A DESCRIPTION 
 
 MINERALS OE COMMERCIAL VALUE 
 
 BARR1NGER 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 FROM THE LIBRARY OF 
 
 DR. JOSEPH LECONTE. 
 
 GIFT OF MRS. LECONTE. 
 No. 
 
 
 
 m 
 
Wit'n the Compliments of 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 THE LAW OF MINES AND MINING 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 BY 
 
 DANIEL MOREAUX BARRINGER AND JOHN STOKES ADAMS. 
 1 Volume, 8vo. Sheep, $7.SO, net. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY LITTLE, BROWN & COMPANY, BOSTON. 
 
A DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 MINERALS OF COMMERCIAL VALUE 
 
 A Practical Reference-book for the Miner, Prospector, and Business Man, or 
 
 any Person who may be interested in the Extraction or Treatment 
 
 of the Various Metallic or Non-metallic Minerals, and for 
 
 Students either in Field-work or in the Laboratory. 
 
 BY 
 
 D. M. BARRINGER, A.M., LL.B., 
 
 One of the Authors of " The Law of Mines and Mining in the United States." 
 
 FIRST EDITION. 
 FIRST THOUSAND. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SONS. 
 
 LONDON : CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED. 
 
 1897. 
 
Copyright, 1897, 
 
 BY 
 
 D. M. BARRINGER. 
 
 ROBERT DRUMMOND, BLECTROTYPBR AND PR1NTKR, NEW YORK. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IN the preparation of this little book the original intention of the author was to give in as simple and concise a form as 
 possible a description of the nature of only the more important of those mineral substances, more frequently referred to as ores 
 or compounds, which possess commercial value, indicating at the same time the means by which they could be identified, and refer- 
 ring very briefly to some of the principal economic uses to which they are put. Upon reflection, however, it seemed advisable not 
 to confine the work too strictly within this limitation, but to insert also a description of a few other minerals which are very fre- 
 quently met with as common veinstones (i.e., gangue of the metallic ores) or as rock constituents, although they may possess in 
 themselves little or no commercial worth. Outside of this he has not attempted to go, for by so doing he would be defeating 
 the object he has had in mind, namely, to carefully exclude all minerals which do not fall under either of the above classifications 
 by far the greater number and to thus confine himself to a brief working description of those which, for the reasons given, are 
 directly or indirectly useful. 
 
 The work is intended merely as a book of reference to be used by the practical miner or man of business, for whom espe- 
 cially it is intended, as well as by the geologist, metallurgist, or mineralogist, in so far as it may serve their purposes. If the 
 desired mineral be not enumerated in the following pages, or the information concerning it be not sufficiently complete, reference 
 
 loiioo 
 
must be had to some of the many excellent and much more comprehensive works upon mineralogy by such well-known authors a 
 Dana, Brush, Erni, von Kobell, Rutley, etc., from which this little volume has been very largely compiled.* 
 
 In the arrangement of the material that is, the grouping of the various ores or compounds under the element for the 
 extraction of which they are chiefly mined the author has adopted the simplest and most logical form which has occurred to 
 him, and he hopes that it will meet with the approbation of the majority of those who may have occasion to refer to the following 
 pages. 
 
 D. M. BARRINGER. 
 
 BULLITT BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA, June, 1897. 
 
 * For fuller information concerning any mineral, its economic uses or mode of occurrence, the two following most excellent and modern works should be 
 consulted : Dana's System of Mineralogy (1897), and Rothwell's Mineral Industry (in five volumes, 1892-1895). The latter work contains much very useful 
 information concerning the occurrence, production, and uses of the various minerals of economic importance. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebted- 
 ness to the authors of ihe above books, from which a very considerable portion of the information herein contained has been derived. See also the Geological 
 Preface to The Law of Mines and Mining in the United States (Barringer and Adams, 1897, published by Little, Brown & Co. of Boston), by the author of this 
 work, which contains a detailed description ot the various kinds of ore deposits and their mode of occurrence in nature. 
 
A DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF 
 
 MINERALS OF COMMERCIAL VALUE, 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. PART II. 
 
 I. SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS. I. TABLES OF MINERALS. 
 
 II. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. II. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 
 
 III. SCALE OF HARDNESS III. APPENDIX. 
 
 IV. SCALE OF FUSIBILITY. IV. INDEX TO TABLES. 
 
 V. CHIEF DIVISIONS. 
 
PART 
 
 l.-SYMBOLS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SYMBOL. 
 
 AT. WT. 
 
 (approx.). 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SYMBOL. 
 
 AT. WT. 
 
 (approx.}. 
 
 
 Al 
 
 27 
 
 
 Di 
 
 T/12 . H 
 
 
 Sb 
 
 iTQ. e. 
 
 
 Eb 
 
 l66 
 
 
 Ar 
 
 IQ.8 (?) 
 
 
 F 
 
 IQ 
 
 
 As 
 
 7" 
 
 
 Ga 
 
 7O 
 
 
 Ba 
 
 137 
 
 
 Ge 
 
 T\ 1 
 
 
 Be 
 
 
 
 Au 
 
 TQ7 
 
 
 Bi 
 
 2O7. ? 
 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 
 B 
 
 j i 
 
 
 In 
 
 i n . ^ 
 
 
 Br 
 
 80 
 
 
 I 
 
 126.5 
 
 
 Cd 
 
 112 
 
 
 Ir 
 
 IQ2. f> 
 
 
 Cs 
 
 iao. 7 
 
 
 Fe 
 
 56 
 
 
 Ca 
 
 4O 
 
 
 La 
 
 1^8. f, 
 
 
 c 
 
 12 
 
 
 Pb 
 
 206. 5 
 
 
 Ce 
 
 I4O 
 
 
 Li 
 
 7 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Cl 
 
 7C. e 
 
 Magnesium 
 
 Me 
 
 24 
 
 
 Cr 
 
 C2 
 
 
 Mn 
 
 55 
 
 Cobalt 
 
 Co 
 
 eg. 7 
 
 
 He 
 
 200 
 
 Copper (Cuprum) 
 
 Cu 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. 
 
 1. Isometric (e.g., cube and octahedron). Three axes rectangular in intersections and equal. 
 
 2. Tetragonal (e.g., right prism with square base). Three axes rectangular in intersections two lateral axes ecjual and 
 unequal to the vertical, which may be longer or shorter. 
 
 3. Hexagonal (e.g , rhombohedron and hexagonal prism). The vertical axis, which may be longer or shorter than tho 
 lateral, is at right angles to them; the lateral, which are equal, are three in number and intersect at angles of 60. 
 
 6 
 
I. 
 
 OF THE ELEMENTS. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SYMBOL. 
 
 AT. WT. 
 
 (approx.). 
 
 NAME. 
 
 SYMBOL. 
 
 AT. WT. 
 
 (appro*.). 
 
 Molybdenum 
 
 Mo 
 Ni 
 Nb 
 N 
 Os 
 O 
 Pd 
 P 
 Pt 
 K 
 Rh 
 Rb 
 Ru 
 Sa 
 Sc 
 Se 
 Si 
 
 9 6 
 58-5 
 
 93-7 
 14 
 191 
 16 
 106.3 
 3i 
 194-5 
 39 
 104 
 85.2 
 101.5 
 149.6 
 44 
 79 
 28 
 
 
 Ag 
 Na 
 Sr 
 S 
 Ta 
 Te 
 Tl 
 Th 
 Sn 
 Ti 
 W 
 Ur 
 V 
 Yb 
 Yt 
 Zn 
 Zr 
 
 107-5 
 23 
 87-5 
 32 
 182 
 127.6 
 203.6 
 232 
 
 "7-5 
 
 48 
 
 183-5 
 240 
 
 5i 
 172.6 
 
 89-5 
 65 
 90-5 
 
 Nickel 
 
 
 
 Strontium 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oxv<ren . . 
 
 
 Palladium 
 
 Thallium 
 
 
 
 Platinum 
 
 
 
 
 Rhodium 
 
 
 
 
 Ruthenium 
 
 Vanadium 
 
 Samarium 
 
 
 
 Yttrium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4. Orthorhombic (e.g., right prism with rectangular or rhombic base). The three axes rectangular in intersections and unequal. 
 
 5. Monoclinic (e.g. , right rhomboidal and oblique rhombic prisms). Only one oblique inclination (one lateral axis inclined 
 to the vertical) out of the three made by the intersecting axes, two being rectangular; the three axes are unequal. 
 
 6. Triclinic (e.g., oblique asymmetric rhomboidal prisms). All three axes unequal and their intersections are all oblique. 
 
 UK-SCALE OF HARDNESS. 
 
 i. Talc. 
 
 6. Feldspar. 
 
 2. Gypsum, Rock Salt. 
 7. Quartz. 
 
 3. Calcite. 
 8. Topaz. 
 
 7 
 
 4. Fluorite. 
 
 9. Corundum, Sapphire. 
 
 5. Apatite. 
 10. Diamond. 
 
1V.-SCALE OF FUSIBILTY. 
 
 I. Stibnite. 2. Natrolite. 3. Alumina-iron Garnet. 4. Actinolite. 5. Orthoclase. 6. Bronzite. 
 
 V. CHIEF DIVISIONS. 
 
 1. 
 ALUMINUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Heated on charcoal or in forceps in O. F. with cobalt nitrate and reheated gives a blue color. A blue infusible mass only 
 indicates alumina. (See Heating with Cobalt Nitrate in Appendix.) 
 
 2. 
 
 ANTIMONY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 When strongly heated in closed tube yields a sublimate near assay which .s black when hot and brown-red when coM. 
 Characteristic dense white fumes. On charcoal white sublimate near assay, bluish distant from assay ; crystals in coating far from 
 assay are octahedrons ; those near assay needlelike (use lens). Sublimate less volatile than that of arsenious acid. H 2 S passed 
 through acidified antimonial solution gives orange precipitate. Dissolved in aqua regia or hot H 2 SO 4 . When native takes fire 
 and continues to burn without further heating, and becomes covered with white needles of antimony oxide. 
 
 3. 
 ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Heated on charcoal volatilizes with white incrustation, which is deposited far from assay, and which is easily driven off 
 by the flame. When abundant easily recognized by garlic odor of the fumes. In closed tube gives brilliant black sublimate near 
 assay with alliaceous fumes. When flame is applied to this sublimate it volatilizes, and the characteristic brilliant but minute 
 octahedral crystals of oxide of arsenic are deposited further up the tube. 
 
 8 
 
4. 
 BISMUTH AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Its presence is detected by characteristic lemon or orange sublimate, which it and its compounds give when treated alone 
 or with soda on charcoal before blowpipe. With sulphur and potassium iodide gives a scarlet coating far from the assay. Readily 
 dissolved by nitric acid, which solution when concentrated gives white precipitate when poured into excess of water. The ores 
 are rare. 
 
 5. 
 
 CALCIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 The presence of calcium may be often detected by the fine orange-red color which its compounds impart to blowpipe flame. 
 Best, however, to test for it in the liquid way. Carbonate of ammonium produces in neutral calcium solutions a white precipitate 
 (CaCO 3 ) which is soluble in acids with effervescence (CO 2 ). 
 
 6. 
 CHLORINE. 
 
 This element, though not occurring in a free state in nature, is largely used and frequently met with through 
 the many compounds which it forms, such as chloride of ammonium, copper, mercury, potassium, sodium, tin, silver, etc., 
 which see. 
 
 Chlorides when heated with strong sulphuric acid, save those of mercury, silver, and tin, evolve hydrochloric-acid gas, 
 known by its pungent smell and acid reaction. When heated with peroxide of manganese and sulphuric acid chlorine gas is 
 given off, recognizable by its irritant odor, green color, power of bleaching litmus, etc., and by the purple stain it produces on a piece 
 of starch-paper moistened with iodide of potassium. When fused with a little carbonate of sodium and red chromate of potassium 
 they furnish a mass which, when warmed with strong sulphuric acid, gives off deep red vapors of chromic chloride, CrOCl 2 , 
 decomposable by water to furnish an orange solution of mixed chromic and hydrochloric acids, becoming, not colorless, but only 
 yellow, when rendered ammoniacal. (Odling.) Fused in a bead of microcosmic salt saturated with CuO imparts an azure-blue 
 color to flame. 
 
 9 
 
7. 
 CHROMIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Exists chiefly in two native compounds, viz., crocoite (Siberia) or chromate of lead, and chromite or oxide of chromium and 
 iron. It is, when reduced to metallic state, a whitish, brittle, and very infusible metal. Chief source is chromite, which is slightly 
 magnetic. Fuses slightly, is soluble, and imparts a beautiful emerald-green color to beads of borax and salt of phosphorus when 
 cold. 
 
 8. 
 COALS. 
 
 These may be generally easily recognized by their physical characters, which are too well known to require description. 
 " It passes from forms which still retain the original structure of the wood (peat, lignite}, and through those with less of volatile 
 or bituminous matter to anthracite, and further to kinds which approach graphite " (Dana). Each species gives variable analyses 
 according to amount of impurities present, etc., etc. 
 
 NOTE. A coking coal is a bituminous coal which softens or becomes pasty or semi-viscid in the fire. This is attended 
 with escape of bubbles of gas. The volatile products resulting from the decomposition of the softened mass being driven off, a 
 more or less coherent, grayish-black, cellular, or fritted mass is left, which is coke, or the part not volatile, and which varies from 
 50 to 85 per cent. A non-coking, free-burning coal may be like the former in all external characteristics, and even in percentage of 
 volatile matter and in general composition, but it burns freely without softening or any appearance of incipient fusion. The 
 coke resulting from this is not a proper coke, being often in a powder or in the form of the original coal. (Dana.) 
 
 9. 
 COBALT AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Easily recognized by the characteristic deep sapphire-blue bead in both flames with borax or salt of phosphorus. The 
 sulphurets should be roasted on charcoal before testing with borax, as in other metallic species. Dissolves in nitric acid. The 
 insolubility of the black sulphides of nickel and cobalt in dilute HC1 suffices to separate these metals from the remaining members 
 of the group. If ferrocyanide of potassium be added to solution, first made freely ammoniacal, a green precipitate is produced. 
 
 10 
 
If ferrocyanide be added, the precipitate is brown-red. (Do not confound with similar precipitate of copper.) Sometimes associ- 
 ated with oxides of manganese. (Missouri and South Carolina.) Largely associated with arsenic, but the blue color of bead 
 suffices to readily distinguish them from arsenopyrite. 
 
 10. 
 COPPER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Borax bead in O. F. is green when hot, and greenish-blue when cold ; in R. F. colorless if saturation be weak, but red 
 with strong saturation when hot ; metallic copper and copper-red when cold. On charcoal with soda a copper-colored globule is 
 obtained. When combined with the oxides, tin and borax should be used. When ammonia in excess is added to nitric acid solu- 
 tion, the liquid is colored blue ; metallic copper is deposited on iron wire or a nail immersed in this. Specimens should be roasted 
 before making B. B. test with borax. For traces of copper place drop of suspected solution on platinum foil. Place in this a 
 piece of zinc ; a film of copper will be deposited on the platinum foil at point of contact. Copper compounds moistened -vith a 
 drop of HC1 and ignited B. B. color the flame azure-blue. 
 
 11. 
 GOLD AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Gold may be generally recognized by its physical characters color, lustre, malleability, and specific gravity. When a 
 gold compound is heated on a carbonized match or charcoal in R. F., a yellow malleable bead is obtained which dissolves in aqua 
 regia. If this solution be dropped on to a filter-paper, and one drop of stannous chloride be added, a purple-red color is obtained. 
 Gold can be readily detected in its solutions, inasmuch as it is obtained in a metallic state by reducing agents. The well-washed 
 precipitate being dissolved and tested with stannous chloride, it is separated from the easily volatile metals by simply heating on 
 charcoal in O. F. If associated with copper or silver, it must be fused with a large excess of pure metallic lead and subjected to 
 cupellation. The copper is absorbed into the cupel with the lead, while the silver remains alloyed with the gold. If the globule 
 is quite yellow, this is a proof that but little silver is present. It is then to be tested with salt of phosphorus to prove the presence 
 of silver, which, after fusing on charcoal in O. F., will impart an opaline character to the cool bead. If it be more of a silver- 
 white color, the amount of gold will be small ; and in order to prove its presence and approximate quantity, the globule must be 
 digested with nitric acid by application of heat. The silver is thus dissolved, and the gold remains as a dark powder or spongy 
 mass. If this powder or mass be washed and fused with borax on charcoal, it will yield a globule of metallic gold, 
 
 11 
 
12. 
 HYDROCARBONS. 
 
 Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These compounds are numerous, and form a great variety of economically 
 important gaseous, liquid, and solid products, the composition and characters of the more prominent among which are stated under 
 their proper heads. For sake of distinguishing between them the various coals are placed in a separate division, although they 
 are also oxygenated hydrocarbons one point of difference being that the substances here enumerated generally yield large quanti- 
 ties of paraffine, while this can be said of only few of the coals. While the latter chemically considered possess many character- 
 istics in common with, they differ widely in physical and in other respects from, the varieties enumerated in the tables under this 
 division. 
 
 13. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 With borax in O. F. oxide of iron gives a dark brown-red glass, which becomes pale-yellowish or colorless on cooling ; in 
 R. F. bottle-green on cooling. With tin the green color is hastened. Most of the compounds become magnetic when heated with 
 soda on charcoal. Dissolve readily in HC1. Sulphide of ammonium gives to their solution a black precipitate, which is soluble 
 in dilute HC1, distinguishing it from cobalt and nickel. Another excellent test is to add ferrocyanide of potassium to solution. 
 A pale-blue precipitate indicates ferrous salts, and a dark-blue precipitate ferric salts, of iron. The presence of titanium may be 
 detected by the fact that the borax or salt of phosphorus bead becomes violet-blue or reddish purple when the R. F. is directed 
 upon it, especially if tin be added, and test made on charcoal. A better test is to add tin to concentrated HC1 solution, and 
 continue to boil. Set aside. If titanium is present, the solution becomes violet in color. The presence of chromium is also 
 readily detected. (See Chromic Iron.) 
 
 14. 
 LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 They are easily fusible. With borax bead and with soda, ana olten alone, on charcoal, a malleable bead may be obtained. 
 Readily recognized by characteristic lemon- or sulphur yellow coating near assay when cold ; red when hot. The outer coating is 
 
faintly bluish white when cold. When S and KI are added there is a greenish-yellow coating far from assay. Sublimes readily. 
 Volatile, tinging flames azure-blue. In nitric-acid solution of salts of lead sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate, which is nearly 
 insoluble in water and dilute acids. Heated in open tube white smoke and a non-volatile fusible sublimate is deposited on under 
 side of tube. Oxides, carbonates, etc., may be reduced to the metallic state by heating in R. F. with soda, and the characteristic 
 coating will be produced on the coal. But sulphides, arsenides, etc., of lead must be treated in O. F. to produce the metal. 
 Metallic lead obtained as above may be cupelled for silver on charcoal, or, better, on a bone-ash cupel. (See B. B. Silver Assay, 
 Appendix.) 
 
 
 15. 
 
 MAGNESIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 These afford a clear rose-red or pink color with cobalt nitrate after long heating. This distinguishes it from alumina. 
 Distinguished from strontia and baryta by different flame-colors, and in the wet way by the fact that sulphuric acid gives no 
 precipitate in dilute HC1 solution. The fact that the precipitate from magnesia is soluble in water, while that from calcium is 
 not, suffices to distinguish it from the latter, etc. 
 
 16. 
 
 MANGANESE AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 These are readily recognized by the characteristic amethystine color oxide of manganese imparts to beads of borax and 
 salt of phosphorus in O. F. ; colorless in R. F. With borax the color becomes violet, amethystine, or purple when hot ; amethys- 
 tine when cold. With salt of phosphorus, brown-violet when hot ; pale red-violet when cold. Do not confuse with pale violet 
 color imparted to beads by presence of titanic acid, which only appears on heating in R. F. Too large a quantity renders bead 
 opaque. With soda in O. F. on platinum wire or, preferably, platinum foil, the color is green or bluish green. Most varieties are 
 soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. The oxides are frequently associated with ores of iron, especially brown 
 hematite (limonite), and less often with varieties of red hematite or magnetite 
 
 13 
 
It. 
 
 MERCURY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Mercury and amalgams volatilize on charcoal, but give a sublimate of metallic mercury when heated in closed tube with 
 or without soda ; best with soda. The metal condenses above assay in globules on the tube. These may be brushed together 
 with a feather, etc. When a gray sublimate is obtained without distinct metallic globules, the part of the tube coated with it is 
 cut off and boiled in a test-tube with a little dilute HC1. By this treatment mercury collects in shining globules. In case mer- 
 cury exists in so small a quantity that the sublimed metal is not perceptible, it may be detected by inserting a piece of gold-leaf 
 held on end of iron wire into the tube just above assay. On heating the mercury is volatilized and unites with the gold, giving it 
 a wnite color. 
 
 18. 
 MOLYBDENUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 With borax bead in O. F. colorless when hot ; faint yellow when cold. With saturation the bead becomes in R. F. an 
 opaque black or bluish to green enamel when cold. 
 
 19. 
 
 NICKEL AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 With borax the presence of nickel in O. F. renders bead, when hot, purplish, with tinge of violet ; when cold, reddish 
 sherry-brown. In R. F. the bead becomes purplish gray and turbid, with reduced nickel (use lens). If a fragment of nitre be 
 added and the bead be again heated in O. F.,a well-marked purple color is produced. Roast before making above tests. Arseni- 
 cal compounds of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper are treated with glass of borax (see Cobalt) ; when borax is no longer colored 
 blue from cobalt, but acquires a brown color, which is violet when hot, the metallic globule is separated from the borax and treated 
 with salt of phosphorus in O. F. If copper, as well as nickel, be present in the assay, the glass thus obtained will be green while 
 both hot and cold. Treated with tin on charcoal it will become red and opaque on cooling. Black sulphides insoluble in dilute 
 HC1. (See Cobalt.) Nitric solutions are apple-green. Excess of ammonia produces a violet-blue liquid, from which caustic 
 potash slowly precipitates the green hydrate of nickel. Potash produces this precipitate from all ordinary nickel solutions. 
 
 14 
 
20. 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 Mineral variety, apatite, which see. Common variety, often replacement of CaCO 3 by phosphate of lime ; also includes 
 fossil teeth, bones, etc. The substance examined for phosphorus is mixed with soda, as for sulphur (3 soda, i substance). A 
 thin glass tube closed at one end has a piece of magnesium wire or ribbon, one-half inch long, dropped into it. Then the mixed 
 soda and substance is added so as to cover the magnesium. Heat to fusion the contents of the tube until the glass is attacked. 
 While still red plunge under water in a small vessel, and immediately apply the nose. The characteristic odor of hydrogen phos- 
 phide is evolved. 
 
 Precautions. Heat to full fusion. Do not have too much water in vessel ; see that end of tube is broken. The above 
 test is not delicate enough for minute quantities, as in Bessemer-iron ores. In examining iron ores for phosphorus try to find 
 small grains of apatite, and test as above. Best test is to add molybdate of ammonium to nitric-acid solution. An abundant bright 
 yellow precipitate (phospho-molybdate of ammonium) indicates character of the specimen. 
 
 21. 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Silver compounds when fused with soda on charcoal yield a hard, white, malleable button, usually without any incrusta- 
 tion on the coal, but when treated for a long time with the reducing flame a slight dark-red coating is produced. When associated 
 with volatile and easily oxidizable metals it may be separated by heating on charcoal in O. F., but if associated with large quanti- 
 ties of lead or bismuth it is best to subject it to cupellation. (See Appendix.) HC1 gives in a solution of silver a white heavy 
 precipitate of AgCl, which is insoluble in boiling nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia. The color of the precipitate changes 
 to slate-purple by exposure to light. This is a distinguishing characteristic. 
 
 22. 
 
 SULPHUR AND SULPHIDES. 
 
 The following is usually sufficient to detect the presence of sulphur. Mix the substances suspected to contain sulphur with 
 soda (3 soda, I substance), and heat on platinum wire or charcoal in R. F. The fused mass is then crushed on a clean piece of 
 
 15 
 
silver (coin or plate), and a drop of water added. A yellowish stain on the silver indicates a trace of sulphur ; larger quantities 
 give a brown or a black stain. Sulphides such as pyrites, galena, etc., heated on charcoal give the odor of burning sulphur. 
 Mixed with soda as above and heated in O. F. on platinum wire, the sulphides color the coin brown to black ; but sulphates, 
 gypsum, baryta, etc., so treated in O. F. , do not color the coin ; in R, F., however, the sulphate is changed to sulphide and colors 
 the coin. Sulphides or substances containing sulphides in considerable quantities yield sulphur dioxide when heated in open 
 tube. The sulphur dioxide may be recognized by its odor and by reddening, and sometimes bleaching blue litmus-paper inserted 
 in end of tube. Usually soluble in nitro-hydrochloric or concentrated nitric acid. Some are extremely difficult to dissolve com- 
 pletely, owing to the deposition of sulphur, which fuses around the unaltered substance and prevents any action of the acid 
 upon it, but these can usually be recognized by their volatility, etc. (mercury, arsenic, etc.). The higher sulphides give off sulphur 
 when heated in closed tube. Free sulphur fuses and sublimes, and on charcoal burns with a blue flame, and affords odor of 
 burning sulphur. 
 
 23. 
 
 TELLURIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Of no use in the arts. Rarely occurs native, when it is a white and brittle metal, which is easily fusible, with greenish 
 flame. It fumes strongly, and, in presence of selenium, gives the peculiar odor of decomposing horse-radish. Usually combined 
 with the other metals as tellurides of gold, silver, lead, and bismuth, which see. In open tube a white or grayish sublimate is 
 obtained, which may be fused to clear, colorless drops. Soluble in nitric acid. 
 
 24. 
 TIN AND ITS COMPOUNDS, 
 
 Fused with soda and borax on charcoal in R. F., the compounds of tin yield a globule of the metal. At the same time a 
 coating is formed on the coal which is slightly yellow when hot, but white when cold. To obtain a coating, however, the assay 
 must be kept covered with the blue R. F. The coating moistened with cobalt solution, and heated in the O. F., assumes a bluish- 
 green color. Sulphides should always be roasted. When a solution of salts of tin, acidulated with HC1, is brought in contact 
 with metallic zinc, metallic tin is thrown down in the form of scales or as a gray spongy mass. 
 
 10 
 
25. 
 
 TUNGSTEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Before blowpipe compounds of tungsten impart to salt-of-phospkorus bead at first a dirty green, then a blue color when 
 cold. If iron is present, the bead appears blood-red. Best with tin on charcoal. Characteristic reaction is that when boiled 
 with phosphoric acid its compounds give a beautiful blue sirup. Often associated with tin ores. 
 
 26. 
 ZINC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Compounds of zinc with borax give a clear glass, which is milk-white on flaming, or with more assay becomes enamel- 
 white on cooling. In the R. F. on charcoal burns with a greenish-blue flame. Fumes are given off, depositing much oxide, which 
 coating is yellow when hot, but white when cold. With soda on charcoal the ores, even when containing little zinc, afford the 
 peculiar bluish flame of burning zinc, and the oxide is deposited on the coal. When this coating is moistened with cobalt nitrate, 
 a fine yellowish or dirty-green color is obtained (either alone or with soda), while tin gives a bluish-green color when similarly 
 treated. 
 
 END OF PART I. 
 
 17 
 
PART II. 
 
 I. TABLES. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 ALUMINUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Heated on charcoal or forceps in O. F. with cobalt nitrate and reheated gives a blue color. A blue infusible mass only 
 Forms many useful alloys, e.g., aluminum bronze and ferro-aluminum in making and casting steel, etc. Many articles are made entirely 
 forms, suck as ingots, sheets, wire, etc. Its ores, especially bauxite, are also largely used for the manufacture of aluminum salts or 
 
 The ores Al a Oa, Occurs as irregularly round concretions rarely amorphous. Concretionary structure never wholly absent 
 
 of Alu- HO, or Pebble-like, pisolitic, oolitic, vesicular, and amorphous. Origin ascribed to deposition of solutions con- 
 
 ininurn AliiFe a Os tained in waters of thermal springs and geysers, though often due to decay of certain rocks, and found 
 
 are: +2H a O. in the residual clay. Gives much water in closed tube. Common impurities silica, iron, and titanic 
 
 acid. Other accidental impurities are phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, lime, magnesia, 
 
 Bauxite. Aluminum etc. Presence of titanium characteristic. (Compare kaolinite.) Some European deposits form more or 
 less stratified beds, but the Georgia and Alabama deposits are superficial and pockety. Deposits in these 
 states usually occur in connection with Silurian rocks (dolomite), but supposed to have been formed in 
 Tertiary times. French deposits occur in connection with Cretaceous limestone and are interbedded 
 with lacustral formations. (See i6th An. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur., part ill Mineral Resources, 1894, p. 
 547 et seq.) Frequently associated with iron ore and sometimes mistaken for honeycombed impure 
 iron ore. 
 
 Cryolite. 
 
 Al a 3 , 
 HO, or 
 AlFe a O 8 
 + 2H a O. 
 
 Variable. 
 
 Aluminum 
 from 20 to 
 
 40*. 
 
 sometimes 
 much more 
 
 Na.Al,F,,. 
 
 Aluminum 
 12.8*. 
 
 Sodium 
 
 32.8*. 
 
 Fluorine 
 
 54- 4X- 
 
 Easily fusible in flame of candle. Massive, cleavable, brittle, 
 fracture uneven. Only workable quantities known in Green- 
 land. Said to be found there in a large vein in gneiss, and to 
 be associated with galena, blende, siderite, cassiterite, pyrites, 
 fluor-spar, etc. Also sparingly in quartz veins in granite in 
 Colorado. 
 
 ,. 
 
 the forceps fuses easily, coloring 
 flame yellow. On charcoal fuses to 
 a clear bead which becomes opaque 
 on cooling. In the open tube when 
 so heated that the flame enters the 
 tube, hydrofluoric acid is driven off, 
 etching the glass. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 indicates alumina. (See Heating with Cobalt Nitrate in Appendix.) USES. Of rapidly increasing commercial importance. 
 
 from it where light weight, durability, and non-liability to tarnish, as well as other metallic attributes, are desirable. Made into many 
 
 In addition to being used as 
 an ore of aluminum, it is 
 very largely used in the man- 
 ufacture of alum, for which 
 purpose the insoluble matter 
 should not exceed 7%, nor the 
 oxide of iron 2.75^. Also usrtl 
 in the manufacture of very 
 high-grade and refractory 
 crucibles and fire-brick. 
 
 In addition to being to a lim- 
 ited extent an ore of alumi- 
 num, and used in the manu- 
 facture of alums, cryolite 
 is used in the manufacture 
 of a porcelain-like glass. It 
 is also used in the manu- 
 facture of chemically pure 
 soda. 
 
 compounds, especially alu 
 
 ms. 
 
 
 
 " ' 
 
 . 
 
 HC1 affects it but little, 
 
 White, 
 
 Dull. 
 
 ' . '. ' 
 Earthy 
 
 Infus. 
 
 ; 
 Vari- 2.55 
 
 , 
 Usually In 
 
 while concentrated 
 
 brown, and or or able. slightly a 
 
 phosphoric acid dis- 
 
 red to black. like above after. % 
 
 solves it almost en- 
 
 Also cream- color. 5. t 
 
 tirely. Soluble also 
 
 or pearl- p 
 
 in sulphuric acid. 
 
 white, gray- 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 ish, yellow- 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ish, amber, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 pinkish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 Frequently 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 mottled and 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 iron-stained 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 No effervescence when 
 
 White, red- Vitre- White, 
 
 i 
 
 2-5 
 
 3 
 
 V. 
 
 i. 
 
 heated with HC1. Sol- 
 
 dish to ous to etc - 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 uble in sulphuric acid 
 
 brownish, greasy. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 B 
 
 with evolution of hy- 
 
 and rarely 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 drofluoric acid. 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 .' 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 .- 
 
 
 
 i 
 f 
 s 
 
 21 
 
NAMI 
 
 Alum. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Very vari- 
 able. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 The alums proper, which may be fibrous or massive or mealy or in 
 solid crusts, are hydrous sulphates of alumina with an alkali metal 
 and 24 molecules of water. Thus potash alum (kalinite) has 
 formula KaSO 4 AU(SO4)i -f- 24H a O, while soda alum (mendozite) 
 has formula NaSO 4 , Alj(SO)s+24H 2 O. That is to say, the former 
 contains sulphur trioxide, 33.7; alumina, 10.8; potash, 9.9; water, 
 45.6; and the latter contains sulphur trioxide, 34.9; alumina, n.i; 
 soda, 6.8; water, 47.2. The former is much more common. Alum 
 effloresces on argillaceous minerals and particularly alum shales. 
 More or less common. A more or less common variety is halo~ 
 trichite,or iron alum, where either magnesium, iron, manganese, 
 etc., are present; e.g., samples from New Mexico contain sulphur 
 trioxide, 37.19; alumina, 7.27; iron protoxide, 13.59; insoluble, 
 0.50. (Dana.) 
 
 NOTE. Ammonia alum (comparatively rare in nature) is now ex- 
 tensively manufactured from the waste of gas-works, and is used 
 in the place of potash alum. 
 
 ^______ BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Generally fuses in its own water of 
 crystallization and froths, forming 
 a spongy mass. Intense blue when 
 moistened with cobalt solution. On 
 charcoal forms a hepatic mass. 
 
 ANTIMONY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Native Sb. When strongly heated in closed tube yields a sublimate near assay, which is black when hot and 
 
 (rare). crystals in coating far from assay are octahedrons; those near assay needle-like (use lens). Sublimate 
 
 in aqua regia or hot HjSOi. When native takes fire and continues to burn without further heating, 
 in general rendering metals more lustrous, hard, and brittle. When alloyed with lead it is largely used in the 
 to a small extent in medicine. Alloyed with lead it is also used in alkali-works fr making pumps and taps for 
 Sometimes occurs in nature alloyed with other metals, such as 
 arsenic, silver, and nickel. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Generally soluble in 20 
 
 Generally Vitreous 
 
 White 
 
 Easily 
 
 2-3 
 
 1-75- 
 
 I, also 
 
 Us 
 
 times its weight of 
 
 white to to silky. 
 
 
 
 
 1.90 
 
 V and 
 
 pa 
 
 cold water, and very 
 
 yellowish Trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 VI. 
 
 de 
 
 much less in boiling 
 
 white, parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ar 
 
 water. 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tu 
 
 
 translu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 cent, but 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 varie- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P< 
 
 
 ties be- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 th 
 
 
 come 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 dull on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 expos- 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 ure. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 USES. 
 
 Used in the manufacture of 
 paper, dyes, andbaking-pow- 
 ders; also in tanning leather, 
 and in clarifying or filtering 
 turbid or impure water. Alu- 
 minate of sodium is used in 
 calico-printing and the sa- 
 ponification of fats, and in 
 the manufacture of stearine 
 candles, etc. 
 
 brown-red when cold. Characteristic dense white fumes. On charcoal white sublimate near assay, bluish distant from assay; 
 less volatile than that of arsenious acid. H 2 S passed through acidified antimonial solution gives orange precipitate. Dissolved 
 
 and becomes covered with white needles of antimony oxide. USES. Its chief use is as an alloy with other metals, an admixture 
 
 manufacture of type-metal. It also forms part of the anti-friction metals, such as babbitt metal, employed for bearings in machinery, and 
 raising and drawing off acids. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 ANTIMONY AND 
 
 Stibnite. Sb a S. 
 (Anti- 
 mony Antimony, 
 Glance). 71-4*- 
 The oth- 
 er ores 
 are com- 
 parately 
 rare. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Burns in flame of candle. Slightly sectile. Almost the entire 
 supply of commerce is derived from this ore. 
 
 Usually associated with silver, lead, copper, etc., in many veins 
 and other classes of deposits in which the ores of these metals 
 occur. Frequently met with throughout the Rocky Mountain 
 region. Occurs with quartz in veins in clay-slate in Arkansas, 
 but, like the other ores with which it is found, occurs in many 
 kinds of rock. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Volatilizes and gives off white fumes 
 and a sulphurous odor. Fuses 
 easily and colors flame greenish 
 blue. On charcoal fuses and gives 
 white coating which volatilizes 
 when R. F. is turned upon it, color- 
 ing flame green-blue. 
 
 Cervan- 
 tite 
 (Ker 
 mesite) 
 (SbaOSa) 
 is cher- 
 ry-red 
 variety. 
 
 (White 
 anti- 
 mony) 
 Valen- 
 tinite. 
 
 Sb a O 4 . 
 Antimony, 
 
 Sb a Os. 
 Antimony, 
 
 Antimony oxide resulting from decomposition of stibnite and other Infusible, but easily reduced on char- 
 ores of antimony. coal. 
 
 Becomes yellow in flame of candle and fuses to a white mass. Much the same as stibnite. 
 Translucent to subtransparent. 
 
 24 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, KTC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES, j 
 
 In closed tube, black to Lead-gray to Metal- 
 
 Gray 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 4.5 IV. See under heading ANTIMONY, 
 
 brown sublimatewhen steel-gray. lie to 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 hot, which becomes splen- 
 
 shin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown-red on cooling. dent. 
 
 ing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yellow sublimate of 
 
 tar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sulphur further up the 
 
 nish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tube. When pulver- 
 
 
 Like 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ized and treated with 
 
 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 potassa is rapidly col- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ored ochre-yellow and 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mostly dissolved. Sol- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 uble in hydrochloric 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acid when pure. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Reacts for antimony. Yellow, 
 
 Pearly 
 
 Yel- Infu- 4.5 4.08 IV. See under heading ANTIMONY, 
 
 Soluble in HC1. white, and or 
 
 lowish sible. etc. 
 
 reddish greasy, 
 
 white 
 
 white. some- 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 times 
 
 white 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Insoluble in water. White, Pearly 
 
 White i 2.5 5.57 IV. See under heading ANTIMONY, 
 
 Dissolves readily in sometimes or ada- 
 
 etc. 
 
 HC1 without evolu- red or gray, mantine 
 
 
 
 
 tion of gas. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COM p. AND 
 PKRCENTAGK 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 ANTIMONY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 f Ker- SbaOSa. Oxysulphide resulting from decomposition of stibnite, etc. 
 
 mesite 
 { cherry- Antimony, 
 
 red vari- 75*. 
 
 I ety. 
 
 Apatite 3Ca s P 2 O 8 Reacts for phosphorus. (See phosphate rock.) Distinguished 
 (Phos- + CaFa. from beryl by its inferior hardness, being easily scratched with 
 
 phorite). a knife; from calcite by no effervescence with acids; from pyro- 
 
 Phosphate n:orphite (lead phosphate) by its difficult fusibility, and giving 
 of lime, B. B. no metallic reaction. The last affords B. B. a globule 
 
 92.25^. which becomes angular or crystalline on cooling. Brittle, trans- 
 parent to opaque. 
 
 Occurs in rocks of various kinds, but more frequently in those of 
 a metamorphic crystalline character, as in Laurentian gneiss, 
 which is usually hornblendic, granitic, or quartzose in character, 
 in Canada, and in association with granular limestone. Also 
 found in veins traversing granite and in many metalliferous 
 veins, also disseminated in beds of iron ore and in mica schist, 
 and sometimes associated with tin in gneiss, syenite, etc. Fre- 
 quently found associated with such minerals as pyroxene, amphi- 
 bole, titanite, zircon, garnet, etc., etc. 
 
 On charcoal much the same as stib- 
 nite. 
 
 In forceps infusible except at edges, 
 coloring flame reddish yellow; 
 moistened with H 2 SO 4 colors flame 
 feebly green. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BKFORK USES. 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In open tube reacts 
 
 Cherry-red. Ada- 
 
 Brown- 
 
 I 
 
 1.1 
 
 4-6 
 
 V. 
 
 See under heading ANTIMONY, 
 
 like stibnite. 
 
 mantine 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 to me- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tallic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Slowly soluble in nitric 
 
 Variable, but Vitre- 
 
 Whit- 
 
 Quiet- 
 
 5 
 
 3.20 
 
 III. 
 
 The principal use of apatite 
 
 acid. Insoluble in di- 
 
 generally ous, 
 
 ish. 
 
 ly at 
 
 
 
 
 is as a source of phosphoric 
 
 lute HC1. Acetate of 
 
 tinged sea- never 
 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 acid and phosphorus, and 
 
 lead added to nitric 
 
 green or bright, 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 before the discovery of the 
 
 solution (not too acid) 
 
 grayish inclin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phosphate-rock deposits in 
 
 causes a heavy pre- 
 
 green, yel- ing to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Florida was largely sold to 
 
 cipitate of phosphate 
 
 low, blue, sub- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the manufacturers of fertil- 
 
 of lead. Molybdate 
 
 brown, red resinous 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 izers, its value for them, as 
 
 of ammonium added to 
 
 and gray, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in the case of phosphate 
 
 solution gives a bright 
 
 sometimes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rock, depending upon the 
 
 yellow precipitate. In 
 
 colorless. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 percentage of phosphate of 
 
 a closed tube it affords 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lime which it contains. (See 
 
 no water. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phosphate rock.) 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PKRCBNTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 ARSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Heated on charcoal volatilizes with white incrustation, which is deposited far from assay, and which is easily driven off oy 
 assay, with alliaceous fumes. When flame is applied to this sublimate it volatilizes, and the characteristic brilliant but minute 
 small quantities are mixed with lead it is used in the manufacture of small shot. When added to iron and steel it is used for the munu- 
 useful articles being made from the alloy. Also used to a certain extent in agriculture, in the manufacture of certain kinds of glass, and 
 
 NOTE. Considerable quantities are now obtained from the reduction of cobalt and nickel ores as a by-product. 
 
 Native. As. 
 
 Very brittle and friable. Easily pulverized. ! Soon oxidizes on 
 
 exposure, producing black crust. 
 Occurs principally in veins in crystalline rocks associated with 
 
 ores of antimony, lead, silver, etc. 
 
 Arseno- 
 pyrite 
 (Mis- 
 pickel). 
 
 Orpi- 
 
 ment. 
 
 FeAsS. 
 
 Arsenic, 
 
 46.0*. 
 
 AsjSi. 
 Arsenic, 
 
 Common ore. Brittle. When associated with nickel and cobalt 
 
 ores it reacts for these two metals. 
 Found principally in crystalline rocks, associated with ores of lead, 
 
 silver, tin, also with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. 
 
 Small crystals with smooth surface, and irregularly clustered 
 
 together or in foliated or fibrous masses. 
 Found associated with realgar, native arsenic, and calcite. 
 
 . 
 
 Volatilizes at 356 without under- 
 going fusion, and burns with pale- 
 bluish flame when heated just 
 below redness. Gives a white 
 coating on coal, and affords a garlic 
 odor. 
 
 Gives fumes of arsenic; in R. F. be- 
 comes black and attractable by th 
 magnet, owing to presence of iron. 
 In closed tube first red sublimate, 
 then lustrous black sublimate of 
 metallic arsenic; in open tube sul- 
 phurous fumes and white sublimate 
 of arsenic trioxide. 
 
 Reacts for arsenic and sulphur. Fuses 
 readily and volatilizes, and with 
 soda on charcoal gives arsenical 
 fumes and a blue flame. 
 
 28 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fust- 
 
 BIL1TY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 In closed tube gives brilliant black sublimate near 
 USES. Used in dyeing and calico-printing. When 
 
 the flame. When abundant easily recognized by garlic odor of the fumes. 
 
 octahedral crystals of oxide of arsenic are deposited further up the tube. 
 
 facture of chains and ornaments, the combination affording a brilliant polish. It is also alloyed with copper, many ornamental and 
 
 in medicine. The ores were used to a greater extent formerly than now in the production of certain colors. 
 
 Gives in closed tube 
 metallic arsenic. 
 
 Reacts for arsenic, sul- 
 phur and iron. Soluble 
 in nitric acid, with sep- 
 aration of sulphur. 
 In solution ammonia 
 gives reddish - brown 
 precipitate (ferric hy- 
 drate). 
 
 1 O 
 
 and caustic potash. 
 
 HC1 precipitates from 
 
 this latter solution 
 
 lemon-yellow flocks. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Tin-white, Metal- Tin- Vol. 3.5 5.7 III. See under heading ARSENIC, 
 
 light to lie. white, with- etc. 
 
 lead-gray, etc., , out 
 
 
 tarnishes like fu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 grayish color. sion. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . -"I 
 
 
 
 Silver-white Metal- Gray- 2 5.5 6.2 IV. After. See under heading ARSENIC, 
 
 to steel- lie. black. etc. 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fine golden 
 or lemon- 
 yellow. 
 
 Pearly, Paler Easily 
 resin- yel- 
 ous. low 
 than 
 color. 
 
 1-5 
 
 3-5 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 See under heading ARSENIC, 
 etc. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF I IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPB. 
 
 ABSENIC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Realgar. AsS. Easily recognized by its color, etc. Sectile, granular, compact or On charcoal same as above. In closed 
 
 incrustating. tube melts, volatilizes, and makes a 
 
 Arsenic, Often associated with orpiment and ores of silver, etc. transparent red sublimate. In open 
 
 7O.i. tube when heated carefully yields 
 
 Asbestos 
 (Moun- 
 tain 
 Cork; 
 Moun- 
 tain 
 
 Leather). 
 
 (CaMgFe) 
 SiO s . 
 
 Variable. 
 
 Several varieties. Finely fibrous (amianthus) and fibres easily 
 separable. Variety of hornblende (actinolite) or, commercially 
 speaking, of serpentine. 
 
 Chrysotile (commercial asbestos) is largely mined in the serpentine 
 belt of Canada, Province of Quebec, where it is usually found 
 filling small cracks or seams in the fractured serpentine. True 
 asbestus, mineralogically considered, is oi but small economic 
 importance. 
 
 white sublimate of 
 oxide. 
 
 arsenic tn- 
 
 Gives same reaction as hornblende, 
 which see. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 USES. 
 
 Dissolves with difficul- 
 ty in aqua regia, sul- 
 phur being precipitat- 
 ed. Boiled with caustic 
 potash is decomposed, 
 leaving a brown pow- 
 der undissolved. 
 
 The pure variety is 
 distinguished from 
 some varieties of fi- 
 b r o u s serpentine 
 which much resemble 
 it (e.g.. chrysotile, com- 
 mercially sometimes 
 known as bostonite} by 
 yielding no water in 
 closed tube and not 
 being readily acted 
 upon by acids. 
 
 Chrysotile, or the as- 
 bestos of commerce, 
 affords much, water in 
 closed tube. 
 
 Light or au- 
 
 Resin- 
 
 Au- 
 
 Easily 1.5-2 3.5 V. 
 
 rora-red, 
 
 ous, 
 
 rora- 
 
 
 scarlet-red 
 
 trans- 
 
 red to 
 
 
 to orange- 
 
 lucent 
 
 orange- 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 to 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 parent. 
 
 
 
 
 White, 
 
 Fibrous, 
 
 White, 
 
 6. 5-5 3-2 
 
 V. 
 
 greenish 
 white. 
 
 silky or 
 satin- 
 
 slight- 
 ly. 
 
 Around or or. 
 edges 2<5 _ 4 2.5-2.6 
 
 
 green, yel- 
 low, brown- 
 
 like. 
 
 shin- 
 ing. 
 
 with 
 diffi- 
 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 culty. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 Besides being an ore of ar- 
 senic, it is somewhat used 
 in the manufacture of fire- 
 works, especially for the 
 production of what is known 
 as White Indian Fire. 
 
 It is largely used for fire-proof 
 clothing (for which the fibres 
 must be long), for the pack- 
 ing of pistons and valves, for 
 the covering of steam pipes 
 and boilers, and in many oth- 
 er caseswhere such fire-proof 
 and non-conducting material 
 as asbestos-cloth may be de- 
 sirable. It is also used in 
 making liquid and fire-proof 
 paints, fire-proof cements, 
 sheet and roll millboard and 
 flooring, and in combination 
 with hair-felts and other sub- 
 stances. 
 
NAME. 
 
 Barite 
 (Heavy- 
 spar; 
 a Vein- 
 stone). 
 
 COM p. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 BaSO 4 . 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Usually recognizable by its weight, and the fact that it decrepitates 
 and colors the flame yellowish green when ignited in forceps. 
 (See Flame Colors in Appendix.) 
 
 Often found in connection with and as the gangue of many of the 
 metallic ores, such as cobalt, lead, manganese, etc.; also with 
 silver, copper, etc. Occurs throughout the Rocky Mountain 
 region and Missouri and elsewhere in New Jersey, North Caro- 
 lina, Virginia, etc. It is rarely found in connection with gold 
 ore, e.g., Huanaco, Chile. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Distinguished from lead carbonate by 
 the foregoing, and the fact that it 
 yields on charcoal no metallic glob- 
 ule, and does not react for lead. On 
 charcoal reduced toa sulphide. With 
 soda gives at first a clear pearl, but 
 on continued blowing yields a he- 
 patic mass, which spreads out and 
 soaks into the coal. If a portion of 
 this mass be removed, placed on a 
 clean silver surface, and moistened, 
 it gives a black spot of silver sul- 
 phide. Should the barite contain 
 calcium sulphate, this will not be 
 absorbed by the coal when treated 
 in powder with soda. (Dana.) 
 
 BISMUTH AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Its presence is detected by characteristic lemon or orange sublimate, which it and its compounds give when treated alone or 
 Readily dissolved by nitric acid, which solution, when concentrated, gives white precipitate when poured into excess of water. The 
 metals, e.g., in the manufacture of pewter ers" solder, mosaic gold, etc.; also used in the manufacture of type-metal and fusible metal. The 
 colors, while the basic nitrate is used as a cosmetic and in medicine. The ores follow. 
 

 CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 O,OR. LUSTRE. 
 
 1 - ^ - 1 
 
 STREAK 
 
 HA. 
 
 s , G , 
 
 CRYS MAGNETIC 
 ; ^^ 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 UsK , 
 
 With soda gives sul- Generally Vitre- Whit- 
 phur reaction. Insol- whitish, but otis to ish. 
 uble in acids. of all colors resin- 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4-5 
 
 IV. 
 
 Used chiefly in the manufac- 
 ture of pigments, as a cheap- 
 er substitute for white lead, 
 
 yellow, ous; 
 brown, blue, some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 or in the adulteration of the 
 latter. It is also used to a 
 
 . 
 
 etc. 
 
 times 
 pearly 
 trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 much smaller extent as a 
 makeweight by paper manu- 
 facturers, and in the prepara- 
 tion of canvas covers, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 xJj^f^A^Sv 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ff ^ OF THE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f UNIVERSITY 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ -~" 
 
 with soda on charcoal before blowpipe in R. F. With sulphur and potassium iodide gives a scarlet coating far from the assay. 
 
 ores are rare, the supply being furnished principally by the native metal. USES. Principally used as an alloy -with other 
 
 salts are quite extensively employed for various purposes, the oxide with boric and silicic acids being used for optical glasses, for porcelain 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BISMUTH AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Native. Bi. 
 
 Bismuth 
 Glance 
 (Bis- 
 inuthin- 
 ite or 
 Sulphide 
 of Bis- 
 muth). 
 
 Bi a S,. 
 
 Bismuth, 
 81.2*. 
 
 Brittle and somewhat malleable. Occurs in arborescent shapes; 
 foliated and granular. Found usually in connection with ores 
 of cobalt, nickel, silver, lead, and zinc, and sometimes iron; also 
 in quartz with wolframite, scheelite, blende, and galena. 
 
 Opaque, soft, and brittle. Fuses in flame of candle. Found in 
 connection with tin, gold, and other metallic ores, such as pyrite, 
 chalcopyrite, magnetite, limonite, etc.; also with garnet, barite, 
 apatite, etc. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Fuses easily, with odorless fumes, and 
 does not continue to burn after re- 
 moval from the flame. The globule 
 is brittle when cold, but somewhat 
 malleable when heated. Volatilizes 
 after long blowing, and imparts to the 
 coal at first a white coating, which 
 becomes partly yellow and partly 
 orange. The color slightly fades on 
 cooling and becomes lemon-yellow. 
 In glass tube it yields scarcely any 
 fumes, and the metal becomes sur- 
 rounded with fused oxide of a dark- 
 brown color, which changes to yellow 
 on cooling. By this deportment it 
 can be easily distinguished from na- 
 tive antimony and tellurium. 
 
 Fuses in R. F., with effervescence, 
 giving a globule of bismuth and 
 characteristic coating. In open 
 tube sulphurous fumes and white 
 sublimate which B. B. fuse into 
 drops, brown when hot and yellow 
 on cooling. 
 
 34 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 *>** ft X ltE.00. 
 
 J 1 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 H EATING. 
 
 USES 
 
 In nitric acid soluble 
 without difficulty. The 
 concentrated solution 
 
 Reddish sil- 
 ver-white. 
 Subject to 
 
 Metal- 
 lic. 
 
 White 
 like 
 color. 
 
 2.5 
 
 9-7 
 
 III. 
 
 See under heading BISMUTH, 
 etc. 
 
 yields a white precipi- 
 tate on addition of 
 
 tarnish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 much water. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Soluble in nitric acid. 
 Water added causes 
 
 Tin-white to Metal- Gray, I 2 6.5 IV. 
 lead-gray, lie. some- 
 
 
 See under heading BISMUTH, 
 etc. 
 
 solution to become 
 
 sometimes times 
 
 ' 
 
 turbid, and finally 
 yields a white precipi- 
 tate of bismuth oxy- 
 
 yellowish with 
 white. irides- 
 cent 
 
 
 
 
 nitrate. 
 
 tar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~~J 
 
 5 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 CALCIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 The presence of calcium may be often detected by the fine orange-red color which its compounds impart to blowpipe 
 precipitate (CaCO 3 ) which is soluble in acids, with effervescence (CO a ). 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Calcite. 
 
 CaCO 3 . 
 
 (Calc 
 Spar) 
 (a Vein- 
 
 Calcium 
 carbonate 
 
 stone, 
 
 = loo or 
 
 etc.). 
 
 Many 
 
 Lime = 
 56*, etc. 
 
 varie- 
 
 
 ties. 
 
 
 Lime- 
 stones 
 (mas- 
 sive). 
 
 Generally 
 more or 
 less im- 
 pure. 
 
 Usually shows distinct rhombohedral cleavage. Easily scratched 
 with knife. When deposited from calcareous springs (usually 
 hot) or streams, or in caverns, called variously calcareous sinter, 
 travertine, stalactites, stalagmites, Mexican onyx, etc., in which 
 the peculiar and often beautiful banded appearance is due to the 
 edges of the layers of deposition. 
 
 Found in seams and veins in the many kinds of rock containing 
 lime, and especially in or in close proximity to limestone strata. 
 It is usually a secondary deposit derived from the dissolving out 
 of the lime from the rocks in or near which it is found, often in 
 veins in connection with and as the gangue of many of the 
 metallic ores. Very common. 
 
 Infusible. Held in forceps and moist- 
 ened with HC1 gives yellowish-red 
 or orange color to flame. 
 
 All common limestones and marbles are essentially only massive calcite or dolomite, usually more or less 
 (See also Flame Colors in Appendix.) 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 SP. GR. TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 flame. Best, however, to test for it in the liquid way. Carbonate of ammonium produces in neutral calcium solutions a white 
 
 Soluble in cold dilute 
 HC1, with efferves- 
 
 Colorless, 
 white, and 
 
 Vitre- 
 ous to 
 
 White 
 or 
 
 Infus 
 
 2.7 
 
 III. 
 
 cence. i ne anute so- 
 lution gives no pre- 
 cipitate with sulphuric 
 acid, but the strong 
 solution does. 
 
 01 an lino. canny. 
 Trans- 
 parent 
 to 
 opaque. 
 
 glilV- 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 impure from presence o 
 
 f clay or sands. For th 
 
 e differe 
 
 nt variet 
 
 ies see 
 
 pp. 266-! 
 
 568, Dan 
 
 a's Min. 
 
 One of the principal uses of calcite 
 and of the purer grades of lime- 
 stone is as a flux in blast-furnaces 
 and for metallurgical operations. 
 Compact limestone is very large- 
 ly used as a building-stone, and 
 marble (crystalline limestone) is 
 largely employed for the same 
 purposes, as well as for monu- 
 mental, sculptural, and ornamen- 
 tal purposes. The clayey as well 
 as the pure varieties are largely 
 used in the manufacture of ce- 
 ments. It is also used in making 
 glass if not containing too much 
 iron or other metallic oxides which 
 color the glass. Limestone is the 
 best and cheapest stone for rail- 
 way ballast and 'macadamizing. Used extensively 
 for curbstones, in bridge-building, etc., etc. Large 
 quantities (usually scrap-marble) are used in the 
 manufacture of carbonic acid gas for the many 
 purposes for which this gas is employed, and 
 when calcined it is largely used in making mor- 
 tar, chloride of lime, and as a fertilizer. Very 
 fine-grained and compact limestone is employed 
 as a lithographic stone, but beds of limestone 
 affording good lithographic stones are very rare. 
 The uses of limestone are much more varied 
 than those of any other rock. 
 
NAME. 
 
 CoMP. ArfD 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 CALCIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Dolomite (CaMg) Common magnesian limestone. Generally very impure. Distin- 
 
 (mas- CO 8 . guished from common limestone by no effervescence with dilute 
 
 sive). cold HC1, or only very feeble. Much "hydraulic" limestone 
 
 Calcium (so called from the fact that it sets after ignition and becomes 
 
 carbonate solid under water), used in making cements, is here included. 
 
 = 54.35. Frequently associated with serpentine and other magnesian rocks, 
 
 Magnesium and with ordinary limestones. Often forms massive and exten- 
 
 carbonate sive strata. Sometimes associated with gypsum, rock-salt, and 
 
 = 45.65, other results of the evaporation of saturated saline waters, 
 etc. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Harder than calcite, but sometimes 
 chemical analysis required to dis- 
 tinguish between the two. After 
 ignition reaction alkaline. 
 
 Gypsum CaSO 4 Scratched by the nail. Hydrous calcium sulphate. This when 
 
 (mas- + 2H a O. compact is so-called alabaster, or when burned plaster of Paris, 
 
 sive). Frequently associated with beds of rock salt, caliche (Chile salt- 
 
 peter), etc. Also associated with pyrite, sulphur, etc. It is 
 often produced where the decomposition of pyrites has an 
 opportunity to affect adjacent limestone. Also associated with 
 dolomite and anhydrite. 
 
 40 
 
 Becomes instantly white and opaque, 
 and exfoliates, then fuses to a glob- 
 ule, having an alkaline reaction. 
 When ignited at a temperature not 
 exceeding 260 it again combines 
 with water and becomes firmly 
 solid. Gives sulphur reaction with 
 soda in R. F. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORH 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Effervesces in hot but White, gray, Vitre- Whit- Infus. 3.5-4 2.8 III. 
 
 Many of the massive kinds af- 
 
 not in cold hydrochlo- brown, etc. ous to ish. 
 
 
 
 
 ford good hydraulic lime, and 
 
 ric acid. Concentrated pearly 
 
 
 
 
 when of the proper color are 
 
 solution gives with 
 
 to dull. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sometimes used as marble for 
 
 sulphuric acid a pre- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 architectural and ornamental 
 
 cipitate of sulphate of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 purposes. It is largely used 
 
 lime. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 as a building-stone. Often 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 used for the bricks employed 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in the manufacture of steel 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by what is known as the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " Basic " process. (See mag- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nesium, etc.) 
 
 In closed tube gives Colorless to Pearly, White 2.5 2 2.3 
 
 V. 
 
 
 One of the principal uses is in 
 
 much water and be- gray dirty- silky, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 making plaster of Paris and 
 
 comes opaque. Dis- white, and vitre- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for the manufacture of arti- 
 
 solves quietly in much various ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ficial marble. It is also used 
 
 HC1, and the solution shades. Some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 as a fertilizer or land-plaster. 
 
 gives a heavy precipi- times 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and when pure in its natural 
 
 tate with barium chlo- 
 
 dull, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 state it is carved into orna- 
 
 ride. Soluble in 400 to 
 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mental objects. It is used also 
 
 500 parts of water. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in making certain cements. 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 CALCIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Anhydrite 
 (Variety 
 "Flos- 
 Ferri" or 
 " Flower 
 of Iron") 
 
 CaSO 4 . It is an anhydrous calcium sulphate; fibrous and lamellar; often 
 
 contorted; coarse and fine granular and compact. (Compare 
 gypsum.) Found very often with rock-salt and gypsum, into 
 which it often passes by absorption of moisture. Sometimes 
 forms extensive beds. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Reactions same as those of gypsum. 
 Cleaves easily in three directions 
 into square blocks. 
 
 Aragon- CaCO,. 
 ite. 
 
 Much resembles calcite, but is not cleavable parallel to rhombo- 
 hedron; also distinguished from it by its higher specific gravity 
 and crystalline form. Transparent to translucent. 
 
 Often found in connection with iron ores and in basalt and trap- 
 rocks. Sometimes associated with copper and iron pyrites, 
 galena, malachite, etc. 
 
 Falls to powder, in which it differs 
 from calcite. When containing 
 strontium imparts more of a scarlet 
 color to flame. 
 
 Celestite. SrSO. Differs from baryta in the bright-red color of flame (strontium). 
 
 (See Flame Colors in Appendix.) 
 
 Strontium, Usually found in the older formations, in sandstones and espe- 
 47.6j(. cially in limestones. It is commonly associated with gypsum, 
 rock-salt, and sulphur. Occasionally in connection with some of 
 the metallic ores such as galena and sphalerite. 
 
 With soda in R. F. gives a sulphur 
 reaction. Frequently decrepitates 
 coloring flame red. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Same as with gypsum, 
 except in closed tube it 
 gives no water. Is not 
 precipitated by bi- 
 chloride of platinum; 
 insoluble in water. 
 
 Behavior with acids 
 same as for calcite, 
 which it much resem- 
 bles, but from which it 
 is further distinguish- 
 ed by different crystal- 
 line form, absence of 
 rhombohedral cleav- 
 age, and higher spe- 
 cific gravity. 
 
 White, or 
 tinged with 
 gray, red, or 
 blue. 
 
 More or 
 less 
 pearly, 
 or vit- 
 
 Gray- 2-3 
 ish 
 white. 
 
 
 reous, 
 
 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 parent 
 to sub- 
 
 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 3-3-5 2.95 
 
 IV. 
 
 Colorless; 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 Un- 
 
 white, with 
 
 ous to 
 
 cblored 
 
 light tinges 
 
 resin- 
 
 
 of gray, yel- 
 
 ous on 
 
 
 low, green, 
 
 broken 
 
 
 and violet. 
 
 sur- 
 
 
 
 face. 
 
 
 Infus. 3.5-4 2.9-3 
 
 IV. 
 
 A scaly variety containing a 
 small amount of silica, and 
 known as vulpinite, is some- 
 times cut and polished for 
 ornamental purposes. 
 
 May possibly be used for 
 some of the same purposes 
 as calcite, but of small im- 
 portance in the arts. 
 
 Very little acted on by 
 HC1, or HNO,. 
 
 Colorless, Vitreous, White 
 white, blu- pearly. 
 ish,and>ed- Trans- 
 dish, parent 
 to sub- 
 trans 
 lucent. 
 
 3 
 
 3-3-5 
 
 ^- 
 
 3-9 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 Its principal use is for mak- 
 ing nitrate of strontia which 
 Is largely employed in pro- 
 ducing a red color in fire- 
 works. 
 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 CHLORINE. 
 
 This element, though not occurring in a free state in nature, is largely used and frequently met with through the many 
 Chlorides when heated with strong sulphuric acid, save those of mercury, silver, and tin, evolve hydrochloric acid gas, 
 off, recognizable by its irritant odor, green color, power of bleaching litmus, etc., and by the purple stain it produces on a piece of 
 furnish a mass which when warmed with strong sulphuric acid gives off deep-red vapors of chromic chloride, CrOCla, decomposable 
 rendered ammoniacal. (Odling.) Fused in a bead of microcosmic salt saturated with CuO imparts an azure-blue color to 
 chemistry, in the manufacture of chloride of lime, chloride of potassium, etc. Chloride of lime is largely used as a disinfectant and 
 liberated. Chlorine is one of the best disinfectants or deodorizers known, or furnishes the basis for them. It is also quite largely used in 
 
 CHROMIUM: AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Exists chiefly in two native compounds, viz., crocoite (Siberia) or chromate of lead, and chromite or oxide of chromium and 
 slightly magnetic. Fuses slightly, is soluble, and imparts a beautiful emerald-green color to beads of borax and salt of phos- 
 (the chrome-yellow of commerce). Bichromate of potash (which is the salt from which all the others are obtained) is quite extensively 
 of very hard grades of steel known as chrome steel. 
 
 " 
 
 Chromite FeCrjCs. In many varieties quite strongly magnetic; in others, only very 
 (Chromic feebly. Usually found associated with serpentine (altered peri- 
 
 Iron). Chromium dotite) in which it forms irregular embedded masses or veins. 
 
 Sesqui- Sometimes found associated with gold, pyrite, galena, quartz, 
 oxide, 68*. etc. Commercially speaking, the only ore. 
 
 In O. F. infusible. In R. F. becomes 
 slightly rounded on edges and be- 
 comes more magnetic. Best test is 
 that it imparts a beautiful charac- 
 teristic emerald-green color to beads 
 of borax and salt of phosphorus 
 when cold. This color is heightened 
 by fusion on charcoal with metallic 
 tin. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 CRYS- 
 SP. GR. TALLI- 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE T 
 OR AFTER USES * 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 compounds which it forms, such as chloride of ammonium, copper, mercury, potassium, sodium, tin, silver, etc., which see. 
 known by its pungent smell and acid reaction. When heated with peroxide of manganese and sulphuric acid, chlorine gas is given 
 starch-paper moistened with iodide of potassium. When fused with a little carbonate of sodium and red chromate of potassium, they 
 
 flame. USES. Common salt (chloride of sodium} is the form in which chlorine is most frequently met with. It is, however, used in 
 
 deodorizer. Much the same results have been lately obtained by passing a current of electricity through sea-water, free chlorine being thus 
 the recovery of gold from its ores by what is known as the " chlorination " process. 
 
 iron. It is, when reduced to metallic state, a whitish, brittle, and very infusible metal. Chief source is chromite, which is 
 phorus when cold. USES. Its compounds are used in imparting a green color to glass and in the production of chromate of lead 
 
 employed in calico-printing. It also has 
 
 various other uses. 
 
 An increasing quantity of chrome 
 
 -iron ore is being used in the manufacturt 
 
 - 1 . 1 
 Only slightly attacked Iron-black, Sub- Yel- 
 by HC1, but soluble pitch-black metallic low- 
 by fusion in bisul- to brown- to me- ish 
 phate of potash or black. tallic. brown 
 soda. to 
 dark 
 
 __, 
 Infus. 
 
 5-5 
 
 4-3 
 
 I. 
 
 Both. See under heading CHROMI 
 Some- UM, etc. 
 times 
 but 
 slightly. 
 
 
 brown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 41 
 
 > 
 
GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 CHROMIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Chro- 
 mate of 
 Lead 
 (Croco- 
 ite). 
 Very 
 
 PbO 4 Cr. This is chiefly manufactured from above, and is known as the Blackens and fuses and forms a shin- 
 
 Chromium 
 trioxide, 
 31- 1*- 
 
 " chrome-yellow" of the painter. Occurs very rarely in nature 
 in metamorphic rocks (gneiss or granite), associated with gold, 
 pyrites, galena, quartz, etc. ...... 
 
 ing slag containing globules of lead. 
 Gives emerald-green bead in both 
 flames. 
 
 COALS. 
 
 These may be generally easily recognized by their physical characters, which are too well known to require description. " It 
 bituminous matter to anthracite, and further to kinds which approach graphite." Each species gives variable analyses according 
 
 NOTE. A coking coal rs a bituminous coal which softens or becomes pasty or semi-viscid in the fire. This is attended with 
 or less coherent grayish-black cellular or fritted mass is left, which is coke, or the part not volatile, and which varies from 50-85^. 
 in general composition, but it burns freely without softening or any appearance of incipient fusion. The " coke" resulting from 
 
 Anthra- C (80-95 Does not take fire in lamp-flame. Hard as compared with other 
 
 cite. p. c.). varieties of coal, lustrous, and breaks with conchoidal fracture. 
 
 Burns with a feeble flame of a pale color. 
 
 In closed tube yields a little water 
 and very little tarry product (bitu- 
 men). B. B. burns with feeble flame, 
 is slowly consumed, and leaves but 
 little ash. 
 
 46 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 Reacts for 
 chromium. 
 
 lead and 
 
 1 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRK. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. OR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Bright red Trans- Orange 
 or hyacinth- lucent ve l" 
 red. and low to 
 
 1-5 
 
 2-5-3 
 
 6 
 
 V. 
 
 : 
 
 ..-:' 
 - . 
 
 vitre- orange 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ada- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mantine 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '' 
 
 
 
 e original structure of the wood (peat, lignite) and through those with less of volatile or 
 
 passes from forms which still retain 
 
 to amount of impurities present. 
 
 escape of bubbles of gas. The volatile products resulting from the decomposition of the softened mass being driven 
 
 A non-coking, free-burning coal may be like the former in all external characteristics and even in percentage of volatile 
 
 this is not a proper coke, being often in a powder or in the form of the original coal. (Dana.) 
 
 off, a more 
 matter and 
 
 Boiled in solution of 
 
 Black. Brilliant Black With 2-2.5 i5 
 
 
 Very extensively used as a 
 
 potassa it gives no 
 
 and lus- some 
 
 
 fuel where great heat and a 
 
 color to liquid. 
 
 trous. diffi- 
 
 
 
 smokeless fire are desirable; 
 
 
 Subme- culty. 
 
 
 
 also usually admixed with 
 
 
 tallic 
 
 
 
 
 coke for iron-smelting, as in 
 
 
 iron 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pennsylvania and to a less 
 
 
 black 
 
 
 
 
 
 extent in New South Wales. 
 
 ' 
 
 and of- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ten iri- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 < 
 
 . 
 
 descent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
NAME. 
 
 COALS. 
 
 Semi- 
 bitumi- 
 nous. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PBRCKNTAGB 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 -Continued. 
 
 This is the commercial name of the variety which is intermediate between anthracite and the following, i.e., in being 
 which yield upon analysis, for example, fixed carbon, 70-85^. (Pocahontas Flat-Top Semi-Bituminous.) 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Bitu- 
 
 50-85 p. c. Burns with bright-yellow smoky flame in the fire, often with elimi- Burns and leaves comparatively little 
 
 minous 
 
 residue on nation of bituminous odor ; frequently breaks into cubes. Upon ash, which varies with the amount 
 
 Coal 
 
 being distillation gives out hydrocarbon oils or tar, hence name bitu- of silica, oxide of iron, clay, etc., 
 
 (coking 
 
 strongly minous. Usually a firm compact texture, but fragile as compared present as impurities in the coal. 
 
 and non- 
 
 heated. with anthracite. 
 
 coking 
 
 
 varie- 
 
 
 
 ties). 
 
 
 
 
 Lignite 
 or Brown 
 
 Very vari- 
 able. 
 
 Air-dried lignite contains frequently 15-20% or more of water, which it loses when dried at no 8 C. or 230 F. 
 Very abundant; often impure; not suitable for making commercial coke, or very rarely, and affording 
 
 Coal 
 
 large proportion of volatile matter. Variety, Jet. 
 
 
 (often 
 
 
 . 
 
 black). 
 
 
 Cannel A variety of bituminous coal, which differs from the purer varieties in often containing much more extraneous 
 
 Coal. causes it to be much used in enriching gas coals. It is very dense and compact, brown or black in color. Dull 
 
 splits and crackles or "chatters" without melting; like asphaltum. Burns readily with bright flame. Leaves ash 
 
 a large proportion of burning or lubricating oils, much larger than bituminous coal. Graduates into oil-producing, 
 
 The variety Jet (see above) which is used for ornament and jewelry resembles cannel coal, but is harder, of a 
 
 land), in the manufacture of gas or in enriching other gas coals, 
 
 48 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 USES. 
 
 less hard than anthracit 
 
 5 and containi 
 
 ng more v 
 
 slatile m 
 
 atter. Some of 
 
 the Virginia coa 
 
 s furnish good examples, such as those 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When heated in flask 
 
 Black. 
 
 Black, 
 
 Black. 
 
 Easily 1.5-2 1.14- 
 
 
 
 The most common fuel for 
 
 or closed tube yields 
 
 
 resin- 
 
 Some- 
 
 
 
 1.40 
 
 
 
 producing power and heat. 
 
 brown and brownish- 
 
 
 ous. 
 
 times 
 
 
 
 
 
 The following coals are em- 
 
 yellow tar drops or oil. 
 
 
 Some- 
 
 choc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ployed forthesamepurposes. 
 
 Imparts but little color 
 
 
 times 
 
 olate, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Large quantities of bitumi- 
 
 topotash solutionupon 
 
 
 pitchy 
 
 col- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 nous coal are converted into 
 
 boiling. The powder 
 
 
 or 
 
 ored. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fo&eioruse in blast-furnaces, 
 
 boiled with ether im- 
 
 
 greasy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 smelting plants, and in many 
 
 parts scarcely any 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 other manufacturing indus- 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tries, as well as for domestic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 use. 
 
 Gives a brown color to 
 
 Brown, 
 
 Dull 
 
 Brown, 
 
 Easily 1.5-2 1.13 
 
 
 
 
 liquid when boiled in 
 
 brown- 
 
 and 
 
 black- 
 
 
 
 
 
 solution of potassa. 
 
 black to 
 
 slightly 
 
 ish to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 resin- 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 earthy matter, and usually in containing much greater percentage of volatile bituminous substances (hydrocarbons), which fact 
 earthy to brilliant waxy lustre. Not easily frangible, and breaks with uneven or largely conchoidal fracture. When burning it 
 ranging from 3* to 2O<*. Hard enough to take a polish. Affords on distillation, after drying, 40-66* of volatile matter, including 
 coaly shales, 
 deeper black and higher lustre, and takes a more brilliant polish. USES. Used quite largely, as are certain coaly shales (Scot- 
 
NAME. 
 
 COALS. 
 
 Semi- 
 bitumi- 
 nous. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PKRCHNTAGK 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 -Continued. 
 
 This is the commercial name of the variety which is intermediate between anthracite and the following, i.e., in being 
 which yield upon analysis, for example, fixed carbon, 70-85*. (Pocahontas Flat-Top Semi-Bituminous.) 
 
 Bitu- 
 
 50-85 p. c. 
 
 minous 
 
 residue on 
 
 Coal 
 
 being 
 
 (coking 
 
 strongly 
 
 and non- 
 
 heated. 
 
 coking 
 
 
 varie- 
 
 
 ties). 
 
 
 Burns with bright-yellow smoky flame in the fire, often with elimi- 
 nation of bituminous odor ; frequently breaks into cubes. Upon 
 distillation gives out hydrocarbon oils or tar, hence name bitu- 
 minous. Usually a firm compact texture, but fragile as compared 
 with anthracite. 
 
 Burns and leaves comparatively little 
 ash, which varies with the amount 
 of silica, oxide of iron, clay, etc., 
 present as impurities in the coal. 
 
 Lignite Very vari- 
 or Brown able. 
 Coal 
 
 (often 
 
 black). 
 
 Air-dried lignite contains frequently 15-20^ or more of water, which it loses when dried at no" C. or 230 F. 
 Very abundant; often impure; not suitable for making commercial coke, or very rarely, and affording 
 large proportion of volatile matter. Variety, Jet. 
 
 Cannel A variety of bituminous coal, which differs from the purer varieties in often containing much more extraneous 
 
 Coal. causes it to be much used in enriching gas coals. It is very dense and compact, brown or black in color. Dull 
 
 splits and crackles or "chatters" without melting; like asphaltum. Burns readily with bright flame. Leaves ash 
 a large proportion of burning or lubricating oils, much larger than bituminous coal. Graduates into oil-producing, 
 The variety Jet (see above) which is used for ornament and jewelry resembles cannel coal, but is harder, of a 
 land), in the manufacture of gas or in enrichingother gas coals. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR 
 
 CRYS- 
 TAL LI. 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 USES. 
 
 less hard than anthracite and containing more volatile matter. Some of the Virginia coals furnish good examples, such as those 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 Black, 
 
 Black. Easily 1.5-2 1.14- 
 
 
 
 resin- 
 
 Some- 
 
 
 1.40 
 
 
 
 ous. 
 
 times 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Some- 
 
 choc- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 times 
 
 olate, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pitchy 
 
 col- 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 or 
 
 ored. 
 
 
 
 
 
 greasy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dull 
 and 
 slightly 
 
 Brown, 
 black- 
 ish to 
 
 Easily 
 
 1.5-2 
 
 1-13 
 
 
 
 resin- 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The most common fuel for 
 producing power and heat. 
 The following coals are em- 
 ployed forthesamepurposes. 
 Large quantities of bitumi- 
 nous coal are converted into 
 cokeioTMse. in blast-furnaces, 
 smelting plants, and in many 
 other manufacturing indus- 
 tries, as well as for domestic 
 use. 
 
 When heated in flask Black, 
 or closed tube yields 
 brown and brownish- 
 yellow tar drops or oil. 
 Imparts but little color 
 topotash solutionupon 
 boiling. The powder 
 boiled with ether im- 
 parts scarcely any 
 color. 
 
 Gives a brown color to Brown, 
 liquid when boiled in brown- 
 solution of potassa. black to 
 black. 
 
 earthy matter, and usually in containing much greater percentage of volatile bituminous substances (hydrocarbons), which fact 
 earthy to brilliant waxy lustre. Not easily frangible, and breaks with uneven or largely conchoidal fracture. When burning it 
 ranging from 3* to 20%. Hard enough to take a polish. Affords on distillation, after drying, 40-66* of volatile matter, including 
 coaly shales, 
 deeper black and higher lustre, and takes a more brilliant polish. USES. Used quite largely, as are certain coaly shales (Scot- 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 COBALT AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Easily recognized by the characteristic deep sapphire-blue bead in both flames with borax or salt of phosphorus. The 
 insolubility of the black sulphides of nickel and cobalt in dilute HC1 suffices to separate these metals from the remaining members 
 If ferrid-cyanide be added, the precipitate is brown-red. (Do not confound with similar precipitate of copper.) Sometimes 
 
 suffices to readily distinguish the following ores from arsenopyrite. USES. The principal use is in the preparation of colors. 
 
 manufacture, for enameling and tinting writing-paper, etc. The smalts and azures of commerce are prepared by fluxing glass -with 
 
 Smaltite 
 (Nickel 
 variety, 
 Chlo- 
 anthite), 
 Speiss 
 Cobalt. 
 
 CoAsj or 
 (CoFeNi)As., 
 
 Very varia- 
 able. 
 
 Chief ore of cobalt. On charcoal B. B. affords garlic odor of 
 arsenic; fuses to magnetic globule, which with fluxes gives indi- 
 cations of Fe, Co, and Ni. In closed and open tube indicates 
 presence of arsenic. (See Nickel ores.) 
 
 This and the other ores of cobalt are usually associated with ores 
 of nickel, and sometimes with those of silver, lead, and copper. 
 Sometimes found alloyed in small quantities with nickel in many 
 meteoric irons. 
 
 To borax bead imparts intense sap- 
 phire-blue color in both flames. 
 Should be first roasted. Presence 
 of large amounts of ircn colors 
 bead green. 
 
 Cobalt 
 Glance 
 (Cobalt- 
 ite). 
 
 CoAsS. 
 
 Cobalt, 
 
 35-5*. 
 
 Next in importance to above. 
 Cubical crystals, brittle. 
 
 Reaction for cobalt same as above. 
 
 50 
 
 Presence of cobalt easily recognized 
 as above. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STRKAK 
 
 Fusi- 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 USES. 
 
 sulphurets should be roasted on charcoal before testing with borax, as in other metallic species. Dissolves in nitric acid. The 
 of the group. If ferro-cyanide of potassium be added to solution first made freely ammoniacal, a green precipitate is produced, 
 associated with oxides of manganese. (Missouri and South Carolina.) Largely associated with arsenic, but the blue color of bead 
 The protoxide has an intense coloring power when vitrified, and forms the basis of all the blue colors used in glass and porcelain 
 protoxide of cobalt. These are also sometimes produced by fusing the protoxide with pure quartz-sand or carbonate of potassium. 
 
 Gives metallic arsenic 
 in closed tube. Con- 
 centrated HNO 3 dis- 
 
 Tin-white to 
 
 steel-gray, 
 occasion- 
 
 Metal- Gray- Easily 
 lie. black. 
 
 5-5-6 
 
 6.8 
 
 I. Slightly See under heading COBALT, 
 after. etc. 
 
 solves with separation 
 of arsenious acid, and 
 
 ally irides- 
 cent or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the solution has gener- 
 ally a rose-red color. 
 Yields with silicate of 
 
 grayish 
 from 
 tarnish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 potassaablue precipi- 
 tate; with chloride of 
 barium added to solu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 tion, no precipitate. 
 
 Gives no arsenic in 
 closed tube, but in open 
 tube yieldssulphurous 
 fumesand arsenic sub- 
 limate. With chloride 
 
 Silver-white, 
 inclining to 
 red. Also 
 grayish 
 black. 
 
 Metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Gray- 
 black. 
 
 Easily 
 
 5-5 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 See under heading COBALT 
 etc. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 of barium added to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dilute nitric solution 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gives a heavy deposit 
 of BaSO 4 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 
 
 
Cobalt 
 
 CosOeAs 
 
 Bloom 
 (Ery- 
 thrite; 
 
 + 8H 2 O. 
 Cobalt, 
 
 Peach 
 
 blossom 
 
 29- 5#. 
 
 Ore). 
 
 
 NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 'COBALT AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Earthy 
 Cobalt 
 (Asbo- 
 lite). 
 
 MnOoCoO 
 CuOHjO. 
 
 Variable. 
 
 Cobalt (CoNi) s S 4 
 Pyrites orCo 3 S 4 = 
 (Lin- Cobalt, 
 
 I naeite). 57.9*. 
 
 Variable 
 quantities 
 of nickel 
 and iron 
 often re- 
 place some 
 of the 
 cobalt. 
 
 Reaction same as above. Possesses foliated structure like mica. Arsenical fumes, and fuses to blue 
 
 Hydrous Cobalt arsenate. 
 
 Earthy variety, sometimes associated with bog manganese (wad). 
 Uncommon. 
 
 Generally found impure, i.e., admixed with nickel, iron, and 
 
 arsenic. 
 Found sometimes in metamorphic rocks in association with chal- 
 
 copyrite, bornite, sphalerite, pyrites, etc. 
 
 glass, etc. In closed tube yields 
 water at gentle heat and turns blu- 
 ish. 
 
 With soda on platinum wire or foil 
 gives manganese reaction (green); 
 but with borax or salt of phosphorus 
 gives a deep blue bead. With tin 
 on charcoal in R. F. sometimes me- 
 tallic copper. 
 
 Roasted mineral gives borax bead 
 sapphire-blue color, and reacts usu- 
 ally for cobalt, nickel, and iron, and 
 sometimes for arsenic. 
 
 52 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 /-< MAGNETIC 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STKEAK ,s, HARD- SpGR ^ ^ORE^ UsES . 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. HEATING. 
 
 In HC1 readily dis- Crimson to Pearly Paler 2 2 2.9 V. See under heading COBALT, 
 
 solves to rose-red so- peach-red adaman- than 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 lution. Whenconcen- to greenish tine to color, 
 
 
 
 
 
 trated appears blue gray. dull. dry 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 while hot. pow- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 laven- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 blue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 See under heading COBALT, 
 
 Soluble in HC1, with Black. Dull. Earthy Some 2.25 3.1 
 
 etc. 
 
 evolution of chlorine. varie- 
 
 
 Solution usually blue, 
 
 
 ties 
 
 
 
 
 
 turning rose-red on 
 
 
 fuse. 
 
 
 
 
 
 addition of water. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in HNO 3 , form. Pale steel- Metal- Black- Easily 5.5 4.9 I. 
 
 
 See under heading COBALT, 
 
 ing rose-red solution. gray, tar- lie. gray. 
 
 
 * 
 
 etc. 
 
 nishing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 copper-red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTHRS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 
 COPPER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Borax bead in O. F. is green when hot, and greenish blue when cold; in R. F. colorless, if saturation be weak, but red with 
 obtained. When combined with the oxides, tin and borax should be used. When ammonia in excess is added to nitric acid 
 roasted before making B. B. test with borax. For traces of copper place drop of suspected solution on platinum-foil; place in 
 
 with a drop of HC1 and ignited B. B. color the flame azure-blue. USES. Copper is largely employed in the manufacture of many 
 
 other purposes. Electrical inventions consume large and, -with the advance of the science, constantly increasing quantities of this metal. 
 also used very largely in many important alloys; e.g., with zinc it constitutes brass, and with tin it forms bell-metal and bronze. It is to 
 
 Native. Cu. Ductile and malleable. Readily recognized. Rapidly oxidizes su- 
 
 perficially to greenish rust upon exposure (Cu^OH^COs). Lake 
 Superior most important region, where it occurs in conglomerate, 
 sandstone, and trap rocks. Often results from oxidation of 
 other copper ores, and found in association with them. 
 
 Fuses readily, covered with black 
 oxide (CuO). Moistened with HC1 
 turns flame sky-blue. 
 
 Copper 
 
 CuFeSa. 
 
 Readily distinguished from gold and iron pyrites. Fracture 
 
 Fuses to 
 
 stee 
 
 Pyrites 
 
 
 uneven, brittle. Often contains a large quantity of pyrite. 
 
 which is mi 
 
 (Chal- 
 
 Copper, 
 
 
 roasted 
 
 min 
 
 copyrite) 
 
 34-5*- 
 
 
 copper c 
 
 onta 
 
 
 
 
 phur fumes 
 
 
 
 | with HC1. 
 
 Chalco- 
 
 Cu s S. 
 
 Somewhat resembles argentite, but is not sectile, and affords dif- 
 
 Alone or 
 
 on 
 
 cite 
 
 
 ferent results B.B. Solution in HNO 3 covers knife-blade with 
 
 yields a 
 
 glc 
 
 (Copper 
 
 Copper, 
 
 copper, but similar solution of the silver ore covers copper-plate 
 
 sulphur 
 
 is c 
 
 Glance 
 
 79-8*. 
 
 with silver. This and the following ores, except tetrahedrite, are 
 
 contains 
 
 vei 
 
 or Black 
 
 
 usually alteration-products of original copper pyrites. 
 
 iron or s 
 
 ilvei 
 
 sulphide 
 
 
 
 
 
 of copper). 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 Gives sul- 
 Blue flame 
 
 coal the fine powder 
 globule of copper after 
 n off. Sometimes 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 I I I ' I 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 strong saturation when hot; metallic copper and copper-red when cold. On charcoal with soda, a copper-colored globule is 
 solution, the liquid is colored blue; metallic copper is deposited on iron wire or a nail immersed in this. .Specimens should be 
 this a piece of zinc: a film of copper will be deposited on the platinum-foil at point of contact. Copper compounds moistened 
 kinds of utensils, in the manufacture of wire and plates for engraving, etc., for sheathing ships, for coinage, and for a vast number oj 
 Wire made from this metal is more suitable for conducting the electrical current than wire made from any other metal except silver. It is 
 
 a certa in extent used in t 
 
 Excess of ammonia to 
 nitric acid solution 
 renders liquid sky- 
 blue in color. Same 
 applies to various ores 
 of copper. 
 
 Dissolves in HNO 3 , 
 with separation of sul- 
 phur forming green 
 solution. Reacts for 
 sulphur, copper, and 
 iron. 
 
 Dissolves in hot HNO 3) 
 with residue of sul- 
 phur. 
 
 he formation of blue and g 
 
 Copper-red. Metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Brass-yel- Shining 
 low, tar- metal- 
 nishes, lie. 
 sometimes 
 iridescent. 
 
 r re en pigr 
 
 Cop- 
 per- 
 red. 
 
 nents. 
 
 3- or 
 
 78oC. 
 
 3 
 
 8.9 
 
 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 etc. 
 
 ' 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 etc. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 Green- 
 black. 
 
 2 
 
 3-5-4 
 
 4-3 
 
 II. 
 
 After. 
 
 Blackish Metal- 
 lead-gray, lic.dul!. 
 Often tar- 
 nished blue 
 or green. 
 
 Black- 
 ish 
 lead- 
 gray, 
 some- 
 times 
 shining 
 
 Easily 
 
 2-5-3 
 
 5-5 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 etc. 
 
INAMK. 
 
 COMP. ANt) 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GI-NERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 COPPER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Bornite Cu s FeS t . 
 (Varie- 
 gated Copper, 
 Copper 55.5; 
 Pyrites 
 or Eru- 
 bescite; 
 Peacock 
 Ore). 
 
 Mala- 
 chite 
 (Copper 
 Car- Copper, 
 
 bonate). 57-3#' 
 
 Distinguished from chalcopyrite by its pale reddish-yellow color, Fuses in R. F. to brittle gray globule 
 and its rapidly tarnishing to bluish and reddish shades of colors. attracted by magnet. Minute 
 Sometimes admixed with copper glance, when it yields 50-70^ specks from crushed globule will, 
 of copper. with borax bead, give copper re- 
 
 action. 
 
 2CuO,CO, 
 H a O. 
 
 Readily distinguished by green color. Fibrous cleavage. Com- 
 mon with other ores of copper, resulting from their alteration. 
 
 Decrepitates and blackens. Colors 
 the flame green. With borax fuses 
 to deep green globule. Ultimately 
 affords bead of copper in R. F. 
 
 Azurite sCuO, As above. Color blue. Common with other ores, etc. Usually Similar to above. 
 
 (Blue 2CO 2 H a O. accompanying other copper ores, especially malachite and 
 
 Mala- cuprite, 
 
 chite). Copper, 
 
 55- IX 
 
 66 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 USES. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 Dissolves with separa- 
 
 Bronze - yel- 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Pale 
 
 Easily 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 I. 
 
 After. 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 
 tion of sulphur. Part- 
 
 low, purple 
 
 lic. 
 
 gray- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 ly soluble in HNO 3 , 
 
 on exposed 
 
 
 ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 when it reacts as 
 
 edges; also 
 
 
 black, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 above. 
 
 copper - red 
 
 
 slight- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to brown. 
 
 
 ly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gives much water in 
 
 Grass to 
 
 Silky to 
 
 Paler 
 
 2 
 
 3-5-4 
 
 4 
 
 V. 
 
 
 Sometimes it is cut and pol- 
 
 closed tube. Dis- 
 
 emerald- 
 
 dull, 
 
 than 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ished for ornamental pur- 
 
 solves completely, 
 
 green. 
 
 earthy. 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 poses. It is also sometimes 
 
 with effervescence, 
 
 Nearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 used as a green pigment, 
 
 in HNOj, giving off 
 
 opaque. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and in the manufacture of 
 
 CO2. This distin- 
 
 Crystals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the various salts of copper. 
 
 guishes it from all 
 
 translu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 other green ores ex- 
 
 cent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cept emerald nickel, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 q. v. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 As above. 
 
 Deep blue. 
 
 Pearly 
 
 Blu- 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3-7 
 
 V. 
 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 
 
 
 and vit- 
 
 ish, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 reous. 
 
 light- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trans- 
 
 er 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 parent 
 
 than 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 opaque. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGB 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 COPPER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 CuSiO 3 
 
 Chryso- 
 
 colla 
 (Copper 
 Sili- 
 cate). 
 
 Copper, 
 
 36*. 
 
 Ataca- 
 
 Cu a ClH s O,. 
 
 mite 
 
 
 (Chlor- 
 ide of 
 
 Copper, 
 59-3*- 
 
 Copper). 
 
 
 Cuprite 
 (Red 
 Oxide). 
 
 Cu a O. 
 Copper, 
 
 Usually in form of incrustations, or filling seams, or botryoidal. 
 Conchoidal fracture and rather sectile. Usually very impure. 
 
 Usually associated with red copper ore, native copper, and mala- 
 chite. 
 
 Conchoidal fracture. Brittle. Found as aggregation of crystals. 
 Also massive, granular, fibrous, compact, and as sand. Province 
 of Atacama, Chile. Also in Arizona. 
 
 Commonly crystallized in octahedrons, etc., but often much 
 modified. Also massive, granular, and earthy. Often mixed 
 with oxide of iron. 
 
 Blackens in R. F. and yields water 
 without melting. With soda on 
 charcoal effervesces and yields a 
 globule of copper. Easily soluble 
 in acids. Copper reaction with 
 borax and salt of phosphorus. 
 
 Gives off water in closed tube and 
 forms gray sublimate. B. B. 
 fuses and colors flame azure-blue 
 with a green edge. 
 
 On coal yields a globule of copper. 
 In forceps fuses and colors flame 
 emerald-green. Unaltered in closed 
 tube. 
 
 Melac- CuO. A black powder or dull-black masses and botryoidal concretions 
 
 onite along with other copper ores. Ordinarily soils fingers when 
 
 (Black Copper, massive or pulverulent. 
 
 Copper 79-8jC. Usually found disseminated among other ores of copper, and 
 
 Ore). sometimes occurs in shining botryoidal concretions or dull 
 
 friable masses. 
 
 58 
 
 Reacts for copper. 
 
CHARACTER;-. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 Heated in closed tube 
 yields water and 
 blackens (water 20 per 
 cent). Decomposed 
 without gelatinization 
 by acids, silica re- 
 maining behind. 
 
 Easily soluble in acids. 
 
 Easily and quietly solu- 
 ble in strong HC1. 
 Concentrated solution 
 gives upon addition 
 of water a white pre 
 cipitate of subchloride 
 of copper. 
 
 The strong HC1 solu- 
 tion gives no precipi- 
 tate with addition of 
 water. Sometimes ef- 
 fervesces on account of 
 presenceof impurities 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fovc 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 \^K\o- 
 TALLI- 
 
 BEFORK USES. 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e Blue to 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 White 
 
 Infus. 
 
 2-4 
 
 2.2 
 
 Amor- 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 
 d green. 
 
 ous, 
 
 when 
 
 
 
 
 phous 
 
 etc. 
 
 r Often black 
 
 shining 
 
 pure. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 d to brownish 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a when im- 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :- pure. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . Bright 
 
 Ada- 
 
 Apple- 
 
 2 
 
 3-3-5 
 
 3-7 
 
 IV. 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 
 emerald to 
 
 man- 
 
 green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 dark green. 
 
 tine to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v i LI c~ 
 
 ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 i- Red, cochi- 
 
 Earthy, 
 
 Brown- 
 
 Easily 
 
 3-5-4 
 
 6 
 
 I. 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 
 neal-red to 
 
 ada- 
 
 ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 n brown-red, 
 
 man- 
 
 red, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n but some- 
 
 tine to 
 
 shin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 times 
 
 sub- 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e nearly 
 
 metal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 lic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - Iron-gray to 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Gray- 
 
 With 
 
 3-4 
 
 6 
 
 V. 
 
 See under heading COPPER, 
 
 black to 
 
 lic to 
 
 black 
 
 diffi- 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 f brown- 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 culty 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 { 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 COPPER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Tetra- Cu 8 S 7 Sb a . Often a valuable ore of silver, q. v.\ less frequently an ore of 
 hedrite Very vari- copper commercially speaking. Several varieties which show 
 (Gray able. different reactions. A closely related form is tennantite, sub- 
 
 Copper), stantially Cu g As 2 ST, the antimony being replaced by arsenic. In 
 
 Copper, this the copper is often partially replaced by silver (the "gray 
 
 52. i#. copper" of local miners) in which the percentage of silver some- 
 times reaches as much as 14 per cent. 
 
 This mineral sometimes contains zinc and silver, and occasionally 
 mercury. It is often associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphal- 
 erite, galena, and various other silver, lead, and copper ores; 
 x" ' also siderite. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 The roasted mineral gives on char- 
 coal, after long heating a globule 
 of copper; often also reacts for iron, 
 antimony, arsenic, and mercury. 
 
 Corun- 
 dum 
 (Emery, 
 common 
 granular 
 variety 
 colored 
 black by 
 magnet- 
 ite). 
 
 Very hard, being next in hardness to diamond. Sub-varieties are 
 sapphire, ruby, amethyst (oriental), topaz, and emerald, which are 
 transparent or translucent and very valuable as gems. 
 
 Usually associated with some member of the chlorite group, and 
 a series of aluminous minerals in part produced from its altera- 
 tion. 
 
 Slowly but perfectly soluble in salt of 
 phosphorus io a clear glass. When 
 finely powdered and after long 
 heating with cobalt solution gives 
 a fine blue color. 
 
 60 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,KTC. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fusi- H> 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Reacts for copper, sul- 
 
 Flint-gray to Dark 
 
 Steel- 
 
 i 
 
 3-5- 
 
 4.7 I. See under heading COPPER, 
 
 phur, and antimony. 
 
 iron-black. gray. 
 
 gray 
 
 
 4-5 
 
 etc. 
 
 Frequently copper re- 
 
 Metal- 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 placed by iron and 
 
 lic to 
 
 black 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 zinc, as well as silver 
 
 splen- 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and mercury, while 
 
 dent. 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 J^^\^> R A7?*^v 
 
 antimonyis frequently 
 
 
 brown 
 
 
 
 
 
 replaced by arsenic 
 and bismuth. Decom- 
 
 
 and 
 cher- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( UNIVERSITY J 
 
 posed by nitric acid 
 
 
 
 ry- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ OF tf 
 
 with separation of sul- 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^UFORM^C^ 
 
 phur and antimony 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trioxide. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not affected by acids 
 
 Blue, red, 
 
 Often 
 
 Same 
 
 Infus. 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 III. 
 
 Corundum, and more espe- 
 
 or by heat, but ren- 
 
 purple, yel- bright, 
 
 as cially the impure form, 
 
 dered soluble by fu- 
 
 low, green; vitre- 
 
 color. crushed to different degrees 
 
 sion with potassium 
 
 when less ous. 
 
 
 
 
 of fineness, makes the abrad- 
 
 bisulphate. 
 
 pure gray- 
 
 
 
 
 ing and polishing material 
 
 
 brownish, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 known in commerce as 
 
 
 light blue 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 emery. This is used either 
 
 
 and black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 as a powder or mixed with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 other materials to make it 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cohere; it is made into va- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rious shapes for cutting, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 abrading, and polishing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e.g., emery-wheels, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 Dia- 
 mond. 
 
 Emerald 
 (Beryl). 
 
 Epidote. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 c. 
 
 Be,Al a SuO 18 
 
 Approx. 
 Silica, 67^. 
 Alumina, 
 
 19*- 
 
 Berylla or 
 Glucina, 
 -. ' 14*. 
 
 Very vari- 
 able. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Characterized by its extreme hardness. Brittle. Valuable as a 
 gem and for cutting tools. 
 
 Usually occurs in alluvial or driftal deposits in gravel, sand, or 
 clay, or rarely in consolidated conglomerates or grits, associated 
 with quartz, gold, platinum, octahedrite, rutile, hematite, ilmen- 
 ite, topaz, corundum, tourmaline, garnet, etc. Supposed to be 
 of original vegetable origin, the carbon having been dissolved 
 and redeposited in some way not understood. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 At very high temperatures out of con- 
 tact with the air it is transformed 
 into a kind of coke, etc., etc. (See 
 Dana's Min., pp. 4-6.) 
 
 The distinctive characteristic, bright emerald green color, is sup- 
 posed to be due to the presence of traces of chromium. Its 
 hardness distinguishes it from apatite, and this character as well 
 as the formation of the crystals from green tourmaline. 
 
 Found in granite, gneiss, mica schist, dolomite, with phenacite, 
 chrysoberyl, apatite, rutile, etc. Widely distributed, but Muso 
 in New Granada, East Cordillera of the Andes, is the most cele- 
 brated locality. North Carolina has furnished some fine gems. 
 The oriental emerald of jewelry is emerald-colored sapphire. 
 
 A lime, iron, aluminum silicate. Quite hard and somewhat harder 
 than chlorite, for which it sometimes maybe mistaken. A rather 
 common rock constituent. 
 
 Associated usually with quartz, calcite, pyroxene, feldspar, chlo- 
 rite, hornblende, garnet, magnetite, pyrites, etc., especially in 
 old and highly metamorphic formations. Sometimes also in 
 eruptive rocks and in vein deposits. 
 
 63 
 
 Alone unchanged, or, if clear, be- 
 comes milky white and clouded; 
 after protracted heating the edges 
 of splinters become rounded. A 
 small percentage of water and or- 
 ganic matter lost upon ignition, but 
 color usually retained. 
 
 Fuses with intumescence to a slaggy 
 mass, dark brown in color, which 
 is generally magnetic. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 TT . ~- 
 
 
 1 
 CRYS- MAGNETIC 
 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK SP. GR. TALLI- BEFORE 
 
 USES. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 
 [__]_ ZATION - HHA 
 
 
 Unaffected by acids or Colorless to Ada- 
 
 Infus. 10 3.5 , I. Diamonds, besides being 
 
 alkalies, black. man- 
 
 largely used and highly 
 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 1 nrized as iewelrv. are em- 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 ployed for cutting glass, for which purpose the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 natural edge of a crystal is best adapted. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Compact and amorphous varieties known as 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 bort and carbonado are employed for cutting 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 purposes in jewelry. Bort is used as a powder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for cutting diamonds and other hard stones, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 very frequently when set in the edges of boring 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tools (diamond drills) the whole stone or frag- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ments are used for drilling holes in hard rock. 
 
 Unacted upon by acids. Brigh 
 
 t Vitre- 
 
 White 5.5 7.5 2.6-2.8 III. Used as a eem when clear 
 
 emerald- ous, 
 
 and free from flaws. 
 
 green. trans- 
 
 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Partly decomposed by Pistachio- Vitre- 
 HC1, but when pre- green, ous, 
 viously ignited, gela- brown, yel- trans- 
 
 Uncol- 3 6-7 
 ored, 
 gray- 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 tinizes with acid. De- low, green- lucent 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 composed on fusion ish black, to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with alkaline carbon- gray, etc. opaque. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ates. (Dana.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 . 
 
NAMB. 
 
 Feld- 
 spars. 
 Common 
 rock con- 
 stituents, 
 espe- 
 cially of 
 igneous 
 rocks. 
 
 Fire-clay. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Essentially 
 silicates of 
 alumina, 
 with vari- 
 able pro- 
 portions of 
 silicates of 
 potash, 
 soda, mag- 
 nesia, and 
 lime. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Varieties: Orthoclase. Potash or common variety. Cleaves in two 
 directions at right angles. All other feldspars cleave at oblique 
 angles. Found in crystalline rocks, being a constituent of gran- 
 ite, gneiss, syenite, etc., and also of the eruptive rocks por- 
 phyry, trachyte, phonolyte, etc. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Fuses quietly. Colors flame violet or 
 lavender (potassium). (See Flame 
 Colors.) Some specimens give soda 
 flame. 
 
 Oligoclase. Soda-lime variety. Occurrence much the same as 
 above. 
 
 Fuses quietly. Colors flame orange- 
 yellow (sodium). (See Flame 
 Colors.) 
 
 Albite. Soda variety. Usually distinguishable from orthoclase Fuses quietly. Colors flame an in- 
 
 by its greater whiteness. Occurrence much the same as above. 
 
 The above are very variable, and distinguished from quartz by 
 their inferior hardness, the shape of the crystals, and other 
 well-known physical characteristics. 
 
 tense orange-yellow. (See Flame 
 Colors, Appendix.) 
 
 The clay used for fire-brick should be a nearly pure silicate of alumina and free from lime and the alkalies. Ctour- 
 clay used for making bricks vary very widely in composition and in the results obtained. Grades insensibly into 
 association with coal, is in making fire-bricks and retorts for blast-furnaces, for other metallurgical works, and for 
 made in large quantities, and are used for fire-proof partitions, etc., for safe- and refrigerator-linings, and for other 
 of fire-clays are also largely used by paper-manufacturers in glazing and -weighting paper. A considerable quantity is 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 Not acted upon by Colorless, Vitre- 
 acids. pale yellow, ous to 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Uncol- 
 ored. 
 
 6 2.5 V. 
 
 USBS. 
 
 The chief use of feldspar is 
 in the manufacture of cer- 
 tain kinds of pottery, for 
 which the purer grades are 
 very desirable. Orthoclase 
 is used in a finely powdered 
 state as a glaze for porcelain 
 and to a small extent in 
 jewelry, though sun s t on e 
 (aventurine feldspar) and 
 moonstone are mostly oligo- 
 clase. 
 
 When found in abundance it 
 is used like the above in the 
 manufacture of the finer 
 kinds of pottery. 
 
 bridge clay contains from fio# to 70^ silica and from 20^ to 30^ alumina, with traces only of iron and lime. Of course the kinds of 
 
 pure kaolin, q. v. USES. The principal use of the purer and whiter clays, and the clay, if suitable , found so generally in stratified 
 
 gas-works. Refractory clay is also used for making sewer-pipe, water-pipe, and chimney-tops. Porous brick and terra-cotta lumber are 
 purposes where nonconducting and fire-probf materials are required. Roofing-tiles and hollow bricks are also made. The purer forms 
 used in the manufacture of alum, Orditfary building-brick is made from the much more impure and common varieties of clay. 
 
 
 white, nesn- pearly. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 red, gray, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not acted upon by 
 
 White and Vitre- 
 
 Uncol- 
 
 3-5 
 
 6-7 
 
 2.6 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 acids. 
 
 flesh-red. ous, 
 
 ored. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not acted upon ; by 
 acids. 
 
 Colorless, Vitre- 
 white, dull ous, 
 
 Uncol- 
 ored. 
 
 4 
 
 6-6.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 
 green. etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
NAME. 
 
 Fluor- 
 spar 
 (Fluor- 
 ite). 
 
 Common 
 vein- 
 stone. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 CaF a . 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Characteristic phosphorescence on heating is distinguishing feat- 
 ure. It is valuable as a fluxing material, for which purpose it 
 is often preferred to carbonate of lime. Not very abundant in 
 the United States. Frequently occurs in veins in connection 
 with and as the gangue of many of the metallic ores, especially 
 of lead. The veins may traverse nearly any kind of ore, but 
 fluor-spar is usually found in gneiss, mica-slate, clay-slate, lime- 
 stone, sandstones, and sometimes in volcanic breccia. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 When gently heated gives out green- 
 ish or purplish phosphorescence 
 temporarily and colors flame red. 
 Turns white and decrepitates, and 
 ultimately fuses to an enamel which 
 gives an alkaline reaction on test- 
 paper. 
 
 Fuller's 
 Earth. 
 
 An earthy hydrated silicate of alumina, composed, when pure, of 45^ silica, 20% to 25^ alumina and water. Like 
 fulling or cleansing of -woollen fabrics and cloth, since it was an excellent absorbent of the grease and oil contained in them. 
 
 Garnet. Exceed- 
 Common ingly 
 rock variable, 
 
 constitu- 
 ent. 
 
 Alumina, iron, and chrome garnets, all brittle. Generally impure 
 and porous. 
 
 Common in mica schist, gneiss, syenite and chlorite schist, and 
 other metamorphic rocks. Also in crystalline limestone, dolo- 
 mite, granite, etc., sometimes in serpentine and volcanic rocks, 
 etc. 
 
 Most garnets fuse easily to a brown 
 or black glass, but fusibility varies, 
 and chrome garnet is almost infusible. 
 (Compare cassiterite.) 
 
 66 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 In closed tube decrepi- 
 tates and generally 
 phosphoresces. Fused 
 with bisulphate of po- 
 tassa in closed tube 
 yields vapors of hy- 
 drofluoric acid, which 
 corrode glass. Same 
 effect when treated 
 with sulphuric acid. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fusi-' 
 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Fluor-spar is used and is 
 very desirable as a flux in 
 metallurgical processes, as 
 in the reduction of alumi- 
 num; also largely in making 
 glass, in the manufacture of 
 hydrofluoric acid, in making 
 paints, enamels, and mineral 
 wool. Sometimes made into 
 very beautiful vases and 
 ornamental objects. 
 
 used as an absorbent in the 
 
 ' 
 The fine specimens are prin- 
 cipally used as gems. The 
 gem known to the ancients 
 as "carbuncle" and to a 
 
 All colors. 
 
 Vitre- 
 ous, 
 trans- 
 parent 
 to sub- 
 trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 Whit- 
 ish. 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3-2 
 
 I. 
 
 other soft, aluminous 1 
 Other substances have bee 
 
 Not decomposed by 
 HC1, but if first ig- 
 nited, then pulverized 
 and treated with acid, 
 they are decomposed, 
 and the solution 
 usually gelatinizes 
 when evaporated. 
 
 ninerals, abs 
 i substituted, ) 
 
 Red to cin- 
 namon- 
 brown, 
 black, 
 green, 
 emerald- 
 green, but 
 rarely 
 colorless. 
 
 orbs grease 
 'owever, an 
 
 Vitre- 
 ous. 
 
 T 
 
 JSES. Fuller's earth was formerly largely 
 
 
 d the con. 
 White. 
 
 sumption I 
 
 Va- 
 rious, 
 
 3-6, 
 most 
 varie- 
 ties 
 
 easily 
 
 Rf 
 
 las fallen off greatly in consequence. 
 7 3-4 I- 
 
 certain extent the term is used at the present day is simply 
 a deep red variety of garnet cut in a certain fashion. The 
 chief use of the varieties not suitable for gems, especially the 
 variety almandite, is in the manufacture of sand-paper or garnet- 
 paper. It is utilized for abrasive purposes in the manufacture 
 of boots and shoes, and also to a less degree in the woodwork- 
 ing industry. For metals emery is usually preferred. The 
 garnet used in the manufacture of garnet-paper is found to be 
 harder, sharper, and more durable than quartz, and is preferred 
 to quartz for this purpose, though costing many times as much. 
 
 
 1 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 GOLD AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Gold may be generally recognized by its physical characters color, lustre, malleability, and specific gravity. When a gold 
 regia. If this solution be dropped on to a filter-paper and one drop of stannous chloride be added, a purple-red color is obtained. 
 precipitate being dissolved and tested with stannous chloride, it is separated from the easily volatile metals by simply heating on 
 cupellation. The copper is absorbed into the cupel with the lead, while the silver remains alloyed with the gold. If the globule 
 of silver, which, after fusing on charcoal in O. F., will impart an opaline character to the cool bead. If it be more of a silver-white 
 with nitric acid by application of heat. The silver is thus dissolved, and the gold remains as a dark powder or spongy mass. If 
 native metal. Iron pyrites is frequently found combined with a small percentage of gold, but the other minerals with which it is 
 
 Fuses easily. 
 fluxes. 
 
 Is not acted on by 
 
 Native. Au. Easily recognized by its physical properties. No cleavage, hackly 
 
 fracture, and great malleability and ductility. 
 The association and distribution of native gold and its ores 
 have to be considered under two heads: (a) as it occurs in 
 mineral veins, and (6) as it occurs in alluvial or other superficial 
 deposits which are derived from the erosion of the region con- 
 taining these mineral veins or contact deposits. With regard to 
 the first it is found generally in quartz veins or reefs travers- 
 ing slaty or crystalline rocks, schists, talcose schists, and many 
 kinds of eruptive rocks. It is most frequently associated with 
 quartz and iron pyrites, but is also very often found in connec- 
 tion with galena, blende, magnetic and specular oxide of iron, 
 and other minerals, and also very often with silver ores. It is 
 
 quite frequently associated with the tellurium minerals, q. v. It 
 
 may be said, generally speaking, that gold is usually found in rocks of a silicious character, and is not 
 often found in basic rocks, although there are many exceptions to this rule. With regard to the 
 second class (alluvial or drift deposits, known as "placers") the associated minerals are generally those 
 of great density and insolubility, such as minerals of the platinum group, tin-stone, chromic iron ore, 
 sometimes precious stones, etc., etc., admixed with quartzose pebbles or sand. 
 
 68 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 IS 
 
 
 HARD- 
 
 
 
 ,ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 1 
 
 NESS. 
 
 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNKTIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 compound is heated on a carbonized match or charcoal in R. F., a yellow malleable bead is obtained, which dissolves in aqua 
 Gold can be readily detected in its solutions, inasmuch as it is obtained in a metallic state by reducing agents. The well-washed 
 charcoal in O. F. If associated with copper or silver, it must be fused with a large excess of pure metallic lead and subjected to 
 is quite yellow, this is a proof that but little silver is present. It is then to be tested with salt of phosphorus to prove the presence 
 color, the amount of gold will be small, and in order to prove its presence and approximate quantity the globule must be digested 
 this powder or mass be washed and fused with borax on charcoal, it will yield a globule of metallic gold. The chief source is the 
 associated are rare. USES. Used as a money metal, for gilding, for jewelry, and for a vast number of ornamental objects. 
 
 Insoluble in any single 
 acid, but readily in 
 nitro-hydrochloric. 
 
 Yellow, 
 rarely 
 orange-red, 
 and inclin- 
 ing to sil- 
 ver-white. 
 
 Dull 
 metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Like 
 color. 
 
 2-5-3 2.5-3 
 
 See under heading GOLD, etc. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Aurifer- 
 
 Variable. 
 
 ous Iron 
 
 
 Pyrites, 
 
 
 etc. (See 
 
 
 Pyrite.) 
 
 
 Sylvan- 
 
 (AgAu)Te 2 
 
 ite, etc. 
 
 
 (Tellu- 
 
 Gold, 
 
 ride of 
 
 24-5*. 
 
 Gold.) 
 
 Silver, 
 
 
 13-4*. 
 
 
 .and varia- 
 
 
 ble, some- 
 
 
 times little 
 
 
 or no silver 
 
 
 present. 
 
 Gold is found intimately, but usually in very small quantities, associated with pyrites, but the best opinion 
 alteration. In fact, they are found imbedded in each other, but with no further relation than that they 
 chalcopyrite, marcasite, etc., when associated with gold. 
 
 A telluride of gold and silver in which the proportion of gold and 
 silver is nearly equal. Transylvania, California, and Colorado. 
 
 Calaverite is a variety in which the proportion of gold to silver is 
 6 to i. 
 
 Nagyagite, another variety, is a sulpho-telluride of lead and gold 
 and antimony. 
 
 At Cripple Creek, Colo., very little silver is present, the com- 
 bination being simple telluride of gold. The associated minerals 
 are usually quartz, pyrites, sometimes fluor-spar, etc., etc. 
 
 After long heating gives a yellow 
 malleable metallic globule. On coal 
 fuses to a dark gray globule, de- 
 positing at same time a white coat- 
 ing, which in R. F. disappears, 
 tinging flame bluish green. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 is that there is no chemical combination of the two. It occurs in pyrites or attached to pyrites or the oxide resulting from its 
 were deposited together, one on the other. This is also true of the other sulphides, such as galena, zinc blende, arsenopyrite, 
 
 Incompletely soluble in 
 HNO 3 . Soluble in 
 aqua regia, with sep- 
 aration of chloride of 
 silver. In open glass 
 tube yields a white 
 sublimate of tellurium 
 dioxide which is gray 
 near the assay, and 
 which, when played 
 upon by flame, fuses 
 to transparent drops. 
 
 Steel-gray 
 to silver- 
 white, rare- 
 ly brass- 
 yellow. 
 
 Metal- 
 lic, bril- 
 liant. 
 
 Steel- 
 gray 
 and 
 like 
 color 
 
 Easily 1.5-2 
 
 V. 
 
 See under heading GOLD, etc. 
 
 71 
 
NAME. 
 
 CoMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Graphite C. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Resembles molybdenite (q. z/.), but differs in being unaffected by 
 the blowpipe and acids, and greatly in specific gravity. The 
 same characters distinguish the granular varieties from any 
 metallic ores they resemble. 
 
 Usually found in very old crystalline rocks of sedimentary origin 
 in irregularly bedded veins or masses, but is often found as a 
 constituent of mica schist or gneiss, and sometimes of crystalline 
 limestone. Sometimes found disseminated through these rocks 
 as foliated laminae or scales, and occasionally in the older sand- 
 stone. Being derived from organic matter, it is naturally found 
 in rocks of an originally sedimentary character, though these 
 are now usually greatly metamorphosed. The so-called vein 
 graphite is usually associated with calcite and quartz. Pyroxene, 
 mica, and apatite are sometimes found with it. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Very soft. Soils the fingers and feels 
 greasy. Absolutely infusible B. B. 
 If held in zinc forceps and dipped 
 into solution of sulphate of copper, 
 becomes quickly covered with cop- 
 per. At a high temperature burns, 
 but not more easily than diamond, 
 y. v. 
 
 Halite NaCl. Crystalline form of common salt. Distinguished by its solubility Crackles or decrepitates when heated. 
 
 (Rock and saline taste. Cubic crystals. Furnishes the greater part of Fuses easily, coloring flame a deep 
 
 Salt) Chlorine, the supply of salt. yellow, 
 
 (mas- 39-4#- Occurs in extensive but irregular beds in many stratified forma- 
 
 sive). Sodium, tions usually associated with gypsum, anhydrite, calcite, clays, 
 
 6o.6{. or sandstone. In Chile often associated with the nitrate of soda . 
 
 deposits. Common salt is often found covering large areas representing the drying up of salt lakes; 
 
 also as an efflorescence in arid and semi-arid regions, and also in solution forming salt springs or in 
 
 the water of the ocean and all inland salt seas. 
 
 72 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 ZATION - HEATING. 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 TALLI- 
 
 When treated in a plat- 
 inum spoon with nitre 
 deflagrates, affording 
 carbonate of potassa, 
 which effervesces in 
 acids. Unaffected by 
 acids. 
 
 Iron-black 
 to dark 
 steel-gray. 
 
 Metal- 
 lic, 
 some- 
 times 
 dull 
 earthy 
 
 Black 
 
 Infus. 
 
 1-2 
 
 2-2.2 
 
 III. 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 ' ." '"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 i 
 
 Soluble in 3 parts of 
 water. With nitrate 
 of silver, white pre- 
 cipitate of silver chlo- 
 ride. 
 
 Colorless, 
 white, yel- 
 low, red, 
 bluish, 
 purple. 
 
 Vitre- 
 ous. 
 
 White. 
 
 Easily 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.15 
 
 I. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 USES. 
 
 Graphite is extensively em- 
 ployed as a lubricant in ma- 
 chinery, for making refrac- 
 tors crucibles, for stove 
 polish, paints, in the manu- 
 facture of lead-pencils, and 
 generally in the manufacture 
 of refractory articles and 
 somewhat in the manufac- 
 ture of electrical supplies. 
 By far the most part is em- 
 ployed in the manufacture of 
 crucibles, after which comes 
 the consumption for stove 
 polish, for which an inferior 
 grade of mineral suffices. 
 The amount used for lead- 
 pencils is comparatively 
 small, but the best quality is 
 required. 
 
 This mineral is the chief 
 source of common salt. It 
 is not considered necessary 
 to mention the manifold 
 uses to which this compound 
 is put. 
 
NAME. 
 
 Horn- 
 blende 
 (Amphi- 
 bole). 
 
 (Com- 
 mon 
 rock 
 
 constitu- 
 ent.) 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Essentially 
 bisilicates of 
 various pro- 
 toxides and 
 sesquioxides. 
 The protox- 
 ides may be 
 magnesia, 
 lime, soda, 
 potash, and 
 the protox- 
 ides of iron 
 
 and man- . 
 
 ganese. The sesquioxides are alumina andl 
 the peroxides of iron and manganese. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Numerous compounds, which it is not necessary to mention. Very 
 tough. Compare pyroxene, to which it is closely allied, in com- 
 position as well as appearance. Massive (hornblende schist). 
 Chief varieties are tremolite and actinolite, to which when fibrous 
 the name asbestus is often given; also referred to as mountain 
 leather, mountain paper, mountain cork, or mountain -wood. (See 
 Asbestos.) 
 
 Occurs abundantly in the older metamorphic rocks, such as in 
 many crystalline limestones, granites, and schistose rocks. It 
 occurs sparingly in serpentine and igneous rocks. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Swells up and fuses with effervescence 
 to a black or grayish glass. 
 
 HYDROCARBONS. 
 
 Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These compounds are numerous, and form a great variety of economically 
 under their proper heads. For sake of distinguishing between them the various coals are placed in a separate division, although 
 quantities of paraffin, while this can be said of only a few of the coals. While the latter chemically considered possess many 
 
 a. Fixed A peculiar hard pitchlike material, somewhat resembling coal. Some varieties soften a little in boiling 
 
 Solids. carbon water, and all are but slightly soluble in camphene. Not as fusible or as soluble in benzene or ether as 
 
 (about 86#) asphaltum, but shows incipient fusion in candle flame. The same may be said of the following varieties, 
 
 Albertite. much which differ from each other chiefly in the amount of oxygenation which they have undergone, which 
 
 higher fact has had an important bearing upon their physical properties. They pass from one into the other 
 
 than in the by insensible gradations. Albertite is usually extremely brittle, with very distinct conchoidal fracture. 
 
 following. Occurs filling irregular fissures in rocks of the Subcarboniferous or Lower Carboniferous age in Nova Scotia. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 Not acted upon by 
 acids, or only very 
 slightly. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 V. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Generally Vitre- 
 green to ous, 
 black. silky. 
 Sub- 
 trans- 
 
 Uncol- 2.5 
 ored 
 or 
 paler 
 than 
 
 5-5 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 lucent 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 opaque. 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 USES. 
 
 important gaseous, liquid, and solid products, the composition and characters of the more prominent among which are stated 
 they are also oxygenated hydrocarbons, one point of difference being that the substances here enumerated generally yield large 
 characteristics in common with, they differ widely in physical and in other respects from, the following less well known varieties: 
 
 Some varieties are not Lustrous Bril- Black Imper- 1.5 I.OQ Amor- 
 
 at all soluble, others jet-black. liant to feet. ohous 
 
 partially soluble in oil dull, 
 
 of turpentine. Soft- 
 
 vitre- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ens a little in boiling 
 
 ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 water. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 HYDROCARBONS. Continued 
 
 f Graham- More vola- Much like albertite, but differs from it in being entirely soluble in camphene; also harder. Melts 
 
 ite. 
 
 Uintahite 
 or Gil- 
 sonite. 
 
 tile mat- 
 ter (illu- 
 minating 
 gas) than 
 in albertite. 
 
 only imperfectly when heated. 
 Occurrence much the same as the foregoing, in West Virginia. 
 
 Related to albertite, but tougher, with fracture conchoidal, and having very different properties. Fuses 
 
 easily in candle flame. 
 Occurs in true fissure veins traversing sandstones and shales in much the same manner as the above, 
 
 in Utah, etc. 
 
 Ozoker- 
 ite. 
 
 Simple hy- 
 drocarbon 
 contain- 
 ing no 
 oxygen, a 
 paraffin. 
 
 Like wax or spermaceti in consistency. It and kindred substances often referred to as "earthy wax." 
 May be kneaded like wax. Softens in heat of hand. Feels greasy. Melts readily like sealing-wax, but 
 will not adhere to paper unless very hot. Takes impression of the seal. Electrically excited by friction. 
 Under high heat the interior may be drawn into threads. Wurtzilite is a jetlike variety which is sectile, 
 somewhat like gutta-percha, and slightly elastic, but brittle when cold; more elastic if quietly warmed. 
 Fuses readily, but resists the ordinary solvents of bitumen. When warmed becomes more plastic. 
 
 Occurs with former and related materials in Utah, etc., and. like 
 the former, has probably some connection with the asphalt de- 
 posits there. It is also found in Europe with coal or bituminous 
 deposits; also associated with petroleum in sandstone in Galicia, 
 Saxony, etc. 
 
 76 
 

 CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 action with HC1 or 
 HN0 3 . 
 
 Soluble in petroleum 
 or warm oil of turpen- 
 tine. Ether slowly 
 dissolves powder. 
 
 Soluble in boiling ether 
 or benzene. The di- 
 lute solution is highly 
 fluorescent. 
 
 Tninu I II<;TRR STRFAK- Fusi- HARD- 
 BILITY. NESS. 
 
 1 1 1 I 1 
 
 SP. GR. 
 1.4 
 
 1. 06 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING 
 
 USES. 
 
 Pitch- or 
 jet-black. 
 
 Black. 
 
 White to 
 yellowish 
 brown and 
 darker 
 shades. 
 
 Lus- 
 trous, 
 bril- 
 liant. 
 
 Lus- 
 trous. 
 
 Dull, 
 trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 Black 
 
 Rich 
 brown 
 
 Like 
 color. 
 
 Imper- 
 fect. 
 
 Easily 
 
 Melts 
 at 
 6iC. 
 
 2 
 2.25 
 
 There is a limited demand 
 for this mineral as well as 
 the two former among the 
 manufacturers of certain 
 grades of carriage-varnish 
 and stove-blacking. 
 
 Largely used, especially in 
 Russia, as a substitute for 
 beeswax. The mineral is 
 distilled, and the resulting 
 wax is employed in the 
 manufacture of candles. 
 
 
 Soft. 
 
 0.85- 
 0.95 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 
 which are especially adapted for use in high latitudes. 
 Refined ozokerite is used in the manufacture of waxed 
 paper, for the lining of wooden vessels, in the manu- 
 facture of varnish and blacking, for adulterating bees- 
 wax, for calking ships, for making liniments, plasters, 
 salves, shoemakers' wax, wax ornaments, toy figures, in 
 the manufacture of heavy lubricants where body is 
 requisite, and for any of the thousand or more uses to 
 which beeswax is applicable. 
 
 77 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. ANf> 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 HYDROCARBONS. 
 
 Mixture of 
 different 
 hydro- 
 carbons, 
 
 liquid. 
 Asphalt. 
 
 part of 
 which are 
 oxy- 
 genated. 
 
 -Continued. 
 
 Seems to be the residue after the distillation of the lighter and more volatile oils, being variable in com- 
 position. Fusible and inflammable, and burns with bright flame. Is more or less soft, has a bituminous 
 odor, often melts in heat of sun (at 90 to 100), and flows like wax, then becomes hard on cooling. 
 It varies from tough and somewhat hard material to soft and viscid substances, according to composi- 
 tion and different physical characteristics. It grades insensibly from the solid bitumen into the viscid 
 bitumen, maltha, or mineral tar (pitt asphalts), through which there is a gradation to petroleum. The 
 thin varieties usually bespeak the presence of the "lighter oils," which detract from its value as a 
 paving material. These lighter oils(vaporizable at about 110 orbelow)are usually, however, sparingly 
 present, while the heavy oils (vaporizable at from 100 to 250) constitute sometimes as much as &$% of 
 the mass. 
 
 Principal deposit is the famous pitch lake of Trinidad. There are similar deposits in Venezuela on the 
 mainland. It is, however, widely distributed throughout the United States, either in beds or as 
 impregnating sandstones, shales, and limestones, in Kentucky, Indian Territory, Texas, Utah, etc., 
 largely admixed with extraneous material. Occurs in many places in Europe, but the better variety 
 seems to be associated with limestone, as at Val de Travers. It is a very generally distributed 
 mineral, and is found in many parts of the world. It occurs in many localities where petroleum is found. 
 
 c. Principally " Mineral oil." Density .6 to .85. Of many colors, but usually dark greenish brown. Disagreeable 
 
 Liquid. composed odor. Varies also in consistency from the thin flowing kind into those which are thick and viscous, and 
 
 of mem- thence by insensible gradation into the solid bitumen or asphalt. 
 
 Petro- bers of the Occurs most abundantly in certain sandstone strata underlying the coal measures, as in Pennsylvania, 
 leum. paraffin West Virginia, etc. It is also found in limestone in Ohio, where this rock furnishes most of the pro- 
 series, duction afforded by that region. It is not, however, confined to the older strata, but is frequently found 
 with a in Tertiary strata, as in Russia. The exact origin of petroleum and the other hydrocarbons is unknown, 
 smaller but they are presumed to have had their origin in organic matter (vegetable or animal, or both) which 
 percent- accumulated in the sedimentary material in which these deposits are found. It is found in sedimentary 
 age of strata of all ages, from Silurian up to Tertiary, in the United States more particularly in Silurian, 
 olefines. Devonian, and Subcarboniferous formations. Owing to the nature of its origin, it is not found in 
 Variable. association with eruptive rocks. 
 
 78 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK Fusi ' HARD- s G TALLI"- BEFORE ., 
 
 FREAK BJLITY . NESS. SP> ' ' TALLI OR AFTER SES> 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 
 | 1 1 I 1 1 .1 
 
 In closed tube gives 
 
 Usually Dull 
 
 Like Melts Varia- i-r.8 Amor- By far the greatest consump- 
 
 empyreumatic oil, 
 
 black to like 
 
 color. at 90 ble. phous tion of this mineral is for 
 
 some ammoniacal wa- 
 
 brownish black 
 
 to street-paving, but it is also 
 
 ter, combustible gases, 
 
 black. pitch. 
 
 100 used as a covering for many 
 
 and leaves carbona- 
 
 
 C. kinds of wooden, iron, and 
 
 ceous residue. Does 
 
 
 
 
 other constructions, so as to 
 
 not color potash solu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 protect them from decay or 
 
 tion. Powder boiled 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rust. Used for preparing 
 
 with ether imparts to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 roofiner-felts and for water- 
 
 it a wine- or brown- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 proof material for coating water-pipes, in me- 
 
 red color. Soluble 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 chanical engineering for the foundations of 
 
 mostly in ether and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dynamos, steam-hammers, and other ma- 
 
 oil of turpentine, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 chinery where jarring is to be suppressed. 
 
 partly in alcohol, but 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is employed in various forms in naval, 
 
 some solid asphalts 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 military, sanitary, electrical and mining 
 
 are not at all soluble 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 constructions. It is also employed in var- 
 
 in the latter. 
 
 I , , 
 
 
 
 
 
 nishes, photography, and otherwise. 
 
 Soluble in benzene or 
 
 Dark yellow 
 
 
 
 
 0.6- 
 
 Petroleum and its products, 
 
 camphene. 
 
 to brown, 
 
 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 besides being used as an il- 
 
 
 and nearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 luminant, and as a source of 
 
 
 black and 
 
 power and great heat in 
 
 
 greenish 
 
 metallurgical processes, is 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 employed for a vast number of other purposes. It is used in the pro- 
 
 
 
 
 duction of gas, as an enricher of common coal-gas, and when refined the 
 
 
 
 
 waste products are employed in the manufacture of the various kinds of 
 
 
 
 
 
 aniline dyes, in the manufacture of paraffin candles, and in the manu- 
 
 
 
 
 
 facture of many salves, etc., used in medicine. Crude petroleum, as 
 
 
 
 
 
 well as some of the refined products, is largely used as a lubricant. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PKRCBNTAGK 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 HYDROCARBONS Continued. 
 
 d. 
 
 Gaseous. 
 Natural 
 Gas. 
 
 CH 4 . Volatile, inflammable, etc. 
 
 Variable. Occurs in the same regions and under much the same conditions 
 as petroleum. Being volatile, when in connection with oil, 
 it is usually found above the oil. It is frequently found, how- 
 ever, in oil regions where the well yields nothing but gas. 
 
 Infuso- 
 rial 
 Earth 
 (Tripo- 
 lite). 
 
 Essen- Earthy or sometimes chalk-like material, largely or entirely made up of silicious skeletons of diatoms or 
 
 dally with fine spicules of sponges. Feels harsh between the fingers, and glass is scratched when rubbed 
 
 SiO 2 . becomes opaque. Some yellow varieties containing iron oxide turn red. Soluble in hydrofluoric acid 
 
 Some- than quartz; also soluble in caustic alkalies, but more readily in some varieties than in others, 
 
 times Occurs in quite thick stratified deposits, sometimes beneath peat- 
 
 contains beds, and is obtained for commerce in the following States : Maine, 
 
 a small New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Virginia, California, Nevada, 
 
 amount Missouri, etc. It is also found in many other portions of the 
 
 of water. world, as in Barbadoes, Bohemia, Sicily, Calabria, Greece, the 
 
 Nicobar Islands, and Nova Scotia. In nearly all of these locali- 
 ties the beds are of Tertiary age. In some regions it is hard 
 and indurated through consolidation due to infiltrating waters. 
 It thus graduates into chert and opal. 
 
 80 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK <; 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 microscopic plants, 
 with it. Infusible, but 
 somewhat more readily 
 
 White or 
 grayish, 
 earthy or 
 chalky, but 
 often col- 
 ored by 
 various 
 impurities. 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Whit- 
 ish or 
 like 
 color. 
 
 Infus. 5.5-6.5 1.9-2.3 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 81 
 
 USES. 
 
 Besides being used in its 
 natural condition for light- 
 ing, it has been extensively 
 employed in the regions 
 where it is found for heating 
 and cooking in residences, 
 and for a time to a large ex- 
 tent it was used in the place 
 of coke in the manufacture 
 and treatment of iron, and 
 in many manufacturing and 
 industrial establishments. 
 
 This is used and sold in com- 
 merce as a polishing pow- 
 der under the names " elec- 
 tro-silicon" and " silex." It 
 is also used for making 
 solutions of soluble silica 
 (soda silicate), and for pur- 
 poses of a cement. Owing 
 to its poor conduction of 
 heat, it has been applied as 
 a protection to steam boilers 
 and pipes. It is sometimes 
 used to give body to soap. 
 

 COM P. AND 
 
 NAME. 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Iridium. 
 
 Iridium and 
 
 
 Osmium 
 
 (Iridos- 
 
 in differ- 
 
 mine.) 
 
 ent pro- 
 
 
 portions, 
 
 
 in which 
 
 
 the irid- 
 
 
 ium varies 
 
 
 from 
 
 
 40% to 10%. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Generally in combination with osmium or platinum or allied 
 metals. Harder than platinum. Usually in foliae or irregular 
 flattened grains. Slightly malleable to nearly brittle. Hard- 
 ness varies in proportion to amount of the other softer metals 
 with which it is always alloyed. 
 
 Usually found in alluvial or gravel deposits (placers) with grains 
 of platinum, gold, chromic iron ore, etc. Small quantities are 
 found in Oregon and elsewhere on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Wholly unaltered B. B. or by fluxes. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 With borax in O. F. oxide of iron gives a dark brown-red glass, which becomes pale-yellowish or colorless on cooling; in 
 become magnetic when heated with soda on charcoal, and dissolve readily in HC1; sulphide of ammonium gives to their solution a 
 excellent test is to add ferrocyanide of potassium to solution. A pale-blue precipitate indicates ferrous salts, and a dark blue 
 borax orsalt of phosphorus bead becomes violet-blue or reddish purple when the R. F. is directed upon it, especially if tin be added, 
 to boil. Set aside. If titanium is present, the solution becomes violet in color. The presence of chromium is also readily 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 MESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 BEFORE n 
 OK AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 HEATING 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not attacked by acids, 
 
 Pale steel- 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Like 
 
 Infus. 
 
 6-7 
 
 19-21 
 
 III. 
 
 Owing to its hardness, its 
 
 except slightly by 
 
 gray to tin- 
 
 lic. 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 principal use is for the 
 
 heated aqua regia. 
 
 white to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 points which are affixed to 
 
 
 lead-gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the nibs of gold pens, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for the knife-edges of fine 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 balances, for the tips of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rubber-turning tools, for wire 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 draw-plates, etc. An alloy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of pure iridium and pure 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 platinum has been adopted 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for the standards of weights 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and measures, on account 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of its indestructibility and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 other desirable attributes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In the condition of sponge 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and oxide it is used in pho- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tography and the ceramic art 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 for obtaining a dense black, also by 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jewellers for obtaining black under 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white enamel. In all such cases its 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 use is due to its infusibility. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 R. F. bottle-green on cooling. With tin the green color is hastened Most of the compounds This metal is put to more 
 black precipitate, which is soluble in dilute HC1, distinguishing it from cobalt and nickel. Another manifold and more useful 
 precipitate, ferric salts of iron. The presence of titanium maybe detected by the fact that the 
 and test made on charcoal. A better test is to add tin to concentrated HC1 solution, and continue 
 detected. (See Chromic Iron.) 
 
 83 
 
 purposes than any other 
 known to man. It is not 
 considered necessary to at- 
 tempt to enumerate them. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COM p. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Mag- FesO 4 . Easily recognized by streak and strong magnetism, which dis- 
 
 netite tinguish it from the following. Very common, hard, compact, 
 
 (Mag- Iron, and massive ore. 
 
 netic 72.39*. Occurs principally in metamorphic rocks and as grains scattered 
 
 Iron through eruptive rocks. In great beds in the earlier stratified 
 
 Ore). formations which are now often metamorphosed into granite, 
 
 gneiss, and the various schists. Sometimes found in connection 
 with the older limestones. In the western United States it fre- 
 quently marks the outcroppings of fissure-veins or contact-de- 
 posits, and in such cases it is usually superficial and owes its 
 origin to the oxidation of iron pyrites contained in the vein. 
 
 Hematite Fe a O 3 . Scaly, fibrous, and compact, columnar. Sometimes concretionary, 
 
 Varieties reniform, or botryoidal (kidney ore). Red powder, and the mag- 
 
 are : Iron, 70^. netism so easily induced in it by R. F. , serve to distinguish it. 
 
 Occurrence much the same as above. Often in great interbedded 
 masses in the older crystalline or metamorphic rocks especially, 
 but is found in rocks of all ages. Like magnetite, it often in 
 the western part of the United States marks the outcrop or 
 oxidized portion of fissure-veins, contact-deposits, isolated 
 pockets in limestone, etc., which contain at greater depths 
 large quantities of pyrites. Often intimately associated with 
 magnetite, as in Michigan, etc. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Magnetic before heating, usually 
 strongly, but sometimes only feebly; 
 sometimes having polarity. Reacts 
 for iron. Generally fusible above 
 5. In O. F. loses its influence upon 
 the magnet. 
 
 Heated in R. F. readily becomes mag- 
 netic, and if treated with soda on 
 charcoal is reduced to a gray mag- 
 netic metallic powder. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 LUSTRE. STKKAK 
 
 SP. GR. TALLI- 
 
 CRYS- MACMmc 
 
 J 
 
 USES. 
 
 Reacts for iron. 
 
 Reacts for iron. 
 
 Iron-black. Splen- 
 dent, 
 metal- 
 
 Black 
 
 5 
 
 5-5- 
 6.5 
 
 5-17 
 
 I. 
 
 Both. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 lic to 
 
 subme- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 tallic 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dull. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dark steel- When 
 gray, iron- crystal- 
 black to lized, 
 brown-red splen- 
 and reddish dent, 
 varieties. Usually 
 metallic 
 to sub- 
 
 Cher- 
 ry-red 
 to 
 brown- 
 ish-red. 
 
 Infus. 
 or 
 above 
 5- 
 
 5-5- 
 6-5 
 
 4.2- 
 5-2 
 
 III. 
 
 After. When pulverized it is some- 
 times used for polishing 
 metal. When in an earthy 
 condition it is used in the 
 manufacture of crayons, for 
 polishing glass, and as a 
 red paint. 
 
 metallic. 
 Some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 times 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dull. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 fi 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 IKON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. -Continued. 
 
 (a) Fe 2 O 3 . Hard, compact, and" crystalline. Massive. That from Lake 
 
 Specular. Superior region generally spoken of in commercial language 
 
 Iron, 70%. as hard specular, or hard red specular. 
 
 In interbedded masses in crystalline rocks, as in Michigan, etc. 
 A valuable ore. 
 
 Same as above. 
 
 (6) Fe a O s . These varieties possess a foliated, scaly, or micaceous structure. This specular schist often resembles 
 
 Mica- called itabiryte. Reacts as above B. B. and with acids. Variety of the preceding. Some kinds are soft 
 
 ceous. Iron, 7ug. Like the above ores occurs in crystalline and usually schistose rocks. Michigan, etc. 
 
 (c) Fe 2 O 3 . Hematite in octahedrons, derived, it is supposed, from oxidation of magnetite, with which it is commonly 
 
 Martite. guished by its purple streak. N.B. Sometimes ore is found giving red streak, yet possessing 
 
 Iron, yojt. to presence of magnetite in the mass. Michigan, etc. 
 
 (rf) Fe 2 3 
 Soft 
 
 Hema- Iron, 
 tite. 
 
 A soft, earthy variety, but often very pure. Loose and uncompact to semi-consolidated. Often man- 
 ganiferous. (Abundant and valuable ore. Michigan.) Sub-variety bluish. 
 
 86 
 

 
 . 
 
 CHARACTERS 
 
 
 f - MAGNETIC 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fusi- HARD- c p Cv ,T* ITT " BEFORE TT 
 
 BILITY. NESS. _._.__" OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 II1UN - HEATING. 
 
 Same as above. Dark steel- Perfect- Red 
 
 Infus. 5.5- 5 III. After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 gray to red- ly me- or red- 
 
 or 6.5 
 
 dish-black, tallic. dish- 
 
 above 
 
 reddish, Often brown 
 
 5- 
 
 
 iron-black. splen- 
 
 
 
 
 ; dent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -_(_. __ L 
 
 mica schist, when it is Light to Splen- Red- 
 
 Infus. 5.5- 5 III. After. See under heading IRON. etc. 
 
 and unctuous. dark steel- dent dish. 
 
 or 6.5 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 metal- 
 
 above 
 
 
 
 lic. 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 associated. D is tin- Iron-bl 
 
 ick Sub- Pur- 
 
 Infus. 6-7 5 I. 
 
 After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 magnetism, always due to reddish metal- plish 
 
 or 
 
 Some- 
 
 black or lie. or 
 
 above 
 
 
 times 
 
 bronze 
 
 tar- red- 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 feebly 
 
 nish. 
 
 dish 
 
 
 
 
 before. 
 
 
 brown 
 
 . 
 , ,. . .. L, , . , 
 
 
 
 - ' 
 
 Dull red, Earthy. Pur- 
 reddish to P lish 
 
 Infus. Varia- 4-5 Amor- After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 or ble. phous 
 
 yellowish ?' 
 
 above 
 
 
 brown, 
 
 reddish 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Fossil Ore 
 (Lenticu- 
 lar iron 
 ore), etc. 
 
 Red 
 Shale 
 Ore. 
 
 Red 
 Ochre. 
 
 Turgite. 
 
 Fe a O,. 
 Iron, 70*. 
 
 Fe, O s . 
 Iron, 70%. 
 
 Fe 2 O 3 . 
 Iron, 
 
 Iron, 
 
 66.2*. 
 
 Commonly called fossiliferous red hematite. Oolitic or composed of aggregations of small, flattened, 
 different sizes. Usually contains a large percentage of impurities (lime, clay, sand, etc.). Often includes 
 fossil remains. This variety is both hematite and limonite in character, but more frequently the 
 latter description it affords the characteristic yellowish powder. Another variety is argillaceous 
 stone, which is hard, brownish black to reddish brown or dull red, submetallic to unmetallic and has a red 
 is thus easily distinguished from the clay iron-stones of the species brown clay iron-stone (limonite) 
 stone (siderite). 
 
 Often an admixture of hematite and limonite. 
 impure. 
 
 Compact, looking much like compact red shale. (Virginia, 
 
 Earthy or pulverulent form (used for pigments), 
 mixed with more or less clay. 
 
 Soft and earthy. Often associated with the above. 
 
 Often associated with limonite, for which it is frequently mis- 
 taken, but it is harder, has a different streak, and decrepitates in 
 closed tube. Often constitutes aji exterior layer of limonite. 
 When botryoidal has much the same smooth lustrous surface. 
 Supposed to be intermediate stage in alteration of limonite to 
 hematite. Another intermediate variety less common than this 
 is goethite, containing 62.9^ of iron and 10. i% of water. Found 
 with both hematite and limonite. Liver-brown color, reddish 
 streak like limonite. The so-called velvet ore is frequently of 
 this variety. 
 
 Occurs with other ores of iron, especially in the older beds, and in 
 intimate association with limonite. 
 
 Heated in closed tube flies to pieces 
 and yields water. 
 

 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 CRYS- 
 SP. GR. TALLI- 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE _ T 
 OR AFTER USES. 
 HEATING. 
 
 concretionary grains of Reddish to Dull. Red- Infus. 4.5-6 5 III(?) 
 fossils or composed of brownish. dish or 
 
 After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 former. When of the brown above 
 
 
 
 
 hematite or clay iron- to 5. 
 
 
 
 
 streak. This species 
 
 pur- 
 
 
 
 
 and ordinary clay iron- 
 
 plish 
 red. 
 
 
 .. 
 
 etc.) Generally very Reddish to Earthy Red- Infus. 4.5-6 5 IH(?) 
 brownish. and dish to or 
 
 After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 
 dull. |> s r h own - above 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 5- 
 
 
 
 Usually impure, being Earthy red. 
 
 
 
 
 Often used as paint. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Like hematite,. Reddish Subme- Red. 5 5-6 4.14 Amor- 
 black, dark tallic, phous 
 
 After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 red to satin- 
 
 
 bright red. like, 
 
 
 
 
 
 duil, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 earthy. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 8 
 
 ) 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Limonite 
 (Brown 
 Hema- 
 tite). 
 Varie- 
 ties are: 
 
 Bog 
 Iron 
 Ore. 
 
 Yellow 
 Ochre. 
 
 2Fe 2 O s . 
 3H 2 0. 
 
 Iron, 59.! 
 
 2Fe 2 O s . 
 3H 2 0. 
 
 Iron, 59 
 
 2FeO a . 
 
 Iron, 59-8*. 
 
 Compact, often dense when pure. Botryoidal, stalactitic with 
 compact fibrous structure within, but also massive, etc. Not 
 crystalline. Tendency to form acicular, sometimes stalactitic 
 concretionary masses, with long needle-like fibres radiating from 
 common centre; but generally amorphous. Common ore. 
 
 Occurs in rocks of all ages. It has resulted, it is supposed, from 
 the decomposition of other iron-bearing rocks or minerals. 
 This is shown by the stalactitic and other forms in which it 
 occurs. Like hematite and magnetite it frequently marks the 
 outcroppings of fissure-veins, having been produced by the 
 decomposition of the original pyrites or siderite in the vein. 
 
 Simply a vesicular and generally impure variety of the above. 
 Recognized by its comparatively light weight, yellow color, and 
 loose or porous texture. Often petrifying wood, leaves, etc. 
 
 Usually superficial, and occurs in swampy places containing vege- 
 tation often decomposing into which places have flowed 
 waters containing iron in solution, the iron having been precipi- 
 tated by the presence of the organic matter. 
 
 Earthy or pulverulent form of above. Earthy, brownish, yellow to ochre-yellow, 
 mixed with more or less clay, sand, etc. 
 
 With difficulty fusible to a magnetic 
 mass. Some varieties leave a sili- 
 cious skeleton on salt of phos- 
 phorus bead. 
 
 Gives all the reactions of the above. 
 
 Usually impure, being 
 
 90 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Reacts for iron. Yields 
 
 Brown, 
 
 Dull, 
 
 Brown- 
 
 5 
 
 5-5-5 
 
 3*6-4 
 
 Amor- 
 
 After. 
 
 Limonite is also used, like 
 
 much water (of which 
 
 various 
 
 earthy 
 
 yellow 
 
 
 
 
 phous 
 
 
 hematite, for polishing me- 
 
 it contains 14.555 and 
 
 shades, 
 
 to sub- 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tallic buttons and other 
 
 often more) in closed 
 
 yellow, 
 
 metal- 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 articles. When earthy it is 
 
 tube. Soluble, but 
 
 black. 
 
 lic. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a common material for 
 
 with difficulty, in HC1. 
 
 Never 
 
 Some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 paint. 
 
 leaving frequently a 
 
 bright. 
 
 times 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 silicious residue. 
 
 
 silky. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 As above. 
 
 Yellowish to 
 brownish. 
 
 Dull. 
 
 Brown- 
 yellow 
 to 
 
 5 
 
 4-4-5 
 
 '" - - - - 
 
 Varia- 
 ble. 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 After. 
 
 See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 like " Red Ochre," 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 After. 
 
 Used as a paint or in paint- 
 mixtures. 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 r~ 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 CoMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 FeCO s . 
 
 Siderite 
 (Spathic 
 Iron 
 Ore) or 
 Iron 
 Carbon- 
 ate. 
 
 Varieties 
 are: 
 
 Clay 
 Iron- 
 stone, 
 
 Black 
 Band 
 Ore. 
 Subva- 
 riety of 
 above. 
 
 Iron, 48.2^. 
 
 FeCO 3 . 
 
 Same, but 
 very va- 
 riable, ac- 
 cording to 
 impuri- 
 ties. 
 
 Same, but 
 very va- 
 riable, ac- 
 cording to 
 impuri- 
 ties. 
 
 Becomes magnetic upon heating R. F. 
 With borax, gives reaction for 
 iron. Decrepitates in closed tube 
 and gives off CO 2 blackens and 
 becomes magnetic. 
 
 Often crystalline. Worked extensively in Europe. 
 
 Occurs in many series of stratified rocks from the oldest to the 
 
 youngest. Frequently found as stratified deposits in connection 
 
 with coal formations, but it is also found in large irregular de- 
 
 posits in limestone. Less frequently it is found forming part of 
 
 the frilling of fissure-veins, when it is usually crystallized and 
 
 associated with the metallic ores. In the former cases its 
 
 occurrence is usually massive, and as such it is an important ore 
 
 of iron. Ankerite, crystallized dolomitic variety. 
 
 Name commonly given to compact, earthy, or stony kinds of above, which are rendered impure by an 
 sand. In many formations, especially among the coal measures (England, etc.). Fracture finely granular. 
 gives out an argillaceous odor when breathed upon. Sometimes as flattened spheroidal concretionary 
 or oolitic; also granular to massive. Sometimes, when reddish in color, consists of impure hematite, 
 of impure limonite; when unoxidized, however, is simply a more or less impure iron carbonate. 
 
 This variety of the above occurs in rocks of all ages, the specular 
 variety (argillaceous hematite, see fossil ore) being mostly 
 confined to the older rocks. Also described as being the result 
 of igneous action about some volcanoes, as at Vesuvius. (Dana.) 
 
 A common variety of above, occurring in coal measures, and containing sometimes as much as 25^ to 30* of 
 A valuable ore in England, where the ore sometimes contains enough carbonaceous matter to effect the 
 lie state without addition of anything except limestone. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 CRYS- MAGNETIC 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STREAK ^ ^ARC- Sp GR T ^ O * E A F ** R USES. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in heated HC1, 
 
 Ash, yellow- Vitre- White 
 
 4-5 3-5~4 3-8 HI. After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 with effervescence 
 
 ish and ous, in- or 
 
 
 
 
 (CO 3 ), which is also 
 
 brownish clining uncol- 
 
 
 
 
 
 given off when the 
 
 gray to to 
 
 ored 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ore is heated inclosed 
 
 brown-red. pearly, ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tube. 
 
 Sometimes 
 
 cept 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green and 
 
 by im- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white. 
 
 puri- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ties. 
 
 
 
 
 M ?. 
 
 
 
 admixture of clay or 
 
 Yellowish Dull. Whit- 
 
 4-5 
 
 3-7 
 
 3.4 Amor- After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 Easily scratched, and 
 
 brown to 
 
 ish or 
 
 
 
 phous 
 
 massesof various sizes, 
 
 reddish 
 
 gray- 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 or, if brown or yellow, 
 
 gray. 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 carbonaceous matter. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amor- After. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 Grayish Earthy, Dark 
 
 1 
 
 3-5 
 
 3 
 
 reduction to the metal- 
 
 black. dull. gray, 
 
 
 
 phous 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Titanic 
 Iron Ore 
 (Ilmen- 
 ite or 
 Menac- 
 canite). 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Chromic 
 Iron. 
 
 (TiFe) 2 O 3 . A hematite in which part of the iron is replaced by titanium. The 
 
 Variable. presence of titanium is highly prejudicial to the value of any 
 iron ore and, unless the quantity is very minute, renders it 
 
 If normal, worthless as an ore of iron. 
 
 Titanium, Occurs in massive beds in gneiss and other crystalline rocks, also 
 
 31. 6#. disseminated through these rocks and as iron-sands (iserine). 
 
 Iron, 36. 8#. Frequently associated with magnetite. 
 
 (Chrom- See Chromium and its Compounds, 
 ite.) 
 
 Feebly magnetic. To borax or salt 
 of phosphorus bead imparts an in- 
 tense brown-red color in R. F., 
 which, if tin be added, changes to 
 violet red. 
 
 FeS 2 
 
 Iron 
 Pyrites. 
 
 Varieties: Iron, 46. 6#. 
 Sulphur, 
 
 53-4*- 
 
 Marcasite 
 (Cocks- 
 comb 
 'Pyrites); 
 (White 
 Iron 
 Pyrites). 
 
 FeS 2 . 
 
 Iron, 46.6%. 
 Sulphur, 
 53.4*. 
 
 Common pyrites. Distinguished from copper pyrites by its su- 
 perior hardness and paler color. Cubes with striated surfaces, 
 striae at right angles to one another. Brittle with conchoidal 
 uneven fracture. Common source of sulphuric acid and often 
 auriferous. 
 
 Occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages, frequently disseminated 
 through them, from the oldest crystalline rocks to the most 
 recent alluvial deposits. A very common mineral in fissure- 
 veins and contact-deposits. It is yery frequently associated with 
 such minerals as quartz, galena, blende, copper pyrites, etc., etc. 
 
 Same as above, but of different crystalline form. Sometimes 
 called capillary pyrites, but this term properly applies to sul- 
 phide of nickel (millerite). 
 
 Associations the same as above. 
 
 Gives only reaction for iron. Gives 
 off sulphur B. B. on charcoal, burn- 
 ing with a blue flame. 
 
 Sometimes contains little arsenic. 
 More liable to decomposition than 
 ordinary pyrites. 
 
 94 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 TRVS MAGNETIC 
 
 
 COLOS. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 BEFORE 
 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. HEATING. 
 
 Partially dissolved in 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Sub- 
 
 Sub- Infus. 
 
 5-6 
 
 4.5-5 III. Both. See under heading IRON, etc. 
 
 HC1. Concentrated 
 
 
 metallic. 
 
 metal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 solution boiled with 
 
 
 
 lic, with 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinfoil gradually as- 
 
 
 
 blacker 
 brown- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sumes a violet color. 
 
 
 
 red 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 powder 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 When heated in closed 
 
 Very pale, 
 
 Splen- 
 
 Brown- 
 
 Easily 
 
 6-6.5 
 
 4.9 
 
 I. 
 
 After. 
 
 Large amounts of sulphuric 
 
 tube gives off sulphur 
 
 brass-like, 
 
 dent, 
 
 black to 
 
 
 
 acid and sulphur are pre- 
 
 and yields a magnetic 
 
 yellow. 
 
 metallic 
 
 green- 
 
 
 
 pared from pyrites, though 
 
 residue. But slightly 
 
 
 to glist- 
 
 ish 
 black. 
 
 
 
 native sulphur (y. v.) is also 
 
 affectedbyHCl. HNO 3 
 
 
 ening, 
 
 
 
 
 very largely used for the 
 
 dissolves it, leaving 
 
 
 nearly 
 
 
 
 
 production of sulphuric acid. 
 
 residue of sulphur. 
 
 
 uniform 
 
 
 
 
 It would be difficult to over- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 estimate the commercial im- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 portance of the latter. 
 
 Same as above. 
 
 Pale-yellow, 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Black- Easily 
 
 6-6.5 
 
 4.8 IV. After. Used for the same purposes 
 
 
 bronze, to 
 
 lic. 
 
 ish 
 
 
 
 as ordinary pyrites, and to a 
 
 
 white. Color 
 
 
 gray to 
 
 
 
 
 small extent in ; ewelry. 
 
 
 deepens on 
 
 
 ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 exposure. 
 
 
 black. 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Magnetic Fe7S 8 . 
 Iron Py- 
 rites Iron,6o.4g. 
 (Pyrrho- Sulphur, 
 tite). 39.5*- 
 
 Franklin- (FeZnMn) 
 ite + 
 
 (Fe 2 Mn a )O 4 
 
 Variable. 
 
 Kaolin or A1 2 O 3 , 
 Kaolinite 2SiO a + 
 
 (China- 2H 2 O. 
 
 clay). Silica, 
 
 Alumina, 
 39-5*- 
 
 Like common pyrites, but magnetic, and different crystallization. 
 
 Often contains nickel. Tarnishes quickly. 
 Associations the same as the foregoing. 
 
 Resembles magnetite, but is of a more decided black color, and 
 different streak. Usually feebly magnetic. (See also Zinc 
 Ores.) Its chief value consists in the zinc which it contains. 
 
 Found associated with red oxide of zinc and garnet in granular 
 metamorphic limestone, also with silicate of zinc. Restricted 
 to a few localities near Franklin, N. J. 
 
 The soapy feeling distinguishes the clay, consisting of it or con- 
 taining much of it. The unctuous and plastic character is owing 
 to presence of kaolinite. Decomposition of feldspar yields it, etc. 
 (See Dana's Min., p. 636.) Soft, clay-like, mealy, or compact. 
 
 Often occurs in the form of scales in connection with the iron ores 
 of the coal formation, also accompanying diaspore and emery or 
 corundum. Nearly always a product of the alteration of feld- 
 spar, and therefore associated with feldspathic rocks, usually 
 granite. Has frequently to be separated from grains of quartz, 
 with which it is associated before it is fit for use. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Magnetic before fusion chief charac- 
 teristic, but variable in this. In 
 R. F. fuses to black magnetic 
 mass. In O. F. converted into red 
 oxide. 
 
 On charcoal a faint zinc coating is 
 obtained with R. F. A soda mix- 
 ture in outer flame colored green 
 by manganese. With borax reacts 
 for manganese and iron. 
 
 A blue color when moistened with 
 cobalt nitrate (Al). Yields water. 
 
 96 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fusi- HARD- 
 
 BILITY. NESS. 
 
 .Sp. 
 
 
 I I I 
 
 But little sulphur in Bronze-yel- Metal- Black- Easily 3.5- 4.5 III. Both. Like ordinary pyrites, used 
 
 closed tube. Decom- low to cop lie. gray. 4.5 for making green vitriol and 
 
 posed by HC1 with per-red. sulphuric acid. 
 
 evolution of hydrogen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sulphide. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in HC1, with Iron-black. Metal- Dark Infus. 
 
 6 
 
 5-15 
 
 I. Both. 
 
 
 evoluron of chlorine lie to red- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in small quantities. dull. dish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Insoluble in acids. White, gray, Pearly ^ ar 1 t / iy ' Infus. 
 
 2-2.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 V. 
 
 The purest form is largely 
 
 Yields water in closed yellow, and to dull, 
 
 
 
 
 used in making the finest 
 
 tube. Water = 14%. brown to earthy. 
 
 
 
 
 porcelain, and also for giv- 
 
 Boiled with concen- bluish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing body and weight to pap- 
 
 trated sulphuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 er. Some impure and white 
 
 the alumina is dis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 clays are used for stone- 
 
 solved, leaving the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ware, fire-bricks, retorts for 
 
 finely - divided silica 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gas-works, stove-pipes, etc. , 
 
 behind. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. Also used in calico- 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bleaching, and to a small ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tent in the manufacture of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 alum, artificial ultramarine, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and some other chemical 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 products. (See Fire-clay.) 
 
 97 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 LEAD AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 They are easily fusible. With borax bead and with soda, and often alone, on charcoal a malleable bead may be 
 coating is faintly bluish white when cold. When S and KI are added there is a greenish-yellow coating far from assay. Sublimes 
 is nearly insoluble in water and dilute acids. Heated in open tube, white smoke and a non-volatile fusible sublimate is deposited 
 characteristic coating will be produced on the coal. But sulphides, arsenides, etc., of lead must be treated in O. F. to produce the 
 
 Assay, Appendix. ) USES. Perhaps the largest use of lead is in the manufacture of the white lead of commerce (carbonate of lead) 
 
 metallurgical processes, as an alloy, e.g., with antimony in the mamtfacture of anti-friction metals and type-metal, -with tin in the manu- 
 
 Galena PbS. Easily recognized by the characteristic cubical cleavage which is 
 
 (Galen- very easily obtained, or granular structure when massive, its 
 
 ite). Lead, color, great weight, and softness. It is the chief ore of lead, and 
 
 86.6%. is widely distributed, being very frequently associated with other 
 metallic sulphides, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, 
 blende, etc., etc. It occurs in veins, the gangue of which is 
 either quartz, calcite, barite, or fluor-spar, in granite, and nearly 
 all varieties of rocks, but the larger deposits are usually found 
 either in veins or in pockets, often of great size, in limestone 
 strata. Very frequently contains considerable percentages of 
 silver, and less frequently of gold. 
 
 With soda on coal decrepitates, covers 
 the coal yellow, and yields lead 
 globule. 
 
 Cerussite PbCO 9 . Its brittleness and weight are distinguishing characteristics. 
 
 (Lead NOTE. The above two ores often contain silver, q. v. 
 
 Carbon- Lead, Usually found in the superficial portions of deposits of galena, to 
 
 ate). 83. 5. the alteration of which it owes its origin. 
 
 Yields lead alone on charcoal when 
 heated carefully. In closed tube 
 decrepitates, turns yellow, then a 
 dark red, and returns to yellow on 
 cooling. 
 
 98 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 LOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CF 
 
 TA 
 
 \ "=" 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 ZATION. HKATING , 
 
 USES. 
 
 characteristic 1 
 
 obtained. Readily recognized by characteristic lemon or sulphur-yellow coating near assay when cold; red when hot. The outer 
 readily. Volatile, tinging flame azure-blue. In nitric acid solution of salts of lead sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate, which 
 on under side of tube. Oxides, carbonates, etc., may be reduced to the metallic state by heating in R. F. with soda, and the 
 metal. Metallic lead obtained as above may be cupelled for silver on charcoal, or, better, on a bone-ash cupel. See B. B. Silver 
 for use in paint. It is also largely made into pipes, sheet-lead, bullets, and shot', also extensively itsed as a flux in smelting and 
 facture of solder, etc., and in the manufacture of certain kinds of glass, etc. 
 
 Easily soluble in strong Lead-gray. Splend- Lead- i 2.5 7.5 
 
 I. 
 
 When ground to an impalpa- 
 
 nitric acid, with sepa- 
 
 ent, 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ble powder and mixed in 
 
 ration of sulphur and 
 
 metal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 water with clay it is some- 
 
 the formation of lead lie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 times employed for glaz- 
 
 sulphate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing common stoneware, the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 earthen vessel being dipped 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 into this liquid and then 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 baked. 
 
 Dissolves readily, with 
 effervescence, in di- 
 lute HNO 3 . WithHCl 
 
 White, yellow- 
 ish, or gray 
 or gray- 
 
 Ada- 
 man- 
 tine, 
 
 Un- 
 col- 
 ored. 
 
 Easily 
 
 3-5 
 
 6.4 
 
 IV. 
 
 ' 
 
 See under heading LEAD, etc. 
 
 leaves a white residue ish black. vitre- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of lead chloride, which When con- ous, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is soluble in hot water. taining cop- resin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 per, tinged ous to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 blue or pearly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 greqn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 MAGNESIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS, 
 
 These afford a clear rose -red or pink color with cobalt nitrate after long heating. This distinguishes it from 
 no precipitate in dilute HC1 solution. The fact that the precipitate from magnesia is soluble in water, while that from calcium is 
 signalling. It is also used in refining metals to reduce the metallic oxides contained in them, owing to its great affinity for oxvgen. 
 agent, on account of the amount of magnesia which they contain, as, owing to their constitution, they have the property of attracting the phos- 
 with it, and does not remain in the resulting pig iron, as it would otherwise do. 
 
 (a) 
 
 Chlorites 
 (Com- 
 mon 
 rock 
 
 constitu- 
 ents, 
 mas- 
 sive). 
 
 Serpen- 
 tine 
 (Mas- 
 sive). 
 
 Variable. 
 
 Name of a group of minerals very closely allied, which are hydrated silicates of aluminum with ferrous 
 iron and magnesium. Sometimes thin foliated like mica, but often granular, massive. Texture granu- 
 lar. Enter very largely into composition of schistose and slaty rocks. Chloritic schists and all their 
 minerals are characterized by the green color which " is common with silicates in which ferrous iron is 
 prominent " (Dana). 
 
 It occurs often in chloritic and in many rocks as an alteration prod- 
 uct, and associated with magnetic hornblende and tourmaline. 
 Often enveloped in quartz. 
 
 H.MgjSijO,. 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 43*- 
 Silica, 
 
 44-1*- 
 
 Usually compact, massive, also finely granular. It is a metamor- 
 phic rock, the unaltered form being either sedimentary (e.g., 
 limestone) or igneous (e.g., peridotite) in origin, but most 
 serpentines are altered peridotites. Rarely fibrous. Easily 
 scratched or even cut with a knife. Smooth and a little greasy 
 to feel. Hydrated silicate of magnesia. The variety chrysotile 
 or bostonite is fibrous, and is largely mined as asbestos, q. v. 
 
 Often in great dikes even composing mountain masses associated 
 often with metamorphosed limestone, hornblende, slate, diallage 
 rock, and greenstone. Certain metallic oxides are frequently 
 found in connection with it, such as those of iron, nickel, and 
 chromium. 
 
 100 
 
 Becomes brownish red B. B., 
 gives off water in closed tube. 
 
 and 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 
 
 
 alumina. Distinguished from strontia and baryta by different flame-colors, and in the wet way by the fact that sulphuric acid gives 
 
 not, suffices to distinguish it from the latter, etc. USES. The metal is chiefly used as an illuminant in photography and 
 
 Bricks made of magnesian limestone (see dolomite) or magnesite, are employed in the steel industry as a desulphurizing and dephosphorizing 
 phorus contained in the iron ore while the ore is being reduced ; the phosphorus in consequence becomes entangled in the slag and goes off 
 
 Yields considerable 
 water in glass tube, 
 which distinguishes it 
 from talc, while its 
 granular texture is 
 sufficient to separate 
 it from serpentine. 
 Decomposed in sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
 
 Dark olive- 
 
 Pearly, 
 
 Un- Infus. 1-6 
 
 1.85 
 
 V. 
 
 green, 
 
 opaque 
 
 col- 
 
 
 
 grass-green 
 
 to 
 
 ored, 
 
 
 
 to gray- 
 
 partly 
 
 green- 
 
 
 
 green, etc. 
 
 trans- 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Decomposed by H S SO 4 
 and HC1, leaving resi- 
 due of silica. From 
 
 Pale green Weak White Infus. 
 to greenish resin- 
 black, ous, in- 
 
 chrysotile the silica is 
 left in fine fibres. 
 
 Sometimes clining 
 mottled. to 
 
 
 This fact serves to 
 distinguish the ser- 
 pentine varieties from 
 true asbestos, q. v. 
 
 
 greasy. 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2-4 
 
 2.5 
 
 101 
 
 See under heading MAG- 
 NESIUM, etc. 
 
 Extensively used in orna- 
 mental and architectural 
 work, though whole build- 
 ings are sometimes made of 
 this stone. The finer varie- 
 ties, when cut and polished 
 for ornamental purposes, 
 are sometimes termed mar- 
 ble. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 MAGNESIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Talc 
 (Soap- 
 stone or 
 Stea- 
 tite). 
 (Massive 
 or rock 
 constitu- 
 ent.) 
 
 H a Mg 8 S- 4 J2 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 31-7*. 
 Silica, 
 
 63-5*. 
 
 When foliated the foliae are not elastic. Very soft, scratched by 
 the finger-nail. Potstone, ordinary soapstone more or less im- 
 pure, which is coarse, granular, and is gray, grayish, or brown- 
 gray in cojor. Also fine granular, e.g., French chalk. 
 
 Constitutes extensive beds in some regions. Also occurs in small 
 quantities in many rocks. Frequently associated with serpen- 
 tine, talcose or chloritic schists, and dolomite, and contains 
 crystals of a number of other minerals. 
 
 Mag- 
 nesite 
 (Mas- 
 sive). 
 
 MgCO,. 
 
 Magnesia, 
 
 47-6*. 
 CO a 
 
 = 52.4*- 
 
 White and like calcite in appearance, but often occurring massive, 
 and looking like unglazed porcelain. 
 
 This mineral forms quite extensive beds in Canada and in Greece, 
 and occurs in connection with serpentine, talcose schists and 
 other magnesian rocks, also gypsum, and is usually associated 
 with the magnesium minerals, steatite, serpentine, and dolomite. 
 Also found in serpentine, or so admixed with the serpentine as 
 to form a variety of verd-antique marble. 
 
 102 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Exfoliates before blowpipe. Mois- 
 tened with cobalt solution and 
 heated assumes a pale-red color. 
 
 Infusible. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 Not acted upon by 
 acids. In closed tube 
 gives a little water, 
 but not till highly 
 heated. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 White, apple 
 to dark 
 green, 
 brown, 
 grass- and 
 black-green 
 when im- 
 pure. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 B H!ITY 
 
 HARD- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SP.GR. 
 
 CRYS 
 T ALLI - 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 USES. 
 
 Pearly 
 
 White 
 
 or 
 
 lighter 
 
 than 
 
 color. 
 
 Infus. 
 or 
 
 above 
 5- 
 
 gray, 
 
 brown, 
 
 green. 
 
 (hot HC1) gives no yellow, 
 precipitate with 
 
 H 2 SO 4 . Compare 
 
 dolomite, which gives 
 a precipitate. Dis- 
 solves entirely in 
 H 2 SO 4 ; the other only 
 partially, but, like it, 
 it effervesces with hot 
 HC1, but not with cold. 
 
 ous, 
 silky. 
 
 I-I-5 
 
 2.7 
 
 IV. or 
 V. 
 
 -4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J . 
 
 1ITw.-._ 
 
 TTJi 
 
 irt.:_ 
 
 T t 
 
 Steatite or soapstone is simply a 
 massive form of talc, and is ap- 
 plied to a great variety of pur- 
 poses, but chiefly to the manu- 
 
 facture of fire-brick, laundry, bath, 
 
 and chemical tubs, hearthstones, mantels, pencils (French chalk), cooking- 
 pots, griddles, etc. It is carved into many objects, both useful and orna- 
 mental. When ground it is used as polish in the composition of mineral 
 paint, in the manufacture of machinery lubricants, for skin and leather 
 dressing, and as an adulterant for soap, for removing grease from cloth, etc. 
 If the powder be exceedingly fine, it has the property of clinging to metal 
 and stone with great tenacity, and makes the finish which protects their 
 surfaces from the weather. It is said to be used with excellent results for 
 heating-stoves. (See Mineral Industry, vol. 2.) The principal use of fibrous 
 talc is in filling and weighting paper, to which it gives strength, weight, dura- 
 bility, and finish. Being insoluble and perfectly harmless when taken into 
 the system, it is used quite extensively as an adulterant in medicines. It is 
 also largely mixed with cheaper kinds of soap, and forms the basis of 
 numerous fire- and water-proof paints and plasters. 
 
 3-5-4-5 3-12 
 
 III. 
 
 103 
 
 Besides being used for 
 hearths in the "Basic" 
 processes in manufacturing 
 steel as described, it is used 
 quite largely as a bleaching 
 agent in the manufacture of 
 paper from wood-pulp and 
 
 in the construction of portions of fire-proof 
 buildings. It is also used in the manufacture 
 of Epsom salts (sulphate of magnesia) and for 
 other chemical purposes. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGB 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 MANGANESE AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 These are readily recognized by the characteristic amethystine color oxide of manganese imparts to beads of borax and salt 
 when cold. With salt of phosphorus, brown-violet when hot, pale-red violet when cold. Do not confuse with the pale violet 
 bead opaque. With soda in O. F. on platinum wire, or, preferably, platinum foil, the color is green or bluish green. Most varieties 
 
 brown hematite (limonite) and less often with varieties of red hematite or magnetite. USES. Over nine tenths of the 
 
 used in the manufacture of steel, since manganese imparts to the steel not only hardness, but a high degree of toughness and disability. It 
 only the very pure ores are used. 
 
 Pyrolu- MnO. The common ore. Soft and soils fingers. Distinguished by its 
 
 site. color, softness, etc. Nodular and in layers. Compact to uncon- 
 
 Manga- solidated, etc. 
 
 nese, Usually occurs in connection with psilomelane, both crystallized 
 
 63. 2#. and massive. Often in connection with limonite, both being 
 secondary minerals due to the leaching of the rock containing 
 
 I manganese and iron. 
 
 Gives manganese reaction. 
 
 Psilome- 
 lane. 
 
 Variable. Usually harder than the foregoing, with which it is often asso- Reacts for manganese. Generally 
 
 ciated. Usually more or less admixed with barium and potas- 
 sium, especially the former. Compact and usually smooth. 
 Nodular, botryoidal, and mammillary, massive and stalactitic. 
 Tendency, like limonite, to acicular concretionary forms. Much 
 resembles above, except that it affords water, and is much harder 
 and contains less manganese. 
 
 Like the above, often associated with limonite in segregated 
 masses in clay due to the decomposition of limestones and other 
 rocks containing manganese and iron. 
 
 gives barium flame, yellowish green 
 when heated in forceps. 
 
 104 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 
 1 r r 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 ' 
 
 of phosphorus in O. F. ; colorless in R. F. With borax the color becomes violet, amethystine, or purple when hot, amethystine 
 color imparted to beads by presence of titanic acid, which only appears on heating in R. F. Too large a quantity renders 
 are soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. The oxides are frequently associated with ores of iron, especially 
 manganese that is produced is used in the manufacture of the alloys of iron and manganese, known as ferromanganese or spiegeleisen, 
 is used to a small extent in bleaching, and also in calico-printing, dyeing, and to give a violet color to glass and pottery, for which purposes 
 
 HC1 dissolves it, with Iron-black, Metal- Black, Infus. 2.5 4.82 IV. See under heading MANGA 
 
 evolution of chlorine. dark steel- lie, sub- H"*^ 1 
 
 NESE, etc. 
 
 No water in closed gray to metal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tube, bluish. lie. times" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In HC1 solution sul- Iron-black Subme- Black- Infus. 5-6 
 
 4.2 
 
 Amor- 
 
 See under heading MANGA 
 
 phuric acid yields to dark tallic. 
 white precipitate of steel-gray. 
 
 
 phous 
 
 
 NESE, etc. 
 
 sulphate of baryta. 
 
 
 Some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yields much water in 
 
 
 times 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 
 
 shin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 MANGANESE AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Braun- 3Mn a O s Massive, and often associated with the above species, 
 
 ite. +MnSiO s . 
 
 Sometimes 
 Mn,O 3 . 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Reacts for manganese. 
 
 Manga- 
 nite. 
 
 Manganese, 
 63.6*. 
 
 Mn 2 O 3 . 
 H 2 O. 
 
 Manga- 
 nese, 
 62. 4*. 
 
 
 Prismatic cleavage, sometimes perfect. Brittle. Comparatively Reacts for manganese 
 rare. By loss of water it changes into pyrolusite, braunite, or 
 hausmannite. 
 Occurs sometimes in veins traversing porphyry and associated 
 with calcite and barite. 
 
 Haus- 
 mannite. 
 
 Mn s O 4 . 
 
 Manganese, 
 71-9*- 
 
 Rare and unimportant. Reacts for manganese. 
 Sometimes occurs in porphyry along with other manganese ores. 
 
 Wad 
 (Bog 
 Manga- 
 nese). 
 
 Variable. 
 H s Mn 2 O 6 . 
 
 Earthy variety and common, but of small importance. Soft, and Reacts for manganese, 
 soils fingers. Usually mixed with silica, baryta, alumina, and 
 iron oxide, sometimes nickel and cobalt. Light in weight. 
 Rarely hard in reniform masses. 
 Occurs as a marsh deposit, and is the result of the decompositions 
 
 of the other ores. Sometimes contains oxide of cobalt as well as oxide of copper. Sometimes also 
 contains oxide of nickel besides the other two, with iron, lead, and sulphur. Usually contains from 10* 
 to 25;{ water. Can hardly be regarded as distinct mineral species. 
 
 106 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STREAK BIL J T Y 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 - , _ _ - .-,,- 1- r ,-,rr-| , * 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 CRYS- MAGNETIC 
 
 SP - GR - OR E ISL USES " 
 
 ** *IV/W. HIT TfKtf~ 
 
 IIC.A i IN*./, 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 Dissolves in HC1, etc., Dark Subme- Same Infus. 6.5 4.7 II. See under heading MANGA- 
 
 leaving a residue of brown- tallic. as NESE, etc. 
 
 gelatinous or floccu- black to 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 lent silica. steel-gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In closed tube yields Dark steel- Subme- Red- Infus. 
 much water, and in gray to tallic. dish or 
 
 4 
 
 4-3 
 
 IV. 
 
 See under heading MANGA- 
 NESE, etc. 
 
 this differs from the iron-black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 following. Otherwise 
 
 V, A 
 
 nished 
 browD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 like the above. 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _l_ 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tallic. nut- 
 brown. 
 
 5-5.5 4.7 
 
 NESE, etc. 
 
 .1 
 Gives much water in Dove-gray, Earthy, Red- Infus. Soft 
 
 closed tube. 
 
 bluish 
 black, 
 brown to 
 
 dull. 
 
 dish 
 brown. 
 
 to 
 
 rarely 
 
 6. 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 107 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 Sometimes used for bleach- 
 ing and for umber paint. 
 

 NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 MANGANESE AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Rhodo- 
 
 MnCO 3 . B 
 
 chrosite 
 
 
 (Carbon- 
 
 Manga- 
 
 ate of 
 
 nese, 
 
 Manga- 
 
 47-8*. 
 
 nese). 
 
 
 (Dialo- 
 
 
 gue.) 
 
 
 Rhodo- 
 
 MnSiOs. 1 
 
 nite 
 
 
 (Manga- 
 
 Manga- 
 
 nese 
 
 nese, 
 
 Spar). 
 
 4I-9*- 
 
 (Silicate 
 
 
 of man- 
 
 1 
 
 ganese.) 
 
 
 Common 
 
 
 vein- 
 
 
 stone. 
 
 
 
 Manganspath. Usually pink or rose-red color. Often calciferous, 
 ferriferous, and sometimes zinciferous. Occurs in veins with 
 other metallic ores, such as those of silver, lead, or copper, or 
 associated with other ores of manganese. Sometimes in strati- 
 fied or bedded masses. The above oxide ores are in some cases 
 resultant from the oxidation of original carbonate ore. It is 
 quite largely mined in France, but is roasted and thus con- 
 verted into the commercial oxide before being shipped. 
 
 Manganese Spar. Often dark brown or black on surface, 
 " through strong tendency of manganese protoxide to pass to a 
 higher state of oxidation." Somewhat resembles red feldspar, 
 but readily distinguished by its behavior B. B. and with acids. 
 On exposure to air oxidizes rapidly, the outcrop of many 
 metalliferous veins appearing black in consequence. 
 
 Frequently found in the western United States in fissure veins and 
 similar deposits in connection with and as the gangue of the 
 ores of silver, lead, gold, copper, etc. 
 
 Changes color to gray or brown or 
 black. Decrepitates strongly and 
 gives manganese reaction. Infusi- 
 ble. 
 
 Fuses quietly at 3. Gives manganese 
 reaction. When heated becomes 
 dark brown. 
 
 MERCURY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Mercury, or quicksilver, and its amalgams volatilize on charcoal, but give a sublimate of metallic mercury when heated in 
 brushed together with a feather, etc. When a gray sublimate is obtained without distinct metallic globules, the part of the tube 
 case mercury exists in so small a quantity that the sublimed metal is not perceptible, it may be detected by inserting a piece of 
 gold, giving it a white color. The ores follow. 
 
 108 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Soluble in heated HC1, 
 
 Rose-red, Vitre- White Infus. 4 3.5 III. See under heading MANGA- 
 
 with effervescence. 
 
 yellowish, ous, NESE, etc. 
 
 On exposure to air 
 
 gray, pearly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 changes to brown or 
 
 brown, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bright rose-red; va- 
 
 fawn color, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rieties become paler. 
 
 and deep 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 red. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Slightly attacked by 
 
 Rose-red to Vitre- Un- 2.5-3 6 3.6 VI. See under heading MANGA- 
 
 HC1. Does not effer- 
 
 brown. ous. col- 
 
 NESE, etc. 
 
 vesce like preceding 
 
 
 
 ored. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 unless admixture of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CaCO 3 is present. In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 powder partially dis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 solves in HC1, the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 residue becoming 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 closed tube with or without soda; best with soda. The metal condenses above assay in globules on the tube. These may be 
 coated with it is cut off and boiled in a test-tube with a little dilute HC1. By this treatment mercury collects in shining globules. In 
 gold-leaf, held on end of iron wire, into the tube just above assay. On heating, the mercury is volatilized and unites with the 
 
 109 
 
NAM:;. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 MERCURY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Native. Hg. Occurs in small liquid globules, probably resultant from the follow- 
 
 ing by some secondary reaction, scattered throughout its gangue. 
 The other ores frequently contain it. 
 
 It also sometimes occurs alloyed with silver, when it forms native 
 amalgam in combination with sulphur and antimony in tetra- 
 hedrite. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Entirely volatile, going into vapor 
 at 350 C. (662 F.). Solidifies 
 and crystallizes into octahedra at 
 38. 8 C. ( 37. 9 F.), when it be- 
 comes soft and malleable. 
 
 Cinna- 
 bar. 
 
 HgS. 
 
 Mercury, 
 
 86.2*. 
 
 Calomel. 
 
 Mercury, 
 84.9*. 
 
 The common ore of quicksilver. Distinguished from realgar by 
 the alliaceous fumes of the latter on charcoal and other charac- 
 teristics. Usually admixed with clay, iron oxide, or bitumen. 
 Somewhat sectile. 
 
 Occurs chiefly in- veins in slate rocks, shales, and schists, both the 
 most ancient and the more recent. These rocks are often meta- 
 morphic, and dikes of eruptive material are usually found in close 
 proximity. It is also sometimes found ill, granite, sandstone, 
 limestone, and porphyry. The associated minerals are pyrite, 
 marcasite, sulphides of copper, stibnite, realgar, gold, etc. The 
 gangue minerals are usually calcite, quartz, barite, and fluorite. 
 It is usually not found in large quantities in crystalline or 
 igneous rocks. 
 
 Tough and sectile. (Rare.) 
 Occurs with cinnabar. 
 
 , 
 
 ntirely volatile unless admixed with 
 gangue (quartz, calcite, etc., etc.). 
 
 Volatilizes on charcoal, coating the 
 coal white. 
 
 110 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 r~ . MAGNETIC 
 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK ^usi- HARD- Sp GR TA^U- ^FTRR USES * 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 ZATION. HEATING 
 
 Dissolves readily in Tin-white. 
 
 Bril- Vol. 
 
 14.4 
 
 I. 
 
 
 It is largely used in the ex- 
 
 nitric acid. 
 
 
 liant 
 
 
 
 traction of gold and silver 
 
 
 
 metal- 
 
 from their ores bv amalga- 
 
 
 
 lic. 
 
 mation, to a less degree in silvering mirrors, for thermometers and barometers, 
 
 
 
 
 and for many purposes in the arts, in the laboratory, and in medicine, e.g., as 
 
 
 
 
 bichloride of mercury, the best antiseptic preparation known, calomel, etc. 
 
 Mixed with soda in Red to red- 
 
 Unme- Scar- Vol. 2-2.5 8.9 III. The paint vermillion, which 
 
 closed tube gives me- 
 
 dish brown. 
 
 tallic to let- is used largely in printing, 
 
 tallic mercury, but 
 
 Some varie- 
 
 dull red. 
 
 
 lithographing, etc., is pre- 
 
 alone a black subli- 
 
 ties gray or 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 pared from this ore, having 
 
 mate. In open tube 
 
 black, but 
 
 earthy; 
 
 
 
 
 the same chemical composi- 
 
 gives reaction for sul- 
 
 streak red. 
 
 crystals 
 
 
 
 
 tion as the ore. 
 
 phurous acid, and if 
 
 
 ada- 
 
 
 
 
 
 carefully heated, mi- 
 
 
 man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 nute globules of me- 
 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tallic mercury, which 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 condense on the cold 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 portion of the tube. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In nitric solution ni- Gray-white, 
 
 Ada- Yel- Vol. 1-2 6.4 II. 
 
 Of great value in medicine. 
 
 trate of silver gives 
 
 yellowish 
 
 man- low- 
 
 
 heavy precipitate of 
 
 gray to 
 
 tine, ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 chloride of silver. In 
 
 b'owri. 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 closed tube volatilizes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 without fusion and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 forms white subli- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mate. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
NAME. 
 
 COM p. AND 
 PPKCKNTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 MEBCUEY AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Colora- 
 doite 
 (Mer- 
 cury 
 Tellu- 
 ride). 
 
 
 
 Mica 
 (Musco- 
 vite). 
 (Isin- 
 glass.) 
 Common 
 rock 
 con- 
 stituent. 
 
 HgTe. 
 
 Mercury, 
 61.5*. 
 
 Rare. Found sparingly in Colorado with gold tellurides. 
 granular. 
 
 Massive. 
 
 Various. Foliated. Very elastic, and is susceptible of being separated into 
 a great number of very thin sheets. Physical characters readily 
 recognized. Foliae tougher and harder than those of talc or 
 chlorite. The latter are non-elastic. Sometimes in large plates, 
 when it possesses considerable value and is extensively mined. 
 It is a very common mineral, and is one of the essential constitu- 
 ents of ordinary granite. It is found in most granites and 
 gneisses, and in dikes of coarse granite traversing a granitic 
 country rock, or in gneiss, mica schist, porphyritic granite, 
 etc.; sometimes in granular limestone. The variety known as 
 amber mica or black mica, which is common in Canada, is biotite 
 or magnesium iron mica. This is usually highly colored by 
 oxide of iron, and this variety supplies nearly the total supply 
 of commerce where transparency is not required. See Uses. 
 Usually associated with such minerals as quartz, feldspar, beryl, 
 tourmaline, garnet, columbite, and samarskite. Cassiterite is 
 the associated mineral in the Black Hills, S. D., and apatite is 
 found in connection with the mica deposits in Canada. It is not 
 uncommon in sedimentary rocks such as micaceous sandstones, 
 grits, shales, etc. 
 
 112 
 
 Sl'HCIFTC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 In tube decrepitates, fuses, and yields 
 metallic mercury, as well as drops 
 of tellurium dioxide. 
 
 . B. fuses with difficulty on edges of 
 very thin scales to a gray or yellow 
 glass. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Soluble in nitric acid. Grayish 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Gray- 
 
 Vol. 
 
 3 
 
 8.6 
 
 Amor- 
 
 
 black or lie. ish. phous 
 
 iron-black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Not acted upon by Colorless, Pearly, White 
 
 Above 
 
 2-2.5 
 
 2.8 IV. 
 
 
 acids. In closed tube white, trans- orun- 5. 
 
 yields water. gray, parent col- 
 
 
 
 
 brown, to ored. 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow, red, trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 and green. lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ';. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 USES. 
 
 See under heading MERCURY, 
 etc. 
 
 Mica was formerly used in 
 Siberia as a constituent for 
 glass in windows, whence it 
 has been called Muscovy 
 glass. It is in common use 
 in lanterns, for the doors of 
 stoves and furnaces, and 
 other like purposes where a 
 transparent substance not 
 easily affected by heat is de- 
 sirable. When pulverized it 
 is used in the manufacture of 
 wall-paper in order to give a 
 glistening effect. The con- 
 sumption of mica is increas- 
 ing largely at the present 
 time, owing to the fact that 
 usually when more or less 
 finely ground it finds many 
 uses in electrical appliances, 
 being an excellent noncon- 
 ductor and insulator. 
 
 113 
 
NAME. 
 
 COM p. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 MOLYBDENUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS, 
 
 With borax bead in O. F. colorless when hot; faint yellow when cold. With saturation the bead becomes in R. F. an opaque 
 certain chemical operations and analytical work, e.g., in the detection of phosphoric acid, etc. 
 
 Molyb- 
 denite. 
 
 MoSj. Very soft and sectile. Soils fingers or paper like graphite (q. v.), 
 
 and looks much like it. Laminae very flexible, but not elastic. 
 Molybde- Occurs in granite, gneiss, syenite, mica schist, and other allied 
 num, 60$. crystalline rocks; also in granular limestone, either imbedded in 
 the rock or disseminated through it. Usually associated with 
 scheelite and apatite, and sometimes with zircon. 
 
 Molyb- 
 date of 
 Lead 
 (Wulfen- 
 ite). 
 
 Mona- 
 zite. 
 
 In forceps colors flame light green or 
 yellowish green, which readily dis- 
 tinguishes it from graphite. This 
 effect is assisted if it is first moist- 
 ened with H 2 SO 4 . 
 
 PbMoO 4 . 
 
 Molybde- 
 num, 
 
 26. 2 
 
 Phosphate 
 of the ce- 
 rium 
 metals, 
 essentially 
 (Ce.La.Di) 
 P0 4 . 
 
 Variable. 
 (See Bar 
 na's Min.) 
 
 Heated on platinum-foil with drops of strong sulphuric acid until 
 copious fumes escape and allowed to cool, then breathed upon, 
 acquires an ultramarine-blue color. Brittle. Occurs with other 
 ores of lead, but is rare and unimportant. 
 
 Sometimes associated with vanadinite, pyromorphite, etc., upon 
 crystalline limestone. 
 
 Found in the form of sand, and being sometimes distributed quite 
 abundantly as an accessory constituent of gneissoid rocks in cer- 
 tain regions. Found as rounded grains of sand in gold-wash- 
 ings, as in North Carolina and Brazil. Sometimes known as 
 thorium sands. As its name signifies, it is a rare mineral. 
 
 Decrepitates and fuses below 2. With 
 metallic lead; with salt of phos- 
 a yellowish-green glass, which in 
 green with black flocks. Solution 
 if diluted with water, and upon 
 zinc and agitated, becomes blue. 
 
 Infusible, turns gray, and when 
 moistened with sulphuric acid 
 colors the flame green. With borax 
 gives a yellow bead when hot and 
 colorless on cooling. A saturated 
 bead becomes enamel-white on 
 flaming. (Dana.) 
 
 114 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Heated in platinum 
 spoon with nitre ex- 
 plodes, with evolution 
 of light and heat. In 
 open tube sulphurous 
 fumes and a pale yel- 
 low sublimate. 
 
 soda on charcoal yields 
 phorus in O. F. gives 
 R. F. becomes dark 
 in HC1 greenish, which, 
 addition of tin-foil or 
 
 Soluble with difficulty 
 in HC1. 
 
 Lead-gray 
 
 Metal- Lead- 
 
 Infus. 1-1.5 4-8 III. 
 
 < 
 
 to blackish. lie. gray 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 green- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 White, red, Resin- White 
 j gray-green, ous or 
 : but gener- ada- 
 
 I-I.5 3 6.9 
 
 II. 
 
 
 < 
 
 , ally yellow- man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ish. 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4- ^- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' Hyacinth- 
 
 Inclin- Whit- 
 
 Infus. 5-5.5 5-5.2 V 
 
 
 r 
 
 red, clove- ing to ish or 
 
 
 
 brown, 
 
 resin- same 
 
 
 
 
 reddish or ous. as 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellowish 
 
 Sub- color. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to sub- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See under heading MOLYBDE- 
 
 NUM, etc. 
 
 See under heading MOLYBDE- 
 NUM, etc. 
 
 The chief use of this mineral 
 is in the manufacture of 
 cylindrical hoods or man- 
 tles used in the Welsbach 
 light. (See Rep. U. S. 
 Geol. Sur. 1894-95, Part IV., 
 Min. Res.) 
 
 115 
 
NAMK. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 NICKEL AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 With borax the presence of nickel in O. F. renders bead, when hot, purplish, with a tinge of violet ; when cold, reddish 
 added, and the bead be again heated in O. F., a well-marked purple color is produced. Roast belore making above tests. Arsenical 
 from cobalt, but acquires a brown color, which is violet when hot, the metallic globule is separated from the borax and treated 
 both hot and cold. Treated with tin on charcoal it will become red and opaque on cooling. Black sulphides insoluble in dilute 
 potash slowly precipitates the green hydrate of nickel. Potash produces this precipitate from all ordinary nickel solutions. 
 in many of the so-called white alloys, e.g., with copper and zinc forming German silver. The so-called "nickel silver" alloy is largely 
 forming a clean white alloy it is well adapted for coinage when the intrinsic value of the metal employed is not to be considered, The chief 
 purposes. 
 
 Copper- NiAs. 
 nickel 
 
 (Nicco- Nickel, 
 lite). 43-9#' 
 
 Arsenic, 
 
 56.1*. 
 
 Gives off arsenical fumes, and fuses 
 to pale globule, which darkens on 
 exposure and which affords by suc- 
 cessive oxidation reactions for ircn, 
 cobalt, and nickel. 
 
 Of a pale copper-red color and brittle, and often contains iron, 
 cobalt, and sulphur. Often found in Chile and Argentine Re- 
 public. Cloanthite (see Smaltite) is an important variety. This 
 is the diarsenide of nickel (nickel 28.1^), often called white 
 nickel, and is tin-white with a grayish-black streak. If much 
 cobalt is present it graduates into smaltite. Usually accom- 
 panies cobalt, silver, and copper ores. 
 
 NOTE. All these ores are likely to be largely associated chiefly __ 
 
 with arsenic and cobalt, but as well with iron, lead, copper, silver, etc. When arsenic is drawn off 
 from combinations of nickel and cobalt the residue has the name of Speiss. 
 
 N. B. The ores of nickel are more generally distributed in the United States than is usually supposed. 
 They occur in small quantities in close association with the chrome ores in both eastern and western 
 portions of the United States, and nickel is abundantly found throughout the serpentine, steatite, 
 diallage, and actinolite of the Quebec group in Canada, and also in certain of the magnesites and in the 
 Laurentian gneiss. The close connection of this element and iron is not confined to terrestrial min- 
 erals, as nickel is found in all of the iron composing meteorites. Nickel ores are usually found in or in 
 close connection with serpentine rocks, but at Sudbury, Ontario, it is found in a belt of Huronian rocks 
 which contain many inliers of gneiss and red quartz-syenite. The ore occurs in both formations, and is 
 a mixture of chalcopyrite and nickeliferous pyrrhotite. Millerite is sometimes found in association, 
 and also sperrylite (arsenide of platinum, q. v.). 
 
 116 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fusi- HARD- 
 
 BIL1TY. NESS. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 ORA, 
 
 USES. 
 
 In R. F. 
 
 ly and turbid, with reduced nickel (use lens). If 
 
 sherry-brown. In R. F. the bead becomes purplish-gray and turbid, with reduced nickel (use lens). If a fragment of nitre be 
 compounds of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper are treated with glass of borax (see Cobalt) ; when borax is no longer colored blue 
 with salt of phosphorus in O. F. If copper, as well as nickel, be present in the assay, the glass thus obtained will be green, while 
 HC1. (See Cobalt.) Nitric solutions are apple-green. Excess of ammonia produces a violet-blue liquid, from which caustic 
 
 USES. The uses of this metal have rapidly extended. It is used largely for nickel-plating by electro-deposition, and as an alloy 
 
 manufactured in the form of ingots, sheets, and wires, and is used in the manufacture of spoons, forks, plated ware, etc. Owing to its 
 and rapidly increasing use, however, is in the manufacture of nickel steel for armor-plate and for other military and industrial 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aqua regia solution ap- 
 ple green. If excess 
 of ammonia be added 
 this becomessapphire- 
 blue. 
 
 Copper red 
 with black- 
 ish-gray 
 tarnish. 
 
 Metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Pale 
 brown- 
 red to 
 brown- 
 black. 
 
 Easily 
 
 5-5 
 
 7-5' 
 
 III. 
 
 After. 
 
 See under 1 
 etc. 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 L7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J.] 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COM p. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 NICKEL AND ITS 
 
 Genthite. 
 Impure 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 H 4 (Ni,Mg)< 
 Si 3 ia . 
 
 vari- 
 eties 
 Garnier- 
 ite, etc. 
 Noume- 
 ite. 
 
 Emerald 
 Nickel 
 (Zara- 
 tite). 
 (Nickel 
 Carbon- 
 ate.) 
 
 Pentland- 
 
 ite. 
 
 Variable. 
 See de- 
 scription. 
 
 3NiO,CO, 
 + 6H 2 O. 
 
 Nickel, 
 
 46.7*. 
 
 (Fe,Ni)S. 
 
 Nickel, 
 
 39- 9*- 
 
 Reacts for nickel. In O. F. with 
 borax, violet bead becoming red- 
 brown on cooling, which bead, 
 when treated in R. F. , becomes 
 gray from reduced nickel. 
 
 COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 The large supply from New Caledonia is derived from garnierite, 
 
 which is pale green and adhesive to the tongue, and noumeite, 
 
 which is dark green and unctuous. These ores, which are hy- 
 
 drated silicates of magnesium and nickel, are amorphous, soft, 
 
 and friable, have a dull lustre, and vary from bright apple-green 
 
 in color to nearly white. 
 Found in veins in decomposed rocks of eruptive origin, among 
 
 which serpentine is the most important. The New Caledonia ore, as exported for treatment, averages} 
 
 ^% to io<< nickel. It is frequently associated with chrome iron ore and oxide of cobalt. It is sometimes] 
 
 found in taicose schist and associated with phosphate of nickel. 
 
 Incrusting, also massive, compact, minutely mammillated, and Becomes magnetic, and gives the 
 
 stalactitic. 
 
 Usually containing variable quantities of sulphur, associated with 
 chromic iron, cobalt ores, and magnetite in serpentine rocks. 
 
 nickel reaction with borax. 
 
 Sulphides of iron and nickel. Has an uneven fracture and an 
 octahedral cleavage. Not magnetic, and is brittle. 
 
 Sudbury, Ont., etc., where also an ore which corresponds generally 
 to Ni 3 FeS 5 is found. The usual ore of the Sudbury district is a 
 mixture of chalcopyrite and nickeliferous pyrrhotite, the per- 
 centage of nickel in the latter varying from i% to 3^ (Min. /</.). 
 See supra. 
 
 Usually occurs in close association with chalcopyrite. 
 
 Roasted on charcoal gives with fluxes 
 reactions for nickel and iron. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 CRYS- MAGNETIC 
 
 ZATION. ?f E * 
 
 UsES . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In closed tube black- 
 
 Apple to 
 
 Resin- 
 
 Green- Infus. 3.4 2.5 Amor- After. See under heading NICKEL, 
 
 ens, and gives much 
 water. Decomposed 
 
 emerald 
 green, and 
 
 ous. 
 
 ish phous etc. 
 
 white. 
 
 by HC1 without gela- 
 
 sometimes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinizing. 
 
 yellowish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in heated 
 
 Emerald- 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 Paler Infus. 3 2.6 Amor- After. See under heading NICKEL, 
 
 dilute HC1, with effer- 
 
 green. 
 
 ous, 
 
 than phous etc. 
 
 vescence. Gives in 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 color. 
 
 closed tube a large 
 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 amount of water, and 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 blackens and leaves 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grayish-black mag- 
 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 netic residue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yields sulphurous 
 
 Light 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Light ^Easily 3.5-4 4.6 I. 
 
 See under heading NICKEL, 
 
 fumes in the open 
 
 bronze- 
 
 lic. 
 
 bronze- C (; Ci 
 
 tube. 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 119 
 

 NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 NICKEL AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 NiS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Millerite 
 (Capil- 
 lary 
 
 Pyrites). 
 (Nickel 
 Blende.) 
 
 Nickel- 
 iferous 
 Iron 
 Pyrites. 
 
 Ullman- 
 nite. 
 
 Nickel 
 Glance 
 (Gers- 
 dorffite). 
 
 Usually in capillary needle-like crystallizations. Sometimes like 
 wool. Fibrous; also in fibrous crusts. Brittle, capillary crystals 
 Nickel, elastic. 
 
 64.6^. Found with calcite, dolomite, fluorite and ankerite in cavities in 
 hematite, and also with pyrrhotite. Also found with niccolite, 
 nickeliferous iron pyrites, chalcopyrite, etc. 
 
 Roasted mineral reacts for nickel as 
 above. On charcoal in R. F. 
 roasted mineral gives a coherent 
 mass, which is attractable by the 
 magnet. 
 
 (See Iron Ores and above.) This frequently contains from ig to as much as 556 of nickel, and when it does is a valuable 
 Ont., etc. See above. The mines of this district are in Huronian rocks (gneiss and red quartz syenite), and yield, 
 and the rare mineral sperrylite (arsenide of platinum), q. v. 
 
 NiSbS. 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 _ 27.8*. 
 
 Antimony, 
 
 57*. 
 
 NiSAs. 
 
 Nickel, 
 
 35-4*- 
 Arsenic, 
 
 45-3X- 
 
 Brittle and cubic cleavage. Fracture uneven. 
 
 Afterlong heating becomes magnetic. 
 Easily fusible, and reacts for anti- 
 mony, arsenic, and nickel. On char- 
 coal fuses to globules, boils and 
 coats coal white. 
 
 Brittle, with uneven fracture. Nickel often replaced by iron or by In a closed tube decrepitates violently 
 cobalt to considerable extent. and gives yellowish-brown subli- 
 
 mate. On charcoal gives arsenic 
 reaction. 
 
 120 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 HARD- 
 
 NESS. 
 
 CRYS 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 
 Gives no sulphur in Brass-yel- Metal- Bright Easily 3.5 5.6 III. After. See under heading NICKEL, 
 
 closed tube; in open low inclin- lie, often green- et c- 
 
 tube, sulphurous ing to gray iri- ':* , 
 
 fumes. bronze- des- 
 
 yellow. cent 
 
 tarnish. 
 
 ore. Magnetic iron pyrites (pyrrhotite) especially is frequently nickeliferous Sudbury, After. See under heading NICKEL, 
 in addition to pyrrhotite, considerable quantities of chalcopyrite (copper from \% to 4^), etc. 
 
 I. After. See under heading NICKEL, 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HC1 has little effect, Steel-gray Metal- Gray- 
 
 3 
 
 5.5 
 
 6.3 
 
 I. 
 
 but nitric acid or aqua to silver- lie. ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 regia dissolves it, with white. 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 separation of sulphur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dilute nitric solution. Silver-white Metal- Gray- Easily 
 with chloride of ba- to steel- lie. black. 
 
 5-5 
 
 6 
 
 I. 
 
 After. See under heading 
 etc. 
 
 Hum added, gives gray and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heavy precipitate. grayish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aqua regia solution black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 same as copper nickel. 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 NICKEL AND ITS COMPOUNDS.-Continued. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 
 Nickel 
 Ochre 
 (Nickel 
 Ar- 
 senic). 
 (Anna- 
 bergite.) 
 
 Nitre 
 (Com- 
 mon 
 Salt- 
 petre). 
 
 Ni 3 As 2 O e 
 
 Nickel. 
 
 29- 4*. 
 Arsenic, 
 
 26.6*. 
 
 KN0 3 . 
 
 Soft, earthy, and apple-green in color. Fracture uneven or 
 earthy. With soda on charcoal easily reduced to small, brilliant 
 metallic particles, which are highly magnetic. Probably due to 
 decomposition of niccolite, etc. 
 
 Potassium nitrate or potash nitre. Brittle, with uneven fracture. 
 Occurs usually as needle-form crystals and crusts on surface of 
 earth, rocks, and in caves, etc. Spain, Egypt, Persia, and large 
 quantities from India. 
 
 On charcoal fuses in R. F. with emis- 
 sion of arsenical vapor to blackish- 
 gray globule, which reacts for 
 nickel with borax. Always con- 
 tains a little cobalt, which will 
 usually give a blue bead with 
 borax. 
 
 On charcoal deflagrates strongly and 
 detonates with combustible sub- 
 stances. Fused on platinum wire 
 colors flame violet. 
 
 Variety, NaNO 3 . 
 Chile 
 salt- 
 petre. 
 
 Sodium nitrate or soda nitre. Somewhat sectile. Deliquescent. 
 Taste cooling. Double refraction in crystals. Occurs granular 
 or massive, and forms beds (caliche) in the Pampa de Tamarugal 
 and elsewhere in Chile, but is found also in small quantities in 
 Nevada and California. Usually associated with large quanti- 
 ties of common salt, gypsum, and other impurities. Iodine is 
 usually present in minute quantities, nevertheless a very large 
 proportion of the supply of commerce is drawn from this source. 
 See Min. Ind., Vol. II. 345. 
 
 122 
 
 Deflagrates less violently than potash 
 nitre, causing yellow light. Colors 
 flame intensely yellow. (Sodium.) 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 color. Excess of am- 
 monia colors this sap- 
 phire-blue. 
 
 Easily soluble in wa- 
 ter. In solution bi- 
 chloride of platinum 
 produces a yellow 
 crystalline precipi- 
 tate, especially if 
 stirred with a glass 
 rod fora few minutes. 
 Not altered by expos- 
 ure. Taste saline and 
 cooling. 
 
 Dissolves in three 
 parts of water at 60 
 F. Is strongly deli- 
 quescent. Bichloride 
 of platinum produces 
 no precipitate, thus 
 distinguishing it from 
 potassium nitrate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CRYS MAGNETIC 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRB. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 7*"-'"- OR USES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. HEAT , NG> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Apple- 
 
 Earthy. 
 
 Green- 
 
 Easily 
 
 Soft. 
 
 
 V. After. See under heading NICKEL, 
 
 green. 
 
 
 ish 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 White. 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 White 
 
 Easily 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 IV. Nitre is largely employed in 
 
 
 ous, 
 
 
 
 
 
 the manufacture of gun- 
 
 
 sub- 
 
 
 
 
 
 powder and nitric acid. It 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 is also used in medicine, in 
 
 
 parent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 metallurgy, and in chemis- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 try, as a powerful oxidizing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 agent, etc.; to a certain ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tent for pyrotechnic pur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 poses and fulminating pow- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ders. 
 
 White, gray 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 Whit- 
 
 Easily 
 
 1.5-2 
 
 2.25 
 
 III. This is used to a certain ex- 
 
 yellowish, 
 
 ous, 
 
 ish, 
 
 
 
 
 tent in the manufacture of 
 
 orange, 
 
 trans- 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 gunpowder, for which pur- 
 
 reddish 
 
 parent 
 
 paler 
 
 
 
 
 pose it must be first converted into nitre (nitrate 
 
 brown, 
 
 to sub- 
 
 than 
 
 
 
 
 of potash), and also in the manufacture of nitric 
 
 and lemon- 
 yellow. 
 
 trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 color. 
 
 
 
 
 acid, etc. There is a very large and steady 
 demand for Chile saltpetre for use in the prepa- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ration of fertilizers throughout Europe, which 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 purpose consumes most of the production. 
 
 !_-!- ' ' - - * 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Obsidian Variable. 
 (Vol- 
 canic 
 glass). 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 All the varieties are amorphous, volcanic products, and are not 
 homogeneous. True obsidian is characterized by intense vitre- 
 ous lustre, and contains about "]Q% to 75^ silica, and has essen- 
 tially the same constitution as rhyolite. 
 
 Occurs in connection with trachytic and more especially rhyolitic 
 outflows. Sometimes occurs as independent sheets or dikes, but 
 more often on the surface of crystallized lava-sheets or on the 
 outer portions of dikes. (Kemp.) 
 
 Variety: Pumice. This is finely scoriaceous with linear cells, 
 and contains "jo% to 78^ of silica. (Dana.) It is characterized 
 by a vesicular froth-like structure. Pumice is associated with 
 obsidian. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 Opal. SiOs.wHjO. Composed of silica like quartz, but the true nature of the opal 
 
 condition of silica is not very clearly understood, but is believed 
 Water . to be one of lower degrees of hardness and specific gravity, 
 
 variable, Small quantities of iron oxide, alumina, lime, magnesia, and the 
 
 and some- alkalies are often present, as well as quartz. Exhibits rich play 
 times of internal reflections and opalescence, the colors often blending 
 
 regarded and changing according to the direction in which the stone is 
 
 as non- held. It differs from quartz in its lustre and in the total absence 
 
 essential. of crystalline structure. It occurs massive, sometimes small 
 
 reniform, stalactitic, or large tuberose. (Dana.) It is found 
 usually in cavities or fissures and seams in igneous rocks 
 , usually trachyte and porphyry also in some metallic veins. It 
 
 is sometimes found imbedded like flint in limestone or in argilla- 
 ceous beds. Widely distributed. Fine specimens found in Hun- 
 gary, Moravia, Silesia, Saxony, Honduras, etc. The so-called 
 fire opal of Mexico is widely distributed throughout Mexico. 
 
 124 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Fuses with swelling up, at 3.5-4, to a 
 vesicular white glass or enamel. 
 
 Infusible, but becomes opaque. Some 
 varieties containing iron oxide turn 
 red. With soda fuses with effer- 
 vescence to a clear glass. 
 

 "* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 Fusi- 
 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 TALLl- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE USES. 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 Various, 
 
 Intense 
 
 
 3-5-4 
 
 6 
 
 2.2-2.8 
 
 Amor- 
 
 Pumice is used as a powder 
 
 
 gray, dull 
 
 vitre- 
 
 
 
 
 
 phous 
 
 for polishing ivory, wood, 
 
 
 greenish, 
 
 ous. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 marble, metals, glass, skins, 
 
 
 purplish to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 parchment, etc. 
 
 
 red, brown, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 . 
 
 and black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in hydrofluoric 
 acid rather more read- 
 ily than quartz. Most- 
 ly soluble in caustic 
 potassa. Hydrated 
 silica is precipitated 
 
 Colorless, 
 milky- 
 white, yel- 
 low, brown, 
 red, bluish 
 green, and 
 
 Vitre- 
 ous, 
 subvit- 
 reous, 
 resin- 
 ous, 
 
 White 
 
 Infus. 
 
 5-5-6.5 
 
 2-2.3 
 
 Amor- 
 phous 
 
 When displaying brilliant 
 and changing colors used 
 as a gem. 
 
 by addition of suf- 
 
 dark gray- 
 
 some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ gs======s=ss *sa^ 
 
 ficient chloride of 
 
 ish green. 
 
 times 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ff^^~ *0r "' ^^^^. 
 
 ammonia. 
 
 
 pearly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V lifci* THe ^\ 
 
 
 
 Trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V ^RS]"TV 
 
 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \^ OF / 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^JOpO OKJltk ^^^ 
 
 
 
 nearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^teasSSs***^ 
 
 
 
 opaque. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 125 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK. 
 
 Mineral variety, apatite, which see. Common variety is often probably replacement of CaCO 3 by phosphate of lime; also 
 Floridite, etc.) or as water-worn fragments, probably derived from this material, or sometimes as concretionary masses (phos- 
 nodules, and furnish a large portion of the commercial supply. The substance examined for phosphorus is mixed with soda, as 
 dropped into it. Then the mixed soda and substance is added so as to cover the magnesium. Heat to full fusion the contents of 
 characteristic odor of hydrogen phosphide is evolved. (Do not have too much water in vessel, and see that end of tube is broken.) 
 to nitric acid solution. An abundant bright yellow precipitate (phosphomolybdate of ammonium) indicates character of the 
 is, chiefly in the preparation of commercial fertilizers, and to a very much smaller extent in the manufacture of phosphorus Jor 
 converted into soluble phosphate, or superphosphate, by being ground up and mixed -with sulphuric acid before it is available as a 
 from certain impurities, such as iron oxide, alumina, etc. Most of the Florida rock contains from 6o# to 8og of lime phosphate. (See 
 
 PLATI- Pt (Ir, Usually in flattened or angular grains, or irregular masses. 
 
 NUM. Rh, Pd, Sometimes slightly magnetic, malleable, and ductile. Usually 
 
 Fe). alloyed with iron, rhodium, iridium, osmium, and copper. Prin- 
 
 Native. cipal supply obtained from placer deposits. 
 
 Pt = from The commonly associated minerals in such alluvial deposits are, 
 50% to 86#. besides quartzose pebbles and sand, magnetic iron sand, gold, 
 iridosmine, topaz, epidote, chromite, garnet, and occasionally 
 zircon, ilmenite, serpentine, chrysolite, peridote, diamond, etc., 
 Palladium is also rarely found in such deposits. It is rarely 
 found in situ, but has been reported to have been so found 
 in a ferruginous feldspathic rock with iridosmine in New South 
 Wales; also in grains in auriferous veins in Brazil, and oc- 
 casionally in Russia. 
 
 Infusible except before oxyhydrogen 
 blowpipe. 
 
 126 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORE 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 includes fossil bones, fossil excrements (coprolites), etc. Occurs massive or in irregular superficial beds (hard rock phosphate 
 phorite) in river-beds, and usually in stratified marly sediments. Carolinas, Florida, etc. These are referred to as phosphate 
 for sulphur (3 soda, i substance). A thin glass tube closed at one end has a piece of magnesium wire or ribbon one-half inch long 
 the tube until the glass is attacked. While still red plunge under water in a small vessel, and immediately apply the nose. The 
 The above test is not delicate enough for minute quantities, as in Bessemer iron ores. Best test is to add molybdate of ammonium 
 
 specimen. USES. All the -varieties hard rock, soft rock, land pebble, and river pebble are used for the same purposes, that 
 
 making matches, etc. Very large deposits in the southeastern United States furnish great quantities of this material, -which must be 
 fertilizer. To be commercially valuable the rock or pebble should contain upwards of 50^ of phosphate of lime and be reasonably free 
 Apatite.) 
 
 Soluble 
 regia. 
 
 only 
 
 aqua 
 
 Steel-gray 
 to whitish, 
 rarely 
 black. 
 
 Metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Light 
 gray. 
 Like 
 color. 
 
 Infus. 4-4.5 16-19 
 
 I. 
 
 After, 
 slightly. 
 
 A great part of the platinum 
 produced is made into va- 
 rious chemical utensils, such 
 as crucibles, wire, etc. To 
 the chemist it is an invalu- 
 able metal. It is also em- 
 
 ployed by balance-makers 
 
 for weights, etc., to a small extent for 
 philosophical and surgical instruments, 
 and in dentistry. Very considerable 
 quantities of it are used in electrical 
 appliances. Somewhat used in jewelry, 
 in photography, in the manufacture 
 of non-magnetic watches, for coating 
 copper and brass, giving a steel-lustre 
 to porcelain, and for other purposes. 
 
 127 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 of IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 Sperry- PtAs,. 
 lite. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Brittle. Occurs in minute crystals or as scales. In nickeliferous Decrepitates slightly When dropped 
 
 iron sulphide (pyrrhotite) or associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, 
 cassiterite, and as a loose material in small pockets in the de- 
 composed ore, near Sudbury, Ont. (See Nickel ores.) 
 
 on red hot- platinum-foil instantly 
 melts. Gives off inodorless white 
 fumes of arsenic, and porous ex- 
 crescences which resemble it in 
 color are formed on the foil. 
 
 Pyrox- 
 ene 
 
 (Augite). 
 Common 
 rock 
 
 constitu- 
 ent (of 
 eruptive 
 rocks es- 
 pecially). 
 
 Variable. Much the same composition as hornblende, which it closely re- 
 sembles. Sometimes fibrous. Chief varieties are: () white 
 augite; (6) green augite; and (c) hypersthene, diallage, bronzite, 
 etc. Massive and disseminated. 
 
 Common in crystalline limestones and dolomite, in serpentine and 
 in volcanic rocks. Occurs less abundantly in granites and meta- 
 morphic rocks. Sometimes, however, forms large veins or 
 beds, or interbedded masses, especially in the older and highly 
 metamorphosed rocks. 
 
 Light-colored varieties fuse to a 
 white glass, while the darker va- 
 rieties give a black glass. 
 
 138 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 - 
 
 CRYS- MAGNETIC 
 GR. TALLI- ^ K RE 
 ZATION - HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 In open tube gives ar- Tin-white. Bril- Black As de- 6-7 10.6 I. 
 senic sublimate. Does liant, scribed 
 
 See under heading PLATI- 
 NUM, etc. 
 
 not fuse if slowly metal- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 roasted, but if rapidly lie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 heated melts easily 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 after part of its ar- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 senic has been driven 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 off. In closed tube 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 unchanged. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Most varieties are in- All colors, Vitre- White 
 
 2-5 
 
 5-5 
 
 3-5 
 
 V. Iron va- 
 
 
 soluble in acids. usually ous, in- to 
 
 
 
 
 - rieties 
 
 
 black, clining gray 
 
 
 
 
 after. 
 
 
 green, and to and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 greenish- resin- gray- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black, ous ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pearly. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 xt 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 Ruby. 
 
 Rutile. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 A1 2 3 . 
 
 Oxygen, 
 
 47- 1*- 
 Alumina, 
 
 TiO s . 
 
 Titanic 
 acid, with 
 usually a 
 little iron. 
 
 Ti = 6c#. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 The gems ruby and sapphire are varieties of corundum, q. v. 
 They are simply the purer kinds of fine colors, which are trans- 
 parent to translucent, and are useful as gems. The well-known 
 red color of ruby is its distinguishing characteristic. Usually 
 occurs in place in crystalline limestone, also in gneiss, granite, 
 mica slate, chlorite slate, etc., or in the soil derived from their 
 decomposition, and in what is known as gem-bearing gravel. 
 The best rubies come from Upper Burma, north of Mandalay. 
 
 The associated minerals are of great variety, and usually include 
 some species of the chlorite group. Differs from sapphire only 
 in its color. 
 
 Somewhat resembles tin ore, q. v. 
 
 Frequently met with as a rock constituent in granite, gneiss, mica 
 slate, and syenitic rocks, and sometimes in granular limestones 
 and dolomite; frequently as secondary product in many slates. 
 Sometimes found as grains or fragments in auriferous and other 
 sands. Often associated with hematite, tremolite, chalcopyrite, 
 tourmaline, etc. 
 
 Sap- AlijOs. A variety of corundum, q. v. Quite widely distributed. Found 
 
 phire. associated with ruby in the Himalaya Mountains. Also found 
 
 Oxygen, in Ceylon, in the Rocky Mountains, and in California. Some- 
 
 47. i#. times found in diamond gravels in New South Wales. Compare 
 
 Alumina, ruby (q. v.), of which it has the same composition and much re- 
 
 52.9^, sembles, excepting in the matter of color. 
 
 130 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Unaltered. Dissolves slowly in 
 borax and salt of phosphorus to a 
 clear glass, which is colorless when 
 free from iron. It is not acted 
 upon by soda. 
 
 Alone infusible, but with salt of phos- 
 phorus gives a hyacinth-red or 
 colorless bead, which becomes violet 
 on cooling, but brownish red if iron 
 is present, as is usually the case. 
 Violet color best produced by re- 
 ducing bead on charcoal with me- 
 tallic tin. Distinguished from tin 
 ore by not affording tin with soda. 
 
 Unaltered. Dissolves slowly in borax 
 and salt of phosphorus to a clear 
 glass, which is colorless when free 
 from iron. It is not acted upon by 
 soda. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. 
 
 __ 
 
 (* MAGNETIC 
 STREAK FuSN HARD- < r TAL BEFORE 
 
 -. NES , . CRATER 
 
 USES. 
 
 Unacted upon by acids, Red. Vitre- Un- 
 but converted into ous. col- 
 a soluble compound Trans- ored. 
 when fused with po- parent 
 tassium bisulphate. to 
 trans- 
 
 Infus. 
 
 9 
 
 3-9-4-I 
 
 III. 
 
 
 The most highly prized of 
 all gems. 
 
 Insoluble in acids 
 alone, but fused with 
 soda or with bisul- 
 phate of potash, dis- 
 solved in HC1 and 
 boiled with tin, the 
 
 lucent. 
 
 Red, red- Ada- 
 brown, man- 
 yellow, tine, 
 black. metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Pale 
 brown 
 
 Infus. 
 
 6-5 
 
 4.2 
 
 
 When 
 ferrif- 
 erous, 
 slightly 
 after. 
 
 Rutile is employed for paint- 
 ing on porcelain, and quite 
 largely for giving the re- 
 quisite shade of color and 
 enamel appearance to arti- 
 ficial teeth. Some kinds 
 
 II. 
 
 solution becomes vio- 
 let (titanic acid). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 make fine though nearly 
 opaque gems. 
 
 Unacted upon by acids, Blue. Vitre- Un- 
 but converted into ous. col- 
 a soluble compound Trans* ored. 
 when fused with po- parent 
 tassium bisulphate. to 
 
 Infus. 
 
 9 
 
 3- 9-4- 1 
 
 III. 
 
 
 The purer kinds of fine color 
 valuable as gems. 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 131 
 
NAME. 
 
 Silica 
 (Quartz). 
 Most 
 common 
 vein 
 stone 
 and rock 
 con- 
 stituent. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 SiO,. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Fracture conchoidal to subconchoidal, and uneven to splintery. 
 Brittle to tough. Rock crystal, amethyst, chalcedony, agate, 
 banded onyx, jasper, flint, silicious sinter, petrified (agatized or 
 jasperized) wood, etc., are varieties. Most sandstones are 
 almost entirely made up of an aggregation of small rounded 
 grains of quartz, while it enters very largely into the composi- 
 tion of most other rocks; e.g., common granite is composed of 
 the three minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica. 
 
 Note. The so-called Mexican onyx is not true onyx, but is calcite 
 usually more or less impure. (See Calcite.) 
 
 The most common of all rock constituents, and is abundantly met 
 with as such and as a vein stone. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Infusible and unaltered alone. With 
 small quantity of soda fuses, owing 
 to the liberation of CO 2 , or dis- 
 solves with effervescence to a clear 
 glass (when pure). Unacted on by 
 salt of phosphorus, and with borax 
 dissolves slowly to a clear glass. 
 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Silver compounds when fused with soda on charcoal yield a hard, white, malleable button, usually without any incrustation 
 with volatile and easily oxidizable metals, it may be separated by heating on charcoal in O. F., but if associated with large 
 white precipitate of AgCl, which is insoluble in boiling nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia. The color of the precipitate 
 plate, jewelry, and ornamental objects, and as a money metal. It is also largely used in photography, for numerous chemical preparations, 
 
 Native. Ag. 
 
 Eminently sectile, ductile, and malleable. Sometimes fibrous 
 (" wire " silver), but often massive or in thin sheets or films 
 associated with other ores of silver. Also disseminated, often 
 invisibly, along with other metallic ores. 
 
 Sometimes associated with native copper and galena. It is doubt- 
 less often a secondary product from the ores of silver, and is 
 found accompanying almost all the ores of silver, more fre- 
 quently the sulphides, sulpho-salts, and chlorides. Occurs in 
 both eruptive and sedimentary rocks. 
 
 Fuses to white globule, which in O. F. 
 gives a faint dark-red coating of 
 silver oxide. Crystallizes on cool- 
 ing. 
 
 132 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 r ^-T^- 
 
 r MAGNETIC 
 
 "ESS" Sp - GR - TALL '~- OR" USES. 
 ZA N - SEATING. 
 
 Unaffected by hydro- 
 chloric or nitric acid. 
 Soluble only in hydro- 
 
 Colorless if 
 pure and 
 usually 
 
 Vitre- White 
 ous to or 
 greasy. paler 
 
 Infus. 
 
 "1 1 1 L. 
 
 7 2.6 III. Quartz or silica has a number 
 of uses in the industries, 
 especially in the pure state. 
 
 fluoric acid. Dissolves 
 in alkaline solutions. 
 
 whitish; 
 often 
 smoky, yel- 
 low, red, 
 black, and 
 other 
 shades of 
 color. 
 
 Splen- than 
 dent, to color, 
 dull. 
 Trans- 
 parent 
 to 
 opaque. 
 
 
 It is largely used in the manufacture of glass, for which pur- 
 pose pure quartz sand is frequently used, though the massive 
 mineral when pulverized and when not impure is equally well 
 adapted. It is also used in the manufacture of pottery, of cer- 
 tain filters, and for many other purposes where silica in a com- 
 paratively pure state may be required, especially in an admix- 
 ture with other substances. When very pure and transparent, 
 sometimes used in the manufacture of eyeglasses, or optical 
 instruments. Chalcedony, jasper, silicified wood, etc., are often 
 carved into ornamental objects. 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 on the coal, but when treated for a long time with the reducing flame a slight dark-red coating is produced. When associated 
 quantities of lead or bismuth it is best to subject it to cupellation. (See Appendix.) HC1 gives in a solution of silver a heavy 
 
 changes to slate-purple by exposure to light. This is a distinguishing characteristic. USHS. Silver is principally used for 
 
 in the manufacture of indelible ink, fulminating powder, etc. 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
 Soluble in nitric acid. Silver-white Metal- 
 
 Silver- 
 
 Easily, 2.8 10.5 I. 
 
 The dilute solution, (often tar- lie. 
 
 white 
 
 1050 when 
 
 upon addition of HC1 nished, 
 
 and 
 
 C. pure. 
 
 (or common salt) gives when it is 
 
 shin- 
 
 \T\cr 
 
 
 
 
 a white precipitate, gray to 
 
 ing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 which becomes violet- black). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gray on exposure to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 light. Copper plate 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 immersed in nitric solution is coated! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with silver. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Silver 
 Glance, 
 Argentite 
 (Sulphide 
 or Sul- 
 phuret 
 (O. S.) of 
 Silver). 
 
 Brittle 
 Silver 
 (Steph- 
 anite). 
 Kindred 
 anti- 
 monial 
 and ar- 
 senical 
 ores are: 
 
 AgiiS. Can be cut with a knife like lead when massive, but it is usually 
 
 finely disseminated through the vein material. This is probably 
 
 Silver, the most common ore of silver. 
 
 87.1^. Occurs abundantly with stephanite, native gold, also native silver 
 and copper. 
 
 AgeSbS 4 . Brittle, with an uneven fracture. Occurs in veins, etc., with other 
 
 silver ores. 
 
 Silver, Note. A variety is dyscrasite (Ag s Sb), but its composition is varia- 
 
 68. 5g. ble. The following antimonial and arsenical silver ores pass 
 
 readily one into another by almost insensible gradations, and 
 
 the analyses of them often vary very widely, owing to presence 
 
 of impurities. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 On charcoal in O. F. intumesces, gives 
 off odor of sulphur, and yields a 
 globule of silver. 
 
 Gives odor of sulphur, also fumes, 
 and coating of antimony, and yields 
 a dark metallic globule, which after 
 long blowing is colored red from 
 oxidized silver, and from which 
 silver may be obtained by addition 
 of soda and heating in reducing 
 flame. 
 
 Miargy- 
 rite. 
 
 Ag a S.Sb 2 S,. 
 
 Silver. 
 
 36.9*- 
 
 Brittle, with uneven fracture. Contains less silver than some of 
 
 the kindred ores. 
 Occurs with the other ores of silver. 
 
 134 
 
 Fuses on charcoal quietly to a gray 
 bead, with emission of sulphur and 
 antimony fumes. If this bead is 
 treated for some time in O. F. a 
 bright globule of silver is obtained. 
 

 ........ .....j 
 
 
 
 
 ; , . ,. ., 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 L , 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 USES. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 i-wm-JT_ni -.-_nr- 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 As above under native Blackish 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Shin- 
 
 i-5 
 
 ~, 
 
 ,., 
 
 I. 
 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 
 silver. In open tube lead-gray. 
 
 lic. 
 
 ing 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 gives off sulphurous 
 
 
 gray- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fumes. 
 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in dilute nitric Iron-black, 
 acid, leaving residue 
 of sulphur and oxide 
 of antimony, copper 
 
 Metal- 
 lic. 
 
 Iron- 
 black. 
 
 I 
 
 2-5 
 
 6-3 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
 plate becoming plated 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 with silver as above 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heated in closed tube fuses with de- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crepitation and gives slight subli- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mate of sulphide of antimony after 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 long heating. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Decomposed by nitric Iron-black 
 
 Metallic 
 
 Red- 
 
 Easily 
 
 2-2. 5 
 
 5-2 
 
 V. 
 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 
 acid, with separation to steel- 
 
 ada- 
 
 dish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 of sulphur and anti- gray. In 
 
 man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mony trioxide. De- splinters 
 
 tine, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 crepitates in closed blood-red. 
 
 nearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tube and yields anti- 
 
 opaque 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mony sublimate. In 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 open tube sulphurous 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and antimonial fumes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 135 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Dark-red 
 Silver 
 Ore 
 
 (Pyrar- 
 gyrite). 
 
 Light- 
 red Sil- 
 ver Ore 
 (Prous- 
 tite). 
 
 Polyba- 
 site. 
 
 Stro- 
 meyer- 
 ite 
 
 (Silver- 
 copper 
 Glance). 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 AgaSbSs. Brittle with uneven or conchoidal fracture. On charcoal fuses with spirting to a 
 
 Occurs with the other ores of silver, and principally with calcite, globule, and gives a white subli- 
 
 Silver, native arsenic, galena, etc. mate of antimony trioxide. 
 
 59- 9*- 
 
 Ag.AsS,. 
 
 Silver, 
 
 65-4*. 
 
 AgSbS. 
 
 Silver, 
 
 75-6*. 
 
 Ag a S + 
 Cu 2 S. 
 
 Silver, 
 
 53-1*. 
 
 Like above, except that Sb is replaced by arsenic. 
 Found with the other ores of silver, especially pyrargyrite, cerar- 
 gyrite, native silver, and gold. 
 
 On charcoal gives garlic odor of ar- 
 senic and sulphur. 
 
 Uneven fracture. Copper is often present. Arsenic often re- 
 places the antimony. Otherwise the formula remains the same 
 (Mollie Gibson mine, etc., Colorado). A somewhat related ore 
 is freieslebenite, (PbAg2) 6 Sb 4 Sii, containing from 30* to 50* of 
 lead and from a trace to 27% of silver. 
 
 Steel-gray argentiferous copper sulphide. Fracture subcon- 
 
 choidal. 
 Usually found associated with chalcopyrite and galena. 
 
 136 
 
 Fuses with spirting to a globule. 
 Gives off sulphur, sometimes ar- 
 senic, and coats the coal white. 
 Arsenical variety gives off charac- 
 teristic garlic odor of arsenic. 
 
 Fuses and gives in open tube an odor 
 of sulphur. Silver globule yielded 
 only by cupellation with lead. 
 
MAGNETIC 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,KTC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Like stephanite. 
 
 Dark red to 
 
 Metallic Red. 
 
 I 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.8 
 
 _______ 
 III. 
 
 1 
 
 
 black or 
 
 ada- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 grayish 
 
 man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 black. 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Decomposed by nitric 
 
 Cochineal- 
 
 Ada- Ver- 
 
 X 
 
 2.5 
 
 5-5 
 
 III. 
 
 
 acid with separation 
 of sulphur. 
 
 red or 
 scarlet. 
 
 man- m ^" 
 
 tine. lion - 
 rarely 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 aurora- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 red to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 orange- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Decomposed by nitric 
 
 Iron-black. 
 
 Metal- Black. 
 
 Easily 
 
 ' " 
 
 2-3 
 
 6.1 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 acid, etc. 
 
 In thin 
 
 lie. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 splinters 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cherry-red 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitric solution gives 
 
 Dark steel- 
 
 Metal- Same 
 
 Easily 
 
 2.5-3 
 
 6.25 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 with HC1 a heavy 
 
 gray. 
 
 lie. as 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 precipitate. 
 
 
 color, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 but 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 more 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 shin- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing. 
 
 1 
 
 . 4 
 
 nry 
 
 
 
 
 USES. 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
 See under heading SILVER. 
 etc. 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Horn 
 Silver or 
 Silver 
 Chlo- 
 ride 
 (Cerar- 
 gyrite). 
 Kindred 
 and 
 asso- 
 ciated 
 ores are: 
 
 AgCl. 
 
 Silver, 
 
 75-3X- 
 
 Embolite, 
 
 Ag(ClBr). 
 
 which 
 
 
 passes 
 
 Silver, about 
 
 into 
 
 64^. Very 
 
 
 variable. 
 
 
 Ratio of 
 
 
 chlorine to 
 
 
 bromine 
 
 
 varying in- 
 
 
 definitely. 
 
 The common ore of Mexico and South America. Not common, 
 except in southern part, in the United States. A very valuable 
 ore, as it is easy of treatment (free-milling). It is an alteration 
 product of the foregoing ores and owes its origin in many cases 
 probably to the percolation of sea or salt water throughout the 
 upper portions of the veins or other classes of deposits, as in 
 depth the ores invariably change into their original condition of 
 sulphides. Highly sectile when very pure, cutting like hard 
 wax or a piece of horn; hence its name. Fracture somewhat 
 conchoidal. No cleavage. Occurs massive and waxlike, or as 
 incrustations. 
 
 Found associated with the other ores of silver, but usually for the 
 reasons given above, in the upper portions of the veins contain- 
 ing silver ores. Often associated with oxide of iron and other 
 alteration products. Found frequently with copper ores, calcite, 
 barite, etc. 
 
 A rare variety is huantajayite (2oNaCl + AgCl), which is found 
 near Iquique, Chile, only, however, to a depth of 20 metres. 
 
 The yellow and deep- 
 quantities of bromine. 
 
 Fracture uneven, no cleavage, sectile. 
 
 green varieties contain the largest 
 
 Abundant in Chile. 
 Associated with the other silver ores, of which it is an alteration 
 
 product. Also frequently associated with cerussite. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Fuses in flame of candle, emitting 
 acrid fumes (Cl). Malleable and 
 sectile. On charcoal yields a glob- 
 ule of metallic silver. In salt of 
 phosphorus bead, to which oxide 
 of copper has been added, and 
 heated in O. F., an intense azure- 
 blue color is imparted to the flame. 
 
 Pungent bromine vapors are emitted 
 when it is heated on charcoal, and 
 a button of metallic silver remains. 
 
 138 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f . 1 
 
 HAGNETIC 
 
 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SF. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 
 BEFORE 
 DR AFTER 
 
 USES. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ZATION. 
 
 ABATING. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in ammonia, 
 
 Pearl-gray, 
 
 Resin- 
 
 Shin- ^ 
 
 fery 
 
 1-1.5 
 
 5-5 
 
 I. 
 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 
 but not in nitric acid. 
 
 whitish, and 
 
 ous- 
 
 ing, c 
 
 sasily 
 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 In closed tube with 
 
 colorless; 
 
 ada- 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bisulphate of potassa 
 
 upon expo- 
 
 man- 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gives off acid vapors. 
 
 sure to light 
 
 tine. 
 
 to sub- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fuses to a pale hya- 
 cinth-red globule. Be- 
 
 turns into 
 violet and 
 
 
 trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 comes yellow when 
 
 other tints 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cold. A plate of iron 
 
 of brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rubbed with the min- 
 
 Passes into 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 eral becomes silvered. 
 
 green and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 blue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rarely 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 violet-blue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In closed tube gives off 
 bromine vapors and 
 
 Gray-green, 
 asparagus- 
 
 Resin- 
 ous to 
 
 Shin- 
 ing. 
 
 easily 
 
 I-I-5 
 
 5-4 
 
 I. 
 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
 fuses to an intense 
 
 green to 
 
 some- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 garnet red globule, 
 
 yellow and 
 
 what 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 which is yellow when 
 
 green-yel- 
 
 ada- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cold. Soluble in am- 
 
 low; b&- 
 
 man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 monia, but not as solu- 
 
 comes 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ble as the above. 
 
 darker on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 exposure. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
COMP. AND 
 
 N*MK PERCENTAGE 
 
 MB> OF IMPORTANT 
 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENEKAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOU1TDS. Continued. 
 
 Bromy- AgBr. 
 rite. 
 
 Silver, 
 
 57-4X- 
 
 No cleavage and fracture uneven, sectile. Abundant in Chile. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Same as above. 
 
 lodyrite. Agl. 
 
 Perfect cleavage. Sectile, plates flexible. Chile, New Mexico, B. B. gives fumes of iodine and me- 
 
 Arizona, Spain, etc. tallic silver. 
 
 Silver, 46*. Same as above. 
 Iodine, 54%. 
 
 Argentiferous Galena. (See Lead ores.) This very frequently carries silver, and is a very common ore of the latter. 
 Argentiferous Cerussite. (See Lead ores.) This very frequently carries silver, and is a -very common ore of the latter. Results 
 Argentiferous Zinc Blende. (See Zinc ores.) This less frequently carries silver. Generally associated with galena, iron and 
 
 Argentiferous Pyrites. (See Iron and Copper ores.) The various kinds of pyrites very frequently carry small percentages of silver. 
 
 140 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS,ETC. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 
 - 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 CRYS- 
 TALLI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 BEFORE 
 OR AFTER 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 USES. 
 
 In closed tube and with 
 metallic zinc much the 
 same reaction as cer- 
 
 Easily 2-3 5.5-6 
 
 argyrite. Fused with 
 
 ber-yellow; man- color. 
 
 
 
 
 potassium bisulphate 
 
 often grass- tine. 
 
 
 
 
 gives off yellowish- 
 
 green or 
 
 
 
 
 brown vapors (Br). 
 
 olive-green. 
 
 
 
 
 
 With difficulty soluble 
 
 Externally 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in ammonia. 
 
 little altered 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on ex- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 posure. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Inclosed tubefusesand 
 assumes deep orange 
 
 Citron and Resin- Yellow, Easily Soft. 5.7 III. 
 sulphur- ous to trans- 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
 color, but is yellow on 
 
 yellow to ada- lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 cooling. Fused with 
 
 yellowish man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 potassium bisulphate 
 
 green; tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in a matrass yields 
 
 sometimes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 violet vapors, and the 
 
 brownish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 globule becomes very 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 dark or almost black. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 usually from superficial 
 
 decompositio 
 
 n of above. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 copper pyrites, etc., in s 
 
 ilver mines. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 See under heading SILVER, 
 etc. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 SILVER AND ITS COMPOUNDS.- Continued. 
 
 Tetrahedrite (Gray Copper). (See Copper ores.) This frequently carries a large percentage of silver, but not often found in 
 
 SULPHUR AND SULPHIDES. 
 
 The following is usually sufficient to detect the presence of sulphur: Mix the substance suspected to contain sulphur with 
 silver (coin or plate), and a drop of water is added. A yellowish stain on the silver indicates a trace of sulphur; larger 
 sulphur. Mixed with soda as above and heated in O. F. on platinum wire, the sulphides color the coin brown to black, but 
 and colors the coin. Sulphides, or substances containing sulphides in considerable quantities, yield sulphur dioxide when heated 
 inserted in end of tube. Usually soluble in nitro-hydrochloric or concentrated nitric acid. Some are extremely difficult to dissolve 
 upon it, but these can usually be recognized by their volatility, etc. (mercury, arsenic, etc.). The higher sulphides give off sulphur 
 
 of burning sulphur. USES. 7'he chief use of sulphur is, of course, in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, this acid being produced in 
 
 lucifer-matches, for bleaching, and for medicinal purposes. 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 S. 
 
 Taste is scarcely perceptible, odor when rubbed faintly sulphur- 
 ous. Yellow when pure, but usually gray or brown because of 
 admixture with earthy substances, clay, bitumen, etc. Fracture 
 conchoidal to uneven. Associated with gypsum, calcite, celes- 
 tite, and abundant in regions of present and ancient volcanic 
 activity. Andes, Sicily, Mexico, Yellowstone Park, and almost 
 world-wide distribution. 
 
 Found often near sulphur springs, in many coal deposits, and at 
 other places where pyrites is undergoing decomposition. 
 
 Melts at 108 C. (some varieties at 
 114 C.) and at 270 burns with 
 blue flame, emitting the suffocating 
 odor of s.ulphurous acid gas, which 
 it forms by combining with the oxy- 
 gen of the air. 
 
 TELLURIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Rarely occurs native, when it is a white and brittle metal, which is easily fusible, volatilizing almost entirely and tinging 
 decomposing horse-radish. Usually combined with the other metals as tellurides of gold, silver, lead, and bismuth, which see. 
 
 in nitric acid. Occurs usually accompanying quartz, pyrite, gold, fluor-spar, etc. USRS. Of no use in the arts. 
 
 142 
 
 In 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.ETC. 
 
 I I 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 Fusr- 
 
 BILITY. 
 
 "JSKS. 
 
 large quantities. When argentiferous its color is usually steel-gray, or lighter than the ordinary varieties. 
 
 soda (3 soda, I substance) and heat on platinum wire or charcoal in R. F. The fused mass is then crushed on a clean piece of 
 quantities give a brown or a black stain. Sulphides such as pyrites, galena, etc., heated on charcoal give the odor of burning 
 sulphates, gypsum, baryta, etc., so treated in O. F., do not color the coin; in R. F., however, the sulphate is changed to sulphide 
 in open tube. The sulphur dioxide may be recognized by its odor, and by reddening and sometimes bleaching blue litmus paper 
 completely, owing to the deposition of sulphur, which fuses around the unaltered substance and prevents any action of the acid 
 when heated in closed tube. Free sulphur (</. v.) fuses and sublimes, and on charcoal burns with a blue flame, and affords odor 
 commercial quantities only from native sulphur and pyrites. It is also largely used, however, in the manufacture of gunpowder and 
 
 Insoluble in water. 
 Natural and arti- 
 ficially formed crys- 
 tals are soluble in di- 
 sulphide of carbon, 
 but the amorphous 
 form is not. Crystal- 
 line forms also soluble 
 in sulphide of chlo- 
 rine, benzine, turpen- 
 tine, etc. Not acted 
 on by acids. 
 
 Sulphur-yel- 
 low, gray, 
 brown, or 
 reddish to 
 greenish. 
 
 Resin- 
 
 Like 
 color. 
 
 Easily 1.5-2.5 2.07 IV. 
 
 See under heading SULPHUR, 
 etc. 
 
 the flame green. White coating on charcoal. It fumes strongly, and in presence of selenium gives the peculiar odor of 
 ooen tube a white or grayish sublimate (tellurium dioxide) is obtained, which may be fused to clear, colorless drops. Soluble 
 
 143 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 At the same time a 
 
 TIN AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Fused with soda and borax on charcoal in R. F., the compounds of tin yield a globule of the metal. 
 must be kept covered with the blue R. F. The coating moistened with cobalt solution and heated in the O. F. assumes a bluish- 
 with metallic zinc, metallic tin is thrown down in the form of scales, or as a gray spongy mass. - USES. Tin, as a metal, has a 
 sheet iron (tin plate), etc. It is largely used as an alloy, e.g., with copper, forming bell-metal, in the manufacture of solders, etc. It is 
 is employed for polishing hard stone and sharpening fine cutting instruments and in enamels. The chlorides are used in dyeing and 
 bronze-powder. 
 
 Tin 
 Stone 
 (Cassi- 
 terite). 
 (Stream 
 Tin.) 
 
 Tin 
 
 Pyrites 
 (Stan- 
 nite). 
 
 Practically the only ore. Its high specific gravity is very notice- 
 able; likewise its hardness. (Compare garnet and rutile.) Frac- 
 ture uneven or subconchoidal. When found in place it is usually 
 associated with quartz, copper, and iron pyrites, wolframite, 
 mica, tourmaline, apatite, fluorite, sphalerite, molybdenite, ar- 
 senopyrite, etc. When in place it is usually found in veins in 
 granite, quartzose gneiss, quartzite, metamorphic slate, mica 
 schist, and porphyry. It is, however, quite largely obtained 
 from placer deposits, when it is frequently associated with plati- 
 num, iridosmine, gold, corundum, etc. 
 
 CujS.FeS, Sulphide of tin. " Bell-metal ore." Rare. Easily fusible. Mas- 
 SnS 2 . sive, granular, and disseminated. Cubic cleavage, uneven frac- 
 
 ture, and brittle. Often yellowis.h from presence of copper 
 Tin, 27.5^. pyrites. Zinc is often present. 
 
 Copper, Commonly found massive and associated with tin-stone (cas- 
 
 29.5*. siterite), wolframite, also in quartz with native bismuth, scheel- 
 
 ite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc. 
 
 144 
 
 B. B. alone unaltered. With soda on 
 coal reduced to metallic tin, and 
 gives a white coating, Requires 
 long blowing. Hastened by addi- 
 tion of potassium cyanide. The 
 globule is malleable, and reacts for 
 tin. Sometimes reacts for iron and 
 manganese. The fine powder gives 
 tin reaction with cobalt nitrate. 
 
 On charcoal after long blowing fuses 
 to a brittle metallic globule, which 
 in O. F. gives off sulphur and coats 
 the coal white with oxide of tin. 
 In open glass tube gives off sulphur 
 (forming fumes of sulphurous acid) 
 and also forming close to assay 
 sublimate of oxide of tin, which 
 cannot be volatilized by heat. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 HARD- 
 NESS. 
 
 CRYS- 
 SP. GR. TALLI- 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 BEFORB USES. 
 
 OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 coating is formed on the coal, which is slightly yellow when hot, but white when cold. To obtain a coating, however, the assay 
 green color. Sulphides should always be roasted. When a solution of salts of tin, acidulated with HC1, is brought in contact 
 wide application in the industries. It is employed for making castings, and -very extensively for coating iron and copper -vessels, especially 
 also used in the manufacture of tin-foil, and when amalgamated with mercury for silvering mirrors. The dioxide {prepared artificially) 
 calico-printing. The bisulphide, on account of its golden lustre, is used in ornamental painting, etc., and known under the name of 
 
 Insoluble in acids or 
 
 Brown, 
 
 Ada- 
 
 White- Infus. 
 
 only slightly acted 
 
 black, and 
 
 man- 
 
 gray- 
 
 upon. 
 
 brown- 
 black, 
 
 tine to 
 dull. 
 
 ish to 
 brown. 
 Trans- 
 
 
 sometimes 
 red, gray, 
 
 Crys- 
 tals 
 
 parent 
 to 
 
 
 . white, or 
 
 usually opaque 
 
 
 yellow. 
 
 splen- 
 
 
 
 
 dent. 
 
 
 Soluble in nitric acid Steel-gray 
 
 Metal- 
 
 Black- Easily 
 
 to a blue solution, with (when pure) lie. 
 
 ish. 
 
 separation of sulphur to brown- 
 
 and binoxide of tin. 
 
 black. 
 
 
 
 
 Sometimes 
 
 
 
 a bluish 
 
 
 
 
 tarnish. 
 
 
 
 6-7 6.8-7.1 II. 
 
 4-4 
 
 Us- 
 ually 
 mas- 
 sive. 
 
 See under heading TIN, etc. 
 
 See under heading Titf, etc. 
 
NAMK. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Topaz. 
 
 B. B. Infusible. Fused in closed tube with 
 salt cf phosphorus previously fused, etches 
 the glass and gives off silicon fluoride. 
 Some varieties become yellow or more often 
 pink when heated. Moistened with cobalt 
 nitrate and ignited assumes a fine blue 
 color. 
 
 AljjSijOjsFio Cleavage both perfect and imperfect. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. 
 Brittle. The colorless varieties resemble diamonds, but are easily distin- 
 guished from them in that they are of inferior hardness, that they lack 
 "fire "and become electric when heated. The color of the deep wine-red 
 crystals is apt to fade out on exposure to daylight, and the yellow color of 
 some of the crystals from Brazil is changed to rose-red by being heated. 
 Oriental topaz is yellow corundum and Scotch topaz is yellow smoky quartz, 
 from each of which true topaz is easily distinguished. Occurs either crystal- 
 lized, in association with granitic, gneissoid, or talcose rocks, or in the form 
 
 of rolled pebbles in gravel. The associated minerals are tourmaline, mica, beryl, and sometimes apatite, fluorite, and cas- 
 siterite. Sometimes found in cavities in rhyolite and similar volcanic rocks. Siberia furnishes the best stones, but many 
 are obtained from Brazil. Also found in New South Wales, Tasmania, Mexico, and sometimes in the United States. 
 
 TUNGSTEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Before blowpipe compounds of tungsten impart to salt of phosphorus bead at first a dirty-green, then a blue color when 
 
 phosphoric acid its compounds give a beautiful blue syrup. Often associated with tin ores, etc. The ores are rare. USES The 
 
 hardening steel), the tungsten imparting to the steel a high degree of hardness. Tungstate of soda has been employed as a mordant in 
 like alum, can, however, be used for the same purpose. Also used for hardening plaster of Paris and in the manufacture of tungstic acid. 
 
 Wolfram- 
 ite. 
 
 
 (Fe.Mn,) Swedish heavy stone. Its true nature will be suspected from its great weight, 
 
 WO 4 . very dark-grayish or reddish-black color, submetallic or adamantine lustre, 
 
 and red-brown streak. Tungstate of iron and manganese. Both massive 
 Tungsten and crystalline. Breaks readily into angular fragments. Variety, Tungstite 
 
 trioxide (vVO), which reacts for tungsten only, and which occurs in soft, bright 
 
 = 76.4756. yellow or yellowish-green earthy masses. Due to decomposition of wolfram- 
 Manganese ite, which, commercially speaking, -is the only ore. Hubnerite is a nearly 
 and Iron pure manganese wolframite (MnWO 4 ). 
 
 very varia- Usually occurs in quartz veins, sometimes quite massive, sometimes dissemi- 
 ble. nated throughout the vein material, and frequently as nests or bunches 
 
 irregularly distributed through the gangue. Very frequently associated with 
 cassiterite, also with bismuth, scheelite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc., some- 
 times with gold. 
 
 146 
 
 Fuses quite easily to gray and often crystal- 
 line globule which is magnetic. With 
 borax manganese reaction. With soda on 
 platinum-foil gives the bluish-green man- 
 ganese reaction. With salt of phospho- 
 rous gives a clear reddish-yellow glass 
 when hot, which is paler on cooling; in 
 R. F. becomes dark red ; on charcoal with 
 tin, if not too saturated, bead becomes 
 green on cooling, and with continued 
 treatment in R. F. changes to reddish 
 yellow. Often feebly magnetic. 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 COLOR. LUSTRE. STREAK 
 
 SP. GR. 
 
 MAGNETIC 
 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Not affected by acids or Colorless, pale 
 only partially affected by yellow, white 
 sulphuric acid. bluish, green 
 ish and red 
 dish. 
 
 Vitreous. 
 Transpa- 
 rent to 
 subtrans- 
 lucent. 
 
 White. 
 
 Infusi- 
 ble or 
 fusible 
 above 
 5- 
 
 8 
 
 3-4- 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 The purer varieties are used as 
 gems in jewelry. Owing to its 
 perfect cleavage, it is a poor sub- 
 stitute for emery. 
 
 
 
 
 
 t , . 
 
 
 
 
 
 cold. If iron is present the bead appears blood-red. Best with tin on charcoal. Characteristic reaction is when boiled with 
 chief use of tungsten ore is in the preparation of ff.rro-tungsten and tungsten metal for making tungsten steel (ordinarily called self- 
 dyeing, and for the impregnation of vegetable tissues, linen, cotton, and other light fabrics, to render them non-inflammable. Cheaper salts, 
 
 Reduced to fine powder and Black, dark 
 boiled with aqua regia, grayish to 
 
 Subme- 
 tallic to 
 
 Black 
 to dark 
 
 2-5-3 
 
 5-5 
 
 7.2 
 
 V. 
 
 Both. 
 
 See under heading TUNGSTEN, etc. 
 
 assumes gradually a yel- brownish 
 
 resinous, 
 
 reddish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 low color. Boiled with black. Also 
 
 adaman- 
 
 brown, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phosphoric acid gives a brownish 
 
 tine. 
 
 yellow- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beautiful blue syrup red and hair- 
 
 Some- 
 
 brown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (tungsten). The blue brown. 
 
 times 
 
 and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 syrup is changed to violet 
 
 splen- 
 
 green- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by addition of nitric acid. ! 
 
 dent. 
 
 ish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 It is sufficiently decomposed by concen- 
 
 
 gray. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 trated sulphuric or even hydrochloric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to give a. colorless solution which, when 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 treated with metallic zinc, becomes intensely 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 blue, but soon bleaches on dilution. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 147 
 

 .NAME. 
 
 COM P. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 TUNGSTEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 Scheel- 
 ite. 
 
 CaWO 4 . 
 
 Tungsten, 
 63.8*. 
 
 Tur- 
 quois. 
 
 2A1 2 O S , 
 P 2 S , 
 5H 2 0. 
 
 Variable. 
 
 Cleavage very distinct. Brittle, with uneven fracture. Reniform, 
 massive, granular. Molybdenum is usually present, replacing 
 part of the tungsten. Found usually in crystalline rocks asso- 
 ciated with tinstone, apatite, fluorite, topaz, wolframite, molyb- 
 denite, and in quartz along with gold, etc. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 A hydrous phosphate of aluminum colored by presence of some 
 compound of copper. Rather brittle, no cleavage. In thin 
 seams and disseminated grains. Usually in trachytic rocks, or 
 in the neighborhood of them, as very thin seams or small masses 
 in the cracks or joint planes, etc. 
 
 In Persia it is found not only in the brecciated trachyte, but in 
 the surrounding clay slate. 
 
 In forceps fuses with some difficulty 
 to a semi-transparent glass. With 
 borax the glass is transparent, but 
 on cooling it becomes opaque and 
 crystalline. With salt of phosphorus 
 the glass is colorless in the outer 
 flame, but is green in the inner 
 flame when hot, and a fine blue when 
 cold. If iron is present specimen 
 must be treated with tin before this 
 effect is obtained. 
 
 In forceps becomes brown and glassy, 
 but does not fuse. Colors flame 
 green. Moistened with HC1 the 
 color is at first blue. With the 
 fluxes gives yellowish-green beads 
 when hot, which are pure green on 
 cooling. 
 
 148 
 
CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 PC MAGNETIC 
 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK Fus1 ' HARD- - G J~ R s BEFORE ., 
 
 BILITY. NESS. OR AFTER 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 HEATING. 
 
 Inhydrochloric ornitric 
 
 Yellow, yel- 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 White 5 4.5-5 6 II. 
 
 See under heading TUNG- 
 
 acid is decomposed. 
 
 lowish 
 
 ous to 
 
 
 
 
 STEN, etc. 
 
 leaving a yellow pow- 
 
 white, pale 
 
 ada- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 der which is soluble in 
 
 yellow, 
 
 man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ammonia. 
 
 brownish, 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 greenish, 
 
 Trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 reddish, 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and rarely 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 orange- 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 yellow. 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MWMM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in hydrochloric 
 
 Sky-blue, 
 
 Waxy, 
 
 White Infus. 6 2.6 
 
 The principal use is in jew- 
 
 acid. In closed tube 
 
 bluish 
 
 feeble. 
 
 or 
 
 elry. Fossil bones and teeth 
 
 decrepitates, yields 
 
 green to 
 
 
 green- 
 
 
 
 colored by phosphate of irot , 
 
 water, and turns 
 
 apple- green 
 
 ish. 
 
 
 
 
 and termed odontolite, or 
 
 brown or black. 
 
 and green- 
 
 
 Sub- 
 
 
 
 
 bone turquois, are fre- 
 
 
 ish gray. 
 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 quently cut and polished 
 
 
 
 
 lucent 
 
 
 
 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 opaque 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1- 
 
 1Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NAME. 
 
 Wollas- 
 tonite 
 (Tabular 
 Spar). 
 (A vein- 
 stone.) 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 CaOiSi. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 A somewhat rare veinstone (in the same sense that baryta, calcite, 
 etc., are veinstones). Brittle, with uneven fracture, but perfect 
 cleavage. Usually with long fibres or columnar structure. In 
 granitic regions, in granular limestones, and along with some 
 basaltic lavas. 
 
 Often found associated with lime garnet, pyroxene, etc. 
 
 " SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Fuses quietly, but with difficulty, to 
 a colorless translucent glass. In 
 closed tube no change. With much 
 soda swells up and becomes in- 
 fusible. 
 
 ZINC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. 
 
 Compounds of zinc with borax give a clear glass, which is milk-white on flaming, or with more assay becomes enamel-white 
 is yellow when hot, but white when cold. With soda on charcoal the ores, even when containing little zinc, afford the peculiar 
 yellowish- or dirty-green color is obtained (either alone or with soda), while tin gives a bluish-green color when similarly 
 what is known as galvanized iron. Its alloys with copper, lead, tin, and other metals are of great importance', e.g., with coppei making 
 
 Zinc- ZnS. The most abundant ore. Generally can be recognized by its 
 
 blende appearance. It is massive, cleavable, coarse to fine granular, 
 
 (Spha- Zinc, 67^. and compact; also foliated and fibrous, radiated and botryoidal. 
 
 lerite; Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. Sometimes contains iron, man- 
 
 Black- ganese, etc. Is frequently argentiferous or auriferous. Corn- 
 
 jack), mon in silver mines. 
 
 Occurs in rocks of all ages, in veins, in contact deposits, or in 
 irregular pockets in limestone, etc., and is frequently associated 
 with the ores of lead, as well as those of copper, iron, silver, 
 gold, and tin; also frequently associated with quartz, barite, 
 fluorite, calcite, etc. Widely distributed. 
 
 150 
 
 With soda on charcoal gives in R. F. 
 a strong green zinc flame and a 
 coating of oxide of zinc, with fumes 
 of sulphur. Alone on charcoal 
 gives fumes of zinc when strongly 
 heated. Sometimes phosphorescent 
 when rubbed or struck with a stick. 
 

 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 CRYS- MAGNETIC 
 STRFAK Fus1 ' HARD- s - ;-""' BEFORE TT _. 
 
 bTREAK BIUTy s bP. GR. TALLl QR USES. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 
 
 ZATION. HEATJNG . 
 
 Decomposed by HC1, 
 
 White to 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 White 
 
 4-5 
 
 4-5 
 
 2.9 
 
 V. 
 
 
 frequently efferves- 
 
 whitish 
 
 ous to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cing slightly from 
 
 gray. In 
 
 pearly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 presence of small 
 
 some speci- 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 quantities of cal- 
 
 mens yel- 
 
 cleav- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cite, and gelatinizing. 
 
 lowish, 
 
 age 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 After separation of 
 
 reddish, 
 
 sur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the silica, carbonate 
 
 and 
 
 faces. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of ammonia causes a 
 
 brownish. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 copious separation of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 carbonate of lime. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 on cooling. In the R. F. on charcoal burns with a greenish-blue flame. Fumes are given off depositing much oxide, which coating 
 bluish flame of burning zinc, and the oxide is deposited on the coal. When this coating is moistened with cobalt nitrate, a fine 
 
 treated. USES. Zinc is extensively employed in sheets for roofing and other purposes, and for coating, as in the manufacture of 
 
 brass, etc. The -white oxide of zinc is much used for white paint in place of white lead, and also in making a glass for optical purposes. 
 
 Dissolves in nitric acid, 
 emitting sulphuretted 
 hydrogen. Soluble 
 also in HC1. 
 
 Brown, yel- Resin- Brown- Infus. 3.5-4 4 I. See 
 low to ous or ish to or 
 
 black, 
 sometimes 
 
 waxy "gJJ with 
 to ada- diffi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 green, red, man- ^" te 
 and white; tine. Trans- 
 nearly col- parent 
 orless when to 
 
 culty. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pure. 
 
 trans- 
 lucent. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1{ 
 
 n 
 
 See under heading ZINC, etc. 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OF IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 ZINC AND ITS COMPOUNDS.-Continued. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Zinc 
 Carbon- 
 ate 
 
 (Smith- 
 sonite; 
 "Dry- 
 bone "). 
 
 Zinc 
 Silicate 
 (Cala- 
 mine; 
 Electric 
 Gala- 
 mine). 
 
 ZnCO,. 
 Fe, Mn, 
 Ca, and 
 Mg often 
 present. 
 
 Zinc, 52*. 
 
 Zn a SiO 4 
 + H 2 0. 
 
 Zinc, 54.2*. 
 
 Crystals over drusy surface usually terminate in sharp three-sided 
 pyramids. Faces of crystals generally rough and curved. 
 Reniform, botryoidal, or stalactitic and incrusting. Roughly 
 friable and sometimes earthy. Usually rough and granular. 
 Markedly harsh to feel. Brittle. Cleavage perfect, but frac- 
 ture uneven. Found in veins, but more usually in irregular 
 deposits in limestone strata. Usually produced by action upon 
 zinc sulphide of carbonated waters, and is therefore nearly 
 always an alteration product of the originally deposited ore. 
 Associated with blende, calamine, galena, and with limonite 
 and copper ores. An earthy variety is zinc-bloom, (hydrozincite). 
 
 Infusible alone, but CO 2 and zinc 
 oxide are finally vaporized with 
 i-oda on charcoal, producing coating 
 which can be treated as above. 
 
 Stalactitic, matnmillary, botryoidal, fibrous, but also massive and 
 granular, sometimes cellular. In physical characters somewhat 
 resembles the preceding ore. An anhydrous variety of this ore 
 is luillemite, which is found with the two following ores in New 
 Jersey (Mine Hill and Sterling Hill). 
 
 Like the former, it is usually found in veins, or in beds, or in 
 irregular pockets in stratified calcareous rocks, in association 
 with zinc-blende, zinc carbonate, iron and lead ores, etc. 
 
 The smallest fragment heated at- 
 tracts light substances. Pyro-elec- 
 tric. Almost infusible. Moistened 
 with cobalt solution gives a blue 
 color when heated. 
 
 152 
 

 CHARACTERS. 
 
 COLOR. 
 
 LUSTRE. 
 
 STREAK 
 
 FUSI- 
 BILITY. 
 
 I 
 
 HARD- s G 
 
 NESS. SP< ^ R< 
 
 CRYS- 
 
 TALLI- 
 
 MAGNHTIC 
 BEFORK USES 
 
 OR AFTER U!>Bb. 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS.KTC, 
 
 
 
 [||| **" j HEATING. | 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gives little or no water 
 
 Impure 
 
 Vitre- 
 
 Un- Infus. 5 4.4 III. See under heading ZINC, etc. 
 
 in closed tube. Dis- 
 
 white to 
 
 ous, 
 
 col- 
 
 solves in HC1, with 
 
 grayish, 
 
 pearly. 
 
 ored 
 
 
 
 
 evolution of carbonic 
 
 sometimes 
 
 Sub- 
 
 or 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 acid, causing effer- 
 
 green or 
 
 trans- 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vescence. 
 
 brownish 
 
 parent 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and other 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tinges. 
 
 trans- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lucent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gives much water in 
 closed tube. With 
 
 Whitish or 
 white, 
 
 Vitre- 
 ous or 
 
 Un- 6 4.5-5 3.5 IV. 
 col- 
 
 
 See under heading ZINC, etc. 
 
 HC1 forms a perfect 
 
 sometimes 
 
 sub- 
 
 ored 
 
 
 
 
 
 jelly even when pre- 
 
 with 
 
 pearly 
 
 or 
 
 
 
 
 
 viously ignited. De- 
 
 bluish- 
 
 to ada- 
 
 white. 
 
 
 
 
 
 composed by acetic 
 
 green or 
 
 man- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acid and soluble in 
 
 brownish 
 
 tine. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 strong solution of 
 
 tinges. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 caustic potash. 
 
 Also 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellowish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 to brown. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 53 
 
NAME. 
 
 COMP. AND 
 PERCENTAGE 
 OP IMPORTANT 
 CONSTITUENT. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 ZINC AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Continued. 
 
 SPECIFIC 
 
 BEFORE BLOWPIPE. 
 
 Red Ox- 
 ide of 
 Zinc 
 (Zincite; 
 Ruby 
 Zinc). 
 
 Frank- 
 linite. 
 
 ZnO*MnO 
 is fre- 
 quently 
 present. 
 
 Zinc, 80. 3. 
 
 Distinguished by its eminent cleavage, infusibility, and by its Infusible alone, but yields a yellow 
 
 mineral associations. It is brittle and has subconchoidal frac- 
 ture. On exposure to the air it decomposes superficially and 
 becomes coated with white films of zinc carbonate. 
 Occurs with franklinite and willemite in New Jersey, and some- 
 times in lamellar masses in pink calcite. 
 
 transparent glass with borax. If 
 manganese be present, the bead is 
 amethystine. Zinc coating on coal 
 when treated with soda in R. F. 
 
 (Fe,Zn,Mn) See Iron Ores, among which it is enumerated, although it is a very important zinc ore and is extensively 
 
 O.(Fe,Mn) Hill and Mine Hill, N. J. Usually contains about ioj{ zinc, the residuum, known as " clinker," 
 
 O 3 . Vari- manufacturers of spiegeleisen. 
 
 able. 
 
 Zinc, 
 
 j 
 
 12* (?). 
 
 Zircon. ZrSiO 4 . 
 
 A somewhat rare mineral. Generally in crystals (square four- 
 sided prisms terminated by four-sided pyramids); also in grains, 
 etc. Brittle. Conchoidal fracture. 
 
 Confined to crystalline rocks, usually occurring in granite, syenite, 
 some of the gneisses, granular limestone, chloritic and other 
 schists, and in some igneous rocks. Sometimes it is found in 
 iron-ore beds; is also found in alluvial deposits associated with 
 precious stones and gold. 
 
 Becomes colorless upon heating. In 
 powder is decomposed when fused 
 with soda on platinum wire. 
 
 154 
 

 
 
 CHARACTERS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 p c v< MAGNETIC 
 
 
 COLOP LUSTRE STREAK WARD- g p ^^ TALLI- USES 
 
 TREATMENT WITH ACIDS, ETC. 
 
 ESS ZATION. H^ATHf 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heated in closed tube 
 blackens, but resumes 
 
 Deep red to Subada- Orange Infus. 4-4. 5 5-6 III. 
 orange- man- yellow. 
 
 
 See under heading ZINC, etc. 
 
 its original color on 
 
 yellow. tine. 
 
 
 
 cooling. Soluble in 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acids without effer- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vescence. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 mined in New Jersey fo 
 
 r the extraction of this metal. Occurs with willemite and zincite at Sterling See under heading ZINC, etc. 
 
 remaining after the e 
 
 straction of 
 
 the zinc, being treat 
 
 ed as a 
 
 i manga 
 
 nese on 
 
 and so 
 
 Id to the 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fused with soda, and 
 
 Red, brown, Ada- 
 
 Un- 
 
 Infus. 
 
 7-5 
 
 4-5 
 
 II. 
 
 
 Used to a small extent in 
 
 the fusion dissolved 
 
 yellow, man- col- 
 
 
 
 
 
 jewelling watches. 
 
 in HC1, the dilute acid 
 
 green, or tine. ored. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 solution turns tur- 
 
 gray; pale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 meric paper orange- 
 
 yellowish 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yellow (zirconia). Not 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 acted upon by acids 
 
 colorless. 
 
 
 
 
 
 except in fine powder 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 with concentrated sul- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 phuric acid 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 155 
 
II.-CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 
 
 (AFTER BRUSH.) 
 
 MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 
 
 A. Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatile : Native antimony stibnite native arsenic arsenopyrite bismuth bismuth planet 
 tetradymite wittichite smaltitt cobalt glance linnceitt native copper copper pyrites chalcocite bornite tetrahedrite native 
 gold sylvanite nagyagite magnetite hematite {specular iron) iron pyrites marcasite pyrrhotite galena native mercury-cin- 
 naoar niccolite pentlandite millerite ullmannite gersdorjfite platinum silver argentite stephanite dyscrasite miargyrite 
 polybasite freieslebenite stromeyerite stannite wolframite. 
 
 B. Infusible or fusible above 5, and non-volatile : Chromite graphite iridosmine magnetite hematite (specular iron) 
 turgite limonite ilmenite franklinite pyrolusite psilomelane braunite manganite hausmannite molybdenite. 
 
 MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 
 
 A. Easily volatile, or combustible B. B. : Valentinite kermesite orpiment realgar cinnabar calomel sulphur, 
 
 B. Fusible 1-5, and non-volatile, or only partially volatile. (I) Those which yield a metal or magnetic mass with 
 
 soda . Bismutite crocoite cobalt bloom malachite azurite atacamite cuprite almandite iron lime garnet hematite siderite 
 
 cerussite rhodonite wulfenite annabergite pyrargyrite prousiite cerargyrite embolite bromyrite iodyrite wolframite 
 
 hubnerite. 
 
 156 
 
(II) Those which do not yield a metal or magnetic mass with soda : Cryolite potash atum (kalinite) apatite asbestos 
 {amianthus, actinolite] barite borax gypsum epidote orthoclase oligoclase albite fluor-spar halite hornblende (amphibole} 
 rhodonite nitre (common saltpetre, Chile saltpetre) obsidian pyroxene scheelite wollastonite, 
 
 C. Infusible, or fusible above 5 : Bauxite cer-vantite apatite asbestos (chrysotile or bostonite) calcite (limestone} dolo- 
 mite asbolite chrysocolla corttndum diamond emerald fire-clay chrome garnet turgice* limonite bog iron ore siderite ankerite 
 kaolinite chlorite serpentine talc magnesite wad rhodochrosite mica (muscovite) monazite gent kite zaratite opal hyper- 
 sthene ruby rutile sapphire quartz cassiterite scheelite turquois sphalerite smithsonite zinc-bloom calami ne willemite 
 zincite zircon. 
 
 Hydrocarbons : Anthracite bituminous coal lignite asphalt. 
 
III. APPENDIX. 
 
 TEST FOB ALL CARBONATES (Calcite, Dolomite, Malachite, Siderite, Cerussite, etc.). 
 
 Make a bead of salt of phosphorus, and heat in O. F. until all bubbles are out. Then take up a minute fragment of the 
 mineral to be tested in the bead and heat in O. F. If the fragment gives off gas or effervesces in the bead, causing bubbling in 
 the bead, it is a carbonate. The usual effervescence with hydrochloric and nitric acids is a further test. 
 
 TEST FOR SILICA AND SILICATES. 
 
 The substance to be tested is broken, and a fragment heated for three minutes in the O. F. in a bead of salt of phosphorus, 
 as for carbonates. Silica and most silicates give a skeleton of undissolved silica, which remains in the bead. Metallic oxides and 
 other salts are dissolved, leaving no skeleton. Some silicates do not give this reaction, but quartz always gives it. 
 
 TEST BY HEATING WITH COBALT NITRATE. 
 
 The mineral is ignited strongly in the O. F. and then moistened with a drop of cobalt nitrate and again ignited. The 
 fragment may be supported on charcoal or in the platinum forceps. 
 
 ALUMINA gives a blue color (clay, etc., same). 
 
 MAGNESIA gives a pink color. 
 
 ZINC AND TIN (see description). The coating on charcoal produced by burning zinc when moistened with cobalt nitrate 
 gives a yellow or dirty-green color. The coating on charcoal produced by burning tin when so moistened gives a bluish-green 
 color. 
 
 SILICA gives a faint bluish color. Generally partially fused. 
 
 Note. All minerals assuming a dark color on heating, or remaining dark on heating, cannot be used in this test. 
 
 158 
 
TEST BY FLAME COLORS. 
 
 A long colorless O. F. is blown. A fragment of the substance is then approached to the flame (being held in platinun 
 forceps). When it touches the flame just back of the inner blue point, the color imparted to the flame beyond this is to be noted. 
 CALCIUM gives a reddish-orange color (calcite, dolomite, etc.). 
 BARIUM gives a yellowish-green color (barite, witherite, psilomelane, etc.). 
 STRONTIUM gives a scarlet color (celestite, strontianite, etc.). 
 SODIUM gives an intense orange-yellow color (feldspar, Chile nitre, etc.). 
 POTASSIUM gives a violet or lavender color (feldspar, etc.; also common nitre). 
 LITHIUM (rare) gives a deep-red color, with tinge of purple (lepidolite, etc.). 
 
 A FEW SIMPLE TESTS. 
 
 A. Lead. If the specimen is very heavy, and on cutting shows a surface having a grayish metallic appearance, it may 
 be galena or lead sulphide. If it is heavy, with no metallic shine, and of a yellowish color, it may be carbonate of lead. In 
 either case put a few drops of nitric acid on the rock, then after a minute as much water, and finally place a small piece of 
 iodide of potash on the wet spot. If the rock turns a bright yellow, lead is present, etc. 
 
 B. Copper. Specimens having a strong blue or green color, or with a gray metallic lustre, and hard to cut, should be 
 tested for copper. Treat with nitric acid, as before; then add quite a little ammonia-water; if the sample turns a very deep blue, 
 copper in some form is in the ore. (Do not confound with nickel.) 
 
 C. Silver. For silver, grind a small fragment to a fine powder; put one half in a small bottle with a little strong ammonia- 
 water; shake, cork, and let stand for some hours; pour off the solution, and add an equal quantity of nitric acid. If the liquid 
 becomes milky, or a curdy mass forms in it, there is chloride of silver in the ore. The other half is to be heated in a test-tube 
 with nitric acid, the solution poured off, and a grain or two of common table salt added. If a curdy mass forms which does not 
 dissolve in boiling water (but does dissolve in ammonia) and turns dark on exposure to light, silver is present. 
 
 D. Gold. Gold can be proven with certainty only by " panning" or assaying. (W. L. Brown.) 
 
 159 
 
PROCESS OP ASSAYING FOR SILVER AND GOLD. 
 
 (A) By the Scarification Method. 
 
 In brief : Grind ore in mortar very fine, so that it will pass through an 8o-mesh sieve, and weigh one tenth of an assay ton of 
 it. Next weigh about one assay ton of test lead and divide in halves; put one half in a scorifier and mix with it the ore; place the 
 other half on top, and add a piece of borax glass the size of a pea; heat in a furnace in a muffle till everything in the scorifier is 
 melted and no vapors of lead arise from it. Take out, pour in an iron mould, break slag from button with a hammer, place button 
 in a cupel in the muffle, and heat until the lead has been driven off; weigh in milligrammes bead left in cupel, which bead equals 
 gold and silver. Place this bead in a test-tube and heat with nitric acid to dissolve the silver; pour off acid and wash with dis- 
 tilled water, take out the gold, dry and weigh; first weight less second, equals silver; each result multiplied by ten, equals the 
 number of ounces troy per ton avoirdupois of the precious metal contained in the ore. Often advisable to unite a number of 
 buttons when separating the gold from the silver. 
 
 (B) By the Crucible Method. 
 
 Used where the character of the ore is well known and flux prepared accordingly. Weigh one-half an assay ton of the 
 pulverized ore, add requisite amount of flux (50 to 80 gms.), cover with borax glass, fuse in muffle from twenty to forty minutes, 
 pour in mould, and proceed exactly as in the scorification method except as to multiplying the weights by two instead of by ten. 
 
 ASSAYS OP SILVER ORES. B. B. 
 
 An amount equal to 100 mgm. of the ore is weighed out, and mixed with 500 mgm. test-lead, and one spoon (about 100 
 mgm.) borax glass, the mixing being done in the brass scoop. Make a cartridge of soda-paper (this is filter-paper soaked in soda 
 solution and then dried), place the mixture in the cartridge, and fold up tight. Then put the cartridge in the charcoal crucible 
 and heat in a good reducing flame until all the paper is charred. Keep covered by the reducing flame until all paper is burned 
 and the lead is in one button and the slag in another. Then oxidize in O. F. until the lead button is yellowish on cooling, and red 
 when hot. (As long as the sulphur remains in the button it will be dark gray or black on cooling, not yellow.) When the button 
 is yellow when cool, pour out on the anvil, make a cupel, and heat it to expel moisture; then place the button on the cupel and heat 
 until it has been reduced to one-tenth inch in diameter. Allow the litharge formed to collect around the button; conduct this part 
 
 160 
 
of the operation at a low temperature. Now make another cupel; prepare the surface by oxidizing a little test-lead and driving 
 the oxide into the cupel; place the button broken from the former cupel on this newly-prepared one and complete the cupellation. 
 In this last operation direct the flame (hot O. F.) at the cupel around the button rather than at the button itself, and do not allow 
 the bottom of the cupel to become "wet," i.e., keep all the litharge soaked up by the cupel. As the button nears the glance, 
 white specks appear on its surface, then a play of prismatic colors, then for a moment it is dull, and suddenly it breaks out in a 
 bright glow, which almost immediately fades. This last is the glance; when it fades the cupellation is complete; stop blowing. 
 Weigh in mgms.; this gives percentage, i per cent, or each milligramme = 291.66 oz. per ton. 
 
 In case of poor ores cupel several portions of 100 mgm. down to one-tenth inch as above, and then unite these buttons 
 and cupel to a finish. The final button may be weighed, or if less than i mgm. it may be measured on the Plattner scale, and 
 the weight thus ascertained. 
 
 ASSAYS OP MERCURY ORES. 
 
 Mix 500-1000 mgms. in fine powder with 5-10 gms. litharge and introduce into a tube, bent with an ejbow. This glass tube 
 is one-fifth inch in diameter and seven to eight inches long. Heat until the assay is fused and the glass becomes attacked. Mer- 
 cury collects beyond the elbow in drops; condense the deposits there by careful heating; break the tube and weigh portion with 
 mercury. Then clean out mercury and weigh again; difference is mercury; 0.05 per cent may be thus estimated. 
 
 TO OBTAIN PERCENTAGE OF A GIVEN ELEMENT IN AN ORE. 
 
 To get the percentage of any element in a given ore or compound is simply a matter of proportion e.g., Magnetic Iron 
 Ore (Fe s O 4 ). First refer to tables of atomic weights, and we find the atomic weight of iron (Fe) to be 56, which multiplied by 3 
 gives 168; while the atomic weight of oxygen (O) is 16, which multiplied by 4 gives 64. These added (168 + 64) give 232. Now 
 make the proportion 232 : 100 :: 168 : x, and it is found that 72.4 is the percentage of metallic iron. In the same way the percentage 
 of oxygen is found to be 27.5. The method shown in the above example gives the possible percentage in any ore or compound 
 according to the chemical formulae given in the " Tables." Such purity as is indicated by the formulae is, however, very rarely 
 and in many cases never met with. It follows, of course, that the percentage of the desirable element in the ore is reduced in 
 proportion to the impurities present. 
 
 (*- ,n) 
 
 X.v. 3h ^o ,/ 
 
IV.-INDEX TO TABLES. 
 
 Actinolite 30, 74 
 
 Albertite 74 
 
 Albite. 64 
 
 Almandite 67 
 
 Alum 22 
 
 Aluminum ,. . 20 
 
 Amethyst 60, 132 
 
 Amianthus 30 
 
 Ammonia Alum 22 
 
 Amphibole 74 
 
 Anhydrite. 42 
 
 Anthracite 46 
 
 Ankerite 92 
 
 Annabergite 122 
 
 Antimony 22 
 
 Antimony Glance 24 
 
 Apatite 26 
 
 Aragonite 42 
 
 Argentiferous Cerussite 140 
 
 Argentiferous Galena 140 
 
 Argentiferous Pyrites 140 
 
 Argentiferous Zinc Blende 140 
 
 Argentite 134 
 
 Argillaceous Hematite 88 
 
 Arsenic 28 
 
 Arsenopyrite 28 
 
 Asbestos 30, 74 
 
 Asbestus 30 
 
 Asbolite 52 
 
 Asphalt 78 
 
 Atacamite , . . . 58 
 
 Auriferous Iron Pyrites 70 
 
 Auriferous Galena ?r 
 
 Auriferous Zinc Blende 71 
 
 Augite (Green) ... 128 
 
 Augite (White) . 128 
 
 Aventurine Feldspar 65 
 
 Azurite 56 
 
 Barite 32 
 
 163 
 
 I'AGE 
 
 Bauxite 20 
 
 Bell Metal Ore 144 
 
 Beryl , 62 
 
 Bismutite 36 
 
 Bismuth 32, 34 
 
 Bismuth Glance 34 
 
 Bismuthinite 34 
 
 Bismuth Ochre 36 
 
 Bismuth Sulphide 34 
 
 Bituminous Coal . 48 
 
 Bitumen 78 
 
 Black Band Ore 92 
 
 Black Copper Ore 58 
 
 Black Copper Sulphide 54 
 
 Black Jack 150 
 
 Blue Malachite 56 
 
 Bog Iron Ore 90 
 
 Bog Manganese iof> 
 
 Borate of Soda 36 
 
 Borax 36 
 
INDEX TO TABLES.-Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bornite 56 
 
 Bostonite 100 
 
 Braunite. . . . 106 
 
 Brittle Silver 134 
 
 Bromyrite 140 
 
 Bronzite 128 
 
 Brown Coal 48 
 
 Brown Hematite 90 
 
 Calamine 152 
 
 Calaverite 70 
 
 Calcareous Sinter 38 
 
 Calcite (Calcium Carbonate) 38 
 
 Calcium 38 
 
 Calc Spar 38 
 
 Caliche 122 
 
 Calomel no 
 
 Cannel Coal 48 
 
 Capillary Pyrites 120 
 
 Carbuncle 67 
 
 Cassiterite 144 
 
 Celestite 42 
 
 Cerargyrite 138 
 
 Cerussite ....... 98 
 
 Cervantite. 24 
 
 Chalcedony 133 
 
 Chalcocite 54 
 
 Chalcopyrite 54 
 
 Chile Saltpetre 122 
 
 China-clay 96 
 
 Chloanthite 50, 116 
 
 Chloride of Silver 58 
 
 Chlorine 44 
 
 Chlorites 100 
 
 Chromate of Lead 46 
 
 Chromite (Chromic Iron) 44 
 
 Chromium 44 
 
 Chrysocolla 58 
 
 Chrysotile 30, 100 
 
 Cinnabar no 
 
 Clay 64 
 
 Clay-ironstone 92 
 
 Coals 46 
 
 Cobalt 50 
 
 Cobalt Bloom 52 
 
 Cobaltite (Cobalt Glance) 50 
 
 Cobalt Pyrites 52 
 
 Cockscomb Pyrites 94 
 
 Coke (Coking Coal) 46, 48, 49 
 
 Coloradoite 112 
 
 104 
 
 Copper 54 
 
 Copper Carbonate 56 
 
 Copper Glance 54 
 
 Copper Nickel 116 
 
 Copper Pyrites 54 
 
 Copper Silicate 58 
 
 Copper Sulphide 54 
 
 Corundum 60 
 
 Crocoite 46 
 
 Cryolite 20 
 
 Cu prite 58 
 
 Dark-red Silver Ore 136 
 
 Diallage j 28 
 
 Diallogite 108 
 
 Diamond 62 
 
 Dolomite 40 
 
 Dry Bone 152 
 
 Dyscrasite 134 
 
 Earthy Cobalt 52 
 
 Electric Calamine 152 
 
 Electro-silicon 81 
 
 Embolite 138 
 
 Emerald .... 62 
 
INDEX TO TABLES.-Continued. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Emerald Nickel 118 
 
 Emery 60 
 
 Epidote 62 
 
 Epsom Salts 103 
 
 Erubescite 56 
 
 Erythrite 52 
 
 Feldspar 64 
 
 Fire-clay 64 
 
 Fire Opal 124 
 
 Flos-ferri 42 
 
 Fluorite 66 
 
 Fluor-spar 66 
 
 Fossil Iron Ore 88 
 
 Franklinite 96, 154 
 
 Freieslebenite 136 
 
 Fuller's Earth 66 
 
 Galena (Galenite) 98 
 
 Garnet 66 
 
 Garnierite 118 
 
 Genthite 118 
 
 German Silver 116 
 
 Gersdorffite 120 
 
 Gilsonite 76 
 
 PACK 
 
 Goethite 88 
 
 Gold 68 
 
 Grahamite 76 
 
 Graphite 72 
 
 Gray Copper 60 
 
 Gypsum 40 
 
 Halite 72 
 
 Halotrichite 22 
 
 Hauntajayite 138 
 
 Hausmannite 106 
 
 Heavy Spar 32 
 
 Hematite 84 
 
 Hornblende 74 
 
 Horn Silver 138 
 
 Hubnerite 146 
 
 Hydraulic Limestone 40 
 
 Hydrocarbons 74 
 
 Hydrozincite 152 
 
 Hypersthene 128 
 
 I Imeni te 94 
 
 Infusorial Earth 80 
 
 Iodine 122 
 
 lodyrite 140 
 
 165 
 
 Iridium. 82 
 
 Iridosmine 82 
 
 Iron 82 
 
 Iron Carbonate 92 
 
 Iron Pyrites 94 
 
 Iron Sulphide 94 
 
 Iserine 94 
 
 Isinglass 112 
 
 Itabiryte 86 
 
 Jasper 133 
 
 Jaspery Clay Iron-stone 88 
 
 Jet 48 
 
 Kalinite .-- 22 
 
 Kaolin 96 
 
 Kaolinite 96 
 
 Kermesite 24, 26 
 
 Kidney Ore 84 
 
 Lead 98 
 
 Lead Carbonate 98 
 
 Lead Sulphide 98 
 
 Lenticular Iron Ore 88 
 
 Light-red Silver Ore 136 
 
 Lignite 48 
 
INDEX TO TABLES.-Continued. 
 
 Limestone 38 
 
 Limonite 90 
 
 Linnaeite 52 
 
 Lithographic Stone 39 
 
 Magnesite 102 
 
 Magnesium 100 
 
 Magnetic Iron Pyrites 96 
 
 Magnetic Iron Ore 84 
 
 Magnetite 84 
 
 Malachite 56 
 
 Maltha 78 
 
 Manganese 104 
 
 Manganese Carbonate 108 
 
 Manganese Silicate. 108 
 
 Manganese Spar 108 
 
 Manganite 106 
 
 Marble 38 
 
 Marcasite 94 
 
 Martite 86 
 
 Melaconite 58 
 
 Menaccanite 94 
 
 Mendozite 22 
 
 Mercury 108, no 
 
 Mercury Chloride , . no 
 
 Mercury Telluride 112 
 
 Mexican Onyx. 38, 132 
 
 Miargyrite 134 
 
 Mica 112 
 
 Micaceous Iron Ore 86 
 
 Millerite 120 
 
 Mineral Oil 78 
 
 Mineral Tar 78 
 
 Mispickel 28 
 
 Molybdate of Lead 114 
 
 Molybdenite 114 
 
 Molybdenum 114 
 
 Monazite 114 
 
 Moon Stone 65 
 
 Mountain Cork 30, 74 
 
 Mountain Leather 30, 74 
 
 Mountain Paper 74 
 
 Mountain Wood 74 
 
 Muscovite 112 
 
 Nagyagite 70 
 
 Natural Gas 80 
 
 Niccolite 1 16 
 
 Nickel 116 
 
 Nickel Arsenic 122 
 
 166 
 
 Nickel Blende ...................... 120 
 
 Nickel Carbonate .................. 118 
 
 Nickel Glance ...................... 120 
 
 Nickeliferous Iron Pyrites .......... 120 
 
 Nickel Ochre ....................... 122 
 
 Nickel Silver ....................... 116 
 
 Nickel Sulphide .................... 120 
 
 Nitre .............................. 122 
 
 Nitric Acid ......................... 123 
 
 Noumeite .......................... nS 
 
 Obsidian ........................... 124 
 
 Odontolite ......................... U9 
 
 Oligoclase .................... ..... 64 
 
 Onyx ............................ 38, 132 
 
 Opal ... ..................... ...... I2 -* 
 
 Oriental Amethyst ................. 6 
 
 Oriental Emerald. . ................. 62 
 
 Orpiment .......................... 
 
 Orthoclase ......................... 6 4 
 
 Ozokerite ...................... - 7 6 
 
 Peach-blossom Ore 
 Peacock Ore 
 Pentlandite 
 
 52 
 
INDEX TO TABLES.-Continued. 
 
 Petroleum 78 
 
 Pitt Asphalt 78 
 
 Phosphate Rock 26, 27, 126 
 
 Phosphorite 26 
 
 Plaster of Paris 40, 41 
 
 Platinum 126 
 
 Polybasite 136 
 
 Potash Alum 22 
 
 Potash Nitre. 122 
 
 Potstone 102 
 
 Proustite 136 
 
 Psilomelane 104 
 
 Pumice 124 
 
 Pyrargyrite 136 
 
 Pyrites 94 
 
 Pyrolusite 104 
 
 Pyroxene 128 
 
 Pyrrhotite 96 
 
 Quartz 132 
 
 Realgar 30 
 
 Red Copper Oxide 58 
 
 Red Ochre 88 
 
 Red Oxide of Zinc 154 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Red Shale Ore 88 
 
 Rhodochrosite 108 
 
 Rhodonite '.' 108 
 
 Rock Salt 72 
 
 Ruby 130 
 
 Ruby Zinc 154 
 
 Rutile 130 
 
 Salt 72 
 
 Saltpetre 122 
 
 Sapphire 130 
 
 Scheelite 148 
 
 Semi-bituminous Coal 48 
 
 Serpentine 30, 100 
 
 Siderite 92 
 
 Silex 81 
 
 Silica 132 
 
 Silicified Wood 133 
 
 Silver 132 
 
 Silver Chloride 138 
 
 Silver Copper Glance 136 
 
 Silver Glance 134 
 
 Silver Sulphide 134 
 
 Smaltite 50 
 
 Smithsonite 152 
 
 167 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Soapstone 102 
 
 Soda Alum 22 
 
 Soda Nitre 122 
 
 Soft Hematite 86 
 
 Spathic Iron Ore. 92 
 
 Specular Iron Ore 86 
 
 Speiss Cobalt 50 
 
 Sperrylite 120, 128 
 
 Sphalerite > 150 
 
 Stalactite 38 
 
 Stalagmite 38 
 
 Stannite 144 
 
 Steatite 102 
 
 Stephanite 134 
 
 Stibnite 24 
 
 Stream Tin 144 
 
 Stromeyerite 136 
 
 Sulphur 142 
 
 Sun Stone 65 
 
 Sylvanite 70 
 
 Tabular Spar 150 
 
 Talc 102 
 
 Telluride of Gold 70 
 
 Tellurium 142 
 
INDEX TO TABLES.-Continued. 
 
 Tennantite 60 
 
 Tetradymite 36 
 
 Tetrahedrite 60, 140 
 
 Thorium Sands 114 
 
 Tin 144 
 
 Tincal 36 
 
 Tin Pyrites 144 
 
 Tin Stone 144 
 
 Tin Sulphide 144 
 
 Topaz 146 
 
 Travertine 38 
 
 Tremolite 74 
 
 Tripolite 80 
 
 Tungsten 148 
 
 Turgite 88 
 
 Turquois. 
 
 PAGE 
 148 
 
 Uintahite 76 
 
 Ullmannite 120 
 
 Valentinite 24 
 
 Variegated Copper Pyrites 56 
 
 Velvet Iron Ore 88 
 
 Volcanic Glass 124 
 
 Vulpinite 43 
 
 Wad 106 
 
 White Antimony 24 
 
 White Iron Pyrites 94 
 
 Willemite 152 
 
 Wittichite 36 
 
 Wolframite 146 
 
 Wollastonite 150 
 
 Wulfenite 114 
 
 Yellow Ochre 90 
 
 Zaratite 118 
 
 Zinc 150 
 
 Zinc Blende 150 
 
 Zinc Bloom 152 
 
 Zinc Carbonate 152 
 
 Zincite 1 54 
 
 Zinc Silicate 152 
 
 Zinc Sulphide 150 
 
 Zircon 154 
 
 168 
 
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