li Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofmalaOOmarsrich / DICTIONARY » OF THE MALAYAJV LJLJVGUAGE, IN TWO PARTS, MALAYAN and ENGLISH AND ENGLISH and MALAYAN. By WILLIAM MARSDEN, F. R. S. AUTHOR OF TUB HISTORY OF SUMATRA. LONDON : Printed for the AUTHOR by Cox and Batlis, Great Queen Street; and sold by Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster Row; and Black, Parry, and Kingsbury, Booksellers to the Honorable East-India Company, Leadenhall Street. 1812. ^- ]ll^'< /s-tr leiz - MAIN PREFACE. Rei-erring for a general account of the Malayan language and of the people by whom it is spoken, to what is contained in the Introduction to the Grammar, it will be sufficient in this place to explain the principles on which this Dictionary is constructed, and to give such instructions as may facilitate its use. The work consists of two parts: the first comprising the Malayan words in their proper character, arranged according to the order of the alphabet employed by the natives in their writings, which they have boiTOwed from the Arabians and modified to suit the sounds peculiar to their own language. These words, for the accommodation of persons who are commencing their studies, as well as of those whose object it is to acquire only a practical knowledge of the tongue for the purposes of business, are given also in European characters, upon a regular and consistent plan of orthography, and are followed by their corresponding terms in English with as mndh precision as the structure of the two languages and modes of thinking of the two people will adiuit. But in order to afford the learner an opportunity of judging for himself how far this agreement is complete, or what latitude of interpretation is to be allowed, examples of phrases and sentences adapted to the different meanings of the words, are annexed to each, as these have occurred in the writings of the natives. b The 11 PREFACE. The second part contains the English words in alphabetical order, with their differences of signification explained, where necessary, by others nearly synonimous, together with the corresponding Malayan terms, those in general being placed first which are in the most current use, most directly apply to the English, and are the most purely Ma- layan. It must at the same time be understood that in many instances it is impossible to find terms precisely corresponding, and consequently that those given are only the nearest approximations. Although this English and Malayan part will be found the most useful by those who mean to acquire the language for colloquial purposes (and who are likely to be the most numerous class), the former is the essential portion of the work, in which it has been my endeavour to comprise all the knowledge of the language that could be derived either from the labours of my predecessors or from my own experience and study. In this part only the examples have been introduced, and to it the learner, who wants more copious or precise information than he can obtain from what may be considered as little other than a vocabulary, must take the, trouble of referring. To have pursued a different plan would not only have occasioned unnecessary repetitions, but it must also be obvious that as the Dictionary is intended for the use of the European who wishes to become master of the idioms and phraseology of the Malayan, rather than to convey a knowledge of English idioms to the Malay, it is of much more consequence that an arrangement should be followed which admits of the Malayan examples being genuine quotations, and enables the native as it were to speak for himself, than to produce the purest English sentences, which must necessarily be rendered in Malayan phrases of my own composition. These indeed might be substantially correct, but they would be deficient in point of authority, and might frequently want that idiomatic turn of expression which in any language is rarely acquired by a foreigner, or if attempted has too often an air of affectation. PREFACE. iii affectation. Thus It will be perceived by persons who have a competent knowledge of any oriental language how mawkish and uncouth the versions of the ordinary style of our own appear in the dialogues com- monly annexed to grammatical works. From a Dictionary alone no scholar can ever expect to acquire the faculty of speaking or writing a language with ease and correctness, but so simple is the constructure of the Malayan that by the aid of this or any accurate vocabulary he may very soon be enabled to express himself with sufficient propriety to be intelligible for the ordinary purposes of speech, and with this foundation he must gradually improve himself by conversation with natives of the country (if his situation admits of it) or with others who have acquired a fluency in the tongue. It is not, however, with a view to the attainment of such an object only that the present work has been undertaken. My wish has been to facilitate the labours of those who, not regarding the Malayan a^ merely an oral language, are desirous of studying its literature, and rendering them- selves qualified to read and translate, not only letters on commercial and political business, but also compositions of a higher description, both in prose and verse, which, whatever their intrinsic merit may be, are certainly amusing at the least. Nor are we to suppose them desti- tute of instruction and use, as several compilations of historical annals as well as codes of law are known to exist, and others may be discovered when extensive collections shall have been formed by intelligent and well instructed persons ; to the effecting of which the present period, when the English influence is unbounded throughout the eastern word, is pecu- liarly favourable. In order to render the Dictionary as conducive as possible to the ad- vancement of this kind of study, which in comparison with the other may be considered as classical, the examples have been selected with great attention from the best manuscripts in my possession, and in gene- fa 2 ral iv PREFACE. ral will be found most numerous where some ambiguity or obscurity in the sense of the word has made it necessary to throw as much light upon it as could be obtained. If their frequency should be thought super- fluous by those who consult the work (though with the zealous student I do not feel that I run any risk of censure on this account) they may be inclined, notwithstanding, to give me credit for the tendency of these quotations to convey a faithful picture of the modes of thinking of a people who have so little in common with ourselves ; a preference in the selection being always given to those passages which, at the same time that they serve to explain the word, furnish a repiesentation of some peculiarity of manners, mark the extent of acquirements, or express some ideas on the subjects of their modern rehgion and ancient mythology. As a great proportion of the words employed in this, as well as in all other languages, consists of derivatives, that is, of words derived or formed from more simple or radical words, and it must always be of importance to the learner to be able at once to distinguish the root froui the particles prefixed or annexed, I have made an invariable rule of se- parating them, as well as the particles from each other, by hyphens, as in the word he-^er-istri-kan for ^ijiJJj " to provide (a son) with a wife," where ^jiJ\ istri is the radical, and the other syllables are only particles, whose use must be learned from the Grammar. This, it is obvious, could only be resorted to in the Enghsh, and not in the Malayan speUing of the words. Words evidently borrowed from the Arabic or Persian are marked with the letters Ar. or Pers., as are those from the Sanskrit or Hindu dialects with the letters Hind., to [which Mr. Wilkins has kindly taken the trouble of adding the original, in the nagri character, where the words appeared to flow fiom a pure source. These latter it must here be un- derstood (as in another place will be fully explained) are so much more intimately, blended than the former with the Malayan language, that their PREFACE. their foreign origin is not, in these days, suspected by the natives, whilst the Arabic terms, on the contrary, (with a few exceptions) are known to be extrinsic, and seldom employed but in treating of religious and legal subjects. Still it is necessary that those which are most likely to recur should have a place in the Dictionary ; and amongst the variety of significations attributed to almost every word in the Arabic language, it may not be useless to the orientalist to know the particular sense in ■which they are accepted by the Malays. A few Portuguese and other European words that have found their way into the vulgar dialect, have in like manner their respective marks. With regard to the mode of orthography adopted in expressing the words of the language in our characters, two considerations present themselves : the one, that of conveying as nearly as possible their true sound ; and the other, of paying the requisite attention to the powers of the several letters made use of in the original. The system pursued by the Dutch linguists in their excellent version of the Bible and other publications, was that of representing each Malayan character by a corresponding Roman letter, and where the alphabet was found inade- quate, of introducing a modified or imitative character to supply the defect. This mode has the strong recommendation of being precise, and as supplying a substitute for the original is unexceptionable, but to the person whose object is to learn an oral language it is unsatisfactory, because those letters (as in our own) do not always express the sound which custom has given to the words, and to those who can read the original it is of no particular advantage. The English compilers of vocabularies have on the other hand, without regard to the original orthography, endeavoured to express the sounds (as navigators commit to writing the languages of newly discovered islands) by such accidental combinations of letters as seemed best adapted to each individual word, mthout consistency or uniformity, the same sound. Tl PREPACK sound, in different words, being represented by different letters, and the same letters being employed with different powers. It has been my de- sign to avoid a pertinacious adherence to either mode. I have followed as closely the literal orthography of the original as could be done consistently with a fair expression of the sound, and where these could not be recon- ciled I have given a preference to the latter consideration, because it ap- peared of more importance that the word should be rightly pronounced by those who cannot read the Malayan character, than that the more learned scholar should be gratified by a literal accuracy to him not absolutely ne- cessary. Frequently indeed I have been induced to repeat the spelUng with some variation in order to convey a juster idea of the pronunciation. Although the general uniformity of the language as spoken in the Peninsula, and throughout the numerous islands of this extensive Archi- pelago, is remarkable, yet certain differences of dialect prevail, affecting especially the pronunciation of the vowels, which in some parts is much more open than in others. To reconcile these in a Dictionary is nearly impossible, and the only practicable course to pursue is to adopt that dialect whose use is warranted by the best authorities, and which is known to prevail in countries where the language has. been the most cultivated. In the southern part of the coast of Sumatra, where the principal English establishment is situated, and where I acquired my first knowledge of Malayan, the dialect spoken appears to have received a tincture from the Javanese, under the influence of the government of Bantam, to which in old times it was tributary, and could not therefore be assumed as the standard. To the kingdom oi Menarigkahau we might be justified in looking for the language in its original purity, as the native writers agree in stating that the first Malayan emigrations proceeded from thence (for the details of which see the History of Sumatra) ; but as it cannot be maintained, with the imperfect know- ledge we possess of its ancient consequence, that literature was there cultivated PREFACE - 'vii cultivated in an equal degree to what we know it to have been at Malacca and Johor, it becomes certainly more proper to consider the dialect prevailing in these kingdoms, and which is common also to Kedah, Peraky TrangganUf and the neighbouring islands, as the criterion of pronunciation. In several instances, however, and especially where it has been doubtful to which a preference was due, the words have been given as variously pronounced. But the subject of dialects being treated of in the Grammar, it is unnecessary to say more respecting them in this place, than to caution persons who have been accustomed to use the language in countries remote from what is considered as its purest seat, against forming an imperfect judgment on the propriety of what has been here deliberately adopted. Independently also of dialect or the peculiar manner of pronouncing certain words, it may be useful to observe, that a considerable proportion of the words themselves occur- ring in the Dictionary will not be familiar, nor even at all known to many who have long resided in Malayan countries and been in the habits of intercourse with the natives ; the style or idiom which they may have learned to speak with fluency, and which effectually answers the purposes of their business, being very different from that of books or even of conversation amongst the superior class of Malays ; although by no means a distinct language. A similar refinement or departure from the vulgar phraseology prevails more or less in all countries, and may be exemplified by the use of our words " repose" for " sleep," " repast" for " meal," or " consternation " for " fright ;" nor must the inhabitants of a bazar be expected to employ more polished phrases than persons of the same description in other parts of the world. It generally happens also that Europeans in India acquire from each other in the first instance, rather than from the natives, their knowledge of the language; by which means the imperfections of expression are propagated, and the difficulties of correcting them are increased by the proneness of servants and other dependant VUt PREFACE. dependant connexions to conform to the idiom of their masters, in order that they may be the more readily understood. Instead of distinguishing the words, in the usual manner of Dic- tionaries, by abbreviations denoting the parts of speech to which they severally belong, it has been found more convenient to ascertain their particular signification by equivalent terms. In Malayan as in English, a multitude of primitive words are at once noun and verb (as " love "), substantive and adjective (as " white "), adverb and' preposition (as " between "), adjective and adverb (as " daily "), and their value in construction depends for the most part on their position in the sentence. An attempt therefore to discriminate too nicely by referring each of the corresponding terms to its proper class, would be liable to produce more confusion than utility. Beside this it must be observed, that in words borrowed from the Arabic little attention is paid to the part of speech to which they belong in the original, and even the plurals of nouns are employed in the singular number ; as Sir William Jones has remarked in his Grammar, to be the practice of the Persians. In adapting our characters to the sounds of Malayan words, arbitrary marks I have as much as possible avoided, being fully aware, from my own experience, that they are scarcely ever recollected by the reader. The common prosodial mark for a long vowel has been resorted to, and its absence implies that the vowel is short. To represent an accented syllable, which at the same time is not long (as in ^ besdr, Jij betuV) I have made use of the acute accent, and the letter ain which occa- sionally stands in the place of all the vowels, I have denoted by a grave accent, to distinguisli it from the same vowel sound produced in the ordinary way. This I admit to be entirely arbritrary, but I thought it better than to follow the example of some eminent orientalists who, on account of its peculiar nature, have introduced the Arabic character itself amongst the letters of the European alphabet. The PREFACE. IX The powers given to these letters by the differeHt nations who have adopted the Roman system of orthography are so various and incon- sistent, that without considerable innovation it would be impossible to form an alphabetic scheme equally applicable to the language of each and intelligible to all. The progress of knowledge is indeed impeded when the elements of instruction must first become the object of study. Yet still it may be thought allowable in a work that aims at being noticed by the learned of more than one country, and is from its nature not readily susceptible of translation, to qualify in a certain degree the most striking peculiarities of our national alphabet, and to venture upon slight modifications, which, at the same time that they will render the pronunciation more intelligible to foreigners, are not likely to occasion any difficulty to our own countrymen, and have already (as to their general principles) received the sanction of those who approve of the orthography of Richardson's Persian and Arabic Dictionary and Jones's Persian Grammar. Of the English alphabet the consonants appear to be at least as well adapted as those of any other European language (all being more or less inadequate) to represent the sounds of oriental words, and to possess some peculiar advantages in respect to the pronunciation of ourj _, ck _, and tk CD, wliich, it is well known, are either more operosely or less perfectly imitated in the orthography of other nations. In gutturals it is inferiour to the other teutonic dialects, and its vowels are defective both in variety and precision, the same character being employed to denote utterances quite dissimilar, as o in the words " bony, body, bosom;" different characters to express the same sound, as ee in " been," ie in " mien," ei in " receive, ea in " leave ;" simple characters to express diphthongs, as the long i in " mine," and long u in " mute;" and double letters to express simple vowel sounds, as oo in " boot," which is the Italian u, and ee in " see," which is the Italian ^. G To X PREFACE. To render it applicable therefore to the purposes of a Dictionary in which foreign characters are to be represented by Englisli letters, it becomes necessary to simplify the system of vowels, to make choice of such as are best suited to the several well defined vocal sounds, and when so ascertained, to employ them uniformly and consistently. With what degree of success the attempt has been made in the present work, may be judged of from the following specification of the powers assigned to each of the letters of our alphabet, beginning with the vowels. Of their insufficiency I am very sensible, but with the materials in my hands, and without employing arbitrary signs, I have not been able, after much attention, to form any arrangement more perfect. For what regards the Malayan alphabet, the learner is referred to the Grammar, OF VOWELS. a is generally to be sounded full, as in the Italian, German, and other languages of the continent of Europe, and as in the English words " want, ball, call ;" but in many words the pronunciation is not broader than in " harm, farm, barn." It represents the I alif quiescent of the Malayan alphabet. a or a, as in " man, stand, parish," representing the fat-hah or first supplementary vowel. Before the nasal ng it is sounded nearly as full as if written with d; but it is not under any circumstance to be pronounced as in the words " paper, nation, fate," where it usurps the province of the second vowel in every other language that employs the Roman al- phabet. It is by far the most common short vowel-sound of Malayan words, as the u seems to be of the Hindustani and the dialect of Persian spoken in India. c or e is pronounced as in " bet, lend, seven," and likewise represents the fat-hah. The long sound of this vowel in the words " be, me, she, *' scene," and in the first syllable of " even," is that of th ethird vowel in all other European languages. t, as PREFACE. XI «, as the Italian long i, or as the English ee in "been, seen, tree, " green," and e in " he, she, be ;" standing for the Malayan ^ quies- cent. The long sound of i in " wine, fine, idle, high " is not that of a simple vowel, but of the diphthong at, or, less equivocally ei. i or I, as the Itahan short i, being somewhat longer than ours in " bit, " pin. rib," or as these words are pronounced in North Britain. It re- presents the supplementary vowel kesrali. o, as in " no, so, port, moment." It represents j, and sometimes j preceded by ! , in Malayan words. o or o is a shorter pronunciation of the same vowel, but by no means that of our words " blot, song, moth," where the o difters in nothing from the « in " what, squat, wan," Its proper sound is more nearly that in " sobriety" (where it is shorter than in *' sober"), in " molest," or in the first syllable of " promotion." u is to be sounded as in " rule, ruin, obtrude," or with less risk of uncertainty, as the long u of the Italians and Germans, the oe of the Dutch, the ou of the French, and the English oo in the words " moon, " fool, stoop." It represents the J in its vowel capacity or quiescent, and is commutable for lu at the commencement of a word or syllable, but never for v, as with the Persians. Above all it must not be con- founded with the diphthongal sound of the English u in the words " mute, acute, puny." It may be remarked that there is a tendency in the modern pronunciation of words in which this vowel occurs to assi- milate it some degree to the Italian or pure u, as in " duke, due, duty *' allure, allude :" but it is diflicult to write to the ear, and I am aware that the practice in this respect is not uniform. w or w should be pronounced something less short than in *' but, rub, *' sun," or nearly as in " pull, full, cushion," and approaching to the shorter sound of oo in " foot, stood," which evidently differs from that in " fool, boot, stool.' It represents the supplementary vowel dammah, c 2 • or ^ll PREFACE. OF DIPHTHONGS. me, for u sound nearly approaching to that of ou in the words " loud, ** pout, house," is to be preferred, not only because the latter is liable to be counfounded with the ou of the French (as well as of our words •' could, should ") but also that the German pronunciation of the former diphthong, here adopted, is justified by the analysis of the component sounds, both on the principles of the European and Oriental alphabets. Indeed I have found by experience that when, for instance, the word 's~jau barley, has been written Jou, it was read as if written j'oo, and when written j'oiv, it was read as Jo, by analogy to our words " grow, *' mow." It represents the J preceded by /oif-/t«A. When preceded by I , the diphthong au is substituted, the sound then approaching to the aou in the French words " saoul, raoul." ei is to be pronounced as the English long i in " pike, line, mine, *' nigh," as the ie and i/e in " die or dye, lie or lye," the ut/ in " buy," or the y in " my, cry." This is warranted by the received mode of pro- nouncing those letters in Greek, as well as by the practice of most na- tions with whose language our own has the nearest affinity. It represents ^ preceded hy fat-kah. When that character is preceded by ! , a more lengthened sound is expressed, which is here denoted by at. These are the only proper diphthongs found necessary to be employed. When such combinations occur as aw, uw, ia, iy, &c. they do not form a blended sound, but the letters belong respectively to distinct syllables^ and are to be pronounced in succession. OF CONSONANTS. h is simply pronounced as in our M'ords " bend, bib, babble, tub." It represents cj. c. The soft sound of this ambiguous letter before e and i being more conveniently represented by s, and its hard sound before a, o, u, by k, the use of it has been rejected, excepting in ch. This most useftil com- binatioa PREFACE. XIU bination is to be pronounced as in " chance, chest, torch, detached.'* It is the Italian c before the two first-mentioned vowels, the German tsck, and the _ of the Malayan and Persian alphabets. d is to be pronounced as in " did, wedded, added," and stands for j. f, as in " fifty, forfeit, ofter," when it occurs as the representative of t«i, in words borrowed from the Arabic ; but the Malays, who have not the sound in their own language, commonly substitute that of p, and pronounce pikir for jLi fikir. g is always hard, as in " game, gag, get, give, go, gun," and never soft as in " gesture, giant, wage," for which the j is uniformly em- ployed. It is the representative of c/. A, when it stands for the soft aspirate *, may be pronounced as in " have, hold, high ;" but in many Malayan, as well as in the English words " honour, honest, hour," the aspiration is imperceptible. In such instances the words are generally written both with and without the h, as ^y. hutan and utan. At the end of words it only serves to give a fuller utterance to the preceding vowel. When employed to ex- press the hard aspirate _, it is not an uncommon practice to double the letter, and to write, for example, j=- hhak, but I have not judged it ne- cessary to depart so much from common orthography. J consonant, a character whose power in the English alphabet is of great utility (as has been already observed) in expressing Oriental sounds, represents the letter ^, and is to be pronounced as in "jury, " justice, jew," also as dg in "judge, pledge, lodging," and as ^ in " gem, gentry, sage." Having in the northern languages of Europe the sound of our y, the Dutch mode of pronouncing words wherein the _, occurs is thereby considerably influenced, and the name of the island of Java or jXii-jawa, as an instance, is by these people (to whom every Malayan scholar must look up with respect) pronounced as if written Yava. k has its uniform sound in " king, book, canker." It is here made the Xlf PREFACE. the representative both of cJ (about which there will be no difference of opinion) and of j, which some have denoted, on account of its hard- ness in the Arabic language by hk, and others (particularly the French orientalists) by q. In a choice of difficulties I have adopted the simples* mode, not only because the frequent recurrence of double A; or of q not followed by u (unknown to our own orthography) is unpleasant to the eye, but because the Malays do not, in fact, make any distinction in the sound of the two letters. / is sounded as in " land, loll, lily," and represents the J. m, as in " man, maim, mummy," representing the *. w, as in " noun, on, linen," representing the ^. The combined letters ng are to be sounded as in " sing, ringing, longing." The circumflex is intended to shew that they are not to be pronounced separately as in our words " sin-ging, swin-ging, rin-gent," but represent the single nasal t, and occur as well at the beginning as in the middle or at the end of a word. In the latter case it has been judged unnecessary to retain the circumflex, as the pronunciation cannot be mistaken. J), as in " past, pope, pippin," representing the ^J. q it has not been found necessary to employ, its usual power in our orthography being as well, and more consistently, expressed by ka or hw. It may be observed that the names of many places in India are mispronounced by us, in consequence of the Portuguese (in whose writings they first became known) making use of qu to convey the sound of A; ; as in the name of Kedah, which being by them written Queda, is still, in the vulgar dialect of many of our countrymen, pronounced as if written kive'da. It is also desireable that the prevailing mode of pro- nouncing the name of the neighbouring- island of Pmang, as if it were Pendng, with a strong accent on the latter syllable, should be corrected. r to be sounded as in " run, river, burrow." It represents the j. s, as in *' sun, past, suspect, loose," and not as in " has, was, lose," where it has the sound of z. It represents the ^_yi. The combined letters sh, PREFACE. XV sk, representing the ,_^, are sounded as in " shall, bush, wishes," being the French ch, the German sch, the Dutch sj, and the Portuguese x; the word ili. shah king, being in their histories always written xa. t, as in " tame, tent, tatter," and never sibilant as in " patience, nation." It represents the cij, and as a final letter, the I. The sound of th does not occur in this language. V consonant does not occur in any Malayan word. w is to be sounded as in " wall, west, reward." It represents the j consonant and is employed only at the beginning of a syllable. X is unnecessary, the sound it bears in the English language being no other than that of ks. y is to be sounded as in " yam, yet, yore," representing ^^ when employed as a consonant at the beginning of a syllable. z, as in " zone, zeal, muzzle," representing the j, or as c?s, the b c ^a )i> tl i^ tla, la CD t u ta L \ \ \ s \ a,e,i,o,u ^ am Ul; s (s sa gh, ghr ^ ghdin, ghnm H J rr jlm A ng li nga S ch V chic <—3 f u fa Z h, hit C ha 9, V IS pa t kll u kha J k,kk ^li kaf d J^-^ dal cS k uJ^ kaf J z, dz Ji^' zal d; g hard \r g^ A d u da J / r'^ lain J r t ra (* m mlm J % Wj zl, za u n ui> nfm u- s r^ cTv sin, Sim 3 U, 0, w ji; xvau sh shm, shim i, t h soft u ha U-* .s, ss cjU> oU sad, sat ^ i, e, y C ta, ya u^ dl cylc jU dlad, dial, lat d) nia • V nia To which tlic Malays, in imitation of the Arabians, are accustomed superfluously to add the compound character /J lam-alif hiimzah. DICTIONARY, MALAYAN AND ENGLISH. w a (long) and a (short). The first letter of the / Arabic and Malayan alphabet, named i_sll all/. r<_>l dba-aha tackle, gear, traces, harness (for draft cattle). Aba-aba Icmbu gear for oxen. Kena- kan aba-aba ka-pada kanduran harness the draft cattle. Si\ abad, Ar. an age; eternity. ^IjI ibrdhhn, Ar. the patriarch, or, accord- ing to the mahometans, prophet Abraham. jjI abang, Jav. red. (V^id. »^ merah.) Kain abang red cloth. Bawang abang the common red onion. Chingkarlang abang a species of the erythrina with red blossoms. i_)\ abang the eldest brother or sister ; aine, Fh . (Vid. fj^^ kahak, and ji^jl adik.) Like most of the terms of relationship, it is employed as a familiar and friendly vocative. Adoh abang O ray brother, or fiiend ! Ka-muna garang-an abang-ku pergi whither, I pray thee, is my brother (art thou) going? Mengapa ghdib-lah de mdta abang wherefore conceal yourself fi'om the sight of your friends ? l_Jj\ iblls, Ar. one of the names of the devil. (Vid. ^^\L;.i» shctdn.) A abam fulcrum; bois d'appui, Fr. Abam kamudi the cross piece of timber which sup- ports the rudder in Malayan vessels. Abdm tlang the timber or thaft which serves to steady the mast; the partners. Ja:J\ abantdra a herald. (Vid. Jx^^ bantdra.y jjI abu ashes, dust. (Vid.jjU abu.) ^jS abai or abei to disregard, hold lightly. Ombak de abei-kan-nia they disregarded the surf. j^to ij,\ abei-mdna foramina corporis duo. Jekor lau de per-ullh-nia kdin tang memadd-i menutup ka-dua abei-mdna maka de tutup-i-nia-lah akan ka- dud-nia atau de per-ullh-nia memadd-kan suleh sudtu deri^ada ka-dud-nia maka wdjib men-daulu- kan abei-mdna iang de-addp-an. j\ and yla dlor order, form, array, rank. To place in order, arrange. Duduk ber-dtor to sit down in regular order. Segala huah-budh-an de dlor orang-lah the servants laid out all sorts of fruits. Meng-dtor alat sinjatd-nia to arrange his warlike stores. mj)'\ ator-an, and ^jjji/ per-atornin arrangement, order. j_ji atas on, upon ; above, over. De-dtas upon. Ka-dtas upward; to the top of. Deri-dtas fvom B above or upon ; over. j4tas amha juga alan merTgarja-kan Itu upon me bo the task of per- forming that. Atas angin windward. NTdk Jcordlas gunong to ascend a mountain. Ldlu deri-atas balei passed over the building. Je- kalau ada bcchura ingga sa-pfduh real ka-utas if there be a matter in dispute to the amount of ten dollars or upwards. Ja\ atap the roof or covering of a building; thatch. (Vid. i_Jjlj» dtap.) Ji\ utamd, Hind. 3HT excellent, perfect, best. Ter-utamd choicest, most perfect. Ter-lebih utamd deri-pada lain eminently superior to the others. Ter-utamd deri-pada segala per-buat-an the most excellent of all works. Amas utamd pure gold. jjI ataii or, else, either. Pada sultan atau pada mantrl-nia to the sultan or to his ministers. Perak atau amas silver or gold. Add-kah atau tiadd-kah is it, or is it not? Atau tidor atau mdti either asleep or dead. i ^^y>\ vtus-an a messenger, ambassadour ; em- bassy. (Vid. (-Jj\ utus.) ^jy\ isneian, Ar. Monday. (Vid. -ij seneian.) j>\ ajar to learn; to teach; reprove, correct, chastise. j>y,j> her-d,jar, and j»-lj.' bel-djar to learn. Ber-ujar pada orang iang meng-a4du-i to learn from a well informed person. Ber- ajar mdin sinjdta to learn to fence, to play at arms. j>-\it« meng-djar to teach, instruct. Ka-pada bdrang sdlah babal-nia andak-lah tuan ttjar-i whatever faults through ignorance she may commit, you (my son-in-law) will correct. ^J^\ ajdr-an and ^jj^ peng-ajdr-an cor- rection, reproof; doctrine. ^\ij pel-djar a learner, scholar. j»-lw peng-djar a teacher, schoolmaster. i_>.^ ajong or c^\ ajong to arrange, draw up in order. Segala tang bcr-gdjah Hu-pun ber-ajbng- kan gajdh-nia all those who were upon elephants drew them up in order (of battle). ^fj\ ajak or ajok to uxge^ invite, stimulate, ' . . . ^' incite, excite, provoke, challenge, tease, exas- perate. Maka it/a-pun meng-ajak dii/a ber- ulang-ulang akan tarlma wang itu and he urged him repeatedly to accept the money. Meng- djak akan santap to urge or invite to eat. Maka ulubdlang meng-djak lurun akan indra mahddewa and the warriors challenged Indra Mahddlwa to descend. De ajok-nia ber-mdin pdsang challenged her to play at drafts. Ter- djak kdrna bunj/i-bunt/i-an teased by musical sounds. iJsA ajal, A R. fate, destiny, destined period ; hour of death. Ada sitatu anak ddam sdkit an- tdra mdti ajal-nia ddtang there was a certain man sick unto death, and his destined period arrived. Jeka balum ajal-nia afii/at if it be not as yet his destiny to recover. _j».\ a/MJa to slander; to tattle. ^^A^^ "J^J"' an slander, calumny. o ft c^l ajong a Chinese vessel commonly termed a junk. Ships or vessels in general. A species of shell-fish. Ajong sdrat a loaded junk. Lak- sdna ajong de-dtas kdrang like a junk upon the rocks. Ajong de rdpat rdja rdm Idj/er-kan ka- mudra misri the king of Rome (Constantino- ple) collected his ships, to sail to the port of Egypt. ^ dji to read religious books ; to learn (as at school) the formularies of religion; to recite prayers. (Vid. _\jto meng-dji.) Kitdb de dji- nia he read the kordn. jsA ackdra, Hind, o^ |-o| ( ^ cause, suit. (Vid. ,\:^ bechdra.) .U-\ achdr, Pers. pickles. Achdr mangga mango pickle. , ,^s>-\ achdrcan and ,.,i>.i achuwan a mould form, model. Suruh tdwang rantdka seperti achdwan iang daulu order small pieces of ord- nance to be cast, according to the former mould. Achdwan pelurd, a bullet-mould. j^ acfium to incense, provoke, exasperate, ia- stigate, fill with zeal. i£>.\ acheh Achin, a port and kingdom situated at the north western extremity of Sumatra, and formerly a powerful state. lU^-l achlh a small species of leech found in the woods. (Vid. .l ahad, Ar. the first day of the week, Sun- day. Ka-pada patang ahad atau malam isneian on the evening of Sunday, or (the day being understood to commence at sunset) the night of Monday. Jl^l akuzcal, Ar. . circumstances, occurrences, state, condition. De per-samhah-kan-nia segala hal-ahuwrd-nia he reported (to the king) all the circumstances of the affair. Jehalau muti atau bdrang suatu ahuwal-nia if he should die or any sort of accident happen to him. .L:*-\ ikhtiara, An. free will, free agency; elec- tion, choice. ji-T aJchir, Ar. last, final. Last state, stage, or part ; end, extremity. Ahhir/ wusim latter end of the season. Akhir zemun the end of time. Mendroh tupak tangan-nia pada akhir sural ilu to place their signatures at the end of the writing. Akhir-nia finally, at last, the conclusion of it. Akhir-nia pddi de tunam itu korang judi the end of it, or event, will be, that the rice so planted will fail. CLiJA dkhirat, Ar. the future life, next world ^opposed to Ljj dunyd the present world.) Ddlam dunyd dan akhirat in this world and the next. ^AjA ikhalds or ikhlas, An, friendship, affec- tion, sincerity, candour. Sincere, fiiendly. Jni-Iah tanda tulus ikhalds this is a token of sincere friendship, or a sincere and friendly token. Menandd-kan ikhalds to give proof of friendship. Ber-dii ikhalds having a friendly heart. ^\ ada to be, exist; is, are, was, were; have; it is, there is. Existence, substance. Alau ada atau tldda cither is, or is not. De-mdna ada saksi where are the witnesses ? Ada bdik it is good. Is it good or well? Ada hdniak there are many. Add-lah pada amba I have est mihi. Add-lah sepcrti kdia orang luah it is as the old people say. Seperti buyang juga add-nia he was like a mere shadow. Maka angin tiup-lah Icmah lumbut anldra ada dangan tidda the wind l)reathed gently, between exis- tence and non-existence (just perceptibly). jljlo meng-dda, ^\jJl« meng-add-kan, or ilji add-kan to produce, create, give existence to, invent, occasion, effect, furnish. De surdh- ma beta add-kan prau dua rdtus maka seperti /ta- andak-nia itu tidda-lah beta ter-add-kan lie (the King of Si am) has ordered me to furnish two hundred vessels, but I shall not comply with his requisition. Sdma meng-dda gagah-nia dan kdat-nia made equal display of their prowess and strength. ^^ib^l^ ka-add-an essence, being, existence. c_»j1 adab^ Ar. affable, civil, civilised, courtly. Courtesy, civility, politeness, affability, urba- nity. Apablla iya ber-kdla-kdta dangan orang tidda ddab dan supand-nia when he converses with persons devoid of civility. jjI adar or udar advanced in years. jj\ adara or udara the air, atmosphere, sky. Segala burong Jang de adara all the birds of the air. 3Iemdnah ka-adara to shoot an arrow into the air. Kdda me-lompat-lah ka-adara the horse bounded into the air. Me-ldyang de adara to soar or fly in the air. Dewa-pun tHrun deri adara a deity descended from the skies. Seperti akan sampei ka-adara seemed to reach the skies. ir->.jL>\ idris, Ar. the prophet Enoch, celebrated by the Arabians for his skill in the occult sciences. Kamadian mdsuk idris ka-ddlam surga after that Enoch ascended into Heaven. ij^ji] adas or adis fennel, fceniculum, caraway, carum. Adas mdnis, aniseed, anethum; pim- penella, L. B 2 tjl iuhing and cj'js hadang ambush, waj-lay- ing. Ber-adang to lie in ambush. Meng-udniig to lie in wait for, to waylay, attack on the march, intercept, cut oft", ylda orang anclalc meng-uihmg lija de tarigah jdlan there ai'e per- sons who design to waylay him in the middle of the journey. Apa bechura-ma kdrna lata, de udang iilih mitsuh wliat is adviseable to be done, seeing that our way is intercepted by the enemy? col« peng-udang a person employed to waylay another. TcjI adang-adang at times, now and then, oc- casionally. (Vid. co\^ hadang.) tJjl udap before, in presence of, <^'c. (Vid. 4_jjbs hadap.) cjUjI adapati, Hind. ^fftnTfrf a governor, prefect. The chiefs of villages in the southern part of Sumatra are called JlSj dupatl, which appears to be the same word. ^^j1 ttda-pun whereas, as to; however. (Vid. J\ ada.) *jT «rf«w, Ar. Adam, the first man, considered as a prophet by the Mahometans. The Ma- lays, by a strange perversion, confound him with the Vhhnu of the Hindu mythology. Anak udam a son of Adam, a man. Bahwa allah men-jadl-Uan udam atas rupd-nia arti-nia atas sifat-nia now God created Adam after his own likeness, which means after his qualities or at- tributes. aJ'jI adenda younger brother or sister (politely and fondly.) It is used (reciprocally with jo^ kakanda elder brother or sister) as an elegant substitute for the personal pronoun, and in dis- course between persons of different sexes, is commonly applied to the female, as being pre- sumed the younger of the two. (Vid. ^j1 adik younger brother, &c. from which this word is formed.) Adenda tiidzea kakanda badan thou my sister (or my love) art the soul, and I, thy brother, am the body : — or, thou art the soul of my body. Kakanda dan adenda sakalian 4 4)1 sanlap-lah slrih partake, all ye my elder and my younger friends, of betel. Adenda itam buniak chumbu-nia my love is dark, and various are her blandishments. Maka raja saktl vic-llat adenda baginda itu tang ka-tiga-nia now Raja Sakli observed his royal brothers who were three in number. jol add to sleep, rest, take repose (politely). Ber-ddu de-dtas keta to repose on a couch. Bdik-lah tuan mdsuk ber-ddu my lord had bet- ter retire to rest. Ldgi ber-ddu ter-ldlu niddar still sleeps veiy soundly. Maka indra-pun ber-adu-lah dangan tuan putri and Indra re- posed with the princess. ^^^/ per-adu-an a bed, the recess for a bed, a division of the apartment raised from the floor and separated by a curtain. (See an excellent representation of such a chamber in Forrest's Voyage to New Guinea, plate xxiii. p. 288.) De dakap- nia istrl-nia mdsuk ka-ddlam per adu-an maka tlrei kalambu de lahuh-kan orang-lah he took his bride in his arms and retired to the place of repose; whereupon the attendants let fall the curtains. ,j\ add to make application or representation, to complain to, remonstrate, state, bring a charge ; to make appear. Bahwa pdtek ka-dua mi dc litdh-kan uli/i indra meng-ddu duli tuanku whereas we your slaves have been commanded by Indra to represent to your majesty. Ka- pada baginda beta meng-ddu I shall make com- plaint to the king. Meng-ddu-kan hal to make a representation of the case. ijl adoh and ^&jj\ adohl alas! oh! (The for- mer appears" to express grief, and the latter pain.) Adoh anak-ku alas, my child! Adoh tuan nidwa adenda O my lord, the soul of thy beloved! Adoh aku wo is me! ijJU meng' adoh to lament. f_pii\ or CS-'>i\ "^'^^ younger brother or sister, cadet; the younger born of animals in general. ( Vid. ijS^ kdkak.) Id sakalian ad'ik dan kdkak O my brethren all, younger and elder ! i^>| idzin, A». permission, leave, licence; dis- mission. Jckalau daifgan iddn'nia if with his permission. Se-bu/i-buli-nia kami memo/ton idzin pada uyanda kami we earnestly request permission of our father. Mem-bri idzin to give leave. \J\ am a name for different trees of the fig kind, with entire leaves. From these is procured bird-lime. U ara or j.1 arah hope, expectation. »jU iradat, An. desire, inclination, intention, will. Iradat artl-nia ka-andak the meaning of iradat is desire or inclination. »j,\ arba or rebd, Ar. Wednesday, the fourth day of the week. c^;! arta, Hind. ^pS[ effects, goods. (Vid. cJJk harta.) LLij] arli, or ijj arti, Hind. 3f5}" meaning, signification, purport. (In some places it is pronounced rerti, as arta is pronounced retta, and rtrg-a, regga.) Balum amba ddpat artl-nia I have not yet discovered the meaning of it. TtiH-lak tt/a akan arti pandang tuan-nia he knew the meaning of his master's look. cJyJ.* meng- arli or meng'-erti, to understand, comprehend. Meng-arll-lah kami bunt/i sural ilu we under- stand the contents of the letter. cjf arang charcoal. (Vid. cjl& harang.) Kuyu arang ebony, R. Arang para soot, lamp-black. v.\ arak, An. sjj arrack, a distilled spirit (from the juices of the sugar-cane and the coco-nut tree, with fermented rice). Arak dpi double distilled spirit. Hardm me-minum arak dun segala iang me-mabuk-kan it is forbidden to drink arrack and whatever intoxicates. Arak dan tuwak arrack and toddy. ji\ arak triumphal. To go in triumph or pro- cession, to carry in procession. Masuk-Iuh ka- ddlam ncgri seperti brang ber-drak laku-nia en- tered the city like persons in a triumphal pro- cession. Ber-arak-lah ber-kollling negri pro- ceeded in triumph round the city. Gong dan gandarang arak-urdk-an ber-bunyUah drums of various kinds triumphantly resounded. Tani' pik de arak segala palazcdn shouts were tri- umphantly given by the warriors, ^Ui per- ardk-an a triumphal car, a stage drawn about in processions. Segala bedaxivm tang de-dtas per-ardk-an itu-pun ber-nianyi-lah all the public singers who were upon the stage then raised their voices. Mcniuruh ber-bdat per-ardk-an dua-blas pangkat gave orders for constructing a triumphal cai* of twelve stages or stories. ^J^J\ arkiyan moreover, further. Arkiyan maka de cheriterd-kan orang moreover, people relate, or the story goes. (J^j\ armenl, Ar. Armenian. jjl arau a species of tree growing near the sea- shore, named also kayu chamdra from the re- semblance of its fibrous leaves to the ornamen- tal cow-tails; etoa of the South Sea islands; casuarina litorea. ^jj\ ardan a species of fish. *^J arong to wade through. (Vid. '^p, drong.) ^jji ariim fragrant. (Vid. ^^J& harum.) ij\ arah nigh to, about, towards, unto. De-mdna ardh-nia negrl itu whereabout does that city lie? Arah ka-saldtan towards the soutli. Tidda ka- Idu-an tampat dan arah ignorant of his situation and course. r^f^l arl-ari the pubes; the bladder; a water- bubble. Pdlut men-chukur bdlu arl-ari pada laki-ldki dan ter-utamd pada perampuan mem' bantun diya. i_jj^ arlng stinking, fetid. J-,) asa single, unique, only, alone. One. Tu- han long dsa who is Lord alone. BurFga dsa dan bunga susun single and double flowers. Koraiig dsa sa-rdtus bdniak-nia their numbers wanted one of a himdred. Dua pulu dsa twenty-one. Ka-dua pulu dsa the twenty-first. ^t\^i'^ ka-asd-an unity, unanimity; solitude.- ^jj\ asa or U asa, Hind. 3nsnT l'°P^' ^°' paj/a jangan putus asa dan hump anakda tuan that the hope and confidence of your son may not be disappointed. Putus usa oraiig Uu those people were hopeless. Ber-asa ukan hang hoped or wished for day-light. jiU asii to remove, take away. Asa-kan barang- barang kamu remove your goods. Asa-lah Icdmu move from hence, taiie yourself oflF. jujU asus, Ar. foundation, basis. »U usaha, Hind. ^t^TT^ labour, exertion, pains, zeal; the faculty of labouring. To la- bour; to endeavour. Dangan usaha ter-lrdu scingat with extreme labour. Sa-tangah dangan ' (Iyer ujan dan sa-tangah dangan uyer usaha half with rain water, and half with water raised by labour. Meninggal-kan usaha tang de karja- nia to relinquish the work upon Avhich he was employed. Berniaga atau ber-usdha to trade or to labour. Ber-usahd-lah vja pada meng- hasil-kan balanja he endeavoured to provide the money, ^l^ljl* meng-usahu-kan balanja pada sa-dri to procure by exertion money for the day's expence. Orang kdya dangan arta alau dangan ^^^^ usahd-nia persons rich in goods and effects or in labour. Mengorang-kan usahd- nia to diminish his (a slave's) power of work- ing. Dangan usahd-nia elaborately, earnestly, pressingly, instantly. AJ\ asdhan baftaes. (Vid. ^^\ asahan.) JcJi astdna, Pers. a royal palace. Bagindaitu- pun kambali4ah ka-astand-nia dan tuan jmtrl ka- malegd-nia sindlri the king then returned to his palace, and the princess to her proper palace or apartment. Ponchak astdna the battlements of the palace. Pintu gerbang astdna the gates of the palace. AJLoI istdnbul, Ar. and Pers. Constantinople (more commonly named *,. rdnt.) tc^zJi isterahat, Ar. quiet, repose, ease, peace. Quiet, tranquil. Tampat iang isterahat a quiet situation. u- i^jjiJi istrt, Hind. ^^ wife. Swdmi dan istn husband and wife. De peluk dan de chium-nia seluroh tuboh istrl-nia he embraced and kissed the body of his wife. Ter-ldlu suka slnga.) m^ asing separate, asunder, apart, distinct. Foreign. Orang asing a stranger, foreigner, pilgrim. Dagdng-an deri-^ada negri asing merchandize from foreign countries. ^JJi^\ asing-htn to separate, set apart. Asing-asing separately. ^J^^J per-asing-an seclusion, pil- gi'image. i_X .- ^ asap smoke. Kaiuur-lah asap api a smoke of fire issued forth. Chai/u-nia sabang-menid- bang de-ddlam asap bedil its brightness flashed at intervals amidst the smoke of the guns. Ber-niula dan ber-dsap flamed and emitted smoke. Bulil-7na snmoa ber-dsap its hair was all smoking. ^jsL^ J per-asdp-an a censer, pan for burning incense. jXS^\ islander, Ar. Alexander. (^Jyi!\ji^JciL.\ Jskander zuT harnein Alexander the two- horned. Bahwa sultdn iskander ilu tidda me- madd-kan diri-nia daugan ka-rajd-an sakallan alum ini now Sultan Alexander could not con- tent himself with the empire of this whole Avorld. fX^\ isldm, Ar. mahomctan, mussulman, belong- ing to the faithful. The faith, niahometanism. Orang islam a mahometan. Agama isldm the mahometan religion. Men-jddi isldm to be- come a mussulman or moslem. Bhdru iija tnd- suk isldm he is lately converted to or has em- braced the faith. ^\ asam sour, acid. The tamai'ind. Asam rasd- nia its taste is sour. Asam jdwa tamarinds. Meng-asdm-l sinjdta to rub the blade of a wea- pon with an acid juice in order to produce an eftect upon the polish. jJi asH the canine or eye (teeth). Gigi asu the canine teeth. i^ usah or &J^ hdsah to sharpen, whet ; to rub or grind upon a stone, to triturate. Meng- dsah pedang to sharpen or whet a sword. Meng-usah gigi to give the teeth an even edge and surfece by rubbing them with stones of di& ferent degrees of smoothness, after the rougher operation of cyb ddbong or filing. Bdtu meng-dsah iibat a stone for grinding medicinal drugs. Bdtu i^Mj peng-dsah a whetstone.