New York, 
 a hundred and twenty ships, each one of them more formidable and of 
 greater speed than the Alabama, built by English builders, owned by 
 English merchants, and to some extent under the supervision of Eng 
 lish naval officers ; so that, while now engaged in the peaceful pursuits 
 of commerce, in forty-eight hours they could be converted into most 
 effective ships of war. 
 
 If any one should inquire what American ship-builders were to give 
 in return for the favors they asked, he would reply that one of these 
 days the Navy Department would be asking Congress for an appropria 
 tion of fifty or sixty millions of dollars for the purpose of making a 
 more efficient navy ; and a very large proportion of that amount might 
 be saved by encouraging American merchants in time of peace to build 
 say a hundred steamers. The hundred and twenty English steamers 
 noV carrying our commerce were double the tonnage of the whole Ameri 
 can navy. This fact he stated from authentic information ; it was no 
 loose and careless statement. And they were ready to be set at work at 
 any time and for any purpose for which Great Britain might want to use 
 them. 
 
 Again, if America were to close up her ship-yards and marine engine 
 shops, and depend upon Great Britain to build her ships, she would be 
 in the most helpless condition conceivable. The day is not far distant 
 when it will concern the men who have capital invested in the prairies of 
 
180 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 the West, and the cotton plantations of the South, as much as the mer 
 chants of New York, to take an interest in and to protect the commerce 
 of America. The people of the United States should be in a position 
 to take that advantage of English commerce, in case of a war between 
 England and France, that England took of American commerce when 
 the United States were at war. The island of Great Britain is of no 
 greater extent than the State of New York or Pennsylvania $ and if her 
 commerce were taken from her, what would be left of her ? She would 
 become one of the most helpless nations on the face of the earth. He, 
 Mr. Eoach, could not understand why nine dollars a ton duty should be 
 paid on pig-iron, or why there should be any duty at all upon it. Ameri 
 can iron and American engine-shops are as much American manufactures 
 and were as essential to the prosperity of the nation as American rolling 
 mills or other property ; and yet American ship-yards and American 
 engine-shops have no protection at all. The iron ore can be taken from 
 the mines, and with ordinary, uneducated labor can be converted into 
 pig-iron in forty-eight hours ; but no nation would ever know the value 
 of her ship-builders and mechanics of that class until she needed skilled 
 workmen. The material is easily obtained; but it is of very little use 
 without skilled workmen to work it. With the ship-yards and marine 
 engine shops closed, and with these men, who had spent their lifetime 
 in learning and becoming skillful in these trades, gone into other pur 
 suits, it would be impossible to educate workmen in their stead. There 
 would be as much possibility of educating children in the sciences with 
 the school-houses locked up and the school-teachers gone away. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What remedies do you propose? 
 
 Mr. EOACH. In view of these one hundred and twenty steamers now 
 engaged in carrying our commerce, I have looked at the matter in this 
 light : What would be considered a healthy growth of American com 
 merce ? I think that the annual production of twenty such ships would 
 be a healthy growth. They would cost from twelve to fifteen millions 
 of dollars. In five years that would cause an outlay of, say one hundred 
 million of dollars, which would seem to me to be a very simple and easy 
 burden for this country to carry. My idea is that Congress should settle 
 upon a percentage to be given the ship-builders, by way of bounty ; not 
 letting it go into the hands of speculators or mail contractors, but pro 
 viding that, on every vessel built for the foreign trade, a certain amount 
 should be allowed to the party building the ship. I think that at present 
 twenty per cent, would be about a fair allowance. That percentage of 
 twenty million dollars, which is my estimate of what would be a healthy 
 growth of American commerce, annually, would be four million dollars. 
 Can no way be found to distribute that four million dollars per annum 
 over other interests that will not feel it, and thus help revive a most 
 important interest that is utterly crushed? By helping to build ships, 
 instead of sending one hundred and fifty millions of dollars abroad to 
 buy ships, you develope your own iron mines, you give employment to 
 your own workmen, you stimulate your own manufacturing interests. 
 
 The question may be asked, what is the country going to get back for 
 this outlay ? I answer, we would save you almost that much in the 
 service which these vessels would be to your navy. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How would you apply your idea more in detail ? In 
 what shape should the money be given? 
 
 Mr. EOACH. In the shape of a percentage to every merchant, or other 
 person, who should build a ship for the foreign trade ; so much per ton 
 upon the tonnage of the vessel as registered in the custom-house. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. If a certain amount, equal to the duties paid on the 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 181 
 
 materials entering into the construction of the vessel, were remitted, 
 would there then be a demand for vessels to be built here f 
 
 Mr. KOACH. I think so. I make this statement upon accurate infor 
 mation as to the comparative cost of ship-building here and abroad. 
 Whenever you resume specie payments, and as the tariff is gradually 
 reduced, the amount necessary to be paid by government to put Ameri 
 can ship-builders on an equal footing with foreign ones will gradually 
 decrease, until the building of ships will cost the government nothing. 
 
 I saw a statement recently that our government was scarcely able to 
 procure sailors 5 and that reminded me of what a gentleman remarked 
 to me the other day. Said he, " Mr. Roach, if I wanted to destroy New York 
 by a fleet of ships, I do not know but that I would have to get English 
 men to do it; they know our channel now much better than we do our 
 selves. 7 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. During the last twenty years has not the tonnage 
 employed in domestic commerce been equal to at least fifty per cent, of 
 the entire tonnage of the country, and is not at this time the tonnage 
 engaged in the domestic trade equal to seventy per cent, of the whole? 
 
 Mr. ROACH. Our domestic tonnage has increased, but you will find 
 that it will largely decrease. Previous to the completion of the Pacific 
 railroad, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company sent out four ships per 
 month from New York, and the North American Steamship Company 
 three ships; in all seven ships a month. Now there are but two ships 
 engaged in that trade, instead of seven; and it would hardly be fair to 
 expect that our coasting tonnage would keep on increasing in the future 
 as it has increased in the past, because our railroads, intersecting the 
 country everywhere, have cut into that trade to a very great extent. 
 The New Orleans trade is not more than half what it formerly was. 
 There used to be three or four large lines of steamers plying between 
 New York and New Orleans. Now there are five English lines between 
 New Orleans and England, and four English lines to Baltimore. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you think that allowing the American ship-builder 
 a drawback, or rebate of the duties and taxes, external and internal, on 
 the materials entering into the construction of ships, would be sufficient 
 to revive ship-building? 
 
 Mr. ROACH. I think there is no possible doubt of it. I am speaking 
 from accurate information, when I tell you that things are not represent 
 ed to you by the other side in their true light, because in every move 
 that we make in Congress, we are striking at the seventy or eighty mil 
 lions of capital invested in those one hundred and twenty steamships 
 plying to New York; and it is a death-struggle whether the one hundred 
 and fifty millions of dollars that are to be invested in American steam 
 ships, shall be expended in this country, or on the Clyde. I have been 
 trying to get this very information, which I have placed before you, pub 
 lished in the New York press , but I could not do it. There is now on 
 the one side, the interests of the broken down ship-builders, and broken 
 down merchants of America, applying to Congress for relief; and there is 
 on the other side, this capital of seventy or eighty millions of dollars con 
 centrated in opposition. We have the facilities for ship-building in 
 America. Our sliip builders and our engine-builders, amid all their dis 
 couragements, have not been idle. Tney have been closely watching the 
 movement and the progress of the trade on the other side. And we can 
 go to work to-day and build a faster ship than England can, and that 
 will carry one-third more cargo, while it consumes no more fuel. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. I see that your mind favors the idea of the government 
 paying to the ship-builder a bounty equivalent to the taxes imposed up- 
 
182 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 on tlie materials ; that is, equivalent to the taxes which would be impos 
 ed upon the materials, providing they were imported, Now, if instead of 
 paying to the ship-builder a bounty, which would be equal to perhaps 
 thirty per cent, the policy were to be resorted to of returning to him all 
 the duties on the articles entering into the construction of the ship, 
 what would the effect be $ 
 
 Mr. EOACH. I did not come here to ask a bounty. I came here to 
 tell you that, while all other articles of American produce are protected 
 to a great extent, there is no protection for American ships. If Con 
 gress will take off all the duties from American iron, reducing it to tho 
 price of foreign iron, then we are prepared to compete with foreign ship 
 builders. The labor question is misstated. We are prepared to meet* 
 that difficulty, and to ask no further legislation on the subject. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You think, then, that a rebate of the taxes would be a 
 sufficient encouragement to ship-building 1 
 
 Mr. EOACH. Yes, sir; if we could avail ourselves of the benefits of it- 
 But there is a practical difficulty in the way, right here. Iron has come 
 to supersede wood in ship-building. The ships of the future will be 
 built of iron. There is a class of iron manufactured, and imported, and 
 converted into general use all over the civilized world ; it is from the 
 thickness of four inches to the thickness of a wire ; but only about one- 
 tenth of the iron we use in the building of a ship, is this imported iron; 
 so that by the rebate of duties we would get no relief except to the ex 
 tent of about one-tenth of the materials used. The question may arise, 
 why not import the whole of the iron used in the ship 1? Simply because 
 that would involve almost or quite three times the capital required to 
 carry on the business, and when a man conducts his business upon such 
 a plan that it requires three times the capital that ought to be re 
 quired, he cannot conduct that business successfully. For instance, if a 
 man makes a contract with me to build a ship, in agreeing upon the 
 terms of payment, I say to him, the first payment is to be made when 
 the keel and the first tier of plates connected with it are laid; and the 
 second payment when the next tier of plates is laid; and so on dividing 
 the payment into ten distinct parts. Now, if I am obliged to import 
 my materials, I must make my drawings, and send them to Scotland, 
 and import all those tons of iron at once, and pay for them ; which will 
 require a Branch larger capital than it would otherwise have been neces 
 sary for me to use. Besides, it is impossible for one ship-builder to com 
 pete with another, when the one is obliged to bring so heavy a material 
 as iron from a distance of three thousand miles, and across the ocean. 
 The freight on iron is a good deal more than it was some years ago, 
 when it was transported in sailing-vessels; it is now transported in 
 steamers. Some is yet transported in sailing-vessels; but the pig-iron, 
 transported in steamers, is to-day worth in New York two dollars per 
 ton more than that transported in sailing-vessels. A great proportion 
 of all the pig-iron sold in New York is sold to consumers " to arrive." 
 The purchaser can tell to a day when a steamer will arrive with his 
 iron on board, and make his arrangements accordingly ; but he cannot 
 tell within weeks or even months the time when a sailing-vessel will 
 arrive. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is there much pig-iron imported into this country ? 
 Mr. EOACH. Very little, in comparison with what has been imported. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And this duty of nine dollars per ton in gold, is an 
 obstacle right in the way of that importation ? 
 
 Mr. EOACH. Yes, sir. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Would not the policy of allowing a rebate to the ship- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 183 
 
 builders of the duties on the materials entering into the construction of 
 a ship, have the effect to bring down the cost of iron in this country 1 ? 
 In other words, would not the American dealers be compelled to reduce 
 the price of their iron, in order to prevent ship-builders from going 
 abroad for it ? 
 
 Mr. ROACH. I think it would have that effect. I think the ship-build 
 ers themselves would become the manufacturers of iron for their own 
 ships. If such relief is given as will enable us to build ships, I will guar 
 antee to put a rolling-mill in my ship-yard, and then I will be prepared 
 to say to a man without regard to Peimsylvanian or other monopolies, 
 ". I will build you a ship for so much." 
 
 When gold was at 140, I could buy foreign pig-iron at a small price 
 over what I could buy American iron for. To-day I can buy Scotch 
 iron for seven dollars a ton less than I can buy American iron ; the dif 
 ference being in the premium on gold. I am really of the opinion that 
 this difference in currency is used as a cloak for the advance of all com 
 modities ; for I find that nothing has Sympathized with gold in propor 
 tion to the reduction of the 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C., December 21, 1869. 
 
 The committee met, all the members present. 
 
 Admiral PORTER appeared before the committee and made the follow 
 ing statement in reply to interrogatories : He said that the European 
 governments had taken away entirely the American commerce on the 
 Atlantic, and that we had now no steamships in the foreign trade, except 
 one or two running to Brazil. If the United States possessed the steam 
 ships plying between New York and Europe, the government would have 
 a better navy than it ever had. There was not a ship in the American 
 Navy that could compare with the best ships on the English and French 
 lines in point of speed, stability, or for carrying guns. The ship that 
 would carry merchandise would carry guns. All those vessels could be 
 fitted with masts in a very short time and rigged completely. They 
 could keep the ocean three years without bulling a pound of coal. This 
 remark applied to the European screw-ships, of which he thought there 
 were now sixty-five engaged in the New York trade, while the United 
 States had not one. All the American mails were now carried in foreign 
 steamships, which realized a very heavy profit from carrying the mails, 
 particularly the French steamer^s. Each of those vessels carried from 
 thirty to forty thousand letters a trip, and, as the French postage was 
 double the English rate, it could be seen what a heavy profit they real 
 ized. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to say that a class of vessels can 
 be built for commercial purpose that can be readily converted into ves 
 sels of war ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes, sir 5 nearly every ship that was used during 
 the war was a merchant ship. He went on to say that this diversion of 
 the trade was driving from the American service all its naval engineers. 
 The foreign vessels were all run by foreign engineers 5 there were not 
 many American engineers on board of them. 
 
 When the rebellion broke out, all the American ships that were en 
 gaged in the European trade got such heavy profits from the government 
 that they were at once absorbed in the navy. If the United States had 
 possessed half the number of steamships now engaged in the European 
 trade with New York, he did not think that the rebels would ever have 
 got a bale of cotton from a southern port, and that the rebels would 
 have had to submit long before they did. The American Navy at 
 
184 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 present was made up of tugs and old converted ships. It possessed ten 
 or twelve or fourteen vessels that were planned to suit Isherwood-s ma- 
 chinery, and at a cost which nobody knew. There had been $480,000,000 
 expended by the navy during the war, and he thought that $280,000,000 
 of that sum had been expended in the steam department, yet the navy 
 had not much to show for it. Those ships, designed and built for Isher- 
 wood, were lying in navy-yards entirely useless. The department was 
 trying to convert one of them into something, but it did not know 
 whether it would succeed or not. It had been found necessary to take 
 out half of her engines to make room for the people to live on board of 
 her, and for the coal necessary to be carried. She was so filled with 
 machinery and boilers that there was no place in her to carry coal or men. 
 He referred to the Wampanoag. When that vessel went on the trial 
 trip and came back into port, she had to send her crew on board the 
 New Hampshire receiving ship, because she had no place to put them. 
 There were twelve or fourteen of those vessels in the navy, and they 
 were practically of no use. The navy also possessed about thirty tugs, 
 the largest of them about three hundred and fifty tons. Two of them 
 had been sent to sea the other day to take care of the iron-clad Dicta 
 tor, going to Key West, and they had got into a gale of wind, and she 
 had to take care of them ; and these were two of the best of them. 
 Then the navy had also a lot of little vessels, not inaptly described as 
 canal-boats ; vessels of five hundred tons. He believed that thirty ships 
 such as the Pereire, on the French line, would make a better navy than 
 the United States possessed to-day. There were a great many iron-clads 
 on the navy list, but twenty-six of them had been condemned as being unfit 
 for anything, except for old iron, and no one would buy them for that. 
 There were about thirty good vessels in the navy altogether, fit for war 
 purposes, and these were wooden vessels, and about ten monitors. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to say that if we had, at the com 
 mencement of our late war, thirty such vessels as you speak of the best 
 European steamers they would have been as efficient as was our 
 entire navy. .* 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Twice as efficient; I say that without any hesita 
 tion. The ships that we had could catch nothing. We never had a 
 vessel that could run down a blockade-runner during the whole war, 
 except the Vanderbilt and two others. Whenever we caught blockaders it 
 was either with one of those fast tugs-5-vessels of fifty or sixty tons or 
 by the machinery of the blockade-runner breaking down, or by her getting 
 into a fog and being surrounded by four or five of our vessels, when she 
 would surrender rather than be fired at. I do not think that during 
 the war we caught 30 vessels by fair running; that I am quite satisfied 
 of. Any one of those vessels on the European lines can run away from 
 anything we have got in our navy, and can run them out of sight in seven 
 hours, and that is not saying a great deal. The iron-clads that we have 
 are for home defense. They cannot go to sea. We send them to sea 
 now and again, because we have nothing else to send, but they all require 
 two or three vessels to go with them, in case they should break down or 
 get out of coal. They are therefore of no use, except for harbor defense. 
 In case of war with a foreign nation, such as Great Britain or France, 
 our great power would be in cutting up their commerce. Great Britain 
 could not stand a war six months with a fleet of vessels that we would 
 send out after her commerce. They would break her up root and branch, 
 and that kind of warfare would be more apt to bring about peace than 
 fighting with iron-clads or heavy war vessels. The Alabama and another 
 confederate vessel destroyed one hundred and eighty -six American ves- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 185 
 
 sels, amounting, I think, with cargoes, to about seventy millions of dol 
 lars. Now, if two vessels could do that, imagine what 200 could do. 
 I think that one screw-propeller, which would use sail power, and when 
 necessary put on steam, to chase or to be chased, would do more harm to 
 a foreign enemy than all our iron-clads put together. We have other 
 means of defending our coast, by torpedo-boats, obstructions, &c. But 
 we want a good many fleet cruisers. Great Britain subsidizes all her for 
 eign steamships. The profits of the Ctiuard line amount to twenty-two 
 per cent, a year. I think that Great Britain has about three thousand 
 steamships altogether, and, I suppose, that there must be at least 
 three hundred of them subsidized. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You spoke about the decrease of American engineers, 
 how is it in regard to captains and officers in the mercantile marine? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. They would constitute a force which we would be 
 very glad to draw upon in case of emergency, as we did in the last war. 
 Our naval force is very small, a mere nucleus. Every naval officer in 
 time of war becomes an instructor. Tliat was part of his occupation in the 
 last war. Most of our officers were volunteers from the merchant service 5 
 hardy, brave fellows, but without education as to the duties of vessels 
 of war, which it requires a pretty long time to learn. But in a war with 
 a foreign nation we could not have a better class of men for the purpose 
 of sending home prizes, or doing other subordinate duty. I am sorry to 
 say, however, that the best class of men in our mercantile marine are 
 fast disappearing. When we had sailing-vessels across the Atlantic, 
 our packets were the most superior vessels in the world, and I do not 
 think that even the best naval officers were better men than the captains 
 of those ships. They were the best class of merchant seamen in the 
 world. They are all disappearing. There is no field for them. They 
 do not command steamships, and have no opportunity of displaying what 
 they are, or of learning anything. I think that on that account it would 
 be very advantageous for us to have a better system. All our good sea 
 men have left our service and have gone into the service of foreign com 
 panies, almost losing their identity, and hardly knowing that they have 
 got a flag. They have sailed so long with the English, the French, the 
 Germans, and the Dutch, that they hardly fraternize with their own 
 countrymen. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. What would be the effect of going abroad to buy 
 ships, instead of building them here? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The first effect would be a very big political con 
 troversy. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I mean, what would be its effect upon the character 
 of our mercantile marine and of our navy in time of war I 
 
 Admiral PORTER. If we were to go into that business altogether, it 
 would break up the ship-building in this country, and that would be very 
 impolitic. Our policy is to keep up our ship-building interests. There 
 are only one or two ships on the stocks in New York now, and I have 
 seen one hundred and fifty of them at a time. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. There is only one ship on the stocks in New York. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I do not think there is one at all in Boston. I was 
 down the coast last summer, from Portland through the different cities, 
 examining navy-yards and dry-docks and ship-yards, and I do not recol 
 lect seeing any more than that one ship building anywhere. That is a 
 very sad picture. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. There are one or two iron ships building at Wilmington, 
 Delaware. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes, and at this time they ought to be building a 
 
186 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 hundred ships for the home-trade. The only vessels that pay now are 
 the old rat-traps that we sell out of the navy at a very low price, and on 
 which profit may be made. As to making the profit that the European 
 steamships make, they do not begin to do that anywhere in this country. 
 To put our people in a fair position for the foreign trade, I think we 
 ought to allow them to buy ships abroad to the extent of about twelve 
 ships for the European trade, and twelve for the China trade, and then 
 shut up on that business, and allow our own ship-builders drawbacks on 
 all the articles used in the ship-building, iron, copper, cordage? hemp, and 
 labor. The high duties not only affect the merchant service, but affect 
 the navy. Every piece of iron that we use in the navy we have to pay 
 duty on, because the American iron is charged for exactly the same as 
 the English would cost with the duty on, and this takes away one-third 
 of the appropriations of the navy. The department has, therefore, to 
 ask for larger appropriations, as one-third of the money that Congress 
 appropriates for the navy, goes off in duties. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that you think it will be very 
 injurious to all the interests of our merchant marine, and to our means 
 of defense in time of war, to depend upon foreigners for our ships? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I think so. That would not do. But I say I would 
 like to see enough of ships allowed to be bought on the Clyde, under 
 proper naval inspection, to enable us at once to compete with Europe. I 
 am quite satisfied that, if we had that privilege, we would drive just so 
 many foreign ships from the ocean. We can beat them all in running 
 ships and taking care of passengers. Every American crossing the 
 ocean likes to travel under his own flag, instead of with foreigners- 
 Then again, all Americans like to glorify on the 4th of July, and they 
 find it very difficult to do that on board of a foreign ship. We have, I 
 suppose, 30,000 Americans travelling back and forward every year for 
 pleasure, and these 30,000 people are worth considering. I do not think, 
 however, that it would be a good thing to have indiscriminate pur 
 chasing of vessels abroad. I think it should be under the control of 
 Congress. If we had, it would destroy American ship-building forever. 
 1 think the other plan is preferable, to let the ship-builders have a very 
 liberal drawback, and I think that with that they could build ships for 
 pretty much what they did before the war. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Could it not be done by calculating the cost of duties 
 and making an allowance to cover it of so much per ton? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes 5 there would be no trouble about that. It is 
 very easy to arrive at the cost of a ship. You can arrive at it within 
 twenty dollars. When we build a ship of war, we can tell within twenty 
 dollars what it costs, for every pound is weighed, and every foot of timber 
 is measured. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. In case it should be deemed wise to make an appro 
 priation for building such vessels, would you. have them built in the 
 navy-yards or in private yards ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I would have them built in private yards. I would 
 not have them mixed up at all with navy-yards. They would cost more 
 in the navy yards, because there would be a great deal better work put 
 in them. They cannot build a bad ship in the navy-yards, they do not 
 know how. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. If drawbacks were allowed on all materials entered 
 into the construction of ships, could we build vessels as cheap as they 
 build them on the Clyde? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No, sir 5 labor here costs double what it costs on 
 the Clyde. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 187 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. Then, if we cannot build as cheap, we cannot run 
 steamships without subsidies. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Not at all ; I do not think that possible. 
 
 Mr. WA3HBURN. How much subsidy do you suppose should be given 
 to steamships? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I would give them all the letter pos *ige. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. Would any one undertake to build and run a line of 
 steamships for that? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes, I think so. I think they ought not to have 
 a dime beyond that. I have spent four years myself in running 
 merchant steamships. I ran for three years to Chagres, and I car 
 ried a ship round the world, without any. subsidy at all. Before the 
 rebellion, I took the Golden Age to Australia, and there were in that 
 time twelve vessels running between Sidney and Melbourne. In six 
 months I ran every ship of them off. The last trip I made I carried 
 seven hundred passengers, while the London, the best ship they had, 
 carried only nineteen ; the Golden Age was run by American officers 
 who took trouble to please the passengers.- In that way I know exactly 
 how it pays to carry letters. We carried from London, at the time I 
 left, forty-two thousand letters, the cheapest of them twenty cents, and 
 many of them a dollar. The postage all went into the hands of the 
 British government, and we received, I think, only about two thousand 
 dollars for carrying the whole concern. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Has England any system of naval reserves in her 
 merchant marine? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; a very large system. Every man of the 
 British navy is amenable to a certain law, by which he is obliged to serve 
 in case of war. England has in her merchant service a large reserve ot 
 men, who are always obliged to be ready to present themselves at a 
 moment s notice. She can raise eighty thousand seamen at a very short 
 time. They are in the merchant marine in the time of peace, and the 
 moment they are called upon in the time of war, they are obliged to go. 
 They are conscripted without any bounty at all. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. So that she has a very much larger contingent naval 
 force than her naval force proper"? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes. Her naval reserve, which she can get 
 within two weeks, amounts to twenty thousand men. Her merchant 
 marine is far superior to ours. In the first place, no man will be shipped 
 in the English merchant marine unless he can show an honorable dis 
 charge from the last vessel he left. They get good pay, and are better 
 taken care of than our sailors. They are" getting the same class of men 
 in their service that we used to have. Their steamships are kept up 
 exactly on the same principle as a vessel of war; their officers are 
 uniformed the same as the officers of the navy, and they are all under 
 naval regulations. Within the last ten years Great Britain has made 
 the most wonderful strides in that direction. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What is your opinion as to the extent to which iron will 
 enter into the construction of ships hereafter? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I think that the steamers that cross the ocean 
 should not be built of anything else but iron. I think that if we can 
 get these drawbacks you will find iron ships going up everywhere, and 
 that no wooden ones will be built. The life of a wooden ship is only 
 ten or twelve years, at the most. tVe have an old iron ship at Norfolk 
 that was introduced in the navy in 1846. She was a failure. She was got 
 up by some officer who did not understand exactly what he was about. 
 
188 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Her hull is as good to-day as the day slie was built, but she is of no use 
 at all as a sea-going vessel. 
 
 Mr. HOLM AN. What will probably be the policy of the government in 
 regard to building ships for war purposes hereafter ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. We will probably build clippers of wood, but not 
 steamers. Steam takes away all life from a wooden vessel. At present 
 we do not allow our ships of war to use steam at all. They are ordered 
 to take tugs Avhen they are going to sea, and they make their voyages 
 under sail. The engine is put away, and, except in great emergencies, 
 they are not allowed to burn coal. The result is that they come back 
 with the engines in perfect order, and the hull not injured by heat. 
 Under that arrangement, wooden ships will last for years. We have 
 now at the Naval Academy a wooden ship, the Constitution, that 
 was built in 1796, and she is as good as the day she was built; and we 
 have also the Macedonian, lying alongside of her, built by the British, 
 in 1810 or 12. She is a teak-built ship, and she is as good as the day 
 she was built. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you know anything about the composite ships, 
 built of iron frames and wooden planking I 
 
 Admiral PORTER. They do not last at all. Wood and iron do not go 
 together at sea. There is always an acid in the wood, and in a short 
 time that acid eats a big hole in the iron. If you are going to build an 
 iron ship, the best way is to build it of all iron, except the decks. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. You spoke of there being thirty good ships in our navy ; 
 are they all wooden ones ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes, sir; they are all wooden. We have no iron 
 sailing-vessels.. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What will be the policy of the government hereafter in 
 building vessels intended for general war purposes? 
 
 Admiral PORTRR. The policy will be to build two classes of vessels ; 
 one of iron vessels for harbor defense, and one class for going to sea. 
 That policy we have never tried yet. The European governments 
 have made mistakes in regard to building iron war-vessels. They 
 tried everything, and have failed so far as making a perfect vessel of 
 war, and the prospects are now that we will go to work and take advant 
 age of all their mistakes. When the English do use wood, they use the 
 teak wood. They get it from China at a very heavy expense, and an 
 English ship will cost three times as much as any ship we ever build. 
 Their last ships, built all of iron, cost some five or six hundred thousand 
 pounds sterling. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. All the commercial powers, including England, France, 
 and Russia, not only experiment with iron sea- vessels, but have them in 
 the service ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; they use them altogether; they very seldom 
 use anything else. There is only one objection to an iron vessel ; that 
 is, that she fouls her bottom so much. The English have overcome that 
 in a great measure, I think, by making a planking under her and cop 
 pering that. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. What would be the effect of a policy of this kind. First, 
 to permit only American built ships to be used in the domestic trade ; 
 secondly, to allow American ship-builders a drawback on materials used ; 
 and, thirdly, to allow Americans to purchase ships abroad, with a tax 
 on such foreign ships of, say fifteen per cent. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The difficulty would be first in the labor. The 
 labor is much more expensive here than it is abroad, and there would 
 be that much in favor of a foreign ship-builder. Labor in England 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 189 
 
 averages one dollar and a half a day, and here it averages three dollars. 
 If the American ship-builder gets a drawback on all the materials, you 
 put him at once on an equality with the English ship-builder, except in 
 regard to labor. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Is not our labor more efficient ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No, sir ; we do not build as good engines here as 
 they do in England. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Looking at this question as one of national concern in 
 respect of employing merchant vessels for war purposes; how far would 
 the allowing this policy of purchasing vessels abroad by American citi 
 zens contribute to that object, in case of war? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. It would contribute very greatly. As I said before, 
 if we had had thirty, or forty such vessels as are now trading t& New 
 York, during the war, every port in rebeldom would have been closed, 
 not a bale of cotton would have got out, nor would anything have got in. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is there any other nation that adopts such an exclusive 
 policy as we have adopted heretofore with reference to giving registry 
 to foreign vessels ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I do not think that any nation does. All other 
 nations are more liberal. Our policy has been always to encourage ship 
 building. The result has been that we have built the finest ships in the 
 world. Until latterly, I have not seen any ships to compare with them. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Has not the policy of using iron instead of wood pro 
 duced a revolution in ship-building? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. It has in England, because iron there is so much 
 cheaper than wood. If they could get wood as cheap as we can, they 
 would use it. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Do you think that the building of wooden vessels in 
 this country will be continued? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; except steamers. We get white oak, and red 
 oak, and hackmatack, and locust cheaply. It is only when we come to 
 live oak timber that it is found expensive ; but this other timber is very 
 much cheaper than iron. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Can we successfully compete with other nations in the 
 commerce of the world except with steamships fl 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; under the fostering care of the government. 
 We could, if the government would look out for the mercantile interests 
 of the country, as the governments of Great Britain and France do. Ten 
 years ago France had comparatively no commerce, and she has now got 
 a commerce of two and a half millions of tons. I remember well that 
 it was very seldom you could see a large French ship. Now you find 
 French commerce all over the world. Ten years ago a Frenchman could 
 not run a steamship; he did not know anything about it. We always 
 associated a Frenchman aboard a ship as a " sea-sick Frenchman," arid as 
 not fit to be trusted with a passenger ship. But now the French Mes- 
 sagerie line has run all the British lines off where it is in competition 
 with it. The French have started a line to Australia, and are now pre 
 pared to start a line from California to China, which will run our Pacific 
 mail steamship line right off. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Are the French ships most built in France, or are they 
 purchased abroad"? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. All the French steamships that are running here 
 are purchased in England. The French government allows every latitude 
 in that way, and is encouraging its commerce without reference to ship 
 building. 
 
190 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. And the French government is paying heavier subsidies 
 than the English? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; the French exact higher rates of postage. 
 The Postmaster General here has not been able to make a satisfactory 
 arrangement with the French government for the reduction of postage. 
 The French claim not only half of the postage on this side, but half on 
 the other side; and they charge double the amount of postage that is 
 charged by any other nation, and thus they make foreigners pay their 
 subsidies. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is not the largest portion of our tonnage employed in 
 the domestic trade? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes, sir. Our tonnage is now very much less than 
 it use d to be. We were nearly up to Great Britain in amount of tonnage, 
 but we have lost nearly a million of tons. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. If we cannot adopt some mode by which the building 
 of ships in Jhis country may be encouraged, is it not then a simple 
 question of whether the foreign commerce of the country shall be car 
 ried on altogether in foreign bottoms, or whether American citizens shall 
 be permitted to purchase vessels abroad and put them under the Amer 
 ican flag ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. As the general thing, perhaps, the latter would be 
 a good plan; but I myself should not favor a rule that would allow that 
 thing to be universal. While getting possession of the ocean again we 
 must still protect ship building. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. Is not that an alternative ? Unless we can adopt a 
 policy that will revive the ship-building interest, is it not a question of 
 whether the foreign commerce of the country shall be carried on in for 
 eign vessels, or carried on in vessels built abroad and owned by Ameri 
 can citizens, run under the American flag ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. As a matter of course. The first object is to in 
 crease the commerce of the country, because upon commerce depends 
 the paying oif the national debt, and every additional steamer that is 
 put on adds so much more to our commerce. 
 
 Mr. HOLMAN. So that we have an object in increasing our commerce, 
 apart from, and without reference to, ship-building ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; of course. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Do you believe that there is any difficulty in renew 
 ing our commerce as fast as is required by building our ships at home ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No ; provided you hold out an inducement for peo 
 ple to build, have drawbacks, and allow for labor. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Can our commerce be renewed within a reasonable 
 time, and as fast as is required, if inducements are held out to ship 
 builders ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes ; with the exception that I have mentioned. 
 We are now at that point that I think we should allow a certain num 
 ber of vessels to be purchased abroad for the purpose of supplying our 
 immediate wants. They would amount to about twelve. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. Cannot these vessels be built in this country and put 
 upon the lines almost as quickly as they can be procured abroad ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No ; they cannot begin to do it here, unless you allow 
 them drawbacks, and drawbacks on labor. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. By allowing drawbacks, would it not be better, instead 
 of buying -so many vessels abroad, to encourage the building of them 
 in this country, and could you not get vessels built here to answer every 
 purpose ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. They have greater facilities abroad. The great 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 191 
 
 machine shop of this country is bound to be on the banks of the Dela 
 ware, at Chester, Pennsylvania, and at Wilmington, Delaware. I ain 
 personally interested, for I own a large piece of water front in Chester, 
 where they are getting up these machine shops ; but I must say, not 
 withstanding, that 1 do not think they can build steamships here as 
 they can in- England. They would make a failure at first, if they 
 attempted to rush the thing through. But, if you go to work and give 
 these people the right of purchasing 12 or 14 ships to start upon, and 
 then give the builders of this country drawbacks, and let them go to 
 work, I think that, in the course of three or four years, we would be 
 able to compete with Great Britain. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. Suppose we should agree to grant a drawback to 
 everybody who would build ships in this country ; suppose we should 
 say to the people of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, and New York, 
 " Go to work and establish lines of steamers, to leave twice or three 
 times a week for instance, to leave Boston on Monday, New York on 
 "Wednesday, and Philadelphia on Saturday and you shall have the 
 mails, - would capitalists organize and establish steamship lines? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I think so. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. Then how long would it take to get steamships for 
 the purpose in this country ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Two or three years. You cannot do it in any less. 
 You cannot begin to show in less than three years. It takes a long time 
 to build the engines, and these ships have to be large vessels. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. Could you not lend them some of your engines out 
 of the navy ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. They would not have them. The most that we 
 have been offered for four ships that cost the government nearly a mil 
 lion, is one hundred thousand dollars each ; and I do not think the 
 people who offered it were in earnest then. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Supposing that we should subsidize lines from Balti 
 more, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and that an American 
 steamer left New York on Monday, w r ith a foreign steamer leaving on 
 Tuesday, and a Philadelphia steamer leaving on Wednesday, would you 
 say that the New York merchant should not be allowed to send his let 
 ters by the steamer leaving on Tuesday f 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No, he could send them as he liked. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. That is where the rub comes in about allowing mail 
 money. We cannot secure the full mails for American ships. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The merchant has to be governed by circumstances. 
 The thing will work some day in the same way in favor of the Amer 
 ican ships when we drive off foreign vessels, there must be a beginning 
 and a tussle for the prize. 
 
 Mr. WASHBURN. The swiftest ships will take the mails? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; they are the ones that will take the mails. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You cannot build ships to beat these foreign propellers ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. You cannot build ships to do as well as they do 
 now; but offer bounty and you will see a difference. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. I know that gentlemen say they can make better time 
 with side- wheel steamers. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I do not believe that. Sometimes it is not so much 
 in the ship as in the captain. It is the bold running that does the work. 
 Put an American captain upon one of those steamships, and in from 
 nine to twelve months he will beat the foreign vessels every trip. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You made a statement that the mail money would be a 
 sufficient subsidy for steamship lines ? 
 
192 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I did not say that it would be a sufficient subsidy, 
 but I said that they would be satisfied with it, and would commence 
 with it. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Why could not the American steamship lines compete 
 with the foreigners before the war? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Because I think the American lines ran the wrong 
 class of vessels. I knew the Collins line very well, and I know that 
 they could not run a day in competition with the present line of steam 
 ships. They burned an immense quantity of coal ; they were fitted out 
 and fitted up in the most sumptuous manner; they had large crews, a 
 large number of officers and a large number of engineers, for they had 
 most powerful engines. They were run at the full speed, and the com 
 pany had not enough ships on the line to enable them to have proper 
 relays, so that they began to deteriorate very rapidly, and they ran them 
 out in a very short time. They had very large buildings in !New York, 
 a great many officers, and a great many people connected with them. 
 All these had to be paid. Then there were a great many dead-heads ; 
 so that I used to be astonished how they kept running at all. I think 
 that I could have carried on the business at one-third the amount that 
 it cost to carry it on. Everybody had a chance at these steamships. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You mean to say distinctly that the American steam 
 ship lines before the war were badly managed ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I think they were. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. And then also the subsidy to the Collins s line was with 
 drawn ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. You also remember the man who was most prominent in 
 the withdrawing of that subsidy J 
 
 Admiral PORTER. I do not. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Mr. Vanderbilt did more to break up the American line 
 to Europe than any other man. 
 
 Mr. MORRILL. Can you tell us the comparative cost of running side- 
 wheel steamers and screw steamers. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The cost is very much less with propellers. If you 
 have a fair wind, or a wind abeam, and have enough of it, you need not 
 use your steam scarcely. 
 
 Mr. MORRELL. They are run with much greater economy ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Very much greater; and then they have very much 
 more storage room. I know they say there are some places where they 
 can run a side-wheel steamer cheaper than a propeller ; but I doubt it. 
 That is from San Francisco to China. A gentleman was trying to con 
 vince me of that the other day. 
 
 Mr. JUDD. If the government should enter upon this system of sub 
 sidies, how would it affect naval estimates I 
 
 Admiral PORTER. It would save the government millions of dollars 
 in case of war, because I do not want better ships than those steamships 
 are ; and then they are kept in order all the time. It is to the interest 
 of the owners to keep them in perfect order. There is not a ship run 
 ning on those lines that is not put into thorough order whenever she 
 comes into port. We can take such ships, run bulkheads across them, 
 and fit them for sea as privateers, in a week. 
 
 Mr. JUDD. And the Navy Department, if the system were entered 
 upon, would not, as a rule, need to be constructing additional vessels ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. We would have to construct a certain number. 
 My purpose is to keep the navy down to one hundred and eighty ves 
 sels. It is now two hundred. During the war we had a thousand ves- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 193 
 
 sols. Eight hundred of that thousand were merchant ships that had been 
 bought by the department. We built very few good ones. The British gov 
 ernment has a contract with these subsidized lines under which it can take 
 the ships for government purposes when it needs them. I never had an 
 idea what the British steam commerce was until 1 went up the Balaklava, 
 during the Crimean war, just before the fall of Sebastopol; and I sup 
 pose that there were at that time in the different ports about there, 
 three or four hundred of the most magnificent steamships, taken at a 
 moment s notice. by the government, and on which the government had 
 not to pay a dollar of repairs. I went over in one of them, an ordinary 
 ship, and she went at the rate of 14 miles an hour. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. You spoke of the failures that w^ere made in con 
 structing vessels for the navy when the war broke out. Is not that 
 inevitable after a long period of peace, from depending entirely upon the 
 Naval Department for constructing war vessels, and would not that be 
 obviated by providing for the supervision of the building of mercantile 
 vessels by a naval officer ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The government would have no right to do that, 
 except in cases Avhere it gave contracts on subsidies. Not only that, 
 but there are just as clever constructors in the merchant marine as in 
 the navy. Some of the best constructors in the world are those who had 
 charge of our merchant marine. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. The navy, of course, is only brought into use in time 
 of war, which occurs at long intervals, while the merchant marine is in 
 constant use, and is consequently brought to greater perfection. The point 
 I want to get at is this whether by the government pursuing the same 
 policy which the English government pursues in respect to its merchant 
 marine, having it under its supervision, and having the vessels con 
 structed under the supervision of naval officers, that would not con 
 tribute greater efficiency to the navy. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No doubt of that. But we could not carry that 
 out with the whole merchant marine, because it would be very dis 
 tasteful to merchants. Many ships must be built for carrying mer 
 chandise. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I mean only as applied to such number of vessels as 
 would be wanted to make an efficient navy. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. It ought to be done in regard to subsidized vessels, 
 but not to the whole merchant marine. Merchants would not be at all 
 pleased to have such interference. Sailing-vessels, for instance, have 
 to be built for carrying purposes, and are entirely unfit for war pur 
 poses ; and some classes of steamers have also to be built for carrying 
 purposes that would be entirely useless as vessels of war. Therefore, 
 as to those classes of vessels, merchants would not consider it a favor 
 for the government to interfere with their building. A naval officer 
 would have his ideas which would be entirely different from those of 
 the constructor. The naval officer would have an eye to the carrying of 
 guns and to speed, while the merchant would have an eye simply to the 
 quantity of cargo the vessel could carry. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I am only speaking of this policy so far as it would 
 give us an efficient navy at the least cost to the government j so that 
 the government could always have a navy at hand. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The ships that would be employed by the govern 
 ment under contract for carrying the mails are the only ones as to which 
 you could put such a law into operation with effect. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Has Franco good facilities for ship-building ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes, sir ; their commerce is increasing very rapidly. 
 13 N i 
 
194 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 They build very handsome, beautiful wooden ships. They build iron 
 ships, too. They have very fine machine shops in France. All their 
 naval vessels (and their navy amounts to 490,000 tons) are built at 
 home. 
 
 Mr. CALKIN. Have they really improved upon our models? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Very much. There are no models for men-of-war 
 equal to the French models. The French ships have been always famous 
 as fleet sailers. The first great model of a ship ever made was made 
 by a Frenchman. In the old time, whenever an Englishman captured 
 a French frigate and put an English crew on board of her, she could 
 run away from the whole British fleet. They build some of the best 
 vessels in the world. 
 
 Mr. WASHBUEN. I understand you to say that the iron-clad ships of 
 England and France are failures. 
 
 Admiral PORTER. We think so. Here is the Monarch, coming to 
 this country with the body of George Peabody. She cannot get into 
 any of our ports, except Portland, Maine ; and that fact is a failure to 
 commence with. We are very glad to have English ships built in that 
 way. None of those large vessels can come into our ports, and there 
 fore they cannot do us any harm. They have great speed, but they 
 cannot fight with their guns in a sea-way. They roll thirty degrees, 
 whereas our monitors only roll seven degrees. Our monitors, as harbor 
 defenses, are a success, and other governments are coming round to the 
 monitor system. It is the only true principle. The Dunderberg was 
 the finest ram that we had, and is now the best ram the French have 
 in their navy. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understand you to say that you think the most 
 economical and best policy would be for the government to maintain a 
 comparatively small navy in time of peace, and to depend upon the 
 merchant marine as an auxiliary force ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. No; that would not be my policy. If I had the 
 money I would have a good deal larger navy, one superior to any nation. 
 But we have proposed the navy to be kept at one hundred and eighty 
 vessels, which is a very small navy for this country; but it is about as 
 much as the people would stand. We could not get along with a much 
 smaller naval force, and could add to its effectiveness by having mail 
 steamers properly built, which we can use in time of emergency. That 
 is what this country has got to do. We have not only to depend upon 
 merchant vessels, but upon officers in the merchant marine,* in case of 
 a long war, because a large portion of our people cannot be made to 
 understand the necessity of a great nation like ours keeping up a 
 respectable navy. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. How much would the government have saved directly, 
 in cost, if it had had thirty or forty of the class of vessels that you speak 
 of, and could have brought them into use at once "? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. The government would have saved thirty or forty 
 millions right off, because we run into a good many wild schemes in 
 building vessels. We cannot tell all that it would have saved. It would 
 have stopped the rebels from getting their supplies as they did. The 
 blockade runners laughed at everything we had in the shape of vessels. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. I understood you to say that the navy cost $480,000,- 
 000 during the war, and that we dkl not then get an efficient navy "? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. Yes; it cost us 8480,000,000. 
 
 The CHAIRMAN. Could not the half of that have been saved, if we 
 had had thirty or forty fast mercantile steamships ? 
 
 Admiral PORTER. They would have saved a great deal. I cannot say 
 how much. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 195 
 
 LETTERS FROM AMERICAN SHIP-BUILDERS AND OWNERS. 
 
 A circular letter embracing the following interrogatories, and also re 
 questing their views on the general subjects under investigation, was 
 addressed to a large number of merchants, ship-owners, and builders, 
 representing the navigation interests of the country: 
 
 What is the present condition of ship-building at your town as compared with the 
 period from 1854 to 1800 ? 
 
 What are the present average rates of wages paid to first-class mechanics on ship- 
 work ? 
 
 What were the average rates of same from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 What is the present cost per ton for building sail- vessels and of steamers t 
 
 Cost of same from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 What was the cost of materials for each ton from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 What is the cost per ton of same at the present time ? 
 
 Amount of duty op materials in a thousand-ton ship from 1854 to 1860 ; also amount 
 of same at the present time? 
 
 How are vessels built and owned in your town ; are builders and masters generally 
 owners in the vessels which they build and sail ? 
 
 Could you build vessels at the present time in competition with the foreign builder, 
 providing you could obtain the materials free of duty ? 
 
 To . 
 
 From the numerous replies received the committee have selected the 
 following, as giving a fair representation of the views entertained by 
 the representatives of the important interests under review : 
 
 KITTERY, MAINE, December 4, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Yours of the 25th ultimo was duly received, and the following are the 
 answers we give to the questions you propose : 
 
 Question. What is the present condition of ship-building at your town as compared 
 with the period from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. From 1854 to 1860, as for many years previous, ship-building was a steady 
 and lucrative business, giving employment to about all the mechanics on the river. At 
 present, it is in a state o f complete stagnation. 
 
 Question. What are the present average rates of wages paid to first-class mechanics 
 on ship-work ? 
 
 Answer. Two dollars and fifty cents per day. 
 
 Question. What are the average rates for same from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. One dollar seventy-five cents per day. 
 
 Question. What is the present cost per ton for building sail- vessels and steamers t 
 Cost of same from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. The present cost of building sail-vessels ready for sea is about seventy-five 
 dollars per ton. Steamers, exclusive of machinery, sixty-five dollars per ton. The 
 cost of sail- vessels from 1854 to 1860 was about fifty-eight dollars per ton. 
 
 Question. What was the cost of materials for each ton from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. About forty -one dollars per ton. 
 
 Question. What is the cost per ton for the same at the present time ? 
 
 Answer. About fifty-three dollars pei ton. 
 
 Question. Amount of duties on materials in a thousand-ton ship from 1854 to 1860 ; 
 also amount of same at the present time ? 
 
 Answer. The amount of duties on a thousand-ton ship from 1854 to 1860 was about 
 one thousand dollars ; at the present time we think it would amount to from seven to 
 eight thousand dollars. 
 
 Question. How are vessels built and owned in your town ; are the builders and 
 masters generally owners in vessels they build and sail ? 
 
 Answer. All the vessels we have built the past dozen years, have been owned by the 
 builder, master, merchants, and mechanics, in pieces varying from one sixty-fourth to 
 one-eighth. It is seldom any one owns over one-eighth. 
 
 Question. Could you build vessels at the present time in competition with the foreign 
 builder, providing you could obtain the materials free of duty ? 
 
 Answer. Aa we have to pay one-third of the amount we receive for tbo hull and 
 
196 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 spars of vessels for la,bor, we could not compete with the foreign builder, even with 
 that materials free of the duty. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 NEAL, MATHEWS & BROOKS. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 EASTPORT, December 1, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Your favor of 25th ultimo received, and contents noted. In reply to your 
 several interrogatories, I will reply to your first, viz, What is the present condition 
 of ship-building at your town, as compared with the period from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. Full sixty-five per cent, less tonnage built by me. 
 
 2. What are the present average rates of wages paid to first-class mechanics on 
 ship work ? 
 
 Answer. Two dollars and seventy-five cents per day. 
 
 3. What are the average rates of same from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 Answer. One dollar and seventy-five cents per day. 
 
 4. What is the present cost per ton for building sail- vessels ? 
 
 Answer. Sixty-two dollars per ton for sail-vessels at present time. (Steamers do not 
 build.) 
 
 5. Answer. Cost of construction of vessels from 1854 to 1860, fifty dollars per ton. 
 
 6. In reply to your inquiry about how the vessels are built and owned, I will state that 
 associated owners, and generally masters, are interested. 
 
 7. In reply to your inquiry whether I could build vessels in competition with foreign 
 builders, providing I could obtain the material free of duty, I will state that I could, 
 providing of same class of vessels. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 CALEB S. HUSTON. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, Chairman. 
 
 CAPE NEDDICK, Name. 
 
 SIR : Yours of the 25th instant is received. I built a vessel in this town in 1854 for 
 thirty-four dollars per ton ; paid first-class carpenters two dollars per day ; ship-timber, 
 paid nine dollars per ton; copper, paid twenty-one cents per pound; iron, (English,) 
 paid sixty dollars per ton. 
 
 In I860 timber was bought for fourteen dollars per ton ; iron, one hundred and forty 
 dollars per ton ; copper, forty-five cents per pound ; employed first-class carpenters at 
 three dollars and a half and four dollars per day. 
 
 There have been but two vessels built here in this town since 1860, owing to the high 
 duty on material. The same class vessels could not have been built in 18GO for sixty- 
 five dollars per ton. 
 
 From the Piscataqua to Monsum Rivers there are five ship-building towns in the 
 county of York. In Kenuebunk, in 1854, there were seven large ships built : there 
 were two built in Wells the same year, and one in Cape Neddick ; two large ships in 
 the town of Kittery, in 1854. All the above-named towns are now idle, except Ken- 
 nebuiik, where there is one ship on the stocks. Ship merchants build and repair in 
 British dominions, on account of high duty on material. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 JOHN BREWSTER. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 P. S. If it had not been for what work there was done in the navy yard at Ports 
 mouth, I do not know what the ship carpenters would have done this fall. 
 
 WISCASSET, MAINE, December 6, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : As chairman of Special Committee on Navigation Interests, it is perhaps 
 pertinent for you to have all and any facts that bear unfavorably on the interest of 
 navigation, and, without further preface, would bring to your notice one of the special 
 restraints. 
 
 Our ship Richard III cleared at Wiscasset 28th October for Charleston, S. C., haviug 
 in as cargo a small amount of hay and potatoes, on ship s account, consigned to order. 
 It had bee-en our intention to send the ship off Charleston Bar, there to be met with 
 letter from it Charleston merchant by pilot-boat off the port, either to proceed south or 
 go into Charleston. On the 30th October, the morning on which she sailed, our inform- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 197 
 
 ation was such that we dispatched the ship direct to New Orleans, where she arrived 
 oil 25th November, and on entering at customs on 26th November, was lined twenty 
 dollars for not clearing for New Orleans. I have been a manager of ship property for 
 twenty-five years ; my father, for twenty-five yjcars before me. " Free from illicit trade 
 or evasion of proper dues, it has been our only business, and we ought to know whether 
 we are pursuing right or not. We have often had our ships, both coastwise and for 
 eign, when they had no cargo to bind them to enter a particular port, seek such ports 
 as circumstances or convenience might bring them to, and heretofore no intimation of 
 fine or restriction. It is quite new to us, if such really is a rule or law, and, if of late 
 enactment, it calls for a change. 
 
 In your investigations of the decay of the once great American navigation interest, 
 it will not seem strange to you when I tell you that our own interest in ten shins, in 
 the general freighting business, has got reduced to two ships, or that we lack the en 
 ergy of former days 1 . We are as ready now as ever to bring home to our country 
 the pay for freighting our own exports and imports, as well as do the freighting busi 
 ness for any other nation that wants skillful, enterprising, courageous men, and when 
 we can figure a remuneration will be on hand. 
 
 Apologizing for taking up so much of your time, I remain, verv respectfully, yours, 
 
 JOSEPH TUCKER. 
 
 Hon. Jonx LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Ncivigation, Washington. 
 
 DAMARISCOTTA, MAINE, December 1, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Tour valued favor of the 25th ultimo came to hand by due course of mail, 
 and contents noted. 
 
 In reply, will make answer to the inquiries as best I can from a hasty examination of 
 records and my own personal knowledge. 
 
 1. Ship building has fallen off a^tlris place since 1854 about nine-tenths, as you 
 will notice by list inclosed of vessels recorded at our custom-house in that year, show 
 ing over ten thousand tons, and this present year only about seven hundred tons, being 
 nearly a total suspension of the business. 
 
 2. Average wages, first-class workmen, this year, about $2 50 per day. 
 
 3. From 1854 to 1860 a wide range in wages was given; say average for 1854 was 
 $3 per day ; 1857, $1 50 and $1 75, advancing since 1857 to the present rates. 
 
 4. The cost per ton varies on larger and smaller sized vessels ; say, a bark of six 
 hundred tons, two decks, will cost more per ton than a ship of one thousand tons, same 
 materials, as the larger the vessel the less cost per ton ; think average first-class this 
 year about $75 per ton, fitted for sea. Soon after the close of the war, some cost as high 
 as $UO and $100 per ton. Steamers we have never built here. 
 
 5. A ship of seven hundred and fifty tons cost here in 1854 about $65 per ton, and in 
 1857 one of twelve hundred tons cost about $52 per ton ; since 1857 to date prices in 
 creased. 
 
 6. Cost of material per ton, cannot state from 1854 to 1860. 
 
 7. Present cost of material twenty-five per cent, more than from 1854 to 1860. 
 
 8. Cannot state amount of duties on material. 
 
 9. Builders and master s are the owners ; more so at present than formerly, when a 
 profit in manufacturing was realized. The outright sale of a vessel now from the 
 builder is a very rare occurrence, and no man can with any certainty build to sell and 
 realize his money back again, at the high cost. Running the chances in sailing them 
 is the only inducement to try and get a small return ; take the risk, and get about the 
 insurance. 
 
 10. Have no doubt, could material entering into the building of vessels be free of 
 duty, we could compete with any nation in the world, and no one thing can ever help 
 us more as a ship-building community. 
 
 Hoping the above may meet the most of your inquiries, I am, very truly yours, 
 
 JOSEPH DAY. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Under date of December 28, Mr. Day writes additional facts, of which 
 the chief portions are here given: 
 
 In the year 1854 1 bought into a ship by previous agreement of about seven hundred 
 Mid fifty tons, at the bills, costing, ready for sea, some $65 per ton, being the most expen 
 sive year up to that time known here in building, causing many failures in our State 
 among builders. Freighting declined, and hardly fifty per cent, of cost could be 
 realized to sell a vessel that fall ; it seemed the beginning of what has since proved 
 a total failure in tjiat branch of business. 
 
198 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 In the year 1857 built the ship Success, of about one thousand two hundred tons, 
 a thorough white oak vessel, costing, when ready for sea, about $52 per ton, being a 
 very cheap year to build, as you will notice in previous letters, as to workmen s wages; 
 other things entering into construction being in about the same proportion. Still, 
 business was very dull when ready for sea. 
 
 In the year 1866 built a bark of about seven hundred tons, a first-class white oak ves 
 sel in every respect, costing, when fitted for service, about $85 per ton. This also was a 
 very expensive year, and in the three vessels named, together, since they began to 
 run, (and they have been managed by thorough merchants, and good masters as will 
 average, ) after deducting expenses, insurances, wear and tear, &c., the owners all would 
 have been thousands of dollars better off to-day had these investments never existed. 
 
 The first cause of decline, in a measure, can be traced to the uncertainty hanging 
 over our national affairs between the North and the South, and the Jack of confidence in 
 the country as to results of the impending crisis. Our senators and representatives in 
 Congress were at a loss how to advise, throwing, doubt and uncertainty upon all opera 
 tions. After the conflict began in earnest, privateers, English influences, and other 
 complications, finished what was left of hope in the interest of our commerce, and I 
 truly believe no class of industry has had so much to contend with throughout this 
 long dearth of some sixteen years, with so little encouragement from any source, as 
 the ship-owning and building class. Sailing expenses, including insurances of the 
 various kinds ot risks, &c., have been so much above what the rates of freights would 
 warrant, these items, in connection with the high costs of construction, with other 
 causes before cited, have caused the whole life of navigation in this country to be 
 crushed out, and it now remains to be seen what can be done to repair the great waste 
 and depreciation of our commerce. Other nations have the start of us in every way 
 in amount of tonnage and in doing the carrying trade of the world. 
 
 Our government should consider well the importance of its situation as regards an 
 efficient merchant marine when it has realized the effects of such an arm as has here 
 tofore existed in our country. 
 
 It will demand the greatest encouragement evn to get the breath of life in it; but 
 when once more firmly established, (having the original first cause of decline now 
 firmly settled,) it will, as ever previous to the years above mentioned, take care of itself 
 as the one most important branch of our national wealth and glory. 
 
 Think no trade has called so littlo for aid or protection at any time from the govern 
 ment as the ship-building and ship-owning interest previous to the present emergency. 
 
 BOSTOX, November 29, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : We beg leave to acknowledge receipt of your esteemed favor, 25th instant, 
 and are glad to have the opportunity of presenting our vieVs, and we earnestly solicit 
 your considerate attention. There are but two causes of the decline and depressed 
 condition of our commerce, viz: 
 
 First. The destruction of our vessels by the rebel cruisers during the war, and the 
 sale of a large number to foreign merchants, when the premium on the gold enabled our 
 ship-owners to realize a handsome profit. 
 
 Second. The increased cost of building, and of manning, Victualing and furnishing 
 the vessels. There is such a difference that we cannot successfully compete with other 
 nations either in building or sailing our vessels. Our own ports are full of foreigu 
 ships. We venture the assertion that the total commerce of the country (inland navi 
 gation excluded) has not paid five per cent, per annum since the war. 
 
 These, in our opinion, are the causes of the decline ; and the measures that should be 
 adopted by Congress to revive these interests are quite obvious to us, aud we do not 
 see as any difference of opinion can exist among ship-owners. 
 
 1. A remission of the duties upon all foreign materials used in the construction of 
 ships, whether for new vessels or repair, and when used for that purpose. 
 
 This would enable us to build or repair ships as low as any other nation. Iron ships 
 and steamers are built in large numbers in England, and are rapidly taking the place 
 of wooden vessels. They now command higher rates of freight in nearly all the ports 
 of the world, and especially for carrying grain and the products of the Indies. This 
 discrimination in the duty upon iron would enable us to build iron vessels at a cost 
 not greatly in excess of what can be done in Europe, whereas now the duty is equal to 
 prohibition. 
 
 2. In this connection, we would suggest a law granting American registers to iron 
 steamers aud sailing vessels when built in foreign ports, and by the payment of a tax, 
 say five to ten per cent, on the cost ; and for this reason, that even with a remission 
 of the duty, we have not the facilities for building a large number, and our experience 
 is limited. Such a law would benefit our commerce for the present, and until we have 
 had more practical experience in constructing iron vessels. 
 
 3. A drawback on duties levied upon stores and goods when purchased for con- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 199 
 
 sumption on board said vessel, and when said vessel is bound to any foreign port. And 
 we think it would be well to include such distant ports in our own country as San 
 Francisco. This Ls a law ill England. The goods have to be purchased in bond, and 
 do not include merchandise on which duty has already been paid. 
 
 4. Repeal of the tax of thirty dollars per ton, payable every year. 
 
 5. The repeal of some of the laws relating to American seamen. These laws, as you 
 are aware, were enacted during the infancy of the republic, and when our commerce 
 was but limited. They are entirely impracticable in the existing state of things. A 
 very large proportion of the seamen now shipped on board of American vessels are 
 foreigners, and the law requiring or authorizing our consuls to compel the payment ot 
 three mouths extra pay to crews in certain cases, is greatly to the disadvantage of the 
 ship-owner, and does not meet the expectation of the law. This law was passed, as we 
 understand, to provide for the support and payment of the passage home of any Ameri 
 can seaman who had been improperly treated on the voyage, or who should be unable 
 to discharge his duties by reason of disability or sickness. The class of seamen now 
 employed are very different in these times, and are quite unscrupulous, often incom 
 petent, and nearly all foreigners. The consuls are sometimes only too ready to accede 
 to their demands, and wo have suffered to the extent of several thousand dollars the 
 past few years by the payment of three months extra wages, often advanced to a whole 
 crew of twenty men, and that in gold, when the articles provided especially for theii 
 wages in United States currency. We protest against such conduct on the part of our 
 consuls abroad. 
 
 It is true* and we know of cases where the seamen have actually feigned sickness for 
 the purpose of robbing the owners of three months extra pay, and they have obtained 
 it. We have had proof in several instances the crews of our own vessels have formed 
 a conspiracy to complain to the consul on" arrival of bad treatment, and thus obtain 
 the extra pay, and they have only been too successful. 
 
 We have lately had a case where the master shipped four seamen in a foreign port, 
 and the consul, by accident, neglected to give him the articles for the four men. On the 
 arrival of the ship at Havre, the consul compelled the payment of three months extra 
 pay, though the master produced the account of the consul at the port of. departure, 
 showing that the men in question were duly shipped, and in conformity with law. But 
 as he did not have the articles the law was sufficient to compel the payment. 
 
 These laws should certainly be changed, so as to meet the necessity of the times, and 
 you will be entitled to the hearty thanks of every ship-owner in the United States, if 
 you will but give this matter your attention and consideration. 
 
 We have thus at some length given our views upon the questions you name. Wo are 
 happy to be able to present them to you, assured, as we are, that you will give them 
 that consideration which their importance demands. We hope Congress will realize 
 the necessity of doing something early in the session for the relief of our ship-owners. 
 The building of ships is now nearly suspended, awaiting the action of Congress. The 
 argument that if we are enabled to build vessels more cheaply, that it will depreciate the 
 value of what vessels we now have, is too shallow to require any comment. As large 
 ship-owners, we prefer depreciation, if such would be the result, to utter annihilation, 
 which will be the case if some relief is not granted. 
 
 These views we believe to bo entirely sound. 
 We have the honor to remain, very respectfully, your obedient servants, 
 
 THAYER & LINCOLN. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Navigation Interests. 
 
 Memorial. 
 
 To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives in Congress assembled : 
 
 The memorial of the undersigned, builders, owners, and shippers, engaged in com 
 merce, respectfully represents: 
 
 That the commerce of the country is prostrated; that the foreign carrying trade is 
 seeking other than American bottoms, and that the skilled labor in this branch of in 
 dustry has to look for employment from other sources. 
 
 The reasons for this state of things will be found in the fact that labor and materials 
 in this country are higher than in most commercial countries. The labor, because the 
 necessities of the government have made large taxation necessary, and the materials on 
 account of a high tariff. The commerce of any one nation having to compete with that 
 of the world in all the great markets of production, it follows that our government 
 must afford some relief, or else ours will continue to languish and diminish. 
 
 They therefore respectfully petition that your honorable bodies would pass a law re 
 mitting the duties upon articles used in the construction of vessels; and, as in duty 
 bound, will ever pray. 
 
200 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 BOSTON, November 29, 1809. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR : In answer to your favor of 20th I respectfully submit a short memorial 
 which I drew up for circulation some mouths ago, and which I believe covers the gist of 
 the whole matter. 
 
 After the breaking out of the rebellion, and when several confederate pirates were 
 afloat, the government gave ship-owners to understand that they could not protect 
 their interests upon the ocean or in distant seas because they required all the available 
 vessels for blockade service. 
 
 This led to a transfer, or partial transfer, of many vessels to a foreign flag. 
 
 When peace was conquered an attempt was made through Congress to restore the 
 vessels thus transferred to their own flag, and which was refused. 
 
 The effect of that refusal was to keep quite a large tonnage of American-built and 
 American-owned vessels under a foreign flag, and in fact making it a necessity in the 
 prosecution of their business by American merchants and growing out of their owner 
 ship to sustain a foreign flag. 
 
 I was never satisfied myself with the debate or the decision of Congress upon this 
 question. I know, from personal observation, that some of the very best ship-masters 
 felt unwilling to continue during the rebellion in ships under the American flag, because 
 the government did not propose in the first instance to give them proper protection, for 
 the reasons herein recited; and secondly, they were liable to have their vessels burned 
 under them, and they landed penniless on some distant shore, to find their way home as 
 opportunity might offer. % 
 
 These several reasons have reduced American tonnage, and have prevented American 
 ship-builders from competing with those of other nations. 
 
 There has been a strong effort upon the part of British builders to magnify vessels 
 built of iron over those built of wood. True to their instincts, English insurers have 
 done all in their power to keep up the delusion. 
 
 England is a country of cheap iron. We are a country of cheap and good wood. 
 
 My own opinion, distinct from one of prejudice, is in favor of wood. If our people 
 ivould study these questions in the light of patriotism they could effectually, with the 
 proper aid <of government, restpre the commerce of the country to our own flag, and. 
 thus aid the construction of magnificent wooden ships. 
 
 I am, with great respect, your very obedient servant, 
 
 GEO. B. UPTON. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, Chairman, $c. 
 
 BOSTON, December 22, 1869. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR : I am this morning in receipt of your kind favor of the 18th. I am in 
 favor of wooden ships for foreign commerce, for these simple reasons : 
 
 First. In case of stranding or severe wrecking at sea, tbay are much more easily re 
 paired. Of all the ports of the world, in South America, the East Indies, and China, 
 tew or none have the necessary tools or workmen for an extensive repair of iron vessels 
 while there is hardly one that cannot repair a wooden ship. 
 
 Second. A wooden ship, under the same circumstances, will bring or carry her cargo 
 better than an iron one. Wood is a good uon-couductor ; iron condenses. The dam 
 age by sweat is very great, and is one, moreover, that insurers do not cover. Iron ships, 
 for the reason named, are more apt to sweat the cargo than those built of wood. 
 
 Third. Wooden ships can be more safely navigated than those built of iron. I am 
 uware of the improvements in correcting the compass, still the fact exists and cannot 
 be gainsaid, that in this respect wood has an advantage over iron. 
 
 Fourth. The United States have the best and cheapest wood in the world for ship 
 building. At a gold basis, and with a reasonable concession of duties upon articles 
 which enter into the fitting and sailing, we can build wooden ships of the best class at 
 about thirty per cent, less rates than the Clyde can build those of iron. 
 
 For these simple reasons, I have always maintained that it was for our interest to 
 build and carry on our business in wooden ships. They are tools of trade. As a ques 
 tion of political economy, the cheapest tool which does the work well is the true one lo 
 procure, and although I am in favor of having and of giving encouragement to skilled 
 workmen in all branches of industry, iron as well as wood, I do not think the time has 
 arrived when we can economically use iron either alone or as a composite in ship 
 building. 
 
 I am, with great respect, your most obedient servant, 
 
 GEO. B. UPTON. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, Chairman, #c. 
 
 BOSTON, December 3, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : In reply to your request in letter of the 25th ultimo we think the govern 
 ment wrong in not taking some fair and liberal measures immediately after the war for 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 201 
 
 the increase of our mercantile marine. At this lato date wo can see no other strictly 
 safe and sure course to re-establish our commerce, viz : 
 
 1. Than by granting the privilege of purchasing tonnage in any part of the world; 
 that of foreign construction bearing an equitable duty on cost when taking the flag. 
 
 2. A drawback on all materials used in construction of vessels. 
 
 3. Outfits for vessels taken from bonded stores exempted from duty. 
 
 ours, very respectfully, 
 
 THOMAS B. WALES & CO. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Navigation Interests. 
 
 BOSTON, December 6, 18G9. 
 
 SIR : When I received your favor of the 25th ultimo I was not in condition to attempt 
 an answer. Since then I have seen a copy of a long article by the Hon. E. H. Derby, 
 of this city, which is to appear in the coming Atlantic Magazine ; also, a pamphlet by 
 Captain John Codman, addressed to you ; and also the report of the commissioner of 
 the New York Chamber of Commerce, the writer of which,Mr. A.A. Low, is well qualified 
 to speak on the subject. I concur almost without reserve in these several papers, and I 
 think they embody the views of merchants. Only one point of peculiar interest to 
 me has not been touched upon, and to this I propose to confine my remarks. It had 
 much to do with the decadence of American commerce. 
 
 It is this: the government by force of circumstances failed to give protection to our 
 commerce. In a great emergency like that which came so suddenly upon us in 1861 
 it was quite natural, not to say necessary, for the government to turn its attention 
 exclusively to blockading the ports of the enemy, and leave the shipping to take care 
 of itself. If it could have turned its attention to protecting our foreign commerce 
 it would have been obliged to send out vessels wholly unfit for the purpose. The 
 government had not then and has not now any efficient cruising ships. The class of 
 vessels built during the latter part of the war (of the type of the Madawaska, Warn- 
 panoag, &c., known as the "canoe ships," intended for great speed) are perfectly use 
 less as cruisers to go in search of Alabamas ; millions of dollars were wasted in their 
 construction, and millions may be wasted in keeping them in order to do nothing useful. 
 I do not hesitate to say that it would be good economy to burn every one of them 
 rather than to finish, repair, and employ them. I think this sweeping statement will 
 be found confirmed by a report of distinguished naval officers and an engineer, made 
 by order of the Secretary of the Navy, and probably accessible to your committee. 
 There are a few, very few, foir-sailiug, fair-steaming, and fairly economical ships in the 
 navy, as the Hartford and Brooklyn, and some that I cannot identify under their new 
 names. There is an intermediate class, like the Ticonderoga, Monongahela, Lacka- 
 wanna, and Detroit, mounting five heavy guns, and of thirteen hundred to fifteen 
 hundred tons, old measurement, which came much nearer to being useful cruising 
 ships than the "canoe ships;" but by reason of an incompetent jury-rig, they are, or 
 were, wholly unfit to make long cruises without frequent coaling. 
 
 The large class of vessels, like Colorado, Minnesota, Franklin, and Wabash, mount 
 ing forty guns, and averaging about thirty-six hundred tons, old measurement, are very 
 fine vessels for flag-ships on foreign stations in time of peace, but they are too large and 
 too expensive for cruising ships, and they are wholly unfit to contend with iron-clads. 
 As an illustration of the want of economy sometimes practiced, I would remark that I 
 have recently seen under repairs at this station a ship built at Philadelphia in 1864- 5 I 
 believe either the Shenandoah or Ticonderoga. She lias been almost entirely rebuilt, 
 and it would be interesting and instructive to know how much has been expended on 
 her. I think the most cursory observer who saw her plank oil" would say that it would 
 have been good economy to take her to sea and sink her in preference to repairing 
 her. 
 
 With this sketch of the inefficiency of our navy in ships adapted to keeping the sea 
 for any considerable time, mostly under canvas, for the protection of our commerce 
 and for hitting the first hard blows at the commerce of the* enemy, it is quite apparent 
 that at the beginning of the war our government could not have effectually protected 
 our foreign commerce, and could not to-day should a -war occur. One great cause, 
 therefore, for the decadence of American commerce on the ocean was the want of due 
 protection. Another prominent cause was the want of due encouragement to private 
 enterprise to fit out vessels to capture the enemy s cruisers. Had any sufficient induce 
 ment been held out, regularly commissioned vessels would have been fitted out by 
 private enterprise. 
 
 The remedy for this short list of evils is very simple. It is to construct a fleet of 
 fast-sailing, efficient screw steamers, with full supply of canvas, such as we see under 
 all but our own flag, crossing the ocean in nine and ten days ships with light arma 
 ments, not fit to encounter iron-clads or old-style fighting ships, or to batter forts, but 
 
202 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ships well adapted to catch the commercial ships of an enemy, and to escape from a 
 superior force ; and for government to grant subsidies to those who should build mail 
 packets fit for conversion for these purposes. 
 
 Such ships would afford valuable training schools for seamen, and to this end everv 
 
 encouragement should be given to young men to enlist on board of them. They would 
 
 afford excellent training schools for young officers, and in time of peace as well as in 
 
 time of war, would prove very valuable auxiliaries to promote and protect commerce. 
 
 I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 R. B. FORBES. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman, #c., Washington, D. C. 
 
 BOSTON, December 20, 18G9. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR : I am in receipt of your note of the 25th ultimo asking my opinion 
 on the " causes of the decline and present depressed condition of the ship-building and 
 general navigation interests of the country, and the means of legislation necessary to 
 revive those interests." 
 
 My business engagements have been such as to prevent me from making an earlier 
 reply, and I must now give you my views briefly. But little, however, need be said, as 
 
 T J-l, * ,1_ *i Ml 1 /V* _|_ J. _ . * J.1 T _ J_ . . . J? _ - . _ ^V* _ / i 1 t 
 
 of 
 them, however, will appear quite plain. 
 
 Before the Avar of the rebellion, in the course of years, our commercial enterprise had 
 placed our country in the front rank among nations. The amount of tonnage of our 
 sea-going vessels was more than one-seventh part greater than that of England at the 
 beginning of the year 1861, and rapidly increasing. The demands of foreign commerce 
 had directed attention to the business of ship-building, and this branch of industry had 
 grown up to great importance, engaging the capital, skill, and energies of a large 
 number of our citizens, and resulting in securing to our ships a reputation before all 
 others in the world for beauty and speed. When the war of the rebellion broke out 
 our government was not only unprepared to protect her commerce abroad, but was, 
 for the *ime at least, mainly dependent upon the building establishments which had 
 grown up under private hands for those ships which were needed to enforce the block 
 ade of the rebel ports and meet the attacks of their armed vessels ; while the rebels, with 
 the substantial aid and comfort given by our foreign rivals, were enabled to sweep 
 the ocean nearly without hinderance. No vessel was safe but under a foreign flag. 
 Under this state of things, what with the capture and destruction of many of our ves 
 sels by the " confederate allies," and the natural decay and loss, (amounting to about 
 ten per cent, annually,) the decline of our navigation interests such as we have expe 
 rienced was inevitable ; and it would take years of prosperity, under the most favorable 
 circumstances, for us to regain the position which we thus lost. But our circumstances 
 are not favorable. 
 
 The wants of the government during the recent war had to be met by a system of 
 taxation depressing to every branch of business, more or less, but especially heavy upon 
 that which we are now considering. It is not necessary to specify the particulars. The 
 builder of a ship must now pay very heavy duties and taxes upon every article used 
 in and upon it. The purchaser and owner will pay about seventy per cent, upon her 
 outfit, and thirty cents per ton annually for a license. No hopes can be entertained of 
 a revival of these interests under such influences. The disabilities of our present posi 
 tion must be removed by action of the national government. 
 
 England in 1853, and France in 1856, saw the necessity for doing something for the 
 encouragement of navigation among their citizens. They saw the United States taking 
 the lead in commercial affairs, and about to do the greater part of the carrying trade 
 of the world. England at once took off all duties upon everything belonging to the 
 building of a ship, and on all outfits taken out of bond at the time. Ship-building 
 was then in as depressed a condition there as it now is with us. At the time when her 
 mechanics struck for higher wages, she passed the neutral law, by which any one of 
 her citizens could build a ship wherever he might choose, and by paying one shilling 
 per ton, could procure her registry precisely as if she had been built at home. France 
 passed a similar law. In fact, we are the only maritime nation that has not done the 
 same. England, moreover, went further thaii this, and enacted a law whereby a for 
 eigner (an American for instance) might take charge of an English ship without deny 
 ing allegiance to his own country, and, if necessity required, he might call on either 
 country for protection of his rights with reference to it. The mercantile marine of a 
 country is one of the greatest elements of its strength. No nation can be really great 
 or strong without it. It seems to me that on national grounds, as well as on the plain- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 203 
 
 est principles of economy, that our government should take especial care of these 
 interests, on which her standing among the nations so materially depends. 
 
 The course necessary to be pursued seems to mo plainly indicated in the policy 
 which our great rival has pursued so successfully. 
 
 I would recommend in the interests of the ship-builder, the merchant, and the whole 
 country, the passage of a law remitting all duties and taxes on whatever enters into 
 the construction or outfit of vessels ; the enactment of such measures as will allow 
 one of our citizens to build, buy, or equip, in any part of the world, any vessel what 
 ever to be used in legitimate commerce, and to take out an American register for the 
 same by payment of some specific tax upon her cost or tonnage, stiy twenty-five cents 
 per ton. This would create a competition, not however specially injurious \o any of 
 our interests, but resulting in the general good. The skill, energy, and greater effi 
 ciency of our mechanics would be more than an oifset to the cheap labor, cheap iron, 
 and cheap coal of England. We should soon be building ships for the world, as wo 
 did from 1846 to 1859. I have myself built for England, France, Germany, Peru, and 
 Chili. England has taken our place now. Shall she keep it? 
 
 Next in the interests of our commerce, (as I have before had occasion to state to 
 another department of the government,) I should recommend to Congress such enact 
 ments as shall give liberty of a free exchange of all productions and commodities in 
 the shape of raw materials. The restrictions placed upon a free trade should be, as far 
 as possible and as soon as possible, removed. In a moderately fair field wo have no 
 cause to fear any rivals. American ship-masters and officers are, as a class, superior to 
 all others, and so generally acknowledged to be such that, if there is a freight to bo 
 had, the American will command it in preference to others. 
 
 Another recommendation I would make with regard to our steam navigation: This 
 is a branch of our marine of great and increasing importance, and should receive some 
 special encouragement. A subsidy law for United States mail steamers, so liberal in 
 its provisions as to secure the services of our own citizens in ,the carrying of foreign 
 mails, is very desirable. 
 
 I have thus hastily given my views upon the subject presented. So confident am I 
 of their correctness that, if I myself were the United States government, and my 
 pocket the treasury, I should not hesitate immediately to adopt all the provisions 
 which I have recommended. 
 
 I am, sir. most truly yours, 
 
 ISAAC TAYLOR. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman of Committee, Washington, D. C. 
 
 The following is from a letter of Donald McKay, ship-builder, of East 
 Boston : 
 
 *** * * *** 
 
 I annex a list of duties (in gold) upon various articles entering into the construction 
 of a new ship of one thousand tons : 
 
 Iron , 120,906 pounds $1 , 209 06 
 
 Iron spikes, 9,966 pounds 249 15 
 
 Galvanized spikes, 2,409 pounds 60 23 
 
 Castings, 14,408 pounds 216 12 
 
 Chain cables and rigging chains, 58,300 pounds 1, 457 50 
 
 Anchors, 10,700 pounds 240 75 
 
 Metal and nails for do., 20,338 pounds 711 83 
 
 Salt, 1,200 bushels 216 00 
 
 Manilla, 12,423 pounds 310 57 
 
 Hemp, 28,774 pounds 863 22 
 
 Duck for sails and house-tops, including spare sails, 7,150 yards 714 90 
 
 Clinch rings, 1,800 pounds 36 00 
 
 -Foreign white pine lumber and decking : 825 00 
 
 Foreign hackmatack knees 330 00 
 
 Copper bolts, composition, castings, paints, oils, crockery, cabin trimmings, 
 
 nails, and sundry outfits 1, 225 00 
 
 Total dutiable articles for 1,000-ton ship (gold) 8, 665 33 
 
 As a partial relief to the ship-building interest, I would suggest that Congress permit 
 a drawback of duties paid on materials entering into the construction of new vessels, 
 (which at the present date on a thousand-ton ship proves to be between eight and nine 
 thousand dollars, as shown above,) and this privilege is accorded to the ship-owners and 
 
204 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ship-builders of Great Britain, enabling them to compete with all other commercial 
 nations, and their drawback extends to all articles of construction, equipment, and 
 stores used in building and fitting out of new vessels. 
 
 Interested persons can obtain from the honorable Secretary of the Treasury, for pur 
 poses of comparison, the registered amount of tonnage built each of the past twenty 
 years. There have been so few vessels built for our merchants in recent years that the 
 average age of American sea-going ships is over ten years, and on this account our 
 insurance companies meet with many losses, and yet the ship-owner now pays double 
 the old rate of marine insurance. 
 
 DONALD McKAY. 
 
 OFFICE OF W. H. WEBB, SHIP-BUILDER, 
 
 No. 200 Lewis Street, New York, December 29, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : In the absence of Mr. W. H. Webb, who is at present in California, we 
 have to acknowledge your letter of the 20th instant, since receipt of which we have 
 consulted some of our largest insurance companies in this city on the points you raise, 
 that in the absence of Mr. Webb we might forward you the opinions of men in whom 
 he would repose confidence, leaving Mr. Webb to write you his own ideas at a little 
 later day, as \ve shall send your letter on to him. 
 
 These" gentlemen, such as Mr. Dennis, of the Atlantic Mutual Company, Mr. Phulixion, 
 of the Sun Mutual Company, neither knowing the other was consulted, expresses 
 identically the same opinion, that they would rate the composite and the iron ship of 
 similar quality at same rate, insure them at same cost, take as much on the one as on 
 the other, and they would expect the one ship to class as long and last as long as the 
 other. As iron ships " sweat" a good deal, their conversation left us to believe that, 
 until that fault is got over, the composite ships would be on the whole more favorably 
 regarded by them. 
 
 In reply to a question put by the Treasury, asking if, in his opinion, the composite 
 class of vessels would succeed here, Mr. Webb replied so recently as November 3, of the 
 present year. " Yes, without doubt ; our great command of wooden materials in this 
 country enabling us to compete more successfully in building this class of vessels, as 
 against foreign ship-building, than with those wholly built of iron." 
 
 Hoping that, until Mr. Webb is able to address you, this may be of some service, we 
 remain, very respectfully, 
 
 C. METZGAR, 
 N. M. GILLAN, 
 Joint Attorneys for Win. H. Webb. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, Washington, D. C. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, January 10, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Your valued favor of the 20th ultimo has been forwarded to me here by 
 my attorneys at New York. 
 
 I can do but little more at this distance from home than indorse, which I do fully, 
 their reply under date of 29th ultimo, a copy of which I have before me. 
 
 At this port I learn that the English-built iron ship is quite as favorably considered 
 as the American-built wooden ship for shipments to Europe, but I attribute much of 
 this to the unfortunate fact that most of those shipments from this port, as well as from 
 the Atlantic ports, now are controlled by agencies of foreign houses, or foreigners 
 themselves established in our country. 
 
 I may add, in regard to the building of composite ships in our own country, that if 
 the tariff on materials used, other than wood, was removed, or an equivalent granted 
 in some other manner, we could succeed eventually, as against all Europe, in producing 
 not only a better but cheaper composite vessel ; but we need aid from the government 
 to enable the ship-building interest of the country to engage in this, to us. new branch 
 of our business, and one which requires a larger investment of capital than heretofore* 
 employed in the building of wooden vessels. 
 
 I am confident that composite ships can bo built in this country to advantage, and 
 such as would have advantages in several respects over those wholly built of iron, cer 
 tainly as regards comfort of passengers in hot climates, the preservation of cargoes, 
 as well as economy in the running, and the safety of passengers and freight when 
 stranded. 
 
 Trusting the above will satisfy your inquiry, I am yours, very respectfully and truly. 
 
 W. H. WEBB. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 205 
 
 NEW YORK, 38 John st., December 4, 1869. 
 
 SIR : I take tho liberty of placing before you my views of the disadvantages tlio 
 American ship-builders, shipwrights, and other mechanics are at this time laboring 
 under, caused by tho heavy duties and taxes paid on all material used in building and 
 repairing vessels, and as your committee have obtained so much valuable information 
 on the subject of building both wooden ami iron vessels, I will not dwell on this point, 
 but will endeavor to more fully demonstrate the fact, that the luildiny of vessels w but 
 a part of the disadvantages which the mechanics of this country have to contend 
 with. 
 
 It is a well known fact that the lifetime of a vessel is from ten to fifteen years, and 
 that she has to be repaired a number of times during this period, and in many cases 
 the outlay for repairs is nearly equal to the first cost. For instance, a wooden vessel 
 has to be recaulked and remetaled every two years, and rebuilt at least on an average 
 every seven years. An iron vessel requires to be docked at least every six months for 
 the purpose of cleaning and painting. You will at once perceive that repairs on iron 
 vessels are not so expensive as on the wooden vessels, but at tho same time you will 
 observe that the iron vessel requires more careful attention and is much oftener 
 docked. 
 
 Another great detriment to the shipwrights, and other mechanics of this country, is 
 that the greater portion of tho foreign freighting business is carried on by foreigners, 
 and these foreign vessels will not make their repairs in this country, as a matter of 
 economy, on account of tho high prices of material, such as iron, and other metals, 
 cordage, &c., caused by the high tariff. This takes away from our dry-docks and 
 mechanics that employment and revenue which we did have when our American 
 vessels controlled foreign freighting business or tho greater portion of it. It is also a 
 well known fact, that there are no repairs made on these foreigners in this country, 
 unless they are so disabled that it is impossible for them to get home, and even then 
 the repairs made are only temporary. As an illustration, I will here mention the case 
 of the steamship City of Cork, of the Inman Line, which vessel struck on a rock 
 when entering the harbor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in July, 1868, and . came to New 
 York and was docked in one of the docks which I built for the " Erie Basin Dry -dock 
 and Warehouse Company." Her stern was badly damaged, but it was only tempo 
 rarily repaired with wood and iron to make her safe to reach Liverpool, where tho 
 repairs could be made thoroughly, and employment given to their own mechanics, and 
 also allow them to make a handsome saving over our prices. This is but one instance of 
 many I could name, whereby our docks and mechanics are deprived of employment on 
 account of great cost of material, when it is an acknowledged fact that our mechanics 
 can execute fifty per cent, more work in a given time than European mechanics ; still 
 our government gives no aid to our commercial interest, either in the way of subsidies 
 or special protection, to enable us to run a line of steamers, or to compete with the 
 foreign ship-builders, or our merchants and others interested in dry docks and mechan 
 ical pursuits, for the heavy duty on sheathing metal and copper drives by necessity 
 many of our American vessels to Europe to be remetaled, and as a natural result our 
 dry docks and mechanics remain idle. To give you a more clear idea of the determin 
 ation of foreigners not to give employment or spend any money in this country, I will 
 stftte the following fact : The ship Mayflower, hailing from Liverpool, arrived at Port- 
 laud, Maine, in August last, with a cargo of coal, and leaking so badly that it was neces 
 sary to keep a steam-pump going most of the time. Ho refused to make repairs there, 
 but sailed for Halifax, Nova Scotia, so that he could employ his own countrymen. I 
 think you will at once see that there is as much lost to the shipwright, dry docks 
 companies, and other mechanics, in repairing vessels, as there is in building. My 
 opinion is, if the duty is removed from all material used in the construction, repairs, 
 and sailing ships, within a short time, we shall as heretofore be able to compete with, 
 if not rival the world in building as well as sailing both wooden and iron vessels, for 
 we have the material and ability to do so, and trust our representatives in Congress 
 will give us that aid and protection which will enable us to realize our highest expec 
 tations. 
 
 I have the honor to remain your most obedient servant, 
 
 JAS. E. SIMPSON, 
 President Portland Dry Dock and Warehouse Company. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Congressional Committee on Sh ^-lttilding. 
 
 NEW YORK, January 13, 1870. 
 
 SIR : Irt reply to yonr communication of the llth instant, we would give as our 
 estimate of the cost of victualing and manning an American ship of 1,000 tons regis 
 ter, say $1,100 per month. It would bo difficult, however, to estimate the cost per 100 
 
206 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 tons register, to apply to vessels of all sizes, as a vessel of 500 tons requires as many 
 officers as one of 1,500 tons, (with the exception of the third mate,) and pays nearly as 
 high wages. Frequently, too, vessels of the same tonnage have a difference of two or 
 three sailors in the number of their crews, as some are more heavily sparred than 
 others, and require more men to handle them. 
 
 An average crew for an eastern ship of 1,000 tons register, would cost, at the present 
 rates of wages, about as follows, viz : 
 
 Master, ($125 to $200, according to qualifications,) say $150 
 
 Mate, $50 ; second mate, $40 90 
 
 Cook, steward, and carpenter, each $35 105 
 
 15 sailors, each $30 450 
 
 795 
 Making twenty-one persons, "all told." Victuals average fifty cents per day. .. 315 
 
 1,110 
 
 Some ships carry three or four boys or " ordinary seamen," at one-half or two-thirds 
 the wages of " able-bodied seamen," and ships bound on long voyages can obtain 
 sailors now at twenty-five dollars per month, but in the Atlantic trade the current rate 
 is thirty dollars per month, as above stated. 
 
 We annex memorandum of the actual cost of manning three vessels of different 
 sizes, now in this port, and all hailing from Maine ; and should you require any addi 
 tional information, we are always at your service. 
 Your obedient servants, 
 
 RICH. P. BUCK & CO. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Com. an Nav. Interests. 
 
 Bark of 563 tons : 
 
 Master $150 
 
 Mate 50 
 
 Second mate 35 
 
 Cook and steward, (one man for both) 40 
 
 Eight seamen, at $30 240 
 
 515 
 Victualing twelve persons at fifty cents per day, average 180 
 
 695 
 
 Ship of 1,308 tons : 
 
 Master $150 
 
 Mate 60 
 
 Second mate 40 
 
 Cook 35 
 
 Steward 40 
 
 Carpenter , 35 
 
 Fifteen sailors, at $30 450 
 
 810 
 Victuals for twenty-one 315 
 
 1,125 
 
 Ships of 1,506 tons : 
 
 Master $200 
 
 Mate CO 
 
 Second mate : 45 
 
 Third mate 35 
 
 Carpenter 40 
 
 Cook 35 
 
 Steward 35 
 
 Eighteen sailors, at $30 * 540 
 
 990 
 Victualing twenty-five persons 375 
 
 1.365 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 207 
 
 The master of the latter ship was formerly in one of 1,116 tons, new measurement, 
 and although nearly 4UU tons smaller, she required and carried the same crew as this 
 Dew one. 
 
 NEW YORK, January 20, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR : We have delayed answering your favor of the 15th instant, in order to 
 obtain reliable information respecting the sailing of French vessels. The only French 
 captain wo can find has a vessel of about 400 tons. Her crew list is as follows : 
 
 Fraiics. 
 
 Captain 400 
 
 First mate 150 
 
 Second mate 75 
 
 Cook and steward, (one person) 70 
 
 Carpenter 70 
 
 Six seamen, at 50 francs 300 
 
 Two apprentices 70 
 
 One boy 25 
 
 1, 1GO 
 
 At 5i francs per dollar in gold ................................................ 
 
 Victualing per month 1,200 francs, equal ...................................... 229 
 
 Gold ............................................................ 450 
 
 Add 25 per cent, premium on gold ............................................ 1LJ 
 
 Equal in United States paper .......... . ......................... 56b 
 
 Estimate for a French ship of 1,000 tons : 
 
 Francs. 
 
 Captain ..................................................... ................ 600 
 
 Mate ......................................................................... 200 
 
 Second mate ............ .................................................... 100 
 
 Third mate .................................................................. 70 
 
 Carpenter ................................................................... 70 
 
 Cook ........................................................................ 70 
 
 Steward ..................................................................... 70 
 
 Twelve seamen .............................................................. 600 
 
 Three boys .................................................................. 100 
 
 1,880 
 
 At 5^- francs per gold dollar $358 
 
 Victuals per month, 2,000 francs .381 
 
 Gold 739 
 
 Add 25 per cent, premium on gold 185 
 
 United States currency 924 
 
 Estimate for a British ship of 1,000 tons : 
 
 & s. 
 
 Captain 16 
 
 Mate 7 
 
 Second mate 5 
 
 Third mate 3 5 
 
 Carpenter .-. 510 
 
 Cook 3 5 
 
 Steward 3 15 
 
 Twelve men, at 2 15* 33 
 
 Three boys, at 15* 2 5 
 
 79 00 
 
 At $6 currency per pound sterling, (being $4 80 gold, and 25 per cent, premium) $474 
 Victualing, twenty-two persons at 15 cents per day, 41 5s., equal 247 
 
 United States paper currency 721 
 
208 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 A bark now here, hailing from Sunderland, pays the following, (she is 546 tons 
 
 register :) 
 
 s. 
 
 Captain, 14; mate, 6 10s 20 10 
 
 Second mate, 4 10*.; carpenter, 5 10s 10 
 
 Cook, 3 5s.; steward, 3 15s 7 
 
 Eight able seamen, at 2 15*. ; and three boys, at 15s 24 5 
 
 Gl 15 
 
 At $6 United States currency per pound $370 50 
 
 Victuals, seventeen persons, at 15d. per day 191 25 
 
 . . United States currency 5G1 75 
 
 Hoping this information will reach you in season to be of service, we remain, your 
 obedient servants, 
 
 RICHARD P. BUCK & CO. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman, <fc v Washington, D. C. 
 
 P. S. Light dues are still collected by England, and we find from our vessels ac 
 counts that they amount to five or six pence sterling per ton in the Bristol channel. 
 There are other local charges of this kind on the English coast and the British posses 
 sions. 
 
 NEW YORK, January 13, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR : In reply to your note to our senior, Mr. A. A. Low, we beg to say that 
 our experience gives about $125 per ton per month, or $1,250 per month for vessels of 
 1,000 tons each for victualing and manning. For such vessels we have 
 
 Master, say 150 
 
 First mate , GO to 70 
 
 Second mate 35 to 40 
 
 Steward 40 
 
 Cook 40 
 
 Sailmaker 40 
 
 Carpenter 35 
 
 Sixteen able seamen 25 
 
 Four ordinary seamen 15 
 
 Four boys 5 
 
 Average wages, about $900 per month. 
 
 Average victualing, about $350 per month. 
 
 Very truly yours, &c., 
 
 A. A. LOW & BRO. 
 JOHN LYNCH, Chairman. 
 
 AMERICAN SHIP-BUILDING. 
 
 The following letter is from a gentleman who was formerly an English 
 iron-master, and now in business in Philadelphia. He has a practical 
 knowledge of the subject upon which he writes : 
 
 From the morning papers of the 25th of October it appears that the congressional 
 committee appointed to investigate the cause of the decline of the mercantile navy of 
 the United States, and the best method of restoring prosperity to the ship-building in 
 terest, haveadjourtied to meet in Philadelphia on the first Thursday in December next; 
 that the questions before the committee were narrowed down to distinct propositions, 
 which will probably be recommended to Congress. These are the remission of all du 
 ties on materials entering into the construction of ships; the permitting foreign ships 
 to be purchased and admitted to American register ; and the granting of subsidies to 
 steamship lines ; and lastly, offering a premium for building ships in this country, by 
 allowing a drawback on the imported materials used. 
 
 On a subject of such national importance, and one involving such immense inter 
 ests, there must naturally be a great diversity of opinion, and any information that 
 may show the subject in a new light may, perhaps, be deemed acceptable. With this 
 view the following observations are thrown together to endeavor to show that it is not 
 the comparatively low standard of wages in Europe alone that prevents iron for ehip- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 209 
 
 building purposes being produced in this country on equal terms with that brought 
 from Europe. 
 
 It is chiefly the lack of organization, and the situations of the different establish 
 ments, that prevent ship plate-iron being cheaply produced. It is a fact beyond dis 
 pute, that pig-iron can be made as cheap, and coal can be obtained cheaper on the Ohio 
 than on the Tees, in England. Why, then, cannot iron for ship-building bo made, 
 and ships be built on the Ohio at the same price by ton with American iron, as at the 
 Atlantic ports with European iron, even if no duty is paid on it ? Simply for want of 
 
 Mie organization used in England, and the policy used in France. 
 
 * * * ** ** * * * * 
 
 The pig-iron is dear on account of the relative position of the ore, coal, and transport 
 f o the mills ; here again profit must bo made on the pig-iron, after the miner has made 
 his on the ore and coal, and the railway company made theirs on the transport; thus 
 everything used is to the disadvantage of the ship-builder, and vessels cannot be built 
 at a low price. The question is, how and when can this be altered? To this no satis 
 factory answer can bo given as long as ships are built ou the eastern coast of the States; 
 and to solve the diifieulty a new location must bo chosen, where iron-ore and coal are 
 found in a near proximity to a navigable river, that pig-iron can be made as cheap as 
 in England, and where coal can be obtained for manufacturing the same at as low a 
 price as it costs at works there, and where ships can be built and launched as cheap, 
 except the difference in the price of labor; but this difference can be compensated by 
 the fact of the superiority of American iron over English, which will enable vessels to 
 be built of lighter iron, and consequently a greater tonnage for their weight than British 
 built ships. 
 
 The proposition about to be made may at first appear to be impractical to those 
 accustomed to launch their vessels in salt water, but on considering the improvements 
 of the age, and the facility with which ships are now by machinery lifted out of tho 
 water, the proposition will show no difficulties which may not be overcome. 
 
 The best locality for building iron ships in the United States will be found to be on 
 the Mississippi or Ohio Rivers, above Cairo, and tho situation whose iron for building 
 the same can be made as cheap as in England is on the Ohio. 
 
 Here, then, in, the center of the States, iron ships can be built to any extent or bur 
 den, and be towed down to New Orleans, either alone or partially supported on lighters, 
 according to their size, and thence to New York or elsewhere to receive their engines 
 and full riggjng, or their engines can be sent to and fixed in New Orleans. 
 
 To carry out the foregoing suggestions it would be necessary to form a company of 
 the most practical men for each department, with ample capital to carry out the whole 
 plan. 
 
 It is the magnitude and extent of the grand rivers of this continent which enables 
 one to see the foregoing plans as quite practicable, although at first sight they deviate 
 from the old beaten track, yet on the slightest reflection by practical men, the whole 
 project will be accepted, as the only means that can be devised of enabling America 
 successfully to compete with Europe in establishing an independent mercantile navy. 
 Let us for an instant refer to what has lately been proposed to assist tho shipping 
 interest. First, the remission of duties on materials entering into the construction of 
 ships. 
 
 By building ships with iron from Europe the States will bo dependent, and continue 
 so, for its ship-building material, as no attempt would be made to produce native ma 
 terial on the east coast, while foreign iron could bo purchased cheaper thau it could bo 
 made there. Then, again, purchasing foreign ships ; this might be done at a cheaper 
 rate than they are now built here, but is it the policy of this country virtually to em 
 ploy European ship-builders in Europe to build vessels which can, by a proper syste 
 matic arrangement, be built as cheaply by Americans in this country ? The answers to 
 these questions are evident. 
 
 But other questions may be asked. Can pig-iron be made on the Ohio, and coal 
 worked for converting it into ship-plates at the same price as iron and coal costs in 
 England ? The answer is decidedly yes, and scores of places could bo pointed out on 
 the Ohio whero pig-iron can be made and coal delivered quite as cheap as in England, 
 and why this is not generally known could easily be explained, if necessary. This sub 
 ject is one of the greatest national importance, and should be investigated by those 
 who are interested in the prosperity of the country, before measures are taken which 
 will only partially assist in improving the condition of ship-owners, and which can 
 never satisfy the nation. With such enormous deposits of iron-ore and coal throughout 
 the country in situations most favorable for working them, is it policy to let them 
 remain undisturbed, and purchase ships, with gold, from other nations, or employ 
 capital at home in developing the resources of the country, and give employment to 
 thousands of its inhabitants 1 
 
 JOHN PLAYER, 
 3904 Walnut street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Ship-building, <fc. 
 
210 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 WILMINGTON IRON WORKS, 
 
 Wilmington, Del., January 18, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Your favor of 13th was received, and I take pleasure in replying to your 
 interrogatories to the best of my ability. 
 
 In the United States, where no positive practice regulates the standard of dimensions 
 of the parts and pieces of an iron vessel, but the whole question of strength of detail 
 is left to the experience and knowledge of the builder, or, more frequently, to the crude 
 ideas of the party for whom the ship is to bo built, it has always been the custom of 
 the builder to determine his price by the amount of iron and other material to be used. 
 Hence you will readily understand how two ships of the same tonnage may cost differ- 
 ent figures. 
 
 In England and France, where insurance depends upon the kind of construction, tho 
 builders have all fallen into one class of specifications, in which the size of the vessel 
 determines the proportions of each piece or part, and consequently a price per ton can 
 easily be given which will fit all cases. 
 
 Supposing that your inquiry relates to strictly first-class ships, 1 have to say that 
 the labor upon a sailing-ship of 1,000 tons, (hull and cabins only,) the material being 
 iron, can be done for $58,000, and that the material of all kinds can be purchased for 
 $42,000 to $46,000. 
 
 For a steamship of like capacity the cost would not differ materially in tho items of 
 labor and material, of course, exclusive of machinery. 
 
 For a screw steamship of 1,000 tons there Avould be required an engine of sixty inches 
 diameter and sixty inches stroke, which, with boilers of adequate capacity, with all 
 the details complete, would cost $48,500. 
 
 For a side-wheel ship of 1,000 tons, there would be required a lever-beam engine of 
 fifty-six inches diameter, ten feet stroke, which, with boilers, &c., complete, would cost 
 $51,000. 
 
 The masts, sails, rigging, furniture, outfit, and stores of a sailing-ship of 1,000 tons 
 would cost from $15,000 to $18,000. 
 
 For a steamship the figures would not materially differ ; tho diminished cost of 
 masts, rigging and sails would be made up nearly by the stores and fixtures for the 
 machinery department. 
 
 Will be pleased to further serve you if in my power. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 WM. G. GIBBONS. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, Washington, D. C. 
 
 CHICAGO, December 20, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : I hereby acknowledge the receipt of your communication of tho llth 
 instant, requesting answers to certain interrogatories, for the use of tho committee 
 named. 
 
 I have carefully considered the subject alluded to, and beg leave to make the follow 
 ing statement in answer thereto : 
 
 The present condition of ship-building in Chicago, as compared with the period from 
 1854 to 1860, may be described by the word " abandoned," with the exception of a few 
 tugs, canal-boats, dredges, and scows, built for local uses. Ship-building has been 
 almost entirely given up since the war. From 1854 to 1860 it was practicable to build 
 vessels with profit in ChicagQ, and several propellers and schooners were built during 
 this period. 
 
 The present average rate of wages for " new work" may be set at $3. I think men 
 could be got for less this winter, if any new vessels were to bo built. As there are no 
 vessels building this quotation may be more nominal than real. Tho wages on repairs, 
 or " old work," are $3 50 for ten-hour days, and $3 for eight-hour days in winter ; and 
 wages on " old work" are always and everywhere about fifty cents a day greater than 
 on " new work." 
 
 The average rates of wages, from 1854 to 1860, were from $2 to $2 25 per day. 
 
 The cost per ton for building the hulls of sail- vessels or steamers would be, probably, 
 if any were building, from $40 to $45. Tho cost of same, from 1854 to 1860, was from 
 $30 to $35. Tho cost per ton for the sails and rigging usually amounted to about one- 
 half the price of tho hulls : say, hull, two-thirds sails and outfit rigging one-third tho 
 whole price of vessel. 
 
 The cost of materials for each ton of hull, from 1854 to 1860, was from $8 to $10. The 
 coat of same per ton, at the present time, would be $12 to $15. (Tho cost of rope and 
 canvas is, I think, greater proportionately than formerly.) 
 
 It might be useful to state, in this connection, that about ten days labor may bo 
 regarded as entering into the production of one ton of the hull of lake shipping, old 
 measurement, upon which the foregoing approximations have been based. As tho now 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 211 
 
 measurement is about twenty-five per cent, less than in the old, in the case of lako 
 sail-vessels, seven and a half days may be taken when the new measurement is used. 
 
 The amount of duty on materials in a thousand-ton ship, or in each ton of a ship, 
 built in this port, might at first sight be deemed to depend upon the extent to which 
 articles of foreign growth or manufacture enter into her construction. Aud here, 
 where the wood and iron of the hull is of home production, and the rope, canvas, 
 ground tackle, or machinery, may be wholly or partially imported, it might appear 
 that duties had but slight influence in adding to the cost of vessels ; but, nevertheless, 
 it is true that duties do add to the cost of vessels in every case where it would be 
 cheaper to import the materials, could they be brought in free of duty. American 
 phip-builders had become rivals with those of England lor the construction of the fleets 
 of the world. Vessels had become articles of export to all nations, as well as carriers 
 of commerce between them all ; and duties laid upon the materials entering into their 
 construction was of the nature of a bounty paid to our rival from whom many of those 
 materials must come. It is not material, therefore, to enter upon the determination of 
 the precise degree of impolicy embodied in this most impolitic measure of levying 
 duties upon so grand an article of export as the noble ship that careers over the course 
 of ocean like a thing of life. 
 
 Vessels, when built in Chicago, are generally constructed on contract for the owners. 
 The masters are frequently part owners. 
 
 I think vessels could be built in this port for Chicago vessel-owners, in competition 
 with provincial builders, providing we could obtain the materials free of duty, and this 
 for the following reasons : First, the cost of materials being the same to our builders 
 in the provincial port, the expense of transportation only need be added to place them 
 under the hands of our builders in their own yards. Against this disadvantage we 
 should offset the cost and inconvenience of owners going to a foreign port to superin 
 tend a vessel s construction. Second, the greater skill of American mechanics may be 
 fairly placed against the lesser wages of the Canadian workman, with the controlling 
 advantage in our favor, that the style of model and workmanship of our bumlers better 
 suits the taste of our owners than the style of provincial builders. 
 
 But were the vessels to be imported free of duty rather than the materials, then 
 would our builders and workmen go to the provinces and build all our vessels ; and, 
 thereafter, a ship-yard on the American shore of the lakes would be a place non-existent, 
 with its mysteries forgotten and unknown to our people, and the history of its achieve 
 ments become as obscure and mythical as that of the " mound builders" anciently in 
 habiting this region of country. 
 
 I am, sir, yours respectfully, 
 
 WILEY M. EGAN. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Navigation Intwcsts. 
 
 BUFFALO, December 15, 1869. 
 
 DEAR SIR : Yours of 8th instant is at hand, and contents noted, and in reply would 
 Bay: 
 
 1st The ship-building is very much less now than it was from 1854 to I860. 2d. 
 The present average wages, $3 50 to $3 90 per day. In 1854 to 18GO, they were $2 to 
 $2 25 per day. The cost, what we call old measurement, was in 1854 to 18(30, $28 to $30 
 per ton; at present it is $48 to $50 per ton. Flitch, which is for frames, six 
 inches, in 1854 to 1860 cost $12 to $14 ; now costs $22 to $26 per thousand. Ship plank, 
 1854 to 1860, cost $16 to $20 per thousand ; now costs 8oO to $50 per thousand. Duty on 
 
 material in 1854 to 1860 and at present time . There is now a government tax of 
 
 about $300 on small class vessels, when the keel is first laid on blocks, which there 
 was not in 1854 or 1860. 
 
 At present, as in 1854 to 1860, ship-builders, in some cases, own interest in vessels ; 
 also, some masters. It costs so much at present to build, that the most of them are 
 not able to own ships or vessels. 
 
 An 800-ton vessel all ready for sea, at present would cost about $60,000 to $65,000. 
 In 1854 to 1860, same vessel would cost $38,000 to $40,000. We could build as cheap 
 or cheaper than any other nation, with same price of material and dut y off, as I think 
 our mechanics do more work in a day than they do in Canada. Our people are more 
 active. The several trade unions in United States are a drawback on all ship and 
 othor work, as wo are troubled with strikes. Our vessels here on the lakes are fur 
 superior to the Canada vessels in model, strength, and speed. The reason is, I think, 
 that we have better ship draughtsmen. In 1853, I built a steam propeller at a cost of 
 $36,000, and the same propeller would now cost about $75,000 to $80,000. I have sailed 
 from a boy until 1855, and owned and do now own steam and sail vessels, and I find 
 that for the last seven or eight years vessels have not made any money, and would bo 
 pleased to sell out if I could do so. Find that rope is twenty-five cents per pound, and 
 
212 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 in 1854 to 18GO it cost ten cents per pound, and most everything else in same propor 
 tion. We now pay government tax of thirty cents per ton, which all goes to enhance 
 cost of vessels. Thirty cents per ton is called tonnage dues, and income on profits 
 "when there is any. 
 
 Hoping the above will be what you inquired for, I am, yours respectfully. 
 
 FRANK PEREW. 
 
 JOHN LYNCH, Esq. 
 
 CUSTOM-HOUSE, COLLECTOR S OFFICE, 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H., January 4, 1870. 
 
 SIR : From information received fro m communication with prominent ship-builders 
 of this place, I am enabled to reply to the questions submitted in your letter of tho 
 15th ultimo, as follows, viz : 
 
 Question 1. What is the present condition of ship-building at your town, as compared 
 witti the period from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. During the period from 1854 to 1880, there were in our city five ship-yards 
 in successful operation, producing ships equal if not superior to any ailoat. At that, 
 time, ship-building was the business of our city. At the present time there are only two 
 yards in operation, and these are doing a very small business, comparatively. 
 
 Question 2. What are the present average-rates of wages paid to first-class mechanics 
 on ship-work ? 
 
 Answer. The present rate of "wages to first-class mechanics on ship-work is $2 50 per 
 day working hours from sunrise to sunset in the winter season, and in the summer 
 ten hours for a day. 
 
 Question 3. What were the average rates of same from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. The average rate from 1854 to 1860 was 2 per day. 
 
 Question 4. What is the present cost per ton for building sail-vessels, and of 
 steamers ? 
 
 Answer. Tho present cost per ton for building sailing-vessels, ready for sea, averages 
 $75 ; for steamers, exclusive of machinery, $65. 
 
 Question 5. Cost of same, from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. The average cost of sailing-vessels, from 1854 to 1860, was about $60 per 
 ton ; steamers, $55 per ton. 
 
 Question 6. What was the cost of materials for each ton, from 1854 to 1860 ? 
 
 Answer. Average cost of materials for sailing-vessels, about $42 per ton ; steam 
 ers, $40. 
 
 Question 7. What is the cost per ton of the same, at the present time? 
 
 Answer. Cost of materials for sailing-vessels, about $52 per ton ; steamers, $45. 
 
 Question 8. Amount of duty on materials in a thousand-ton ship, from 1854 to 
 1860? 
 
 Answer. About twelve hundred dollars. 
 
 Question 9. Also, amount of the same at the present time ? 
 
 Answer. Seven thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 Question 10. How are vessels built and owned in your town ? Are builders and 
 masters generally owners in the vessels which they build and sail ? 
 
 Answer. Vessels are owned mostly in small shares, by the builders, masters, and men 
 of small means. 
 
 Question 11. Could you build vessels at the present time in competition with the for 
 eign or provincial builder, providing you could obtain the materials free of duty ? 
 
 Answer. If ship -building materials were free from duty, we could, in a very short 
 period, compete with foreign builders. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOHN H. BAILEY, Collector. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, M. C., 
 
 Chairman Congressional Committee, <fc. 
 
 AUGUSTA, MAINE, February 5, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR: The ship-building business in our place has dwindled down next to 
 nothing. In 1854, there were twelve ships built on one river, (Damaris cotta,) besides 
 other smaller vessels; 1869, one barque ; and this year, one schooner, is all that I know of. 
 
 No one thinks of building now, except he has money equal to the cost, and knows 
 no other business. Wages for common carpenters are about $2 per day of ten hours. 
 In 1854, wages were about $3 25, but the money panic in the fall of 1854/55, and 56, 
 carried wages down to about $1 75. 
 
 The present cost of an A 1 ship, (sail,) 1,000 tons, fitted for sea, is about $75 per ton. 
 Cost of the same 1854, thence up to I860, was about $50 to $55 per ton. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 2 1 3 
 
 I have no experience in steamers. The cost for the materials in a ship of 1,000 tons, 
 at present time, is about $52 50 per tou ; 1854 to I860, about $36 per ton. 
 
 The duties on a thousand ton ship, at present time, are about $8 or $9 per ton. 
 
 Duties on same in 1854 to 1860, about $1 to $1 50 per ton. The above estimates aro 
 on old measure. Vessels are generally owned and sailed by the builders and masters in 
 this vicinity. 
 
 Maine is suffering in this respect more than any other State, as you will see by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury s report. But, as things now are, our yards are deserted; 
 carpenters migrating West, and the men otherwise becoming depleted, so that in case 
 of a sudden war, wo shall neither have skilled ship-caipeiiters nor American sailors. 
 In the last rebellion we could not have existed as a nation without either class of 
 those men. 
 
 We then had well-trained sailors ready to defend the flag. Our government cannot 
 make so profitable an investment for its defense, as to foster its navigation by grant 
 ing a drawback for duties, and remit the taxes on ships. It would be absurd to permit 
 foreign-built ships to bo imported free, and sailed under the American ilag, while our 
 ship-builders are being starved by high duties and taxation. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 B. D. METCALF. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH. 
 
 LETTERS FEOM UNITED STATES CONSULS. 
 
 The following inquiries were addressed, through the State Depart 
 ment, to consuls of the United States at various ports of Europe and 
 British America, in regard to 
 
 Cost in Great Britain of wooden ships per ton, fitted for sea, in 1860. 
 
 Same of iron ships per ton, fitted for sea, in 1860. 
 
 Same of wooden steamers per ton, fitted for sea, in I860* 
 
 Same of iron steamers per ton, fitted for sea, in 1860. 
 
 Also, cost of each of foregoing at present time. 
 
 Rates of wages of first-class mechanics on ship- work, in London, on the Clyde, and 
 on the Tyne, in 1860 ; rates of same at present time. 
 
 Rates of insurance in wooden and iron steamships, sailing vessels, &c.; regulations 
 adopted by English government to ascertain amount of material entering into the con 
 struction of ships, which are exempt from duty ; advantages possessed by ship-owners 
 and builders in Great Britain over the same class in the United States ; character of 
 officers and crews of English vessels, as compared with those of the United States. 
 
 What measures are adopted to secure efficiency in the merchant marine service, and 
 in what regard is the merchant marine held as a means of national defense ? 
 
 The amount of subsidies paid to various lines of English ocean steamers ? 
 
 To what extent aro iron superseding wopden vessels 1 
 
 Mr. Morse to Mr. Fish. 
 
 No. 47.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE GENERAL, 
 
 London, December 27, 1869. 
 
 SIR : In reply to a series of questions in reference to the interests of the American 
 mercantile marine, addressed to me, through the Department of State, by Hon. John 
 Lynch, " Chairman of the Committee on American Navigation Interests," and Nathan 
 Sargent, esq., commissioner of customs, I have the honor to submit the following re 
 port. Without answering in their order each interrogatory, I have, for the economy 
 of time and space, endeavored to respond to the inquiries of each gentleman as fully 
 as my means of information will permit. 
 
 In answer to the request for an " English Report," showing the number, tonnage, 
 &c., of the vessels belonging to the British navy, and which of them were built in 
 private, and which in government dock-yards, I forward herewith the official quarterly 
 " Navy List" for October. This " Navy List " is published by authority of the govern 
 ment, and gives many particulars as to the character and efficiency of all service:iMo 
 vessels in the British navy, and may be relied on for accuracy. But there is no oihVial 
 or unofficial report or document informing us how many, and which of these vessels 
 were built in government and which in private yards, and I had to procure the infor 
 mation from other, though equally reliable, sources. 
 
214 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The following list is a full and complete record of all tho serviceable vessels of every 
 class, including transports, or troop ships, now comprising the British naval vessels. 
 It gives their names, tells whether they are screw, paddle-wheel, or sailing; the ton 
 nage, horse-power of each, and tho number of guns carried by each one. It states of 
 what materials each is constructed, whether of wood or iron, or of iron frame and teak 
 wood planking, (called composite,) and which of them are armor-plated. It states 
 which of them were built in government and which in private dock yards. I have sep 
 arated those built in government from those built in private yards, first giving tho 
 names and particulars of those built in government, followed by those built in private 
 yards. The following list was furnished rno by high authority, and is entirely correct. 
 
 (See Appendix, table.) 
 
 The whole number of serviceable fighting ships in the British navy is three hundred 
 and ninety-four. Of this number thirty are gun-boats of small size ; two hundred and 
 fifty-six of the whole number were built in government dock-yards, and one hundred 
 and thirty-eight in private yards. Only nine of those built in government yards are 
 constructed of iron, eight are composite, and all tho rest were built of wood. Twelve of 
 these government-built wooden ships and eight of the nine iron ones are iron-clad or 
 armor-plated. Of the one hundred and thirty-eight ships built in private yards fifty- 
 five are iron ships of a large class, twenty-five of which are armor-plated ; three of the 
 wooden ships built in private yards are also armor-plated, making twenty-eight iron 
 clads built in private yards, and twenty in government yards. It will thus be seen 
 that there are now in the British navy forty-eight large, sea-going iron-clads. Tho 
 aggregate tonnage of these forty-eight ships is 170,000 tons. They average 3,541 tons 
 each, and carry 653 guns. Several of these iron-clads are yet incomplete, but ready for 
 sea. The forty-eight will cost 16,000,000, or nearly $78,000,000. 
 
 Iron war ships and armor-plated ships are of recent date, and when the admiralty 
 decided to introduce iron ships into the navy, iron steamers and sailing ships had fo^r 
 some years been in use in the mercantile marine, and these several private yards, well 
 equipped for the construction of iron vessels of any class, whether sailing or steam, 
 while yards had not then been fitted for such purposes, and could not readily respond 
 to the call of the government for iron war ships, even if it were the policy of the gov 
 ernment to rely on its own yards for its supply. Although some of the government 
 yards are now equipped for building iron ships, and no doubt could now supply all tho 
 wants of the government, unless perhaps in cases of sudden emergency, yet we see that 
 only nine of the sixty-four iron ships belonging to the British navy were built in gov 
 ernment yards, and of the thirty-three iron armor-plated ships, only eight were built 
 in the navy yards and twenty-five in private yards. 
 
 There are now building fourteen iron armor-plated ships for the government, all of 
 large size. Seven of these iron-clads are building in government, and seven in private 
 yards, and the engines for all these ships are being constructed at private works, and 
 all but one are on the improved expansion plan with surface condensers. All marine 
 engines of any importance, required for the British navy, are made at the works of 
 private engine-builders. Up to tho year 1868, Penn & Maudslay, two of the leading 
 engine-builders, whose works are located in London, built nearly all the engines for 
 government ships, whether the ships were built in private or government yards. Now, 
 as a general rule, the war ships built for the government in tho yards of Napier or 
 Laird have their engines built also in the yards of these gentlemen. Though this is 
 not always the case, for Peun & Maudslay are still the chief builders of government 
 engines. Within the last few years, Rowerdiill & Humphreys have built occasionally. 
 I may add that iron armor-plated war steamers have frequently been and continue to 
 be built in the private yards of this country for nearly all the maritime nations of 
 Europe except France, and she has had troop ships built here, and some of her largest 
 and best merchant steamers are Clyde-built. 
 
 SUBSIDIZED LINES OF MAIL STEAMERS. 
 
 I have procured and forwarded, as desired, the post ofiico reports for tho last ten 
 years, but they do not give the full information asked for, but from other reliable 
 sources of information, I find the existing contracts with steamboat companies for car 
 rying the mails to be as follows : 
 
 CONTRACT WITH THE CUNARD LINE. 
 
 In December, 1868, a contract was made with the managers of the Cunard line to 
 carry a mail twice a week to the United States, every Saturday to New York, and every 
 Tuesday to Boston, for 70,000 per annum. Under this contract the company carries 
 the mails on the outward voyage only. This contract runs to tho year 1876, and can. 
 be terminated any time thereafter on giving twelve mouths notice. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 215 
 
 CONTRACT WITH THE INMAN LINE. 
 
 On the 9th of March, 1869, a contract was made with William Inman, manager of tho 
 Inman line, to carry one mail each week to New York, for 35,000 per annum. Like 
 the contract with the Cunard line, tho Inman contract can bo terminated after the 
 year 1876, on giving twelve months notice. 
 
 NORTH GERMAN LLOYD S LINE. 
 
 In December, 1868, a contract was made with the North German Lloyd s line to 
 carry a weekly mail from Southampton to New York for the postage, Is. per ounce for 
 letters, 3d. per pound for newspapers, and 5d. per pound for books. 
 
 TO BERMUDA AND ST. THOMAS. 
 
 In December, 1867, a contract was made with the Cunards to carry a mail every 
 fourth week from Halifax to Bermuda and St. Thomas for 19,500 per annum. 
 
 BRAZIL, ETC. 
 
 In June, 1868, a contract was made with the Royal Steam Packet Company to carry 
 a mail once a month from Southampton to Brazil and tho river Plate, touching at 
 Lisbon, St. Vincent, (Cape de Verde, )Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, 
 and Buenos Ay res, for 33,500 per annum. This contract can be terminated at tho 
 close of the year 1874, on giving twenty-four months previous notice. 
 
 FROM LIVERPOOL TO BUENOS AYRES, ETC. 
 
 In July, 1868, a contract was entered into with the "Liverpool, Brazil, and River 
 Plate Steam Navigation Company," to carry a mail once a month from Liverpool to 
 Buenos Ayres, touching at Rio do Janeiro and Montevideo, on the outward voyage, 
 and at Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, and Bahia, on the homo voyage, for the postage, at 
 the rate of 2. Gd. (60 cents) per ounce on letters, newspapers, 3d. (6 cents) per pound, and 
 on books, 5d. (10 cents) per pound. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO MONTEVIDEO, ETC. 
 
 One other contract was made with the " Pacific Steam Navigation Company " to 
 carry a mail once a month from Liverpool to Montevideo, touching at Bordeaux, Lis 
 bon, Rio de Janeiro, and St. Vincent, for the postage at the same rates as those last 
 named. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO PUERTO CABELLO. 
 
 in July, 1869, an agreement was made with the "West India and Pacific Steamship 
 Company," to carry a mail from Liverpool, on the 5th of each month, to Puerto 
 Cabello, touching at La Guayra. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO TAMPICO, ETC. 
 
 From Liverpool, on the 10th of each month, to Tampico, Port-au-Prince, and Vcra 
 Cruz. 
 
 LIVERPOOL TO SANTA MARTHA. 
 
 From Liverpool, on the 20th of each month, to Santa Martha. 
 
 FROM FALMOUTH TO BUENOS AYRES, RIO DE JANEIRO AND MONTEVIDEO. 
 
 During the present year a contract was made with tho " London, Belgium, Brazil and 
 River Plato Royal Mail Steamship Company " to cariy a mail from Falmouth, on the 
 3d of each month, to Buenos Ayres, Rio de Janeiro, and Montevideo. These last four 
 postal services are performed for tho postage money received on letters, newspapers, 
 and books, at 2s. Gd. (60 cents) per ounce for letters, 6 cents per pound on newspapers, 
 10 cents per pound on books. 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 In June, 1868, a contract was entered into with the " Royal Mail Steam Packet Com 
 pany," to carry a mail from Southampton on the 2d and 17th of eack month, to the 
 Islands of Antigua, Barbadoes, Demerara, Dominica, Grenada, Guadaloupe, Havana, 
 
216 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Jacmel, (Huyti,) Jamaica, Martinique, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Thomas, St. 
 Vincent, Tobago, and to Trinidad. Also, to Aspinwall, Carthagena, Grey Town, Santa 
 Martha, Tampico, and Vera Cruz, on the continent. For performing this mail service 
 the company receive 172,914 per annum, $830,362. In addition to this sum the com 
 pany receive 2,000 per annum for landing the West India mails at Plymouth, on the 
 return voyage. This contract can he terminated in 1874, on giving twenty-four months 
 previous notice. 
 
 PANAMA AND THE PACIFIC COAST. 
 
 A contract with the " Pacific Steam Navigation Company n was made in July, 18G4, 
 to carry a mail twice a mouth, on the 10th and 25th of each month, from Panama to 
 ports on the Pacific coast, for 18,250 per annum. This contract runs to 1872, when it 
 may he terminated, 011 giving previous notice. 
 
 LOCAL LINES IN WEST INDIES. 
 
 Contracts with two local lines have been made, one to carry a mail four times a 
 month between St. Kitts, Nevis, and Montserrat, for 490 per annum, and one twice a 
 month between St. Thomas, Puerto Rico, and Havana, for 2,000 per annum. 
 
 WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 
 
 In July, 1866, a contract was made with the "African Steamship Company " to carry 
 a mail once a month to Madeira, Teneriffe, Bathurst, Sierra Leone, Monrovia, Cape 
 Palmas, Capo Coast Castle, Oneva, Jellah Coffee, Lagos, Benin, Bouny, Old Calabar, 
 Camavoons, and Fernando Po, for the sum of 20,000 per annum, contract terminable 
 in 1872, provided twenty-four months previous notice has been given. 
 
 CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 
 
 In June, 1868, a contract was made with the "Union Steamship Company" to carry 
 a mail twice a month to the Cape of Good Hope, touching at St. Helena and Ascension, 
 for a sum equal in amount to the Sea and British inland postage on the mail matter 
 conveyed. 
 
 TO ALEXANDRIA, SUEZ, AND INDIA. 
 
 On the 19th of November, 1863, the post office department entered into a contract 
 with the "Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company" to convey a mail once a 
 week to and from Southampton, Gibraltar, Malta, and Alexandria ; and between Mar 
 seilles and Alexandria, and between Suez and Bombay. 
 
 Also, once a fortnight, between Suez and Calcutta, Bombay and Hong Kong, Hong 
 Kong and Shanghai, Shanghai and Yokohama, for the sum of 400,000 ($1,944,000) per 
 annum. This contract expires in 1880, if twenty-four months previous notice has been 
 given. 
 
 With the same company to carry a mail every four weeks between Point de Gallo 
 and Sidney, for 130,000, ($631,800.) 
 
 DOVER AND CALAIS. 
 
 With the Southeastern Railway Company for a daily mail, between Dover and 
 Calais, for 6,000 per annum. 
 
 NUMBER OF SUBSIDIZED LINES AND AMOUNT OF SUBSIDY. 
 
 Here are twelve lines of steamers under contract for carrying the majls, for which they 
 are paid an annual subsidy of 903,750, or $4,392,244, and four other important lines 
 running to the West Indies and South and Central America, subsidized by having 
 granted to them the postage on all the mail matter they convey. 
 
 In addition to the contracts above specified, contracts have been made for a mail ser 
 vice between Halifax and Newfoundland, New Orleans and Balize, British Honduras, 
 and between New York and Bahamas. The negotiations of these contracts have been 
 left to the local governments, the home government pledging itself to pay one-half the 
 cost of each service. 
 
 It is hardly necessary here to repeat the well-known fact, that the establishment and 
 support of these transatlantic lines of steamers, and the local lines in the West Indies 
 and along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central and South America, has brought 
 by far the largest part of the trade of those countries to this side of the Atlantic. If 
 wo wish to extend our trade with these countries, we must offer greater facilities for 
 conducting it, and not oblige traders to go to the most distant markets, because the 
 means of communicating with them are more fre.quent, regular, and rapid. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 217 
 
 PRICE OF WOOD AND IRON SHIPS IN GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 On tho subject of the value of now wood and iroii first-class English and Scotch 
 built sea-going steamers and sailing-ships, much depends on the service for which they 
 are intended, the materials out of which they are constructed, the standing of the 
 builder, and the character of the outfits. The price depends on these several points 
 and the classification or standing with underwriters on the nature of the materials and 
 manner of construction. I have conversed with ship-owners and builders on the sub 
 ject, and have the figures of some of them in writing. From one of the most reliable 
 houses in London, as surveyors and valuers of shipping, I have received the following 
 statement of the prices of wood and iron sailing-ships and of iron steamers for tho 
 years I860 and 1869: 
 
 SHIPS BUILT OF WOOD, 1860. 
 
 Classed for fourteen years, 16 16s. to 18 18s 15 
 
 Classed for thirteen years, 16 16s. to 17 17s 14 to 15 
 
 Classed for ten years, 12 to 13 10s 11 to 12 
 
 Classed for nine years, 11 to 12 10 to 11 
 
 Classed for eight years, 10 to 10 10s 9 10s. to 10 
 
 At tho above prices the ships will have their bottoms covered with yellow metal and 
 bo furnished with a complete East India outfit, which includes a double suit of sails, 
 spare spars, &c. 
 
 The best colonial-built ships can bo bought here now for about 7 ($34) per ton, and 
 second-hand American and colonial-built at a much lower rate. 
 
 COMPOSITE SHIPS. 
 
 Composite sailing-ships and steamers, built of iron, except the planking, which ia 
 generally of teak-wood, on account of its great durability, were a commercial experi 
 ment in 1860. They have proved a success, and are much approved of for the India 
 and China trade, especially for the tea trade. They are iron ships in all respects 
 except their planking. Wood is used for the outside covering, because it can bo 
 easily coppered or yellow-metaled, and the ship or steamer thus prevented from 
 becoming foul from barnacles, sea-weed, &c. I am not aware that a wood bottom is 
 preferred for any other reason. But now that a cheap and durable remedy is said to 
 have been discovered and coming into use, which prevents the bottoms of iron vessels 
 from fouling, it is not probable that composite ships will form a much larger propor 
 tion of the mercantile tonnage than they do at the present time. The authority 
 already quoted names from 13 to 16 per ton as the average price of fair and good 
 composite sailing-ships, classed for fourteen, fifteen, and sixteen years, ready for sea 
 with India outfit. 
 
 A ship-owner informed me that he had built two composite ships the present year 
 for the China trade, which had cost him, coppered, with India outfit, about 17 per 
 ton. But he called them "fancy ships, and unusually expensive." Into one of theso 
 ships he put auxiliary steam-power at an additional expense of about 8,000, which, 
 with latest improved engines, mov^d the ship through the water, on her trial trip, at 
 the rate of about eight knots per hour, on only nine tons of coal per day. Steam 
 power on these auxiliary ships is used only on going into and out of port, and in 
 calms and continuous head winds and bad weather, when found more economical or 
 safe than to depend on sails. When sails only are used, the screw is hoisted out of 
 water, and the space in which it played is filled up with a piece of wood fitted for tho 
 purpose. There are comparatively but few composite ships built, and theso are gen 
 erally built with a view to some special service. 
 
 The authority heretofore quoted, and several ship-owners and builders whom I have 
 consulted on the subject, all agree that the price per ton of a first-class iron sailing- 
 ship, with India outfit, ranged, in the year 1860, from 17 to 18 per ton. But such 
 was tho demand for iron steamers from the years 1860 to 1864, caused in part, and 
 very largely, too, by the American war, that tho price for sailing-ships was run up to 
 20 and 21 per ton. Since 1864, the price has gradually fallen to from 12 to 14 10s. 
 per ton, according to their classification and stylo of finish. Tho classification 
 depends on the character of the materials used, the workmanship, and, to somo 
 extent, on tho reputation of the builder and the place where built. 
 
 A first-class iron ship, that will class A 1 at Lloyds for twenty years, can now be built 
 and fitted for sea for less money than the best English-built wood ship, which, when 
 built in the best manner, under Lloyds survey, can never be classed A 1 for more 
 than fourteen years. The iron ship, ordinarily, will cost but little for repairs, and at 
 the end of twenty years may continue on in tho same class for twenty years more, 
 while tho wood structure, during the period of her first classing, is liable to, and very 
 often does, become rotten in various parts of her hull, making extensive and expensive 
 
218 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 repairs a necessity. Slie will also require to be newly coppered about every third 
 year. Wood ships generally depreciate in value about one-half in ten years, and then 
 pass into the second, and on to the third class, with increased expenses for repairs 
 and insurance, while her earnings are less, when she soon disappears from the records 
 of shipping. The iron ship of the same age, in the mean time, continues on in her A 1 
 classification, with but little comparative depreciation in value. At the same timo 
 the iron ship has a preference over her wooden competitor of from three to seven 
 shillings sterling per ton (the amount of preference depending on the nature of the 
 cargo) in the leading freight markets, because both ship and cargo insure for less, 
 and she delivers her cargo in better condition. 
 
 Iron ships now take the most valuable cargoes, when such ships can bo obtained, 
 and the less valuable is left for the wooden ship, such as coals, chalk, lumber, guano, 
 jute, seeds, rice, and bulky raw material of inconsiderable comparative value. On 
 cargoes of low value the insurance on the ship is higher, because in case of such disas 
 ters as are brought under general average, cargoes of low value contribute less to 
 repairs than more valuable ones, and the loss falls more heavily on the ship than it 
 would had she been loaded with a cargo of greater value. 
 
 The preference given in this country to iron sailing-ships for the foreign freighting 
 business is clearly shown by the character of the tonnage annually constructed for such 
 service. During the year 1668 five hundred and ninety-six wooden sailing vessels of 
 every description were built in this country. The aggregate tonnage of these vessels 
 was 87,151 tons, giving an average of 146 tons each. One hundred and one of these 
 vessels were of 300 tons burden and upward, very few reaching 400 tons. They were 
 principally small, for lishing aud coasting, and the largest ones for some special trade, 
 and were built in old yards in sections of the country where iron ships are not usually 
 built. During the same time, the year 1868, one hundred and sixty -two iron sailing- 
 ships were built in Great Britain, the entire tonnage of which was 131,731 tons, aver 
 aging 813 tons each. At the same time twenty-nine composite sailing-ships were built, 
 the united tonnage of which was 18,805 tons, and averaging 700 tons each. There are 
 one hundred and ninety-one large sea-going iron and composite sailing ships built in 
 this country in one year, the aggregate tonnage of which was 150,536 tons ; while dur 
 ing the same period very few, if any, " deep-sea" wooden ships were built which 
 come up to the average size of one of these one hundred and ninety-one iron and com 
 posite ships. The result of the operations of the present year will no doubt show a 
 still wider difference in favor of iron ships. 
 
 In addition to the sailing vessels above particularized, there were built in the British 
 Possessions during the same year seven hundred and one wood sailing vessels, tho 
 tonnage of which was 141,313 tons, averaging 201 tons each; five hundred and five 
 of these vessels were built in the BYitish North American Possessions, the tonnage 
 of which was 129,720 tons, averaging 250 each. 
 
 If any stronger facts are necessary to show of what material deep-sea vessels must 
 hereafter be constructed to command a participation in the carrying trade of the world 
 on equal terms, they may be found in the character of the- steam vessels built in tho 
 United Kingdom during the year 1868. In this year only thirty-nine wooden steamers 
 were built, altogether only 1,134 tons, and averaging but 29 tons each. They were 
 mere launches, river yachts, and perhaps three or four small tugs, not a freight or pas 
 senger steamer amony them, showing that iron only is now used in this country for tho 
 construction of freight and passenger steamers. 
 
 Continuing our analysis of ship-building in this country for the past year, it is shown 
 that there were built in private yards, and registered as British vessels, one handled and 
 ninety-three mercantile iron steamers, the aggregate tonnage of which was 77,376 tons, 
 and averaging over 400 tons each. Many of them were large first-class ocean steam 
 ers, for passenger and freighting service. During the same year only five composite 
 steamers were built. By this official record, we see the time has already come when 
 not a solitary wooden sea-going steamer is built in this country, and probably no large 
 first-class wooden sailing-ship. Many of these large steamers have but moderate pas 
 senger accommodations, and were built mainly for the purpose of carrying cargo. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great revelation which iron and steam have so rapidly intro 
 duced into the commercial marine of Great Britain, the success of the Suez canal, it is 
 believed, will necessitate further changes. The completion of this great work lessens 
 by one-half the distance to India, and by thousands of miles the passage to China, 
 Australia, and all ports east of the Red Sea. The questions which have thus been 
 forced on the consideration of commercial men here are : Will not the most of the trade 
 which has heretofore gone round the capes pass through the canal, and be carried on 
 mainly by steamers, instead of so largely by sailing-ships, as is now done? Looking 
 forward to such results, some merchants are now hesitating about the wisdom of add 
 ing further to their sailing-ships for the eastern trade, while a few others, I learn, have 
 already begun steamers on a uefr model, with greater length, greater breadth of beam, 
 and less depth of hold than the old models, for the same trade via the Suez eanjal. It is 
 very probable that this now route, to all the countries lying beyVmd the Red Sea as far 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 219 
 
 as Australia, is destined to bring about great and rapid changes in the currents of trade- 
 and commerce to those countries. Instead of the long, slow route over which their 
 trade has heretofore been conducted, and until recently almost entirely by sailing-ves 
 sels, this canal will open a short route, and place the most valuable and probably the 
 principal part of the trade at the command of steamers better adapted for carrying 
 cargo than any heretofore constructed. Should these anticipations be realized, a large 
 amount of sailing tonnage will be released, to seek employment in other channels of 
 trade. Such an amount of sailing tannage thrown upon freight markets already over 
 stocked with ships seeking business will cause a greater reduction in the profi ts of capi 
 tal invested in this kind of property. I think it is a conceded fact among commercial 
 men in the United States that capital invested in sailing-ships, taken as a whole, has 
 f6r the last six or eight years been less remunerative by at least tweuty per cent, than 
 for a series of years prior to the time when this new revolution in ocean commerce, 
 caused by iron and steam, had shown its strength and power to ride. Such, also, is tho 
 opinion of the same class of men in thte country. But in England it is not so much 
 felt, because capitalists are content with a lower rate of interest on their investments. 
 Yet in effecting this great change in the commerce of the seas from wood sailing- 
 ships to iron and steam, the loss in the depreciation of ship property, as well as tho 
 commercial advantages, will be greater to this country than to any other, and probably 
 as great as to all others, because she now has a larger number of large sea-going 
 wooden ships seeking business than all other nations combined, which their owners 
 would now be glad to dispose of at a price very far below the value which would have 
 been set on tonnage of the same amount, character, and age, six or eight years ago. 
 Since the year 1854, the tonnage of Great Britain has increased fifty per cent., while in 
 nearly all other European countries tonnage has actually diminished or remained nearly 
 stationary. The United Kingdom alone had last year 8,168 vessels, large and small, en- 
 
 faged in an exclusively foreign trade. The tonnage of these vessels amounted to 
 ,265,349 tons, and they averaged 522 tons each ; 862 of these vessels were steamers, the 
 united measurement of which was 619,199 tons, which would do the work of 2,000,000 
 tons of sailing-vessels, and the proportion of steam tonnage is rapidly increasing from 
 year to year. In proportion as steamers enter into the carrying trade, the tonnago 
 necessary to carry on that trade will diminish, because steamers on the best models and 
 most improved engines will perform about three times the labor of sailing-vessels. 
 
 While there is no doubt but that for certain branches of the carrying trade wood 
 ships will continue to bo built for a time and used, the transformation irom wood to 
 iron and steam is sure to go on until the principal part of the commerce between nations 
 will be carried on through their agencies, and the adoption of any measures, public or 
 private, intended to promote the restoration of our commerce, which look to anything 
 short of the change, of at least that portion of our mercantile marine required for inter 
 national commerce, from wood to iron and steam, will surely fail of their object. It is 
 not temporary relief to "tide over" temporary disaster that is required to meet tho 
 necessities which are upon us; but change, radical change in structure, to effect which 
 government and people must act in harmony ; the government to extend all proper 
 encouragement and inducements for commercial men to meet promptly the emergency 
 that is forced upon us, and tho merchant and ship-builder to set about in good earnest 
 the reconstruction of our mercantile fleets. Our remedy is not to be found in a restora 
 tion of tho past ; that era of ocean commerce is fast passing away, and a new and more 
 progressive one has overtaken us. We must move on with it and deal with facts and 
 events as they meet us to-day or give up all idea of recovering our old ocean supremacy, 
 retire substantially within our coast lines, and yield this great and noble field of enter 
 prise, once so gallantly contested and won, to be controlled and monopolized by other 
 heads and hands. 
 
 I am asked to state " what regulations have been adopted by the British government 
 to ascertain the amount of materials entering into the construction of ships which aro 
 exempt from duty ? " 
 
 No regulations of such a character aro required, because there is no duty assessed on 
 any article that goes into the construction of vessels or steamers of any kind. Not only 
 are all such materials free, but all vessels bound on foreign voyages are permitted to 
 take a supply of such dutiable articles as may be needed for the ship s use from bonded 
 warehouses iree of duty. 
 
 "What advantages are possessed by ship-builders and ship-owners in Great Britain, 
 over the same class in the United States ? " 
 
 Here ocean commerce is held to be one of the great branches of national industry 
 and sources of wealth, and ranks with manufactures and agriculture. It is tho pride of 
 a commercial people, and the whole nation is united in watching over it, and in trying 
 to gain for it every advantage that sagacity, wealth, talent, mechanical skill, science, 
 and ample protection on every sea can command. 
 
 The Board of Trade is a department of the government, and is always in charge of able 
 and experienced men, who have been long in its employ, and has tho commercial 
 marine under its special care. 
 
220 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The merchant shipping act extends legal protection in a thousand ways, whenever 
 needed, to ship, cargo, ami sailor. This important law is often amended or revised with 
 great care and labor, as a wider experience and a change of circumstances or new features 
 appear to make revisions desirable. The latest revision was reported at the last session 
 of Parliament, and will, no doubt, after some amendments, be passed into law at the 
 next coming session. Again, the consular corps of this country are generally trained 
 men. They are selected for their supposed fitness for the places they are wanted to fill, 
 and the study of how best to extend and secure British trade and commerce is made 
 one of their chief studies. No nation is so watchful over everything that affects its 
 trade and commerce as the English nation, and the whole nation is reaping the benefit 
 of this care and vigilance, constantly exercised in every available manner. 
 
 The preparation of a yard, buildings, machinery, &c., for the construction of iron 
 vessels, requires a much greater outlay of capital than what is necessary for building 
 vessels of wood. But capital has always been ready to open as many of these expen 
 sive yards as the demand for ships required. It is said the yard belonging to tho 
 Thames Iron Ship-building Company cost half a million sterling, nearly $2,500,000 in 
 gold. The Minotaur, one of the largest armor-plated ships in the British navy, was 
 built there. It has within its limits two dry-docks, built of stone, of a capacity suffi 
 cient to receive ships of the largest class, the heaviest rolling machinery, forging, plan 
 ing and slotting machines, iron spar-yard, and, in fact, every convenience necessary for 
 constructing and completing five or six large ships, steam or sailing, at the same time. 
 There are several yards similar in character on the Thames, several on the Mersey, 
 several in the north of England, and a much larger number on the Clyde than in any 
 other locality. With this constant national attention in every necessary form, these- 
 many large well organized and equipped yards in complete readiness for every depart 
 ment of iron ship-building, with an abundance of native iron and coal delivered in 
 them at low rates, and everything free from taxation, it will be perceived that ship 
 builders and owners in Great Britain have already gained advantages over us which 
 only time, close and careful attention, all proper encouragement, and a full determin 
 ation to succeed will enable us to reach. Besides transforming the vast mercantile 
 fleet of this country from wood to iron and steam, more or less mercantile steamers, 
 sailing-ships, and ships of war are continually in progress of construction for the mari 
 time nations of Europe, China, Japan, and the British possessions. 
 
 The geographical position of England and the position held by her in relation to the 
 trade, capital, and commercial enterprises of Europe and the whole Eastern hemi 
 sphere, is of such a controlling character as naturally to conduct a large portion of the 
 trade of those countries to her. Ten years ago much of this trade was done by Amer 
 ican ships which were chartered by English merchants, but English iron and composite 
 ships now take the most profitable part of this trade ; and although American ships still 
 get a portion of the second-class business, the number thus employed is fast dimin 
 ishing. 
 
 The labor of all grades and classes of artisans employed in the construction of ships 
 in England and Scotland is cheaper than in the United States, ranging in London from 
 As. to 7s. 6d. per day ; on the Clyde about Is. less per day, and in the north of England 
 still lower. But this does not afford the English builder much if any- ad vantage, be 
 cause in America mechanics perform more labor in a given time than the same class of 
 workmen do in this country. 
 
 " Character of officers and crews of English vessels as compared with those of tho 
 United States." 
 
 There is an acknowledged difference, in favor of the American officer, in the prepar 
 atory education of American and English ship-masters. While the American is as 
 good a seaman, he is to a certain extent also a merchant. He is very frequently a part 
 owner in the ship he commands, and when abroad seeking business is to a great ex 
 tent intrusted by the other owners with the general management of the ship and busi 
 ness connected with her, such as looking up business, deciding on what offers to ac 
 cept, and protecting her interests in all ways. The English ship-master is rarely a 
 part owner, or intrusted with any such responsibilities. He is generally a good sea 
 man and obeys the instructions laid down for his guidance. His duty is to sail tho 
 ship, keep her in good order, and deliver cargoes in good condition. The business is 
 entirely in the hands of the owners and ship-brokers. As a general rule American 
 ship-masters make greater dispatch, sail their ships with a less number of men, feed 
 them better, and their port charges are less. Before an English master can take 
 charge of a ship, he has to pass a rather rigid examination before a board of examin 
 ers appointed by the Board of Trade, and receive a certificate from them of compe 
 tency and good character. For any misconduct or incompetency as master, this cer 
 tificate may be suspended or taken from him. It is said the rigid enforcement of this 
 law has produced a decided reform in the service. 
 
 A majority of the seamen in our mercantile service are foreigners. We have no 
 licensed shipping officers and no provisions of law for their protection until they sign 
 tiio shipping articles and go on board ship. No certificates of competency as seamen 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 221 
 
 and of good conduct are given them on their discharge, and they are left while in port 
 to the tender mercies of landlords and shipping-masters and their runners. They are 
 frequently robhed of the proceeds of their last voyage, and their advance wages for 
 the next, and delivered aboard ship by those who control them, destitute and help 
 less, like any marketable commodity. In all these respects the English sailor is care 
 fully protected by law and the constant watchfulness of government officials. In the 
 leading ports he has, when in them, a good, well-regulated boarding-house to go to, 
 with books, papers, amusements, savings banks, medical attendance, &c., forming a 
 part of the establishment, and, what is perhaps of more importance, shipping officers 
 licensed and controlled by the government. At these government shipping offices all 
 seamen for the British mercantile service musfbo shipped. They have, before they can 
 bo shipped, to produce their recommendations from the captains of the last ships on 
 which they served, and to the shipping office pay the small fee of one shilling, 
 (twenty-five cents,) and it is made unlawful to exact any larger sum. I went over 
 this subject with some care in a dispatch to the Department of State, dated May 12, 
 1806, and numbered 375. This dispatch was called for and published, with another on 
 the subject of commerce, by the fortieth Congress, second session, Executive Document 
 No. 283, and may bo found on page 22 ot this document. As I have not time to 
 co over the question in detail before this paper ought to be sent forward, now too 
 long delayed by illness and pressing official duties, I must respectfully refer the hon 
 orable committee and the.Cominissioner of Customs to that paper for further informa 
 tion on the subject. The revised merchant shipping act, which will come before tho 
 next session of Parliament for adoption, contains a clause permitting foreign ships to 
 enjoy the benefits of these government shipping offices in English ports. This will bo 
 an excellent thing for American ships and seamen in British ports, and all masters 
 should be compelled to ship such men as they may want through these licensed ship 
 ping offices, instead of through irresponsible private shipping offices, on which foreign 
 ships in British ports now depend, and where sailors are so often deceived, robbed, and 
 ill-treated. It is to be hoped that some efficient measures will soon be established by 
 law to give American and foreign seamen an equally good protection within the limits 
 of the United States. 
 
 The establishment of the coast guard corps of mariners, and navy pensions, are the 
 chief inducements to encourage seamen to enter the government service when called 
 for. For more full information on this branch of their inquiry, I must again respect 
 fully ask to refer the committee to the published dispatch (No. 375) heretofore men 
 tioned. I will investigate this question further, and if I find any additional facts 
 worth reporting I will communicate them hereafter. 
 
 French Lloyds is more favorable to American ships than tho English, because tho 
 construction of American ships conforms more nearly to the surveys and specifications 
 laid down by French Lloyds. No American-built ship, whether English-owned or 
 otherwise, can be brought within the requirements of English Lloyds, yet American 
 ships can bo classed as A 1 there, by having the letter F placed against them, signify 
 ing foreign built. 
 
 There are no fixed and established " printed rates of wages paid English seamen, 
 firemen, and engineers " in the mercantile service. Such wages fluctuate according to 
 supply and demand. Tho rates of wages of all persons serving in the navy, from sea 
 men upward, are established and may bo found printed in the " Navy List," two copies 
 of which I herewith forward. I think quite full answers to the inquiries put to mo 
 will be found embodied in this paper ; but if any point has been overlooked, or any 
 further information from me desired, I will endeavor to supply such omissions on 
 further calls, with as little delay as practicable. 
 
 I have the honor to be your obedient servant, 
 
 F. H. MORSE, Consul General. 
 
 Hon. HAMILTON FISH, 
 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 P. S. I will make the price of iron steamers tho subject of another communication, 
 I hope, by next post. 
 
 A 1. 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSULATE GENERAL, 
 
 London, January 15, 1S70. 
 
 DEAR SIR : In answer to your inquiry in regard to composite vessels, I would say 
 they have only one advantage over iron, which is more than overcome by several dis 
 advantages, and the one advantage I feel quite confident is only temporary. It is, they 
 can be easily coppered and thus kept clean longer without docking than an iron ship 
 with the ordinary coating on her bottom. But this is not found from experience of 
 
222 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 sufficient advantage to give them a preference over iron. The first cost of the compo 
 site vessel is greater than if built of iron. The wood bottom wears out quicker, and 
 must be replaced with new at heavy expense. Then there is the additional outlay for 
 sheathing with copper, or yellow metal, which must be renewed every two or three 
 years. The iron ship had to be docked and scraped, or washed down as her bottom be 
 comes foul, but a cheap coating, put on with a brush, like paint, is coining into use here, 
 which it is said after trial keeps the bottom more free from sea-weed and barnacles 
 than copper. This coating has to be renewed about once in fifteen or eighteen months. 
 
 You will bear in mind that a composite vessel is built entirely of iron, except that 
 the planking is of wood, secured to the iron frame by through bolts and nuts screwed 
 on to their inside ends, and by washers and rivets. This planking, on the iron plating 
 of an iron frame is the most simple part of the structure, and when the machinery is 
 provided for the preparation of the other parts of the vessel, and the frame up, com 
 plete in all its parts, except planking or plating, the difficulty is over, and putting on 
 the outside covering becomes a very simple and easy matter. Composite, though ex 
 cellent vessels, are not gaining in this country anything like the rapidity that iron is. 
 I have not yet obtained full statistics for the year just closed, but I think it will be 
 found that t he number of iron ships over composite, Avill be comparatively greater than 
 the year before last, which shows that the experience of persons engaged in maritime 
 commerce is setting their judgments in favor of iron ships. 
 
 It must be evident to all who have given any thought to the subject that we cannot 
 expect a revival of our shipping interest without some measures of relief and en 
 couragement from government; in regard to the mode of applying which, men differ 
 according to the standpoint from which they view the subject. If the object bo 
 merely to possess iron ships and steamers, without any other object in view, no matter 
 where built, the way is easy to gain such possessions. Open the door and admit a 
 foreign supply. But if nothing else is done, the certain effect of. such a policy will be, 
 as long as it may be continued, to prevent the establishment of iron ship-building 
 yards within our own country. The object should be, not merely to possess, but also 
 and chiefly to create facilities and encouragement for opening yards and constructing 
 iron steamers and sailing ships on our own soil. It is, I think, an admitted fact that 
 there is now more tonnage at the command of merchants who have freights to offer 
 than is, in the present condition of trade, necessary to do the carrying trade of tho 
 world ; and therefore capital invested in sailing ships does not now, taken as a whole, 
 pay well. It is true that some steani lines make large dividends, and some sailing 
 ships kept in certain trades are doing a fair business, but, taken as a whole, the ship 
 ping interest has not been for the last few years a remunerating business. 
 
 If this view be correct, and the iron ship-builders could have/ree materials and could 
 put a ship afloat at as low a price as it can be done in Great Britain, I should not look 
 for an immediate and general revival of our shipping interests, especially for gen 
 eral freighting service. A few yards would probably be started, and ships and steamers 
 be built for special service. Government could also greatly eneourage iron ship-build 
 ing by giving a liberal subsidy to a few leading lines of postal steamers, on the express 
 condition that all the regular steamers on the lines should be either iron or composite 
 steamers of the highest class, and at least one-half or more of the number on each 
 line should be built in the United States. The great end to be kept in view and gained 
 should be the development, to the highest state of perfection, the art of iron ship 
 building among ourselves, and free us from dependence on foreign countries for our 
 mercantile marine and means of transport, and give us facilities for building the most 
 efficient sea-going sliips-of-war in time of need. Any measures which look only to the 
 increase of our mercantile marine by the purchase of foreign-built ships will render 
 no aid in placing us in such an independent position, but will tend rather to hold us 
 back from it. 
 
 I forward Avith this note a letter from Suuderland, in the north of England, where 
 the largest number of the wood-ships built in this country are constructed. This will 
 
 five you the price of steamers, sailing-ships, and the rate of wages in that part of tho 
 ingdom. I also send a list of ships, over a certain size, built there during the year 
 1869. You will notice only six wooden sailing ships on tho list, and not one of them 
 comes up to the average of the whole number of iron sailing ships built in the United 
 Kingdom during the year 1868. And what is more discouraging for wooden ships, the 
 writer says in a letter to me, dated 30th December, 1809, 
 
 "A great many wooden vessels that were finished last year (1868) are still lying un 
 sold, as they have gone off very slowly this year, while on the contrary a great many 
 iron vessels have been contracted; for in fact, nearly all the iron vessels that have been 
 built have been invariably sold before they were finished." 
 
 If I can do anything more here to aid the object for which you are laboring pleaso 
 inform me, and it shall be promptly and cheerfully done. 
 
 I have been relying on one of the principal London ship-building firms, for a state- 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 223 
 
 mont in reference to ship-building on tlio Thames, similar to the one from Sunderland, 
 but it has not yet been sent to me. On its receipt, I will forward it immediately. 
 I am, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 . F. W. MORSE, 
 
 Consul General. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, If. C. 
 
 B 1. 
 
 SUNDERLAND, January 3, 1870. 
 
 DEAR SIR: Wa now have tho great pleasure of handing you copy of a letter received 
 by ua this naorniug from one of our eminent ship-builders, in which you will iiud a 
 more detailed account of wages, and also in prices of iron sailing vessels and cargo 
 boats, as follows : 
 
 " Replying to yours of 9th instant, wo have pleasure in furnishing you with tho fol 
 lowing particulars for your American friends, viz : 
 
 " Tho rate of wages paid to iron shipwrights arid artizans in several years : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rj 
 
 
 Tears. 
 
 E 
 
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 | 
 
 M 
 
 E 
 
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 1 
 
 S 
 
 
 -2 
 
 Z+ 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 & 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 B 
 P 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 
 8. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 *. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 IPCO 
 
 4 8 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 ISO 1-2 
 
 5 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 g 
 
 5 
 
 3 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 Q 
 
 1863 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 8 
 
 5 
 
 3 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 18G4 
 
 5 6 
 
 5 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 G 
 
 r > 
 
 1869 
 
 4 G 
 
 4 6 
 
 4 2 
 
 4 G 
 
 3 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The prices of A A iron sailing ships of highest class at Lloyd s, and with East India 
 outfit: In 1861, 15 10s. per register ton ; in 1862 and 1863, 17 17s. Gd. per register 
 ton; in 1869, 14 per register ton. 
 
 Tho price for nine years on A B cargo steamers, fitted complete, with engines and 
 boilers ready for sea: In 1861, 18 per register ton; in 1862 and 1863, 19 2s. Gd. per 
 register ton ; in 1869, 16 per register ton. 
 
 " I hope this information may bo what your friends require ; any further I can give I 
 shall be happy to do. 
 
 " Please note that all the information wo have given you about steamers has been 
 for what we call cargo boats ; that is, steamers of large carrying capacity but with 
 only moderate horse-power ; while for ocean-going steamers the price is about 25 per 
 register ton, and the price of this description of steamer varies very little, as the cost 
 of fitting these vessels up for passengers, the engines &c., are always much about the 
 eame ; thus for a boat of 2,000 tons register, fitted up with full passenger accommoda 
 tion, with engines on board of large horse-power to give the boat great speed, and all 
 tho other requisites required for this class of boats, the price would be about 50,000. 
 
 Trusting this information will be of service to you. 
 Wo are, dear sir, yours truly, 
 
 PEACOCK BROTHERS. 
 
 F. H. MORSE, Esq., London. 
 
 B 2. 
 
 Vessels built at Sunderland, England, during the year 1869. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Iron ships 28 
 
 Iron steamships 9 
 
 Totaliron ships 37 
 
 Composite ships 12 
 
 Composite steamships 1 
 
 Total.. . 13 
 
 Wooden sailing ships . 
 Total.. 
 
 6 
 56 
 
224 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 Tornagc. 
 
 Vessels from 4SO to 1,000 tons burden 42 28,114 
 
 Vessels from 1,000 tons and upward 14 18,179 
 
 Total tonnage 46,293 
 
 C. 
 
 2 COWPER S COURT, CORXHILL, 
 
 London, December 7, 1869. 
 
 Sir. : In reply to your favor of yesterday s date we have much pleasure in giving you 
 the following information, as to the value of wood and iron ships, as in the year 1860 
 and at the present time : 
 
 In the case of sailing-ships the price varies according to the standing and repute of 
 the builder, and the character of the outfit. 
 
 The same remark applies to steamers, besides which the fittings and outfit of pas 
 senger boats must be considered, and also the higher prices of engines, by the first en 
 gineering firms, on the Thames and Mersey. 
 
 
 1860. 
 
 1869. 
 
 "Wood ships with East India outfit and yellow metaled : 
 
 18 18 to 16 16 
 17 17 to 16 16 
 13 10 to 12 00 
 12 00 to 11 00 
 10 10 to 10 00 
 
 > Very few built. 
 
 18 00 to 17 00 
 17 00 to 16 00 
 
 21 00 to 20 00 
 35 00 to 25 00 
 
 15 00 to 00 00 
 15 00 to 14 00 
 1-2 00 to 11 00 
 11 00 to 10 00 
 10 00 to 9 10 
 
 16 00 to 13 CO 
 
 [A] 14 10 to 13 00 
 [A] 13 00 to 12 00 
 
 16 00 to 10 00 
 30 00 to 20 00 
 
 
 
 Nine years class 
 
 
 Composite vessels, East India outfit and yellow metaled : 
 
 -Fifteen years class 
 
 
 Iron ships, East India outfit : 
 
 Nine yours class 
 
 Screw steamers, including average power to tonnage, cargo 
 boats and small passenger accommodation 
 
 "With larger passenger accommodation and greater power. 
 
 Paddle steamers of greater power in proportion to tonnage, say difference in horse 
 power at 40 to 30 per horse-power. 
 
 Wood vessels that have been built on speculation and have remained some time on 
 builders hands may now be bought at a considerable reduction on prices quoted above, 
 the demand for wood vessels being now very limited. 
 
 Wood steamers have been entirely superseded by iron, excepting a few tug-boats. 
 Tendering our services at any time, 
 We are, sir, yours respectfully. 
 
 GEO. BAYLEY & WM. RIDLEY. 
 Hon. F. H. MORSE, 
 
 Consul General United States. 
 
 No. 1025.] UNITED STATES CONSULATE, 
 
 Liverpool, December 18, 1869. 
 
 SIR : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your dispatch inclosing a letter 
 from the Hon. John Lynch, chairman of the Committee on American Navigation in tho 
 House of Representatives, requesting information about the cost of ships, wages to 
 workmen, &c., in Great Britain in 1860 and 1869. 
 
 I have found quite a discrepancy in the costs of building vessels, owing partly, no 
 doubt, to the competition among builders both now and in 1860. With regard to 
 wooden vessels, there were very few built in Great Britain in 1860, and less at the 
 present time. So far as I can learn, there are no wooden steamers built at the present 
 time. Price of wooden sailing-ships in Great Britain, in 1860, from 18 to 21 per 
 ton. Price of wooden sailing-ships in 1869 from 15 to 16. 
 
 The price for wooden steamers in 1860 is given to me at 30 per ton. All say there 
 are none now building. 
 
 Price of iron sailing-ships in 1860 may be given at about 19 per ton. 
 
 Price of iron sailing-ships in 1869, 15 10s. 
 
 Price of iron steamers of average engine power^ in I860, 6 10s. ; in 1869, 22 10s. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 225 
 
 The above prices are, assuming the vessel to be in every case of about 1,000 tons, 
 builders measurement, supplied with an East India outfit, but without passenger ac 
 commodation, and the steamers to have engines of 150 nominal horse-power. Larger 
 vessels would be dearer, and smaller ones cheaper, than the rates given. 
 
 The wages of mechanics on ship work in Liverpool, in 1860, was fixed by the Ship- 
 Carpeuters Association, a kind of trades union. The foreman received nine shillings, 
 and ordinary workmen seven shillings per day. These are the wages paid at the 
 present time. 
 
 The rates for insurance in Liverpool, for first-class vessels, were as follows : 
 
 British-built vessels, in I860, about seven guineas per cent, per annum. In 1869, 
 about ten guineas. 
 
 Colonial-built vessels, in 1860, nine guineas per cent, per annum. The same in 1869, 
 about twelve guineas per cent, per annum. 
 
 On steamers, wood and iron, in 1860, from five to six guineas per cent, per annum. 
 The same in 1869, from eight to nine guineas per cent, per annum. 
 
 The only advantage possessed by ship-builders and owners in Great Britain over the 
 same class in the United States, is cheaper labor and cheaper iron. In this country 
 there is a redundance of labor, consequently labor is cheap. The redundancy is so 
 great that very nearly one man out of every twenty, taking England and Wales to 
 gether, is a pauper, that is, has to bo provided for in whole or in part at the public ex 
 pense, to keep him from starving. The effect of this is felt not only in the construc 
 tion of vessels, enabling builders to build cheaper, but to the owners as well in con 
 ducting their commercial pursuits, enabling them to run their vessels at less cost, and, 
 as a general thing, with a better class of sailors. As an instance, wages of able sea 
 men in New York, at present time, are about $30 per month in currency, while in Liver 
 pool they are only 2 10s., or equal to $12 10 in gold, or about $16 or $17 in currency. 
 Iron is also cheaper in this country, which is accounted for by the same reason, viz, 
 that labor is cheaper, thereby enabling those engaged in the iron business to produce 
 iron cheaper than it can be made in the States. 
 I have the honor, &c., 
 
 THOMAS H. DUDLEY. 
 
 Hon. HAMILTON FISH, 
 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSULATE, 
 
 Quebec, November 24, 1869. 
 
 SIR : Your favor under date of October 30th has been acknowledged. I have given 
 the shipping interests of Quebec considerable attention the past year, and am now able 
 to make the following communication on the subject of your letter : 
 
 1. Wooden sea-going sailing-vessels. The present cost of building this class, including 
 both material and labor, is about the same as in 1860. The price of material is higher, 
 while labor is lower than in 1860. 
 
 2. The cost of same. Vessels of nine hundred tons cost about $38 per register ton ; ves 
 sels of fourteen hundred tons, $36 per ton. *This does not include the yellow metal for 
 sheathing, the cost of which is $3 per ton. Vessels are usually sold in Europe before 
 they are sheathed. 
 
 3. Value of same in England. At no time have Quebec-built vessels been held in very 
 high repute in England ; to-day they cannot be sold at remunerative prices. They sell in 
 England for about seven pounds sterling per register ton, to which may be added about 
 five dollars per ton for outward freight. Ship-owners do not like wooden vessels. Iron 
 and composite are taking the place of wood in Europe, except in some special branch 
 of the service, such as the freighting of lumber, &c. But iron and composite have never 
 been built at Quebec or in Canada. 
 
 4. Steamers. There never was but one wooden sea-going steamer built here that 
 
 was many years ago. There are ocean steamers sailing from this port, and quite 
 
 a number down the river to the ports below. All of them are of iron, and built on the 
 Clyde, in Scotland. Among the latter are the Gaspe, formerly Emma, City of 
 Quebec, formerly Dunbartou, and the Seacrit, all old blockade-runners in the rebel 
 service. 
 
 5. Tariff of 1868. Previous to 1868, all materials for ship-building purposes imported 
 into Canada were subject to duties, but with a drawback to the full amount of duties 
 paid. The act 01 May 22, 1868, so far as it relates to the ship-building interests, was 
 drafted by J. W. Dunscomb, esq., collector of customs at Quebec, assisted by McKay & 
 Warner, Americans, and large ship-builders here. It was the intention of these gentle 
 men, and also of the government, to have all material imported for ship-building free 
 of duty, but, through some mistake, a few minor articles were not included, such as a 
 certain class of nails, &c. All other articles were made free entirely, except cables of 
 hemp or grass, cordage, varnish ; when for ships only, free, otherwise fifteen per cent, 
 duty. 
 
 15 N I 
 
226 NAVIGATION- INTERESTS. 
 
 G. Cost of material. In order to shorten this communication, I will refer you to my 
 report on the shipping interests of Quebec, to Hon. J. A. Graham, Acting Register of tho 
 Treasury, under date of October 20, 1869. 
 
 7. Wanes of laborers in ship-yards. I will refer you to my report to Mr. Graham. 
 
 8. Composite vessels are those with iron frames with planking of wood. 
 
 9. Ships now building at Quebec. There are seventeen in all, including three half 
 composite, for market of 1870. 
 
 10. Character of officers and crew. About the same as in the United States. 
 
 11. General information. The labor per ship of about one thousand tons classed A 1, 
 at Lloyds, will amount to ten dollars per ton. 
 
 I fully believe that iron is to take the place of wood, eventually ; that iron steam 
 ships will take the place of sailing, for nearly all freights except lumber. The great 
 majority of ships to-day from Europe (England and France) to the East Indies are 
 iron propellers. You may place the advantages of iron over wood for means of trans 
 portation in a greater ratio than you would water over land. 
 
 In the classing of vessels, Lloyds have heretofore given Quebec ships A 1, seven years. 
 I am now advised that in order to advance the interest of the Dominion, they will give 
 eight years in 1870. 
 
 You will find the wages of seamen, from the master down to the boy, in my report to 
 
 Mr. Graham above referred to. 
 
 *********** 
 
 I am, sir, your obedient servant. 
 
 CHARLES ROBINSON, 
 
 United States Consul. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, M. C., 
 
 Chairman Committee on American Navigation. 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSULATE, 
 
 Kingston, Ontario, November 29, 1869. 
 
 SIR : In obedience to a request contained in yours of October 30, I have the honor to 
 submit the following report : 
 
 1. Cost in Kingston of wooden sailing-vessels per ton, fitted for lake navigation, in 
 1860, (old custom-house measurement,) two hundred and fifty tons and under, $50; 
 o er that tonnage, $45 per ton. 
 
 2. Wooden steamers, for passengers, in 1860, $100 per ton. 
 
 3. There is but slight, if any, difference in the cost of Ouilding tho foregoing at the 
 present time. 
 
 4. First-class mechanics, in ship-yards, in 1860, received from $1 50 to $1 75 per day. 
 The same prices are paid now as near as may bo. 
 
 5. Steamers to class A 1. Insurance for tfre season six per cent. ; sailing-vessels, one 
 per cent less. 
 
 6. I am not aware of any regulation by this government to ascertain the amount of 
 material entering into tho construction of vessels, except the required oath of tho 
 builder or owner. 
 
 7. All material imported for vessel-building by the builder or owner comes into the 
 province free of duty, while there is a heavy duty on all material entering the United 
 States for the same purpose, thereby giving to the builder or owner here a decided 
 advantage. 
 
 8. Character of officers and crews of Canadian vessels rates as near as possible tho 
 same as on American vessels of same classes. 
 
 At the present time, compared with 1880, pitch, tar, and oakum are a shade lower 
 in price, and timber a shade higher. 
 
 From the best information I can get these trifling variations in price about neutral 
 ize, thereby making the cost now about the same as in 1860. 
 
 For a short time during the late rebellion oakum, pitch, and tar were at fabulous 
 prices, but at the close of the war dropped back to the old prices. 
 All of which is most respectfully submitted. 
 
 I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 S. B. HANA, 
 United States Consul. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, Chairman, $c., Washington, D. C 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 227 
 
 CONSULATE OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA, 
 
 Halifax, N. S., December 2, 1869. 
 
 SIR : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, making 
 certain inquiries in relation to the ship-building interests of Nova Scotia, and in com 
 pliance with your request have much pleasure in furnishing the following information : 
 
 1. The cost in Nova Scotia of wooden ships, iron fastened, per ton, fitted for sea, in 
 1SGO, was fifty-five dollars ; and of coppered and copper-fastened, about sixty-five dol 
 lars per ton, register tonnage. 
 
 2. There is no material difference in the cost of building this class of ships at the 
 present time, the increased price of some of the raw materials being equivalent to tho 
 abolition of the duty of five per cent, on imported articles. 
 
 3. No wooden steamers are built in Nova Scotia. 
 
 4. The rates of wages of first-class mechanics on ship work, in 1860, were from $1 50 
 to $1 75 per day, and at the present time are about the same. 
 
 5. Steamships crossing tho Atlantic are generally insured in England. The rate 01 
 insurance on such, steamers is about nine per cent, per year, or one-half per cent, per 
 voyage. 
 
 6. On sailing vessels, the rates of insurance here on voyages from Halifax to England 
 are from two and a half to three per cent. ; on voyages to the West Indies, from one 
 and three-fourths to two per cent. ; and to tho United States, one per cent. 
 
 7. No specific regulations are adopted by the government to ascertain the amount of 
 materials exempt from duty entering into the construction of vessels. The articles are 
 admitted free merely upon the oath of the importer that they are intended solely to ~be 
 used in the construction of vessels. But by act of Parliament the importation of goods so 
 exempt from duty, and all matters relating thereto, are subject to such regulations as 
 may be prescribed by the governor and council for the purpose of preventing fraud or 
 abuse under pretext of such exemption. 
 
 8. The advantages possessed by ship-builders and ship-owners in Nova Scotia over 
 the same classes in the United States arise from the lower rates of wages, the cheaper 
 raw materials, and the exemption from duty of all imported articles required in the 
 construction of ships. 
 
 These advantages are partially counterbalanced by the greater durability of Ameri 
 can-built vessels, owing to the better quality of the timber used in their construction. 
 
 Formerly the duty in Nova Scotia on ship-building materials was five per cent., but 
 under the present Canadian tariff they are admitted duty free. 
 
 There has been no material change in the price of labor and ship-building materials 
 in this province since 1866, and I respectfully refer you for many particulars relating 
 thereto to my report on that subject made in that year, and published (page 219) in the 
 appendix to the report of the Special Commissioner of Revenue. 
 
 But a small number of American vessels have been registered in Nova Scotia. 
 
 While the admission of American vessels to registry in the British North American 
 provinces is of but little practical importance to American citizens, the admission of 
 foreign vessels to registry in the Uuited States necessarily involves the opening of our 
 coasting trade to foreign competition. 
 
 This would be most injurious to the ship-building interests of our country. 
 
 It is not, therefore, it appears to me, by admitting foreign vessels to registry upon an 
 equal footing with our own, and thus opening our extended coasting and inland trado 
 to foreign competition, that the shipping and ship-building interests of the United 
 States are to be restored to their former state of prosperity, but by the reduction of 
 duties on all imported materials for the construction of ships, and by liberal subsidies, 
 under judicious regulations, to ocean mail steamers. 
 
 I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 M. M. JACKSON. 
 
 United States Consul 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman of the Committee on American Navigation Interests 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSULATE, 
 St. John, New Brunswick, November 29, 1869. 
 
 SIR : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt, this 18th day of November, of 
 your letter, dated October 30, 1869, forwarded me through the Department of State, 
 asking certain information concerning ship-building interests of the province. 
 
 Inquiry of the same character having lately been made of this office by the Treasury 
 Department, I am therefore enabled to answer your questions without much delay. 
 
 The cost of wooden ships and wooden steamers built in this province in 1860 and 
 1869 is the Bame. A comparison of ships and steamers built then and now show no 
 difference in cost per ton worth noting. Sailing vessels of from 1,200 to 1,500 tons reg- 
 
228 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 ister, complete with anchors and sails, ready for sea, can be built for $40 per ton. 
 They are what the Liverpool market term soft-wood ships. Frames arc spruce ; stan 
 chions, keelsons, waterways, stringers and rails are hard wood ; that is, hackmatack 
 or pitch pine. They class 3-3; 1-1. Seven years French Lloyds, wooden steamers, 
 for use on the St. John s Eiver and Bay of Fundy, are built here at a cost, when ready 
 for sea, fitted complete, of $90 to $95 per ton register; the largest being about (550 
 tons register, with 150 horse-power, cabins and saloon, built of hackmatack and Bay 
 spruce. No steamers are built but those required for local traffic. 
 
 The rate of wages for ship-carpenters have varied but little in ten years. I am in 
 formed by different parties that the difference has not exceeded ten cents per day at 
 any time within ten years last past. First-class ship mechanics get from eight to nine 
 shillings a day, that is, $1 60 to $1 80. 
 
 Rate of insurance on sailing vessels is twelve per cent, per annum, to go anywhere, 
 except Gulf of St. Lawrence in winter season. Rates of insurance on steam vessels are 
 the same as on sailing vessels. Fire rates are from two to two one-half per cent. 
 
 There are no regulations whatever adopted, by which the amount of material enter 
 ing into the construction of vessels which are exempt from duty can be ascertained. 
 The Dominion government, in their tariff of customs, exempt certain articles intended 
 for the construction of vessels. There being no check other than the oath of the im 
 porter that the articles are imported for the purpose of ship-building, it is impossible 
 to ascertain what part or how much of such importations actually enter into the con 
 struction of shipping. An examination of the customs records shows the entire import 
 ation of these exempted articles to be for ship-building purposes. 
 
 The advantages claimed by New Brunswick ship-builders over those of the United 
 States are numerous, the most important being cheapness of timber, low wages of 
 ship-carpenters and laborers, free entry of all foreign material entering into the con 
 struction, use of less timber and bolting, giving a lighter and stronger vessel than the 
 American build. (This is a question of construction, and one worthy our American 
 ship-builders attention.) Building their vessels under the inspection and scrutiny of 
 London Lloyds and French Lloyds, giving them a preference in market over those not 
 classed, or those classed in American Lloyds. The ship-owners of the province get 
 their vessels at very low prices, because of there being no foreign demand for colonial 
 ships. That although the spruce ships may not be as durable as our oak, still their 
 greater buoyancy gives great advantage in carrying dead freights. The difference 
 they claim to be twenty-five per cent, in their favor, and more than compensates for 
 difference in durability." My knowledge of officers and crews being confined almost 
 entirely to those of American shipping, I am unable to contrast them with those of 
 New Brunswick. As far as my observation goes, I think our officers superior in educa 
 tion and general business capacity, but the New Brunswick skipper is generally a 
 thorough sailor and of steady habits. As to the crews of the different vessels, it would 
 be hard to make a distinction. The only nationality attaching to any of them being 
 the flags under which they sail from time to time. When we find an American sailor 
 who has a pride in his nationality, he is generally a very superior man to those of any 
 other country. That he is a better sailor, I cannot say. 
 
 In former years the colonial ship-builders found market for their vessels in Liver 
 pool, which often gave them fair profits, and again, heavy losses were suffered. Their 
 ships went to market, like any other article of sale, the prices depending upon the de 
 mand. They were built of hackmatack, pitch-pine and oak, and under the scrutiny of 
 Lloyds, London, the most of them receiving their (Lloyds) classification of seven 
 years, A 1, which was indispensable, in case of sale in that market. The demand for 
 this class of vessels having ceased, the builders are engaged in the construction of the 
 spruce or soft-wood vessel, depending upon the citizen, merchant, and ship-broker of 
 the province as purchasers. The demand is quite limited, and for three years the 
 business has been rapidly declining. The few ships built pay the builder no profit, 
 notwithstanding the advantages they have in cheap material, labor, &c. They are 
 generally built under the inspection of French Lloyds. Ship-owuers inform me their 
 spruce vessels are giving better satisfaction than expected, and so well pleased are 
 they, that they declare their intention of confining their future investments to that 
 class. They cost about five dollars per ton less than the hackmatack ship, and carry 
 fully sixteen per cent, more guano or coals. 
 
 In giving the cost of these vessels at $40 per ton, I intend it as a fair average. It 
 would probably give a clearer understanding to the committee to give the different 
 kinds of vessels and cost of each. Small vessels, single deck, to class in French Lloyds 
 A 1, five years, will cost $34 to $37 per ton. Vessels classed A 1, 3-3, five years, will 
 cost from $38 to $39 per ton. Vessels classed A 1, 3-3, six years, will cost "$39 to $40 
 per ton. Vessels classed A 1, 3-3, seven years, will cost $42 to $44 per ton. The ves 
 sels of the five-year class may be built of timber wholly the growth of the province. 
 In the six year class, the rudder, stock, and windlass, must bo southern oak, and the 
 stems, stern-posts, aprons, knight -heads, bills, corners, &c., must be either oak or 
 hackmatack. In the seven-year class, southern oak for all cases Avhere hackmatack or 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 229 
 
 oak is required in the six-year class, also, tamarack or pitch-pine beams, pitch-pine or 
 oak keelsons, waterways, stringers, rails, &c., &c. All of these vessels, when running 
 from two hundred to four hundred tons register, more or less iron knees are required 
 under every beam. Above six hundred tons, in addition to the knees, iron straps on 
 the outside, or an equivalent in the ceiling, with edge bolting, &c. Ships may be built 
 in this province from one to two dollars per ton less, but only when the object is pro 
 duction at the lowest possible cost. 
 
 In building spruce ships, much depends upon the condition of the timber and the 
 care in putting it together, it being very essential, indeed, indispensable to long ser 
 vice, that the timber be cut in the winter season ; that every part have thorough 
 ventilation, and so salted that the salt remains where placed and not .allowed to collect 
 on the bottom. When ready for sea a spruce ship should never be allowed to cruise in 
 tropical climates until she has had a year s service in northern waters. When carefully 
 and properly built and cared for, spruce vessels are known to have sailed, discharging 
 their cargoes in good condition, from sixteen to twenty years. Again, when con 
 structed of timber cut in bad season and probably sent south, while green, they have 
 become utterly worthless in five years. 
 
 That the committee may have some of the reasons advanced by the builders here of 
 their advantages in construction over our American builders, in a form more ship- shape 
 than I can give, I enclose extract of letter recived from Mr. Tucker, the very intelli 
 gent and long experienced agent of Lloyds, London, who has made the construction 
 of ships a study for forty years, and who has been the agent of the committee of 
 Lloyds in this province for fifteen years, in which time ho has introduced many and 
 radical reforms in the construction of sailing vessels. 
 
 I ani sir. very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 D. B. WARNER, 
 
 United States Oonsnl. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYXCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Navigation Interests. 
 
 [Extract.] 
 
 Permit me to state that since the appointment of surveyors to these 
 provinces by the committee of Lloyds, London, so great has been the reduction in cost 
 of construction of our vessels, while the improvements have been considerable, from a 
 personal knowledge, and [ believe it is generally concorded. Ships of any required 
 model and build to class A 1 in the society of Lloyds register, London, can be con 
 structed in the Dominion of Canada for one-fourth less cost than they can be turned out 
 of any building yard in the States of America. As a consequence, the reduction of ex 
 penses in construction being so important, comparatively, where colonial vessels are 
 returning interest upon the outlay to their respective owners, the mercantile vessels of 
 the United States are, as a general thing, running to a disadvantage; in fine, are yield 
 ing no profitable return to those who may be interested. 
 
 It is also generally admitted that vessels constructed of tamarack or spruce have a 
 material advantage over others, because of their buoyancy, while they are equally as 
 durable when properly cared for ; this species of timber not being of the same specific 
 gravity compared with that which enters into the construction of ships built in the 
 United States. Our colonial vessels, as a consequence, when either light or laden, do 
 not become so deeply immersed, sailing, it is estimated, about one-sixth lighter, admit 
 tedly carrying a heavier dead weight and measurement cargo, tonnage being compared, 
 and have a much more free board than ships built wholly of oak. 
 
 Again, your builders adhere to the anciut method of building ships with wood lodg 
 ing and vertical knees, which are pretty to look at, because of the diffuse quantity of 
 short bolts introduced for fastening, considered by those practically acquainted with 
 ships, but very indifferent security, those knees not only increasing the weight, the 
 former of no longitudinal strength, occupying a largo space of the ship s carrying 
 capacity, also preventing that free passage of air so essentially necessary in all vessels, 
 of whatever may be their material, thus causing, it may fairly bo presumed, the ships 
 to prematurely decay. 
 
 In the better class of colonial vessels, especially those constructed to class at Lloyds, 
 wood vertical knees to beam ends have, as a general thing, become obsolete, and in 
 many instances both vertical and lodging knees of wood are dispensed with, and in 
 lieu thereof, shelves and water-ways are worked equal in transverse sectional area to 
 the respective beams at their ends. Iron hanging knees and knee riders are substi 
 tuted, the latter embracing all the points of the frame, bolted through and through, 
 the bolts being spaced less than every twenty-one inches apart, the whole length of 
 rider, thereby giving those vessels an advantage over yours in regard to connection, 
 general strength throughout, better ventilation, and larger carrying capacity. 
 
230 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 It would also be needless for ine to state other than that our better class of vessels 
 are more liberally supplied with ground tackling and general equipments, those im 
 portant essentials required to be, by Lloyds register, rigidly tested at public machines 
 recognized by them. While stating those advantages and requirements I admit that 
 there are many fine points about your American-built ships to be admired: their very 
 fine model, the application of modern appliances to reduce labor and facilitate the 
 working of ships, their general smooth finish, the generally acknowledged accommo 
 dation for the mariner who traverses the storm-tossed deep, and the general stores 
 supplied, excepting anchors and chain cables, which although of the most vital im 
 portance for the safety of both life and property, those, as a general thing, are found 
 light and untested. * * 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSULATE, 
 Prince Edward Island, November 22, 1869. 
 
 Sm : In reply to your letter of October 30, 1869, this day received, I have the honor 
 to state : 
 
 1. The cost in Prince Edward Island of wooden ships, fitted for sea, was 9 4s. 6d., or 
 $29 52 per ton, medium tonnages, in 1860. 
 
 2. Steamers are not built on the island. 
 
 3. The cost of wooden ships, fitted for sea, is, at this time, 10, or $32, per ton. 
 
 4. The rate of wages for first-class mechanics, on ship work, was, in 1860, 7s. 6d, or 
 $1 20 per diem. 
 
 5. Wages of same class, at present time, Qs. 6d. to 7s., or $1 04 to $1 12, per diem. 
 
 6. Rate of insurance on steamships and sailing-vessels from eight to ten per cent. 
 
 7. There is no government regulation for ascertaining the amount of materials used 
 in the construction of vessels which are exempt from duty. 
 
 8. The character of officers and crews of Prince Edward Island vessels is very inferior 
 to that of the same classes on vessels of the United States. 
 
 9. I would. mention, in explanation of the cost of construction, as above given, that 
 the pound currency of this island is equal to three dollars and twenty cents of federal 
 money. 
 
 I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 E. PARKER SCAMMON, 
 
 United States Consul. 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, M. C., 
 
 Chairman Committee on Navigation Interests. 
 
 CONSULATE GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 Frankfurt am Mam, December .31, 1869. 
 To the Hon. Committee on American Navigation Interests : 
 
 During the present month I had the honor to receive from the Department of State, 
 a dispatch inclosing certain inquiries, by your committee, concerning the navigation 
 interests of Prussia. Sensible of the importance of the subject under your considera 
 tion, not only as it affects all persons directly engaged in ship-building and commerce, 
 but also as it bears upon the nuances and vital interests of the government, I have en 
 deavored to furnish full and satisfactory information upon the matters involved in your 
 inquiries, however it may affect your object. . 
 
 Prior to the year 1866, Prussia was a member of the old Germanic Diet, and up to 
 that time, neither Prussia alone, nor the Diet exhibited any inclination or ability 
 either to extend its commerce, or to establish a navy and increase its inaratime strength. 
 The secession of Prussia and the events of the year 1866 attending and consequent 
 thereon, scattered that confederation. A North German Union was formed of the sev 
 eral northern powers of Germany ; the other powers remaining isolated. Prussia is 
 the head, and principal power of the twenty-two distinct independent governments 
 constituting the North German Union, as it alone contains 24,000,000 of the 30,000,000 
 inhabitants of the whole Union, and covers five-sixths of the wiiole territory of the 
 Union. 
 
 The principal ports of the North German Union are the free cities of Bremen and 
 Hamburg. The merchant marine is mostly confined to those free cities, and there is 
 but little merchant marine in any port of Prussia. Each power of the Union may reg 
 ulate its own merchant marine independently of all the other powers of the Union, but 
 it can have no separate navy. The navy belongs to the Union as a whole. I shall, 
 therefore, in answering your inquiries, inform you upon the subject-matters of inquiry 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 231 
 
 not only as they affect Prussia, but also as they affect the North German Union as a 
 confederation. 
 
 The inland location of the states of the North German Union would seem not to ad 
 mit of a large merchant marine or require a powerful inaratiino force, still individuals 
 are greatly increasing the former, and the government immensely enlarging the latter, 
 and all tending to a great maritime power. 
 
 These tables * show in detail the present amount of the merchant marine according 
 to the last public accounts and the latest information that can be had. Only ordinary 
 merchant vessels are built in Prussia. The most valuable and largest of ocean steamers 
 are still built upon the river Clyde. 
 
 To the second inquiry: "What encouragement the Prussian government offers to 
 ship-builders and ship-owners by way of bounties, drawbacks, and exemption from 
 taxation. If material entering into the construction of ships is exempt from duty, or 
 a drawback is allowed upon it, what regulations are adopted by the government to 
 ascertain the amount used," I reply that no bounties, drawbacks, or exemption from 
 duties or taxation are provided either by Prussia or the North German Union. 
 
 There is a general complaint among those interested in the merchant marine that 
 their interests are neglected by the government in favor of the navy. As an evidence 
 of the feeling upon this subject, I call your attention to the discussion, at the last 
 meeting of the German Nautical Association, of the new law of the federal council of 
 the North German Union, requiring a more technical school education, and more 
 thorough qualifications of captains and inferior ship officers, and subjecting them to 
 more rigid technical examinations, without regard to practical knowledge. This asso 
 ciation is composed of the leading ship-owners, ship-builders, underwriters, and cap 
 tains of Hamburg and Bremen. The association expressed their dissatisfaction with 
 the apparent disregard by the government of the merchant service, and severely 
 denounced the tendency of Prussia to shape all naval matters and regulations to the 
 interest of the navy on the ground of the pretended great necessity of making tho 
 " Union " a powerful maritime power, to the neglect and injury of tho merchant marine 
 service of the ports of the country. They ask the question " What importance as a 
 maritime power had Prussia previous to the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein and 
 Hanover If" The answer was, " That except on the Baltic, where Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Russia also dominated, Prussia had no maritime power at all ; while tho Hanseatic 
 flag, that of Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubcc, had carried the German name to every 
 quarter of the globe." It thus appears that the ship-builders and ship-owners receive 
 not only no encouragement, but that the government is more intent upon aggrandizing 
 its own power upon tho sea, as well as upon tho land, than advancing the commerce 
 and shipping of its ports. 
 
 To the third inquiry : "Whether shipstores are allowed to bo taken in bond for con 
 sumption on the voyage ? " I answer that no dutiable shipstores are allowed to be 
 taken on board, under any privilege of exemption from duty, by any law of Prussia or 
 of the " Union." 
 
 To the fourth inquiry : " What subsidies are paid to lines of Prussian steamers ?" I 
 answer that no subsidy is paid to any lino of steamers by the North German Union or 
 by Prussia, and it is not supposed that tho free cities of Hamburg or Bremen pay any 
 subsidy or allow any privilege or exemption from duty to any line of steamers leaving 
 said ports. 
 
 The Bremen and Hamburg steamship companies have contracts with tho North Ger 
 man Union for carrying tho mails, bnt they are paid only for the exact services per 
 formed, and at very low rates of compensation. 
 
 To the last inquiry: "What measures are adopted to improve the character of and 
 secure efficiency in the merchant marine service, and what relation does this service 
 hold to the navy of Prussia ?" I reply that tho North German Union have not had 
 time to adopt measures, which experience, the essential portions of which are herewith 
 given, might show to be useful to itself or instructive to others. 
 
 Some of the ports have established schools for tho study of navigation, which have 
 attained distinction. There are laws regulating the sea-worthiness of vessels, also 
 laws respecting ship-building. 
 
 The relation of the merchant marine service to tho navy is best answered by a trans 
 lation of those articles of the constitution of tho North German Union referring to 
 navigation, viz : 
 
 "SECTION 53. The federal navy is a united one, under tho supreme command of 
 Prussia. The organization and composition of the same is incumbent upon his Majesty, 
 the King of Prussia, who appoints all the officers of the navy, and to whom the latter, 
 together with the marine troops, must take tho oath of allegiance. 
 
 u The ports of Kiel and Jahde are federal war ports. 
 
 " The cost and expense incurred in tho foundation and maintenance of the navy and 
 the institutions connected therewith will bo borne by the federal treasury. 
 
 *Tbc report of Mr. Webster was accompanied by an elaborate set of tables, translated 
 )r. Engels, cbiof of tbo Prussian statistical bureau. 
 
 __ i from a work of 
 
 Dr. 
 
232 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 The entire marine population of the Union, the body of engineers, and marine 
 mechanics included, is dispensed from the service in the army, but obliged to serve in 
 the federal navy. 
 
 "The distribution takes place in proportion to the existing marine population, so 
 that the number to be furnished by each government will be deducted from the quota 
 to be furnished for the army. 
 
 " SEC. 54. The merchant men of all the federal States form ?. joint merchant marine. 
 
 " The Union will fix the mode of ascertaining the tonnage of sea vessels, regulate the 
 issue of bills of tonnage, and ships certificates, and the conditions of licenses of sea 
 Tessels. 
 
 " The merchant men of all the federal states are uniformly admitted and received at 
 the seaports, and on all natural and artificial water roads of the several federal states. 
 The imports on vessels or cargoes for the benefit of any institution shall not exceed 
 the cost of same." 
 
 I have thus endeavored to give the desired information upon the subject-matter of 
 your inquiries. I fear that you will derive but little light from the information that 
 will enlighten your investigations. The government aims to enhance itself, and mag 
 nify its strength and power as a nation, more than to aid the individual or develop 
 the industry and wealth of the country. Neither is government aid much needed 
 where every kind of material is so cheap, and labor so poorly paid. If the merchant 
 marine is allowed to develop itself, wherever commerce demands or justifies its estab 
 lishment in the ports of Germany, and is not burdened by government, it will regulate 
 itself, and will compensate all persons employed in its interests. The kingdoms of 
 Bavaria and Wurtemberg and the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt being 
 still independent, and forming no part of the Union, are not referred to in this com 
 munication. 
 
 I trust that a satisfactory result will follow as the reward for your arduous labors. 
 I have the honor to be your obedient servant, 
 
 WM. PREUTIN WEBSTER, 
 
 Consul General. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on American Navigation Interests. 
 
 Sea vessels and river steamers in the old Prussian provinces. State at the end of the year 1867. 
 
 NUMBER AND QUALITY OF MERCHANTMEN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR 1868. 
 
 
 Number 
 of vessels. 
 
 Lasts. 
 
 SAILING VESSELS. 
 
 Sea vessels of a tonnage of more than 40 lasts * 
 
 960 
 
 183 742 
 
 Coastin 01 vessels of less than 40 lasts 
 
 422 
 
 9 746 
 
 STEAMERS. 
 
 Sea steamer 
 
 23 
 
 3 959 
 
 Steam tow-boats, river-steamer 
 
 84 
 
 1,677 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 1 464 
 
 199 124 
 
 
 
 
 Of the above steamers there were 
 
 
 Tonnage 
 of lasts. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 26 sea screw-steamers 
 
 3,788 
 
 1.667 
 
 2 pachlle steamers 
 
 171 
 
 240 
 
 21 tow-boats and river screw-steamers. . A 
 
 500 
 
 372 
 
 C3 tow-boats and river paddle-steamers 
 
 1 177 
 
 2 399 
 
 
 
 
 112 steamers 
 
 5 636 
 
 4 G78 
 
 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 Changes in the state of 1363 to 1867. 
 
 233 
 
 
 Of the vessels built at home 
 there were built in 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1866. 
 
 1867, 
 
 43 
 37 
 4 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 For domestic ship owners 
 
 93 
 63 
 14 
 1C 
 
 76 
 48 
 14 
 12 
 
 85 
 64 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 73 
 56 
 16 
 
 
 Coasting vessels 
 
 
 
 For foreign account . . . 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 81 
 
 Total 
 
 100 
 
 85 
 
 91 
 
 52 
 
 
 In the beginning of the year 1868 there were building on Prussian and Pomeranian 
 wharves 31 sea vessels, 5 coasting vessels, and 2 steamers ; that is to say, just as many 
 as in the preceding year. 
 
 During the years 
 
 
 1863. 
 
 1864. 
 
 1865. 
 
 1866. 
 
 1867. 
 
 There were bought in other states 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Of which there were stranded and brought off 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Sold to other states 
 
 13 
 
 15- 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 Wrecked 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sea and river vessels of the province of Hanover. State at the end of the year 1865. 
 
 NUMBER AND QUALITY OF MERCHANTMEN AT THE END OF TEE TEAK 1865. 
 
 
 o 
 
 as 
 II 
 
 ti 
 
 n 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Soa vessels 
 
 862 
 
 64 371 
 
 5 324 
 
 River and coasting vessels 
 
 2 762 
 
 30 175 
 
 5 556 
 
 
 
 
 
 A last is like two tons, or 4,000 pounds. 
 Changes in the state, 1862 to 1866. 
 
 Province of Hanover. 
 
 Sea 
 vessels. 
 
 Tonnage in 
 lasts of 4,000 
 pounds. 
 
 1862 
 
 843 
 
 54 169 
 
 1863 i 
 
 842 
 
 60 251 
 
 1864 
 
 814 
 
 60 101 
 
 1865 
 
 862 
 
 64 371 
 
 106G 
 
 859 
 
 62 123 
 
 
 
 
 The five principal ports of the province were at the end of the year 1866 in possession 
 of 377 sea vessels, of a tonnage of 37,954 lasts, viz : 
 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage 
 of lasts. 
 
 
 17 
 
 2 759 
 
 Gecstomunde . 
 
 44 
 
 10 567 
 
 
 84 
 
 5 397 
 
 Le/>r . . ..... 
 
 50 
 
 3 202 
 
 Paponburg 
 
 182 
 
 16 029 
 
 
 
 
234 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 River and watching revenue vessels. 
 
 Tear. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Lasts.* 
 
 1362 ... 
 
 2,748 
 
 3t 173 
 
 1863 
 
 2,776 
 
 31, 22D 
 
 Ig64 
 
 2,792 
 
 30 8G3 
 
 1865 
 
 2, 7C2 
 
 30, 175 
 
 1866 . 
 
 2,809 
 
 31, 034 
 
 
 
 
 * A Prussian last is equal to two tons. 
 Of the same -were steamers, viz : 
 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tonnage 
 of lasts. 
 
 1862 
 
 10 
 
 410 
 
 1863 
 
 11 
 
 471 
 
 1864 
 
 11 
 
 443 
 
 1865 
 
 13 
 
 560 
 
 1866 .... 
 
 16 
 
 753 
 
 
 
 
 As regards ship-building, there were finished in the course of 
 
 
 Sea vessels. 
 
 River and watch 
 vessels. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tonnage 
 of lasts. 
 
 No. 
 
 Tonnage 
 of lasts. 
 
 1862 
 
 93 
 112 
 70 
 74 
 66 
 
 9,246 
 12, 221 
 9, 123 
 8,858 
 7,910 
 
 130 
 125 
 100 
 106 
 95 
 
 2,483 
 1, 928 
 1, 223 
 1^207 
 1,159 
 
 1863 . 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 
 Schleswig-Holstcin merchant marine. Changes in the state of 1860 to 1866. 
 
 In the year 
 
 Number of 
 vessels. 
 
 Tonnage of 
 lasts.* 
 
 In the year 
 
 Number of 
 vessels. 
 
 Tonnage of 
 lasta.* 
 
 I860 
 
 2 549 
 
 63 408 
 
 1864 
 
 2 552 
 
 CG 506 
 
 1861 
 
 2 590 
 
 63 814 
 
 1865 
 
 O fJTI 
 
 68 173 
 
 1862 
 
 2 633 
 
 65* 766 
 
 1866 
 
 2 57 
 
 69 g65 
 
 1863 
 
 2 639 
 
 67 582 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * A Prussian last is equal to two tons. 
 State of the merchant marine of the North German Union on the 1st of February, 18G9. 
 
 
 
 .3 
 
 ! 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 & 3 
 
 M 
 
 States to which the vessels belong. 
 
 4 
 
 03 
 
 II 
 
 |l 
 c ? 
 
 o ri 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 H 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 1. Prussia: 
 
 
 
 
 
 Province of Prussia and Pomerania 
 
 1 382 
 
 403 COO 
 
 29 
 
 8 000 
 
 Province of Hanover 
 
 1 310 
 
 133 r )00 
 
 2 
 
 800 
 
 Province of Sleswig-Holstein 
 
 919 
 
 114 500 
 
 5 
 
 5 GOO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3 611 
 
 651 000 
 
 36 
 
 14 400 
 
 2 Hamburg... 
 
 467 
 
 4 r ) 300 
 
 35 
 
 36 900 
 
 3. Bremen 
 
 307 
 
 044 700 
 
 20 
 
 39 200 
 
 4 Mecklenburg 
 
 449 
 
 17 600 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 5. Oldenburg 
 
 231 
 
 57 KiO 
 
 
 
 6 Liibeck 
 
 43 
 
 10 500 
 
 21 
 
 5 500 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In all 
 
 5 103 
 
 1 381 00 
 
 113 
 
 96 OOQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 235 
 
 s 
 
 Sd 
 o 
 
 C"3 00 
 
 5-3 
 
 s 
 
 T 
 Ci OCO 
 
 
 i 
 
 If 11 
 
 WH3<J 
 TH ci ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 M.23 3 
 
 lllll 
 
 
 
 TH- CJ 
 
 II 
 
 il. 
 
 a a 
 
 II 
 
 li 
 I! 
 
 cf 
 
236 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 UNITED STATES VICE-CONSULATE, 
 
 Copenhagen, December 7, 1869. 
 
 SIR : Your letter, dated the 5th of last month, (addressed to George P. Hansen, formerly 
 a United States consul, but now returned to the United States,) expressing a desire to 
 obtain information respecting the ship-building and navigation interests of this country, 
 has been transmitted to me by the Department of State, and, in reply thereto, I shall 
 endeavor to give you an explanation as satisfactory as I have been able to obtain it, 
 giving my reply in the same order as your different questions are made. 
 
 The annexed register of ships belonging to this country has been issued in the be 
 ginning of this year, and shows very near the present state of the Danish merchant 
 marine, (of course with the exception of some alterations through ships lost, ships built 
 or bought from foreigners, or ships having shifted owners, since the register issued.)* 
 The building of sailing-ships is in a tolerable efficiBncy, especially in the province ports, 
 because the work is cheaper there than in this city, but steamship "building is only car 
 ried on at this port, at a moderate scale, however, there being only one establishment 
 for such building, and the same is working at high prices. The merchant marine steam 
 service, on account thereof, is frequently supplied by the purchase or chartering of 
 foreign steamers. 
 
 The government offers no encouragement to ship-builders and ship-owners by way of 
 bounties, drawbacks or exemption from taxation. Ship-owners business, however, is 
 free ; that is to say, not subject to any concession such as many other lines of mer 
 chants business, but it is, of course, the same as all other situations, subject to income 
 tax when such is imposed. Foreign material entering into the construction of ships 
 built for account of Danish citizens is subject to duty according to the tariff annexed, 
 (oak timber only is free of duty.) But vessels built in Denmark for foreigners account, 
 or foreign vessels repairing average suffered or other damages, are in that respect better 
 situated, as they may obtain a permission to take such articles as metal sheathing and 
 bolts, chains, anchors, sails, and cordage, &c., out of bond. (The prerogative thus al 
 lowed foreigners arises from a desire to attract work and secure the labor to Danish 
 citizens.) The material taken out of bond is not treated " ad valorem," but in con 
 formity with the said tariff annexed. Ships stores for consumption on the voyage are 
 allowed to be exported out of bond. 
 
 There are no subsidies paid by the government to lines of Danish or foreign steamers, 
 nor of sailing-ships, except a trifling remuneration of postage for letters carried, brought 
 as well as sent ; but steamers enjoy a separate favor, having only to pay port charges 
 according to the quantities of goods loaded or discharged, and reduced into tons, or, 
 better, into Danish lasts ; consequently, they do not pay in proportion to their regis 
 tered tonnage. 
 
 There are no measures adopted to improve the character of, and secure efficiency in- 
 the merchant marine service, and that service bears no relation to the navy of Den, 
 mark. If the royal marine department occasionally is in want of ship-room for any 
 kind of transport, the department charters ships in the same way as private charterers. 
 
 Being at present aware of no further suggestions or facts deserving to be mentioned, 
 I only add translations of the laws concerning the registration and measurement of 
 ships, and remain, sir, very respectfully, your most obedient servant, 
 
 L. MEETSCHER, 
 United States Vice-Consul. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on Navigation Interests. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C., February 5, 1870. 
 
 SiR:>I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 4th instant 
 asking me to send to the special committee of investigation on the causes of the decay 
 of American commerce any communication as to what, in my judgment, has created 
 those causes, at least, in that part of the country with which I am acquainted, and 
 suggesting, at the same time, what steps I would consider best adapted to remove 
 them, and to establish in their stead an invigorating impulse by which American com 
 merce would acquire that development and influence which the extent and importance 
 of the agriculture and industry of this republic give it a right to expect. 
 
 Among various causes, too extensive to enumerate in the space of an ordinary com 
 munication, I beg to state that, in my opinion, the following are the most important, 
 viz: 
 
 I. Neither the American government nor any portion of the American people, con 
 stituted as a body, have ever done nor directly attempted anything to secure the object 
 they desire to attain. 
 
 * Accompanying this cominunicatioa. were Danish official documents, which have been omitted. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 237 
 
 II. The commerce of those localities in the West Indies with which I am acquainted 
 has always been allowed to follow its primitive course without any efforts from the 
 capitalists or the government of this country to take advantage of their proximity, in 
 order to alter that course and try to give it a direction to these shores. 
 
 III. Instead of that, capitalists of Liverpool, Glasgow, Antwerp, Bremen, Hamburg, 
 Paris, Havro, Marseilles, both as individuals and as corporations, make yearly advances 
 for the productions to bo shipped from most of those islands and from Central and 
 South Amorica, and secure thereby, at very advantageous profits, the consignment of 
 such produce. 
 
 IV. France and England, especially the latter, have several lines of steamers touch 
 ing at the various ports, largely subsidized, and offering great accommodations for 
 freight and passengers. 
 
 V. The governments of England and Franco watch with a jealous eye over their 
 vessels in those distant ports, and whether justly or not, they never allow the slightest 
 interference wtth them, be it in time of peace or not, thus securing them, at all times 
 and under every circumstance, the facility of taking and landing freight. That policy 
 has been earned so far that most of the merchants in those unsettled countries rather 
 prefer, for security s sake, to have their freight under English or French flags. 
 
 These are the principal causes, according to my judgment, which have unfavorably 
 influenced the development and progress of American commerce both in South America 
 and in the West Indies. 
 
 A contrary course would insure a contrary result : 
 
 I. The American government should lead, by initiatory measures, the American capi 
 talists to invest their capital in the trade of those countries. 
 
 II. The American capitalists should, like the European, make advances to these 
 different localities, in order to secure their consignment in return. 
 
 III. The American government, alike with England and France, should encourage the 
 establishment of frequent communications by steam with all these countries. 
 
 IV. The American agents in all the different ports, while the country is in a state of 
 war, should be instructed not to allow any interference with American vessels with 
 out due, formal, and immediate redress from the party, whomsoever it be, that may 
 have caused such interference. 
 
 A few years of thH policy would, I believe, give an unprecedented forward impetus 
 to the development and growth of American commerce in this hemisphere. 
 
 Though I feel confident that none of the above considerations could have escaped the 
 sagacity and attention of the committee, yet I send them with pleasure as a proof 
 of my sincere desire to be always ready to give my service, however limited it be, for 
 the good and prosperity of the American people. 
 
 I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient and humble servant, 
 
 A. TATE.* 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH. 
 
 UNITED STATES CONSULATE AT BREMEN, 
 
 January 18, 1870. 
 
 SIR : In compliance with your favor of November 5, 1869, transmitted to me through 
 the Department of State, Washington, D. C., making inquiries concerning ship-build 
 ing and navigation interests of Germany, I have the honor to submit the following 
 facts collected from statistics and other sources of information upon this subject, viz : 
 
 The German government offers no inducement to German ship-builders, but the ma 
 terial entering into the construction of ships is exempted from duty, or a drawback is 
 allowed on it upon the following conditions : The builder can import, free of duty, all 
 raw materials which are used for the construction of vessels, or in case the material is 
 partly or wholly manufactured hen;, the government remits the duty which was origi 
 nally paid on the imported raw metal. 
 
 The ship-builder who claims these advantages for building or repairing vessels, be 
 fore commencing, has to give notice to the custom officer in whoso district the vessel is 
 to be repaired or built, by presenting a declaration, giving an exact description of the 
 vessel, as well as the metal articles which will be used for building and outfitting, either 
 in their manufactured condition imported, or the amount of foreign metal used for 
 manufacturing same. 
 
 Those articles marked, which the ship-builder imports from foreign countries in a 
 manufactured or half-manufactured condition, must be presented to the collector of his 
 district in the mentioned declaration, stating the various shapes and condition in which 
 said articles or materials are to be imported, which articles are entered according to the 
 weight and number of pieces in the Canto-register, and marked with a stamp in order to 
 pass the custom-house duty free. To control this, the custom officer inspects the vessel 
 
 * Recently minister plenipotentiary from the Republic of Hayti to the government of the United States. 
 
238 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 while she is built, or after her completion, and if these inspections prove that the de 
 claration is made correct, said articles or material are cancelled out of the Conto-register. 
 
 -Should the articles manufactured here, but from material imported from other coun 
 tries, be used, the builder has to state the amount, quality, and kind of material for 
 every article in his declaration ; on this it passes the custom-house, every piece being 
 stamped, -weighed, and entered in the Conto-register by the custom officers. The num 
 ber of pieces and the weight of the articles manufactured from these materials is also 
 taken on their completion by the custom officer and compared with the Conto-register 
 and if found correct said materials are exempted from duty. 
 
 The bars imported for the use of building coppered vessels, are entered in the samo 
 manner, but when the bolts are cut out in the dock it must be done in the presence of 
 an officer of customs, who has to count and weigh such bolts, and see that they are 
 used for the vessel, and on his certificate the bars are exempted from duty. 
 
 All declarations must be sworn to by the ship-builder, and should it be proved that 
 fraud was intended, the builder is deprived of these advantages forever, besides paying 
 the penalty. 
 
 Ship stores are allowed to be taken in bond for consumption without being subject 
 to any duty. 
 
 No subsidies whatever are paid to lines of German steamers. 
 
 Masters are required to take on board his vessel one apprentice for every one hundred 
 "lasts" (a last equal to 4000 pounds) measurement of his vessel. These apprentices, 
 after having served a term of years, are advanced to the grade of regular sailors, in 
 which capacity they are required to serve three years, at which time they can make 
 application for admittance to the navigation school, where they have to pass severe 
 examinations before they can be commissioned as second and first officers or command 
 ers. As every able-bodied man is required to enter in the army on arriving at the age 
 of twenty years, so is every seaman at the same age required to enter the navy. 
 I remain, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 R. M. HAUSON, 
 
 United States Consul. 
 
 Hon. JOHN LYNCH, 
 
 Chairman Committee on American Navigation Interests, Washington, D. C. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 No. I. List of steamships and vessels of the British navy. 
 
 BUILT IN GOVERNMENT DOCK YARDS. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Names. 
 
 No. of 
 
 guns. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Of what built. 
 
 
 Aboukir 
 
 86 
 
 3 091 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Achilles 
 
 26 
 
 6,121 
 
 1, 250 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Advice 
 
 
 197 
 
 100 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 African 
 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Agamemnon 
 
 71 
 
 3, 102 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Alberta ... 
 
 
 391 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 72 
 
 3 117 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Alert 
 
 17 
 
 751 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Algiers 
 
 73 
 
 3, 340 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Alison 
 
 54 
 
 3 336 
 
 800 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Arethusa 
 
 35 
 
 3,141 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Argus 
 
 6 
 
 981 
 
 300 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Ariadne 
 
 26 
 
 3,214 
 
 800 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Atlas 
 
 54 
 
 3 318 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw* 
 
 Aurora 
 
 35 
 
 2,558 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Brcchanto 
 
 28 
 
 2 667 
 
 600 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Barracouta 
 
 6 
 
 1 053 
 
 300 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Barrosa 
 
 17 
 
 1,700 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Basilisk 
 
 6 
 
 1 031 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Beacon 
 
 4 
 
 465 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Screw and paddle 
 
 Bee 
 
 
 42 
 
 10 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Bellerophon 
 
 14 
 
 4,270 
 
 1,000 
 
 Iron armor-plated 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Bittern 
 
 3 
 
 663 
 
 160 
 
 Gun vessel 
 
 Screw ... 
 
 Blanche 
 
 G 
 
 1.268 
 
 350 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Boscawen 
 
 20 
 
 2 213 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Boxer ... . . 
 
 4 
 
 465 
 
 120 
 
 Composite cnn vessel 
 
 Sail 
 
 Brilliant 
 
 16 
 
 954 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw . ... 
 
 Brisk 
 
 16 
 
 1 087 
 
 250 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Bristol 
 
 31 
 
 3, 027 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail . .. 
 
 Britannia 
 
 115 
 
 3 995 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Briton 
 
 10 
 
 1,322 
 
 350 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw trim vessel . . 
 
 Bullfinch 
 
 3 
 
 663 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Bulwark . ... 
 
 81 
 
 3,716 
 
 800 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Buzzard 
 
 2 
 
 980 
 
 300 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Caesar 
 
 76 
 
 2, 767 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 Screw 
 
 Cadmus 
 
 Caledonia 
 
 16 
 
 30 
 
 1, 466 
 4 125 
 
 400 
 1,000 
 
 Wood. 
 Armor-plated 
 
 Sail 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 20 
 
 3, 101 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Cameleou 
 
 7 
 
 952 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 
 267 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 Castor 
 
 22 
 
 1 293 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Centurion 
 
 68 
 
 2,590 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Challenger 
 
 18 
 
 1 462 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Chanticleer 
 
 7 
 
 950 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Charybdis 
 
 18 
 
 1 506 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Clio 
 
 18 
 
 1,472 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Columbine 
 
 3 
 
 672 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Confiance 
 
 
 295 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 74 
 
 2 845 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Constance 
 
 35 
 
 3,213 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 11 
 
 579 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Cormorant ... 
 
 4 
 
 695 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double Screw 
 
 Cracker 
 
 4 
 
 467 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Double screw gun vessel 
 
 Cruiser 
 Curlew 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 752 
 665 
 
 60 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail ..... 
 
 Daedalus 
 
 16 
 
 1 082 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw ... 
 
 
 G 
 
 1 287 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw... 
 Paddle 
 
 Daphne 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1,081 
 260 
 
 300 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw... 
 
 Dauntless 
 
 31 
 
 1 575 
 
 5SO 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle . 
 
 Dee 
 
 1 
 
 704 
 
 220 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw.".. 
 
 Defiance... ......, 
 
 45 
 
 3.475 
 
 *800 
 
 Wood. 
 
240 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. I. List of steamships and vessels of the British navy Continued. 
 
 BUILT IN GOVERNMENT DOCK YARDS. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Name. 
 
 No. of 
 guns. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Of what bunt 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 
 4 406 
 
 800 
 
 
 Screw.^ 
 
 Diadem 
 
 oo 
 
 2 483 
 
 800 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Dido 
 
 G 
 
 1 268 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Donecal 
 
 81 
 
 3*245 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 24 
 
 2 483 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Druid 
 
 10 
 
 1 322 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Dryad 
 
 4 
 
 1 086 
 
 300 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Duke of "Wellington 
 
 49 
 
 3 771 
 
 700 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 69 
 
 3 727 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sail . . > . 
 
 Durham 
 
 20 
 
 1 627 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Dwarf ... . 
 
 4 
 
 465 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Paddle . 
 
 Echo 
 
 
 295 
 
 140 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Edgar 
 
 54 
 
 3 094 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Elfin 
 
 
 98 
 
 40 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Elk 
 
 4 
 
 465 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Emerald 
 
 28 
 
 2 913 
 
 600 
 
 W"ood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Enchantress 
 
 1 
 
 835 
 
 250 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 
 2 486 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 21 
 
 *993 
 
 160 
 
 Armor-plated 
 
 Sail 
 
 Excellent 
 
 
 2 311 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw. 
 
 Exmouth 
 
 76 
 
 3 109 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Falcon 
 
 17 
 
 751 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Favorite 
 
 10 
 
 2 094 
 
 400 
 
 Armor-plated 
 
 Screw 
 
 Fawn 
 
 15 
 
 751 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Fis^ard 
 
 42 
 
 1 069 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Flirt 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel 
 
 Sail 
 
 Flora 
 
 10 
 
 1 634 
 
 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Fly 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel 
 
 Screw 
 
 Forte 
 
 24 
 
 2 364 
 
 400 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Fox 
 
 
 1 131 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Frederick William 
 
 74 
 
 3 241 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Galatea . . 
 
 2G 
 
 3*227 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 3 
 
 579 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Gibraltar . 
 
 81 
 
 3 729 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Gladiator 
 
 6 
 
 1,210 
 
 430 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 28 
 
 3 037 
 
 600 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Glutton 
 
 2 
 
 2 709 
 
 
 Turret ship armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Goliath 
 
 60 
 
 2 596 
 
 400 
 
 
 Screw .. 
 
 Greyhound 
 
 5 
 
 880 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Hannibal 
 
 73 
 
 3 136 
 
 450 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Hastings . . 
 
 50 
 
 1 760 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Helicon 
 
 2 
 
 837 
 
 250 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw . . 
 
 Hercules 
 
 14 
 
 5 234 
 
 1 200 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Hero 
 
 
 3,148 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Hibernia 
 
 104 
 
 2 53U 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Hood 
 
 54 
 
 3,308 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Howe 
 
 84 
 
 4 245 
 
 1 000 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Hydra 
 
 1 
 
 818 
 
 220 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Icarus 
 
 3 
 
 580 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Immortalit6 
 
 28 
 
 3 059 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Impregnable 
 
 78 
 
 2 406 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw . . 
 
 Inconstant 
 
 16 
 
 4 066 
 
 1,000 
 
 Iron cased with wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 
 
 2 098 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Iron Duke 
 
 14 
 
 3 774 
 
 800 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 642 
 
 400 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 James Watt 
 
 71 
 
 3*083 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Jasewr 
 
 5 
 
 427 
 
 80 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Jason 
 
 17 
 
 1 711 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Juno 
 
 6 
 
 1 462 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Landrail 
 
 5 
 
 427 
 
 80 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw gun vessel 
 
 Lapwing 
 
 3 
 
 663 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Screw 
 
 Liberty 
 Liffey 
 
 12 
 30 
 
 428 
 2 654 
 
 " 600 
 
 Wood. 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Lightning 
 
 2 
 
 296 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Lion 
 
 60 
 
 2 611 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 30 
 
 2,656 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Locust 
 
 1 
 
 284 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 London 
 
 72 
 
 2 687 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Lord Clyde 
 
 24 
 
 4 067 
 
 1 000 
 
 Armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Lord Warden 
 
 18 
 
 4 080 
 
 1,000 
 
 Armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Lyra 
 
 7 
 
 488 
 
 60 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw gun vessel . 
 
 Magpie 
 
 3 
 
 665 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Marlborouf h 
 
 98 
 
 4 000 
 
 800 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Martin 
 
 10 
 
 481 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Medusa . 
 
 2 
 
 889 
 
 312 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Melpomene 
 
 28 
 
 2 861 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Mersey 
 
 36 
 
 3 733 
 
 1, 000 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Miranda 
 
 15 
 
 1 039 
 
 250 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw turret ship 
 
 Monarch 
 
 
 5 102 
 
 1 100 
 
 Iron, armor-plated. 
 
 Screw... 
 
 Mutine... 
 
 17 
 
 883 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
NAVIGATION- INTERESTS. 
 
 241 
 
 No. 1. List of steamships and vessels of the British navy Continued. 
 
 BUILT IN GOVERNMENT DOCK YARDS. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Name. 
 
 No. of 
 guns. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Of what built. 
 
 
 Myrmidon 
 
 4 
 
 695 
 
 220 
 
 "Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 Nankin 
 
 50 
 
 2 049 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 2 6G5 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Nassau . . . 
 
 
 695 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 78 
 
 2 830 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Nereus 
 
 G 
 
 1 094 
 
 
 WV>od 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 3 035 
 
 600 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Newport 
 
 
 425 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Niger. . . 
 
 13 
 
 1 072 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Nile 
 
 78 
 
 2 622 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Nimblo 
 
 5 
 
 428 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Niobo 
 
 4 
 
 1 083 
 
 300 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw ... . 
 
 Nympho 
 
 4 
 
 1 084 
 
 300 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Ocean 
 
 24 
 
 4 047 
 
 1 000 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Octavia 
 
 35 
 
 3 161 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Orlando 
 
 46 
 
 3 740 
 
 1,000 
 
 Wood 
 
 I aildle 
 
 Osborno 
 
 
 1 536 
 
 450 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Pallas 
 
 6 
 
 2 372 
 
 600 
 
 
 Screw "Tin vessel 
 
 Pandora 
 
 5 
 
 426 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Pearl 
 
 17 
 
 1 4G9 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Penelope 
 
 11 
 
 3,096 
 
 600 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Perseus 
 
 15 
 
 955 
 
 200 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Peterel 
 
 3 
 
 6G9 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Phaeton 
 
 28 
 
 2,396 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Phrcbo 
 
 30 
 
 2 896 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw gun vessel 
 
 Plover 
 
 3 
 
 GG3 
 
 160 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Porcupine 
 
 3 
 
 382 
 
 132 
 
 "Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 President 
 
 31 
 
 1 537 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Prince Consort 
 
 24 
 
 4 045 
 
 1 000 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Prince Regent 
 
 78 
 
 2 762 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 Prince of \\ T ales 
 
 115 
 
 2 646 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 Princess Charlotte 
 
 12 
 
 2 443 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 3 129 
 
 400 
 
 W ood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Pyscho .... 
 
 o 
 
 835 
 
 250 
 
 W"ood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Pylades 
 
 17 
 
 1 278 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Queen 
 
 74 
 
 3 249 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Racer 
 
 11 
 
 579 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Ilaccoon 
 
 22 
 
 1 4G7 
 
 400 
 
 W ood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Ranger .... 
 
 
 427 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Rapid 
 
 11 
 
 672 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Rattlesnake 
 
 17 
 
 1 705 
 
 400 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw. 
 
 Reindeer 
 
 7 
 
 953 
 
 200 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Renown 
 
 54 
 
 3 319 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Repulse 
 
 12 
 
 3 749 
 
 800 
 
 Armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Research 
 
 4 
 
 1, 253 
 
 200 
 
 Armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Revenge 
 
 73 
 
 3 322 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Rifleman 
 
 5 
 
 486 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Rinaldo 
 
 7 
 
 951 
 
 200 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw gun vessel 
 
 Ringdove 
 
 3 
 
 666 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Robust 
 
 81 
 
 3 716 
 
 800 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Rodney 
 
 72 
 
 2 770 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Rosario 
 
 3 
 
 673 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Royal Adelaide 
 
 26 
 
 2 446 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Royal Albert 
 
 107 
 
 3 726 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Royal Alfred 
 
 18 
 
 4 068 
 
 800 
 
 Armor-platod. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Royal George .... 
 
 72 
 
 2 616 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Royalist 
 
 3 
 
 669 
 
 150 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Royal Oak 
 
 24 
 
 4 056 
 
 800 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw turret ship 
 Screw 
 
 Roval Sovereign 
 Royal William 
 
 5 
 72 
 
 3,765 
 2 849 
 
 800 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 Wood 
 
 Screw ram 
 
 Rupert 
 
 
 3,159 
 
 700 
 
 Iron-clad. 
 
 Screw 
 
 St. George 
 
 72 
 
 2 864 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 St. Jean d Arc 
 
 81 
 
 3,200 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 St. Vincent 
 
 26 
 
 2 612 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Salamander 
 
 2 
 
 818 
 
 220 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Salamis 
 
 2 
 
 835 
 
 250 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Satelite 
 
 17 
 
 1, 462 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Scout 
 
 21 
 
 1 462 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Scylla 
 
 16 
 
 1,467 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Sea-^ull 
 
 3 
 
 663 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw mortar ship 
 
 Sea-horse 
 
 12 
 
 1,258 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Sea-lark 
 
 8 
 
 319 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Severn 
 
 28 
 
 2 767 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 2 667 
 
 600 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Shearwater 
 
 3 
 
 669 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Sirius 
 
 6 
 
 1 268 
 
 350 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Spartan 
 
 6 
 
 1 269 
 
 350 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Speedwell 
 
 5 
 
 428 
 
 80 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle . . 
 
 Sphinx... 
 
 C 
 
 1,061 
 
 500 
 
 Wood. 
 
 16 N I 
 
242 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. I. List of steamships and vessels of the British navy Continued. 
 
 BUILT IN GOVERNMENT DOCK YARDS. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Name. 
 
 No. of 
 
 guns. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Of what built. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Spiteful 
 
 6 
 
 1 054 
 
 280 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Spitfire 
 
 
 432 
 
 140 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 Squirrel . . ... 
 
 8 
 
 428 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Sultan 
 
 12 
 
 5,226 
 
 1,200 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 Double screw gun vessel 
 
 Swallow 
 
 3 
 
 664 
 
 160 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Sylvia 
 
 5 
 
 695 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Tenedos 
 
 6 
 
 1 268 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle ... 
 
 Terrible 
 
 19 
 
 1 850 
 
 800 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Thalia 
 
 6 
 
 1 459 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Thistle 
 
 4 
 
 465 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 
 Thunderer 
 
 
 4 406 
 
 800 
 
 
 Screw . . ... 
 
 Topaze 
 
 31 
 
 2*659 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Serew 
 
 Screw 
 
 Trafalgar 
 
 Undaunted 
 
 GO 
 28 
 
 2, 900 
 3 039 
 
 500 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Valorous 
 
 12 
 
 1 257 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Vestal 
 
 4 
 
 1 081 
 
 300 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw . . . 
 
 Victor Kmiuiui l 
 
 79 
 
 3 087 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Victoria 
 
 102 
 
 4,127 
 
 1,000 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Victoria and Albert 
 
 2 
 
 2 345 
 
 600 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Victory 
 
 12 
 
 2, 164 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Vindictive 
 
 2 
 
 1 758 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Virago . . . 
 
 6 
 
 1,059 
 
 220 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Vivi3 
 
 
 350 
 
 160 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw gun vessel . . 
 
 Vulture 
 
 3 
 
 663 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 "Wasp 
 
 13 
 
 974 
 
 100 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Widgeon 
 
 
 164 
 
 90 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 "Winchester 
 
 12 
 
 652 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 "Wolverine 
 
 17 
 
 1 703 
 
 400 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw gun vessel . . . 
 
 Wood-lark 
 
 3 
 
 663 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw . " 
 
 Zealous 
 
 20 
 
 3 716 
 
 800 
 
 Armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Zebra 
 
 7 
 
 951 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 STEAMSHIP FOR THE DEFENSE OF THE COLONIES, BUILT IN GOVERNMENT DOCK YARD. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Nelson 
 
 72 
 
 2 736 
 
 500 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 List of screw steam gunboats from 212 to 273 tons. 
 
 BUILT IN GOVERNMENT DOCK YARDS. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Bruiser . .. . ....... 
 
 60 
 
 Lark 
 
 60 
 
 Cherub 
 
 60 
 
 
 GO 
 
 Croiner 
 
 60 
 
 Netley 
 
 60 
 
 Janus 
 
 40 
 
 Orwell 
 
 CO 
 
 1 -,. >-. .J-^V ,;* 
 
 
 *: 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 No. I. List of steamships and vessels of the British navy Continued. 
 
 BUILT IX PRIVATE YARDS BY CONTRACT. 
 
 243 
 
 Description. 
 
 Name. 
 
 No. of 
 guns. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Of what built 
 
 
 Active 
 
 8 
 
 o 322 
 
 600 
 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Adder 
 
 
 241 
 
 100 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 794 
 
 400 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 28 
 
 6 621 
 
 1 350 
 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 Paddle 
 
 Aljit rine 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 299 
 650 
 
 80 
 260 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Asia 
 
 
 2 289 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Asn 
 
 
 112 
 
 50 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Assurance 
 
 4 
 
 681 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 
 14 
 
 3 774 
 
 800 
 
 
 Double screw 
 
 
 4 
 
 4G7 
 
 120 
 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 
 267 
 
 80 
 
 
 Paddle ... 
 
 Black Ea fr lo 
 
 
 540 
 
 260 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 Blick Print 1 1 
 
 28 
 
 6 109 
 
 1 250 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Buffalo 
 
 2 
 
 440 
 
 80 
 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Bustler 
 
 
 217 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 
 319 
 
 150 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw turret ship . . . 
 Paddle 
 
 Captain s.. 
 
 6 
 2 
 
 4, 272 
 676 
 
 900 
 350 
 
 Armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Chasseur 
 
 
 543 
 
 164 
 
 70 
 30 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 16 
 
 1 296 
 
 250 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Dart 
 
 5 
 
 428 
 
 80 
 
 "Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 16 
 
 3 720 
 
 600 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Screw 
 
 Despatch 
 
 2 
 
 257 
 654 
 
 40 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Eagle 
 
 lg 
 
 1 723 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Eclipse 
 
 6 
 
 1 273 
 
 350 
 
 Wood 
 
 Sail 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 780 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 1 954 
 
 200 
 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 
 165 
 
 76 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 
 313 
 
 10 
 
 
 Sail 
 
 
 20 
 
 2 285 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Grinder 
 
 4 
 
 332 
 464 
 
 150 
 120 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 Double screw 
 
 Harpy 
 
 Hart 
 
 . 1 
 4 
 
 344 
 
 464 
 
 200 
 120 
 
 Iron. 
 Composite gun vessel* 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Hearty 
 
 
 221 
 
 100 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Hector 
 
 18 
 
 4 089 
 
 800 
 
 Iron armor-platod. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 21 
 
 1 161 
 
 250 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw i 
 
 Himalaya 
 
 2 
 
 3 453 
 
 700 
 
 Iron 
 
 Double screw 
 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Hotspur 
 
 2 
 
 2 637 
 
 600 
 
 Iron armor-plated ram. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 2 
 
 638 
 
 80 
 
 
 Double screw ... 
 
 Invincible 
 
 14 
 
 3 774 
 
 800 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Jackal 
 
 2 
 
 340 
 
 150 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Lee 
 
 5 
 
 431 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Leven 
 
 3 
 
 300 
 
 80 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle . 
 
 
 1 
 
 387 
 
 180 
 
 Wood 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Screw 
 
 Lynx 
 
 4 
 13 
 
 464 
 1 034 
 
 120 
 
 200 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Manilla 
 
 
 295 
 
 70 
 
 Iron 
 
 Paddlo 
 
 
 
 135- 
 
 50 
 
 
 Screw . ... 
 
 Me^aera 
 
 6 
 
 1 395 
 
 350 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Midge 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 34 
 
 6 621 
 
 1 350 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Minx 
 
 
 303 
 
 10 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 
 212 
 
 130 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Mullet 
 
 5 
 
 430 
 
 80 
 
 Wood. 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 6 621 
 
 1 350 
 
 Iron armor-plated* 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Oberon 
 
 3 
 
 *649 
 
 260 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Paddlo 
 
 Otter 
 
 1 
 
 237 
 
 120 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Polter 
 
 
 250 
 
 40 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Pembroke 
 
 25 
 
 1,758 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Penguin 
 
 5 
 
 431 
 
 80 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Pert 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Double screw gun vessel 
 
 Philomel 
 
 3 
 
 664 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddlo 
 
 Pigmy 
 
 3 
 
 227 
 
 100 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Pioneer 
 
 2 
 
 142 
 
 34 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw turret ship 
 
 Prince Albert 
 
 4 
 
 2,537 
 
 500 
 
 Armor-platod. 
 
 Paddlo 
 
 Princess Alice 
 
 
 270 
 
 120 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 
 4 
 
 590 
 
 160 
 
 Iron 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Red polo 
 
 1 
 
 360 
 
 160 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Resistance 
 
 16 
 
 3 710 
 
 600 
 
 Iron, armor-platod. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Rocket 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 Composite gun vessel. 
 
 Screw turret ship 
 
 Scorpion 
 
 4 
 
 1 833 
 
 350 
 
 Iron, armor-plated. 
 
 Paddle... 
 
 Scotia... 
 
 
 268 
 
 114 
 
 Wood. 
 
244 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. I. List of steamships and vessels of the British navy Continued. 
 
 BUILT IN PRIVATE YARDS BY CONTRACT. 
 
 Description. 
 
 Name. 
 
 No. of 
 
 guns. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Of what built. 
 
 Sail 
 
 Serin ^apatam . ... 
 
 
 1 152 
 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Serpent 
 
 4 
 
 G95 
 
 200 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Sharpshooter 
 
 G 
 
 503 
 
 160 
 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Sheerness 
 
 
 233 
 
 114 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Simoon 
 
 4 
 
 1 980 
 
 400 
 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Slaney 
 
 3 
 
 301 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Sparrow-hawk 
 
 4 
 
 676 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Sprightly . . 
 
 
 234 
 
 100 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Star 
 
 4 
 
 695 
 
 200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw (r un vessel 
 
 Steady . 
 
 5 
 
 431 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 Screw 
 
 Supply 
 
 o 
 
 633 
 
 80 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Swiftsure 
 
 14 
 
 3 893 
 
 800 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Tamar 
 
 2 
 
 2. 812 
 
 500 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Teazer 
 
 4 
 
 464 
 
 120 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Terror 
 
 16 
 
 1 971 
 
 200 
 
 Iron armor-plated 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Thais 
 
 
 302 
 
 80 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Thunder 
 
 14 
 
 1 4G9 
 
 150 
 
 Armor-plated 
 
 Screw 
 
 Thunderbolt 
 
 16 
 
 1 973 
 
 200 
 
 
 Screw gun vessel 
 
 Torch 
 
 5 
 
 423 
 
 80 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 Trincomaleo 
 
 16 
 
 1 OC6 
 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Triton 
 
 3 
 
 654 
 
 260 
 
 Iron 
 
 Screw 
 
 Triumph . . . 
 
 14 
 
 3 893 
 
 800 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Trusty 
 
 
 319 
 
 150 
 
 Iron 
 
 Double screw 
 
 Turtle 
 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Urgent 
 
 4 
 
 1 981 
 
 400 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Valiant 
 
 18 
 
 4 063 
 
 800 
 
 Iron 
 
 Double screw 
 
 
 14 
 
 3 774 
 
 800 
 
 
 Double screw gunboat 
 
 Viper 
 
 2 
 
 737 
 
 160 
 
 Iron armor-plated 
 
 Double screw gunboat 
 
 Vixen 
 
 2 
 
 754 
 
 160 
 
 Iron & wood armor-plated. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Vola^e 
 
 8 
 
 2 322 
 
 GOO 
 
 Iron cased with wood 
 
 Screw, hydraulic gunboat . . 
 Paddle 
 
 Waterwitch 
 Weser 
 
 2 
 
 777 
 
 167 
 
 Iron, armor-plated. 
 Wood 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Wildfire . 
 
 
 186 
 
 76 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw turret ship 
 
 Wivern 
 
 4 
 
 1,899 
 
 350 
 
 Iron, armor-plated. 
 
 Screw . . 
 
 Warrior . 
 
 32 
 
 6 109 
 
 1 250 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 INDIAN TROOP SHU S BUILT BY CONTRACT. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Crocodile . 
 
 3 
 
 4 173 
 
 700 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Sccew 
 
 Euphrates 
 
 3 
 
 4 173 
 
 700 
 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Hastv 
 
 
 120 
 
 40 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 173 
 
 700 
 
 
 Screw 
 
 Malabar 
 
 3 
 
 4 173 
 
 700 
 
 Iron. 
 
 Paddle 
 
 Prompt 
 
 
 120 
 
 40 
 
 Wood. 
 
 Screw 
 
 Serapis 
 
 3 
 
 4 173 
 
 700 
 
 Iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HER MAJESTY S SHIPS FOR THE DEFENSE OF THE COLONIES, BUILT BY CONTRACT. 
 
 Double screw turret ship . 
 
 Abysinnia 
 
 4 
 
 1 854 
 
 200 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 107 
 
 250 
 
 
 Double screw turret ship 
 
 Ma^dala ... 
 
 4 
 
 2 107 
 
 250 
 
 Iron armor-plated. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 245 
 
 No. I. List of screw steam gun-boats from 212 to 273 tons. 
 
 BUILT IN PRIVATE YARDS BY CONTRACT. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Horse 
 power. 
 
 Albacoro 
 
 CO 
 
 Magnet 
 
 GO 
 
 Banterer 
 
 60 
 
 Onyx . . 
 
 20 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 Britomart 
 
 60 
 
 Pheasant 
 
 60 
 
 Bull fro " 
 
 60 
 
 
 CO 
 
 Bustard ....... 
 
 60 
 
 Procris 
 
 60 
 
 Clinker.. 
 
 60 
 
 Rainbow 
 
 CO 
 
 Cockatrice 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 Cockchafer 
 
 60 
 
 Redwing 
 
 GO 
 
 Dapper 
 
 CO 
 
 Skipi ick 
 
 GO 
 
 Doterel . .. 
 
 60 
 
 Skylark 
 
 GO 
 
 Dove 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 Earnest 
 
 60 
 
 
 60 
 
 Earno 
 
 60 
 
 Spider 
 
 60 
 
 Fancy 
 
 60 
 
 
 GO 
 
 Fervent 
 
 GO 
 
 Staunch 200 tons 
 
 25 
 
 Ji^irm 
 
 60 
 
 Stork 
 
 60 
 
 forester ... 
 
 CO 
 
 Surly 
 
 no 
 
 
 60 
 
 Thrasher 
 
 60 
 
 Grasshopper 
 
 60 
 
 Trinculo 
 
 60 
 
 Havock 
 
 60 
 
 Tyrian 
 
 60 
 
 Heron 
 
 60 
 
 Watchful 
 
 40 
 
 Hind 
 
 GO 
 
 Weazel . 
 
 GO 
 
 Hunter 
 
 40 
 
 Whiting 
 
 GO 
 
 Hyena ... ... 
 
 60 
 
 Wizard 
 
 60 
 
 Jackdaw 
 
 GO 
 
 
 40 
 
 Linnet 
 
 GO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. II. Statement of the number, names, tonnage, guns, and location of vessels belonging to 
 and connected icith the United States Navy on the 1st day of April, 1861. 
 
 Name. 
 
 CO 
 
 <S 
 
 03 
 
 Where built. 
 
 When 
 built. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Where. 
 
 6IHPS OF THE LINE. 
 
 1. Pennsylvania .. 
 2. Columbus 
 3. Ohio 
 
 120 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 3,241 
 2,480 
 2,757 
 
 Philadelphia 
 Washington 
 Brooklyn . . . 
 
 1837 
 1819 
 1820 
 
 In commission . . 
 In ordinary 
 In commission . 
 
 Receiving ship, Norfolk. 
 Norfolk. 
 Reccivin" 1 ship, Boston. 
 
 4. North Carolina. 
 
 84 
 
 2,633 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1820 
 
 ....do 
 
 Receiving ship, N. Ycrk. 
 
 5. Delaware 
 
 84 
 
 2 633 
 
 Gosport * 
 
 1820 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 6 Vermont 
 
 84 
 
 2 633 
 
 
 1848 
 
 do 
 
 
 7. New Orleans . . . 
 8. Alabama 
 
 84 
 84 
 
 2, 805 
 2,633 
 
 Sackett s Harbor.. 
 Kittery 
 
 1815 
 
 1818 
 
 On the stocks... 
 .do 
 
 Sackett s Hurbor. 
 Kittery. 
 
 9. Virginia 
 
 84 
 
 2 633 
 
 
 1818 
 
 do 
 
 Boston 
 
 10. New York 
 
 84 
 
 2,633 
 
 Gosport 
 
 1818 
 
 do 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 FRIGATES. 
 
 1. Constitution ... 
 2. United States . . 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 1,607 
 1,607 
 
 Charlestown 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1797 
 1797 
 
 In ordinary 
 do 
 
 Annapolis. 
 Norfolk. 
 
 3. Potomac 
 
 50 
 
 726 
 
 Washington 
 
 1821 
 
 do 
 
 New York. 
 
 4. Brandy wine .... 
 
 50 
 
 ,726 
 
 do 
 
 1825 
 
 . do 
 
 Do. 
 
 5 Columbia 
 
 r >0 
 
 ,726 
 
 do 
 
 1836 
 
 do 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 6. Congress 
 
 50 
 
 ,8G7 
 
 Kittery 
 
 1841 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Brazil. 
 
 7. Ran tan 
 
 50 
 
 ,726 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1843 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 Norfolk. 
 
 8. St. Lawrence 
 
 50 
 
 ,726 
 
 Gosport* 
 
 1847 
 
 .do "..... 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 <i Santeo 
 
 50 
 
 726 
 
 Kittery 
 
 1855 
 
 do 
 
 Kittery. 
 
 iO. Sabine .. 
 
 50 
 
 ,726 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 1855 
 
 In commission 
 
 Off Pensacola. 
 
 SLOOPS OF WAR. 
 
 1. Cumberland. 
 2. Savannah ... 
 
 24 
 
 94 
 
 1,726 
 1, 726 
 
 Charlestown 
 Brooklyn 
 
 1842 
 1842 
 
 In commission . . 
 In ordinary 
 
 Hampton Roads. 
 New York. 
 
 3. Constellation 
 4. Macedonian . 
 
 22 
 09 
 
 1,452 
 1,341 
 
 Rebuilt, Gosport.. 
 Gosport .... 
 
 1854 
 1836 
 
 In commission . . 
 . do 
 
 Coast of Africa. 
 In the Gulf. 
 
 5. Portsmouth . 
 6. Plymouth... 
 7. St. Mary s... 
 8. Jamestown.. 
 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 99 
 
 1, 022 
 989 
 958 
 985 
 
 Kittery 
 Charlestown 
 Washington 
 Gosport 
 
 1843 
 1843 
 1844 
 1844 
 
 ....do 
 
 In ordinary 
 In commission . . 
 In ordinary 
 
 Coast of Africa. 
 Norfolk. 
 Pacitic squadron. 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 9. Germantown 
 
 22 
 
 939 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1846 
 
 ....do 
 
 Norfolk 
 
246 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. II. Vessels belonging to and connected with the United States Navy, #c. Continued. 
 
 Name. 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 "Where built. 
 
 When 
 built. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Where. 
 
 SLOOPS OF WAR 
 Continued. 
 
 10 Saratoga 
 
 00 
 
 882 
 
 Kittery 
 
 184 
 
 
 
 11. John Adams . . . 
 
 9,0 
 
 700 
 
 Rebuilt, Gosport 
 
 1831 
 
 do 
 
 East Indies 
 
 12. Viucennes 
 
 90 
 
 700 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 1826 
 
 
 
 13. Vandalia 
 
 20 
 
 783 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1828 
 
 In commission 
 
 On way to East Indies 
 
 14. St. Louis 
 
 90 
 
 700 
 
 
 1828 
 
 do 
 
 Off Peusacola 
 
 15. Cyane 
 
 9,0 
 
 792 
 
 C harl e st own 
 
 1837 
 
 do 
 
 Pacific squadron 
 
 16. Levant 
 
 90 
 
 792 
 
 
 1837 
 
 do 
 
 Do 
 
 17. Decatur] 
 
 16 
 
 566 
 
 do 
 
 1839 
 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 18. Marion 
 
 16 
 
 566 
 
 
 1839 
 
 do 
 
 Portsmouth N H 
 
 19. Dale 
 
 16 
 
 566 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1839 
 
 do 
 
 Do 
 
 20. Preble 
 
 16 
 
 566 
 
 Kittery 
 
 1839 
 
 do 
 
 
 BRIGS. 
 
 1. Bainbridge 
 2. Perry 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 259 
 
 280 
 
 Charlestown 
 Gosport 
 
 1842 
 1843 
 
 In ordinary 
 ..do 
 
 Boston. 
 New York. 
 
 3. Dolphin 
 
 4 
 
 224 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 1836 
 
 do 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 STORE VESSELS. 
 
 1. Eelief 
 
 9 
 
 468 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1836 
 
 
 Coast of Africa 
 
 2. Supply 
 
 4 
 
 547 
 
 
 1846 
 
 do 
 
 In the Gulf 
 
 3. Release 
 
 1 
 
 327 
 
 do 
 
 1855 
 
 
 New York 
 
 PERMANENT STORE 
 AND RECEIVING 
 SHIPS. 
 
 1. Independence . . 
 
 
 2 257 
 
 
 1814 
 
 
 
 2 Alleghany 
 
 
 989 
 
 Pittsbur <r Penn 
 
 1847 
 
 do 
 
 
 3. Princeton . ... 
 
 
 900 
 
 Rebuilt Boston 
 
 1851 
 
 do 
 
 
 4. Warren 
 
 
 601 
 
 Charleston 
 
 1826 
 
 do 
 
 
 5. Fredonia 
 
 
 800 
 
 Purchased 
 
 1846 
 
 do 
 
 Store ship Valparaiso. 
 
 6, i almout h 
 
 
 703 
 
 
 1827 
 
 do 
 
 
 SCREW FRIGATES. 
 
 1. Niagara . . 
 
 12 
 
 4 580 
 
 
 1855 
 
 
 
 2. Roanoke 
 
 40 
 
 3 400 
 
 Gosport 
 
 1855 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 New York 
 
 3 Colorado 
 
 40 
 
 3 400 
 
 do 
 
 1855 
 
 do 
 
 
 4. Merriinack 
 
 40 
 
 3 200 
 
 C harle stown 
 
 1855 
 
 do 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 5 Minnesota 
 
 40 
 
 3 200 
 
 
 1855 
 
 do 
 
 
 6. Wabash 
 
 40 
 
 3 200 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1855 
 
 ....do 
 
 New York. 
 
 7. Franklin 
 
 **) 
 
 3 680 
 
 Kiotery 
 
 1854 
 
 Unfinished 
 
 Portsmouth N. H. 
 
 1ST CLASS STEAM 
 SLOOPS. 
 
 Screw. 
 1. San Jacinto 
 
 13 
 
 1 446 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 1850 
 
 In commission 
 
 Coast of Africa. 
 
 2. Lancaster 
 
 00 
 
 2 360 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1858 
 
 do 
 
 
 3 Pensacola 
 
 19 
 
 2 158 
 
 
 1858 
 
 Unfinished 
 
 
 4. Brooklyn 
 
 95 
 
 2,070 
 
 New York 
 
 1858 
 
 In commission . . 
 
 Off Pensacola. 
 
 5 Hartford 
 
 16 
 
 1 990 
 
 
 1858 
 
 do 
 
 
 6 Richmond 
 
 14 
 
 1 929 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 1858 
 
 do 
 
 
 Side-wheel. 
 1. Mississippi 
 
 11 
 
 1 692 
 
 Philadelphia...... 
 
 1841 
 
 Repairing 
 
 Boston. 
 
 2. Susqnehanna. . . 
 
 15 
 
 2,450 
 
 do 
 
 1850 
 
 In commission . . 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 3. Powhatan 
 
 11 
 
 2,415 
 
 Gosport. 
 
 1850 
 
 do 
 
 New York. 
 
 4. Saranac 
 
 o 
 
 1 446 
 
 Kittery 
 
 1848 
 
 do 
 
 Pacific squadron 
 
 2D CLASS STEAM 
 SLOOPS. 
 
 Screw. 
 1. Mohican 
 
 6 
 
 994 
 
 Kittery . . . 
 
 1858 
 
 In commission . . 
 
 Coast of Africa. 
 
 2 Narra^ansett 
 
 5 
 
 804 
 
 Boston" 
 
 1858 
 
 do 
 
 Pacific squadron 
 
 3. Iroqudis 
 4 Pawnee 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1, 016 
 1 289 
 
 New York 
 Philadelphia 
 
 1858 
 1858 
 
 ....do 
 
 do 
 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 5. Wyoming 
 
 6 
 
 997 
 
 do 
 
 1858 
 
 do 
 
 Pacific squadron. 
 
 6 Dacotah 
 
 6 
 
 998 
 
 
 1858 
 
 do 
 
 East Indies 
 
 7. Pocahontas 
 8. Seminole . . . 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 C94 
 801 
 
 Purchased 
 Peusacola . . . 
 
 1855 
 
 1858 
 
 ....do 
 
 ...do.., 
 
 Atlantic coast. 
 Brazilian squadron. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 247 
 
 No. II. Vessels belonging to and connected with the United States Navy, <fc. Continued. 
 
 Name. 
 
 o 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Where built. 
 
 When 
 built. 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Where. 
 
 3D CLASS STEAMERS. 
 
 Screw. 
 1 WVandotto 
 
 > 
 
 464 
 
 Purchased . ... 
 
 1858 
 
 In commission . . 
 
 Off Pensacola. 
 
 o Mohawk * . . 
 
 > 
 
 464 
 
 ....do 
 
 1858 
 
 ...do 
 
 In the Gulf. 
 
 3 Crusader 
 
 R 
 
 549 
 
 ...do ... 
 
 1858 
 
 ....do 
 
 Do. 
 
 
 *> 
 
 464 
 
 .. do 
 
 1858 
 
 ...do .. 
 
 Coast of Africa. 
 
 5 Mystic 
 
 5 
 
 464 
 
 ....do 
 
 1858 
 
 ....do 
 
 Do. 
 
 Side-wheel. 
 1 "Water Witch 
 
 T 
 
 378 
 
 Washington 
 
 1845 
 
 Propar g for sea 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 2 Michigan 
 
 
 582 
 
 Erie 
 
 1844 
 
 Winter quart rs 
 
 Erie, Pa. 
 
 3 Pulaski 
 
 1 
 
 395 
 
 Purchased . . . 
 
 1858 
 
 In commission . 
 
 Brazil snuadron. 
 
 4 Saginaw 
 
 T 
 
 453 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 1858 
 
 ....do 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 STEAM TENDERS. 
 Screw* 
 1 John Hancock 
 
 T 
 
 382 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 1850 
 
 In ordinary 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 
 1 
 
 217 
 
 Purchased 
 
 1858 
 
 In commission 
 
 Used as a transport. 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 New York 
 
 
 
 Unfinished. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Vessels . 
 Tonnage 
 Guns 
 
 118, 460 
 2,409 
 
248 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
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 rtcs iOiesSaelS^naateSi^fl 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 249 
 
 * -H eosjs*oicccoooci woi-^-ot-cj 
 T-I ci ^< ci n 
 
 SSBSSBIBiiBBBBHBBBIIB& 
 
 *& 
 
 ^Ift 
 
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250 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 -uoo ai paid 
 -noao 9011,1, 
 
 rHOCO 00^ 
 
 g&tftftf 
 
 sssssssss 
 
 8OT3T 
 
 8" 
 
 h Brooklyn Works . . . 
 Py, Jones & Co ____ 
 Pusey, Jones & Co 
 fioi Levy & Co . 
 an Iron Works . 
 
 p ; 
 
 ; Ne 
 Vul 
 
 F. Z. Thcker ; 
 D. S. Mershon, j 
 C. H. & W. M. C 
 Hillraan & Stre 
 John J. Abraha 
 
 -i 
 
 dry 
 
 Foun 
 bold 
 
 ; Conti 
 
 lton 
 Arc 
 
 land 
 
 ZenoSecor; Fu 
 Reaney, Son & 
 do 
 Thomas F. Rowl 
 Harrison Lorin 
 Donald McKav 
 A. & W. Denmead & Son 
 Reaney, Son & Archbold 
 
 
 , 
 
 ^ a 3 
 
 ||| 
 
 Reaney, Son & Archbold 
 William Pcrine 
 Reaney, Son & Archbold 
 James Felto 
 
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NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 251 
 
 w n QO TH o 
 
 e*e ct d CM n 
 
 ggogog 
 
 
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 ii 
 
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 :. 
 
 ollin pa wort 
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 wift & Co., 
 
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252 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 norpiuie 
 -uoo iit paid 
 -UDOO 
 
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 Sgg;H38g! 
 
 WflSWsil; 
 
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NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 253 
 
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 rHt~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 a s 
 
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 m * 
 
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254 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. IV. Statement of vessels sold by the Navy Department from April 1, 1861, to April 1. 
 1865, inclusive; also from May 1, 1868, to date. 
 
 Name of vessel. 
 
 Where sold. 
 
 When sold. 
 
 Amount re 
 ceived. 
 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 June 18G4 
 
 $14 r )GO 00 
 
 Ckotank 
 
 New York 
 
 1861 
 
 700 00 
 
 
 Key West 
 
 Nov 1864 
 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 Aspinwall, N. G- 
 
 Oct. 28 1863 
 
 ............ 
 
 Isilda 
 
 Key West 
 
 1863 
 
 
 "Mohawk 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 July 12* 1864 
 
 5 000 00 
 
 
 Boston Mass 
 
 Fob 20 1865 
 
 10 000 00 
 
 Patroon 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Dec 30 1862 
 
 11 200 00 
 
 Planter* 
 
 
 Sept 10 186 
 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Montevideo . . 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 
 .... iqgo 
 
 
 Aroostook .. - - 
 
 Honf Konf 
 
 Sept. 1869 
 
 16 094 74 
 
 
 
 Oct 21 1869 
 
 30 000 00 
 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Sept 10 1868 
 
 5 250 00 
 
 
 
 Oct 28 1868 
 
 21 687 50 
 
 Atlanta" .... 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 May 4 1869 
 
 25 700 00 
 
 Augusta 
 
 New York 
 
 Dec. 1 1868 
 
 20 700 00 
 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Sept 1 1868 
 
 9 000 00 
 
 Buckthorn 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 Sept. 7 1869 
 
 3 000 00 
 
 Chenango 
 De Soto - 
 
 Philadelphia 
 New York 
 
 Oct. 28, 1868 
 Sept. 30 1868 
 
 21,687 50 
 47 600 00 
 
 Don 
 
 do 
 
 Au" 1 29 1868 
 
 18 000 00 
 
 Florida 
 
 Philadelphia . 
 
 Dec 5 1868 
 
 19 200 00 
 
 
 
 Juno 4 1869 
 
 7 150 00 
 
 Grampus 
 
 Mound City 
 
 Sept. 1, 1868 
 June 26 I860 
 
 450 00 
 33 000 00 
 
 
 Now York 
 
 May 14 1860 
 
 13 200 00 
 
 Lenapco ...... 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Au"-. 26 1868 
 
 17 900 00 
 
 
 Now Orleans 
 
 Oct 12 1868 
 
 17 000 00 
 
 Maratanza .. . 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Au<*. 26, 1863 
 
 32 700 00 
 
 
 New York 
 
 Sept 30 1868 
 
 14 100 00 
 
 
 .. do 
 
 May 8 1869 
 
 55 300 00 
 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Oct 28 1868 
 
 21 687 50 
 
 
 Portsmouth ..... .. 
 
 June 17 1869 
 
 50 000 00 
 
 Mendota ... 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 May 25, 1P63 
 
 18 750 00 
 
 
 W^ashiu ir ton 
 
 Sept. 1 1868 
 
 35 000 00 
 
 Pansy .... .. .... . 
 
 Mound City 
 
 Sept. 1, 1868 
 
 450 00 
 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Oct 19 1869 
 
 6 700 00 
 
 Peoria . ... 
 
 do 
 
 Aug. 26, 1868 
 
 6 900 00 
 
 
 New York 
 
 May 6 1869 
 
 7 700 00 
 
 
 do 
 
 July 7 1869 
 
 12 000 00 
 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Oct 28 1868 
 
 21 687 50 
 
 
 Norfolk .. . . 
 
 Sept. 10 1868 
 
 10 025 00 
 
 Shamokiu 
 
 Washington 
 
 Oct. 21, 1869 
 
 25 000 00 
 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Sept. 1 1868 
 
 19 700 00 
 
 Tacony 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Aug. 26, 1868 
 
 20 OCO 00 
 
 
 New York 
 
 Au"-. 29 1868 
 
 24 500 00 
 
 Wlnnepec 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 June 17, 1869 
 
 50 000 00 
 
 W inooski 
 
 Portsmouth 
 
 Au"-. 26 1868 
 
 19 ICO 00 
 
 YUCCA 
 
 . do 
 
 Aug. 26, 1868 
 
 9 500 00 
 
 Uuadiila 
 
 
 Nov. 9 1869 
 
 24 215 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 853 934 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Sold to War Department, not paid for. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Total vessels sold from April, 1865, to May, 1868 
 
 Total vessels sold from May I, 1864, to April, 1865, and from April 1, 1865, to date 
 
 Total vessels sold by Navy Department, April 1, 1861, to date. 
 
 420 
 51 
 
 471 
 
 Amount received for vessels sold from April, 1865, to May, 1868 $9, 710, 575 55 
 
 Amount received from vessels sold from April 1, 1861, to April 1, 1865 41, 400 00 
 
 Amount received from May 1, 186, to date 812,534 90 
 
 Total 10,764,51045 
 
 NOTE, For the number and -names of vessels sold from close of war to May 1, 1368, see Ex. Doc. No. 
 ^282, 2d session 40th Congress. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 GENERAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 255 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Guns. 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 fc 
 
 H 
 
 
 Vessels in service April 1 1861 
 
 Bfi 
 
 IIP 460 
 
 2 409 
 
 Vessels built since April 1 1861 
 
 179 
 
 166 000 
 
 1 110 
 
 Whole number purchased since April 1 1861 or transferred to navy 
 
 497 
 
 171 837 
 
 
 Whole number sold 
 
 471 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total price paid 10,764,510 45 
 
 No. V. Number and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels built and first registered in the 
 
 United Kingdom. 
 
 Calendar years. 
 
 SAILING VESSELS. 
 
 STEAM VESSELS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1850 
 
 621 
 
 594 
 608 
 645 
 628 
 865 
 921 
 1,050 
 847 
 789 
 818 
 774 
 827 
 881 
 867 
 922 
 969 
 915 
 787 
 
 119, 111 
 126, 914 
 136, 749 
 154, 956 
 132, 687 
 242, 182 
 187, 005 
 197, 554 
 154, 930 
 147, 967 
 158, 172 
 129, 970 
 164, 061 
 253, 036 
 272, 499 
 235, 555 
 207, 678 
 185, 771 
 237, 687 
 
 68 
 78 
 104 
 153 
 174 
 233 
 229 
 228 
 153 
 150 
 198 
 201 
 221 
 279 
 374 
 382 
 354 
 295 
 232 
 
 14, 584 
 22,723 
 30, 742 
 48, 215 
 64,255 
 81,018 
 57, 573 
 52, 918 
 53, 150 
 38, 003 
 53, 796 
 70, 869 
 77, 338 
 107, 951 
 159, 374 
 179, 643 
 133,511 
 97, 219 
 78, 510 
 
 689 
 672 
 712 
 
 798 
 802 
 1,098 
 1,150 
 1, 278 
 1,000 
 939 
 1,016 
 975 
 ,048 
 ,160 
 ,241 
 ,304 
 , 323 
 1,210 
 ,019 
 
 133, 605 
 149, 637 
 1G7, 491 
 203, 171 
 196, 942 
 323, 200 
 244, 578 
 250, 472 
 208, 000 
 185, 970 
 211,968 
 200, 839 
 241, 399 
 360, 937 
 431, 873 
 415, 204 
 341, 189 
 282, 990 
 316, 197 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 ... 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 . - 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 18GO 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 
 o> YI. Table showing the tonnage of United States and British registered vessels, employed 
 in the foreign trade of each country, during the years, respectively, 1830, 4840, 1850, and from 
 1860 to 1868, both inclusive. 
 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN.* 
 
 Year. 
 
 
 
 
 In the foreign trade. 
 
 Partly in home and partly 
 in foreign trade. 
 
 
 Sail 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Sail. 
 
 Steam. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 1 419 
 
 576 475 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 895 610 
 
 4 155 
 
 899 765 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1850.. 
 
 1,540 769 
 
 44, 429 
 
 1, 585, 198 
 
 2, 143, 234 
 
 45, 186 
 
 2, 188, 420 
 
 222, 341 
 
 5,298 
 
 227, 639 
 
 I860.. 
 1861.. 
 1862.. 
 1863 
 
 2, 448, 941 
 2, 540, 020 
 2, 177, 253 
 1, 892, 899 
 
 97,296 
 102, 608 
 113, 998 
 133, 215 
 
 2, 546, 237 
 2, 642, 628 
 2,291,251 
 2,026,114 
 
 2, 804, 610 
 2, 866, 218 
 2, 993, 696 
 3, 24(i, TrJG 
 
 277, 437 
 313, 465 
 328, 310 
 371, 201 
 
 3, 082, 047 
 3, 179, 683 
 3, 322, 006 
 3, 617, 727 
 
 226, 5:>6 
 219, 522 
 246, 479 
 284, 413 
 
 29, 803 
 24, 924 
 29, 463 
 33, 547 
 
 256, .r>9 
 244, 446 
 275, 942 
 317, 960 
 
 1864.. 
 1865.. 
 1866.. 
 
 1867 
 
 1,475,376 
 1, 504, 575 
 1, 294, 637 
 1, 369, 917 
 
 106, 519 
 98, 008 
 198, 289 
 199, 115 
 
 1, 581, 895 
 1, 602, 583 
 1, 492, 926 
 1, 568, 032 
 
 3, 532, 242 
 3, 629, 023 
 3, 612, 973 
 3, 641, 662 
 
 456,241 
 523, 698 
 553, 425 
 608, 232 
 
 3, 988, 483 
 4, 152, 721 
 4, 166, 398 
 4, 249, 894 
 
 268, 125 
 
 282, 295 
 278, 167 
 199, 846 
 
 36, 944 
 43, 225 
 47, 194 
 50,201 
 
 305, 069 
 3-25, 5-20 
 325, 361 
 250, 047 
 
 1868.. 
 
 1, 343, 793 
 
 221, 939 
 
 1, 565, 732 
 
 3, 646, 150 
 
 619, 199 
 
 4, 265, 349 
 
 240, 921 
 
 52, 150 
 
 293, 071 
 
 * Thia table includes Channel Island vessels, but not those of the British plantations. The home trade 
 signifies on the coasts of the United Kingdom, or to ports between the limits of the river Elbe and 
 Brest. The foreign trade signifies to ports beyond such limits. 
 
256 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. VII. Total number and tonnage of vessels registered as belonging to the United Kingdom, 
 including Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man, at the end of each year. 
 
 Calendar years. 
 
 SAILING VESSELS. 
 
 STEAM VESSELS. 
 
 TOTAL. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 I 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 1850 * 
 
 24, 707 
 24, 816 
 24, 814 
 25, 224 
 25,335 
 24, 274 
 
 3, 306, 659 
 3, 475, 657 
 3, 540, 968 
 3, 780, 092 
 3, 042, 513 
 3, 068, 600 
 
 1, 187 | 168, 474 
 1,227 186,637 
 1, 272 200, 310 
 1,385 ; 250,112 
 1,524 306,237 
 1,674 380,635 
 1,607 386,462 
 1, 824 417, 466 
 1,926 ; 452,463 
 1,018 1 436,836 
 2, 000 454, 327 
 2,133 506,308 
 2, 228 537, 801 
 2, 208 596, 856 
 2, 400 607, 281 
 2, 718 823, 533 
 2, 831 875, 685 
 2,031 901,062 
 2, 944 9C2, 297 
 
 25, 084 
 26, 043 
 26, 086 
 26, GOO 
 26, 850 
 25, 043 
 26, 177 
 27, 007 
 27, 541 
 27, 702 
 27, 663 
 23, 038 
 28, 440 
 28, 637 
 28, 632 
 28, 787 
 28, 071 
 28, 773 
 28, 444 
 
 3, 565, 133 
 3, 662, 344 
 3, 750, 273 
 4, 030, 204 
 4, 248, 750 
 4, 340, 334 
 4, 366, 05G 
 4, 558, 740 
 4, G57, 733 
 4, 663, 101 
 4, 658, 6S7 
 4, 806, 826 
 4, 034, 400 
 5, 328, 073 
 5, 627, 500 
 5, 760, 300 
 5, 770, 337 
 5, 753. 073 
 5, 780, 5. JO 
 
 1851 . 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 24, 480 
 25,273 
 
 3, 080, 494 
 4,141,274 
 
 1857 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 25, 615 
 25, 784 
 25, 663 
 25, 005 
 26, 212 
 26, 3.10 
 26, 142 
 
 4, 205, 270 
 , 226, 355 
 , 204, 360 
 , 300, 518 
 , 306, 500 
 ,731,217 
 , 930, 219 
 
 I860 
 
 ISfil 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 18G4 
 
 1865 
 
 26, 069 
 26, 140 
 25, R42 
 25^500 
 
 , 936, 776 
 , 003, 652 
 ,852,911 
 
 , 878, 233 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 . 
 
 1868 
 
 
 No. VIII. Table showing the tonnage, respectively, of American, British, and French vessels 
 which entered and cleared at tlie ports of countries to which such vessels belonged in trade with 
 other countries. 
 
 Calendar year. 
 
 Entered inward. 
 
 Cleared out-ward. 
 
 American vessels 
 entering at Amer 
 ican from foreign 
 ports. 
 
 British vessels en 
 tering at ports of 
 Great Brit n from 
 foreign ports. 
 
 French vessels en 
 tering at ports of 
 Franco from for 
 eign ports. 
 
 American vessels 
 clearing from 
 American for for 
 eigu ports. 
 
 British ves sols 
 clcar g from ports 
 of Great Britain 
 for foreign ports. 
 
 Fi-eneh ves ls clear 
 ing from nort.s of 
 Franco lor for 
 eign ports. 
 
 1853 
 
 4, 004, 013 
 3, 752, 115 
 3, 861, 391 
 4^335, 484 
 4, 721, 370 
 4, 395, 642 
 5, 265, 643 
 5, 921, 285 
 5, 023, 917 
 5, 117, 685 
 4, 614, 698 
 3, 066, 434 
 2, 943, GG1 
 3, 372, 060 
 3, 455, 052 
 3, 550, 550 
 
 3, 363, 121 
 3, 313, 540 
 3, 633, 153 
 4, 433, 702 
 4, 772, 760 
 4, 506, 100 
 4, 603, 266 
 4, 778, 010 
 5, 410, 450 
 5, 526, 295 
 5, 866, 184 
 6, 4G2, 606 
 7, 022, 948 
 7, 980, 264 
 8, 706, 255 
 8, 721, 022 
 
 854, 029 
 921, ftC 
 1, 006, 419 
 1,191,424 
 1, 356, 687 
 1, 286, 870 
 1, 328, 322 
 1, 345, 396 
 1, 434, 778 
 1, 589, 763 
 1, 610, 347 
 1, G49, 518 
 1, 639, 994 
 1, 633, 296 
 1, 709, 703 
 1, 804, 021 
 
 3, 766, 789 
 3, Oil, 302 
 4, 068, 979 
 4, 538, 364 
 4, 580, 651 
 4, 400, 033 
 5, 297, 367 
 6, 165, 924 
 4, 889, 313 
 4, 961, 818 
 4, 447, 261 
 3, 090, 048 
 3, 025, 134 
 3, 383, 176 
 3, 410, 502 
 3, 717, 956 
 
 3, 457, 058 
 3, 362, 083 
 3, 882, 017 
 4, 521, 818 
 4, 630, 230 
 4, 367, 855 
 4, 631, G70 
 4, 801, 042 
 5, 182, 862 
 5, 546, 183 
 5, 722, 643 
 6, 460, 578 
 7, 116, 057 
 7, 895, 770 
 8, 388, 346 
 8, 603, G91 
 
 911,164 
 
 1,011,611 
 1, 042, 279 
 1,215,154 
 1, 375, 082 
 1, 274, 219 
 1,401, 164 
 1, 437, 893 
 1, 468, 461 
 1, 550, 886 
 1, 656, 777 
 1, 660, 640 
 1, 705, 334 
 1, GOO, 540 
 1, 392, 004 
 1, 834, 856 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 . - - 
 
 1856 
 
 ],-<57 
 
 1853 
 
 1859 
 
 1HGO 
 
 IdOl 
 
 1862 
 
 163 
 
 1864 
 
 1363 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 . 
 
 Id63 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 257 
 
 No. IX. Table showing the licensed and enrolled tonnage of the United States engaged in 
 the coastwise trade, and the tonnage of the British registered vessels engaged in the home 
 trade, during the years, respectively, from 1850 to 1868, both inclusive. 
 
 Year 
 
 fc 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 * GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Licensed 
 andt-nroll- 
 
 ed sail. 
 
 Licensed 
 and 
 enrolled 
 
 strain. 
 
 Total 
 licensed 
 and 
 
 enrolled* 
 
 In the home trade. 
 
 Partly in the home and partly 
 in the foreign trade. 
 
 Register 
 
 Register- 
 
 Total re 
 
 Register 
 
 Register 
 
 Total re 
 
 
 
 
 
 ed Hail. 
 
 ed strum. 
 
 gistered. 
 
 ed sail. 
 
 ed steam. 
 
 gistered. 
 
 
 1850.. 
 
 , 468, 738 
 
 481, 005 
 
 1, 949, 743 
 
 666, 957 
 
 54, 196 
 
 721, 153 
 
 222,341 
 
 5,298 
 
 227, 639 
 
 1850 
 
 1851.. 
 
 ,524,915 
 
 521,217 
 
 2, 046, 132 
 
 685, 641 
 
 78, 820 
 
 764,461 
 
 242, 656 
 
 4, 926 
 
 247, 582 
 
 1851 
 
 m52.. 
 
 , 675, 456 
 
 563, 536 
 
 2, 238, 992 
 
 701,803 
 
 66, 606 
 
 768, 409 
 
 147, 867 
 
 15, 244 
 
 163, 111 
 
 1852 
 
 1853.. 
 
 , 789, 238 
 
 514, 098 
 
 2, 303, 336 
 
 689, 342 
 
 85,471 
 
 774, 813 
 
 156, 800 
 
 7,250 
 
 164,050 
 
 1853 
 
 1854.. 
 
 ,887,512 
 
 581,571 
 
 2, 469, 083 
 
 694, 712 
 
 54,002 
 
 748, 714 
 
 202. 124 
 
 19,135 
 
 221,259 
 
 1854 
 
 1855.. 
 
 2, 021, 625 
 
 655, 24 
 
 2, 676, 865 
 
 691, 128 
 
 57,415 
 
 748, 543 
 
 210,114 
 
 12,562 
 
 222, 676 
 
 1855 
 
 1856.. 
 
 1,796,888 
 
 583, 362 
 
 2, 380, 250 
 
 719,860 
 
 67,616 
 
 787, 476 
 
 162, 488 
 
 16,102 
 
 178, 590 
 
 1856 
 
 1857.. 
 
 1, 857. 964 
 
 618,911 
 
 2, 476, 875 
 
 767, 925 
 
 92,481 
 
 860, 406 
 
 162,112 
 
 20, 859 
 
 182, 971 
 
 1857 
 
 1858.. 
 
 2, 550, 067 
 
 651,363 
 
 3, 201, 430 
 
 788, 113 
 
 90, 739 
 
 878, 852 
 
 13d, 699 
 
 20,604 
 
 159,303 
 
 1858 
 
 1859.. 
 
 1,961,631 
 
 676, 005 
 
 2, 637, 636 
 
 777, 422 
 
 90, 867 
 
 868, 289 
 
 132,768 
 
 21, 123 
 
 153, 89) 
 
 1859 
 
 I860.. 
 
 2, 036, 990 
 
 770.641 
 
 2, 807, 631 
 
 821,079 
 
 92, 254 
 
 913,333 
 
 226, 556 
 
 29, 803 
 
 256, 359 
 
 1860 
 
 1861.. 
 
 2, 122, 589 
 
 774, 596 
 
 2, 897, 185 
 
 832, 771 
 
 102, 795 
 
 935, 566 
 
 219, 522 
 
 24, 924 
 
 244, 446 
 
 1861 
 
 1862.. 
 
 2, 224, 449 
 
 596, 465 
 
 2,820,914 
 
 771, 326 
 
 104, 020 
 
 875, 346 
 
 246, 479 
 
 29, 463 
 
 275, 942 
 
 1862 
 
 1863.. 
 
 2,6611,212 
 
 439, 755 
 
 3, 099, 967 
 
 752, 589 
 
 107, 003 
 
 859, 592 
 
 284,413 
 
 33, 547 
 
 317,960 
 
 1863 
 
 1864.. 
 
 2, 5*30, 690 
 
 853, 816 
 
 3, 404, 506 
 
 789, 108 
 
 125, 808 
 
 914,916 
 
 268, 125 
 
 36, 944 
 
 305, 069 
 
 1864 
 
 1865.. 
 
 2, 505, 067 
 
 969, 131 
 
 3, 494, 198 
 
 795, 434 
 
 134,776 
 
 930,210 
 
 282, 295 
 
 43, 225 
 
 325, 520 
 
 1865 
 
 1866.. 
 
 1, 932, 829 
 
 885, 023 
 
 2,817,852 
 
 813,909 
 
 147, 191 
 
 961, 103 
 
 278, 167 
 
 47, 194 
 
 325,361 
 
 1866 
 
 1867.. 
 
 I, 742, 689 
 
 993, 765 
 
 2, 736, 454 
 
 839, 523 
 
 154, 244 
 
 993, 767 
 
 199, 846 
 
 50,201 
 
 250, 047 
 
 1867 
 
 1868.. 
 
 1,808,550 
 
 977, 476 
 
 2, 786, 026 
 
 804, 749 
 
 153, 265 
 
 958, (X14 
 
 240, 921 
 
 52,150 
 
 293, 071 
 
 1868 
 
 * NOTE. This table includes Channel Islands vessels, but not those of the British plantations. The home 
 trade signifies on the coasts of the United Kingdom, or to ports between the limits of the River Elbe and 
 Brest. The foreign trade signifies to ports beyond such limits. 
 
 No. X. A comparative new of the tonnage of the United States from June 30, 1850, to June 
 30, 1869, showing, separately, the tonnage of sailing and steam vessels, and the yearly 
 increase or decrease of each class. 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 Total tonnage. 
 
 Tonnage em- 
 ploy d in steam 
 navigation. 
 
 Yearly increase 
 and decrease 
 of steam ton 
 nage. 
 
 Tonnage of sail 
 ing vessels, in 
 cluding barges 
 and canal -boats. 
 
 Yearly increase 
 and decrease ot 
 saili g tonnage. 
 
 1851 
 
 Tonsand95t/is. 
 3 77 439 43 
 
 Tons andVStfis. 
 583 607 05 
 
 Tons and 95tks. 
 *57 660 15 
 
 Tone and Qbths. 
 3 188 83 38 
 
 Tons andSSths. 
 *179 325 05 
 
 185 
 
 4 138 440 47 
 
 634 40 67 
 
 *50*633 6 
 
 3 504 199 80 
 
 *315 367 4 
 
 1853 
 
 4 407 Oil 43 
 
 514 097 87 
 
 tl20 142 80 
 
 3 89<> 913 56 
 
 *388 713 76 
 
 1854 
 
 4* 80 90 63 
 
 676 607 12 
 
 *16 0> 5!)9 25 
 
 4 16 295 51 
 
 *233 381 95 
 
 1855 
 
 5 212 001 10 
 
 770 285 12 
 
 *93 67^ 00 
 
 4 441 715 98 
 
 *315 420 47 
 
 1856 
 
 4 871 65 46 
 
 673 077 54 
 
 |97 OQ7 sg 
 
 4 198 574 9 
 
 |243 141 06 
 
 1857 
 1858 
 
 4, 940, 84.5. 04 
 5 049 808. 35 
 
 705, 784. 04 
 729 398. 41 
 
 *32, 706. 50 
 *23 614 37 
 
 4, 235, 059. 00 
 4 320 409 94 
 
 *36, 484. 08 
 *85 350. 94 
 
 1859 
 
 5 145 037 39 
 
 768 436 83 
 
 *39 038 4 
 
 4 376 600 56 
 
 *56 190 62 
 
 I860 
 
 5 353* 868. 42 
 
 867 937.49 
 
 *99 500.66 
 
 4 485 930 93 
 
 *109 330.37 
 
 1861 
 
 5 539 812 79 
 
 877 203 51 
 
 *9 266 02 
 
 66 609 28 
 
 *176 678 35 
 
 1862 
 
 5 112 164.48 
 
 710 462.33 
 
 t!66 741 18 
 
 401 702 15 
 
 t26H 907. 13. 
 
 1863 
 
 5 155 055 47 
 
 575 510 17 
 
 f!34 952 16 
 
 579 545 30 
 
 *177 843, 15 
 
 1864 
 
 4 986 399.79 
 
 978 177.74 
 
 *402 667 57 
 
 008 222 05 
 
 t571, 323* 25 
 
 1865: 
 
 5, 096, 781. 80 
 
 1,067, 139.91 
 
 *88, 962. 17 
 
 ,029,641.89 
 
 *2l, 419, 84 
 
 1866t 
 1867: 
 
 4, 310, 775. 48 
 3,957,514.62 
 
 1,083,511.99 
 1, 122,979.61 
 
 * 16, 372. 08 
 *39, 467. 62 
 
 3, 227, 263. 49 
 2, 834, 535 01 
 
 1802, 373.-40 
 t392, 723. 48 
 
 1868: 
 
 4,318,309.50 
 
 1, 199 414. 89 
 
 *76 435.28 
 
 3 118 894.61 
 
 *284, 351*. 60 
 
 1869 
 
 4 144 640 76 
 
 1 103 568 38 
 
 |95 851 89 
 
 3 041 072 38 
 
 t77 822.61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Increase. t Decrease. 
 
 1 For 1865, 1866, 1867, and 1868 the tonnage is partly "old" and partly "new" admeasurement. 
 
 17 N I 
 
258 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XI. A statement exhibiting the amount of registered tonnage oftlie United States, steam 
 and sail, employed in navigation annually, from 1850 to 1869, inclusive, and the annual 
 increase or decrease of each class. 
 
 Year ending June 30 
 
 Total tonnage. 
 
 Registered sail 
 tonnage. 
 
 Annual increase 
 or decrease of 
 sail tonnage. 
 
 Registered 
 steam tonnage. 
 
 Annual increase 
 or decrease of 
 steam tonnage. 
 
 1850 
 
 1 585 198 
 
 1 540 769 
 
 *122 697 
 
 44 429 
 
 *23 J59 
 
 1851 
 
 1 726 307 
 
 1 663 917 
 
 *123 148 
 
 62 390 
 
 *17 961 
 
 1852 
 
 1 899 478 
 
 1 819 774 
 
 KJ55 gv7 
 
 79 704 
 
 *17 314 
 
 1853 
 
 2 103 674 
 
 2 013 154 
 
 *193 380 
 
 90 520 
 
 *10 816 
 
 1854 
 
 2 333*819 
 
 2 238 783 
 
 *225 629 
 
 95 036 
 
 *4 516 
 
 1855 
 
 2 555 136 
 
 2 440 091 
 
 *201 308 
 
 115 045 
 
 *20 009 
 
 1856 
 
 2 491 402 
 
 2 401 687 
 
 t 38 404 
 
 89 715 
 
 t 5 330 
 
 1857 
 
 2 463 967 
 
 o 377 094 
 
 t<>4 593 
 
 86 873 
 
 t2 842 
 
 1858 
 
 25/7 769 
 
 2 499 742 
 
 *122 648 
 
 78, 027 
 
 18 846 
 
 1859 
 
 2 507 402 
 
 2 414 654 
 
 t 85 088 
 
 92 748 
 
 *14 721 
 
 I860 
 
 2 546 237 
 
 2 448 941 
 
 *34 287 
 
 97, 296 
 
 *4 548 
 
 1861 
 
 2 642 68 
 
 2 540 00 
 
 *9l 079 
 
 102 608 
 
 *5 312 
 
 1862 
 
 2 291 251 
 
 2 177 253 
 
 t362 767 
 
 113, 998 
 
 *11 390 
 
 1863 
 
 2 026 114 
 
 1 89 899 
 
 t284 354 
 
 133 215 
 
 *19 217 
 
 1864 
 
 1 581*895 
 
 475 376 
 
 t417 523 
 
 106, 519 
 
 1 26, 696 
 
 1865 
 
 1 602 583 
 
 504 575 
 
 *29 199 
 
 98 008 
 
 t8 511 
 
 1866 
 
 1 492 926 
 
 294 637 
 
 1209 938 
 
 198, 289 
 
 *100 281 
 
 1867 
 
 1 568 032 
 
 369 917 
 
 *75 280 
 
 198 115 
 
 1 174 
 
 1868 
 
 1 565 732 
 
 ,343 793 
 
 t26 124 
 
 221, 939 
 
 *23, 824 
 
 1869 
 
 1 566 421 
 
 353 169 
 
 *42 825 
 
 213 252 
 
 t8 687 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Increase. 
 
 t Decrease. 
 
 No. XII. Table showing the tonnage of the United States, June 30, 1869. 
 
 
 
 TONNAGE. 
 
 
 
 Sailing ves 
 sels. 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Registered vessels 
 
 1, 353, 169 
 
 213, 252 
 
 1,566 421 
 
 Licensed and enrolled, vessels 
 
 1 687 903 
 
 890 316 
 
 2 578 219 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3 041 072 
 
 1 103 568 
 
 4 144 640 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. XIII. Statement showing the number and class of vessels built, and the tonnage thereof, in 
 the several States and Territories of the United States from 1850 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 
 
 
 CLASS OF 
 
 VESSELS. 
 
 
 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 Ships 
 and 
 barks. 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 Schooners. 
 
 Sloops and 
 canal-boats. 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 of vessels 
 built. 
 
 Total ton - 
 nage. 
 
 1850 
 
 247 
 
 117 
 
 547 
 
 290 
 
 259 
 
 1 460 
 
 272 218.54 
 
 1851 
 
 211 
 
 65 
 
 522 
 
 326 
 
 233 
 
 1 357 
 
 298 203 60 
 
 1852 
 
 255 
 
 79 
 
 584 
 
 267 
 
 259 
 
 1 444 
 
 351 493.41 
 
 1853 
 
 269 
 
 95 
 
 681 
 
 394 
 
 271 
 
 1,710 
 
 425, 571. 49 
 
 1854 
 
 334 
 
 112 
 
 661 
 
 386 
 
 281 
 
 1 774 
 
 535 616. 01 
 
 1855 
 
 381 
 
 126 
 
 605 
 
 669 
 
 253 
 
 2,034 
 
 583, 450. 04 
 
 1856 
 
 306 
 
 103 
 
 594 
 
 479 
 
 221 
 
 1,703 
 
 469, 393. 73 
 
 1857 
 
 251 
 
 58 
 
 504 
 
 258 
 
 263 
 
 1,334 
 
 378, 804. 70 
 
 1658 
 
 222 
 
 46 
 
 431 
 
 400 
 
 226 
 
 1,325 
 
 242, 286. 69 
 
 1859 
 
 89 
 
 28 
 
 297 
 
 284 
 
 172 
 
 870 
 
 156, 601. 33 
 
 1860 
 
 110 
 
 36 
 
 372 
 
 289 
 
 264 . 
 
 1,071 
 
 212, 892. 45 
 
 1861 
 
 no 
 
 38 
 
 360 
 
 371 
 
 264 
 
 1,143 
 
 233, 194. 35 
 
 1862 
 
 62 
 
 17 
 
 207 
 
 397 
 
 183 
 
 866 
 
 175, 075. 84 
 
 863 
 
 97 
 
 34 
 
 212 
 
 1, 113 
 
 367 
 
 1,823 
 
 310, 884. 34 
 
 1864 
 
 112 
 
 45 
 
 322 
 
 1 389 
 
 498 
 
 2,366 
 
 514, 740. 64 
 
 1865... 
 
 109 
 
 46 
 
 369 
 
 853 
 
 411 
 
 1,788 
 
 383, 805. 60 
 
 1866* 
 
 96 
 
 61 
 
 457 
 
 926 
 
 348 
 
 1,888 
 
 336, 146. 56 
 
 1867* . 
 
 95 
 
 70 
 
 517 
 
 657 
 
 180 
 
 1,519 
 
 303, 528. 66 
 
 1868* 
 
 80 
 
 48 
 
 590 
 
 848 
 
 236 
 
 1,802 
 
 285, 304. 73 
 
 1869*.. 
 
 91 
 
 36 
 
 506 
 
 816 
 
 277 
 
 1, 726 
 
 275, 230. 05 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New admeasurement. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 259 
 
 No. XIV. Total summary of tlic tonnage of the United States, June 30, 1869, as reported to 
 
 the Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Ships 
 
 537 
 
 
 Barks 
 
 818 
 
 
 Bri (T s - ... . . 
 
 607 
 
 
 
 10 870 
 
 
 Sloops 
 
 3 913 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tot il siiliuf vessels . .. . ... 
 
 16 745 
 
 o 074 gn 09 
 
 
 3,361 
 
 1 046 015 98 
 
 
 6 287 
 
 62 5 4 H 
 
 
 
 
 Total number of vessels permanently documented 
 
 26 393 
 
 3 744 ji<) 00 
 
 Total number of vessels temporarily documented 
 
 1 033 
 
 401 046 99 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 27 426 
 
 4 145 366 08 
 
 
 
 
 No. XV. A table showing the amount of American and foreign tonnage entered the ports of the 
 United States from foreign countries in 1830, 1840, 1850, and from 1860 to 1869, both inclusive. 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 American ton 
 nage. 
 
 Foreign ton 
 nage. 
 
 American in ex 
 cess of foreign 
 tonnage. 
 
 For ii in excess 
 of American 
 tonnage. 
 
 1830 
 
 967,227 
 
 131, 900 
 
 835, 327 
 
 
 1840 
 
 1 576 946 
 
 712 363 
 
 864 583 
 
 
 1850 
 
 2 573 016 
 
 1, 775, 623 
 
 797, 393 
 
 
 1860 
 
 5 921 285 
 
 2 253 911 
 
 3 567 374 
 
 
 1861 
 
 5 023 U17 
 
 2, 217, 554 
 
 2 806 363 
 
 
 1862 
 
 5 117 685 
 
 2 245 278 
 
 2 872 407 
 
 
 1863 
 
 4 614 698 
 
 2 640 378 
 
 1 974 320 
 
 
 1864 
 
 3 066 434 
 
 3 471 219 
 
 
 404 785 
 
 1865 . . . 
 
 2,943 661 
 
 3 216 967 
 
 
 273 306 
 
 1866 
 
 3, 372, 060 
 
 4, 410, 424 
 
 
 1,038 364 
 
 1867 
 
 3, 455 052 
 
 4 318 673 
 
 
 863 621 
 
 1868 
 
 3, 550, 550 
 
 4, 495, 465 
 
 
 944 915 
 
 1869 
 
 3 402 668 
 
 5 347 694 
 
 
 1 945 026 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. XVI. Table showing the estimated value of American foreign carrying trade during the ten 
 years from 1860 to 1869, both inclusive. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sia&cs 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 Amount of 
 registered ton- 
 nageJune30. 
 
 timatcdspc 
 alue, per to 
 
 Aggregate 
 specie value of 
 tonnage. 
 
 llfll 
 
 
 
 %> 
 
 
 |Ps 
 
 1850 
 
 1 585 198 
 
 $38 
 
 $60 237 524 
 
 $20 079 175 
 
 
 2 546 237 
 
 41 
 
 104 395 717 
 
 34 798 r >72 
 
 1861 
 
 2 64 628 
 
 41 
 
 108 347 748 
 
 36 115 916 
 
 
 2 291 251 
 
 45 
 
 103 106 295 
 
 34 368 765 
 
 1863 
 
 2, 026, 114 
 
 45 
 
 91 175 130 
 
 30 391 710 
 
 1864 
 
 1 581 895 
 
 45 
 
 71 185 275 
 
 23 78 425 
 
 
 1, 602, 583 
 
 45 
 
 72 116 235 
 
 24 58 745 
 
 1866 
 
 1 492 926 
 
 45 
 
 67 181 670 
 
 2 393 890 
 
 1867 
 
 1 568,032 
 
 45 
 
 70 561 440 
 
 23 50 480 
 
 1868 
 
 1, 565, 732 
 
 45 
 
 70 457,940 
 
 23 485 980 
 
 1869 
 
 1 566 421 
 
 45 
 
 70 488 945 
 
 23 496 315 
 
 
 
 
 
 
260 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XVII. Table showing the estimated value of American coastwise and inland carding 
 trade during the ten years from 1860 to 1869, both inclusive. 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 Amount of 
 licensed and 
 enrolled ton 
 nage on Juno 
 30. 
 
 Estimated specie 
 value, per ton. 
 
 Aggregate 
 specie value of 
 tonnage. 
 
 Estimated specie 
 value of gross 
 yearly earning, 
 being 33J per 
 cent, of value. 
 
 1850 
 
 1 949 743 
 
 $38 
 
 $74 090 234 
 
 $24 696 745 
 
 1860 
 
 2 807 631 
 
 41 
 
 115 112 871 
 
 38 370 957 
 
 1861 
 
 2 897 185 
 
 41 
 
 118 784 585 
 
 39 5"D4 861 
 
 1862 
 
 2 820 914 
 
 45 
 
 126 941 130 
 
 42 313 710 
 
 1863 . . 
 
 3 099 967 
 
 45 
 
 139 498 515 
 
 46 490 505 
 
 1864 
 
 3 4D4 506 
 
 45 
 
 153 202 770 
 
 51 067 500 
 
 1865 
 
 3 494 1B8 
 
 45 
 
 157 238 910 
 
 52 412 970 
 
 1866 
 
 2 817 852 
 
 45 
 
 126 803 340 
 
 42 267 780 
 
 1867 
 
 2 736 454 
 
 45 
 
 123 140 430 
 
 41 046 810 
 
 1868 
 
 2 786 026 
 
 45 
 
 125 371 170 
 
 41 790 390 
 
 1869. .. 
 
 2, 578, 219 
 
 45 
 
 116 019 855 
 
 38 673 2S5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. XVIII. Table showing the total foreign commerce of the United States during each year 
 from 1850 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 Exports and im 
 ports in Ameri 
 can vessels. 
 
 Exports and im 
 ports 1 in foreign 
 vessels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1850 
 
 $239 272 084 
 
 $90 764 954 
 
 $330 037 038 
 
 1851 
 
 316 107 232 
 
 lis 505* 711 
 
 434 612 943 
 
 1852 
 
 294 735 404 
 
 13 219 817 
 
 417 955 21 
 
 1853 
 
 346 717 127 
 
 152 237 677 
 
 498 954 804 
 
 1854 
 
 406 698 539 
 
 170 591, 875 
 
 577 290, 414 
 
 1855 
 
 405 485 462 
 
 131 139 90 -1 
 
 536 625 366 
 
 1856 
 
 482 268 274 
 
 159 336,570 
 
 641 604 850 
 
 1857 
 
 510 331 027 
 
 213 519 706 
 
 723 850 823 
 
 1858 
 
 447 191 304 
 
 160 066 267 
 
 607 257 571 
 
 1859 
 
 465 741 381 
 
 229 816 211 
 
 695 557 592 
 
 1860 
 
 507 247 757 
 
 255 040 793 
 
 762 288 550 
 
 1861 
 
 381, 516, 788 
 
 203, 478, 278 
 
 584, 995, 066 
 
 1862 
 
 217 695 418 
 
 218 015 296 
 
 435 710 714 
 
 1863 
 
 241, 872, 471 
 
 343, 056, 031 
 
 584, 928, 502 
 
 1864 
 
 184 061 486 
 
 485 793 543 
 
 669 855 034 
 
 1865 
 
 167, 402, 872 
 
 437, 010, 124 
 
 604,412,996 
 
 1866 
 
 325 711 861 
 
 685 226 691 
 
 1 010 938 552 
 
 1807 
 
 296 998 387 
 
 580, 022, 004 
 
 877 020 391 
 
 1868 
 
 297, 981, 573 
 
 550, 546, 074 
 
 848, 527, 647 
 
 1869 
 
 289 950 272 
 
 586, 492, 012 
 
 876, 442 284 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 6 824 986 719 
 
 5,893 879,639 
 
 12 718, 866 358 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. XIX. Total exports of domestic and foreign merchandise combined. 
 
 Fiscal years. 
 
 American ves 
 sels. 
 
 Foreign ves 
 sels. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1850 
 
 $99, 615, 041 
 
 $52, 283, 679 
 
 $151, 898, 720 
 
 1851 
 
 152 456 689 
 
 65 931 322 
 
 218 388 Oil 
 
 1852 
 
 139, 476, 937 
 
 70, 181, 429 
 
 209, 658, 366 
 
 1853 
 
 155 028 802 
 
 75 947 355 
 
 230 976 157 
 
 1854 
 
 191, 322, 266 
 
 84, 474, 054 
 
 275, T. 6, 320 
 
 1855 
 
 203 250 562 
 
 71 906 284 
 
 275 156 846 
 
 1856 
 
 232, 295, 162 
 
 94, 669, 146 
 
 326, 964, 3 J8 
 
 1857 
 
 251, 214, 857 
 
 111, 745, 825 
 
 362, 960, 682 
 
 1858 
 
 243, 491 288 
 
 81, 153, 133 
 
 324, 644, 421 
 
 1859 
 
 249, 617, 953 
 
 107, 171, 509 
 
 356, 789, 462 
 
 1860 -* 
 
 279, 082, 902 
 
 121, 039, 394 
 
 400, 122, 296 
 
 1861 . 
 
 179, 972, 733 
 
 69, 372, 180 
 
 249, 344, 913 
 
 1862 
 
 125, 421, 318 
 
 104, 517, 667 
 
 229, 938, 985 
 
 1863 . 
 
 132, 127, 890 
 
 199, 880, 691 
 
 332, 003, 581 
 
 1864 
 
 102, 849, 409 
 
 237, 442, 730 
 
 340, 292, 139 
 
 1865 
 
 90, 017, 756 
 
 262, 839, 588 
 
 352, 857, 344 
 
 1866 
 
 213 671, 466 
 
 351,754,928 
 
 565, 426, 394 
 
 1667 
 
 179, 788, 851 
 
 279, 399, 969 
 
 459, 188, 820 
 
 1868 
 
 175, 016, 348 
 
 301, 886, 491 
 
 476, 902, 839 
 
 18G9 
 
 153, 148, 248 
 
 285, 979, 781 
 
 439, 128, 029 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3, 548, 866, 478 
 
 3,029,577,155 
 
 6, 573, 443, 633 
 
 
 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 261 
 
 No. XX. Table showing tlic amount of foreign merchandise imported into the United States 
 in American and foreign vessels, respectively, during the fiscal years from 1850 to 1869, 
 both inclusive. (Expressed in specie value at foreign ports of exportation.) 
 
 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 
 
 In American vessels. 
 
 In foreign vessels. 
 
 Total in American 
 and foreign vessels. 
 
 1850 
 
 $139 657 043 
 
 $38 481 275 
 
 $178 138 318 
 
 1851 
 
 163 650 543 
 
 52,574 389 
 
 216 224, 932 
 
 
 155 58 467 
 
 53 038 388 
 
 *21 945 442 
 
 1853 
 
 191 688 325 
 
 76 290 322 
 
 267, 978, 647 
 
 1854 
 
 215 376 273 
 
 86 117 821 
 
 *304 562 381 
 
 1855 
 
 202 234 900 
 
 59 233 620 
 
 261,468,520 
 
 1856 
 
 249 972 512 
 
 64 667 430 
 
 314 639 942 
 
 1857 
 
 5259-116 170 
 
 101 773 971 
 
 360, 890, 141 
 
 1858 
 
 203 700 016 
 
 78 913 134 
 
 282 613 150 
 
 1859 
 
 216 123 428 
 
 122 644 702 
 
 338, 768, 130 
 
 1860 
 
 228 164 855 
 
 134 001 399 
 
 362 166 254 
 
 1861 ... . 
 
 201 544 055 
 
 134 106 098 
 
 335, 650, 153 
 
 186 
 
 92 274 100 
 
 113 497 629 
 
 205 771 729 
 
 186;) 
 
 109*744 580 
 
 143, 175 340 
 
 252,919,920 
 
 1864 
 
 81 212 077 
 
 248 350 818 
 
 329 56-2 895 
 
 1865 ... 
 
 74 385 116 
 
 174 170 536 
 
 248, 555, 652 
 
 1866 
 
 112 040 395 
 
 333 471 763 
 
 445 512 158 
 
 1867 
 
 117 209 536 
 
 300 622 035 
 
 417,831,571 
 
 1868 
 
 122 965 225 
 
 248 659 583 
 
 371 624 808 
 
 1869 
 
 136 802 024 
 
 300 512 231 
 
 437, 314, 255 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 3 273 119 640 
 
 2 864 302 484 
 
 6, 145, 138, 998 
 
 
 
 
 
 *In the year 1852 $4,648,587, and in 1854 $3,068,287, were imported into San Francisco; class of vessels in 
 which brought cannot be stated. 
 
262 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XXI. Statement exhibiting the arrival and departure, at certain specified 2>orts, of 
 American and foreign vessels, in certain portions of the foreign trade of the United States, 
 1856 to I860, and 1865 to 1869, loth inclusive. 
 
 No. I. DISTRICT OF BOSTON. 
 
 District. 
 Boston 
 
 Total.... 
 Boston 
 
 Total.... 
 
 From 1856 to 1860 inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869 inclusive. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 1 
 I 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 1 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 <o 
 H 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 05 
 
 37 
 
 403 
 
 67 
 20 
 
 21,992 
 319, 497 
 311 
 55, 924 
 15, 399 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 472 
 8,624 
 
 38 
 412 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 22,464 
 328, 121 
 311 
 56, 816 
 15, 524 
 
 18 
 123 
 
 12, 218 
 113, 858 
 
 12 
 63 
 3 
 
 7 
 12 
 1 
 
 6,207 
 50, 871 
 1, 538 
 6,008 
 5,601 
 757 
 
 30 
 186 
 3 
 32 
 17 
 1 
 
 18, 425 
 164, 729 
 1,538 
 29, 384 
 
 8 S? 
 
 Dutch E. Indies. 
 British E. Indies. 
 Australia. 
 Philippine Islands. 
 i China. 
 Japan. 
 
 France on Med. 
 Spain on Med. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 Austria. 
 Turkey & Greece. 
 
 1 
 
 892 
 125 
 
 25 
 5 
 
 23, 376 
 2,709 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 528 
 
 413, 123 
 
 12 
 
 10, 113 
 
 540 
 
 423, 236 
 
 171 
 
 152, 161 
 
 98 
 
 70, 982 
 
 269 
 
 223, 143 
 
 49 
 45 
 203 
 5 
 102 
 
 16, 180 
 15, 943 
 81, 246 
 2,411 
 33, 310 
 
 23 
 27 
 131 
 
 "~6 
 
 9,599 
 6,724 
 26,507 
 
 ~i,"645 
 
 72 
 72 
 334 
 
 108 
 
 25, 779 
 22,667 
 107, 753 
 2,411 
 34, 955J 
 
 11 
 33 
 
 184 
 
 5,010 
 10, 097 
 79, 124 
 
 18 
 23 
 76 
 
 6,949 
 3,851 
 28, 451 
 
 29 
 56 
 260 
 
 11, 959 
 13, 948 
 107, 575 
 
 33 
 
 11, 817 
 
 25 
 
 7,971 
 
 58 
 
 19, 788 
 
 404 
 
 149, 090 
 
 187 
 
 44, 4,75 
 
 591 
 
 193, 565 
 
 261 
 
 106, 048 
 
 142 
 
 47,222 
 
 403 
 
 153, 270 
 
 Boston 
 
 23 
 
 11, 518 
 
 5 
 
 1,912 
 
 28 
 
 13, 430 
 
 22 
 
 16, 184 
 
 3 
 
 2,030 
 
 25 
 
 18, 214 
 
 Dutch E. Indies. 
 
 
 206 
 
 133, 606 
 
 i 
 
 475 
 
 207 
 
 134, 081 
 
 94 
 
 86, 202 
 
 16 
 
 14, 763 
 
 110 
 
 100, 965 
 
 British E. Indies. 
 
 
 93 
 
 63, 618 
 
 1 
 
 1,545 
 
 94 
 
 65, 163 
 
 61 
 
 39, 437 
 
 39 
 
 20, 164 
 
 100 
 
 59, 601 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 q 
 
 7,083 
 
 
 
 q 
 
 7 083 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 22,210 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 22,210 
 
 91 
 
 16, 603 
 
 5 
 
 3,976 
 
 <>6 
 
 20 579 
 
 China. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 731 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 731 
 
 
 Total.... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 369 
 
 238, 035 
 
 7 
 
 3,932 
 
 376 
 
 241, 967 
 
 201 
 
 160, 157 
 
 63 
 
 40,933 
 
 264 
 
 201, 090 
 
 Boston 
 
 38 
 
 10, 661 
 
 8 
 
 2,016 
 
 46 
 
 12, 677 
 
 _ 
 
 1,527 
 
 5 
 
 1,173 
 
 10 
 
 2,700 
 
 France on Med. 
 
 
 24 
 
 5,865 
 
 3 
 
 871 
 
 27 
 
 6,736 
 
 30 
 
 9,897 
 
 7 
 
 1,865 
 
 37 
 
 11, 762 
 
 Spain on Med. 
 
 
 30 
 
 8,680 
 
 11 
 
 3,281 
 
 41 
 
 11, 961 
 
 10 
 
 3, 105 
 
 3 
 
 919 
 
 13 
 
 4, 024 
 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 
 
 36 
 
 11,463 
 
 6 
 
 2,049 
 
 42 
 
 13, 512 
 
 1 
 
 384 
 
 1 
 
 211 
 
 2 
 
 595 
 
 Austria. 
 
 
 116 
 
 41, 912 
 
 4 
 
 2,266 
 
 120 
 
 44, 178 
 
 26 
 
 8,009 
 
 13 
 
 3,539 
 
 39 
 
 11, 548 
 
 Turkey <fc Greece. 
 
 Total .... 
 
 244 
 
 78, 581 
 
 32 
 
 10,4831 276 
 
 89, 064 
 
 72 
 
 22,922 
 
 29 
 
 7,707| 101 
 
 30, 629 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 263 
 
 No. XXI. Arrival and departure of American and foreign vessels, <fc. Continued. 
 No. H. DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 * 
 Countries. 
 
 From 1856 to 1860 inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869 inclusive. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 H 
 
 New York 
 
 Total.... 
 Now York 
 
 Total.... 
 
 28 
 136 
 13 
 67 
 234 
 
 14, 074 
 117, 768 
 5,196 
 67, 049 
 213, 958 
 
 25 
 1 
 4 
 16 
 
 360 
 14,238 
 250 
 2,790 
 8,868 
 
 29 
 161 
 14 
 71 
 250 
 
 14, 434 
 132, 006 
 5,446 
 69, 839 
 222, 826 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 4 
 60 
 64 
 11 
 
 7,335 
 54, 983 
 3, 178 
 63, 275 
 46,750 
 7,383 
 
 31 
 
 170 
 8 
 31 
 227 
 54 
 
 14, 535 
 141,010 
 
 3,818 
 24, 605 
 108, 821 
 23, 314 
 
 228 
 12 
 91 
 291 
 65 
 
 21, 870 
 195, 993 
 6,996 
 87, 880 
 155, 571 
 30, 697 
 
 Dutch East Indies. 
 British East Indies. 
 Australia. 
 Philippine Islands. 
 China, 
 Japan. 
 
 France on Medite n. 
 Spain on Medite n. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 Austria. 
 Turkey and Greece. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 478 
 
 418, 045 
 
 47 
 
 26,506 
 
 525 
 
 444, 551 
 
 207 
 
 182, 904 
 
 521 
 
 316, 103 
 
 57, 066 
 39, 000 
 198, 389 
 30, 999 
 13, 430 
 
 728 
 
 499, 007 
 
 117 
 209 
 335 
 20 
 25 
 
 56, 724 
 57, 904 
 145, 052 
 
 8,718 
 9,072 
 
 68 
 116 
 237 
 34 
 46 
 
 24, 867 
 22, 810 
 70, 534 
 11, 684 
 15, 397 
 
 185 
 325 
 572 
 54 
 71 
 
 81, 591 
 80, 714 
 215, 586 
 20,402 
 24, 469 
 
 54 
 
 88 
 252 
 2 
 6 
 
 26, 714 
 29,459 
 114, 855 
 949 
 2,150 
 
 131 
 141 
 480 
 76 
 55 
 
 185 
 
 229 
 732 
 78 
 61 
 
 83, 780 
 68, 459 
 313, 244 
 31, 948 
 15,580 
 
 706 
 
 277, 470 
 
 501 
 
 145, 292 
 
 1207 
 
 422, 762 
 
 402 
 
 174, 127 
 
 883 
 
 338, 884 
 
 1285 
 
 513, Oil 
 
 CLEARED. 
 
 New York 
 
 Total.... 
 New York 
 
 Total.... 
 
 30 
 56 
 186 
 2 
 145 
 
 20, 939 
 41, 617 
 179, 915 
 755 
 124, 818 
 
 2 
 31 
 22 
 
 849 
 17, 399 
 12(122 
 
 32 
 
 87 
 208 
 2 
 
 146 
 
 21, 788 
 59, 016 
 192, 037 
 755 
 125, 187 
 
 6 
 4 
 42 
 1 
 
 81 
 25 
 
 4,385 
 2,925 
 29, 872 
 729 
 71, 974 
 33, 270 
 
 10 
 24 
 109 
 
 6,631 
 14, 059 
 61, 512 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 151 
 
 130 
 31 
 
 11,016 
 16, 984 
 91, 381 
 729 
 108, 356 
 38,607 
 
 Dutch East Indies. 
 British East Indies. 
 Australia. 
 Philippine Islands. 
 China. 
 Japan. 
 
 France on Medite n. 
 Spain on Medite n. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 Austria. 
 Turkey and Greece. 
 
 1 
 
 369 
 
 49 
 6 
 
 36,382 
 5,337 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 419 
 
 368, 044 
 
 56 
 
 30, 739 
 
 475 
 
 398, 783 
 
 159 
 
 143, 155 
 
 198 
 
 123, 921 
 
 357 
 
 267, 076 
 
 150 
 143 
 40 
 10 
 51 
 
 58,224 
 38, 548 
 12, 986 
 4,881 
 16, 713 
 
 35 
 
 45 
 60 
 14 
 13 
 
 9,421 
 13, 572 
 18, 979 
 5, 021 
 3,766 
 
 185 
 188 
 100 
 24 
 64 
 
 67, 645 
 52, 120 
 31, 965 
 9, 902 
 20, 479 
 
 134 
 
 68 
 69 
 2 
 16 
 
 56, 976 
 23, 434 
 37, 509 
 1,040 
 5,334 
 
 115 
 87 
 192 
 62 
 33 
 
 37, 357 
 24, 076 
 86, 840 
 18, 662 
 8,043 
 
 249 
 155 
 261 
 64 
 49 
 
 94,333 
 47, 510 
 124, 349 
 19,702 
 13, 377 
 
 394 
 
 131, 352 
 
 167 
 
 50, 759 
 
 561 
 
 182, 111 
 
 289 
 
 124, 293 
 
 489 
 
 174, 978 
 
 778 
 
 299,271 
 
264 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XXT. Arrival and departure of American and foreign vessels, tfc. Continued. 
 No. m. DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 District. 
 
 From 1856 to 1860, inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 fc 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 ft 
 
 I 
 
 Philadelp a 
 Total.... 
 Philadelp a 
 
 Total.... 
 
 13 
 
 11, 345 
 
 1 
 
 1,007 
 
 14 
 
 12, 352 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 736 
 421 
 
 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 736 
 421 
 
 Br. East Indies. 
 Australia. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 11, 345 
 
 1 
 
 1,007 14, 12,352 
 
 3 
 
 1,157 
 
 
 3 
 
 1, 157 
 
 
 3 
 10 
 97 
 
 624 
 
 2,350 
 39, 393 
 
 3 
 13 
 71 
 
 706 
 3,032 
 22,201 
 
 6 
 23 
 
 168 
 
 1,330 
 5,382 
 61, 594 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 76 
 
 295 
 921 
 27, 099 
 
 4 
 5 
 90 
 
 933 
 
 891 
 25, 660 
 
 5 
 8 
 166 
 
 1, 228 Franco on Med n. 
 1, 812 Spain on Med n. 
 52, 759| Italy and Sicily. 
 
 55, 799 
 
 110 
 
 42,367 
 
 87 
 
 25, 939 
 
 197 68,306J 80 
 
 23, 315 
 
 99 
 
 27, 484 
 
 CLEARED. 
 
 Philadelp a 
 
 3 
 
 2 613 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 613 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British E. Indies. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 1 
 
 847 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 847 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philippine Isla ds. 
 
 
 i 
 
 5 833 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 5 838 
 
 o 
 
 2,013 
 
 1 
 
 716 
 
 3 
 
 2,729 
 
 China. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 338 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 338 
 
 Japan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 10 
 
 9,298 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 9,298 
 
 3 
 
 2,351 
 
 1 
 
 716 
 
 4 
 
 3,067 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philadelp a 
 
 4 
 
 1,705 
 
 3 
 9 
 
 619 
 326 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 2,324 
 326 
 
 93 
 
 36,206 
 
 20 
 
 R 
 
 6,670 
 1,500 
 
 113 
 
 8 
 
 42, 876 
 1,500 
 
 Franco on Med n. 
 Spain on Med n. 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 919 
 
 3 
 
 919 
 
 94 
 
 7,920 
 
 35 
 
 10, 402 
 
 59 
 
 18, 322 
 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 
 
 1 
 
 299 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 299 
 
 7 
 
 2,569 
 
 9 
 
 1,022 
 
 q 
 
 3,591 
 
 Austria. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 248 
 
 1 
 
 190 
 
 
 
 438 
 
 Turkey & Greece. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total.... 
 
 5 
 
 2,004 
 
 8 
 
 1,864 
 
 13 
 
 3,868 
 
 125 
 
 46, 943 
 
 66 
 
 19, 784 
 
 191 
 
 66, 727 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 265 
 
 No. XXI. Arrival and departure of American and foreign vessels, $c, Continued. 
 No. IV. DISTRICT OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 District. 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 From 1856 to 1860, inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number. 
 
 1 
 
 CJ 
 
 1 
 
 Number. 
 
 | 
 
 H 
 
 M ; Number. 
 
 1 
 H 
 
 1 
 & 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 781 
 
 781 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Brit h East Indies. 
 
 France on Mcd n. 
 Spain on Med n. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 
 Baltimore. . 
 Total.. A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 9 
 46 
 
 2, 526 
 2,040 
 16, 043 
 
 2 
 8 
 22 
 
 498 
 1, 028 
 4, 252 
 
 6 
 17 
 
 68 
 
 3,024 
 3,068 
 20,295 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 4," 354 
 3,904 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 46 
 
 228 
 1,683 
 13, 026 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 228 
 6,037 
 16, 930 
 
 59 
 
 20, 609 
 
 32 
 
 5,778 
 
 91 26,387 
 
 17 
 
 8,258 
 
 55 
 
 14, 937 
 
 72 
 
 23, 195 
 
 CLEARED. 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 1 639 
 
 T 
 
 1 639 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British East Ind s. 
 
 
 9 
 
 1,392 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 1 392 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Australia. 
 
 
 1 
 
 910 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 910 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Philippine Islands. 
 
 
 2 
 
 3,433 
 
 1 
 
 1,313 
 
 3 
 
 4,746 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 679 
 
 7 782 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1,309 
 987 
 
 3 
 q 
 
 1,9?8 
 8 769 
 
 China. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total.... 
 
 5 
 
 5,735 
 
 4 
 
 2,952 
 
 9 
 
 8,687 
 
 9 
 
 8,461 
 
 3 
 
 2,296 
 
 12 
 
 10, 757 
 
 
 Baltimore.. 
 
 22 
 6 
 4 
 f> 
 
 11, 746 
 2,116 
 1,013 
 2,246 
 
 2 
 1 
 4 
 
 337 
 
 189 
 659 
 
 24 
 7 
 8 
 5 
 
 12, 083 
 2,305 
 1, 672 
 2,246 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 5 
 
 2, 438 
 2, 121 
 1,383 
 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 1 
 
 1,627 
 1,031 
 1,156 
 246 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 11 
 1 
 
 4,065 
 3, 152 
 2,539 
 246 
 
 France on Med n. 
 Spain on Med n. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 Austria. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total.... 
 
 37 
 
 17, 121 
 
 7 
 
 1,185 
 
 44 
 
 18,306 
 
 17 
 
 5,942 
 
 16 
 
 4,060 
 
 33 
 
 10,002 
 
 
266 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XXI. Arrival and departure of American and foreign vessels, ^-c. Continued. 
 No. V. DISTRICTS OF RICHMOND AND CHARLESTON. 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 Districts. 
 
 From 1856 to I860, inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number. 
 
 1 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 fc 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 fc 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 1 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Richmond . 
 Charleston . 
 Charleston. 
 
 Total.... 
 
 1 
 
 533 
 
 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 533 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spain on Med. 
 British E. Indies. 
 
 France on Med. 
 Spain on Med. 
 Italy. 
 Austria. 
 Turkey. 
 
 
 1,029 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 883 
 
 1 
 
 1,912 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 2,144 
 3,535 
 
 4 
 49 
 4 
 
 1,216 
 
 18, 986 
 1,982 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 533 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 967 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 6,212 
 
 59 
 
 23, 151 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Richmond . 
 Richmond . 
 
 Total.... 
 Charleston . 
 Charleston. 
 
 Total.... 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 4 
 33 
 
 4,294 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Franco on Med. 
 Italy. 
 Austria. 
 
 China. 
 
 France on Mod. 
 Spain on Med. 
 Italy. 
 Austria. 
 
 
 
 < 
 ft 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,414 
 2,073 
 18, 310 
 
 
 
 4,414 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 672 
 3,143 
 
 6 
 38 
 
 2,745 
 21, 453 
 
 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 1,439 
 1,725 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 1,439 
 1,725 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 24,797 
 
 7 
 
 3,815 
 
 _ " 
 
 52 
 
 28, 612 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 3,164 
 
 10 
 
 3,164 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 572 
 
 1 
 
 572 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 13 
 4 
 2 
 
 2,222 
 3,906 
 1,801 
 1,209 
 
 4 
 377 
 
 1 
 
 913 
 
 99, 993 
 290 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 235 
 
 43 
 
 9,333 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 9,138 
 
 382 
 
 101, 196 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 235 
 
 43J 9, 333 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 267 
 
 No. XXI. Arrival and departure of American and foreign vessels, fc.- Continued. 
 No. VI. DISTRICT OF NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 District. 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 From 1856 to 1860, inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1 
 ft 
 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 ft 
 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 N. Orleans . 
 Total .... 
 N. Orleans . 
 
 Total.... 
 
 7 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 6,909 
 997 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 2,673 
 1,207 
 
 10 
 2 
 
 9,582 
 2,204 
 
 1 
 
 1. 043 
 
 3 
 
 3,359 
 
 4 
 
 4.402 
 
 British E. Indies. 
 Australia. 
 
 Franco on Med. 
 Spain on Med. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 Austria. 
 Turkey & Greece. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,906 
 
 I 
 
 3,880 
 
 12 
 
 11, 786 
 
 39, 921 
 82, 544 
 113, 112 
 12, 031 
 6,990 
 
 1,043 
 
 3 
 
 3,359 
 
 4 
 
 4,402 
 
 30 
 42 
 107 
 12 
 5 
 
 30, 034 
 25,083 
 71, 762 
 11,483 
 5,418 
 
 21 
 129 
 115 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9,887 
 57, 461 
 41, 350 
 548 
 1,572 
 
 51 
 171 
 222 
 13 
 7 
 
 5 
 12 
 12 
 
 3,009 
 8, 942 
 4,275 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 57 
 
 5,759 
 6,284 
 16, 626 
 
 18 
 24 
 69 
 
 8,708 
 15, 226 
 20, 901 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 196 
 
 143, 780 
 
 268 
 
 110, 818 
 
 464 
 
 254, 598 
 
 29 
 
 16, 226 
 
 82 
 
 28,669 
 
 111 
 
 44, 895 
 
 CLEARED. 
 
 N. Orleans . 
 Total.... 
 N. Orleans . 
 
 2 
 
 2,253 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2,253 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 British E. Indies. 
 Australia. 
 
 Franco on Med. 
 Spain on Med. 
 Italy and Sicily. 
 Austria. 
 Turkey & Greece. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 68 
 28 
 140 
 40 
 
 2,253 
 
 
 2 
 
 2,253 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 34, 003 
 13, 607 
 91, 433 
 25, 440 
 
 28 
 443 
 53 
 13 
 
 11, 050 
 160, 454 
 19, 688 
 5,067 
 
 96 
 471 
 193 
 53 
 
 45, 053 
 174, 061 
 111, 121 
 30,507 
 
 3 
 5 
 10 
 
 1,261 
 1,960 
 4,606 
 
 4 
 194 
 
 28 
 
 919 
 
 58, 274 
 7,042 
 
 7 
 199 
 38 
 
 2,180 
 60,234 
 11, 648 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 360, 742 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 276 
 
 164, 483| 537 
 
 196,259 
 
 813 
 
 18 
 
 7,827 
 
 226 
 
 66,235 
 
 244 
 
 74,062 
 
268 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XXI. Arrival and departure of American and foreign vessels, $ c. Continued. 
 No. VH. DISTRICTS OP SAN FRANCISCO AND PUGET SOUND. 
 
 District. 
 
 ENTERED. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 From 1855 to 1860, inclusive. 
 
 From 1865 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 American. 
 
 Foreign. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Number. 
 
 I 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 <o 
 to 
 
 H 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 S. Francisco 
 
 Total .... 
 S. Francisco 
 Total.... 
 Puget So nd 
 
 Total.... 
 
 12 
 8 
 32 
 12 
 107 
 8 
 
 4,998 
 5,006 
 14,910 
 5,363 
 90, 999 
 1,604 
 
 11 
 5 
 
 40 
 9 
 69 
 1 
 
 3,820 
 2,025 
 17, 436 
 2,827 
 35, 108 
 126 
 
 23 
 13 
 72 
 21 
 176 
 9 
 
 8,818 
 7,031 
 32, 346 
 8,190 
 126, 107 
 1,730 
 
 2 
 
 469 
 
 13 
 11 
 
 182 
 9 
 94 
 28 
 
 4,736 
 6,628 
 89, 651 
 7,236 
 63, 726 
 13,720 
 
 15 
 11 
 
 222 
 18 
 156 
 68 
 
 5,205 
 6,628 
 114, 306 
 13, 293 
 118, 807 
 91, 793 
 
 Dutch E. Indies. 
 British E. Indies. 
 Australia. 
 Philippine Islands. 
 China. 
 Japan. 
 
 France on Med. 
 Spain on Modite n. 
 
 Australia. 
 France on Mod. 
 China. 
 Japan. 
 
 40 
 9 
 62 
 40 
 
 24, 655 
 6,057 
 55, 081 
 78, 073 
 
 179 
 
 122,880 
 
 135 
 
 61, 342 
 
 314 
 
 184, 222 
 
 153 
 
 164, 335 
 
 337 
 
 185, 697 
 
 2, 821 
 989 
 
 490 
 
 350, 032 
 
 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 2,132 
 369 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 2,132 
 830 
 
 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 2, 821 
 989 
 
 3,810 
 
 2 
 
 461 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 461 
 
 7 
 
 2,501 
 
 9 
 
 2,962 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 3,810 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 532 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 961 
 424 
 273 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1, 493 
 424 
 273 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 336 
 
 1 
 
 336 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3,469 
 449 
 
 6 
 1 
 
 6,517 
 650 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 9,986 
 1,099 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 532 
 
 4 
 
 1,658 
 
 5 
 
 2,190 
 
 6 
 
 3,918 
 
 8 
 
 7,503 
 
 14 
 
 11, 421 
 
 S. Francisco 
 
 Total .... 
 S. Francisco 
 Pugot So nd 
 
 Total .... 
 
 8 
 56 
 70 
 41 
 204 
 10 
 
 4,571 
 59, 319 
 43, 644 
 37, 000 
 213, 841 
 2,281 
 
 8 
 11 
 74 
 5 
 
 78 
 
 3,458 
 4,668 
 32, 140 
 1,835 
 38, 835 
 
 16 
 67 
 144 
 
 46 
 282 
 10 
 
 8,029 
 63, 987 
 75, 784 
 38, 835 
 252, 676 
 2,281 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 23 
 11 
 92 
 35 
 
 164 
 5,994 
 12, 190 
 10, 979 
 88, 503 
 79,690 
 
 5 
 6 
 156 
 5 
 83 
 6 
 
 2,067 
 2,861 
 64, 596 
 1,745 
 50,782 
 1,735 
 
 6 
 12 
 179 
 16 
 175 
 41 
 
 2,231 
 
 8,855 
 76, 786 
 12, 724 
 139, 285 
 81,425 
 
 Dutch E. Indies. 
 British E-. Indies. 
 Australia. 
 Philippine Islands. 
 China. 
 Japan. 
 
 Franco on Med. 
 
 British E. Indies. 
 Australia. 
 China. 
 Philippine Islands 
 
 
 
 389 
 
 360, 656 
 
 176 
 
 80,936 
 
 565 
 
 441, 592 
 
 168197,520 
 
 261 
 
 " ^ 
 
 123, 786 
 
 429 
 
 321, 306 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1,016 
 
 1 
 
 1,016 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 21 
 24 
 
 1,734 
 
 12, 855 
 17,839 
 
 4 
 34 
 32 
 1 
 
 1,734 
 
 21, 484 
 22,569 
 738 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 5,837 
 3,026 
 
 G 
 
 8 
 
 3,302 
 3,104 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 9,139 
 6,130 
 
 13 
 8 
 1 
 
 8,629 
 4,730 
 ,738 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~~29 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 8,863 
 
 14 
 
 6,406 
 
 15, 269 
 
 22 
 
 14, 097 
 
 49 
 
 32,428 
 
 71 
 
 46,525 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 269 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 5^ 
 
 II 
 
 00 _ 
 
 S 
 
 to 
 siv 
 
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 H- 
 
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 Ilil(ll31(SSSlllJISSBSSlllll^l(5S*l 
 
270 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 1 ^SSS3wSS2>eSw 
 
 a -a 
 
 11 
 
 sasasssasassss 
 
 TH<?ao:omr-ioco .oiot-sji-o 
 
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NAVIGATION - INTERESTS. 
 
 271 
 
 No. XXIII. Statement of steamers making regular trips between ports of the United States 
 and foreign ports, in 1860 and in 1869. 
 
 TABLE A. 
 
 STEAMSHIP LIKES FROM NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS. 1860. 
 
 Name of lino and port of des 
 tination. 
 
 Names of steamers. 
 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 "3 
 2 
 
 ! 
 
 Total tonnage 
 each line. 
 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Line 
 
 Atlantic 
 
 2 846 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 5 569 
 
 From New York to Aspin- 
 
 Baltic 
 
 2 723 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 wall. 
 Atlantic Mail Steamship Line 
 
 Ariel 
 
 1 295 
 
 "Wood 
 
 
 6 074 
 
 From New York to Aspin- 
 wall. 
 
 North Star....* 
 Northern Light 
 
 1,868 
 1,768 
 
 .do... 
 do . 
 
 . . .do. 
 do 
 
 
 From Now York to Havana 
 
 Quaker City 
 
 1 143 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 North Atlantic Mail Steam 
 
 Adriatic 
 
 4 145 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 9 630 
 
 ship Line. From New York 
 
 Illinois 
 
 2, 124 
 
 .do... 
 
 ...do. 
 
 
 to Havre 
 
 Vanderbilt 
 
 3 361 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Havre Steam Navigation Com 
 
 Arago 
 
 *2 240 
 
 Wood 
 
 
 4 548 
 
 pany. From New York to 
 
 Fulton ... 
 
 *2 308 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Havre. 
 North German Lloyds. From 
 
 Bremen 
 
 2 398 
 
 Iron . . 
 
 German 
 
 4 764 
 
 New York to Bremen via 
 
 New York 
 
 2366 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 Southampton. 
 Hamhurgand American Steam 
 
 Hammonia 
 
 *2 964 
 
 Iron. 
 
 German 
 
 9 359 
 
 Packet* Company. From 
 
 
 *2 133 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 New York to Hamburg. 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 *2* 235 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Teutonia 
 
 * 027 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 British and North American 
 
 Africa 
 
 2 087 
 
 Wood 
 
 British 
 
 25 744 
 
 Royal Mail Steamship Com 
 pany. From New York to 
 
 Asia 
 Arabia 
 
 2,051 
 2 286 
 
 ..do... 
 Iron. . 
 
 ....do. 
 ...do. 
 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Australasian 
 
 2 663 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Balbec 
 
 940 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Etna 
 
 1 968 
 
 Wood 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Java 
 
 *2 781 
 
 Iron 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 Jura 
 
 2 045 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Kedar 
 
 *1 825 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 Persia 
 
 3 688 
 
 Wood 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 Damascus 
 
 1,116 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 
 2 294 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 Liverpool, New York, and 
 
 City of Baltimore 
 
 *2, 323 
 
 Iron - . 
 
 British 
 
 13, 372 
 
 Philadelphia SteamshipCom- 
 
 City of Washington 
 
 *2 386 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 pany, "Inman Line." From 
 
 City of Manchester 
 
 *1, 895 
 
 ..do... 
 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 New York to Liverpool, via 
 
 City of Edinburgh 
 
 2 188 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Queenstown. 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 1,649 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Kangaroo 
 
 Vijro . . . 
 
 1,516 
 1,415 
 
 ..do... 
 do... 
 
 ...do. 
 ....do. 
 
 
 Anchor Line From New 
 
 John Bell 
 
 1 103 
 
 
 British 
 
 3 392 
 
 York to Glasgow. 
 
 United Kingdom 
 United States 
 
 1,155 
 1,134 
 
 ..do... 
 .do . 
 
 ... do. 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 Galway Line From Now 
 
 Prince Albert 
 
 431 
 
 
 British 
 
 7 082 
 
 York to Galway. 
 
 Parana 
 
 2 570 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 
 Golden Fleece 
 
 2 328 
 
 do 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Circassian 
 
 li753 
 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 Tonnage under new admeasurement. 
 
 NOTE. It may be proper to state that there may have been other vessels belonging to the above linea 
 in 1860 ; if so, they did not come to this port in that year. 
 
272 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XXin. Statement of steamers making regular trips between ports of the United States 
 and foreign ports, in 1860 and in 1869 Continued. 
 
 STEAMSHIP LINES FROM PORT OF NEW YORK TO FOREIGN PORTS, JANUARY 1, 1870. 
 
 Name of line and port of des 
 tination. 
 
 Names of steamers. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Material. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total tonnage 
 each line. 
 
 New York and Mexican Steam 
 
 City of Mexico screw 
 
 1,200 
 
 Wood. 
 
 American 
 
 2,325 
 
 ship Line From New York 
 
 Cleopatra do 
 
 1 125 
 
 do 
 
 ..do. 
 
 
 to Vera Cruz and Sisal, via 
 Havana. 
 
 Atlantic Mail Steamship Line. 
 
 Moro Castle side-wheel. 
 
 1,680 
 1 385 
 
 Wood, 
 do 
 
 American 
 do 
 
 5,216 
 
 
 Columbia . do . . 
 Missouri screw 
 
 l f 271 
 1 180 
 
 .do... 
 do... 
 
 ...do. 
 . . .do. 
 
 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Line. 
 From New York to Aspin- 
 wall 
 
 Henry Chauncey ..side-wheel. 
 Arizona do.. 
 Alaska . . . do 
 
 2,556 
 2,740 
 4 Oil 
 
 Wood, 
 .do... 
 do .. 
 
 American 
 ...do. 
 ...do. 
 
 12, 034 
 
 United States and Brazil Mail 
 
 Rising Star do.. 
 Merrimack screw . 
 
 2,727 
 2,031 
 
 .do... 
 Iron . . 
 
 . . .do. 
 American 
 
 6,166 
 
 Steamship Lino. From New 
 York to Rio de Janeiro, via 
 
 South America side-wheel. 
 North America. ........ screw . 
 
 2,050 
 2,085 
 
 Wood, 
 .do... 
 
 ...do. 
 ...do. 
 
 
 the West Indies. 
 New York and Bermuda Steam 
 
 Fah Kee ... ... screw 
 
 601 
 
 Wood. 
 
 American 
 
 601 
 
 ship Line. From New York 
 to Bermuda. 
 
 City of Port au Prince screw 
 
 371 
 
 Iron . . 
 
 American .... 
 
 371 
 
 British and North American 
 
 Russia . . screw. 
 
 3 013 
 
 Iron 
 
 British . . . 
 
 42 038 
 
 Royal Mail Steamship Line. 
 
 Scotia side-wheel. 
 
 3,865 
 
 ..do. 
 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 From New York to Liver 
 
 China . screw 
 
 2 661 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 pool 
 
 Cuba do.. 
 
 2,781 
 
 do 
 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 Java do 
 
 2 781 
 
 do 
 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 Tarifa do . 
 
 2, 118 
 
 do 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Siberia do 
 
 2 538 
 
 do 
 
 . do. 
 
 
 
 Aleppo do. 
 
 2, 103 
 
 do . 
 
 . do. 
 
 
 
 Samaria do . 
 
 2,605 
 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Tripoli do. 
 
 2 059 
 
 do . 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Palmyra do 
 
 1 389 
 
 do 
 
 . .do. 
 
 
 
 Atlas * do. 
 
 1,650 
 
 do 
 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 
 Kedar do . 
 
 1, 825 
 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Malta do. 
 
 2 206 
 
 do 
 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 
 Marathon do . 
 
 1,819 
 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Ol vmpus* do . 
 
 1,219 
 
 do 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Palestine* do. 
 Sidon* do. 
 
 1,468 
 1,703 
 
 ..do.. 
 ..do.. 
 
 . . .do. 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 Batavia do . 
 
 2,235 
 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 City of Paris screw 
 
 2 646 
 
 
 British 
 
 26 814 
 
 Philadelphia "Dale Line" 
 
 City of Antwerp do 
 
 2 400 
 
 do 
 
 .. do. 
 
 
 From New York to Liver 
 pool. 
 
 City of London do. 
 City of Dublin do. 
 
 2,807 
 1,997 
 
 ..do.. 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 City of Baltimore do . 
 
 2,323 
 
 do . 
 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 City of Washington do 
 
 2 386 
 
 do 
 
 ..do. 
 
 
 
 City of Manchester do. 
 City of Limerick do . 
 City of Brooklyn do. 
 
 1, 895 
 1,604 
 2,974 
 
 ..do.. 
 ..do., 
 do 
 
 . . . .do. 
 . . . .do. 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 City of New York do. 
 City of Cork do. 
 
 2,094 
 1,540 
 
 ..do., 
 do . 
 
 . . . .do. 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 Etna do 
 
 2 208 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 Liverpool and Great Western 
 
 Manhattan screw 
 
 2 965 
 
 
 British 
 
 18, 594 
 
 Steamship Line. From New 
 
 Minnesota do 
 
 2 965 
 
 do 
 
 ...do. 
 
 
 York to Liverpool. 
 
 Nebraska do . 
 Nevada do. 
 
 3,392 
 3 125 
 
 ..do., 
 do 
 
 ....do. 
 ...do. 
 
 
 
 Colorado do. 
 Idaho... ...do. 
 
 3,015 
 3.132 
 
 ..do.. 
 ..do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 ...do. 
 
 
 * Made no trip in 1869. 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 273 
 
 No. XXIII. Statement of steamers making regular trips between ports of the United States 
 and foreign -ports, in 1860 and 18G9 Continued. 
 
 STEAMSHIP LINES FROM POUT OF NEW YOUK TO FOREIGN PORTS, JANUARY 1, 1870. 
 
 Name of line and port of des 
 tination. 
 
 Names of steamers. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Material. 
 
 ! 
 
 Total tonnage 
 each line. 
 
 Anchor Line. From New 
 York to Glasgow, via Lon 
 donderry and Liverpool. 
 
 [A part of this lino during a 
 portion of the year runs to 
 Mediterranean ports.] 
 
 London and New York Steam 
 ship Line. From New York 
 to London, via Brest. 
 
 National Steamship Line. 
 From New York to Liver 
 pool. 
 
 General Transatlantic Com 
 pany. From New York to 
 Havre, via Brest. 
 
 New York and Bremen Steam 
 ship Line. From New York 
 to Bremen. 
 
 North German Lloyds. From 
 New York to Bremen. 
 
 Hamburg and American Steam 
 Packet Company. From 
 New York to Hamhurg. 
 
 Columbia screw. 
 
 1,716 
 1,418 
 1,418 
 1, 039 
 
 Iron . . 
 ..do... 
 do 
 
 British 
 
 24, 640 
 
 5,948 
 23,301 
 
 9,518 
 
 1,797 
 25, 947 
 
 26,681 
 
 \ 
 
 Caledonia do.. 
 
 ....do. 
 do. 
 
 Britannia do 
 
 Daoian do.. 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 
 Iowa do.. 
 
 2,030 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ...do. 
 
 Dacian do - . 
 
 1,030 
 1,747 
 2, 141 
 1,039 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 . . .do. 
 
 
 Cfimhria do . . 
 
 T yrian do . . 
 
 Siibriua -do . 
 
 2,538 
 2, 1GG 
 915 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 do . 
 
 . . . .do. 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 
 India do.. 
 
 Iloxanna do 
 
 Palm yra do . . 
 
 717 
 862 
 755 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ...do. 
 
 Statira do 
 
 . do 
 
 do. 
 
 Acadia . do.. 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 
 Noi thumbria do . . 
 An^lia do 
 
 900 
 
 2, 200 
 
 2,110 
 1,845 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 
 Atlanta screw 
 
 Iron . . 
 ..do... 
 
 British . . . 
 
 Bellona do . . 
 
 . . .do. 
 
 Cell a do 
 
 1,993 
 
 3,441 
 
 3,560 
 3,327 
 3, 178 
 
 ..do... 
 
 Iron.. 
 ..do... 
 do 
 
 ....do. 
 
 British . . . 
 ....do. 
 do. 
 
 England screw 
 
 The Queen do 
 
 
 Denmark do 
 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 
 Erin do.. 
 Pennsylvania do 
 
 3, 336 
 
 2,873 
 3,586 
 
 1,929 
 1,809 
 2,048 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 Iron.. 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 . . . .do. 
 
 French 
 ....do. 
 ...do. 
 
 Franco do.. 
 
 Europe side-wheel 
 
 
 St. Laurent . . do 
 
 Ville de Paris do. . 
 
 1,809 
 1,923 
 
 1,797 
 
 2,614 
 2,747 
 2,870 
 2,009 
 2,881 
 2,871 
 3,019 
 3,018 
 3,018 
 
 2,133 
 2 591 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 Iron.. 
 
 Iron . . 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do-., 
 do 
 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 
 North German 
 
 North German 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 ....do. 
 . . . .do. 
 do 
 
 Lafavetto ...side-wheel 
 
 Smidt screw 
 
 America screw 
 
 Herman .. do . . 
 
 Union do 
 
 Hansa . do.. 
 
 Deutchland do . . 
 
 
 Khino do 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do-.. 
 ..do... 
 
 Iron., 
 do 
 
 . . . .do. 
 . . . .do. 
 ....do. 
 
 North German 
 do 
 
 Main do . 
 
 Doran do . . 
 
 Borussia screw 
 
 
 Hammonia do.. 
 
 2,064 
 2 620 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 . . .do. 
 ....do. 
 
 
 
 2,235 
 2, 027 
 2,964 
 3, 026 
 3, 054 
 3,067 
 
 do 
 
 do. 
 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 . . . .do. 
 ...do. 
 
 Cimbria do.. 
 
 Holsatia do 
 
 "Westphalia do. . 
 
 Silesia do 
 
 ..do... 
 ..do... 
 
 ....do. 
 . . . .do. 
 
 
 NOTE. Some of the above lines have spare steamers, not in use at present, and not included In fore 
 going list. 
 
 18 N I 
 
274 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 h 
 
 fl.3 
 B 1 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 g 
 
 S 8 8 
 
 fl 
 
 ! 
 
 05 
 
 1 
 
 cT cf 
 
 o i-T c 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 8553S 
 
 3VSS5SZS3 8S9S 
 
 S88SSS 
 
 PS 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ill! 
 
 <yfcfcfcf 
 
 sSSIilII| Sill 
 
 issgs^ 
 
 S 
 
 -3 
 
 .... 
 
 
 1 : : : : : 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 2 
 
 g^c^o^o 
 
 02 
 
 ocoooooco ccoo 
 
 i o o c o o 
 
 Wood or 
 
 I 
 
 M 
 
 fl :::::::: :| a | 
 
 ^rS^^^pi ^^2 r2 , K. g K. 
 
 M r^t-^r^ 
 
 W^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Name of ca 
 
 steamer. 
 
 ill! 
 
 ; PS . * .1 ; . ; i 
 frjsilgjJljajSjIl ^S4^ 
 
 If i d.^ 1 
 
 mm 
 
 1131s! 
 
 f route. 
 
 In foreign 
 countries. 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Pi 
 
 | | 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 In the United 
 States. 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 03 02 
 
 a H 
 o o 
 
 ^ 125 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 I 
 f. 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 I I 
 
 ci 
 
 s 
 
 | 
 
 ^ 
 
 belonging. 
 
 I 
 
 S 
 1 I 
 
 i 
 
 PS 
 
 4 
 
 $ 
 
 5 
 
 D 
 
 q 
 
 BALTIMORE. 
 
 North German Lloyd Company 
 Total to Baltimore. . . 
 
 p 
 |q 
 
 jj ] 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Company 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 275 
 
 5 a S s 2 
 
 
 i 1 i s s 
 
 to n ct rn- 3 
 
 
 ^" s 
 
 SS3S 
 
 sis 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 SIS! 
 
 !r e 
 
 IS 
 
 i 
 
 
 : : : : : : : : : : 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 ^^^^ 0000 00 
 w ^ C "w ^ w ^3 T3 w ^ 
 
 
 
 a : M : : 
 3 ; 5 : ; _i 
 
 i=l fig! II 
 Jill 111 II 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Hong Kong. 
 
 o 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 wenty-four tripj 
 
 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 k 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 North Pacific Transportation Company. . 
 D.. 
 
 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 
276 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 No. XXV. Statement of American steam lines making regular trips between ports of \hc 
 United States and foreign ports. 
 
 Name of line. 
 
 To what foreign port. 
 
 When estab 
 lished. 
 
 STnmber of 
 steamers. 
 
 Number 
 of trips. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 PORTLAND. 
 
 Portland and Halifax 
 
 1 Halifax, 1 St. Johns.. 
 
 Charlotte Town 
 St. Johns 
 
 18G7 
 
 1868 
 1866 
 
 2 
 
 50 
 
 1, 096. 71 
 
 BOSTON. 
 
 Nickerson & Co. s lino 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 About 38 
 About 40 
 
 1, 840. 36 
 449. 27 
 
 3, 067. 34 
 
 I. Gr. Hall & Co s lino 
 
 International Steamship Co., 
 (owned in Portland) 
 
 Boston and Portland 
 
 
 Total Boston 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 5, 356. 97 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 New York and Mexican Mail 
 Steamship Co 
 Xew York and Bermuda Steam 
 ship Lino 
 
 Vera Cruz 
 
 Bermuda 
 
 Havana 
 
 1868 
 1868 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 18 . 
 20 
 
 2, 141. 23 
 
 601. 00 
 5, 544. 16 
 12, 034. 00 
 
 6, 435. 17 
 490. 00 
 
 Atlantic Mail Steamship Co ... 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Co 
 United States and Brazil Mail 
 Steamship Co . 
 
 Aspiuwall 
 Rio de Janeiro 
 
 1849 
 1865 
 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 26 
 12 
 12 
 
 New York and Port au Prince 
 Lino 
 
 Port au Prince 
 
 1864 
 
 Total New York 
 
 15 
 
 
 27, 245. 56 
 
 NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 Alliance Line 
 
 
 1866 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 1, 676. 09 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Co 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Co 
 North Paci fie Transportation Co 
 North Pacific Transportation Co 
 North Pacific Transportation Co 
 
 Total San Francisco . . . 
 
 Panama 
 
 1849 
 
 G 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 24 
 12 
 
 18, 023. 50 
 16, 3G9. 67 
 3, 620. 25 
 2, 883. 50 
 1, 077. 13 
 
 Hong Kong 
 
 Victoria 
 
 1867 
 
 Mazatlan 
 
 
 
 Honolulu 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 41, 974. 14 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 77, 351. 47 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. XXVI. Comparative statement of English steamers entered and cleared at Portland. 
 Maine, dining the fiscal year 1360, and during the fiscal near 1869, for transatlantic ports. 
 
 Names of steamers. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Names of steamers. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Class. 
 
 1860. 
 1 Hungarian 
 
 487 
 
 
 1869. 
 
 2 G50 
 
 
 2. Aulo-Saxon 
 
 165 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 2 Prussian 
 
 3 056 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 3. Nova Scotian 
 
 2 266 
 
 Iron, screw. 
 
 3. Nova Scotian 
 
 2, 2G5 
 
 Iron, screw. 
 
 4. North American 
 
 816 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 4 Moravian 
 
 2 241 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 5. North Briton 
 
 ,487 
 
 Iron, screw. 
 
 5. North American 
 
 1,816 
 
 Iron, screw. 
 
 6. Bohemian 
 
 483 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 6. Nestorian 
 
 2 665 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 7. Canadian 
 
 ,310 
 
 Iron, screw 
 
 7. Peruvian 
 
 2,566 
 
 Iron, screw. 
 
 8. Australasian 
 
 1 512 
 
 
 8 Hibernian 
 
 2 444 
 
 Iron screw 
 
 
 
 
 St Andrew s 
 
 1 345 
 
 
 Total tonnage 
 
 12 531 
 
 
 10 Damascus 
 
 1, 359 
 
 Iron scrt w 
 
 
 
 
 
 11. Scandinavian 
 
 3, 400 
 
 Iron, screw. 
 
 
 
 
 Total tonnage 
 
 25, 807 
 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 277 
 
 No. XXVII. Steamship lines. 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 
 Number of 
 vessels. 
 
 s5 
 1 
 H 
 
 American line steamers trading with foreign ports, not transatlantic, January 1, 1870 . . 
 American lino steamers tradin"" with forei"u ports, not transatlantic 1SGO 
 
 15 
 G 
 
 27, 013 
 11,643 
 
 Increase in American tonnage since I860 
 
 9 
 
 15, 370 
 
 American lino steamers trading with transatlantic ports, in I860 
 
 5 
 
 None. 
 
 14,178 
 None. 
 
 American lino steamers trading with transatlantic ports January 1, 1870 
 
 
 5 
 
 14, 178 
 
 British lino steamers trading with transatlantic ports, January 1, 1870 
 
 64 
 
 26 
 
 ill, :<::. 
 51, 610 
 
 British line steamers tradin"* with transatlantic ports in 1860 
 
 Increase in British tonnage since I860 
 
 38 
 
 89, 783 
 
 German lino steamers trading with transatlantic ports, January 1, 1870 
 
 20 
 6 
 
 54, 425 
 14, 123 
 
 German lino steamers tradin T with transatlantic ports in I860 ... 
 
 Increase in German tonnage since 18GO 
 
 14 
 
 40, 302 
 
 French line steamers tradin" 1 with transatlantic ports January 1 1870 
 
 5 
 
 None. 
 
 9,518 
 None. 
 
 French line steamers tradin" 1 with transatlantic ports in I860 
 
 Increase in French tonnage since I860 
 
 5 
 
 9,518 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to New York from transatlantic ports 
 
 89 
 32 
 
 205, 338 
 65,733 
 
 Total number of steamers anil tonnage coming to New York from transatlantic ports 
 under ibreiTi fla< r s in 1860 
 
 Total increase of forci^Ti tonnage since 1860 
 
 57 
 
 139, G05 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to Baltimore from transatlantic ports 
 under foreign fla< r s, January 1, 1870 
 
 4 
 None. 
 
 9, 249 
 None. 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to Baltimore from transatlantic ports 
 
 Total increase of foreign tonnage since 1860 . 
 
 4 
 
 9, 249 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to Portland from transatlantic ports 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 25,807 
 12,531 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to Portland from transatlantic ports 
 
 
 3 
 
 13, 276 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to New Orleans from transatlantic ports 
 nnder foreign flags January 1870 
 
 9 
 None. 
 
 10, 417 
 
 None. 
 
 Total number of steamers and tonnage coming to New Orleans from transatlantic ports 
 under foreign fla^s January 1860 
 
 Increase of foreign tonnage since I860 
 
 9 
 
 10, 417 
 
 1,678 
 None. 
 
 Number of American steamers and tonnage trading between New Orleans and foreign 
 ports not transatlantic January 1870 
 
 4 
 
 None. 
 
 Number of American steamers arid tonnage trading between New Orleans and foreign 
 ports not transatlantic January 1860 
 
 Increase of American tonnage since 1860 .. . 
 
 4 
 
 1,678 
 
 Number of American steamers and tonnage running between San Francisco and foreign 
 
 17 
 6 
 
 41, 974 
 18, 023 
 
 Number of American steamers arid tonnage running between San Francisco and foreign 
 
 
 11 
 
 23, 951 
 
 
 73 
 19 
 
 172, 547 
 
 26, 821 
 
 Net increase of American tonnage since 1860 
 
 
278 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 o o 3b TH t- 
 
 -H i- n< o co s< n o o t- o i- o M TH ci i- i- o ci 
 efri" TH"" cicf eft-" rfrf cffff cT 
 
 <s 
 
 ta 
 
 
 -T-IO?OCOC< O 
 
 ocTi-Ti-rcrrrr 
 
 d 
 
 i- T is o ci o TH i- es cs TH J 3 TTI TH t- CM i- H L- -? r^ ~" i 
 
 o aoaotocJ-H** 1 o n OO -S-HO c? -* 1 ?-< M is ro i. s x o ao -o c? - o 
 QO Ciro^J^o*^ ^ T i Ct^or5^ cooO ^o-^^:c;*r^;Oi^-c?ctrc 
 OOCl^OOO Ci ^ rHOOO^t- Or5S5S5O^S}O>OlOOQO l 9< 
 
 *"co" o"-<j<"cf co"cf- 
 
 g g^og^; 
 
 o 3 L-S i- 2 i - o co -j ci * ro -? ro s r- -H i-^ o o ci f 
 
 o 
 
 ^COTH^THCl^Cl^^^Cl^cl 10 
 
 Sri 
 a as 
 
 > O Tf -H CO Hj* CO Ci LO I tH 71 H* rH CO O CM O -* CO C? CO i^- ^ d O O C; O 
 
 ) oo -* oo TT> <?i o co COJM-HO-H S-HgogiNwg^ocyir-i^oiios 
 
 "ro r^ i< fffi.rr T-T L^O" cT-o i f *"^ cTo" ^ < "-H"crr-"-H"7fcrTH"i 5"croo"i.-r^"cr 
 
 st ro o cs 71 o L^ L-S co T o -o o ;-5 x 5 1 ! T JT ! " " - "** ^5 ro 
 
 JO * r-l < T-< ?0 CO * ^-( r-tUr-iCi 
 
 o"o" co"o"f""cTr-"cf cT i.-f rfttfaS tffvS o"o"ro"o"o"7f~rcT7fcrrx : "i-f T-ns?-*? 
 
 TH O CI Ci -* 1 CT5 i 71 CO O Cl 7? -T i- < O / "O O --S ( r -- r. - -. CV O O O 
 
 Ci ** ro O O -O O iO C* O O O O 71 LO, OO O CO I- O O -V -CO I- -o i.O O -* 1 71 O Tf 
 
 co" o" o"^"^"cfo" 
 
 t 
 
 ro o -^ -5 >co o S Ci i- i- .o ro i.- t- ~ o L-; r? aj -r 7) ro -i -nr- 7J < 
 Oi iicio o o rHoooTit coooci *7*c5c s o^rocrioc; ^ i c;r- 
 
 ci o oo TC o o o cl T 1 L-O do o a) o o 5) d aO ** d O co TH <%T-I QD IA i 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ll 
 
 LO ?o T* r- c 
 
 oo co ci o 
 Po cTco" T-" 
 
 5o S5oc?o co o t^^co?-? c!coc?c?o?-o3o?Joooo6?o 
 
 ci oo o co 7* o o o co ci ci TH t ci ^ ^ t ci ci c? cc LO c; ci T i oo i cc co ci ^* 
 
 o"co~ trfo"o~t--"cr-^<" i.-o" ^~ TH"I-" Lo"ao~ m rfi^ si t^c?n$ *<?* ^"cf cf rTrrTo cM" 
 
 OClC^ -iL-i TH OCi rHTt< (M (Jl THC< J CO C1C1 Ci 
 
 .2 : 
 
 T3 . 
 
 
 Illilli illiUUniMi: 
 
 
 
 
 p$da 
 
 - --r .. : o H 
 
 Plliillll! 1 llU 
 
 M ^ ^ 
 
 lail 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 279 
 
 & a 
 
 33 
 
 m 
 
 co cT 
 
 * % 
 
 52 =5 
 S 55 It- 
 
 Is 
 
 Si 
 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 .s& 
 
 ^S 73 
 
 l! 
 
 II s 
 
 3^ 
 
 m gss p_i s i Irfrpiippiipp ii s 
 
 ^ ill III I" i ill s asliil"SSSlslll l"s 
 
 ofr-T ,-T 
 
 ci ci o 3 oo OO^H 
 ci co t- oo ci co LO ci 
 
 3 S23 S3" 
 
 lllslSISsEi8 li 
 
 m us g3 s i BBiaaKiiisiKiss & 
 
 SciScoo 3S:o?jr-c rororV-fi^S co" 
 
 2,. s$ sSl 
 
 il ill Sjii i 1 Sills SSliSSIilSlll 
 
 fftf 3f?"-" ^y** tf =T o"-fi.-fr-rr r ~ ^<"3p"o"Qi irrTf-o ofc 
 
 rH t- 
 
 ?3~ 
 
 (O t- Ot iH 8 ClO 
 
 if^T co o o >.^ ^H o ci ci o *o o r^ *f 1^*0 ci ^ r* ci r- oo t* of 
 
 s gs33 IsJsliiSSSSIPSlil 51 
 
 II Sli Sis c? sSSil ilS^Silis 
 
 SP S3S So S gf Sf f?fS123" K"g"^S"^g"$fSfi"Sf2?2 
 
 Cl r-l Cl * O O ^ CO rH rH rH i- CO rH O Cl CO I- C< rH 4 1 O rH O ~? rH ? 
 
 
 ocj 
 cf T 
 
 rrio 
 
 -fin oococ* ot-ci o 
 
 CO rH CJ O Cl CO TO O Cl 
 
 I- O t- I- O *9< t- X) C5 
 
 rfs cfsrf gfs"5 
 
 CO "!< CJ OJ O IO i TO O O CJ i.O O Cl I Cl Cl O f OJ 
 
 I f 00 rH -H 7? -T* O X 7MO O T C: ^^ M O <- 7* O CO 
 
 i QO O C5 O 00 CO -* M 00 O C t- O t- 30 -O * f" ^ C< 
 
 "co co" oo"Tf o"of ro "To"--r-o"-^ro~c- -fo -of "faf co"co- 
 
 i-H l~Ot-Cl>.O 
 
 SSS^S 
 
 OO rHCO^f Cli"* 
 
 ^r+ f-*o co 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 I 1.1 iij 
 
 R o i "3 : 
 
 
 <1 r3 *M 
 
 ^ ; S 3,^ 
 
 :cS : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
280 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 L*f^"*i"o"ar 
 
 S2SSS 
 
 
 C5 <M Tf t- 
 
 foT in" 
 
 
 (M CJ C* f 
 
 SSSS 
 
 M M CO 
 
 c r- o aj i.o 
 
 33, 
 
 
 
 Great Britain 
 West Indies 
 East Indies 
 China and Japan 
 South America 
 
 i 
 
 C* t- t- r-l CO 
 
 i-l t- 00 1.1 t- 
 
 Cl CO CC CO CO 
 
 fi 
 
 S88 
 
 CO TH I- O CO 
 
 BSSgfS 
 
 CO rH ^ O C 
 
 GO l^* r-f H C^ 
 
 
 
 gss"s 
 
 
 cf 
 
 o 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 281 
 
 No. XXX. Amounts paid to American and foreign steamships for the sea conveyance of 
 United States mails from I860 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Fiscal year ending 
 
 Vessels. 
 
 Paid to vessels 
 under contract. 
 
 Postages paid 
 as compensa 
 tion for the 
 sea convey 
 ance of mails. 
 
 Total amounts 
 paid. 
 
 June 30 I860 
 
 American 
 
 $426, 635 95 
 
 $280 712 53 
 
 $707 348 48 
 
 June 30 18l!0 
 
 Forci Ti 
 
 
 147 085 34 
 
 147 085 34 
 
 Juno 30 1661 
 
 American 
 
 
 306 970 70 
 
 306 ( )70 70 
 
 June 30 1861 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 235 713 54 
 
 235 713 54 
 
 Juno 30 1862 
 
 American 
 
 
 90 303 77} 
 
 <IO 303 77J 
 
 June 30 1862 
 
 
 
 28 r > 884 3} 
 
 285 884 23 
 
 June 30 1803 
 
 American 
 
 
 55 663 13 
 
 55 663 13 
 
 June 30 1863 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 332 184 80 
 
 332 184 80 
 
 June 30 1804 
 
 American 
 
 
 
 
 Juno 30 18G4 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 371 740 43 
 
 371 740 43 
 
 June 30 18Gf> 
 
 
 
 65 555 52 
 
 65 555 52 
 
 Juno 30 18G5 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 405 479 56 
 
 465 479 56 
 
 June 30 1 SCO 
 
 American 
 
 112, 500 00 
 
 136 089 33 
 
 248 589 33 
 
 June 30 18G6 
 
 
 
 464 978 60 
 
 465 978 60 
 
 Juno 30 li=67 
 
 American 
 
 233, 333 33 
 
 181 522 74 
 
 414 856 07 
 
 June 30, 1867 
 
 Foreign 
 
 
 455,049 32 
 
 455, 049 32 
 
 June 30. 18G8 
 Juno 30, 18G8 
 June 30 1869 
 
 American 
 Foreign 
 
 497, 916 66 
 683 333 33 
 
 132, 095 09 
 387, 304 35 
 82 178 54 
 
 630,011 75 
 387, 304 35 
 765 511 87 
 
 June 30 18G9 
 
 Forein 
 
 
 336, 163 24 
 
 336, 163 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 1 953 719 27 
 
 4 536 220 31 
 
 6 7G2 039 58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RECAPITULATION. Sum total paid to American and foreign ships, as compensation for the sea con 
 veyance of mails, from I860 to 1869 inclusive, $6, 762, 039 58. 
 
 No. XXXI.-*-lafemen of the rates of duty upon the descriptions of iron most used in ship 
 building under various tariff s. 
 
 [Submitted by FRANKLIN SMITH, of Atlantic Iron Works, Boston, October 21, 1869.] 
 
 1 
 
 . .. 
 
 
 
 ~ - 
 
 -d 
 
 >, - "3 
 
 
 S"|| 
 
 la 
 
 -If 
 
 25 a 
 
 c <| j * 
 
 
 jif. 
 
 ii 
 
 llll 
 
 j-i O u 
 
 ||C|f 
 
 Description. 
 
 ** a 
 
 
 
 5 r g r> s 
 
 ^^ .a e) 
 
 fc < _ <N * . 
 
 
 o ^V 
 
 _o ^ 
 
 _c ^"c5 "^ 
 
 
 ^* o o ^ 
 
 
 
 j^- 
 
 _- .- ^ 
 
 ^^-o o" 
 
 3 > ** ** 
 
 
 "o P< w ci 
 
 5 s 
 
 8^ 
 
 ls5S 
 
 pi 111 
 
 
 o 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 Q 
 
 Plates, (most used in ship-building) 
 
 $43 80 
 
 24 per ct. 
 
 $20 00 or 46 
 
 $33 60 or 77 
 
 $33 60 or 77 
 
 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Common rounds and squares, f inch 
 
 29 93 
 
 24 per ct. 
 
 15 CO or 50 
 
 33 60 or 112 
 
 50 40 or 168 
 
 
 
 
 per ceiit. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Common rounds and squares, 11-16 inch.. 
 
 29 93 24 per ct. 
 
 15 00 or 50 
 
 33 60 or] 12 
 
 33 60 or 112 
 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Commonronnds and squares, J to 2 inches. 
 
 29 93 
 
 24 per ct. 
 
 15 00 or 50 
 
 22 40 or 75 
 
 22 40 or 75 
 
 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Common rounds and squares, 2 to 3 inches. 
 
 29 93 
 
 24 per ct. 
 
 15 00 or 50 
 
 33 60 or 112 
 
 33 60 or 112 
 
 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Flats, H to 6 inches wide ; i to 5-16 thick. 
 
 29 93 
 
 24perct. 
 
 15 00 or 50 
 
 33 60 or 112 
 
 33 60 or 112 
 
 
 
 
 per cer t. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Refined of ordinary sizes, rounds and 
 
 34 80 
 
 24 per ct. 
 
 15 00 or 43 
 
 33 60 or 97 
 
 50 40 or 145 
 
 squares, J, 9-16, and f inch. 
 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 per cent. 
 
282 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 T ro" acT cT 
 
 cj-OJ-t 
 
 " irf oc" i.-f o" i rf cT -r" T 
 r^-r-Hi-n<^ 
 
 O (M O J CO tS rH CO C5 00 O Ci l.t t 
 
 ~ * 
 
 ef 
 
 cf 
 
 O CO C*2 O3 ^f 
 
 O t- i.~. TJ. O I 
 
 THrHOOroCCCJCC 
 
 
 
 
 rHrfaomoi-ieieiocr-CTWMoo 
 o e; c-. -~ / -- ". r -z -f TO o c 1-1 Tt< 
 i-oceoociO"a-i.Tir:oi-^-5<C5 
 
 " TjJ" of p? in *f eo" of n s f n of in" *" rf" cf 
 
 i C? C2 T*I CO O d O 
 . . . . . . . O O O t- r-( -^ O) C3 
 
 !!! !! I co"cf"co" w"^" rjTfff 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 233 
 
 oo r- o do ^ 
 
 sses 
 
 =-. 05 SI f 
 
 siS 
 
 rican v 
 sels. 
 
 5 oo m ooo 
 
 O Ci -H /, -^ 
 5 CO T TO CX> 
 
 
 2 3 ^ S !? 
 
 C5 10 C< l- 
 
 rican ves 
 sels. 
 
 IS :i 
 
 Gf 
 
 rfffi-~t--cTi 
 
 iisiil 
 
 rHVr-ri-facTcr 
 
 
 an ves 
 ls. 
 
 vs i- o 
 
 t- rH CO 
 
 " CT !3 1 rf" CO" 
 i O TU I - 
 
 GO -V O5 O 
 
 rH 00 t- 
 
 ^t 1 -H -H rH >^ rH 
 
 CO ^ i"- J^* CO O J^- 
 
 T CO t- rH C CO 
 
 rH C5 O 
 
 ^SJ3 
 
 cToTr-T 
 
 CJ * 
 Of rf 
 
 O 00 Cl 00 1> C* 
 
 >; re 71 i- 11 o 
 oo T o o i- o 
 
 1 "icf 
 
 rt ef 
 
 05 o 
 
 
 Ic^r^Cli 
 
 I : 
 
 i 
 
 Sifeii I 
 
 111 I at H 
 
 mill 
 
 
284 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 g 
 
 iiiiiss 
 
 i 
 
 38lill 
 
 1 
 
 
 LO o o oo co o 
 
 J 
 
 I 
 
 P 
 
 -- 
 
 CO" cfr-T 
 
 - 
 
 CJ I- O"^ rH"^"cO" 
 
 J 4 
 
 
 Cf (Crf 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 LOO 
 
 n 
 
 O Cl I- T-I CO *}< CO 
 
 n 
 
 * co oo oo co c> T. 
 
 (M 
 
 
 5 ^JJ- 
 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 g 
 
 3 o i-o c: co LO m 
 
 i 
 
 tO C5 CO t- T-I Ct IT5 
 
 CO 
 
 
 I- t- CO CO OD 
 
 oS 1 ^lo 
 
 
 1 
 
 ,- 
 
 K 
 
 ^i L 
 
 c 
 
 f tf . 
 
 
 
 e- ^ 
 
 ! 
 
 Foreign vessels. 
 
 1 
 
 & 
 
 g 
 
 sf 
 
 C5 ^ O 00 LO X) O 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
 Tf CO C5 O CO C5 
 IO CO !- C3 O CO 
 
 S 
 
 co" 
 
 ^H 
 
 
 O QO O 
 
 fe ^"ss 
 
 co o* 
 
 1 
 
 American ves 
 sels. 
 
 It 
 
 1, 820, 135 
 
 Illllll 
 
 i 
 
 i-llii 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^" ofi-T 
 
 S rtTr 
 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 !Sls 
 
 i 
 
 O t^- 00 -? ?J O C5 
 CO C5 O< CO CO t- Ol 
 
 S 
 
 
 2SiiE 
 
 i 
 
 .1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 S^I S SSI 
 
 cf 
 
 2 
 
 m T-I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 s sri" 
 
 C-i 
 H 
 
 
 
 || 
 
 
 
 cico t^^SSo 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 HC 
 
 ||g|||g 
 
 7 
 
 a 
 
 lllgli 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 g* 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 St 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 1 
 
 Si 
 
 | 
 
 CO CO O 00 IO O ^ 
 
 g 
 
 cs 1-1 to co 1-1 01 
 
 O CO M Cl CO -V 
 
 LT ^H r- . i- 10 co 
 
 1 
 
 
 SSSSSI 
 
 i 
 
 Foreign ve 
 
 gl 
 
 eg 
 
 - S8S 
 
 * 
 
 Of 
 
 CO" 
 
 
 cfcit- r- ofi. j 
 
 S ffl 5S 
 
 cocf 
 
 
 American ves 
 sels. 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 8f 
 
 IPJi 
 
 i 
 
 D 
 
 s 
 
 o co o i - o co oo 
 of oo" *" oo" i-T co" o" 
 
 I- O tN C5 t- O C< 
 
 co"ofoo" co"cf 
 
 i 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 
 oc"co"co" co"o" 
 
 S^ ^S 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 = = 
 
 
 S ::::& 
 
 
 H :;::::: 
 
 H 
 
 3 i :::::: 
 
 
 
 < 3 : : 
 3|S : 
 
 11 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 H : 
 
 a ;3 
 
 
 B i = i i i =| 
 
 
 
 
 
 -i ^ 
 
 
 
 EAST INI 
 
 Australia 
 British East ID 
 
 H 
 
 
 1 
 
 ilJlf 
 
 lllllSS 
 
 H 
 
 
 |l { 
 
NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 285 
 
 ss" 
 
 i 
 
 "rf7o o" 
 c i : S 8 
 
 llSil 
 
 Ess* 
 
 lllSS 
 
 o LO ao S n " 
 
 3 ?: xl 
 
 M 
 
 I-" TH-CO" 
 
 oo 7< t- -o co 
 
 O f O 
 
 e! o 
 
 o cs c* rH r- "* c? 
 
 I" -H IO T3 -O 1- ^H 
 
 O O C5 n 1 Ci O O 
 
 -*-- 
 
 <*" a r- 
 
 O 00 t* 
 O <M fO 
 
 Tf^-^TtD QO cr 
 
 SSSSc? 
 
 8 SS 
 
 *" 
 
 o" cf 
 
 T -o o r- GO rs 
 
 co ij * 3 55 TP 
 
 " 
 
 co aj au ad 
 
 00 
 
 iWi 
 
 ii s^sass-g 
 
 r-l CJ CO I- -f 
 
 co" cTT-Ti-T 
 
 iS 
 
 o 1 1 ?i - -o ci -C 
 
 ^S^SSS 
 
 "rt <N 
 
 SO CO ^O ? 
 O 30 LO O 
 
 gsgfsfsjf 
 
 O OD O *" 
 7f VD T! 
 000 Cl>0 
 
 O 00 -^f rH (^ rH 
 
 r o"" 
 
 ss 
 
 - gf 
 
 Ill^iW 
 
 r-r co~ T-T 
 
 til 
 
 ^ : H 
 
 1 
 
 11 S 
 IS 
 
 3 S 
 
 Hw 
 
 I! I 
 
 ; .S a -S 
 
 23 u 
 
 rH *** tn 
 
 i 
 
286 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 
 1 
 
 * C5 i?5 C5 O rH O 
 
 
 
 iSiilS 
 
 g 
 
 liSIl 
 
 o 
 
 iiicsi 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Foreign ves 
 
 plflsa 
 
 /, 
 K 
 
 pr 
 
 1 
 
 |||S" 
 
 1 
 
 SS1-S 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 American ves 
 sels. 
 
 j " S- s 
 
 9, 558, 487 
 
 n 53 ? IQ -* o 
 
 CO L-5 ~> CM rH rH 
 
 o-^r-To oo- 
 
 SL"f 
 C*3 
 
 00 
 
 g 
 
 n 
 
 IP 
 
 1 
 
 
 oc" 
 
 Slill 
 
 s 
 
 oo" 
 
 00" 
 
 ! 
 
 Foreign vessels. 
 
 SB} 
 
 -f 
 
 |li|i | 
 
 1" 
 
 111| 
 
 e 
 
 f 
 
 III S 
 
 s 
 1 
 
 A 
 
 H 
 
 American ves 
 sels. 
 
 g 5 S 
 
 <& w< * 1 
 
 g 
 
 i isl 
 
 Cl 
 
 t 
 
 |pK- 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 PI 
 
 B 
 
 . 
 
 Foreign vessels. 
 
 ililiw 
 
 05 
 
 to 
 
 IHIII 
 
 J. 
 g" 
 
 
 
 
 00" 
 
 cf n 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Kf 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 i 
 
 a iSPli 
 
 et 
 
 00 CO Cl C*5 O p 
 C-J OO GO Tf rH O 
 
 g 
 
 Sllll 
 
 ffi 
 
 o 
 
 1NI11 
 
 i 
 
 
 American 
 sels. 
 
 i 3 P! 
 
 ! 
 
 pp 
 
 of 
 
 5 
 
 Cf rH- 
 
 ! 
 
 W" rH~" 
 
 3 
 
 cT 
 
 
 Foreign vessels. 
 
 Sli 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 IP 
 
 oo" 
 
 O I- TC CS O 
 
 OrH J5?510 
 cTfff O"T-H 
 
 t- 
 i- 
 
 1 
 oo- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 lliSlii 
 
 OC 
 
 i 
 
 ellspg 
 
 | 
 
 85IS3 
 
 
 
 Iglll 
 
 1 
 
 
 American 
 sels. 
 
 o o "^ i"- i CJ r^- 
 
 O ^* r- Ci 00 
 
 s 
 
 of 
 
 r - 
 
 of 
 
 oo * * o to 
 cf 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO" OO-rH- 
 
 00~ 
 
 
 1 
 
 |.j j i j j j j 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 :AN TRADE. 
 
 
 lljll 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 i i 
 
 ^ r^ 
 
 1 
 
 ilfiili 
 
 (^(i^ccSpqM^ 
 
 I 
 
 EUROPEAN ATL 
 
 England 
 Scotland 
 Ireland 
 Franco 
 Spain 
 Portugal 
 
 I 
 
 MEDITEBBAN1 
 
 Franco 
 Spain 
 
 Italy and Sicily 
 Austria 
 
 Turkey and Greece 
 
 1 
 
 EAST INDIj< 
 
 China 
 Japan 
 Australia 
 
 British East Indies .... 
 Dutch East Indies 
 
 1 
 
5 " o i- A o 5 
 
 C"5 1- O rH *f rH Si 
 
 Tf t- O 00 J~ O -H 
 O t- T ~U O O * 
 
 O Ift S5 
 
 otfofi-T 
 L ~ 
 
 fJII 
 
 T-TOD t^ rH l. il^l 
 
 00 ^r oo -r r- . 
 .- ci o a oo Tf 
 
 Cf Or-- 
 
 o oo i- - 
 
 tfg 
 
 * F- 
 
 silllll 
 
 TH O <Jl QO TO IO 1> 
 O ft^ "^ dj tO O rH 
 O IT5 rH C t- C5 00 
 
 NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 
 
 287 
 
 3 t- 3 GO 
 
 o~ t-~ eo eo cf 
 
 Sllill 
 
 Sg33; 
 
 -3< rH TJ< CJ Tf t- i 
 r-Tcf r-T 
 
 3SS5S2P 
 
 * * t- o o o n 
 
 ailSSS 
 
 ! 
 
 sc 
 
 sl !iii 
 
 
 s-o.sgcj^t 3 feS&artp 
 
 2*a - tiS a SH * i rr^r^i 1 -^- 1 
 
 re o ~v o o C5 
 
 lliilS 
 
 
 o oo r- ci 
 
 C3 O - ifj 
 
 o ei ^ ci 
 
 cf 
 
 i S S 
 
 oo r- o o o ^ 
 
 00 iH C3 -r TH i 
 
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 1 
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 WEST INDIA TRADE. 
 
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 Foreign produce re-exported, (mixed gold and currency value) . 
 Total United States, (mixed gold and currency value) .. 
 
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 ! 
 
 
 
 D 
 
INDEX. 
 
 TESTIMONY. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Boole, L. H 
 
 Brett, Gustavus A 
 
 Buck, R.P 
 
 Clark, Captain J. S ... 
 
 Cobb, Francis... 
 Cope, Francis R 
 
 Coyle, J.B 
 
 Cramp, Charles H 
 
 Curtis, Paul 
 
 Davis, Captain Charles 
 
 Derby, E. H 
 
 Dyer, Joseph W 
 
 Edmunds, Henry R 
 
 Elwell, James TV" 
 
 Everman, John W 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Philip 
 Foulke, "William...*.... 
 Gibbons, William G ... 
 
 Hall, Andrew T 
 
 Hall, Samuel 
 
 Harlan, Samuel, (Har- 
 lan and Hollings- 
 worth.) 
 
 Hayden, John 
 
 Hichborn, N. G 
 
 Hincken, Edward 
 
 Hoffmire, John E 
 
 House, Eben... 
 House, Osborn. 
 
 Howland, Mr. (Howland 
 
 and Frothiughani.) 
 Loring, Giles 
 
 Loring, Harrison 
 
 Low, A. A 
 
 McKay, Nathaniel 
 
 Medara, Lewis C 
 
 Nelson, William, jr 
 
 Nesmith, Mr 
 
 Nickerson, Theodore. . . 
 
 American ship-builders could compete with remission of duties to aid 
 
 them. Canadian vessels cost about 40 per cent, less than ours. 
 Offers letter of J. T. Woodberry favoring abrogation of navigation 
 
 laws. Cheap ships is the needed remedy. 
 Registration of foreign ships would destroy all ship-building interests 
 
 and the coasting trade. Favors drawbacks. 
 Thought labor cheaper hero than abroad, as more work was done. 
 
 Urged the use of ship stores free of duty. 
 
 Wages of ship-carpenters. Cost of building ships per ton 
 
 Competition with our ship-building interests. Reduction of tariff 
 
 necessary. 
 Onerous taxes imposed on coasting steamers. Opposed to appeal of 
 
 navigation laws. 
 English marine superiority duo to their building best engines in the 
 
 world. High tariff on ship materials injurious. American labor 
 
 best. 
 Rates of labor. Cost of materials. Price of ships. With drawback 
 
 could compete in wooden ships. Doubtful about iron. 
 American seamen not deteriorating. No demand for ships because 
 
 of high prices. Cause of decline in navigation interests. Quality 
 
 of provincial ships. Favors drawback. 
 Decline of our commerce. Its causes. Effect of tariffs. Favors 
 
 remission of duties and a partial admission of foreign-built ships 
 
 to registration. Argues for subsidies. 
 
 Rates of wages in Maine. Cost of ships now and before the war 
 
 Coastwise trade, ship-building and owning injuriously affected by 
 
 high tariff and taxes. 
 
 Does not favor present repeal of navigation laws. Favors drawback. 
 Presented the compulsory pilotage, harbor dues, &e., as abuses bear 
 ing heavily on coasting trade. 
 If cost of sliip-building could bo reduced it would revive. Favors 
 
 drawback. 
 Letter of New York ship-builders and ship mechanics. Ship-building. 
 
 almost gone, but can bo revived. 
 Cost of iron ship-building. Character of ships built at Wilmington, 
 
 Del. High rates of wages and duties. Superior quality of Ameri 
 can iron. Favors a drawback. 
 A drawback would bo of material help to ship-building. Opposes 
 
 bounties. 
 Admit British ships to registration and American ship-building 
 
 would cease. Present condition of business. Favors drawback. 
 Letter giving present condition of iron ship-building interest. Causes 
 
 of depression and remedies. 
 
 Urges the remission of duties in interest of ship-builders 
 
 Favors drawbacks. Urges the value of efficient mercantile marine. . 
 
 Favors free trade in ships as speediest means of reviving commerce. . 
 
 Letter setting forth depressed condition of ship-building in New 
 York, &c. 
 
 Statement with regard to underwriting. Favors remission of duties 
 
 With drawback Americans could compete in ship-building and run 
 ning. 
 
 Favor of remitting all duties on ship-building materials 
 
 Where the ownership of vessels built in Maine usually belongs. Co 
 operation. Favors drawbacks. 
 
 Against a rapid contraction of tho currency. Reduction of interest 
 and duties necessary to revive commerce. 
 
 Favors homo ship-building. Great decrease of our commerce. Urges 
 drawbacks and subsidies. 
 
 Submits letter on cost of ship-building materials. Cost of iron ships 
 here and in England. Depressing effect of high tariff. 
 
 Charterer of vessels. Thought the eight-hour law injuriously affect 
 ing cost of repairs and building. 
 
 Only remedies for improving carrying trade arc cheap ships, good 
 insurance system, and power to borrow on this security. 
 
 American wooden ships can bo built as cheap as English with draw 
 back, but not iron. Specification of iron sailing ship. Rates on 
 iron. Underwriters dealt unfairly by our builders. 
 
 Ability to build iron ships would decide whether wo could maintain 
 a commercial marine. Opposes repeal of navigation laws. 
 
292 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Testimo ny C ontinued . 
 
 Name. 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Nickerson, F. 
 
 Rebate on coal demanded by steam navigation interest 
 
 119 
 56 
 
 52 
 183 
 
 176 
 25,166 
 167 
 
 167 
 126 
 
 138 
 
 147 
 31 
 
 125 
 3,7 
 
 65 
 
 167 
 19 
 
 1:50 
 160 
 
 156 
 167 
 
 87 
 
 121 
 
 37 
 40, 167 
 
 14 
 68 
 32 
 
 152, 154 
 
 37 
 
 167 
 
 Opdvke Georce 
 
 Favors a drawback. Proposes gradual abandonment of protective 
 system. 
 A drawback on imported materials demanded. Free trade in ships 
 would not enable us to compete with England. 
 Present condition United States Navy. Cost during the war. Value 
 of swift mail steamers for defense. Necessity as a war measure 
 of aiding our mercantile marine. 
 Decrease of our carrying trade. Opposes admission of foreign ships. 
 Favors drawback. Subsidies to mail steamers and bounties. 
 Superior character of American iron and labor. With drawback 
 American ships can be built as cheap as British. 
 Believed the day of wooden ships was not over. Something more 
 than a drawback was needed to revive our business. 
 Letter of New York ship-builders and ship-mechanics 
 
 Poillon Mr 
 
 Porter, Yice-Admiral 
 D.D. 
 
 Roach, John 
 
 Rowland T F 
 
 Rowland, William 
 Russell, Robert A 
 
 Ryan, Captain Wash 
 ington. 
 
 Sargent, Cyrus F 
 
 Asks a thorough revision of laws relating to merchant seamen and 
 officers. Our marine deteriorating. Opposes repeal of navigation 
 laws and favors drawbacks. 
 Wooden ships could be built and sold with a drawback. Opposes 
 repeal of navigation laws. Ship-building not paying enough to in 
 duce capital to enter into it. 
 Cost of materials now and in 1860. Rates of wages. With protection 
 Americans can build iron ships. 
 Superiority of American iron. A drawback would relieve ship 
 building. 
 Asks for a remission of duties on imported iron, &c 
 
 Simpson, James E 
 Smith, L. A 
 
 Smith, Franklin W . . . . 
 Snow, Ambrose 
 
 Spofford Paul M 
 
 Free trade would revive the carrying trade. A drawback would 
 help ship-building. 
 Favors admission of foreign vessels to American registration, except 
 coasting^ trade. Also drawbacks and subsidies to mail steamships. 
 Letter of New York ship-builders and ship-mechanics 
 Iron ships could be built as cheaply as in Great Britain with a draw 
 back on imported material. Superiority of American models. 
 
 Stark, Thomas 
 Stimers, A. C . . 
 
 Sturdivant, Captain 
 Cyrus. 
 Stump, John F 
 
 Depreciation of currency chief cause of depression in navigation 
 interests. 
 On British policy with regard to our commerce. Favors a drawback . . 
 Letter of New York ship-builders and ship-mechanics 
 
 Tatum Henry 
 
 Taff, David J 
 
 Taylor John 
 
 Depressed condition of ship-building in Massachusetts. Rates of 
 wages. Opposes repeal of navigation laws. Favors drawbacks. 
 American commerce could be revived if government aided, as was 
 the case in Great Britain and elsewhere. Favors drawbacks and 
 subsidies. Advantage to the West. 
 Declares New York ship-owners opposed to registering foreign-built 
 ships. Favors remission of duties and taxes. 
 Ship-builders have neglected their interests. Iron must be used. 
 Favors drawback. Private yards best for building naval vessels. 
 Urged the granting of subsidies to ocean mail steamers 
 
 Tobey E S 
 
 Webb, William H 
 
 Westervelt D D 
 
 Wetmore, Prosper M . . 
 Whitlock, William 
 Williams, Mr. (Wil- 
 liams & Guion.) 
 Windsor, Henry 
 
 Wilson, Allston 
 
 Change in motive-power. Substitution of steam for sail 
 
 Change from wood to iron caused depression in shipping interests. 
 Steamships profitable without subsidies. 
 Believed iron vessels could be built for commercial use in peace, and 
 naval purposes in war. Steam navigation has affected the use of 
 American ships. Demands a drawback. 
 Recommends repeal of laws requiring crews and officers to be mainly 
 American. Free ships and tree sailors. 
 Letter of New York ship-builders and ship-mechanics . . ... 
 
 Youngs, Joshua 
 
 
 
INDEX. 293 
 
 LETTERS FROM AMERICAN SHIP-BUILDERS AND OWNERS. 
 
 Name and residence. 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Bailey, John H., Ports 
 mouth, N. H. 
 
 Brewster, John, Cape 
 Nedick, Me. 
 
 Buck. R. P.,& Co., Now 
 York. 
 
 Day, Joseph, Damaris- 
 cotta, Me. 
 
 Egan, "Wiley M., Chi 
 cago. 
 
 Forbes, R. B., Boston. . 
 
 Gibbons, Wm. G., "Wil 
 mington, Del. 
 
 Gillan, N. M., (attorney 
 for W. H. Webb,) 
 New York. 
 
 Huston Caleb S., East- 
 port, Me. 
 
 McKay, Donald, East 
 Boston. 
 
 Metealf, B. D., Au 
 gusta, Me. 
 
 Metzgar, C., (as attor 
 ney for W. H. Webb,) 
 New York. 
 
 Neal, Mathews & 
 Brooks, Kittery, Me. 
 
 Perew, Frank, Buffalo. . 
 
 Player, John. Phila 
 delphia. 
 
 Simpson, Jas. E., New 
 York. 
 
 Taylor, Isaac, Boston . . 
 
 Thayer & Lincoln, 
 
 Boston. 
 Tucker, Joseph, Wis- 
 
 casset, Me. 
 Upton, George B., 
 
 Boston. 
 Wales, Thomas B., & 
 
 Co., Boston. 
 Webb, Wm. H., New 
 
 York. 
 
 Cost of ships, rates of wages, &c 
 
 Cost of ship-building in 1860- G9 , 
 
 Letter and tables giving costs of running ships of various burdens . . 
 
 Cost of ship-building in 18GO- 69 
 
 Cost of ship-building on the lakes 
 
 Wages 
 
 English and rebel causes affecting our commercial marine. 
 
 building of swift steamers, &c. 
 Cost of building iron ships 
 
 On composite ships 
 
 Letter relating to ship-building, rates of wages, decline of business. 
 
 Duties on ship-building materials 
 
 Cost of ship-building in 1854- 60- 69 
 
 Letter on composite ships 
 
 Letter on cost of ship-building in 1860- G9. Rates of wages, <fec 
 
 Cost of building ships now ; in!860- 69 , 
 
 Capacity of western rivers for iron ship-building 
 
 High price of materials and labor 
 
 Letter favoring drawbacks and free trade in raw materials ; also favor 
 ing subsidies. 
 
 Letter on remedies needed. Drawbacks. Change of laws relating to 
 seamen, &c. 
 
 Letter showing great decline of shipping interests, &c 
 
 Two letters and petition, relating to causes of decay of commerce. . . 
 
 Letters -urging free ships, drawbacks, and free ship stores , 
 
 Letter from San Francisco on composite ships 
 
 LETTERS FROM UNITED STATES CONSULS. 
 
 Name and consulate. 
 
 Subject. 
 
 Dudley, Thomas H., 
 Liverpool. 
 
 Hana, S. B., Kingston, 
 Ontario. 
 
 Hanson, R. M., Bremen. 
 
 Jackson, M. M., Hali 
 fax, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Meetscher, L., (vice- 
 consul,) Copenhagen. 
 
 Morse, Freeman H., 
 London. 
 Do... 
 
 Robinson, Charles, Que 
 bec. 
 
 Scammon, E. Parker, 
 Prince Edward Island 
 
 Tato, Alexandra, Hay ti 
 
 Warner, D. B., St. John, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 Webster, William P., 
 Frankfort-on-the-M n 
 
 Cost of ships in Great Britain, wages of seamen, &o , 
 
 Ship-building, cost, wages, condition of trade 
 
 German laws affecting navigation interests 
 
 Condition of ship-building 
 
 Condition of Danish ship-building. Laws relating thereto 
 
 Condition of the English navy ship-building. Mail steamship service. 
 
 Causes of American decadence, &c. 
 On composite ships ; and inclosing letters on price of ships, <tc., at 
 
 London and Sunderland, England. 
 Condition of ship-building, rates of wages, cost of vessels, &c 
 
 Cost of ships. Condition of trade 
 
 Condition of American commerce in the West Indies 
 
 Cost of ships, condition of trade, &c. ; also rates of insurance at 
 
 Lloyds . 
 Conditi 
 
 .on of German main, naval and commercial, with tables . 
 
294 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Subject 
 
 m.. 
 rv.. 
 v... 
 
 VI.. 
 
 vn. 
 
 vm. 
 
 IX. 
 
 x.. 
 
 XI. 
 
 xn.. 
 xm. 
 
 XIV 
 XV.. 
 
 XVI... 
 
 xvn.. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 xx.. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 xxn.. 
 TTKTTT 
 
 XXV. 
 XXVI. 
 
 xxvn.. 
 xxvin. 
 
 xxxn. 
 
 xxxm 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 British navy, armament and tonnage 
 
 Number, names, toimage, location, &c., of vessels connected with 
 
 United States Navy. 
 Vessels built for United States Navy from April 1, 1861 
 
 Vessels sold by Navy from 1861 to 1865, and from May 1, 1868 
 
 Number and tonnage of vessels built and registered in Great Britain . 
 
 United States and British registered vessels employed in foreign trade. 
 
 Total number and tonnage of vessels registered as belonging to the 
 United Kingdom, including Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man, 
 at the end of each year. 
 
 Table showing the tonnage, respectively, of American, British, and 
 French vessels which entered and cleared at the ports of countries 
 to which such vessels belonged in trade with other countries. 
 
 Table showing the licensed and enrolled tonnage of the United States 
 
 . engaged in the coastwise trade, and the tonnage of the British reg 
 istered vessels engaged in -Mie home trade, during the years, respect 
 ively, from 1850 to 1888, both inclusive. 
 
 A comparative view of the tonnage of the United States from June 
 30, 1850, to June 30, 1869, showing, separately, the tonnage of sailing 
 and steam vessels, and the yearly increase or decrease of each class. 
 
 A statement exhibiting the amount of registered tonnage of the Uni 
 ted States, steam and sail, employed in navigation annually, from 
 1850 to 1869, inclusive, and the annual increase or decrease of each 
 class. 
 
 Table showing the tonnage of the United States, June 30, 1869 
 
 Statement showing the number and class of vessels built, and the 
 tonnage thereof, in the several States and Territories of the United 
 States from 1850 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Total summary of the tonnage of the United States, Juno 30, 1869, as 
 reported to the Bureau of Statistics. 
 
 A table showing the amount of American and foreign tonnage entered 
 the ports of the United States from foreign countries in 1830, 1840, 
 1850, and from 1860 to 1869, both inclusive. 
 
 Table showing the estimated value of American foreign carrying 
 trade during years from 1860 to 18G9, both inclusive. 
 
 Table showing the estimated value of American coastwise and inland 
 carrying trade during the ten years from 1860 to 1869, both inclusive. 
 
 Table showing the total foreign commerce of the United States during 
 each year from 1850 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Total exports of domestic and foreign merchandise combined 
 
 Table showing the amount of foreign merchandise imported into the 
 United States in American and foreign vessels, respectively, during 
 the fiscal years from 1850 to 18C9, both inclusive. (Expressed in 
 specie value at foreign ports of exportation.) 
 
 Statement exhibiting the arrival and departure, at certain specified 
 ports, of American and foreign vessels, in certain portions of the 
 foreign trade of the United States, 1856 to 1860, and 1865 to 1869, 
 both inclusive. 
 
 Statement exhibiting the entrances and clearances of vessels from 
 and to each principal foreign country for the two periods, 1850 to 
 1859, and 1860 to 1869, all inclusive. 
 
 Statement of steamers making regular trips between ports of the 
 United States and .foreign ports, in 1860 and in 1869. 
 
 Steamship lines from various ports of the United States to foreign 
 ports. 
 
 Statement of American steam lines making regular trips between 
 ports of the United States and foreign ports. 
 
 Comparative statement of English steamers entered and cleared at 
 Portland, Maine, during the fiscal year I860, and during the fiscal 
 year 1869, for transatlantic ports. 
 
 Steamship lines 
 
 Statement exhibiting the value of total trade of the United States 
 with foreign countries, as divided between American and foreign 
 
 Imports, exports, and re-exports, 1850 to 1859, inclusive; imports, 
 exports, and re-exports 1860 to 1869. 
 
 Amounts paid to American and foreign steamships for the sea con 
 veyance of United States mails from 1860 to 1869, inclusive. 
 
 Statement of the rates of duty upon the descriptions of iron most 
 used for ship-building under various tariffs. 
 
 Table showing the number and tonnage of sailing and steam vessels 
 built and registered at ports in the British possessions, (exclusive 
 of the United Kingdom,) in each of the years from 1853 to 1868, 
 both inclusive. 
 
 Table showing the imports, domestic exports and foreign re-exports 
 of the United States in American and foreign vessels, and the 
 same combined, showing the total value of the foreign carrying 
 trade of tho United States, in American and foreign vessels, dur 
 ing the fiscal years 1860, 1866, 1867, 1668, and 1869. 
 
 Comparative table showing the value of imports into, and exports 
 from, the United States and Great Britain, respectively, during the 
 years 1867 and 1868. 
 
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 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
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 CHARGE 
 
 1989 
 
 
 
 
 
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 LD 21-100m-7, 40 (6936s) 
 
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