GIFT OF 
 
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 FOUR UPPER GRADES 
 
 BY 
 
 PERCY E. ROWELL, M.S. 
 
 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
 
 PERCY E. ROWELL 
 
 1913 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
COPYRfGHT \Q\3 
 BY PERCY E. POWELL 
 
 SET UP AND PUBLISHED MARCH 1913 
 
 MARIN JOURNAL PRESS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The material which is given in these outlines is 
 intended for children in the grades as numbered. 
 
 The selection of the subject matter is based 
 upon the author's own experience with children from 
 those grades and is not too difficult. It must be re- 
 membered that a title of a section in a science book 
 does not indicate the method of presentation, thus the 
 same title might be found in a book intended for the 
 lower grades as in a book for college students, but the 
 treatment of trie subject matter would be entirely dif- 
 ferent. The best results are obtained by presenting a 
 subject in a manner which brings it just within the 
 capability of the pupils ; working them up to their 
 highest efficiency, but stopping short of their limita- 
 tions. 
 
 The needs of the child are heat, air, water, food, 
 and the conveniences and comforts of civilization. For 
 that reason the subject matter has been divided into 
 ten general sections, while the outline of the complete 
 course has been divided into work suitable for the 
 fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth grades. This outline is 
 offered as an aid to those who wish to develop their 
 own courses. Four books, one for each of the grades 
 mentioned, and based upon these outlines, are in the 
 process of preparation by the same author. 
 
 281571 
 
Ihe divisions of the subject matter are as follows: 
 
 1. The Sun, Stars and Planets V. VI. VII. VIII. 
 
 2. Light V. VI. VII. VIII. 
 
 3. Heat V. VI. VII. VIII. 
 
 4. Air V. VI. VII. VIII. 
 
 5. Water V. VI. VII. VIIL 
 
 6. Plants and Animals V. VI. VII. VIIL 
 
 7. Food V. VI. VII. VIIL 
 
 8. Mechanics V. VI. VII. VIIL 
 
 9. Magnetism and Electricity V. VI. VII. VIIL 
 10. The Arts and Industries 
 
 (applications of science) V. VI. VII. VIIL 
 There is not only a gradual transition from the 
 work of one grade to the work of the next higher grade, 
 aided by a brief summary of each topic, but there is 
 also an easy development of each topic from the pre- 
 ceding one. For example: (1) The sun produces (2) 
 Light, (3) Heat, affects the (4) Air, and the (5) Wa- 
 ter, causing (6) Plants and Animals to live, produces 
 
 (7) Food, has gravitation, which is considered under 
 
 (8) Mechanics, has an effect upon (9) Magnetism, 
 while aiding many of the (10) Industries. The ma- 
 terial has been carefully selected, while the develop- 
 ment proceeds from topic to topic and year to year. 
 
 PERCY ELLIOTT ROWELL. 
 Berkeley, California. 
 March, 1913 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The teaching of Science in the grades has been 
 attempted many times and in various ways, with- dif- 
 ferent degrees of success. Several of the difficulties 
 have arisen from the fact that only a narrow field of 
 science has been presented and that field has usually 
 been too highly specialized. The temptation to elab- 
 orate a single course produces a result, which while 
 complex with details, remains narrow in its field. The 
 child requires the simpler parts of all the branches of 
 science. 
 
 All children of the grades have many common 
 experiences. The youngest child bathes, eats, turns 
 on the electric lights, uses an electric car and experi- 
 ences all of the changes in the weather alike with the 
 eldest child. To confine the younger child to a study 
 of any one thing or group of things, is to deprive him 
 of natural opportunities of learning. The beginnings 
 of all branches of science should be given in order that 
 the child may, as soon as possible, obtain a bird's-eye 
 view of the field of general knowledge. He then can 
 see the interrelations of the different facts and begin 
 really to think and to reason. 
 
 The science which is the most valuable to the 
 child is that which explains the phenomena of the en- 
 vironment the science of common things the sci- 
 ence of evervlay life. Therefore science, even in the 
 grades, shouH deal with its common and simpler appli- 
 cations. Science will lose none of its cultural value 
 but will become a living- thing. 
 
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE FOR THE FIFTH 
 GRADE. 
 
 THE SUN, STARS, AND PLANETS. V. 
 
 1. Time of sunrise and sunset. 
 
 a. How it varies 
 
 b. At the same hour twice a year. 
 
 2. Experiments. 
 
 a. The definition of experiments. 
 
 b. The value of experiments. 
 
 3. Direction of the North. 
 
 a. North star located by means of the Great 
 
 Dipper. 
 
 Experiment 1. To locate the north by 
 
 means of the north star. 
 Experiment 2. The movement of the 
 Great Dipper. Chart. 
 
 b. North by means of a shadow at local noon. 
 
 Experiment 3. To locate the north by 
 
 means of a shadow. 
 Experiment 4. To locate the south by 
 
 means of a watch. 
 
 c. The north side of trees has the most moss. 
 
 4. North, south, east, and west. 
 
 5. North-east, north-west; south-east, south-west. 
 
 6. The Direction of sunrise and sunset. 
 
 a. What was it today? 
 
 Experiment 5. The direction of sunrise 
 and sunset by shadows. 
 
b. How does the direction of sunrise and sun- 
 set vary? 
 
 Experiment 6. The record of directions. 
 
 7. Telling time by the sun. 
 
 a. The Sundial. 
 
 Experiment 7. Horizontal and vertical 
 sundials. 
 
 8. Other ways of telling time. 
 
 Experiment 8. The sand glass and the 
 sand wheel. 
 
 9. The height of the sun at noon. 
 
 a. The height of the sun at noon today. 
 
 Experiment '9. The height of the sun by 
 means of a shadow. 
 
 b. The variation in the height of the sun at 
 noon. 
 
 Experiment 10. A record of the height 
 
 of the sun. The altitude measurer. 
 (These subjects, The Sun, Stars, and Planets, 
 are continued in the work for the sixth grade.) 
 
 LIGHT. V. 
 
 10. The light \ve receive from the sun. 
 
 a. The variation in the amount of light. 
 
 Experiment 11. Look at the sun through 
 
 smoked glass. 
 11* The sunlight makes plants green. 
 
 Experiment 12. Effect of sunlight on 
 growing plants* 
 
12. The sunlight changes the color of many objects. 
 
 a. Tans the skin and causes freckles. 
 
 b. Fades and bleaches color from paper and 
 clothes. 
 
 Experiment 13. The effect of sunlight 
 on color.. Bleaching. 
 
 c. The sunlight affects chemical or photo- 
 
 graphic paper. (See Section 70.) 
 
 Experiment 14. Leaf and other blue 
 prints. 
 
 13. The sunlight good for the health. 
 
 a. Sunbaths. 
 
 b. Dark corners gather dirt and disease. 
 
 14. Light travels in straight lines. 
 
 Experiment 15. To show how light 
 
 travels. 
 Experiment 16. How to make and use a 
 
 pin-hole camera. 
 
 1 5. The reflection of light. 
 
 a. Regular reflection of light. 
 
 Experiment 17. Experiments with mir- 
 rors. 
 
 b. Diffused reflection of light. 
 
 Experiment 18. How we see objects by 
 diffused reflection of light. 
 
 16. Light from sources other than the sun. 
 
 a. Light with heat. 
 
 Experiment 19. Ordinary sources of 
 light. 
 
 b. Light without heat. 
 
 Experiment 20. Cold light. 
 (This subject, Light, is continued in the work 
 for the sixth grade.) 
 
HEAT. V. 
 
 17. The heat we receive from the sun. 
 
 a. The heat varies with the time of day and 
 with the seasons. 
 
 Experiment 21. The varying heat from 
 the sun. 
 
 b. The heat varies with the color of the object 
 receiving it. (See Section 71.) 
 
 Experiment 22. The effect of the sun's 
 heat upon different colors. 
 
 c. The heat received by a large surface may be 
 
 brought to a small surface, making it very 
 hot. 
 
 Experiment 23. "The burning glass." 
 
 18. Expansion due to heat. 
 
 a. Examples of expansion. (See Section 72.) 
 
 Experiment 24. Heat causes expansion. 
 
 b. All materials do not expand the same 
 amount. 
 
 Experiment 25. The results of unequal 
 expansion. 
 
 19. The thermometer an application of expansion. 
 
 Experiment 26. How to read a thermom- 
 eter. 
 
 20. Heat produces light. 
 
 a. The temperature of red heat and of white 
 heat. 
 
 Experiment 27. Red-hot and white-hot. 
 
 21. Heat from friction. 
 
 a. The old way of making fire. 
 
 Experiment 28. Primitive fire-making. 
 
b. The flint and steel. 
 
 Experiment 29. The flint and steel. 
 
 c. The modern heat from friction the match. 
 
 The proper care of matches. Danger from 
 mice. 
 
 22. Heat from combustion. 
 
 a. Complete combustion no smoke eco- 
 
 nomical. 
 
 b. Incomplete combustion smoky wasteful. 
 
 Experiment 30. Complete and incom- 
 plete combustion. 
 
 23. Combustibles and fuels. (See Section 73.) 
 
 Experiment 31. The combustion of dif- 
 ferent materials. 
 
 24. . Flames. 
 
 Experiment 32. The cause of flame. 
 
 25. First aid to the burned. 
 
 Experiment 33. Drill for extinguishing 
 burning clothing. 
 
 26. Conduction of heat. 
 
 a. Good and poor conductors. 
 
 Experiment 34. Good and bad conduct- 
 ors of heat. 
 
 b. Why some objects feel warm and others feel 
 cokl although both are at the same temper- 
 ature. 
 
 (This subject, Heat, is continued in the work for 
 the sixth grade.) 
 
AIR. V. 
 
 27. Air is necessary for life of any kind. 
 
 Experiment 35. Deep breathing and 
 
 holding the breath. 
 Experiment 36. The effect of depriving 
 
 a plant of air. 
 
 28. There is air in the soil. 
 
 Experiment 37. To show the presence 
 of air in the soil. 
 
 29. The composition of the air. 
 
 Experiment 38. The amount of oxygen 
 
 in the air. 
 Experiment 39. The amount of carbon 
 
 dioxide in the air. 
 
 30. Oxygen. 
 
 Experiment 40. To prepare and use 
 oxygen. 
 
 31. Nitrogen. 
 
 a. Dilutes the oxygen. 
 
 b. Is used by plants. 
 
 32. Respiration. 
 
 a. The number of breaths per minute. 
 
 b. The amount of air inhaled at each breath. 
 
 Experiment 41. The capacity of the 
 lungs. 
 
 33. Carbon dioxide. 
 
 a. Used by plants. 
 
 b. Exhaled by animals and given off by fires. 
 
 Experiment 42. Carbon dioxide from the 
 
 breath and from a candle. 
 (This subject, Air, is continued in the work 
 for the sixth grade.) 
 
WATER. V, 
 
 34. Water is a liquid. 
 
 a. A liquid has no shape, but its surface is al- 
 
 ways flat. 
 
 Experiment 43. The level. 
 
 b. Liquids flow and break into drops. 
 
 Experiment 44. "Water seeks its own 
 level." Size of drops. 
 
 35. Water can pass into some things, 
 
 a. Porous bodies and how they may be 
 changed. 
 
 Experiment 45. Porous bodies' absorb 
 
 water. 
 
 Experiment 46. To make porous' bodies 
 waterproof. (See Section 74.) 
 
 b. Filters nature's and man^s. 
 
 Experiment 47. Filtration, 
 
 36. Solution. 
 
 a. Water as a solvent. 
 
 Experiment 48. Solution and its* oddities', 
 
 b. Other solvents. (See Sections 75 and 76.) 
 
 Experiment 49.The use of alcohol and 
 gasolene as solvents, 
 
 37. Crystals. 
 
 a. From solution. 
 
 Experiment 50. Crystallization. 
 
 b. Some crystals as they occur in nature 
 
 38. Water for drinking. 
 
 a. Importance of pure water. 
 
 b. The advantage of drinking- considerable 
 water. 
 
 c. HarmiM drinks :: atfcofool, coffee, and tea, 
 
39. Water for cleansing. (See Section 77.) 
 
 a. Hard and soft water. 
 
 Experiment 51. Hard and soft water. 
 Soap. 
 
 b. The importance of bodily cleanliness. 
 
 40. Plants need water. 
 
 Experiment 52. The effect of water up- 
 on seeds and plants. 
 
 41. Capillarity. 
 
 a. In tubes and in porous bodies. 
 
 Experiment 53. Examples of capillarity. 
 
 b. In the soil. 
 
 Experiment 54. How water is held in 
 
 the soil. 
 
 (This subject, Water, is continued in the work 
 for the sixth grade.) 
 
 PLANTS AND ANIMALS. V. 
 
 42. The testing of seeds. 
 
 Experiment 55. Germination tests. 
 
 43. The beginning of plant life. 
 
 Experiment 56. How several of our 
 common vegetables start from their 
 seeds. "The pocket garden." 
 
 44. The proper planting of seeds. 
 
 Experiment 57. To show proper and im- 
 proper planting. 
 
 45. Names and descriptions of the common birds. 
 
 Experiment 58. The food of the common 
 birds. 
 
 46. Names and descriptions of the domestic animals. 
 
47. Names of the common garden and common wild 
 
 flowers. 
 
 Experiment 59. (A continuous experi- 
 ment.) To make a collection of pressed 
 flowers, mounted on cards. 
 
 48. Names of the common trees. 
 
 a. Leaves. 
 
 b. Fruits and seeds. 
 
 c. Bark. 
 
 Experiment 60. (A continuous experi- 
 ment.) To make a collection of leaves, 
 seeds, or seed cases, and bark of the 
 common trees. 
 
 Experiment 61. Plant seeds of the com- 
 mon trees. 
 
 49. A queer plant yeast. (See Sections 78 and 80.) 
 
 a. Used in bread making. 
 
 b. Used in fermentation. 
 
 Experiment 62. Fermentation. 
 
 50. Another queer kind of plant the bacteria. 
 
 a. Useful. 
 
 b. Harmful 
 
 51. Souring and decay. 
 
 a. If the bacteria are killed there will be no 
 souring or decay. 
 
 Experiment 63. Two ways of preserving 
 milk. 
 
 b. The harmfulness of decayed food. 
 
 c. The care of the teeth. 
 
 52. Disease and sanitation. 
 
 (These subjects, Plants and Animals, are con- 
 tinued in the work for the sixth grade.) 
 
FOOD. V. 
 
 53. The source of all food. 
 
 a. Plant food. 
 
 b. Animal food. 
 
 54. The farm a workshop. 
 
 55. Tilling the soil. 
 
 (Garden work may begin here) 
 
 56. Alcohol as a dangerous drug. 
 
 57. The harmfulness of chewing tobacco and of chew- 
 
 ing gum. 
 
 (This subject, Food, is continued in the work 
 for the sixth grade.) 
 
 MECHANICS. V. 
 
 5& Simple measurement* 
 
 a. Length. 
 
 b. Area. 
 
 c. Volume, 
 
 Experiment 64. The arithmetic of meas- 
 urement, 
 
 d. Circular measurement, 
 
 59. Everything has weight. The balance. 
 
 Experiment 65. Air has weight, 
 
 60. Everything occupies space. 
 
 Experiment 66. Displacement of water 
 
 by solids and air. 
 6L Density. 
 
 Experiment 67. Different bodies of the 
 
 same size have different weights. 
 62. Drawings. 
 
 a. Making straight lines and curves. 
 
 b> Drawings should b<e made of all experimentvS. 
 
c. Tracings of drawings may be duplicated by 
 blue print paper. 
 
 Experiment 68. Blue printing from 
 tracings. (See Section 70.) 
 
 63. The pendulum. 
 
 a. The weight of the bob makes no difference 
 in the number of swings per minute. 
 
 b. The effect of length. 
 
 Experiment 69. The simple pendulum. 
 
 64. Forces. 
 
 a. Pushes and pulls. Elasticity. 
 
 Experiment 70. Weight is a pull. 
 
 b. Pressure is the push on a certain surface. 
 
 65. The lever. (See Section 79.) 
 
 Experiment 71. The use of a lever. 
 
 66. The inclined plane. 
 
 Experiment 72. The use of the inclined 
 
 plane. 
 
 (These subjects, Mechanics, are continued in 
 the work for the sixth grade.) 
 
 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. V. 
 
 67. The lode stone. 
 
 68. Steel magnets. 
 
 a. Attraction. 
 
 Experiment 73. Magnetic materials. 
 
 b. The space around a magnet. 
 
 Experiment 74. To draw a magnetic 
 
 field. 
 Experiment 75. Blue prints of magnetic 
 
 fields. (See Section 70:) 
 
c. Repulsion. 
 
 Experiment 76. The rule of attraction 
 
 and repulsion. 
 
 (These subjects, Magnetism and Electricity, 
 are continued in the work for the sixth grade.) 
 
 THE ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. V. 
 
 69. Weather observation. 
 
 A simple record of the weather should be kept. 
 
 70. How to make blue print paper. (See Sections 
 
 12, 62, and 68.) 
 
 71. Solar heaters. (See Section 17.) 
 
 72. Hot air engines. (See Section 18.) 
 
 Experiment 77. The way a hot air en- 
 gine works. 
 
 73. Fireproofing. (See Section 23.) 
 
 Experiment 78. Simple fireproofing. 
 
 74. Waterproofing. (See Section 35.) 
 
 75. Flavoring extracts and perfumes. (See Section 
 
 36.) 
 
 76. To remove grease and stains. (See Section 36.) 
 
 77. How to make soap. (See Section 39.) 
 
 Experiment 78. How to make soap. 
 
 78. Bread making. (See Section 49.) 
 
 79. The pantagraph. (See Section 65.) 
 
 Experiment 79. How to make and use 
 a pantagraph. 
 
 80. Alcohol for industrial purposes (See Section 49.) 
 
 (More applications of science are given in the 
 work for the sixth grade.) 
 
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE FOR THE SIXTH 
 GRADE. 
 
 THE SUN, STARS, AND PLANETS. VI. 
 
 1. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topics in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 2. The earth a large magnet. 
 
 Experiment 1. The magnetism of the 
 earth. 
 
 3. The magnetic compass. 
 
 Experiment 2. Direction by a compass. 
 
 4. Latitude and longitude. 
 
 Experiment 3. The use of cross section 
 paper. 
 
 5. Maps. 
 
 a. What maps show and how to use them. 
 
 b. Making maps. 
 
 Experiment 4. Making a map of the 
 school grounds. 
 
 6. The moon. 
 
 Experiment 5. Why the moon changes its 
 
 appearance. 
 Experiment 6. Observation of the moon. 
 
 7. The earth and the moon. 
 
 a. Shape and size. 
 
 b. Distance to the moon. 
 
 Experiment 7. Drawing to scale. 
 
 8. Motions of the earth. 
 
 a. Rotation on an axis. 
 
 Experiment 8. The gyroscope. The top. 
 
 b. Revolution around the sun. 
 
9. Time. 
 
 a. Sun time or local time. 
 
 Experiment 9. The real noon. 
 
 b. Standard time. 
 
 10. The seasons. 
 
 Experiment 10. Area covered by unit 
 
 area of sunshine. 
 Experiment 11. The cause of seasons. 
 
 11. The changing length of day and night. 
 
 Experiment 12. The cause of the chang- 
 ing length of day and night. 
 
 12. The story of the calendar. 
 
 (These subjects, The Sun, Stars, and Planets, 
 are continued in the work for the seventh 
 grade.) 
 
 LIGHT. VI. 
 
 13. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 14. Light passes through some objects easily. 
 
 Experiment 13. Transparent objects 
 the "burning glass." 
 
 15. Light passes through some object with difficulty. 
 
 Experiment 14. Translucent objects. 
 
 16. Diffused light. (See Section 90.) 
 
 a. Best for the eyes. 
 
 b. Why the sun seems largest at sunrise and 
 sunset. 
 
 17. Reflection of light. 
 
 a. Images in a mirror. 
 
 Experiment 15. The location of images 
 in a mirror. 
 
 b. The direction of reflected light. 
 
 Experiment 16. The aucgle- of reflection 
 
18. Twilight and the afterglow. 
 
 19. Light cannot pass through some objects. Opaque 
 
 bodies. 
 
 Experiment 17. The change from trans- 
 parent to translucent and opaque. 
 
 20. Shadows. 
 
 a. The cause of shadows. 
 
 b. Variation in the shape and size of shadows. 
 
 Experiment 18. The shape and size of 
 shadows. The shadow of the sphere. 
 
 c. The magic of shadows. 
 
 Experiment 19. Shadow pictures. 
 
 d. The height of buildings and trees found by 
 their shadows. 
 
 Experiment 20. Height from shadows. 
 
 21. The shadow of the earth upon the moon. 
 
 Experiment 21. A report upon an 
 eclipse of the moon. 
 
 22. The effect of light upon bacteria. Hygienic liv- 
 
 ing. 
 
 (This subject, Light, is continued in the work 
 for the seventh grade.) 
 
 HEAT. VI. 
 
 23. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 24. Convection. (See Section 92.) 
 
 a. In water.- 
 
 Experiment 22. The hot-water system 
 of heating. 
 
 b. In air. 
 
 Experiment 23. The hot-air system of 
 heating. 
 
25. Solids, liquids and gases. 
 
 a. Characteristics. 
 
 b. Heat the cause of the difference. 
 
 Experiment 24. Melting and vaporizing. 
 
 26. The way a thermometer is marked. 
 
 Experiment 25. The freezing point and 
 the boiling point. 
 
 27. All things do not have a melting temperature. 
 
 Experiment 26. The melting of waxes ; 
 glass bending. 
 
 28. Evaporation. 
 
 a. Requires heat. 
 
 Experiment 27. Freezing by the evapo- 
 ration of ether. 
 
 b. The value of perspiration. 
 
 29. Other uses of evaporation. 
 
 a. Cooling of food. 
 
 b. Distillation. 
 
 Experiment 29. The distillation of wa- 
 ter. 
 
 c. Steam causes pressure. (See Section 94.) 
 
 30. Kindling temperature. (See Section 95.) 
 
 Experiment 30. "Setting fire" without 
 
 flame. 
 21. Slow combustion. 
 
 a. Rusting, decay damp leaves. 
 
 b. Animal heat. 
 
 Experiment 31. To find the temperature 
 
 of the body. 
 32. Spontaneous combustion. 
 
 a. The danger from oily rags. 
 
 Experiment 32. Spontaneous combus- 
 tion of oily rags. 
 
b. Other examples of spontaneous combustion. 
 
 33. Clothing. (See Section 96.) 
 
 a. Kinds of clothing. 
 
 Experiment 33. The flame test for cot- 
 ton and wool. 
 
 b. Uses of clothing. The dangers from too 
 much clothing. 
 
 34. Heat kills bacteria. 
 
 a. Pasteurizing. 
 
 b. Purification by boiling. Its limitations. 
 (This subject, Heat, is continued in the work 
 for the seventh grade.) 
 
 AIR. VI. 
 
 35. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 36. Drafts in stoves.. 
 
 b. How to use them properly. 
 
 37. Ventilation. 
 
 a. Convective. 
 
 Experiment 34. Ventilation in a chalk 
 box. 
 
 b. Forced. 
 
 38. Dangers from impure air. 
 
 a. Temporary results. 
 
 b. Permanent results. 
 
 39. Tests for bad air. (See Section 98.) 
 
 a. By odor. The limitations of the sense of 
 smell. 
 
 b. By chemicals. 
 
 Experiment 35. To test the air of a room. 
 
 40. The warming of the atmosphere. 
 
a. Direct heating. 
 
 b. Reflected heating. 
 
 c. Heating by convection. 
 
 41. The cause of winds. 
 
 Experiment 36. The weather vane. 
 (See Section 88.) 
 
 42. The work of the winds. 
 
 a. Effects on surface of the earth. 
 
 b. The wind wheel. 
 
 Experiment 37. How to make a wind 
 
 wheel. 
 Experiment 38. How to make a good 
 
 kite. 
 
 c. The velocity of the winds (See Section 88.^ 
 
 43. The weight of the atmosphere. 
 
 Experiment 40. To^ show that air has 
 weight. (No air pump is needed.) 
 
 44. The pressure of the atmosphere. (See Section 
 
 97.) 
 
 a. Equal in all directions. v 
 
 Experiment 41. Pressure of the atmos- 
 phere equal in all directions. 
 
 Experiment 42. An inverted glass of 
 water. 
 
 b. The amount of the atmospheric pressure. 
 
 45. The barometer. (See Section 88.) 
 
 Experiment 43. How to make a barom- 
 eter. 
 
 46. The weather and climate. 
 
 a. Fair, cloudy, or rainy. 
 
 b. The direction and strength of the wind. 
 c.. The temperature; morning, noon, and even- 
 ing. 
 
cl. The pressure of the atmosphere. 
 
 (This subject, Air, is continued in the work for 
 
 the seventh grade.) 
 
 WATER. VI. 
 
 47. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 48. The capacity of different soils for water. 
 
 Experiment 44. The effect of texture 
 upon the water capacity of soils. 
 
 49. How to increase the moisture-holding capacity of 
 
 soils. 
 Experiment 45. The effect of tilling. 
 
 50. Moisture of the soil. 
 
 a. Its importance to the soil. 
 
 b. The amount used by plants. 
 
 c. The amount lost. 
 
 51. Conservation of moisture of the soil. 
 
 a. Tilling. 
 
 b. Mulching. 
 
 Experiment 46. Conservation of moist- 
 ure, 
 
 52. The effect of water upon the surface of the earth. 
 
 a. Erosion. 
 
 b. Effect of freezing. 
 
 53. How seeds obtain water. 
 
 Experiment 47. Osmosis. 
 
 54. Water can exert force. 
 
 Experiment 48. Water pressure. 
 
 55. Buoyancy a force. (See Section 101.) 
 
 a. Floating bodies. 
 
 b. Bodies which sink. 
 
 Experiment 49. Buoyancy. 
 
56. Water has an elastic surface. 
 
 Experiment 50. Surface tension. 
 
 57. Disease and bad odors may be prevented by solu- 
 
 tions. 
 
 a. Antiseptic washes. 
 
 b. Disinfectants. 
 
 c. Deodorants. 
 
 (This subject, Water, is continued in the work 
 for the seventh grade.) 
 
 PLANTS AND ANIMALS. VI. 
 
 58. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 59. Names of the common vegetables. 
 
 Experiment 31. Draw or model the 
 vegetables. 
 
 60. Roots. 
 
 a. Need air. 
 
 Experiment 52. Roots need air. 
 
 b. How roots obtain food from the soil. 
 
 61. Plant stems. 
 
 a. Different kinds. 
 
 b. Use and construction. 
 
 Experiment 53. Structure and use of 
 stems. 
 
 62. Linen. (See Section 96.) 
 
 63. Leaves. 
 
 a. Construction of leaves. 
 
 Experiment 54. Skeleton leaves. 
 
 b. The food the leaf makes. 
 
 Experiment 55. Starch from leaves. 
 
 c. Leaves give off water. 
 
 Experiment 56. Transpiration. 
 
64. Buds and flowers. 
 
 Experiment 57. The common flowers. 
 Fruit flowers. 
 
 65. Fruits and seeds. 
 
 Experiment 58. The common fruits and 
 seeds. 
 
 66. Cotton. (See Section 96.) 
 
 67. Weeds. 
 
 Experiment 59. Collect the weeds of the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 68. Domestic animals. 
 
 69. Wool. (See Section 96.) 
 
 (These subject, Plants and Animals, are con- 
 tinued in the work for the seventh grade.) 
 , 
 
 FOOD. VI. 
 
 70. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 71. The resources of the soil. 
 
 a. Plant-food ready for the plants. 
 
 Experiment 60. Nutrient solution. 
 
 b. Changes taking place in the soil. 
 
 72. Enriching the soil. 
 
 a. Barnyard manure. 
 
 b. Green manures. 
 
 c. Fertilizers. 
 
 73. Humus. 
 
 a. Its composition. 
 
 b. Its use. 
 
 74. Irrigation. 
 
 a. Surface. 
 
 b. Sub-irrigation. 
 
 Experiment 61, Sub-irrigation. 
 
75. Preservation of food. 
 
 a. Cleanliness. 
 
 b. Coolness. 
 
 c. By sealing. 
 
 d. By heating. 
 
 Experiment 62. Preserving food by 
 heating. 
 
 e. By chemical means/ Some of the dangers. 
 
 Experiment 63. Preserving eggs. 
 
 76. The teeth. 
 
 a. Care of the teeth. 
 
 b. Cause of decay. 
 
 (This subject, Food, is continued in the work 
 for the seventh grade.) 
 
 MECHANICS. VI. 
 
 77. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 78. Altitude measurement. 
 
 Experiment 64. How to make and use 
 altitude measurer. 
 
 79. The wheel and axle. 
 
 Experiment 65. The wheel and axle a 
 lever. 
 
 80. The pulley. 
 
 a. Fixed. 
 
 b. Movable. 
 
 Experiment 66. The pulley a lever. 
 
 81. The screw. 
 
 Experiment 67. The screw a circular in- 
 clined plane. 
 
 82. Inertia. 
 
Experiment 68. Tricks based upon in- 
 ertia. 
 
 83. Velocity. 
 
 a. Speed indicators. (See Section 88.) 
 
 Experiment 69. How to make a speed 
 indicator for the wind. 
 
 b. Momentum. 
 
 Experiment 70. Examples of momentum 
 (These subjects, Mechanics, are continued in the 
 work for the seventh grade.) 
 
 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. VI. 
 
 84. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth grade. 
 
 85. Magnetic effects of electricity. 
 
 Experiment 71. How to make an elec- 
 tric magnet. 
 
 86. Applications of magnetism due to electricity. 
 
 a. The electric bell. 
 
 Experiment 72. How to make an elec- 
 tric bell. 
 
 b. The telegraph. 
 
 Experiment 73. How to make a tele- 
 graph instrument. 
 
 c. The electric motor. 
 
 Experiment 74. How to make an elec- 
 tric motor. 
 
 (These subjects, Magnetism and Electricity, are 
 continued in the work for the seventh grade.) 
 
 THE ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. VI. 
 
 87. Man's applications of nature's principles. 
 
 88. Weather instruments. (See Sections 41, 42, 45, 
 
 and 83.) 
 
Experiment 75. Home-made weather in- 
 struments. 
 
 89. History of lighting. 
 
 90. Systems of illumination. (See Section 16.) 
 
 91. History of heating. 
 
 92. Modern systems of heating. (See Section 24.) 
 
 a. The hot-air system. 
 
 b. The hot-water system. 
 
 93. Temperature regulators. 
 
 94. The steam engine. (See Section 29.) 
 
 95. Davy's safety lamp. (See Section 30.) 
 
 Experiment 76. Davy's safety lamp. 
 
 96. Clothing. (See Sections 33, 62, 66 and 69.) 
 
 Experiment 77. The testing of cloth. 
 
 97. The use of compressed air. (See Section 44.) 
 
 98. The uses of carbon dioxide. (See Section 39.) 
 
 a. Baking soda. 
 
 b. The chemical engine. 
 
 Experiment 78. The chemical engine. 
 
 c. Mortar. 
 
 99. Cement and plaster of paris. 
 
 Experiment 79. Work with plaster of 
 paris. 
 
 100. First aid to the injured. 
 
 Experiment 80. Exercises in "first aid." 
 
 101. Applications of buoyancy. (See Section 55.) 
 
 a. Hydrometers and lactometers. 
 
 Experiment 81. A home-made hydro- 
 meter. 
 
 b. The diving bell. 
 
 Experiment 82. The diving bell. 
 (More applications of science are given in the 
 work for the seventh grade.) 
 
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE FOR THE SEVENTH 
 GRADE. 
 
 THE SUN, STARS, AND PLANETS. VII. 
 
 1. A brief summary of the facts stated under the same 
 topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 2. Gravitation. 
 
 a. Causes weight. 
 
 Experiment 1. Specific weight. 
 
 b. Center of gravity. The plumb bob. (See 
 Section 84.) 
 
 Experiment 2. The balancing horse and 
 tight-rope walker. 
 
 3. Tides, (See Section 85.) 
 
 a. Due to moon and sun, 
 
 b. Time of. 
 
 Experiment 3. Plotting height and time 
 of tides. 
 
 4. Planets. 
 
 a. The size of planets, 
 
 b. Their distance from the sun. 
 
 Experiment 4. Drawing the planets to 
 scale. 
 
 5. Changes in the surface of the earth. 
 
 a. Agents of weathering. 
 
 b. Agents of erosion. 
 
 Experiment 5. Effects of running water 
 The sand table. 
 
 6. Changes in the surface of the earth. 
 
 a. Due to plants and animals. 
 
 b. Due to bacteria. 
 
 7. Slowness of change in the surface of the earth. 
 
8. The heat of the earth's interior. 
 
 a. Hot springs and geysers. 
 
 Experiment 6. A geyser. 
 
 b. Volcanoes. 
 
 (These subjects, The Sun, Stars, and Planets, 
 are continued in the work for the eighth grade.) 
 
 LIGHT. VII. 
 
 9. A brief summary of the facts stated under the same 
 topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 .0. The bending of light. 
 
 Experiment 7. The path of light through 
 thick glass. 
 
 11. The effect of a prism upon the direction of light. 
 
 Experiment 8. The path of light through 
 a prism. 
 
 12. White light is composed of many colors. 
 
 Experiment 9. Dispersion of light by a 
 
 prism. 
 Experiment 10. The composition of 
 
 white light. 
 
 13. Color. 
 
 a. Depends upon the light reflected. 
 
 Experiment 11. Colors as seen by the 
 sodium flame. 
 
 b. Depends upon light transmitted. 
 
 Experiment 12. The transmission of 
 
 color. 
 
 Experiment 13. Color from reflection 
 and transmission. 
 
 14. The rainbow. 
 
 a. Single. 
 
 b. Double 
 
 Experiment 14. The rainbow. 
 
15. The intensity of Tight in relation to distance. 
 
 Experiment 15. The intensity of light 
 determined by a shadow, 
 
 16. The measurement of light. 
 
 a. The candle-power. 
 
 b- Measurement by shadows. 
 
 Experiment 16. The shadow photo- 
 meter. How made and how used. 
 'C. Measurement by translu'cence. 
 
 Experiment. 17. The paraffin block 
 photometer. How mad^e and how used. 
 
 17. Lenses. 
 
 a. Convex. 
 
 b. Concave. 
 
 Experiment 18. Lenses are prisms. The 
 reducing glass. 
 
 18. Images from a convex lens. 
 
 a. Magnified and upright. 
 
 Experiment 19. The magnifying glass, 
 
 b. Real, both large and small ; inverted. 
 
 Experiment 20. Images on a screen. 
 (This subject, Light, is contined in the work 
 for the eighth grade.) 
 
 HEAT. VIL 
 
 19. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 20. Heat causes boiling. 
 
 a. Boiling temperature raised by dissolved sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Experiment 21. Boiling temperature of 
 solutions. 
 
 b. Boiling temperature raised by increased 
 pressure. 
 
Experiment 22. Effect of increased pres- 
 sure upon the temperature of boiling. 
 c. Boiling temperature lowered by reduced 
 pressure. , 
 
 Experiment 23. Effect of decreased 
 pressure upon the temperature of bcil- 
 ing. 
 
 21. Sublimation a change from solid to gas. 
 
 Experiment 24. Two kinds of sublinn- 
 tion. 
 
 22. Frost and snow. 
 
 Experiment 25. Imitation frost. 
 
 23. Special forms of combustion. 
 
 a. Deflagration. 
 
 Experiment 26. Examples of deflagra- 
 tion. 
 
 b. Explosions. (See Sections 85 and 87.) 
 
 Experiment 27. Examples of explosions. 
 
 24. Physical changes. 
 
 a. Due to heat. 
 
 Experiment 28. Effect of heat upon 
 conditions of matter. 
 
 b. Due to dampness. 
 
 Experiment 29. Sympathetic ink. 
 
 25. Heat from compression. 
 
 Experiment 30. Heat due to compress- 
 ion. 
 
 26. Chemical changes. 
 
 a. In air and in solution. 
 
 Experiment 31. Examples of chemical 
 changes. 
 
 b. Due to heat. 
 
 Experiment 32. Heat aids chemical 
 changes. 
 
c. Heat from chemical cliang-es. 
 
 Experiment 33. Heat due to chemical 
 changes. 
 
 27. Cooking. 
 
 a. An example of one kind of chemical change, 
 
 b. Aids digestion and prevents disease. 
 
 28. The difference between heat and temperature. 
 
 Experiment 34. Heat and temperature 
 distinguished. 
 
 29. Destructive distillation. 
 
 a. The making of charcoal. 
 
 b. The making of illuminating gas. (See Sec- 
 tion 88.) 
 
 Experiment 35. Destructive distillation. 
 (This subject, Heat, is continued in the work 
 for the eighth grade.) 
 
 AIR, VII. 
 
 30. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 31. The buoyancy of the air. 
 
 a. The hot-air and gas balloons. 
 
 Experiment 36. Blowing soap-bubbles 
 with gas. 
 
 b. Bodies heavier than air. 
 
 Experiment 37. How to make a toy 
 boomerang and a toy glider. 
 
 32. "Suction" vacuum. (See Section 89.) 
 
 Experiment 38. To show what suction 
 is. The "sucker." 
 
 33. Pumps. 
 
 a. The lift pump. 
 
 Experiment 39. How to make a suction 
 pump. 
 
b. The force pump. 
 
 c. The air compression pump. 
 
 Experiment 40. The simple air com- 
 pression pump. 
 
 34. The siphon. (See Section 90.) 
 
 Experiment 41. Siphons. 
 
 35. Humidity in the air. 
 
 a. Dew. 
 
 b. Frost. 
 
 c. Fog. 
 
 d. Clouds. 
 
 Experiment 42. Forms of water in the 
 
 air. 
 
 (This subject, Air, is continued in the work for 
 the eighth grade.) 
 
 WATER. VII. 
 
 36. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 37. The warming of water. 
 
 a. Water requires more heat than other mate- 
 
 rial to become warmed. 
 
 Experiment 43. The heat capacity of 
 water. 
 
 b. The effect upon nature, 
 
 38. The ocean and other large bodies of water. 
 
 a. Source of food. 
 
 b. Transportation. 
 
 39. Waves. 
 
 a. In water. (See Section 91.) 
 
 b. In air sound. 
 
 c. Other waves light and electric. 
 
 Experiment 44. Waves in water and in 
 air. 
 
40. Icebergs. 
 
 Experiment 45. Why ice floats, 
 
 41. The composition of water. 
 
 a. Chemical 
 
 Experiment 46. To prepare hydrogen. 
 
 b. Physical. 
 
 Experiment 47, A physical examination 
 of water, 
 
 42. Spring and streams. (See Sections 92 and 93.) 
 
 43. Geysers and hot springs. 
 
 Experiment 48. To illustrate a geyser. 
 
 44. Artesian wells. (See Section 94.) 
 
 Experiment 49. To illustrate an artesian 
 
 well. 
 
 (This subject, Water, is continued in the work 
 for the eighth grade.) 
 
 PLANTS AND ANIMALS. VII. 
 
 45. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 46. Forestry. 
 
 a. What is meant by forestry. 
 
 b. Practical forestry. (See Section 96.) 
 
 Experiment 50. The collection and plant- 
 ing of seeds of forest trees, 
 
 47. Forest conservation. 
 
 a. Its advantages. 
 
 Experiment 51. The effect of forests 
 upon the run-off of water, 
 
 b. How accomplished, 
 
 c. The enemies of the forest. 
 
 48. The propagation of plants. 
 
 a. Arency roots, cuttings, leaves, buds, grafts, 
 and seeds. 
 
b. Advantages of each method. 
 
 Experiment 52. Slipping, budding, and 
 grafting. 
 
 49. Pruning. 
 
 a. Method. 
 
 b. Advantages. 
 
 50. Plants which live upon other plants or upon 
 
 animals. 
 
 a. The kinds bacteria, yeasts, molds, blights, 
 mildews, smuts, rusts, scale, toadstools, and 
 mushrooms. 
 
 b. Their dangers and their prevention. 
 Experiment 53. The growth of bacteria. 
 
 51. Bacteria harmful and helpful. 
 
 Experiment 54. Acid fermentation, 
 
 52. Mushrooms and Toadstools. 
 
 a. Mushrooms as food. 
 
 b. The dangers from toadstools. 
 
 53. Insects. 
 
 a. Useful and harmful. 
 
 Experiment 55. (A continuous experi- 
 ment.) To make a collection of insects, 
 
 b. Pests and their control. 
 
 54. The silk worm. 
 
 a. The worm. 
 
 Experiment 56. How to raise silk 
 worms. 
 
 b. The product. 
 
 55. Flies. 
 
 a. The dangers from flies. 
 
 b. Their prevention. 
 56.' Mosquitoes. 
 
 a. The danger from their bites. 
 
 b. Their prevention. 
 
 Experiment 57. (A continuous expert- 
 
ment.) The prevention of flies and 
 mosquitoes. 
 
 57. The stings of insects, 
 
 a. Why they hurt. 
 
 b. The cure of stings. 
 
 58. Poisonous plants. 
 
 a. Their description. 
 
 b. The cure for their poison. 
 
 59. Some wild animals, 
 GO. Furs and skins. 
 
 Experiment 58. How to cure a skin. 
 (These subjects, Plants and Animals, are con- 
 tinued in the work for the eighth grade.) 
 
 FOOD, VII. 
 
 61. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 62. The geography of food, 
 
 Experiment 59. Food geography maps. 
 
 63. The renovation of worn-out soil. 
 
 64. Home-mixed fertilizers. 
 
 Experiment 60. Making fertilizers for 
 garden crops, 
 
 65. Acid soil. 
 
 a. The cause and effect, 
 
 b. The cure liming. 
 
 Experiment 61. Testing acid soils and 
 liming them. 
 
 66. Food values. 
 
 Experiment 62. The use of food charts. 
 
 67. Starch. 
 
 a. Sources, 
 
 b. Cooking. 
 
 c. Test. 
 
Experiment 65. Cooking . and testing 
 starch. 
 
 68. Sugar. 
 
 a. Sources. 
 
 b. Test. 
 
 Experiment 64. Testing far sugar.. 
 
 69. Proteids. 
 
 a. Sources. 
 
 b. Cookings 
 
 c. Test. 
 
 Experiment 65. Cooking- and testing" 
 proteidsv 
 
 70. Fats. 
 
 a. Sources. 
 
 b. Test. 
 
 Experiment 66. Testing for fats'. 
 
 71. Digestion of food. 
 
 Experiment 67. The digestion of a pro- 
 
 teid. 
 
 (This subject, Food, is continued in the work 
 for the eighth grade.) 
 
 MECHANICS. VII. 
 
 72. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 73. The pendulum. 
 
 a. The compound pendulum used in clocks. 
 (See Section 97.) 
 
 74. Vibrations. 
 
 a. Eorced. 
 
 b. Sympathetic dangerous for buildings. 
 
 Experiment 68. Forced and sympathietic 
 vibrations. 
 
 75. Reaction. 
 
Experiment 69. The reaction water 
 wheel. 
 
 76. Measurement of rotary motion. 
 
 a. Revolutions per minute. 
 
 b. Velocity of point on circumference of wheel. 
 
 Experiment 70. Velocity and number of 
 revolutions. 
 
 77. Centrifugal force. (See Section 98.) 
 
 Experiment 71. Centrifugal force. 
 (These subjects, Mechanics, are continued in the 
 work for the eighth grade.) 
 
 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. VII. 
 
 78. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth and sixth grades. 
 
 79. Sources of electricity. 
 
 a. Friction. 
 
 Experiment 72. Electricity from friction. 
 The Leyden jar. 
 
 b. Chemical. 
 
 Experiment 73. The simple cell. 
 
 80. Heat and light from electricity. 
 
 Experiment 74. Electricity produces 
 heat and light. 
 
 81. Chemical effects of electricity. 
 
 Experiment 75. Electroplating. 
 (These subjects, Magnetism and Electricity, are 
 continued in the work for the eighth grade.) 
 
 THE ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. VII. 
 
 82. Business and nature. 
 
 83. The chemical analysis of cloth. 
 
 Experiment 76. Testing silk, linen, 
 wool, and cotton. 
 
84. Surveying. (See Section 2.) 
 
 Experiment 77. Levelling with an "A". 
 
 85. Tide motors. (See Section 3.) 
 
 86. Blasting. (See Section 23.) 
 
 87. Gas and gasoline engines. (See Section 23.) 
 
 Experiment. 78. The gas cannon. 
 
 88. Manufactured gas. (See Section 29.) 
 
 a. Coal. 
 
 b. Water. 
 
 Experiment 79. To make water gas. 
 
 89. Vacuum cleaners. (See Section 32.) 
 
 90. Traps in plumbing. (See Section 34.) 
 
 Experiment 80. Different forms of traps. 
 51. Wave motors. (See Section 39.) 
 
 92. Water motors. (See Section 42.) 
 
 a. Water wheels. 
 
 b. Pelton wheels. 
 
 c. Turbines. 
 
 93. Water supply of a city. (See Sections 42 and 4k) 
 
 94. Measurement of water. 
 
 a. Cubic feet and gallons. 
 
 b. Miner's inch. 
 
 95. How to read meters of all kinds. 
 
 96. Lumbering. (See Section 46.) 
 
 97. Clocks. (See Section 73.) 
 
 98. Applications of centrifugal force. (See Section 
 
 77.) 
 
 a. Laundry dryers. 
 
 b. Babcock milk tester. 
 
 c. Cream separators. 
 
 (More applications of science are given in the 
 work for the eighth grade.) 
 
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE FOR THE EIGHTH 
 GRADE. 
 
 THE SUN, STARS, AND PLANETS. VIII. 
 
 1. A brief summary of the facts stated under the same 
 
 topic in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 seventh grades. 
 
 2. Theories. 
 
 a. What a theory is. 
 
 b. The use of theories. 
 
 3. The solar system. 
 
 Experiment 1. Drawing the solar sys- 
 tem to scale. 
 
 4. The stars. 
 
 a. What they are. 
 
 b. Their distance from the earth. 
 
 5. The earth. 
 
 a. The age of the earth, shown by formations. 
 
 b. The shape and size of the earth. 
 
 Experiment 2. The shape of the earth 
 caused by rotation. 
 
 6. The crust of the earth. 
 
 a. Rocks and minerals. (See Section 81.) 
 
 b. Soil. 
 
 7. Kinds of rock. 
 
 a. Water formed. 
 
 Experiment 3. Sedimentary rock. 
 
 b. Fire formed. 
 
 c. Chemically formed. 
 
Experiment 4. Stalactites and stalag- 
 mites. 
 
 8. Rocks that once had life. 
 
 Experiment 5. Organic rock. 
 
 9. Coal. (See Section 82.) 
 
 a. Soft. 
 
 b. Hard. 
 
 10. Other forms of carbon. 
 
 11. The sun the source of all energy. 
 
 12. Natural gas. 
 
 13. Petroleum. 
 
 Experiment 6. The distillation of petro- 
 leum. 
 
 14. Mountains. 
 
 a. How made. 
 
 Experiment 7. Folded and block moun- 
 tains. 
 
 b. As barriers. (See Section 95.) 
 
 LIGHT. VIII. 
 
 15. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 topic in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 seventh grades. 
 
 16. The velocity of light. 
 
 17. Photography. (See Section 83.) 
 
 a. The lens. 
 
 Experiment 8. The camera lens. 
 
 b. The sensitive plates and papers. 
 
 Experiment 9. Why we can make photo- 
 graphs. 
 
18. The eye a camera. (See Section 84.) 
 
 a. The parts of the eye. 
 
 b. Proper care of the eyes. 
 
 19. The telescope. 
 
 Experiment 10. To make a simple tele- 
 scope. 
 
 20. Sound 
 
 a. Caused by vibrations. 
 
 Experiment 11. Sources of sound. 
 
 b. Carried by matter. 
 
 Experiment 12. Sound not heard in a 
 vacuum. 
 
 21. Velocity of sound. 
 
 Experiment 13. Distances determined 
 by sound. 
 
 22. The ear. 
 
 a. The parts of the ear. 
 
 b. The care of the ear. 
 
 c. The Eustachian tube. 
 
 23. Music and musical instruments. (See Section 85.) 
 
 a. Vibrating strings. 
 
 Experiment 14. The variation of pitch. 
 
 b. Vibrating columns of air. 
 
 Experiment 15. The whistle. The orgin 
 pipe. 
 
 24. The voice. 
 
 HEAT. VIII. 
 
 25. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 
 same topic in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 
26. Carbon a part of all fuels. (See Section 85.) 
 
 Experiment 16. Carbon from fuels. 
 Experiment 17. Perfect and imperfect 
 combustion. 
 
 27. Radiation of heat. (See Section 87.) 
 
 Experiment 18. Good and poor radn- 
 tors. 
 
 28. Absorption of heat. 
 
 Experiment 19. A good radiator is i 
 good absorber of heat. 
 
 23. Temperature curves. 
 
 Experiment 20. M a k i n g temperature: 
 curves. 
 
 30. The measurement of heat. 
 
 Experiment 21. The difference between 
 
 temperature and heat. 
 Experiment 22. The unit of heat. 
 
 31. Keat-holding power. 
 
 Experiment 23. Heat capacity. 
 
 32. The heat required to melt ice. 
 
 Experiment 24. The heat of mclti""*. 
 Experiment 25. Ereezing mixtures. 
 
 33. The heat required to boil water. 
 
 a. The heat absorbed. 
 
 Experiment 26. The heat of boiling. 
 
 b. The heat given out. Heating by steam. 
 
 Experiment 27. The heat of condensa- 
 tion. 
 
 34. The history of heating. 
 
AIR. VIII. 
 
 35. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 35. Humidity in the air. 
 
 a. Absolute. 
 
 b. Relative. 
 
 Experiment 28. The dew-point. 
 Experiment 29. The wet-bulb thermom- 
 eter. 
 
 37. Rain. 
 
 a. Cause. 
 
 Experiment 30. Cooling by expansion. 
 
 b. Measurement valuable. 
 
 Experiment 31. The rain-gauge. 
 
 38. Snow and hail. 
 
 a. Cause. 
 
 b. The shape of ice crystals. 
 
 Experiment 32. Copying microphoto- 
 graphs of snow flakes. 
 
 39. Ice. 
 
 a. Icebergs and glaciers. 
 
 b. Why ice floats. 
 
 Experiment 33. The space occupied by 
 melting ice. 
 
 40. Painting. 
 
 a. For adornment. 
 
 b. For preservation from the weather. 
 
 Experiment 34. Preservation of wood 
 and metal. 
 
 41. Atmospheric electricity. 
 
 a. Lightning. 
 
b. Northern lights. 
 
 Experiment 35. Electric glow from 
 sugar and from paper. 
 
 WATER. VIII. 
 
 42. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 
 43. Hard water. 
 
 a. Temporary hardness. 
 
 Experiment 36. The cause of temporary 
 hardness. 
 
 Experiment 37. Stalactites and stalag- 
 mites. 
 
 b. Permanent hardness. 
 
 Experiment 38. To measure permanent 
 hardness. 
 
 44. Precipitation. (See Section 88.) 
 
 Experiment 39. Precipitation. 
 AS. Purification of water. 
 
 a. Removal of bacteria. 
 
 b. Removal of other plants. 
 
 46. Acids and bases. (See Sections 89, 90, and 91.) 
 
 a. Tests. 
 
 Experiment 40. Testing acids and bases. 
 1). Neutralization. 
 
 Experiment 41. Neutralization mikes a 
 salt. 
 
 47. Salts. 
 
 a. Efflorescent salts. 
 
 Experiment 42. Efflorescent salts. 
 
1). Hygroscopic salts. 
 
 Experiment 43. Hygroscopic salts. 
 
 PLANTS AND ANIMALS. VIII. 
 
 48. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topics in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 
 49. Acid soils. 
 
 a. The cause. 
 
 b. The remedy lime and rotation of crops. 
 
 Experiment 44. Acid soils and liming. 
 
 50. Practical forestry. (See Section 92.) 
 
 51. The geography of animals. 
 
 Experiment 45. Making animal charts. 
 
 52. Fishes. 
 
 Experiment 46. The balanced aquarium. 
 Experiment 47. Fishes need air. 
 
 53. Man's place in nature. 
 
 54. The mind, 
 
 Experiment 48. The senses of taste, 
 smell, and touch. 
 
 55. Sleep. 
 
 a. The need. 
 
 b. Dangers from using sleep producers. 
 
 56. The nose and throat. 
 
 a. Care. 
 
 b. Adenoids. 
 
 57. Yellow fever and malaria. 
 
 a. Cause. 
 
 b. Prevention. . ' 
 
FOOD. VIII. 
 
 58. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 
 59. Cost of production of food. 
 
 a. Cost of land. (See Section 94.) 
 
 b. Labor. 
 
 c. Transportation. (See Section 95.) 
 
 d. Profit to all who handle it. 
 
 60. Vegetable food. 
 
 Experiment 49. Composition of vege- 
 table food. 
 
 61. Animal food. 
 
 Experiment 50. Composition of animal 
 food. 
 
 62. Analysis of food. 
 
 Experiment 51. Tests for fats, proteids, 
 and carbohydrates. 
 
 63. Adulteration of food. (See Section 96.) 
 
 Experiment 52. Tests for adulterants 
 and preservatives. 
 
 64. The value of food. 
 
 a. Digestion. 
 
 b. Assimilation and nutrition. 
 
 65. The drug habit. Its dangers. (See Section 97.) 
 
 a. Tobacco. 
 
 b. Alcohol. 
 
 c. "Pain-killers," 
 
MECHANICS. VIII. 
 
 66. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topic in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 
 67. Work. 
 
 a. Force acting through distance. 
 1). No gain in work by machines. 
 
 Experiment 53. Work and machines. 
 69. Power. 
 
 a. Work performed in a given time. 
 
 b. Horse-power. 
 
 Experiment 54. The work and power in 
 
 climbing stairs or a hill. 
 Experiment 55. To find the power of a 
 
 stream. 
 
 69. Dams. 
 
 a. Construction. 
 
 b. Pressure against. 
 
 Experiment 56. The shape of dams. 
 
 70. The conservation of water-power. 
 
 71. The strength of wooden beams. 
 
 Experiment 57. The bending of beams. 
 
 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRICITY. VIII. 
 
 72. A brief summary of the facts stated under the 
 same topics in the work for the fifth, sixth, and 
 
 seventh grades. 
 
 73. The measurement of electricity. 
 
 Experiment 58. How to make and use 
 a galvanometer. 
 
74. The courses of electricity. 
 
 a. Friction. 
 
 Experiment 59. Frictional electricity. 
 
 b. Chemical. 
 
 Experiment 60. Electric batteries. 
 
 c. Magnetic. 
 
 Experiment 61. Electricity from mag- 
 netism. 
 
 75. Chemical effects of electricity. 
 
 a. Electrolysis. 
 
 Experiment 62. Electrolysis of water. 
 
 b. Electroplating and electrotyping. 
 
 Experiment 63. How to electroplate and 
 electrotype. 
 
 76. The storage cell. 
 
 Experiment 64. How to make a storage 
 cell. 
 
 77. The induction coil. 
 
 Experiment 65. How to make an in- 
 duction coil. 
 
 Experiment 66. Experiments with an in- 
 duction coil. 
 
 78. Wireless telegraphy. 
 
 a. Theory. 
 
 Experiment 67. Wireless telegraphy 
 across a room. 
 
 b. Practice. 
 
 79. Other applications of electricity. 
 
 Experiment 68. Practical work in elcc- 
 tricitv. 
 
THE ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. VIII. 
 
 80. Man's applications of nature's principles. 
 
 a. The arts. 
 
 b. The industries. 
 
 81. Metals. (See Section 6.) 
 
 a. The common metals. 
 
 b. The rare metals. 
 
 c. Obtaining metals from the ores. 
 
 Experiment 69. The reduction of an ore. 
 
 82. Illuminating gas. 
 
 a. Coal gas. (See Section 9.) 
 
 Experiment 70. How to make coal gis 
 
 b. Water gas. 
 
 Experiment 71. How to make water o-r\s. 
 
 83. How newspaper cuts are made. (See Section 17.) 
 
 84. Motion pictures. (See Section 18.) 
 
 Experiment 72. The theory of motion 
 pictures. 
 
 85. The phonograph. (See Section 23.) 
 
 86. Steel. 
 
 a. Composition. (See Section 26.) 
 
 b. Tempering. 
 
 Experiment 73. Tempering steel. 
 
 87. Fireless cookers. (See Section 27.) 
 
 88. Dyeing. (See Section 44.) 
 
 a. Silk and wool. 
 
 b. Cotton and linen. 
 
 Experiment 74. Dyeing. 
 
 89. Tanning of leather. (See Section 46.) 
 
 90. Bleaching. (See Section 46.) 
 
 a. Natural. 
 
b. Chemical. 
 
 Experiment 75. Bleaching. 
 
 91. Mercerized cotton and artificial silk. (See Sec- 
 
 tion 46.) 
 
 92. Paper manufacture. 
 
 a. From cloth. 
 
 b. From wood. (See Section 50.) 
 
 Experiment 76. Papier mach(e) 
 
 93. Sanitary plumbing. 
 
 Experiment 77. Drawing plans of 
 plumbing. 
 
 94. Reclaiming land. (See Section 59.) 
 
 95. Transportation. (See Sections 14 and 59.) 
 
 96. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1905. (See Sec- 
 
 tion 63.) 
 
 97. Simple household remedies. (See Section 65.) 
 
 98. How to plan buildings. 
 
 Experiment 78. Drawing plans of build- 
 ings. 
 
 99. Conveniences for the home. 
 
 100. Manner of living. 
 
 101. Civilization and education. 
 
OTHER BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 General Science Outline. Published 
 by Cunningham, Curtiss, and 
 Welch. (Out of print.) 
 
 Introduction to General Science, with 
 Experiments. A text for the first 
 year of high school. Published 
 by the Macmillan Company 
 
 Outline cf Science for the Fifth Grade. 
 Published by Percy E. Rowell, 
 Berkeley, California 
 
 Outline of Science for the Sixth 
 Grade. Published by Percy E.' 
 Rowell, Berkeley, California 
 
 Outline of Science for the Fifth and 
 Sixth 'Grades. Published by 
 Percy E. Rowell, Berkeley, Cali- 
 fornia 
 
 Outline of Science for the Seventh 
 Grade. Published by Percy E. 
 Rowell, Berkeley, California 
 
 Outline of Science for the Eighth 
 Grade. Published by Percy E. 
 Rowell, Berkeley, California 
 
 Outline of Science for the Seventh 
 and Eighth Grades. Published 
 by Percy E. Rowell, Berkeley. 
 Califirnia 
 
 Outline of Science for the Fo^r 
 Upper Grades. Published bv 
 Percy E. Rowell, Berkeley, Cali- 
 fornia 
 
 Science for the Fifth Grade. A text 
 based upon the Outline of 
 Science for the Fifth Grade. Pub- 
 lished by Percy E. Rowell, Ber- 
 keley, California. (In Press) 
 
 Science for the Sixth Grade. (In 
 preparation.) 
 
 Science for the Seventh Grade. (In 
 preparation.) 
 
 Science for the Eighth Grade. (1 M 
 preparation.) 
 
 net, 
 Price, 75 cents, cloth 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 10 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 10 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 15 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 10 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 10 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 15 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 25 cents, paper 
 
 postpaid 
 Price, 60 cents, cloth 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 
 
 MAR 3 VM 
 
 
 DEC 8 1917 
 
 
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 WOV 14 iff I 
 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY