I 7702 UC-NRLF B 3 IID ISfl •HH UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE USE OF THE ADJECTIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE IN HORACE BY ABRAHAM LINFORD MYERS A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment OP the Requirements for THE Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PRESS OF THI HEW ERA PRINTIHO COHPAHY LANCASTER, P<. 1919 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA THE USE OF THE ADJECTIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE IN HORACE BY ABRAHAM LINFORD MYERS A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for THE Degree of Doctor of Philosophy > » I > , t t . .. .. ■* * » i > >* ^ " i ' •* * • •* PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA. 1919 fL^<^.ii'^riQ& The writer wishes to thank Professors J. C. Rolfe, W. B. McDaniel, R. G. Kent, G. D. Hadzsits and H. B. Van Deventer, and Dr. E. H. Heffner, for valuable suggestions and encour- agement during the preparation of this thesis. ' ', 1 ■> > . 1 THE USE OF THE ADJECTIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE IN HORACE. INTRODUCTION. In recent years considerable study has been given to the substantive use of the Latin adjective. This change of func- tion in a word, from adjective to noun, is common to all Indo- European languages. As to its relative frequency Kiihner^ says: "Dieser Gebrauch ist im Lateinischen ungleich seltener als im Deutschen und Griechischen, da die lateinische Sprache selbst da, wo Substantive vorhanden sind, deren Gebrauch oft vermeidet, z. B. animi eorum, qui audiunt st. auditorum." The process may take place in two ways. First, the substan- tivized adjective may receive its meaning from the elements of the adjective, e.g., from the root meaning of the word, the suffixes that express certain specific relations, and the endings that indicate gender; this usage may be illustrated by such words as docti, " learned men " ; docta, " a lady of culture " ; iustum, " justice ". Secondly, the substantivized adjective may get its meaning through the ellipsis of a real substantive; for example, dextra, through ellipsis of manus, comes to mean "right hand." In the early part of the past century, the subject was investi- gated from a different point of view from at present, namely, from that of the stylist; and it was believed that this phe- nomenon is comparatively rare and confined to few words and to certain special phrases. Such, indeed, was the opinion held by the distinguished scholar. Christian Karl Reisig.^ A study of this subject was made also in 1837 by C. G. Dietrich,^ and 1 Kiihner, Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. Hannover, vol. 2 (1912), p. 222. 2 Vorlesung-en iiber lat. Sprachvsrissenschaft (first published in 1839 by his pupil Fr. Haase and re-edited in the 80's by Heerdegen, Schmalz and Landgraf), vol. 3, pp. 159 ff. ; not accessible to nae. 3 Zeitschrift f. Altertiimswissenscliaft, Nr. 44, pp. 367 fP. 1 420200 again in 1842 an article by Dietrich appeared in the Easter program of the Gymnasium at Freiburg, reprinted in Neue Jahrb. f. Phil. u. Paed., suppl. vol. 8, pp. 487-503 (=Archiv. f. Phil. u. Paed.) . Dietrich, like Reisig, still viewed the subject from the point of view of the stylist, but went so far as to say that all adjectives may be used substantively. Nagelsbach,* Holtze,^ and Drager** added new material on this phenomenon during succeeding years. Nagelsbach treats this subject, so far as it concerns the first class of substantivized adjectives, most thoroughly and in the greatest detail, but his treatment is confined to classical Latin. To Drager must be given the credit for being the pioneer in studying the second class of substantivized adjectives, but his list is quite meagre and insufficient in view of the material that has been added by investigations since his time ; nor does he discuss at all the real essence of the process and its underlying causes. It remained for Ott^ a few years later to publish a more extensive list of substantive adjectives of this class, and to discuss thoroughly the reasons for the process. Investigations in subsequent years were carried on by Pan- hoff,^ Barth,^ Wueseke,^'* and Hirt,^^ and the special line of investigation begun by Ott was continued by Wolfflin, Die Ellipse von navis^^ ^j^^ \yy Kolfe, Die Ellipse von ars^^ and The * Lateinische Stilistik fiir Deutsche, 8th ed., Niirnberg, 1888, pp. 93-138. 5 Syntaxis priscorum scriptorum Latinorum usque ad Terentium, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1861-1862, vol. 2, p. 5. 6 Syntax der lateinischen Sprache, Leipzig, vol. 1 (1878); vol. 2 (1888), pp. 36-51. "^ Die Substantivierung des lat. Adj. durch Ellipse, prog. Kottweil, Tiibingen, 1874. 8 PanhofE, De neutrius generis adiectivorum substantivio usu apud Taciturn, Diss. Halle, 1883. 9 Barth, Die Eleganz des Terentius im Gebrauch des Adjectivums, in Jahrb. klass. Phil, vol. 129 (1884), pp. 172-182. 10 Wueseke, De Plauti et Terentii usu, adjectiva et participa sub- stantive ponendi. Diss. Marburg, 1884. 11 Hirt, Uber die Substantivierung des Adjectivums bei QuLut'lian, Programm des Sophiengymnasiums, Berlin, 1890. ^^ Archiv. Lat. Lex., vol. 9 (1896), pp. 285-291. liArchiv. Lat. Lex., vol. 10 (1898), pp. 229-246. Formation of Latin Substantives from Geographical Adjec- tives by Ellipsis." Kecently Lowther, Notes on Martial," and Swan, The Use of the Adjective as a Substantive in the De Rerum Natura of T. Lucretius Carus,^^ have added their investigations of this phenomenon. 14 Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc, vol. 30 (1899), pp. 5-23. 15 University of Penna. Diss. (1906), pp. 2-20. 16 University of Michigan Studies, vol. 3 (1910), pp. 179-214. CLASS A. The substantivized adjectives of this class depend for their meaning largely upon the inherent nature of the word, as has already been stated (cf. p. 1.).^ In the pre-classical and classical periods substantivization by this method was confined within narrow limits, but in the works of Sallust and the Augustan poets the process was some- what extended. The chief extension, however, took place in Livy and Tacitus, and the usage became most common in late Latin, where examples of every kind are found even in the oblique cases.^ After the adjective has become a substantive, the next step in the evolution is for it to take on all the " rights " of a substantive. This it did; for we find it governing a genitive, as do real substantives, and it is modified by adjectives also.^ The frequency of the substantivizing process also depends upon gender, declension, number and case. Participles and gerundives likewise may be used as substantives in the same way as adjectives, and the same factors, — gender, declension, number and case play an important part. A similar growth in the substantive use of participles and gerundives can be seen also in late Latin.* In my citations from Horace, substantivized geographical adjectives like Romani, Achivi, etc., have been omitted. The adjectives duo and ambo have been omitted also; like- wise adverbial accusatives. No citations are given of amicus. Although it is an adjective in origin and is often used as an adjective in all writers, yet in Horace it is employed as a noun, in all cases and numbers, so frequently that I have not listed it. Sapiens seems never to be used as a participle anywhere in 1 See Stoltz, Fr., und Schmalz, J. H., Lateinische Grammatik*, Muenchen, vol. 2 (1910), p. 609. 2 See Kiihner, p. 222. 3 See Nagelsbach, p. 109. 4 See Schmalz, p. 610. 4 Latin literature, but always as an adjective or noun. Its use as a noun in Horace is so frequent that citations of it also are omitted. No citations are given of the following: alumnus^ divus, iuvenis^ libertus, maritus, medicus, minister^ parens^ puerpera^ rivalis, saga, servus, socins, vetiefica for the following reasons : alumnus is a syncopated form of ^^alomenos, which is formed with the same ending as the Greek medio-passive participle. It is used only a few times as an adjective in Latin. divus as an adjective is mostly archaic and poetic. It is used as an adjective only once in Horace. iuvenis in the positive degree in Latin is essentially a noun; in the comparative it is more frequently used as an adjective than in the positive. Cf. Pliny, Epist. 4, 8, 5 multo etiam iuvenior, quam ille ; Quint. 4, 2, 42 est mihi filius iuvenis. libertus appears to be an adjective in origin, derived from liher. But it is found only as a noun. maritus as an adjective is mostly poetic. For the adjective use, cf. Propert, 3, 20, 26 sacra . . . marita. medicus is an adjective derived from tnedeor; yet it is used as an adjective chiefly in the poets and post-Augustan prose. Cf., however, Ovid, Trist. 5, 6, 12 medicae . . . artis. minister is used as an adjective only in the poets and of inanimate things. For the adjective use, cf. Lucret. 5, 297 ardore ministro. parens is a participle in origin but is used only as a noun. puerpera is probably an adjective in origin {puer -^ pario) , but is almost always used as a noun. Cf., however. Sen. Benef. 4, 35, 2 puerpera uxor. rivalis is an adjective in form, derived from rivus, but is almost universally used as a noun. saga as an adjective is post-Aug. Cf. Stat. Achill. 1, 519 sagas . . . aves. servus is essentially a noun ; as an adjective with homo it is mostly ante-class. Cf. Plaut. Asinaria 470 hominem servom. As an adjective with other words than homo, it is not frequent until after the Augustan period. socius and venefica as adjectives are confined for the most part to the poets and post-Aug. prose. Cf. Stat. Theb. 1, 130 socium regnum. 6 It might also be said in this connection that real substan- tives, as time went on, acquired adjectival uses. Kiihner {op. cit., vol. 1, p. 546) says: "Einige Worter die gewohnlich sub- stantivisch gebraucht werden, konnen auch adjektivisch ge- braucht werden." Cf. Horace, C. 1, 1, 1 Maecenas atavis edite regihus; A. P. 84 pugilem victorem. In regard to neuter plural participles, nothing is more fre- quent than expressions like dicta, scripfa, acta, etc. ; yet gesta in place of res gestae is found only in Nepos and afterwards in late Latin. (Cf. Wolfflin, Eh. Mus. 1882, p. 89.) In instances like facta, peccata, and the like, the character of the verb vanishes so completely that these words indicate actions with- out any trace of their original past time. I have, however, cited these. Such words occur in all cases except the vocative and in all possible participial and adjectival constructions.^ In my citations, the arrangement is made according to gender and case, participles being grouped with adjectives; but gerundives are listed separately. In connection with each classification, there are given the general principles as stated by the grammarians. 1. The Neuter Singular. The neuter singular expresses chiefly an abstract idea. Schmalz in his Lateinische Stilistik, p. 608, says, " Durch das Neutrum werden allgemein sachliche, zumeist abstrakte Ver- haltnisse, z. B. honestum, iustum, immensum, und im Plural Dinge, die ihrem Wesen nache eine Eigenschaft besonders hervortreten lassen, z. B. digna, vera, summa, bezeichnet." {a) The Nominative. In the nominative the usage, according to Nagelsbach (p. 99), is infrequent, and is confined principally to a scientific style that has been influenced by Greek modes of expression. In Horace the neuter nominative is rarely used, and expresses chiefly an abstract idea. In C. 2, 15, 14, however, is found a rare use of the neuter singular, commune being the equiv- alent of the Greek to kowov "the public treasury." Mention 5 See Nagelsbach, p. 133. should also be made of the technical expression, summum quid eius, S. 2, 6, 76, which means the summum bonum, " the highest point of goodness." The following instances are found in Horace :^ C. 2, 15, 14 privatus illis census erat brevis, commune magnum. Epl. 1, 6, 22 ne plus frumenti dotalibus emetat agris Mutus et (indignum,'' quod sit peioribus ortus). S. 2, 2, 102 non est melius. Epl. 1, 18, 107 sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus. S. 2, 1, 54 mirum, ut lupus . . . petit. S. 1, 7, 19 par pugnat; S. 2, 3, 243. S. 2, 6, 3 paulum silvae super his foret. S. 1, 3, 84 atque mains peccatum est. S. 1, 1, 107 quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum; S. 2, 6, 75. S. 1, 10, 14 ridiculum acri fortius et melius magnas plerumque secat res. A. P. 337 omne supervacuom . . . manat. S. 2, 6, 76 sum- numque quid eius. A. P. 243 tantum de medio sumptis ac- cedit honoris. {b) The Genitive. In the genitive case substantivizing is frequent, the genitive of the whole being very often so used. Of the instances given below comment should be made on nuUius, Epl. 1, 17, 22; for it is ambiguous as to gender. It seems, however, to be neuter. Horace's care in avoiding ambiguity of gender in the oblique cases is shown by the fact that there are so few in- stances where the gender is at all doubtful. Below^ are given examples of such words and these with one exception are con- fined to the Satires and Epistles. The following are the instances of the genitive singular: S. 1, 3, 98 iusti prope mater et aequi. C. 1, 18, 16 arcanique Fides prodiga. C. 1, 3, 37 nil mortalibus ardui^ est. S. 2, 6, 76 6 I have followed the text of Vollmer in my citations from Horace ; elsewhere the standard critical editions. 7 indignus E. 8 C. 4, 9, 41 index honestum praetnlit iitili; S, 1, 3, 59 nullique malo latus abdit apertum; Epl. 1, 17, 22 fers te nullius egentem ; Epl. 2, 1, 23 sic fautor veterum; Epl. 2, 1, 78 veniam antiquis . . . posci. 9 arduum E E lemma schol. A r. 8 quae sit natura honi. S. 2, 4, 52 siquid crassi est. Epl. 2, 1, 31 nil extra est in mice duri. S. 2, 7, 87 atqiie rotundus, externi nequid valeat per leve morari, Epl. 1, 2, 40 dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet. S. 1, 2, 84 siquid honesti est, iactat habetque palam. S. 1, 3, 111 metu iniusti fateare necesse est. S. 1, 3, 98 iusti prope mater et aequi. S. 1, 1, 54 ut tibi si sit opus liquidi non amplius urna. C. 3, 24, 49 summi materiem mali; E. 11, 7. S. 1, 5, 102 siquid miri faciat natura. Epl. 1, 17, 22 quamvis fers te nullius egentem; A. P. 324. S. 2, 7, 60 peccati conscia erilis. S. 2, 2, 52 parebit pravi docilis Romana inventus. C. 3, 3, 1 iustum et tenacem propositi virum; Epl. 1, 13, 11. S. 1, 1, 44 quid habet pulcri^° constructus acervos. A. P. 25 decipimur specie recti. C. 1, 28, 15 non sordidus auctor naturae verique; S. 2, 3, 33" ; S. 2, 3, 43. (c) The Dative. Nagelsbach states (p. 101) that the dative case of substantive adjectives is seldom used and that the words so used are con- fined mostly to scientific technical expressions, of which only the most common have become the property of the language. Horace furnishes four examples. S. 2, 1, 77 fragili quaerens illidere dentem. A. P. 195 quod non proposito conducat. S. 2, 1, 78 fragili quaerens illidere dentem offendet solido. C. 4, 9, 41 iudex honestum praetulit vMli. (d) The Accusative. The most productive and profitable field of study for the stylist is substantivization in prepositional phrases. These serve both as adjectives and as adverbs.^^ Even in archaic Latin the neuter singular of the accusative and ablative, used substantively, and governed by prepositions, is found. In the classical period the limits of this usage were expanded, and Livy, Seneca, both Plinys, Tacitus and the later classical writers greatly extended it.^* The Romans seem to have been 10 lucri Sacellaropulus. 11 verum $. 12 See Eeisig-Hasse, Vorles., III. A. 396. 13 See Drager, p. 55. 9 influenced by the Greeks in this connection. Compare ii tVov, fK ToS <j>avepov. Nagelsbach (p. 102) says that these prepositional phrases for the most part denote relations of space and place, more rarely those of time, and that they sometimes metaphorically indicate a condition or situation, such as a place from which or to which something is taken. Expressions like in maius, in mollius, etc. (imitations per- haps of forms by Thucydides), appear from the time of Sallust and Livy on; these are, however, especially preferred by Tacitus and his late imitators, e.g., Ammianus. Such phrases as in quantum, de cetera, etc., likewise increase in num- ber in late Latin.^* Participles^^ too are frequently used substantively in the neuter singular. In general it may be assumed that the par- ticiple, with respect to its possibility for substantivization, fol- lows the analogy of the adjective. Just as occasionally it is the proximity of a real substantive that leads to the substantivization of adjectives, so the prox- imity of true substantives, or of participles ordinarily substan- tivized, has the same influence on participles which as a rule are not used substantively; compare Livy, 40, 10, 1 discerne . . . insidiatorem et petitum insidiis. As to substantivized adjectives governed by prepositions in Horace, it may be said that they too for the most part denote relations of space and place. Those instances, in which the adjective seems originally to have modified some substantive which later was omitted, are grouped under class B. In the phrases classified here, while almost without excep- tion they were local in origin and were then transferred to express other ideas, such as time or metaphorical relations, the ellipsis is not so apparent. A phrase used in a technical legal sense is in vacuom S. 2, 5, 50. C. 2, 3, 19 exstructis in altum divitiis potietur heres. Epl. 1, 6, 24 in apricum prof e ret aetas. Epl. 1, 18, 37 arca- num neque . . . scrutaberis illius unquam. C. 3, 27, 39 vigilansne ploro turpe conmissum; Epl. 1, 18, 38. A. P. 442 si defendere delictum quam vertere malles. A. P. 367 hoc tibi 14 See Schmalz, p. 609. 15 See Nagelsba'ch, p. 131. 10 dictum tolle memor. C. 1, 3, 8 serves animae dimidium meae; Epl. 1, 2, 40. S. 1, 10, 44 molle atque facetum Vergilio ad- nuerunt gaudentes rure Camenae. Epl. 2, 2, 32 clarus ob id factum donis ornatur honestis. Epl. 1, 10, 29 distinguere falsum. C 3, 3, 17 gratum, elocuta . . . lunone. C. 4, 9, 41 iudex honestum praetulit utili; S. 1, 6, 63. A. P. 126. S. 1, 2, 113 inane abscindere soldo. Epl. 1, 16, 75 quid me perferre patique indignum coges. S. 1, 3, 113 iiisto secernere iniquom. S. 2, 7, 87 per leve. S. 1, 3, 137 ne longum faciam; 2, 1, 57. S. 1, 9, 52 magnum narras; S. 1, 10, 20. C. 3, 4, 67 diquoque provehunt in maius; S. 2, 8, 57. E. 13, 17 illic omne malum vino cantuque levato; S. 1, 2, 59; 2, 1, 49. A. P. 368 certis medium et tolerabile rebus recte concedi. E. 16, 23 an melius quis liabet suadere; S. 2, 2, 82. Epl. 2, 1, 169 creditur . . . habere sudoris minimum. Epl. 1, 17, 51 haberet . . . minus invidiaeque; Epl. 2, 1, 170. S. 1, 10, 44 molle atque facetum Vergilio adnuerunt gaudentes rure Camenae. C. 3, 27, 6 si per ohliquom similis sagittae terruit mannos. S. 1, 10, 69 recideret omtie; 2, 6, 30; 2, 6, 109; Epl. 1, 15, 38. S. 2, 4, 4 peccatum fateor. Epl. 2, 1, 265 ficto in peius voltu proponi. C. 3, 27, 64 nisi erile mavis carpere pensum. S. 1, 10, 70 quod ultra perfectum traheretur. C. 1, 17, 15 hinc tibi copia manabit ad plenum. Epl. 1, 8, 16 praeceptum auriculis instillare memento. S. 2, 7, 7 urget propositum. A. P. 343 omne tulit punctum. S. 2, 3, 124 quantulum enim summae curtabit quisque dierum. S. 2, 2, 201 rectum animi servas; 2, 7, 26; Epl. 2, 2, 44. E. 7, 14 responsum date. C. 3, 2, 26 qui Cereris sacrum volgarit ; C. 3, 3, 52. S. 2, 5, 65 Nasicae metuentis reddere soldum. C. 1, 6, 20 non praeter solitum leves. S. 1, 3, 95 sponsumve negarit. S. 2, 3, 309 ab imo ad summum totus moduli bipedalis ; Epl. 2, 1, 32. S. 2, 3, 236 qui tantum possideam. S. 1, 1, 52 nobis tantundem haurire relinquas ; 1, 1, 56 ; 1, 3, 115 ; 2, 3, 237 ; 2, 4, 91. A. P. 368 certis medium et tolerabile rebus recte concedi. A. P. 343 qui miscuit utile dulci. S. 1, 1, 24 quamquam ridentem dicere verum quid vetat; 1, 3, 97; 2, 2, 8; Epl. 2, 2, 45. (e) The Ablative. Wliat has been said in regard to accusatives with preposi- tions is true also of ablatives. Niigelsbach (p. 101) states 11 that the ablative neuter is rarely substantivized. In Horace the usage is rather frequent, as the following instances indicate. According to Lane,^^ adjectives of two endings with stems in -i- often have -e in the ablative when they are used as sub- stantives. In Horace, however, all the ablative endings of such adjectives are in -i. S. 1, 10, 14 ridiculum acri fortius . . . secat res. S. 1, 3, 52 at est truculentior atque plus aequo liber; Epl. 1, 2, 29; 1, 18, 10; 2, 2, 10; 2, 2, 215. Epl. 1, 16, 28 servet in amhiguo qui con- sulit. Epl. 2, 2, M curvo dignoscere rectum. S. 2, 2, 80 dicto citius; A. P. 273. S. 2, 3, 318 maior dimidio. A. P. 343 qui miscuit utile didci.^'' Epl. 2, 1, 239 edicto vetuit. S. 1, 6, 84 ab omni non solum facto. S. 2, 3, 308 ab imo ad summum totus moduli bipedalis. A. P. 127 ab incepto processerit. S. 2, 3, 217 interdicto huic omne adimat ius praetor. C. 3, 7, 24 Enipeus plus iusto placeat; S. 1, 1, 57; 1, 3, 113. C. 1, 14, 10 quos iterum pressa voces malo; E. 15, 18 ; S. 2, 3, 295. S. 1, 2, 108 nam transvolat in medio posita; Epl. 1, 12, 7; 2, 1, 168; A. P. 243. A. P. 240 ex noto fictum carmen sequar. S. 1, 4, 56 quivis stomachetur eodem quo personatus pacto pater; 1, 4, 99; 1, 7, 2; 1, 8, 40; 2, 3, 148; 2, 4, 8; 2, 7, 22; Epl. 1, 6, 10; 1, 8, 13; 1, 16, 56; 1, 17, 2; 2, 1, 171. C. 2, 16, 13 vivitur parvo bene; S. 2, 2, 1; 2, 2, 110; Epl. 1, 10, 41; 2, 1, 139. C. 3, 20, 3 post paulo;^^ S. 1, 2, 120; Epl. 1, 6, 43; 1, 18, 83. Epl. 2, 1, 45 utor permisso. S. 2, 3, 293 casus medicusve levarit aegrum ex praecipiti. Epl. 2, 2, 99 discedo Alcaeus puncto illius; 2, 2, 172. S. 1, 2, 113 inane abscindere soldo. A. P. 378 si paulum summo decessit. S. 1, 6, 63 qui turpi secernis honestum. Epl. 2, 1, 18 sapiens et iustus in uno. S. 2, 2, 56 cui Canis ex vero dictum cognomen adhaeret. The following comparatives are found in the neuter singu- lar: S. 2, 2, 102 non est melius; 2, 8, 4. Epl. 1, 18, 107 sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus. C. 3, 4, 67 in mains; S. 2, 8, 57. E. 16, 23 an melius quis habet suadere ; S. 2, 2, 82. Epl. 1, 17 51 haberet . . . minus invidiae; 2, 1, 170. Epl. 2, 1, 265 in peius, i«Lane, G. M., A Latin Grammar for Schools and Collegesa, revised by Oertel and Morgan, New York, § 558. iTlSTeue, F., Formenlehre der lateinischen Spraches, revised by C. Wagener, Berlin, vol. 2 (1902), p. 52. 18 paulum #. 12 The following superlatives : S. 2, 6, 76 summumque quid eius. Epl. 1, 18, 35 ad imum; A. P. 126. Epl. 2, 1, 169 habere sudoris minimum. S. 2, 3, 309 ad sumTnuTn; Epl. 2, 1, 32. S. 2, 3, 308 ab im^o. In regard to the neuter singular in Horace, the dative is by far the least used; the accusative is the most frequently em- ployed, and the vocative is not found. The neuter singular ex- presses chiefly an abstract idea; there are, however, many instances like magnum,, minus, omne, quantulum, etc., which express an indefinite idea; substantivization of comparative and superlative adjectives is limited. 2. The Neuter Plural. The use of substantivized adjectives in the neuter plural is quite common. In the classical period this usage is chiefly confined to the cases that can be recognized by their form as neuter, namely, the nominative and accusative. Thus in Horace and other careful writers, we commonly find omnia in the nominative, but in the genitive, omnium rerum. In later writers, however, there is no such discrimination, the substan- tivization taking place frequently in all the cases.^^ The neuter plural is used chiefly in a concrete sense, occa- sionally expressing an abstract, or an indefinite idea ; substan- tivization takes place with adjectives of all degrees of com- parison, with and without prepositions, and in all declensions, the second, however, being more frequent than the third.^" A genitive of the whole is sometimes joined to the neuter plural, especially of comparatives and superlatives.^^ Below are given the instances in Horace.^^ The complete evolution of neuter plural adjectives into sub- stantives is shown by the fact that they may be modified by other adjectives, pronominal adjectives, or participles. In such combinations it is necessary to determine, in each 19 See Schmalz, p. 609. 20 See Nagelsbach, p. 113. 21 See Schmalz, p. 609. 22 C. 2, 1, 23 cuncta terrarum siibacta ; 2, 13, 28 dU7-a belli; 4, 4, 76 per acuta belli, 4, 12, 19 amaraque curarum; S. 2, 2, 25 vanis rerum; 2, 8, 83 fictis rerum ; A. P. 49 audita rerum. 13 instance by the general context, which is the adjective and which the substantive. Some of these adjectives govern words in other cases,^^ and are modified by phrases,^* and yet maintain a large element of their substantive character, a usage not mentioned by the writers on this subject. In Horace, too, there are several instances^^ in which the neuter plural of the adjective is used to denote both persons and things. In all of these, persons are uppermost in the mind of the writer but the statements are made more general through the use of the neuter. The grammarians do not speak of this usage, yet it is, no doubt, found in all writers. Substantivizations of the gerundive are found from the time of Horace on.^" (a) Nominatwe. The examples of the neuter plural are the following : E. 15, 21 nee te Pythagorae fallant arcana. S. 1, 3, Tl si 23 Cf. C. 1, 18, 12 nee variis oisita frondihus sub divom rapiam; 2, 13, 29 utrumque sacro digna silentio mirantur umbrae dicere ; 4, 11, 19 semper ut te digna sequare. S. 1, 3, 95 aut si prodiderit conmissa fide; S. 1, 4, 42 siqui scribat ut nos sermoni propiora; S. 1, 4, 53 numquid Pomponius istls audiret leviora; 1, 6, 78 quas doceat quivis . . . semet prognatos; 2. 2, ill aptarit idonea hello; 2. 3, 299 respicere ignoto discet pendentia tergo. Epl. 1, 6, 9 qui timet his adversa. A. P. 119 aut fama sequere aut sibi convenientia finge. 24 Cf. S. 1, 1, 102 pergis puguantia sectim frontibus adversis con- ponere ; 1, 2, 108 nam transvolat in medio posita. Epl. 1, 12, 7 si forte in medio positorum abstemius herbis vivis. A. P. 180 segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem ; 338 flcta voluptatis causa sint proxima veris. 25 Cf. C. 1, 34, 12 valet ima summis mutare et insignem attenuat deus, ohscura promens. Epl. 1. 9, 4 dignum mente domoque legentis Jionesta Neronis. Epl. 2, 2, 179 si metit Orcus grandia cum parvis. 26 See Schmalz. p. 611. In Horace we find the following instances : S. 1, 2, 75 ac non fugienda petendis inmiscere ; S. 1, 3, 114 dividit ut bona diversis, fugienda petendis; S. 1, 10, 51 ferentem plura quidem tollenda relinquendis ; S. 2, 3, 54 est genus unum stultitiae nihilum metuenda timentis ; S. 2, 7, 36 Mulvius et scurrae, tibi non referenda (refrenanda E) precati; Epl. 1, 7, 72 dicenda tacenda locutus ; A. P. 449 mutanda notabit. The gerund is a gerundive in origin. There are 47 instances of the gerund in Horace ; for example, S. 1. 1, 92 sit finis quaerendi; 1, 4, 65 genus hoc scribendi. 14 modo plura milii hona sunt. C. 3, 29, 33 cetera fluminis ritu f eruntur ; S. 1, 1, 13. C. 4, 7, 19 cuncta manus avidas f ugient heredis. A. P. 347 sunt delicta tamen. S. 2, 6, 97 haec ubi dicta agrestem pepulere ; A.P. 112. Epl. 1,7,96 quantum dimissa petitis praestent. S. 2, 3, 95 omnis enim res, virtus, fama, decus, divina humanaque pulcris divitiis parent. S. 2, 2, 75 dulcia se in bilem vertent. A. P. 68 mortalia facta peribunt. A. P. 338 ficta voluptatis causa sint proxima veris. S. 2, 3, 95 divina humanaque pulcris divitiis parent. A. P. 169 multa senem circumveniunt incommoda. A. P. 12 non ut placidis coeant inmitia. S. 2, 3, 267 in amore haec sunt mala; Epl. 2, 2, 127 dum mea delectent mala me ; C. 3, 16, 43 multa petentibus desunt multa; Epl. 1, 6, 45. Epl. 1, 7, 44 parvom 'parva decent. Epl. 1, 18, 77 ne mox incutiant aliena tibi peccata pudorem. A. P. 351 verum ubi plura nitent. S. 1, 2, 100 plurima, quae invideant pure adparere tibi rem. Epl. 2, 1, 52 quo promissa cadant ; 2, 2, 10. E. 5, 52 arcana cum fiunt sacra. Epl. 2, 1, 29 quia Graiorum sunt antiquissima quaeque scrip ta vel optima. S. 2, 6, 93 terrestria quando mortalis animas vivont sortita. (&) Genitive. S. 1, 1, 79 horum semper ego optarem pauperrimus esse honorum. C. 3, 16, 18 sequitur cura pecuniam maiorumque fames. Epl. 2, 2, 38 grandia laturus meritorum praemia. S. 2, 3, 244 pravorum et amore gemellum. S. 2, 3, 2 scriptorum quaeque retexens. A. P. 164 utilium tardus provisor. Epl. 2, 1, 23 sic fautor veterum. (c) Dative. Epl. 2, 1, 78 nee veniam antiquis . . . posci. C. 1, 28, 9 lovis arcanis Minos admissus. S. 2, 2, 6 cum acclinis falsis animus meliora recusat. A. P. 14 inceptis gravibus plerumque et magna professis. C. 4, 8, 24 si taciturnitas obstaret meritis invida Romuli; Epl. 2, 1, 10. S. 1, 3, 75 aequom est peccatis veniam poscentem reddere rursus; S. 1, 3, 118; Epl. 1, 16, 62. Epl. 1, 7, 96 quantum dimissa petitis praestent. A. P. 12 ut placidis coeant inmitia. S. 2, 4, 2 ponere signa no vis praeceptis. Epl. 1, 17, 24 praesentihus aequom. S. 2, 7, 8 pravis obnoxia. S. 2, 6, 82 asper et attentus quaesitis. S. 2, 3, 305 liceat con- cedere veris; A. P. 338. 15 (d) Accusative. A. P. 49 indiciis monstrare recentibiis dbdita renim. C. 4, 4, 76 expediiint per acuta belli. Epl. 1, 6, 9 qui timet his adversa. S. 2, 4, 57 volvens aliena. C. 2, 16, 26 amara lento temperet risu; 4, 12, 19. A. P. 165 amata relinquere pernix. E. 11, 14 mero arcana promorat ; S. 2, 1, 30. Epl. 1, 2, 21 aspera miilta pertulit. S. 1, 3, 70 cum mea conpenset vitiis 'bona; 1, 3, 114; 2, 3, 182; Epl. 1, 15, 42; 1, 16, 75. Epl. 1, 17, 34 caelestia temptat. C. 1, 9, 9 permitte divis cetera; 4, 2, 60; E. 13, 7; S. 1, 2, 95; 1, 10, 5; 2, 6, 14; Epl. 1, 10, 3; 1, 10, 50; 2, 1, 20; 2, 2, 65. S. 2, 8, 76 tibi di . . . commoda dent; Epl. 1, 14, 37; 2, 1, 3 ; A. P. 175. A. P. 128 difficile est proprie communia dicere. 5. 1, 4, 84 conmissa tacere qui nequit; Epl. 1, 18, 70; A. P. 200. Epl. 1, 16, 41 qui consulta patrum . . . servat. A. P. 119 aut famam sequere aut sibi convenientia finge; A. P. 316 reddere personae scit convenientia cuique. C. 2, 1, 23 cuncta terrarum subacta; C. 3, 1, 8; 4, 9, 38; S. 2, 4, 90; Epl. 1, 7, 34; 1, 12, 11; 1, 18, 96. C. S. 18 patrumque prosperes decreta. C. 3, 6, 1 delicta maiorum inmeritus lues; S. 1, 3, 79; 1, 3, 141. Epl. 1, 5, 25 qui dicta foras eliminet; A. P. 247; 335. Epl. 1, 1, 55 recinunt iuvenes dictata; 1, 18, 13. C. 2, 13, 29 utrumque sacro digna silentio mirantur umbrae dicere; 4, 11, 29 semper ut te digna sequare. S. 1, 1, 3 laudet diversa sequentis; 1, 1, 109; Epl. 2, 2, 62. Epl. 1, 7, 39 si possum donata reponere laetus. Epl. 1, 11, 23 neu dulcia differ in annum. Epl. 2, 1, 141 dura ferentem. C. 4, 15, 22 edicta rumpent lulia. S. 2, 2, 74 at simul assis miscueris elixa. S. 1, 8, 45 voces Furi- arum et facta duarum; 1, 10, 43;" Epl. 1, 17, 16; 2, 1, 6 ; 2, 1, 130 ; 2, 1, 237 ; A. P. 287. A. P. 151 sic veris falsa re- miscet. S. 1, 2, 108 fugientia captat. C. 1, 6, 9 neque haec dicere . . . conamur, tenues grandia; Epl. 2, 2, 179 ; A. P. 27. Epl. 1, 9, 4 legentis honesta Neronis. S. 2, 2, 111 aptarit idonea bello ; A. P. 334. A. P. 130 si proferres ignota. C. 1, 34, 12 valet ima summis mutare. Epl. 1, 19, 33 iuvat inmemorata ferentem. C. 4, 7, 7 inmortalia ne speres. A. P. 130 si proferres ignota indictaque primus. S. 2, 3, 254 ponas insignia morbi. S. 1, 2, 96 si interdicta petes. S. 1, 1, 23 ne sic ut qui iocularia ridens percurram. A. P. 334 iucunda et idonea dicere vitae. 27 fata Goth. 16 Epl. 1, 7, 52 iussa Philippi accipiebat; 1, 9, 12. C. 2, 18, 13 largiora flagito. A. P. 26 sectantem levia^^ nervi deficiunt animique. S. 1, 4, 53 numquid Pomponius istis audiret leviora. Epl. 1, 1, 10 cetera ludicra pono ; 1, 6, 7. C. 3, 3, 72 magyia modis tenuare parvis; S. 1, 4, 44 ; Epl. 1, 10, 32 ; 2, 1, 125 ; A. P. 14. S. 2, 5, 21 maiora tuli ; Epl. 1, 17, 24. C. 2, 13, 28 dura fugae mala; 3, 6, 8; 3, 12, 2; S. 1, 2, 68; 1, 3, 25; 1, 4, 30; 2, 3, 203 ; Epl. 1, 1, 43 ; 2, 1, 219 ; A. P. 452. Epl. 1, 13, 19 mandataque frangas; A. P. 104. Epl. 1, 9, 8 sed timui, mea ne finxisse minora putarer. C. 1, 29, 16 pollicitus meliora^ tendis ; S. 1, 2, 73 ; 2, 2, 6 ; 2, 6, 89. C. 2, 16, 18 quid brevi fortes iaculamur aevo multa; 3, 16, 42; 4, 9, 45; S. 1, 10, 69; 2, 3, 9; Epl. 1, 8, 3; 2, 1, 67 ; 2, 2, 102 ; A. P. 183 ; 413. S. 2, 5, 1 praeter narrata. C. 4, 4, 36 indecorant bene nata culpae. Epl. 1, 6, 25 defodiet condetque nitentia. Epl. 2, 1, 89 nos nostraque lividus odit. C. 1, 34, 14 ohscura promens ; S. 2, 5, 58. S. 2, 4, 28 viles pellent ohstantia conchae. C. 1, 3, 25 audax omnia perpeti gens humana ; 1, 18, 3 ; 4, 4, 22 ; S. 1, 1, 86 ; S. 1, 2, 115 ; 1, 3, 13 ; 1, 9, 5; 2, 3, 300; 2, 4, 61; 2, 8, 64; Epl. 1, 5, 16 operta recludit. S. 1, 2, 90 ne corporis oj^tima Lyncei contemplere oculis. S. 2, 3, 86 dare centum damnati populo paria. Epl. 1, 15, 44 nam tuta et parvola laudo. C. 2, 11, 5 poscentis aevi pauca. S. 1, 3, 96 quis paria esse fere placuit peccata; A. P. 266. C. 1, 7, 300 fortes peioraque passi mecum saepe viri. S. 2, 3, 299 respicere ignoto discet pendentia tergo. S. 1, 4, 97 permidta rogatus fecit; 1, 5, 62. Epl. 2, 1, 66 si pleraque dure dicere credit eos; A. P. 44. C. 3, 16, 21 quanto quisque sibi plura negaverit; C. 3, 16, 22; 3, 16, 38; E. 16, 53; C. S. 44; S. 1, 6, 57 ; Epl. 1, 10, 45 ; 2, 2, 147 ; 2, 2, 148 ; 2, 2, 192 ; 2, 2, 196 ; A. P. 432. Epl. 2, 1, 11 notaque f atali portenta labore subegit ; Epl. 2, 2, 209. S. 2, 3, 34 descripsi docilis praecepta haec; 2, 4, 11; 2, 4, 95 ; Epl. 1, 1, 18. S. 2, 3, 9 voltus erat multa et praeclara minantis. C. 3, 3, 2 non civium ardor prava iubentium. S. 1, 4, 42 siqui scribat uti nos sermoni propiora. A. P. 397 piiblica privatis secernere. S. 1, 1, 102 pergis pugnantia secum . . . conponere. S. 1, 2, 73. Epl. 1, 8, 3 multa et pulchra minantem. Epl. 1, 1, 100 mutat quadrata rotundis. S. 2, 7, 7 modo recta capessens. Epl. 1, 7, 97 repetatque relicta. C. S. 55 iam 28lenia s. 17 Scythae responsa petiint; S. 1, 8, 29. C. 4, 4, 54 iactata Tuscis aequoribus sacra; 4, 6, 14; S. 1, 3, 11; 1, 3, 117; Epl. 1, 16, 54; A. P. 397. S. 1, 4, 23 cum mea nemo scripta legat; 1, 4, 75; 1, 10, 56 ; Epl. 1, 3, 17; 1, 19, 42 ; 2, 2, 67. S. 1, 1, 27 quaeramus serm ludo ; 2, 2, 125 ; A. P. 226. C. 3, 8, 28 linqiie seyera. S. 1, 6, 32 curam qiiaerendi singula; 1, 8, 40; 2, 6, 87; Epl. 2, 2, 65. Epl. 1, 12, 15 adhiic suhlimia cures. C. 1, 16, 26 nunc ego mitibus mutare quaero tiistia. S. 2, 3, 151 ni tua custodis; Epl. 2, 2, 195. S. 1, 2, 85 quaerit, quo turpia celet. Epl. 1, 15, 44 nam tuta et parvola laudo. Epl. 1, 18, 28 ait prope vera. Epl. 1, 15, 39 satis inter vilia fortis; 1, 17, 21. S. 1, 4, 84 fingere qui non visa potest. (e) Ahlative. S. 2, 2, 73 at simul assis miscueris elixa. S. 2, 3, 110 nescius uti conpositis. Epl. 2, 2, 192 quod non plura datis invenerit. S. 1, 4, 121 sic me formabat puerum dictis; S. 2, 7, 78. S. 1, 3, 114 dividit ut bona diversis. Epl. 2, 2, 197 ut festis Quin- quatribus. S. 2, 8, 83 dumque ridetur -flctis remm Balatrone secundo. C. 2, 10, 13 sperat infestis . . . pectus. E. 5, 12 con- stitit insignibtcs raptis puer; S. 2, 7, 53. A. P. 170 inventis miser abstinet ac timet uti. S. 1, 9, 50 nee magis his aliena malis. C. 3, 30, 15 sume superbiam quaesitam meritis. C. 1, 16, 25 nunc ego mitibus mutare quaero tristia. C. 1, 31, 17 frui paratis; S. 2, 3, 167. Epl. 2, 2, 179 metit Orcus grandia cum parvis. S. 1, 3, 16 paucis contento. S. 2, 2, 109 hie qui pluribus adsuerit mentem. Epl. 2, 1, 128 praeceptis format amicis. S. 2, 2, 71 in primis valeas bene ; 2, 88, 6. A. P. 397 publica privatis secernere. Epl. 1, 16, 54 miscebis sacra profanis; A. P. 397. S. 2, 3, 6 die aliquid dignum promissis. S. 1, 1, 38 illis utitur ante quaesitis patiens. C. S. 44 daturus plura relictis. Epl, 1, 1, 100 mutat quadrata rotundis. C. 3, 14, 6 mulier . . . prodeat iustis operata sacris; S. 2, 8, 14 ; A. P. 224. C. 2, 10, 13 metuit secundis alteram sortem. C. 1, 34, 12 valet ima summis mutare. S. 2, 3, 324 teneas . . . tuis te. S. 2, 2, 25 corruptus vanis rerum. S. 2, 3, 208 qui species alias veris^^ scelerisque tumulta permixtas capiet, commotus habebitur; A. P. 151. 30 veri sceleris a D E Bland^. 18 The neuter plural comparatives are: A. P. 351 verum ubi flura nitent; C. 3, 16, 18 sequitur cura pecuniam maiorumque fames ; S. 2, 2, 109 hie qui pluribus adsuerit mentem ; C. 2, 18, 13 largiora flagito ; S. 1, 4, 53 audiret leviora; S. 2, 5, 21 maiora tuli; Epl. 1, 17, 24; C. 1, 29, 16 pollicitus meliora; S. 1, 2, 73; 2, 2, 6 ; 2, 6, 89 ; C. 1, 7, 300 fortes peioraque passi . . . viri ; C. 3, 16, 21 plura negaverit ; C. 3, 16, 22 ; 3, 16, 38 ; E. 16, 53 ; C. S. 44 ; S. 1, 6, 57 ; Epl. 1, 10, 45 ; 2, 2, 147 ; 2, 2, 148 ; 2, 2, 192 ; 2, 2, 196 ; A. P. 432 ; S. 1, 4, 42 sermoni propiora. Neuter plural superlatives: S. 1, 2, 100 plurima, quae in- videant pure adparere tibi rem; C. 1, 34, 12 valet ima summis mutare; S. 1, 2, 90 ne corporis optima Lyncei contemplere oculis; S. 2, 2, 71 in primis valeas bene; 2, 8, 6; C. 1, 34, 12 valet ima summis mutare. It is apparent that neuter plural adjectives in Horace are more frequently substantivized than adjectives of the neuter singular. The accusative case alone furnishes over two hun- dred examples, but of the nominative, contrary to what one might expect, there are only a few instances; the genitive is used substantively only seven times, but the dative and ablative supply numerous examples. Comparatives of the neuter plural are substantivized rather frequently, but there are only six superlatives. Substantive adjectives in a definitive sense, e.g., cetera., euncta., magna., multa, omnia., pauca, etc., are very numerous in Horace. 3. The Masculine Singular. For the substantive use of the adjective in the masculine sin- gular, Nagelsbach^^ gives the following rules : The adjective is used substantively — 1. When it has a collective sense, as in Livy 6, 3, 8 : parcitur inerm^i,' 2. When two persons are placed in contrast with each other, as in Cic. pro Quinct. 31, 95: indignum est a pari vinci aut superiore; 3. When philosophical language is used, in which mention is made of an ideally conceived person, as in Quintil. 11, 1, 45 : 81 p. 123. 19 non idem apud eruditum^ quod militarem ac rusticum deceat; 4. When the substantivized adjective stands in co-ordination with real substantives, as in Cic. in Cat. 4, 5, 10: ipsum Len- tulum, largitorem et yrodiguTn; 5. When it stands in combination with a pronoun, as in Caes. B. G. 6, 13, 6: si qui aut privatus aut populus eorum decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdictum; 6. When modified by another adjective, as in Cic. de Fin. 4, 5, 10: de callido imfrobo quaerimus. According to Kiilmer (p. 225) in combinations like neque quisquam mortalis, quivis Atheniensis, etc., it is the pronoun that is the substantive element of the expression. Nagelsbach^^ thinks the same. In Horace this seems usually to be the case, yet there are a few instances in which the adjective is appar- ently the important element and therefore to be regarded as the substantive. Cf. S. 2, 6, 69 sen quis capit acria fortis pocula; S. 2, 1, 40 his stilus baud petet ultro quemquam animanteTn. Nagelsbach^^ (p. 137) says that the use of the present active participle in the nominative singular almost never occurs. In Horace there is only one word of this kind, namely, sapiens, but sapiens although a participle by origin is always used as a substantive or adjective and never as a participle. The grammarians and writers of special treatises on sub- stantivization nowhere make a separate classification of ad- jectives of common gender. As a matter of fact, about one half of the adjectives that have been grouped below as mas- culines seem to be common gender. The following instance, for example, seems clearly to be of the common gender: S. 2, 6, 95 aut magno aut parvo leti fuga. («) The Nominative. As to the relative frequency of the masculine singular in the nominative, Kiihner (p. 224) states that it is far rarer than the plural. In Horace, however, just the opposite is the case, the singular being much more frequently substantivized. S. 1, 9, 75 82 p. 126. 