LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF r\ 'JU> ^ V.'iiA'OMK.A^ U-A^A.'O-Ca^ «-i (>^ Class A Text-Book OF True Temperance Edited and Compiled by M. MONAHAN Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. OF THE i UNIVEBSSTY ]j NEW YORK United States Brew^ers* Association 1911 "The weary find new strength in generous wine.' -HOMER (B. C. 800)— Iliaa, took vJ, 261. "Nothing more excellent than the juice of the grape was ever granted hy God to man."— PLATO. B. C. 400. "Wine aiFords more nourishment than any other thing in nature; it increases radical moisture and prolongs life."— GALEN. A. D. 161. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE 7 WINE IN HISTORY. WHAT BEER IS AND HOW IT IS MADE 13 Bottling Processes 15 The Wort Process 17 Fermentation 18 Sanitary Brewing Methods 19 Popularity of Beer 20 Constituents of Beer 21 Beer as Nourishment (Authorities Cited) 24 English Commission on Beer 26 Beer versus Tea 28 Favors Free Brewing 29 Beverages as Foods 29 Beer in the Chronicles 30 WHAT THE WORLD DRINKS. Results of Dr. Bowditch's Inquiry 32-34 The Races that Go Up 35 Social Drinking Abroad 35 American Consul's Report 36 Swiss Government Favors Beer 38 Thrifty, Beer-Drinking Belgium 38 OUR SOBER NATION. (How Beer Is Aiding Temperance) 42 True Temperance Statistics 44 WHO PAYS THE TAXES? Congressman Boutell's Tribute to the Brewers 46 A LESSON FROM HISTORY. Beer Favored in Early American Legislation 49 Beer in Athletics 54 Ale for Harvard Athletes 55 A Canadian Trainer's Views 57 "Drink Beer," says French League 58 Of ^nrjq Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE TRUE TEMPERANCE. How Prohibition Works to Increase Drunken- ness 59 A Russian Official's Report 60 How to Get True Temperance 62 FOREIGN REGULATION SYSTEMS. Norway, and Sweden, Holland and Denmark. .66-68 COMPENSATION. How Switzerland Indemnified Absinthe Dis- tillers, ETC 69 The Right to Compensation 71 How Belgium Regards Beer 71 New York "Tribune's" Plea for Beer 72 Beer-Drinking and Cholera Infection 73 Hops a Remedy for Cholera 74 VALUE OF THE BREWING INDUSTRY. Statistics of Production, Capital Invested, Wages, etc 75 Benefit to other Industries 78 Benefit to Agriculture 80 How Prohibition Brings Law into Contempt 82 MENACE TO HONEST LABOR. How Prohibition Threatens the Toilers 83 Labor Bodies Denounce Prohibition 84 Shall the Workingman Have a Keeper? 87 What Is Labor's Debt to Prohibition? 89 How TO Get Inferior Workmen 91 PROHIBITION. A Menace to American Liberties 93 Prohibition Record Up To Date 97 The Reaction 98 Settled Forever for Missouri 99 Is Prohibition Good for the State? 101 Prohibition Keeps Maine Poor 105 Figures that Speak 106 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Is Prohibition the Remedy? Dr. Williams Concedes Its Complete Failure 107 Governor Patterson on Prohibition Ill Eminent Divines Condemn Prohibition 114 President Taft on Prohibition 118 PROHIBITION A CRAZE. Colonel Watterson Diagnoses This and Other Popular Fanaticisms 119 "A Tree Is Known by Its Fruits" 122 Prohibition's Disastrous History 123 Hearing from Maine 126 Majority Want License. 128 Maine's Social Revolution. 129 Disrespect for Arbitrary Laws 130 RECORD OF FAILURE. The Proof that Prohibition Does Not Pro- hibit 132 Theoretical Prohibition 135 As the "Sun" Sees It 136 Dry Laws Favor Drinking 137 How Prohibition Helps the Moonshiner. . . . 138 Effect of Dry Laws 139 The "Sun" Answers a Question 140 Jefferson's Dictum Recalled 141 The Shame of Maine 142 Finnish Commission on Maine 143 Object Lessons for the Young 144 Prohibition in Maine Ports 144 "Give the Facts," said Roosevelt 145 Prohibition Repudiated by Governors and Mayors 146 Governor Andrew on Prohibition 148 AS IS MAINE SO IS KANSAS. How Statistics are Faked to Support Prohibi- tion , 151 The Poor Farms Fake 153 Enlightened Kansas 156 Kansas "Wet" after Thirty Years 157 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Oklahoma's Costly Trial 159 Giving Judgment Against Themselvp:s 160 Iowa's Prohibition Period 161 Georgia's Losing Experiment 163 The Cocaine Curse in the South 165 Opium and Prohibition 166 Mortality in Maine 167 THE ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE. Denounced by a Southern Journal 168 Lutherans Repudiate Anti-Saloon League. . . . 170 What Appellate Judges Think of It 171 An Ohio Pastor's Criticism 172 The League's Business Methods 173 Prohibition Impossible 174 Prohibitionists' Tipple — ^Alcohol in Patent Medicines 175 Prohibition and Drugs 176 Maine's Divorces 178 Virginia Needs no Prohibition 179 MORALITY— "WET" AND "DRY." Statistics of Arrests for Drunkenness...... 181 License vs. Prohibition 183 "Wet" AND "Dry" in Virginia 184 Crime and Total Abstinence , 187 How Dry Communities Affect Near-by License Cities 188 Drunkenness in No-License Towns 189 Worcester as a Terrible Example 191 New Jersey's Excise Commission 192 To Punish the Drinker 194 Alcohol and Civilization 194 Eminent Thinkers Condemn Prohibition 196 mijnsterberg on folly of prohibition 199 How Liberty Sobers 199 MORALITY, POVERTY, INSANITY AND DRINK. Some Prohibition Fallacies Refuted 201 Gluttony a Probable Cause 209 Distress in Chicago Families 211 Text-Book oj True Temperance. PAGE Alcohol, Longevity and Disease 211 Abstinence and Life Insurance 213 Drinking and Longevity 215 Causes of Intemperance 216 Prohibition and the Death Rate 217 Births under Prohibition 222 LOCAL OPTION BY ELECTION. How the Different States Vote on the Li- cense Question 223 Abraham Lincoln on Tolerance 228 Local Option — ^"hat It Ought to Be 229 As the Prohibitionists Want It 231 A Poser for Local Optionists 232 Anti-Prohibition Pointers , 233 Governor Blease for License 235 BREWERS FOR REFORM. Correcting Trade Abuses 236 Pharisees Rebuked 240 Brewers Commended 241 The Dean Law 242 THE SALOON. No Adequate Substitute for It 243 *'If not the Saloon — ^What?" 245 The Army Canteen 247 The Evil in the Philippines 250 FALSE SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOLS. Perverting Physiology in the "Cause" of Total Abstinence 252 What We Should Not Teach About Alcohol. . 255 An English Commentary 256 True Functions of Alcohol — Symposium of Physiologists 257 Eminent Medical Men Defend Alcohol 261 Without Alcohol — ^What Then? 262 Alcohol in Drinks 263 Drinkers and Abstainers 264 Physiological Effects of Alcohol 265 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Your Body Produces Alcohol 267 The Best Temperance Beverage 268 Great Men as Moderate Drinkers 269 Wine the Civilizer. 270 The Temperate Man 271 cornaro the centenarian 271 Sanctioned by Religion 272 Drinking Races in the Lead 274 Prohibition Impracticable 275 True Path of Reform 276 THE DRUNKARD'S CHILDREN. Findings of Recent Investigation 278 Fair Play for the Inebriate 280 Dr. Eliot Favors License 282 Lincoln No Prohibitionist 283 The Lonely Drinker 284 A Fallacy Refuted 284 Truth from a Man of Science 285 WINE WHEN IT IS RED. An Essay by G. K. Chesterton 286 Dr. Eliot on Rational Pleasures 290 Kaiser for True Temperance 291 Brewers as Patriots 292 BLUE LAWS. How Enforcement Has Always Brought Re- action 294 Prohibition and Church Membership 297 Books on the Liquor Question 298 Publications of Committee of Fifty. THE SUMMING UP 309 Index of Names and Authorities 313 PREFACE THE Editor's part in making this book has been chiefly one of selection, compilation and arrange- ment. Fully believing as he does in the principles of true temperance herein set forth, he has yet en- deavored, whenever possible, to speak through the mouths of others, and these the most eminent and authoritative witnesses that may be cited, both at home and abroad. However, it raay be proper for him to say that he is responsible for all matter, not purely statistical or otherwise credited, in the following pages. And he begs to acknowledge a special indebtedness to Mr. Hugh F. Fox, Secretary of the United States Brew- ers' Association, for his valuable aid, counsel and suggestions. Also, many will look for the assurance which is hereby given, — that all quotations have been scrupu- lously made and without perversion, all statistics carefully verified and honestly interpreted; while fairness toward the adversary and candor toward the public has been the guiding rule of the work. Finally, the book has been thoroughly revised since the First Edition (of which 10,000 copies were de- manded) ; a great quantity of new matter has been added, while some matter of doubtful pertinence or which had become out of date, has been dropped; and the value of the whole, it is hoped, is thereby much enhanced in this the Second Edition. M. M. New York, December, 1910. WINE IN HISTORY. THE desire of stimulants is one of the strongest implanted in the breast of man. It is coeval with humanity and is no more to be disputed or condemned or repudiated than human nature itself. It is written in the earliest legendary records of the most ancient races; no human tradition carries the mind back to a time lost in the twilight of remote ages, when the heart of man was not solaced with the prod- uct of the vine or some kindred stimulant. Wine has been happily and justly called "a precious gift of God," and such it is to those who know how to use it. But all human experience teaches that the best gifts of life and nature are easily abused. There are many sins of the appetite in which wine has no share, but for this reason the practice of eating cannot be generally condemned or abandoned. The old adage, that we should use but not abuse, seems to hold the best solution of the problem so far discoverable by human wisdom. And it is the chief object of this book to show that right use, not abuse — in other words, true temperance — is as compatible with regard to wine, beer and other fermented beverages as with any arti- cle of the daily diet. Physiologists know well that there is an orgasm attending gluttonous indulgence in the solids of the table, which is even more danger- ous and hurtful than intoxication resulting from alco- holic excess. The luxury-loving Romans made use of the red feather at their splendid feasts rather that they might eat than drink, to utter satiety. Tacitus and Seutonius have much more to tell us about the incred- 9 Text-Book of True Temperance. ibly epicurean foods and sauces than about the wines of the patrician banquets; gluttony rather than drunkenness calls forth the bitterest strokes of the satire of Juvenal and Petronius. Fanatical abstainers are never tired of protesting that the world would be an infinitely better place if what they call the "curse of drink" were removed from mankind. To this we agree, sans argument; for the "curse of drink" is intemperance, and we are as much concerned to do away with that as the veriest teetotaler. But what about the blessing of drink, which consists in true temperance or wise indulgence: which lends the highest zest to life, being indeed the chief author of social happiness, and fortifies the soul of man against the approaches of age and the visita- tions of calamity; which has inspired the 'noblest races of men to fulfill their destiny and clearly distinguished them from those over whom they were called to bear rule ; which has written the choicest poetry and com- posed the divinest music in the world; which has enabled genius to depict its most splendid creations on the canvas or to carve them in marble; finally, which has contributed so much to cheer and support the onward march of humanity? We have sometimes permitted ourselves to indulge the grotesque fancy, what would the history of the race have been without the alleviating drop of wine in the cup of human misery? Certainly, bereft of wine that makes glad the heart of man, that history would appear far sadder and darker and more lamentable than it is. Three-fourths of poetry and the better part of art would be lost to us. The lot of the common man — so terrible during the early and middle ages of civilization, when his life was the pawn of every petty war-lord or feudal tyrant — would have been deprived 10 Text-Book of True Temperance. of what little hope or blessedness fell to it. The wars of religion, cruel and decimating as they were, would have been a hundredfold, more ruthless and san- guinary. But the picture is in truth too dark to con- template — imagination travels over that dreary sea of man's inhumanity to man and finds no islet of hope or mercy whereon to rest its wing. But if this picture be objected to as overdrawn, we may at least have leave to consider what effect the loss of man's genial stimulant would have exerted upon the cause of human liberty. One of the most patent and salient lessons of history — so clear that he who runs may read — is that the drinking races, the liberal consumers of wine and beer and ale, have always been in the vanguard of human progress and have made the greatest sacrifices for liberty. We have only to think of the stout English barons, their valor none the worse for being supported by generous draughts of mead, who compelled the grant of Magna Charta — England's great charter of liberties — from the unwilling tyrant John; of the ale-fed yeomanry of Britain, the victors of Crecy and Agincourt and a thousand other fields; of the valiant, beer-drinking Teutons who successfully resisted and finally over- whelmed the colossal power of Rome; of the heroic, wine-loving Celt, who has shed his blood for freedom in every land; of the gallant warriors of France, their veins filled with the blood of the vine, who under the spell of their mighty Revolution shattered the thrones of Europe and proclaimed liberty for all the world; of the wine-inspired battalions whose splendid cour- age and patriotism have, within living memory, raised United Italy on the shield of nations; lastly, of the sons of these chivalrous races who fought to free this country and to keep it free. 11 Text-Book of True Temperance. Against this splendid array of valor and patriotism, of all that glorifies history and exalts humanity, the fanatical wine-hater can only adduce the example of the "unspeakable Turk." Yet it is notorious that the Turks, while generally complying with the strict let- ter of their Prophet's inhibition touching wine, are more or less addicted to opium and other narcotics, to brandy, and to coffee in its most highly concentrated form. "The Turkey of to-day," says Jerome K.Jerome, "is the outcome of teetotalism." 12 WHAT BEER IS AND HOW IT IS MADE. Facts of Interest Concerning the National Beverage. In beer we have a mild stimulant supplying one of the most imperative needs of man's nature yet rarely leading to excess: in short, what appears to be the predestined and most rational medium of temperate indulgence. In saying this we by no means intend to discriminate invidiously against the milder wines, the moderate, seasonable use of which is to be unreservedly comme7ided; yet it is indisputable that beer, if not actually sup- planting wine, is growing ever more popular, even in the favorite countries of the grape. THERE is probably no one subject that interests more persons than this of liquor, except perhaps it be that of pure foods. Almost everyone is likely to have an opinion on the subject of prohibition and is likely to express it pretty freely. But there are not many persons who know much about the way beer (now often called the national beverage) is pre- pared. There is a very general confidence that it is a pure product, but other than that very few folks know much about it. For these reasons it is interesting to see just what are the brewing processes. A few years ago the New York State Board of Health caused about 500 samples of malt liquors brewed in this State to be analyzed chemically by the State Analyst. Not one of the large number of sam- ples was found to contain any deleterious substances. The verdict was that there was no adulteration. 13 Text-Book of True Temperance. Senator McCumber, in the Congressional Record, is recorded as saying: "I believe that we manufacture in this country the purest beers that are manufac- tured on the face of the earth, and the fact that the brewers' associations are all in favor of this pure food bill evidences the fact that they are satisfied that they manufacture a pure article." The brewers take pride that through their national association they were among the earliest advocates of the pure food law. They are pleased also to be able to say that their brew-houses stand open to the public for inspection. In fact they would be glad to have folks come in to see how the product is prepared, because in that way the knowledge of how cleanly beer and malt liquors are brewed would be more widely diffused, thereby killing off some foolish yams of the prohibitionist. In 1898 about thirty-six million barrels of beer were brewed in this country ; in 1910 (year ending May 31) over fifty-nine million barrels, about 62 per cent, in- crease. Beer is thus fairly entitled to be called the National Beverage. The first beers introduced into the United States were patterned after the English ales, porter and stout. These were strong beers, with about 5 to 7 per cent, of alcohol. Lager beers, as originated in Germany, contained just about half this amount of alco- hol. That is to say, the average German lager beer contained about 3 or 4 per cent, of alcohol. In the last two decades the desire of English-speaking peo- ple for strong alcoholic drinks has made way for a preference for lighter alcoholic beverages. Nowadays in England there may be found in great quantity mild ales with about 4 per cent, of alcohol. These have displaced the strong ales and stouts of the former 14 Text-Book of True Temperance. periods by considerably more than half of the out- put. Following the same tendency in the United States, the strong ales and stouts of earlier days have, to a considerable extent, made way for the mild lager beer. The essential difference in the production of strong ale and lager beer lies in the application of low tem- perature as a preserving agent to keep the latter prod- uct from spoiling during its production, while with strong ale this function is left to alcohol, and conse- quently strong ale must be brewed in such, a way as to develop a large percentage of alcohol during fermenta- tion. Lager beer with about 3 J per cent, of alcohol can be manufactured with safety only with proper refrigeration facilities. Consequently, lager beer breweries, even of the smallest capacity, are equipped with relatively ex- tensive refrigerating plants. The beers are fermented at a low temperature, about 40 degrees Fahrenheit, stored or lagered at a temperature near freezing point, that is to say about 34 degrees, until suffi- ciently matured for consumption. Brilliancy and sparkle are insured by careful filtration. All the lat- ter operations are done while the beer is maintained at about a freezing temperature. Bottling Processes. In many lager beer breweries there are extensive bottling plants taking care of from one-tenth to one- half of the output. The beer is bottled in glass bot- tles of either pint or quart capacity and sterilized. This is accomplished by subjecting the beer to tem- 15 Text-Book of True Temperance. peratures which destroy not only the yeast but varied micro-organisms. From beginning to end all processes are carried on with the utmost care. The greatest vigilance is ob- served to keep the brewery scrupulously clean in every nook and corner in order to minimize the danger of infection to w^hich the beer might be exposed.. In all countries the main materials for producing beer are barley-malt and other cereal grains, hops, yeast and water. In this country particularly, unmalted starchy materials are invariably used to replace a portion of our malts on account of their excessive richness in albuminous matter. This, it may be pointed out, is one of the most scientific and valuable developments in modem beer-brewing. The taste of the American public is for a beer pale in color, bright or transparent in appearance, which has pronounced hop flavor and bitter taste, possesses mellowness and palat ability, and when served in the glass has a creamy white, lasting foam, that clings to the side of the glass, leaving a ring for every sip taken. Another type differs from this in being dark in color, with pronounced malt flavor, rather more sweet in taste and stronger brewed. There is no more alcohol in it than in the other. The processes of brewing lager beer are mashing, boiling, cooling, fermenting, filtering, storing, racking into barrels or into bottles, and in the case of the latter, sterilizing. The malt after about two months' stor- age is crushed in the malt mill by grinding between rollers to a medium fine grist and mixed with water of about no degrees F. in the mash tun. This is a large iron tub with a flat bottom provided with drains and a false bottom and a stirring appa- 16 Text-Book of True Temperance. ratus. In a separate vessel, the rice tun or cooker, broken cereals are mixed with water and malt. The temperature of the mash is raised rapidly from about no to 160 degrees by means of a steam jacket. After that it comes slowly to the boiling point. After boiling for half an hour this mash and the entire contents of the cooker are emptied into the mash tun, containing the malt mash. While the machine is operated briskly the temperature is brought to about 154 degrees. The combined mash is kept at this point for about twenty minutes, during which time the starch contained in the malt and cereals is converted into sugar or saccharine matter. The mash is brought to a temperature of 163 degrees. The mash machine is stopped to let the husks of the malt settle in the mash, where they rest on the false bottom. The taps are set and the wort or liquor malt extract strains rapidly and brightly through the malt husk and false bottom into the kettle or copper. The Wort Process. After the first wort has run off, hot water is run over the malt husks or grains to extract the same as com- pletely as possible. The amount of water so used is about half that designed for the entire brew. The wort as it runs into the kettle, which in large brew- eries usually is a huge copper affair weighing thou- sands of pounds and holding more than 500 barrels or more than 15,000 gallons of wort, is heated to boiling point. This is reached about the time that the last of the spargings running from the mash tun has been collected in the kettle. The wort now is boiled for about one hour. One- third of the hops is added. For thirty minutes boiling 17 Text-Book of True Temperance. is continued, and then the second third of the hops is put in. After fifteen minutes more of boiling the last section of .hops is added. This last part is the most highly prized of all. They are used chiefly to give the flavor. The contents of the kettle then descends through a strainer, which clears off the hops. The finished wort is pumped away from the hops into an immense shal- low iron pan. There it lies some time for cooling. Then the wort descends over a system of pipes through which water and cold brine or ammonia circulate. This takes the temperature of the wort down to about 40 degrees. It comes down to the settling tank, where the yeast is added. Fresh yeast taken from a previous fermentation is mixed with an equal quantity of the finished wort. When the mixture is in fermentation it is placed in the settling tanks, large wooden tubs holding usually from 100 to 200 barrels. The wort is stirred so that the yeast may be distributed through it. During the fermentation little is done by the brewer save to watch for anything unusual or regulate the temperature, which should not rise above 50 degrees. In the course of the fermentation heat is generated and the temperature has to be controlled by means of attemper ators. These are about a foot below the surface of the beer as it stands in the fermenting vat to which it is transferred from the settling tank as soon as fermentation has set in well. The attem- perator is nothing but a copper coil with cooling properties. The Fermentation. The white cap covering the beer shows when it is well in fermentation. This cap is composed of minute 18 Text-Book of True Temperance. bubbles produced by the escape of the carbonic acid gas. This is produced by the yeast out of the sugar contained in the wort. The other product of fermen- tation is alcohol, one part of sugar being split about equally between alcohol and carbonic acid gas. After the sugar has been fermented and the fermentation has subsided, the yeast is found settled at the bottom of the vat. The beer then is drawn away over this yeast and transferred into storage vats, sometimes holding as many as i,ooo barrels, and here the beer remains until sufficiently matured for consumption. These vats stand in cellars, the temperature of which is regulated by refrigerating pipes. The temperature is kept close to freezing. On the way to the racking bench t-he beer is passed through filters. If the beer is to be bottled it is carried over to the bottling department. The beer passes through pipes from the Government tanks, which are locked and unlocked by a deputy revenue collector. Probably 2 5 per cent, of the beer output of the United States at this time is bottled. Sanitary Brewing Methods. Mr. H. E. Barnard, State Food and Drug Commis- sioner of Indiana, lately paid a striking tribute to the cleanliness and wholesomeness of American brewing methods as contrasted with dairy processes. "The milk and butter men of Indiana ought to go in a body and visit the breweries of this or other States," said Mr. Barnard, "in order to see how clean a food-producing establishment may be made. The brewers, in order to protect their trade, have been 19 Text-Book of True Temperance. compelled to resort to the cleanest and most sanitary methods of production, tmtil it is now a fact that the cleanest and most sanitary food on the market, as food is defined by the Indiana law, is beer. The trade in this article has been fraught with so much opposition that the manufacturers have resorted to cleanliness as an advertising feature, and they have made it pay. Then, too, the product of the brewery is a perishable article of exceedingly short life unless it is properly prepared and cared for until it is constimed. "It is in the breweries that sanitation has been brought to as nearly perfect condition as is possible in a food-producing establishment. The water used in the material is all distilled. The hops and malt are absolutely clean before being permitted to enter into the manufactupng process. The vats, pipes, etc., are not merely washed, but scalded and thoroughly sterilized before being used. The bottles, before being filled, are thoroughly sterilized by being washed in caustic soda. And as if that were not enough, when the beer is placed in the bottles it is pasteurized by being run through hot water, which would kill every germ which might have escaped the warfare con- ducted against it in the process of manufacture. The person who opens a bottle of beer is assured absolutely that what he has before him is a product absolutely free from germs and perfectly clean. It is also true that he may know that he has before him the only manufactiu*ed food article which may be said to be absolutely clean." Popularity of Beer. The per capita consumption of beer in this country is a little over 21 gallons, the United States ranking 20 Text-Book of True Temperance. fourth after Belgium, Germany and the United King- dom in this respect. To ascribe this remarkable growth in the consump- tion of beer in greater part to the Germans, whose national drink it is, would be a grave error. It is well known that German immigration has, during the last quarter of a century, dwindled down to a minimum, but the growth of beer consumption continued during that period without interruption. In the face iof the frenzied endeavors of prejudiced temperance agitators to picture beer as the arch enemy of mankind, leading to intemperance and worse, this growth is quite signi- ficant. It shows that, unless legislation assumes an as- pect bordering on insanity, it will become the national popular drink of the American people — has in truth al- ready become so — and that the moral force of the tem- perance movement cannot prevent it. Indeed, it is a question whether it does not contribute towards it. At any rate, it is evident that the people, with the progress of civilization and the improvement of manners and customs, gradually turn from the strong alcoholic drinks to the light ones. In a great measure this is due to the excellence of American beer in appearance, taste and quality. It is quite true, as Henry Watterson re- cently said in the Louisville Courier- Journal: "The introduction of beer in America has done more for temperance than all the temperance societies and all the prohibition laws combined." The experience of the past fifty years has amply shown the fallacy of the prohibition theory in general. As applied to beer in particular, it would not only be a mistake from even the temperance point of view, but would be an economic calamity. Constituents of Beer. Malt: "The soul of Beer" is Made From Barley 21 Text-Book of True Temperance. by causing it to * 'sprout' ' or germinate ; the growing process being arrested at the proper time by the appli- cation of Heat. The Constituents of Barley are: Starch, albu- mens, fibre and mineral salts, but most of them are in an insoluble condition. They are rendered solu- ble or ''available'' for brewing purposes by the de- velopment, during germination, of certain bodies called ''enzymes,'' the type of which is "Diastase," the great starch digestive. Germinated Barley is known as "Malt.'' 100 Pounds of Barley Produce approximately 80 Pounds of Malt. 100 Pounds of Malt Produce: 70 Pounds op Brewers' Extract, 30 Pounds of Brewers' Grains (cattle food). The Production of Brewers' Wort results from mashing together in warm water certain quantities of Malt and other Cereals, the extract thus obtained being first sterilized and made aromatic by boiling with hops; and then cooled and fermented with yeast. One barrel of Brewers' Wort before fermentation weighs 271 pounds net. It contains: Malt Sugars 22.5 pounds. Malt Dextrines 7.0 Albuminous Bodies 1.5 Lactic Acid 0.33 Hop Derivatives 0.67 Mineral Salts (chiefly Phosphates) . .0.54 22 Text-Book of True Temperance. Fermentation is Induced in Brewers' Wort BY Enzymes, resulting from the vital action of Beer Yeast, which feeds on the pabulum. The enzymes partially transform the sugars into alcohol and carbon- dioxide, and the Yeast Reproduces Itself in the proportion of 5 to 1. The Fermented Beer is cooled and kept in cold storage until it has completely clarified and become sufficiently impregnated with carbon-dioxide, when it is syphoned off into barrels or bottles, as required. One Barrel of Beer Contains 31 gallons, and weighs 263 pounds. It contains: Alcohol (by weight) 9.2 pounds (or 3.4%) Malt Sugars 5.91 Malt Dextrines 6.95 Albuminous Bodies 1.18 Lactic Acid 0.39 Hop Derivatives 0.45 Mineral Salts 0.54 (chiefly Phosphates) According to the latest and most approved methods of estimating food values. One Quart of well-brewed beer will generate in the human economy approxi- mately 560 Calories, and will therefore furnish as a heat producer one-sixth of the requirements of the total daily diet of a healthy working adult. Beer contains so small a percentage of alcohol as to render it absolutely harmless when taken in modera- tion, yet it does contain alcohol sufficient to produce that mild form of stimulation and exhilaration which the human system craves. Beer is absolutely pure, being entirely free from disease-bearing germs so frequently found in milk and 23 Text-Book of True Temperance. water. It is the one beverage that cannot be adul- terated or tampered with from the time it leaves the manufacturer until it reaches the consumer. Beer is made from pure water and selected mate- rials, high in their percentage of nutritious elements. Beer does not create an appetite for strong liquors, but acts as a tonic, and, for this reason, has received the hearty endorsement of leading medical and scien- tific authorities the world over. Eminent ecclesiastical authorities have long recog- nized beer as an important factor in the world's cam- paign for temperance, and have not hesitated to recommend its use in moderation. Beer has always been regarded not only as a popular beverage pleasing to the taste and refreshing, but as a health-giving food, and hence has been very appro- priately called "liquid bread." Beer as Nourishment. EMINENT AUTHORITIES ATTEST ITS FOOD VALUE. Beer is a powerful aid in the digestion of starchy foods, and as a nutriment and a tonic for the sick, infirm, convalescent, and feeble, it is often prescribed by physicians, with good results. A given quantity of nutriment can be obtained more economically from bread than from beer ; but it must not be overlooked that albumen can be supplied in different ways and at different costs. A rump steak will contain as much nourishment as the juiciest ten- derloin ; and a neck piece as much as the most savory roast. Cultured people, however, are not satisfied with being merely "nourished" — the palatable and 24 Text-Book of True Temperance. enjoyable are naturally preferred to the insipid and tasteless. Beer is nourishment in an agreeable form, and by virtue of its peculiar combination and proportion of carbohydrates, phosphates, alcohol, and carbonic acid, is most valuable. Dr. Wiley, the United States expert on pure foods, writes: "Beer is a veritable food product." The eminent scientist, Pasteur, earnestly advocated the regular use of beer in moderation. The famous Prof. Gaertner says in his "Manual of Hy- giene," that one quart of beer is equal in food value to 3-10 pounds of bread as to the quantity of carbohy- drates, and to two ounces of bread or nearly one ounce of meat as to the quantity of albumen. This must not be misconstrued as meaning that beer could take the place of bread, but to demonstrate the value of beer as a beverage both palatable and nourishing. Prof. M, A. Scovel, of Louisville, Ky., since 1885 Chief Chemist of the Pure Food Department of that State, has expressed the opinion that the solids con- tained in the average beer are to be classed as food, and that beer, where employed as a liquid food, does not tend to produce the habit of intoxication. Dr. F. W. Pavy, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London, expresses himself as follows: "Beer is a refreshing, exhilarating nutritive. A light beer, well flavored with the hop, is calculated to promote digestion, and may be looked upon as constituting one of the most wholesome of the alcoholic class of beverages." Dr. J. E. Pilcher, Secretary of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, and First Vice-President of the Association of Medical Editors of the United States, is of the opinion that there is a certain amount of nutriment contained in beer by 25 Text-Book of True Temperance. reason of its organic constituents, and that its moder- ate use is not injurious to the health of adult persons. Dr. Henry Davy, President of the British Medical Association, speaking at a breakfast given by the National Temperance League on August 15, 1907, stated that in his opinion a meal of cheese and bread and light beer is infinitely more scientific than the food which the children are now getting of bread, tea and jam. Dr. Sidney Hillier, the well-known English pathol- ogist, says in his recently published "Popular Drugs, Their Use and Abuse": "In old age some form of alcoholic drink at meal times is often very beneficial. The general vitality of the aged is de- ficient, the feeble digestion needs stimulating. Large quan- tities of solid food are contra-indicated. Alcohol is easily assimilated, aids digestion, produces its effect quickly, and takes the place of some of the more indigestible articles of diet. Overeating is specially injurious in those of advanced years, and the substitution of a moderate amount of alcohol for some of the meat and other solids is advantageous. Its use is thus to be commended in the dietary of the aged, "One aspect of this question which should not be lost sight of is, that the moderate drinker, who is also a moderate eater, is in a far better position than the total abstainer, who often consumes an excess of solid food." English Commission on Beer. Some years ago a great outcry was raised over Pro- fessor Atwater's discovery that alcohol in small quan- tities was oxidized in the human system and produced heat, and was therefore a food. After a long and acrimonious discussion, in which the Professor was called a number of hard names, it dawned upon his detractors that this scientific fact did not in any way affect the evils of intemperance or oppose their advo- 26 Text-Book of True Temperance. cacy of total abstinence. It was, indeed, merely a scientific truth , with no moral bearing one way or the other. A somewhat similar report has just been made public by a special government commission in Eng- land in which a good word is uttered for the nutritive value of beer. The general idea that beer is primarily an alcoholic drink is scouted in this report, which holds that, when well and properly made, it is a bev- erage containing a very small amount of alcohol and a relatively large amount of nutritive material. Says The Hospital (London) in an editorial concerning this report : "It is time that the erroneous view that beer has no nutri- tive value in itself, and merely consists of a beverage upon which a certain portion of the community intoxicates itself, should be exposed and discredited. The results of our Com- mission show that beer is par excellence the nutritive alcoholic beverage. All beverages, because they contain alcohol, should not be regarded in the same light. * * * beer is much farther removed, from the point of view of its alcoholic content, from some wines and all spirits than it is from ginger-beer. "When a man drinks good beer he drinks and eats at the same time, just as when he eats a bowl of soup. The terms 'eat' and 'drink' are curiously but inconsistently used as connoting the difference between what is merely quenching our thirst and what is actually consuming nourishment. Our Commissioners point out that a man might more properly be said to eat beer than to eat certain kinds of soup, or indeed watermelon. Their report will enable members of the medic- al profession and the public to understand clearly what con- stitutes good beer, and where and how they may obtain it. Beer- drinkers, the numbers of whom we hope will increase considerably as the result of the researches of our Commis- sioners, are now in a position to protect themselves from bad beers, and we hold the view that it would be infinitely better for the well-being of the people of these islands as a whole if they were to select beer as their habitual drink, rather than wines and spirits. Climatic conditions have a good deal to do 27 Text-Book of True Temperance. with the dietetic value of substances used for allaying thirst . Our Commissioners properly drive home the fact that when a man drinks beer or stout habitually he is not only drink- ing but eating, a fact which has not been sufficiently recog- nized in recent years. These beverages contain all the elements of a typical diet, with the exception of fat, and in proportions approximately physiological." Beer Versus Tea. Dr. Henry Davy, president of the British Medical Association, speaking at a conference of the National Temperance League, on August 15, 1907, said he had some hesitation in attending the gathering, not that he had not the greatest sympathy with the tem- perance movement, but because most temperance societies and a large number of temperance advocates talked the most unscientific twaddle that was ever invented. He agreed that they should teach children in the schools that alcohol was not necessary for ordi- nary physical life, but to go on and tell them, as in some American schools, that they were morally wrong in drinking a glass of wine, and to do so was taking poison, was unscientific twaddle and was absolutely wrong. If that was what they were going to be taught, then he, for one, preferred to teach them noth- ing at all. Physiological science had taught one thing, that a man or woman did not want to drink more than two or three pints of beer a day. That was enough for anybody unless they were doing heavy, muscular work. That amount of beer would not do any more harm than tea. A study of the evidence of the Physical Deterioration Commission showed him that tea drinking in the neighborhood of large towns, where tea was soaked on the hob and given to chil- dren, was producing deterioration in the very worst form. Therefore, he would put in a plea for light 28 Text-Book of True Temperance. beers containing only 2^ per cent, of alcohol. (The average lager beer contains 3^ per cent.) Favors Free Brewing. Says Dr. Alexander Bryce in his Laws of Life and Health : "Malt liquors contain from 3 to 8 per cent, of alcohol with a little sugar and dextrine. If justification can be found for the habitual use of alcohol in any form, it is in the case of weak beer or wine and water. Even total abstainers who go to the Continent are struck with the air of content and happiness which characterizes the family life there, and it will be found that almost invariably lager beer or claret and water is used as a beverage. Although a total abstainer, I have always made it a practice on Continental trips to partake of the delightful Munich or other lager beer, and have been inclined to ascribe to its use much of the beneficial effect of my holiday. I think that a factor in the solution of the intemperance problem in this country (England) would be to allow the practice of free brewing and to pass a law decreeing that beer shall contain no more than three per cent, of alcohol. * * * " Beverages as Foods. Beer has been called "liquid bread" because of its nutritious character. That the term is no misnomer, because applied to a liquid, is evident from the follow- ing quotations from Dr. H. W. Wiley's book on "Foods and their Adulterations": "The term 'food' in its broadest signification includes all those substances which, when taken into the body, build tissues, restore waste, furnish heat and energy, and provide appropriate condiment. * * *" "It (food) also includes those bodies of a liquid character which are classed as beverages rather than as foods. All of these bodies have nutritive properties, although their chief value is condimental and social. * * * " "That large class of food products, also, which is known as condiments is properly termed food, since they not only pos- 29 Text-Book of True Temperance. sess nutritive properties, but through their condimental char- acter promote digestion, and by making the food more palat- able secure to a higher degree the excellence of its social function. * * * " "Beverages are those liquid food products which are more valued for their taste and flavor than actual nutritive value. "It must not be considered that mere nutrition is the sole object of foods, especially for man. It is the first object to be conserved in the feeding of domesticated animals, but is only one of the objects to be kept in view in the feeding of man. Man is a social animal and, from the earliest period of his history, food has exercised a most important function in his social life. Hence in the study of food and of its uses a failure to consider this factor would be regrettable. For this reason it is justifiable in the feeding of man to expend upon the mere social features of the meal a sum which often is equal to or greater than that expended for the mere purpose of nutrition. * * *" Beer in the Chronicles. The Latin name of beer is cerevisia; old French, cervaise. Gambrinus, the old King Cole of myth, is put back as far as 1730 B, C. Hops were used in England in 1730; porter was then first made. Heinrich Knaust, imperial poet laureate, wrote the first German book extant on beer in 1575. Excise taxes were imposed in Germany in the fourteenth century. Of drink in England during the Stuart period, John Howell, the famous letter writer, says: "In this island the drink was ale, noble ale than which, as I have heard a great foreign doctor affirm, there is no liquor that more increaseth the radical moisture and preserves the natural heat, which are the two pillars that support the life of man." 30 Text-Book of True Temperance Lecky says ( England in the Eighteenth Century) : "Among the poor the popular beverage was still ale or beer, the use of which has always been more common than the abuse. The consumption appears to have been amazing." Macaulay, speaking of the same period, says: "The quantity of beer consumed in those days was enor- mous, for beer was then to the middle and lower classes not only all that beer now is but all that wine, tea and ardent spirits now are; it was only at great houses on grand occasions that foreign drink was placed on the board." Drunkenness is not the sin of the drink, hut of the drunkard. — Cardinal Manning. While humanity in the cities is not fundamentally different from humanity elsewhere, it has the special needs of a different environment. — Brand Whitlock, Mayor of Toledo, O. To the working-classes whose food is very much restricted in variety, quantity and quality, to whom meat is a luxury and whose usual diet is bread and cheese, or some equally undelightful substitute, life without beer or some other alcoholic drink would be even more dull than it is now. The need for alcohol in this case is much greater than in the case of those more fortunate individuals who have abundance and variety of food. — "Popular Drugs: Their Use and Abuse," Sidney HiLLIER, M.D, 31 WHAT THE WORLD DRINKS. Significant Findings of Dr. Bowditch's Inquiry — Beer and Light Wines Favored. SOME years ago the State Board of Health of Massachusetts investigated, by means of an elaborate correspondence, "the use and abuse of alcoholic stimulants among foreign nations." Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, who conducted the inquiry, pre- sented an exhaustive report, with a thorough and ju- dicious analysis of the correspondence, in the following year. As to the scope of the inquiry, Dr. Bowditch says: "The two ideas were, First: to learn the nature and char- acter of the stimulants used (if any were so used) by the in- habitants of the countries to which said correspondents were accredited, and the influence of such indulgence on the health and prosperity of the people. "Second: the relative amount of intoxication in said coun- tries compared with that known by such correspondents to exist in the United States. "The papers were sent to thirty- three resident American ambassadors and one hundred and thirty-two consuls and a few other non-official personages and friends whose opinions I knew would be of great value, if obtained." The first deduction Dr. Bowditch makes from his world-wide correspondence is that "the appetite for stimulants is one of the strongest of human instincts. It is seen in every nation, in all quarters of the globe." As a result of the inquiries and of the information obtained, this general law is formulated; 32 Text-Book of True Temperance. "Intemperance prevails the world over, but it is very rare at the equator. The tendency increases according to latitude, becoming more frequent and more brutal and disastrous in its effect on man and society as we approach the northern regions." At Elsinore, in the north of Europe, where the people drink a mild beer, practically no crime was reported as due to intemperance. "No cases of mur- der, homicide or theft could be traced to the influ- ence of drink." The contrary condition prevailed in localities where there was much consumption of ardent spirits; hence Dr. Bowditch's conclusion: "Two factors enter into the commission of crime consequent on intemperance, as they do into the prevalence of intemper- ance itself. It appears, first, that crime due to drunkenness increases as we go from the equator; second, that a mild stimulant used even in the North probably does not lead to crime as stronger liquors do." The Doctor then asks this most important question : "Are all kinds of beer, ales, rum and distilled alcoholic stimulants to be classed as alike equally and always inju- rious? "Some writers in this country and in Europe (he says) in their zeal for the noble cause of temperance take the affirma- tive of this question and claim that alcohol in any form is 'always a poison.' I cannot hold this opinion, nor do I think that the clinical experience of any physician will permit of it." The Doctor goes on to reinforce his position just stated, pointing out the fact of the habitual and long- continued use of ale and the milder light wines, with- out manifest evil consequences. Dr. Bowditch observes that ''the American people as a whole do not by any means as yet understand the true philosophy of food and drink, and this opinion 33 Text-Book of True Temperance. held by many and which has been the basis of State legislation for years past, viz. : that all liquors are in themselves nothing but evil, and equally evil, proves the truth of this assertion. It is radically and wholly erroneous." Arguing from the general view presented by the correspondence that in the wine-making districts of Europe alcoholism is much less frequent and severe than in our own country, the Doctor makes an earnest and somewhat elaborate plea on behalf of grape cul- ture in the United States. After quoting at some length from several advo- cates of wine-drinking, the Doctor dismisses this part of his subject in the following words: "I fully agree with all that has been said of the value of light wines as an aid to temperance, but I believe that Ger- mans are destined to be really the greatest benefactors of this country by bringing to us, if we choose to accept the boon, their lager beer. Lager beer contains less alcohol than any of the native grape wines." Among the more important conclusions formulated by Dr. Bowditch as a result of this "cosmic inquiry," the following are worthy of special notice : "Races are modified physically and morally by the kind of liquor they use, as proved by examination of the returns from Austria and Switzerland. "Beer, native light grape wines and ardent spirits should not be classed together, for they produce very different effects upon the individual and upon the race. "Light German beer and ale can be used even freely without any very apparent injury to the individual or without causing intoxication. They contain very small percentages of alco- hol (4 or 4.5 to 6.5 per cent.). Light grape wines unfortified by an extra amount of alcohol can be drunk less freely, but without apparent injury to the race, and with exhilaration rather than drunkenness." 34 Text-Book of True Temperance. The Races That Go Up. The human race may sometime do without meat, but it will be a different human race. The human race may sometime do without the use of wines and mild stimulants, but it will be a different human race. You cannot say that races have gone down that drank, that races have gone up that did not drink. There has been steady progress in France, Germany, England, America — all drinking countries. There has been stagnation among the Mohammedans, Asiatics and other teetotal nations. — Arthur Brisbane. Social Drinking Abroad. The Hon. Andrew D. White says in his book of reminiscences : "I have been present at many large festive assemblages, in various parts of Europe, where wine was offered freely as a matter of course ; I have been one of four thousand people at the Hotel de Ville in Paris on the occasion of a great ball, at other entertainments almost as large in other Continental countries, and at dinner parties innumerable in every Euro- pean country; but never, save in one instance, were the fes- tivities disturbed by any man on account of drink. "The most eminent of American temperance advocates during my young manhood, Mr. Delavan, insisted that he found Italy, where all people, men, women, and children, drink wine with their meals, if they can get it, the most tem- perate country he had ever seen; and, having made more than twelve different sojourns in Italy, I can confirm that opinion. "So, too, again and again, when traveling in the old days on the top of a diligence through village after village in France, where people were commemorating the patron saint of their district, I have passed through crowds of men, women, and children seated by the roadside drinking wine, cider, and beer, and, so far as one could see, there was no drunkenness; certainly none of the squalid, brutal, swinish sort. It may indeed be said that, in spite of light stimulants, drunkenness 35 Text-Book of True Temperance. has of late years increased in France, especially among arti- sans and day laborers. If this be so, it comes to strengthen my view. For the main reason will doubtless be found in the increased prices of light wines, due to vine diseases and the like, which have driven the poorer classes to seek for more noxious beverages. "So, too, in Germany. Like every resident in that country, I have seen great crowds drinking much beer, and I never saw anything of the beastly, crazy, drunken exhibitions which are so common on Independence Day and county-fair day in many American towns where total abstinence is loudly preached and ostensibly practised. "The European, more sensible, takes with his dinner, as a rule, a glass or two of wine or beer, and is little, if at all, the worse for it. If he takes any distilled liquor, he sips a very small glass of it after his dinner, to aid digestion. "It is my earnest conviction, based upon wide observation in my own country as well as in many others during about half a century, that the American theory and practice as re- gards the drink question are generally more pernicious than those of any other civilized nation. I am not now speaking of total abstinence — of that, more, presently. But the best temperance workers among us that I know are the men who BREW LIGHT, PURE BEER, and the vine-growers in California who raise and sell at a very low price wines pleasant and salu- tary, if any wines can be so. "As to those who have no self-restraint, beer and wine, like many other things, promote the 'survival of the fittest,' and are, like many other things, 'fool-killers,' aiding to free the next generation from men of vicious propensities and weak will." American Consul's Report. Mr. E. R. Mansfield, the American Consul at Lu- cerne, has lately made an interesting report to our Government on the management of the liquor traffic in the Swiss republic. He points out that each canton has a large measure of discretion in dealing with the traffic, the general plan being to limit the number of saloons in proportion to the population. The average 36 Text-Book of True Temperance. seems to be about one saloon to every 500 inhabitants, while in the rural districts the ratio is not infrequently as high as one saloon to 1,000 persons. Writing of conditions in Lucerne, the Consul says: "In the canton of Lucerne the rate for license is compara- tively high. Saloons are classified, the privilege of operating a bar in a first-class hotel costing much more than for a small restaurant or beer hall. Here the minimum price for license to sell intoxicants at retail is 200 francs, equal to about $40 a year, and the maximum for large first-class hotels 6,000 francs, equivalent to about $1,200 per year. Each municipality or community decides the number of saloons to be licensed, based upon the number of inhabitants, and when the number prescribed has been reached no influence, political or finan- cial, can secure an additional privilege. "The hour for closing is generally twelve o'clock at night, and as a rule it is strictly observed, any violation of the law resulting in a forfeit of the license. Any special privileges desired by the holder of a liquor license must be applied for to the proper authorities, and, if granted, they must be paid for in addition to the regular annual fee. All license fees in Switzerland must be paid one year in advance, and any neg- lect on the part of the holder to comply with this requirement results in a forfeit of the privilege. OBSERVANCE OF THE LAW. "There are no technicalities of the law governing the traffic whereby the holder of a license can avoid a strict compliance with its requirements. The limited number of licenses issued also encourages the strict observance of the law, as a bar privilege is considered valuable because of the fact that when the maximum number allotted to a community has been issued, it is impossible to secure an additional privilege until one is suri'endered or forfeited. "All the revenues received for liquor license are expended upon public schools and the improvement of roads in the canton where the privilege is granted. Three-fourths of the money thus collected is apportioned for educational purposes and the remainder for public highways." Mr. Mansfield reports that under the Swiss plan of liquor-selling there is little excessive drinking and 37 Text-Book of True Temperance. practically no drunkenness. Rarely, he assures us, is an intoxicated person seen on the streets of Lucerne, and never one "boisterously drunk," unless it be a tourist. "The net result of the liquor traffic in Switzerland," concludes the Consul, "would seem to be that it is regulated so as to secure a large revenue, which is applied largely to the maintenance of public schools, and at the same time so restricted as to pre- vent any abuse of the privileges granted with a license to engage in the business." Swiss Government Favors Beer. It is not so well known as it should be that the sys- tem of regulating the liquor traffic in Switzerland, known as the Swiss Alcohol Monopoly, is intended to encourage the use of beer and wine. Mr. Milliet, di- rector of the Government Monopoly for many years, says expressly: "The aim of the Swiss Government was, in substance, to improve the quality of brandy and at the same time to check its consumption by substituting for it the less harmful wine and beer," Also he points out that "the local governments exercise supervision over the quality of those bever- ages, the moderate use of which the Federation had, so to speak, declared legitimate — ^namely, wine, beer and cider." Thrifty, Beer-Drinking Belgium. The following appeared in the World's Work for September, 1908: "Across a narrow sea from England is a little country which, though densely populated, has practically no paupers, nor do the people emigrate. This is thrifty Belgium, where there is thrift of the individual, thrift of the family, co-operative 38 Text-Book of True Temperance. thrift, national thrift, and prosperity in the face of the keenest competition of its powerful neighbors, England, France and Germany. "The Government, instead of paying old-age pensions and dispensing charity, has machinery for the encouragement of thrift and thereby for the prevention of dependence. It pays the individual interest on his savings, it insures his life and it will give him an annuity if he saves to pay for it. "In the Government Savings Bank deposits may be made in every post-office of the kingdom, and in all the branches of the National Bank. The minimum deposit is one franc. There is no maximum. Deposits are made by special adhesive deposit stamps, which are, in reality, receipts for the money paid in, and which are pasted in a bank book delivered to each de- positor free of charge and bearing an official number. In this book is entered every transaction between the depositor and the bank, including the calculation of interest, which is done annually. Depositors may correspond with the National Savings Bank free of postal charges and, after the issue of a book, a depositor may put money in any post-office of the kingdom. "The Government provides in a special way for those who cannot put aside so large a sum as a franc at a time. Life an- nuities may be contracted for at all branches of the savings bank, at all branches of the national bank, at all post-offices, and at the offices of all tax receivers. "The minimum payment that may be made is one franc, and the smallest annuity paid by the fund is one franc, while the largest is twelve hundred francs. The annuities become payable at the end of each completed year from the age of fifty to sixty-five, "Annuities are contracted for in two ways, by paying in the capital benefit to any heir, and by providing that the capital, less 3 per cent, for general expenses, shall be paid over to the heirs after the death of the beneficiary. Any person who de- pends solely upon his own work for sustenance, and who, before the age stipulated for the payment of the annuity, be- comes disabled, is allowed to draw at once an annuity calcu- lated from the amount of the payments made up to the time of his becoming incapacitated. "In addition to the annuity fund there is a Government in- surance fund, the management of which is under Government 39 Text-Book of True Temperance. guarantee. Life or endowment policies may be contracted for, the latter payable at the end of ten, fifteen, twenty, or twenty-five years, or for a period ending at the ages of fifty- five, sixty or sixty-five." It is contended that Belgium is prosperous to-day and that the country is practically devoid of paupers because of this government policy. In view of these extraordinary facts adduced by the World's Work, it is of interest to note that Belgium drinks more beer, per capita, than any other country in the world. That is to say, the thriftiest and most provident of all countries consumes the greatest quan- tity of beer per head of population! This statement will seem so incredible to all who have an extreme temperance bias, or who have been fed with prohibition sociology and statistics, thtt we deem it wise to give the official figures. Our National Department of Commerce and Labor recently pub- lished some comparative liquor statistics showing the per capita annual consumption of liquors in the countries named, from which we extract the follow- ing table: SPIRITS COUNTRIES Gallons United Kingdom 1.38 France 2.51 Germany 2. 11 Italy .34 Russia 1.29 Belgium 1.42 Sweden 2.13 United States i • 33 A glance at this table reveals another surprising and significant fact, viz.: That while the Belgians drink, per head, three times as much beer as we do, 40 BEER WINE Gallons Gallons 35-42 0-39 7.48 34-73 30-77 1-93 .20 31.86 1-13 • • • • 56.59 1.28 8.83 .18 18.04 .48 Text-Book of True Temperance. they also drink more than double as much wine and slightly more spirits. This exhibit, taken in conjunction with the facts of national prosperity and individual thrift in Belgium, certainly offers food for thought to the student of economics. To go beyojid the bounds of moderation is to outrage humanity. The greatness of the human soul is shown by knowing how to keep ivithin proper bounds. So far from greatness consisting in going beyond its limits, it really consists in keeping within them! — Pascal. The cause of teinperance is not promoted by any intemperate measures. It is intemperate conduct to assert that fermented liquors ought not to be drunk at all becatise, when taken in excess, they do harm. Wine and beer and spirits have their place in the world. — Charles Dickens. No man with sense will argue that the spectacle of a drunkard, or a whole troop of drunkards, in a ditch, should be used as an argument to deprive the whole race of the kindly blessing that makeih glad the heart of man, saint and sinner alike. — Professor John Stuart Blackie. / have never asserted anything so wrong and so foolish as that it is a sin to drink wine; nor have I ever been so uncharitable, and gone so far beyond my legitimate warrant, as to pronotmce a syllable of con- demnation against those who are called "moderate drinkers." * * * TJie question of abstinence or nvn- abstinence is one which can be settled only by tJie indi- vidual conscience. — ^Archdeacon Farrar. 41 OUR SOBER NATION. How Beer Is Aiding Temperance in This Country. IN this country, as in Sweden, Holland and Bel- gium, and in Switzerland, practical experiments have shown that legislation directed against alco- holism is of no effect, without tolerance and encourage- ment of the milder stimulants — often indeed it has but resulted in magnifying and intensifying the evil. And in this wise policy we mark the growth of that true temperance idea by which our country is now in the very forefront of sober nations. Since the Civil War and the almost coincident setting up of the internal revenue system, the produc- tion and consumption of beer in this country have been truly astounding. To make this point clear, we quote a few tabular figures, noting therewith that the pro- duction of 1863 (the first year of internal revenue) was but 885,272 barrels, and taking only the statistics since 1900. 1900 39,330,849 barrels. 1901 40,517,078 1902 44,478,832 1903 46,650,730 1904 48,208,133 1905 49.459.540 1906 54,651,637 1907 58,546,111 1908 58,747,680 1909 56,303,497 1910 59,485,116 Commenting on the wonderfully increased con" 42 Text-Book of True Temperance. sumption of beer in this country and the sensible diminution in the quality of ardent spirits used within the past decade, the New York Sun, in an editorial (August 22, 1905), reaches the conclusion that **beer drives out hard drink." The Sun also notes as a consequence that public drunkenness is compara- tively rare in all the cities of America to-day, among all classes of society. Mr. James Dalrymple, Glasgow's commissioner of municipal railways, who was recently in this country, was constantly struck by the same fact as contrasted with conditions abroad. Drunken workingmen are rarely seen in any American community. Yet the time is not so far back when a different state of affairs prevailed in this country. It is hardly a generation since drunkenness was the national vice. The change seems to have come through the more general use of malt liquors. As the 5^n says, "Beer drives out hard drink." Moderation and temperance are supplanting excess in the use of liquor. Can it be possible that the American people owe their present admirable sobriety to the brewer ? This is evidently the view of another great journal, the New York World, which not long ago expressed itself editorially as follows : "Government reports show constantly in the United States a decrease in the quantity of alcoholic liquors consumed in a year, and an increase in the amount of beer consumed. The malt liquor gain in 1905 over 1904 was over a million barrels. Beer is held up, therefore, as one of the great agents by which this country is to be kept among the most tem- perate nations. It would seem that even Prohibitionists might hold a reasonable interest in the improvement of the hop fields of the land." Remarking on the lesson conveyed by similar sta- tistical evidence, Professor Henry W. Famam says 43 Text- Bo ok of True Temperance. in his preface to "Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem," pubHshed imder the auspices of the Com- mittee of Fifty: "Since 1840 there has been a steady substitution of malt liquors for distilled liquors in the consumption of the people. While there has been an increase in the total quantity con- sumed, the substitution of light drinks has brought a diminu- tion in the amount of alcohol consumed per capita. More- over, though the per capita consumption of malt liquors has been nearly stationary since 1890, the consumption of dis- tilled liquors has fallen by nearly one-third in that time. How far modern methods of production have influenced this change, how far it is due to German immigration or other causes, cannot be stated with certainty. The fact remains that our progress has been in the direction of moderation." True Temperance Statistics. We are indebted to the New York Evening Post for pointing out an instance of the familiar prohibition misreading of statistics. In the Prohibition Year Book for 1 9 10 the assertion is made that "the figures of the United States Census show almost inexhaustible data for prohibition argument." The pro-liquor ad- vocate might come back (observes the Post) with the statement that in the American Prohibition Year Book one might pick up a wealth of data in favor of a liberal excise policy. Without subscribing to the lat- ter view one may nevertheless draw, from the figures cited in the prohibition manual, the fact that there has been less of a change in the drinking habit than in the drinking habits of the American people during the last forty years. In 1840 the annual per capita con- sumption of distilled liquors was 2.52 gallons. After thirty years' fluctuation the figures stood at 2.07 gallons in 1870, whence, during the next decade, there was a drop to 1.27 gallons, around which figure 44 Text-Book of True Temperance. the annual consumption has remained; in 1909 it was 1.37 gallons. The consumption of malt liquors in 1840 was 1.36 gallons a head; in 1880 it had risen to 8.26 gallons; in 1909 it was 19.7 gallons. The Post remarks that to the Prohibitionist whose principles do not discriminate between malt and dis- tilled liquors, this should be a discouraging develop- ment. It adds, somewhat less forcibly: "The rabid and anti-prohibitionist will seize upon such figures as proof of the utter failure of prohibition. But the great fact that must be taken into account, of course, is the change in the character of our population since 1840. The advent of the malt-drinking German immigrant has pro- foundly affected the drinking habits of our entire population. It supplied an impetus which has not exhausted itself twenty- five years after the slackening of the tide of German immi- gration." It is indisputable that the "advent of the malt- drinking German immigrant profoundly affected the drinking habits of our entire population," and the Post might have added, made for that progress in true temperance which to-day ranks us with the soberest nations. But the German immigration long since fell off to insignificant proportions — and beer remains the popular beverage of the American people ! The Puritan conception of Sunday has made the one day of rest from toil a very dreary one, and has deprived the poor of the means of acquiring a healthy variety of tastes. — W. E. H. Lecky. The only animals created to drink water are those wJw from their conformation are able to lap it on the surface of the earth; whereas all those who can convey tJteir hands to their mouths, were destined to enjoy the juice of the grape. — Benjamin Franklin. 45 WHO PAYS THE TAXES? Some Remarkable Facts Ignored by the Would-be Destroyers of Industry. THE brewers, distillers and allied industries an- nually pay in revenue to State and Federal Governments more than $250,000,000.00. The same industries pay an .additional tax on real estate, per- sonal property and city licenses of more than $70,000,- 000.00. The brewers are among the largest taxpayers in the country, and as such are specially interested in the sub- ject of the national resources. Last year the receipts of the Federal Government were : Customs $300,711,933.95 Internal Revenue 246,212,643.59 Public Lands 7,700,567.78 Miscellaneous 48,964,344 .52 Total Ordinary. . 603,589,489.84 Postal 203,563,383 .07 Total $807,151,872 .91 The objects of internal revenue taxation producing the largest amount of revenue are distilled spirits, fermented liquors and tobacco. During the past fiscal year there was collected on distilled spirits $123,315,181.45; on fermented hquors, $56,303,496.68; on tobacco, $51,887,178.04. 46 Text-Book of True Temperance. The brewing industry contributes to the Federal Treasury seven per cent, of all the receipts, nine per cent, of the ordinary revenue, and twenty-three per cent, of the internal revenue taxes. The leading States in the payment of internal revenue taxes for the past year are Illinois, $43,441,- 771. 11; New York, $28,637,349.37; Kentucky, $28,- 130,420.34 ; Indiana, $25,224,816.81 ; Pennsylvania $20,886,066.67; Ohio, $18,907,081.44. Among the States paying the smallest amounts are Mississippi, New Mexico, North Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming. Of the 65 collection districts subject to internal rev- enue laws, the fifth district of Illinois reported the largest collection, $28,671,699.22. The four States which made the largest quantity of fermented liquors are New York, 12,573,773 barrels; Pennsylvania, 7,050,262 barrels; Illinois, 5,525,473 barrels; Wisconsin, 4,600,931 barrels. The two dis- tricts which produced the largest quantity of fer- mented liquors are the third district of New York, 4,997,515 barrels, and the first district of Illinois, 4,725,363 barrels. Through the courtesy of the Commissioner of In- ternal Revenue, I am able to invite your consideration of some figures relating to the National income of which your Association may well be proud. They are contained in a statement showing, by fiscal years, the collection of Internal Revenue from Fermented Liq- uors during the period July i, 1897, to June 30, 1909; the receipts from all sources on account of the (Span- ish-i\.merican) War Revenue Act only during the same period, and the proportion of said War Revenue pro- vided by the increased tax on Fermented Liquors: 47 Text-Book of True Temperance. Fiscal Year Collection from Fermented Liq- uors Receipts from all sources on account of War Revenue Act only War Revenue from Fermented Liquors 1898 $38,885,151.61 67.850,392.15 72,776,831.57 74,961,697.20 71,174,625.22 46,654,823.11 48,208,132.56 49,459.539.93 54,651.636.63 58,546.110.69 58,747,680.14 56,303,496.68 $3,410,442.51 102.359,618.36 105,374,227.95 107,646,213.05 61,581,262.80 $2,023,747.66 1899 31,093,138.38 1900 1901 1902 33,431,221.65 34,439,516.10 26,687,879 55 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Total $698,220,117.49 $380,371,764.67 $127,675,503.34 At the time of the Nation's need, when three hun- dred and eighty milHons of war revenues were col- lected, your industry paid over one-third of the total sum required. And I remember hearing it stated in the House of Representatives when the Spanish War Tax was under discussion, that your industry was the only industry that did not protest against the in- creased tax, but freely offered to aid in raising the amount. — Congressman Boutell of Illinois: Address before U. S. Brewers' Association, 1910. Wine rounds off the angles of social existence, smooths the paths to friendship and conviviality. The fact that a few people injure themselves is no reason why the majority should not enjoy the zest that the exhilarating effects of alcohol gives to those who have sufficient control over themselves and do not abuse it. Wine in rnodera- tion pleases the palate and promotes the flow of wit, laughter and good feeling. — Dr. York Da vies. 48 A LESSON FROM HISTORY. Beer Favored in Early American Legislation. THE object of the following summary is to show the spirit of our American liquor laws from the earliest Colonial times, so far as fermented liquors are concerned. MASSACHUSETTS. Under the law of Massachusetts Bay, passed in 1635, no permission was required for the sale of beer and ale, while a license was required for traffic in ar- dent spirits. In 1637 the courts first forbade the sale of "strong water" in ordinaries or taverns, prohibiting all intoxicants except beer. This was the first at- tempt in this colony to promote temperance by favor- ing the use of malt beverages. In October, 1649, it was ordered that every vic- tualler or ordinary keeper should always be provided with good and wholesome beer for the entertainment of strangers. In 1679 the court ordered that no intoxicating bev- erages, save beer, should be sold on training fields, except with the permission of the commanding officers. An act passed in 1702 exempted small beer from taxation. In 1 72 1 the excise on beer was discontinued. An act was passed in June, 1789, "to encourage the manufacture and consumption of strong beer, ale and other malt liquors," wherein it is declared that the "wholesome qualities of malt liquors greatly recom- 49 Text-Book oj True Temperance. mend them to general use, as an important means of preserving the health of the citizens of this common- wealth." This law was one of general exemption. VIRGINIA, NEW YORK, PENNSYLVANIA. Intemperance had grown to be a public evil in the colony of Virginia as early as 1623. One of the most important of all Colonial statutes bearing on the liquor traffic was enacted by tlie Gen- eral Assembly in 1644. Under this law no intoxicat- ing drinks, except strong beer, were permitted to be sold in taverns and debts for ardent spirits were de- clared not recoverable. A double discrimination was thus made in favor of malt liquors. In 1658 a law was passed to encourage the planting of hops. The duty on beer was revoked in 1769. The legislature of New York in 1 700 imposed a duty on imported beer as an encouragement to domestic maltsters and brewers. The Pennsylvania assembly, in 1689, imposed an import duty upon ardent spirits, but made no mention of beer. Here, as in every other American colony, beer was regarded as one of the necessaries of life, which accounts for the discrimination in its favor. In his address to the assembly, in 1713, Governor Gordon deplored the detcadence of brewing and rec- ommended that this industry be encouraged. The lawmakers sought by import acts, passed in 1720 and 1 721, to discourage the use of rum; to the latter year belongs "an act for encouraging the making of good beer and for the consumption of grain." .An important motive of this act was to substitute malt liquors for the drink made of molasses, and then com- monly called beer. Under this law the sale of beer was 50 Text-Book of True Temperance. separated from the liquor traffic in the matter of li- censes. Shortly after the birth of the Pennsylvania iron industry it was found necessary, in 1724, to forbid the sale of any stimulant except beer in the neighborhood of the furnaces. An act "for forming and regulating the militia" passed in 1757, prohibited the sale of any stronger stimulant than beer within two miles of any muster- field or drill ground. The cheapness of rum and the superabundance of grain making every farmer a distiller, led to that con- dition of affairs which culminated in the Whiskey Revolution in the western counties. The consump- tion of ardent spirits increased prodigiously — in 1790 there were no less than five thousand stills in opera- tion, the proportion of stills to inhabitants being as I to 86. CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND, GEORGIA. In Connecticut an act was passed in 1643 forbidding the sale of spirits without license. This act did not apply to the sale of malt liquors. An act passed in 171 5 forbade any drinks, except beer, to be sold in taverns (the object of this was, of course, to check the spread of intemperance and the illicit traffic). To encourage domestic brewing Rhode Island, in 1 731 , laid an import duty on imported malt liquors. The trustees of Georgia, at the instance of General Oglethorpe, passed an act which had for its object a change of drinking habits, to be effected by the sub- stitution of wine and beer for ardent spirits. CONGRESS FAVORS TRUE TEMPERANCE. Before the House of Representatives in 1789, Mad- 51 Text-Book of True Temperance. ison, moving to lay a duty of eight cents on malt liq- uors, hoped "that this rate would be such an encour- agement as to induce their manufacture in every State of the Union." At the great federal festival held in Philadelphia, July, 1788, celebrating the ratification of the new- Constitution by ten States, American beer and cider were the only liquors used. Dr. Benjamin Rush, at one time professor of medi- cine at the University of Pennsylvania and a famous publicist in those days, taught that the true solution of the drink problem lay in encouraging the brewing industry. In the course of an essay praising the thrift, industry, temperance and other virtues of the German inhabitants of Pennsylvania, he said: "Very few of them ever used distilled spirits in their fam- ilies, their common drink being beer, wine and cider." Tench Coxe, another able advocate of temperance, whose views were influential with a great majority of the members of the first Congress, styled beer "the best of our commodities," and urged upon the farmers the advantage held out to them by the cultivation of hops and barley. He declared that "the superior virtue, both moral and political, of a country which consumes malt liquors, instead of distilled spirits, needs only to be mentioned." The first Congress placed an impost on malt liquors for the express purpose and with the distinctly avowed intention of encouraging and protecting domestic breweries. HAMILTON AND JEFFERSON AGREE. In his communication to the House of Representa- tives, March 4, 1790, Alexander Hamilton, Secretary 52 Text-Book of True Temperance. of the Treasury, recommending an increase of specific duties on imported spirituous liquors, says: "As far as this decrease might be applicable to distilled spirits, it would encourage the substitution of cider and malt liquors, benefit agriculture, and open a new and productive source of revenue." Hamilton's broad views were fully shared in this regard by his great adversary, Jefferson. On Decem- ber 13, 1818, we find the latter writing to M. De Neu- ville in advocacy of the culture of the grape in this country ; "No nation is drunken where wine is cheap, and none sober where the deamess of wine substitutes ardent spirits as the common beverage." Before Congress in 1862 the question of giving pref- erence to fermented beverages over ardent liquors came with a great access of importance derived fro-n the growing sentiment in favor of moderate drinking habits. Mr. Morrill, representing a State in which a prohibitory law was then in force (Vermont) admitted that "ale and beer as beverages may be regarded as less unhealthful than spirits." He urged that the discrimination in point of duties should be maintained. Mr. Holman (Indiana) called attention to the fact that beer "has become an article of absolute necessity in many parts of the country, as much so as tea and coffee." At this time a sanitary commission appointed by the President and the Secretary of War to examine the camps of the Union army, made a report testifying to the healthfulness of malt liquors in these words: "In certain regiments containing a large percentage of Germans, lager beer has been freely used. There is evidence before the commission tending to show that its use (at least during the summer) was beneficial, and that disorders of the 53 Text-Book of True Temperance. bowels were less frequent in companies regularly supplied with it in moderation than in other companies of the same regiment." Moderation in eating and drinking is the broad Chris- tian law. Abstinence from some kinds of food may become a duty under peculiar circumstances. Self- denial in relation to things lawful is often imperative. Wine is good; is a gift of God. It may be used with advantage; it may be abused, but not innocently or with impunity. — Kitto's Biblical Cyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Beer in Athletics. FAVORED AND RECOMMENDED BY PROFESSIONAL TRAINERS. In July, 1909, the New York Journal published an article headed, "Beer Good for Baseball Players," from which we quote as follows : "On Sunday last, in New York City, the Evening Journal organized a brilliant game of professional baseball for the amusement of the newsboys. Some fourteen thoiisand boys attended the game and spent a happy, hilarious afternoon in the open air. "The management of the Brooklyn National League Base- ball Club and of the New York American League Baseball Club volunteered their services. They brought all of the members of both clubs to give the boys a happy day. "The members of the two teams, numbering some forty altogether, dined afterwards at Shanley's, in New York City, as the guests of the Evening Journal. "When they were invited to dine they accepted with pleas- ure, but made certain stipulations as to the sort of dinner that baseball players in training ought to have. "It seems to us that the views of these baseball men are important. They handle highly-paid athletes — men on whose physical condition and sobriety depend the amuse- ment of hundreds of thousands of citizens and the profits of two great baseball clubs. 54 Text-Book of True Temperance. "The views of these men as to true temperance are set forth in the following letters addressed to the Editor of the New York Evening Journal. "The first letter is from Mr. C. H. Ebbetts, president of the National League team, of Brooklyn. He says: "'New York, July 3, 1909. " 'To the Managing Editor New York Evening Journal : "'Dear Sir — I accept with pleasure for my team the invi- tation to dine as the guests of the Evening Journal. We would request a simple dinner, with light beer and no other stimulant. That is our idea of the proper drink for ath- letes in training. " 'Yours very truly, "'Brooklyn National Baseball Club. '"By C. H. Ebbetts.' "The second letter is from Mr. John Burke, trainer of the New York American League baseball team. He says: " ' To the Managing Editor New York Evening Journal : " ' Dear Sir — The members of the New York American Club are very glad to amuse the newsboys by playing for them without any charge whatever. And we accept with pleasure the Evening Journal's kind invitation to dine after the game. " 'May I suggest in regard to the dinner, that the men, while the baseball season is on, live very temperate lives. They do not any of them want to have spirits or any strong drinks on the table. If you will give them a good American dinner, plain American beer, they will appreciate it. In every organization there are, of course, one or two men more or less tempted by alcohol. Our experience is that men can drinK beer with safety, but that the stronger drinks are apt to start off a weaker man and make it difficult for him to keep in the condition that high class baseball demands. " 'Yours very truly, "'The New York American League Baseball Club. '"By John Burke, Trainer.' "These managers of baseball players realize what our friends, the prohibitionists, ought to realize, that you cannot make men universally teetotalers, but you can make them temperate." Ale for Harvard Athletes. We print here a letter from William F. Garcelon, of No. 405 Sears Building, Boston, who wrote to a mem- 55 Text-Book of True Temperance. ber of the staff of the Boston American. Mr. Garcelon is a graduate of Harvard and the "Graduate Manager of Athletics" at Harvard University. He is a lawyer, and for three years has been Republican floor leader in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Mr. Garcelon is himself a distinguished athlete. He says in his letter to the Boston American editor, regarding the use of stimulants in the training of Harvard teams: "Dear Sir — I am glad to accede to your request for a few observations on the use of stimulants in the training of Har- vard teams. Whiskey, gin, brandy and similar stimulants are never used except possibly in case of accident or fainting and then only in the smallest quantities. As a part of our training plans they have no place. ' 'Ale is the only alcoholic drink that is given. This is given not regularly, but only after our contests, during which play- ers may have been under severe strain. For instance, in the Harvard-Dartmouth football game of 1908 the Harvard players lost an average of seven pounds a man. That evening at dinner each man who desired it was given a bottle of ale. This was not given him as a stimulant to make him feel better then, but as a food that is easily and rapidly assimilated. "By Monday all the players who remained at the training table had regained what they had lost. If a man preferred beer, there would be no objection to substituting that for ale. We never use light wines. "As you see, we do not seek a stimulant so much as we do a wholesome, nourishing food. Athletes are strong young ani- mals and do not ordinarily need even such a mild stimulant as ale. Therefore, it is given to them only occasionally, and then after they have undergone a strain In the case of foot- ball men, they usually have ale at the Saturday night din- ner. We recommend this letter to intelligent citizens and lawmakers, and to the well meaning, but in our opinion misguided prohibitionists who compel the secret drinking of alcoholic poisons, because they 56 Text- Book of True Temperance. can't prevent that, and they can prevent the use of milder stimulants. * * * Lawmakers who understand human nature should not be hypocrites, and the prohibitionist who would regulate others and unconsciously promote drunken- ness, should not govern. — Abridged from ''New York Journal. ' ' A Canadian Trainer^s Views. T. C. Flanagan, the famous athlete and founder of the Irish-Canadian Club, says as to the value of beer in training: "We have been led to believe that beer is worse than pastry. Is it? I have always maintained that beer is the best up- builder and sustainer next to beefsteak that a man under a steady grind for long periods can take. There must be mod- eration, of course, in this as in other foods, and beer is an athletic food. "I do not advocate beer- swilling anymore than I do over- eating, but I do hold that beer will stand by a man, and keep him from getting stale and tone him up ; that it will bring a man back from staleness faster than any other food I know. That may sound strange to some who imagine that training means bread and water. What is needed is to keep strong under high pressure: to continue at top-notch form under the most trying kind of work. To do that means the most nutritious kind of food, and beefsteak as the foundation, and beer as the support is the best thing I know. I do not look upon beer as a stimulant, as something to edge a man on for the moment and leave him. in a state of collapse immediately afterwards. To me it is a food and upbuilder. "As a cure for staleness I have always found it to work without fail. However, I am not the pioneer in this. Nearly all trainers of note prescribe beer. In fact, every single American athletic record is held by men who follow this principle. "Martin Sheridan, America's all-round champion, uses beer in his training, and so do John Flanagan, that weight-hurling brother of mine; Matt McGrath, also a strong man; Melvin Sheppard, champion middle-distance runner; Ralph Rose, 57 Text-Book of True Temperance. the great weight man; Alf. Shrubb, the world's best distance man; Will Sherring, winner of the Marathon race in Greece; Fred Cameron, winner of the Boston Marathon last spring; A. F. Duffy, the champion loo-yards runner of the world; B. J. Wefers, 220-yard champion; Tommy Conneff, mile champion; E. J. Webb, England's walking champion at two and seven miles; P. J. O'Connor, champion broad jumper of the world; G. E. Larmer, champion walker of the world; M. Sweeney, champion high jumper of the world; Con Walsh, champion weight thrower; Dorando Pietri, Marathon runner; Johnny Hayes, Marathon win- ner at London, England; Battling Nelson, lightweight fighter; Jack Johnson, world's champion heavyweight; Tom Longboat, and a host of others I could name." There are some who urge that the example of any man, living in good health without the use of fermented liquors, proves at least that these are not necessary for health. It proves certainly that they are not 'necessary for his health; hut it does not prove that all constitutions are alike, and that what is unnecessary or noxious to one, may not he salutary to another. — Archbishop Whately. The more nations I make acquaintance with the more convinced I am that, in spite of his defects and vices, the Frenchman is the happiest. He knows how to enjoy life, and though moderate in all his hahits he partakes of all the good things of life without making a fool of himself. In France the teetotaler is unknown, as is also the drunkard, one heing the consequence of the other. — Max O'Rell. "Drink Beer," says French League Against Alcoholism. The French National League against Alcoholism has placarded many parts of France with posters warning the people not to drink distilled liquors, essences, absinthe, aniseth, etc., and urging them to drink Beer, wine and cider in moderation. 58 TRUE TEMPERANCE. How Prohibition Works to Increase Drunkenness. WHAT is true temperance? It is as far from pro- hibition as it is from drunkenness. The drunkard is reckless of the feelings of others. With the mania for drink upon him, he forgets the needs of his family, and his own duty and honor. The prohibitionist is as intemperate in his way as the drunkard, and he acts as unwisely. Temperance has not increased because of the work of the prohibi- tionist, but in spite of it. The man who drinks too much and who can become a total abstainer is fortunate. Some do that of their own free will — but not all the prohibitionists in the world could force it upon them. The prohibitionist feels that he has a right to com- pel the majority to agree with him. He succeeds sometimes in driving out of use the drinks that are really temperate, the light wines and the beers. Prohibition emphasizes and intensifies drunkenness ; it never cures. In a prohibition State you may see a workingman lying beside the road, dead drunk, stupe- fied, pockets empty. That is the sort of thing you see in prohibition territory. You see it in Maine, in Kan- sas. The sight is familiar to everybody who has traveled in a prohibition State. Compare that miserable drunkard, the victim of prohibition, with the workingman in Germany on Sunday, or any day, taking his glass of beer, or the 59 Text-Book of True Temperance. workingman in France taking his glass of wine, tem- perately, with his family, and unmolested ! The light wines and the beers that men have always taken — and that they surely will take, in moderation, for centuries to come — represent true temperance. It is intemperate to drink the highly alcoholic poi- sons that destroy the mind and the body. It. is in- temperate in the prohibitionist to say to other men: **You should not have your wine or beer, because I and my friends have suffered through strong drink." This question of temperance has got to be fought out in this country and settled along lines of common sense. Those that discuss it and deal with it must know their subject. The fact that a man or a woman has had a son turn out a drunkard does not by any means indicate the man's or the woman's right or ca- pacity for making laws to regulate the drink traffic. On the contrary, the man whose son has turned out a drunkard has before him the living evidence of the fact that he, the father, does not understand the drink question. Let the prohibitionists ask themselves how many of the most hopeless young drunkards in the early twenties are the sons of prohibition fathers — boys that were brought up under the strict intem- perate law of prohibition? Boys, that if they drank had to drink in secret — boys that became drunkards as soon as they had a chance. It is the same in prohi- bition families as in prohibition States, and statistics prove it. Prohibition compels secret drinking, and it results in excessive drinking, when the prohibition becomes ineffective. A RUSSIAN official's REPORT. Count Skarzynski, representing the allied temper- ance organizations of France, Russia, Gennany and GO Text-Book of True Temperance. some other countries, is just leaving the United States after a six months' visit. He came here officially from Russia to investigate conditions in the drink traffic. His investigations will result in a report to the effect that prohibition, the effort to make entire commun- ities total abstainers against their will, increases drunkenness and demoralizes communities. The attention of those who want to see real tem- perance is directed to a statement made by Count Skarzynski to this newspaper. He had just said that there was practically no drunkenness in St. Peters- burg, and added, "You know that the government in Russia controls absolutely the sale of vodka (a highly- alcoholic drink). It is a government monopoly, sold by government agents under very strict restrictions. Those that sell it are government employees paid a salary; they make no profit on the vodka, so they have no object in increasing sales. The Russian Gov- ernment makes an annual profit of two hundred and fifty millions a year out of the vodka monopoly, yet it works to make the people temperate by doing what it can to discourage the use of vodka." For instance, in St. Petersburg, from 5 o'clock on Saturday afternoon until 10 o'clock on Monday morn- ing, the government prohibits the sale of vodka absolutely. But there is no interruption in the sale of light wines or light beer. And the people do not get drunk on Sunday. It is the vodka that makes them drunk. Light wines and beer do not hurt them. What the Russian Government does on Sunday the intelligent people in America, the friends of true temperance, ought to do every day in the year. The mild stimulants, beers and light wines, are the temperate drinks of temperate men and temperate 61 Text-Book of True Temperance. nations. In moderation they are beneficial, and their use tends to make men temperate and moderate. The man who leads a strictly normal life, who is not overworked, and not overtired, can perhaps get along with no stimulant whatever, if he has great strength of mind. But if he works very hard, and breaks himself down, he is actually compelled to build himself up on a nor- mal, temperate drink. Ninety per cent, of all men, and probably 99 per cent., will drink stimulants more or less. If you pass laws that make it impossible for them to get the mild stimulants openly, they will get the violent drinks secretly, and you make them drunkards. Make it very easy for the hard-working man to get his light beer openly, sociably, every day in the year. Enable the sedentary man, the clerk, the man whose muscles and liver are sluggish, to take his glass of light red wine or white wine. Realize that education and self-control mean tem- perance. Bigotry, intolerance, control of a majority by the minority, will cause secret drunkenness, and never true temperance. — Abridged from the " New York American". How to Get True Temperance. Temperate people will never come from prohibi- tion, from the attempt of a minority to coerce a majority of the people. The truly temperate man is the man who controls himself, not the man who is controlled by somebody else, not the man compelled by a lawmaking minority to do what he ought to do. For many years the world has grown gradually more temperate; drunkenness has gradually diminished. 62 Text-Book of True Temperance, Less than two hundred years ago drunkenness was not only tolerated, but rather admired among the greatest men, the directors of governments. But now it is tolerated nowhere and only pitied in the gutter. With this wonderful change for the better, prohibi- tion has had nothing whatever to do. Maine, the prohibition State, suffers from drunkenness, from the effects of drink, highly charged with alcohol, more perhaps than any State in the Union. Maine, the prohibition State, is cursed with a great body of secret drunkards, because temperate, open drinking of mild beverages is prevented by law, and drinking of the strongest stimulants is made compulsory and encouraged. Prohibition must . have that effect everywhere. It is painful to say anything that might offend or discourage the earnest prohibitionist. There are no better men or women living than those sincerely trying to help their fellow creatures and to discourage excess- ive drinking. But if the man who now tries to encourage temper- ance by force and prohibition is sincere, so was the man sincere who once tried to make people religious by the rack and the thimibscrew and other violent measures. / It is necessary to talk freely on the question of pro- hibition. The temperate nations are the nations that drink the mild beverages, the light natural wines and beers c Prohibition drives out by law the bulky, light, harmless drinks of temperate people — wines and beers. It compels men who will drink to take the con- centrated stimulants easily hidden and of which a small amount produces drunkenness. 63 Text-Book of True Temperance. In Maine, per capita, there is ten times more drunk- enness than there is in France. In Maine, prohibition rules and the law says that no man shall buy anything to drink. In France there exists temperance and no prohibi- tion. The French Government in public placards, and by education at government expense, denounces the use of highly alcoholic drinks. And it encourages and even subsidizes the production and the sale of light natural wines. If to-morrow you should establish prohibition in France, if you forbade the public selling of Hght, harmless stimulants that the people have always taken, and always will take, you would drive out the use of light wines that produce a temperate race, and you would compel the use of other drinks that produce drunkenness. So it is in Germany, where all the people, from time immemorial, have been temperate drinkers of light, wholesome beers, with a very small percentage of alcohol. There is infinitely less drunkenness in Ger- many, where prohibition is never heard of, than in Maine or in Kansas, our two most distinguished pro- hibition States. There is infinitely less drunkenness, less crime and disorder due to drink in Germany, France or Italy, where the people are temperate and where everybody drinks the really temperate drinks, than in any one of our Southern States recently de- voted to prohibition. Prohibition in Germany would mean driving out harmless beers, which do not lead to intoxication. But prohibition would not stop men from drinking. History proves that teetotalism is fatal to a race. Examples, India and Turkey. While a man is tem- perate himself and, if he chooses, leading the life of a 64 Text- Book of True Temperance. teetotaler, he ought to realize that he has no right to force his will upon another. He ought to read history intelligently, to study other countries intelligently, and know that there is no such thing as real temper- ance based upon prohibition. — Arthur Brisbane, in the ''New York Journal.'' Bad laws are the worst sort of tyranny. — Edmund Burke. It is of great importance to a republic not only to guard society against the oppression of its rulers, but to guard one part of society against the oppression of the other. Justice is the end of government; it is the end of civil society. — James Madison. The first tim£ I heard in the United States that a hundred thousand men had bound themselves publicly to abstain from spirituous liquors, it appeared to me more like a joke than a serious engagement; and I did not at once perceive why these temperate citizens could not content themselves with drinking water by their own firesides. — DeTocqueville, " Democracy in America." 65 FOREIGN REGULATION SYSTEMS. Beer Recognized as a Temperance Agent — Swiss Plan of Compensation. SOME of the most advanced systems of dealing with the drink business in Europe will pay ex- amination. The oldest and most talked-about IS the so-called Gothenburg system, now extensively adopted in Sweden. The retail traffic in spirits is placed in the hands of public corporations, the profits, after deducting 5 per cent, on the capital invested, going to public purposes. The public spirit shops are very few in number and unattractive, where a man goes in and takes his dram and leaves. He can buy all he wants by the bottle in other places, not to be used on the premises. This company control does not extend to beer and wine, which are not considered in the same class with spirits. Neither does it extend to any spirits and wines containing less than 25 per cent, of alcohol. Local option obtains largely in the coun- try districts, but does not cover the sale of beer or light wines. In Norway this system has been modified, but is in the main similar. The number of spirit shops is very small — in Bergen, the principal city, one to over 3,300 of population; in the greater part of the rural dis- tricts there are none. But a popular highly fortified wine, called liiddevin, is imported and extensively sold, not being controlled by the "companies." Beer and light wines are free, the public places where they are consumed paying merely an occupation tax and 66 Text-Book of True Temperance. being under police control like all other stores and shops, except in country districts where prohibition partly prevails. In Sweden and Norway the consumption of spirits at the public bars has greatly decreased, but there are conflicting estimates of the amounts of strong drink consumed that do not come under the "companies." Beer is becoming more popular, being considered an agent of temperance. There is believed to have been a great diminution of public drunkenness. Switzerland has a government monopoly of the traffic in spirits, leaving beer and light wines free. The consumption of spirits has been almost cut in two and their quality greatly improved. "Temperance restaurants" sell beer and wine as a matter of course, but no spirits. Absinthe has been recently prohibited. The Dutch System. Holland has no government monopoly and does nothing to eliminate or curtail private profit. It has three classes of licenses — one to sell "soft" drinks, one at a nominal fee to sell nothing stronger than beer and light wines, a third to sell spirits and all other drinks. The number of the third class licenses is very small and the fee comparatively very high. As in the other countries, the laws are strictly enforced. The new law, only a few years in force, is seemingly doing won- ders for temperance. The Danish System. Denmark has freed all beer containing not more than 2\ per cent, by weight of alcohol, so that such beverages pay no tax or license fees. The temperance societies secured the passage of this law and have built "Temperance Homes" all over the country, hav- 67 Text-Book of True Temperance, ing restaurants, reading and billiard rooms, and halls for meetings, social gatherings, dances, etc., at all of which these light beers are served together with choco- late, coffee, etc. In rural communities where no halls are available, the school houses are used for these pur- poses. The consumption of spirits has been greatly reduced, while the use of beer, and especially the tax- free kinds, is advancing. The arrests for drunkenness in Copenhagen, a much bigger city than Gothenburg and known as a pleasure-loving place, where the greatest freedom exists in the sale of alcoholic bever- ages, and even on Sundays the hours are the same as on week-days, are i6 to i,ooo of population, as against 52 in Gothenburg. Through all these systems — the only ones that, as far as government interfeience is concerned, have had any measure of success in diminishing intemperance — there runs one common principle, viz.: The encour- agement of the mild drinks as a temperance measure. Some make that principle the leading one, and they seem the most successful. Others make it second in importance, and they see en to be less successful than the former, though still more so than all other coun- tries. — From ''The Drink Question,'' by H. E. 0. Heinemann. 68 COMPENSATION. How Switzerland Indemnified All Connected With the Absinthe Traffic. TO the average American, familiar with U. S. Supreme Court decisions concerning the compen- sation question, it may be of interest to learn that, following the precedent established at the time of the introduction of the monopoly, the legislative body of Switzerland, in obedience to the popular mandate, enacted a law granting compensation not only to the owners or lessees of absinthe distilleries and the owners or lessees of wholesale establishments, but also to the owners or lessees of the land upon which the absinthe plant has hitherto been raised, and to the salaried officers and the wage-workers employed in the business of making and selling absinthe. During the two years which have elapsed since the adoption of the constitutional amendment the execu- tive officers of the Swiss federation have ascertained by a method of investigation which for thoroughness and fairness cannot be excelled, the number of acres devoted to the culture of the absinthe plant, the num- ber of absinthe distilleries, the number of whole- salers of absinthe, the number of men employed in the two latter branches of the business, together with the amount of capital invested in agriculture, manu- facture and commerce (so far as the prohibited article is concerned) , and the amount of profit annually de- rived from each. Upon the basis of these exhibits compensation will be awarded in each case. The compensation averages four times the amount of the yearly profit in each case, labor excepted, it being assumed, with the concur- rence of the parties injured, that the agricultural lands and the buildings and business devoted, re- OF THE Text-Book of True Temperance. spectively, to the raising of the raw material and the manufacture and sale of absinthe can readily be used for other profitable purposes. Labor is compensated in an equally equitable manner. The Swiss people and government have caused a thorough, scientific investigation of the nature of all fermented and dis- tilled liquors used in their country. They have found that some are so perfectly wholesome and absolutely harmless that in the interest of the common weal they deserve encouragement; that others, apt to lead to excesses, should be reasonably restricted. In only one case — absinthe — the public welfare seemed to demand a drastic measure, and in applying this in the form of prohibition the people decided, by means of the referendum, that fairness and equity imperatively demand the indemnification of the parties who must bear the losses growing out of the law. The American method differs from the Swiss in some essential particulars. Without any scientific evi- dence — in fact, in spite of convincing contrary proof, the legislature of Kansas, Maine or Iowa decides that all beverages containing alcohol, including the mildest wine, but always (for the sake of the farmer's vote) excluding cider with its nine to ten per cent, of alcohol, constitute a menace to the public weal and must there- fore, being public nuisances, be placed under the ban of prohibition without any compensation to those persons who, under the explicit terms of local excise laws and the Federal revenue acts, have invested all their capital in a business now outlawed, but formerly encouraged by legislative enactments. The U. S. Supreme Court decides that in the exercise of its police power any State may destroy any business deemed dangerous to the public weal without com- pensating the parties injured thereby. 70 Text-Book of True Temperance. The U. S. Supreme Court has no proof, and can have none, that the moderate use of beer and wine and whiskey — drinks ranging in the alcohohc proportion of their ingredients from four per cent, to 45 per cent. — constitute, all alike, a menace to the public welfare. The Court is not called upon to decide this question, but the legislature should be. This is the difference between the Swiss and the American methods. The .Right .to .Compensation. Under the law, a brewery is as much entitled to protection as a theological seminary. The fact that a man makes and sells beer, or distils stronger intoxi- cating beverages, does not in any way impair his right to citizenship. He is as much under the protection of the law, as he ought to be, as if his business were the making of religious tracts or the preaching of religious doctrines. He has the right to own property and to the ballot, and he is required to pay taxes on his business and on his property. He can be punished only by the prescribed methods of the law, and in the manner and form provided by law, and then only for the commission of acts wiiich impair the rights of others and menace the good order of society. He cannot be punished without due process of law, and he is entitled to equal protection in his person and property. — /. C. Hemphill, lecturing at Yale University. How Belgium Regards Beer. Extract froai a report of the Belgian Secretary of the Treasury relative to the law of 1897 abolishing taxes on beer, wine and cider: — "By removing local taxes pro- duced from beer, wine and cider, the law naturally lowers the price of these beverages and increases their con- simiption, thus serving the interests of public health." 71 Text-Book of True Temperance. New York "Tribune" Makes Plea for Beer. Beer is an essentially innocuous beverage. When made pure and sold in good condition it is not harm- ful to the drinker, and it is not a breeder of disorder. Were it the recognized custom here to separate liquor dealers into various classes, licensing some to sell beer and others to deal in stronger drinks, much lower charges being made for beer licenses, a great improve- ment in good order in drinking places would result and the evil consequences of the liquor traffic, direct and incidental, would be greatly diminished. Our present system of a general license for all liquors prevents a specialization which would greatly increase the pro- portion of drinking places in which there would be no great encouragement of intoxication and of the ten- dencies to disturbance and crime which follow it. If the brewers could demonstrate that beer saloons and beer gardens can be conducted with a minimum of disorder and a maximum of innocent enjoyment, the public would undoubtedly soon come to discrimi- nate among purveyors of liquors and not allow the better class to suffer from the sins of the less deserving. The sale of beer apart from other liquors should be favored by license concessions. The brewers them- selves could also do much both to promote temperance and to extend their business by producing and having competently handled an article which would be recog- nized as equal to the German beers. German beer is rich in nourishment and almost non-alcoholic, and is for most persons both a food and a tonic. The wider use here of equally good brews would educate the American public up to German standards and might greatly discourage our present overuse of harmful intoxicants. — New York Tribune. 72 Text-Book of True Temperance. Beer-drinking and Cholera Infection. Those who oppose the use of alcohol in any form, even as beer, have sometimes maintained that alcohol, even when taken in great moderation, makes the body particularly subject to infection; and recently certain temperance agitators in Germany have revived this argument for application to the threatened world epidemic of cholera. The Deutsche Brauer-Union counters on this argument by producing an official report of the Im- perial Health Office on the cholera epidemic in Ham- burg in 1893. From this report it appears that of all the male employees in the Hamburg breweries only 10 were attacked by the cholera, and of the 10 only four died. The following extract from official statistics shows how the different trades were affected by the epidemic: Brewery Employees. . Tapestry Workers. . . . Butchers Instrument -makers. . . Imperial, Local and Clerical Officials. . . . Bakers and Confec- tioners Painters and Decora- tors Bookbinders, etc Basket -makers Shipbuilders Cabinet-makers Masons Carpenters Coopers Number of persons engaged Number taken sick Number died 1.095 10 4 1.745 28 13 Z,o^:^ 54 22 649 12 10 10,545 187 75 3.827 77 29 4,261 88 37 1 ,016 23 8 784 19 9 2.357 65 41 6,258 182 90 5.918 ^12> 87 2,714 106 58 1,057 45 23 Per cent, affected 0.9 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 2 .0 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 I 3 4 8 9 9 9 3 73 Text-Book of True Temperance. From this official exhibit it appears clear that the brewers and tavern-keepers, who daily consume quan- tities of beer, fared much better during the epidemic than other trades. Der Medizinischen Wochenschrift, commenting on this circumstance, says the reason for this remarkable result is not difficult to perceive. On the one hand, the brewers consumed little or none of the infected water of the Elbe; on the other hand, it is not impossible that the acid-reacting beer destroyed the comma bacillus, thereby acting as an antiseptic against cholera. Hops a Remedy for Cholera. It is known that for centuries cholera has not ex- tended to people working in breweries; also that the consumption of beer and spirits not only protects from infection through the cholera germ, but also serves as a remedy. When cholera ravaged Budapest, in 1873, and people were dying like flies near breweries, the brewery workmen themselves were not affected by the scourge. And the newspaper, Kvas, reported on October ist, 1873, that hops appeared to be an effect- ive remedy for cholera. When the bubonic plague and cholera devastated Constantinople, hops were used extensively as an effective medicine and disinfectant. It is also asserted that cholera generally stays away from hop-growing districts. 74 VALUE OF THE BREWING INDUSTRY. Magnitude of Interests which Prohibition Seeks to Destroy. ACCORDING to the census of 1900, the total value of the products of American industry- was in i860, $1,885,861,676, and in 1900, $13,014,287,489. That is to say, the industries of our country have, in their producing capacity, grown within 40 years a little more than sevenfold. But the production of beer, which was in 1863, the first year of record, only a little over two million barrels, has grown during the same period to nearly 40 million barrels; that is, twentyfold. The census of manufactures in 1905, as contained in Bulletin 57 of the Bureau of the Census, comprises only certain industries which produced goods to the amount of $13,004,400,143. The same industries pro- duced in 1900, $11,411,121,122, an increase of about 14 per cent., while the production of beer increased twice as much. Considering that the growth of the production of beer is here measured by the quantity of the products, and that of other industries by their value, and con- sidering further that prices of products generally have considerably risen during the last six or seven years, but that of beer has remained the same, the compara- tive increase in the production of beer has been even greater than that. The phenomenal growth in the production of beer can be demonstrated in yet another way. In i860 the population of our country was 31 millions of souls; 75 Text-Book of True Temperance. in 1909 it was 75 millions, an increase of 140 per cent., while the production of beer in about the same period grew 1 ,900 per cent. In the fiscal year 1906-7 the beer production in the United States reached the enormous quantity of nearly 60 million barrels. There are single breweries now whose production is equal to more than half of the total production of beer in the United States about 40 years ago, and some cities, as for instance, New York, Milwaukee or St. Louis, produce more beer than the whole country produced in 1863. In 1900 the breweries employed 38,385 men of over 16 years of age and paid them in wages $25,573,612, or an average of $665. In 1905 the number of emplo}rees was 48,139 (nearly 10 thousand more), the amount of wages $34,542,897 (nine millions more) , and the average was $718 ($50 more). Statistics taken from the government reports of the United States Manufacturers' Census, Bulletin No. 57, show that the employees of the brewing industry are the best paid workmen in the country. Not only do they receive the highest wages, but their employment is steady, with practically no lay-off during the year. The following figures were not compiled by brewers or liquor men, but are taken from the United States Government reports: Average Yearly Wage in Various Industries. Brewery employees $719 . 64 Liquor, distilled 629 . 20 Liquor, vinous 523-55 Iron and steel manufacture 586 .98 Slaughtering and meat packing 532 .96 Carriages and wagons 508 .57 Flour and grist mills 506 . 83 Leather, tanned, cured and finished 576.61 76 Text-Book of True Temperance. Boots and shoes 466 . 63 Cigars and cigarettes 412.61 Clothing 409 . 87 Mixed textile 307 .02 Tobacco, chewing and smoking 282. 54 These figures prove that the employees of brewing concerns receive the largest annual wage paid by any leading industry. The same report of the Govem- m,ent statistician shows: "In the manufacture of beer, labor gets $1.00 out of every $5.50 produced. In the manufacture of flour, labor gets $1.00 out of every $26.35 produced. In the manufacture of fruit preserves, labor gets $1.00 out of every $6.35 produced. In the manufacture of cheese, butter and condensed milk, labor gets $1.00 out of every $16.50 produced. In the manu- facture of coffee and spices, labor gets $1.00 out of every $27.75 produced. In the manufacture of cordage and twine, labor gets $1.00 out of every $7.70 produced. The list might be extended to the same effect. It is clear that the brewing industry does well by labor, pays the highest wages and gives the workingman the largest proportionate share in the finan- cial profit." From small beginnings the production of beer has within a half-century become one of the great indus- tries of the country. Its rank among over 300 industries, whose statistics are contained in the aforementioned Bulletin 57, was in 1905 sixth in reference to the amount of capital invested and thir- teenth as to value of products, the order being as follows : Capital Invested. (Amount stated in million dollars.) Mill 1. Foundry and machine shops $937 2. Iron and steel manufacturies 936 3. Illuminating and heating gas 725 4. Lumber and timber 694 5. Cotton manufacturies 613 6. Malt liquors 516 7. Woolen manufacturies 306 77 Text-Book of True Temperance. Value of Products. (Amount stated in million dollars.) Mill. 1 . Iron and steel $960 2. Slaughtering and meat packing 814 3. Foundries and machine shops 800 4. Flour and grist mills 713 5. Lumber and timber 580 6. Cotton goods 450 7. Railroad (steam and street) cars 432 8. Woolen goods 373 9. Men's clothing. 356 10. Tobacco and cigars 331 11. Boots and shoes 320 12. Printing and publishing newspapers and periodicals 309 13. Malt liquors 298 14. Sugar and molasses 277 15. Bread and bakery products 270 It stands to reason that the destruction of any large industry would seriously affect other industries, in- cluding agriculture and mining, unless the industry so destroyed produces everything it uses in the way of buildings, raw material, machinery, tools, etc., itself, which is never the case. Every industry benefits other industries, and so does the brewing industry. Benefit to Other Industries. The size of the whole can practically be measured by statistics. The capital of the brewing industries was composed in the census years of 1890 and 1900 as follows (figures in millions) : 1890. 1900. Mill. Mill. Land $33 $54 Buildings 64 119 Machinery, tools and implements 50 "76 Cash and sundries 84 166 78 Text-Book of True Temperance. This shows that in the ten years from 1 890-1 900 the brewers spent fifty-five million dollars for buildings, and twenty-six millions for machinery and tools. How much larger the latter amount is cannot be said, for the twenty-six millions represent only the value of machinery, tools and implements preserved and existing, and consequently figuring as capital, but not the wear and tear and the things wholly used up and consumed. But even as values stated, they surely fall short of the reality, because the figures are taken from tax assessment lists, or are mere estimates and certainly do not represent actual cost. In the half decade from 1 900-1 905 the increase of capital was proportionately a little greater than in the decade 1 890-1 900, and thus it can be seen that in the fifteen years from 1 890-1905 the brewers assisted the building machinery and tool industries alone to the amount of nearly two hundred million dollars. The item cash and sundries includes such things as horses, vehicles, bottles, casks, etc., and other articles of American production. The increase from 1890 to 1900 was eighty- two million dollars. Cash forms, as a matter of course, a very small item in the increase, because cash circulates and is constantly converted into products. Consequently this item shows another eighty million dollars contribution to other industries by the brewers within ten years. The fuel consumed by the brewers in 1900 cost nearly five million dollars. The production of beer being to-day about 50 per cent, larger than in 1900 all these figures would, of course, be also correspondingly larger. Most of the brewers do not make their own malt, but buy it from maltsters, the conversion of barley into malt having become a special and large industry. For a very large 79 Text-Book of True Temperance. part of the use of its capital, its expenses for ma- chinery, tools and buildings and payment of wages, credit should be given to the brewing industry. But special statistical figures as to that are not available . Benefit to Agriculture. But the principal benefit from the brewing of beer accrues to our agriculture. The American people con- sume an enormous quantity of com and barley in the shape of beer. The ingredients consumed in pro- ducing a barrel of beer are in the average fifty pounds of malt, twelve pounds of com and ^ pound of hops. This, with a present annual production of nearly sixty million barrels of beer, shows an annual consumption of seventy-five million bushels of malt, seven hun- dred and twenty million pounds of corn (generally in manufactured form, as grits, flakes, etc.), and forty- five million pounds of hops. A bushel of malt weighs from thirty-four to forty pounds, according to quality, and is in measure about equal to a bushel of barley. A bushel of com weighs about fifty-five pounds. Figuring on present average prices, corn, 75 cents; malt barley, which is a barley of high quality, $1 per bushel, and hops 18 cents per pound, there is an annual consumption of about ninety-five million dollars worth of American farm products by the brewers, not speaking of what is con- sumed in their stables. While it is difficult to say what influence this large consumption of barley and corn has upon the prices of these cereals, it is certain that the hop production depends almost altogether on the production of beer. The total area devoted to the production of hops in 1899 was 55,613 acres. It has considerably grown since, and as only about one-fourth of the crop is 80 Text-Book of True Temperance. exported, Europe producing ordinarily enough for its own use, the American hop culture must live and die with the American beer. The United States produces about one-fifth of the hop crop of the world and ranks third among the hop- producing countries, Germany being in the lead and England coming next. For some of the best American beer Bavarian or Bohemian hops are used. The importation of Euro- pean hops in 1 906 amounted to over ten million pounds ; the export of American hops to Europe was about twelve million pounds; to American countries, about four hundred thousand pounds; to Australia, nearly half a million and to Asia over sixty thousand pounds — altogether a little over thirteen million pounds. Leaving the distilling of spirits aside, there is no industry which directly contributes more to the cost of our government than the brewing industry. The government taxes beer at $1.00 per barrel, and derives now a revenue of about S60, 000, 000 from the breweries, besides which they pay, of course, their property tax to the States and municipalities, and in some cases special license tax besides. Any form of prohibition or restriction hears most heavily upon the poorer classes, the rich being always able to secure whatever potations they wish. No one can question the sincerity of Mr. Gladstone as to temperance, but when urged to join in a temperance propagandism in 1864, he wrote: ''How can I, who have drunk good wine and bitter beer all my life, in a comfortable room and among friends, coolly stand up and advise hard-working fellow-creatures to take the pledge " — Henry Wat- TERSON. 81 Text-Book of True Temperance. How Prohibition Brings Law into Contempt. Judges know how rapidly the value of the oath sinks in courts where violation of the prohibition laws is a frequent charge, and how habitual perjury becomes tolerated by respected people. The city politicians know still better how closely blackmail and corruption hang together, in the social psychology, with the en- forcement of laws that strike against the belief and traditions of wider circles. The public service be- comes degraded, the public conscience becomes dulled. And can there be any doubt that disregard of law is the most dangerous psychological factor in our pres- ent-day American civilization? It is not lynch law which is the worst ; the crimes against life are twenty times more frequent than in Europe, and as for the evils of commercial life which have raised the wrath of the whole well-meaning nation in late years, has not disregard of law been their real source? In a popular melodrama the sheriff says solemnly: "I stand here for the law" ; and when the other shouts in reply: "I stand for common sense!" night after night the public breaks out into jubilant applause. To foster this immoral negligence of law by fabricating hasty, ill-considered laws in a hysterical mood, laws which almost tempt toward a training in violation of them, is surely a dangerous experiment in social psychology. — Prof. Milnsterherg. Forget not, I pray yon, the rights of personal freedom. Self-government is the foundation of all our political and social institutions. Seek not to enforce upon your brother by legislative enactment the virtue that he can possess only by the dictates of his own conscience and the energy of his will. — John Quincy Adams. 82 MENACE TO HONEST LABOR. How Prohibition Threatens the Toiling Millions. IN pursuance of a well-defined plan, the enemies of the brewing industry have diligently sought during the past year to prejudice our cause in the eyes of the laboring classes. Especially have they attempted by insidious means to break up the existing relations of mutual harmony and confidence between the brewers of the country and the various organized labor bodies identified with the trade. To the credit of the intelligent leaders of labor, be it said, these efforts of the enemy have been mainly without success. Not once has the authoritative voice of labor been raised in behalf of prohibition. We have yet to learn of any practicable plan by which the hundreds of thousands whose living is men- aced by prohibition are to be taken care of in the event of its triumph. The fanatics busy at their work of destruction have no leisure to think of the matter — they leave it to that providence of their own creation which depopulates cities, impoverishes communities and tramples the faces of the poor. Mayor Rose, of Milwaukee, has drawn no exaggerated picture in these words : "As a result of prohibition, vast numbers of industrial hands would be driven into other fields of industrial endeavor, already filled to capacity, with an overflow walking the coun- try up and down seeking work. Not only that, but how many thousands in that great mass have served apprenticeships and learned trades to which they have devoted years of service, and in which they have grown expert. And shall these trades be sacrificed, and must these years be lost, and must those men begin anew the game of life with their best 83 Text-Book of True Temperance. years behind them? And what of those others who are now employed in other branches of labor? The circumference of the circle inclosing their opportunities has been constantly narrowing through the employment of labor-saving devices, and now they will be called upon to divide the fraction they have left with the destitute legions turned empty-handed into the world by our prohibition friends. Stem necessity knows no law, and an empty stomach does not stand upon etiquette when food must be had to sustain life. The unemployed will have employment, even though competition must be the cudgel wielded to secure it, and that means lower wages for all." Labor Bodies Denounce Prohibition. These considerations are so palpable that he would be dull and blind indeed who should fail to grasp their significance. And there is abundant evidence, as we have said, that the workers are awake to the danger which threatens them. Many of their representative bodies by formal resolution have condemned the prohibition agitation and called upon their fellows to unite in opposing it. Thus, the Wisconsin State Fed- eration of Labor declares : ''Whereas, These fanatics propose legislation which will take away the weekly earnings of tens of thousands of wage- earners, thereby breaking up their homes and disrupting their family ties ; and, "Whereas, Wisconsin prohibition has proven that it does not prohibit, but leads to secret use of the vilest sorts of alcoholic drinks, to hypocrisy and corruption; therefore be it ''Resolved, That the Wisconsin State Federation of Labor in convention assembled, declares in no uncertain terms to all officials (legislative and executive) elected by the votes of the wage-earners, that a stringent stand should be taken against any and all measures that lead to prohibition." In a set of remarkable resolutions put forth by the Indiana State Federation of Labor, it is affirmed : "That this organization does enter into most emphatic protest against any further tampering with State or municipal 84 Text-Book of True Temperance. laws that have for their purpose the closing of such establish- ments, and the prevention of making or vending the products of breweries, distilleries and vineyards. ''Resolved, That we hereby appeal to our membership throughout the State to decline to vote for or aid in any man- ner whatever any party or organization that has for its pur- pose the restricting of the rights of personal liberty of the men and women of the State, or that may become such hereafter." The trade unions of South Dakota utter this warn- ing against prohibition, the destroyer of labor: "We have our homes and families here and want to stay, but the adoption of the County Prohibition Bill will destroy our opportunities and that of thousands of others to earn a living in this State. "We reaffirm our allegiance to that cardinal principle of jurisprudence which assures equal rights to all and special privileges to none. We condemn class legislation; we brand the proposed law as not only unfair, but un-i\merican, and we call upon the workingmen of South Dakota to lend their support to the defeat of this infamous and obnoxious measure, as its adoption would establish a dangerous precedent." The Central Trades and Labor Union of St. Louis, at a meeting held in that city February 28,1 909, passed a resolution urging the State Assernbly to so amend the liquor laws of Missouri that it would be impossible for the State to destroy or confiscate the property or business of any citizen or to inconvenience thousands of citizens without an appeal to the Courts. The lat- ter clause was intended to prevent the closing of saloons three days in succession as had been done when primary elections were held on three consecutive days. The Central Labor Union of Brooklyn, on February 28, 1909, passed the following: ''Resolved, That the Central Labor Union is opposed to any legislation that will at this time of widespread industrial depression and unemployment, suddenly throw out of work 85 Text-Book of True Temperance. thousands of members of organized labor employed in the liquor industry." The Federation of Labor of Baltimore passed a resolution scoring the Anti-Saloon League for its reprehensible tactics and declaring that much of the present business depression was due to prohibition. The resolution in part reads: "We believe that local option and the incessant agitation by paid agitators is largely responsible for the unsatisfactory condition of business. We desire to record our unqualified opposition to the Anti-Saloon League and its efforts to force local option and prohibition upon the people of this State." The Missouri State Federation of Labor passed a resolution protesting against a prohibition campaign in Missouri. This body declared that the people of the State did not want prohibition and that there was no call for such an issue being submitted to the voters. In Michigan the Cigarmakers' Union passed reso- lutions condemning prohibition and local option. The cigarmakers also did excellent and efficient work in opposing prohibition at the polls at the recent elec- tions in Michigan. The Central Federated Union of Greater New York and vicinity passed a resolution urging its members and members of all organized labor unions throughout the country to oppose the passage of prohibitory legislation wherever such measures were agitated. The Michigan, Florida and Louisiana State Federa- tions of Labor, the Boston Central Labor Union, the National Potters, Coopers and other representative labor bodies have been equally outspoken in repudiat- ing prohibition. In view of the foregoing, it would seem that the intelligent workingman is in no danger of being de- ceived by the prohibitionist in his war upon American industries. Such is the prohibitionist's conceit, how- 86 Text-Book of True Temperance. ever, that he really expects to persuade the working- man to vote away his personal liberty, his work and his living! Laws to regulate the sale of intoxicants and increase the responsibility of liquor dealers, with a judicious and rational license system and a reasonable restriction, are wiser and more effective, and more likely to be observed and enforced whenever public sentiment approves them, than any prohibitory enactment. — Henry Watte rson. Shall the Workingman Have a Keeper? Nothing has occurred in a long time that so strik- ingly marks the growth of the prohibition spirit as the notice given by several railroad companies to their employees that they must abstain from the use of alco- holic beverages on pain of dismissal. The assumption that American workmen stand in need of so drastic a warning, coupled with such a penalty, is little better than an insult to honest labor. That such a thing is possible in this enlightened day can only be regarded as the strongest kind of a testimony to the spread of the prohibition idea which now menaces the rights of the citizen in many widely separated States and com- munities. Speaking on this point not long ago before a committee of the Maryland House of Delegates, Mr. Edward Hirsch, president of the Baltimore Federa- tion of Labor, said : "I am arguing that the American workingman believes in freedom and the right to regulate his own conduct. All this temperance legislation proceeds on the theory that those who patronize saloons or take a drink are weak or irresponsible and need a guardian. If you are to pass such laws as to drink, where will it stop? The Anti- Saloon League already dictates 87 Text-Book of True Temperance. to us our politics and threatens to dominate parties; give them their way and the next step will be to tell us what we must eat or smoke or wear. The principle is the same. Our American conception of free government is that men are assumed to be responsible and are guaranteed their freedom until they abuse it. Has the American workingman who stands for the decent saloon, abused his freedom that he must now be placed in the custody of the Anti-Saloon League?" Evidently that time is come, but the workingman will have no one but himself to blame should he throw away his liberty. / have seen prohibition at work in the United States of America, and I reply, in regard to it, much more upon the information I have obtained from impartial, intelligent people than I do even on my own observation, and the evidence I have received from, such persons — persons thoroughly disinterested — is all to the same effect: that in towns, at any rate, anything in the nature of compulsory prohibition of drinking is absolutely impossible , and it only leads to drinking in worse forms than under the old system. — The Riglit Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., 1894. The rich and well-to-do have no more right to indulge themselves at their clubs and at the sideboards of their homes than have the poor to indulge themselves at the corner grocery, and no man has a moral right to vote for prohibition who, by evasion of the law, by the importa- tion of liquors from without, supplies his own demands; he has no right to enforce upon his fellowmen less for- tunately situated a policy which will compel them to a mode of life to which he does not submit himself. — Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, U. S. Solicitor-General. 88 Text-Book of True Temperance. What Is Labor's Debt To Prohibition? CLARENCE DARROW ANSWERS THE QUESTION. When did you ever hear of a prohibition convention raising its voice in protest against kilHng workingmen when their Hves were only one-half done? They are too busy talking about Rum. Now, let me tell you more. Do you know of all the people who are bom into this world, all who come upon the earth, one-fifth or one-sixth of the human race of the whole world go out through one door, and that door isn't Rum — that door is tuberculosis, and they die between 20 and 30 as a general rule, when they are of most use to their families and their friends. They die from lack of air and food and room and opportunity to live. They die, not on account of Rum, but on account of mo- nopoly, and if one-tenth part of the energy and money and hot air that is spent on Riun, were spent on tuberculosis, that great scourge would have been wiped away years ago. Do these gentlemen care any- thing about tuberculosis patients? No. A man may be eaten alive by tuberculosis and the prohibitionist looks square in his face and says, Oh! Rum! Rum! Why, in our tenement districts tuberculosis goes from father to son, from mother to daughter, from sister to brother, and in our sweatshops and factories, they die like flies, because men have monopolized the earth, and the prohibitionist looks on and shouts Rum! Let me tell you more. A half-million workingmen were killed and maimed last year, the victims of our indus- trial machines. They were ground up by cars; they died in molten vats of steel and lead; they had their arms and hands cut off hy machines; they fell from the tenth or fifteenth story of an iron structure, up in the air, while working to buy bread for their families. They died by every spindle and engine that makes 89 Text-Book of True Temperance, these great industries what they are. Half a milHon of these lives and limbs could have been saved if man cared for life and didn't care for dollars. If they tried to make machines safe, safe to protect human life, men and women and little children, these lives would have been saved. The other day, in the State of Illinois, about three hundred poor fellows went down into the earth with a torch on their head and lived a lingering death of perhaps a week or ten days, and never came up to their families and their homes. The reason was that men were more interested in making a mine profitable than in making a mine safe. (Ap- plause.) Do you hear any of these prohibitionists sigh and do you see them shed tears and do you hear them raise their voices in agony because of a half-million of poor workingmen ground under the wheels of in- dustry every year to make money for men? No. They don't see the tears of the widows and they don't hear the moans of the orphans, and they don't hear the dying groans of the poor victims of our industry. They are too busy shouting Rum ! Do you know that the labor organizations of this country have kept their men before every legislative body in America? — they have taken their earnings and sent men to the capitals of every State and the capital of the nation to plead for legislation that would make safety appliances for railroads and cars; that would make mines safe; that would protect life. They have been there year after year, pleading to take little children out of the mines; to take them away from the spindles and put them into the schools ; to prevent women from taking the jobs from their hus- bands and fathers. Have you ever been to a legisla- tive body and found a committee of prohibitionists there to help you plead your cause? Have they ever 90 Text-Book of True Temperance. raised their voices in behalf of your Hves, of your limbs, of your wives, of your children? Have they ever done anything except to shout Rum ? While you have been there pleading for your homes and your families and your lives, over here in the comer is raised a hoarse cry of the prohibitionists saying: "For God's sake, don't take that! Don't give us the Employers' Liability Act! Don't give us the Safety Appliance Act! Don't do an3rthing about mills and mines; just wait. Don't take up that. Let's first destroy Rum. Join with us on a moral issue. Let us get rid of Rum and then we will help you." And if you help them get rid of rum and go back you will find these gentlemen in the comer and they will say: "Not now. Let us get rid of tobacco. Let us get rid of theatres and cards and billiards and dancing and ever3rthing else and then we will attend to you." — From speech by Mr. Clarence S. D arrow, given at New Bedford, Mass., Dec. 4, 1909. How to Get Inferior Workmen. Writing on this subject, Mr. H. E. O. Heinemann says in his excellent brochure, "The Rule of Not Too Much:" "It is being more commonly claimed nowadays that the anti-drink movement of to-day is no longer an emotional affair, but based on economic grounds, and that employers of labor insist on abstinence among their employees. The word 'abstinence' is not used. Generally the word 'sobriety' or some synonym occurs. But the impression is sought to be conveyed that abstinence is meant. If this is the case, it were time the working people pulled themselves together and took action in regard to the matter. "That employers have a right to demand sobriety on the part of their employees, will not be denied. But sobriety does not mean total abstinence. And whatever else may be 91 Text-Book of True Temperance. granted, no workingman ought to allow his actions to be arbitrarily controlled outside of the time of his employment. Employers no doubt do not realize what they are doing. If they demand total abstinence outside of working hours on the part of men who enjoy alcoholic drink and are accustomed to its use, they will either drive them to secret indulgence with all its degrading influences, or will deprive them of a useful and harmless pleasure and wholesome indulgence and thus materially diminish their mental and physical buoyancy and hence their efficiency during working hours. If, on the other hand, they employ only total abstainers, they will win- now out from a generally healthy population the abnormal and defective natures and thus secure inferior material for their employ. For intolerance of alcohol is a mark of de- generacy, and abstinence not based on actual intolerance of alcohol argues lack of moral control or lack of capacity to enjoy, either of which indicates a weaker and inferior nature than the normal." The essence of real liberty is that every adult and sane man should have the right to pursue his own life and gratify his own tastes without molestation, provided he does not injure his neighbors, and provided he fulfills the duties which the State exacts from its citizens. — W. E. H. Lecky. Heavy taxes upon malt liquors and upon light wines made the ginshop flourish in England. Wise statesman- ship has always encouraged the use of the milder bever- ages as a means of temperance. Prohibition falls most severely upon malt and vinous liquors because of their greater bulk, and incites to the use of strong drink or stronger drugs . — Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, U. S. Solicitor-General. 92 PROHIBITION. A Menace to American Liberties — Its Crimes, Failures and Follies. The justest laws are the truest. — Epictetus. Civil Liberty is the not being restrained by any law but which conduces in a greater degree to the public welfare. — Paley. THE intolerance of prohibition is the same quality in kind as the intolerance of Puritanism. Both are as hostile to liberty as darkness is to light. Both have their animating spirit in that principle of tyrannic bigotry which would impose its rule upon all men, which is constantly active in one form or another, and against which eternal vigilance is the only safe- guard. This intolerant curse of Puritanism — the true par- ent and ancestor of modem prohibition — prevailed during a brief period of English history, leaving such bitter lessons as mankind will never forget. The Seventeenth Century had the Puritan ; the Twentieth Century has the Prohibitionist. Liberty is the mother of arts — especially personal liberty, for paradoxical though it seem, personal lib- erty may exist where there is very little political lib- erty or indeed none at all. This was the case under some of the Caesars, under many European princes at the time of the Renaissance, or revival of arts and learning, and during the splendid despotism of Louis XIV. Hence the fact that these and similar periods, devoid of political liberty, were yet marked by many productions of literary genius and by great progress 93 Text-Book of True Temperance. in the arts, need not be viewed as an anomaly. We can at least assure ourselves that there was a large measure of personal liberty in those times ; that popu- lar life was free, even though severed from the realm of politics and government; that men were not so dogged and harassed by a jealous tyranny in their daily lives as to be incapable of that sense of freedom which is no less necessary to the appreciation than to the production of art. It is clear, then, that the liberal arts are intimately related to and dependent upon personal liberty — the artistic spirit cannot work in chains. Feeling this to be true, the Puritans made ruthless war upon both, and in consequence of their savage zeal, art did not again raise its head in England for more than a hun- dred years . Let us quote a paragraph from Macaulay : "Sculpture fared as ill as painting. Nymphs and Graces, the work of Ionian chisels, were delivered over to Puritan stone-masons to be made decent. Against the lighter vices the ruling faction made war with a zeal little tempered by humanity or by common sense. Sharp laws were passed against betting. It was enacted that adultery should be punished with death. The illicit intercourse of the sexes, even where neither violence nor seduction was imputed, where no public scandal was given, where no conjugal right was violated, was made a misdemeanor. Public amusements, from the masques which were exhibited at the mansions of the great down to the wrestling contests and grinning matches on village greens, were vigorously attacked. One ordinance directed that all the Maypoles in England should forthwith be hewn down. Another proscribed all theatrical diversions. The playhouses were to be dismantled, the spectators fined, the actors whipped at the cart's tail. Rope-dancing, puppet shows, bowls, horse-racing, were regarded with no friendly eye. But bear-baiting, then a favorite diversion of high and low, was the abomination which most strongly stirred the wrath of the austere sectaries. It is to be remarked that their antipathy to this sport had nothing in common with the feel- 94 Text-Book of True Temperance. ing which has in our time induced the legislature to interfere for the purpose of protecting beasts against the wanton cruelty of men. The Puritan hated bear-baiting, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the spectators." At last Puritanism attempted its crowning outrage upon and invasion of personal liberty when, in 1664, the Long Parliament ordered that Christmas Day should be strictly observed as a fast and (again quot- ing the historian) "that all men should pass it in be- moaning the great national sin which they and their fathers had so often committed on that day, by romp- ing under the mistletoe, eating boar's head and drink- ing ale flavored with roasted apples." Public hatred of this act was expressed in formid- able riots. The people long remembered it with bitter resentment and the Puritan paid dearly on the day of reckoning. History furnishes numerous examples that of all possible forms of "tyranny none has been always deemed so galling and oflFensive as that which invades the sacred province of personal liberty; or, in other words, which seeks to interfere with, to regulate and control the reserved and natural rights of the indi- vidual. Such is the officious tyranny that would meddle with matters of dress and diet concerning which the individual is properly absolute and, as the saying goes, a law unto himself; assuming, of course, that his personal habits in the way of eating and drinking and clothing himself do not constitute a nuisance to his neighbor or the community. Among the natural rights of men — those innate prerogatives conceded by the general voice of man- kind — none is more deeply founded, none more vigi- lantly cherished, more jealously defended and more 95 Text-Book of True Temperance. truly incontestable than this. Yet it is this inalien- able right of humanity which the zealots of Prohibition would take away. A great historian has said that even a despotism may be tolerated long if it have wisdom enough to abstain from those oppressions that drive men mad. To this category surely belong such intolerable vio- lations of personal rights as are comprehended under the policy of prohibition. If there is anything better calculated to drive men mad than a system which thwarts the indulgence of their natural appetites, it has heretofore escaped the notice of history. We do not go so far as to say that prohibition has taken out the first caveat of this ingeniously perverted instru- ment for goading men to desperation, but it is cer- tainly entitled to all the lapsed rights of the original patentees. The principle of prohibition, as we have already sufficiently shown, is the same as that of the worst despotisms which have disfigured the annals of humanity. It is the complete negation of personal liberty and the exact antithesis of natural right. Yet this and nothing less than this is put forward as a pub- lic policy, and in some quarters executed as such, in a country where liberty is solemnly guaranteed to the humblest citizen! When the final chapter of the history of prohibition comes to be written — and Time is even now at work upon it — the Great American Fraud will appear in its true significance. Men will then wonder how it was possible that an idea so repugnant to the spirit of liberty could have become naturalized on American soil. Even greater will be their astonishment that a fanaticism which was honestly accepted and believed in by so small a fraction of the people, should some- times have succeeded in imposing its detestable rule 96 Text-Book of True Temperance. upon large communities. Not less will they cease to marvel when the true explanation dawns upon them — that hypocrisy had gone hand in hand with intoler- ance to promote this unworthy cause ; that public men had been coerced into giving their support to that against which their conscience revolted ; that the whip of bigotry had availed far more than the tongue of logic or persuasion in securing its brief ascendancy; that men had voted it into power while knowing it to be a Wrong and a Lie and secretly purposing to vio- late laws of their own making ; that it had corrupted the public morality, debauched the legislature and soiled the process of the courts; finally, that no cause ever championed by men had been indebted for its partial success in so large a degree to the baser ele- ments of human nature. Prohibition Record Up to Date. Maine — Adopted prohibition in 1846; repealed in 1856; re-enacted prohibition in 1858. New Hampshire — Adopted in 1855; repealed in 1903. Vermont — Adopted in 1 850 ; repealed in 1 903. Massachusetts — Adopted in 1852 ; repealed in 1868 ; readopted in 1869; repealed in 1875. Rhode Island — Adopted in 1852; repealed in 1863; readopted in 1886; repealed in 1889. Connecticut — Adopted in 1854; repealed in 1872. New York — Adopted in 1855; declared unconstitu- tional. Ohio — Adopted in 1851 ; annulled by a license tax law. Indiana — Adopted in 1855; declared unconstitu- tional. Michigan — Adopted in 1855 ; repealed in 1875. 97 Text-Book of True Temperance. Illinois — Adopted in 1851; repealed in 1853. Wisconsin — Adopted in 1855; vetoed by governor. Iowa — Adopted partial prohibition in 1855; full prohibition in 1 884 ; mulct law in 1893. Nebraska — Adopted in 1855 ; repealed in 1858. Kansas — Constitutional amendment in 1880. North Dakota — Constitutional provision in 1890. South Dakota — Constitutional provision in 1890; repealed in 1896. Georgia — Adopted prohibition in 1907. Oklahoma — Adopted prohibition in 1907. Alabama — Adopted prohibition in 1908; repealed same in 191 1. Mississippi — Adopted prohibition in 1908. Tennessee — Adopted prohibition in 1909. North Carolina — Adopted prohibition in 1909. The Reaction. Recent events indicate strongly that the Southern States which were overwhelmed by the prohibition tidal wave a few years ago, are weary of their costly and disastrous experiment and eager to return to license. The general elections of November, 1910, make this clear to the most obtuse or prejudiced observer. Missouri, Florida, Utah and Oregon rejected con- stitutional prohibition. Alabama elected a Gov- ernor and Legislature pledged to repeal prohibition. South Carolina chose a Governor on a local option platform. Conditions in Tennessee favor the repeal of the prohibition law. Texas elected a Governor and Legislature opposed to State-wide prohibition. South Dakota, now license, rejected a form of county pro- hibition. Arizona's constitutional convention voted to turn down a prohibition amendment. New Mex- ico has wisely decided to let dry laws alone. 98 Text-Book of True Temperance. In the States named, as in others, it is evident that the so-called prohibition "tidal wave" has, in a large measure, subsided and that there is small likelihood of its gaining new ground or recovering what it has lost. Concurrently it appears no less clear that the people are resolved upon a firm administration of just laws governing the liquor trade. Reviewing the elections as a whole and in an impartial spirit, it must be granted that, taken by and large, they offer a remark- able popular endorsement of the American theory of home rule and the license system. Naturally, the change of sentiment is most striking in the South where scarcely more than two years ago the prohibi- tion agitation assumed the features of a genuine crusade. But North and West and East the influ- ences of reaction are equally at work. Settled Forever for Missouri. We congratulate St. Louis and Missouri on the over- whelming defeat of the prohibition amendment. It is a wise and righteous decision of the people which saves both the city and the State from moral and ma- terial disaster. The Post-Dispatch takes a peculiar pleasure in extending these congratulations. This paper took the lead in the battle against Amendment No. lo. It began before the voters had registered. Its appeal "to save St. Louis" met with a tremendous popular response. An immediate result was the largest registration of voters in the history of the city. It led the fight thereafter and in the result it finds justification of its leadership and approval of its con- duct. So large is the majority against the prohibitory amendment that a fair conclusion is that every point 99 Text-Book of True Temperance. raised in objection to it was effective. There is not a shadow of doubt that both the city and the State are unalterably opposed to prohibition, because it in- fringes personal liberty; because it promotes vice, immorality and disrespect for law, order and decency ; because it impairs business stability, upsets values and lessens material prosperity. The verdict is that prohibition is neither good morals, good business nor good sense. So emphatically has this judgment been written that the question of its practicability or ad- vantage or necessity should never again be brought forward in Missouri to assume the proportions of a political issue. *j» *•* 't* 'l^ ^^ ^^ Without such a campaign and without the splendid object lesson of a regulative liquor law wisely, impar- tially and rigidly enforced, prohibition would have been a real and continuing menace. Out of the cam- paign comes the teaching that there must be not only no modification of this liquor law or its administration towards laxness, but there must be such amendments to it as experience has taught will bring the purposes of the law still nearer to realization. Regulative laws and their perfect enforcement are the bulwarks of the morality, decency and prosperity which prohibition would destroy. — St. Louis Post-Dispatch. There has been in all Governments a great deal of absurd canting about the consumption of spirits. We believe the best plan is to let people drink what they like, and wear what they like; to make no sumptuary laws either for the belly or the back. — The Rev. Sidney Smith, Dean of St. Paul's. 100 Text-Book of True Temperance. Is Prohibition Good For The State? IN THE LIGHT OF COMMON SENSE AND HUMAN EXPE- RIENCE: NO. Someone has defined history as philosophy teaching by example. Surely there has been no lack of such teaching as to the effects and consequences of prohi- bition wherever tried in this country. Among the States which have made a more or less disastrous trial of prohibition and have abandoned it for license, we may name Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Pennsylvania and South Dakota. These members of our commonwealth have, at different times but with almost equal emphasis, answered the question propounded above : they have replied that prohibition was not good for them. But why was prohibition not good for them ? Prohibition did not benefit the States named, and cannot benefit any State, for certain moral and ma- terial reasons. On the contrary, it did them great and positive harm. Let us first barely glance at the moral evils wrought by prohibition — evils which it must always produce, as the tree beareth fruit according to its kind. Prohibition refuses to recognize natural laws, and it has therefore failed even where every condition and circumstance seemed to favor it. Prohibition is the parent of illicit traffic, w^hich enormously aggravates the drink evil. It is a viola- tion of the American spirit and a contradiction of our theory of government. It is an axiom that laws which are not founded in right and reason can never be enforced. The habitual disregard for prohibitory statutes wherever they are 101 Text-Book of True Temperance. presumed to be in force tends to create and foster disrespect for all law. On this very point the Committee of Fifty (headed by such men as President Eliot of Harvard, Bishop Potter, Seth Low, Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte, Dr. Felix Adler, Prof. W. O. Atwater, and Richard Watson Gilder) has made a searching report in which they say : "There has been concurrent evil of prohibitory legislation. The efforts to enforce it during forty years have had some unlooked for effects on public respect for courts, judicial proceedings, oaths and laws in general, and for officers of the law, legislators and public servants." The Committee goes on to point out that "the public has seen law defied, a whole generation of habitual lawbreakers schooled in evasion and shame- lessness, courts ineffective through fluctuations of policy, delays, perjuries, negligencies and other mis- carriages of justice, officers of the law double-faced and mercenary, legislators timid and insincere, candi- dates for office hypocritical and truckling, and office- holders unfaithful to pledges and reasonable public expectation. Through an agitation which has al- ways had a moral end, these immoralities have been developed and made conspicuous. ' ' Finally this eminent and unimpeachable Committee reaches these conclusions, which would seem to settle decisively the moral side of the question : "Almost every sort of liquor legislation creates some spe- cific evil in politics." "Legislation to secure the ends of prohibition intensifies political dissensions, incites to social strife and abridges the public sense of self-respecting liberty." "It cannot be positively affirmed that any one kind of liquor legislation has been more successful than any other in promoting real temperance." 102 Text-Book of True Temperance. So much for the greater moral evils that attend prohibition and testify significantly that it is by no means "good for the State." We have said nothing of the secret drinking, the addiction to baneful drugs, the crime-breeding "speak-easies" and similar name- less dives, the special crop of evils for the individual and the home, which are equally chargeable to prohi- bition. These are indeed known of all men and ask no commentary. Now as to the material side of the question, "Is prohibition good for the State ?" This in truth is even easier to answer and claims a more emphatic negative. A very few facts and figures will suffice to establish our position. It is, of course, to be taken for granted that the State is not indifferent to its material prosperity or to any conditions injuriously affecting the same. Such a condition is brought about speedily and inevitably under prohibition. The North American Review, a conservative authority, says on this point : "The States of the Union, without exception, which have adopted prohibitory laws, either in whole or in part, have either experienced a material decrease in population, or have fallen very far behind the other States in their growth. • "In 906 towns located in 3 3 different States, 644 of them under prohibition orlocal option laws and, of course, legally permitting no liquor to be sold in them, the average tax rate on each $100.00 of valuation in 1902 was $2.43 in the prohibition towns, and $1.59 in the towns where Hquor was permitted. The average, therefore, was 59 per cent, higher in the pro- hibition than in the licensed towns. A similar investigation gives like results as to rents and real estate values in such localities." North, South, East and West, wherever prohibition gets a foothold, the immediate and certain results are increased taxes, stagnation of business and decline of 103 Text-Book of True Temperance. local prosperity. Increase of population is conceded to be "good for the State." Well, Maine is the oldest, the banner prohibition State. Her population in i860 was 21.2 to the square mile; thirty years later it was 21.7. How is that for prohibition ? Is pauperism "good for the State ?" Sparsely popu- lated Maine, "all dry," at least in theory, has 163 out of every 100,000 of its people living in almshouses, while thickly populated license New Jersey has only 94 in the same proportion. So we begin to see that the tangible, material fruits of prohibition are loss of population, economic ruin and misery, pauperism, discontent and crime. None of these things is, however, "good for the State." and in all of them the prohibition States have achieved the head of the column. Finally, prohibition deprives the State of enormous revenue by which many public institutions of social, charitable and educational utility are maintained. This revenue cannot otherwise be supplied without working great hardship to the people and inviting a train of economic disorders. Perhaps the Fathers of our country knew what was "good for the State." It is certain, at any rate, that Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton, with the majority of our early lawmakers, favored and sought by legis- lation to foster the native wine and brewing industries. And it may be pointed out that in more than one crisis of our history the public revenue derived from these has proved exceedingly "good for the State." The introduction of beer in America has done more for temperance than all the temperance societies and all the prohibition laws combined. — Henry Watterson. 104 Text-Book of True Temperance. Prohibition Keeps Maine Poor. The following item, credited to the Bangor News, recently appeared in the New York Sun: "The total cost of the Enforcement Commission created by the Sturgis law, passed by the legislature of 1905, from the beginning of the present year to the first of this month has been $24,018.75, while the fines and fees collected in the same period amount to $4,477.82, which makes the net cost of the Commission thus far this year $19,540.93. "Since June, 1907, when the enforcement deputies made their second appearance in this State by raiding in Somerset County, the total cost of the Commission has been $42,979.62, while the sum of $8,142.88 has been received in fines and fees from prosecutions, leaving the net cost $34,836.74." The humor of this paragraph lies in the Sun's head- ing, but the joke is not calculated to set the homy- handed Maine farmers laughing to split themselves! The total resources of all banks in Maine, in com- parison with other States, according to the report of the Comptroller of the Currency on June i, 1907, was as follows: AVERAGES STATE RESOURCES PER CAPITA Maine $182,523,663 254.57 New Hampshire 124,308,511 284.46 Vermont 92,809,820 264.41 Massachusetts 1,456,344,818 470.54 Rhode Island 243,836,859 486 . 70 Connecticut 406,568,508 393.96 New York 5,436,879,448 648.87 New Jersey 501,402,167 223.34 Pennsylvania 2,204,708,023 311 .84 The average per capita for the New England States was $408.67 and for the Middle Eastern States $438.33, showing Maine to be much below the average. 105 Text-Book of True Temperance. Figures that Speak. Honest statistics fail to serve the prohibitionist. The United States census of 1910 demonstrated that prohibition centres run behind in the natural growth of population as conapared with localities where people are not restricted in their personal habits of nutrition and enjoyment of life, and now another striking fact is revealed by the U. S. Department of the Treasury. It relates to saving, thrift and prosperity. For years the prohibitionists have insisted that where the saloon, the brewery and the distillery disappear, savings-bank deposits increase. The Treasury report shows that the very contrary is a fact: The two principal pro- hibition States, Maine and Kansas, have lower average deposits in their savings banks than almost every State not dominated by prohibitionism, while North Dakota, also a prohibition State for a number of years, has not a savings bank that the agents of the U. S. Comptroller of the Currency could find! New York, Connecticut and Montana have average savings- banks' deposits almost doubling, trebling and more than quadrupling those of Kansas and Maine. Here are the figures: Maine, $386.48; Kansas, $176.92; North Dakota, $0.00 ; New York, $509.28; Connecticut, $473.13; Montana, $823.37. These figures tell their own eloquent story. A statute cannot he fully enforced in a community where the sentiment is opposed to it, and where it is attempted to enforce it there oftentimes result more evil than good, more harm than benefit, and all kinds of disorders and difficulties are brought upon us by that attempt. — Brand Whitlock, Mayor of Toledo, Ohio. 106 Text-Book of True Temperance. Prohibition the Remedy. DR. WILLIAMS ADMITS THE TOTAL FAILURE OF THE ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM. Now what are the facts of liquor production for, let us say, the past twenty years, during which time the prohibition movement had made spectacular advances ? Why, briefly these: In 1890 the amount of Hquor consumed in the United States aggregated less than a billion gallons, the per-capita consumption being 15.53 gallons. In 1907 the amount of liquor con- sumed had risen above the two-billion-gallon mark, the per-capita consumption being 23.53 gallons. Throughout this period there has been a steady increase both in the aggregate quantity and in the per-capita consumption. And this, be it recalled, is the very decade which the prohibitionists point to with such enthusiasm as witnessing the rapid spread of local option. In 1908 and 1909, however, there was a distinct decline from the high mark of 1907, and it did appear that the long-awaited turn in the tide had come. But when the new statistics for the fiscal year ending June, 1910, came to light all hopes aroused by the statistics of the previous two years were rudely shattered. For it appeared that the recession of those two years was only a momentary ebbing of the tide as if to gather new force; and the flood of alcohol now rose again close to the "high tide" of 1907. In the past twenty years, then, the consumption of liquor has more than doubled in the United States. In 1890 there was comparatively little territory under prohibition laws; in 1910 about half the territory of the United States is under such laws. We are forced 107 Text-Book of True Temperance. to conclude either that one-half the territory of tho country now consumes more than double what the entire territory consumed twenty years ago, or else to make the alternative concession that the "dry" territories are far enough from feeing "dry" in any literal sense. In point of fact, the conclusion seems forced upon us that the passing of State-wide prohibitory laws, and the great accessions to the locally "dry" territory in the years 1908-9 did for the moment restrict the sale of liquor in these territories ; but that only a few months were required in which to establish new chan- nels of illicit distribution, after which the traffic went ahead with renewed impetus. SIXTY YEARS OF PROHIBITION. ; In the figures just given I have purposely limited the view to the most recent epoch, because the period in question has been marked by steady and rapid progress of the prohibition movement. It may be worth while, however, to illustrate on a wider scale the futility of the temperance movement, as hitherto prosecuted, in checking the consumption of alcohol. The figures are no less than appalling and should com- mand the attention of every well-wisher of the race, whatever his temperance proclivities. It appears that in 1850, at the time the first great prohibition movement was just gaining headway, the annual per- capita consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States was 4.08 gallons. In 1860 it had risen to 6.43 gallons; in 1870 to 7.70 gallons; in 1880 to 10.08 gallons; in 1890 to 15.53 gallons; in 1900 to 17.68 gallons; in 1910 to more than 23 gallons. It appears, then, that the aggregate net result of sixty years of temperance legislation is that the aver- 108 Text-Book of True Temperance. age American of to-day consumes almost six times as much liquor as did the average American of 1850. The redeeming feature of the case is that the average man now drinks vastly more beer and relatively less spirits; but this change is not one for which prohi- bition can be responsible. It is obvious that in an attempt to evade prohibition laws the more condensed spirits (being easier to handle, ship and conceal) will tend to take the place of the more bulky ones ; hence in so far as prohibition has affected the relative status of distilled spirits and beer, its influence must presum- ably have favored the former. In point of fact the consumption of distilled spirits alone in the year 1896 (the year in which Kentucky passed the local option law as just noted) had fallen to 1.01 gallons per capita. But now the consumption of spirits again increased, year by year, and in 1907 it had risen to 1.63 gallons per capita. ^ SfC 3|C 3fC 9f! •(* Briefly, then, great as I conceive the evils of the use of liquor to be, I find nothing in the evidence to lead me to believe that they can most advantageously be combated by so drastic a procedure as the enactment of a Federal prohibitory law. I believe that here, as elsewhere, the social organism must progress by evolution rather than by revolution. We cannot in a day or in a decade convince the eight or ten million men in the United States who consimie a certain quantity of liquor each day (the vast majority of them, let it be conceded, never drinking to the point of in- toxication) that they will be happier and better off for the foregoing of their indulgence. Hence a general prohibition law would from the outset have to deal with a population among whom practically half of the adult males would be in a 109 Text-Book of True Temperance. rebellious frame of mind — crying out in no uncertain terms against the infringement of their sacred personal liberties. Add that the heads of families aggregating probably not less than three million people would suddenly be deprived of their sole means of livelihood, and that properties valued in the aggregate at perhaps two billion dollars would as suddenly become worthless, and the seriousness of the social and economic crisis that would be precipitated begins to reveal itself in something like its true proportions. Personally I am at a loss to understand how anyone who has the slightest grasp of economic questions can contemplate with equanimity the anarchistic possi- bilities — nay, certainties — which reveal themselves through the slightest use of the imagination in con- nection with these figures. To me at least it seems obvious that the only thing which has kept the pro- hibition movement before the people of the United States is the simple fact that prohibition does not prohibit. — Dr. Henry Smith Williams in ''Ladies Home Journal,'' Jan. i, 1911. If every indirect effect of a man's acts upon his fellows shall give to the government the right of control over them, there are no hounds to its powers. He may he constrained, then, not only in his drink, hut in the whole of his diet, in his dress, in his speech, in the comfort and luxury of his home, in his labors a'nd in his recreations. Among some peoples government has gone to this extent, hut such governments are not free, and they are alien to the genius of our people. — ^Hon. Frederick W. Lehmann, U. S. Solicitor-General . 110 Text-Book of True Temperance. Governor Patterson Condemns Prohibition. Prohibition is fundamentally and profoundly wrong as a governmental policy, and in a country where the largest measure of freedom of action is accorded the individual it becomes intolerable. For a State, through its lawmaking power, to at- tempt to control what the people shall eat and drink and wear — except to see that they are protected from imposition — is tyranny and not liberty. No State has yet attempted to forbid what a man should eat, but pure food laws are necessary to see that what he eats is not adulterated or misbranded, and that he obtains what he wants without substitu- tion or deceit by the dishonest manufacturer or dealer. No State has yet attempted by law to prescribe the manner of dress for the people, but it would be com- petent for the State to provide by law that the goods should be properly marked so as to prevent impo- sition. * * * I a^ni convinced that any attempt to abolish the manufacture and sale of liquor is abortive, in that it does not accomplish the result hoped for. And again that it violates the plainest and most obvious rule of individual action and personal free- dom. *^^ *Tj ^^ ^^0 ^^ *J* *Jv ^* iji ^^ Shall we destroy property to make men honest ? Shall we abolish the manufacture of gunpowder because men sometimes use it to murder their fellow- men? Can we make men virtuous by law, or is it only through education. Christian influence and the growth of intelligence, consciousness and responsibility in man himself? Ill Text-Book of True Temperance. The answer is but one, and that is that man must work out his own destiny under human law, as he must his own salvation under divine law. The commandments of God forbid the doing of certain things, but His creatures have the election to keep or break these commandments. Reward comes to those who observe them and pim- ishment to those who do not. In the scheme of human government man may make laws which forbid, and he may be punished if he breaks those laws, but to remove temptation by law or to make men good by law is an asstimption of authority as unjustified by reason as it is useless in practice. The manufacturers of beer and liquor have invested large sums of money at the invitation of the State and pay the taxes required by her laws. An act to destroy the value of their plants would be confiscation and without compensation of any sort. If an individual should apply a torch and burn property to the ground, he could be held responsible both civilly and criminally for his act. If the State applies the torch of statutory confisca- tion there is no remedy, for the State is sovereign and has the power to destroy. But with the power and with no redress by the in- dividual, should not the State be slow to apply the torch ? And if it does in the exercise of its sovereignty, should it not compensate the citizen for his loss ? :ic ^ ^ ijs ^ ^ In my opinion the choice which is logically and in- evitably presented is between regulation and control by law of the liquor traffic, and secret or open vio- lation of the law. 112 Text-Book of True Temperance. It is the choice between openness and evasion, be- tween fairness and hypocrisy, between real tempta- tion and its counterfeit. Any law that will not be respected and cannot be enforced ought not to be placed upon the statute books. A law that will breed lying and deceit in the people is not a temperance measure but an in- temperance measure. «t« «!« «I« «S« *|« «i« 'I* *i* *!* *r» *|* *j^ England has been a nation for centuries and has sown the seeds of civilization over the habitable globe, but prohibition has never been accepted in England as a moral issue, or even a desirable thing from an economic standpoint. Neither France, Germany, nor any of the older nations have thought it was, nor has the United States as a government treated prohibition as a moral issue. Indeed, its policy has been the reverse, for it not only recognizes the right of the people to make and use liquor, but Congress has refused repeatedly to enact a law to prevent the shipment of liquor from other States into prohibition States. In the very large majority of the States of the Union there is no considerable sentiment for prohibi- tion, and if we compare the moral tone of the people, their intelligence and wealth, in the States w^here pro- hibition does not prevail with the few States where it does, I think a fair and accurate observer would be bound to conclude that prohibition neither elevates morally, materially nor intellectually. — From veto message of Gov. Patterson of Tennessee, January 1 1 , 1 909. 113 Text-Book of True Temperance. Eminent Divines Condemn Prohibition. Cardinal Gibbons: "The establishment of prohibition in Chicago or other large cities would be impracticable and would put a premium on the sale of intoxicating drinks. "When a law is flagrantly and habitually violated it brings legislation into contempt. It creates a spirit of deception and hypocrisy, and compels men to do insidiously and by stealth what they would otherwise do openly and above board. You cannot legislate men by civil action into the performance of good and righteous deeds." Bishop Hall, Verraont: "Prohibition drives underground the mischief which it seeks to cure, making it more difficult to deal with the evil and impossible to regulate the trade, as for instance, in the quality of liquor sold." Rev. Dr. Rainsford, New York: "To drink is no sin. Jesus Christ drank. To keep a saloon is no sin. And any policy that claims the name of Christ or does not claim His name, that deals with the well-nigh universal taste of man for alcohol on the basis of law and order alone, cannot commend itself to the best intelligence and is doomed to fail." Bishop Clark, Rhode Island: "Prohibition has been disastrous to the cause of temper- ance." Bishop Grafton, Wisconsin: "I cannot see the benefits to be derived from compulsory abstinence. Rabid temperance workers have accomplished very little toward destroying the drink evil." Rt. Rev. P. J. Donohue, Roman Catholic Bishop, Wheeling, W. Va. : "While I recognize the evils of the liquor traffic, I am never- theless driven to the conviction that prohibition will be a failure in the attempt to cope with such evils. In many States it is already a failure, the net results of such legislation being to multiply illicit bars, and at the same time to deprive the commonwealth of the revenue accruing from license." 114 Text-Book of True Temperance. Bishop Bashford, Peking, China: "If I had the power to thrust prohibition on a community I would not do it unless the community wished it." Rev. Dr. Parkhurst, New York: "I am decidedly of the opinion that the more beer and wine there is produced in this country and the more freely it is transported from State to State the less whiskey will be used and the smaller the amount of drunkenness." Rev. Dr. Blanchard, Portland, Me.: "My eyes were opened to the great evils of prohibition in a very few years. The clubs organized by young men, the selling of vile decoctions by women and children, the hypoc- risy and corruption, arrested my attention." Rev. W. A. Wasson, New York; "The use of alcoholic liquors is and has always been con- sidered not only legitimate as a beverage, but it is consecrated and hallowed in the most solemn and weighty rite of the Christian Church. Now you cannot, by a mere law, eradicate a sentiment and destroy an institution that has stood for ages, and that is so deeply rooted in our social life." Very Rev. Dr. D. J. Hartley, Little Rock, Ark.: "Everyone knows that there are many saloons that are perfectly orderly and law-abiding, where people go to drink their beer in peace with congenial companions, and where a drunkard is scarcely ever seen. Have I, as a minister, any more right to interfere with the business of such a place than the saloon-keeper would have to disturb the peace of my con- gregation while at worship?" Monsignor Harkins, Holyoke, Mass.: "I was here when the prohibitory laws were in effect in this State and know the evils which existed under them. Under no-license in Holyoke there would be less drinking, but more drunkenness." Rabbi Hirsch, Chicago: "The best safeguard against drunkenness is that drinking should be enjoyed openly. The saloon in America is fre- quented solely by men, and a certain stigma attaches to those 115 Text-Book of True Temperance. who are seen there. The worst thing in American social Ufe is the separation of the sexes. In Germany, where whole families are in the habit of drinking together in places of pub- lic resort, where the vv^ife accompanies the husband as a mat- ter of course, excess is not found , and the tone of the German cafes is as high morally as that of the German homes." Bishop Chas. D. Williams, Michigan: "I am in sympathy with the purposes those who advocate prohibition have in mind, but, while their motives are ever so laudable, the means proposed to accomplish the end is impracticable. In fact, I consider prohibition at this time wrong because it is destructive. ' ' Rev. Lyman Abbott: ' ' It was not the method of Jesus. H e lived in an age of total abstinence societies and did not join them. He emphasized the distinction between His methods and those of John the Baptist, that John came neither eating nor drinking; the Son of Man came eating and drinking. He condemned drunkenness, but never in a single instance lifted up His voice in condemnation of drinking. On the contrary, He com- menced His public ministry by making wine in considerable quantity, and of fine quality, and this apparently only to add to the joyous festivities of a wedding." Bishop Webb, Milwaukee : "The Episcopal clergy is inclined to regard with leniency the saloon in all its phases so long as the saloon is not detri- . mental, on its face, to public interest and morals. I believe that the general tendency of the Episcopal clergy is to favor, rather than oppose, the well-regulated saloon. The saloon, when at its best, certainly has many things in its favor. It is a gathering place of people, and in many instances of good people." Bishop Burgess, New York: "A law dies the moment it ceases to accord with the con- victions of a strong minority of J^the people. It is no use keeping it on the statute books, for all it does is to become one of the richest sources of unholy revenue to unscrupulous police and officials," 116 Text-Book of True Temperance. Rev. S. Parkes Cadman, Central Congregational Church, Brooklyn, N. Y.: "When you enact a law intended to do more than it ought to do, it generally ends in doing less than it should do. For that reason I am opposed to prohibition by statute. I would rather see America free first and then have its citizens use its freedom for moral ends." Bishop Keane, Wyoming: "What does it mean? Absolute prohibition of the manufac- ture of liquor? You take away then from science and from the medical profession and from the several other classes of every useful people a quite needed commodity, so that I could not in justice to the human race advocate the absolute prohibition of the manufacture of liquor." Bishop Gailor, Tennessee : "Many people thought State-wide prohibition to be the ideal remedy. Instead of calling to their aid some experts on the subject and having laws framed that could be enforced, they forced through the legislature a measure that has led to civic degeneracy. It is impracticable and its violation is productive of hidden and shameful evils. You cannot pass laws that way. The reformers should leave law making to wise experts, and be content with educating public sentiment. ' ' Bishop Daniel S. Tuttle, Presiding Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church in the United States: "All true Americans, it seems to me, ought to strive to main- tain and perpetuate American principles. State-wide pro- hibition violates and local option supports this principle, therefore I am opposed to State-wide prohibition and in favor of local option." All men do not believe in the enforcement of all laws all the time, and secondly, a statute is not law merely because it is on the statute books. — Brand Whitlock, Mayor of Toledo, O. 117 Text- Book oj True Temperance. President Taft on Prohibition. Nothing is more foolish, nothing more utterly at variance with sound policy than to enact a law which, by reason of conditions surrounding the community, is incapable of enforcement. Such instances are some- times presented by sumptuary laws, by which the sale of intoxicating liquors is prohibited under penalties in localities where the public sentiment of the imme- diate community does not and will not sustain the enforcement of the law. In such cases the legislation usually is the result of agitation by people in the country districts who are determined to make their fellow-citizens in the city better. The enactment of the law comes through the country representatives, who form a majority of the Legislature, but the en- forcement of the law is among the people who are generally opposed to its enactment, and under such circumstances the law is a dead letter. * * * The constant violation or neglect of any law leads to a demoralization of all laws. — From ''Four Aspects of Civic Duty,'' by Hon. Wm. H. Taft. The wise know that foolish legislation is a rope of sand which perishes in the twisting; that the State must follow and not lead the character and progress of tlie citizen. The law is only a memorandum. We are superstitious and esteem the statute somewhat; so much life as it has in the character of living men is its force. — Emerson. 118 PROHIBITION A CRAZE. Col. Watterson Diagnoses This and Other Popular Fanaticisms. RELIGION and politics mix no more than oil and water. Religion relates to the soul of man. Politics relates to the body of man. Religion is spir- itual. Where it is not, it becomes either despotism or hypocrisy. Politics is concrete, materialistic, aimed at the economic disposition of public affairs. The moment that a politician gets hold of a senti- mental or moral issue which seems to have a popular echo he thinks he has a gold mine and runs into all sorts of excesses. The moment the theologian finds himself in undisputed power he wants to compel every- body to think as he thinks and to do as he does by act of conventicle. The separation of Church and State in the construction of our republican autonomy had its origin in the dread of our fathers of reUgious bigotry, which had kept the world in a state of bloody chaos for two thousand years. Prohibitionism is simply a craze. From time to time we have had many such ebullitions of impractical sentimentality, developing into irrational popular fury. There was the anti-Mason outburst. A worth- less tinker by the name of Morgan, who had printed a book pretending to reveal the secrets of Masonry, made a great ado in western New York, and for sev- eral years and as far away from base as Kentucky and Tennessee, the excitement ran to fever heat. It got into politics. There was organized an anti-Mason 119 Text-Book of True Temperance. party. This party proved strong enough to determine for a number of years the poHtical complexion of the Empire State. Seward and Weed rose to power upon its wave of ignorance and malevolence. Nobody ever knew just what became of Morgan. One day he dis- appeared. A body was fished out of the lake near Niagara. It could not be identified as the missing tinker, but " 'tis a good enough Morgan till after the election," attributed to Thurlow Weed, became a say- ing of the time and has remained an aphorism in political slang from that day to this. Hardly had the fanaticism of anti-Masonry died out than the fanaticism of Know-Nothingism came in. It was heralded and organized by an adventurer of the name of Judson, who went by the pen-name of Ned Buntline. The official title he gave it was the Native American party. To its opposition to for- eigners it added opposition to Catholics. It was a secret society. To all inquiries from the outside its lodge members were required to answer, "I know nothing." Thus it became the Know -Nothing party. The Know-Nothings flourished for a few years. They were years of hatred and malice, not unmixed with crime. In New York, Philadelphia and Balti- more there were brutal anti-foreign and anti-Catholic riots. In Louisville its legacy of evil was Bloody Monday. The Know-Nothing organization was at war with all our conceptions and ideals and inspirations of jus- tice and freedom. Henry A. Wise struck it a death blow in Virginia. Andrew Johnson struck it another in Tennessee. At last it passed out with a bang and a stench. The last of the "crazes" was Free Silver. Men went wild about it. Careers were made and wrecked by it. 120 Text-Book of True Temperance. It swept over the South and West Hke a prairie fire. In four successive national elections it defeated and discredited Democracy. And what was there in Free Silver for anybody to get excited about ? It was a fiscal question pure and simple; no more and no less. It had by right and reason as little to generate heat as might the suggestion that two land two make four. Its sole merit lay in a single aspect, that of creating fifty-cent dollars, appeaUng solely to the debtor class. To the Democratic party it proved a delusion and a snare. It ran its course of insane folly, and went to the bone-yard, like anti-Masonry and Know-Nothingism before it. In combating the prohibition craze we seek to save Democracy. It is quite as dissonant to Democracy as anti-Masonry and Know-Nothingism. We have been sufficiently punished for the craze of free- silverism. Prohibition as a scheme to make men good by Act of Assembly is precisely of a piece with the others. It is a pure fantasy. It does not promote either temper- ance or virtue. It arouses human passion to frenzy by invading private rights. It does not reduce drunk- ards. It multiplies Pharisees and malefactors. It has no just recognition or belonging in the economy of government or the autonomy of true religion. It is in its essence ignorant, tyrannous and dishonest. They who advance it as a political argument are either bigots or cheats. — Col Henry Waiter son in Louisville ' 'Courier- Journal.'" Temperance means moderation; and when you say that a country has a temperate climate, you mean that it has an enjoyable climate, not that it has no climate at all. — Max O'Rell. 121 Text-Book of True Temperance. ''k Tree Is Known by Its Fruits." The habitual disregard of the prohibitory law en- genders disrespect for all law. It benumbs the moral sense and leads to evasion, subterfuge and hypocrisy, resulting not infrequently in perjury. Its blighting effect on the material prosperity of the people is strongly marked. It cuts off from communities the revenue derived from the liquor business without lessening the evils of intemperance. It largely increases public expense in the vain effort to enforce the law. It adds seriously to the burden of taxation. It depreciates the value of real estate and throws many out of employment. It discourages investment. Capital has learned to shun prohibition localities. It is tyrannical and interferes unwarrantably with the rights of the citizen. The long list of States which have tried and repu- diated prohibition shows it to be destructive of moral welfare and prosperity. A Bishop's "Don't." Don't become intemperate in preaching temper- ance. Intemperance is not only overindulgence in liquor. — Bishop Neely, of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 122 Text-Book o] True Temperance. Prohibition's Disastrous History. A DREAM OF FANATICISM THAT NEVER HAS BEEN REALIZED. During the decade immediately preceding the Civil War a great "temperance wave" swept over the country. Within a period of five years eight States, viz.: the six New England States, Michigan and Ne- braska, adopted prohibition. New York, Indiana and Wisconsin also enacted prohibitory laws, which, however, never went into effect, having been declared unconstitutional by the highest courts in those States. Now, again, after a lapse of fifty years, the country is witnessing another "temperance wave," which has already risen higher than its predecessor. Nor is the end yet in sight. While in some sections of the coun- try the "wave" has spent its force and appears to be receding, in other sections it is increasing in volume and strength. There are, at present (August, 1909), eight States in which statutory prohibition obtains — four in the South, three in the West and one in New England. Under the local option system a number of other States are being prohibitionized on the instalment plan. Not long ago it was esti- mated that saloons were being closed at the rate of thirty a day — nearly 1 1 ,000 a year. The prohibition leaders boast that, while ten years ago there were only six million people living in "dry" territory, there are now thirty-eight miUion. If pro- hibition and temperance be the same thing, we are certainly making prodigious strides toward the mil- lennium. But sober-minded people have no faith in the professions and promises of prohibitionists. Fifty years ago the leaders of the crusade thought they saw the dawn of the perfect day, when there would not be a dram shop nor a drunkard in all the land. They 123 Text-Book of True Temperance. were confident that the problem of intemperance, which had perplexed and baffled mankind for thou- sands of years, was as good as solved. The great dragon was about to be slain and his dead carcass hurled into the bottomless pit. But it turned out to be all a dream. The dragon was not slain; he was not even seriously wounded. If he disappeared at all, it was only to betake himself to the cellar to await the passing of the storm. In the course of a few years the "temperance wave" passed away, and the frenzy and hysteria that caused it, and was caused by it, died out. The crusade not only did not solve the liquor problem, but it complicated the problem with new difficulties. The States that adopted the prohibitory system soon found themselves confronted with two evils instead of one, the old disease of intemperance and the new "remedy" of prohibition. And now the successors of the men that rallied around the standard of Neal Dow are making precisely the same promises and predictions that were made of old. They assure us that the present movement means business. They prophesy that this wave will not subside until it has swept over every foot of American soil and has done to the "rum" traffic what Jehovah did to the Egyp- tians in the Red Sea. * * * No legislative system has ever been more exten- sively nor fairly tested than that of prohibition. Dur- ing the last sixty years it has been tried on the State- wide scale in many different sections of the country and under the most diverse social and political con- ditions, the periods of trial ranging from three years in Nebraska to fifty-three years in Vermont. By its record, by what it has done and by what it has not done, prohibition must be judged. On every page 124 Text-Book of True Temperance. of that record, from beginning to end, arc written the words failure, folly, farce. Nowhere and at no time, in all its history, has prohibition accomplished a single one of its avowed objects. Nowhere has it abolished the liquor traffic ; nowhere has it prevented the con- sumption of liquor nor lessened the evil of i ntem- perance. Neither as a State-wide system nor imder local option has prohibition ever made the slightest contribution toward the solution of the liquor problem. The one solitary service that it has rendered to society is that of furnishing a warning example of the su- preme folly of attempting to legislate virtue into men's lives. There could be no stronger evidence of the failure of prohibition than the fact that seven of the eight States that adopted the system fifty years ago have since abandoned it and gone back to the policy of license and regulation. The people of these States adopted prohibition in good faith. They honestly and earnestly desired to wipe out intemperance. They realized that intemperance was directly or indirectly the cause of much crime, poverty and disease; that it was a financial burden on the State ; and that it was a hindrance to material prosperity and to moral prog- ress. They thought it was a better policy to abolish than to license and regulate a traffic that seemed to them to be the root and source of this evil. Now, to claim that prohibition was even measurably successful in these States, that it accomplished even a little good, is to insult the intelligence of the people of New Eng- land. No sensible person can believe that these seven States would have deliberately repudiated a system that they had adopted in high hopes and with high moral purpose if they had found that that system was making for sobriety, prosperity and good citizenship « 125 Text-Book of True Temperance. In view of the fact that it is always easier to secure the enactment than the repeal of laws of a reputed moral purpose, the repudiation of prohibition by these States is all the more significant. The only con- clusion consistent with reason and common sense is that the people, after years of bitter experience, found that they had built on false hopes, and that conditions were not only no better but far worse under prohibi- tion than they had been under the license system. — Rev. Wm. A. Wasson. Hearing From Maine. PROHIBITION THE REAL ISSUE IN THE LATE ELECTION. When the State of Maine, after being continuously Republican in State matters for thirty years and in National elections for more than fifty years, went Democratic at the recent election, Sept. 12, 1910, the strongest deciding factor was the prohibition issue. This was largely the issue on which the Demo- cratic party made its fight. The Republican party in Maine stood for strict laws preventing the sale of liquor and other rigid laws for their enforcement over the heads of local officials. The Democratic party asserted that prohibition was both a failure and a farce ; that under it the sur- reptitious sale of liquor had increased to an enormous extent ; that arrests for selling liquor and for drunken- ness had continuously increased; that "blind tigers" and dives had multiplied; that a large share of the traffic had been driven from the saloon into the home, and that prohibition was productive of corruption and hypocrisy. Statistics gathered by an administration favorable to prohibition was presented to the voters, and a ma- 126 Text-Book of True Temperance. jority of voters decided that they would have no more of prohibition. These statistics showed: That in twenty-seven of the large centres of Maine there were for years 903 saloons doing an open liquor business. That when the State administration sent deputies to close up these saloons the sale of liquor was driven into private homes and has gone on there to a great extent. That in 1909 there were 707 persons, both men and women, committed for running saloons, "kitchen bars," or otherwise selling liquor. That in the same year 3,609 persons were committed for intoxication. That these arrests were only a fraction of the total extent of liquor selling and intoxication, and that a large proportion of the arrests for liquor selling were of those selling liquor in private homes. That of the total of 6,646 persons committed to jail in Maine in 1909 for all offenses, not less than one-half, or 3,069, were sentenced for intoxication. That nearly all the liquor sold was the worst kind of whiskey, brandy and gin, adulterated and mis- branded and often poisoned. The records of the Su- preme Judicial Court of Maine proved this. That there are eighteen express companies organ- ized and run for the sole purpose of transporting and selling whiskey. That enormous quantities of liquor came into the State by express and freight. In the city of Portland from 600 to 800 gallons of whiskey arrived by freight every morning, and even in cities of only 1,500 in- habitants fifty quarts of whiskey came by express every day. 127 Text-Book of True Temperance. That the rural regions were Hkewise filled with liquor selling by "pocket peddlers," the ordering of liquor by express and an enormous consimiption of hard cider. That there was scarcely a drug store in the State which did not sell liquor. Of the total niunber of arrests a considerable proportion were those of drug- gists. That the cocaine, raorphine and opium habits had spread to an appalling extent. The records of the chiefs of police showed this conclusively. That 12.8 per cent, of the whole number of divorces decreed were granted on specific grounds of intoxica- tion; that of the 28.6 per cent, of divorces granted on grounds of cruel and abusive treatment, a large num- ber were directly traceable to intoxication, as also a large proportion of the 4.4 per cent, granted on the ground of non-support. That a large proportion of the inmates of the State insane asylums were alcoholics or were suffering from derangement caused indirectly by excess of alcohol- ism. These are some of the facts that influenced the ma- jority of Maine's voters to vote for an administration which is pledged to resubmit the whole prohibition question to the people and repeal the obnoxious laws prevailing in Maine for more than fifty years. Majority Want License. Says a writer in the New York Press, Oct. 9, 19 10: "Few persons in Maine believe in a wide-open State, but many of them do believe in a local option law and in a mod- erately low license fee for the sale of beer and light wines and an extremely high license fee for the sale of hard liquors. The desire is to do away with the vile places that now exist and with the vile 'prohibition whiskey' that they provide and, 128 Text-Book of True Temperance. attempt to regulate the liquor business by dignified recogni- tion. One speaker in the recent campaign voiced the opinions of many of the citizens when he summed up the situation by saying: 'Men always have used stimulants and we cannot eradicate the appetite by legislation nor by corps upon corps of deputy sheriffs. Since the selling of liquor exists, let us see that it exists not as a source of blackmail for the unscru- pulous politician or ward worker of any party, not as a means of undermining the constitutions of our young people with the vile drugged concoctions that these places sell and which are bought because a man can buy nothing else; let us not cover our eyes and make believe that we do not know it exists when each sheriff points to the amount of fines he has col- lected from the drunk and the rumseller as proof that he has faithfully administered his office, when there were more ar- rests of women and young girls for drunkenness in this country this year than ever before in the history of the State. Since the traffic persists, let us handle it like men, and if we must have it, let us have it decently and reputably, not as sneaks and perjurers.' " Maine's Social Revolution. As an honest man honestly attempting to enforce the law, I knew that the viewpoint of Governor Cobb would be extremely interesting, looking back over the four years. I went to him and asked him to state to me what he thought after four years of attempting to make the people obey the law. He went over what he had endeavored to do and what he had accomplished. He said: "If I, for the social, economic and moral benefit of the rising generation of the State of Maine, were to choose between the enforcement of prohibition as I have been able to enforce it with my best efforts" (and never any man put forth such efforts) ,"if I were to choose between prohibition as I have been able to en- force it and selling rum as freely as sugar over the counter of my store, I would unhesitatingly declare for free rum." Now, gentlemen, you see! There is a 129 Text-Book of True Temperance. man who went through it. Now those things are get- ting abroad through the State of Maine. I could give you hundreds of stories similar in nature to those I have given, but to all intents the same thing. I have summed it all up in the declaration of this one man — the only one in my memory who ever honestly attempted to enforce the law. We have never had prohibition in the State of Maine before, except in theory. What has it cost ? It has cost a social revo- lution and that is all there is to it. — Holman Day. Because I believe that our present system does more harm than good — because I believe that an opportunity ought to be given to opponents to express their views — because I believe that local option would prohibit where prohibition is possible — because I believe that education and religion are more potent than law — because I be- lieve that ancient laws should be changed to express present convictions — / plead as an independent Repub- lican for resubmission. — Rev. Henry Blanchard, D.D., of Portland, Me. Disrespect for Arbitrary Laws. Mr. Arthur von Briesen, President of the Legal Aid Society of New York, in the course of an address on "Disrespect for Law" before the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, in October, 1910, said among other things : "I was in Portland, Maine, three years ago, and found that the State of Maine was what they call a Prohibition State, that is, a State which prohibited anyone from drinking a glass of wine or ale, which might be wholesome, but the law was so arranged that everyone might drink whiskey and that of the worst and most harmful kind. A friend of mine, in the city government of Portland, told me that each and every year 130 Text-Book of True Temperance. during his administration as mayor of that city, over twenty- five per cent, of the inhabitants of Portland were put in jail for drunkenness. Here was, therefore, a whole city of law- breakers, resulting in the moral destruction almost of a large number of men who without such stupid laws would have been able to exercise their self-control and to conduct themselves just as we do, without restraint. Though all sorts of liquid and solid nourishment and of temptations face us, yet we know how to resist them. The law should make for decent self-control in order to produce a good crop of citizens. By the prohibitory law we take the opportunity away from peo- ple to exercise their manly qualities, and to improve their moral status. ' 'There is another aspect : that while the majority says, you shall not drink, think what would happen if the majority should ever change, and should order: 'you must drink.' Such things could happen. "You see disrespect for law, therefore, in all the cases I have given you. You see it in these prohibitive measures ; you see it in lynch-law excesses, in strikers' excesses, in smuggling tendencies, all evidences of the greed of man to rush to his ad- vantage; law or no law, court or no court. "All this is due to a lack of healthy public opinion. It is public opinion that really makes the law, and not so much the lawmaker. On the statute books of Connecticut are still some of those "blue laws, "which, if enforced, would have some of us enjoying the burning of witches and the like. They are not enforced. Why should they remain on the statute books? Would it not be an honest thing to take them off, and not en- cumber our lives with statutes requiring citizens to adapt themselves to laws that are no longer enforceable, because public opinion forbids?" — Legal Aid Review, Oct., 19 lo. 131 RECORD OF FAILURE. The Unanswerable Proof That Prohibition Does Not Prohibit. EVERY person or firm dealing in intoxicating liquors must procure, each year, a stamp or license from the Internal Revenue Department of the United States. The number of such licenses issued in a State in any year shows, therefore, the number of persons or firms selling liquor in such State during the year in question. The report of the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for 1901 shows that in that year Vermont had 608, and New Hampshire 1,581 retail liquor dealers. Both States were then under pro- hibition. In 1903, both New Hampshire and Vermont aban- doned prohibition as a failure and adopted license systems. The report of the Internal Revenue Commissioner for 1906 shows that in that year, under license, Ver- mont had 305 and New Hampshire 972 retail liquor dealers. Vermont had, therefore, in 1901, 303 more retailers of liquor than in 1906, or double as many liquor sellers under prohibition as under license. While New Hampshire had 609 more liquor dealers in 1901 under prohibition than she had in 1906 under licence. In 1 90 1, New Hampshire and Vermont together had, while under prohibition, one retail liquor dealer for every 304 of their population, or a greater number in proportion to population than the average (one for 132 Text-Book of True Temperance. every t^t^T) of population) in all of the license States in the Union. From the report of the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for 1906 it is shown that the number of retail liquor dealers in proportion to popu- lation in each of the States given below was as follows : Prohibition States: Kansas, i for every 366 of population. Maine, i for every 1,158 of population. North Dakota, i for every 319 of population. License States: Arkansas, i for every 825 of population. f Alabama, i for every 854 of population. Delaware, i for every 413 of population. Florida, i for every 525 of population. Georgia, i for every i ,218 of population. Kentucky, i for every 483 of population. Massachusetts, i for every 552 of population. Mississippi, i for every 2 ,884 of population. Missouri, i for every 321 of population. Nebraska, i for every 380 of population. New Hampshire, i for every 424 of population. North Carolina, i for every i ,892 of population. Oklahoma and Indian Territory, i for every 450 of population. Texas, i for every 515 of population. Virginia, i for every 704 of population. Vermont, i for every 1,127 of population. West Virginia, i for every 439 of population. These seventeen States (all license at that time) had fewer retail liquor dealers in proportion to the population than had prohibition North Dakota. Maine had more sellers in proportion to population than Vermont, Georgia, North Carolina or Texas. 133 Text-Book of True Temperance. Kansas had more retail liquor dealers in proportion to population than Massachusetts or Kentucky, or many other States. Oklahoma had fewer liquor dealers in proportion to population than Kansas or North Dakota. North Dakota had more liquor dealers in propor- tion to population than the average in all the license States and Territories of the Union, and 45 per cent, more than South Dakota. Thus, official statistics of absolute accuracy prove that prohibition does not prohibit. This conclusion is made much stronger if it is considered that none of the prohibition States contain large cities, which have always increased the proportion of saloons, while many of the license States have one or more large cities. From the same authoritative source it may be learned that local prohibition, in communities under local option laws, is equally a failure. It does not prevent the sale. It only drives it into more secret and disreputable hands and places. Unconditional prohibition of the liquor traffic in the present generation, with our complex citizenship, is a practical impossibility, and the money expended, and efforts put forth by the Anti-Saloon League and kindred organizations, with the prohibition idea as the ruling motive, have been unwisely directed. Since the formation of the Anti-Saloon League, the per- capita consumption of distilled liquors has increased from a gallon to a gallon and one-half, and of fer- mented liquors from fifteen gallons to twenty-two gallons. The only practical and permanent solution of the liquor problem lies in education and the enactment of laws which are reasonable and which will make the successful control of the traffic possible. — Rev. Dr. Helt, former Superintendent of Anti-Saloon League, Indiana. 134 Text-Book of True Temperance. Theoretical Prohibition. I am a drinker, but I am also a theoretical prohibi- tionist. The faets that I am about to set down are facts that I have gathered out of my own personal experiences. What I want to show is that an im- mense amount of liquor is sold in "dry" communities. Legally, over half of the United States is "dry" territory. Prohibition literature states that five- eighths of the incorporated towns, cities and villages of the United States forbid the sale of liquor. Only a few "wet" spots remain in the South. State-wide prohibition has blanketed four Southern States. Prohibition has scored the greatest triumph of any modem reform movement. The leaders are cheered and aspire now to prohibit the sale of intoxicants throughout the nation. These are facts. Here are more. I have traveled over the United States in all sections, stopping in hundreds of towns. I never have found a city, town, or cross-roads village in the last five years in which, within two hours, I failed to get a drink. This is re- gardless of laws, their enforcement, or the feeling of the community as expressed at the polls. This is a broad statement, but anyone possessing the price of a drink can get it anywhere, unless by his own actions he arouses suspicion that he is likely to be seeking evidence. It is not the purpose of this article to argue the merits or the demerits of prohibition, but rather to state existing conditions as I found them. ****** It is the same everywhere. I have purchased drinks in at least fifty "dry" towms and never have encoun- tered serious difficulty anywhere. The only real trouble I ever had was at one place where I w^as de- tected pouring the vile whiskey they served into a 135 Text-Book of True Temperance. cuspidor. Suspicion fell upon me and I could not buy another drink in that town. One of the favorite arguments of prohibitionists is that even if they cannot prevent drinking men from getting drinks the next generation will not be tempted and therefore will not know the curse of liquor. I hugged this idea to my breast and hoped that it was true. Observation in dry places does not bear out the theory. In almost every hidden den and "blind pig" I visited I found that a great proportion of those drink- ing were minors. I found that the boys were drinking whiskey, and not beer. I found in many cases that the prohibitory laws aroused the antagonism and the curiosity of youth and brought boys to the places. — ■ From ''Drinking in Dry Places,'' American Magazine, January, 191 1. As the New York "Sun" Sees It. The New York Suit reviewing the situation not long ago, said: "In the eyes of our Southern friends, prohibition in prac- tice does not fulfill all the promises of its preliminary attitude. It has already been shown that, in Virginia at least, it neither promotes morality and good public conduct nor contributes to the general revenue. In Georgia and Alabama, more par- ticularly in Savannah and Atlanta, as in Birmingham and Huntsville, it now appears that prohibition has stimulated the criminal record and at the same time crimped the treas- ury. The returns from those States tell their own tale, while the forbodings of the taxpayers find voice in half the news- papers. Above all things, it is now apparent that prohibition does not prohibit, if 'drunks and disorderlies' count for any- thing; and the shrinkage in the public income is flagrant to the most easy-going inspection. "There is no escaping the sombre chronicle. Prohibition does not prohibit. Morality fares worse under the new law than under the old, and we must console ourselves with the complacency of a few unthinking zealots." 136 Text-Book of True Temperance. Dry Laws Favor Drinking. REMARKABLE INCREASE OF ILLICT STILLS EDITORIAL VIEWS ON REVENUE REPORT. We are drinking more alcoholic drinks than ever (says Harper's Weekly), more not only in gross, but per capita. So the Internal Revenue Bureau says after toting up its receipts for the year ending on the 30th of last June (19 10). Here is its report of some of the products that paid taxes: 163,000,000 gallons of distilled spirits, 30,000,000 gallons more than the year before. 59,485,117 barrels of fermented liquors, an increase of 3,000,000 barrels. 7,600,000,000 cigars, 160,000,000 more than 1909. 6,830,000,000 cigarettes, an increase of 1,000,000,000. 402,000,000 pounds of plug, fine-cut, cube-cut, granulated, or sliced smoking or chewing tobacco or snufT, 4,000,000 pounds more than the year before. 141,862,282 pounds of oleomargarine, 50,000,000 pounds increase. It appears that the consumption of spirits increased last year by over twenty per cent. Perhaps taxes were paid on more liquor than was drunk, but the pay- ments from year to year are a pretty close measure of consumption. That drinking should increase in the face of so much prohibition and local-option legisla- tion causes some astonishment, but is not, we believe, contrary to experience. Legislation may have an effect on manners, methods, and details of consump- tion, but it does not change habits. Prohibition, if Maine is any criterion, does not help at all in promot- ing temperance. Local option may do good, but is more likely to benefit the rising generation than the one whose habits are formed. It is possible that in spite of the Internal Revenue 187 Text-Book of True Temperance. figures the manner of drinking may be improved and the drinks better distributed. It bears on this subject that of the nine millions of population in New York State seven millions live in cities. Local option in this State is confined to coun- try townships. The increase of city population all over the country has doubtless a relation to this in- crease in the consumption both of alcohol and to- bacco. The nervous tension of city life is greater than of country life, calling more for stimulants, and af- fording more convenient opportunities to get them. Drinking and smoking, too, are both social practices, and there is more society in the cities than in the country. The consumption of spirits has increased more in proportion than the consumption of beer, and the con- sumption of cigarettes more than of cigars. The re- port is not complimentary to prohibitive legislation. How Prohibition Helps the Moonshiner. The annual report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (1910) shows that regardless of prohibition laws the production of distilled spirits has greatly in- creased during the past fiscal year. The futility of such laws is clearly demonstrated by the figures gath- ered by the Government. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1 910, there were produced 163,893,960 tax- able gallons. This is an increase of 24,000,000 gallons over the previous year, and an increase of 30,000,000 gallons over 1908. The commissioner says: "While the enactment of State-wide prohibitory laws in some States and of local option laws in other States has greatly reduced the number of distilleries of the smaller classes, and in some districts has reduced the number of rectifiers and 138 Text-Book of True Temperance. wholesale and retail liquor dealers, the production and withdrawal for consumption of distilled spirits have greatly increased during the fiscal year. " In addition to this the commissioner points out that there were reported during the year 5,100 viola- tions of internal revenue laws as compared with 4,039 the year previous. The total number of seizures was 3,184. The commissioner adds: "All of the agents' force available for raiding has been used during the year in detecting illicit distilling, which practice has increased steadily, especially in those States where State-wide prohibitory laws have been enacted. During the fiscal year 1910 there were seized and destroyed 1,911 distilleries, as compared with 1,743 for the fiscal year 1 909. In raiding these distilleries last year one officer was killed, three seriously wounded, and there were a number of minor casualties. Most cases of illicit dis- tilling are found in the States of Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina." The expenditures for violating internal revenue laws was $111,554; illicit stills seized, 1,259; illicit distilleries seized and destroyed, 1,911; arrests, 470; gallons of spirits reported for seizure, 63,821. Ala- bama had 447 stills and distilleries seized, Florida 78, Georgia 1,150, North Carolina 619, South Carolina 342, Tennessee 107 and Virginia 216. Effect of Dry Laws. Commenting on this report of the Internal Revenue Department, the conservative New York Times notes that as the nation passes more prohibition and dry local option laws, it becomes more addicted to drink- ing and smoking. The consumption of narcotics, says the Times, has increased per capita for more than 139 Text-Book of True Temperance. a generation. Of wines and liquors each individual in the United States, according to the statistical ab- stract, drank an average of 7.70 gallons in 1870, 10.08 gallons in 1880, 15.53 gallons in 1890, 17.69 gallons in 1900, and in 1909, 21.85 gallons. Most of this in- crease has been in the lighter fermented beverages. But the consuraption of distilled spirits has also steadily increased since 1896 from i.oi gallons per capita to 1.37 gallons in 1909. The figures for the present year will not comfort the prohibitionists, but they do show that, in a country full of State and local prohibitory ordinances, prohibition does not make the people more abstinent. The **Sun" Answers a Question. It is notorious that in spite of all the efforts of the internal revenue preventive service, large quantities of whiskey and other intoxicating liquors are illicitly produced and sold, not only by the "moonshiners" of remote country districts, but also in the towns and cities. More than 10,000 illicit distilleries were seized during the last eight years, and it is conceded that this is only a small percentage of the illicit stills actually operated. What happens under prohibition is simply that instead of drinking lawfully produced liquors, from which the Government derives a revenue, the people who desire stimulants drink alcoholic com- pounds illicitly distilled and brewed. This is clearly shown by the police records of certain prohibition States, where the arrests for drunkenness are in pro- portion to population greater than in States permit- ting the sale of intoxicating liquors. It is often asked by prohibitionists: Why do the liquor interests op- pose prohibitory laws if these laws do not decrease the consumption of alcoholic beverages? The answer is 140 Text-Book of True Temperance. that these laws do decrease the sale of such beverages produced under the supervision of the United States Government, on which the honest brewer or distiller pays taxes, but increase the sale of illicit products, and thereby deprive the Government of revenue, while furnishing impure and dangerous compounds to the consumer. — New York ''Sun.'' Jefferson's Dictum Recalled. The Washington Post comments: "From the report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue it is computed that our people annually consume per capita I 4-5 gallons of spirituous liquors and 20 gallons of malt liq- uors. In the estimate no account is taken of imported grog — spirituous, malt, or vinous — and that is considerable. Nor is reckoning had of domestic vinous liquors on which no tax is laid, possibly in deference to the opinion of one of the shrewd- est observers mankind has produced, even Thomas Jefferson, who opined that no nation is drunken where wine is both abundant and cheap. "Wine is abundant and cheap in France, in Italy and in Spain, and its use universal from infancy to old age; and in their rural communities these are the least drunken of the Christian nations of Europe. "There can be no doubt that our people, notwithstanding the efforts of temperance societies and prohibition parties, con- sume enormous quantities of alcoholic liquors. It seems that the Teuton is bom with the appetite and the Celt also, and certainly the African is pretty well endowed with the thirst for strong drink. "May we hasten to learn how not to abuse the use of it." I am decidedly of the opinion that the more wine there is produced in this country and the more freely it is transported from State to State, the smaller will be the amount of drunkenness. — Dr. Parkhurst. 141 Text-Book of True Temperance. The Shame of Maine. RESPONSIBLE WITNESSES TESTIFY TO THE EVILS OF PROHIBITION. Major Holman F. Day, of Maine, a Republican leader and a man of character and repute in his State, in an article in Appleton's Magazine on the Maine law, gives this testimony as to its operation and effective- ness in promoting temperance. He says : "There are scores of 'phony expresses' doing business in private packages. One agent, on trial, said that he averaged 150 deliveries daily in Portland. During the dry time in Lewiston the city liquor agency, conducted under the State law to supply liquor for medicinal and mechanical purposes, averaged a business of more than $1,000 a week, and the popu- lation of the city is less than 30,000. "Other municipal agencies did a correspondingly large business. The agency system is Maine's prohibitory safety valve. Enforcement coupled with a closed municipal agency would breed revolt. The State liquor agent sold $110,000 worth of liquors last year. These agencies carry full lines of all kinds of liquors, even bottled cocktails, the exact medicinal use of which is not stated. The last legislature threatened to investigate the whole agency system, but the serious illness of the State agent interfered with the plans for hearings. "Lastly, in considering the ways for getting liquor, we come to the so-called kitchen bar-rooms — places where strong drink is dispensed in the homes, and in Lewiston, where they flour- ish most rankly, there are hundreds of such places. There is no regulation of them. The veriest toper who has the price can buy. The quality of the liquor dispensed can hardly be described. Chemists who have analyzed some of it after its capture by officers say that it is composed of alcohol, tobacco steepings and stupefying drugs. Much of the stuff is com- pounded in Maine, and the makers of it buy labels, corks and caps in New York or Boston and produce a neat 'long-necker' of apparently good whiskey. Many victims of this stuff have died after being arrested for intoxication, and men, apparently crazed by the compound, have hanged themselves in their cells." 142 Text-Book of True Temperance. One could summon no end of witnesses to testify to the failure of prohibition in Maine, but it would be a needless task. We will call only two, and first. Sheriff Pennell, of Portland, Me. He says: "Prohibition has lowered the moral tone of the community- Prohibition has added intemperance to hypocrisy. Prohibi- tion caused 423 court cases in 1902 for violation of law. Pro- hibition caused 833 court cases in 1905-6. The prohibitory laws show the utter impossibility of reducing the traffic by such methods." THE FINNISH COMMISSION. Very lately a Finnish commission, composed of parliamentary and municipal ofificers, visited this country with a view to studying the liquor question in Maine and other States. Before they returned home, they reported some of their observations and experiences through the Eastern Argus, of Portland. They declared that they found women and children engaged in the surreptitious sale of liquor under con- ditions of utter degradation. Everywhere they ob- tained liquor with the greatest ease, and usually found it of the vilest quality. They affirmed that they had seen more drunkenness in Portland, Me., than in any other American city which they had visited. But what especially seemed to shock them was the demoralization of children, owing to their be- ing pressed into the illicit liquor trade. On this point they said: "How can those hundreds of children that now are partly used in this liquor business and partly act as Warners against the authorities, grow to be law-abiding, sober and useful members of this great, free Union? "That is one point we can't understand, and neither can we understand how people who want to 143 Text-Book of True Temperance. provide morality for their country, and have seen what we saw, can wish to uphold a law that in such a way debases themselves and their offspring." OBJECT LESSONS FOR THE YOUNG A sociological writer was investigating the effect of such a law upon the moral sense of the rising genera- tion in Maine. I asked him to go with me and we would talk of it as we went along. Our way took us down through Center Street in Portland. We saw a mob of some two hundred composed largely of chil- dren — about fifteen or twenty men and a mob of two hundred children screaming and shouting and climb- ing on the fences to look and throw stones and other missiles. My companion asked, "What is this?" "This is one of the effects I was going to tell you about the prohibition law on the morals of the rising gen- eration," I said. "This is almost the only exemplifi- cation of the power of the law that these children ever see, and they see this not only daily but many times each day, because these men, you understand, are running around picking up pints and quarts and scattered bottles of beer. These children are encour- aged by their elders to curse the officers and throw things at them and chase them off the premises." Now you think of what that means to the children! What does it mean in regard to other laws if that is the only one they are called upon to witness the enforce- ment of? — Holman Day, PROHIBITION IN MAINE PORTS. Maine prohibition has been a standing joke with the professional humorists. Admiral Evans, after his experience in the ports of Maine, regards it as a re- proach to the State. Nowhere else, he says, did he ever have so much trouble with drunken sailors. The 144 Text-Book of True Temperance. character of the places where liquor was sold to his men and the quality of the liquor was equally vile. This is one of the commonest complaints made against the prohibition system as it works out in prac- tice. In Maine the law is probably as well enforced as anywhere else. But illicit liquor-selling is highly profitable, and a large number of people who are not necessarily immoral look upon it with favor. The re- sult is that lawbreaking in this respect has become a recognized industry to be carried on with caution, and the authorities more or less wink at it. If the use of liquor were universally looked upon as a crime, as murder and theft are, prohibition would be enforced by public opinion as well as by law. In mixed communities and large centres of population it may act outwardly as a partial restraint, but at the same time it tends to breed a condition of lawlessness in which citizens and law officers are in sympathy. Maine is no worse than other prohibition places. — New York World. "GIVE THE FACTS," SAID ROOSEVELT. After my first article came out I was called to Washington by the then President Roosevelt, who I found was taking a great interest in this matter. He was kind enough to tell me he wanted to see facts pre- sented and that the time for theories had gone past. "We all know we want facts. I can sit down and talk theories — but it is facts we want. The State of Maine has been trying prohibition for sixty years. That is long enough to try anything. What has been accom- plished in the State ? The American people down in Alabama, Tennessee and other States are waiting to hear the facts. They want to sit on them as a jury in order to get the right viewpoint." — Holman Day. 145 Text-Book of True Temperance. Prohibition Repudiated. OFFICIALS TESTIFY TO FAILURE OF DRY LAWS. The Great Oregon Home Rule Association, in an effort to obtain facts and advice on prohibition, in October, 1910, telegraphed the Governors of States and Mayors of cities where it has been tried. Following is a copy of the telegram addressed to the Governors and Mayors where prohibition has been tried or is now on trial : "Oregon must choose this fall either State-wide prohibition with a search and seizure provision, or home rule. The latter gives incorporated towns and cities under present county local option law and the criminal laws of the State power to regulate, control, suppress or prohibit the sale of intoxicants within the municipality. Has experience in your State proved that State- wide prohibition is successful? What choice in the above would you make?" These are some of the replies: LAW ENFORCEMENT LAX. E. H. Crum, Mayor of Memphis, Tenn., says: "Prohibition is a total failure in the large cities of Tennes- see. Impossible of enforcement, as vast majority of urban population opposes it. Has brought 'blinders' to rural com- munities where none existed before. Attorney-General Estes states that it is impossible to secure indictments from grand jury, to say nothing of the refusal of trial juries to convict. Replacing the old license law, it has made matters worse, be- cause there is left none of the former powers of regulation. Lately it has taken big revenues from cities, counties and States." Mayor Coughlin, of Fall River, Mass., says: "Observation and experience convince me it is better ma- terially to have a rational enforcement of the regulations of the liquor traffic than prohibition. Men are not made righteous by sumptuary laws. This city, after seven months of no li- cense and its evil fruits, reversed itself last December by 2,148 votes. Conditions were bettered by change. Drunkenness has been lessened. ' ' 140 Text-Book of True Temperance. Governor Pothier, of Rhode Island, replied: "Rhode Island Constitution was amended on April, 1886, prohibiting manufacturing and sale of intoxicating liquor, but owing to unsatisfactory working the amendment was re- pealed in June, 1889. At present the cities and towns vote each year on the question under the local option law, with ap- parent satisfaction to all interests." Governor Davidson, of Wisconsin, says: "In our State law is local option with power to grant or refuse liquor licenses under strict regulation in towns, villages and municipalities by direct vote of electors in each commu- ,nity. The system is quite satisfactory from the standpoint of regulation and home rule." LAW DECLARED A FAILURE. Malcolm R. Patterson, Governor of Tennessee, says: "Prohibition is a failure in Tennessee, just as it has been in every other State where it has been tried and as it will be in Oregon if adopted. Local option, with high license, regula- tion and control by law, is, in my judgment, the only practical way to deal with a difficult subject. The experience of Ten- nessee with prohibition has resulted in decreased revenues, dis- turbance of political conditions, bad feeling engendered among the people, and with no corresponding benefit what- ever, so far as I or any other conservative citizen of that State can see." The reply of Mayor Thompson, of Chattanooga, Tenn., follows: "The prohibition law in this State has not been a success from my viewpoint. If I had to choose for the municipality of Chattanooga to-day, I would like to see it return to the excise law under which we had segregation, regulation and high license. Under these conditions no city in the entire South was better regulated than Chattanooga." Mayor Ashley, of New Bedford, Mass., says: "My observation is that State-wide prohibition has been a failure. Absolute home rule regulation of the liquor traffic is the proper treatment of the subject matter." Mayor House, of Nashville, Tenn., says: "If you want your tax rate increased, your revenues re- 147 Text-Book of True Temperance. duced, real estate values decreased and business in general hampered without promoting temperance, morality or re- ducing the amount of liquor consumed, favor State-wide prohibition. If you would avoid all these evils, vote for home rule by cities." Prohibition Fifty Years Ago. VIEWS OF GOV. ANDREW OF MASSACHUSETTS. When Massachusetts had a prohibition law the moral consequences were so deplorable that the best people of the State entered into conflict with the worst in the effort to get rid of the obnoxious statute. Among the leaders for decency was John A. Andrew, Massachu- setts' famous war Governor, who wrote the following: "I aver that a statute of prohibition, aiming to banish from the table of an American citizen, by pains and penalties, an article of diet which a large body of the people believe to be legitimate, which the law does not even pretend to exclude from the category of commercial articles, which in every na- tion, and in some form in all history, has held its place among the necessities or the luxuries of society, is absurdly weak, or else it is fatal to any liberty. Whenever it will cease to be absurdly weak, society, by the operation of moral causes, will have reached a point where it will have become useless; or else it will be fatal to any liberty, since, if not useless, but operated and fulfilled by legal force, its execution will be per- petrated upon a body of subjects in whose abject, characters there will be combined the essential qualities which are need- ful to cowardice and servility. "Do you tell me that no beverage into which alcohol enters, used in cooking, or placed upon the table, fitly belongs to the catalogue of foods? "I answer: That is a question of science, which neither Governor nor Legislature has any lawful capacity to solve for the people. "Do you tell me, then, that whether the catalogue be ex- purgated or not, all such food is unwholesome and unfit to be safely taken? "I answer: That is a question of dietetics. And it is for the profession of medicine. There is, in principle, no odds be- 148 Text-Book of True Temperance. tvveen proscribing an article of diet and prescribing a dose of physic by authority of law. The next step will be to provide for the taking of calomel, antimony and Epsom salts by acts of the general court. "Do you tell me, however, that all such beverages, in their most innocent use, involve a certain danger; that possibly anyone may, probably many, and certainly some will, abuse it, and thus abuse themselves; and by consequence that all men, as matter of prudence, and therefore of duty, ought to abstain from and reject it? "I answer: That is a question of morals, for the answer to which we must resort to the Bible, or to the church, or to the teachings of moral philosophy. The right to answer it at all, or to pretend to any opinion upon it, binding the citizen, has never been committed by the people, in any free govern- ment on earth, to the decision of the secular power. If the State can pass between the citizen and his church, his Bible, his conscience and God, upon questions of his own personal habits, and decide what he shall do, on merely moral ground, then it has authority to invade the domain of thought, as well as of private life, and prescribe bounds of freedom of con- science. There is no barrier, in principle, where the Govern- ment must stop, short of the establishment of a State church prescribed by law, and maintained by persecution. "Do you tell me that the using of wine or beer as a beverage, however temperately, is of dangerous tendency, by reason of its example? Do you insist that the temperate use of it by one man may be pleaded by another as the occasion and apology for its abuse ? "I answer: That if the Government restrains the one man of his just rational liberty to regulate his private conduct and affairs, in matters innocent in themselves, wherein he offends not against peace, public decorum, good order, nor the per- sonal rights of any, then the Government both usurps un- delegated powers and assumes to punish one man in advance for the possible fault of another. The argument that, be- cause one man may offend, another must be restrained, is the lowest foundation of tyranny, the cornerstone of despotism. Liberty is never denied to the people anywhere on the ground that liberty is denied to the good or right, in itself. The uni- versal pretext of every despotism is, that liberty is dangerous to society — that is, that the people are unfit to enjoy it. 149 Text-Book of True Temperance. "Do you tell me that these arguments have a tendency indirectly to encourage and defend useless and harmful drink- ing, and that silence would have been better — for the sake of a great and holy cause? "I answer: That He who governs the universe and created the nature of man, who made freedom a necessity of his de- velopment, and the capacity to choose between good and evil the crowning dignity of His reason, knew better than to trust it to the expedients of political society. The great and holy cause of emancipation from vice and moral bondage, is moral, and not political." — Johyi A. Andrew, Governor of Massa- chusetts. Under local option many persons who are not prohi- bitionists habitually vote for no license in the place where they live, or where their business is carried on. Persons who object to public bars, although they use alcoholic drinks themselves, may also support a local no-license system. By forethought, such persons can get their own supplies from neighboring places where license prevails. If their supplies should be cut off, they might vote differently. — Committee of Fifty 150 CF THE U RSITY AS IS MAINE, SO IS KANSAS. How Statistics Are Faked to Support Prohibition — Paupers Accounted for As Insane. KANSAS official statistics are constructed after a pattern calculated to bring joy to the heart of the optimist, and the farther away from Kansas the statistics are circulated the better for the "cause," for even a Kansas optimist enjoys a joke. The danger of circulating the statistics too near home was emphasized recently when the attention of the State Board of Health was called to the vital statistics of the State, which showed that the average length of life in Kansas w^as a mere 130 years. Whereupon a member of the State Board of Health called upon the proper authorities to stick a little closer to facts, or at least to sugarcoat the dose so that it would stand a reasonable chance of going down, even away from Kansas. East, west, north, and south, Kansas statistics have been quoted to prove that "50 per cent, of our jails and more than 60 per cent, of our poorhouses have been practically evacuated," the Governor of the State making the statement over and over again until perhaps he has finally reached the condition where he may believe it true. Another favorite expression of Kansas officials, and it is scattered continuously to the ends of the earth, is one dealing with "an unprecedented diminution of crime," although the actual records of the Kansas State Penitentiary do not bear out this rosy-hued theory. 151 Text-Book of True Temperance. The biennial report issued by the penitentiary in 1 908 quotes the chaplain of the prison as follows: "It will be noticed that the number of prisoners on June 30, 1908, is the largest ever before reported. But it will also be noted," adds the chaplain, "that on June 30, 1906, the number of Kansas prisoners was 818, while on June 30, 1908, the number was 776, a decrease of 42 in the two years.*' Since that time the official prison statistics have been confined principally to the elusive and illurai- nating phrase: "An unprecedented diminution in crime." The record of the Kansas State Prison has grown, however, since the date of that last official report, until 852 prisoners were enrolled there — a larger num- ber than was enrolled during the previous "banner" year. And the record is still growing; J. K. Codding, warden of the penitentiary, within the past few weeks, making a public statement to the effect that "the records show that we have 125 more convicts now than two years ago," which brings the population of the Kansas penitentiary up to 901 inmates, with the chances that it is still growing. It should be said to the credit of Warden Codding, however, that he has made every possible effort to keep down the prison record, even to the extent of making a public appeal to Governor Stubbs to exer- cise his power of parole in order to prevent an over- flow at the prison, to say nothing of the damaging effect of an overcrowded prison on the prosperity statistics of the prohibition State. Warden Codding has furnished still further infor- mation concerning conditions in the Kansas peniten- tiary in his public appeal to Governor Stubbs issued late in September of last year (1910). In asking for an additional appropriation of one cent per day, per man, for the board of the prisoners of the State, 152 Text-Book of True Temperance. Warden Codding made the statement that the Kan- sas prisoners were not sufficiently fed. To quote verbatim the picturesque language of Warden Cod- ding: "The Kansas prisoners go hungry to bed," the great and prosperous State unable to furnish them with sufficient food, though most of them are continually at hard labor in the prison coal mines or in the twine factory maintained by the institution. Up to date the appeal of the warden of the State penitentiary has fallen on barren ground, and the State prisoners are still "going hungry to bed." The Poor Farms Fake. Aside from its "unprecedented diminution of crime," the most frequently quoted statistics of Kansas read about as follows: "Something of the beneficent influences of prohibition upon society may be discerned in the official statistics, disclosing that at the end of the last fiscal year twenty-eight county poor farms were without tenants." It is true, that at the time of the extensively quoted report, that Kansas had twenty-eight counties with- out any poor farm inmates; many of them, however, never had a poor farm to empty, and nearly all of them are boarding out their destitute poor, presum- ably to the lowest bidder, after the fashion in vogue in other States before the dawn of civilization. When the actual facts are known concerning the Kansas poor farms, it is not that facts have been dis- torted to bolster up a false prosperity standard that invites the keenest criticism, nor is it the reporting of empty poor farms in counties where such civilizing influences as poor farms have never existed, but rather the uncivilized manner in which many of these 153 Text-Book of True Temperance. tenantless poor- farm counties "empty" their poor farms by unloading their pauper citizens upon the State, sending them to the State insane asylums as "indigent insane." The State law allowing a few dollars a week to a county for the care of its "indigent insane," in .case the State for lack of room is unable to admit an "indi- gent insane" patient into one of its asylums, holds the key to the secret of the no-poor-farm counties, and it is a significant fact that every one of the "ten- antless poor-farm" counties is represented in one or another of the State insane asylums with one or more "indigent insane" patients; which makes it apparent that when a Kansan finds himself within the shadow of the poorhouse he is immediately adjudged "in- sane." On page 182 of the Second Biennial Report of the Board of Control, State Charitable Institutions of Kansas (1908) is given an inkling of real conditions in the care of the Kansas poor : "The great modem problem," reads the report, "is not how to get inmates into the institutions for the insane, hut it is how to get them out. * * * During recent years, there has been an extraordinary increase of more than no per cent, in the number of insane in hospitals. * * * Persons who have been failures in life, on account of weak intellect, are sent to the insane hospitals instead of to the county almshouse. Old people, whose minds are failing along with their bodies, are sent to the insane hospitals by the county authorities, rather than helped at home." Dr. T. C. Biddle, Superintendent of the Topeka State Hospital for the Insane, on page 385 of the same report, says: "There is doubtless a real increase in the percentage of insanity in Kansas as elsewhere. However, the real in- crease is not as great as hospital statistics suggest, because of the fact that many cases are committed who formerly re- 154 Text-Book of True Temperance, mained in the homes or elsewhere without commitment. The tendency of the times to shift the burden of the care of the aged to the State is illustrative of this inclination of modern society. * * * It is possible that the tendency * * * will render it necessary for the State to institute some re- strictive measures in order that the State hospitals may not he converted into almhouses for the care of various types of in- competents and defectives." The same physician, on page 384 of the report, in referring to the mortuary record of the institution says: "The advanced age of the deceased is due in part to the in- creasing ages * * * hut a 'inore important factor is the growing practice of transferring the care of the aged * * * from the home to the State. * * * This increasing ten- dency of both friends of the aged and public officials, to transfer their duty in caring for the aged upon the State, is an important item in explaining the apparent and real increase of insanity in the State. Many of these old people are brought to the institution in the last days of senile decline, both mental and physical. They are exactly the same type of cases that in former years were cared for at home, or perhaps in the county almshouse. Now they are adjudged insane and transferred to the care of the State, occupying many beds that could, with greater benefit, be given to acutely insane, who, for 'want of room,' are now compelled to remain in jails or other unsuitable places. The foregoing facts suggest that an effort should be made in the way of legislative enactment to place some restriction on this abuse of the bounty of the State." What a fearful indictment of the charity of pros- perous Kansas! While Kansas cares for her aged poor in the insane asylums, the helpless children are cared for in the county almshouse, page 320 of the Report of the Board of Control offering the following illumination on the subject : "It is a blot on the fair record of Kansas that no law has ever been passed forbidding the placing of children in alms- 155 Text-Book of True Temperance. houses. * * * Children who have spent a portion of their lives in a county almshouse seldom overcome the stigma that attaches to their name therefrom. In March, 1908, the Board of Control sent out blanks to the county clerk of each county, asking for statistics in regard to the classes kept in the almshouses. * * * From the information gathered it was found that eleven counties were still keeping children in their almshouses, although the length of residence there seemed to be only for a short time. It is not known whether more than the eleven counties are sending children to the county alms- house or not." The fact that the Legislature of 1905 passed a law requiring the superintendent of each county alms- house to see that the children who are kept in the almshouse are educated, shows that the system is ofificially tolerated in Kansas. Enlightened Kansas. In conclusion, another quotation or two from the official documents of Kansas will throw a little more light on enlightened Kansas, whose prohibitory laws have been graduated from the joke of other years to the screaming farce of to-day. H. W. Charles, Superintendent of the Boys' Indus- trial School of Kansas, is quoted on page 80 in the third Semi- Annual Bulletin of the Kansas State Charitable Institutions, as follows: "I can only refer briefly to the fact that the owners of homes are always found on the side of law and order. The man without property is the one to listen to the harangue of the anarchist and to engage in riot and bloodshed. Poverty is not a virtue ; it is a crime . " Page 85 of the same document quotes Dr. Sherman L. Axford, of the State Penitentiary: "If there is one good reason why the inmates of the various charitable and penal institutions of the State should be fur- nished an ounce of tobacco each day it has never been made clear to me." 156 Text-Book of True Temperance. Great and glorious Kansas! Benign example of a prohibition State, with its relic of the dark ages! Where prohibition actually prohibits — in the State Penitentiary, the insane asylums and the almshouses of the State of the made-to-order prosperity sta- tistics! Kansas Wet After Thirty Years. Kansas, prohibition in name for the past twenty- eight years, is again in the throes of a crusade against the illegal sale of intoxicating beverages (says the New York World), and the present campaign is bring- ing some interesting facts to the attention of the pub- lic. In connection with the last attempt to make Kan- sas prohibition in reality as well as in name it is sig- nificant that the movement is being agitated by State officials alone, and that the administrative heads of the various cities in the Sun Flower State apparently have little or no sympathy with the policy maintained at Topeka. Almost without exception the municipal authorities are and have been for the past quarter of a century opposed to State-wide prohibition, holding that the sale of intoxicants or the prohibition thereof should be treated as a local issue, to be decided by the citi- zens of the towns affected. So strong is this sentiment that until two years ago when, acting under the personal supervision of Gov- ernor Hoch, an ardent prohibitionist, the Attorney- General of the State, began his crusade against the open saloon, it had been impossible to convict for illegal selling, save where the seller was a disreputable character and his resort an unmistakable menace to the moral welfare of the community. 157 Text-Book of True Temperance. "The saloon has been practically banished from our State and its baneful influence almost entirely eliminated," was the statement of Governor Hoch not long ago. In view of the fact that Kansas for the past twenty-nine years has been under State-wide prohibi- tion rule, the above statement of Governor Hoch, were it borne out by facts, would probably appear superflu- ous to the reader who is not informed upon the usual results of ineffective prohibitory legislation. "Prohibition for nearly thirty years! Why should not the saloon have been eliminated by this time?" is the question that would naturally arise. But Kan- sas has been, as it is at the present time, only "pro- hibition" in name. The Sunflower State is one of the "wettest" per capita in the Union, and a careful in- vestigation of the Kansas situation will bear out this assertion. Kansas has a population slightly in excess of 1,500,000, and nearly 80 percentage of citizens live in the rural districts. The report of the Internal Rev- enue Collector for the State of Kansas shows that at present 4,500 stamps permitting the sale of liquor in Kansas are in active operation. These 4,500 retail liquor dealers are almost without exception druggists. A conservative estimate places the number of "boot- leggers" and "joint-keepers," as illicit dealers are termed, in excess of 2,000. Eliminating the latter class and considering only the dealers who hold United States Internal Revenue stamps, Kansas has one retail liquor seller for every 334 of population. The terrific reduction of the normally large Repub- lican majority in the recent (1910) State election is directly attributed to popular disgust with prohibition and the fanatical attitude of Governor Stubbs. 158 Text-Book of True Temperance. Oklahoma's Costly Trial. PROHIBITION PUTS A HEAVY BURDEN ON THE TAX- PAYERS. What prohibition has cost Oklahoma in the short period during which it has been presumably in force is indicated in the following extract from an article in Leslie s Weekly, September 15, 1910: The first State appropriation of fifty thousand dollars has long since been expended, the second of fifteen thousand dollars for the present 3^ear has also been used, and a similar appropriation for the ensuing year, now available, will likely vanish before the close of the fall campaign. Added to this the immense profits of the State agency, where liquor is dis- pensed to the "sick" of the State under the guidance of official State bartenders, have been swallowed up in the man- agement of the business, the agency officially reported running at a loss of something like six thousand dollars some few months ago. Despite these facts an official of the Anti- Saloon League, in the March issue of the organ of the prohi- bitionists, made the statement that the law had not cost Oklahoma as much as thirty-five thousand dollars up to and including March ist of this year ! For the purpose of investigation sixteen counties of Okla- homa were selected and the official records examined, to as- certain the cost of the prohibitor}'- law to the State, as well as to inquire into general conditions, particularly with regard to drunkenness and the general criminal record. The in- vestigation covered Grady, Comanche, Caddo, Kiowa, Garv'in, Murray, Carter, Johnston, Seminole, Pittsburg, Muskogee, Okmulgee, Tulsa, Creek, Tecumseh and Canadian counties. Records showed that the aggregate cost of the prohibitory law to these counties alone, exclusive of the share of the State appropriations, amounted to close to four hun- dred thousand dollars, while in almost every instance crime and drunkenness are decidedly on the increase, murder cases as numerous as other crimes. In each of these counties the total number of criminal cases on the court dockets was taken, also the number of liquor-law-violation cases, the salaries of the court officials and the total jury and sheriff fees. The share of the cost 159 Text-Book of True Temperance. to the county of the prohibitory law was based on the num- ber of liquor-law-violation cases as compared with the other criminal cases on the docket. The official records proved beyond question that the prohibitory law had cost, for the first two and one-half years of its existence, as follows: Grady County. .$21 ,717.73 Seminole County..! 8,857.50 28,022.74 Pittsburg " .. 25,000.00 22,871.46 Muskogee " .. 40,000.00 15,406.00 Okmulgee " .. 22,495.26 14,860.11 Tulsa ".. 26,155.85 5,275.85 Creek " . . 19,007.75 14.923.90 Pottawatomie " . . 25,731.29 9,590.40 Canadian " .. 29,643.72 Comanche Caddo Kiowa Garvin Murray Carter Johnston In many counties the prohibitory law practically created the county court, elevating it from a small probate court on a nominal fee system, and creating a salary fund to pay the salaries of the judge and other court officials. The rule in most of the counties seems to be that the county court grinds for the benefit of the violators of the prohibitory law, to the great cost of the county as well as to its moral disad- vantage. It is not at all unusual to find the county court devoting more than two-thirds of its time to the liquor-law- violation cases and the sheriff fees of the county doubled and trebled again and again by reason of the prohibitory law. Giving Judgment Against Themselves. Referring to an article in its own columns on the in- crease of consumption of alcoholic beverages, the National Prohibitionist says: "In the first year of the existence of the Anti-Saloon League,, the chief champion of non-partisanism, the American people drank 16.95 gallons of intoxicating liquor per capita. In 1907, after some fourteen years of activity on the part of the League, the American people drank 23.54 gallons per capita. In 19 10, with enormous 'whitening' of the map and marvel- ous voting out of saloons and creation of 'dry' territory, the American people drank, by the careful estimate of this article, 22.73 gallons per capita. Of course, this doesn't prove that the Anti- Saloon League leaders are dishonest or that the. 160 Text-Book of True Temperance. people who support the Anti- Saloon League are not actuated by the highest motives; but it does prove that the non-partisan local option system of dealing with the drink evil is a dead, flat failure." Iowa's Prohibition Period. EVIL CONDITIONS THAT LED TO INSTITUTION OF MULCT LAW. The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, published by the Iowa State Historical Society, gives the fol- lowing account of that State's experience of prohibi- tion (between 1884 and 1890): "The demand for intoxicating liquors as a beverage had not decreased, and where there is a demand for a thing it is seldom difficult to find some means of supply. In this case it is common knowledge that during the early periods of prohibition in Iowa the saloon was replaced by the 'drugstore,' the 'hole in the wall,' the 'blind tiger,' the 'blind pig' and the 'boot-legger.' "The pharmacy law had given to registered pharmacists the sole right to sell intoxicating liquors for medical, mechanical, culinary and sacramental purposes, and it can scarcely be a matter of wonder that immense quantities of liquor were bought and sold under cloak of this provision. "Besides the drug stores, a great many ingenious means were devised to defeat the law and supply the demand for liquor. The first alarming evil that grew out of the proposed revolution was the driving of drink into the homes of the people. Another lamentable feature is that hundreds of business men inaugurated bars in their places of business. Agents repre- senting manufacturers of ale, beer, wine and liquors of every description, to the number of more than 100, for a time trav- eled through the State, taking orders for private stock and home consumption. BEER DEPOTS ESTABLISHED. "Throughout the country in many parts of the State beer depots were established. The home of some farmer would be designated as the central point where his neighbors could call and get their kegs of beer, which had been ordered outside and 161 Text-Book of True Temperance. hauled into the State. Another scheme was that of having a simple elevator running from the cellar to the first floor of a building, so arranged that no one could see from whence the liquors came, but by walking into the room and placing the money on the counter the demand would be supplied at once. Another method was the 'blind pig,' or 'hole in the wall' under a stairway. By simply lifting one of the steps hung on hinges the liquor desired was found on ice. "In many cities hundreds, if not thousands, of homes were turned into neighborhood saloons, and the evidence is not lacking to show that in some portions of the State places of this character existed every two or three blocks, where one or two kegs of beer were sold daily, in addition to whiskey. It soon became apparent that there was a great inflow of liquor from every direction into the State of Iowa. "At a meeting of the State Temperance Alliance at Des Moines in January, 1887, it was freely admitted that in many places the law was virtually a dead letter, because a majority of the people were opposed to its enforcement. At this meet- ing it was suggested that a law should be enacted to provide for the levying of a tax on the counties in which prohibition was not enforced and that the proceeds should be used to enforce the law. Of course such a law would have been un- constitutional had it been enacted. PROHIBITION RENOUNCED. "One of the most interesting episodes in the political history of Iowa was the campaign and election of 1889, not only be- cause the result was the defeat of the party which had been in power in the State since 1854, but also because of the circum- stances which led to that defeat. In an attempt to explain the Democratic victory, the prohibition question must be given a prominent place.. This election may be said to mark the beginning of the return swing of the pendulum- of public opinion against prohibition. "In their platforms the parties took their accustomed stand. The Democrats declared for local option. The Demo- cratic Governor was elected. The Republicans, however, still had a majority in the Legislature. "The four years from 1890 to 1894," continues the History, "may be characterized as a period of reaction against the pro- hibitory law. This statement may meet with objections 162 Text-Book of True Temperance. from those who most strongly favored the law, on the ground that prohibition was not given a fair chance under the Demo- cratic administration of Gov. Boies; but the facts do not warrant this objection. "The Republican party still stuck to prohibition, and Boies was re-elected with the entire Democratic ticket." The His- tory says: "The results of the election could doubtless be ex- plained in inany ways; but this second Democratic victory, more sweeping and decisive than the first one, is clearly an evidence that the people were becoming more and more dissatisfied with prohibition. LIBERTY DEMANDED. "The crisis came in 1894, when the Republican Legislature was compelled to yield to the demand of the people, sorely plagued with prohibition, to give more personal liberty. Then the present mulct law was enacted, which permits operation of saloons where the people want them by payment of a license or mulct tax. Ever since the prohibition period, when busi- ness was crippled and social conditions of the State disrupted, there has been no genuine inclination on the part of Iowa to return to State-wide prohibition. Des Moines, the capital city, now has 90 saloons and is one of the most orderly cities in the United States. "The recent efforts of the prohibitionists to enlist the aid of the Republican party have met with a frosty reception. The party leaders remember too well the result of the trial from 1884 to 1890. While the Democrats favor local option, they, too, in the light of Iowa's experience, would not think of openly coming out for prohibition. "In the period in which Iowa has permitted saloons to oper- ate under the mulct law there has been less crime than in the prohibition period. The death rate also has been lower." Georgia's Losing Experiment. In a recent issue of the Atlanta Constitution there appeared an editorial which clearly reflects the real situation in Georgia to-day. It said in part : "The belief and fear of our contemporary, the Cedartown Standard, expressed in the following editorial statement, has, unfortunately, perhaps, too substantial a foundation : 163 Text-Book of True Temperance. " 'We hope that we are wrong, but the Standard cannot help but believe that Georgia is going to be obliged to take her choice between an increase in tax rate and a return of whiskey to the State for the sake of revenue.' "The Standard might, more accurately, have put it in this way: 'An increase in tax rate or a return to the taxation of whiskey sold in the State, for the sake of revenue.' * * * "If prohibition really prohibited, there would be an end of the discussion upon that score. There is no doubt that the revenue has been seriously abated, but the traffic goes on just the same. "It seems the height of folly that the latter should exist without the former, and Georgia's return to licensed and regu- lated sale of liquors, beers and wines, minus the open bar- room, which has gone to stay, is a question which, it is not doubted, is now being given widespread thought and con- sideration." The Augusta (Ga.) Herald is equally emphatic in one of its editorials which says: "There are at present no bar-rooms in Georgia, yet liquor can be bought by whoever has the money to pay for it almost as readily as could be done before the prohibition law went into effect." A FEDERAL OFFICIAL'S TESTIMONY. N. W. Johnson, of the International Revenue De- partment, is quoted as follows in the Baltimore Ameri- can: "We have issued over 500 licenses in Atlanta so far for the present year (1908), but before Georgia adopted State prohi- bition the number of Government licenses was the same as the number of legally operated saloons in that city — a little more than 100. So soon as the saloons closed their doors the 'boot-leggers' began their trade." PROHIBITION INCREASES CRIME. Atlanta has been no exception to this rule. Mayor W. R. Joyner, of that city, says that "plain drunks" arrested under prohibition have increased as follows: 164 Text-Book of True Temperance. "January 68, February 128, March 132, April 149, May 125, June 150, July 272 and August 293. The disorderly conduct cases in January, 1907, were 920, and in August, 1907, were 1,030. The disorderly conduct cases in January, 1908, were 526, and in August, 1908, were 1,008. Could any figures speak more eloquently of the effectiveness of prohibition? "Nor has crime in general decreased. During the first four months of 1907 a total of 174 criminals were tried and con- victed of felonies in the superior courts of the State, while during the first four months of 1908 the total number of con- victions increased to 212." The Cocaine Curse in the South. A recent Chicago dispatch says : "Inroads of the cocaine habit, which the Currier Commis- sion has found to be the American curse, as opium is the curse of China and hemp of India, has suddenly developed into a new ominous phase of the race problem in the United States, particularly in the South. " 'Cocaine now ranks with whiskey as the chief provocative of rape and its consequent lynching bee in the South,' de- clare Charles W. Collins and John Day, of the Commission, in the preliminary report just published in full by the Chicago magazine, Everyday Life. They add: 'Already among the "fiends" and the policemen who have to deal with them there is talk of "the new field." The phrase, with its commercial suggestion, comes from the dealers in the drugs, retailers and perhaps wholesalers also. Every "fiend," it should be added, is more than likely to be a peddler of the "stuff," taking his commission in the same misery that he distributes. This "new field" is among the brutalized negroes of the South, who, denied easy access to liquor by the prohibition move- ment, are turning to drugs as a substitute.' "The Commission quotes from Hampton's Magazine an article by Judge Harris Dickson, of Vicksburg, Miss., who told of a contractor who ordered a pound of cocaine to the astonishment of the salesman to w^hom the order was given, who expostulated, saying: 'No man on earth can possibly want that much cocaine.' The contractor reiterated the order. " 'A man who deliberately puts cocaine into a negro is 165 Text-Book of True Temperance. more dangerous than he who would inoculate a dog with hy- drophobia,' commented Judge Dickson. 'The deadly drug arouses every evil passion, gives the negro superhuman strength, and destroys his sense of fear. Yet the steamboat negro and the levee negro will not work without it. So the levee contractor makes his camp look like a cross-section of hell, but he gets his dirt moved.' " Opium and Prohibition. Speaking of Maine, by the way, Dr. Hamilton E. Wright, the eminent sociologist, has recently created a sensation by showing how the opium-smoking habit has increased in that State, especially in the rural districts, until it has become a serious menace to the community at large. The evil is not confined to Maine, though it is naturally worse in prohibition ter- ritory, the policy of depriving people of their custom- ary stimulants being the direct potential cause of it. In line with and confirmatory of Mr. Wright's startling revelation is a statement by the Rt. Rev. C. H. Brant, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Manila. The Bishop declares that in the Southern States, where prohibition has become almost universal, the increase in the use of drugs, per capita, is greater than the increase in population. He goes on to fortify his statement with facts and figures of an appalling kind : "The legitimate amount of opium calculated as absolutely necessary for medical and commercial purposes for one year's consumption is 60,000 pounds. Last year over 480,000 pounds was brought into the United States through the cus- toms house. This, of course, does not include the vast amount that is smuggled over the borders. "Investigation develops the fact that 40 per cent, of the Chinese are addicted to the use of the drug. Some author- ities even place the figures as high as 60 per cent., but I do not think that is correct. 166 Text-Book of True Temperance. "The use of opium, cocaine and other such drugs is, I regret to say, largely on the increase all over the United States, es- pecially in localities where the sale of liquor is prohibited." Bishop Brant admits that the pure food laws have done good work regarding the sale of patent medicines, btit he insists that the drug store has taken the place of the saloon in many of our cities. One of these days it may occur to the American people that they are paying too high a price for prohibition ! Mortality in Maine. Maine has had prohibition for more than fifty years and yet from 1880 to 1900 the death rate from alco- holism in that State increased from 1.57 to 2.41, an increase of 53 per cent. The death rate from the same cause in the seventeen license States during the same period of time decreased from 2.47 to 1.62, a decrease of 34 per cent. Millions of our people are classed among ike drinking, with a very small per cent, of them classed among the drunkards, or persons who drink to excess. These millions will resent an act of the people at large to deprive them of what they regard as their inherent right, and will rebel at laws enacted to that end. It is not a question of how best to deal with this far-reaching and complex question. Shall provision be made, and especially in our cities, under strict regulation, to supply the demand of these millions of our citizens, or shall we ignore their demand and unconditionally prohibit ilie sale of liquor f — Rev. Dr. Helt, former Supt. Anti-Saloon League, Indiana. 167 THE ANTI-SALOON LEAGUE. A Southern Paper Denounces Its Pernicious Activity. ONE misfortune of the situation is that the Anti- Saloon League in order to live must keep going, must always be doing something, or pretending to be doing something, whether the activityiswise or unwise, the conditions for it are propitious or unpropitious, re- gardless of whether the conditions do or do not justify its activities. Unless an appearance of success and extension is maintained, the public ceases to contrib- ute and therefore expenses of organization and the salaries of agents cannot be paid. Too often it hap- pens that a prohibition raid or outbreak of activity is the result of diminishing collections from the public and the consequent prodding by officers of a prohibi- tion organization of its agents, than of any judgment that a movement is demanded in the interest of mo- rality or the public welfare. An agent so prodded decides on a campaign in some selected county, town or city. He begins first with the preachers or min- isters, of course. A preacher approached on this subject is helpless. Whatever his inward convictions may be as to the conditions and needs of the people about him, he feels that his religious duty requires him to join in any proposed warfare against saloons. He knows that if he refuses to engage in such a fight when called on, his own influence will be impaired, probably his denominational interests endangered and his ow^n piety put under suspicion. He is regarded and regards himself as an enrolled and pledged mem- ber of the prohibition or anti-saloon forces and when 168 Text-Book of True Temperance. he is summoned to the cause he must answer, how- ever strong his secret reluctance may be, however earnestly he may doubt the wisdom of the war. A large majority of the church members are in the same position precisely. They, too, must go into the fight, whatever their own private convictions or interests may be. Most of the women are enlisted, of course. They are naturally emotional and rarely look beneath the surface of things or beyond the immediate moment. They see the saloon and see or feel the harm done by the whiske> sold in it and jump instantly to the con- clusion that if they can close the saloon, they can abolish liquor drinking and all its evil results. So the campaign starts with these powerful forces organized. All kinds of appeals are made to the senti- ments, emotions, passions and interests of voters. All kinds of pressure are brought to bear. Spectacu- lar and exciting effects are carefully studied and zeal- ously applied. We have known instances in which business men and newspapers were threatened with boycotts unless they and their employees supported the anti-saloon movement. In conditions like these, in excitement and turmoil and hurrah, amid the ring- ing of church bells, the blaring of brass bands, the wav- ing of banners and the marching and shouting and sing- ing of women and children, voters are drummed, coaxed, driven and drawn to the polls. Some are aroused by artificial and extraordinary methods to al- most ecstatic excitement, others are solemnly warned that a vote against prohibition means for them con- demnation to hell fire. Politicians eager to be on the popular side, and men to whom the applause of the crowd, and particularly the praise and plaudits of women, are grateful, join in. Not infrequently the sa- loon men have made trouble for themselves by disre- 169 Text-Book of True Temperance, garding the law or by offensive activity and petty tyranny in local politics. In these conditions a ma- jority of anywhere from one to one or two hundred is secured against license ; whereat there is great rejoicing and thanksgiving and a mighty proclamation of an- other grand triumph for temperance, sobriety, morality and religion. The anti-saloon agent goes on his way to attack another stronghold of Satan and leaves Satan in his rear to do as he will with the no-license law and to work out his nefarious schemes through the "blind tigers" and "boot-leggers." A law without any real force of public sentiment or thought behind it, and in which nobody has any very special interest, is left to execute itself. The alleged dry territory ceases to pay any liquor licenses to the State or the local government, while drunkenness is not appreciably diminished, everybody can get liquor who knows where to go for it, just as many crimes are committed and as many convicts sent as before, and there is no special improvement in thrift or taxable values. The News Leader is against the continuance of this fussy farce. As we view it, it is all on the surface. The prohibition is merely nominal and its chief prac- tical results are occasional inconvenience to a stranger or an invalid and the diminution of the public rev- enue. — From the Virginia ''News Leader'' Lutherans Repudiate Anti- Saloon League. "We cannot join hands with the prohibitionists because their principle is wrong, in so far as they mix good use and misuse of things that in themselves are gifts of God. We regard this as a wrong principle to prohibit on account of misuse of the use, manufacture and sale of anything that in itself is not bad." This is the declaration of Rev. Carl Eissfeldt, of 170 Text-Book of True Temperance. the Lutheran Orphan Home, who, at the recent Lutheran Conference of Wisconsin, was authorized to give the stand of the Lutheran clergy. He adds: "We have investigated to see if we could join hands with the Anti-Saloon Leagues. We find that while they claim they are not identical with the prohibition movement, declar- ing they would only eliminate the evil of the present system, in their annual report it is plainly stated that not excessive drinking or misuse of any beverage, but the use, manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages is a work of the devil." What Appellate Judges Think of the An ti- Saloon League. The Anti-Saloon League in Oklahoma, being en- gaged in a Congressional fight, recently (1910) de- nounced one of the Appellate judges because his de- cision did not suit the League in all points. Four judges of the Appellate Court issued an open letter setting forth in part as follows : "If the people of this State desire the safeguards resulting from a compliance with prescribed forms of procedure abol- ished; if they are willing that the courts and judges shall be unrestrained by forms of procedure, that they shall render judgment as they see fit, without regard to the nature, sub- stance or form of accusation or the manner of procedure; if the constitutional provision that no man shall be deprived of liberty or property except by due process of law be re- pealed, and there be substituted therefor a provision that the courts and judges render such judgment as they deem proper according to whatever laws they may choose to make for the case during the trial, then let them amend their constitution and laws and so state. And when that is done, this govern- ment will no longer be a government of law, but only a gov- ernment of men; then no man can say his life, liberty or prop- erty is safe. "We submit that this letter of the Anti-Saloon League is a wilful misrepresentation, a demagogical rant, or else it con- victs its authors of a profound and intense ignorance both 171 Text-Book of True Temperance. of the nature and character of our government; and it is a false, unjust and unwarranted attack upon the court and in particular upon an honorable, just and upright judge." An Ohio Pastor's Criticism. A political raovemeiit, organized with the view of controlling legislation on all subjects, is the rating given the Anti-Saloon League by the Rev. Dan F. Bradley, pastor of the Pilgrim Congregational Church, of Cleveland, O. Mr. Bradley made the flat charge that the League is trying to use the pastors of churches as a means of assisting it to build up such a controlling political force, and predicted that it would bring serious embarrassment to the leaders of the forces of Christianity in Ohio. The peril of the situation, he declared, lies in the fact that the Leaguers are not men endowed with the experience of statesmen, but lack the qualities which would entitle them to the perfect confidence of the voters of the State. That Mr. Bradley is a believer in honestly directed temperance is shown by his statement : "In its place the League can do a great work, and it has ac- complished much in the past. But we must admit that it is now in danger of departing from the ideals of those who started the movement for the purpose of educating the public mind along lines of temperance reform. The League is forc- ing an issue between pastors and their laymen in this matter of asking for lists of names politically classified. Ministers have no right to engage in a business of this kind. Men should be given the privilege of attending church without being asked to be marked as Democrats, Republicans, Socialists or Prohibitionists. ' ' No nation is drunken where wine is cheap. Its ex- tended use w'ill carry health and comfort to a tnuch enlarged circle. — Thomas Jefferson. 172 Text-Book of True Temperance. The League's Business Methods. The Rev. T. J. Mackay, rector of All Saints' Church, Omaha, Neb., thus characterizes a familiar type of Anti-Saloon Leaguer: "All that is necessary is to put the machinery of the law into motion, and to do that requires money. No personal effort on the part of the individual is required, the 'reformer* will attend to that. All that is necessary is to subscribe $i to $5 a month to pay legitimate expenses, and he will do the rest. Secure 100 men who will give $5 a month for this glorious cause, and 500 will pledge $1 per month, and you have $12,000 per year for the salary of the 'reformer' and his necessary ex- penses. "He at once organizes his plan of campaign, for he must continue to show progress or his salary will diminish. He attacks the saloon (which most men admit is a necessary evil) through the legislature, and has drastic laws passed (not a difficult matter in any legislative body), laws which are ex- tremely difficult, if not impossible, to enforce in a city of any size, and the natural spirit of opposition which is aroused to their enforcement is proof evident to its supporter that he is doing good work and earning his money. These supporters of the 'reformer' are not troubling themselves about the method he employs. Paid spies and informers are sent out to procure evidence of guilt, a method held in absolute detesta- tion by all honorable men. They pay their money and they want results. While they would bitterly resent any inter- ference with their own personal liberties, they scruple not to attack the personal liberties of others; and the result is the arousing of a bitter feeling of resentment, not at all unnatural when one considers the source, and a determined effort to out- wit or evade a law which is considered obnoxious, and methods unworthy of self-respecting citizens of a free republic." Wherever prohibition has been tried the "driest" month was the first month the law ivas in force and the *' driest'' year was the first year. Btit with the passage of time men become more and more expert in violating the law and evading detection and punishment, and the law becomes correspondingly ineffective. 173 Text-Book of True Temperance. Prohibition Impossible. It does not seem to us that there is any prospect that the use of alcoholic beverages will ever cease in the United States. We do not believe in compulsory total abstinence for all the people. It is not practi- cable, and we doubt if it would be beneficial. This opinion is not based on esteem for alcoholic beverages, or on the idea that they do people good. It is based merely on observation of the habits of mankind and on some reading. You cannot run a country on the lines of an inebriate asylum, nor treat its population like patients who must be kept from drink at any cost, and whether they like it or not. An effort was made to do something like that in the array when the can- teen was abolished. It has been a great failure and has helped very much to give our army the worst hospital record of any army in the civilized world. The most that can be done about drink, as we see the case, is CO minimize its temptations, regulate and restrict its manufacture and sale, keep it away from the young, disseminate sound instruction as to its effects, favor the mild beverages rather than the stronger ones, and work out a more intelligent treatment of drunken- ness and drunkards. — Harper's Weekly. Prohibition is not needed to sober the world. The world sobers itself. Every economic consideration en- forces upon the individual the necessity of temperance. The man who drinks too much or at the wrong time doesn't get on. No one trusts him. He can't hold a job. He can't get life insurance. He can't find com- pany even, for the good men are at work. — Wm. Marion Reedy. 174 Text-Book of True Temperance. Prohibitionists' Tipple. ALCOHOL IN PATENT MEDICINES. The consumption of patent medicines has been always abnormally larger in prohibition States, a fact which is easily explained by their content of alcohol. The following percentages of alcohol in the "patent medicines" named are given by the Massachusetts State Board analyst, in the published document No. 34: Per cent, of Alcohol (by Volume) Lydia Pinkham's Vegetable Compound 20.6 Paine's Celery Compound 21.0 Dr. Williams' Vegetable Jaundice Bitters 18.5 Whiskol, "a non-intoxicating stimulant" 28.2 Colden's Liquid Beef Tonic, "recommended for treatment of alcohol habit" 26.5 Ayer's Sarsaparilla 26.2 Thayer's Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla . . 21.5 Hood's Sarsaparilla 18.8 Allen's Sarsaparilla i3-5 Dana's Sarsaparilla i3-5 Brown's Sarsaparilla i3-5 Peruna 28.5 Vinol, Wine of Cod Liver Oil 18.8 Dr. Peters' Kuriko 14.0 Carter's Physical Extract 22.0 Hooker's Wigwam Tonic 20 . 7 Hoofland's German Tonic 29 .3 Howe's Arabian Tonic, "not a rum drink". ... 13.2 Jackson's Golden Seal Tonic 19.6 Alensman's Peptonized Beef Tonic 16.5 Parker's Tonic, "purely vegetable" 41. 6 Schenck's Seaweed Tonic, "entirely harmless" 19.5 Baxter's Mandrake Bitters 16.5 Boker's Stomach Bitters 42.6 Burdock Blood Bitters 25-2 Greene's Nervura 17.2 Hartshorn's Bitters 22.2 Hoofland's German Bitters, "entirely vege- table" 25.6 175 Text-Book of True Temperance. Per cent, of Alcohol (by Voliime) Hop Bitters 12.0 Hostetter's Stomach Bitters 44-3 Kaufman's Sulphur Bitters, "contains no alco- hol" (as a matter of fact, it contains 20.5 per cent, of alcohol and no sulphur) 20 . 5 Puritana 22.2 Richardson's Concentrated Sherry Wine Bit- ters 37.5 Warner's Safe Tonic Bitters 35-7 Warren's Bilious Bitters 21.5 Faith Whitcomb's Nerve Bitters 20.3 The supreme immorality that confronts and threatens the Christian Church in this country is that which masques and misreports itself under the guise of that noble word, "Temperance." The prohibition move- ment is more dangerous than commercialism,; for the latter, at least, makes no pretense. If it demoralizes , it does not deceive. The poisonous influence of this humbug "Temperance'' is more disastrous than that of drunkenness ; for the latter is seen and loathed for what it is; whereas the prohibition propaganda parades in the livery of heaven. — ^Rev. Wm. A. Wasson. Prohibition and Drugs. A QUESTION OF THE MOST SERIOUS PUBLIC CONCERN. Dr. A. p. Grinnell, of Burlington, Vermont, made, a few years ago, a critical investigation of the consump- tion of stimulants in that State, chiefly the narcotic drugs, and of so-called medicines into which such drugs enter as components of chief efficacy. The diffi- culties of the inquiry were very great for the reason that those in possession of the information hesitated to give it, doubtless fearing that it might lead to 176 Text-Book of True Tefnperance. enactments interfering with the most profitable part of their trade. Only part of the dealers responded to the inquiry. From those that did it was learned that they dispensed every month, of morphine, pare- goric or laudanum, what is equivalent to 3,300,000 doses of opium — the standard for a dose being one- eighth grain of morphine, one-half ounce of paregoric and twenty drops of laudanum. The amount thus reported, which by no means covers the total sales, would give a full dose of opium daily for half the popu- lation of the State. In one month the sales from drug stores in sixty-nine towns of Vermont, aside from what was dispensed by physicians from their own medicine closets, included the following items: Gum opium 47 lbs., 12 oz. Morphine powders 19 lbs., 15 oz. Morphine pills 3,338 gr. Dover powder 25 lbs. Paregoric 32 gal., i qt. Laudanum 32 gal., i qt. Cocaine 27 oz., i dr., 30 gr. Chloral 321 lbs., 4 oz. Indian hemp 37 oz. Quinine was also largely used as a stimulant. The amount consumed in Vermont was equivalent to two grains a day for each adult inhabitant of the State. The muriate of cocaine accounted for in the above table would make over 114 gallons of one per cent, solution, which would give 14,492 people each a fluid ounce of the dangerous stimulant. THE GOVERNMENT WARNS. During the last twenty years a large number of soft drinks containing caffeine and smaller or greater quantities of coca leaf and kola nut products have been placed upon the market. Preparations of this 177 Text-Book of True Temperance. class, on account of insufficient information, were formerly looked upon as haimless, but they are now known to be an impending evil. Cocaine is one of the most insidious and dangerous habit-forming drugs at present known. Many lives have been wrecked and many crimes have been committed as a result of its use, and strenuous efforts are being made to curtail its employment. The amount present in certain soft drinks is small, to be sure, but such an insidious, habit- forming drug certainly has no place whatever in these products. The presence of tropococain, an ally of cocaine, has also been established. — Bulletin, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Maine*s Divorces. "The licensed saloon is a wrecker of homes and a sunderer of the marriage tie," cry the advocates of prohibition. Here is startling proof to the contrary offered by the United States Census Department in its recent report on marriage and divorce. Strange, yea, incredible to relate, Maine, the vener- able parent of prohibition, where the saloon exists not in the eyes of the law, actually far surpasses the license States in the number of her divorces. DIVORCE AND MARRIAGE. State Divorces Marriages Ratio Maine 14,194 86,592 One to 6 marriages. New York 29,125 1,205,655 One to 41 " New Jersey 7,441 335.809 One to 45 Pennsylvania. .39,686 876,533 One to 22 < 1 DIVORCES IN RATIO TO POPULATION. Census 1900 — Twenty-year Period. State Population Divorces Ratio Maine 694,466 14,194 One to 42 New York 7,268,894 29,125 One to 250 178 Text-Book of True Temperance. Twenty Years, 1887 to 1906, Inclusive. New Jersey 1,883,669 7,441 One to 253 Pennsylvania 6,302,115 39,686 One to 160 One divorce to 13 marriages, Continental United States. One divorce to 80 population, Continental United States. Note also this significant, astounding fact: Maine, in which the liquor traffic has been forbidden during more than sixty years, has the largest number of divorces in which drunkenness is given as the direct cause, with the single exception of Connecticut. The percentage of divorces granted in which drunk- enness or intemperance is given as the cause for the whole United States, is : Of women, i.i ; of men, 5.3. In Maine the percentage is: Of women, 3.3; of men, 16.9. I may call Maine a fair "sample'' State of the Amer- ican Union, so far as its class of citizenship goes; one of the earliest places of habitation, one of the first sec- tions settled by the people who came across the seas; peopled to-day largely by their descendants, although I must admit that in later years we have been obliged to take in a great many people of foreign birth in order to make up for the Maine-born people who have been driven out of the State to find that personal liberty which the free-born American citizen demands. — Holm an Day. Virginia Needs No Prohibition. Here in Virginia we are at peace among ourselves and with the world. Our governments are honest, 179 Text-Book of True Temperance. strong and progressive. We are prospering steadily. The churches are growing, population and wealth are increasing, crime is diminishing, good immigration is coming in. The people, free from political divisions and excitements, are talking and thinking of good roads and good schools. That is the point toward which many thinking men in this State and most of the newspapers, including the News Leader, have been working these many years. With these conditions, we cannot see what is to be gained by a drum-beating, horn-blowing, screaming, bell-ringing, generally-dis- turbing prohibition campaign to stir up strife and force divisions and animosities among us. Even at this early stage, it seems almost impossible for many of the zealous prohibitionists to touch on the subject without trying to insult or wound somebody. The results we see from such a campaign are the temporary advancement of a few men to place or prominence, political and social confusion, discord and the diver- sion of the public mind from practical and needed de- velopment and improvement. These have been the consequences of prohibition fights heretofore. The figures show that prohibition does not improve the morals of the people, does not lessen crime or promote prosperity. It has existed in Maine fifty years or more, and last October (1910) nearly caused the defeat of the Republican party, which has a natural majority in that State larger than the Democrats have in Virginia. That State has as much crime as any of its liquor- licensing neighbors, and far more divorces than any of them. We have given figures to prove that in Vir- ginia counties prohibition has failed to lessen crime or the cost of crime, and has not increased the pros- perity or wealth of the people. — From the Virginia " News Leader.'' 180 MORALITY— '*WET" AND '*DRY.»» Figures and Facts Fail to Uphold the Prohibition Claim. A FAMILIAR claim of the prohibitionists is that drunkenness and crimes increase or decrease in exact proportion to the increase or decrease in the number of saloons in a given community. Hence, where they cannot have prohibition pure and simple, they advocate high license on the ground that high license reduces the number of saloons. This latter position cannot be disputed. But the prohibitionists maintain that in diminishing the num- ber of saloons, high license also lessens inebriety and resultant crime. Here they are absolutely wrong, as can easily be shown. The number of saloons has little or no bearing on the matter, seeing that in many proven instances a very small number of saloons exists where the pro- portion of drunkenness is very large; while, on the other hand, a disproportionately large number of saloons are found in cities and States showing an amazingly low ratio of arrests for drunkenness. These conclusions are established beyond question by two recent bulletins of the United States Census Office (Nos. 20 and 45) which contain a detailed statement of the number of arrests in all cities of over 8,000 population. It is an axiom of popular wisdom that figures will not lie — and not even the prohibitionists will accuse the United States Census Office of manipulating these statistics with a sinister purpose. 181 Text-Book of True Temperance. Let us glance at some of the more striking and sig- nificant figures in these bulletins of the U. S. Census. WHAT THE FIGURES SHOW. In the appended tables the ratio of drunkenness in the three prohibitory States, Maine, Kansas and North Dakota, is compared with that shown in the State of Wisconsin. All the figures apply to 1903. Wisconsin has been selected, not only because the license fee in that State is low, but chiefly for the reason that in many of the cities, among them Mil- waukee, beer is to all intents and purposes the com- mon drink of a very large percentage of the population. Name of City Proportion of Arrests for Drunkenness Name of City Proportion of Arrests for Drunkenness to Population to Population Portland, Maine I to 24 Milwaukee, Wis. I to 142 Auburn . . " I to 137 Superior ' ' I to 44 Augusta " I to no Racine ' ' I to 171 Bangor I to 18 La Crosse " I to 82 Bath I to 51 Oshkosh I to 119 Biddeford " I to 40 Appleton " I to 262 Lewiston " I to 65 Ashland I to 14 Rockland " I to 21 Beloit I to 51 Waterville. " I to 75 Chippewa Falls " I to 68 Kansas City, Kan. I to 76 Eau Claire I to 123 Wichita I to 26 Fond du Lac " I to 55 Atchison I to 124 Green Bay I to 1324 Emporia " I to 121 Jamesville " I to 95 Fort Scott I to 52 Kenosha ' ' I to 77 Galena I to 53 Madison I to 107 Hutchinson " I to 75 Manitowoc " I to 252 Lawrence " I to 100 Marinette City." I to 124 Leavenworth " I to ?>T, Merrill I to 61 Pittsburg I to 33 Sheboygan " I to 186 Fargo, N. D. I to 33 Stevens Point " I to 91 Watertown Wausau ' ' Total T +0 Tn^ Total I to 42 I to lOI I to 98 182 Text-Book of True Temperance. From the foregoing it will be seen that prohibitory Portland, without any saloons, with a population of 52,656, has one arrest for drunkenness for every twenty-four of the total population ; and on the other hand, Milwaukee ("made famous by its beer") with a population of 313,025 and with 2,145 saloons, has only one arrest for drunkenness out of every one hun- dred and forty-two (142) of the total population. In the twenty cities of the prohibitory States, with an aggregate population of 378,752, we have one arrest for drunkenness for every forty-two (42) of the popu- lation. In the twenty-two cities of Wisconsin, with an aggregate population of 689,232, we find one arrest for drunkenness for every ninety-eight (98) of the population. License vs. Prohibition. The city of Milwaukee — and these are the figures for 1908 — with a population of 365,000, had 2,958 arrests for drunkenness or drunk and disorderly, or one to every 123 of population. Savannah, Ga., withapop- ulation of 80,000, had 4,305 arrests, or one for every 18 of population. Augusta, Ga., with a population of 60,000 had one to every 15 of population. Bangor, Me., with a population of 25,000, had 1,113 arrests, or one to every 25, and Portland, Me., with a popula- tion of 62,000, had 3,049 arrests, or one to every 21 of population. Do they get it from the saloon? No, not from the open saloon; they get it from the dive; they get it from the dives where men may sneak to find it ; they get it from the places that cannot be regulated. Take the State of Georgia. To-day, in the city of Atlanta, there are 100 saloons selling, openly, under license of $200 that goes into the treasury of the prohibition 183 Text-Book of True Temperance. city of Atlanta, "near beer," and it is so near beer that the difference can only be observed by washing the labels off the bottles. There is your splendid prohibi- tion State of Georgia. In last August the newspapers of the nation heralded the news that a "blind pig" had been discovered in the halls of the capitol of the State of Georgia. In Alabama and Oklahoraa and every other prohibi- tion State the conditions are the sarne. Prohibition is set to its own music and the tune never changes. — Mayor David A . Rose, of Milwaukee. m "Wet" and "Dry" in Virginia. Our friends, the prohibitionists, and the Anti- Saloon League, contend for prohibition on two sepa- rate grounds. They say, in the first place, that it im- proves the public morals, and in the second place that as an economic question it improves the commercial welfare of the people, makes them richer and adds to the income and lessens the outgo of communities, counties and States. Probably the surest test of the morals of a county and of its conditions as regards respect for law and regard for order is its criminal expenses — the amount required annually for dealing with its law-breakers. On this basis we have compiled some figures from the annual reports of the auditor of Virginia. We take, according to the United States Census, twenty-four wet counties, and twenty-four dry counties as nearly as possible equal in population, and from the auditor's report compare their criminal expenses for the year ending July, 1907, at which date the counties reported "wet" returned liquor licenses and the counties re- ported "dry" had returned none, and therefore, nom- 184 Text-Book of True Temperance. inally, at least, forbade the liquor traffic within their borders. Fourteen show the criminal expenses lighter in the wet counties than in the dry counties of like population. This seems to indicate thac in the majority of instances morals are better and the people are more orderly and law-abiding in wet counties than in dry. If they do not mean this, what do they mean ? Let us take some other tests of the effect of prohibi- tion on the public morals, and in bringing good order and obedience to the law. Thirteen of the Virginia counties now dry were dry ten years ago, the auditor's report for 1897 showing that they paid no liquor licenses for that year. This table shows the criminal expenses of these thirteen counties for the years 1897 and 1907, respectively: 1897 1907 Accomac $1,574.22 $1,387.90 Bland 1,083.00 182.00 Carroll 2,803.49 1,657.72 Dickenson 3,859.52 2,769.21 Giles 958-30 1,444-49 Grayson 2,345.26 1,217.65 King George 689.53 583.66 Mathews 3^4-73 237.45 Montgomery 3,642.56 2,005.07 Roanoke 2,565.29 1,428.28 Russell 3,241.10 1,598.83 Scott 5,766.47 2,109.74 Smyth 1,966.08 1,669.53 $30,859.55 $18,291.53 This looks pretty good, but nere is a table of thirteen counties which were wet in 1897 and are wet now^, showing their comparative criminal expenses as be- tween 1897 ^^*i 1907: 185 Text-Book of True Temperance. 1897 1907 Augusta $2,683.51 $1,567.60 Bath 761 .48 872 .45 Botetourt 1,572.42 858.17 Madison 284 . 48 188 . 80 Alleghany 4,042.29 4,099.05 Fauquier 2,805.70 1,713.50 Nelson 924.67 897.54 Fairfax 1,885.99 2,218.39 Floyd 1,855.37 1,507-18 Patrick 5,822.08 890.16 Amherst 2,071 .00 1,387 .90 Henry 3,110.64 2,678.77 Albemarle 3,824.98 1,432.30 $31,641.98 $20,311.81 The wet counties, taken at random as they come on our comparative list, show a decrease in ten years in criminal expenses of $11,330.17, the dry counties a decrease of $12,568.02. This seems to show that the morals and order of the State are better than they were ten years ago, but the figures do not indicate that prohibition has anything to do with the change. In 1897, with thirteen dry counties, the criminal ex- penses of all the counties amounted to $201,973. In 1907 these expenses were $170,474; but the wet counties show as much decrease in crime as the dry. On the economic side the showing is no better. Of the 100 counties in Virginia, thirty-five fail to meet expenses. That is, they get more from the State treasury than they pay into it. Of these thirty-five delinquent counties, twenty-eight are dry. More than half the dry counties are compelled to call on the rest of the State to help support them, and the veteran and pioneer dry county of Scott is the worst of the lot, calling on the State for $9,000 a year. We have prepared a table showing what the dry 186 Text-Book of True Temperance, and wet counties respectively pay the State treasury, no cities being included. It will show that the wet counties pay four-fifths of the income Virginia derives from her citizens living in the country or smaller towns. The figures are: Wet counties $395,694 Dry counties 94,909 Excess wet over dry $300,785 — Condensed jroni ''News Leader,'' Richmond, Va. Crime and Total Abstinence Hard drinking does not seem to have had a vast deal to do with crimes committed during the past year by convicts received at the Virginia penitentiary . A very small percentage of the prisoners received were intemperate drinkers. According to the annual report of the board of di- rectors and of the superintendent of the penitentiary, 674 convicts were sent to the State prison during the year ending October i, 1910. Of these 72 were intem- perate drinkers, 252 were moderate drinkers, and 350, or 52 per cent., were total abstainers. — Richmond, Va., ''Times Dispatch," Nov. 20, 1910. Why should there be any prohibition of the sale 0} alcoholic drink? Why shouldn't I have the right to drink just what I like, provided I do it decently and not to excess? Because one person makes a fool of himself is no reason why the next person should be deprived of it. The people in America seem to be tending in a wholly wrong direction in this matter. — Tolstoy, on Prohibition. 187 Text-Book of True Temperance. How Dry Communities Affect Near-by License Cities. One of the most interesting features connected with local option conditions in Massachusetts is the effect produced on license cities surrounded by dry communities. Boston occupies a peculiarly unhappy position in this respect, being the center of an extensive dry territory. This results in Boston having an excessive number of arrests for public intoxication; the total number for 1907 being 35,728, or about one to 18 of population. Of these arrests, however, only 19,781 were citizens of Boston, 11,528 were residents of the State outside of the city. When the clerk of the Boston Police Department was interrogated as to the excessive number of arrests, this was his answer: "We are surrounded by no-license cities like Cambridge, Somerville and Quincy, which results in their people coming here to satisfy their thirst." The official in charge of the Lynn Police Depart- ment said recently: "Lynn would not have voted no-license this year if it had not been for the fact that the drunkards of Somerville, Bev- erly and other near-by cities came here to fill up." When there are licensed places in a city or town, the man who wants a drink goes to the bar, takes what he wants and leaves. When there is no licensed bar, he gets his supply in the speak-easy, has it expressed to him, or visits the nearest license town. This fact is demonstrated by the large number of arrests of citi- zens from adjacent cities in the city of Boston, a very low percentage of whom are from licensed cities; the record for 15 no-license cities being 7,249 arrests in Boston; for 15 licensed cities, 1,146 arrests. 188 Text-Book of True Temperance. Among these no-license cities largely represented by arrests in Boston are Cambridge, with about 1,500 arrests for intoxication in Cambridge and 2,100 in Boston; Maiden, with less than 400 arrests at home and 547 in Boston; Quincy, with 500 arrests in Quincy and 818 in Boston; Somerville, with 876 in that city and 975 in Boston; while the largest number from any license city arrested in Boston last year (1908) were from Lynn, 254. It will be readily seen from this showing that Cam- bridge, Quincy, Somerville and Maiden have no reason to felicitate themselves on the sobriety of their citizens. In addition to the drinking represented by public intoxication, abroad and at home, there is an excessive amount of what may be called private drinking, or drinking in the home. In Massachusetts the law provides for the granting of licenses to what is known as the "Pony Express," authorizing the holder of the license to solicit orders for intoxicating liquor and deliver the same. To show how this operates, they have 15 such expresses in the city of Somerville. In the month of February, 1908, there were delivered by these various "Pony Ex- presses" 7,913 different packages of intoxicating liquor in that city, indicating that a vote for no-license does not determine the total abstinence principles of the people. The sales of intoxicating liquor in Worcester indi- cate practically the same condition of affairs. Drunkenness in No-License Towns. The city of Brockton, Mass., has been under no- license longer than any municipality of an equal popu- lation, and is sufficiently isolated not to have condi- 189 Text-Book of True Temperance. tions complicated by the proximity of a license center. Below are the ratios of arrests for drunken- ness in 1905 per 10,000 of population in several other Massachusetts cities under license and in Brockton. Cities Population Estimated Number of Arrests for Drunkenness per 100,000 of Population Fall River 105,762 94,889 74,362 73,540 70,050 49,934 47,794 2097 . I 3909.8 1565-3 251I-5 2389.7 2052.7 2845-5 Lowell New Bedford Sorint? field Lawrence Holyoke Brockton With the exception of Lowell, all the other cities show up very favorably alongside of Brockton. No comparisons could be fairer than between cities in a compact State like Massachusetts, where arrests for drunkenness are regulated by uniform law and where public sentiment in regard to their enforcement par- takes of the same character. If it be said that more favorable no-license statistics could have been ad- duced for the cities of Cambridge, Somerville, Newton, etc., the answer is that they are adjacent to Boston, which makes comparisons invalid, and that a large quota of arrests of inhabitants of these cities appears annually in the returns for Boston. The following comparison deals with cities in States under prohibition : Estimated Population Number of Arrests per 100,000 of Population for — Cities Drunkenness Disturbing the Peace Kansas City, Kan. Portland, Me Topeka, Kan Wichita, Kan 67,614 54,330 37*641 31,110 1970.0 2806.9 1885.9 4381.2 705-5 163.8 775-7 478.9 190 Text- Book of True Temperance. It would, perhaps, be unfair to regard conditions in Kansas City, Kansas, as typical because of its imme- diate proximity to Kansas City, Missouri, which is under license. As a matter of fact, there is every reason to believe that but for the existence of such a safety valve, Kansas City, Kansas, would exhibit a much larger rate of arrests than now. The other Kansas cities certainly are typical. Look at Wichita. Of all the 67 cities of the United States having less than 50,000 population in 1905, and scattered over no less than 26 States, only eight outrank Wichita in proportion of arrests for drunkenness and for disturb- ing the peace. Worcester as a Terrible Example. In voting for prohibition the Massachusetts city of * Worcester did its. worst against the cause of prohibi- tion. The explanation of this seeming paradox is to be found in the exhibit the city is making under a "no- license" regime. As a "terrible example" of the practical workings of prohibition in cities of its class, Worcester is certainly playing an illuminating and useful role. The dry, or rather wet, facts it presents are worth a ton of argument. Here are a few samples. The arrests for drunkenness in July, 1908, numbered 135. This year the number of drunks registered on the police blotters was over 220. Of this number 154 were first offenses, which goes to prove that intoxi- cants are exceedingly accessible in Worcester to per- sons who are not accustomed to use them. The Wor- cester papers report a tremendous increase in the de- livery of whiskey and beer by express, and it is claimed the police have knowledge of 4,828 gallons of whiskey and 55,920 cases and 5,173 kegs of beer thus delivered during the month of July. One paper estimates the * Worcester has since returned to license. 191 Text-Book of True Temperance. total consumption of beer in bottles during July at about two and a half naillions, or twenty for every person in the city. This is certainly "going some" even for a city of 125,000 population. But aside from claims and estimates, there are the official returns of the police department, which show the effect of pro- hibition in Worcester to be a large increase in the consumption of alcoholic drinks and in drunkenness and crime. — Portland ''Argus.'' New Jersey's Excise Commission. The Excise Commission of New Jersey was a com- mission appointed by the Governor at the 1 908 session of the Legislature to investigate the workings of the laws, and the saloon problem generally, throughout the entire State. The Commission did its work most thoroughly. Recognizing the evils which exist, it en- deavored by a determined, carefully studied and prac- tical effort to lessen them — not by any patent device, but by investigation, publicity and an appeal to an enlightened public opinion. After scouring the whole State in search of facts, it closed its public hearings by devoting three days to the mayors and officers of municipalities, to the ministers and temperance peo- ple, and lastly to the brewers and trade interests. The Chairman of the Commission, Mr. Fisk, is a prominent New York banker, and a man of known independence and force. He made this statement at the last session of the Commission: "Another question is the matter of licensing drug stores. At the present time the druggists in this State are not acting in a proper manner, and are selling at all times, including Sundays, intoxicating liquors or concoctions that are drawn in place of intoxicating liquor, without any licenses, and some restrictions should be enacted that would regulate this mat- ter. Mixed drinks from the soda-water fountain contain a 192 Text-Book of True Temperance. flavoring that is principally alcohol, and right here in regard to soda-water fountains it might be mentioned that this is being done by a number of so-called restaurants or temperance refreshment bars. The general public is so blind to this that even members of temperance societies indulge in these places in refreshments without knowing what they are drinking." The feature of this hearing was the address made by Bishop Lines, whose name is one to conjure with in New Jersey, as it was formeriy in Connecticut. The Bishop said in part : "The suppression of places where beer and spirits are sold by prohibition would probably lead to the formation of clubs which could not be controlled, and which would be more demoralizing than saloons. My own idea is that the true policy of the State is to limit the number of licensed places for the sale of beer and spirits in some proportion to the popu- lation — say I to 500 — which is, I think, the rule in Boston. "Then the purpose should be to keep the business in the hands of the responsible men who are law-abiding and who do not associate evil things with the business. "Men in the liquor business complain that they are put under a ban socially in an unfair way, and that their children, for whom they have the same ambition that we all have, suffer from it ; but this will remain so until the abuses of the business are removed by those who are engaged in it, and no one else can do it. "I do not know why a man keeping a saloon may not be as respectable as a man who keeps a hotel in which there is a public bar from which he profits, or who rents buildings in which such public bars exist. I do not see why a club in which the members freely obtain strong drink should be more respectable than a saloon." Temperate drinking has been a part of the life of every great man and of every great nation without excep- tion. Good wine and good beer are among Nature's generous gifts. They should, not be rejected because a few men use them to excess and harmfully. — Arthur Brisbane. 193 Text-Book of True Temperance. To Punish the Drinker. The inconsistency in the prohibitory law which pun- ishes the seller, but says nothing to the buyer of drink, has often been pointed out. However, the pronibi- tionists have never heretofore dared to penalize the act of drinking, judging, perhaps, that this would be re- sented as an intolerable outrage upon personal liberty. At last it seems that they have plucked up their cour- age and about made up their minds to be consistent. The time is at hand, according to the Rev. A. B. Cristy, agent of the Rhode Island Temperance League, when it will be made a misdemeanor for a person to drink intoxicating liquor. This is not a joke taken from Puck or Judge, but a solemn statement of fact which we find in the Provi- dence News-Democrat of October 5, 1908. The Rev. Mr. Cristy is quoted as saying that if such a law could be passed it would prove the real solution of the tem- perance question, being far superior to the no-license law or any other plan which has heretofore been de- vised to prevent the spread of intemperance by closing the saloons. Alcohol and Civilization. No; alcohol is the root of much evil, but not of all. It may be better that men should think half drunk, if necessary, than that they should not think at all; it may be better that they should dare half drunk than that they never should dare. It may be better that they should be stimulated somewhat, even by drink, than that they should sink under the monotony of hopeless drudgery. A man ruled by alcohol is pretty nearly worthless, but there are grounds to think that there is a greater destiny for the nations that subdue 194 Text-Book of True Temperance. alcohol to a wise use than for those who resolve that it is too strong for them and, if they can, abolish it. The fight with alcohol has been going on since the world began. We know nothing important about the dangers of strong drink that was not thoroughly known and appreciated by the wise at least as long ago as when the Old Testament, and especially the Book of Proverbs, was written. Alcohol has a certain de- structive value in that it promotes the survival of the fittest, but we need not save it for that, for there are plenty of other things that sufficiently serve that im- portant end. While it is disputable whether the world would be better off without it altogether, it can- not be disputed that it is a natural detail of the prog- ress of civilization to keep the consumption of alcohol within proper bounds and eliminate the evils of it. It is right to protect from temptation the young, the inexperienced and the weak, and to restrain and pun- ish mischievous self-indulgence. There is no dispute about the propriety of laws to protect children from all temptation to drink alcoholic beverages, for alco- hol is undoubtedly bad for children. So in various communities there may be considerable bodies of grown-ups who are so backward in self-control that they need to be protected like children from alcoholic solicitations. So it is still with the Indians, and the strictest laws against the sale of alcoholic drinks to Indians is not objected to. So, as has been said, it is to a less extent in the South. Communities whose orderly life is really imperilled by drink are warranted in eliminating the peril by whatever means they may. So, local option laws are well thought of almost every- where, and so prohibition may become, in certain States at least, a warrantable experiment. It may be a useful process of civilization even where it is not 195 Text-Book of True Temperance. destined to be a permanent condition. States have tried it for a time and dropped it, taking high license and local option in its place. The States that are taking up with it now are either new ones, like North Dakota, where life is mainly agricultural and com- paratively simple, and Oklahoma, where the Indian population complicates matters; or the Southern States which have large elements of population of low average intelligence and a high rate of illiteracy. Kansas and Maine are different ; but in neither of them is prohibition as yet an undisputed success. Massa- chusetts and New York will think a long time before they come out for State prohibition, though both of them appreciate the need for temperance reform, and are hospitable to high license and local option. — Harper's Weekly. Eminent Thinkers Condemn Prohibition. The Rev. Canon West, D.D. : "The church of God has never declared the moderate use of alcohol to be a sin ; this seems to be left with other things, as open matters of Christian liberty." Lord Chief Justice Russell : "We have to deal with the world as we find it, with men as they are, and the men who work in Britain like their beer. I deprecate the methods of intemperate temperance advo- cates, and maintain that anything which tends to remove the workingman from sordid surroundings is an aid to tem- perance." Charles Dickens: "There is no intrinsic harm in beer, far from it; and so, by raving against it, we take up a line of argument from which we may be broken quite easily by any person who has the simplest power of reasoning. "The real temperance cause is injured by intemperate ad- 196 Text-Book of True Temperance. vocacy; and an argument which we cannot honestly sustain, is injurious to the cause it is enlisted to support." Dr. J. Mortimer Granville: "The fanatical crusade against the drinking of fenTiented liquors has been carried too far." Lord Llangattock: "I yield to no man in my love of temperance, but you can- not make a man sober by act of Parliament, and I have watched with great interest the good effected by example and education. When the clubs of the wealthier men are closed, then will be the time for closing public houses." The Rt. Hon. John Bright, M.P.: "It is not in the power of Parliament by an act of Parlia- ment to change the habits of the people ; and in all probability a law such as you propose (Temperance Bill), if it were to be passed, would fail absolutely and become a dead letter." Lord Bramwell: "Preach temperance. Punish the drunkard. Punish the adulterator of pure spirits. But respect the rights and opinions of those who do not agree with you." Sir Matthew W. Ridley, M.P.: "We ought not to subordinate the privileges of the sober man to the reformation of the drunkard." Dr. Jonathan Pereira: "Considered dietetically, beer possesses a threefold prop- erty; it quenches thirst; it stimulates, cleans and nourishes or strengthens. From these combined qualities, beer proves a refreshing and salubrious drink, if taken in moderation, and an agreeable and valuable stimulant and support to those who have to undergo much bodily fatigue." Erasmus, the Reformer: "Happy promises! Well may Burgundy be called the mother of man, suckling him with such milk." Joseph Chamberlain, M.P.: "I have been a great traveler and I have seen prohibition abound in the United States, and it only leads to drinking in more forms than under the old system." 197 Text-Book of True Temperance. Justin McCarthy, M.P.: "The prohibition law in Canada and the United States is a gross and ludicrous imposture." t Judge Haliburton: "Laws which attempt to abolish the use of liquor altogether, defeat themselves. It is impossible to carry them into oper- ation. Liquor is sold all over the State of Maine, and all over the other States, and it is said to find its way into high quarters; in my opinion the consumption of liquor is rather increased than diminished in those States where the law is prohibitory." John Stuart Mill: "Prohibition: — A theory of 'social rights' which is nothing short of this — that it is the absolute social right of every indi- vidual that every other individual shall act in every respect exactly as he ought; that whosoever fails thereof in the smallest particular violates my social rights and entitles me to demand from the legislature the removal of the grievance. So monstrous a principle is far more dangerous than any single interference with liberty; — there is no violation of liberty which it would not justify." There is an old and homely saying that the burnt child dreads the fire. Prohibition may be likened to a fire at which certain of our States have burnt themselves. Among these States are Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Pennsylvania and South Dakota. After the child has been burnt once, you need not warn him— he knows. He may blow on his fingers reflectively ^ but he keeps away from the fire. This exactly defines the attitude of the States that have tried Prohibition. They know! 198 Text-Book of True Temperance. Miinsterberg on the Folly of Prohibition. The railroads of the United States injured last year more than one hundred thousand persons and put out seven thousand hopeful lives; does any sane man argue that we ought to abolish railroads? The stock exchange has brought in the last year economic misery to uncounted homes, but even at the height of the panic no one wanted to destroy the market for indus- trial stocks. How much crime and disaster and disease and ruin have come into the lives of American youth through women, and yet who doubts that women are the blessing of the whole national life ? To say that certain evils come from a certain source suggests only to fools the hasty annihilation of the source before studying whether greater evils might not result from its destruction, and without asking whether the evils might not be reduced, and the good from the same source remain untouched and untampered with. Even if a hollow tooth aches, the modem dentist does not think of pulling it; that wotild be the remedy of the cl-umsy village barber. The evils of drink exist, and to neglect their cure would be criminal ; but to rush on to the conclusion that every vineyard ought, there- fore, to be devastated is unworthy of the logic of a self-governing nation. — Prof. Munsterberg. How Liberty Sobers. Till men have been some time free they know not how to use their freedom. The natives of wine coun- tries are generally sober. In climates where wine is a rarity intemperance abounds. A newly liberated people may be compared to a northern army encamped on the Rhine or the Xeres. It is said that when sol- diers in such a situation first find themselves able to 199 Text-Book of True Temperance. indulge without restraint in such a rare and expensive luxury, nothing is to be seen but intoxication. Soon, however, plenty teaches discretion; and, after wine has been for a few months their daily fare, they be- come more temperate than they had ever been in their own country. In the same manner, the final and permanent fruits of liberty are wisdom, moderation and mercy. Its immediate effects are often atrocious crimes, conflicting errors, scepticism on points the most clear, dogmatism on points the most mysterious. It is just at this crisis that its enemies love to ex- hibit it. They pull down the scaffolding from the half-finished edifice ; they point to the flying dust, the falling bricks, the comfortless rooms, the frightful irregularity of the whole appearance, and then ask in scorn where the promised splendor and comfort is to be found. If such miserable sophisms were to pre- vail, there would never be a good house or a good government in the world. — Lord Macaulay. The first, and perhaps the fundamental, weakness of prohibition is one that must strike every thoughtful person as lamentable, for it is none other than an attempt to put the clock back, and not to make history but rewrite it, or to resurrect the methods and failures of the past in twentieth century civilization. — Rev. P. Gavan Duffy. Nothing is more certain than that every State and local community in which prohibition now obtains will ultimately have to return to the policy of regulation, and just so long as the prohibitory law remains on the statute books, just so long will the day of reformation be deferred. — Rev. Wm. a. Wasson. 200 MORALITY, POVERTY, INSANITY AND DRINK. Some Prohibition Fallacies Refuted. TOTAL abstinence fanatics claim that three-fourths of all cases of insanity are caused directly by alcoholic indulgence. More and more the truly scien- tific view is beginning to prevail, that alcoholic excess is rather an effect than a cause of insanity. Another point worthy of serious consideration: Alcoholism, which is caused by the abuse of alcohoUc drink, is a form of temporary insanity, often leading to complete and permanent dementia, paresis, etc. Now the Swiss Statistical Bureau points out, in a celebrated report, that the abuse of ardent spirits throughout the German Empire prevails particularly either in those parts of the Empire whose population does not take any considerable share in the growing consumption of malt liquors, or in those localities where wine is not accessible to the large body of the people. In Bavaria, for example, where the annual per capita consumption of beer is about fifty-nine gallons and where distilled liquors are little used, alcoholism is practically unknown. Miss Mary Dendy, honorary secretary of the Lan- cashire and Cheshire Society for the Feeble-Minded, contributed a paper on "The Feeble-Minded — How to Prevent Their Evil Eft'ect Upon the Moral and Physical Well-Being of the Race," at the North of England Education Conference, held at Sheffield on January 3 and 4, 1908. Dealing with the question of drink and its relation to feeble-mindedness, Miss Dendy said: 201 Text-Book of True Temperance. "For generations good people have been trying to kill this evil habit of excess. Every bad feature of our lives has been put down to it. And now, when a great deal more attention is being paid to disease of the mind, or, perhaps I should rather say, to the lack of mind in our children, there is a jeal- ous desire on the part of the total abstainers to make out that this also is the result of the use of intoxicants. There could be no greater mistake. It is a very serious mistake, for we shall not cure people of a trouble they have by treating them for a trouble they have not. Drink is a result and not a cause of weakness of intellect. This is not a question now of opinion, but of statistics. Dr. Branthwaite, the inspector of Inebriates' Homes, tells us that 62 per cent, to 63 per cent, of all the cases committed to these homes are insane or men- tally defective, a great majority coming under the latter heading. He goes on to say that 'mental incompetence, stopping short of insanity, holds a prominent position in the causation of habitual drunkenness,' and that it is 'morally certain that the large majority of the cases included among defectives started life handicapped by weakness.' "Dr. Gill, the Medical Director of the Langho Inebriates' Reformatory, tells us that 60 per cent, of those committed to this place are insane or mentally defective; and, quoting Dr. Branthwaite's statement, goes on to say that these figures are of great practical importance and reveal a state of affairs that was never even suspected. He is mistaken there; some of us have, for a long time, more than suspected this state of affairs. It has been forced upon us in the course of our work. To begin with, there is no reason, so far as I can obtain information, why the children of drunkards should be more likely to be mentally defective than the children of sober people. As a matter of fact, they are not so. I find that in fifty-six cases the parents of the children concerned were definitely sober; in thirteen they were definitely one or both of them drunken; in twenty-nine there was no definite history either way. Moreover, it is quite easy to keep the weak in mind from drinking; they have not the craving for drink which makes a man sacrifice everything to obtain it. They drink only as they do every bad and foolish thing which comes in their way, because it is easier to do it than to leave it undone. "Dr. Gill is right when he says that there is no road to 202 Text-Book of Trite Temperance. sobriety for the incntally defective drunkard except that which leads to permanent detention. And I must quite clear the point upon which Dr. Gill and Dr. Branthwaite lay stress: these mentally weak inebriates were mentally weak before they were drunken." Dr. Eugene S. Talbot, in his book on "Degeneracy, Its Causes, Signs and Results," says: "That excess in alcohol frequently occurs in degenerate stocks is undeniable. But, as Krafft-Ebing, Kieman, Spitzka and others have shown, intolerance of alcohol is an expression of degeneracy. The person intolerant of alcohol becomes either a total abstainer because of a personal idiosyncrasy (like that which forbids certain people to eat shell-fish lest nettle-rash occur) or because of parsimony, or for both reasons combined. Such total abstainers leave degenerate offspring in which degeneracy assumes a type of excess in alcohol as well as even lower phases." Available statistics of the insane do not permit accurate comparisons between States. The most in- genious search would fail to discover any relation between the ratios of insane in the different States and the prevalence of the liquor habit. Incidentally, however, the fact stands out that in- sanity has not diminished in States where the liquor habit is supposed to have been driven to the wall. In Maine, for instance, the insane hospital population goes on increasing with the same relative rapidity as elsewhere. In 1903 it had 125.3 insane in hospitals per 100,000 population. This ratio is lower than for many States, but merely shows the extent to which the insane are cared for in special institutions. The census report says that in 1890 Maine was one of the four States in which "the number of insane enumer- ated outside of hospitals exceeded the number found in these institutions;" and "in none of these States has the accumulation of insane in hospitals since 1890 been so large that the number still outside of hospitals 203 Text-Book of True Temperance. can be presumed to have been greatly diminished, much less exhausted. " In other words, if Maine cared for her insane in hospitals to the same extent as some other States, her ratio of insane would proportion- ately be the same. Kansas and North Dakota also yield ratios of insane per loo.ooo population which do not reveal the slightest benefit in this respect from the prohibition of liquor. By many extremists alcoholism is represented as ac- countable for a large share in the production of in- sanity and hypochondria; but it behooves us to re- ceive with caution the dogmatic assertions of the enthusiastic propagandists of teetotalism. No one doubts that alcohol in excess is productive of injury to nerve-tissue, but as a cause of insanity temperance advocates are liable to overstate the case. Dr. Carswell, formerly Chairman of the Inebriates Committee of the Glasgow Corporation, says: "In- ebriety is more an incident of the mental life of the mentally defective than the cause of their mental condition." Professor Lankester holds that congenital feeble-minded- ness, or mental defect dating from birth or observed at a very early age, is spontaneous originally, and truly hereditary subsequently. It is not brought about by starvation or other such conditions; but, more probably, it is the result of easy conditions of life, which involve the absence of such selective destruction as obtains in nature and among more primitive men. The notion that causes such as "innu- trition," wasting disease, improper period of parentage, or alcoholism, have anything to do with the form of "amentia" called feeble-mindedness is devoid of all proof. The teaching of biology is opposed to the possibility of such a connection- Dr. Archdall Reid is of the same opinion. Like most of the witnesses, he considers that the great majority of the cases of feeble-mindedness are innate, and that feeble- 204 Text-Book of True Temperance. mindedness implies a brain defect, which is a reversion — a true variation — and must tend to be inherited. The eminent English alienist, Dr. Savage, says: "Alcoholic excess has long been considered to be one of the most powerful causes of insanity; any increase among the insane was looked upon as depending upon such self-indul- gence. England is now much more temperate than it was; this is shown by the greatly diminished consumption of all forms of alcohol, and by a general consensus of opinion that it is good to be temperate or teetotal. Notwithstanding all this, there has been no decrease among the insane, but a fairly steady increase. As a consulting physician I am struck by the large number of teetotalers by whom I am consulted. This does not prove that such persons are unstable in conse- quence of their temperance, but it shows that teetotalism alone does not decrease insanity. Dr. Mott has expressed the same opinion." — {British Medical Journal, 1907). The Gernian Imperial Statistical Bureau found in 1885 that only 2.1 per cent, of 1,367,347 cases were paupeiized by drink. Dr. Bohmert, in his study of poor relief in 77 German cities, found only 1.3 per cent. Even smaller percentages resulted from investi- gations made in the cities of Magdeburg and Stutt- gart. Austrian statistics led to similar conclusions, namely, that intemperance is the cause of pauperism in from i to 3 per cent. The Committee of Fifty found that of 29,923 cases reported by charity organization societies and other organizations dealing with the poor in their homes, 18.46 per cent, are attributable to the personal use of liquor; 2.07 per cent, to the intemperate habits of one or both parents, 0.45 per cent, to intemperance of legal guardians, and 7.39 per cent, to the intemperate habits of others, not parents or guardians. Thus the average percentage of poverty due directly or indi- rectly to drink was 25.06 per cent., with 6.03 per cent, of the total number of cases unaccounted for. Charles 205 Text-Book oj True Temperance. Booth, pursuing an investigation in England on the same lines, finds that among 4,000 cases of poverty in East London 13 and 14 per cent, were due to drink, the higher percentage being connected with a greater degree of poverty. In another investigation made by him comprising 5,000 cases of persons living poor and irregular lives he found 10 and 11 per cent, of their poverty attributable to drink, dropping to only 5 per cent, for another 3,000 cases of persons who were poor but not so irregularly employed. Among a total of 8,420 inmates of fifty almshouses representing ten States the Committee of Fifty found the general average percentage of pauperism due directly or indirectly to drink to be 37.05, with 5.03 per cent, of cases unaccounted for. It is stated that this average "simply stands for an approximate ex- pression of the truth." A table has been prepared by Professor Warner, of Stanford University, based on fifteen separate inves- tigations of actual cases of poverty numbering over 100,000 cases in America, England and Germany. All the facts have been collected by trained investi- gators unbiased by theory. From these figures it ap- pears that about 20 per cent, of the worst cases of poverty are due to misconduct, and 75 per cent, to misfortune. Drink causes only 11 per cent., while lack of work or poorly paid work causes nearly 30 per cent. Statistics showing the relation between poverty and drink are most inadequate and unreliable. The point to be enforced is that such as are at all authentic in no way bear out the exaggerated statements of our opponents. The special report of the United States Census Bureau, 1904, offers some suggestive mformation and 206 Text-Book of True Temperance. comparisons on the subject of pauperism. Thus we learn that the most striking diminution, both in actual numbers of paupers and ratio to general popu- lation, was exhibited by New Jersey, where the ratio declined 93.2 per 100,000 during the thirteen years from 1880 to 1893. I^ other words. New Jersey secures the banner place for having cured itself of the greatest share of pauperism during the interval named of any State in the North Atlantic division. On December 31, 1903, New Jersey, with an esti- mated population of 2,040,882, had enumerated in almshouses 1,936 paupers. On the same date Maine, with little more than one- third of New Jersey's population (as estimated, 706,427), had enmnerated in almshouses 1,152 pau- pers. That is to say, sparsely populated prohibition Maine has 163 out of every 100,000 of its people living in almshouses; while thickly populated license New Jersey has only 94 out of every 100,000 of her people dependent upon almshouse charity. New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, until very recently prohibition States, tell the same story as Maine, with even darker shading. Their showing of pauperism is as follows: New Hampshire Population, 424,150 Number of paupers , i ,1 40 (Per 100,000, 268.8.) Connecticut Population, 966,528 Number of paupers 2,067 (Per 100,000, 213.9.) Vermont Population, 347,660 Number of paupers ......... 414 (Per 100,000, 119. 1.) 207 Text-Book of True Temperance. Rhode Island had license for too short an interval before this census to make a good showing, and here it is: Rhode Island . . ., Population, 458,314 Number of paupers , 788 (Per 100,000, 1 71.9.) It is also worth noting that Wisconsin, "famous for its beer," with a population of 2,203,671, has 1,606 almshouse paupers or only 72 per 100 ,000 of population. The various proposals oj the present time for dealing with the undoubted evils oj drink, may he perhaps tested first by iuquiring what will promote lawlessness and deceit. Now, any attack on the public sale will naturally increase the private sale in clubs, and an attack on clubs will increase the drinking at home. It is hopeless to establish the inquisition in every house and every club. Moreover, ij it were attempted on an effective scale, it would certainly lead to such a gigantic system of blackmail and bribery that the army of corrupt inspectors would outdo the delators oj Tiberius. — Dr. Flinders Petrie. Drunkenness , indeed, and the abuse of Cod's creatures is bad. The sun also blinds those who fix their eyes on its orb, yet who on that account would despise the sun? Water refreshes and drowns. Fire warms and burns, and so with everything else. People have been choked by a morsel of bread, yet bread is a necessary of life, and strengthens the heart of man, and so also does wine, if it is drunk properly and moderately, not going beyond the cup of temperance, or at least the second cup of sufficiency, by which health is conferred on the body without injury to the soul. Bisjiop Nicetas. (Ninth Century.) 208 Text-Book of True Tc>n(\'rdnce. Gluttony a Probable Cause. (H. E. 0. Hcincmann. "Rule of Xoi Too Mitch.") The second point to which I want to refer is a cer- tain aspect of the evil effects of the intemperate use of liquor in producing poverty, crime, insanity, and other misery-. The advocates of temperance. /. c, of the temperate use of all thin2:s. including: fennented bevera2:es. have devoted much time to efforts to controvert or mini- mize the charge that intoxicating drink not only con- tributes to those evils, but is the chief cause of them. Estimates of the share of crime, pauperism and in- sanity caused by liquor run as high as 75 per cent. The Committee of Fiftv seems to siravitate toward a percentage of twcnty-iive for poverty, about thirty for crime. The question is a broad one as well as deep. For my own part. I do not believe that 25 per cent, is even approximately a true rigure. Certain investigations abroad go as low as : per cent, for poverty. Tlie wide diversrence of results shows to mv mind that the re- suits are of very little value as sho'^'ing the actual facts, whereas they do seem to show the natural tendency of social refonners. as well as of the paupers and criminals themselves, to lay the blame on liquor. It is the scapegoat. In most cases a drunkard is pre- disposed, as the anti-alcoholist is. to intemperance. The one lets himself go. and becomes a drmikard. The other keeps himself in check in that respect, and goes to extremes in other things. Both are abnormal. It is not liquor that makes the dnmkard. it is the man. It is not the tine cooking that makes the glutton, it is the man. and of course his enviromnent, consisting of a thousand intiuences. 209 Text-Book of True Temperance. I should like to see the Committee of Fifty send out a few hundred skillful observers to gather statistics showing the percentage of crime, poverty, insanity, etc., that ought to be charged up to dyspepsia, indi- gestion, overeating, gluttony, or whatever they might wish to call the protean forms of that constant abuse of the alimentary canal to which nearly all people are subjecting themselves. T* V ^ ^ T^ V Then, according to the reasoning of the anti- alcoholists, you should stop eating! Prohibit the manufacture and sale of food! Where's the sense ? It is not to stop eating. It is to learn to eat right. It is for the adult to study the question, or take sound medical advice, and observe and govern himself. It is for the parents and the teacher to raise children so that their appetites shall be normal, that they shall not desire excess, but shun it "instinctively" — if you like that word — without the need of conscious self-restraint. It is for the legislator to secure purity of food, for the physician to give advice to keep the people in health rather than pull them out of disease, it is for the housekeepers and public housekeepers to learn to cook rationally and with a view to satisfy normal hunger and appetite, not to stimulate jaded palates or gorge extended stomachs. ***** Was there ever anything good that was unaccom- panied by evil? Was there ever a virtue that, sought or practised to excess, did not turn to vice or crime? Quotations from poets and philosophers of all ages might be multiplied on this subject, to prove the unanimity of the mountain peaks of human intellect on this point. Temperance ! That is the key to the whole question 210 Text-Book of True Temperance. as to both food and drink. Eat temperately and drink temperately, and you will be healthy and strong, virtuous and wise, generous and affectionate, accord- ing to your gifts and your light. What we ought to repel is the attempt to throw the burden of poverty, crime, and insanity upon alcoholic drink, whose share in causing such misery is not the greatest, although unfortunately it is not so insidious a cause or one so difficult to trace as is intemperance in food. It is, in fact, far less dangerous. For while the effects of irrational eating do not appear in plain, unmistakable symptoms at once, the results of excess- ive drinking advertise themselves instantly and in- vite reform. Causes of Distress, Direct or Contributory, in 1,000 Families. This Chart was Made in the Year 1907, in the Period Before the Panic. 1 ,000 Cases ^^^^^i^^^^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^^^^i^^^^ Tuberculosis hi^ 10111% Insanity and Feeble-minded ^ 3t(j% Old Age ^^ 12 1^^% Chronic or Incurable Illness ,^|^ iitij% Acute Illness 1^^^ 163^% Widowhood ^^^^^^^^^ 2,A\^% Epilepsy a y«^% Deserted Wives ^ma^^^^ i5tV% Accident ^bbi i Ittj% Unsanitary Houses mm^^^^ 30ttj% Imprisonment h '^■1^% Drink bhb 12^^% Issued by the United Charities of Chicago, 19 10. Alcohol, Longevity and Disease. The connection of disease with habits of intemper- ance was the subject of an inquiry made some years 211 Text-Book of True Temperance. ago by the Collective Investigation Committee of the British Medical Association. The reports were pre- pared by Isambard Owen, M.D., etc., secretary to the committee, and consist chiefly of elaborate tabular ratings and comparisons. From these the more im- portant results are extracted. The following alcoholic classes were considered, embracing over four thousand individuals : "Class A — Total Abstainers. "Class B — The Habitually Temperate — Men who drink small amounts, and only with meals, and rarely take spirits except for medicinal purposes. "Class C — The Careless Drinkers — Men who, without be- ing 'intemperate' or 'free drinkers,' yet do not confine them- selves within a rigid rule; who drink spirits occasionally as a beverage; who may at times drink between meals, or even to the extent of intoxication occasionally, but who do not make these practices a habit, and, on the average, do not materially exceed what has been termed the 'physiological amount,' of i| ounces of pure alcohol daily. "Class D — The Free Drinkers — Men who 'drink a fair amount' or 'take their wine freely,' habitually exceeding the physiological amount to a material extent, but yet who can- not be called 'drunkards.' "Class E — The Decidedly Intemperate — 'Drinking men, 'hard drinkers' and 'drunkards.' " Commenting upon the showing made, as to average age, by the several classes grouped for examination, the Committee declared that the exhibit of total abstainers was "somew^hat startling, for we find that it is not only far below the average attained by the moderate drinkers, but it is even a year below that reached by the decidedly intemperate." The average ages of the respective classes are thus indicated: "Class A — Total Abstainers — 51.22 Years. "Class B — Temperate Drinkers — 62.13 Years. "Class C — Careless Drinkers — 59.67 Years. 212 Text-Book of True Temperance, "Class D — Free Drinkers — 57.59 Years. "Class E — Decidedly Intemperate — 52.03 Years." The Committee gave special attention to the sub- ject of tubercle, "on account of the widely conflicting views as to the action of alcohol upon the production and the progress of the disease." These conclusions, among others, were arrived at and were declared to have been placed upon a basis of fact: "That there is no ground for the belief that alcoholic ex- cess leads in any special manner to the development of this malignant disease, and some reason to think that it may de- lay its production. "That, in the young, alcoholic liquors seem rather to check than to induce the formation of tubercle; while in the old there is some reason to believe that the effects are reversed. "That the tendency to apoplexy is not in any special man- ner induced by alcohol. "That the tendency to bronchitis, unless, perhaps, in the young, is unaffected in any special manner by alcoholic excess. "That the mortality from pneumonia and probably that from typhoid fever, also, is not especially affected by alco- holic habits. "That prostatic enlargement and the tendency to cystitis are not especially induced by alcoholic excess." Abstinence and Life Insurance. A few English and Swiss life insurance companies offer great advantages to abstainers in the shape of re- duced premiums, and aid thus, if indirectly, the pro- paganda against alcohol. Two years ago Swiss papers reprinted the statistics of an English life insurance company, proving that the average length of life of the moderate drinker was the longest, whereas the mortality was greatest among total abstainers and notorious drunkards. The protagonists of absti- nence were naturally displeased with this and promptly 213 Text-Book of True Temperance. turned the statistical conclusion unfavorable to their cause topsy-turvy, maintaining that the reverse was true. And now they have demanded reduced premi- ums from the German life insurance companies, but have been flatly "turned down." The German com- panies refuse to put faith in the fairy stories of the abstainers. An interesting article on this subject, showing up largely the fallacy in behalf of total abstinence which many insurance companies lend their aid to propagat- ing, will be found in our Year Book for 1910. It is of great value, coming, as it does, from an English insur- ance expert of authority. In this connection the following remarks taken from the New York Insurance Critic, a recognized leader among journals devoted to life insurance, will be read with interest as expressing some truths which are slowly but surely making head against old and deep-rooted prejudices: "As a matter of fact the occupation of a man, the pursuit of which involves no physical hazard cannot, from an under- writing point of view, be regarded as a disqualification for life insurance, or as in any way abridging his rights to the fullest benefits thereunder. A brewer, for example, is a manufacturer; the processes involved in the production of beer are at no point menacing either to life or limb, and his super- vision of workmen and management of the financial and other departments of his business will not tend to shorten his life. That this is the practical view taken of the matter by many progressive and enterprising life insurance com- panies is evidenced by the fact that they carry maximum lines on the lives of brewers and the manufacturers of liquors. A man may be a proprietor of one of these establishments, and be unable to secure life insurance, but the reason will not lie in his occupation; it will be found in his own physical delin- quencies, or in the record made by his immediate antecessors. A banker may fail for similar reasons. A brewery workman may indulge too freely in the beverage of his own making and 214 Text-Book of True Temperance. impair his bodily functions, thus disqualifying himself for life insurance; but his rejection by a life insurance company will rest, not on the fact that he works at a given occupation, but that he is intemperate." That insurance companies are justified in regarding the brewer as a "safe risk," is perhaps not as well known as it should be. Some years ago an investigation was made of conditions of health and mortality among about 1,000 brewery workmen chiefly in New York, Brooklyn and Newark. The inquiry resulted in these conclusions: "I. Brewers drink more beer, and drink it more constantly, than any other class of people. "II. The rate of death among brewers is lower by 40 per cent, than the average death rate among the urban popula- tion of the groups of ages corresponding with those to which brewery workmen belong. "III. The health of brewers is unusually good; diseases of the kidneys and liver occur rarely among them. "IV. That on an average brewers live longer and preserve their physical energies better than the average workman of the United States." Mr. E. W. Milliet, the eminent director of the Swiss Bureau of Statistics, states that "the mortality among brewers is essentially lower than the general mortality in Switzerland. Drinking and Longevity. That Americans are shorter-lived than Germans, even though more temperate than the latter in the use of alcoholic drinks and working on an average of ten per cent, shorter hours, was contended by Dr. B. Laquer before the International Congress of Medicine at Wiesbaden, in April, 1905. The Doctor gave these figures as a result of a personal investi- gation which he had made during 1904: — Persons from 40 to 60 years in Germany, 179; in America, 170. Persons over 60 years in Germany, 78 ; in America, 65. Dr. Isenhart, a Swiss medical man, has just pub- lished some surprising statistics, showing that a drunkard lives longer than a total abstainer if the former is not subject to any other "disease." 215 Text-Book of True Temperance. The average age of a drunkard, he says, is 53 years; of an immoderate drinker, 57; and of a moderate drinker, 63 years. The teetotaler, according to Dr. Isenhart, reaches the age of 50 with difficulty, and his average may be put down as 51 years, according to his experience. Dr. Pearce Kintzing writes in "Long Life and How to Obtain It:" "Our prospective centenarian must be a moderate drinker, * * * he must use Httle alcohol. Candidly, it does not appear from statistics that total abstainers enjoy any great advantages." Causes of Intemperance. The causes of intemperance, as of most social evils, are, however, manifold and intricate. Science to-day knows that there are various causes, but the extent to which different causes contribute to intemperance science does not know. In general, however, they may be divided into what may be called individual and social causes. Individual causes are largely in- herited; social causes are largely those of environ- ment. Certain races, the Russian and Teutonic, and to a less extent the Saxon, seem much more inclined to intoxication than the Latin races. The Hebrew race is singularly free from this vice. Francis Murphy is said to have remarked that if all people drank with the Jews, there would be no temperance problem. But these seeming race proclivities may be largely due to early environment. Most Russians, Germans and many Englishmen are brought up to use liquors more or less intoxicating, or are surrounded by those who use them, while the Latin races are used to light wines very little intoxicating. How far the liquor taste is inherited and how far it is the result of early environ- 216 Text-Book of True Temperance. ment science does not know, but undoubtedly bad surroundings go far. So long as children are born in crowded tenements, almost cradled in the gutter, with no playground but the sidewalk and with the street for their main school, they are very likely to take a post-graduate course in the saloon. Another potent cause is the fact that the saloon is very often "the poor man's club." Here he finds warmth, welcome and equality. In how many charitable insti- tutions or Christian churches does he find equality. Many saloons have halls which they rent free, or for a nominal price, to labor unions. Most unions meet in such halls. A labor temple in most cities would re- duce drunkenness. Another potent cause of intem- perance is poor food or malnutrition. Dr. J. J. Mc- Laughlin of Chicago says, "I believe that bad cooking brings to men the desire for alcohol and other stimu- lants when otherwise they would not feel the craving for them." The unsatisfied or ill-treated stomach, abused perhaps by overspiced food, seeks a stimu- lant. — Rev. Josiah Strong {Studies in the Gospel of the Kingdom) . Prohibition and the Death Rate. From the Census Bulletins of 1880 and 1900 we find that the number of deaths from alcohol for every 100,000 of population was as follows: 1880 1900 Maine 1.08 2.16 New Hampshire 2.02 2.18 Vermont 2.33 3.20 Average for the three States. .1.57 2.41 In the twenty years from 1880 to 1900, during all of which these States had prohibition, the average death rate in them caused by alcohol increased 53 per cent. 217 Text-Book of True Temperance. In the same census report we find that the death rate caused by alcohol for every 100,000 of population in the license States named below was as follows: 1880 1900 Alabama 1.35 i.io Indiana 2.22 2.22 Kentucky 2.12 1.68 Missouri 3-68 1.70 Nebraska 1.76 i • 50 North Carolina 2.07 i . 64 Oregon 4 . 00 i . 2 1 Texas 3-45 i-4i Tennessee 2.01 1.93 West Virginia 1.77 1.67 Average in license States 2.47 1-63 Decrease in rate from 1880 to 1900 in license States, 34 per cent. The death rate attributable to alcohol therefore decreased 34 per cent, in these license States during the twenty years from 1880 to 1900, as against an increase of 53 per cent, in the rate in the prohibition States. Moreover, the actual number of deaths from alcohoHsm, regardless of population, reported from the prohibition States increased 63 per cent, from 1880 to 1900, while the actual number of deaths in the license States from this cause decreased during the same period 2 per cent. These facts are much more remarkable when taken in connection with the fact that during the period named the license States increased about 50 per cent, in population, while the population of the prohibition States was practically stationary. Says the United States Census Report on Mortality Statistics for 1906: "The death rate from alcoholism in 1906 was 8.6 per 100,000 of population, the same as the rate for the year 1903." 218 Text-Book of True Temperance. The following table exhibits the deaths from alco- holism per 100,000 population for a series of years. The figures are taken from the United States Census report. The "registration area" and "registration cities" referred to comprehend the area and the local- ities from which official mortality returns are received each year. Area The registration area Registration cities. . Registration States . Cities in registration States Rural part of regis- tion States Registration cities in other States Annual Average : 1900 to 1904 1901 1902 1903 1904 190s 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.6 5-8 6.2 7-3 7.2 7.2 7-7 6.8 7.2 5-4 5.0 5-2 6.1 5-3 6.0 .70 6.6 6.8 7-9 6.7 ■7.6 3-4 3-1 ^•3 4.0 3-4 3-8 7.6 7.8 7-7 7.6 6.8 6.7 1906 6.6 7-7 6.5 8.1 4.7 6.8 Whether alcohoHsm is a more fruitful source of mortality than a few years ago cannot be determined from the statistics cited. The variations from year to year are so slight and may be wholly due to more or less perfect methods of reporting causes. In European countries there is the same uncer- tainty. Dr. Printzing characterizes the existing sta- tistics as "very inexact" and says, "a comparison be- tween different countries is not feasible," as many cases of alcohol poisoning are entered under organic diseases. According to the best authorities, the death rate from chronic alcoholism per 100,000 population was in Prussia, 7.9; in Bavaria, 7.4; in Baden, 2.4; in Italy, 1.7; in England, 19.2; in Scotland, 10. i. The Swiss mortality statistics are supposed to be particu- larly trustworthy. According to official returns for Switzerland, alcoholism was found to be a direct or 219 Text-Book of True Temperance. contributory cause during the period 1891-1899 in 10.7 of each 100 deaths among males, and in 1.9 in each 100 deaths among females. During the period 1 900- 1 903 10.3 in 100 deaths among males and 1.9 in each 100 deaths among females were ascribed to the same cause. In Denmark, where the consumption of intoxicants is particularly heavy, Westergaard says that 6.7 per cent, of the deaths among males and 0.8 per cent, among females are due directly or indirectly to drink. While no finality can be claimed for the statistics showing the death rate from alcoholism in the regis- tration era of the United States, they afford some light on conditions in Maine. The query arises at once, why has prohibition Maine a death rate from alcoholism exceeding that for Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire (in cities), Pennsylvania, Rhode Island (in cities), and South Dakota ? This excess is visible not only in the death rate from alcoholism in cities, but in that for rural districts as well. Five of the fifteen registration States show a lower death rate from alcoholism in rural districts than Maine, and among them Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, and New Jersey, while New York and Pennsylvania yield only a slightly higher rate. There is a variation between the rates for va- rious localities which point to the uncertainty of the diagnosis. In Maine physicians may possibly be in- clined to give greater weight to alcoholism as a cause of death. Even so the rate in this State would have to be reduced several points, both for cities and rural districts, to bring it down to that of some of the most populous license States. Moreover, the death rate from alcoholism in Maine shows, if anything, an up- ward tendency. The ultimate significance of this fact 220 Text-Book of True Temperance. cannot be determined. But at all events, the death rate from alcoholism in Maine must be accepted as one of the many evidences of the total ineffectiveness of State-wide prohibition to check one of the saddest results of intemperance. Following is the table referred to above: DEATH RATE PER 100,000 OF POPULATION IN CITIES AND RURAL DISTRICTS OF EACH REGISTRATION STATE, FROM ALCOHOLISM 1906. Cities Rural Districts California i3-5 9-4 Colorado 1 1 . i 12.3 Connecticut 9.4 9.9 Indiana 5.5 2.3 Maine 8.4 4.3 Maryland 5.8 t,.t, Massachusetts 5.6 3.4 Michigan 5.8 3.2 New Hampshire 5.1 6.6 New Jersey 12.0 3.5 New York 8.8 4.6 Pennsylvania 7.1 4.7 Rhode Island 8.0 12.5 South Dakota 7.9 4.9 Vermont 13-2 5.0 Prohibitionists not only refuse to support, but actively and bitterly fight against, every plan of excise reform that does not go to their extreme. It must be abolition or nothing; their motto is rule or ruin. The disreputable saloon is far more to their liking than the decent saloon, for the more disreputable the saloon the more ammunition for the campaign. If all saloons were made decent and orderly, the bottom would soon drop out of the Prohibition movement. — Rev. Wm. A. Wasson. 221 Text-Book of True Temperance. Births Fall Off Under Prohibition. The following statistics tabulated from the Census of 1900 show the increase of births over deaths for the North Atlantic States: BIRTHS OVER DEATHS PER ANNUM PER I,000 OF POP- ULATION, I 890-1900. Connecticut 9.3 License Maine 2.1 Prohibition Massachusetts 12.5 License New Hampshire 0.7 Prohibition to 1903 New York 13-6 License Rhode Island 1 1 . 4 License Vermont, Decrease. . . 1.5 Prohibition to 1903 New Jersey i5-i License Pennsylvania 14 -9 License Delaware 10.6 License According to these figures Vermont, until recently a prohibition State, shows less births than any State in the Union with such record ; the next lowest being New Hampshire and Maine. These three prohibition States, as all three were at the time this census was taken, show conclusively how prohibition lowers the standard of virility — if given time enough. 7 do not approve of the rural districts attempting to regulate the social customs of the city people. But it is quite another thing to say that once free men in a once free country shall not, without violation of the law, to which severe penalties are attached, provide themselves with wine, beer and other beverages if they so elect, to be used in their own homes. And to pass laws interfering with this right is an intolerable tyranny and an officious intermeddling with the rights of individuals not to be thought of with anything but the most indignant reproba- tion. — Bishop Johnston, of Texas. 222 LOCAL OPTION BY ELECTION. How the Different States Vote on the License Question. A LOCAL option law provides that the sale of intoxi- cating Hquor shall be licensed or prohibited in a locality according to the voters' desire. This desire may be determined by a petition — usually called a remonstrance — or by an election. Statutory prohibition rules in nine States, namely: ♦Alabama Mississippi Georgia . North Carolina Kansas North Dakota Maine Oklahoma Tennessee Twelve States and Territories make no provision for local option by election, namely: California New Mexico Iowa Pennsylvania Maryland South Carolina Nebraska Utah Nevada West Virginia New Jersey Wyoming The remaining States and Territories fall into two classes; either the county is the smallest unit for an election, or subdivisions thereof may be used. The term "county unit," as used herein, means that any local option election must be held over the whole county, if held at all. STATES WITH COUNTS UNIT. Delaware. (Const., Art. XIIL) On request of a majority of all the members elected to both houses from the county the legislature provides for the license ♦Repealed February, 191 1. 223 Text-Book oj True Temperance. question to be submitted to the vote of electors in the county at the next general election. The result holds until reversed by another election. Florida. (Laws '06:15.) On petition of one- fourth of the electors a special election is held within sixty days. The vote in each election district is kept separate, and if it votes "dry" prohibition is enforced therein, even if the county goes "wet." No new elec- tion may be held for two years. Michigan. (R. S. 1897, §§5412-5435; Laws '99:183.) On petition of one-third of the electors the question is voted on at the next annual township election. Another vote is barred for two years. Missouri. (R. S. '06, §3027.) On petition of one- tenth of the electors residing outside the corporate limits of any city or town, a special election is held within forty days, any city or town of 25,000 or over being excluded. By §3028 the same rules hold for such a city or town separately. The result holds in either case for four years. Election may not be within sixty days of a general election. Montana. (R. S. 1896:10) On petition of one- third of the electors a special election is held within forty days, provided it be not in the same month as a general election. No new election may be held within two years. Ohio. (Laws 'o8:March 5, effective September i, 1908.) A petition of 25 per cent, of the voters secures a special election after twenty and within thirty days. Another election may not be held for three years. Arkansas. Legislature of the State passes special laws prohibiting the sale of liquor in certain counties. Local option elections may also be held, but wine is not included in such elections unless a separate vote is 224 Text-Book of True Temperance. taken for or against the sale of wine. The local option question may be submitted to the voters at each general election covering the ensuing two years. STATES WITH UNITS LESS THAN COUNTY. In the following summary States marked with an asterisk ('^) provide that the result "wet" in a county or district or city shall not bar a new election in a subdivision thereof; a "dry" vote, on the other hand, bars all license elections, during the time indicated, within any subdivision of the "dry" unit. The divisions "town," in New England and New York, and "parish," in Louisiana, are practically equivalent to township in Indiana. This class may be further separated into two groups. In five States — ^Arizona, Kentucky, Oregon, South Dakota and Texas — while small units may be used, it is also possible to use the county as a unit for the election. In the remaining twelve States and Territories the largest unit available is fixed at some subdivision of a county. Comparison of the provisions in Arizona with those in Colorado will make this dis- tinction clear. ^Arizona. (Code 'oi, title 43.) On petition of 350 voters in a county, or of fifty voters in a justice's pre- cinct, or of 10 per cent, of the voters in a city or town, or on the initiative of the county supervisor, the license question is voted on at election after fifteen and within thirty days. The result holds for two years. ^Colorado. (Laws '07:198.) The question of license is voted on at any annual elections upon pe- tition of 40 per cent, of the voters in the city, town, ward, precinct or election district of county. No new election may be held for twenty-three months. Connecticut. (R. S. '02:156.) On petition of 225 Text-Book of True Temperance. twenty-five or more voters the license question is voted on at the next annual town meeting. Illinois. (Laws of '07, May 16.) A city, town, village or "voting precinct" may be made "anti- saloon territory" by a vote at an election for local officers if one-fourth of the voters file a petition thirty days before. A new election is barred for eighteen months. ^Kentucky. (R. vS. '03:81.) A petition of one- fourth of the voters in a county, city, town or election district secures a special election, the result of which holds for three years. ^Louisiana. (R. S. '04, §1211.) Police juries of parishes, municipal authorities in cities or towns, may order elections as they see fit, though not oftener than once a year. Massachusetts. (R. S. '02:100, §10.) The ques- tion of license shall be voted on at the annual election in eacli city and town. Minnesota. (R. S. '05, §1528, Laws '05:10). A petition of ten electors in an incorporated town or village, if filed twenty days before, secures a vote at the annual town meeting. New Hampshire. (Laws '03:95.) Each town shall vote on the license question at each biennial election, and each city at the election in November, 1906, and every fourth year thereafter. New York. (Laws '07:345.) On petition of one- tenth of the electors, filed at least twenty days before the biennial town meeting, the electors of the town shall decide whether or not: (i) liquor shall be sold to be drunk on the premises, (2) be sold but not be 226 Text-Book of True Temperance. drunk on the premises, (3) be sold by pharmacists on prescription, (4) be sold by hotel-keepers only. *Oregon. (Laws '05:2.) A petition of 10 per cent, of the voters secures a vote on license in the county, subdivision or precinct thereof. No new election shall beheld before the first Monday in June of the second calendar year following. Rhode Island. Local option on petition of 10 per cent. *SouTH Dakota. (P. C. '03, §2856.) On petition of twenty-five voters of a township, city or town the question is voted on at the annual municipal election. Law^s '07 p. 369 amends the above by adding that a county vote shall be held on petition of 10 per cent. of electors in county and the result shall hold for two years. *Texas. (R. S. 1897, Title 69, Laws '05, p. 378.) A petition of 250 electors secures a county election, while only fifty names are necessary to gain an election in a justice's precinct or other subdivisions. A new election is barred for two years. Elections must be held after fifteen, and within thirty, days after filing of petition. Vermont. (R. S. '06:219.) License is voted on at the annual tow-n meeting. *Virginia. (R. S. '04:25.) A special election after forty days follow^s the filing of a petition by one-fourth of the electors in a city, town, or magis- terial district of a county, if not less than i ,000 inhab- itants. No new election for two years. When elec- tion is held in county, as a whole, the vote is to be counted by districts, and prohibition enforced in all that vote "dry." 227 Text-Book of True Temperance. Wisconsin. (R. S. '98, §i565a.) On petition of ten per cent, of the electors in a city, town or village a special election is held on the first Tuesday of April next succeeding. The result goes into effect on the first Tuesday of July following. The result holds for four years in: Missouri New Hampshire (cities) Three years in: Kentucky Ohio Two years in: Arizona New Hampshire (towns) Colorado New York Florida Oregon Michigan Texas Montana Virginia Abraham Lincoln on Intolerance. Too much denunciation against dram sellers and dram drinkers is indulged in. It is impolitic, because it is not much in the nature of man to he driven to anything; still less to he driven ahout that which is exclusively his own business; and, least of all, where such driving is to he submitted to at the expense of pecuniary interests or burning appetite. When the dram seller and the drinker are incessantly told, not in the accents of entreaty or persuasion, diffidently addressed by erring men to an erring brother, but in the thundering tones of anathema and denunciation, with which the lordly judge often groups together all the crimes of the felon's life and thrusts them, in his face just ere he passes sentence of death upon him — that they are the authors of all vice, and misery, and crime in the land; that they are the manufacturers and material of all thieves, and robbers, and murderers that infest the earth; that their houses are the workshops of the devil; and that their persons 228 Text-Book of True Temperance. should be shunned by all the good and virtuous as moral pestilences — / say, when they are told all this, and in this way, it is not wonderful that they are slow, very sloiv, to acknowledge the truth of such denunciation, and to join the ranks of their denouncers in a hue and cry against themselves. — Address before the Spring- field Washingtonian Temperance Society, Feb. 22, 1842. Local Option. WHAT IT OUGHT TO BE Many men believe as heartily in the principle of local Option as they disbelieve in State-wide prohibi- tion. To deny that the local cornmunity has the right tp decide for itself whether or not the sale of intoxi- cants shall be licensed, is to deny a wholesome prin- ciple of local self-government. It is a totally different question how the local option principle may properly be exercised. It is not a matter that can be rightly settled by a bare majority vote. A successful enforce inent of a no-license regime depends upon the public sentiment behind it ; but if nearly one-half of the population of a city be for license, and the majority against it contain many who voted from fear rather than from convic- tion, a condition of non-enforcement is certain to ensue. The ordinary evils arising from the traffic become intensified, and to them are added others of a more sinister character. It should not be permitted to settle so fateful a question as that of license or no- license by less than a two-thirds vote; and it should not be legal to call a special election on the petition of a mere handful of voters. Furthermore, unless the vote be more effective for a longer period than now 229 Text-Book of True Temperance. common, there can be no proper test of the policy; and, what is infinitely worse, the liquor question be- comes a constant irritating and detrimental factor in local politics. Professor Hatton, of the Western Reserve Univer- sity of Ohio, pointed out at a recent meeting of. the Economic Club in Boston the impracticability of the county option system. Taking Clark County as an example, he cited the fact that the city of Springfield had voted "wet" by a majority of two thousand, while the county as a whole went "dry" by a majority of ninety votes. The county has no machinery for the enforcement of the law in the city. It is therefore left to the civic authorities of Springfield to enforce the suppression of the sale of liquor against the wishes of the people, who will probably visit their wrath upon them, if they do enforce the law, when they come up for re-election. Moreover, the loss of the revenue caused by the abolition of license seriously depletes the city treasury, and must either be met by a con- siderable increase in taxation (which still further antagonizes the community ) or by a reduction of ex- penses, which means the weakening of the police force and of the other departments of city government. From the standpoint of government, it is, therefore, almost a hopeless undertaking. With very few ex- ceptions, the cities of Indiana, Ohio and Michigan that have been made "dry" under the county option system are in revolt against it ; and in Ohio a number of the cities have joined together in an appeal to the legislature for relief. Even where the local option principle is applied to the smaller unit of government, in which both the voting unit and the unit of enforcement are the same, unsatisfactory results often obtain. If the vote is a 230 Text-Book of True Temperance. close one, it may, and often does, result in 51 per cent, of the people deciding what the other 49 per cent, may- or may not do. In short, unless a town is voted "dry" by an overwhelming majority, which evidences a pre- ponderance of sentiment against the saloon, the en- forcement of the law is bound to be a failure. In other words, drastic measures are necessary to enforce any prohibitory law, and these will not be employed unless the authorities are impelled by very strong public pressure. In the Province of Ontario, Canada, a two- thirds majority vote is required to change a city from ''wet" to "dry" or from "dry" to "wet" again. AS THE PROHIBITIONISTS WANT IT. Option is the right, power or liberty of choosing, tne exercise of such right, power or liberty. The prohis are constantly appealing to the people that all they ask for is that the people shall pass upon this question. Local option, which is real option, means that the people of towns and villages shall pass upon this ques- tion, shall pass upon the question of whether saloons shall be permitted in the respective communities. It is not the prohis' solicitude for the welfare of the rural voter, but only the belief, backed by experience, that the farmer in the country outside of the local municipalities is more apt to vote dry than the voter in the cities and villages. Hence the desire for county option. Simply a question of getting sufficient votes to wipe out the votes in the towns and villages. They say the majority should rule. Under county option (which must absolutely be called county prohibition, because of the result which they attempt to obtain) if a county votes dry, license cannot be issued. If the county, however, votes wet, every village, city and town retains its right to vote dry, notwithstanding 231 Text-Book of True Temperance. there may be a large majority in the county for the wet side. If a county should give a majority for saloons at the general election, every town, city and village in the county can, notwithstanding this, sub- mit the question to its own people again as to whether saloons shall exist in the town or village, and if the majority is against saloons in the villages no saloons can exist, notwithstanding the wet county. If in the election in any county a town or village should vote unanimously in favor of license, and the county at large, however, should go dry, no licenses can be granted. It simply means this: Ask for a vote in the county because you can make the county dry by getting the rural vote. If the county goes dry, you clean out every saloon in the county. If the county goes wet, you still have the chance to clean out every saloon in every one of the villages and cities under local option. You lose nothing, and you are liable to gain everything. It is a jughandled affair. If the county votes dry. majority rules. If the county votes wet, majority does not rule. A POSER FOR LOCAL OPTIONISTS. A few years ago, before the local option movement arose, or when it had not yet attained prominence, the same element with the same end in view induced Congress to abolish the army canteen. Now the army post affords a most admirable example of a community complete and sufficient in itself. The army post, whether in the neighborhood of a large city or on the vast prairie, lives its own life, has its own interests, administers its own discipline. It is really an im- perium in imperio. Here, then, were the conditions ideal for the application of local option or home rule. I challenge you who are now vociferating for local 232 Text-Book of True Temperance. option, for the control of the liquor traffic by the small political unit, you who wish to give the ward the right to decide whether it will permit the liquor business or not, I challenge you to explain why you did not de- mand local option for the army post ? Why did you not leave it to the soldiers of the post to decide by vote whether they wished beer in the canteen or not ? Or why did you not, at the very least, leave it to the decision of the officers of the post? And if you dis- claim responsibility for what was done before as a local option movement, I challenge you to say whether you are or are not in favor of local option for the army post at this hour? Are you willing to initiate or at least to second and push a movement in Congress to abolish prohibition by national enactment at army posts? If you are not willing to say this and to do this, how have you the nerve to stand here and declare your belief in the principle of local option ? Is it not true that local option is a mere trick to get only what you cannot get in the way of anti-liquor legislation from the State and the Nation ? Is it not true that you are quite ready to advocate national control, State control, or ward control, not only consecutively, but simultaneously, as suits your purpose, and that your only real demand in the way of political principle is that the law shall squelch the liquor man? Whether it is a national club, a State club, or a ward club, that you wield, is a matter of entire indifference to you ; you have all three in your arsenal, ready for use. — Rev. E. A. Wasson. Anti-Prohibition Pointers. The abstinents in New England, where prohibitory laws have developed most strongly, were never a majority. 233 Text-Book of True Temperance. To make the seller a criminal while the drinker commits no crime in drinking, is a legal absurdity which the common sense of the community has de- tected, as their average conduct shows. If the legal traffic is absolutely supressed while the appetite remains, it merely runs into illicit channels. Temperance and abstinence in regard to liquors are not similar or convertible terms. They represent two distinct principles of living, however they may be named. These two principles should be equal before the law of the State. The true province of legislation lies in the abuse of liquors, or in the abuse of the drinker. The use of liquors belongs to the individual and lies beyond legislation. Prohibition refuses to recognize natural laws and it has failed. The statutes are not executed in any fair sense, or as other penal laws are executed. Laws ill-grounded and ill-executed cover the worst immorality in the State. Excessive drinking, from one point of view, is an insanity of the appetite. To treat the appetites of all individuals as if they were insane brings on the same confusion that we should have if we adapted our com- mon living to the needs of persons mentally insane. We should then make ourselves crazy, without helping the few insane who need a special treatment. It is established that the individual has in himself certain rights. When society transgresses these, it passes beyond the province of law. The absolute interdiction of the natural appetite is beyond the power of any government. Illicit traffic aggravates the evils of drinking enormously. Our prohibitory statute-makers, working on a 234 Text-Book of True Temperance. benevolent motive, have debauched politicians, cor- rupted legislatures, and soiled the processes of the courts. — From W. B. Weedon's ''Morality of Prohibi- tory Laws.'' Gov. Blease for License. I would respectfully recommend that you amend your present dispensary or prohibition act so as to provide that in case a majority of the white citizens of any county shall desire a license system, that it may be granted. Section ii, article 8, of the con- stitution of 1895, provides in part: "The general assembly may license persons or corporations to manufacture and sell and retail alcoholic liquors or beverages within the State, under such rules and restrictions as it deems proper." We now have the law so that they may have a county dispensary or prohibition. Now, in order to be truly Democratic and fair to all parties, in my opinion this amendment should be made. Upon this platform I made my race for the governorship, and upon this platform I was elected, the majority of the white people expressing themselves as in favor of allowing those counties where prohibition cannot be enforced, and where the dis- pensary has proved and is proving to be a supply station of blind tigers and cheap whiskey, that they should be allowed to have relief by this system. I would not favor, under any conditions, forcing it upon any community, but if a majority of the white people want it, it is their right as provided in our constitution, and they should have it. — Gov. Blease of So. Carolina in his first Message to the Legislature{i gi i). The doped tonic is the pitiful delusion of the temper- ance tippler. — Congressman Boutell. 235 BREWERS FOR REFORM. Correcting Trade Abuses — Action Backs Up Declara- tion of Principles. MUCH of the confused thought about the use and abuse of intoxicants comes from the failure to differentiate between the saloon problem and the liquor problem. The saloon problem is essentially a municipal problem, implying careful study of local conditions, and adaptation to local needs in the num- ber of saloons, hours of opening, and amount of license fee, etc. It is primarily a question of the social con- trol and regulation of a business which cannot be left with safety to the working of the ordinary law of supply and demand. A fair licensing law, with rea- sonable elasticity for the play of local initiative, puts the responsibility upon the civic authorities where it properly belongs. As a general principle, public con- venience should be the determining consideration in the granting of a license. A saloon should not be licensed in advance of the development of a new com- munity; the need for it should first be clearly felt. The disreputable saloon is the product of over-com- petition, personal greed, political graft, police corrup- tion, and the general inefficiency of municipal govern- ment. But the chief cause of trouble comes from over-competition, the establishment of expensive "plants" in excess of the normal demand or need for them, and beyond the ability of the people to support them legitimately. The liquor problem is personal and individual. It involves the scientific study of inebriety, with proper provision for the segregation 236 Text-Book of True Temperance. of chronic dipsomaniacs, and for the medical treat- ment of hopeful cases Both the study and treatment are laborious and expensive, and there is nothing about such methods that appeals to the popular emotion or imagination. Perhaps that is why the agents of the Anti-Saloon League and the prohibitionists have failed so completely to further it. Brewers Earnest for Reform. We favor the passage and the enforcement of laws for the regulation of the drink traffic and for keeping such traffic free from unlawful and improper acces- sories, and we earnestly desire such improvement in the drinking habits of the people as will still further advance temperance, together with the spread of en- lightenment as to the proper functions of drink, where- by the individual may be able to regulate his habits according to the requirements of wholesome living. , * * * * * * The brewers are ready and anxious to do their share, to co-operate to the extent of their power in the work of eliminating abuses connected with the retail trade. While repudiating the charge that theirs is the chief responsibility for the existence of such abuses, they ask the co-operation of the public and of the proper authorities in the work of making the saloon what it ought to be — a place for wholesome refreshment and recreation. *^3g «t« ^0 «t^ «^ ^n ^^ ^* '^ ^* We turn with confidence to the fair-minded Amer- ican public and ask it, in view of many practical in- stances of our sincerity given in the face of great difficulties, to consider the statements above made, and to accept our assurance that the objectionable features of the retail liquor traffic do not rest upon, 237 Text-Book of True Temperance. and are not backed, either by the coramercial interest or by any supposed political power of the brewers, but that the elimination of such objectionable features is most earnestly desired by our trade; that we will lend our fullest co-operation towards their extinction, and that we invite the assistance of public officials and the people in general to that end. — From the Declara- tion adopted at Convention of United States Brewers' Association, 1908. Brewers who ship beer from their own State into other States, and acquire customers in other States, should conform to the regulations and limitations which have been adopted by the local and State brewing organizations into whose territory they ship ; they should assist the local brewers in their efforts to improve saloon conditions, and such shipping brewers should also use their efforts with their local agents and bottlers to induce them to co-operate with the local brewers and the local authorities in this connection. When a local brewer discontinues selling to a particu- lar place because it is in disrepute, the outside brewers should support him by taking the same stand, refusing positively to supply the place with their beer. — Reso- lution adopted at Brewers' National Convention, 1909. In a number of States the laws are directly responsi- ble for many of the evils which prevail in the saloon trade. For example, the Ohio constitution forbids the licensing of the sale of liquors, and in place of a license an annual tax is imposed, practically without conditions. Under such an arrangement any man who can pay the tax can open a saloon, and it will readily be seen that with no restriction as to the num- ber of licenses, or the character of the saloon-keeper, the business has often fallen into disreputable hands. The law of New York State has also encouraged the 238 Text-Book of True TemperaiKe. multiplication of saloons, and is directly responsible for the establishment of fake hotels to catch the Sun- day trade. On the other hand, the Pennsylvania law, restricting the saloons and placing the licensing in the hands of the courts, with power of revocation, has re- sulted in the saloon being conducted decently and with strict observance of the law. It is true that there are objections to the law from the standpoint of the courts, and that Sunday closing of the saloon has resulted in a great deal of illicit Sunday traffic, which is winked at by the police. However, this has nothing to do with the beer business, for practically no beer is sold illicitly, and the licensed trade in Pennsylvania has absolutely no connection with the evil. In Greater New York the brewers have established a working arrangement with the Committee of Four- teen and the bonding companies, which has resulted in cleaning up about a hundred disreputable places. The law itself makes the undertaking very difficult, and it is further complicated by the overcrowded con- dition of the courts and the attitude of some of the minor judges. Similar work has been done in Buffalo, Rochester, and other up-State cities. In October, 1907, the Ohio Brewers' Association established a Vigilance Bureau to investigate the saloon business and report obnoxious places, with proofs of their misconduct, to the authorities. They demanded that legal steps be taken to close up such places, and if the authorities failed to act, the associa- tion was instructed to bring legal proceedings itself, to drive the disreputable saloon-keeper out of business. Many disorderly places were thus closed. The work of reforming trade abuses has been taken up in earnest by the brewers throughout the country, in many places without the co-operation of the regular 239 Text-Book of True Temperance. authorities, and in not a few with their covert oppo- sition. Excellent results have been obtained in Milwaukee, the mayor, the chief of police, and the Cornmon Coun- cil working in complete harmony with the brewers and the Milwaukee Liquor Dealers' Protective Asso- ciation. The Texas brewers continue the good work, which they may be said to have inaugurated. Pharisees Rebuked. I am not charging brewers with being, as far as morals are concerned, any worse than any other busi- ness men. I have yet to learn of brewers who have deliberately falsified weights, like the sugar refiners. I have not heard of conditions in the manufacture of beer which, for degradation and brutality, begin to compare with those existing in the manufacture of bread in the City of New York, which have caused the bakers' strike in that city, or in the manufacture of steel and iron in Pittsburg. I have not found that the brewers in New York, owners of or responsible for the properties to which I have referred, are any more callous than, or as callous, as some very respectable property-owning citizens. Some years ago a house in my immediate neighborhood became so infamous that the neighborhood made a most earnest protest. It was the property of a woman of great wealth, well known in fashionable circles in New York City, and the agent in charge of that property was one of the most distinguished law fimas in New York. * * * Some years since there was a notorious resort in the upper part of the city, owned by a well-known railroad president, whose stepson had distinguished himself by his public-spirited benefactions. Evidence was 240 Text-Book of True Temperance. collected which was conclusive to the neighborhood as to the character of this place, but the owner's representative said it was all right and the owner would listen to or bcheve nothing against the word of his agent. We are just investigating the case of a saloon, owned by a woman and two naen belonging to one of the old and aristocratic families of New England and New York, which their agent is about to turn into an infamous resort. We do not know whether we can make the situation clear to these owners and touch their consciences. — Rev. Jno. P. Peters, Chairman New York Committee of Fourteen. Brewers Commended. With the brewers getting indictments against law- less saloon-keepers, we have entered upon a new chap- ter in temperance warfare. Upon evidence collected by the Ohio Brewers' Vigilance Bureau, four Cincinnati saloon-keepers were indicted by the grand jury on the charge of maintaining nuisances. While there may be many temperance advocates also who would not wish to see the temperance reform limited to effort of this sort within the trade itself, yet the representatives of each and every shade of temperance sentiment ought to encourage such a movement against the lawless saloon. The American saloon is a different sort of drinking place from that found in any other part of the world, and where it becomes a flagrant violator of the law it arouses the opposition of some, at least, who might otherwise take no decided stand upon the question. Any movement which will close effectually "dives" and lawbreaking saloons should be encour- aged by all good citizens, from whatever quarter it hails. — Leslie's Weekly. 241 Text-Book of True Temperance. The Dean Law. The organized brewers of Ohio have secured the passage of a law known as the Dean Character Law. It provides among other things that a man shall forfeit his right to continue in the saloon business if before paying his annual tax he cannot swear, or if he swears falsely: (i) That he is an American citizen ; (2) That he has not been convicted of a felony; (3) That he has not knowingly sold to drunkards or minors; (4) That he has not knowingly allowed gambling in, upon, or in connection with his premises ; and (5) That he has not permitted improper females to fre- quent his place of business, or the premises connected there- with. 242 THE SALOON. Its Place in the Social Economy — No Adequate Sub- stitute for It. THE Saloon was specially and thoroughly investi- gated by the Committee of Fifty, headed by such men as Hon. Seth Low, President Eliot of Harvard, Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Bishop Potter of New York, Hon. Chas. J. Bonaparte, Prof. Francis J. Peabody, Dr. Felix Adler, Mr. F. H. Wines, Hon. James C. Carter, Prof. R. H. Chittenden of Yale, Bishop Conaty, and others of equal eminence. The practical work of investigation was performed by the most efficient experts in the country and the report itself occupies a considerable portion of the volume entitled "Eco- nomic Aspects of the Liquor Problem," and the whole of the volume labeled "Substitutes for the Saloon." A few pertinent extracts follow : "Latterly men have begun to inquire whether, after all, current views have consigned the saloon to its proper place in our social economy. If the saloon be but a destroying force in the community, how could it thus long have escaped destruction? Since the saloon remains, is it not probable that it ministers to deep-rooted wants of men which so far no other agency supplies?" Speaking of the saloons in the Jewish quarter of New York City, south of East Houston Street and east of the Bowery, the Committee says: "Here, then, we find saloon-keepers and saloon patrons of a most abstemious race, thrifty often to penuriousness, among whom drunkards are exceedingly rare. Yet they drink and the saloon is to them an important institution." 243 Text-Book of True Temperance. Of the saloons in the ItaUan quarter the Committee says: "Drinking to the point of intoxication is the exception in these saloons, for the Italians are a temperate people. To them the saloon means, in the first instance, social op- portunity unpurchasable elsewhere for any price within their reach, and without which their lives would be a dreary waste. Drink, though inseparable from the saloon, does not appear to be indulged in by a majority for drink's sake, but as a means to greater sociality and an unavoidable tribute for the privi- leges of the place." As to German saloons the Committee remarks : "The characteristics of the ordinary German beer shops, such as abound in the typically German districts, are so gen- erally known that little need be said about them. One ob- serves in them a large consumption of beer and various foods, little visible intoxication and an air of heartiness {Gemuth- lichkeit) all the German's own. It is expected that the patron will take his ease here, every convenience being afforded for that purpose, and other means than drinking are at hand to pass the idle hour. "In the degree that beer to the German is a necessary of life, in the same degree the saloon stands for beer-drinking, but not for a place of inebriation. If it were but this, would the self-respecting German workman take his wife and other female members of his family there? A craving for Gesellig- keit (sociability) is probably more developed among the Germans than among any other people. The saloon provides the only place in which it can be obtained for a nominal price by thousands of sober and thrifty Germans. "The tavern instinct of our Saxon forefathers is the chief impulse, aside from the drink itself, which draws their hosts within the saloons that line our streets. This instinct must be reckoned with." Prof. Walter A. Wyckoff, famous for his first-hand studies of social conditions, thus expresses his views as to the saloon: "It is a serious mistake to suppose that saloon-keepers as a class are bent upon the destruction of their fellow-men 244 Text-Book of True Temperance. and callous to any appeal for help from their victims. They are often men of quite singular practical helpfulness to the people about them. "The saloon in relation to^the wage-earning classes of America is an organ of high development, adapting itself with singular perfectness in catering in a hundred ways to the social and political needs of men." The Committee devotes a special volume to the subject, "Substitutes for the Saloon." It concedes that the saloon is "the poor man's club in that it offers him, with much that is undoubtedly injurious, a measure of fellowship and recreation for which he would look elsewhere in vain." It points out also that "the laboring man out of employment knows that in some saloons he is likely not only to find temporary relief but assistance in finding work. * * * Many a man has been put on his feet by just this kind of help." The Committee asks in conclusion: "Are there any true substitutes for the saloon in New York?" And it thus answers the question : "We do not believe that the saloon-keeper considers that he has other serious rivals than those competing with him for trade." "If Not the Saloon— What?" Few men are better qualified to discuss the question of the saloon than the Rev. J. E. Freeman, founder and conductor of the celebrated Hollywood Inn at Yonkers, N. Y. Mr. Freeman says in his book bearing the above title: "The saloon is here to stay, not merely because it is tena- cious of what it believes to be its legitimate rights, but be- cause there are a majority of our people that demand its service. 4c 4c ^ 'i' * * "There is unquestionably a vast number of men in all walks 245 Text-Book of True Temperance. of life to whom abstinence is the only salvation. But, on the other hand, let us be reasonable, and remember that there is still a far greater number who use the saloon and do not abuse it. Men who, for want of better conditions, seek its asylum largely for purposes of association and amusement. "The saloon, on its recreative and social side, is a sort of Liberty Hall. It is free from offensive restrictions, and while its traffic may conduce to disorder, it is, in the main, a place where little or no discipline is required, and where all men feel a sense of equality and freedom. ^* ^p ^l> ^» ^j* Jj* "The great majority of those who patronize the saloon, we are constrained to believe, are not attracted thither by its liquors, but by its recreative features. We venture to be- lieve that, to the vast number of its patrons, the magnet of its chief attractiveness is its associations rather than its intoxi- cants. No ampler illustration of this might be submitted than the constantly increasing tendency of the saloon to im- prove its environment and to increase its amusements. aj# ^^ ml* m^ mia ^0 "A cursory investigation of some of the results accom- plished in no-license towns and States will suffice to show that the man who wants the drink will get it, and often more of it than in towns and States where the saloon-door swings on a double hinge. We even venture to go a step further, and to affirm that were it possible in our large cities to eliminate entirely the saloon without endeavoring to furnish any sen- sible or reasonable substitute, the condition of life among our working people would be infinitely harder than it is under existing systems ; for, while it may be demonstrated that the abuse of liquor is a curse, it must also be remembered that the saloon is to the poor man the center and source of much of his social life. It is the place of his contacts. It is the home of much of his amusement; and to the man of temperate habits it is as legitimate a place of innocent recreation as the clubs of the rich, with their luxurious fittings and splendid appointments. From this aspect of it there is evident a con- dition to be reckoned with in which the saloon becomes a necessity rather than a thing to be utterly annihilated." 246 Text-Book of True Temperance. The Army Canteen. INSISTENT DEMAND FOR ITS RESTORATION. I desire to recommend once more, in the interests of the moral welfare and discipline of the troops, the removal, if practicable, of the legislative prohibition against the sale of beer and light wines in the post exchanges. It would seem unnecessary to argue to a fair-minded person the superiority of a system which provides a mild alcoholic beverage at reasonable cost in moderate quantities under strict military control, to one which results in luring the soldier away from his barrack to neighboring dives where his body and soul are poisoned and ruined by vile liquors, with the accompanying vice of harlotry, and where his money is taken from him by gamblers and thieves. Un- authorized absences and frequent desertions directly traceable to visits to these dens of iniquity form a large percentage of the cases of trial by the several military courts, the numbers of which are a blot upon the otherv/ise fair record of our army. This is no fancy picture; its accuracy is proven by the oft-repeated evidence of post commanders and other officers re- sponsible for the maintenance of good order in their commands — officers whose only interest in the re- establishment of the sale of beer is that for the welfare and discipline of their enlisted men. — From Annual Report of Lt.-Gen. Henry C. Corbin, U. S. A., 1906. The Post Exchange as it existed in 1900 was the most rational compromise that the ripe experience of the ablest officers of the army could devise — it was not abused in the camps; it has been the soldier's friend, often saving him from disgrace and disease worse than death. In abolishing it, one might say that Congress in "killing a mouse, resurrected a mon- ster"; and when considering its restoration, as Con- 247 Text-Book of True Temperance. gress must, it will do well to remember that the result of its action has not promoted temperance. On the contrary, it has decidedly promoted intemperance, insanity, insubordination, discontent, sullenness, dis- ease and desertion. — Major L.L. Seaman, late Surgeon U.S.A. "It is time indeed," says the Army and Navy Life, "to reflect seriously on the evil conditions that have resulted from the attempt to force total abstinence on our soldiers. All who know or care anything about the army are aware that the results of the abolition of the canteen have been detrimental to discipline, hence to efficiency; the factor of discontent has been very evident since the soldiers have learned that the law forbids them to drink their beer amid decent sur- roundings at the post, under conditions comfortable, pleasant and clean. But if the restoration of the can- teen will raise the physical standard, in addition to promoting efficiency, contentment and temperance, then no earthly reason exists for delaying that restora- tion one single moment after Congress reconvenes." "With the canteen cut off," says the New York Times in the course of a striking editorial, "our regular soldiers have resorted to the lowest and most brutal forms of amusement that defile the outskirts of army posts. A restoration of the canteen and a system of promotion that would take account of the sobriety both of officers and enlisted men would be salutary and effective." According to a report submitted to Congress in December, 1909, by the Secretary of War, the abo- lition of beer halls did not make for sobriety and re- ligious observance among the veterans. This report says that there were 1,026 more trials for drunkenness in the various homes in 1909 than there were in 1906, 248 Text-Book of True Tempermice when the beer halls prevailed, or nearly 32 per cent. Also there was one charge of drunkenness for every 4.7 men in 1909 as against one for every 6.5 men in 1906. The inspector concludes that the suppression of beer halls has not tended to promote sobriety, but the contrary. Brig. -Gen. Potts, of the Department of the Luzon in the Philippines, says that most of the court-martials last year were traceable directly to the use of the native liquors, the deleterious and in many cases disastrous effects of which, he said, are too well known to call forth comment. He adds: "I can only suggest the removal of temptation by providing a substitute for the vile native liquors in the shape of beer and possibly a little light wine through the post exchange." Major-General Leonard Wood, commanding the Department of the East, in his last annual report to Congress, 1910, said tersely: "It is believed that the re-establishment of the canteen would be to the best interest of the Army. ' ' THE DIFFERENCE. In Europe governments are experimenting with restriction of the sale and consumption of alcoholic drinks under advice of the wisest authorities they can find. Here in various States we get liquor legislation in response to the demands of the Methodist and Baptist ministers, and members of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, who want to make this a teetotal country, and aim, all of them, at national prohibition, enforced by every governmental power the nation has. * * * They hold that every form of alcohol is bad in any quantity for every sort of human creature. If they get laws passed to suit them and it turns out, as in the 249 Text-Book of True Temperance. case of the army canteen, that their laws work mis- chief to the persons whom they affect, they say, "No matter; the laws are right; it is the folks who are bad." Which is funny. Perhaps man was made for liquor laws, and not liquor laws for man ; but for our part, we don't think so. — From ''Life." The Evil in the Philippines. The anti-canteen law is severely criticised in the annual report of Major-Gen. William P. Duvall, com- manding the United States troops in the Philippine Islands. He says that it is responsible for many of the offenses which cause the soldiers' trials by court- martial, and adds: "The desire of a very large percentage of normal men for some sort of stimulant is a desire which such men are sure to gratify. This demand of the soldier previously was gratified by the canteen without harm to himself or to the service. ' ' Since the privilege of purchasing a wholesome bev- erage under satisfactory conditions was withdrawn, Gen. Duvall declares that "there have grown up on the outskirts of every reservation disreputable places where liquor of the most unwholesome, vile quality is dispensed, usually at exorbitant prices, from the direct effects of which the soldier commits many of the offenses which cause his trial by court-martial and often bring about his physical collapse." Gen. Duvall expresses tlie conviction that an in- vestigation by a committee of Congress would result in prompt remedial legislation. He quotes the Judge- Advocate of the Philippines as declaring that the use by soldiers of native intoxicants, "usually procured in the absence of sane drinks, which cannot be had upon the reservations," seems to be at the root of most of the court-martial cases. 250 Text-Book of True Temperance. The total number of summary courts-martial in the Philippines in the last year was 10,720, resulting in 10,495 convictions. The total number of such courts-martial the previous year was 7,013. Civilized men who can deal successfully with stimu- lants, either by using them with judgment (which means great moderation) or letting them alone, get on better, and have stronger families than those who can't. Relief from effort, temptation and struggle does not make people strong. We can conceive of a world without temptation, yet this world was not so devised. We pray to be delivered from temptation; we shield from it, in so far as we may, those who seem not old enough or not strong enough to withstand it. Nevertheless, temptation is a part of life, and there is better hope of training characters strong enough to meet it than of eliminating it from human existence. — Harper's Weekly. Where all men have equal rights guaranteed to them under the Constitution, it can never be hoped to enforce a law which, on the plea that it is for the public good, does not regard the natural rights of many mil- lions of strictly moderate drinkers. As well might a State religion be forced upon them — for the right of strict moderation in the use of alcoholic liquors is part and parcel of their religion, be it Christian or other- wise. — ''Prohibition, the Enemy of Temperance," Rev. J. A. Homan. So long as ait immense body of citizens of all orders and sorts choose to ttse alcohol, think it right to do so, and cannot be shown to offend their neighbors whilst doing so with moderation, it would be tyrannical to pimish or forbid the coyisurnption of any food which an orderly adtilt thinks it desirable and right to take. — Frederic Harrison. 251 FALSE SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOLS. Perverting Physiology in the "Cause" of Total Abstinence. ACCORDING to the proverb, a lie has more lives than a cat. This would seem to hold especially true of the scientific lie, or, in other words, the mis- statement based upon false science. A familiar and notorious example is provided by the text-books of physiology generally used in our public schools, so far as these relate to the effects of alcohol on the human system. The Committee of Fifty, headed by such men as Bishop Potter, Seth Low, President Eliot of Harvard, Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte, has done a good work in exposing the gross errors, the false science and the foolish notions generally that have gathered about the liquor question in its physio- logical aspect. The volume which it devotes to this branch of the subject ("Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem") is a marvel of learning, painstaking labor and intelligent research; in fact, the most not- able work of this character that has yet appeared. The Committee points out that much of the method and substance of the so-called scientific temperance instruction in the public schools is unscientific and un- desirable. It is not in accord with the opinions of a large majority of the leading physiologists of Europe. It should not be taught, urges the Committee, that the drinking of one or two glasses of wine or beer by a grown-up person is very dangerous, for it is not true, 252 Text-Book of True Temperance. and many children know by their home experience that it is not true. Further, it is pointed out that the lurid pictures of the drunkard's stomach given in certain popular or pseudo-scientific temperance tracts are drawn from the imagination and not from nature. The Committee condemns the compulsory so-called "scientific temperance education" laws that have been enacted in nearly all of the States of the Union at the behest of a powerful temperance organization — the W. C. T. U. After citing many wildly absurd statements from these text-books, alleging the deadly character of all alcoholic drinks and the tenible category of evils which flow from their use, the Committee says: "The books, especially those intended for the lower grades, fairly bristle with statements of a character to work upon the fears of the reader, and remind one in this respect of patent medicine advertisements." Among the eminent physiologists and scientific men cited by the Committee as sharing its disapproval of this text-book temperance physiology are many leaders of their profession both in Europe and Amer- ica. These American scientists may be mentioned: Dr. J. S. Billings, director of the Medical Museum and Library, Washington, D. C; Gen. Francis A. Walker, president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy; Prof. R. H. Chittenden, director of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University; Prof. H. P. Bow- ditch, of the Harvard Medical School, Boston; Dr. W. O. Atwater, Wesleyan University; Dr. H. G. Beyer, New Bedford, Mass.; Dr. G. W. Fitz, Cam- bridge, Mass.; Prof. W. H. Howell. Baltimore; Prof. L. B. Mendel, New Haven. Among the European authorities may be cited Sir 253 Text-Book of True Temperance. T. Lauder-Brimton, London; Prof. T. J. Clouston, Edinburgh; Sir Michael Foster, Cambridge; Prof. W. D. Halliburton, London; Prof. H. Kronecker, Berne; Prof. Arthur Gamgee, Montreux. The Comrnittee ascertained by a thorough canvass of teachers in New York, Massachusetts and Wiscon- sin that a very large majority were opposed to the teaching of alcohol physiology as promoted by the various temperance organizations, especially the W. C. T. U. It points out as an irresitible conclusion from the mass of evidence collected that "under the name of 'Scientific Temperance Instruction' there has been grafted upon the public school system of nearly all our States an educational scheme relating to alcohol which is neither scientific nor temperate nor instructive." Commenting upon this "false science," Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Wesleyan University, wrote in Harper's Magazine not long ago : "The laws of all our States but two require that physiology* with special reference to the effects of alcohol, shall be taught in the public schools. Here, again, there is an unfortunate contrast between the statements of many of our school phys- iologies and the consensus of scientific authority. The gen- eral character of the teaching is more or less opposed to scientific fact." Mr. W. H. Allen, of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, decries the ex- aggeration in text -books on hygiene, with their charts picturing in purple, green and black the alleged effects of alcoholic stimulants on the heart, brain, stomach, liver, knees and eardrums of the drinking man. He inveighs against texts drawing lessons from accidental and exceptional cases of the excessive use of alcohol and classing moderate drinking and smoking as sins of equal magnitude with drunkenness, while "over- 254 Text- Book of True Temperance. looking grave social and industrial ills that threaten children far earlier and far more frequently than tobacco and alcohol." The Illinois Teachers' Association recently con- demned the system of "Scientific Temperance Edu- cation" now in force in that State, urging in its place a course of general physiology and hygiene. The International Temperance Congress, held at Antwerp some years ago, rejected the proposition that children be trained to total abstinence by school-books teaching that alcohol is destructive in every form except when used for medicinal purposes. What We Should Not Teach About Alcohol. We should not teach that it is a food, in the sense in which that word is ordinarily used. If we are going to discuss its physiological action at all, we can not well ignore its nutritive value, but we should at the same time emphasize its limitations. When we speak of it as food or nutriment, we should explain to what extent and in what ways it can and cannot nourish the body. So, likewise, if we speak of its effect upon digestion, we should not say simply that it is an aid or that it is a hindrance, but that it may be one or the other, or both, according to the circum- stances. We should not teach that it is a poison, in the sense in which that word is ordinarily used. We may say, and with truth, that alcohol in large quantities is poisonous, that in large enough doses it is fatal, and that smaller quantities taken day after day will ruin body and mind. But it is wrong to teach our boys that alcohol in small quantities, or in dilute forms in which it occurs in such beverages as wine and beer, is a poison in the ordinary sense of the word. In all that 255 Text-Book of True Temperance. we say on this point we must bear in mind that the intelligent boy knows well, and as a man he will know better, that people have always been accustomed to moderate drinking, as it is commonly called, and yet live in excellent health to good old age. If we tell him that alcohol in small quantities is poisonous in the sense in which he understands the word, he will see that we are exaggerating, that we are teaching for effect, and he will instinctively rebel against the teaching. We may say, and say truthfully, that the moderate use of alcohol is fraught with danger. But the cases where the occasional glass leads to marked excess are the exceptions. If we present them to the thoughtful boy as a rule, he will detect the fallacy and distrust the whole doctrine. We may be right in saying that alcohol often does harm to health when people do not realize it, that it prepares the system for inroads of disease, that there is a gradation of injury from forms scarcely percep- tible to the utter ruin of body and soul. But to pre- sent the "horrible examples" as a common result of drinking is illogical in itself, contrary to right tem- perance doctrine, and hence injurious to the children whom we teach. For that matter I believe that the picturing of the frightful results of vice to young and innocent children is more harmful than useful. — Prof. W. 0. Atwater, Wesley an University. An English Commentary. In this connection the Board of Education's Syl- labus on Lessons on Temperance for scholars attend- ing the public elementary schools of Great Britain is most interesting. In the prefatory note to the Syllabus, the editor takes up the matter of temperance 256 Text-Book of True Temperance. teaching in the schools, having reference, no doubt, to many of the text-books that have been in use both in England and the United States. He says: "It has been alleged that some of the 'Temperance' teach- ing given in the past, which was represented as 'scientific,' has, in fact, fallen short of a scientific standard as regards accuracy in stating facts, caution in drawing inferences, or methods of instruction. Indeed, in some cases it appears that attempts have been made to support the incontrovertible general arguments against the abuse of stimulants by sug- gesting that alcohol inevitably and invariably has deleterious consequences when taken as a beverage in any conditions whatever. The supposed proof of this proposition, sometimes included in lectures on 'Temperance' given in public elemen- tary schools, occupied time that might have been better em- ployed for the purpose of inculcating 'Temperance' on broad intelligible grounds, and as a scientific argument rested on somewhat precarious foundations. The teacher will know that a temperate life depends mainly on good habits and the appreciation and practice of a few simple and direct rules of health and conduct, and is therefore largely a matter of good training." The Syllabus itself deals both with eating and drink- ing, and with food and its use. The emphasis with regard to the drinking of alcoholic beverages is laid all through upon the personal consequences of excessive drinking, and upon the social evils which result from alcoholic excess. True Functions of Alcohol. A SYMPOSIUM OF THE WORLD'S MOST EMINENT PHYSIOLOGISTS. Hoppi^-Syler: "Traces of alcohol are found in human organs, such as the brain, muscles, liver, not only after alcoholic indulgence, but even without this they seem to be constantly present." 257 Text-Book of True Temperance. Howell, Am. Text-Book, 1896: "It may perhaps be said with safety that in small quan- tities alcohol is beneficial or at least not injurious." Practitioner's Book of Treatment (Fothergill) : "The experiments of the late Dr. Anstie and Dr. Dupre have placed beyond all question or honest doubt the fact of the oxidization of alcohol within the organism. If alcohol is oxidized in the body, then alcohol is a true food or furnisher of force." Wood's Therapeutics, 1901 : "The habitual use of moderate amounts of alcohol does not of necessity do harm. * * * Wine or malt liquors are certainly preferable to spirits." SirT. Lauder-Brunton, London, Eng.: "Moderate quantities of alcohol may be used as a food." Landois & Sterling, Text-Book of Human Physiology, 1891 : "Alcohol in small doses is of great use in conditions of temporary want and where food is taken insufficient in quan- tity." Prof. McKendrick: "Alcohol must be regarded, in the scientific sense, as a food." Fothergill's Practitioner's Handbook of Treatment: "In practice we find that in many persons a small quantity of alcohol improves digestion ; and that a meal by its means can be digested which would be wasted." Prof. Koenig: "Alcohol in moderate doses is an important stimulant to digestion." Prof. Schmiedeberg: "The conclusion to which all the evidence points is that alcohol may be taken daily throughout a whole lifetime without producing these (injurious) changes in the tissues." 258 Text-Book of True Temperance. Dr. W. II. R. Rivers, International Congress on Alcholism, London, 1909: "In the Croonian lectures it was suggested that the stim- ulating action of alcohol on muscular work was combined with a depressing action on the capacity for mental work. So far as the arithmetical test goes, this conclusion is not borne out by our new work. ' ' Dr. Henschen, International Congress on Alcohol- ism, London, 1909: "The beer-drinking Germans did not seem predisposed to tuberculosis, -but, according to statements made, the abstinent Moslems had a great percentage." Wood's Therapeutics: "Our present knowledge strongly indicates that alcohol is formed and exists in the normal organism." Prof. Dastre, Paris: "I believe that alcohol used in weak and reasonable doses in good wines, at meal times, is an excellent thing, very agree- able, and cannot do harm. Bonutn vinum laetificat cor hominum." Prof. C. von Voit, Munich: "A moderate use of light alcoholic beverages — as for in- stance, beer — is not injurious to health." Prof. Kiihne: "When one sees how many normal, hard-working people arrive at a ripe age while using stimulants with discretion, among which I include the moderate use of alcohol, one does not find good reasons for total abstinence." Statement formulated by Prof. Foster, of London, Eng., and signed by sixty-two of the most eminent physiologists in Europe, delegates to the Inter- national Physiological Congress held in Cambridge in the summer of 1898 : "The results of careful experiments show that alcohol 259 Text-Book of True Temperance. so taken (in moderate quantities) is oxidized within the body and so supplies energy like common articles of food, and that it is physiologically incorrect to designate it as a poison — that is, a substance which can only do harm and never do good to the body." Prof. H. P. Bowditch, Boston, Mass.: "I have always taught that alcohol, since it is in moderate doses almost wholly used up in the body, must be regarded as a force-producer or a food in the same sense that starch and sugars are foods." Prof. R. H. Chittenden, New Haven, Conn. : "I believe we have abundant evidence that alcohol has a certain food value. * * * Strictly moderate doses of alcohol, while not needed by the healthy individual, are not harmful under ordinary conditions of life, and small doses may even prove beneficial. * * * As a stimulant alcohol is without doubt of great value in many acute diseases." Dr. G. W. Fitz, Cambridge, Mass.: "As to the value of alcohol as a food, I believe that in cer- tain conditions it has a distinct food value; as a medicine I believe it has undoubted value." Prof. Lafayette Mendel, New Haven, Conn. : "Alcohol, in physiological doses, is a typical stimulant, and examples readily suggest themselves of its value as such." Prof. T. J. Clouston, Edinburgh: "Alcohol is a food and may in a diluted form be a very valuable adjunct^to ordinary foods by exciting appetite, by improving digestion and by stimulating certain nutritive proc- esses, e.g., the laying on of fat. As a drug it is essential in medical practice. As a luxury, a producer of subjective feelings of happiness and organic satisfaction, it seems to me to be perfectly legitimate if it is used in strict moderation and its dangers are kept in mind and avoided. Many human beings have none too many sources of happiness, and are en- titled to run some risks even in securing it." Prof. Arthur Gamgee, Montreux: "Subject to limitations as to amount and manner of con- 260 Text-Book of True Temperance. sumption, it appears to me that alcohol is a valuable constit- uent of the diet of man, and personally I have no doubt whatever that a physician cannot properly discharge his duties toward his sick patients if he systematically and uni- formly eliminates alcohol from their diet." Prof. H. Kronecker, Berne: "What great things have our apostles of abstinence accom- plished in comparison with the great friends of wine such as Byron, Goethe, Bismarck? Helmholtz and Ludwig were also friends of a good drop. "The Mohammedans make up for their deprivation of wine by the use of hasheesh and opium. Modem abstainers would take up morphine injections, cocaine and other excitants, whereby manufacturers of chemicals would gladly enrich themselves at the expense of the vineyard owner and the beer brewer." Dr. A. J. Starke: "The moderate use of alcohol is for many a man of the present day a very important hygienic measure. The spe- cific effects of alcohol are indeed a useful corrective of the modem lack of muscular activity, combined with an over- wrought nervous system and with a sedentary life. ' ' Before the Medical Congress at Berlin, in April, 1907, Dr. Schlosser said: "That after five years of experimenting, he had found that the best cure for neuralgia was the injection of alcohol. It had proved successful in 202 cases in which all other remedies had failed." Ibid. : "The moderate use of alcohol has nothing to do with drunkenness. Neither the existence of notorious topers nor the causes that lead men to drunkenness need induce a mod- erate man to think that he must renounce the reasonable use of alcohol." Eminent Medical Men Defend Alcohol. In the Lancet, of March 30, 1907, there appeared a document signed by sixteen eminent medical men, 2(31 Text-Book of True Temperance. professors and others, strongly criticising the views of the anti-alcoholists as follows : "In view of the statements frequently made as to the present medical opinion regarding alcoholic beverages, we, the undersigned, think it desirable to issue the following short statement which, we believe, represents the opinions of the leading clinical teachers as well as of the great majority of medical practitioners. "Recognizing that in prescribing alcohol the requirements of the individual must be the governing rule, we are convinced of the correctness of the opinion so long and generally held, that in disease alcohol is a rapid and trustworthy restorative. In many cases it may be truly described as life-preserving, owing to its power to sustain cardiac and nervous energy, while protecting the wasting nitrogenous tissues. "As an article of diet we hold the universal belief of civil- ized mankind that the moderate use of alcoholic beverages is, for adults, usually beneficial, is amply justified. "We deplore the evils arising from the abuse of alcoholic beverages. But it is obvious that there is nothing, however, beneficial, which does not, by excess, become injurious." Among the signatories were T. M'Call Anderson, M.D., Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Glasgow; Sir Jaraes Crichton-Brown, Sir Dyce Duck- worth, Sir Thos. R. Fraser, Sir W. Gowers, Mr. Jona- than Hutchinson, Sir F. T. Roberts, Sir W. Bennett. Without Alcohol— What Then? Considered socially and hygienically, it is an inter- esting speculation what would be the effect, supposing alcohol in all its forms were abolished. Inevitably something would be required to take its place. We are not mere machines; we are complicated organ- isms. Owing to this psychological factor, we are sub- ject to a feeling of exhaustion after prolonged strain, either physical or mental, and a craving is excited, a perfectly physiological and normal craving, for some 262 Text-Book of True Temperance. form of stimulation. This stimulation takes various forms. Alcohol, tea, coffee, cocoa, or failing any of these legitimate forms of stimulation, some drug such as opium and its allies is taken. Take away alcohol and you inevitably invite excess in some other direction. Deprive the workingman of his beer and he will probably become addicted to chewing strong tobacco in large quantities. The hard- working professional or business man debarred from his whiskey and soda or wine would probably smoke more and stronger. Possibly he would consume large quantities of strong tea or coffee. The unfortunate class of individuals who, lacking self-control, must get drunk on something, would get drunk on opium or some other drug. — From ''Popular Drugs, Their Use and Abuse,'' by Sidney Hillier, M.D. Alcohol in Drinks. The following table shows the proportion, by weight, of ethyl alcohol in the alcoholic drinks most used in the United States: Per cent- of Alcohol Average Range French clarets 8.0 6—12 French claret wine 10.3 9—1 2 German Rhine wines, Moselle, etc 8.7 7—12 Sherry 17.5 16—20 Madeira 154 15—16 Champagne i o . o 8—1 1 American champagne 8.0 6—10 American red wine 9.0 6—12 Sweet catawba 12.0 10—15 American lager beer 3.8 1—7 Vienna lager beer 4.7 3—5 Munich lager beer 4.8 3-5 English ale and porter 5.0 3—7 Hard cider 50 4~ 8 Brandy 470 40-50 Whiskey, American, best 43 o 41—48 263 Text-Book of True Temperance. Per cent- of Alcohol Average Range Whiskey, American, common 35-0 25—43 Whiskey, Scotch, Irish 40 .0 36—43 Rum 60 .0 40—80 Gin 30.0 20—40 Chartreuse 32.0 Absinthe 5i-o Drinkers and Abstainers. We have no trustworthy data as to the proportion of total abstainers, occasional drinkers, regular mod- erate drinkers, and positive intemperate persons in the United States. From such information as we have, it seems probable that of the adult males in this coun- try not more than 20 per cent, are total abstainers, and not more than 5 per cent, are positively intem- perate in the sense that they drink to such excess as to cause evident injury to health. Of the remaining 75 per cent, the majority, probably at least 50 per cent, of the whole, are occasional drinkers, while the remaining 25 per cent, might, perhaps, be classed as regular moderate drinkers. In the majority of these occasional drinkers and in many of the regular im- moderate drinkers, such as those whose drinking is limited to one or two glasses of wine at dinner or of beer at the end of the day, no special effect upon the health seems to be observed either by themselves or by their physicians. slf *ig *i* «^ wif «i> An inquiry into the use of alcoholic drinks among brain workers in the United States, including the lead- ing members of the legal, medical and clerical profes- sions, distinguished scientific men and educators, managers of great corporations, etc., indicates that the percentage of total abstainers, out of 892 replies, 264 Text-Book of True Temperance. was 18 per cent.; being 1.4 for physicians, 7.3 for lawyers, 19.2 for business men, 21.4 for professors and teachers, and 54.0 for clergymen. Of occasional drinkers, the percentage was 64.9 ; being for physicians, 83.4; for lawyers, 71.6; for business men, 53.7; for professors and teachers, 67.4; for clergymen, 43.4. Of regular moderate drinkers, the percentage was 16.3; being for physicians, 15.1 ; for lawyers, 21.1 ; for business men, 26.5; for professors and teachers, 10.6; and for clergymen, 2 .6. — Committee of Fifty. Physiological Effects of Alcohol. The physiological effects of moderate quantities of alcoholic drinks on the average adult depend upon whether they are taken before or after physical or mental work, and upon whether they are taken with food or not. Alcohol is a respiratory stimulant of only moderate power for human beings. Highly flavored wine and other alcoholic drinks which contain stimulating ethers have a more pronounced stimulating action than pure ethyl alcohol, and the stimulating action of alcohol is greater in the case of fatigued persons than in those who are not exhausted. The presence of alcohol in the stomach does not materially interfere with the digestive action of gastric juice when the content of alcohol is less than 5 per cent, of absolute alcohol. When, however, the proportion of absolute alcohol in the stomach-contents becomes equal to 10 or 20 per cent, of proof spirit, retardation of gastric digestion becomes noticeable, while the presence of 15 per cent, of absolute alcohol may reduce the digestive action one-quarter or one- third. Strong alcoholic beverages, such as whiskey, brandy, rum, and gin, ordinarily containing from 40 to 265 Text-Book of True Temperance. 50 per cent, of alcohol, have an action upon gastric digestion practically proportional to the amount of alcohol present. In the healthy individual these liquors can be considered to impede directly gastric digestion only when taken immoderately and in in- toxicating doses. Wines in small quantities do not retard gastric digestion, but, on the other hand, appear to stimulate. Larger quantities of wine, however, retard gastric digestion sometimes in a very marked degree. This retardation is due in large measure to other substances than the alcohol. This is likewise true of malt liquors ; the substances other than alcohol, such as the extract- ives, exercising a very decided inhibitory effect when taken in large quantities. Regarding salivary digestion, alcohol and alcoholic beverages when taken into the mouth produce a direct stimulating effect upon the secretion of saliva, in- creasing at once and in a very marked degree the flow of secretion. This acceleration, however, is of brief duration. Pure alcohol has no very marked influence on the digestion of starchy food by the saliva. Wines, as a class, show a powerful inhibitory influence upon the digestion of starchy foods by the saliva, due en- tirely to the acid properties of the wines. Alcohol, as used in small quantities, dietetically, does not inter- fere with pancreatic digestion. Alcohol taken in moderate quantities produces effects on nutrition similar to those produced by the starches, sugars, and fats in ordinary food in that it is oxidized in the body and yields energy for warmth, and possibly for muscular work. Roughly speaking, four grams of alcohol will yield the same amount of energy as seven grams of sugar, starch, or protein, or as three grams of fat. The chief service of the fats, 266 Text-Book of True Temperance. Sugars, and starches of ordinary food is as fuel to sup- ply heat and muscular energy. Alcohol in moderate quantities acts in the same way, so far as heat pro- duction is concerned, and may be substituted for an equivalent quantity of starch or sugar to produce the same amount of energy. All of the ordinary nutrients in serving as fuel pro- tect one another and body material from consumption. Alcohol has the same effect. Alcohol may, therefore, be considered as a food for fuel purposes, but it does not contribute to the building or repair of tissue and is not a complete food; that is to say, it cannot alone support life permanently, although in certain forms of disease a person may take relatively large quan- tities of alcohol when he could not well tolerate any other kind of food, and thus be able to survive a time of special stress. %1« %^ *t* *f* ^£* tJ^ ^« ^* r^ *^ *y« *^ No one would maintain that a cup of delicately flavored tea is in any sense injurious or poisonous to the average healthy adult, and yet caffeine, the active principle of this cup of tea, is a poison as surely as is alcohol. The term poison belongs with equal pro- priety to a number of other food accessories, as coffee, pepper, ginger, and even common salt. The too sweeping and unrestricted use of this term in reference to alcoholic beverages immediately meets with the reply that if alcohol be a poison it must be a very slow poison, since many have used it up to old age with apparently no prejudicial effects on health. — Phys- iological Aspects of the Liquor Problem: Committee of Fifty. Your Body Naturally Produces Alcohol. Dr. John L. Billings, of the Committee of Fifty, 267 Text-Book of True Temperance. points out that there are good grounds for believing that alcohol itself is always being produced in small quantities in the course of bacterial fermentation in the intestinal canal; that it is, in fact, normally present in the healthy organism. The Best Temperance Beverages. Very few, if any, so-called temperance beverages can compare favorably from the point of view of pala- tability or of accept ableness in general, with malt or grape liquors. And it is curious that several of the temperance beverages which enjoy favor with teeto- talers contain an appreciable amount of alcohol. One of the best so-called temperance drinks, and one which is quite popular with the non-alcohol adherent, is brewed (or **stone," as it is called) ginger-beer, and this contains, of course, a relatively large amount of alcohol, since it is obtained (and its palatable qual- ities depend upon the fact) by the fermentation of sugar. We have examined some samples of brewed ginger-beer which proved to contain more alcohol than light beer and very nearly as much as is contained in cider. A light or a diluted claret would be less ob- jectionable on the score of alcohol. Some teetotalers in their innocence, while aghast at the idea of drinking a light hock or claret, do not object to ginger-wine, which, relatively speaking, is highly alcoholic. It would seem to be a question of nomenclature with such people. If a beverage is called ginger- wine or ginger-beer it appeals to them apparently as a preparation of ginger, which is in no way related to things alcoholic. As soon, however, as such classic names as claret, hock, moselle are mentioned, then at once they feel that they are confronted with some- thing that is overwhelmingly alcoholic. This is a great 268 Text-Book of True Temperance. mistake, and a mistake based upon an inexcusable indifference to actual facts. We are convinced that nothing would score more for the temperance cause than the spreading wide the fact that really light wines indulged in moderately may be regarded for all pur- poses as inoffensive from the point of view of alcohol. — From the London ''Lancet,'' highest medical authority in tlie world. Great Men as Moderate Drinkers. There is a question that irritates the prohibitionists, but I think it is a good question to bear in mind in order to show the help that moderate, temperate drinking has been to the ablest men in history. Ask the prohibitionist, what man is there among your people that you can put up as the equal of the late Pope Leo? At ninety he wrote a poem in Latin on right living, advocating the drinking of mild wines as a matter of course— having drunk them all his life, and at ninety was a strong man. Whom have you among prohibitionists to equal Bismarck, Gladstone, Moltke? — I used to see him walking about when he was about ninety, — a moderate drinker; — and Goethe — every- body knows he took his glass of wine. Could anybody imagine Goethe as a prohibitionist ? There is in the human being a force driving him on. Occasionally he has got to rest — to relax. A sheep does not need to drink for stimulant or relaxation, be- cause he has nothing stirring him up. But man is restless, nervous, in need of relaxation and a study of men of ability will demonstrate that mild stimulants have been a benefit to them. You have no right to take away from those who use it legitimately, a nor- mal stimulant that a few poor weak ones are not able to use normally. One man may have a diseased 269 Text-Book of True Temperance. heart, and if he were to run up stairs or play baseball he would fall dead from the exertion. Now, would it be reasonable to say that because one man cannot run up stairs, nobody must run up stairs? Because exer- tion is not good for some people, must all people re- frain from it? — Arthur Brisbane. Wine the Civilizer. Dr. Guglielmo Ferrero, the brilliant Italian his- torian who recently visited this country and lectured at our principal institutions of learning, has been shaking up the dry bones of history in a wonderful manner. In particular he has made havoc with ac- cepted views and moss-covered prejudices. Thus, lecturing before the Lowell Institute in Boston, he declared that wine makes for peace between nations and contributes to their growth. Italy first became anxious for peace when her hills and plains were over- grown with vineyards. The Italian people were as much alarmed at the petty revolt of Spartacus as were the simpler Romans over the invasion of Hanni- bal; for in Hannibal's time only grain crops could be destroyed, and these might spring up again next year. With the assurance of protection to viticulture came a growth in commerce and in the complex wants to which commerce ministers — the national interchange of art and invention; the spread of prosperity and culture. The social virtues were imitated and emu- lated. Barbaric Gaul, which prohibited the importa- tion of wine, is to-day at the head of the wine-growing countries, and Paris is the center for the highest types of culture. France is modern Italy, declared Dr. Ferrero in conclusion, and Paris is the newer Rome. Wine has contributed to the elevation of the former no less than 270 Text-Book of True Temperance. to the ancient grandeur of the latter. The teaching of Dr. Ferrero is that civiUzation progresses with the broadening of naan's capacity for rational enjoyment — a lesson that we are grievously in need of to-day in this country. The Temperate Man. Incidentally, although teetotalers will not admit it, the health of the total abstainer, whether it is mental health or physical health, is not equal to that of the temperate man. The nation that drinks excessively will go down, and it is equally true of the nation that does not drink at all. While the teetotaler is much safer than the hard drinker, he is rarely a healthy, thoroughly normal man. I have talked to many pro- hibitionists. I admire them, but they are thin, ner- vous, white-haired, and usually when rather young, they have dyspepsia. They do not enjoy their dinner, so they eat it as quickly as they can. I believe that beer and light wines have done an enormous amount of good to the human race, if only because they have made of eating leisurely a pleasure. The man who has his beer or his light wine with his evening meal, if temperate, is far better off physically than the total abstainer. — Arthur Brisbane. Cornaro the Centenarian. Louis Cornaro, the famous Venetian centenarian, who lived in the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, found twelve ounces of food per diem sufficient to nourish the body, and, of course, to keep it in health. To satisfy his friends Cornaro increased the amount to fourteen ounces. This caused a serious illness from which he recovered only by returning to his previous practice. Comaro's diet, as given by himself, and which pro- 271 Text-Book of True Temperance. longed his life to the extraordinary age of 105 years, was as follows : Bread, the yolk of an egg, a little meat and soup- as much as would weigh in all exactly twelve ounces — and fourteen ounces of wine. Obviously, Cornaro was not a vegetarian. He was also more liberal as regards the dietary practice of others than some "foodists" of the present day, for he said expressly: "As fruit, fish and similar foods disagree with me, I do not use them. Persons, however, with whom they do agree, may — nay, should — partake of them; for to such they are by no means forbidden. That which is forbidden to them, and to everybody else, is to partake of food, even though it be of the kind suited to them, in a quantity so large that it can- not be easily digested, and the same is true with regard to drink." Sanctioned by Religion. The use of alcoholic liquors is and has always been considered not only legitimate as a beverage, but it is consecrated and hallowed in the most solemn and weighty rite of the Christian Church. Now you can- not, by a mere law, eradicate a sentiment and destroy an institution that has stood for ages, and that is so deeply rooted in our whole social life. Prohibition condemns the conscience, the judgment and the social habits of countless generations of the most highly civilized, progressive and moral peoples. Moreover, prohibition passes condemnation on a great branch of industry that has been recognized throughout all ages as legitimate, an industry in which some of the most venerable and honored religious orders of the Christian Church have been and are to-day engaged. Prohibition necessarily fails because it makes no dis- crimination between use and abuse. It arbitrarily 272 Text-Book of True Temperance. makes a legal crime of an act which is neither wrong in itself nor contrary to the rights and interests of society. — Rev. Wm. A. Wasson. Ancient Jewish and Gentile authors attribute good and bad effects to wine according to its proper use or abuse. No Christian or heathen moralist has ever, in condemning wine and advocating temperance, al- luded to a wine the use of which was free from peril. In fact, the theory of two kinds of wine — the one fer- mented and intoxicating and unlawful, and the other unfermented, unintoxicating and lawful — is a modern hypothesis devised during the present century, and has no foundation in the Bible, or in Hebrew or classical antiquity. — Schafj's ' 'Religious Encyclopedia' ' , 1884. The Lord here (the Miracle of Cana) most effect- ually, and once for all, stamps with His condemnation that false system of moral reformation which would commence by pledges to abstain from intoxicating liquors. — Dean Alford (New Testament Commentary). The Church of God has never declared — because the Word of God, of which the Church is at once the keeper and interpreter, has given no such declaration — the moderate use of alcohol to be a sin. This seems to be left, with other things, as open matter of Christian liberty. — The Rev. Canon West. As for those who endeavor to enlist Scripture on their side, by maintaining that the wine mentioned in Scripture was not an intoxicating liquor, they must either be themselves very ignorant and silly if they really believe it, or must be fostering a pious fraud in the hope of deluding the simple into what is right, under false pretences. And pious frauds almost always do more harm than good to the cause for which they are employed. — Archbishop Whately. 273 Text-Book of True Temperance. I do not know whether Christ would be a total abstainer or not, but am very sure that he would not confound total abstinence and teraperance. He would not think that total abstinence from one form of indulgence is self-control. He would not teach that a man who eats pie until his face is as soft as pastry, ought to be called a temperance man because he does not drink beer. — Dr. Lyman Abbott. Drinking Races in the Lead. As we inquire into the past habits of the Scotch we find among them a strong addiction to three very powerful stimulants — religion, education and whis- key. If any reasonable amount of drinking destroyed a people, it is hard to say where the Scots would be, but as it is, they are and have been for centuries one of the most noted and valuable groups in the whole human family. So the other northern people of Eu- rope — the English, Germans, Scandinavians and Russians — have been for many centuries drinkers of harder liquor, and more drunken than the southern Europeans, yet the hopes of civilization still rest con- siderably on those northern people. The most ab- stinent people in the world nowadays — so far as alcohol is concerned — are the Mohammedans (Turks, Arabs and the rest) and the peoples of India and China. Mohammed proscribed alcoholic beverages. Christ did not. The Christian nations, as a rule, have been alcohol-consiuning folks, but it would be hard to persuade them that they are behind the Moham- medans and Hindus in usefulness, virtue and the essentials of civilization. And the inexterminable Jews are a drinking people, though temperate. Look at Russia. A pretty drunken country, very ignorant, full of vodka and superstitution and stupidity, but 274 Text-Book of True Temperance. also full of strong human material. Increased tem- perance is bound to come in Russia with increased intelligence, a better scale of living, education and liberty. But there is better hope for Russia, vodka and all, than for abstemious Turkey. — Harper's Weekly. Prohibition Impracticable. Effective prohibitive legislation, especially amongst civilized nations, has already been proved impracti- cable. It has been tried by scores of governments on hundreds of occasions during thousands of years, and has invariably failed, except in the case of some Mohammedans, amongst whom it has teen partially successful, but at a terrible cost. The same influence, religious fanaticism, which has rendered them tein- perate, has, by limiting intercourse with more en- lightened, if more drunken peoples, rendered them more barbarous also. It cannot endure forever. Moreover, the Mohammedans, like the Buddhists, have substituted opium for alcohol. Amongst all modern peoples dwelling under the ordinary conditions of civilized life, repressive meas- ures not only fail, but worse than fail. Vast numbers of people combine to break the law by all sorts of de- vices. Modem civilized society is so complex, means of intercommunication are so perfect , the manufacture and secret sale of alcohol are so easy and profitable, the de- sire to obtain it so fierce, the freedom of the individual so great, that an illegal traffic is organized at once, which swiftly grows beyond the control of the authorities. Secret debauchery is substituted for open drinking. — Archdall Reid, ''Principles of Heredity.'' 275 Text-Book of True Temperance. The True Path of Reform. By all means, let us be wide-awake to the evils of drunkenness and do all that we can to abolish it, but let us do it in the only way really possible — along moral lines. Every decent person to-day is a. be- liever in temperance, but every decent person is not necessarily either a prohibitionist or a total abstainer. Excessive drinking is recognized as being indecent and a curse, so by all means, let us insist upon the cleaning up of all that is depraved in the saloon or in the liquor traffic. But let us be quite fair and recognize what is lawful, and let us admit the work of reform that is being successfully carried on to-day by the great brewing and kindred associations which insist upon decency. The liquor trade is not the only one that has seen corruption — what trade, or profession for the matter of fact, has not seen corruption? So long as human nature is what it is, there will always be corrupt and conscienceless souls in every walk of life, from the king to the peasant, the high ecclesiastic to the hum- blest workman. Every trade, every profession, has contributed in some shape or form to creating the pressing problems we are called upon to face to-day. A frank recognition of this fact would relieve us of the appearance of Phariseeism in our search for a scapegoat; it would save us from the ridiculous and unjust procedure of sweeping all the evil and misery in the world into a great heap and piling it up against the doors of all those who are in any way connected with the manufacture or sale of intoxicating drinks. Prohibition will never prohibit. This is above all things an age when prohibition has no special mission, because men see that neither its ethics nor its results 276 Text-Book of True Temperance. can be defended. Where it has been tried, it has proved farcical and morally corrupting in the artifi- ciality of life and morals it has — unintentionally and unconsciously, no doubt — fostered. The reform must begin not only with the individual, for it is pre-eminently true of moral life that its outside always corresponds and measures up, or down, to the inside. Tear down every saloon, distillery and brew- ery and anything and everything outside the man that you argue is a temptation and cause of defection, and you will begin a campaign of destruction that will practically empty the world as it will surely empty manhood. Single out the distillery, the brewery, the inn and the saloon alone as the great causes of moral defection and you will end up by a realization of a gross injustice done and by a knowledge that the will of the supposed victim remains untouched. Continue to find every excuse that mind can think of for the drunkard to shift responsibility from his shoulders to the thing abused; send him here, there, every- where — to the tiny village, dry town, hospital, home or cloister — that he may escape temptation, and you will end up by the realization of that truth, patent now to every thinker, viz.: that your work has been in vain, since a man cannot escape from himself! Clearly our duty then is individual. It lies in organized effort to reach the man who is defective, first, by moral remedies to release the weakened will from bondage; and, secondly, by the educating and strengthening of will to the point where it reaches self-control. When that is done the drink problem is a problem no more; the question has been solved. — Rev. P. Gavan Duffy, in tlie ''International,'' Dec, 1910. 277 THE DRUNKARD»S CHILDREN. Sweeping Results of a Recent Expert Investigation. IT has hitherto been taken for granted by prohibition- ists and others concerned in what is comnaonly called "teraperance reform" that habitual indulgence in alcohol must always have an evil effect upon the second generation, that the children of the heavy drinker are peculiarly subject to mental and bodily infirmities, and that in the race for life they inevi- tably start out with a heavy handicap. These conse- quences have not been hinted at or put forward in a speculative way, but are generally accepted offhand as notorious facts, familiar to every one, and long since settled beyond all controversy. For the first time a careful and systematic inquiry into the effect of alcoholism on offspring was lately undertaken by the Francis Galton Laboratory for National Eugenics. The investigation was conducted by Miss Ethel M. Elderton, Galton Research Scholar in the University of London, with the assistance of Prof. Karl Pearson, and more than 3,000 children were examined, of whom about one-half were the off- spring of drunken parents. As for the results, they were ably reviewed as fol- lows by an editorial writer in the New York Sun : "The question whether such children are more subject than others to become alcoholics is not touched upon in the report, though it is hinted that there will be a further report on this point, but as far as bodily and mental weaknesses go there is nothing to show that the popular views have any foundation in fact. In a word, the results of the inquiry indicate that the children of alcoholics show no appreciable inferiority to the 278 Text-Book of True Temperance. children of sober parents in physical development, intellectual force, or sense-perception. "It appears to be a fact that the death rate among the off- spring of alcoholic parents is higher than among those of the non-alcoholic. This is attributed in part to gross careless- ness and negligence and perhaps in a lesser degree to a toxic effect on nurslings where the mother is the alcoholic. The mean weight and height of the children of alcoholics were found to be somewhat greater than those of sober parents, but it is pointed out that, with due corrections for age, the height and weight of the latter proved to be in fact slightly greater. The general health of the alcoholic group seemed to be a little better than that of the non-alcoholic. Tuberculosis and epi- lepsy were less frequent, and there were fewer delicate chil- dren. This is surprising at first glance and quite contrary to common opinion, but it is explained that the higher death rate of the children of alcoholic parents probably leaves the fitter to survive, that the stronger members of the community have probably the greater capacity and taste for alcohol, and that epilepsy and tuberculosis combined with alcoholism may be incompatible with long life and large families. It is there- fore unsafe to say more than this at the most, that alcoholism in the parent has no notable effect on the health of the child. "It has been alleged that 40 per cent, of idiots and imbeciles owe their condition to alcoholism in one or both of the parents, yet the investigations of Miss Elderton and Prof. Pearson tend rather to show that alcoholism is not a source of mental defect in offspring. If there be any relation between parental alco- holism and filial intelligence it is so slight that no sign of it can be found in the material here classified. Moreover, no rela- tion between defects of vision and parental alcoholism was established by the investigators, errors of refraction and other visual defects being indeed rather more common among the children of sober parents. As to diseases of the eye and lids, they were found to be equally frequent in both classes. "To sum up: the investigators failed to establish any rela- tion whatever between the drinking habits of parents and the intelligence, physique and health of the children." 279 Text-Book of True Temperance. Fair Play for the Inebriate. PROTEST BY A HUMANE AND ENLIGHTENED JUDGE. My attempt to bring about a change in Chicago's method of deaHng with intoxicated persons found upon the streets "who are not acting in a disorderly manner or committing a breach of the peace," came from a conviction that the present practice of arrest- ing and committing such persons to the workhouse is not only injurious to them and to their families in the great majority of cases, but is entirely unneces- sary and is an extravagant method of procedure which ought never to be resorted to unless the indi- vidual is imperatively in need of the medical treat- ment which our shortsighted policy has provided only at our house of correction. This present practice, moreover, is scandalously illegal inasmuch as our ordinances nowhere make drunkenness, either in pub- lic or private, an offense, and yet so many arrests are made for this cause every year that our criminal statistics are thoroughly vitiated. Chicago suffers from the reputation of making about seventy thousand arrests annually, but if the illegal practice of arresting for drunkenness was stopped these figures would be greatly reduced, or at least the police would have time to arrest more real criminals. One branch court tried upward of 5,000 persons for this alleged offense, which was not in any sense made lawful by the discharge of 4,900. If, as has been computed, our citizens are required to obey approximately 16,000 laws which have been enacted by our numerous lawmaking bodies, they should not be compelled to obey any which have never been enacted except by the imagination of courts, prosecuting attorneys and police officers. It is true we have a State law making intoxication 280 Text-Book of True Temperance. in a public place a misdemeanor, but these wholesale prosecutions are rarely under this statute. It is probable, moreover, that this statute is invalid and would not be upheld if directly attacked. As Mr. F. H. Wines has lately expressed it in a letter to the writer: "If intoxication in private is not a criminal offense, then intoxication is not a crime per se and public intoxication does not constitute a crime unless accompanied by acts which are a menace to public order or safety." It seems apparent that the Legisla- ture has no power to make an offense out of what is merely a physical disability. Intoxication is nothing more or less than temporary illness which a person brings upon himself in exactly the same way as he brings many other ills of the flesh — by overindulgence. Gout is usually produced by overeating and in severe cases renders the victim helpless, and ice-water con- sumed immoderately has been known to render a person unconscious; but laws which would make criminals out of such unfortunates could hardly be sustained. The power has not been confirmed upon the Legislature to say what we may or may not eat or drink. Therefore a person has the right to eat plum- pudding or drink ice-water or whiskey as he may prefer, and the mere physical results to himself of so doing can no more make him a criminal than can the smoking of a cigar or the eating of a cascaret. It is apparent that this absurd and unlawful prac- tice of dealing with intoxicated persons is merely a logical development of our national craze for arresting people, which is rapidly becoming the disgrace of our times. Unless this craze is itself arrested, it will soon have put in the shade the Tulip Craze and the Missis- sippi Bubble, and every other hallucination which has ever bewitched the human race. Under the spell of 281 Text-Book of True Temperance. this amazing delusion the warrant has been made the panacea for well-nigh every human ill. Ignorance, poverty, mental deficiency, hereditary taint, lack of parental training, hunger, defective vision, adenoids, two-room flats and the hundred other causes which make people criminal, vicious, sullen or stupid, may all be cured by thirty days or thirty years in jail. To be sure, no one has ever been able to point out just why the coarse, brutal, unnatural process of locking a man up, humiliating him, breaking his spirit, destroy- ing his self-respect, ruining his good reputation, and herding him with vile criminals should supply or cure his deficiencies; but many people, including a large majority of judges and legislators, apparently believe that it has this effect. Therefore, we place the war- rant within reach of all and police officers are em- powered to hold curbstone court in which they are the judge, jury and executioner, and to send citizens to jail or the necessity of furnishing bail. — McKenzie Cleland, Judge of the Municipal Court of Chicago, in ''Journal of the American Institute of Criminology," Dr. Eliot Favors License. The general position of Massachusetts in regard to the sale and use of alcohol is in favor of local option, and I am glad that in this she leads all the States. More and more I am persuaded that it is the wisest and most successful policy in the cause of temperance. We hear a good deal about compelling men to be good — forcible collective action to improve the individual — and many of these forces are wise and good. But freedom is the greatest privilege of man — the right to work out his own destiny. It is also best for the general public. — Ex-Pres't Chas. W. Eliot, of Harvard. 282 Text-Book of True Temperance. Lincoln No Prohibitionist. Austere invective is hurled at us by the National Prohibitionist because we accuse the prohibition party of practical forgery in circulating what purports to be a verbatim account of Abraham Lincoln's stand in favor of prohibition. Their only defense is that one old man alleges that Lincoln made this statement to him just before he died — a flimsy enough foundation, even if we had no real knowledge on the subject. From boyhood to age Lincoln was interested in tem- perance, and yet he is nowhere on record, either in his own writing or in any authentic history, as speaking one^word favorable to prohibition. Look, moreover, at what actual evidence we have. There is his famous speech in Illinois, explaining how much better than violence are education and persuasion. There is the liquor license which his own store took out. There is the ill-concealed impatience of his reply to the clergy- men who bothered him about the drinking habits of General Grant. There is also something much more conclusive. Our sweet friends on the National Pro- hibitionist, who call us such ugly names, have only to examine the records of the Legislature of Illinois. On December 19, 1840, it was moved to enact by amendment that "no person shall be licensed to sell vinous or spirituous liquors in this State." Abraham Lincoln moved to lay this amendment on the table. A week later an attempt was made to pass a provision that a liquor license could be refused if a majority of the voters in the town, district or ward protested. Abraham Lincoln voted against this restriction. On January 13 he voted again to the same effect. We shall await calaily the National Prohibitionist' s reply. * * * The present is not bound by our dead statesman's views. It is bound, however, not to state 283 Text-Book of True Temperance. those views falsely; and we hope, therefore, never to see circulated by the prohibitionists another docu- ment citing Abraham Lincoln as an upholder of their creed. — Collier's Weekly. The Lonely Drinker. The secret story is much more alarming. What is the effect ? As far as the health of the nation and its mental training in self-control and in regulation of desires are concerned, the result must be dangerous, because, on the whole, it eliminates the mild beverages in favor of the strong drinks and substitutes lonely drinking for drinking in social company. Both are psychologically and physiologically a turn to the worse. It is not the mild beer and light wine which are secretly imiported; it is much easier to transport and hide whiskey and rum, with their strong alcoholic power and stronger effect on the nerve cells of the brain. And of all forms of drinking none is more ruinous than the solitary drink ; as soon as the feeling of repugnance has been overcome there is no limit and no inhibition. If I look back over the last years in which I have studied the effects of suggestion and hypnotism on habitual drinkers, I do not hesitate to say that it was in most cases an easy thing to cure the social drinker of the large cities, but very hard to break the lonely drinker of the temperance town. — Prof. Munsterherg. A Fallacy Refuted. It is not just to say that because a high percentage of alcohol is harmful, a less percentage of alcohol must be harmful and dangerous in proportion. That is not true. 284 Text-Book of True Temperance. Millions of people in America drink coffee without hurting themselves, as millions drink beer in Germany and America and other millions light wines in Italy and France without hurting themselves. But if you take that same coffee and concentrate it, you get caffeine, which will kill instantly the man who takes a few grains of it. The same with cocoa. If you take the grape or the barley and concentrate highly the alcoholic product, you get an alcoholic poison less deadly than caffeine, but as destructive in the end. — Arthur Brisbane. Truth from a Man of Science. At a recent dinner of the British Medico-Physio- logical Association, Sir James Crichton-Brown said: "We have at this table many of the highest authorities in the country on the alcohol question. Medical superin- tendents of lunatic asylums see much of the evils of alcohol. They are strenuous advocates of temperance, and have sup- plied the teetotalers with some of their strongest arguments. It is, therefore, interesting to ascertain how far they adopted extreme views on the alcohol question. There are at this table eighty-four members of the association, and just five or six per cent, have declined alcohol altogether. The re- mainder, or ninety-four per cent., have partaken of alcohol in some form, and a large majority in several different forms. I dined a fortnight ago at Sir Andrew Noble's table with eighteen leading men of science of the day, from the venerable Lord Kelvin downward, and not one of them declined al- cohol. It is a farce, a gross hyperbole, to speak of alcohol as a deadly poison. Those who declare alcohol a deadly poison should also state that we constantly carry it about. Our bodies have more deadly poisons or toxins, but these human poisons are harmless and may be beneficial as long as they are kept in their right place. Our great aim should be to keep alcohol in its right place." 285 WINE WHEN IT IS RED. A Characteristic Essay by Mr. G. K. Chesterton. I SUPPOSE that there will be some wigs on the green in connection with the recent manifesto signed by a string of very eminent doctors on the subject of what is called "alcohol." "Alcohol" is, to judge by the sound of it, an Arabic word, like "algebra" and "Alhambra," those two other unpleasant things. The Alhambra in Spain I have never seen ; I am told that it is a low and rambling building; I allude to the far more dignified erection in Leicester Square. If it is true, as I surmise, that "alcohol" is a word of the Arabs, it is interesting to realize that our general word for the essence of wine and beer and such things comes from a people which has made particular war upon them. I suppose that some aged Moslem chieftain sat one day at the opening of his tent and, brooding with black brows and cursing in his black beard over wine as the S5mibol of Christianity, racked his brains for some word ugly enough to express his racial and religious antipathy, and suddenly spat out the horrible word "alcohol." The fact that the doctors had to use this word for the sake of scientific clearness was really a great disadvantage to them in fairly dis- cussing the matter. For the word really involves one of those beggings of the question which make these moral matters so difficult. It is quite a mistake to suppose that when a man desires an alcoholic drink he necessarily desires alcohol. Let a man walk ten miles steadily on a hot summer's day along a dusty English road, and he will soon dis- 286 Text-Book of True Temperance. cover why beer was invented. The fact that beer has a very sUght stimulating quaUty will be quite among the smallest reasons that induce him to ask for it. In short, he will not be in the least desiring alcohol; he will be desiring beer. But, of course, the question cannot be settled in such a simple way. The real difficulty which confronts everybody, and which especially confronts doctors, is that the extraordinary position of man in the physical universe makes it prac- tically impossible to treat him in either one direction or the other in a purely physical way. Man is an excep- tion, whatever else he is. If he is not the image of God, then he is a disease of the dust. If it is not true that a divine being fell, then we can only say that one of the animals went entirely off its head. In neither case can we really argue very much from the body of man simply considered as the body of an innocent and healthy animal. His body has got too much mixed up with his soul, as we see in the supreme instance of sex. It may be worth while uttering the warning to wealthy philanthropists and idealists that this argu- ment from the animal should not be thoughtlessly used, even against the atrocious evils of excess; it is an argument that proves too little or too much. Doubtless it is unnatural to be drunk. But then in a real sense it is unnatural to be human. Doubtless the intemperate workman wastes his tissues in drinking; but no one knows how much the sober workman wastes his tissues by working. No one knows how much the wealthy philanthropist wastes his tissues by talking; or, in much rarer conditions, by thinking. All the hiiman things are more dangerous than any- thing that affects the beasts — sex, poetry, property, religion. The real case against drunkenness is not that it calls up the beast, but that it calls up the devil. 287 Text- Book of True Temperance. It does not call up the beast, and if it did it would not matter much, as a rule; the beast is a harmless and rather amiable creature, as anybody can see by watch- ing cattle. There is nothing bestial about intox- ication; and certainly there is nothing intoxicating or even particularly lively about beasts. Man is al- ways something worse or something better than an animal; and a mere argument from animal perfection never touches him at all. Thus, in sex no animal is either chivalrous or obscene. And thus no animal ever invented anything so bad as drunkenness — or so good as drink. The pronouncement of these particular doctors is very clear and imcompromising ; in the modem at- mosphere, indeed, it even deserves some credit for moral courage. The majority of modem people, of course, will probably agree with it in so far as it de- clares that alcoholic drinks are often of supreme value in emergencies of illness; but many people, I fear, will open their eyes at the emphatic terms in which they describe such drink considered as a beverage; but they are not content with declaring that the drink is in moderation harmless, they distinctly declare that it is in moderation beneficial. But I fancy that, in saving this, the doctors had in mind a truth that runs somewhat counter to the common opinion. I fancy that it is the experience of most doctors that giving any alcohol for illness (though often necessary) is about the most morally dangerous way of giving it. Instead of giving it to a healthy person who has many other forms of life, you are giving it to a desperate person, to whom it is the only form of life. The invalid can hardly be blamed if by some accident of his erratic and overwrought condition he comes to remember the thing as the very water of vitality and 288 Text-Book of True Temperance. to use it as such. For in so far as drinking is really a sin it is not because drinking is wild, but because drinking is tanae ; not in so far as it is anarchy, but in so far as it is slavery. Probably the worst way to drink is to drink medicinally. Certainly the safest way to drink is to drink carelessly; that is, without caring much for anything, and especially not caring for the drink. The doctor, of course, ought to be able to do a great deal in the way of restraining those individual cases where there is plainly an evil thirst, and beyond that the only hope would seem to be in some increase, or rather, some concentration of ordinary public opinion on the subject. I have always held consistently my own modest theory on the subject. I believe that if by some method the local public-house could be as definite and isolated a place as the local post-office or the local railway station, if all types of people passed through it for all types of refreshment, you would have the same safeguard against a man behaving in a dis- gusting way in a tavern that you have at present against his behaving in a disgusting way in a post- office: simply the presence of his ordinary sensible neighbors. In such a place the kind of lunatic who wants to drink an unlimited number of whiskies would be treated with the same severity with which the post-office authorities would treat an amiable lunatic who had an appetite for licking an unlimited number of stamps. It is a small matter whether, in either case, a technical refusal would be officially employed. It is an essential matter that in both cases the authorities could rapidly communicate with the friends and family of the mentally afflicted person. At least the postmistress would not dangle a strip of tempting sixpenny stamps before the enthusiast's 289 Text-Book of True Temperance. eyes as he was being dragged away with his tongue out. If we made drinking open and official we might be taking one step towards making it careless. In such things to be careless is to be sane: for neither drunkards nor Moslems can be careless about drink. Dr. Eliot on Rational Pleasures. Sensuous pleasures, like eating and drinking, are sometimes described as animal, and therefore un- worthy. It must be confessed, however, that men are in this life animals all through — whatever else they may be — and that they have a right to enjoy without reproach those pleasures of animal existence which maintain health, strength, and life itself. Familiar ascetic and pessimistic dogmas to the con- trary notwithstanding, these pleasures, taken natu- rally and in moderation, are all pure, honorable, and wholesome. Moreover, all attempts to draw a line between bodily satisfactions on the one hand and mental or spiritual satisfactions on the other, and to distinguish the first as beastly indulgences and the second as the only pleasures worthy of a rational be- ing, have failed and must fail; for it is manifestly impossible to draw a sharp line of division between pleasures, and to say that these are bodily and those intellectual or moral. * * * Taking food and drink is a great enjoyment for healthy people, and those who do not enjoy eating seldom have much capacity for enjoyment or usefulness of any sort. Under ordinary circumstances it is by no means a purely bodily pleasure. We do not eat alone, but in families or sets of friends and comrades ; and the table is the best center of friendships and of the domestic affections. — Ex.-President Chas. W. Eliot, of Harvard. 290 Text-Book of True Temperance. Kaiser for True Temperance. HAS NEVER ENDORSED TOTAL ABSTINENCE HIS FAVORITE DRINKS. Emperor William of Germany is a strong and con- sistent advocate of true temperance, that is, modera- tion, in all things. In his occasional addresses to student bodies he is always careful to warn the young men against excesses of any kind. The anti-alco- holists are quick to invert his words into a warrant for their extreme views, but the Kaiser has never uttered even a qualified endorsement of total absti- nence and has never made use of the expression in the addresses referred to. The Associated Press cable on Dec. i, 1910, states the Emperor's position as follows: "Of late the total abstinence leaders of Germany have been making much capital out of the Kaiser's frequent speeches in which he deplored drunkenness. "They have been particularly crowing over his speech to the army recruits, in which he declared the nation with the smallest liquor bills would be the victor. "The semi-official press was to-day instructed by the Kaiser to say that he recognizes the impossibility of securing total abstinence either from the army or the navy. "The Kaiser's attitude is that while he dislikes excessive drinking, he does not intend to combat excessive drinking by excessive abstinence. He is equally hostile to 'teetotalism' and 'alcoholism.' " THE kaiser's DRINKS. Not only what the German Emperor drinks, but how he drinks it, is the subject of an article in the Strassburger Post, and at Strassburg they ought to know, for the Emperor occasionally takes an "Ehren- trunk" in public when he is staying at the queer, brand-new-looking palace of his which stands in a sun- baked square near the university at Strassburg, or 291 Text-Book of True Temperance. when he passes through on his way to the magnificent old Koenigsburg crowning the highest of the Alsatian hills. William II., says the Post, agreeing with Prince Buelow's famous mot in the Reichstag, is no Philistine in his manner of drinking, for whether he drains a golden cup on the banks of the Rhine or a Roemer in a Bremen cave, or a Hungarian crystal beaker at a hunting box, he acquits himself equally well and drinks with frankly boyish enjoyment. But though he is no apostle of total abstinence, he is a convinced adept of moderation who never cared for much alcohol, and has of late years taken less and ever less. As every caller at a German house knows, some sort of more or less alcoholic drink is offered as a matter of course and at any hour of the day. The Post says that at the Emperor's Potsdam residence, the new palace, strawberry liquor and cider are always offered, and the Emperor, whose favorite beverages these are, often urges his visitors to partake of them. A cu- cumber liquor is another specialty at Potsdam. Here is the recipe: "Peel and slice the cucumber, sprinkle sugar over it and let it stand on ice for an hour. Pour a light red wine over, strain and serve." The Emperor never takes wine without mineral water, which he adds even to French champagne or German sekt, and it is this fact, the Post declares, which enables him at pub- lic banquets to drink dozens of healths and come out unharmed. At night before retiring he drinks a large glass of orangeade. Brewers as Patriots. One of the first men to land in this country from the good ship "Pilgrim" was John Alden of "The Court- ship of Miles Standish" fame, a brewer's cooper. 292 Text-Book of True Temperance. William Penn, founder of the State of Pennsylvania, and Roger Williams, founder of the State of Rhode Island, were both interested in the brewing industry. Samuel Adams, who threw overboard the first chest of tea into Boston Harbor, was a Boston brewer. Seven signers of the Declaration of Independence were brewers or indirectly interested in breweries. George Washington, the father of our country, had a brew house in Virginia. Patrick Henry assisted his father-in-law in the bar of his tavern. During my twenty-five years' work J. have received less aid from total abstainers than from any other class. All the best and most useful help I have obtained has come from the strictly moderate drinker. — Dr. R. W. Branthwaite, International Congress on Alcoholism, London, 1909. John Redmo^td, the famous Irish leader, commenting upon the increased consumption of beer by the Irish people, calls it "a real temperance wave,'' And you call this a free country, where a man who likes a drink can't take one because someone else feels that he should not. Why, even when I cante in they asked me whether I was a male or female, and if I had ever been in prison. Upon answering the question satisfactorily that I was not a female and had never been sentenced to prison, permission was granted for me to land. We know no such ridiculous questioning or restrictions in England, yet you call America ''free!" — Sir William Treloar, former Lord Mayor of London, during his recent visit in America. 293 BLUE LAWS. Stem Enforcement of Puritan Statutes Has Always Had Its Reaction. IF anyone is sighing for the freedom of the good old days, he may find a sharp reminder of their limitations in that respect in the report that the Connecticut Legislatiire has just repealed one of the "blue laws" that has been on the statute books of that Commonwealth since the year of grace 1722. It re- ferred to the observance of Sunday, and imposed the most rigid restrictions upon secular activity on the Lord's Day. It has been replaced by a new bill defining Sunday, that allows such pursuits and sports as are "for the general welfare of the community." Ardent advo- cates of the national game are strong in their insistence that baseball comes within the proper interpretation of this new law. Those who hold that good and evil are relative terms will find much to support their arguments when the things then put tmder the ban are compared with the privileges now readily allowed by the most strait- laced among those who still demand tithes of rue and mint and cummin. As against those early settlers, the most legal observer of to-day would appear a common roysterer. They were a solemn people, much given to the mak- ing of laws. Hell to them was a very real place, and the devil lurked in a laugh. A young woman was threatened with being sent out of the country as a common vagabond because she smiled in church. 294 Text-Book of True Temperance. Any thought about clothes was a sign of worldliness, and whalebones in the bodice were an abomination unto the Lord. An old woman, half blind with age, entertained a clergyman. When he was about to de- part, she felt of his band; finding it stiffened with starch, she reproved him sharply, and feared God would not prosper his journey. Profane cursing and swearing was fined ten shillings; and, if there were more than one oath at a time, twenty shillings. Bad days, indeed, for such as old Sowberry Hagan, who, it was said, could beat Huck Finn's pap at the art of forceful expression. Idle people and tobacco-takers were brought at once be- fore the magistrate for punishment. Any person who walked in the streets or fields on the Sabbath was fined ten shillings. Various reasons have been assigned for the severity of the old Puritan laws. Perhaps the best explanation is found in the principle known as human nature. These men had fled from persecution; they had suf- fered for righteousness' sake at the hands of godless ones much given to oaths and fine clothes. Small wonder they should have coupled the two, or that they should have persecuted in turn. Fur- ther proof that old himaan nature was at work is found in the fact that the pillory, which was soon set up, was seldom without an occupant. Also that it was better even then to do one's courting first hand than by proxy, as bold Miles Standish discovered to his cost when the fair Priscilla would have none of such wooing. Quite as natural, too, that in course of time the pendulum should have swung full the other way. The section that once discoursed on such subtle theo- logical problems as how many souls of the wicked 295 Text-Book of True Temperance. could be placed in a mustard seed, now leads the way in the higher thought. Phariseeism, with its literal observances, is but the opposite pole of the sadduceeism that recognizes neither angel nor spirit. The stem imposition of the letter of the law has always had its reaction. It is hard to keep the golden mean, and the rigorous pro- hibition laws of the present, like the old blue laws, will find their way to the ash-heap. The Weekly professes itself to be in sympathy with the regulation and taxation of liquor-selling, in sym- pathy with much of the legislation that aims to keep liquor out of unfit hands, but it also understands the attitude of those who hold that the future of the American people would not be much affected if every law relating to alcoholic drinks were wiped out of the statute-books. In that case the destruction of the unfit and the irresponsible would be more rapid, but there would still be a great residue capable of self- restraint and wise enough to live and thrive in a world without restriction as to the sale or use of alcoholic drink. — Harper's Weekly. 'Tis not the drinking that is to he blamed^ hut the excess. — Selden, 1689. The laws now on the statute hooks of most States are sufficient for the proper regulation of the liquor traffic, hut in many instances these laws have not heen enforced, have heen winked at, or have heen enforced in a hap- hazard manner. Consequently, new legislation is the almost universal cry, hut to my mind, this fever for new legislation, however honestly it may he seeking to remedy the evil, jar overshoots the mark. — Bishop LiLLis, of Kansas. 296 Text-Book of True Temperance. Religious Status of the States. FIGURES WHICH PROVE THAT PROHIBITION DOES NOT PROMOTE CHURCH MEMBERSHIP. Mr. George MuUer, of Philadelphia, the well-known publicist, declares that prohibition is not a promoter of piety, and goes on to sustain his position as follows: For the first time in the history of the government there has been prepared a full report of denominational religious statistics for the United States. The complete report is being printed, but for advance in- formation the Census Department has issued a bulletin (No. 103) from which we glean certain items that ought to illumi- nate the darkened understanding of our prohibition contem- poraries, and take some of the kinks out of the crooked tongues of prohibition agitators. We call attention to the fact that Kansas, which adopted prohibition in 1880, and Maine, which has been subject to statutory and Constitutional prohibition for over sixty years, give no evidence of the Christianizing effect of that policy. Kansas belongs to the political division known as the North Central, and has the lowest percentage of church members in ratio to population of any of the twelve States in that divi- sion, or 28.4 per cent., the average for the twelve States being 37.3 per cent. The highest is Wisconsin with 44.3 per cent., and yet, "Wisconsin brews the beer that made Milwaukee famous." There were only three prohibition States when this census was taken, and it may be well to note that North Dakota, one of these, in the same division with Kansas, had only 34.3 per cent, of her population in the churches, or the third lowest among the twelve States; the order being Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota. In the East, Old Maine, the mother of this noxious political nostrum, has only 29.8 per cent, of her population holding membership in the churches, she being the lowest of the nine States comprising the North Atlantic division. The average for these States is 44.1 per cent. Rhode Island is the highest in church membership. The gist of the whole matter is that prohibition does not promote the evangelization of our people. If it did, Kansas and Maine should give indubitable proof. 297 Text-Book of True Temperance. Following is an extract from the table to which Mr. Muller refers: PROPORTION OF POPULATION HOLDING MEMBERSHIP IN CHURCHES (united STATES CENSUS REPORT OF CHURCH STATISTICS IN 1906). Church State Population Membership Per cent. Continental United States. 84,246,252 32,936,445 39-i North Atlantic Division .. . 23,388,682 10,306,946 44.1 Maine 714,494 212,988 29.8 New Hampshire 432,624 190,298 44.0 Vermont 35o»373 147.223 42.0 Massachusetts 3,043,346 1,562,621 51 -3 Rhode Island 490,387 264,712 54 -o Connecticut 1,005,716 502,560 50.0 New York 8,226,990 3.591, 974 43-7 New Jersey 2,196,237 857,548 39.0 Pennsylvania 6,928,515 2,977,022 43 .0 North Central Division. . . . 28,628,813 10,689,212 Zl -Z Ohio 4,448,677 1,742,873 39.2 Indiana 2,710,898 938,405 34.6 Illinois 5,418,670 2,077,197 38.3 Michigan 2,584,533 982,479 38.0 Wisconsin 2,260,930 1,000,903 44-3 Minnesota 2,025,615 834,442 41.2 Iowa 2,205,690 788,667 35-8 Missouri 3.363,153 1.199,239 35-7 North Dakota 463.784 i59,o53 34-3 South Dakota 465,908 161,961 34-8 Nebraska 1,068,484 345,803 32 .4 Kansas 1,612,471 458,190 28.4 Books on the Liquor Question. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE OF FIFTY — LIST OF PERTINENT WORKS. Many allusions are made in this book to the Com- mittee of Fifty, and liberal quotations from the works published under their direction are given. The fol- lowing facts with reference to this distinguished body of investigators are therefore of interest and will be helpful to all students of the liquor question. 298 Text-Book of True Temperance. The Committee of Fifty for the Investigation of the Liquor Problem was organized in 1893. Following is a declaration of its intention: "This Committee, made up of persons representing different trades, occupations, and opinions, is engaged in the study of the Liquor Problem, in the hope of securing a body of facts which may serve as a basis for intelligent public and private action. It is the purpose of the Committee to collect and collate impartially all accessible facts which bear upon the problem, and it is their hope to secure for the evidence thus accumulated a measure of confidence on the part of the community which is not accorded to personal statements." This plan was carried out with the assistance of experienced workers. The Committee has published the following books: 1. The Physiological Aspects of the Liquor Problem. In- vestigations made by Prof. W. O. Atwater, Wesleyan Uni- versity; John S. Billings, Astor Library; Prof. H. P. Bowditch, Harvard Medical School; Prof. R. H. Chittenden, Sheffield Scientific School (Yale); Dr. W. H. Welch, Johns Hopkins Hospital. 2. The Liquor Problem in its Legislative Aspects. An in- vestigation made under the direction of Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University; Seth Low, former President of Columbia University; Hon. James C. Carter, of New York. 3. Economic Aspects of the Liquor Problem. An investi- gation made under the direction of Prof. Henry W. Famam, of Yale University, by John Koren, with the co-operation of the representatives of thirty-three charity organization so- cieties, sixty almshouses, and seventeen prisons and reforma- tories. 4. Substitutes for the Saloon. An investigation made under the direction of Prof. Francis G. Peabody, of Harvard University ; Dr. Elgin R. L. Gould, of New York ; and Prof. W. M. Sloane, of Columbia University, by Raymond Calkins, with the co-operation of many teachers, students, settlement workers and other investigators. 5. The Liquor Problem. A summary of investigations con- ducted by the Committee of Fifty, 1 893-1903. Prepared for 299 Text-Book of True Temperance. the Committee by John S. Billings, Charles W. Eliot, Henry W. Famam, Jacob L. Greene and Francis G. Peabody. These books represent the only earnest, sane and liberal attempt ever made in this country to examine the liquor problem in all its bearings. It is unlikely that any inquiry of equal value and comprehensive- ness will be attempted for years to come. The Committee of Fifty, it should be said, are not always infallible and not invariably free from bias or prejudice; but their work, as a whole, remains a model for similar investigations. Besides the books of the Committee of Fifty al- ready mentioned, the following are well worthy the attention of impartial students of the liquor question in all its phases: Alcohol, the Sanction for its Use; scientifically established and popularly expounded by a Physiologist. Translated from the German of Dr. J. Starke. Putnam, New York. 1907. Alcoholism: A Study in Heredity. By G, Archdall Reid, CM., F.R.S.E. William Wood, Publisher, New York. 1903. The Principles of Heredity; with Some Applications. By G. Archdall Reid. Balliere, Tindall & Co., London. 1906. "The Drink Problem will be solved by Nature, if not by us — and even in spite of us." Year Book of the United States Brewers' Association for 1909: A review of recent Liquor Legislation, with a digest of matters chiefly concerning the Brewing Industry. U. S. B. A., New York. 1909. Contains a chapter on "Some Social Aspects of the Drink Question." "We have aimed to make the Year Book a valu- able reference book, not only for the brewers, but for all serious students of the liquor question, adhering to our established policy of presenting only such facts and figures as will bear the light of unbiased scrutiny." Year Book of the United States Brewers' Association for 1910: Including a Study of Local Option in Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Massachusetts. U. S. B. A., New York. 19 10. 300 Text-Book of True Temperance. "The purpose of publishing this Year Book is to present reliable information in regard to the beer business and to elucidate certain aspects of the liquor question for the benefit of the public." American Beer; Glimpses of its History and Description of its Manufacture. U. S. B. A,, New York. 1909. "The phenomenal growth of brewing throughout the world during the past fifty years has given rise to many speculations as to the future of malt liquors, and many very able writers do not hesitate to call beer the universal drink of the future." The Rule of Not Too Much. A collection of articles dealing with the principle of temperance; with special reference to the use of fermented beverages. By H. E. O. Heinemann, 145 La Salle St., Chicago. 1908. Drugs and the Drug Habit. By Harrington Saintsbury, M.D., F.R.C.P. Button, New York. 1909. "In the first place we must recognize that drunkenness arises in chief part from the use of the stronger alcoholic drinks. * * * j^ two directions, therefore, the State may help in this matter: — "i. By watching over the purity of the alcoholic supplies. "2. By controlling the fortification of fermented liq- uors, and by encouraging the trade in the lighter beers and wines." Licensing and Temperance in Sweden, Norway and Den- mark. By Edwin A. Pratt. Murray, London. 1907. "I would call the special attention of my readers to the account I give of the conditions in Denmark, and more particularly to the remarkable work which is being car- ried on by the Danish temperance societies on the basis of allowing their members to regard beer of low alcoholic strength as a temperance beverage. With the policy thus adopted I have complete sympathy." — The Author. History of Liquor Licensing in England principally from 1700 to 1830. By Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Longmans, London. 1903. 301 Text-Book of True Temperance, Beverages, Past and Present. By Edward R. Emerson. 2 vols. Putnam, New York. 1908. The Taxation of the Liquor Trade. By Joseph Rowntree and Arthur Sherwell. Vol. I. Macmillan, London. 1906. This is the first volume of a series of three volumes to be published. This volume treats of the taxation of the "pub- lican" in the United States and in the United Kingdom. The matter is, of course, discussed from the English view- point. The Temperance Problem and Social Reform. By Joseph Rowntree and Arthur Sherwell. Hodder & Stoughton, Lon- don. 1 90 1. One of the writers visited the United States and Canada in 1899 for the purpose of examining, on the spot, the oper- ation of the more important legislative experiments in force for the regulation or suppression of the drink trade. They say : "In the larger towns and cities we have seen that prohi- bition has been found impracticable." Stage-Coach and Tavern Days. By Alice Morse Earle. Macmillan, New York. 1905. "The early taverns were not opened wholly for the con- venience of travelers; they were for the comfort of the townspeople, for the interchange of news and opinions, for the sale of solacing liquors, and the incidental socia- bility * * * >» Taverns and Turnpikes of Blandford, 1 733-1 833. By Sumner Gilbert Wood. Blandford, Mass. 1908. "For good or ill — one may say for good and ill — the tavern has been a fundamental institution in the develop- ment of New England society. It should be classed perhaps third with the church and the school as forma- tive and expressive of the life and institutions of the people * * *" Inns, Ales, and Drinking Customs of Old England. By Frederick W. Hackwood. Unwin, London. 1909. Prohibition, the Enemy of Temperance. By Rev. J. A. Homan. Cincinnati. 19 10. "An exposition of the Liquor Problem in the light of 302 Text-Book of True Temper mice. the Scripture, Physiology, Legislation and Political Econ- omy. Defending the strictly moderate drinker and advocating the License System as a restrictive measure." Glimpses of Europe. By Randolph Churchill. Compilation of articles published in the Milwaukee ''Sentinel" (1909) and dealing generally with phases of the liquor question in the several European countries. U. S. B. A., New York. Nineteen Centuries of Drink in England. By Richard V. French. Longmans, London. 1884. Popular Drugs, their Use and Abuse. By Sidney Hillier, M.D. The author devotes considerable space to the alcohol question, especially as bearing upon longevity, health and insanity. A liberal and authoritative study. London. T. Werner Laurie. Liquor Legislation in the United States and Canada. By E. L. Fanshawe. Cassell & Co., London. 1892. Report of a non-partisan Inquiry on the spot into the Laws and their Operation, undertaken at the request of W. Rathbone, M.P. Law: Its Origin, Growth and Function. By James C. Carter. Putnam, New York. 1907. Being a course of lec- tures prepared for delivery before the Law School of Harvard University. The Drink Problem in Modern Life. By Rt. Rev. Henry C.Potter. Cro well. New York. 1905. This little book is the substance of a Charge originally delivered at a Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York. If not the Saloon — What f The Point of View and the Point of Contact. By Rev. James E. Freeman. Baker & Taylor, New York. 1903. "The remedies we suggest are the outcome of a calm and deliberate, but dispassionate, consideration of the problem, as we understand it." Four Aspects of Civic Duty. By William Howard Taft. Scribners, New York. 1908. Four lectures delivered at Yale on the "Responsibilities of Citizenship." Civics and Health. By William H. Allen. Ginn & Co., New York. 1901. 303 Text-Book of True Temperance. "The chief purpose of school hygiene has hitherto been not to promote personal and community health, but to lessen the use of alcohol and tobacco. * * * Alcohol and tobacco really occupy but a very small share of the interest and attention of even those men and women by whom they are habitually used." Democracy and Liberty. By William E. H. Lecky. 2 vols. Longmans, New York. 1903. Vol. II, chapter 7, pages 134-168 contains a discussion of the Liquor Problem. "Among the most difficult class of questions in the whole range of practical politics are those connected with the sale of intoxicating drink. They affect in the highest degree the pleasures, the comforts, the liberty, the morals, and the fortunes of the poor, and they affect in very different ways vast material as well as moral interests." Wage-earners' Budgets; A study of standards and cost of living in New York City. By Louise Bolard More. Holt, New York. 1907. A remarkably interesting report of investigations con- ducted under the Greenwich House Committee on Social In- vestigations. Contains tables giving expenditures of fam- ilies, for living expenses, including amounts spent for Drink. Reports of the President' s Homes Commission. Govern- ment Printing Office, Washington. 1909. Contains a valuable chapter on the Alcohol Question. The Standard of Living Among Workingmen's Families in New York City. By Robert Coit Chapin. Charities Publi- cation Committee, New York. 1909. This book gives the result of an investigation undertaken under the auspices of the New York State Conference of Charities and Correction, to report upon the essentials and the cost of a normal standard of living in the cities and towns of the State. Has tables showing amounts s'pent on alcoholic drinks. Proceedings of the Pittsburgh Conference for good City Government and the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of tlie National Municipal League. Held November, 16, 17, 18, 19. igo8, at Pittsburgh, Pa. National Municipal League, 1908. 304 Text-Book of True Temperance. Clinton Rogers Woodruff, editor. Has a chapter by Prof. A. R. Hatton, of Western Reserve University, on "Liquor Traf- jfic and City Government." Long Life and How to Attain it. By Pearce Kintzing, M.D. Funk & Wagnalls, New York. 1908. "Our prospective centenarian must be a moderate eater * * *, he must use little alcohol. Candidly, it does not appear from statistics that total abstainers enjoy any great advantages." Governmental Action for Social Welfare. By Jeremiah W. Jenks. Macmillan, New York. 19 10. "jf * * * the people pass extreme measures, after the wave of excitement is over and their reason has returned, the laws are likely either to fall into disuse or be repealed." Misery and its Causes. By Edward T. Devine. Macmillan, New York. 1909. Punishment and Reformation: an Historical Sketch of the rise of the Penitentiary System. By Frederick H. Wines. Crowell, New York. 1895. Stimulants and Narcotics; their mutual relations, with special researches on the action of Alcohol, Ether, and Chloro- form on the vital organism. By Francis E. Anstie, M.D. Lindsay & Blakiston, Philadelphia. 1865. "One of the most powerful remedies which can be used for the relief of pain is Alcohol." The Case for Alcohol, or the Action of Alcohol on Body and Soul. By Robert Park, M.D. Rebman, London. 1909. "Alcohol is an aliment superior to sugar; the reason for that being that for the same weight it contains more aliment." The Ramrodders. By Holman Day. Harper Bros., New York. 19 10. A romance of Maine. There is no taking sides over the issue — prohibition — in the story. It simply tells an exciting tale naturally, truthfully, humorously. A Soldier's Trial, an episode of the Canteen Crusade. By General Charles King. Hobart Co., New York. 1905. 305 Text-Book of True Temperance. Connection of Disease with Habits of Intemperance. Com- piled by I sambard Owen, M.D. U. S. B. A., New York. 1888. Reports of the Collective Investigation Committee of the British Medical Association. The Two-Wine Theory, discussed by Two Hundred and Eighty- six Clergymen on the basis of "Communion Wine." By Rev. E. H. Jewett. U. S. B. A., New York. 1890. Federal Laws governing Licensed Dealers. Compiled by John G. Capers. Criterion Publishing Co., Chicago. 19 10. Mida's Digest of State Laws, and their salient features, and Court Decisions affecting the liquor interests. Published by the Criterion Publishing Co., Chicago. 1908. Liquor Laws of the United States; their spirit and effect. By G. Thomann. U. S. B. A., New York. 1885. Colonial Liquor Laws; Part 2 of "The Liquor Laws of the United States," By G. Thomann. U. S. B. A., New York. 1887. Laws of New Jersey, relating to the regulation and traffic in intoxicating liquors, including statutes and decisions. Compiled by Peter Backes. Soney& Sage, Newark. 19 10. Liquor Laws of Pennsylvania, with annotations to January 1st, 1907. By R. A. B. Hausman. Allentown, Pa. Has a classified index. Intoxicating Liquors; the Law relating to the traffic in intoxicating liquors and drunkenness. By W.W. Woollen and W. W. Thornton. 2 vols. W. H. Anderson Co., Cincinnati. 1910. The South Carolina Dispensary; a brief history of the famous experiment in State control of the Liquor Traffic. By G. Thomann. U. S. B. A., New York. 1905. Real and Imaginary Effects of Intemperance. By G. Thomann. U. S. B. A., New York. 1884. "A statistical sketch, containing letters and statements from the Superintendents of Insane Asylums, etc., together with a review of the operations of prohibitory and re- strictive laws, and the Gothenburg System." 306 Text-Book of True Temperance. Up to Date. A review of some important phases of the Drink-Question, 1888 to i8g2. ByG.Thomann. U. S. B. A., New York. 1892. Mistakes of Prohibitionists. By John Mudie. U. S. B. A., New York. 1889. The Eye-Opener, or the Evil Fruits of the Prohibitory Law in Kansas. By Charles Willsie. Wellington, Kansas. 1890. Intemperance in the light of Cosmic Laws. By Henry I. Bowditch. U. S. B. A., New York. 1888. On Liberty. By John Stuart Mill. Alden, New York. I885. A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring. By Ethel M. Elderton, with the assistance of Karl Pearson. University of London. 19 10. Prohibitory Legislation in the United States. By Justin McCarthy. Tinsley Bros., Publishers, London. 1872. This book was written after a trip through the U.S. "What I saw in the United States convinced me, first, of the necessity and feasibility of regulation, and next, of the inevitable inefficiency of all attempts at repres- sion." Local Option in Massachusetts. By Amy F. Acton, LL.B. A collection of significant facts which contribute to clear think- ing on the subject of license and no-license. Published by the New York Charities Publication Committee, under aus- pices of the Russell Sage Foundation. 191 1. Drink, Temperance and Legislation. By Arthur Shadwell, M.A., M.D., Oxon. An excellent and authoritative work. Longmans, Green and Company, New York and London. MAGAZINE ARTICLES. "Prohibition, the Obstacle to Real Reform." By Rev. W. A. Wasson. Reprinted from Pearson's Magazine, August, 19 10. "How North Dakota Seeks to Enforce Prohibition." By Robert D. Heinl. Reprinted from Lestie's Weekly, March 3, 1910. "Is Prohibition the Remedy?" Dr. Henry Smith Williams, Ladies' Home Journal, January, 191 1. 307 Text-Book of True Temperance. "Maine Faces Bitter Facts." By Holman Day. Reprinted from Appleton's Magazine, February, 1909. "Prohibition in Georgia: Its Failure to Prevent ' Drinking in Atlanta and other Cities." By S. Mays Ball. Reprinted from Putnam's Magazine, March, 1909. "Prohibition and Social Psychology." By Hugo Mlinster- berg. Reprinted from McClure's Magazine, August, 1908, "Some Salient Weaknesses of Prohibition in the Light of Christian Ethics." By Rev. P. Gavan Duffy. Reprinted from the North American Review, December, 1908. N. A. R. Pub- lishing Co., New York. 1908. "Prosperity of the Brewing Industry." By Hugh F. Fox. Reprinted from the Annals of the American Academy of Po- litical and Social Science, Philadelphia, November, 1909. "Alcoholism as a Cause of Insanity." By Charles L. Dana, M.D. Reprinted from the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July, 1909. "Legal Righteousness and Christian Ethics." By Rev. P. Gavan Duffy, Twentieth Century Magazine^ February, 19 n. I shall ever repeat it, that mankind are governed, not by extremes, but by principles of moderation. — De Montesquieu. / do not believe in prohibition as a restrictive measure, or as a means of reform. I am entirely committed to local option with a high license and careful police supervision. — Cyrus Townsend Brady. Let us resist these tendencies which threaten human freedom of action, even though they clothe themselves in forms which promise the finest social results. It was a bold saying of Archbishop Maggee, himself an ab- stainer and a wearer of the white ribbon: "7 would rather see my country free than see it sober.'' — Prof. Robert Ellis Thompson. 308 THE SUMMING UP. Mankind in its saner, better moods, has always welcomed and blessed anything that tended to in- crease the general stock of cheerfulness and well- being. True, there have been periods when, possessed by a harsh religious conception, it put innocent diver- sion under the ban, slew or persecuted its real bene- factors and preferred the house of mourning to the house of mirth. But such aberrations have never lasted long and they must be regarded as exceptional in the history of every people. The pendulum has never failed to swing back: from the gloomiest ex- cesses of fanatical repression the human spirit has constantly reacted with fresh joyousness; there has never been forged an efficient fetter for the mind. If it were necessary to plead any justification of temperate indulgence in wine and the fermented liquors — which we by no means concede — we might rest our case with this incontrovertible proposition: that no other agent in the world so effectively pro- motes the social virtues both in the individual and the community; no other so largely contributes to the common stock of well-being and happiness. Hence, temperate indulgence is justly entitled to rank with the unquestioned blessings of mankind, and we have shown that it has been so esteemed in some of the most fortunate periods of history and by the foremost thinkers and teachers of all ages. It is commended to us by the highest warrant — by Apos- tolic lips and by the sacred sanction of Him whose simple word changed water into wine at the feast of Cana. It is affirmed by the voice of human expe- 309 Text-Book of True Temperance. rience and the sure promptings of the heart. The sum of all this concurrent testimony is that wine should be accepted as a precious gift of God ; to be used and not abused, like any other Divine bounty, according to the need of man. That there is such a need of the fortifying and con- soling spirit of wine, what sane man will deny? The human lot has not changed essentially since these words were penned by the Inspired writer: "Man that is bom of woman is of few days and full of trouble. "He cometh forth like a flower and is cut down; he fleeth also as a shadow and continueth not." There is doubtless more happiness in the world than ever before; the sentiment of human brotherhood widens and strengthens with every age, the earth is increasingly a better place for the children of men. But this ameHoration, though sure, is yet slow — it is only by looking back and contrasting the past with the present that we may affirm the steady advance. The Golden Age of the poets and dreamers is yet un- realized; men still walk with doubtful steps, proving every inch of the way ; the portions of joy and sorrow are ever unequal; the earth is still a scene of universal struggle in which the sacrifice of the weak proceeds without end, a place of hard probation for the strong- est, a vale of tears. Complete happiness yet remains a dream — ^the ideal toward which humanity has slowly climbed up out of the fear-painted shadows of the past ; toward which it is perhaps ever destined to strive in vain. He is bUnd indeed who cannot see the part of a true philosophy here. Since it is written that men may not expect to be entirely happy in this life, they will do wisely to take 310 Text- Book of True Temperance. the best that the common lot offers; they will not refuse, in a journey which no human foot has ever pressed without hardship and sorrow, a staff for the hand and a cordial for the heart. This staff, this cordial is the blessing of temperate indulgence. While human nature remains as at present con- stituted, we must expect to see drunkards and glut- tons, but happily the number of these is constantly diminishing, with the advance of reason and knowl- edge and the ever wider diffusion of the lessons of moderation. Men are learning more and more to par- take with seemliness and temperance at the banquet of life. In our day there are few repetitions of the saturnalia of old. The difference between him that eateth and drinketh to live and him that eateth and drinketh to die, is ever more marked. Appetite is being more and more subordinated to the nobler fac- ulties of man. This great change for the better in the habits of the people, this general perception and observance of the laws of true temperance, which is in a large degree peculiar to our own time — ^is to be ascribed chiefly to the greatly increased use of the mild fermented beverages, lager beer, ale and wine. 311 Index of Names and Authorities. PAGE Abbott, Rev. Lyman 1 16, 274 Acton, A. F 307 Adams, J. Q 82 Adams, Samuel 293 Alabama 98, 133, 136, 139, 218, 223 Alden, John 292 Alford, Dean 273 Allen, W. H 254-5, 303-4 American, (N. Y. City) 60-2 American, (Baltimore, Md.) 164 American, (Boston, Mass.) 56 American Academy Political & Social Science. .130, 308 American Magazine 135-6 Andrew, Gov. J. A 148-50 Anstie, Dr. F. E 305 Appleton's Magazine 142-3, 307 Arizona 98, 225, 228 Arkansas 133, 224—5 Army & Navy Life 248 Ashley, Mayor 147 Atwater, Prof. W. O 26, 254, 255-6 Axford, Dk. S. L 156 Backes, Peter 306 Baden (Germany) 219 Ball, S. M 307 Barnard H. E 19-20 Bashford, Bishop 115 Bavaria 201, 219 Belgium 21, 38-40, 42, 71, 255 Biblical Encyclopedia 54 Biddle, Dr. T. C 1 54-5 Billings, Dr. J. L 267-8 Blackie. Prof. J. S 41 Blanchard, Rev 115, 130 Blease, Gov 235 Board of Education (Eng.) 256-7 313 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Board of Health (Mass.) 32 Board of Health (N. Y. State.) 13 BoHMERT, Dr 205 Booth, Charles 205-6 BouTELL, Congressman 46-8, 235 BowDiTCH, Dr. I. H 32-4, 260, 307 Brady, C. T 308 Bradley, Rev. D. F 172 Bramwell, Lord 197 Brant, Bishop, C. H 166-7 Branthwaite, Dr. R. W 202, 293 Brauer-Union (Deutsche) 73-4 Briesen, Arthur von 130-1 Bright, J. P 197 Brisbane, Arthur 35, 62-5, 193, 269-70, 271, 284-5 Bryce, Dr. Alexander 29 Burgess, Bishop 116 Burke, Edmund 65 Burke, John 55 Cadman, Rev. S. P 117 California 221, 223 Canada 231 Capers, J. G 306 Carswell, Dr 204 Carter, J. C 303 Chamberlain, Joseph 88, 197 Chapin, R. C 304 Charles, H. W 156 Chesterton, G. K 286-290 Chittenden, Prof. R. H 260 Churchill, Randolph 303 Clark, Bishop 114 Cleland, Judge McKenzie 280-2 Clouston, Prof. T. J 260 Cobb, Gov 129 Codding, J. K 152-3 Collier's Weekly 283-4 Collins, C. W 165 Colorado 221, 225, 228 Committee of Fifty.. 44, 102, 150, 205, 206, 243-4, 245, 252-4, 264-5, 265-7, 298-300. Committee of Fourteen 240-1 314 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Connecticut. .51, 97, 101, 105, ro6, 198, 207, 221, 222, 225-6, 298. Constitution, (Atlanta, Ga.) 163-4 CoRBiN, Lieut. Gen. H. C 247 CoRNARO, Louis 271-2 CouGHLiN, Mayor 146 Courier-Journal (Louisville, Ky.) 21, 11 9-21 Coxe, Tench 52 Crichton-Brown, Sir James 285 Cristy, Rev. A. B 194 Crum, Mayor, E. H 146 Currier Commission 165 Dalrymple, James 43 Dana, C. L 308 Darrow, Clarence 89-91 Dastre, Prof 259 Davidson, Governor 147 Davies, Dr. York 48 Davy, Dr. Henry 26, 28-9 Day, Holman. .. .129-30, 142-3, 144, MS. ^79. 305. 3^7 Day, John 165 Delaware 133. 222, 223-4 Dendy, Mary 201-3 Denmark 67-8, 220 Devine, E. T 305 Dickens, Charles 41. 196-7 Dickson, Judge Harris 165-6 DoNOHUE, Bishop 114 Dow, Neal 124 Duffy, Rev. P. G 200, 276-7, 308 DuvALL, Maj.-Gen 250-1 Earle, a. M 302 Eastern Argus (Portland, Me.) i43-4, 19 1-2 Ebbetts, C. H 55 Eissfeldt, Rev. Carl 170-1 Elderton, E. M 278, 279, 307 Eliot, C. W 282, 290 Emerson, E. R 302 Emerson, R. W 118 Emperor William 291-2 England 14, 26-8, 35, 8t, 94-5. "3. 219. 256-7 Epictetus 93 315 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Erasmus 197 Evans, Admiral 144-S Evening Post (N. Y. City.) 44-5 Everyday Life 165 Fanshawe, E. L 303 Farnam, Prof. H. W 43-4 Farrar, Archdeacon 41 Ferrero, Dr. Guglielmo 270-1 Finnish Commission 143-4 FisK, Mayor, C. J 192-3 FiTz, Dr. G. W 260 Flanagan, T. C 57-8 Florida . 86, 98, 133, 139, 224, 228 Foster, Prof 259-60 Fothergill 258 Fox, H. F 7, 308 France 35, 36, 40, 58, 60, 64, 113, 285 Franklin, Benjamin 45 Freeman, Rev. J. E 245-6, 303 French, R. V 303 Gaertner, Prof 25 Gailor, Bishop 117 Galen 2 Galton Laboratory 278 Gambrinus 30 Gamgee, Prof. Arthur 260-1 Garcelon, W. F 55-6 Georgia 51, 98, 133, 136, 139, 163-5, 183, 223, Germany. .14, 21, 35, 36, 40, 59, 64, 73, 81, 113, 201, 205, 215, 285. 291-2. Gibbons, Cardinal 114 Gill, Dr 202-3 Gladstone, W. E 81 Gordon, Gov 50 Grafton, Bishop 1 14 Granville, Dr. J. M 197 Grinnell, Dr. A. P 176-7 Hackwood, F. W 302 Haliburton, Judge 198 Hall, Bishop 114 Hamilton, Alexander 52-3, 104 Hampton's Magazine 165-6 316 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Harkins, Mgr 115 Harper's Magazine 254 Harper's Weekly. ... 137-8, 174, 194-6, 250-1, 274-5, 296 Harrison, Frederic 251 Hartley, Rev. D. J 115 Hatton, Prof. A. R 230 Hausman, R. a. B 306 Heinemann, H. E. O 66-8, 91-2, 209-1 1, 301 Heinl, R. D 307 Helt, Rev. W. C 132-4, 167 Hemphill, J. C 71 Henry, Patrick 293 Henschen, Dr 259 Herald, (Augusta, Ga.) 1 64 Hillier, Dr. Sidney 26, 31, 262-3, 303 Hirsch, Rabbi 11 5-6 HiRSCH, Edward 87-8 HocH, Gov 157-8 Holland 42, 67 Holman (Representative) 53 HoMAN, Rev. J. A 251, 302-3 Homer 2 Hospital, (The) (London, Eng.) 27-8 Hopp^-Syler 257 House, Mayor 147 Howell, (Amer. Text Book.) 258 Howell, John 30 Illinois. .. .47, 98, loi, 198, 211, 226, 255, 280-2, 298 India 64 Indiana 19, 47, 84, 97, 123, 218, 221, 230, 298 Insurance Critic 2 14-5 Internal Revenue Reports. . .42, 46-8, 132-3, 137-9, ^41 International (The) 267-7 International Congress on Alcoholism 259 International Physiological Congress 258 International Temperance Congress 255 Iowa 70, 98, loi, 161-3, 198, 223, 298 Ireland 293 Isenhart, Dr 215-6 Italy 35, 40, 64, 219, 270, 285 Jefferson, Thomas 53, 104, 141, 172 Jenks, Prof. J. W 305 317 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Jerome, J. K 12 Jewett, Rev. E. H 306 Johnson, N. W 164 Johnston, Bishop 222 Journal, (N. Y. City) 62-5 Journal, (Eve. Ed., N. Y. City) 54-7 Journal of History & Politics (Iowa) 161-3 JoYNER, Mayor W. R 164-5 Juvenal 10 Kaiser (The) 291-2 Kansas. 59, 70, 98, 106, 133-4, 15^-8, 182, 190, 196, 223, 297-8. Keane, Bishop 117 Kelvin, Lord 285 Kentucky 25, 47, 109, 133-4, 218, 226, 228 King, Gen. Charles 305 Kintzing, Dr. Pearce 216, 305 Knaust, Heinrich 30 Koenig, Prof 258 Kronecker, Prof. H 261 Kuhne, Prof 259 Labor Organizations: Central Federated Union (Greater N. Y.) 86 Central Labor Union (Brooklyn) 85-6 Central Trades & Labor Union (St. Louis) 85 Cigarmakers' Union (Michigan) 86 Federation of Labor (Baltimore) 87-8 State Federation of Labor, (Indiana) 84-5 State Federation of Labor, (Missouri) 86 State Federation of Labor (Wisconsin) 84 Trade Union, (South Dakota.) 85 Ladie's Home Journal 107-10, 307 Lancet, (The) (Lond., Eng.) 261-2, 268-9 Landois & Sterling 258 Lankester, Prof 204 Laquer, Dr. B 215 Lauder-Brunton, Sir T 258 Lecky, W. E. H 31,45,92, 304 Legal Aid Review 130-1 Lehmann, Hon. F. W 88, 92, no Leslie's Weekly 159-60, 241, 307 Life 249-50 318 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE LiLLis, Bishop 296 Lincoln, Abraham 228-9, 283-4 Lines, Bishop 193 Llangattock, Lord 197 Louisiana 86, 226 Lutherans 170,171 Macaulay, T. B 31, 94-5, 199-200 McCarthy, Justin 198, 307 McClure's Magazine 308 McCuMBER, Senator 13-4 Mackay, Rev. T. G 173 McKendrick, Prof 258 McLaughlin, Dr. J. J 217 Madison, James 51-2, 65, 104 Maine.. 59, 64, 70, 97, 104, 105, 106, 126-8, 129, 130, 130-1. ^33, 142-3. 144, 145. ^66, 167, 178-9, 180, 1S2-3, 190, 196, 203-4, 207, 220-1, 222, 223, 297-8 Manning, Cardinal 31 Mansfield, E. R 36-8 Maryland 86, 87, 221, 223 Massachusetts . .49-50, 97, 105, 133, 146, 147, 148-50, 188-92, 196, 221, 222, 226, 254, 282, 298. Massachusetts, (State Board Analyst) 175-6 Medical Association (British.) 26, 212-3 Medical Congress (Berlin) 261 Medical Journal, (British) 205 Mendel, Prof. Lafayette 260 Michigan 86, 97, loi, 123, 198. 221, 224, 228, 230, 298 Mida's Digest 306 Mill, J. S 198, 307 Milliet, Dr. E. W 38, 215 Minnesota 226, 298 Mississippi 47.98, 133. 223 Missouri 85, 86, 98, 99-100, 133, 218, 224, 228, 298 MoNTAN.\ 106, 224, 228 Montesquieu, De 308 More, L. B 304 Morrill, (Representative) 53 Mudie, John 307 Muller, George 297-8 MiJNSTERBERG, PrOF. HuGO 82, I99, 284, 308 Murphy, Francis 216 319 Text-Book of True Temperance, PAGE National Municipal League 304 National Prohibitionist 160-1, 283-4 Nebraska. . 98, loi, 123, 124, 133, 173, 198, 218, 223, 298 Neely, Bishop 122 Nevada 223 New Hampshire . .97, loi, 105, 132-3, 198, 207, 217, 221, 222, 226, 228, 298. New Jersey.. 104, 105, 123, 178-9, 192-3, 207, 221, 222, 223, 298. New Mexico 47, 98, 223 New York. . 47, 50, 85, 86, 97, 105, 17S-9, 196, 221, 222, 226-7, 228, 239, 240, 254, 298. News (Bangor, Me.) 105 News-Democrat (Providence, R. I.) 194 News Leader (Richmond, Va.) 168-70, 179-80, 184-7 Nicetas, Bishop 208 North American Review 103, 308 North Carolina 98, 133, 139, 218, 223 North Dakota 47, 98, 106, 133-4, 182, 196, 223, 298 Norway 66-7 Ohio 47. 97. 172, 224, 228, 230, 238, 239, 241, 242, 298 Oklahoma 98, 133-4, 159-60, 171-2, 196 Oregon 98, 146, 218, 227, 228 O'Rell, Max 58, 1 2 1 Owen, Dr. Isambard 212-3, 3°^ Paley 93 Park, Dr. Robert 305 Parkhurst, Rev. C. H 115, 141 Pascal, Blaise 41 Pasteur, Louis 25 Patterson. Gov. M. R 111-3, i47 Pavy, Dr. F. W 25 Pearson, Prof. Karl 278, 279, 307 Pearson's Magazine 307 Penn, William 293 Pennsylvania. . 47, 50-51, 52, 101, 105, 178-9, 198, 221, 222, 223, 239, 298. Pereira, Dr. Jonathan 197 Peters, Rev. John 240-1 Petrie, Dr. Flinders 208 Petronius 10 Philippines 249, 250-1 320 Text-Book oj True Temperance. PAGE PiLCHER, Dr. J. E 25-6 Plato 2 Post (Strassburger) 291-2 Post (Washington, D. C.) 141 Post Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.) 99-100 PoTHiER, Gov 147 Potter, Bishop 303 Potts, Brig. -Gen 249 Practitioner's Bk, of Treatment 258 Pratt, E. A 301 President's Homes Commission 304 Press (N. Y. City) 128-9 Printzing, Dr 219 Prohibition Year Book 44 Prussia 219 Putnam's Magazine 307 Rainsford, Dr 114 Redmond, John 293 Reedy, W. M 174 Reid, Dr. Archdall 204-5, 275, 300 Religious Encyclopedia 273 Rhode Island . .51, 97, loi, 105, 147, 194, 198, 208, 221, 222, 227, 297-8. Ridley, Sir M. W 197 Rivers, Dr. W. H. R 259 Roosevelt, Theodore 145 Rose, Mayor D. A 83-4, 183-4 Rowntree, Joseph 302 Rush, Dr. Benjamin 52 Russell, Lord Chief Justice 196 Russia 40, 60-2, 274-5 Saintsbury, Dr. Harrington 301 Sanitary Commission (Civil War) Rept. of 53-4 Savage, Dr 205 SCHLOSSER, Dr 261 Schmiedeberg, Prof 258 Scotland -'19, 274 ScovEL, Prof. M. A 25 Seaman Major L. L 24 7-8 Secretary of War Report 248-9 Selden 296 Sentonius 9 321 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Shadwell, Arthur 307 Sherwell, Arthur ^ 302 Skarzynski, Count Louis 60-1 Smith, Rev. Sidney 100 South Carolina 98, 139, 223, 235 South Dakota 85, 98, loi, 198, 221, 227, 298 Starke, Prof. A. J 261, 300 Strong, Rev. Josi ah 21 6-7 Sun, (N. Y. City) 43, 105, 136, 140-1, 278-9 Sweden 40, 42, 66-7 Switzerland 34, 36-8, 42, 67, 69-70. 219 Tacitus 9 Taft, Pres. W. H 118, 303 Talbot, Dr. E. S 203 Teachers' Association, (Illinois) 255 Temperance Congress, International 255 Temperance League, (Nat. Eng.) 26, 28 Tennessee 98, 120, 139, 146, 147-8, 218, 223 Texas 98, 133, 218, 227, 228, 240 Thomann, Gallus 306, 307 Thompson, Mayor 147 Thompson, Prof. R. E 308 Thornton, W. W 306 Times (N. Y. City) 139-40, 248 Times Dispatch, (Richmond, Va.) 187 Tocqueville, de, Alexis 65 Tolstoy, Count 187 Treloar, Sir William 293 Tribune, (N. Y. City.) 72 Turkey 12, 64, 275 Tuttle, Bishop 117 Twentieth Century Magazine 308 United Charities (Chicago) 211 United Kingdom 21, 40 United States 14, 15, 20, 40, 42-3, 75-8, 103, 107-10, 264-5. U. S. Census Bulletin... .75-80, 178-9, 181-3, 206-8, 217-9, 222, 297-8. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 177-8 U. S. Supreme Court 69-71 Utah 98, 223 322 Text-Book of True Temperance. PAGE Vermont.. .47, 97, loi, 105, 124, 132-3, 176-7, 198, 207, 217, 221, 222, 227, 29S. Virginia. . .50, 120, 133, 136, 139, 179-80, 1S4-7, 227, 228 VoiT, Prof. C. von 259 Warner, Prof 206 Washington, George 293 Wasson, Rev. W. A. .115, 123-6, 176, 200, 221, 232-3, 272-3, 307- Watterson, Henry 21, 81, 87, 104, 1 19-21 Webb, Bishop 116 Webb, S. & B 301 Weeden, W. B 233-5 West, Rev. Canon 196, 273 West Virginia 133, 218, 223 Whately, Archbishop 58, 273 White, Hon. A. D 35-6 Whitlock, Mayor Brand 31, 106, 117 Wiley, Dr. H. W 25, 29-30 Williams, Bishop CD 116 Williams, Dr. H. S 107-110, 307 Williams, Roger 293 Willsie, Charles 307 Wines, F. H 281, 305 Wisconsin. ..47, 84, 98, 123, 147, 171, 182, 183-4, 208, 228, 240, 254, 298. Wood, Maj.-Gen 249 Wood, S. G 302 Wood's Therapeutics 258, 259 Woollen, W. W 306 World, (N. Y. City.) 43. ^44-5 World's Work 38-40 Wright, Dr. H. E 166 Wyckoff, Prof 244-5 Wyoming 47f 223 323 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATS STAMPED BELOW ^PR ti ^"^^ '^'h'S i^D^ J 30to-1,'15 "^ Yti U/bo6 4 O * ""'^^O