33 See also Schmalz, p. 610. 20 casu venit obvius illi adv er sarins ; Epl. 1, 18, 63. S. 2, 3, 162 non est cardiacus . . . hie aeger. Epl. 1, 6, 15 insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequos iniqui. S. 1, 1, 108 nemo, ut avarus^ se probet ; Epl. 1, 2, 56 ; 1, 16, 63. Epl. 1, 17, 4 caecus iter mon- strare velit. S. 1, 3, 89 captivos ut audit. Epl. 2, 2, 39 post haec ille catus . . . inquit. S. 1, 5, 21 donee cerehrosus pro- silit unus. S. 1, 1, 17 tu, consultus modo, rusticus; A. P. 369. C. 2, 18, 10 pauperemque dives me petit; Epl. 1, 1, 84. S. 1, 10, 52 tu nihil in magno doctus reprehendis Homero; S. 2, 7, 13.2* Epl. 1, 18, 87 exfertus metuet. S. 2, 6, 69 seu quis capit acria fortis pocula. S. 1, 9, 33 garrulus hunc quando consumet eumque ; S. 2, 5, 90 ; Epl. 1, 18, 69. S. 2, 5, 31 si gnatus erit. Epl. 2, 2, 193 quantum simplex hilarisque nepoti discrepet. Epl. 1, 17, 32 sine vivat ineptus. Epl. 1, 1, 38 iners, vinosus, amator. C. 3, 4, 20 animosus infans. S. 1, 9, 73 fugit inprohus; 2, 6, 29 ; Epl. 1, 7, 63. C. 1, 22, 1 integer vitae . . . non eget. Epl. 1, 1, 38 invidus, iracundus, . . . amator; 1, 2, 57. Epl. 1, 1, 38 invidus, iracundus, iners . . . amator. C. 1, 33, 3 cur tibi iunior laesa praeniteat fide. S. 2, 3, 30 ut lethargicus hie cum fit pugil. S. 2, 3, 281 lihertinus erat; 2, 7, 12. Epl. 1, 1, 93 con- ducto navigio aeque nauseat ae locuples. S. 1, 1, 113 sic festinanti semper locupletior obstat. S. 1, 4, 3 quod mains ac fur, quod moechus foret. Epl. 1, 18, 94 plerumque modestus occupat obscuri speeiem. C. 3, 29, 31 si mortalis ultra fas trepidat. S. 2, 2, 76 vides, ut pallidus omnis cena desurgat dubia. Epl. 1, 5, 25 ut coeat par iungaturque pari. Epl. 2, 2, 194 quantum discordet parens avaro. Epl. 1, 1, 91 quid pauper. C. 1, 7, 8 plurimus . . . aptum dicet equis Argos. Epl. 1, 7, 20 prodigus et stultus donat. S. 1, 7, 17 discedat pulcrior^^ ultro. C. 1, 22, 1 scelerisque purus non eget. E. 2, 68 iam iam rusticus; S. 1, 1, 17; 2, 2, 3; 2, 6, 115; Epl. 1, 2, 42; 1, 7, 83; 1, 13, 13; 2, 2, 39; A. P. 213. C. 2, 9, 14 ploravit Anti- loehum senex; A. P. 115. Epl. 2, 2, 193 quantum simplex hilarisque nepoti discrepet. C. 3, 2, 10 sponsus lacessat regius. Epl. 1, 7, 20 prodigus et stultus donat quae spernit. Epl. 1, 18, 95 modestus occupat obscuri speeiem, taciturnus acerbi. A. P. 213 turpis honesto. S. 2, 3, 228 aueeps, unguentarius 34 doctor $ Bland, schol. T. 35 pigrior Bland, s. 21 . . . veniant. S. 2, 6, 90 tandem urbanus ad hiinc. S. 2, 4, 55 vafer . . . colligit; 2, 5, 24. C. 3, 24, 16 aeqiiali recreat sorte mcarius; S. 2, 7, 79. C. 3, 7, 23 at tibi ne mcinus Enipeus plus iusto placeat, cave; S. 2, 2, 120; 2, 6, 77=^^; Epl. 2, 2, 132. Epl. 1, 14, 15 vilicus optas; 2, 2, 160. Epl. 1, 1, 38 iners, vinosus, amator. (h) Genitive. Epl. 1, 18, 95 plerumqiie modestiis occupat obscuri speeiem, taciturnus acerhi. A. P. 7 velut aegri^"^ somnia. C. 4, 1, 18 largi muneribus riserit aemuli. C. 4, 9, 47 rectius occupat iiomen heati. S. 2, 5, 47 caelihis obsequium. Epl. 2, 2, 87 f rater erat Romae consulti rhetor. Epl. 2, 1, 246 quae multa dantis cum laude tulerunt. S. 1, 4, 83 famamque dicacis, fingere qui non visa potest. A. P. 112 si dicentis erunt fortunis obsona dicta. S. 1, 3, 43 at pater ut gnati; 2, 3, 304. Epl. 1, 6, 15 insani sapiens nomen ferat, aequos iniqui. S. 2, 3, 74 insani est, contra bene sani; Epl. 1, 6, 15. Epl. 1, 19, 46 luctantis acuto ne secer ungui. Epl. 2, 2, 124 ludentis speeiem dabit. Epl. 1, 7, 24 pro laude merentis. Epl. 1, 18, 95 occupat obscuri speeiem, taciturnus acerbi. E. 11, 12 nil valere candidum pauperis ingenium. S. 2, 3, 74 si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene sani. Epl. 1, 18, 2 metues, liberrime Lolli, scur- rantis speeiem praebere. S. 2, 1, 34 quo fit, ut omnis . . . vita senis; Epl. 2, 1, 56. A. P. 98 si curat cor spectantis tetigisse querella. S. 1, 10, 13 defendente vicem modo rhetoris . . . interdum urhani.^^ (c) Dative. Epl. 2, 1, 114 habrotonum aegro non audet . . . dare. C. 3, 2, 30 neglectus incesto addidit integrum. Epl. 1, 11, 17 incolumi Rhodos et Mitylene pulcra facit. Epl. 1, 16, 34 detulerit fasces indigno. Epl. 1, 5, 14 adsidet insano. S. 2, 6, 95 neque ulla est aut magno aut parvo leti fuga, S. 1, 3, 59 nullique 7nalo latus obdit apertum. Epl. 1, 1, 48 meliori credere non vis. Epl. 2, 1, 106 minori dicere. C. 1, 24, 10 nulli flebilior quam tibi, Vergili; C. 1, 36, 6; S. 2, 2, 134; 2, 5, 5; Epl. 2, 2, 36 vicinos (-nas ¥) X I Bland., vicino E. 37 aegris a B K schol. V V. 38 urbane (urbemR") K* *. 22 148 ; 2, 2, 175. S. 1, 3, 16 huic parco. Epl. 1, 5, 26 ut coeat par iungatiirque pa7i. S. 2, 6, 95 aut magno aut parvo leti fuga. C. 2, 18, 33 aequa tellus pauperi recluditur; 3, 21, 18. S. 2, 5, 76 ultro Penelopam facilis potiori trade. Epl. 2, 2, 36 quae timido quoque possent addere mentem. {d) Accusative. Epl. 2, 1, 131 inopem solatur et aegrum. Epl. 1, 18, 90 agilem navomque remissi. S. 2, 6, 98 haec ubi dicta agrestem pepulere ; 2, 6, 107. E. 11, 9 in quis amantem languor et silentium arguit. S. 2, 1, 40 hie stilus baud petet ultro quemquam animantem. S. 2, 3, 249 siquem delectet harhatum. Epl. 1, 16, 69 ven- dere cum possis captivom. Epl. 1, 17, 61 crudeles, tollite claudum. S. 2, 5, 90 di-fficilem et morosum offendet garrulus. Epl. 1, 18, 78 non dlgnum tradimus. C. 4, 11, 31 disparem vites. A. P. 474 indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus. Epl. 1, 5, 17 ad proelia trudit inertem.^^ Epl. 2, 1, 131 inopem solatur, C. 1, 34, 13 insignem^° attenuat deus. C. 3, 2, 30 saepe Diespiter neglectus incesto addidit integ7nim. Epl. 1, 2, 52 iuvat ilium sic domus et res ut lippum pictae tabulae. S. 2, 5, 29 qui meliorem audax vocet in ius. S. 2, 5, 90 difficilem et morosum offendet garrulus. S. 2, 6, 58 ut unum scilicet egregii mortalem altique silenti. Epl. 1, 18, 90 agilem navomque remissi. Epl. 1, 18, 80 ut penitus notum, si temptent crimina. Epl. 1, 6, 38 ac bene nummatum decorat. C. 1, 24, 8 nudaque Veritas quando ullum inveniet parem. Epl. 1, 7, 44 parvom parva decent. C. 2, 18, 39 his levare functum pauperem. Epl. 1, 17, 62 quaere peregrinum. C. 3,2,31 raro antecedentem scelestum deseruit. Epl. 1, 18, 90 oderunt . . . sedatum celeres. S. 2, 5, 71 libertusve senem delirum temperet; A. P. 169. S. 2, 5, 42 aliquis cubito stantem prope tangens inquiet. Epl. 1, 2, 71 nee tardum opperior. Epl. 1, 18, 89 oderunt hilarem tristes tristemque iocosi. (e) Vocative. S. 2, 6, 51 O hone,- 2, 6, 95 ;" Epl. 2, 2, 37. S. 1, 9, 4 quid agis, dulcissime rerum. C. 4, 1, 40 sequor . . . te per aquas, 39 inermem A F X ?. 40 insigne Bentley. 41 bene E I (Bland.)- 23 dure^ volubilis. S. 2, 3, 207 placavi sanguine divos. ' nempe tuo, furiose.'' S. 2, 2, 104 cur, inprohe, carae non aliquid; 2, 3, 200. S. 2, 2, 33 laudas, insane, . . . mullum ; 2, 3, 184 ; 2, 3, 326 ; 2, 6, 29 ; 2, 7, 95. E. 13, 12 invicte, mortalis dea nate puer Thetide. C. 1, 27, 18 a miser, . . . digne puer; S. 2, 3, 14. S. 2, 6, 5 Maia nate. S. 2, 7, 22 quo pacto, pessime. C. 3, 25, 14 O Naiadum potens. S. 2, 3, 123 dis inimice senex. S. 2, 3, 160 ' cur, Stoice ' dicam ; 2, 3, 300. Epl. 1, 14, 1 vilice silvarum. (/) Ablative Epl. 2, 2, 194 discordet parens avaro. Epl. 1, 4, 5 quidquid dignum sapiente honoque^^ est; 1, 16, 20. Epl. 1, 17, 22 tu poscis vilia, verum es dante minor. S. 1, 2, 21 quern miserum gnato vixisse fugato inducit; S. 2, 3, 203. A. P. 213 urbano confusus, turpis honesto. C. 3, 30, 12 ex humili potens. Epl. 1, 7, 83 ex nit'ido fit rusticus. A. P. 423 spondere levi pro paupere. C. 2, 12, 27 poscente . . . eripi ; Epl. 1, 17, 44. . S. 2, 5, 12 domino sene; 2, 5, 82 ; 2, 5, 84. C. 1, 29, 6 sponso necato. A. P. 213 rusticus urhano confusus, turpis honesto. The following comparatives are found in the masculine singular : C. 1, 33, 3 cur tibi iunior laesa praeniteat fide. S. 1, 1, 113 sic festinanti semper locupletior obstat. S. 1, 7, 17 discedat pulcrior ultro. Epl. 1, 1, 48 melioH credere non vis. Epl. 2, 1, 106 minori dicere. S. 2, 5, 76 ultro Penelopam facilis potiori trade. There are four superlatives: C. 1, 7, 8 plurimus . . . aptum dicet equis Argos. A. P. 417 occupet extremum scabies. S. 1, 9, 4 quid agis, dulcissime rerum. S. 2, 7, 22 quo pacto, pessime. Of the instances given above special mention should be made of integer and purus, which are used substantively in a rather bold way, since the genitives mta£, and sceleris are used to complete their meaning. Likewise plurimus, C. 1, 7, 8 is nowhere else used in this sense; multus, however, is occasion- ally used with this meaning, e.g., Lucan, Pharsalia, III. 707 rmdtus sua volnera puppi affixit. In general it may be said that Horace furnishes examples of all the six uses mentioned by Nagelsbach (see p. 123) ; there 42 bonumque K tt. 24 are besides in Horace those: (1) that express physical, mental and moral qualities, e. g.^ aeger^ cerebrosus, aequus; (2) that denote occupations, e.g., consuUus, rusticus, vilicus; (3) that designate a definitive idea, e.g., iunior, omnis; (4) that are modified by an adverb, e.g., cf. Epl. 1, 18, 80; 1, 6, 38; S. 2, 5, 42. 4. The Masculine Plural. According to Dietrich's fundamental remark, says Nagels- bach (p. 119), only those masculine plural adjectives can be substantivized which designate a class of individuals who receive their character from the quality indicated by the adjective: thus militares suggests the "warrior class"; honi, the " conservatives " ; docti, the " learned," etc. Later, however, it was shown by Wueseke {op. cit., p. 45 f.) that substantivized adjectives of the masculine and feminine plural do not of necessity refer to the entire class of individuals indicated by the quality of the adjective. Accordingly Wueseke distinguishes three uses: (1) they refer to the entire class (totum genus) ; (2) they refer to two or more individuals {certae ac definitae personae) ; or (3) they are indefinite {du- hiae at que incertae). To prove his point Wueseke cites Plautus, Bacch. 397 ilium laudabunt honi, where it is quit^ apparent that honi does not mean the whole class of good men, but rather any good men. Likewise, pessumae, Bacch. 1122, clearly refers only to the two Bacchides. Swan''^ adds still another observation in this connection. He says : " it should also be noted that adjectives, after coming to be associated with a class of individuals sharing the quality designated by the adjective, may undergo a shift of meaning, inasmuch as other prominent qualities characteristic of that group may also pass into association with the given substan- tivized adjective. This is true, for example, of optimi, 'the aristocracy,' which becoming associated with this distinct polit- ical party, naturally connoted in specific instances other traits of the party than those usually implied in the adjective optimus.''^ 43 op. cit., p. 196. 26 We have previously stated (see p. 19) that up to the present time writers on substantivization have never mentioned the fact that some substantive adjectives are of common gender. Of the examples given below about 80 per cent, seem to be of common gender. The following is an undoubted instance: S. 1, 1, 85 omnes vicini oderunt, noti, pueri atque puellae. Of the instances of the masculine plural given below atten- tion should be called to cautos in S. 2, 6, 45, because it is modi- fied by an adverb. {a) Nominative. S. 2, 2, 89 rancidum aprum antiqui laudabant. Epl. 1, 16, 52 oderunt peccare honi. Epl. 1, 18, 90 oderunt hilarem tristes tristemque iocosi, sedatum celeres. S. 1, 9, 27 est tibi mater, cognati. Epl. 2, 1, 51 ut critici dicunt. C. 4, 4, 29 fortes creantur fortibus et bonis; 4, 9, 25. Epl. 1, 18, 89 tristemque iocosi. Epl. 1, 10, 3 at cetera paene gemelli. A. P. 78 gram- matici certant. S. 2, 7, 5 maiores voluerunt. S. 1, 2, 2 mendici, mimae, balatrones. S. 1, 4, 75 sunt midti. S. 1, 1, 85 omnes vicini oderunt, noti., pueri atque puellae. C. 1, 36, 17 omnes in Damalin putris deponent oculos; E. 5, 57; S. 1, 2, 46; 1, 6, 46; 1, 7, 10; 2, 3, 32; 2, 3, 47; 2, 6, 49; Epl. 2, 2, 58. S. 1, 6, 5 ut flerique solent. S. 1, 6, 101 atque salutandi flures; Epl. 2, 1, 183. Epl. 1, 18, 90 sedatum celeres, agilem navomque remissi. C. 2, 8, 22 metuont . . . te senes parci; S. 1, 1, 31; Epl. 1, 1, 55. Epl. 1, 2, 28 sponsi Penelopae. S. 1, 2, 24 dum vitant stulti vitia. Epl. 1, 18, 89 oderunt hilarem tristes tristemque iocosi. S. 1, 1, 85 omnes vicini oderunt; Epl. 1, 14, 39. {!)) Genitive. C. 3, 10, 14 nee tinctus viola pallor amantium. C. 4, 14, 29 ut harharomm Claudius agmina. C. 2, 2, 18 numero heatorum. Epl. 2, 2, 136 hie ubi cognatorum opibus curisque refectus expulit elleboro morbum bilemque meraco. C. 3, 11, 6 nunc et divitum mensis et amica templis; C. 3, 16, 23. C. 3, 24, 46 quo clamor vocat et turba faventium. C. 3, 6, 1 delicta maiorum inmeritus lues; S. 2, 1, 61. A. P. 174 censorque minoriim. E. 2, 2 ut prisca gens mortalium. S. 1, 9, 72 unus multorum. C. 4, 9, 42 reiecit alto dona nocentium voltu. C. 2, 3, 25 omnium 26 versatur urna . . . sors. C. 1, 4, 13 mors aequo piUsat pede pauperum tabernas ; 3, 29, 14 ; E. 17, 47. S. 1, 1, 111 neque se maiori paupenorum turbae conparet. C. 2, 13, 23 sedesque dis- criptas piorum. C. 4, 3, 22 qoiid monstror digito praetereun- tium Romanae fidicen lyrae. Epl. 2, 2, 204 re extremi prim- orum. A. P. 341 centuriae seniorum. C. 1, 28, 19 mixta senum ac invenum densentur funera ; S. 2, 5, 24. Epl. 1, 16, 24 stult- orum incurata piidor. C. 2, 5, 12 veterumque norma; S. 2, 7, 101. S. 1, 10, 42 garrire libellos unus vivorum. (c) Dative. Epl. 1, 15, 7 invidus aegris. S. 2, 3, 82 danda est . . . pars maxima avaris. C. 1, 24, 9 multis ille bonis flebilis occidit; Epl. 1, 12, 24 ; A. P. 196. C. 4, 6, 17 sed palam captis gravis. Epl. 2, 2, 159 si credis consultis. S. 1, 5, 49 pila lippis inimiciim et ludere crudis. C. 3, 5, 30 curat reponi deteriorihus. Epl. 1, 7, 22 vir bonus et sapiens dignis ait esse paratus. S. 1, 7, 16 si disparihus bellum incidat. S. 1, 6, 114 adsisto divinis. C. 3, 29, 13 plerumque gratae divitihus vices; Epl. 1, 17, 9. Epl. 1, 1, 63 quae regnum recte facientibus offert. A. P. 101 ita fientihus adflent humani voltus. S. 1, 1, 83 reddat gnatis carisque propinguis; 2, 3, 169. S. 1, 6, 16 qui stultus honores saepe dat indignis. Epl. 1, 18, 86 dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amici. S. 2, 2, 107 O magnus posthac inimicis risus. Epl. 2, 1, 151 fuit intactis quoque cura. C. 2, 8, 21 te suis matres metuont iuvencis. S. 1, 5, 49 lippis inimicum; 1, 7, 3. Epl. 1, 1, 25 prodest locupletihus aeque. Epl. 2, 2, 71 nihil ut meditantihus obstet. S. 2, 5, 19 certans . . . meliorihus; Epl. 1, 2, 68. Epl. 2, 1, 84 parere minorihus. A. P. 201 redeat miseris. C. 1, 3, 37 nil mortalihus ardui est; S. 1, 9, 60. Epl. 1, 1, 80 multis occulto crescit res faenore. C. 1, 28, 31 inmeritis . . . natis. S. 1, 4, 91 tibi . . . infesto nigris. C. 2, 14, 9 unda, scilicet omnibus . . . enaviganda ; C. 3, 4, 13. A. P. 159 gestit paHbus conludere. S. 2, 3, 120 insanus paucis videatur; Epl. 1, 20, 4. Epl. 1, 1, 25 quod aeque pauperihus, prodest locupletibus aeque. Epl. 2, 2, 213 decede peritis. E. 16, 66 piis secunda . . . datur fuga. C. 3, 24, 30 clarus postgenitis. S. 1, 5, 6 iter . . . , altius ac nos praecinctis unum. Epl. 1, 20, 23 me primis urbis belli placuisse domique. C. 2, 15, 15 nulla 27 decempedis metata privatis opacam porticus excipiebat Arcton. S. 1, 1, 83 reddat gnatis carisque propinquis. A. P. 101 ut ridentihus adrident. Epl. 1, 1, 26 pueris senibusqiie nocebit. Epl. 1, 19, 9 adimam cantare severis. C. 1, 18, 3 siccis omnia nam dura dens proposuit; Epl. 1, 19, 9. S. 1, 3, 77 cetera item neqiieunt stultis haerentia. A. P. 201 abeat Fortuna superhis. C. 3, 10, 16 supplicibus tuis parcas. S. 1, 5, 6 minus est gravis Appia tardis; 2, 6, 28. Epl. 1, 15, 33 ubi nequitiae fautoribus et timidis nil aut paulum abstulerat. {d) Accusative. E. 1, 18 qui maior absentis habet. S. 1, 3, 53 acris inter numeretur. S. 1, 4, 126 avidos vicinum funus ut aegros exanimat. C. 1, 8, 6 neque militaris inter aequalis equitet; E. 12, 23. S. 2, 6, 45 parum cautos iam frigora mordent. S. 2, 8. 13 quodque posset cenantis offendere. C. 1, 35, 15 neu populus frequens . . . cessantis ' ad arma ' concitet. S. 1, 1, 88 at si cognatos . . . retinere velis . . . amicos; 2, 3, 316. S. 1, 4, 87 aspergere cunctos. S. 1, 6, 51 cautum dignos adsumere. Epl. 1, 18, 96 percontabere doctos. S. 1, 6, 6 naso suspendis ad- unco ignotos; 1, 6, 24. C. 3, 1, 15 Necessitas sortitur insignis et imos. S. 1,4, 76 inanis hoc iuvat. S. 1, 7, 15 duo si discordia vexet inertis. Epl. 1, 7, 21 haec seges ingratos^* tulit. C. 3, 27, 1 inpios parrae recinentis omen ducat. S. 2, 3, 40 insanos qui inter vereare insanus haberi. C. 3, 1, 15 Necessitas sortitur insigiiis et imos. A. P. 197 regat iratos. S. 2, 3, 308 longos imitaris. S. 1, 9, 33 loquacis, si sapiat, vitet. Epl. 2, 1, 106 maiores audire. E. 6, 11 in malos asperrimus. S. 1, 6, 37 omnis mortalis curare . . . cogit. E. 17, 79 possim crematos excitare TTiortuos. C. 1, 1, 23 multos castra iuvant. C. 2, 18, 28 sordidosque natos; 3, 5, 42; 4, 4, 55. C. 1, 12, 46 micat inter omnis lulium sidus; C. 1, 28, 15; S. 1, 4, 36; 1, 5, 76; 2, 3, 81; A. P. 265. S. 2, 3, 49 palantis error . . . pellit. S. 2, 3, 149 accedere plures. S. 2, 1, 69 prhnores populi arripuit. C. 3, 5, 51 dimovit obstantis propinquos^^ ; S. 2, 3, 218. S. 1, 3, 83 inter sanos dicatur. Epl. 1, 1, 79 excipiantque senes. C. 3, 11, 31 sponsos . . . perdere. S. 2, 1, 50 suspectos terreat. A. P. 197 44 ingratis F X L 45 amicos # ex v. 47. 28 amet pacare timentis.*^ S. 1, 5, 12 trecentos inseris. S. 2, 2 97 adde iratum patruom, vicinos. (e) Vocative. S. 2, 2, 1 quae virtus et quanta, honi,'^'' sit vivere parvo. Epl. 1, 17, 61 crudeles, tollite claudum. C. 1, 21, 10 vos . . . mares. C. 2, 19, 2 credite, posteri; E. 9, 11. S. 1, 10, 21 O seri studiorum. (/) Ablative. S. 1, 4, 117 si traditum ab antiquis morem. C. 4, 4, 29 fortes creantur fortibus et bonis. S. 2, 3, 58 cum cognatis. Epl. 2, 2, 204 extremis usque priores. C. 4, 4, 29 fortes creantur fortibus et bonis. S. 1, 6, 24 non minus ignotos generosis. S. 2, 2, 115 cum pecore et gnat'is; 2, 5, 28. S. 2, 1, 76 me cum magnis vixisse. S. 1, 5, 55 ab his maioribus orti; 1, 6, 10; Epl. 1, 17, 2. S. 2, 8, 40 secutis omnibus. S. 1, 10, 55 de se loquitur non ut maiore reprensis. The following instances of the comparative are found in the masculine plural: S. 2, 7, 5 maiores voluerunt. S. 1, 6, 101 atque salutandi plures; Epl. 2, 1, 183. C. 3, 6, 1 delicta maiorum inmeritus lues; S. 2, 1, 61. A. P. 174 censorque minorum. S. 1, 1, 111 neque se maiori pauperiorum turbae conparet. A. P. 341 centuriae seniorum agitant. C. 3, 5, 30 curat reponi deterioribus. S. 2, 5, 19 certans semper melioribus; Epl. 1, 2, 68. Epl. 2, 1, 84 putant parere 7ninoribus. Epl. 2, 1, 106 maiores audire. S. 2, 3, 149 accedere plures. S. 2, 1, 69 primores populi arripuit. S. 1, 5, 55 ab his maioribus orti ad pugnam venere ; 1, 6, 10 ; Epl. 1, 17, 2. There is only one superlative : Epl. 2, 2, 204 extremis usque priores. The masculine plurals in Horace designate: (1) nationality, e.g., Achivi, Romani; (2) a quality of the object, — physical, mental or moral, e.g.., fortes, celeres, boni; (3) a calling, e.g., consulti, grammatici; (4) relationship, e.g., antiqui, cognati, noti; (5) an indefinite idea, e.g., multi, omnes, plerique. Adjectives of the feminine gender are rarely used substan- 46tuineiites s. 47 bonis Is. 29 tively in Horace or in any other writer. In fact women are relatively seldom mentioned in Latin literature, nor are the qualities of women often dwelt upon. The grammarians do not even honor substantive adjectives of this gender with a separate classification. The examples in Horace are the fol- lowing : 5. The Femixine Singular. (a) Nominative. C. 3, 19, 24 vicina seni non habilis Lyco. ( 6 ) Genitive. C. 2, 5, 2 nondum munia conparis aequare. (c) Dative. S. 2, 3, 215 huic vestem ut gnatae, paret ancillas, parefc aurum. C. 4, 2, 21 flebili sponsae iuvenemve raptum; Epl. 1, 19, 31. {d) Accusative. S. 2, 3, 219 siquis gnatam pro muta devovet agna ; 2, 3, 199. S. 1, 2, 30 contra alius nullani nisi olenti in fomice stantem. E. 5, 66 novam . . . nuptam abstulit. E. 15, 14 quaeret iratus parem. C. 3, 15, 16 te . . . non decent . . . vetulam*^ . . . cadi. 6. The Feminine Plural. (a) Genitive. S. 1, 2, 48 quanto merx est in classe secunda, lihertinarnm dico. C. 3, 12, 1 miserarum est neque amori dare. S. 1, 4, 27 hie nupfarum insanit amoribus. (5) Accusative. E. 5, 84 moUibus lenire verbis inpias. There are no instances of comparatives or superlatives in the feminine singular or plural. The adjectives of the feminine may denote: (1) relationship, e.g., gnata, nata, sponsa; (2) a class, e.g., libertina, inpia; (3) a quality of the object, e.g., misera. 48vetula A B E * Ps. Porph. CLASS B. Since the publication of Ott's paper, substantive adjectives have been rather sharply divided into two classes. Our hand- books on Latin grammar have meagre information on the second method of substantivization, yet they all make mention of it. According to Ott {op. cit., p. 2), the process is external, not arising from the " elements " of the adjective, but being due to the disappearance of a general substantive term, which term is related to the adjective term as the genus is related to the species ; this generic term, he says, is concrete in the large majority of cases. Rolfe^ and later Meader^ have pointed out the error in fol- lowing too closely Ott's interpretation. Meader very aptly says: "This division of substantivized adjectives into two classes, while it is in some respects convenient for the purpose of systematic classification and description, has been rather too sharply drawn heretofore, and has tended to obscure at least partially the real nature of the processes involved in the change. In the first place we should never lose sight of the fact, that the grammatical function of a word is only one of the many elements or groups of elements of thought and feel- ing that constitute the complex meaning it bears in any given sentence in which it may occur. For example, in handling the problem now before us, we should distinguish carefully between the iDrocesses involved in the shift of grammatical category (from adjective to substantive) on the one hand and those in- volved in a change of what is ordinarily called the ' meaning ' of a word on the other." The point just made, namely, that, where there is an ellipsis of a substantive, the adjective receives its meaning not wholly from the omitted substantive but from the sentence as a whole, or from the general context, may be illustrated by the follow- ing passages in Horace: C. 2, 15, 9 tum spissa ramis laurea 1 Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc, vol. 30, p. 6. 2 University of Michigan Studies, vol. 3, pp. 182 ff. 30 31 pervidos excludet ictus, and 4, 2, 9 laurea donandus Apollinari. In the first passage it is clear that the elided word is arbor, while in the second reference it is evident that corona must be supplied; hence the meaning of laurea is determined by the general meaning of each of these two sentences. The question is often asked when an adjective of this class is to be regarded as having completely become a substantive. The answer is not readily given; for in the same writer we find adjective plus substantive in one passage, and the same adjective with ellipsis of the substantive in another. PauP says in this connection : " Sobald nun die Unterstiitzung durch die Situation fiir das Verstandniss entbehrlich ist, so ist auch das Wort nicht mehr als ein Adjectiv zu betrachten, sondern als ein wirkliches Substantivum, und es kann dann von einer Ellipse in keinem Sinne mehr die Rede sein." I have given all the references in Horace to each instance in which the substantive has been retained with adjectives of this class and have made such deductions as seemed fitting. Another difficulty is to determine what substantive was omitted with words formed by suffixes in -ale {-al), -are {-ar), -ile, -inum, -anum, -arium, -orium. The substantivizing of most words of this kind is probably as old as the objects they denote. In other words they become substantives in prehistoric times, the masculine and feminine forms of these supposed adjectives having disappeared entirely.* It should be remembered, more- over, that some of these suffixes were used in the formation of real substantives. Again in regard to neuter plurals like ama, ardua, summa, ahrtipta, etc., there is a difference of opinion as to their classi- fication. Drager^ supplies loca and I have followed his clas- sification. Geographical adjectives used substantively are treated fully by Rolfe.*' He shows that from an historical point of view ellipsis is more frequent in late Latin, especially in poetry; 3 Prinzipien der Spraclig-escliichte, p. 298 f. 4 See Skiitsch, Archiv fiir lat. Lex. u. Gr., XV, pp. 34 S. 5 op. cit., p. 50. oT. A. P. A., vol. 31 (1900), p. 12 32 that in the case of rivers, lakes, islands, mountains, and the like, we have substantives rather than adjectives; that in com- binations like Rhenus flumen, Rhodanus flumen, Rhenus and Rhodanus are nouns in apposition with flumen, although they may have been adjectives originally. Care must be taken in this connection to note the airo kolvov construction. All instances should be, and have been, excluded in which the ellipsis may be supplied by a word in the same sentence, or from a sentence near at hand; likewise, when al- most an entire poem has been devoted to a special subject, many of the adjectives receive their meanings from an ellipsis that runs through all of it. For example in the Ars Poetica, which is devoted to a discussion of poetic composition, in lines 44-72 the proper arrangement and choice of words is described and verba, 1. 46, is to be supplied with several adjectives. Similarly in S. 2, 6, 80-117, there is a dialogue between the country mouse and the city mouse. While grammatically the word mus, 1. 80, might be understood with the adjectives iir- hanus, agrestem and rusticus in the following lines, yet such an interpretation seems too prosaic and I have consequently listed these adjectives under class A. The substantive adjectives of this class in Horace have been divided into three groups. In the first group are those words which are originally adjectives, but are now used only as " true substantives," their original use having been completely for- gotten. The second group, by far the largest, contains the words that are still occasionally used as adjectives, so that the omitted word can usually be conjectured without the aid of the immediate context. The third division comprises those instances in which the omitted substantive can be determined only by the immediate context. Group 1. True Substantives. The words of this group seem to have been adjectives orig- inally, but even in the earliest extant Latin they were used as true substantives. Of the words given below, Rolfe, Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc, vol 30 (1899), p. 8, shows by citations from Pliny and Horace that the original adjective use of creta had been completely forgotten. 33 Both as to the derivation and meaning of satura there has been much difference of opinion. The native (Eoman) gram- marians^ state that the adjective satur is the only adjective in -ur of the o declension in the Latin language implying an ellipsis of fahula. Livy VII. 2. 4 ff. explains the noun satura as applying to one of the early forms of the native Italian drama. But Ullman, Class. Phil. 8 (1913), 172 ff., more cor- rectly explains it as a neuter plural substantive adjective, which later came to be regarded as a collective feminine singular. Likewise Lacon (sc. canis), E. 6, 5, seems originally to have been an adjective whose feminine is Lacaena : cf . Aokwv, -wvo? and AoKatm in Greek and in the following passages in Horace : C. 2, 6, 11 Laconi . . . Phalantho; 4, 9, 16 Helene Lacaena. The following are the instances of this group, the italicized word at the head of each group being the elided substantive. canis. Lacon^ E. 6, 5. dies. hruma C. 2, 6, 18; 4, 7, 12; S. 2, 6, 25; Epl. 1, 7, 10; 1, 11, 19. Idus E. 2, 69; S. 1, 6, 75. Cf. Idus tibi sunt agendae, qui dies mensem . . . findit Aprilem, C. 4, 11, 14. Kalendae C. 3, 8, 1; E. 2, 70; S. 1, 3, 87. frumentum. diarium^ Epl. 1, 14, 40. opus, ftisanarium}^ S. 2, 3, 155. terra, creta^. 12, 10; S. 2,3,246. ruhrica S. 2, 7, 98. Cf. buceas rubrica, creta omne corpus intinxti tibi ; Plant. True. 294. 7 See Charisius in Keil's Gramm. Lat., I. 183. 7. 8 Laco ABC. 9 cibaria Ki Goth. s. 10 tisanarium (tys- * ex. Vat.) a D E * (ex. Vatic). 34 via. salelra Epl. 1, 17, 53. vitis {?). vinea C. 3, 1, 29 ; E. 16, 44; S. 2, 4, 43. Group 2. Semi- Substantives. This group contains those substantivized adjectives whose omitted substantive has been forgotten to such an extent that they may almost be regarded as true substantives. The omitted word can for the most part readily be supplied without the aid of the immediate context. The number of instances in Horace in which the substan- tive is still retained with the adjective is almost negligible, there being only twenty- three (23) in the entire group. As to specific instances, superi (sc. dei) and natalis (sc. dies) are almost wholly used as adjectives. The following words are used once with a substantive and once without: togata (sc. ancilla), Molossus (sc. canis), quarta (sc. hora), secunda (sc. hora)^ Aegaeum (sc. mare), sextilis (sc. mensis), secunda (sc. pars), praesens (sc. tempus), secreta (sc. loca). The adjectives in Horace denoting the various kinds of wine have almost universally become complete substantives, with the exception of Chiumn and Caecubum, which are still used as adjectives. Examples : adytum, penetrale C. 2, 13, 6 ; 4, 4, 26 ; Epl. 2, 2, 114. a£s. viaticum Epl. 1, 17, 54 ; 2, 2, 26. aetas. senecta C. 1, 31, 19; 2, 6, 6; 2, 14, 3; Epl. 2, 2, 211. 35 alimentum. cibarium S. 1, 1, 32. Cf. mihi rem summam credidit cibariam, Plaut. Capt. 901. fulmentarium S. 2, 2, 20. Cf. pulmentari cibo, Plin. 18, 118. volgarium S. 2, 2, 38. Cf. vulgariis proverbiis, Arnob. 6, 9. amnis. Aufidus C. 3, 30, 10; 4, 9, 2; 4, 14, 25; S. 1, 1, 58. ancilla, or meretrix. togata S. 1, 2, 82. Cf. ancilla . . . togata, S. 1, 2, 63. aqua, gelida S. 2, 7, 91. arbor, laurea C. 2, 15, 9. avis. ales C. 1, 6, 2; 2, 20, 10; 2, 20, 16; 3, 3, 61; 3, 4, 78; 4, 4, 1; 4, 6, 24; E. 5, 100; 10, 1; 16, 24; 17, 12; 17, 67. altilis Epl. 1, 7, 35. aquila C. 4, 4, 32 ; S. 1, 3, 27. volucris S. 1, 5, 6. hestia (helua). caprea C. 1, 33, 8; 3, 15, 12; 4, 4, 13; E. 12, 26; S. 2, 4, 43. fera C. 3, 3, 41; E. 5, 55; 6, 8; 16, 10; S. 1, 3, 109; 1, 8, 17. has, see vacca. invencus C. 3, 27, 45; 4, 4, 30; E. 1, 25; 17, 39. mugiens E. 2, 11. arduom C. 2, 19, 21. purum C. 1, 34, 7. cams. Molossus E. 6, 5. Cf. Molossis . . . canibus, S. 2, 6, 114. 36 caro. agnina}'^ Epl. 1, 15, 35. certamen. Olympium Epl. 1, 1, 50. Cf . Gk. 'OXvinrui (sc. Ux/oa) , Hdt. 8, 26 ; 'OAv/ATTioKos dyctfv ThuC. 1, 6. Pythium Epl. 2, 3, 414. corona, laurea C. 2, 15, 9; 4, 2, 9. Cf. laurea corona, Liv. 23, 11. deus, dea. alma C. 3, 4, 42. Aquarius S. 1, 1, 36. Cf. vas aquarium, Varr. L. L. 5, 25; rota aquaria, Cato, R. R. 11. caeles E. 16, 56. Cynthia C. 3, 28, 12. Cynthius C. 1, 21, 2. Cytherea C. 3, 12, 4. Erycina C. 1, 2, 33. £'wA«MS C. 1, 18, 9 ; 2, 11, 17. Genitalis^-' C. S. 16. Lenaeus C. 3, 25, 19. Cf. Lenaeus pater C. I. L. VIII, 4681; Lenaea dona, Stat. Silv. 4, 6, 80. Lucina C. S. 15 ; E. 5, 6. superus C. 1, 6, 16. Cf . dis superis, C. 1, 1, 30 ; superis deorum gratus et imis, C. 1, 10, 19; di superi, C. 4, 7, 18; Epl. 2, 1, 138. dies. natalis Epl. 2, 2, 210. Cf. qui dies . . . sanctiorque paene natali proprio, C. 4, 11, 18; ille repotia, natalis aliosve dierum festos albatus celebret, S. 2, 2, 60. domus. regia C. 1, 37, 25; 2, 18, 6; Epl. 1, 11, 2. 11 agnini A \ s. 12 Genetyllis, Bentley. 37 donatio. adorea C. 4, 4, 41. Cf. adorea liba per herbam subiciunt epulis, Verg A. 7, 109. draco. serpens C. 1, 37, 27; 3, 27, 5; E. 1, 20; 3, 14; S. 1, 3, 27; 1, 8, 34; 2, 8, 95; A. P. 13. Cf. serpens draco. Suet. Tib. 72, 2. epulum. unctum Epl. 1, 17, 12; A. P. 422. fdbula. pra£texta A. P. 288. togata A. P. 288. facinus. nefastum C. 1, 35, 35. fehris. quartana S. 2, 3, 290. ferramentum. fabrlle Epl. 2, 1, 116. feriae. Latinae Epl. 1, 7, 76. festum (tempus). sacrum}^ E. 17, 57. Saturnale S. 2, 3, 5. fundus. An estate in a given territory is often expressed by the plural of the name of the people living there. In C. 2, 18, 14 and 3, 4, 22 we find Sabini for Sabini fundi. Cf. Tuscos meos, Plin. Ep. V. 6. 1 ; veteres Marsi tui, id. 2, 15, 1. hora. nona Epl. 1, 7, 71. quarta S. 1, 6, 122; Cf. quarta vix demum exponimur hora, S. 1, 5, 23. IS sacra ^. 38 quota C. 3, 19, 7. Cf. hora quota est, S. 2, 6, 44. secunda S. 2, 6, 34. hospitium. deversorium^* Epl. 1, 15, 10. Cf. deversoria taberna, Plaut. True. 697. liher {libri). fastus C. 3, 17, 4^5 ; 4, 13, 15 ; 4, 14, 4^6 ^ g, i^ 3^ 112 ; Epl. 2, 1, 48. locus {loco), aliena Epl. 1, 19, 22. apertus C. 3, 12, 10. artus A. P. 134. Oavus S. 2, 3, 173; 2, 6, 81; 2, 6, 116; Epl. 1, 7, 33. cJt^Zz^a^^ Epl. 1, 12, 13. 'imus S. 2, 4, 57; Epl. 1, 18, 35; A. P. 378. inania A. P. 230. nuhila C. 1, 7, 15; 1, 34, 6. pascua C. 3, 16, 36 ; 4, 4, 13 ; E. 1, 28. praescriptus C. 2, 9, 23. secreta S. 2, 1, 71. Cf. secreta petit loca, A. P. 298. unus S. 2, 3, 104. vacuus S. 2, 1, 37; 2, 5, 50; Epl. 1, 19, 21. lumen. funale C. 3, 26, 7. Cf. noctem flammis funalia vincunt, Verg, A. 1, 727. maga. Colchis E. 16, 58. manus. dextera C. 1, 2, 3 ; 3, 19, 21 ; E. 7, 1^« ; S. 2, 1, 54. <?e«^m C. 2, 17, 29; 3, 3, 52; 4, 4, 21; E. 7, 10; S. 1, 8, 4; Epl. 14 diversoria E E *, deversoria A Bland. 15 fastus E '!>. 16 fastus ABE*. 17 See Drager, I, p. 50. 18 dextris A B C S^ 39 1,6,51; 1,7,94; 2, 1,205. laeva S. 2, 7, 9 ; Epl. 2, 1, 205i8. mare. Aegaeum C. 2, 16, 2. Cf. Trans Aegaeum mare, Epl. 1, 11, 16. altum C. 2, 10, 1; 3, 1, 34; S. 2, 2, 31; Epl. 1, 11, 15; 1, 18, 87. 'profundum C. 4, 4, 65. Cf. qui profundum Danuvium bibunt, C. 4, 15, 21. mensis. December E. 11, 5; Epl. 1, 20, 27. Sextilis Epl. 1, 7, 2. Cf. Sextili mense, Epl. 1, 11, 19. centena S. 1, 3, 15. mons. Algidus C. 1, 21, 6; 3, 23, 9; 4, 4, 58; C. S. 69. Appenninus E. 16, 29. Aventinvs C. S. 69; Epl. 2, 2, 69. Esquilius S. 1, 8, 14 ; 2, 6, 33. Lycaeus C. 1, 17, 2. lethargus S. 2, 3, 145. veternus Epl. 1, 8, 10. Cf. veterna atque scabiosa made, Apul. Met. 9, 13. navis. Lihurna^^ C. 1, 37, 30; E. 1, 1. triremis C. 3, 1, 39 ; Epl. 1, 1, 93. oculus. limus S. 2, 5, 53. ostium, posticum Epl. 1, 5, 31. oms. Udens C. 3, 23, 14. 19 1 (a) euae a E ; 1(a) eua R $ ex Ps. Porph, p. 386, 1. 20 r. A. P. A. 42 (1911)), pp. 69 ff. 21 See A. L. L., IX, p. 285 fE. 40 partes. seeundae S. 1, 9, 46. Cf. partis mimum tractare secundas, Epl. 1, 18, 14. pater, conscriptus A. P. 314. praedium. cetarmm S. 2, 5, 44. Cf. ludi cetarii, Tac. Ann. 16, 21 ed. Nipperd. pomarium C. 1, 7, 14. Cf. pomarium seminarium, Cato, Agr. 48,1. violare C. 2, 15, 5. Cf. Fabrett. inscr. p. 724. No. 443. vivarium Epl. 1, 1, 79. preces. dirae E. 5, 89. pretium. inpensum S. 2, 3, 245 ; Epl. 1, 19, 38. magnum S. 2, 4, 93 ; 2, 5, 79. Cf. magno . . . pretio, S. 1, 2, 121. parvum S. 2, 3, 156; 2, 7, 106. quantum S. 2, 3, 156 two exx. tantum A. P. 304. plus^ pluris is always a noun in the singular, and is wrongly listed as a substantive adjective by Lowther-^ under class B and by Swan^^ under class A. Lowther, no doubt, reasoned that pluris followed the analogy of tanti, quanti, parvi, magni, minoris, minimi, plurimi, maximi, all of which are used substantively to denote indefinite value through the omission of preti (price), or some kindred word. res. summa C. 1, 4, 15; 4, 7, 17^*; S. 1, 4, 32; 2, 3, 84; 2, 3, 90; 2, 3, 124; Epl. 1, 1, 106; A. P. 34; 384. sacrificium (sacrum). cruentus S. 2, 3, 223. 22 op. cit., p. 13. 23op. cif.,p. 193. 2* vitae 5 tt Bland. 41 secuns. hipennis C. 4, 4, 57. servus {servo). fugitivos S. 2, 5, 16; 2, 7, 113; Epl. 1, 10, 10. venalis S. 1, 1, 47. vema E. 2, 65; S. 1, 2, 117; 2, 6, 66; Epl. 2, 2, 6. signum. classicum E. 2, 5. sol. occidens E. 1, 13. solum. Cf. «^er. ar^ws C. 3, 3, 48; 3, 4, 15; 3, 5, 23; 3, 29, 7; E. 16, 41 and 42; Epl. 1, 7, 77; 1, 14, 27; 1, 16, 2; 2, 2, 167. stdbulum. ow?eC. 4,4, 9;E. 16,51. sfirps, cf. lignum. truncus C. 2, 17, 27 ; 2, 19, 11 ; 3, 4, 55 ; S. 1, 8, 1. Cf . trunco . . . lingo, Val. Flacc. 6, 251. terra. patHa C. 2, 16, 19; 3, 2, 13; 3, 6, 20; 3, 19, 2; 4, 5, 5; 4, 5, 16; 4, 9, 52; C. S. 42; S. 1, 10, 27; 2, 2, 105; Epl. 1, 3, 29; 1, 6, 64^5; A. P. 312. Sabaea C. 1, 29, 3. tempus. hreve Epl. 1, 3, 9. extremum Epl. 1, 1, 9. futurum S. 1, 1, 35; 2, 2, 110; A. P. 172; 218. Cf. futuri temporis, C. 3, 29, 29. fosterum C. 1, 11, 8. Tempori rather than diei is to be sup- plied with postero in this passage. praesens C. 2, 16, 25. Cf. praesens in tempus, A. P. 44. 25 patriae R *. praetexta S. 1, 5, 36. FaUa Epl. 1, 6, 52. Velina Epl. 1, 6, 52. 42 toga. tribus. uxor. vidua Epl. 1, 1, 78. vacca, see bos. iuvenca C. 2, 5, 6; Epl. 1, 3, 36. vas 26 aenum Epl. 2, 2, 169. Allifanum S. 2, 8, 39. salinum C. 2, 16, 14. vinarium S. 2, 8, 39. publicum Epl. 1, 1, 77. linteum C. 1, 14, 9 ; 4, 12, 2 ; E. 16, 27. velamentum^ cf. vestimentum. campestre Epl. 1, 11, 18. Coum S. 1, 2, 101. focale S. 2, 3, 255. ventus. Africus C. 1, 1, 15; 1, 3, 12; 1, 14, 5; 3, 23, 5; E. 16, 22. Favonius C. 1, 4, 1 ; 3, 7, 2. lapyx C. 3, 27, 20. verba. multa S. 1, 5, 65; 1, 6, 82; 2, 6, 83; Epl. 1, 7, 62; 1, 9, 7; 2, 1, 30. pauca S. 1, 4, 38; 1, 5, 51; 1, 6, 56; 1, 6, 61; 2, 7, 2. perpauca S. 1, 4, 18. 26 y. A. p. A., vol. 31 (1900), p. 12 f. 43 ve7'sus. elegus C. 1, 33, 3 ; Epl. 2, 2, 91 ; A. P. 77. Cf. Elegiim metrum binis versibus constat, Diomed. 3, p. 502. Putsch. trimetros A. P. 252; 259. via. Appia E. 4, 14; S. 1, 5, 6. recta S. 1, 5, 71." vmum. Albanum C. 4, 11, 2; S. 2, 8, 16. Caecubum C. 1, 20, 9; 1, 37, 5; 2, 14, 25; 3, 28, 3; E. 9, 1. Cf. vina . . . Caecubum, E. 9, 36 ; Caecuba vina, S. 2, 8, 15. Chium S. 1, 10, 24; 2, 3, 115. Cf. Chia vina, E. 9, 34; vina . . . Chium, S. 2, 8, 15 ; vino . . . Chium, S. 2, 8, 48. Coum S. 2, 4, 29. Falernum C. 1, 27, 10; 2, 3, 8; 2, 11, 19; S. 1, 10, 24; 2, 2, 15; 2, 3, 115; 2, 4, 24; 2, 8, 16; Epl. 1, 14, 34. Lesbium C. 1, 17, 21. Cf. et Chia vina aut Lesbia, E. 9, 34. Mareoticum C. 1, 37, 14. Massicum C. 1, 1, 19 ; 2, 7, 21 ; 3, 21, 5. Cf. Massica . . . vina, S. 2, 4, 51. I merum C. 1, 7, 19 ; 1, 9, 8 ; 1, 13, 10 ; 1, 18, 8 ; 1, 19, 15 ; 1, 36, 13 2, 7, 6; 2, 12, 5; 2, 14, 26; 3, 13, 2; 3, 17, 14; 3, 21, 12; 3, 29, 2 4, 1, 31; 4, 5, 33; E. 11, 14; S. 2, 1, 9; 2, 4, 65; Epl. 1, 19, 11 A. P. 435. mulsum S. 2, 4, 26. mustum^^ S. 2, 4, 19. Sahinum C. 1, 20, 1. Veientanum S. 2, 3, 143. Group 3. Positional Substantives. The omitted substantives in this group can be determined only by the context. 27 recte D *. 28 mixto A D E #. 44 Examples : amator. prior C. 2, 8, 18. tims C. 1, 25, 7. ^^?^ws C. 1, 17, 19; E. 14,15. amicus^ arnica. meus S. 2, 6, 65; Epl. 1, 11, 9. noster S. 2, 6, 48. SMWS S. 2, 6, 41. ^wws C. 1, 15, 32; Epl. 1, 17, 11. animal^ or genus, anus. dispar E. 7, 12. omnis E. 5, 3. octonos S. 1, 6, 75^^ <^w7ce Epl. 2, 2, 9. indoctum Epl. 2, 2, 9. grande C. 1, 6, 9. hellans C. S. 51. rectum A. P. 367. as. carmen. hostis. iudicium. locus, loca. communia Epl. 1, 20, 4 cuncta Epl. 1, 11, 4. imum S. 2, 4, 57; A. P. 378. miles. minax C. 2, 7, 11. parens, peior Epl. 1, 6, 22. 29 octonis #. 45 dives Epl. 1, 18, 11. minimum S. 1, 4, 14. en;?«r E. 11, 18. potior E. 15, 13. omnis S. 1, 9, 48. mains C. 3, 11, 30. Graecus S. 1, 10, 35. ve^^ws S. 2, 6, 61. nostrum A. P. 63. 6reve Epl. 1, 20, 8. tragicus Epl. 2, 1, 166. farvos C. 4, 2, 31. sacer A. P. 391. totidem S. 2, 3, 298. -patronus. pignus. rivalis. scelus. scriptor. scriptum. spatium. spiritus. vates. verha. SUMMAEY. Class A. 1. Horace did not use the future participle as a substantive. 2. He has only one possible instance of the nominative sin- gular masculine present participle as a substantive and even this instance is a doubtful one. See page 19. 3. Contrary to the statements of the grammarians, he used the nominative singular of adjectives of the masculine and common genders much more frequently than the nominative plural. 4. Likewise contrary to the grammarians, who state that in combinations like quisquam mortalis, quivis Atheniensis, etc., the pronoun is the substantive element, Horace has several instances where the adjective appears to be the substantive element of the combination. 5. He has a few examples in which the adjective governs words in other cases and is modified by phrases and adverbs, and yet seems to maintain its substantive character, a use not mentioned in our hand-books of grammar, 6. The grammarians and writers of special treatises on sub- stantivization nowhere make a separate classification for adjec- tives of common gender. As a matter of fact about 50 per cent, in the singular and about 80 per cent, in the plural of the adjectives that I have classed as masculine seem to be of com- mon gender. 7. Horace's care in avoiding ambiguity of gender in the oblique cases is shown by the fact that there are only five in- stances where the gender is at all doubtful. 8. Substantivization is nearly four (4) times as frequent in the Satires and Epistles as in the Odes and Epodes. Class B. 1. The number of instances where the original substantive is still retained with the adjective is quite limited. 2. Substantivization by this method is frequent in Horace; the number of instances in the Odes and Epodes is about the same as in the Satires and Epistles. 46 INDEX LOCOKUM. Where more than one example is found in a line, I have noted it by an c. 1, 15 Africum c. 1, 19 Massici c. 1, 23 multos c. 2, 3 dextera c. 2, 33 Erycina c. 3, 8 dimidium c. 3, 12 Africum c. 3, 25 omnia c. 3, 37 ardui c. 3, 37 mortalibus c. 4, 1 Favoni c. 4, 13 pauperum c. 4, 15 summa c. 6, 2 alite *c. 6, 9 grandia c. 6, 16 Superis c. 6, 20 solitum c. 7, 8 plurimus c. 7, 14 pomaria c. 7, 15 nubila c. 7, 19 mero c. 7, 22 Lyaeo c. 7, 30 peiora c. 8, 6 aequalis c. 9, 8 merum *c. 9, 9 cetera c. 11, 8 postero c. 12, 46 omnis c. 13, 10 mero c. 14, 5 Africo c. 14, 9 lintea c. 14, 10 malo c. 15, 32 tuae c. 16, 25 mitibus c. 16, 26 tristia c. 17, 2 Lycaeo c. 17, 15 plenum c. 17, 19 uno c. 17, 21 Lesbii C. 18, 3 omnia C. 18, 3 siccis c. 18, 8 mero c. 18, 9 Euhius c. 18, 16 arcani c. 19, 15 meri c. 20, 1 Sabinum c. 20, 9 Caecubum c. 21, 2 Cynthium c. 21, 6 Algido c. 21, 10 mares c. 22, 1 integer c. 22, 1 purus c. 24, 8 parem c. 24, 9 bonis c. 24, 10 nulli c. 25, 7 tuo c. 27, 10 Falerni c. 27, 18 miser c. 28, 9 arcanis c. 28, 15 omnis c. 28, 15 veri c. 28, 19 senum c. 28, 31 natis c. 29, 3 Sabaeae c. 29, 6 sponso c. 29, 16 meliora c. 31, 17 paratis c. 31, 19 senectam c. 33, 3 elegos *c. 33, 3 iunior c. 33, 8 capreae c. 34, 6 nubila c. 34, 7 purum c. 34, 12 ima *c. 34, 12 summis c. 34, 13 insignem c. 34, 14 obscura c. 35, 15 cessantis 47 48 C, 1, 35, 35 nefasti C. 1, 36, nulli C. 1, 36, 13 meri C. 1, 36, 17 omnes C. 1, 37, 5 Caecubiuu C. 1, 37, 14 Mareotico C. 1, 37, 25 regiam C. 1, 37, 27 serpentes C. 1, 37, 30 Liburnis C. 2, 1, 23 cuncta C. 2, 2, 18 beatorum C. 2, 3, 8 Falerni C. 2, 3, 19 altum C. 2, 3, 25 omnium C. 2, 5, 2 conparis C. 2, 5, 6 iuvencae C. 2, 6, 6 senectae C. 2, 6, 18 brumas C. 2, 7, 6 mero C. 2, 7, 11 minaces C. 2, 7, 21 Massico C. 2, 8, 18 priores C. 2, 8, 21 iuvencis. C. 2, 8, 22 senes C. 2, 9, 10 vespero C. 2, 9, 14 senex C. 2, 9, 23 praescriptum C. 2, 10, 1 altum C. 2, 10, 13 infestis C. 2, 10, 13 secundis C. 2, 11, 5 pauca C. 2, 11, 17 EuMus C. 2, 11, 19 Falerni C. 2, 12, 5 mero C. 2, 13, 6 penetralia C. 2, 13, 23 piorum C. 2, 13, 28 mala C. 2, 13, 29 digna C. 2, 14, 3 senectae C. 2, 14, 9 omnibus C. 2, 14, 25 Caecuba C. 2, 14, 26 mero C. 2, 15, 5 violaria C. 2, 15, 9 laurea C, 2, 15, 12 veterum C. 2, 15, 14 commune C. 2, 15, 15 privatis C. 2, 16, 2 Aegaeo C. 2, 16, 13 parvo C. 2, 16, 14 salinum C. 2, 16, 18 multa C. 2, 16, 19 patriae C. 2, 16, 25 praesens C. 2, 16, 26 amara C. 2, 17, 27 truncus C. 2, 17, 29 dextra C. 2, 18, 6 regiam C. 2, 18, 10 dives C. 2, 18, 13 largiora C. 2, 18, 14 Sabinis C. 2, 18, 28 natos C. 2, 18, 33 pauperi. C. 2, 18, 39 pauperem C. 2, 19, 2 posteri C. 2, 19, 11 truncis C. 2, 19, 21 arduom C. 2, 20, 10 alitem C. 2, 20, 16 ales C. 3, 1, 8 cuncta C. 3, 1, 15 imos *C. 3, 1, 15 insignis C. 3, 1, 29 vineae C. 3, 1, 34 altum C. 3, 1, 39 triremi C. 3, 2, 10 sponsus C. 3, 2, 13 patria C. 3, 2, 26 sacrum C. 3, 2, 30 incesto *C. 3, 2, 30 integrum C. 3, 2, 31 scelestum C. 3, 3, 1 propositi C. 3, 3, 2 prava C. 3, 3, 17 gratum C. 3, 3, 41 ferae C. 3, 3, 48 arva C. 3, 3, 52 dextra *C. 3, 3, 52 omne C. 3, 3, 61 alite C. 3, 3, 72 magna C. 3, 4, 13 omnibus C. 3, 4, 15 arvom C. 3, 4, 20 infans C. 3, 4, 22 Sabinos C. 3, 4, 42 almae 49 c. 3, 4, 55 truncis c. 3, 4, 67 maius c. 3, 4, 78 ales c. 3, 5, 23 arva c. 3, 5, 30 deterioribus c. 3, 5, 42 natos c. 3, 5, 51 propinquos c. 3, 6, 1 delicta *c. 3, 6, 1 maiorum c. 3, 6, 8 mala c. 3, 6, 20 patriam c. 3, 7, 2 Favonii c. 3, 7, 23 vicinus c. 3, 7, 24 histo c. 3, 8, 1 kalendis c. 3, 8, 28 severa c. 3, 10, 14 amantium c. 3, 10, 16 suppliclbus c. 3, 11, 6 divitum c. 3, 11, 30 maius c. 3, 11. 31 sponsos c. 3, 12, 1 miserarum c. 3, 13, 2 mala c. 3, 12, 4 Cythereae c. 3, 12, 10 apertum c. 3, 13, 2 mero c. 3, 14, 6 sacris c. 3 15, 12 capreae c. 3, 15, 16 vetulam c. 3 16, 18 maiorum c. 3 16, 21 plura c. 3 16, 22 plura c. 3 16, 23 divitum c. 3 16, 36 pascuis c. 3 16, 38 plura c. 3 16, 42 multa c. 3 16, 43 multa c. 3 17, 4 fastos c. 3 17, 14 mero c. 3 19, 2 patria c. 3 19, 7 quota c. 3 , 19 21 dexteras c. 3 19 24 vicina c. 3 , 20 3 paulo c. 3 , 21 5 Massicum c. 3 , 21 12 mero c. 3 , 21 14 sapientium C. 3, 21, 16 Lyaeo C. 3, 21, 18 pauperi c. 3, 23, 5 Africum c. 3, 23, 9 Algido c. 3, 23, 14 bidentium c. 3, 24, 16 vicarius c. 3, 24, 30 postg-enitis c. 3, 24, 46 faventium c. 3, 24, 49 mali c. 3, 25, 14 potens c. 3, 25, 19 Lenaee c. 3, 26, 7 funalia c. 2, 27, 1 inpios c. 3, 27, 5 serpens c. 3, 27, 6 obliquom c. 3, 27, 20 lapyx c. 3, 27, 39 conmissum c. 3, 27, 45 iuvencum c. 3, 27, 64 pensum c. 3, 28, 3 Caecubum c. 3, 28, 12 Cynthiae c. 3, 29, 2 merum c. 3, 29, 7 arvom c. 3, 29, 13 divitibus c. 3, 29, 14 pauperum c. 3, 29, 31 mortalis c. 3, 29 33 cetera c. 3, 30, 10 Aufidus c. 3, 30 12 humili c. 3, 30, 15 meritis c. 4, 1, 18 aemuli c. 4, 1, 31 mero c. 4, 1, 40 dure c. 4, 2, 9 laurea c. 4, 2, 21 sponsae c. 4, 2, 31 parvos c. 4, 2, 60 cetera c. 4, 3, 22 praetereuntium c. 4, 4, 1 alitem c. 4, 4, 9 ovilia c. 4, 4, 13 caprea c. 4, 4, 13 pascuis c. 4, 4, 21 dextras c. 4, 4, 23 omnia c. 4, 4, 26 penetralibus c. 4, 4, 29 bonis *c. 4, 4, 29 fortes 50 *C. 4, 4, 29 fortibus C. 4, 4, 30 iuvencis C. 4, 4, 32 aquilae C, 4, 4, 36 nata C. 4, 4, 41 adorea C. 4, 4, 54 sacra C. 4, 4, 55 natos C. 4, 4, 57 bipennibus C. 4, 4, 58 Algido C. 4, 4, 65 profundo C. 4, 4, 76 acuta C. 4, 5, 5 patriae C. 4, 5, 16 patria C. 4, 5, 33 mero C. 4, 6, 14 sacra C. 4, 6, 17 captis C. 4, 6, 24 alite C. 4, 7, 7 inmortalia C. 4, 7, 12 bruma C. 4, 7, 17 summae C. 4, 7, 19 cuncta C. 4, 8, 24 meritis C. 4, 9, 2 Aufidum C. 4, 9, 25 fortes C. 4, 9, 38 cuncta C. 4, 9, 41 honestum C. 4, 9, 41 utili C. 4, 9, 42 nocentium C. 4, 9, 45 multa C. 4, 9, 47 beati C. 4, 9, 52 patria C, 4, 11, 2 Albani C. 4, 11, 14 Idus C. 4, 11, 18 natali C. 4, 11, 29 digna C. 4, 11, 31 disparem C. 4, 12, 2 lintea C. 4, 12, 19 amara C. 4, 13, 15 fastis C. 4, 14, 4 fastos C. 4, 14, 25 Aufidus C. 4, 14, 29 barbarorum C. 4, 15, 22 edicta E. 1, 1 Liburnis E. 1, 13 occidentis. E. 1, 18 absentis E. 1, 20 serpentium E. 1, 25 iuvencis E. 1, 28 pascuis E. 2, 2 mortalium E. 2, 5 classico E. 2, 11 mugientium E. 2, 65 vernas E. 2, 68 rusticus E. 2, 69 Idibus E. 2, 70 kalendis E. 3, 14 serpente E. 4, 14 Appiam E. 5, 3 omnium E. 5, 6 Lucina E. 5, 12 insignibus E. 5, 52 sacra E. 5, 55 ferae E. 5, 57 omnes E. 5, 66 nuptam E. 5, 84 inpias E. 5, 89 diris E. 5, 100 alites E. 6, 5 Lacon *E. 6, 5 Molossus E. 6, 8 fera E. 6, 11 malos E. 7, 1 dexteris E. 7, 10 dextera E. 7, 12 dispar E. 7, 14 responsmn E. 9, 1 Caecubum E. 9, 11 posteri E. 9, 38 Lyaeo E. 10, 1 alite E. 11, 5 December E. 11, 7 mali E. 11, 9 amantem E. 11, 12 pauperis E. 11, 14 arcana *E. 11, 14 mero E. 11, 18 inparibus E. 12, 10 creta E. 12, 23 aequalis E. 12, 26 capreae E. 13, 7 cetera E. 13, 12 invicte E. 13, 17 malum E. 14, 15 uno 51 E. 15, 13 potior! E. 15, 14 parem E. 15, 18 malo E. 15, 21 arcana E. 16, 10 feris E. 16, 22 Africus E. 16, 23 melius E. 16, 24 alite E. 16, 27 lintea E. 16, 29 Appenninus E. 16, 41 arva E. 16, 42 arva E. 16, 44 vinea E. 16, 51 ovile E. 16, 53 plura E. 16, 56 caelitum E, 16, 58 Colchis E. 16, 66 piis E. 17, 12 alitibus E. 17, 39 iuvencos E. 17, 47 pauperum E. 17, 57 sacrum E. 17, 67 aliti E. 17, 79 mortuos C. S. 15 Lucina C. S. 16 Genitalis C. S. 18 decreta C. S. 42 patriae C. S. 44 plura C. S. 44 relictis C. S. 51 bellante S. 55 responsa S. 69 Algidum S. 69 Aventinum 1, 1, 3 diversa S. 1, 1, 13 cetera S. 1, 1, 17 consultus 1, 1, 17 rusticus S. 1, 1, 23 iocularia S. 1, 1, 24 verum S. 1, 1, 27 seria S. 1, 1, 31 senes S. 1, 1, 32 cibaria S. 1, 1, 35 futuri S. 1, 1, 36 Aquarius S. 1, 1, 38 quaesitis S. 1, 1, 44 pulchri C. C. *c. s. *s S. 1, 1, 47 venalis S. 1, 1, 52 tantundem S. 1, 1 54 liquid! S. 1, 1, 56 tantundem S. 1, 1, 57 iusto S. 1, 1, 58 Aufidus S. 1, 1, 79 bonorum S, 1, 1, 83 gnatis S. 1, 1, 83 propinquiS S. 1, 1, 85 noti *S. 1, 1, 85 vicini S. 1, 1, 86 omnia S. 1, 1, 88 cognatos S. 1, 1, 102 pugnantia S. 1, 1, 107 rectimi S. 1, 1, 108 avarus S, 1, 1, 109 diversa S. 1, 1, 111 pauperiorum S. 1, 1, 113 locupletior S. 1, 2, 2 mendici S. 1, 2, 21 gnato S. 1, 2, 24 stulti S. 1, 2, 30 nullam S. 1, 2, 46 omnes S. 1, 2, 48 libertinarum S. 1, 2, 59 malum S. 1, 2, 68 mala S. 1, 2, 73 meliora *S. 1, 2, 73 pugnantia S. 1, 2, 82 togatae S. 1, 2, 84 honesti S. 1, 2, 85 turpia S. 1, 2, 90 optima S. 1, 2, 95 cetera S. 1, 2, 96 interdicta S. 1, 2, 100 plurima S. 1, 2, 101 Cois S. 1, 2, 108 fugientia *S. 1, 2, 108 medio *S. 1, 2, 108 posita S. 1, 2, 113 inane *S. 1, 2, 113 soldo S. 1, 2, 115 omnia S. 1, 2, 117 verna S. 1, 2, 120 paullo S. 1, 3, 11 sacra S. 1, 3, 13 omnia 52 s, , 3, , 15 centena s, , 3. , 16 parco s. , 3, , 16 paucis s. , 3. , 25 mala s. , 3, , 27 aquila *s. , 3, , 27 serpens s. • 3, 43 gnati s. : 3, . 52 aequo s. 3, 53 acris s. 3, 59 malo s. 3, 70 bona s. 3, 71 bona s. 3, 75 peccatis s. 3, 77 stultis s. 3, 79 delicta s. 3, 83 sanos s. 3, 84 peccatum s. 3, 87 kalendae s. 3, 89 captivos s. 3, 95 sponsum s. 3, 96 peccata s. 3, 97 verum s. 3, 98 aequi *s. 3, 98 iusti s. 3, 109 1 ferarum s. 3, 111 iniusti s. 3, 112 fastos s. 3, 113 iniquom *s. 3, 113 iusto s. 3, 114 bona *s. 3, 114 diversis s. 3, 115 tantundem s. 3, 117 sacra s. 3, 118 peccatis s. 3, 137 longum s. 3, 141 delicta s. 4, 3 malus s. 4, 10 ; magnum s. 4, 14 : minimo s. 4, 18 ; perpauca s. 4, 23 ! scripta s. 4, 27 ] Quptarum s. 4, 30 ] mala s. 4, 32 i summa s. 4, 36 ( Dmnis s. 4, 38 pauca s. 4, 42 ] propiora S, , 4^ , 44 : magna S, , 4^ , 53 ; leviora s. . 4, , 56 > pacto s. . 4, , 75 multi *s. . 4, , 75 scripta s. • 4, . 76 inanis s. . 4, , 83 dicacis s. 4, 84 conmissa *s. 4, , 84 visa s. 4, 87 cunctos s. 4, 91 nigris s. 4, 97 permulta s. 4, 99 pacto s. 4, 117 antiquis s. 4, 121 dictis s. 4, 126 aegros s. 5, 6 Appia *s. 5, 6 tardis *s. 5, 6 praecinctis s. 5, 12 trecentos s. 5, 21 eerebrosus s. 5, 36 praetextan s. 5, 49 crudis *s. 5, 49 lippis s. 5, 51 paucis s. 5, 55 maioribus s. 5, 62 permulta s. 5, 65 multa s. 5, 71 recta s. 5, 76 omnis s. 5, 96 postera s. 5, 102 miri s. 6, 5 plerique s. 6, 6 ignotos s. 6, 10 maioribus s. 6, 16 indignis s. 6, 24 generosis *s. 6, 24 ignotos s. 6, 32 singula s. 6, 37 mortalis s. 6, 46 omnes s. 6, 51 dignos s. 6, 56 pauca s. 6, 57 plura s. 6, 61 pauca s. 6, 63 honestum *s. 6, 63 turpi 53 S. 1, 6, 75 Idibus S. -*■> 10, 43 facta *S. 1, 6, 75 octonos s. -*■? 10, 44 facetum S. 1, 6, 82 multa *s. ^y 10, 44 molle S. 1, 6 84 facto s. ^9 10, 52 doctus S. 1, 6 101 pliires s. ->-? 10, 55 reprensis S. 1 6 114 divinis s. J-* 10, 56 scripta S. 1 S. 1, 6 7 122 quartam 2 pacto s. *s. 10, 69 multa 10, 69 omne S. 1 S. 1, 7 7 3 lippis 10 omnes s. s. 2, 1( 1, ), 70 perfectum 9 mero S. 1, 7 15 inertis s. 2, 1, 30 arcana S. 1, S. 1, S. 1 7 7 7 16 disparibus 17 pulchrior 19 par s. s. s. 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 34 senis 37 vacuom 40 animantem S. 1, 8 1 truncus s. 2, 1, 49 malum S. 1, 8 4 dextra s. 2, 1, 50 suspectos S. 1, 8 6 volucris s. 2, 1, 54 dextera S. 1 S. 1, 8 8 14 Esquiliis 17 ferae *s. s. 2, 2, 1, 1, 54 mirum 57 longum S. 1, S. 1 S. 1 8 8 8 29 responsa 34 serpentes 40 pacto s. s. s. 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 61 maiorum 69 primores 71 secreta * CO CO h-l h-l 8 8 40 singula 45 facta s. s. 2, 2 1 1 76 magnis 77 fragili S. 1 9 4 dulcissime s. 2 1 78 solido S. 1 9 5 omnia s. 2 2 1 boni S. 1, S. 1 *S. 1 9 , 9 9 27 cognati , 33 garrulus , 33 loquacis *s. s. s. 2, 2 2, 2 2 2 1 parvo 3 rusticus 6 falsis S. 1 9 46 secundas *s. 2 2 6 meliora S. 1 9 48 omnis s. 2, 2 8 verum S. 1 9 50 malis s. 2 2 15 Falerno S. 1 9 52 magnum s. 2 2 20 pulmentaria S. 1 9 , 60 mortalibus s. 2 2 25 vanis S. 1 9 , 72 multomm s. 2 2 31 alto S. 1 9 , 73 inprobus s. 2 2 33 insane S. 1 9 75 adversarius s. 2 2 38 volgaria S. 1 10, 5 cetera s. 2 2 52 pravi S. 1 , 10, 13 Tirbani s. 2 2 56 vero S. 1 10, 14 acri s. 2 2 71 primis *S. 1 10, 14 ridicultiin s. 2 , 2 , 73 assis S. 1 S. 1 , 10, 20 magnum 10, 21 seri s. s. 2 2 2 2 74 elixa 75 dulcia S. 1 10, 24 Chio s. 2 2 76 omnis *S. 1 10, 24 Falerni s. 2 2 80 dicto S. 1 S. 1 1 , 1 0, 27 patriae 0, 42 vivorum s. s. 2 2 2 , 2 , 82 melius , 89 antiqui 54 s. 2 2 97 vicinos s. 2, 2, 102 melius s. 2 2 , 104 inprobe s. 2 2 105 patriae s. 2 2 107 inimicis s. 2 2 , 109 pluribus s. 2 2 110 futuri *s. 2 2 110 parvo s. 2 . 2 , 111 idonea s. 2 2 115 gnatis s. 2 2 120 vicinus s. 2 2 125 seria s. 2 2 134 nulli s. 2 3 2 scriptorum s. 2 3 5 Saturnalibus s. 2 3 6 promissis s. 2 3 9 multa *s. 2 3 9 praeclara s. 2 3 14 miser s. 2 3 30 lethargicus s. 2 3 31 bone s. 2 3 32 omnes s. 2 3 33 veri s. 2 3 34 praecepta s. 2 3 40 insanos s. 2 3 43 veri s. 2, 3 47 omnes s. 2, 3 49 palantis s. 2 3 58 cognatis s. 2 3 74 insani *s. 2 3 74 sani s. 2 3 81 omnis s. 2, 3, 82 avaris s. 2, 3, 84 summam s. 2, 3 86 paria s. 2 3 90 summam s. 2 3 95 divina *s. 2 3 95 humana s. 2 3 104 unum s. 2, 3, 110 conpositis s. 2, 3, 115 Chii s. 3= 3 115 Falerni s. 2 3 120 paucis s. 2 3 123 senex s. 2 3 124 quantulum *s. 2 3 124 summae s. 2 , 3 , 143 Veientanui S. 2, 3, 145 lethargo S. 2, 3, 148 pacto S. 2 3 149 plures S. 2 3 151 tua S. 2, 3, 155 ptisanarium S. 2, 3, 156 parvo *S. 2, 3, 156 quanti *S. 2, 3, 156 quanti S. 2, 3, 160 Stoice s. 2, 3, 162 aeger s. 2 3 167 paratis s. 2, 3, 169 gnatis s. 2, 3, 173 cavis s. 2, 3, 182 bona s. 2, 3, 184 insane s. 2 3 199 natam s. 2, 3, 200 inprobe s. 2, 3, 201 rectum s. 2, 3, 203 gnato *s. 2, 3, 203 mala s. 2, 3, 207 furiose s. 2, 3, 208 veris s. 2, 3, 215 gnatae s. 2, 3, 217 interdicto s. 2, 3, 218 propinquos s. 2, 3, 219 gnatam s. 2 3 223 cruentis s. 2, 3, 228 unguentarius s. 2, 3, 236 tantum s. 2, 3, 237 tantundem s. 2, 3, 243 par s. 2, 3, 244 pravorum s. 2 3 245 inpenso s. 2, 3, 246 creta s. 2 3 249 barbatum s. 2, 3 254 insignia s. 2, 3, 255 focalia s. 2, 3 267 mala s. 2, 3, 281 libertinus s. 2, 3, 290 quartana s. 2, 3, 293 praecipiti s. 2, 3 295 malo s. 2, 3, 298 totidem s. 2, 3, 299 pendentia s. 2, 3, 300 Stoice *s. 2, 3 300 omnia s. 2, 3, 304 gnati 65 S. 2, 3, 305 veris S. 2, 3, 308 longos *S. 2, 3, 308 imo S. 2, 3, 309 summum S. 2, 3, 316 cognatos S. 2, 3, 318 dimidio S. 2, 3, 324 tuis S. 2, 3, 326 insane S. 2, 4, 2 praeceptis S. 2, 4, 4 peccatum S. 2, 4, 8 pacto S. 2, 4, 11 praecepta S. 2, 4, 19 musto S. 2, 4, 24 Falerno S. 2, 4, 26 mulso S. 2, 4, 28 obstantia S. 2, 4, 29 Coo S. 2, 4, 43 capreas *S. 2, 4, 43 vinea S. 2, 4, 52 crassi S. 2, 4, 55 vafer S. 2, 4, 57 aliena *S. 2, 4, 57 ima S. 2, 4, 61 omnia S. 2, 4, 65 mero S. 2, 4, 90 cuncta S. 2, 4, 91 tantundem S. 2, 4, 93 magni S. 2, 4, 95 praecepta S. 2, 5, 1 narrata S. 2, 5, 5 nulli S. 2, 5, 12 sene S. 2, 5, 16 fugitivos S. 2, 5, 19 melioribus S. 2, 5, 21 maiora S. 2, 5, 24 senmn *S, 2, 5, 24 vafer S. 2, 5, 28 gnatis S. 2, 5, 29 meliorem S. 2, 5, 31 gnatus S. 2, 5, 42 stantem S. 2, 5, 44 cetaria S. 2, 5, 47 caelibis S. 2, 5, 50 vacuom S. 2, 5, 53 limis S. 2, 5, 58 obscura S. 2, 5, 65 soldum S. 2, 5, 71 senem S. 2, 5, 76 potiori S. 2, 5, 79 magnum S. 2, 5, 82 sene S. 2, 5, 84 sene S. 2, 5, 90 diflBcilem *S. 2, 5, 90 garrulus *S. 2, 5, 90 morosum S. 2, 6, 3 paulum S. 2, 6, 5 nate S. 2, 6, 14 cetera S. 2, 6, 25 bnima S. 2, 6, 28 tardis S. 2, 6, 29 inprobus *S. 2, 6, 29 insane S. 2, 6, 30 omne S. 2, 6, 33 Esquilias S. 2, 6, 34 secundam S. 2, 6, 41 suorum S. 2, 6, 45 cantos S. 2, 6, 48 noster S. 2, 6, 49 omnes S, 2, 6, 51 bone S. 2, 6, 58 mortalem S. 2, 6, 61 veterum S. 2, 6, 65 mei S. 2, 6, 66 vernas S. 2, 6, 69 fortis S. 2, 6, 75 rectum S. 2, 6, 76 boni *S. 2, 6, 76 summum S. 2, 6, 77 vicinus S. 2, 6, 81 cavo S. 2, 6, 82 quaesitis S. 2, 6, 83 multa S. 2, 6, 87 singula S. 2, 6, 89 meliora S. 2, 6, 90 urbanuS S. 2, 6, 93 terrestria S. 2, 6, 95 bone *S. 2, 6, 95 magno *S. 2, 6, 95 parvo S. 2, 6, 97 dicta S. 2, 6, 98 agrestem S. 2, 6, 107 agrestem S. 2, 6, 109 omne S. 2, 6, 115 rusticus 56 S. 2 , 6 , 116 cavos S. 2 , 7 , 2 pauca S. 2 , 7 , 5 maiores S. 2 , 7 , 7 propositiim *S. 2 , 7 7 recta S. 2 , 7 , 8 pravis S. 2 , 7 9 laeva S. 2 7 12 libertinus S. 2 7 13 doctus S. 2 7 22 pacto *S. 2 7 22 pessime S. 2 7 26 rectum S. 2 7 53 insignibus S. 2 7 60 peccati S. 2 7 78 dictis S. 2 7 79 vicarius S. 2 7, 87 externl *S. 2 7, 87 leve S. 2 7, 91 gelida S. 2 7 95 insane S. 2 7 98 rubrica S. 2, 7, 101 veternm S. 2, 7, 106 parvo S. 2, 7, 113 fugitives S. 2, 8, 6 primis S. 2, 8, 13 cenantis S. 2, 8, 14 sacris S. 2, 8, 16 Albanum *S. 2 8 16 Falernum S. 2, 8, 39 Allifanis *S. 2, 8, 39 vinaria S. 2, 8, 40 omnibus S. 2, 8, 57 mains S. 2, 8, 64 omnia S. 2, 8, 76 commoda S. 2, 8, 83 fictis S. 2, 8, 95 serpentibus Epl. 1, 9 extremum Epl. 1, 10 ludicra Epl. 1, 18 praecepta Epl. 1, 25 locupletibus *Epl. 1, 25 pauperibus Epl. 1, 26 senibus Epl. 1, 38 iners *Epl. 1, 38 invidus *Epl. 1, 38 iracundus *Epl. 38 vinosus *EpL 43 malo Epl. 48 meliori Epl. 50 Olympia Epl. 55 dictata *Epl. 55 senes Epl. 63 facientibus Epl. 77 publica Epl. 78 viduas Epl. 79 senes *Epl. 79 vivaria Epl. 80 multis Epl. 84 dives Epl. 91 pauper Epl. 93 locuples *Epl. 93 triremis Epl. 100 quadrata *Epl. 100 rotundis Epl. 106 summam Epl. 2, 21 aspera Epl. 2, 28 sponsi Epl. 2, 29 aequo Epl. 2, 40 dimidium *Epl. 2, 40 facti Epl. 2, 42 rusticus Epl. 2, 52 lippum Epl. 2, 56 avarus Epl. 2, 57 invidus Epl. 2, 68 melioribus Epl. 2, 71 tardum Epl. 3, 9 brevi Epl. 3, 17 scripta Epl. 3, 29 patriae Epl. 3, 36 iuvenca Epl. 4, 5 bono Epl. 5, 14 insano Epl. 5, 16 operta Epl. 5, 17 inertem Epl. 5, 25 dicta *Epl. 5, 25 par Epl. 5, 26 pari Epl. 5, 31 postico Epl. 6, 7 ludicra Epl. 6, 9 adversa Epl. 6, 10 pacto Epl. 6, 15 aequos *Epl. 6, 15 iniqui 57 *Epl. 6 15 insani Epl. 6 22 indignum *Epl. 6 22 peioribus Epl. 6 24 apricum Epl. 6 25 nitentia Epl. 6 38 nurtimatum Epl. 6 43 paulo Epl. 6 45 multa Epl. 6 51 dextram Epl. 6 52 Fabia Epl. 6 52 Velina Epl. 6 64 patria Epl. 7 2 I 3extilem Epl. 7 10 bruma Epl. 7 20 prodigus *Epl. 7 20 stultus Epl. 7 21 ingratos Epl. 7 22 dignis Epl. ■'■ 7 24 merentis Epl. 7 33 cavom Epl. 7 34 cuncta Epl, 7 35 altiliiim. Epl. 7 39 donata Epl. 7 44 parva *Epl. 7 44 parvom Epl. 7 52 iussa Epl. 7 62 multa Epl. 7 63 inprobus Epl. 7 71 nonam Epl. 7 77 arvom Epl. 7 83 nitido *Epl. , 7 , 83 rusticus Epl. 7 94 dextram Epl. 7 96 dimissa *Epl. 7 96 petitis Epl. 7 97 relicta Epl. 8 3 multa *Epl. 8 3 ] julchra Epl. 8 10 veterno Epl. 8 13 pacto Epl. 8 16 praeceptum^ Epl. 9 4 honesta Epl. 9 7 1 multa Epl. 9 8 ] mea Epl. 9 12 Iussa Epl. 1 0, 3 cetera *Epl. 1 D, 3 gemelli Epl. 10 10 fugitives Epl. , 10 29 falsum *Epl. 10 29 vero Epl. 10 32 magna Epl. 10 41 parvo Epl. , 10 45 plura Epl, , 10 , 50 cetera Epl. , 11 , 2 regia Epl. 11 4 cuncta Epl. 11 9 meorum Epl. 11 15 alto Epl. 11 17 incolumi Epl. 11 18 campestre Epl. 11 19 brumam Epl. 11 23 dulcia Epl, 12 7 medio Epl. 12 11 cuncta Epl. 12 13 culta Epl. 12 15 sublimia Epl. 12 24 bonis Epl. 13 11 propositi Epl. 13 13 rusticus Epl, 13 19 mandata Epl. 14 1 vilice Epl. 14 15 vilicus Epl. 14 27 arva Epl, 14 34 Falerni Epl. 14 37 commoda Epl, 14 39 vicini Epl, 14 40 diaria Epl, 15 7 aegris Epl, 15 10 deversoria Epl. 15 33 timidis Epl. , 15 35 agninae Epl. 15 38 omne Epl, 15 39 vilia Epl. 15 42 bona Epl, 15 44 parvola *Epl, 15 44 tuta Epl. 16 2 arvo Epl. 16 20 bono Epl. 16 24 stultorum Epl. 16 28 ambiguo Epl, 16, 34 indigno Epl, 16 41 consulta Epl, 16 52 boni Epl. -'■J 16 54 profanis 58 *Epl. , 16, 54 sacra Epl. , 16, 56 pacto Epl. 16, 63 peccatis Epl. 16, 63 avarus Epl. 16, 69 captivom Epl. 16, 75 bona *Epl. 16, 75 indignum Epl. 17, 2 maioribus *Epl. 17, 2 ] pacto Epl. 17, 4 caecus Epl. 17, 9 ( iivitibus Epl. 17, 11 tuis Epl. -*- 17, 12 unctum Epl. 17, 16 facta Epl. 17, 21 villa Epl. 17, 22 dante *Epl. 17, 22 nullius Epl. 17, 24 maiora *Epl. 17, 24 praesentibu Epl. 17, 32 ineptus Epl. 17, 34 caelestia Epl. 17, 44 poscente Epl. 17, 51 minus Epl. 17, 53 salebras Epl. 17, 54 viatica Epl. 17, 61 claudum *Epl. 17, 61 crudeles Epl. 17, 62 peregrinum Epl. 18, 2 scurrantis Epl. 18, 10 aequo Epl. 18, 11 divitis Epl. 18, 13 dictata Epl. 18, 28 vera Epl. 18, 35 imum Epl. 18, 37 arcanum Epl. 18, 38 conmissum Epl. 18, 63 adversarius Epl. 18, 69 garrulus Epl. 18, 70 conmissa Epl. 18, 77 peccata Epl. 18, 78 dignum Epl. 18, 80 notum Epl. 18, 83 paulo Epl. 18, 86 inexpertis Epl. 18, 87 alto *Epl. 18, 87 expertus Epl. 18, 89 hilarem *Epl. 18, 89 iocosi *Epl. 18, 89 tristem *Epl. 18, 89 tristes Epl. 18, 90 agilem *Epl. 18, 90 celeres *Epl. 18, 90 navom *Epl. 18, 90 remissi *Epl. 18, 90 sedatum Epl. 18, 91 Falemi Epl. 18, 94 modestus Epl. 18, 95 acerbi *Epl. 18, 95 obscuri *Epl. 18, 95 taciturnus Epl. 18, 96 cuncta *Epl. 18, 96 doctos Epl. 18, 107 minus Epl. 19, 9 severis *Epl. 19, 9 siccis Epl. 19, 11 mero Epl. 19, 21 vacuom Epl. 19, 31 sponsae Epl. 19, 33 inmemorata Epl. 19, 38 inpensis Epl. 19, 42 scripta Epl. 19, 46 luctantis Epl. 20, 4 < :;ommunia *Epl. 20, 4 ] paucis Epl. 20, 8 1 breve Epl. 20, 23 primis Epl. 20, 27 Decembris Epl. 2, 1, 3 commoda Epl. 2, 1, 6 facta Epl. 2, 1, 10 ] meritis Epl. 2, 1, 11 ] jortenta Epl. 2, 1, 18 uno Epl. 2, 1, 20 cetera Epl. 2, 1, 23 veterum Epl. 2, 1, 29 scripta Epl. 2, 1, 30 multa Epl. 2, 1, 31 duri Epl. 2, 1, 32 summtun Epl. 2, 1, 45 permisso Epl. 2, 1, 48 fastos Epl. 2, 1, 51 critici Epl. 2, 1, 52 promissa Epl. 2, 1, 56 senis Epl. 2, 1, 66 plera 69 Epl. 2, 67 ] multa Epl. 2, 2, 65 cetera Epl. 2, 78 , mtiquis Epl. 2, 2, 67 scripta Epl. 2, 84 ] oainoribus Epl. 2, 2, 69 Aventino Epl. 2, 89 nostra Epl. 2, 2, 71 meditantibus Epl. 2, 106 maiores Epl. 2, 2, 87 consult! *Epl. 2, 106 minori Epl. 2, 2, 91 elegos Epl. 2, 114 aegro Epl. 2, 2, 99 puncto Epl. 2, 116 fabrilia Epl. 2, 2, 102 multa Epl. 2, 125 magna Epl. 2, 2, 114 penetralia Epl. 2, 128 praeceptis Epl. 2, 2, 124 ludentis Epl. 2, 130 facta Epl. 2, 2, 127 mala Epl. 2, 131 aegnim Epl. 2, 2, 132 vicinus *Epl. 2, 131 inopem Epl. 2, 2, 136 cognatorum Epl. 2, 139 parvo Epl. 2, 2, 147 plura Epl. 2, 141 dura Epl, 2, 2, 148 nulli Epl. 2, 151 intactis *Epl. 2, 2, 148 plura Epl. 2, 166 tragicuin Epl. 2, 2, 159 consultis Epl. 2, 168 medio Epl. 2, 2, 160 vilicus Epl. 2, 169 minimum Epl. 2, 2, 167 arvi Epl. 2, 170 minus Epl. 2, 2, 169 aenum Epl. 2, 171 pacto Epl. 2, 2, 172 puncto Epl. 2, 183 plures Epl. 2, 2, 175 nulli Epl. 2, 205 dextera Epl. 2, 2, 179 grandia *Epl. 2, 205 laevae *Epl. 2, 2, 179 parvis Epl. 2, 219 mala Epl. 2, 2, 192 datis Epl. 2, 237 facta *Epl. 2, 2, 192 plura Epl. 2, 239 edicto Epl. 2, 2, 193 hilaris Epl. 2, 246 dantis *Epl. 2, 2, 193 simplex Epl. 2, 265 peius Epl. 2, 2, 194 avaro Epl. 2, 2, 6 verna *Epl. 2, 2, 194 parens Epl. 2, 2, 9 dulce Epl. 2, 2, 195 tua *Epl. 2, 2, 9 indoctnm Epl. 2, 2, 196 plura Epl. 2, 2, 10 aequo Epl. 2, 2, 197 festis *Epl. 2, 2, 10 promissa Epl. 2, 2, 204 extremis Epl. 2, 2, 26 viatica *Epl. 2, 2, 204 primorum Epl. 2, 2, 32 factum Epl. 2, 2, 209 portenta Epl. 2, 2, 36 timido Epl. 2, 2, 210 natalis Epl. 2, 2, 37 bone Epl. 2, 2, 211 senecta Epl. 2, 2, 38 meritorum Epl. 2, 2, 213 peritis Epl. 2, 2, 39 catus Epl. 2, 2, 215 aequo *Epl. 2, 2, 39 rusticus A. P. 7 aegri Epl. 2, 2, 44 curvo A. P. 12 inmitia *Epl. 2, 2, 44 rectum *A. P. 12 placidis Epl. 2, 2, 45 verum A. P. 13 serpentes Epl. 2, 2, 55 singula A. P. 14 inceptis Epl. 2, 2, 58 omnes *A. P. 14 magna Epl. 2, 2, 62 diversa A. P. 25 recti 60 A. P. 26 ] levia A. P. 218 futuri A. P. 27 1 o-randia A. P. 224 sacris A. P. 34 i jiiTTima A. P. 226 seria A. P. 44 ] pleraque A. P. 230 inania A. P. 49 i abdita A. P. 240 noto A. P. 63 : nostra A. P. 243 medio A. P. 68 : facta *A. P. 243 tantum A. P. 77 i slegos A. P. 247 dicta A. P. 78 i orammatici A. P. 252 trimetris A. P. 98 i spectantis A. P. 259 trimetris A. P. 101 flentibus A. P. 265 onmis *A. P. 101 ridentibus A. P. 266 peccata A. P. 104 mandata A. P. 273 dicto A. P. 112 dicentis A. P. 287 facta *A. P. 112 dicta A. P. 288 praetextas A. P. 115 senex *A. P. 288 togatas A. P. 119 convenientia A. P. 304 tanti A. P. 126 imum A. P. 312 patriae A. P. 127 incepto A. P. 314 conscripti A. P. 128 communia A. P. 316 convenientia A. P. 130 ignota A. P. 324 nullius *A. P. 130 indicta A. P. 334 idonea A. P. 134 artiiTTi *A. P. 334 iucunda A. P. 151 falsa A. P. 335 dicta *A. P. 151 veris A. P. 337 omne A. P. 157 mobilibus A. P. 338 ficta A. P. 159 paribus *A. P. 338 veris A. P. 164 utilium A. P. 341 seniorum A. P. 165 amata A. P. 343 dulci A. P. 169 inconimoda *A. P. 343 punctum *A. P. 169 senem *A. P. 343 utile A. P. 170 inventis A. P. 347 delicta A. P. 172 futuri A. P. 351 plura A. P. 174 minorum A. P. 367 dictum A. P. 175 commoda *A. P. 367 rectum A. P. 183 multa A. P. 368 medium A. P. 195 proposito *A. P. 368 tolerabile A. P. 196 bonis A. P. 369 consultus A. P. 197 iratos A. P. 378 imum *A. P. 197 timentis *A. P. 378 summo A. P. 200 conmissa A. P. 384 summam A. P. 201 miseris A. P. 391 sacer *A. P. 201 superbis A. P. 397 privatis A. P. 213 honesto *A. P. 397 profanis *A. P. 213 rusticus *A. P. 397 publica *A. P. 213 turpis *A. P. 397 sacra *A. P. 213 urbano A. P. 413 multa A. P. 414 Pythia A. P. 417 extremum A. P. 422 unctum A. P. 423 paupere A. P. 432 plura 61 A. P. 435 raero A. P. 442 delictum A. P. 452 mala A. P. 474 doctum *A. P. 474 indoctum ^ '.*:' • • ■ . i, ■■ U Oaylord Bro». Makers Syracuse NY. P»T.J»II.2'.»W8 420200 ^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY