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NORTHWESTERN
MEDICAL

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THE

ILLUSTRATED

AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY;

C O N T A I N I N G

CORRECT PORTRAITS AND BRIEF NOTICES

O P

THE PRINCIPAL ACTORS IN AMERICAN HISTORY;

E M B R A C I X G

DISTINGUISHED WOMEN, NAVAL AND MILITARY HEROES, STATESMEN, CIVILIANS,

JURISTS, DIVINES, AUTHORS, AND ARTISTS; TOGETHER WITH

CELEBRATED INDIAN CHIEFS.

FROM CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME.

COMPLETE IN SIX VOLUMES.
EACH VOLUME WILL CONTAIN ONE HUNDRED PORTRAITS,

AND BE DIVIDED INTO THREE PARTS.

PART. I. - EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM THE DISCOVERY, BY COLUMBUS, TO THE DECLARATION OF

INDEPENDENCE.
PART II. -EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE WAR OF 1812,

WITH ENGLAND.
PART III. EMBRACING THE PERIOD SUBSEQUENT TO THE WAR OF 1812.

ONE VOLUME TO BE ISSUED ANNUALLY.

^/>>-- ; u l
BY A. Dt JONES.

VOLUME I.

NEW YORK:

J. MILTON EMERSON AND COMPANY

MDCCCLIII.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852,

BY A. D. JONES,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

0. A. ALVORD, PRINTER.

29 OOLD-STRKET, N Y

L( o o I 4 V '

Bancroft Library

TO THE PUBLIC.

AT history is so valuable as genuine Biography, for it not only gives us the deeds which go to
*- ^ make up history, but also, and what is of equal value in its analysis, the motives and circum-
stances of these acts. Accordingly, no department of literature is more abundantly or imperfectly
supplied than this. On one hand, the sketches of persons have been so brief as to awaken little or
no interest ; on the other, so tedious as to exhaust the patience of the reader. Then, again, many
biographies have embraced numerous names which are of no particular interest, or taken only a few
of the most prominent ones, greatly to the injury of many who have deserved well of their coun-
try, and \\ aose lives are necessary to a perfect history of their times.

We have thought that a just medium between these extremes was necessary to a comprehensive
and discriminating historical American Biography, and have aimed in this volume and shall
aim, in the succeeding ones to do justice to the memory of those persons whose lives are
presented, without drawing too largely on the patience of the reader; while the fact, that every
sketch is illustrated with a fine portrait, will render the work invaluable as a faithful daguerreo-
type of the persons, as well as the lives of the great actors in American history.

No pains or expense has been spared to present the work to the public in a manner which shall
bear their criticism, and which, we hope, will not fail to secure their approval ; while the wide
iijld of labor we have laid out for ourselves will, we trust, be a sufficient apology for any imper-

4 t ' A. .T'O : 1 i rr & : L^fJ & t L 1 X 1 C .

fee tions which may appear. Slkxuld; vye, ,live to complete it; the; work will contain six hundred
biographies, and as many portriaifa in six"vdlu^nesir^/al' t qctdvo, 6nc volume to be issued annually,
making, together, twelve hundred, jwgbs .of valuable letterpress*

We commend the Artistical and Mechanical clidrac'teV of our book to the notice of our readers,
with the confidence that it will compare favorably with any issues from the press of a similar
nature.

Trusting that we shall so far find favor with the American public as to encourage us in our
coming labors, we bid them " farewell for a season."

NEW YORK, ) A. D. JONES.

January 1, 1853. ( J. M. EMERSON.

INDEX.

PAGE
59

Hancock John

PAGE

John Q

119

157

" Mrs John

189

" Samuel

Henry, Patrick

Allston Washington

195

Andre, Jolm

Arnold Benedict . .

Inman, Henry
Irvin"- W

201
167

15.
Bainbrid-'p "William.

117

Baird Robert

. 151

Jay, John

Uarnard , JJ. \)
Bayard J. A

< 1
159

Jefferson Thomas

103

175

Brooks Jol/n

107

E. C

177

Bryant, TV . C
Buff'oyne Jolm . .

203

Burritt Elilm

191

113

Kosciusko, rhaddcus

L.
La Fsiyettc

Calhoun J C

129

Cass Lewi"*

181

. 143

.. 105

Choate Rufus

173

Lincoln Benjamin

161

M.
Marshall C J

Clay, Henry
Clinton De Yv'ilt

211
. 1-17

Mnther Cotton

Columbus, Christopher
Cooper J F ...

9
.. 205

A^cDonou "!! Thoma^

131

Montgomery Richard

7*)

D.
Dccatur, Stephen
Dewee^ W P

185
1 S3

199

127

Endecott John

F.
Franklin Beni'-imin

PPVVV O H

. 145

Fremont JO ... . . ..

119-

137

Frobisher Martin

' '

153

Fulton, Robert

Ill

Putnam, Israel

Haliburton, J
Hamilton. Alexander . .

209

, 51

R.
Rawson, Rebecca
Red Jacket

29
1ST

INDEX.

PAGE

Eittenhouse, David.
Benjamin

Schuyler, Philip 105

Scott, Winfield 179

Silliraan, Benjamin 65

Smith, John 15

Story, Joseph 141

Stuart, C. Gr 101

Taylor, Zachary 139

Tecumseh 155

Van Buren, Martin 193

Vane, Henry 25

Van Ness, Marcia 125

Vespuccius, Americus 11

Warren, Joseph 49

Washington, George 41

" Martha 65

Wayne, Anthony 88

Webster, Noah 183

West, Benjamin 87

Winslow, Edward 19

" Josiah 17

Penelope 31

Winthrop, John 23

R. 207

Woodbury, Levi 169

Wool, J. E 197

Wolfe, James 75

PART I.

EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM THE

DISCOVERY BY COLUMBUS,

TO THE

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS.

FEW men have led a life of such wild and glorious adventure as the subject of this
brief memoir; and none have exceeded him in the exhibition of those manly
virtues which command the admiration of the world, energy, perseverance, patience,
and the power of endurance. Of obscure parentage, without money or influential
friends, he compelled wealth to be his servant, and kings to do homage to his genius.
Obstacles hopelessly insurmountable to others, only stimulated his energy, and he
perceived the guaranty of success when all around him saw only despair. With an
unfaltering faith and indomitable will, he fulfilled the prophecy of his soul, and
wreathed his brow with laurels which will only grow fresher and greener as time
advances.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS was born at Genoa, as is generally conceded, about A. D.
1435-36. But little is known of his early life, save that he was remarkable for his
love of such studies as peculiarly fitted him for a maritime life, and those great
adventures of which Providence made him the principal agent and moving spirit.

He commenced his maritime career while yet a mere youth, his first voyage being
a naval expedition fitted out at Genoa in 1459, by John of Anjou, Duke of Calabria,
the object of which was to recover the kingdom of Naples for his father, Rene, Count
de Provence.

10 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

For many years after this, the traces of his career are faint, although it is evident
that his life passed in a succession of naval or other maritime pursuits. His sagacious
mind led him to believe that other lands lay far off towards the setting sun, and he
resolved to convince the world that his views were correct. Poor and friendless as
he was, he conceived the bold idea which led to the discovery of the Western Conti-
nent. Full of this purpose, he sought the aid of powerful courts, first applying to the
throne of Portugal, and then to that of Spain. But here he was destined to encounter
the fiercest opposition, and it was not until after many years of struggle and disap-
pointment that he succeeded in securing the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella,
who fitted him out with a squadron of three small vessels, carrying in all one hundred
and twenty persons, among whom were various private adventurers. With this little
fleet, and full of hope and the solemn purpose he had so long and ardently cherished,
he set sail from Huelva on the 3d of August, 1492.

After a long and perilous voyage, in which the terrors of the Atlantic were among
the smallest difficulties he had to encounter, his officers, crews, and passengers in
almost constant fear and mutiny, his heart was made glad, and the fears of all
dissipated, by the joyous cry of " Land, ho ! " on the morning of the 12th of October.
1492.

Columbus speedily landed, and took solemn possession in the name of their
Catholic majesties, amidst a wondering crowd of naked savages, who received him
with simple sincerity, little dreaming of the strange and sad results which were to
grow out of the pageant that filled their dazzled eyes.

After refreshing and resting his worn-out band, he cruised among the islands (to
which he gave the general name of West Indies) for several months, and then, on the
4th of January, set sail on his return to Spain. His return was hailed as a triumph,
and he was treated with all the pomp and ceremony of a mighty conqueror.

He soon sailed, with a larger and better provisioned argosy, to the New World,
bearing the titles, prerogatives, and honors of admiral, viceroy, and governor of all
the countries he had discovered or might discover, and with unlimited powers tc
make and administer laws, form governments, erect cities, &c. He reached the
place of his destination after a pleasant voyage, and immediately began to carry into
execution the plans he had so long and so fondly cherished. But the star of Colum-
bus had passed its zenith. He had taken with him the seeds of faction, which
speedily germinated and ripened into bitter fruit. Intrigues at court, and treachery
in his own quarters, made his lot one of continual strife and discomfort, and he at
length returned to Spain rather as a prisoner to answer for misdemeanors than as a
conqueror to reap new honors.

Still again do we find him making a voyage to the New World, only to be received
suspiciously and treated with contumely ; and, after a futile effort to regain his
wonted sway, he again sought redress at the foot of the throne. But alas ! his
guardian angel, the gentle Isabella, "had gone into glory," and Ferdinand was
guilty of the meanest duplicity and most accursed ingratitude. Still professing
friendship for the great man who had given him a continent, he put him off, day
after day, with false promises and cruel evasions, until the old mariner, disgusted
and broken-hearted, found a refuge in the grave, and carried up his cause to the
court of heaven.

AMERICUS VESPUC1US.

A LTHO UGH our country bears the name of this gentleman, it is pretty gen-
-LJL erally conceded that the honor belongs to Columbus, who was in reality its
discoverer. It is claimed, and with a good degree of justice, that both the Norse-
men and the Cabots of England saw the continent prior either to Columbus or
Vespucius, yet the first occupation of the country is due to Columbus, and it
should have been called COLUMBIA, instead of America. But it is too late now
to hope for a change ; and since it is so, we are glad that so euphonious a name
distinguishes the western continent.

AMERICUS VESPUCIUS more properly Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence,
in 1451. He descended from a very ancient house, and belonged to one of the
proudest families of that celebrated city. His education was respectable, and he
was possessed of a bold and enterprising spirit. Fired with the accounts of the
discoveries of Columbus, he became desirous to see the New World for himself,
and accordingly, on the 20th of May, 1497, he sailed from Cadiz, as a merchant,
with a squadron of four small ships, under command of the celebrated and valiant
Ojeda. During this voyage, Americus claims to have seen the continent. He
may have done so, but much doubt envelops the matter. At all events, his

12 AMERICUS VESPUCIUS.

success was such as to induce Ferdinand and Isabella to place a fleet of six ships
under his command, when he made his second voyage. On his return, in 1500,
he received the same ungracious treatment from the contemptible Ferdinand which
had been visited on Columbus ; and he returned to Seville mortified and disgusted
at the ingratitude of princes.

A rank and growing jealousy existed in all the courts of Europe of the glory
and wealth achieved by Spain in her new discoveries. Emanuel, King of Portugal,
hearing of the humiliation of Vespucci, invited him to his court, and offered to
fit out a fleet of three ships, and give him the command. Gladly accepting the
proposal of the Portuguese king, he sailed from Lisbon in May, 1501, and explored
the coast of South America from Brazil to Patagonia, and returned, laden with
riches and honors, to Lisbon, in September, 1502.

Emanuel was so greatly pleased with the results of this first voyage of discovery,
that he placed six larger vessels at the disposal of Vespucci, and he again set sail
on his fourth and last voyage, in May, 1503. The great object of this voyage was
to discover a western passage to the Molucca Islands. Falling short of provisions,
he was foiled in the attempt, and after visiting Brazil, and loading his ships with
the valuable wood of that country, and other precious products, he returned to
Portugal, after an absence of but little more than a year. The rich cargoes he
brought home partially compensated for the want of success in the main purpose
of the voyage, and Americus was received with every demonstration of joy and
respect.

Vespucci now retired from the busy scenes of life, and devoted himself to the
preparation of a history of his adventures, and to the performance of duties
growing out of the office of chief pilot to Spain, to which he had been appointed by
Ferdinand. His duties were the drawing and correcting of sea charts. He drew
and published the first chart of the American coast, in which he laid claim to be
the discoverer of the country.

In 1507, he published his history of all the voyages he had made to America,
and his work was read all over Europe with great delight. It was filled with
most glowing accounts of the New World, mixed up with the most splendid
fictions, superlatively elaborated sentences and apocryphal events. It was pub-
lished just after the death of Columbus, and was thus placed beyond the reach
of that eminent navigator, who, had he lived, would doubtless have exposed the
pretensions of its author.

He lived but a few years after this, and died at Tercera, in the sixty-third year
of his age, in 1514.

SEBASTIAN CABOT.

JOHN CABOT, the father of Sebastian, of whom we have no portrait, was a
Venetian by birth, but a resident of England at the time of the birth of the
subject of this memoir. Under the patronage of King Henry VII. he sailed on a
voyage of discovery in 1497, accompanied by his son Sebastian, then only twenty
years of age. The elder Cabot had three sons, whom he educated especially as
navigators. Sebastian was the second son. In this voyage the continent is said to
have been seen for the first time, and was explored from the sixty-seventh degree of
latitude to Florida.

SEBASTIAN CABOT was born at Bristol, England, in 14767. As we have seen, he
accompanied his father on his first voyage in 1499. He sailed again under commis-
sion from the court of England, in 1517. His object, like that of Vespucius, was to
discover a new passage to the East Indies. In this he was disappointed, and re-
turned to England without having added to the amount of knowledge obtained on
the former voyage.

In 1525, Ferdinand and Isabella, of Spain, invited him to court, showed him many
flattering attentions, and put a fleet under his command, which sailed in April of the
same year. He visited the coast of Brazil, and entered a great river, to which he
gave the name of Rio de la Plata, running up its course between three and four hun-

14 SEBASTIAN CABOT.

dred miles. He consumed six years in this voyage, and made many valuable addi-
tions to the geography and natural history of the country. On his return to Spain
in 1531, he experienced, like all others who shared the patronage of that court, the
fickleness and perfidy of the weak and vacillating Ferdinand.

Cabqt made several other voyages, of which we have no veritable records, and at
length retired to Seville, holding the commission of chief pilot to the court of Spain.
In this capacity he drew many valuable charts, in which he delineated not only his
own, but all others' discoveries. It fell to him, also, to draw up the instructions of
those who sailed on new voyages of discovery, some of which are still extant, and
exhibit an unusual sagacity in their conception, and a remarkable perspicacity in
their execution.

In his old age he returned to England, and resided once more at Bristol, the place
of his birth, supported by a pension from King Edward VI. He was also appointed
governor of a company of merchants, associated for the purpose of making voyages
of discovery to unknown lands an office for which his vast experience and knowl-
edge eminently fitted him. Perhaps no man of his age did more to give an impulse
to the commerce of England than Cabot. He was the founder of the " Russian
Company," and the projector of several commercial enterprises, from which England
derived no inconsiderable importance. He cherished the belief that a north-east pas-
sage to China might yet be found, and died in the faith.

The last account we can find of him is the relation of a pleasing arid characteristic
incident, which occurred in 1556, about a year previous to his death. The company
had fitted out a vessel, which was just ready to sail on a voyage of discovery ; and,
as was his custom, he visited the ship in person to see if every thing was in accord-
ance with his instructions. He mingled freely with the seamen and passengers,
having a cheerful word for each, and a smile and benediction for all. " The good
old man Cabota," says the journal of the voyage, still extant, " gave to the poor most
liberal alms, wishing them to pray for the good fortune and prosperous success of
our pinnace. And then, at the sign of St. Christopher, he and his friends being
rested, and for very joy, that he had seen the towardness of our intended discovery,
he entered into the dance himself among the rest of the young and lusty company ;
which being ended, he and his friends departed, most gently commending us to the
governance of Almighty God." It is a pleasant picture of the greenness and fresh-
ness of his soul, although cumbered with the decaying tenement in which it had
been enclosed for nearly eighty years.

Cabot lived but a year after this event, and died at Bristol, in 1557, aged eighty
years. He was a most remarkable man. Sagacious, methodical, thorough, and
persevering, he was just the man for his office, whether he trod the quarter deck of
his vessels, or presided at the board of commerce and navigation, of which he was
governor for so many years. He is said to have been a mild and gentle person in
all his relations on shore, although he was a rigid and even severe disciplinarian at
sea ; and there are some intimations that he was even cruel in his treatment of
offenders against the regulations of his squadrons. He is supposed to have been the
first navigator who noticed the variations of the magnetic needle, and he published a
work in Venice, in 1533, on the subject. He also published a large map, which was
engraved by Clement Adams, and placed in the King's Gallery, at Whitehall. On
this map was inscribed, in Latin, an account of the discovery of Newfoundland.

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.

IN April, 1607, there arrived on the coast of Virginia a fleet of three small vessels,
whose joint tonnage amounted to less than two hundred tons, containing a colo-
ny, whose master spirit was the hero of this notice, CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. Thrice
had the attempt been made to plant a colony on the shores of Virginia, and thrice
had it failed. This time they were more successful. They located themselves on the
left bank of the James River, about fifty miles from its mouth, and called the place,
after the English monarch, Jamestown. The most discordant elements were mixed
up in the little company that was destined to be the germ of Virginia's future
greatness ; and had it not been for the sagacity and wisdom of Smith, they had,
like those who went before them, perished within a twelvemonth. But his genius*
and courage were equal to the emergency. When provisions could not be purcha first
of the Indians, he seized their idols, and compelled the savages to redeem th rights of
corn ; and by his severe example and discipline he kept the turbulent spch they had
little colony in subjection. The savages regarded him with awe an<Var was coinci-
compassing his life by every ingenious artifice, and now reverencr, and proved him-
While on an exploring expedition, he was taken prisoner, after v

16 JOHN SMITH.

his foes with his own hand. He was carried before Powhatan, and for some time
was feasted, and fantastically dressed and carried about as a show. At length, in
solemn council, he was condemned to death, and preparations were made to carry the
sentence into immediate execution. His head was laid on a stone, and a stalwart
Indian stood ready, with a war club, to dash out his brains. Just as the blow was
about to descend, Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of Powhatan, threw herself upon
the victim, and shielded his head in her own bosom. Her entreaties prevailed, and
he was liberated and sent back to Jamestown, in rude and savage triumph.

Here the good sense and courage of Smith prevented the breaking up of the col-
ony. Early in the seventeenth century, he was very seriously injured by the prema-
ture explosion of his powder flask while on one of his exploring rambles, in conse-
quence of which he returned to England for medical advice. He never recovered
from the effects of this disaster, and after various adventures he died in London, in
1631, in the fifty-second year of his age.

Few men have exhibited such a love for the romance of life, and few have been
more gratified in this respect, than the brave and gallant Captain John Smith. He
exhibited this trait in early childhood, engaging in the most reckless and dangerous
exploits. At thirteen, he sold his school books and satchel to raise money to run
away, it being his purpose to go to sea. At fifteen, he left his master and went into
France and the Low Countries. At seventeen, having acquired a little money, he
embarked once more to carve out his own fortune, in company with some pilgrims
bound for Italy. A violent tempest assailing the ship, Smith, who was deemed the
cause of the misfortune, he being the only heretic on board, was thrown over-
board, and saved his life by swimming to the shore. After this, he entered the ser-
\ ice of Austria, and so won the confidence of the emperor as to be intrusted with an
important command. At the siege of Regal, he accepted the challenge of a Turkish
lord, and smote off his head, fighting on horseback. A second, and a third, shared
the same fate. He was finally taken prisoner, and escaped by slaying his master;
and, after visiting Russia, he returned to England, and immediately turned his atten-
tion to the colonization of North America.

Smith published several volumes of his voyages and adventures in America, as
well as a map of the whole coast from the Penobscot to the James Rivers, giving both
the Indian and the English names of the principal places.

sea

offenders
first navigator
work in Venic
engraved by Clemei
this map was inscribe

GOVERNOR JOSIAH WINSLOW.

JOSIAH WINSLO W was the first New England bom governor. Hitherto that
office had been filled by men whose birthplace was abroad. Now they had
begun to raise their own officers and magistrates ; and this first American production
was an honor to the new world and to his colony. Marshfield claims the honor of his
birthplace, and he was born in 1629, just nine years after the arrival of the Pilgrims.
He was the son of Edward Winslow, one of the company which came over in the
Mayflower, the third governor of Plymouth colony.

Josiah Winslow was born of brave stock, of which he proved to be no degenerate
scion. He was a man of proper person, charming address, a well cultivated mind,
and an amiable disposition. These traits, added to his fearless courage and military
bearing, all resting on a highly refined piety for their base, eminently fitted him for
the then highly important office of governor, and gave him great popularity. His first
public act, after he was chosen governor, was the restoration to their civil rights of
Isaac Robinson, son of Rev. John Robinson, and Mr. Cudworth, of which they had
been deprived on account of their religious opinions. King Philip's war was coinci-
dent with his administration, in which war he did eminent service, and proved him-

18 JOSIAH WINSLOW

self a sagacious leader and a brave warrior. He was mild and tolerant himself, and
could not endure the persecutions which were pursued against nonconformists, of
whatever name. His moral was fully equal to his physical courage. He encoun-
tered public prejudice with the same unblenching resolution that he exposed himself
to the bullets and ambushes of the Indians.

He commenced his public life very early. No sooner had he arrived at the age
eligible to office, than he was chosen deputy to the General Court from his native
town ; and from that period to his election as governor, he was constantly employed
in public business. In 1637, soon after the death of his father, he was elected to the
office of commander-in-chief of the military forces of the colony. For many years he
was one of the commissioners of the confederated colonies. He was of the number
" bom to honors," and they crowned his whole life. Of highly polished manners,
greatly gifted in conversation, fond of society, and blessed withal with the means to
gratify himself in all these respects, the social and festive scenes of "Careswell"
were of the most delightful, refined, and instructive kind. Here, with his beautiful
wife presiding, he won for himself the proud distinction of being " the most accom-
plished gentleman and the most delightful companion in all New England."

He married the daughter of Herbert Pelham, Esq., who early took a deep interest
in the New England colonies. In 1637 he came over to America, but returned again
to England after a short sojourn.

Governor Winslow never enjoyed very robust health, and his exposures and hard-
ships in Philip's war, in which he rendered most important service, exhibiting the
stern qualities of a soldier, combined with the shrewdness and circumspection of
a diplomatist, doubtless aggravated his disease and accelerated his death, which took
place on the 18th of December, 1680, in the fifty-second year of his age.

Although he died in the prime of life, he departed full of honors, carrying with
him the love and respect of the entire colony, and of a numerous circle of friends
both in the old world and the new

EDWARD WINSLOW.

T)Y a wise economy in the moral realm, all great exigencies in the world
JLj produce those master spirits which are necessary to guide and regulate them.
The golden dreams which the discovery of the New World by Columbus had
produced throughout Europe had long been dissipated by the stern truth. In
England, all that was sterile and bleak was associated with New England, and
nothing was found there to tempt cupidity or promise fame. For many years
would the Indians of Massachusetts Bay have remained in undisturbed possession
of their broad hunting grounds, had not a spirit of intolerance at home led the
austere but devout Puritans, deeming their religious freedom of more value than
personal liberty and pleasant homes, to seek, as exiles in an unkindly climate,
" freedom to worship God."

They came here to establish a church they founded an empire ! They came
to sow and nourish the plants of religious freedom; and out of it sprang the
mighty tree of civil and political liberty! They came to build up a colony and
lo, a mighty and independent nation !

John Carver was the first governor of the new colony, and William Bradford the
second. As no portraits of these eminent men are extant, we are obliged, with

20 EDWARD WINSLOW.

great reluctance, to pass them by, and come to the third, the subject of this
brief memoir.

EDWARD WINSLOW was born in Droitwich, in England, in 1594. At a very
early period of life, he became acquainted with the Puritans, and embraced their
doctrines. Determining to share their fortunes, he married among them, and
embarked on board the Mayflower. His name comes next after those of Carver
and Bradford. Soon after his arrival, he buried his wife, and in due time, married
Mrs. Susannah White. Mrs. White was the first white mother in New England,
and as this was the first marriage, became also the first white bride.

Winslow was one of the choice spirits of these trying times. Born and educated
in a gentleman's family, he had acquired a suavity of address not common with
the Puritans. He exhibited uncommon tact and sagacity in his intercourse with
the savages, and in the management of fiscal affairs. With all this he was a man
of most unyielding integrity and fervent piety. These qualities caused him to be
frequently made ambassador to the court at home, and to the neighboring chiefs,
many of whom acquired an affectionate regard for hirn, which ended only with
their lives. His visit to the dying Massasoit, to whose necessities he adminis-
tered with his own hand, and who by his kind attentions was restored to life, is
characteristic, and won for him the love and respect of all the Indians.

He made frequent voyages to England on the business of the colony, and while
there wrote a book on the condition of New England. It was entitled " Good
News from New England, or a Relation of Things remarkable in that Plantation,
by E. Winslow." On one of his return voyages, in 1624, he imported the first neat
cattle ever seen in New England.

He was first elected governor in 1633, which office he held at various times
until 1650. When the Puritans obtained political ascendency in England, Wins-
low was there. His talents and character were appreciated by Cromwell, who
offered him such distinctions as induced him to remain in England, and he never
afterwards returned to America.

When Cromwell sent out an expedition for the reduction of St. Domingo,
Winslow was appointed chief commissioner, with full powers to superintend the
operations of the expedition, and to negotiate and make terms with the insurgents.
This was the last act in his useful life. He took the fever incidental to the
climate, which carried him off on the 9th of May, 1655, in the sixty-second year
of his age.

Thus died a great and good man. The dazzle of military glory or courtly splen-
dor rests not on his fame, but a halo of moral grandeur encircles his brow, which
outshines all lower glories, and which shall last, and burn, and glorify him,

" When victors' wreaths and monarchs' gems
Shall blend in common dust."

X I

POCAHONTAS.

T^HIS beautiful Indian princess, whose romantic story has filled so many bosoms
with wondering emotion, and whose sad and early fate has dimmed so many
eyes, was the daughter of Powhatan, or Wahunsonacock^ the most powerful of all
the chiefs in the sunny regions of James River and Chesapeake Bay, and was born
about 1594-5. Her name signifies a run between two hills. She seems to have been
as amiable and intelligent as she was beautiful ; and to her love for the English the
colony at Jamestown owes its preservation from destruction. We first hear of her
on a visit of Smith to Powhatan. That chief being absent, Pocahontas did the
barbarous honors on a grand scale, nearly frightening Smith and his associates out
of their wits.

The next year after Smith arrived at Jamestown, he fell into the hands of Pow-
hatan, as has been narrated in the brief notice of "the redoubtable captain," in an-
other part of this volume. After much feasting and parade, it was decided, "in a

22 POCAHONTAS.

grand council of more than two hundred grim warriors," that Smith should be put
to death. Accordingly two stones were brought into the council chamber, and with
great noise and shouting Smith was dragged forth, and his head laid upon one
of them, the savages standing by ready with clubs to despatch him. At this mo-
ment, Pocahontas, who seems to have conceived a partiality for Smith, although not
more than twelve or thirteen years old, threw herself upon his body, and laid her
head close to his, entreating her grim and savage sire to spare his victim. Her
prayers were effectual, and Smith was restored to his friends.

At another time, while Smith was on a visit to Powhatan, Pocahontas, learning
that it was determined to take his life, conveyed him away into a thick wood, and
sent his murderers off in an opposite direction from that in which he lay concealed.

Subsequently, when the garrison was weak and the colony reduced by sickness
and famine, it was resolved by the savages to destroy the colony. Here, again,
Pocahontas became the deliverer of Smith and his band of famished men. Alone,
amidst the darkness of a dismal and stormy night, she made her way through the
dense forest, and rousing Smith from his insecure slumbers, made known to him the
danger that impended over him and his companions. Grateful to his youthful
savior, he would have heaped upon her those trinkets in which he knew a young
maiden savage delighted ; but she resolutely declined them with tears, and betook
herself to her dreary return through the wilderness and the storm, happy that she had
saved the lives of her friends.

Pocahontas seems to have been most strongly attached to Captain Smith, but
whether it was love or reverence which drew her to him it is impossible to say.
From the fact that she was ready so soon to marry another, we are inclined to be-
lieve it was the latter. But from the time of Smith's departure for England, in
1609, she was seen no more in Jamestown, until she was forcibly and treacherously
abducted, in 1611, and held as a hostage by the English for the space of two years,
during which time she was kept a prisoner on board a ship.

It was during this hostageship that Pocahontas formed an attachment with one
John Rolfe, with whom, by the consent of Sir Thomas Dale and her kingly father,
she entered into the holy bonds of matrimony. She lived happily with her husband,
expressing no wish to return again to savage life. She embraced the Christian
religion, went to England, was presented to court, and was about to embark once
more for her native country, when she fell sick and died, at the early age of twenty-
two, leaving one son, from whom have sprung some of the noblest stock of the Old
Dominion.

Her meeting with Smith is described as being truly affecting. Owing to the
prejudices of the times, " he objected to being called father by the child of a king,
which she was greatly desirous of doing." At their first interview, after sitting in
silence for a long time, she said to him, " You promised my father that what was
yours should be his, and that you and lie should be all one. Being- a stranger in our
country, you called Powhatan father ; and I, for the same reason, will now call you so.
You were not afraid to come into my country and strike fear into every body but me ;
and are you now afraid to have me call you father ? I tell you, then, I will call you
father, and you shall call me child ; and so I will forever be of your kindred and
country."

JOHN WINTHROP

BY some strange mistake, nearly all the early historians of New England have
called Winthrop the first governor of Massachusetts. But nothing is more
certain than that John Endecott has the honor of first acting in that capacity, as we
have already stated in his memoir. Endecott was chosen by the Company in Eng-
land before they removed the seat of their authority to the Massachusetts Bay ; and
Winthrop was elected first after the transfer. But he also was elected in England,
and Endecott served a full year before Winthrop came to this country.

JOHN WINTHROP was born on the 12th of June, 1587, in Groton, Suffolk county.
England, of a highly respectable family, and received, in his early life, the best edu-
cation that England could offer. He was bred to the law, but being of a religious
turn of mind, did not devote himself with much energy to his profession. He was
possessed of considerable wealth, and the path of ambition and fame was open
before him. He had, however, become converted to the faith of the Puritans, and
he resolved to commit his fortunes to the support of the cause in the then infant
church in New England. He converted his large estate into ready money, and hav-
ing been elected governor of the Massachusetts colony, he embarked for America at
the age of forty-two, arriving at Salem on the 12th of June, 1630, and immedi-
ately entered on his duties as governor of " the colony of Massachusetts Bay."

24 JOHN W I NT II R OP.

On the removal of the seat of government to Boston, which occurred soon after,
Governor Winthrop took up his residence there, where he resided until his death,
which took place on the 26th of March, 1649, in the sixty-third year of his age
was a man of polished manners, possessed of great firmness mingled with gentleness,
and was admirably adapted to the situation in which he was placed. He ruled wit
great discretion in all the financial and political matters of the colony, but with great
severity in all things appertaining to religious faith and life. He knew no toleration
for heresy, and could not wink at any open immorality. He had withal a very low |
estimate of the intelligence of the masses, and deemed them utterly incapable of
ruling themselves. When the people of Connecticut were about forming a govern-
ment, they sought the advice of Winthrop. Among other things in his answer, he
writes thus : The best part of a community is always the least, and of that
part the wiser are still less."

In a speech delivered before the General Court, we have his idea of" a pure democ-
racy " You have called us to office," he says, but being called, we have authority
from God it is the ordinance of God, and hath the image of God stamped upon it;
and the contempt of it hath been vindicated by God with terrible examples of his

vengeance There is a liberty of corrupt nature which is inconsistent wit

authority, impatient of restraint, the grand enemy of truth and peace, and all the
ordinances of God are bent against it. But there is a civil, sacred, federal liberty,
which consists in every one's enjoying his property, and having the benefit of the
laws of his country; a liberty for that only which is just and good; for this
you are to stand with your lives."

He, however, became more tolerant of religious opinion as he grew older, and was
far less harsh in his treatment of those who thought differently from himself,
was naturally of a noble and benevolent turn, and the acidity of his faith could not
utterly cover the leaven of his generosity. He sympathized deeply with all
neighboring colonies, corresponding with, visiting, and advising them in all things
pertaining to the general weal. He was endowed with an excellent judgment, which
he exercised with great coolness and deliberation. He was also assiduous in his
duties, and labored with unwearying diligence to accomplish them.

Governor Winthrop came to New England possessed of considerable wealth, and
died a poor man. Exceedingly benevolent, and deeming no sacrifice too great for
the holy cause to which he had consecrated himself, he therefore gave freely of his
fortune, as of his time and intellect, in its support.

An anecdote is related of him which exhibits at one view his benevolence and his
humor. During the severe cold of a hard winter, when wood was both scarce and
dear, he was told that a poor neighbor was in the habit of drawing his supply of fuel
from his wood pile. Is he?" replied the governor, in much seeming anger; send
him to me, and I will cure him of his stealing any more." When the culprit came
trembling into his presence, he put on his blandest expression, and taking him by the
hand, said to him, Friend, it is a cold winter, and I hear that you are meanly pro-
vided with wood. You are welcome to help yourself at my wood pile until the
winter is over." He afterwards merrily asked his informant if he did not think tha
he had cured the man of stealing.

SIR HENRY VANE.

IT requires a much loftier and nobler courage than that which enables the hero to
walk, unblenching, to the cannon's mouth, to set one's self against the popular
voice, and confront the executive power that sustains and enforces it. The men who
have heroically dared to deny the right of tyrants and tyrant-governments to trample
on the liberties of mankind, and freely and cheerfully given " their lives, their fortunes,
and their sacred honor," to maintain their denial, are few indeed here and there
one in a generation. In that bright galaxy of names, that of SIR HENRY VANE shines
as a star of the first magnitude.

Sir Henry Vane, eldest son to Sir Henry Vane, was born at Hadlow, in Kent,
England, about the year 1612. After pursuing a course of studies at the famous
Westminster school, he was admitted, at the age of sixteen, as a gentleman com-
moner at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Of his life prior to these events nothing is now
known, and but little can be gathered concerning him from the time of leaving the
university to his emigration to New England, except that he spent a year or two in
foreign travel. While abroad, he spent considerable time at Geneva, and there
imbibed such sentiments, that on his return home he became quite obnoxious to

26 SIR HENRY VANE.

both his father and the court. Finding his situation at home an uncomfortable one,
and his influence being feared by the government, " he was permitted to depart for
New England " a sort of expatriation practised upon many a troublesome and
influential patriot of those times.

In August, 1635, Vane, with a dozen or more others of the same dangerous opin-
ions, were freighted to New England " in the good ship Defiance," and were landed
at Boston on the 3d of October. The following May, Vane was chosen governor
of the colony, " which election was congratulated," says Hubbard, " with a volley of
shot by all the vessels in the harbor." It was a compliment of no mean character to
Sir Henry, that the choice should have fallen on him, when such men as Winthrop,
Endecott, and others, were his colleagues. His administration was a marked one,
and in the divided state of feeling then prevalent in the colony, begat for him strong
friends and most bitter enemies. This period was, doubtless, the most difficult one
in the previous history of the colony. Religious dissensions ran high, and " the
church was sadly torn and rent." Mrs. Hutchinson and her party sided with Gov-
ernor Vane, while most of the clergy attached themselves to the side of Governor
Winthrop. It was in Sir Henry Vane's administration, also, that the dreadful scenes
of the Pequot war were enacted, and when, but for the pacific overtures of Roger
Williams, the whole New England colonies would have been annihilated.

At the next election the party of Vane were found to be in the minority, and
Winthrop came into the succession. Weary of his office and New England, Gov-
ernor Vane returned the same year to England, and, through his father's influence,
was soon invested with the dignities and emoluments of offices of high trust and
power. He became singularly mixed up with the exciting and bloody scenes ini
which Straffbrd and Charles I. lost their heads, as well as during the Protectorate
and the Restoration. Under this last regime he was impeached for " compassing" and
imagining the death of the king ;" and although not a shadow of evidence was afford-
ed to support that charge, he was condemned, and accordingly beheaded, on the 14th
of June, 1662, on the same spot where Straffbrd had suffered. His conduct during
the trial and execution was such as became a great mind and a Christian spirit.
He disdained to make submission, although promised his life.

Sir Henry Vane was a man of imposing aspect, and he won the respect of all
around him by his dignified and easy address.

GOVERNOR ENPECOTT.

JOHN ENDECOTT, "THE FATHER OF NEW ENGLAND," as he has been called
by historians, was born in Dorchester, Dorsetshire, England, in the year 1588.
That he was of respectable parentage, that he had a good education and a refined
mind, that he was at one time a surgeon, as well as captain of a trainband, seems to
be about all that is known of his life, previous to his connection with the " Massa-
chusetts Company," who settled the colony first at Naumkeag, or Salem.

Governor Endecott seems to have embraced Puritanism, under the guidance and
through the influence of Rev. Mr. Skelton, who became one of the earliest ministers
of the colony, and between whom and the governor the most affectionate relations
existed.

In 1628, Governor Endecott, in company with other influential men, purchased a
grant from the " Plymouth Council in England " for the settlement of the " Massa-
chusetts Bay," and in June of that year came over and took possession of the same,
Endecott having received the appointment of governor of the colony. The model
of the government was formed in England, and consisted of a governor and twelve
persons, styled " THE GOVERNOR AND COUNCIL OF LONDON'S PLANTATION IN THE
MASSACHUSETTS BAY IN NEW ENGLAND."

None but stern men, moved by a high religious purpose and sustained by a

28 JOHN ENDECOTT.

martyr spirit, could have borne " the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune " which
their new residence invited. Disease, famine, suffering, hardship, and death filled
the measure of their choice, and yet they shrunk not at the trial, nor withdrew their
hand from the lot that had fallen to them. In a word, these men were Puritans,
only the synonyme for endurance, they gloried in the cross as their crown. And
among this band of hardy and pious men, Endecott was an " ensample to the flock."
In all their trials, they looked to him for counsel and direction, and they found him
always equal to the emergency. Bereaved of the wife of his bosom, whom he dearly
loved, he moved among the sick and suffering, administering comfort with his own
hand, and imparting courage by the example of his own energy and lofty endurance.

Governor Endecott was a strict disciplinarian. He could not wink at any flagrant
violation of the laws. At Mount Wollaston, Dorchester, one Morton, notorious for
his latitudinarianism and contempt of law and the church, had collected a company
of men of a similar spirit to himself, erected a May-pole, and christened their place
Merry Mount. Their unseemly orgies were a stench in the nostrils of the pious
Endecott, and forthwith he went therein " the purifying spirit of authority," (Morton
having been just before sent to England to answer to the charges preferred against
him,) cut down their May-pole, changed the name of the place to Mount Dagon,
and u rebuked the inhabitants for their profaneness, and admonished them to look to
it that they walked better."

In the summer of 1630, the government was entirely transferred from England to
the colony, and John Winthrop was chosen governor, who administered the affairs
of the company in the same spirit that had governed the conduct of his predecessor.

Governor Endecott was again married, on the 18th of August, 1630, to Elizabeth
Gibson, of Cambridge, England, who came over with Winthrop in the Arabella.

The first open act of defiance to kingly authority of which we have any record in
the history of the colony was performed by Governor Endecott. It was on this wise.
He cut the red cross from the king's banner with his sword, and declared that he
would never recognize such a relic of Popery. It was a direct insult to the king and
the church of England, and would have probably cost him his head had not the
unfortunate Charles I., just at that period, been entirely occupied with the storm
which had already burst on his head, and which eventually overwhelmed him in
ruin, and brought him to the block. It was a daring exploit, and although every true
Puritan rejoiced in it, yet their fear of the throne compelled the colony to take notice
of the a.ct % an,d to enter their protest against it.

Governor Winthrop died in 1649 ; and from that time until his death, which
occurred on the 15th of March, 1665, at the age of seventy-seven years, Endecott
held the office of governor, with the exception of two years, when he was elected
deputy governor. This was, perhaps, the most trying time in the early history of the
colony, and it needed that a man of great energy and probity should be at the head
of the government. During his administration, Charles I. suffered a violent death,
Cromwell usurped the government of England, and the Stuarts were again restored
to their legitimate authority. In every emergency and difficulty he was found equal
to the trial, and won for himself the respect and love of all good and wise men, and I
when he fell asleep in the Lord," was interred, as tradition saith, in the " Chapel I
burying-ground," with great honor and solemnity. It is a blot on the fair fame of
Boston that " no stone marks the resting-place of the FATHER OF NEW ENGLAND."

REBECCA RAWSON.

THE sober history of New England has been written many times over by men
of the most widely differing views, tastes, and opinions. There is no lack of
material out of which to form a pretty just estimate of the acts of that history, and
the men who performed them. But of the romance of our colonial existence, little
has come down to us. Of fiction, we have had enough. We have thought that a
considerable volume might be made, filled with the strange and romantic scenes
which decorated the warp and woof of that historic web.

REBECCA RAWSON was the sixth daughter and ninth child of Edward Rawson
"the famous secretary," who traced his descent from Sir Edward Rawson, "a
doughty knight of ancient memory ." She was born in Boston, May 23, 1656, and
her life affords material for as romantic a tale as ever adorned the pages of fiction.
She was nursed in the lap of luxury, and was pronounced to be one of the most
beautiful and accomplished young ladies in New England. " Beautiful and vain,"
she considered herself " suitable to wed a lord." An impudent knave from Eng-
land, by the name of Ramsey, possessed of a pleasing person and attractive address,
passed himself off as Sir Thomas Hale, Jr., nephew to the lord chief justice of that

30 REBECCARAWSON.

name, and as such paid court to the fair Rebecca, gained her consent, and " in pres-
ence of forty witnesses," they were solemnly married, " for better and for worse," by
a minister of the gospel, on the 1st of July, 1679.

She was " handsomely furnished," and immediately sailed for England, with her
boxes and bundles, and her lord, her vain bosom swelling with pictures of the gay
and giddy life she was to lead at court. In due time she safely arrived, and went
on shore in a dishabille, leaving her trunks and packages to be sent after her. Early
the next morning, her " lord " took the keys, and told her he would send up the
trunks in season for her to dress for dinner. In due time the trunks came, but with
them no keys and no husband. After waiting until a late hour, with the greatest
impatience, she had the trunks opened by force, and, lo ! not an article of any value
was left in them. He had decamped, stripping her of every thing but the dishabille
in which she was attired. In an inexpressible astonishment, she ordered a carriage,
and drove to the place where she had spent the night before with her husband, and
inquired for Sir Thomas Hale. " She was informed that he had not been there for
some days. She was sure that he was there the night before. In reply, she was told
that one Thomas Ramsey was there the night before, with a young lady, but that he
had gone off that morning to Canterbury to see his wife ! " The news fell on her ear
like a thunderbolt, and crushed her hopes, and crushed her heart, and crushed her
pride. She never saw him again.

Alone, abandoned, betrayed, ruined, expecting soon to become a mother, with no
funds, and too much pride to apply to her friends, she sought a humble abode, and
with the aid of her needle and pencil, for thirteen long years supported herself and
her child in a genteel manner. Yearning at length to see her friends, she left her
child in care of a sister who had come to England to reside, and embarked for
Boston, by way of Jamaica. While at this latter port, her vessel was swallowed up
by an earthquake ; and thus tragically ended her eventful and melancholy life.

PENELOPE WINSLOW.

ONE of the most mortifying reflections, in connection with New England history,
is the fact, that so little is known of the lives and characters of the mothers and
wives of those eminent men who founded our institutions, and framed and adminis-
tered our early laws. Unhappy mistake, which supposes that the history of a nation
is complete when its public acts are recorded, and the biographies of its eminent men
are written. The influence of woman on the character and growth of a nation is
universally confessed. How would the present race, sons of the Pilgrims, love to be
able to look into the record of those HOMES where such Anaks were born, and
study the quiet virtues of the brave dames which bare, and the gentle sisters who
held their magic thrall over, those sturdy sons and brothers !

The men that knelt on the deck of that emigrant ship at Delft Haven, when the
godly and gifted Robinson " lifted up his voice and wept " his prayer for a prosper-
ous voyage to the bleak shores of New England, held no more in their strong hearts
the destinies of the new world, than those gentler ones who bowed in holy trust and
wondrous fortitude by their side. And yet the record of their bosoms and their lives
is lost, and scarce a trace can now be discovered. Arid of them all not a portrait is

32 PENELOPE WINSLOW

to be found, whereby we might refresh our imaginings of their persons or their
virtues.

The portrait of the wife of Governor Josiah Winslow (and of which we have been
kindly permitted to take the above copy) is the only one that can be found, as far as
we can learn, of any woman prior to 1650-60. It represents the subject of this
sketch as young and comely, and " dressed with grace and great becomingness."

MRS. PENELOPE WINSLOW was the daughter of Herbert Pelham, Esq., an Eng-
lish gentleman of considerable distinction. He was among the first to feel and
express an interest in the affairs of the new and struggling colony at Plymouth, and
contributed liberally towards its support. He never made New England his home ?
barely visiting it in 1637. His daughter, it appears, enthralled by the handsome
and fascinating son of the elder Winslow, did not scruple to forego the refinements
of her English home for the more republican one of the gallant captain, to whom she
gave her hand. The date of the marriage we have been unable to ascertain, but it
is supposed to be in 1657.

Mrs. Winslow is represented as a woman of exceeding beauty, and extremely
fascinating in her manners. She was very accomplished for the age in which she
lived, and presided at her husband's board with great dignity and urbanity. When
we take into consideration that her husband acquired the distinction of being the
handsomest and most polite man of New England, we can readily conceive how
recherche must have been those weekly reunions in the drawing rooms of Careswell,
where the beauty, and wit, and talent of the colony were assembled, and where taste
and money were lavished to make them brilliant and delightful.

Mrs. Winslow bore her husband four children, two sons and two daughters,
and survived him twenty -three years. She died at " Careswell," Marshfield,
December 7, 1703, in the seventy-fourth year of her age.

WILLIAM PENN.

PT1HIS very gifted and singular man, the founder of the state which bears his
JL name, was born in London, October 14, 1644. Before he was fifteen he entered
Oxford, and was converted to Quakerism by the eloquence of an itinerant preacher
of that sect, and expelled from college for nonconformity before he was sixteen.
Honest in his convictions and sturdy in adhering to them, neither the expostulations
of his friends, the discipline of his father, nor the threats of the church could shake
his faith in his purpose. He studied law in Lincoln's Inn until the year 1665, when,
the plague breaking out in his native city, he went to Ireland to manage an estate
for his father. Here he joined himself to a fraternity of Quakers, in consequence of
which he was recalled. He was so persistent in his adherence to the habits and
dogmas of his sect, that his father banished him from his house, and he commenced
the life of an itinerant, and was very successful in gaining proselytes to his sect.
He was exceedingly obnoxious to the government, and was several times fined and
imprisoned but nothing intimidated him. Even in prison he wrote and published
books, and sent them forth into the world.

On the death of his father, a large estate fell to his possession ; but he continued to

3A WILLIAM PENN.

write, and travel, and preach as before. The crown owing large debts to the estate,
Penn asked and obtained, in 1681, a charter of Pennsylvania, where a colony was
soon planted, and he himself arrived there the following year. Feeling that he had
no moral claim to the soil, he negotiated with the Indians who occupied it, and pur-
chased it of them at a price perfectly satisfactory to them. He established the capi-
tal, and named it Philadelphia ; drew up a code of laws for his growing colony, or-
daining a perfect toleration of religious opinion, and returned to England in 1684, to
exert his influence in favor of his suffering brethren there, who were exposed to all
the rigors of an unrelenting persecution. His earnest and honest eloquence was not
unsuccessful, and he had the pleasure to know that he was the instrument of deliv-
erance of more than thirteen hundred of his brethren who had been cast into prison
for their heresy. So malignant were his enemies that they succeeded in casting him
into prison on the charge of Papacy. He succeeded, however, in obtaining his free-
dom, and returned once more to America, when he revised his code of laws, made
some alterations in the form of government, at the same time travelling through the
country, preaching and writing on the subject which was nearest his heart. In 1700,
he sailed again for England, where he resumed his favorite pursuits, arid continued
there until 1712, when paralysis put a stop to his active life. He lingered under this
disease until 1718, when he was called to his reward on high.

William Penn was a rare character. "'He combined gentleness and dignity in
an eminent degree, sometimes extremely facetious, at others grave and severe ; of an
extraordinary greatness of mind, yet without ambition." His intercourse with the
Indians was void of treachery, and he won their confidence to an unlimited degree.
He overcame them with gentleness and truth, and conquered them without spilling
their blood or violating their homes.

Penn was a laborer in the vineyard of his Master. Besides travelling and preach-
ing constantly, he superintended all the affairs of his colony, and wrote innumerable
tracts and quite a number of books of considerable pretension, among which were
the following: " No Cross no Crown, or several sober Reasons ' against Hat Honor,
Titular Respects, ' You ' to a single Person, &c., &c.," 4to., 1659 ; " Serious Apolo-
gy for the People called Quakers, against Dr. Jeremy Taylor," 4to., 1669 ; " The
Spirit of Truth vindicated, in Answer to a Socinian," 4to., 1672 ; Quakerism a
new Nickname for old Christianity," 8vo., 1672 ; " Reason versus Railing, and
Truth versus Fiction," 8vo., 1673 ; " The Christian Quaker and his divine Testimo-
ny vindicated," folio, 1674.

Few men have lived whose efforts, through a long life, have been so productive
of good, and so free from evil. When the prophecy of the angels, at the advent of
the Messiah, shall become a fulfilment, and " peace on earth " shall no longer be the
ideal of the SEER, then shall the name of PENN be written high on "the scroll of
heaven," and angels shall do homage to it.

COTTON MATHER.

eminent divine was born in Boston on the 12th of February, 1662-3.
JL After availing himself of the advantages of the free schools of his native
town, he entered Harvard College, where he was graduated at the early age of
sixteen. Before he was nineteen, he received the degree of M. A.

Dr. Mather would have ranked high as a scholar, at the present day, and in
the times in which he lived was considered a prodigy of learning. Wonderfully
precocious, and possessed of a powerful memory, he gathered up knowledge with
the greed a miser exhibits in amassing gold. He became the greatest linguist of
the age, and wrote more books than any other man. He became known through-
out Europe as well as his native country, and was in constant correspondence
with the learned men of the world. In forty-one years, he wrote and published
two hundred and eighty-three books, averaging nearly seven books to each year.
His "Magnalia" was, without doubt, the most remarkable of his productions,
and the one that is inseparably connected with his name. He was a firm believer
in witchcraft, never doubting but that it was the immediate handiwork of the
Father of lies. Perhaps, had he lived in these days, he would have been a full
convert to mesmerism and spiritual rappings.

33 COTTON MATHER.

In 1684, at the early age of twenty-two, he was ordained as colleague with his
father, Rev. Increase Mather, D. D., and two years afterwards, commenced his
authorship, his first publication being " A Sermon to the Artillery Company in
Middlesex." He was married about this time, and losing his wife in 1702, he
married again, in less than a year, Mrs. Elizabeth Hubbard. His son, Samuel
Mather, M. A., thus speaks of this excellent lady : " She was a woman of good
sense, and blessed with a complete discretion, with a very handsome, engaging
countenance ; and one honorably descended and related. He rejoiced in her as
having 1 great spoil" It was his misfortune to follow to the grave, also, this ines-
timable woman, who had borne him six children, his first wife having blessed him
with nine. He married yet once more, but there was no issue from this third
union. He died on the 13th of February, 17278, just sixty-five years of age.

Dr. Mather was a very fluent writer. He wrote with great ease out of the
furnishing of his own mind, and in an off-hand style, which shows the ready and
the careless writer. Consequently, his numerous works are destined to be forgotten
by posterity, with the exception, perhaps, of his " Magnalia."

In 1710, he published " An Essay upon the Good to be devised by those who
would answer the great End of Life." It was full of sound maxims of life, and
has been rendered somewhat famous by the notice taken of it by Benjamin Frank-
lin, who was well acquainted with the subject of this memoir, when^the former
was a quite young man. When Franklin became an old man, and Dr. Mather
slumbered with his fathers, he writes thus to Samuel, son of Cotton Mather, of a
little incident in their lives which has become known wherever books are read,
through the inimitably practical turn given to it by Franklin :

" You mention being in your seventy-fifth year ; I am in my seventy-ninth.
We are grown old together. It is now more than sixty years since I left Boston,
but I well remember both your father and your grandfather ; having heard them
both in the pulpit, and seen them at their houses. The last time I saw your father,
was in the beginning of 1724, when I visited him after my first trip to Pennsylvania.
He received me in his library, and on my taking leave, showed me a shorter way
out of the house through a narrow passage, which was crossed by a beam over-
head. We were still talking as I withdrew, he accompanying me behind, and I
turning partly towards him, when he said hastily, * Stoop / stoop ! ' I did not under-
stand him until I felt my head hit against the beam. He was a man that never
missed an occasion of giving instruction, and upon this he said to me, ' You are
young, and have the world before you ; stoop as you go through it, and you will
escape many hard thumps? This advice, thus beat into my head, has frequently
been of use to me, and I often think of it when I see pride mortified, and misfor-
tunes brought upon people by their carrying their heads too high."

SIR MARTIN FROBJSHER.

TIIHE world is indebted for all its valuable knowledge to a few hopeful and in-
JL domitable spirits, who, in their day and generation, were the objects of much
ridicule and persecution the " knights de la Mancha " of the age they lived in. It
is a blessed consideration, that satire and contempt, persecution and stripes, only
stimulate, not imprison, true genius. Faith is an essential element of genius. By
its aid it penetrates all mists, reaches all heights, compasses all possibilities, and
predicates the true, which the eyes of the million see not, and the lips of the million
deny. " Wisdom is hidden with the few."

The subject of this sketch was a seer, and foretold somewhat that has come to
pass. He also rendered very important service to the world by his various voyages
of discovery along the shores of the western hemisphere, as we shall see.

It is matter of much regret that the early history of most of these ancient navigators
is so obscure and uncertain. It is often difficult to say, with any preciseness, where
or when they were born ; and the record of their death is often no more than that of
their birth. From what we can discover, it seems that SIR MARTIN FROBISHER was
born near Doncaster, England, about 1536, and that he commenced his voyages of
discovery about 1576, or at the age of forty. He must have become interested in

38 SIR MARTIN FROBISHER.

these matters very young, for the celebrated chronicler, Hakluyt, tells us that " he
had been fifteen years on this enterprise before he was able to set out on it." Not
only Hakluyt, but Carnden, Stow, and Speed have briefly noticed the voyages of
Frobisher. We shall transcribe what Stow says of him, entire ; for, meagre as it isj
it seems to embrace all that is known of him.

" Martin Frobusher, borne neere Doncaster, in Yorkeshire, in his youth gaue him-
selfe to Nauigation, he was the first Englishman that discoured the North way to
China, and Cathay, and at his first discourie of the way to Cathay at which time for
tryall of what he could find there, brought thence a black soft stone like sea coale,
supposed to be gold, or siluer Oare, & in that perswasion made two seuerall voyages
againe to Cathaye, bringing with them great quantitie of the sayd supposed Oare, I
the which after due tryall & much expence prooued not worth any thing, neither fit-
for any vse, a great quantity of which stuffe was layed in the nursery at Darford, no ;
man regarding it, he was vice-admirall to Sir Francis Drake, at the winning of Saint
Domingo, Saint lago, Carthagena, and Saint Augustino.

" Hee did great seruice in the yeere one thousand fiue hundred eightie and eight,-*
vpon the inuincible Spanish Armado, for which he was Knighted, after that hee wal
General of tenne ships, to keepe Brest-hauen in Britaine, where the Spaniardes neerJ
thereunto had strongly fortified themselues, in whose extirpation he did speciall serl
uice by Sea and Land, and was there shotte into the side with a Musket, the wounde:
not mortall, he liued vntill hee came to Plimmouth, through the negligence of hisj
surgeon that onely tooke out the Bullet, not sufficiently searched the Wound, to take
out the Bombaste strucke in with the shotte the sore festered, whereof he dyed, &
was buried in Plimmouth, he was very valiant, yet harsh & violent."

The account of Speed is still more brief, arid is as follows :

" For the searching and vnsatisfi.ed spirits of the English, to the great glory of oul
Nation, could not be contained within the bankes of the Mediterranean or Leuanm
Seas, but that they passed farre, towards both the Articke and Antarticke Poles, inl
larging their trades into the West and East Indies : to the search of whose passage,
that worthy Sea-Captaine Sir Martin Furbusher, made Saile into the North-East"
Seas, farre further then any man before him had euer done, giuing to these parts the
name of Queene Elizabeths Foreland.

" The next yeere hee attempted thirty leagues further, when finding Gold Ore
was thought) and taking a man, woman, and child, of the Sauage Catayes, he
turned into England; but as his gold prooued drosse, so these liued not long, neith*
turned that discouery to any great profit, though it was againe the third time assaie
by himself, and since by other most famous Nauigators, the Northwest by Englishmi
being lately descried, to bee Seas more safe, and the passage of farre better hope."

Sir Martin had the entire confidence of Elizabeth, and for his gallant deeds in the
defence of her kingdom against the famous Spanish Armada, was honored wrl
knighthood.

PAR T II.

EMBRACING THE PERIOD FROM THE

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,

TO THE

WAR OF 1812 WITH ENGLAND.

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

IT is easy to find a great hero, a great statesman, a great patriot, or a great saint;
but we rarely see heroism, statesmanship, patriotism, and religion combining to
make A MAN. Providence seems for once to have been profuse in her gifts to the
great and good WASHINGTON. Brilliant in nothing, exceeded by many men in all
that marks a genius, yet he stands out among and above his race for that rare com-
bination of all that is excellent in the character of a man. His patriotism was as
incorruptible as it was ardent, and a lofty rectitude marks every small, as well as
every great, action of his life. He was a man to be loved as well as venerated, and
every true American delights to accord to him the proud: title of " THE FATHER OF
HIS COUNTRY."

He was born in Virginia, in 1732. The common schools of the state afforded the
only opportunities for his education, and the study of mathematics was his principal
delight. At the age of nineteen, he received an appointment in the army w r ith the
title of major, and of lieutenant colonel in 1754, and the same year was advanced to
a colonelcy. He was elected a member of the House of Burgesses in 1759, and a
delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774. In that day of great peril, when
the Congress had done what they could to raise " that glorious old continental army,"

4:2 GEORGE WASHINGTON.

all eyes were turned to Washington as its leader, and he was unanimously appointed'
its commander-in-chief, where his prudence and firmness, his bravery and wisdom,
were the admiration of all calm and wise men, and brought order out of discord,
and triumph out of difficulty.

In May, 1787, that celebrated convention met at Philadelphia for the purpose of
forming a constitution, over which Washington was called to preside, and the result
of which was that admirable instrument which has ever since been the law of the
nation. And when, after being adopted by the states, it became necessary to fulfil
its first requisition, namely, the election of the first President of the United States,
no other man was thought of but GEORGE WASHINGTON, and he was unanimously
chosen to that office. He was, by the unanimous voice of his country, called to serve
a second term, and was again inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1793.

During the administration of his successor, the elder Adams, when war seemed
inevitable between France and the United States, Washington was again called
from his retirement, and appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces.
Fortunately his valuable services were required but for a brief period, and never in
actual conflict ; and he once more retired to the shades of Mount Vernon ; from
which, to his higher reward, Providence saw fit to call him the succeeding year.
He died December 14, 1799, at the age of sixty-eight, and was buried at Mount
Vernon, amidst the grateful tears of his countrymen.

The patriotism of Washington was most severely tested; but nothing could shake
it in the heart of the man who peremptorily declined any kind of compensation at
the hands of Congress for the inestimable services he had rendered to his country.
In the dark and stormy period of 17756, when the hopes of many brave patriots
almost died out of their bosoms ; when the public faith was weak in the stability of
our institutions ; when Congress seemed paralyzed, and all spirits gathered fear,
many of the officers of his army, believing that if the power were placed in the hands
of one man, and that man WASHINGTON, the country might yet be saved, through
one of their number, proposed to him, in a written communication, that he should
consent to be made KING, as the only hope yet left to the country.

Washington's reply to this proposition is worthy of all praise. " With a mixture
of great surprise and astonishment," he writes, " I have read with attention the sen-
timents you have submitted to my perusal. Be assured, sir, no occurrence in the
course of the war has given me more painful sensations than your information of
there being such ideas existing in the army as you have expressed, and I must view
with abhorrence and reprehend with severity. . . . Let me conjure you, then, if
you have any regard for your country, concern for yourself or posterity, or respect for
me, to banish these thoughts from your mind, and never communicate, as from
yourself or any one else, a sentiment of a like nature."

It was, however, the pure and rational spirit of PIETY which gilds with a charm
the whole character of Washington. His consistent recognition of Providence ; his
unfaltering faith in the rectitude of the great object which inspired his breast and
the breasts of his countrymen ; his invincible repugnance to deceit or treachery in any
form ; his untarnished honesty in all he said and did through life, these form a halo
of glory, which adds beauty and symmetry to his character, and marks " THE
PERFECT MAN AND THE UPRIGH*T."

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

ON a raw, cold morning in October, 1723, might have been seen strolling along
Chestnut Street, in the city of Philadelphia, an awkward, green-looking lad, of
about seventeen years of age, dirty and ill dressed, with his pockets stuffed out with
various articles of his scanty wardrobe, a roll of bread under each arm and another
in his hand, which from time to time he munched, as he stared at the various objects
which attracted his attention.

In 1778, there was to be seen moving amidst the gay and richly-dressed courtiers,
ministers, and ambassadors of the brilliant court of the King of France, " a venerable
man, with straight, unpowdered hair, a round hat, and a plain brown cloth coat/'
who commanded the respect of all around him, and whose acquaintance was sought,
with eagerness by civilians, statesmen, philosophers, scholars, and kings ; a man
whose fame had preceded him as the great philosopher and statesman of that age.

That friendless and destitute stripling, taking his breakfast from a threepenny
ioaf in the open streets of Philadelphia on a chill October morning, and that venera-
ble man to whom all sought to render honor in the gay court of Versailles, were one
and the same individual, and no less an individual than the world-wide celebrated
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 4

44 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN.

" The child was father to the man ; " and it was the same invincible energy and
faith which had brought him from his brother's printing office in Boston to the then
far distant streets of Philadelphia, that elevated that courageous and hopeful stripling
to the highest honors and distinctions. To no sudden freak of fortune, to no unex-
pected turn of luck, did he owe his wealth, his knowledge, or his position. No;
round by round did he ascend the ladder of his greatness, laboriously, and not without
<reat perseverance. He has shown us the method in the brief memoir of himself
which he has given to the world, and in those maxims of life which he has drawn
up for the young and the old.

Every body knows his history ; and we propose to fill our allotted space with
a selection of those wise sayings of Dr. Franklin which have become proverbs in
the lips of the world. His philosophy was eminently of the practical kind, and he
illustrated it in his own life.

When he became master of his own business, and set up shop for himself, " in
order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman," he says, in the biography
he has given of himself, " I took care not only to be really industrious and frugal,
but to avoid the appearances to the contrary. I dressed plain, and was seen at no
places of idle diversion. I never went out a fishing or shooting. A book, indeed,
sometimes debauched me from my work, but that was seldom, was private, and
gave no scandal ; and, to show that I was not above my business, I sometime?
brought home the paper I purchased at the stores through the streets on a wheel-
barrow. Thus being esteemed an industrious, thriving young man, and paying
duly for what I bought, the merchants who imported stationery solicited my custom,
others proposed supplying me with books, and I went on prosperously."

The following hints are from his " Advice to a Young Tradesman," written in
1748:

" Remember that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings per day by his
labor, and goes abroad, or sits idle one half of that day, though he spends but six-
pence during this diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that the only expense ;
he has really spent, or rather thrown away, five shillings besides.

" Remember that credit is money. If a man lets money lie in my hands after it
is due, he gives me the interest, or so much as I can make of it during that time.
This amounts to a considerable sum when a man has a good and large credit, and
makes good use of it.

" Remember that money can beget money, and its offspring can beget more, and
BO on. Five shillings turned is six; turned again, it is seven and threepence; and
so on, until it becomes a hundred pounds.

" The most trifling actions that affect a man's credit are to be regarded. The
sound of your hammer at five in the morning or nine at night, heard by a creditor,
makes him easy six months longer ; but if he sees you at a billiard table, or hears
your voice at the tavern, when you should be at work, he sends for his money the
next day.

" In short, the way to wealth, if you desire it, is as plain as the way to market.
It depends chiefly on two words industry and frugality ; that is, waste neither
time nor money, but make the best use of both."

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

T ARROW minds judge of men by the party badge they put on ; enlarged arid
liberal ones by the temper they manifest, and the actions they perform.
Enough that a man belongs, or has belonged, to one or the other of the great
national-political parties ; he is a had man in the eyes of all small men in the oppo-
site ranks. To discriminate is the task of the historian the duty of all.

It is no mean tribute to the worth of Jefferson that he was called so soon to
succeed Washington in the administration of the new government of the United
States ; that he was deemed a worthy competitor with JOHN ADAMS for that high
honor. In those days no mean man could have entered the lists with the slightest
prospect of success.

THOMAS JEFFERSON was born at Shadwell, Albemarle county, Virginia, on the
2d of April, 1743. He took his degree at William and Mary's College, and studied
law with George Wythe, afterwards chancellor of the State of Virginia. The stern
spirit of resistance to tyranny which manifested itself in all he said and did, during
the progress of the Revolution, exhibited itself very early in life. One of his seals,
while in college, bore the following motto : " Ab eo libertas a quo spiritus;" another,
"Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God." He strongly sympathized with the

46 THOMAS JEFFERSON.

spirit of freedom in the colonies, and, in 1769, signed a resolution not to import any
articles from the mother country. In 1772, he married, but lived in the connubial
state only ten years, when death took from him his truly amiable and intelligent
wife, leaving to his care two infant daughters. While a member of the House of
Delegates, in 1773, he advised and arranged the first plan of regular resistance to
British aggression, by the formation of committees of correspondence in the different
colonies. He took his seat in the General Colonial Congress on the 21st of June,
1775, and became one of its most prominent members. In the following year, he
was appointed chairman of that immortal committee chosen to draw up a Declara-
tion of Independence. This instrument was the work of his pen, and was adopted
on the 4th of July, 1776.

He was chosen commissioner to the court of France with Franklin and Deane,
but declined the honor. He also resigned his seat in Congress, and was immediately
chosen to the first legislature under the new constitution of Virginia. Here he turned
all the powers of his great mind to the revision of the code of laws then existing,
and so effectually did he labor, that there is scarcely a section of the present code-
that is not the result of his action expressed in his own words. This was the great
act of his life, and justly entitles him to the respect and admiration of the world.

In 1779, he was elected governor of Virginia, and in 1783, member of Congress
from his native state. While a member of this body, Washington resigned his com-
mand of the army and retired to private life. Jefferson was the author of the elegant
address to the Father of his Country voted on that occasion.

In 1784, Jefferson went as minister to France, where for five years his talents for
diplomacy were often tasked to the utmost, and were always found equal to the
trial ; and in 1789, he returned to the United States, where he was received with
many marks of public favor. Washington immediately called him into his councils,
and he received the appointment of Secretary of State. His great statesmanship
eminently qualified him for this important post. He immediately set himself to lay
down maxims and rules of foreign intercourse which have governed all our subse-
quent administrations. In 1795, he was called to the chair of the American Philo-
sophical Society, and was the third president of that institution ; his predecessors
being the illustrious Franklin and Rittenhouse, one of the most celebrated men of
his times.

In March, 1801, Mr. Jefferson was inaugurated as third President of the United
States, with Aaron Burr as vice president; and again, in 1805, with George Clinton as
vice president. That the administration of Mr. Jefferson was an able one, all admit;
and we have no desire to enter into a consideration even had we room of the
acrimonious party spirit of those times which could see nothing good in an oppo-
nent, nothing wrong in a friendly partisan.

Of Mr. Jefferson's private life, it is enough to say that he was beloved and re-
spected by all who knew him ; and his death, which occurred on the ever-glorious
anniversary of the declaration of independence in 1826, filled his country with
mourning.

MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE.

OF all the heroes who enlisted in the cause of American freedom, no one is
more deserving of our gratitude than La Fayette. A stranger and a French-
man, born to wealth and honors, refusing preferment and distinction at home,
at his own expense he fitted out an armament for the relief of the American col-
onies, when their cause seemed most gloomy and despairing, and came to assist us
with his counsels, purse, and troops. Arriving in Charleston, in 1777, he soon
joined the army with a major general's commission, which he accepted from
Congress only on the conditions that he should be allowed to serve at his
own expense, and be permitted to enter the army as a volunteer. In vain the
courts of London and Versailles protested against his expedition ; in vain they
attempted to intercept his passage a movement as brilliant as it was successful ;
an armed force was sent out to the West Indies to arrest his course in vain ; he
eluded all pursuit, reached his destination in safety, with " Cur non?" flying at his
mast head a worthy ensign for such a man.

La Fayette was then but twenty years of age ; but his judgment was so profound,
and his courage so cool, that the prudent and sagacious Washington confided to
him the post of difficulty and of danger, and never found his confidence misplaced.
He remained in America two years, sharing freely in all the hardships of our

48 MARQUIS DE LA FAYETTE.

suffering army, and returned to Paris, f bearing honorable scars, and the grateful
thanks of all the colonists. The Continental Congress voted him a sword and
thanks, which were presented by Benjamin Franklin. He remained in his native
land two years, actively engaged in the affairs of his government, and using all
his influence, in conjunction with Franklin, then American minister to the court
of Versailles, in behalf of the American colonies. He soon returned to the field
of strife in America, and after a brilliant campaign, had the satisfaction of seeing the
British forces compelled to surrender at Yorktown, and the boastful Cornwall^
give up his sword to the hero Washington.

Again La Fayette received the thanks of Congress, and the benisons of the col-
onies, and was sent home in triumph in an American frigate. The following year,
he paid a visit to the United States, and was received amidst the most grateful and
expressive manifestations of the people ; his progress through the states being a con-
tinued fete. He was received by Congress with great ceremony, and Virginia placed
his bust in her capitol, and presented one of a similar kind to the city of Paris.

On his return to France, he at once entered upon the arena of political strife.
already open in that unhappy country, in which his patriotism and love of liberty
doomed him to confiscation and prison, and nearly to loss of life. Many of his
family laid their necks beneath the keen edge of the guillotine ; others, his wife
among them, were shut up in gloomy dungeons. At length the dismal hinges of
his prison doors turned once more, and the worn and weary patriot tasted again
the free air of heaven. As soon as it was known that he was free, the most urgent
invitations were sent to him to visit the United States, " that country dear to his
heart." Congress, in the most honorable manner, seconded this voice of the people,
and placed the seventy-four gunship, the North Carolina, at his disposal. Declining,
however, the honor, he embarked with his son in one of the regular packets, the
Cadmus, and reached New York on the 25th of August, 1824.

Never was a reception so imposing and so spontaneous. One general shout of
" WELCOME ! WELCOME ! " burst from all lips, prompted by every heart. The gray-
haired men and women who lived in those terrible scenes which in the pride of his
early manhood he shared, and in which he poured out his gold as dust, and his
blood as water, clasped his knees in tearful joy ; and their children, now grown
themselves to lusty sires and fair dames, swelled the paean of his praise with such
hosannas as only a ransomed people can offer; while the youth and children gazed in-
silent awe on the "good and great La Fayette" and clapped their hands and opened
their throats in loud and long huzzas. From city to city, from town to town, from
hamlet to hamlet, through the entire borders of the land, for the space of a full
year, he journeyed, and the enthusiasm abated not a tittle. Valley and hill top
echoed with his beloved name ; joy and thanks rung out from every spire and boomed
from every piece of ordnance in the land. It was a spectacle for angels to smile
upon, and patriots to rejoice in to carry paleness to the brows of despots, and u to
make the devils tremble."

On returning to his native land, he again entered, heart and soul, into the great
scenes which were then enacting there, always pleading for liberty, and doing what-
ever lay in his power to establish it in the bosom of his country suffering, laboring,
sacrificing, praying for " his dear, dear France," until June, 1834, when his earthly
struggle closed, and he opened his eyes on "the glorious freedom of the sons of God."

MAJOR GENERAL JOSEPH WARREN.

T in HIS brave revolutionary patriot, whose blood stains the soil of Bunker Hill,
-L was the son of a respectable farmer of Roxbury. He was born in 174L
entered college in 1755, commenced the practice of medicine in 1762, in 1775
received the appointment of major general in the continental army, and the same
year, on the ever-glorious 17th of June, 1775, sealed with his blood the protest of
freemen against the usurpations of tyranny.

Had Warren lived, it is easy to perceive that he would have been among the
most conspicuous of that holy band who pledged " their lives, their fortunes, and
their sacred honor " to the cause of freedom in the New World. Among many of
his manly traits of character, we have room to speak only of his indomitable
courage. He not only knew no fear, but he seemed to court danger for the very
love of it, as the following anecdote will show:

The "Boston Massacre" took place on the 5th of March, 1770. Its anniversary
had been celebrated by an oration for three years. The British residents of Boston
had become incensed at the free spirit in which that bloody act was discussed in
/hese orations, and in 1775, several British officers openly declared that it should
be at the peril of his life, should any patriot attempt to pronounce an oration on

50 MAJOR GENERAL JOSEPH WARREN.

the coming anniversary. This threat roused the fiery spirit of Warren, and although
he had officiated only the year before, he requested permission to assume the peril
and the honor. He received the appointment, and notice was speedily given to
that effect. Public expectation was on tiptoe, and on the day appointed, the " Old
South " was crammed to its utmost capacity. A large number of British officers
were present, some of whom occupied the pulpit steps, and even the pulpit itself.
At the time appointed, it was found impossible to penetrate the densely packed
masses that filled the aisles and doorways, and Warren, with his friends, was
obliged to enter through the pulpit window by a ladder. The officers were struck
by his cool intrepidity, and involuntarily yielded up the pulpit, and suffered him to
assume his proper place. As he came forward, with a calm brow and flashing eye,
he appeared the very impersonation of moral courage and personal bravery. It
was a moment of intensest excitement. Stillness that was palpable rested on all
lips. Many a heart palpitated with wildest enthusiasm, and many ceased to beat,
overwhelmed by the grandeur of the scene ; while faces pale as ashes spoke an
intensity of emotion which mocked the poor medium of words.

When he opened his lips, his voice was firm and unfaltering, while its deep and
almost unearthly tones told how fully the spirit was stirred within him. Soon his
voice rose, and warming with his theme, in tones of thunder he poured out the
vials of his wrath upon the actors in the bloody tragedy of March o, 1770; and
hurled defiance in the very teeth of those who, but a few hours before, had threat-
ened his life, but who were now awed before the majesty of his sublime courage.

It was the same unflinching bravery that prompted him, although holding a
major general's commission, to decline the proposition of the veteran Prescott to
take the command of that sanguinary field, on the 17th of June, 1775, and led him
to assume a volunteer's position in the ranks, where he fought, musket in hand,
until the battle was lost, and his brave compatriots were driven from the ground.
Even then he was among the very last to quit the breastwork, and fell only a few
yards from it, fighting to the last.

No wonder that our independence was achieved, when such spirits leagued for it.
All the armies of the earth could not have conquered the invincible spirit of
freedom that reigned in such bosoms. What a boon have they bequeathed to us !
What a debt of gratitude do we owe to their blessed memories !

ALEXANDER HAMILTON.

4 LEXANDER HAMILTON was born in the island of Nevis, in the British
-XX West Indies, on the llth of January, 1757. He was of Scotch blood on the
paternal, and of Gallic on the maternal side. He lost his mother when a child, and
his education was intrusted to a Presbyterian clergyman, by the name of Knox, of
the island of St. Croix. At twelve years of age, he was placed in the counting room
of a merchant of that island, where his talents and ambition soon displayed them-
selves. The following prophecy of the future man is from a letter written to a
fellow-clerk before he was thirteen: " I contemn the grovelling condition of a clerk, to
which my fortune condemns me, and would willingly risk my life, though not my charac-
ter, to exalt my station ; I mean, to prepare the way for futurity."

In 1772, Hamilton came to New York, and at the close of 1773, entered Columbia
College, where he made-" extraordinary displays of richness of genius and energy of
mind." It was during his college life that the country was roused to the consider-
ation of British aggression and American independence. He took strong and
decided revolutionary grounds, and wrote and spoke in so clear and forcible a
manner as to attract the attention of the wisest minds engaged in that controversy.
Dr. Cooper, principal of the college, and several others of the ablest tory writers,

52 ALEXANDER HAMILTON.

\vere confounded by "the profound principles, able reasoning, and sound policy" of
his essays, and would not believe that they were the productions of a youth of
seventeen. He also joined a volunteer company of militia while in college, and
made himself familiar with all the tactics and theory of war.

In 1776, Hamilton was appointed to the command of a company of artillery, and
from that time up to 1781, he was in constant, active service, mostly as aid to the
commander-in-chief. In that capacity he won the admiration and love of all his
brother officers, and became, in Washington's own words, "his principal and most
confidential aid." General Washington intrusted him with the most delicate and
difficult diplomatic duties, and with nearly all his important correspondence. He
rendered most essential aid, by his advice and counsel, in restoring the confidence of
the army, and improving the currency. Indeed, there is scarcely a plan which was
adopted by Congress during the administration of Washington which does not
bear the mark of his mighty genius.

In 1780, he married the second daughter of Major General Schuyler, and devoted
his attention to the law. He rose rapidly in his profession, and soon stood at the
head of the New York bar. He did not, however, retire from the arena of political
strife, and in 1782, took his seat in Congress, where his genius and sound common
sense were speedily felt, and "the proceedings of Congress immediately assumed a
new and more vigorous tone and character." Pie retired from Congress in 1783, and
assumed the practice of his profession in New York, where his clear mind and lucid
eloquence won for him the admiration of all.

But the services of such a man could not be well spared by the country at such a
time. In 1786, he was sent to the General Assembly of New York, and was chosen
by that body one of the three New York delegates to the General Convention
recommended by Congress to be holden in Philadelphia, in May, 1787. His services
as a member of that august body were exceedingly valuable; and when, on the
recommendation of the convention, the constitution was presented to the people for
their adoption, Hamilton, in conjunction with Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison, commenced
and completed that series of essays, composing the two volumes of the Federalist,
as profound in their logic as they are brilliant in execution and patriotic in spirit,
Of these eighty -five papers, Mr. Jay wrote five, Mr. Madison twenty, and Mr. Ham-
ilton the balance.

On the adoption of the constitution, Mr. Hamilton was called by Washington to
the head of the Treasury department, where for five years he exhibited the same zeal
and fitness for office that had always marked his career.

From this period until his untimely death he divided his time between the duties
of his profession and those of public life, awaking general admiration by the bril-
liancy of his talents, and winning the respect and esteem of all by his many amiable
virtues.

On the 12th of July, 1804, he fell in mortal combat by the hand of Aaron Burr,
and " all America and Europe mourned his untimely fate."

SAMUEL ADAMS.

4 MONO the names of the brave band of patriots who first offered resistance to
JLJL the encroachments of British power on the liberties of the English colonies in
America, none is more reverently and affectionately cherished in the American heart
than that of the patriarch SAMUEL ADAMS. None bore in his bosom a stouter heart,
and none raised a stronger arm to resist the oppressor. He had not the suaviter in
modo of Hancock, his compeer and fellow-laborer, nor the genius of Hamilton ; but
for stern, unbending republicanism, and unflinching devotion to the cause of free-
dom, none exceeded him. With a sound judgment he combined unyielding firm-
ness of will, and nothing could dislodge him from the strongholds of his opinion.
No man had more individuality of character, and no seductions or bribes from friend
or foe could reach his integrity. Governor Hutchinson, in reply to the question from
England, why the friendship of Samuel Adams was not secured by the gifts of
office, replies, " Such is the obstinacy and inflexible disposition of the man, that he can
never be conciliated by any office or gift whatever" Yet he was always poor, and
was by no means a stranger to necessity.

Such a man could not escape the favor of his friends and the notice of his ene-
mies. His great mental powers were speedily and constantly called into exercise by
*he patriots, while his contemptuous spurning of British bribes of gold and power

54 SAMUEL ADAMS

awakened the bitterest malice of his and America's enemies. His name was a
Shibboleth to the struggling colonists; cherished, loved, and uttered by them with
reverence ; while with their oppressors it was dreaded, hated, and denounced. When,
seeking to conciliate the outraged patriots, a general amnesty was proposed by the
colonial government, and pardon was freely offered to all who would submit, the
names of Samuel Adams and John Hancock were excepted, as their offences were
of " too flagitious a character to admit of any other consideration than that of con-
dign punishment." " Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad," runs the
old proverb. Probably no single act of the infamous government of Massachusetts
Bay did so much to precipitate the events of the Revolution as the proscription of
these noble patriots; and what was intended by their vindictive enemies to "damn
them to everlasting fame," placed on their brows a crown of glory which shall for-
ever outshine the brightest diadem worn by kingly head.

Samuel Adams was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, September 27, 1722, and was
graduated at Harvard College in 1740, at eighteen years of age; and, at that early
period, wrote several able articles in favor of " the right of resisting the magistrates,
if the liberties of the commonwealth cannot be otherwise preserved ;" a question pre-
pared by himself at the time of his graduation. On quitting college, he commenced
the study of the law, to which profession his father designed him ; but maternal in-
fluence changed his purpose, and he entered into commercial pursuits, where the
capital which had been provided for the purpose was speedily absorbed. Trade,
evidently, was not his forte ; and the force of circumstances, together with his un-
conquerable love of liberty, soon convinced him and the world that the arena of
politics was his natural sphere.

After acting in many capacities as the servant of his townspeople, Mr. Adams
was now a resident of Boston, he was, in 1765, elected to the legislature, of which
he was a member for ten years. On the dissolution of the old charter, he was elected
a member of the Provincial Convention; and, in 1774, he was sent to the General
Congress, where, by his eloquence and burning patriotism, he exerted a mighty influ-
ence in behalf of independence. On the adoption of the new constitution of Mas-
sachusetts, he was elected to the Senate ; over which body he was at orice called to
preside, which duty he performed with dignity and efficiency for several years. In
1789, he was chosen lieutenant governor, and on the death of his great compeer,
Hancock, in 1794, he succeeded him as governor, which office he held for three terms,
when he retired to private life. He did not live long to enjoy the retirement he had
so much coveted, and for the enjoyment of which a competency, falling to him late
in life, would have greatly aided. He died on the 2d of October, 1803, at the great
age of eighty-two.

We cannot more appropriately bring to a close this hasty notice of this great man
than to give his reply to Colonel Fenton, the emissary of General Gage, sent ex-
pressly for the purpose of buying up the " obstinate rebel." After offering every flat-
tering and tempting bribe in the shape of office and gold, and more than intimating
that his liberty, if not his life, hung on his reply, Go," he said, raising himself to
his full height, and putting on an attitude of proud and heroic defiance "go tell
Governor Gage that my peace has long been made with the King of kings, and that
it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him, no longer to insult the feelings of an al-
ready exasperated people"

JOHN HANCOCK.

JOHN HANCOCK, the first governor under the present constitution of Mas-
sachusetts, was the son of Rev. John Hancock, of Braintree, in Massachusetts,
and was born in that towia n,ow @,ma^y'-^ih' the year 1737. In 1754, he was
graduated at Harvard Coljege< at, fhe agVof seventeeh/with no particular mark of
distinction. On leaving cojiege, he entered the counting-!^6use of his uncle, fn.e of
the wealthiest merchant^ of Bostop^ \^hfer^^^^re,rrAain&d six years. He then went
abroad for four years; and referred liortte to ? enter upon; the immense fortune of his
uncle, who, dying, had mad^birri his heir. 3 *V\" 3 *\

Mr. Hancock was blesse'd^WJth: \ pleasipg ,p^rsoj> and winning address, which,
with his great wealth, made KmV'at^ricVa" frian of consideration, and being a
decided whig, and staking every thing on the die of the Revolution, he became
one of the most popular leaders of that glorious struggle, and one of the most ob-
noxious to tory authority. When General Gage proclaimed " a general pardon to
the rebels," Hancock and Samuel Adams were excepted, " as their offences were of
too flagitious a nature to admit of any other consideration than the most condign
punishment."

At this time, Mr. Hancock was president of the Continental Congress. This

56 JOHN HANCOCK.

was in 1774. In this year, he delivered an oration on the anniversary of the "Boston
Massacre," which established his reputation as a true friend of his country. About
this time, also, he declined the honor of acting as counsellor to the governor, as he
had before declined a military commission offered him by General Gage. These acts
greatly increased his popularity with the patriots, and irritated the tories exceedingly.
While president of this illustrious Congress, in 1776, he placed his name at the head
of that immortal paper which declared to the world our independence, where it stands
in that round, striking hand which exhibits a bold and fearless spirit, and a resolution
never to subscribe to any compromise with tyranny or oppression.

As we have seen, in 1780, John Hancock was chosen first governor under the new
constitution of his native state, which office he continued to hold, with the exception
of two years, in which Mr. Bowdoin served in that capacity, until his death, in
October, 1793, at the age of fifty-five.

Possessed of all "the means and appliances to booV Governor Hancock lived in
a style of princely magnificence ; and having a heart devising liberal things, with "a
hand which knew not how to shut itself," his abode was the very ne plus ultra of a
noble and brilliant hospitality. Punctilious in all matters of etiquette, fastidious,
even, in the matter and manner of his toilet, and blessed with an exquisite taste in,
all his household arrangements, his appointments were au fait, his viands the richest,
his wines the rarest and most delicate, and his guests the very elite. But his door was
never shut on the people, and the poor were never sent empty-handed and in sorrow
from his door. If he had his weak points as who that reads has not? his noble
patriotism, his generous benevolence, his upright life lie on them as a thick mantle,
and we are gladly blind to their existence.

To such as would like to see a picture of those ancient days, we present the fol-
lowing, from the graphic pen of the author of " Familiar Letters on Public Charac-
ters," "taken when the governor was forty-five years old."

" Governor Hancock was nearly six feet tall, of thin person, stooping a little, and
apparently enfeebled by age. His manners were very gracious, of the old style of
dignified complaisance. His face had been very handsome. His dress was adapted
quite as much to be ornamental ^as, useful. r Gentlemen generally wore wigs when
abroad, and caps when at harrie.; ;A^4iw& 7tifhj/(J,trn,e., 1782,) about noon, Hancock
was dressed in a red yet\te cap, within which wa etfe'roi fine linen, turned up over
the lower edge of the velvet ftbcnit .three, jripjies. He wofe^Wue damask gown, lined
with silk; a white stock, a 'white satjri; ejmtoiilfj^of Waistcoat, black satin small-
clothes, white silk stocking*?,,, a'jd red morocco slippers'. \ It was a general practice in
genteel families to have a* ta-r^aref p&ach^inadeife'yoe evening, and placed in a
cooler when the season required it^ /'V^s'ftprs^w'ere jiftvited to partake of it. At this
visit, Hancock took from the cooler, standing on the hearth, a full tankard, and drink-
ing first himself, then handed it to his guests. At his table might be seen all classes,
from grave and dignified clergy down to the gifted in song, narrative, anecdote, and
wit, with whom

' Noiseless falls the foot of time that only falls on flowers.' "

GOVERNOR HTJTCHINSON

IT is matter for felicitation that the bitter and unnatural feeling towards Great
Britain, which grew out of our Revolution, is fast dying away, and that Amer-
icans are becoming able to discriminate between the cruel and unjust policy of the
government and the fidelity of many individuals who were connected with it. No
epithet has become more odious to American ears than that of tory ; and it is not
yet fully divested of the hated definition given to it in the times of our Revolution,
"an enemy to freedom, and an abetter of despotism."

The subject of this memoir was exceedingly unfortunate in the time of his birth.
Had he lived either a half century earlier or later, his fame had been equal to almost
any of the great men of our history. His toryism was loyalty to his government,
and not enmity to freedom ; and had that government triumphed, he would have
been glorified as a hero arid a patriot, while " the rebels " would still have been
rebels, and suffered the execration ever heaped upon the unsuccessful fomenters of
revolution.

Governor Hutchinson was a man of great learning, probity, honor, and capabil-
ities, and, previous to his appointment to the governorship of the colony, was exceed-
ingly efficient and popular in the discharge of the duties of the various offices to

58 GOVERNOR HUTCHINSON.

which he was appointed. The State of Massachusetts has occasion to remember
his services in her behalf with gratitude, as well in respect to his powerful influence in
the settlement of that wearisome and difficult question of boundary between Massa-
chusetts and New York, as in the deep interest he took in colonial history, and the
valuable manuscripts he left behind him relating to that subject. But, unfor-
tunately for his memory, his sympathies were with his government, and he was
guilty of the sin of fidelity to his oath, he was a tory.

Governor Thomas Hutchinson was a native of Boston, and born in 1711. His
great precocity was the subject of much remark, and of just pride to his father, the
Hon. Thomas Hutchinson. At the early age of twelve, he was admitted to Harvard
College, and received his bachelor's degree in 1727, when only sixteen years old.
After leaving college, he entered into mercantile business ; but not succeeding in this,
he turned his attention to the law. Such was his character for uprightness and
ability, that his townsmen elected him to the important and responsible office of
selectman when he was but twenty-seven ; and, at this early age, he was selected as
their agent in very important business in England, which duty he performed to the
entire satisfaction of the town. The same year he was chosen representative to the
General Court, where he remained until 1747, the last three years of which he was
honored by being called to preside over that dignified body, of which no member was
more efficient than he. In 1750, he was elected a member of his Majesty's Council ;
in 1752, was appointed Judge of Probate ; in 1758, Lieutenant Governor ; in 1760,
he received the appointment of Chief Justice, holding at one time the offices of
Judge of Probate, Councillor, Chief Justice, and Lieutenant Governor.

Hitherto he had been borne on the tide of popular favor. But now came the
trying times of the Revolution. The " Stamp Act," the introduction of British
troops " to awe the insurgents," the entrance of the famous tea ships into Boston
Harbor, these, and other arbitrary acts of the home government, compelled every,
man to take sides with either the Crown or the Revolution. As has been seen, Gov-
ernor Hutchinson decided on the former. The result was, that " Boston became too
hot for him ;" and, in June, 1774, he sailed, by royal permission, for England, where
he lived retired from public life until June, 1780, when he died, being sixty-nine years
of age.

During the last year of Hutchinson's stay in Boston, he became exceedingly bitter
towards the Revolution and the " insurgents," and he recommended and adopted
many measures highly obnoxious to the citizens and the colony generally. The
enraged populace gutted his house, destroying his furniture, library, and paintings,
and cast on him every possible indignity. On his return to England, an attempt
was made to impeach him, but the lords of the privy council sent to the crown a
report highly favorable to his cause, and the attempt failed. He, however, fell into
disrepute with all parties, and led the remnant of his life in neglected retirement.

The history of the colonies which Governor Hutchinson left behind is an invalu-
able record of the times he lived in. It is held in high repute for the accuracy of its
facts and dates, as well as for the faithful impartiality of its notices of the men who
figured in the early history of New England.

JOHN ADAMS.

JOHN ADAMS, the second President of the United States, was born in Quincy
Massachusetts, on the 19th of October, (old style,) 1735 ; was graduated at
Harvard University in 1755 ; was admitted to the bar in 1758 ; about this time wrote
his celebrated "Essay on the Canon and Federal Law;" in 1766, removed to Bos-
ton; was chosen Councillor in 1773; elected to the Continental Congress in 1774,
of which he was one of the most efficient members, and was associated with Jeffer-
son, Franklin, Sherman, and Livingston as a committee to draft a Declaration of
Independence, and was "the Colossus of support" to that immortal instrument in
that august body. The same year, he was placed on a committee to wait on Lord
Howe in reference to the condition of the country; where, being received by his
lordship with an imposing military display, and being told that they could not be
received as a committee of Congress, but only as private gentlemen, Adams replied,
" You may view me in what light you please, sir, except that of a British subject."
While in Congress, he served as a member of ninety different committees, and chair-
man of twenty-five. In 1778, he was appointed commissioner to France, and, return-
ing to America the following year, was chosen a member of the convention called to
frame a constitution for Massachusetts under the new form of national government.

<jO JOHN ADAMS.

Fie drew up the report of the committee chosen for that purpose, of which he was
chairman, which was adopted, and under which Massachusetts, for so many years,
prospered and grew into greatness. The same year, he received the appointment of
minister plenipotentiary "to negotiate a treaty of peace and a treaty of commerce
with Great Britain;" and the following year was appointed to the same office at Hol-
land, from which he was suddenly summoned to Paris to consult on a general peace
with the commissioners of Austria, Russia, and France, which, after many difficul-
ties, was effected in 1783. In 1785, Mr. Adams was appointed minister plenipoten-
tiary to the court of St. James, where his profound diplomatic acquirements imparted
dignity to his mission, and secured to his country many important advantages. At
his own request, he was permitted to resign his charge in 1788, and the same year
was elected Vice President of the United States.

On the retirement of Washington, in 1797, Mr. Adams was chosen his successor,
by seventy-one of the electoral votes, Mr. Jefferson having sixty-eight. Mr. Jefferson
succeeded him in 1801, and he retired to his farm, in Quincy, where he spent the
remainder of his life. In the year 1820, he was chosen a member of the convention
to revise the constitution of his native state, that instrument eminently the work
of his own mind and pen, and in the same year, at the great age of eighty-five,
voted as elector of president and vice president.

Mr. Adams left his mark upon the institutions of his country, as well as on those
of Europe, and lived to behold the fulfilment of the predictions he uttered when the
colonies were struggling against the iron-handed despotism of Great Britain. In a
letter to his wife, dated July 5, 1776, he writes thus : " Yesterday, the greatest ques-
tion was decided that was ever debated in America; and greater, perhaps, never was]
and never will be decided among men. A resolution was passed, without one dis-
senting colony, ' That these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent states.' The day is passed. The 4th of July, 1776, will be a mem-
orable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe it will be celebrated by
succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be celebrated
with pomp, shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from onej
end of the continent to the other, from this time forward, forever. You will think
me transported with enthusiasm, but I am not. I am well aware of the blood, and
toil, and treasure it w r ill cost to maintain this declaration, and support and defend
these states; yet through all the gloom I can see the rays of light and glory. I can
see that the end is worth more than all the means; and that posterity will triumph,
although you and I may rue, which I hope we shall not."

Mr. Adams was among the few of that brave band who cast "their lives, their
fortunes, and their sacred honors" on the die of the Revolution who was permitted
to live to witness the permanent establishment of the institutions they bequeathed
to their children and posterity. He lived to see his country great and powerful, and;
carried successfully through a war with its old enemy, the haughtiest and most in-
vincible nation on the earth. He lived to see his son succeed to the honors which a
grateful country had bestowed on himself, until, (as if Heaven-appointed,) on the
fiftieth anniversary of his country's independence, with the glorious words trembling
on his dying lips, "INDEPENDENCE FOREVER!" hand in hand with his old compatriot
Jefferson, he passed away amid the firing of guns, the ringing of bells, and the re-
joicings of an emancipated people.

PATRICK HENRY.

TI1HIS brilliant and powerful orator, whom every American names with pride,
JL was born in Virginia, on the 29th of May, 1736. His boyhood was as un-
promising as could be well imagined. He was a vagrant truant, hating his books,
and delighting in nothing so much as his angle-rod and his gun. At the age of
fifteen, his father finding it difficult to meet the expenses of a large and still growing
family, Patrick was placed behind the counter of a country store. Here he re-
mained a year, when his father set him up in business in company with an elder
brother, more idle and negligent, if possible, than himself. The result was as might,
have been supposed bankruptcy in a short space of time.

Young Henry was possessed of an amiable and sensitive spirit, and although too
indolent to rouse himself to any great effort, yet his soul was galled at his want of
success, and the inevitable ruin which stared him in the face. As he was confined
to his store, and could not seek relief in the out-door sports in which he so greatly
delighted, he sought to solace his spirit with his flute and such books as fell in his
way. In this way, he acquired a love for reading, which grew into a passion, and
became the germ of his future greatness. From childhood, he took great delight in
the study of character ; and it used to be one of his pastimes to get together in his

62 PATRICK HENRY.

store a dozen men of the neighborhood, and excite them to discussion, and then
silently watch every expression and word and motion, and paint their characters on
his own brain, and fancy how they would severally act under given circumstances.
This also became the end of his reading the study of human nature. Little did
he then think of the mighty power of scrutiny of human character he was unfold-
ing and nourishing in his soul, and which in after life enabled him to read so readily
the tablet of character, hidden to nearly all other eyes, in the bosom of its possessor.
When his company was dull and silent, he would rouse them with accounts of
-hat he had read and seen, or entertain them with the creations of a wild but
manly imagination ; and when they were sufficiently excited, would resume his
taciturnity and observation.

This was the early self-training of Patrick Henry. Here he began to develop
those mighty gifts, which in after life constituted him, as Jefferson declared, "one of
the greatest orators that ever lived." " Never was there a man, in any age," says
Wirt, " who possessed, in a more eminent degree, the lucid and nervous style of
argument, the command of the most beautiful imagery, or that language of passion
which burns from soul to soul."

About this period, with his usual recklessness, at the early age of eighteen, he
married and went on a small plantation, where with a couple of slaves he tilled the
soil for two years. Wearying of the sweat of labor, notwithstanding his past
disastrous experience, he converted all his means into ready money, and embarked
once more in trade once more to run a rapid race into bankruptcy and ruin.

In absolute despair, he determined to study the law a study in which all prog-
nosticated failure. In six weeks from the time of entering the office, he passed his
examination, astonishing his examiners, not by his acquaintance with the law,
but by the strength of his intellect, and the brilliancy of his genius. Having
obtained his license, his success was small for three years, during which he
suffered all the horrors of poverty ; when an event brought him into notoriety,
and placed him at once at the head of the Virginia bar.

For a long time, tobacco had been a medium of exchange in Virginia, as
wampum amongst the Indians, and the price per pound was fixed by law. The
salaries of the clergy were generally paid in tobacco. As might have been fore-
seen, the fluctuations in prices led to much discussion and discontent. The subject
became an engrossing one, and the colony was divided, a large portion of them
siding with the clergy, and the balance in favor of the legislature. After much
angry discussion in public assemblies, and through the press, the cause was brought
to. an issue before the courts of law. Patrick Henry, then about twenty-seven years
old, pleaded against the clergy, with such wonderful effect, as at once to astonish
every body, and to establish his reputation as a public pleader and orator.

From this point, the life of Patrick Henry is brilliantly connected with the
history of his country. Jefferson says of him, that " he did more than any other
man to put the ball of revolution in motion." He died on the 6th day of June,
1799, in the sixty-fourth year of his age, with an unshaken reliance upon the Infi-
nite, for whom he ever entertained the most profound reverence and love a firm
believer in virtue as the only basis of character and happiness.

JOHN JAY.

PIERRE JAY, the great-grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was one of
, those persecuted Huguenots who were driven from France by the cruel revocation
of the edict of Nantes. He fled to England. His son, Augustus, barely escaping with
his life, came to America, and settled in New York. Here he married, and lived in
prosperity until 1751, when he died, leaving one son and three daughters. This son,
named Peter, was the father of John. He was a merchant of great respectability in
New York, and, having acquired a large fortune, retired to an estate on Long Island.
JOHN JAY, the eighth child of Peter, was born in the city of New York, December
12, 1745. He was graduated at Columbia College, 1764, with the highest honors of
his class, and, in 1768, was admitted to the bar with the most brilliant prospects. A
contemporary thus speaks of him : " His talents and virtues gave at that period pleas-
ing indications of future eminence. Pie was remarkable for strong reasoning powers,
comprehensive views, indefatigable application, and uncommon firmness of rnind."

Mr. Jay would doubtless have risen to great eminence in his profession had he
been permitted to pursue it ; but the political horizon was already lowering and
threatening, and he could not be indifferent to the great struggle for human freedom

64 JOHN JAY.

which had even then commenced. He joined the noble brotherhood who leagued
for the overthrow of tyranny, and stood shoulder to shoulder with Jefferson, the
Adamses, Henry, Hamilton, and the whole host of patriots who took their lives in
their hands and "determined to sink or swim with their country."

Mr. Jay was married in 1774, to Sarah, daughter of William Livingston, Esq., sub-
sequently Governor of New Jersey. In the same year, he was elected one of the
delegates to the first Congress, and, when he took his seat, was the youngest member
on the floor of that house. Yet such were the gravity of his manner, the profound-
ness of his knowledge, and ripeness of his judgment, that he was appointed to some
of the most important committees of that august body. He wrote that " Address to
the People of Great Britain," which the gifted Jefferson pronounced to be " the pro-
duction of the finest pen in America," and this without knowing the author. He wrote
several other addresses adopted by Congress, all of which bear the stamp of true
genius, burning patriotism, and great comprehensiveness. They are as elegant as
they are methodical and profound.

In 1777, New York having adopted a constitution under the new order of things,
Mr. Jay was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Between his resigna-
tion in the Congress of 1774 and this appointment, he was constantly and actively
employed in the most important public duties, and rendered very essential aid to his
country. This was by far the gloomiest period in the history of our country, and,
while many trembled, and thousands fainted, he was one of that immortal band of
heroes who never faltered, never despaired. Glory to those hearts of oak who bore
the ark of our liberties fearlessly, steadily, SAFELY through the terrible storms of that
unequalled Revolution !

On the "special occasion" of the controversy between New York and Vermont,
Mr. Jay was elected to Congress, and took his seat in December, 1778, and was im-
mediately called to preside over its deliberations. He resigned this office in Septem-
ber, 1779, having received the appointment of minister plenipotentiary to Spain, on
which mission he sailed in October of the same year. In 1782, he was appointed
"commissioner to negotiate a peace with England," in company with Dr. Franklin,
John Adams, and Mr. Laurens. In all these duties, most of which were delicate and
difficult, and many of which were exceedingly vexatious and annoying, Mr. Jay
showed himself equal to his task, and acquitted himself with great credit and patri-
otism. It was mainly owing to his firmness that the recognition of the independence
of the United States was extorted from Great Britain. His health having become
impaired, he resigned his commission, and after spending some time at the watering-
places in England, and in the refined society of Paris, he returned home in May, 1784,
when his services were immediately required in the capacity of Secretary of Foreign
Affairs, in which office he labored until the adoption of the new constitution, when
President Washington asked him to select any office he might desire. He accord-
ingly solicited and obtained the appointment of Chief Justice of the United States.

In 1794, Mr. Jay was appointed envoy extraordinary to Great Britain, to negotiate
a treaty of commerce, which he effected with great skill and fidelity to his country.
On his return, he was elected Governor of New York, which office he felt bound to
accept, and accordingly resigned that of chief justice. He served in that capacity
until 1801, when he retired to private life, firmly resisting all overtures from Congress
and his friends. He died in May, 1829.

^:x.

MARTHA WASHINGTON

MARTHA, the beloved wife of President Washington, whose maiden name
was DANDRIDGE, was of Welsh descent, and was born in New Kent county,
in the colony of Virginia, some time in the month of May, 1732. Very little i.-
known of the early life of Miss Dandridge, except that she was exceedingly fair to
behold, fascinating in her manners, amiable in disposition, and the reigning belle
at Williamsburg, where the English governor and his satellites held their court. It
is not to be supposed that she was destitute of admirers among the young gallant .s
who figured in " the governor's court ; " but she selected for her companion Colonel
Daniel Parke Custis, a man of middle age, possessing many manly charms, and
great wealth. How much this latter qualification affected her choice, we shall leave
to the casuistry of our fair readers. Tradition and the historian unite in saying that
the match was one of affection. She was but seventeen when they were married,
in 1749. The fruits of this marriage were four children, one of whom died in in-
fancy. Colonel Custis lived but a few years in the enjoyments of his happy home,
and died in the prime of life, leaving his young and beautiful widow one of the
wealthiest in all Virginia.

In 1758, Colonel Washington was riding express to Williamsburg, benrim

66 MARTHA WASHINGTON.

important despatches to the royal council. His route lay through New Kent.
There he encountered an old friend, who endeavored, by every persuasive art, to
detain him over night. But the punctilious Washington was proof to all seduc-
tions, until his friend offered to introduce him to a young and beautiful widow,
then residing under his roof. After some awkward and half-sincere protests, the
gallant colonel consented to tarry an hour or two, stipulating that he should then
be permitted to depart, and make up his delay by travelling far into the night. Hour
after hour sped on, and still the handsome cavalier loitered ; and the sun had risen
high in the heavens before his astonished body servant, the faithful Bishop, received
the command, "forward." Speeding on his way, he despatched his business with
the council; and hastening back to the "White House," the residence of Mrs.
Custis, he surrendered at discretion to the fascinating widow, whose bright and
irresistible artillery had completely carried by storm the heart of the gifted colonel.
With much pomp and magnificence they were married, and Colonel Washington
immediately took his interesting bride and her children to his estate on the. Potomac,
the now world-renowned and classic MOUNT VERNON. The record of this marriage
is utterly lost, but it is supposed to have taken place in the year 1759.

Washington and his lady were tenderly attached to each other, and this devotion
continued throughout their long union of nearly a half century. She shared
with him all his anxieties, and was his consoling angel amidst the trying and ad-
verse scenes of the Revolution ; and when, at length, victory perched on the Amer-
ican arms, and "the great, the good, the noble Father of his Country" was loaded
with the highest honors that a grateful people could bestow, she stood proudly, yet
tearfully, by his side, and shared his triumph too.

LADY WASHINGTON presided at the presidential mansion, during the administra-
tion of her noble spouse, with equal grace and dignity, and, in the retirement of
Mount Vernon, assumed and discharged the matronly duties of housekeeper with
fidelity and ease. Absolutely declining all further public cares, Washington and his
lady looked forward to a few years of quiet and luxurious retirement amidst the
rural scenes of their beloved Mount Vernon. But the summons to depart came sud-
denly to the veteran soldier, and he left the loving and faithful sharer of his toils
and triumphs broken-hearted and alone. For two years she presided still at the des-
olated mansion where she had experienced so much real enjoyment, moving about
with the same dignity and alertness, but with a brow pinched and shaded with " a
rooted sorrow," when she gladly hailed the grim messenger sent to call her to a
blessed reunion with the beloved ones who had gone before to the land of rest, and
bade adieu to " all of earth," with a serene faith in " Him in whom she had trusted,
and whose service, for more than half a century, had been her joy and delight."

THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO.

AMONG the strangers whose sympathy led them to abandon home and ease to
engage in the rough and perilous struggle for freedom which young Amer-
iea had waged with old England, towards the close of the eighteenth century,
THADDEUS KOSCIUSKO occupied a conspicuous rank. Of handsome person, brave
almost to rashness, of gentle and fascinating manners, and possessed, withal, of a
nature that scorned the thought of meanness, he endeared himself to his superiors
and equals, and left behind him a memory fragrant and perennial.

Kosciusko was born in Lithuania, Poland, in 1746. He belonged to one of the
most ancient and noble families of that unhappy kingdom, whose fate, so sad and
romantic, fills one of the darkest pages of history. After availing himself of the
best preparatory means, he pursued his studies at the military school at Warsaw,
and completed his education at Paris. It was in this city that he made the ac-
quaintance of Dr. Franklin, from whom he learned the history of our country, and
its struggle for independence. Fired with the story, his heart yearned to strike a blow
for freedom, and he proposed to Franklin to offer his services to Washington, then
cornmander-in-chief of the American continental army. Franklin, struck with the

68 THADDEUSKOSCIUSKO.

noble bearing of the young Pole, gave him a letter to Washington, with which he
immediately embarked for America. Presenting himself without ceremony at head-
quarters, he handed the letter of Franklin to the illustrious Captain of the Revolution,
who, on reading it, demanded of the patriotic Pole, " What do you seek here ? " "I
came," was his brave reply, "to fight as a volunteer for American independence.''
" What can you do ? " asked his excellency. " Try me," was the laconic and compre-
hensive reply of Kosciusko. Charmed with the frank and noble spirit of this young pil-
grim to the shrine of Liberty, Washington immediately took him into his family, and
made him his aid. From that time until the close of the war, he enjoyed the confi-
dence of Washington, and commanded the respect and most sincere affection of the
general's staff.

The services of Kosciusko were invaluable to the American army. His great
scientific attainments, and thorough knowledge of the science of engineering, were
put into instant requisition, and Congress appointed him engineer, and conferred on
him the title of colonel. In the autumn of 1777, Gates, having determined to fix
and fortify his camp at Bemis's Heights, afterwards so famous in our revolutionary
history, called Kosciusko to aid him in the work.

After performing this service, Kosciusko was sent to West Point, on the Hudson,
to superintend the erection of works of defence on those beautiful and commanding
heights. And here, as was befitting, when the labors of his life were closed, a beau-
tiful monument was erected to his memory by the students of the Military Academy
afterwards established at that place.

At the close of the war, Kosciusko returned to fight the battles of liberty in his
native land, and was appointed major general, under the gallant Poniatowski. Here
his bravery and judgment begot him much credit.

In 1794, a new revolution swept over ill-fated Poland. In the midst of that dread-
ful storm, Kosciusko was called to assume the helm of the ship of state, and was
appointed dictator, with full and unrestricted powers. In the exercise of this tre-
mendous commission, he verified the confidence of his friends, although he failed to
secure liberty to his country. Russian power was as it has ever since been too
great to be successfully resisted, and the chain was once more riveted on poor, bleed-
ing Poland. Kosciusko, himself severely wounded, overpowered by numbers, Was
taken prisoner, and shut up in a Russian dungeon, while

" Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell,
And Freedom shrieked, as Kosciusko fell."

After suffering long the indescribable horrors of a Russian prison, he was at
length released, on the accession of Paul, loaded with honors, and offered a commis-
sion in the Russian army; which honor he gracefully but firmly declined, although
the emperor earnestly entreated him to accept, and offered him his own sword.
" What need have I of a sword," he bitterly and mournfully replied, since I have
no longer a country to defend ? "

In 1797, Kosciusko visited the United States, when high honors were conferred
on him, and a large grant of land made by Congress, in consideration of his emi-
nent services. He remained in America many years, but, towards the close of his
life, he went to Switzerland, and died there, October 16, 1817, in the seventy-second
year of his age.

DAVID RITTENHOUSE.

"VYJ'HEN a great captain dies, whether he fall on the ensanguined field of glory,
T T or die amidst the scenes of retirement and of home, the pageant, the pomp,
and heraldry of war blaze his death and his deeds to the world ; but when the
philosopher passes away, whose life of glorious deeds has been bloodless, and
almost unknown to the busy world, the tears of good men keep his memory green,
and humanity mourns that earth has been bereft of one of its benefactors. So wept
humanity when Rittenhouse expired.

DAVID RITTENHOUSE was born of humble but honest parents, at Germantown,
Pennsylvania, on the 8th of April, 1732. His early life was devoted to the common
labors of the farm; but even his childhood gave evidence of a teeming genius be-
neath the ploughboy's rough exterior. Figures, diagrams, and pictures covered the
implements of his labor, the walls of his room, the fences, and even the stones of
the field. Being a delicate child, the arduous duties of husbandry were found to be
too much for his strength, and he was "put out" to learn the trade of clock and
mathematical instrument making. Here he soon became the master and teacher,
and made great improvements in every piece of work he undertook. He also dis-
covered fluxions, and for years supposed himself the author of this remarkable

TO DAVID RITTENHOUSE.

invention, not knowing that Newton and Leibnitz had been quarrelling for that honor
for many years. While in this obscure condition, he planned and put into operation
an orrery, which represented the situation and relation of all the bodies of the solar
system, present, past, and to corne, forever. This masterpiece of genius and mechan-
ism was purchased by the government of the college of New Jersey. Another, after
the same model, was ordered for the use of the college of Philadelphia.

In 1770, he removed to Philadelphia, where his reputation soon became world-
wide, and his clocks and mathematical, instruments won the highest encomiums.
Previous to this, he had made a communication to the Philosophical Society in
Philadelphia, in which he calculated, with great exactness, the transit of Venus,
which was to take place on the 3d of June, 1769, and he was one of the number
appointed to observe it. The day was cloudless, and every thing conspired to render
the observation perfect. Twice only, before, had mortal eye looked on such an
august ceremonial, and on its revelations hung many of the predictions of astron-
omers and philosophers. No wonder that the bosom of our philosopher heaved with
many and high emotions ; no wonder he hung with fear and trembling on the slow,
leaden-winged seconds which immediately preceded the contact and embrace of
those long-separated wanderers of the sky. Slowly they approach ; at length they
touch; the exactness of his predictions is verified : the joy, the wonder, the glad sur-
prise is too much for his delicate frame, and the transported Rittenhouse swoons!
On the 9th of November following, he observed the transit of Mercury. His ac-
count of both these transits is recorded in the annals of the American Philo-
sophical Society, of which, in 1791, he was chosen president, on the demise of Dr.
Franklin, and on which occasion he made a donation to the society of three hundred
pounds.

In 1775, he was appointed one of the commissioners for the settlement of a terri-
torial dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia; in 17845, for establishing the
western and northern boundaries of Pennsylvania ; and, in 1787, for fixing the
boundary line between Massachusetts and New York. In the discharge of these
onerous and arduous duties, he secured the approbation of those who employed him,
and endeared himself to all those who were associated with him in the various com-
missions. He held the office of Treasurer to the State of Pennsylvania from 1777
to 1789, and, in 1792, was appointed Director of the Mint, which office he resigned,
in 1795, on account of ill health. His health, which had never been robust, had been
gradually failing him for years. He foresaw, without alarm, the hastening of his
chariot wheels to their goal; for his unclouded faith practical as it was beautiful
in the goodness of God and the truth of the Christian revelation enabled him to
look through the mists of time into the exhaustless regions of eternity, w T here he
should renew his investigations of the Divine Mind under circumstances more pro-
pitious to his efforts and his unutterable desires. And when, on a lovely day in
June, the messenger of release came to open the portal of heaven to his soul, with
an angelic smile he bade his weeping friends farewell, and, with childlike confidence
commending his spirit to his heavenly guide, without a doubt or fear, set out on
" the uncertain, everlasting journey."

MRS. JOHN ADAMS.

IN our estimate of the moral forces which cooperated in the formation of the
American government, and to which we owe, under Providence, all our political
and social greatness, we are not sufficiently conscious of the influence of the gen-
tler sex. In the moulding of the characters of those great and good men who
wrought out our independence ; in the inspirations of an unselfish and all-sacrificing
patriotism which never since have been equalled, and before only among the Isaiahs
and Jeremiahs of old time ; in the stem and unbending integrity which no hardship
or penury could shake, and no temptations bribe ; in all this we can scarcely esti-
mate too highly the influence of woman. Nor is the portion of toil and suffering
borne by the Women of our Revolution, in the actual struggle for national freedom,
Jisignificant, or undeserving our meed of gratitude and praise. We are proud to
ecord our testimonial of their worth, and sincerely regret that the record of so many
has passed away forever.

Mrs. ADAMS, the wife of John Adams, second President of the United Slates, was
the daughter of Rev. William Smith, of Wey mouth, and, both in the maternal and
paternal line, of regular puritanic descent. Her scholastic education was deficient ;
she " never having attended any school in her life," according to her own testimony.

T2 MRS. JOHN ADAMS.

It was under the wise and faithful instructions of her maternal grandfather, Colonel
John Quincy, and his accomplished and excellent wife, that her mind seems to have
expanded into unwonted maturity. In later life, she speaks of her residence in this
family with enthusiastic thanks. " I have not forgotten," she writes to her daughter,
in 1795, " the excellent lessons which I received from my grandmother ; " and again,
in 1808, " I cherish her memory with holy veneration, whose maxims I have treas-
ured up, whose virtues live in my remembrance ; happy if I could say, they have
been transplanted into my life."

Near the completion of her twentieth year, on the 25th of October, 1764, she was
married to John Adams, then a lawyer in the small town of Braintree, now Quincy.
For the space of ten years, her life passed in quiet happiness and domestic tranquil-
lity. When the needs of the country demanded the services of her husband, who
had already become prominent as a defender of his country, the scene changed.
Severe were the labors of that trying hour, and all true men and women were called
upon to bear their portion of them. Mrs. Adams was of a temper not to shrink
from her allotted share. With a cheerful zeal, and a calm serenity, she discharged
her household duties, and the business which her husband was obliged to abandon
to her care. In the midst of dreadful alarms of battles, and the most anxious
solicitude for her husband's safety, with pestilence ravaging her household, herself
also a victim, she writes, " I am distressed, but not dismayed. I have been able
to maintain a calmness and presence of mind, and I hope I shall, let the exigency
of the times be what it will." Her letters, during this period, present a most vivid
picture of those days of peril and glory, as well as of the domestic scenes of her
own and her neighbors' households.

In 1778, Mr. Adams was sent abroad, whither, in 1784, he was followed by his
consort. In her new relations abroad, she exhibited the same nobility of nature as
she had done in her humbler condition, and won for herself the spontaneous homage
of all great minds. Her letters, during her absence, are full of interesting facts and
sharp analyses of men and society. She returned home on the adoption of the Con-
stitution ; and, on the retirement of Washington, Mr. Adams succeeded to the pres-
idency by a bare majority, and in the midst of the most bitter and heated political
controversy this country has ever known. The position of Mrs. Adams was a trying
one, and she demeaned herself with a dignity and firmness which, if it did not dis-
arm prejudice, awakened the admiration of all.

The latter portion of the life of Mrs. Adams was spent in the peaceful enjoyment
of an affluent and happy home, amidst the early and cherished scenes and haunts
of childhood. She died at Quincy, beloved and respected by all who knew her, on
the 28th of October, 1818, at the age of seventy-four.

MAJOR GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM.

A MONG the brave men who fought the early battles of our country, none
XlL were braver than Putnam. He was of a kind and peaceful nature, never
creating or causing a broil; but when roused by insult or injustice, his lion heart
leaped to his hand, and his blows on the heads of wrong-doers fell " fast and
furious." When a mere boy, being insulted by another and much larger and older
boy, on account of his rustic appearance, he challenged and whipped the offender,
greatly to the delight of a crowd of lookers-on. And what schoolboy has not read
the thrilling story of "Old Put" and the wolf?

He served in the old French and Indian war, in which his whole career teemed
with acts of romantic chivalry. We cannot relate all his hardships, hair-breadth
escapes, and wonderful feats. The following must suffice:

In 1757, while Putnam bore the rank of major, he was ordered, in company
with the intrepid Major Rogers, with a detachment of several hundred men, to
watch the movements of the enemy, who were encamped near Ticonderoga. Being
discovered, he was compelled, with his command, to retreat through the forest on
Fort Edward. He had not gone far when he fell upon an ambush of about five
hundred French and Indians. Taken by surprise, Putnam halted his troops, and

74 MAJOR GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM.

returned the fire of his enemy. He had just crossed a creek, and knew that he
could not retreat with safety. Encouraging his men, they held their ground, and
the battle became general, and waxed hot. In the early part of the fray, Putnam
had become separated from the body, and found himself compelled to defend him-
self against several savages at once. Thrice had he slain his antagonist, and his
fusee was pressed against the breast of another stalwart savage, who was rushing
on him, when it missed fire. The Indian, with an exulting yell, leaped on his
victim, with uplifted tomahawk, when Putnam surrendered at discretion. His
master immediately bound him to a tree, and joined in the melee once more.
While thus bound, a brutal Frenchman discovered him, and, pressing his musket
to his side, attempted to discharge it; but it missed fire. After beating him cruelly
in the face with the but of his musket, he left him. Just at that instant a solitary
young Indian discovered his defenceless position, and amused himself by hurling
his tomahawk into the tree close to his head on either side.

In the course of the fight, the combatants so changed their ground that Major
Putnam was exactly between them for some time, the balls from both sides striking
the tree, and riddling his clothes. At the close of the fight, he was unbound by
his master and led into captivity. Here his sufferings commenced. He was
obliged to travel barefoot, and loaded much beyond his strength. Each night
he was bound and guarded beyond the possibility of escape. He was treated with
great cruelty, and nearly starved, the savages taking special delight in torturing him
in every conceivable way. At length a council of war was held, and it was deter-
mined to burn him alive. He was bound to a sapling, and dry fagots and pitch-
wood were piled high around him, and set on fire. He was so bound that he could
move round the tree; the savages, with hellish delight, exulting in his vain endeavors
to escape the flames, which were beginning to scorch his flesh. Poor Putnam now
gave up all hope, and made up his mind to die like a hero, when a sudden shower
of rain dampened the flames. Just at this moment, his master, who had been sep-
arated from his party for a few days, made his appearance, and, claiming his prize,
scattered the burning brands, and unbound his prisoner, thus saving him from the
most excruciating death.

His master, who, Indian as he was, had some sparks of humanity in his savage
breast, dressed his wounds, fed him, put some moccasons on his feet, and a
blanket over his shoulders, and protected him from the insults and cruelties of his
enemies during the remainder of the march. At night, he was stretched upon his
back, on the ground, his hands and feet bound to four saplings as far asunder as
his limbs could be stretched. Across him long poles were laid, on each end of which
several Indians stretched themselves before they went to sleep. In this painful sit-
uation he did not lose -his fortitude, and often, as he afterwards said, amused him-
self with the ludicrousness of his situation, and could not forbear smiling as he
imagined himself and his tawny masters a rich subject for the pencil of a Hogarth.

But he survived all his trials and exposures, and was at length exchanged, with
others, and lived to fight other battles for his country, and, at the close of the war, to
retire to his farm, and live to a good old age, to die in peace and Christian hope.

General Putnam was born in Salem, Massachusetts, January 7, 1718, and died at
Brooklyn, Connecticut, May 29, 1790, aged seventy-two years.

MAJOR GENERAL JAMES WOLFE.

rr^HIS intrepid and gallant young officer, over whose sad fate so many eyes have
JL moistened, held, at the time of his death, the rank of major general in the British
army. He was born in Westerham, Kent county, England, January 2, 1727. He
early turned his thoughts to the army, and, before he was twenty, was already accus-
tomed to the smell of the " villanous saltpetre." He held a commission in the expe-
dition against Louisburg, and was in nearly every battle fought in that Germanic
war. At the peace of Aix la Chapelle, he returned to England, and, receiving a
major general's commission, immediately joined an expedition against Canada,
then held by the French. Late in June, 1759, he landed at Orleans, an island in
the immediate neighborhood of Quebec.

The French forces were concentrated at this point, and were under the command
of General Montcalm, a brave and accomplished officer, and of a high lineage in
France. He was strongly posted, and considered his position wholly impreg-
nable. Wolfe commenced offensive operations by attacking the French intrench-
ments on the left bank of the St. Charles. He was repulsed with loss. Perceiving
that nothing could be effected unless the heights, on which the town was built, could
be attained, he resolved to make the perilous attempt. With herculean labor and

<6 MAJOR GENERAL JAMES WOLFE.

consummate skill this was achieved, and nothing was left for Montcalm but to fly
or fight. lie resolved to give battle to the English ; a battle upon which was to
hang the fate of Quebec, and the question whether French or English rale should
sway the future destinies of the Canadas. He immediately marched to the conflict,
(Tossing the St. Charles, and showing his bristling front on the ever-memorable
4i Plains of Abraham." The charge was impetuous, and well maintained; but the
British sustained the shock with undaunted firmness. The fight was sanguinary
and brief. Early in the action, General Wolfe received a bullet in his wrist. Hastily
wrapping a handkerchief around it, he continued to lead the fray and animate his
troops. Quickly after he received another shot in the groin. This he concealed
from his soldiers, and continued to command as before. But he was a marked target
for a few Canadians who had concealed themselves on the left; and immediately
after, whilst charging the French at the head of his grenadiers, he received a third
bullet in the breast, and fell on the field of combat mortally wounded. At that mo-
ment he forgot himself, and thought only of the issue of the battle. " Support me,"
he said to an officer near at hand ; " let not my brave soldiers see me drop. The
day is ours, keep it." He was taken to the rear, where he anxiously inquired,
"How goes the battle?" "They run, they run!" exclaimed the officer. "Who
runs ? " he inquired, with great enthusiasm. " The enemy, sir," was the gratifying
reply; "they give way everywhere." "Now, God be praised," was his exultant
response, " I die happy ! " He never spoke again, and almost immediately expired
in the arms of his heart-broken officers, who loved him as a man, and gloried in him
as a leader.

The brave and gallant Montcalm fell at the same time, and the spirits of the two
Chivalrous warriors went up together, in the same chariot of fire, to those " Plains of
Abraham " where battles never are waged. The remains of the victorious W'olfe
were carried to England, and deposited in Westminster Abbey, where a monument
was erected to his memory : those of the vanquished Montcalm were thrown into
a pit, on the battle field, made by the explosion of a shell, and lie there until this
day. What a comment on war ! civilized, Christian war !

General Wolfe was the true type of a gentleman-soldier. Urbane and gracious,
full of benevolence, seeking out the objects of charity in his camp, he conciliated
his men, while by his strict discipline he prevented many of the evils incident to
large military bodies. His clear, quick apprehension, his sound judgment and
daring courage, eminently fitted him to be a leader. He won the confidence of his
troops at once, and they felt almost certain that to follow his lead was to insure a
victory. His many manly virtues and his tragical fate have been the theme of song
and prose, and will continue to be while the glory of battle is said or sung.

MAJOR GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY

AJOR GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY was born in the north
of Ireland, in 1737. Possessed of a brilliant genius, and a highly-cultivated
mind, he entered the English army, at the early age of twenty, with considerable
eclat He fought side by side with Wolfe, at the taking of Quebec a place so
singularly destined to witness his first and his last battles. On his return to Eng-
land, he decided to make America his home ; and, marrying a daughter of Robert
R. Livingston, he settled down upon the North River as an American citizen.

On the breaking out of the Revolution, he took sides with his adopted country,
and became a devoted patriot. With a brigadier's commission, he joined the expe-
dition against Quebec, in the winter of 1775, under General Schuyler, where he soon
assumed the command, in consequence of the illness of his superior, and was hon-
ored with the commission of major general. In this arduous campaign, his brilliant
military talents fully developed themselves.

.At the head of a well-disciplined and well-appointed army, brilliant deeds are
expected of its commander ; but when these bright feats of arms are exhibited by
such an army as the gallant Montgomery commanded, we cannot withhold our
tribute of admiration for the noble spirits who direct its movements. True, those

78 MAJOR GENERAL RICHARD MONTGOMERY.

soldiers were brave men, fighting for liberty and their homes, but they were destitute
of almost all else that constitutes the magazines of war. Half clad, half fed, shoe-
less, and nearly destitute of artillery, at midwinter, in the severest climate in the
world, overwhelmed with nearly daily avalanches of snow from the exhaustless
clouds, it required the genius, the prompt and noble daring of Montgomery to lead
such a forlorn hope to victory. Thrice at St. John's, Chambly, and Montreal
had his undisciplined and mutinous troops achieved a triumph through the genius
of their leader ; and it only wanted that Quebec should be added, to make the list
of his conquests complete. Every thing combined to oppose his success. Whole
companies deserted, and the remainder of the invading army became so mutinous
and turbulent, that even Montgomery, beloved and feared as he was, nearly lost all
control of them. The snow, which had been falling incessantly for several days,
was piled into large drifts by furious gales, and the cold was most intense. Yet
nothing cooled the ardor of Montgomery. He determined to attack the garrison,
greatly his superiors in number and force. Covered by a heavy fall of snow, he
advanced to the assault. A battery of three guns had been placed so as to command
the narrow pass through which the American army was defiling. Already had the
enemy discovered, dimly, through the veil of snow, the movements of the intrepid
Montgomery, while his clear voice was heard, like the tones of a trumpet, encour-
aging his troops " Men of New York! you will not fear to follow where your gen-
eral leads. March on ! " Shouts answered this bold appeal, and as he leaped
forward over piles of broken ice and rock, and drifted snow, his soldiers trod close
upon his heels. At that instant, when within fifty paces of the battery, it opened
directly in their faces, and poured such a torrent of grape, that the brave-hearted
Montgomery, together with both his aids, and many of his men, was instantly an-
nihilated. Terrified at the awful havoc, and the loss of their beloved general, the
rest incontinently fled. The death of Montgomery was the token of defeat, and no
other name was sufficient to rouse the broken and discomfited ranks of the American
army, and shortly after they surrendered themselves prisoners of war.

The death of this brave officer threw a gloom over the whole country. Congress
voted its honors, and a monument to his memory. This vote was subsequently car-
ried into execution, and a beautifully chaste monument of white marble erected in
front of St. Paul's Church, in the city of New York, with the following inscription :

This
monument is erected by order of Congress,

25th of January, 1776,
to transmit to posterity a grateful remembrance of the patriotic conduct,

enterprise, and perseverance of

Major General RICHARD MONTGOMERY,

who, after a series of successes amidst the most discouraging

difficulties, Fell in the attack on
QUEBEC, 31st December, 1775, aged 37 years.

MAJOR GENERAL BENJAMIN LINCOLN.

BENJAMIN LINCOLN an heroic officer of the Revolution, a skilful diploma-
tist, and a ready debater in the councils of his country was born in Hingham,
near Boston, on the 23d of January, 1733.

When the revolutionary war commenced, Lincoln was a lieutenant colonel under
commission from Governor Hutchinson. He unhesitatingly threw himself into the
cause of the colonists, and, in 1775, was elected member of the Provincial Congress,
and by that body appointed one of its secretaries, and a member of the committee
of correspondence. In 1776, he received the appointment of brigadier, and soon
after that of major general, and the following year entered the continental army, in
the same grade, by appointment of Congress, and, in the autumn of the same year,
joined the northern army, under Schuyler. He rendered valuable service in that
trying campaign, and signalized himself in both of the battles on the plains of Sar-
atoga, which proved so disastrous to Burgoyne. He was so severely wounded in
the fight of the 7th of October, that he was obliged to leave the army and return
home. He rejoined the army, " to the great joy of Washington, who duly appre-
ciated his valuable services," in the following August. He was immediately sent to
the south, to assume command of the army in that quarter ; which, on his arrival at

FO MAJOR GENERAL BENJAMIN LINCOLN.

Charleston, in December, 1778, he found in the most miserably destitute and disor-
derly condition. But such were the indefatigable industry and diplomatic energy of
the commander, that, in June following, he found himself able to take the field and
commence offensive operations, though with small success.

On the 19th of June, General Lincoln attacked a garrison of the enemy strongly
posted at Stono Ferry, which was followed by the chivalrous attack on Savannah
in conjunction with the impetuous D'Estaing. In both these actions, the Americans
were compelled to retire with a heavy loss. At Charleston, which place he under-
took to defend against the siege and blockade of Sir Henry Clinton's army of nine
thousand men, he was equally unsuccessful, and, after a brave resistance of more
than two months, was compelled to capitulate and render up the city and the army
under his command.

Such was the popularity of General Lincoln with the army, and the whole coun-
try, that their confidence was not abated in any degree ; for when, on being ex-
changed, in 1781, he rejoined the army, he was sent to cooperate once more with the
southern army, and had the high satisfaction of aiding in the reduction of Yorktown,
and of conducting the defeated army to the field where they were to lay down then-
arms at the feet of the illustrious Washington.

Immediately on the close of the war, General Lincoln was appointed Secretary
of War, retaining his rank in the army. He resigned the office in 1783, and received
the thanks of Congress for his patriotic military and civil services. He now retired
to his farm, where he passed his time in agricultural and literary pursuits until
1786-7, when he once more took the field to quell the famous Shays's insurrection.
Having triumphantly accomplished this, he once more sought the seclusion of his
home, and, although called repeatedly to the discharge of various public duties, he
passed the remainder of his life in comparative quiet and happiness.

General Lincoln held the post of lieutenant governor, was a member of the con-
vention called to ratify the new constitution, and for many years was collector of
the port of Boston, besides filling many minor offices. He received from Har-
vard University the degree of Master of Arts, was a member of the American Acad-
emy of Arts and Sciences, as well as of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
and was president of the Society of Cincinnati from its organization to the day of
his death. In all these, as well as his private relations, he was trusted, respected,
beloved. He closed his honorable and useful life in the seventy-eighth year of his
age, at Hingham, on the 9th of May, 1810.

FISHER AMES.

AMES, so widely known as an eloquent orator and distinguished
JL statesman, was born in Dedham, Massachusetts, on the 9th of April, 1758.
He sprung from one of the oldest and most respectable families in the ancient com-
monwealth. His father was a physician of some celebrity in Dedham. In 1774
he was graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Having com-
pleted his academic course with much credit to himself, he determined on the study
of law, and opened an office in his native village in the autumn of 1781.

Although young Ames took a deep interest in the stirring scenes of the Revolu-
tion, and sympathized, with his whole heart, with the patriots, he was too young to
take any active part in them. When he came to man's estate, he retained his in-
terest in the growth and progress of the young states, and was early called by his
fellow-citizens to take part in the councils of his native town and state, as well as
of those of the nation. Besides the publication of many striking articles in the
journals of the day, in which the affairs of the nation were so skilfully discussed as
to give evidence of a very thorough knowledge of the science of government and
politic?, an opportunity was afforded in the convention called in his native stale.,
" for the consideration and ratification of the Federal Constitution," and of which in-

^2 FISHER AMES.

was chosen a member, for a more striking display of his oratorical powers, and the
brilliancy of his genius. The speeches he delivered in this convention took his
friends and the world by surprise, and at once established his reputation as one of
the ablest and most eloquent debaters of that day.

When at length, in 1789, the general government of the United States went into
operation under the Federal Constitution, Mr. Ames was elected a member of Con-
gress from his native district, retaining his seat through the whole of Washington's
administration, of which he was an able and efficient supporter. During the whole
time Mr. Ames was in Congress, he was one of the most efficient debaters of the
important questions which came before that body. With a comprehensive insight
of the subject in hand, greatly superior to many older and more experienced legis-
lators, his eloquent reasoning made the rough places smooth, and carried conviction
to the heart and judgment of those who listened to him. When, towards the close
of the last session of which he was a member, the question relative to the appropri-
ations necessary to carry into effect the British treaty was the subject of debate
before the house, Mr. Ames, although in a very feeble state of health, made such an
overwhelming argument that the opposition begged that the vote might not then be
taken, as the effect of his speech was such as to unfit the members to vote dispas-
sionately. What a tribute to his eloquence and reasoning powers !

This was the last great effort of his life ; and, feeling that it would be, he made
such touching allusion " to his own slender and almost broken thread of life," that
his audience was visibly affected ; and he was so much exhausted with the effort
that his friends feared that it might greatly accelerate his disease.

At the close of the session, Mr. Ames travelled at the South, and visited several
of the watering-places in Virginia, by which his health was considerably benefited.
About this time, the College of New Jersey conferred on him the title of Doctor of
Laws. Declining to be a candidate for reelection, he retired to his paternal acres,
where, with the exception of consenting to serve a few years as a member of the
council, he remained a private citizen to the close of his life.

A few years before his decease, he was chosen President of Harvard University,
but declined the honor on account of his health. Indeed, his disease had so preyed
on his constitution that he found himself compelled to give up entirely the duties
of his profession, solacing himself with the oversight of his farm, and the pleasures
of society and of home. Here, beloved and respected by all, sustained and cheered
by an unclouded Christian faith, he waited for the approach of death, and went, at
last,

" Like one who wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams."

MAJOR GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.

A NTHONY WAYNE " Mad Anthony," as he was familiarly called in the
-Z\- army, on account of his reckless, headlong courage whose grandfather com-
manded a company of dragoons at the battle of Boyne, and whose father exhibited
great sagacity and bravery in many engagements with the savages which prowled
about his cradle-home, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, on the first day of
the year 1745. He never had much taste for severe study, although he took kindly
to mathematics, and, at the age of eighteen, he left the academy at Philadelphia,
and entered upon the business of surveying. Entering warmly into the controversy
of the colonies with the mother country, he became an ardent patriot, and soon had
the first wish of his heart gratified by a military commission. In 1775, he raised a
regiment of volunteers, and was chosen its colonel. The next year, he received the
appointment of colonel from the Continental Congress, and was placed at the head
of one of the Pennsylvania regiments, with which he joined the northern army,
fought, and was severely wounded, at the battle of the " Three Rivers," received a
brigadier's commission in 1777, was appointed to the command of Ticonderoga,
and, in the spring following, joined Washington in New Jersey.

On the llth and 16th of September, on the field of Brandywine, battle was had

84: MAJOR GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE.

for a noble prize between the American and English armies. That prize was the
city of Philadelphia. Wayne led the advance on the occasion, and suffered the
chagrin of seeing the city fall into the hands of the enemy. At Germantown, also,
he fought wHh bravery and prudence, but was compelled to retreat before a superior
force. While our army lay in winter quarters at Valley Forge, Wayne was sent
into New Jersey to forage, which duty he performed to the delight of his com-
mander, and the surprise of the enemy, from under whose very nose he succeeded
in carrying off large supplies of cattle and forage. It was of this expedition, and
its leader, that the witty Andre employed the satire of his pen in a song set to the
music of " Yankee Doodle." The last stanzas of this philippic ran thus :

" But now, I end my lyric strain

I tremble as I show it,
Lest this same warrior- drover, Wayne,
Should ever catch the poet."

Singularly enough, when Andre was taken, he was delivered into the hands of this
same " warrior-drover."

We next find Wayne at Stony 'Point, which, by a well-devised and promptly-
executed stratagem, he assaulted and carried, killing sixty-three, and taking five
hundred and forty-three, of the enemy. In the assault, he received a shot in the
knee, and fell. Rising instantly on one. knee, he exclaimed, " Forward, my brave
fellows, forward ! " For this valuable service, Congress voted him thanks.

In January, 1781, the Pennsylvania army revolted, and, parading without officers,
seized the camion, ammunition, and provisions, and determined to march to Congress,
in a body, to present their grievances. Wayne presented himself, and tried all in
his power to quell the revolt by words of kindness and threatening. Finding that
he produced no effect on them, he drew his pistols, and swore he would shoot the
first man who moved. The soldiers presented their muskets, and answered him
thus : " We respect and love you ; you have often led us to the battle field ; but you
are our leader no longer. Dare but to discharge your pistols, and you are instantly
a dead man. We are still attached to the cause, and are ready to meet the enemy
in the breach ; but we will have redress" For their insubordination they were dis-
missed, with disgrace, from the service, and the ringleaders punished.

Wayne then went to Virginia, where he served with Washington and La Fayette,
and witnessed the happy conclusion of the war at the surrender of Yorktown. After
some unimportant services rendered at the south, he retired to private life.

The Indians on our north-western frontier, aided by the British and tories, had
grown insolent, and committed the most wanton ravages and cruelties on that bor-
der. Harmar, St. Clair, and other brave officers had yielded to their savage prowess.
In 1792, Wayne was appointed to the command of the north-western army. After
much manoeuvring, he succeeded in bringing the enemy to battle, and routed them with
immense slaughter, the Indian force being twice that of his own. This brought the
savages to their senses, and, after holding out for a few months, they at length, on
the 3d of August, 1795, signed a treaty of peace.

In the winter of 1796, in a miserable hut at Presque Isle, this veteran warrior, in
the service of his country, breathed his last in the arms of his officers, and was
buried on the shores of Lake Erie.

BENEDICT ARNOLD.

THE career of BENEDICT ARNOLD fills one of the most mournfully instructive
pages of history. With talents of the highest cast, it was in his power to have
inscribed his name high on that list of worthies who will claim forever the love and
reverence of the world. A selfish ambition was his destruction ; and because his
country did not think fit to gratify it to its full, he sought to sell that country into
perpetual bondage. He thought, too,

" good, easy man, full surely
His greatness was a-ripening ; "

but the "killing frost" of justice "nipped its root," and he fell to depths of infamy
which none but Judas Iscariot before had ever reached.

Benedict Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on the 3d of January, 1740.
He was bred an apothecary, and gave early evidence of the genius and bravery
which afterwards marked his career. For many years, he was a druggist in New
Haven, and commanded a volunteer company in that place when the war of inde-
pendence broke out. On hearing of the battle of Lexington, he marched at once to
Cambridge, and tendered his services to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, by

86 BENEDICT ARNOLD.

whom he was well received, and immediately authorized to raise a company of four
hundred men for the reduction of Ticonderoga. The result of this expedition may
be learned from our life of Ethan Allen. On his return, in the fall of 1775, he was or-
dered by Washington, with a force of one thousand men, to penetrate the wilderness
of the then " District of Maine," to Canada, to surprise and take the city of Quebec,
and reduce the Canadas. The accomplishment of this perilous march was highly
creditable to the military genius of its leader, and, although the great object of the cam-
paign was not attained, it established the reputation of Arnold as a skilful and heroic
officer. On the death of this brave officer, the command devolved on Arnold, and he
conducted himself with great bravery, and brought success to the American arms, as
well in command of the fleet on Lake Champlain as in the relief of Fort Schuyler,
under command of Colonel Gansevoort, which was invested with a British army of
eighteen hundred men, under Colonel St. Leger. In the battle of Stillwater, September
19, as also in the action of the 7th of October, at Bemis's Heights, he conducted him-
self with the utmost gallantry, and " fought like a devil incarnate." At the latter
battle, he actually assaulted the whole length of the enemy's lines, amidst a perfect
hurricane of round and grape shot; and when at length the intrenchments were
forced, at the head of a mere handful of men he entered the works, where his horse
was shot from under him, and he himself badly wounded in the leg.

This was the last active service of Colonel Arnold in behalf of the American
cause ; and had that unlucky grape selected his head, instead of falling

" Like a bright exhalation in the evening,
And no man see him more,"

his sun had gone down in glory, and his memory been embalmed in millions of
grateful hearts.

Being rendered unfit for active service, he was appointed to the command of the
American garrison at Philadelphia. Here his infamous conduct commenced. He
lived in the most extravagant manner, confiscating the property of all such citizens
as he suspected of tory inclinations, and indulging in a most dissipated and licen-
tious life. Indeed, his habits of extravagance had always been a trait of his char-
acter, and had reduced him to bankruptcy and distress. In this juncture, he sought
the aid of Congress ; but that body, for reasons satisfactory to themselves, declined
to grant his prayer. It was now that the double motive of cupidity and revenge
stirred his unmanly soul to " the great and damning act " by which he fell. He
turned his eyes to West Point, as the best theatre for carrying on his infernal schemes,
and asking, obtained the command of that important point. Here he corresponded
and bargained with the enemy for the delivery of that valuable fortress into their
hands ; and which, but for the timely discovery of the treason by the arrest of Major
Andre, would doubtless have been effected. Andre suffered, while the arch apostate
escaped, to be loaded with British honors, and British gold, and British contempt,
and to render his name a by-word of infamy, and his memory execrable forever, in
all the world. He received a major general's commission in the British army, and
fought against his country with some success ; and, at the close of the war, retired
to England, where he ppssed most of his time in neglected retirement until his death,
which occurred on the 14th of June, 1801. Let the warning on his tombstone be,

" Mark but my fall, and that that ruined me

BENJAMIN WEST.

celebrated painter was the tenth child of John West and Sarah Pearson,
and was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, October 10, 1738. His parents
were Quakers. Just before Benjamin was born, Mrs. West was greatly affected by
the preaching of a celebrated Quaker preacher of that age, and, relating her expe-
rience to him, he predicted that the child yet to be born would become eminent, and
solemnly charged the father to be very careful of its education. His genius for the
art in which he became so distinguished manifested itself at the early age of six,
when he drew the likeness of a little niece of his, who had been left to his charge
in a cradle, which was instantly recognized by his delighted mother ; who, remem-
bering the prediction of the preacher, already seemed to see its fulfilment. She
eagerly and fondly kissed her little boy ; and he, encouraged by such rewards, made
rapid progress. In speaking of this circumstance, Mr. West used to say, " That kiss
of my mother's made me a painter."

Soon after this event he was put to school in the neighborhood, and furnished
with pens and paper to amuse himself with drawing, none of his friends dreaming
of any other materials being necessary for that purpose. Here he became acquainted
with some Indians, who, being struck with the accuracy of his drawings of birds and

8S BENJAMIN WEST.

animals, furnished him with the pigments with which they bedaubed their faces, and
taught him how to use them. To this his mother added indigo, and his studio was
furnished.

Happening to hear of camel's hair pencils, and understanding that there were no
camels in the land, he substituted the tip of his favorite pussy's tail, and, when that
was worn out, the hair upon her back ; until a fortunate circumstance put him in
possession of what he so much coveted a regular palette, pencils, and a box of
colors.

We dwell on these early incidents, because they are not only interesting in them-
selves, as furnishing the prophecy of the painter's future triumph, but as a lesson to
parents carefully and assiduously to nourish the first germs of genius in their off-
spring. Many a great man has been crushed in embryo by the dulness or petulance
of his parents, and fallen into hopeless mediocrity.

The early manifestation of genius in young West gained him many friends, and
his way was thus opened to the great world, in which he was destined to make such
a sensation. His progress was rapid, and all the details of it interesting. We
regret that our restricted limits will not allow us to indulge in the strong desire we
have to lay them before our readers.

Young West removed to Philadelphia at the tender age of eight, and, for a few
years, made great proficiency under the tutelage of Provost Smith. His first his-
torical piece, the " Death of Socrates," was produced about this time. His father was
desirous of placing him in business, while many of his friends thought that he ought
to be permitted to cultivate his taste and talent for painting. These judicious friends
at length prevailed, and the world has occasion to rejoice in the result.

In 1759, Mr. West, then just twenty-one, embarked for Italy ; arriving at Leghorn
and thence journeying to Rome. This journey was enjoyed by our artist with the
greatest zest ; and the wonderful works of art, and the rich exhibitions of nature,
filled his soul with tumultuous wonder and delight. He soon made himself re-
spected among the best artists of Rome, and established his reputation as a painter
of great excellence. By the advice of Mengs, who then stood at the head of the
painters in Rome, he went first to Florence, thence to Bologna, and afterwards to
Venice, meeting with favor every where. After a brief sojourn in Rome, he went to
England. He had no intention of remaining here, but circumstances determined
him to change his plan, and he set up his easel in London. Here he was intro-
duced to the youthful monarch, who immediately took him under his patronage.
While painting his " Departure of Regulus," the plan of the " Royal Academy of
Fine Arts " was adopted. Reynolds was chosen its first president, and on his death,
in 1791, West succeeded to the chair, and presided over the institution until his
death, in 1820, with the exception of a brief interim, in which, having mixed him-
self up rather freely with French politics, he lost favor at court, and thought best to
resign his office.

Mr. West was a man of great simplicity of manners, credulous and confiding, dil-
igent and temperate in his habits, and of a decidedly religious turn of mind ; and, at
the age of eighty-one, he closed his eyes on mortality, with his accustomed cheerful-
ness, and with all his mental faculties uneclipsed.

MAJOR JOHN ANDRE.

accomplished and unfortunate young British officer was born in Eng-
land, in 1751. He entered the army at the age of seventeen, and became one
of Sir Henry Clinton's aids in 1776, with the title of major. When the traitor
Arnold proposed to deliver up West Point and the American army to the British,
Andre was appointed to confer with Arnold, and settle the preliminaries of that
damnable treachery. Under the name of Anderson, he passed into the American
lines, and consummated the treasonable propositions of Arnold. Being disappointed
of returning to New York by water, he obtained, through Arnold's influence, a pass
from the general officer, and started on his return. He had passed, in perfect se-
curity, all the posts and guards on the road, and was proceeding to New York in
triumph, when, on the 23d of September, one of three American militiamen, who
acted as a scouting party, sprung suddenly from his covert and seized his bridle, or-
dering him to halt. This was so unlocked for, that Andre lost his self-possession,
and inquired hastily of the soldier, " Where do you belong ? " " Below," was the
equivocal reply. " So do I," returned Andre. " I am a British officer, and I trust
you will allow me to proceed without detention, as I am on important business." A
peculiar smile on the face of the militiaman revealed to him his mistake, and the

90 MAJOR JOHN ANDRE.

other two men coming up at that moment, he discovered, too late, the fatal trap he
had sprung upon himself. He then sought to bribe the American soldiers, offering
his purse and watch, and promising them the most ample reward from his govern-
ment, if they would allow him to proceed. But they were not of the Arnold stamp,
and they sternly rejected all his bribes. On searching him, they found concealed in
one of his boots, in Arnold's own handwriting, papers containing exact returns of
the state of the forces, stores, ordnance, and defences of West Point, with those of
all its dependencies, with various other kinds of information necessary to the success
of the British, and all addressed to Sir Henry Clinton, commander-in-chief of the
British forces in New York.

The three brave men whose patriotism was strong enough to resist such brilliant
bribes, and the eloquent appeals of the accomplished Andre, were John Paulding,
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. They deserve, and will ever receive, the
gratitude of their country.

The board of officers composing the court-martial which was to try Andre, and at
whose head was General Greene, found him guilty of being a spy, and sentenced
him to be hanged. 'After he found himself fairly a prisoner, he threw off all disguises,
and acknowledged every thing; indeed, he was convicted on his own confession.
Every effort was made to procure a remission of the dreadful verdict, for he was a
dear friend of Sir Henry Clinton's, and a favorite with all the officers ; but it was
thought too flagrant a case to go unpunished, and the commander of the American
army, though with the deepest commiseration, ordered the sentence of the court to
be carried into immediate execution.

Accordingly, on the 2d of October, 1780, he was led forth to execution. When
he saw the fatal gibbet, he manifested some emotion, and exclaimed, " Must I die
in this manner ? " and in a moment added, " But it will be only a momentary
pang;" and, instantly resuming his wonted serenity, he met his fate with a dig-
nity and composure which excited the admiration, and deeply moved the pity, of
all who witnessed the sad termination of a life so full of promise.

Thus perished, in the flower of his youth, one of the most gallant and accom-
plished officers in the British army, and of whom an enemy, the gifted Hamilton,
thus speaks :

" There was something singularly interesting in the character and fortunes of
Major Andre. To an excellent understanding, well improved by education and
travel, he united a peculiar elegance of mind and manners, and the advantage of a
most pleasing person. He had a pretty taste for the fine arts, and had made con-
siderable proficiency in painting, poetry, and music. His knowledge appeared with-
out ostentation, and embellished by a diffidence that rarely accompanies so many
talents and accomplishments. His sentiments were elevated, and inspired esteem ;
they had a softness that conciliated affection. His elocution was handsome, his ad-
dress easy, polite, and insinuating. By his merit he had acquired the unlimited
confidence of his general, and was making rapid advances in military rank and
reputation."

DANIEL BOONE.

THIS hardy and brave pioneer, and founder of Kentucky, was born in 1748, in
Bucks county, Pennsylvania, about twenty miles from Philadelphia. While
yet a mere boy, his father emigrated to North Carolina, and settled on the banks
of the South Yadkin River. The wild and daring spirit, the love of adventure, and
fearless intrepidity, which characterized his maturer life, were displayed very early.
Before he was twenty, he married the daughter of Mr. Ryan, a neighboring settler,
by whom he had several children, and who cheerfully shared with him his lonely
and repeated removals from civilized into savage life.

On the 1st of May, 1769, Boone, with a few neighbors, started for the western
wilderness, and, at length, " located " on the banks of the Red River, in Kentucky,
then an unbroken wilderness, which had never known a white man, nor resounded
to the stroke of the axe. We cannot follow our hero through all the vicissitudes of
his pioneer life; it was one of great peril and many hardships. Several time?
taken prisoner by the Indians, he had the tact to conciliate them, and contrive his

92 DANIEL BOONE.

escape. Enduring much by reason of hunger and privations, toiling early and late
to reduce the savage wastes to a condition of cultivation, he acquired such a passion
for his wild and adventurous life, that when, in 1792, Kentucky was admitted to the
Union, he struck out still farther into the wilderness, and settled, at length, at
St. Charles, on the Missouri River, about forty-five miles above St. Louis. On
being asked why, at his time of life, he relinquished the comforts of a home he had
redeemed from savage life and rendered comfortable, for the renewed trials of a
wilderness home, his answer was, " O, I am too crowded ; I must have more elbow
room."

During this interval of time, Colonel Boone had made many lesser changes in
his place of residence, and had often been employed by government on missions
of hostile and friendly intent among the Indians ; in all of which he exhibited a
statesmanship and courage which won for him the approval of his employers, and
the admiration of his savage foes. He resided in this last home about fifteen years,
when, losing his wife, who had shared with him all his perilous life, he went to
spend the remnant of his days with his son, Major Nathan Boone, and where he
died, in 1822, breathing his last in perfect resignation, at the great age of eighty-
four years.

It would far exceed our proposed limits to enter into a minute detail of all the
romantic and adventurous exploits of this remarkable man ; we content ourselves
with the following:

While a resident in his father's house, on the Yadkin River, being about eighteen
years of age, he, in company with another youth of the neighborhood, got up a k ' fire
hunt," which is conducted as follows : One of the party rides through the forest
on horseback, with a lighted torch swinging above his head, while the other remains
in covert. The torch attracts the attention of the deer, and at a signal from the
concealed person the torch is held stationary, and, while the eager eyes of the won-
dering animal are fixed on the light, a ball is planted between them, and the " poor
fool " falls a victim to his curiosity. On this occasion, Boone was in covert, and,
seeing a pair of reflecting eyes through the dim shade of the trees, levelled his rifle,
and gave the preconcerted signal. To his astonishment, the animal turned and fled ;
and, without a thought, the brave hunter sprung from his hiding-place and pursued.
Over hill and moor, through brake and thicket, the race went forward, our hero
gaining on the game until, at length, the affrighted and pursued object rushed into
the house of his newly-settled neighbor Ryan. Flinging himself through the door,
we may judge of the confusion of Boone when he saw the object of his pursuit faint-
ing with terror in the old man's arms for it was his beautiful and only daughter !
We need not relate how he wooed and won the fair Rebecca, who came so near
being the victim to his bullet.

While residing on the Kentucky River, a party of three Indians waylaid and took
prisoners three young ladies, one of them Boone's daughter. He was absent from
the fort at the time, but, returning some hours after, commenced the pursuit alone,
overtook the party the following day, and, slaying two of the Indians, returned to
the fort, bringing the fair captives with him.

BENJAMIN K\JSE, M. D.

NO American physician has acquired a wider and higher reputation for learning,
skill and genius than Dr. BENJAMIN RUSH ; and certainly he has never had his
superior in those personal virtues which adorned his character and made him a fa-
vorite with all classes of society. The system of practice which he adopted and
advocated has gone much into disuse at the present day, although it still has its ad-
vocates, and doubtless will continue to have, until some benefactor to the race shall
be able to demonstrate its error. This discussion, however, comes not into our voca-
tion, and we leave to the knights of the lancet to settle this bruited question as best
they can.

Dr. Rush was born in Byberry township, Philadelphia county, on the 24th of De-
cember, 1745. His father. dying when he was six years old, his mother assumed the
charge of his education; and so faithfully did she execute the important trust, that
he was able to enter Princeton College at the age of thirteen ; and such had been
his progress in his studies, that he obtained his degree before he was fifteen years
old. After spending five years in the medical offices of the celebrated physicians
Drs. Redman and Shippen, he went to Edinburgh, where, after two years' study in
the university in that city, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine.

94: BENJAMIN RUSH, M. D.

After taking his degree in Scotland, Dr. Rush went to London and Paris, where
he spent a few months, and returned to Philadelphia in the autumn of 1769, when
he was elected professor of chemistry in the College of Philadelphia. In 1791, the
college being merged in the university, Dr. Rush was appointed professor of the
institutes and practice of medicine, and of clinical practice. His lectures were pop-
ular, and very fully attended, and his practice greatly extended itself. He adopted
the depletory practice, and resorted, on almost all occasions, to the lancet and cal-
omel. In his treatment of the yellow fever, which, about this time, desolated Phil-
adelphia, the only account of which, that has been preserved, being from notes
taken by Dr. Rush at the time, he seems to have been eminently successful. He
remained at his post constantly during the three months of its ravages, and gave
his services freely to the poor, rejecting enormous offers from the rich, that the chil-
dren of poverty should not suffer from want of care. Once he came near falling a
victim to the disease. He took no rest, and visited, on an average, one hundred
patients daily. He adopted for his own the motto of the great Boerhaave, " The
poor are my best patients, for God is their paymaster."

As might have been expected of such a man, Dr. Rush was an ardent patriot,
and took a decided stand with the friends of his country. By his counsels and his
pen, he did eminent service to the cause of freedom, and filled several important
offices. In 1776, he put his name, as a member of the Continental Congress, to
the immortal Declaration of Independence. In 1777, he was appointed head of the
medical staff in the Continental army, and was assiduous in his duties, visiting the
hospitals, assisting the wounded, and exercising a general oversight of the health of
the army.

Dr. Rush was a great student and writer, and it is through his many printed
works that his memory is kept fragrant in the hearts of his countrymen. From his
nineteenth to the sixty-fourth year of his age, he was a public writer. Our limits
will not allow us to give a list even of his published works. They exhibit exten-
sive learning, profound medical science, deep piety, a zealous patriotism and un-
bounded benevolence. His moral qualities were such as naturally spring from an
elevated and cultivated mind, and a heart deeply penetrated with the love ol " what-
soever things are pure and of good report."

From the age of twenty-four until his death he was in constant and extensive
practice. He was cut off suddenly, by a prevailing typhus fever, in the midst of
usefulness, on the 19th of April, 1813, being sixty-eight years of age. " He saveo
others ; himself he could not save."

Dr. Rush was married, in 1776, to Miss Julia Stockton, eldest daughter of Richard
Stockton, Esq., of New Jersey, whose name appears with that of his son-in-law i\
the original Declaration of Independence. His widow, and a numerous progeny oi
sons and daughters, survived him.

MAJOR GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN

DANIEL MORGAN, the poor wagon-boy, " the hero of Quebec, of Saratoga,
and the Cowpens, the bravest of the brave, and the Ney of the West,"
was born of poor and illiterate parents in New Jersey, in 1736. At the age of sev-
enteen, he engaged himself as a wagoner to a wealthy planter in Virginia. In the
unfortunate expedition of Braddock, he belonged to the army, and drove his own
team. It was in this campaign that, under charge of contumacy to a British officer,
he actually received five hundred lashes on the bare back. Nothing but an iron
frame saved him from annihilation. The worst of it was, the officer afterwards
discovered that he was innocent of the charge, on which he made the amende ho-
norable before the whole regiment. It was here that those military qualifications first
developed themselves, which afterwards crowned his career with unfading glory. It
was in this campaign that he received the only severe wound ever inflicted by the
bullets of his enemy. On a military expedition, accompanied by two soldiers, he
was surprised by the fire of a large party of Indians. The two soldiers were in-
stantly killed, and Morgan received a ball in the back part of the neck, which, after
dreadfully crushing his jaw, escaped by his mouth. By clinging to the neck of his
horse, and urging the animal with his heels, he was carried into the fort, where he

96 MAJOR GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN.

arrived in a perfectly senseless condition. But, by judicious treatment, he recovered,
living dreadfully to revenge the death of his comrades and his own mutilation It
was at this period that he met Colonel Washington, afterwards so renowned in the
history of our independence. A most intimate acquaintance sprung up between
them, which lasted during life.

When Morgan heard of the events at Lexington and Concord, he raised a com-
pany of riflemen, afterwards so famous in the war, and proceeded to Cambridge,
to offer his services to Washington. He was joined to, and led the van of, the expe-
dition against Canada, under Arnold, and exhibited the utmost bravery in all the
subsequent events of that disastrous campaign, in which, after the most brilliant
manoeuvres, he was overpowered by numbers, and became, with his noble band,
prisoners of war. While a prisoner, every art was used to seduce him to join the
British army ; but he rejected every proposition with scorn.

He was soon after exchanged, made colonel in the Continental army, placed
at the head of the rifle rangers, by Washington, and sent to the assistance of Gates,
on the fall of Ticonderoga. He took a very prominent part in the battle of Saratoga,
which put a period to the celebrated expedition of Burgoyne, and led to his sur-
render. The enemy attributed their defeat on that occasion to the activity and gen-
eralship of Morgan and his brave rifle rangers, notwithstanding the self-conceited
and narrow-minded Gates, by reason of a petty jealousy, in his report of that bril-
liant battle, withheld the credit due to this brave soldier.

As a mark of their high respect, and for his effective conduct at Saratoga, Con-
gress conferred on Morgan the title of brigadier general, and his neighbors named
his plantation " Saratoga," which name it bears to this day. On receipt of his com-
mission, he was ordered to join Gates, in the south, but did not reach him in season
to prevent his defeat at the battle of Camden. Flushed with victory, the British
commander sent General Tarleton, one of the bravest and most unrelenting foes to
America, with a greatly superior force, to meet and annihilate Morgan. Nothing
daunted at the imposing array, seconded by his brave compeers, Colonels Washing-
ton, Pickens, and Howard, he met the furious onset with a stout heart and hand ; and
such was the ungovernable fury of " the rangers," and the other troops, that Tarle-
ton's force was utterly annihilated, and himself obliged to fly for his life. The num-
ber of prisoners taken by Morgan in this splendid but bloody affair exceeded that
of his whole army. This battle put a finishing stroke to the war in the south, and
led ultimately to the surrender of Cornwallis.

Nothing of importance occurred in the military career of Morgan after this. Con-
gress voted him and his brave officers thanks and medals ; and soon after the war
closed, with all his honors clustering around his glorious name, he retired to his farm
at Saratoga. In the interval between this period and 1800, he was a member of
Congress for two sessions, and served his country in several capacities with entire
satisfaction. In this last-named year, he removed to Winchester, where, after two
years of great suffering, he expired on the 6th of July, 1802, aged sixty-six.

CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL.

ri^HIS eminent lawyer and statesman was born in Fauquier county, Virginia,
JL on the 24th of September, 1755. His early education was desultory, and far
from being thorough : indeed, he was self-educated. When the question of Amer-
ican independence was reaching its culminating point, young MARSHALL was about
eighteen, and entered into its discussion with great zeal and devotion. He joined
a volunteer company in order to learn the art of war, and made the best use of his
knowledge by the training of a company of raw militia in his neighborhood. In
1775, he received the appointment of first lieutenant in a company of minutemen.
and entered immediately into active service, where he rendered important aid in the
defeat of Lord Dunmore, at Great Bridge, and subsequently in driving the English
troops from Norfolk. In 1777, he was promoted to the rank of captain, and pro-
ceeded north, where he figured in the memorable battles of Brandywine, German-
town, and Monmouth.

On the capitulation of Cornwallis, Mr. Marshall resumed the practice of law,
which he had commenced in 1780. He soon rose to distinction as a lawyer, and
was called upon to devote his acute mind to political affairs. In 1782, he was senl
to the legislature of his native state, and elected a member of the executive council

98 CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL.

the same year. He was married the following year to Miss Ambler, daughter to the
treasurer of the state.

During the agitation of the momentous questions o state and national policy, in
which all America took such deep interest, and which lasted from the close of the
war to the year 1800, Mr. Marshall was among the foremost and mightiest cham-
pions of ' ; liberty with order," and was always found on the side of Washington,
Hamilton, and Madison. He was a member of the state legislature nearly all this
time ; was a very active and efficient member of the convention called to consider the
expediency of adopting the national constitution ; was engaged in a constantly grow-
ing practice of his profession, and discharged a variety of public duties, to which
he was called by his fellow-citizens. He also declined the offer of United States
Attorney General, as well as that of Minister to France, offered by Washington ;
but was persuaded the following year to accept the latter appointment. Return-
ing from that unsuccessful mission in 1798, he, at the earnest solicitation of Wash-
ington, consented to become a candidate for Congress ; to which he was elected,
and took his scat in December, 1799. Pending his election, he was offered a place
upon the bench of the Supreme Court, but declined the honor.

Among the bright stars of that congressional galaxy, Mr. Marshall's name shines
as one of the most brilliant. His acute and discriminating reason, his calm and
sober judgment, his fearless decision in favor of what he deemed to be right, and
which so conspicuously marked his career while he was Chief Justice of the United
States, were felt and confessed by all his noble compeers.

In 1800, he was nominated to the office of Secretary of War, and, notwithstand-
ing his most vehement protestation, the nomination was unanimously ratified by
the Senate. But the rupture between Adams and Colonel Pickering occurring
about this period, Mr. Marshall was offered and accepted the office of Secretary of
State, vacated by the resignation of that gentleman. He filled this important sta-
tion but a short time, for in January, 1801, he became Chief Justice of the United
States, which office he adorned for a period of forty-five years. His death occurred
in 1846, at the age of ninety-one.

What Cicero said of a great man of his own times, may, with equal truth, be
applied to Chief Justice Marshall, and form a graceful conclusion to our otherwise
imperfect sketch. " Nihil acute inveniri potuit in eis causis, quas scnpsit, nihil (ut ita
dicam) subdole, nihil vermte, quod ille non viderit ; nihil subtiliter did, nihil presse,
nihil enucleate, quo fieri possit limatius"

LIEUTENANT GENERAL JOHN BURGOYNE.

ri>HIS gallant and accomplished soldier was the natural son of Lord Bingley,
-L and was born in England. Entering the army at an early age, in 1762 he
commanded a body of troops sent to Portugal to defend that kingdom against
the Spaniards. On his return, he was chosen privy councillor, and elected to Par-
liament. During the war of the Revolution, he came to America, and, in 1777, was
appointed to the command of the northern army, and ordered to open a communica-
tion between New York and Canada, thus cut off New England from the other
states, and then overrun the whole country. At the head of a splendid army of
about fifteen thousand troops, and several thousand savages, whom he had purchased
into his service with gold and promises of spoil ; having most abundant munitions
of artillery, and every appointment an army could desire ; surrounded by a brilliant
and gallant staff, Burgoyne set out from Quebec in the most imposing manner,
issuing the most bombastic and threatening bulletins, and adopting as his motto,
" This army must not retreat"

How this doughty general made his descent on Ticonderoga and Fort George,
taking them without scarce a blow ; how he pursued his way through the country
towards the Hudson, carrying devastation and spreading terror on every hand; how

100 LIEUTENANT GENERAL JOHN BURGOYNE.

the affrighted inhabitants fled at his terrible coming, or basely sought his protec-
tion by abandoning their country ; how he pursued the retreating American army
across the lake to Skeensboro', and thence to Fort Edward, on the Hudson ; how
Colonel Ethan Allen taught the proud general a bitter lesson at Bennington, which
was soon followed by another from Arnold, at Fort Schuyler ; how the American
army, under Gates and Schuyler, gave him a most warm reception at Stillwater ,
how, at Bemis's Heights, on the plains of Saratoga, that brilliant army, with its
splendid appointments, stores and magazines, fell into the hands of our noble army,
and how the valiant and boastful Burgoyne gave up his sword into the hands of his
captor, Gates, all this we have recorded in the memoirs of those gallant men who
aided in bringing about this great deliverance to our oppressed and suffering nation.

Never was greater disappointment experienced by vainglorying man never was
greater exultation of an emancipated people ! The nation breathed again, and hope
once more animated the American bosom.

General Burgoyne marched with his army to Cambridge, a prisoner of war, from
whence he sailed, on parole, to England, where he was received with many marks
of contempt, denied the presence of his sovereign, and finally was ordered to Amer-
ica as a prisoner of war. But the state of his health would not permit it, and he
was, after a season, suffered to offer his vindication to his government, and imme-
diately resigned his honors and emoluments to the crown, the latter amounting to
fifteen thousand dollars per annum.

Towards the close of the war, when the ministry, and a large majority of Parlia-
ment, seemed disposed to prosecute the contest with greater vigor, he took sides
with the opposition. " I know," said he, during the debate, " that it is impossible
to conquer America. Passion, prejudice, and interest may operate suddenly and
partially; but when we see one principle pervading an entire continent, the Amer-
icans resolutely encountering difficulty and death for years, it must be a strong
vanity and presumption in our minds which can only lead us to imagine that they
are not in the right."

The remainder of his life was spent as a private gentleman, and in the enjoyment
of the pleasures of literature, the chase, and society. He wrote several minor works,
and kept a very faithful and elegant journal of his American campaign. He died
by a fit of the gout, August 4, 1792.

GILBERT STUART.

GILBERT CHARLES STUART so stands his name upon the church
V3T record of his christening, although, from political motives, he afterwards
dropped entirely the middle name was bom at Newport, Rhode Island, in 1754.
His father was a millwright, and manufacturer of snuff, and originated in Scotland.
The youth of Stuart is barren of interest. He is represented as a headstrong boy,
casting off parental restraint, and acting agreeably to his own wild impulses ; yet
generous and noble in his nature. Having a great passion for music, and the fasci-
nation of painting being strong upon him, he was saved from the downward fate in
which such strong waywardness and imbecile parental authority so often terminate.

The well-timed visit of a relative, who was struck with the remarkable talent dis-
played in some of his drawings, decided the bias of his mind, and determined him
to devote his genius to painting.

Dr. Waterhouse was an early friend of Stuart, and, in 1773, they founded an
academy, in which they studied and practised together until 1775, when Waterhouse
went to London. Thither our young artist soon followed. After much hardship,

102 GILBERT STUART

and some suffering, he received an introduction to the benevolent West, and soon
became his pupil. His fame was now made certain, for Mr. West was the bright
artistic star of London, and his proficiency was rapid and sure.

He returned to America in 1793, being drawn thither, as he declared, by a burn-
ing desire to paint the picture of the Father of his Country. How admirably he
succeeded in the patriotic purpose, all the world know ; and for his noble likeness
of Washington all America is grateful. An eminent artist, speaking of this picture,
exclaims, a A nobler personification of wisdom and goodness, reposing in the majesty
of a serene conscience, is not to be found on canvas."

After this chef d'ceuvre, Mr. Stuart resided for a short period in Washington, and,
in 1805, removed to Boston, where he spent the remnant of his days in the un-
dimmed possession of his genius, diligently applying himself to his profession until
his death, which occurred in July, 1828.

We will conclude this hasty sketch with an anecdote, which we do not remember
ever to have seen in print, and which exhibits the great power of our artist to por-
tray, in his faces, the striking characteristics of his sitters. When Mr. Stuart had
completed the picture of the elder Adams, and on which he had bestowed the great-
e<t care, he invited a number of the friends of Mr. Adams, among whom was
Washington, to see it. At the time appointed, Mr. Adams, with his friends, met
the painter in his studio, who had placed the picture in the most favorable light be-
side that of Washington. For some minutes a profound silence was observed, when
Mr. Adams, advancing close to the pictures, in his usual vehement manner, and
pointing to the portrait of Washington, exclaimed, " There is a man, gentlemen,
who knew when to keep his mouth shut ; there is one," pointing to his own portrait,
" who never did.'

JOHN PAUL JONES.

THIS daring naval commander was the fifth child of John Paul, a poor but re-
spectable gardener, and was born at Arbigland, in the south of Scotland, near
the Firth of Solway, on the 6th of July, 1747. At the early age of six or eight, he
used to be seen rigging out his mimic fleet of chips, and giving imperious commands
to imaginary sailors engaged in a bloody naval fight. At twelve, he entered the
merchant marine service, and, purchasing his indentures at eighteen, became master
of a brig engaged in the American slave trade, which he soon left in disgust. He
embarked as passenger in another brig for home. The master and mate both died
on the homeward passage, and he was called to her command ; in which office the
owners kept him for several voyages, when he was promoted to the command of
a large London ship in the West India trade.

In his voyages, young Paul had made several visits to various parts of the Amer-
ican continent; and, in 1773, having occasion to reside in Virginia while the estate
of an elder brother, recently deceased, was settled, he became enamoured of the coun-
try, and resolved to make it his own. Little dreaming of the scenes of glorious
activity that were before him, he resolved to settle down into the life of a Virginia
planter. But the stirring scenes of the Revolution roused him from his repose, and

104 JOHN PAUL JONES.

decided him to engage in the contest for freedom with the colonists. About this
time he assumed, as his patronymic, the name of Jones for what reason does not
appear.

When, in 1775, Congress resolved to equip a fleet for the defence of our shores,
we find the name of JOHN PAUL JONES at the head of the list of first-class lieuten-
ants. As subordinate in the Alfred, and commander in the Providence, he signal-
ized himself as a brave and sagacious officer. He is said to have been the first man
that ever run up the stars and stripes to masthead.

As commander of the Ranger, of eighteen guns, he sailed to Brest, and obtained
a salute to his flag from the French the first that was ever accorded to it. After
a brilliant cruise, he sailed to France, and there obtained, after almost superhuman
efforts, and a deep and persevering diplomacy, an old ship called the Due de Duras.
After much more plotting and counterplotting, in which he exhibited a tact and skill
worthy a much more experienced statesman, he obtained permission to give the old
ship a new name, and selected "Le Bon Homme Richard" out of compliment -to
Dr. Franklin, whose assistance had largely contributed to his success.

Having been advanced to a captaincy, Commander Jones put to sea with a fleet
of seven vessels, hoisting his flag upon the Bon Homme Richard. To the terror of
the English, he cruised along the coast of the United Kingdoms, entering their
rivers, and indeed their very harbors, taking prizes and men, burning ships, and com-
mitting various other depredations ; and on the 23d of September, 1779, fought, by
moonlight, his celebrated, and by far his most bloody and successful, battle with
the British frigate Serapis, in size, men, metal and all other appointments, greatly
superior to his own ship. In the early part of the action, the vessels became entan-
gled, and were lashed side to side, stern to bow, and bow to stern, in which
condition they fought with such fury that the Bon Homme was so disabled that she
went to the bottom the next day, and the Serapis was so cut up as hardly to be able
to carry the victors and their prisoners into port.

This splendid victory gave the crowning eclat to one of the most brilliant cruises
that the world had ever witnessed, and dazzled all Europe, filling America with joy
and pride. After many sharp conflicts with the enemy, and daring exploits, and
hairbreadth escapes, he reached Philadelphia in the winter of 1781, where he was
received with many marks of distinction. Congress voted its thanks, and gave him
command of the America, then building at Portsmouth ; the French king invested
him with a cross of honor, and his praise was the theme of song and prose all over
the nation.

Before the America was finished, the war had closed, and Commodore Jones
passed the rest of his life in bloodless but important public service abroad, and
died at Paris on the 18th of July, 1792.

Ardent in his temperament, and somewhat irascible, fearless of censure, and care-
less of applause, acting on his own judgment, and assuming all the responsibility of
his conduct, it is not surprising that he had enemies. But a careful investigation of
his motives and actions has convinced every one, long ago, of his upright patriotism,
unflinching honor, and unbending truth, as well as of his uncommon sagacity and
unshrinking valor.

MAJOR GENERAL PHILIP SCHUYLER.

T^HIS gallant officer was born at Albany, on the 22d of November, 1733. He
lost his father early, and the superintendence of his education fell to the charge
of his mother, a woman of strong, cultivated mind, and deep religious character.
At fifteen, he was put to school at New Rochelle, where he devoted himself to the
acquisition of mathematics and the other exact sciences, together with the Latin
and French languages. He entered the army on the breaking out of the French
war, in 1755. In 1758, his activity and zeal attracted the attention of Lord Howe,
who appointed him to office in the commissariat department, the arduous and diffi-
cult duties of which he discharged to the entire satisfaction of his general.

Between the peace of 1763 and the war of the Revolution, COLONEL SCHUYLER
filled various civil offices. In 1775, he was elected a delegate to the Continental
Congress, by which he was immediately elected a major general of the Continental
army, and despatched to the command of the army in northern New York. The
result justified the choice. Under his vigilant supervision the army improved in
( rder and efficiency. Early in July, he was ordered to the northern frontier of New
York, with instructions to reduce Crown Point and Ticonderoga, " and, if practicable,

106 MAJOR GENERAL PHILIP SCHUYLER.

to take possession of St. Johns, Quebec, and Montreal," in which he was to be
joined by the eastern army, under Arnold, already on its march through the wilder-
ness of Maine on its bootless mission. Falling sick, General Schuyler resigned the
command of the army to the brave, but unfortunate, Montgomery. The luckless
issue of that campaign is too well known to follow it any further in this place.

But the supplies of the northern army devolved still on General Schuyler, and
nothing but an untiring sagacity and comprehensiveness enabled him to keep that
army from perishing. In no situation of his life did he exhibit in higher perfection
those splendid qualities of mind and heart which constituted him one of the
bravest and most chivalrous officers of the Revolution. The effects of his clear-
sighted and cool-headed diplomacy were speedily felt ; while before the terrible
march of Burgoyne the scattered forces of the northern army were enabled safely to
retreat upon the head-quarters of their general.

In gathering the scattered troops of that defeated army ; in replacing the muni-
tions of war which had fallen into the hand of the enemy ; in annoying and im-
peding the progress of Burgoyne, and in preparing to give the last blow to his
arrogance and pride, Schuyler stood confessed a great and brave soldier ; while in
his demeanor towards his officers, and his tender care of his men, the goodness of
his heart shone conspicuously, and marked him a man and brother. But he was
destined to be robbed of the prize for which he had sacrificed so much, and so nobly
striven. By reason of petty jealousies, Congress was led to deprive him of his com-
mand on the very eve of the battle of Saratoga, and General Gates was permitted
to bear off the palm of glory for which he had not moved a finger.

Many were the accusations brought against this gallant officer. He was tried,
and honorably acquitted ; and Congress offered him repeated honors, all of which
he firmly resisted, sending in his resignation, which, after long delay, was accepted,
and he withdrew from the army.

His services did not end with his military career. He was chosen by his fellow-
citizens to many high offices of honor and trust. In 1778-9, he was a delegate to
the old Congress, and, for several years after, a member of the Senate of the State
of New York. He labored assiduously for the adoption of the Constitution of the
United States, and was elected to the Senate, on its organization, in 1789. After
serving a few years in the Senate of his native state, he was once more elected to
the Senate of the United States. Ill health compelled him to resign his seat in that
august body, and he spent the remainder of his life in dignified and honorable retire-
ment, universally venerated and beloved, and died on the 18th of November, 1804,
at the age of seventy-one.

JOHN BROOKS.

OVERNOR JOHN BROOKS was born of poor, but respectable, parents, in
vJT Medford, Massachusetts, in 1752. His father was a farmer, and John pursued
the same vocation during the early part of his life. Without the advantages of aca-
demic instruction, he acquired a sufficient knowledge of his own and the Latin tongue
to begin the study of medicine. He commenced the practice of his profession in
the adjacent town of Reading, just prior to the difficulties between the colonies and
the mother country. He entered with zeal into the spirit of the Revolution, and
supported it with his words and his hands. He raised a company of minute-men,
and drilled them in military exercises, himself taking lessons from the manoeuvring
of the British army in Boston. He took part in the skirmishes at Lexington and
Concord, and, on the organization of the army, received the commission of major
in Colonel Bridge's regiment. He rendered essential aid in the construction of the
works of defence on Breed's Hill, going the rounds with Colonel Prescott, on the
night of the 16th of June. They reconnoitred so silently as to hear the sentry on
board the British man-of-war proclaim " all's well." He did not partake of the glory
or toil of the fight of the 17th, having been despatched, by the commanding officer,
to the head quarters of Washington, at Cambridge, which duty he performed on foot.

103 JOHN BROOKS.

Major Brooks was in constant service, and rendered most important aid to the
distressed and ill-disciplined army of freedom. An excellent disciplinarian, his
regiment became a model of soldierly bearing, and won the thanks of the com-
mander-in-chief. He aided in the construction of the works on Dorchester Heights,
;md, when the British army evacuated Boston, marched with Washington's army to
Long Island. In the retreat of the army from Long Island, as well as in the subse-
quent affair at White Plains, he distinguished himself as a brave and skilful officer.

In the spring of 1777, Brooks, having been made lieutenant colonel, was ordered
to join the northern army, under Schuyler, and shared the toil and reverses of that
disastrous campaign. He took a conspicuous part in the battles of the 19th of Sep-
tember and 7th of October, and shared in the glorious result the annihilation of
Burgoyne's splendid and boastful hosts. He was with the army in its winter quar-
ters at Valley Forge, and was a powerful coadjutor with Baron Steuben in improving
the discipline and comfort of our miserably accoutred soldiers.

When, in the following spring, that wide defection in our army, which came so
near annihilating the hopes of every true patriot, was so timely discovered by
Washington, Colonel Brooks was one of the fearless few who never faltered, never
doubted. Then that noble band fought their most glorious battle, in which, although
no blood was spilled, more glory accrued to the victors, and more good to their coun-
try, than by all the sanguinary victories of the Revolution.

At the close of the war, Dr. Brooks resumed his profession in Medford, and, by
Hiis urbanity of address and kindness of spirit, soon won upon the regard and affec-
tion /of his townsmen, and established himself in a respectable and growing business.
He was soon called to public life, in the duties of which he exhibited as great diplo-
matic skill as, in the army, he had military knowledge and bravery. He was made
a major -general of the Massachusetts militia soon after the close of the war ; was
frequently chosen to the General Court of the commonwealth ; was a delegate to
the convention of 1788, elected to adopt the new constitution ; for several years was
,a senator in the Senate of Massachusetts, and member of the executive council;
was chosen adjutant .general under the administration of Governor Eustis ; and, in
;L816, he succeeded that popular public officer in the chief magistracy of the state,
which office he held from 1816 to 1822, discharging its duties with efficiency andj
-grace. At his death, he held the office of president of the Massachusetts Medical So-
ciety, the Cincinnati Society, the Washington Monument Society, and the Bunker
Hill Monument Association. At different periods, he received from the University at<
Cambridge the degrees of " Master of Arts" and "Doctor of Laws." He died in;
January, 1825.

Chief Justice Parker speaks thus of Governor Brooks, soon after his decease :
" He was one of the last and best samples of that old school of manners which,
though it has given way to the .ease and convenience of modern times, will be
regretted by some as having carried away with it many of the finest and most del -2
icate traits of social intercourse,"

BRIGADIER GENERAL HENRY LEE.

HENRY LEE was born in Virginia, on the 29th of January, 1756, and was
graduated from Princeton College in 1774. The troubled period of history
in which he entered upon manhood tested the metal of all men of those times. The
call of his country upon young Lee found a quick and deep response in his patriotic
breast, and, at the age of twenty, we find him in command of a company of horse,
one of a regiment raised by Virginia to aid in the war, which had already com-
menced, and under the command of Colonel Theodoric Bland. Soon after joining
the main army, in the summer of 1 777, for a gallant defence of his troop against
the attack of a very superior force of British cavalry, he received the thanks of
Washington, and a major's commission.

In 1779, Major Lee formed a plan for the surprise of the British garrison at Powle's
Hook, which he executed with such " prudence, address, and bravery," that Congress
voted him a gold medal, commemorative of that brilliant affair, and created him a
colonel. In the campaign of 1780, he participated in the dangers of General Greene's
retreat before the advance of Cornwallis, forming the rearguard to the retiring army,
and exhibiting great courage and address. The retreat safely effected, General
Greene despatched Colonel Lee and his legion to watch Cornwallis, and render aid

110 BRIGADIER GENERAL HENRY LEE.

and encouragement to the whigs of the south. In this desultory duty, he was en-
gaged in several smart skirmishes, where the superior skill and bravery of his troop
became more than a match for the superior numbers of the enemy.

The battle of Guilford checked the triumphant march of Cornwallis, and caused
him to retire on Wilmington. In this battle, Colonel Lee took a conspicuous part,
and rendered essential aid.

Leaving Cornwallis to act as he might think proper, General Greene made an im-
mediate movement southward, for the purpose of restoring South Carolina and
Georgia to the Union. This plan, of such importance to our country, was the
child of Lee, and readily adopted by Greene. Previous to his departure, General
Greene despatched Lee and his horsemen to join our glorious Marion, and with him
to assault the minor posts of the enemy in the neighborhood. Forts Watson, Mott,
and Granby speedily surrendered to the headlong prowess of these brave brethren
in arms ; and on his way to join General Pickens, who had been ordered to attempt
the possession of Augusta, Lee surprised and took Fort Galphin.

On the reduction and surrender of Augusta, which soon followed, Lee rejoined
the army of Greene, and rendered essential aid in the siege of Ninety-Six, and the
battle of Eutaw Springs.

Soon after this latter event, Lee was despatched to the army under Washington,
then set down before Yorktown, and arrived in season to participate in the glorious
events which speedily followed, and which put an end to the war in the south.
With this event ended the active military life of this brave man, of whom General
Greene said, "His services have been greater than those of any one man attached to the
southern army"

On his return home, Colonel Lee married the daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee.
Tn 1786, he was selected as one of the Virginia delegates to the general Congress,
and held his seat until the adoption of the Federal Constitution. He was also a
member of the convention called in his native state for the ratification of that act.
In 1792, he was chosen Governor of Virginia, which office he filled for three suc-
cessive years. In 1799, he was once more returned to Congress, where, on the death
of Washington, he was selected to pronounce the eulogium on that beloved man.
It was in this eulogy that occurred those memorable words, repeated so often in con-
junction with the revered name of Washington, " First in war, first in peace, and
first in the hearts of his countrymen"

While accidentally at Baltimore, during the year of 1812, in defending the house
of his friend from the deadly attacks of an infuriated mob, he received such injuries
as to destroy his health, which continued to fail until the 25th of March, 1818, when
he expired, in the sixty-third year of his age.

Open and cordial in his address, frank and confiding in his friendships, free of
purse and hospitable of board, bold and chivalrous in the defence of his own, as
well as the rights of others, he won the admiration of all his acquaintance, and
retained, to their deaths, the love and esteem of his brave superiors, Greene and
Washington.

WILLIAM PINKNEY.

WILLIAM PINKNEY was born at Annapolis, Maryland, March 17, 1764.
His father was a staunch loyalist, and sympathized with England in her
struggle for supremacy over her American colonies in the war of our Revolution ;
while the son was, from earliest life, enlisted on the side of the patriots.

With an extremely deficient early education, his personal application, and strong
and quick natural perceptions, made up for the deficiency, and placed him among
the foremost of his acquaintances and friends. He first studied medicine ; but feel-
ing that it did not chime with his inclinations, he turned to the law, and was admit-
ted to the bar in 1786, removing the same year to Harford county, for the practice
of his profession. In 1789, he married Ann Maria, the sister of Commodore
Rodgers, by whom he had a numerous family.

In 1792, Mr. Pinkney was elected a member of the executive council, and, in
1795, a delegate to the state legislature. In the year following, he was appointed,
by President Washington, a commissioner of the TJnited States, under the seventh

112 WILLIAM PINKNEY.

article of Mr. Jay's treaty, and embarked, accordingly, for England. During his res-
idence abroad, questions of most vital importance on international law and reciprocity
came before the commissioners, on which he gave his written opinions. These
papers exhibit a profound knowledge and clear apprehension of the subjects dis-
cussed, and won for him the admiration of the board, and the praise of his govern-
ment and countrymen.

In 1805, shortly after his return from England, he removed to Baltimore, and was
immediately appointed Attorney General of Maryland. In the following year, he
was once more sent to England, to treat with that government on those aggravating
questions which resulted in the war of 1812. After spending several years abroad,
mostly occupied in severe diplomatic labors, he returned to the United States in
1811, In September of the same year, he was sent to the Senate of Maryland,
and, in December following, was appointed, by President Madison, Attorney General
of the United States.

Mr. Pinkney entered with great spirit into the controversies out of which grew the
war of 1812 ; taking the democratic side of the question. During the war, he com-
manded a battalion, which rendered some service. He fought with bravery at the
battle of Bladensburgh, and was severely wounded in that action. Soon after this
affair, he was elected to Congress, and, in 1816, was appointed minister to the court
of St. Petersburg,

On the return of Mr. Pinkney from Russia, he was, in 1820, returned as member
of the Senate of the United States, where he exhibited his great knowledge, and
political as well as legal acumen, in the discussion which took place in that body on
the admission of Missouri into the Union. While in the Senate, several very im-
portant trials came before the Supreme Court of the United States, in which he
Was retained as counsel. These demanded of him almost superhuman exertions,
under the pressure of which his health yielded^, and be fell a prey to an acute disease
pn the 25th of Febraa^ 1822,

Thus perished, in the nfty-_ninth year of his age, one of the brightest ornameats
of the American bar, an,d most brilliant statesmen and orators of his age..

MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOi.

FEW men contributed so largely to the success of our revolutionary struggle as
the subject of this notice. As the projector, author, and first commander of
the artillery connected with the Continental army, and holding the first post of com-
mand of that portion of our army during the whole war; having, as he had, the
entire confidence and esteem of Washington, and fighting by his side, his opportuni-
ties were equal to his desire, and his success tantamount to his genius and bravery.

General HENRY KNOX was born in Boston, July 25, 1750. He early married the
daughter of a staunch loyalist,, and was already an officer in the British army in
Boston when the struggle of the Revolution commenced. His whole soul was fired
in the cause of freedom, and he contrived to escape from Boston, and, presenting
himself at the camp of Washington, offered his services to his country. His wife,
who, notwithstanding her tory origin, fully sympathized with the patriots, accompa-
nied him in his flight, secreting her husband's sword in the folds of her petticoat.

114 MAJOR GENERAL HENRY KNOX.

This noble woman adhered to his fortunes through eight years of peril and anxiety,
deprivation and labor, and had the holy satisfaction of sharing her husband's joy in
the established independence of their native land.

When young Knox presented himself at Washington's head-quarters, our army
was totally destitute of cannon, without which, he felt that it was impossible to
cope with the British forces. There was no way of obtaining this needed supply
but by transporting it from the dilapidated forts on the Canadian frontier. This
dangerous and almost herculean labor was triumphantly performed by the gallant
young officer, and an artillery department of respectable force was thus added to
our army, the command of which was bestowed upon Knox, with a brigadier gen-
eral's commission. These guns were planted on Dorchester Heights, and the British
army speedily compelled to evacuate Boston.

General Knox, at the head of the artillery, was in constant service during the
entire contest which succeeded, and generally under the immediate eye of Wash-
ington, between whom and himself a strong affection existed, which lasted until the
death of his distinguished and beloved commander. In the retreat from White
Plains, in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, as well as those of Brandywine,
Germantown, and Monmouth, as also at the siege of Yorktown, Knox and his artil-
lery rendered most valuable aid, and contributed largely towards the expulsion of
the enemy from our southern shores. When Cornwallis delivered up Yorktown,
General Knox was one of the commissioners to negotiate the terms of capitulation.

In 1785, under the old regime, General Knox was Secretary of War until the new
organization, when Washington immediately reappointed him to the same office,
which he continued to hold until 1794, when Washington, having repeatedly refused
to do so, reluctantly consented to accept his resignation, and he retired to his farm,
in Thomaston, Maine, where he lived, in dignified and hospitable retirement, until
the 25th of October, 1806, when he died suddenly, in the fifty-seventh year of his age..

How singular, that the brave warrior should tread so many fields of blood and
carnage, and see hundreds falling on all sides, should escape so many thousand
deaths, to come at last to his end by the most insignificant means ! The death of
this good man, and patriot, and brave soldier, was occasioned by swallowing the
bone of a chicken at his dinner!

We cannot forbear relating a singular incident in the life of this brave man.
When on his northern expedition, he fell in with Major Andre, and travelled in his
company. The result of this accidental meeting was a mutual attachment, which
grew into a strong friendship, so speedily to be concluded by the sanguinary and
ignominious termination of the life of one, while the other was a member of the
court martial which so reluctantly condemned the accomplished young Briton to the
scaffold. General Knox used to say that this was the hardest duty he ever performed.
We can well conceive it to have been so.

PART III.

EMBRACING THE PERIOD

SUBSEQUENT TO THE WAR OF

1812.

ANDREW JACKSON.

HERO OF NEW ORLEANS ! The incorrigible, the impracticable, the indom-
JL itable, the incorruptible ! Headstrong, but always honest ; rash, but ever patri-
otic ; he may have erred to his country's detriment at times, but treason had no place
in his breast, and his country's good was his highest aim next to duty to his God.
Fear he knew not, either on the battle-field, or before that terrible power, PUBLIC
OPINION. His purpose once taken, no threats of his enemies, no persuasion of his
friends, and no personal considerations, could shake it. Ever ready to assume the
responsibility of his actions, he shrunk from no judgment and dreaded no conse-
quences.

Such a man's life must needs be one of stirring incidents, and such a man's fame
must shed resplendent rays over the page of his history, or darken with clouds of
Erebus the fair escutcheon of his glory. Accordingly no man has been so deified
and damned as the subject of this article, as friends or foes have spoken. But im-
partial history will, we think, sustain us in the character we have given him in this
brief sketch.

At fourteen years of age he commenced his military career, during the revolu*
tionary war, and at that tender age was taken prisoner together with an elder

118 ANDREW JACKSON.

brother. The child was father to the man. When ordered by a British officer to
the performance of some menial duty, he refused compliance, and was severely
wounded with the sword which the Englishman disgraced.

In the early part of the late war with England, Congress having voted to accept
fifty thousand volunteers, General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when
twenty-five hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Congress, with
Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered to Natchez, to watch the
operations of the British in lower Mississippi. Not long after, he received orders
from head-quarters, to disband his men arid send them to their homes. To obey, he
foresaw, would be an act of great injustice to his command, and reflect disgrace on
the country, and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up his camp and
returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, whose wants on the way he
relieved with his private means, and there disbanded his troops in the midst of their
homes.

He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission marked out his
course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here for years he labored, and fought,
and diplomatized, with the most consummate wisdom and undaunted courage. It
was about this time that the treaty of the " Hickory Ground " occurred, which gave
the familiar sobriquet to the general of " Old Hickory." Finding themselves
hemmed in on every side, the Indians determined to sue for peace. One of the
principal chiefs voluntarily presented himself at Jackson's head-quarters, and with
the dignity of a fallen king, which would have shed glory on any civilized hero,
supplicated pardon. Jackson was struck with the noble bearing of the prostrate
chief, and determining not to be outdone by a' savage, suffered him to depart ii
peace, leaving it optional with him to join his tribe and assume a hostile attitude, or
to retire from the scene of war ; assuring him that if again he should fall into his
hands his life should be the forfeit.

The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of New Orleans;
which we pass over with this brief allusion, because so indelibly impressed on every
American memory, and not likely speedily to be forgotten by the enemies of our
country.

At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville ; but in 1818 was
again called on by his country to render his military services in the expulsion of the
Seminoles. His conduct during this campaign has been bitterly condemned, and as
highly applauded. An attempt in the House of Representatives to inflict a censure
on the old hero for the irregularities of this campaign, after a long and bitter debate,
was defeated by a large majority.

In 1828, and again in 1832, General Jackson was elected to fill the presidential
chair ; thus occupying that elevated position for eight successive years. It was a
season of great financial embarrassment and internal division, and the measures he
recommended and adopted were stringent. No man ever received more censure or
praise for his administration of public affairs ; and we are not yet sufficiently removed
from the scene of action, calmly to judge of all his acts. This judgment must be
left to posterity.

JOHN QTJINCY ADAMS.

FEW men have passed so large a portion of life in active public employment a?
the sixth President of the United States. For more than threescore years, he
was in the service of his country, serving her in many capacities, from Secretary of
Legation at the early age of sixteen, to chief magistrate of the Union.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, on the llth of July,
1767. His father was the patriot John Adams, of whom Jefferson said, " He was
the great pillar of support to the Declaration of Independence, and its ablest
advocate and champion on the floor of the house." His mother was the daughter
of the Rev. William Smith, of Weymouth, a woman of great beauty and uncom-
mon mental and moral endowments, in whose breast the fire of freedom burned as
brightly as in that of her illustrious spouse.

Perhaps there never transpired a happier combination of circumstances, to de-
velop true genius, than fell to the lot of young Adams. To say nothing of his
parentage, he was born at a period of great mental, political activity, and amidst
scenes whose vibrations filled the whole earth with trembling. His childhood passed
amidst the smoke and blood of our revolution, and his position placed him in
conjunction with those great patriots and statesmen who were the unshrinking

i:0 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

advocates and champions of American liberty. From early childhood, he followed
his father to foreign courts, and resided abroad mostly until after the scenes of the
revolution were brought to a close. Wishing to avail himself of a classical
education, he returned to his native land, and in 1786, entered Harvard College, as
a junior, at the age of eighteen ; and, on graduating, entered the law office of
Theophilus Parsons, afterwards the dignified chief justice of Massachusetts for so
many years.

Mr. Adams was more a statesman and politician than a lawyer, and during the
bitter controversies of Washington's administration, wrote, several series of political
articles in the Boston newspapers, which won for him the esteem of the president,
and the applause of some of the greatest minds in both this country and England;
and which doubtless occasioned his appointment as Minister of the United States
at the Hague, in 1794, at the early age of twenty-seven.

While minister at Holland, Mr. Adams was married to Miss Louisa Catharine
Johnson, daughter of Joshua Johnson, Esq., of Maryland, United States consul at
the port of London. In 1797, Mr. Adams was transferred to Berlin, whence he
was recalled in 1801. Mr. Adams had now entered upon the career which ter-
minated only with his life. He was elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in
1802 appointed United States Senator in 1803 made Professor of Rhetoric and
Belles Lettres in Harvard College in 1805 sent Minister to Russia in 1809 one
of the Commissioners in the treaty of Ghent in 1815 Minister to England the
same year appointed Secretary of State by Mr. Monroe in 1817 elected Pres-
ident of the United States in 1825 chosen Member of Congress in 1831, which
office he filled with great ability, notwithstanding his great age, until the 21st of
February, 1848, when he was struck with paralysis at his post in the House of
Representatives, and died two days afterwards, at the great age of eighty.

Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A diligent student,
and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amidst all his public cares, tot <.
cultivate his tastes for literature and tne sciences. He was one of the finest
classical and belles-lettres scholars of his time, and, even in his old age, often aston-
ished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and rhetorical tropes with
which he enriched and embellished his own productions. His was, withal, an
honest, straightforward mind, which not even his devout attachment to his political |
party was able to turn to base account, A dear lover of freedom, he was a bold ;
promulgator of human rights, and a fearless defender of the oppressed, wherever
they were to be found, and in whatever clime.

To crown the whole, John Quincy Adams was a CHRISTIAN. Not a mere mem-
ber of a conventicle not a pharasaic observer of outward forms alone his
religion was part, and largely so, of his nature, and entered into all his words and I
acts, and gave a charm and a grace to his old age which RELIGION alorie can give.

ROBERT FULTON.

F there he any mind commanding the reverence of the ages, it is that which

sees

" the tops of distant thoughts,
Which men of common stature never saw."

Such was the gift of prophecy with which the Almighty enmantled the soul of
ROBERT FULTON, whose monuments of brass and iron bestud every sea and land in
the civilized world, and which shall endure as a proud trophy to self-sacrificing, ever-
persevering genius while the earth endures. Such was the man whose birth was
obscure, and whose childhood passed in neglect and ignorance.

The father of Robert Fulton was an Irish emigrant, who, dying when he was a
young child,- left him without the means of education, and scarcely those of subsist-
ence. The place which gave him birth was an obscure town of Pennsylvania ; the
year, 1765; the world is his birthplace, all time his natal day!

The genius of Fulton first manifested itself in drawing and painting, and at
seventeen we find him in Philadelphia, not only earning his own livelihood, but
supporting his widowed mother and several sisters. He spent all his leisure hours
in the cultivation of his intellect, and stored up, during this time, no inconsiderable

122 ROBERT FULTON.

amount of solid learning. In 1786, just as he was twenty-one, he went to Eng-
land, and soon found himself domiciliated beneath the roof of his countryman
Benjamin West, with whom he remained several years, and between whom and
himself a warm friendship sprung up, which death alone interrupted.

In 1796, Mr. Fulton went to France, and for seven years was an inmate of the
family of his countryman Barlow. During this period, he studied, with great suc-
cess, the French, Spanish, German, and Italian languages, together with natural
philosophy, and the higher branches of mathematics. It was at this time, also, that
he determined to carry his long-cherished plan of applying steam to the purpose?
of navigation into practical and useful effect.

For many years steam had been used as a motive power, and many attempts had
been made to apply it to navigation ; but to Mr. Fulton belongs the credit of having
made the first successful application of steam to this end. In 1806, he returned to
his native country, after having invented and made so many successful experiments
with his celebrated " Nautilus " or submarine boat.

Chancellor Livingston had made some unsuccessful experiments in steam naviga-
tion previous to Mr. Fulton's return, and had obtained from the New York legisla-
ture the passage of an act securing to him, on certain conditions, the exclusive right,
for a term of twenty years, to navigate " by steam or fire " all the waters under the
jurisdiction of the -state. Meeting with Mr. Fulton in France, he felt certain that
his practical good sense and thorough causality would accomplish the desirable
results, and immediately associated him in the undertaking, and procured the
renewal of the act, in favor of Fulton and himself, for twenty years from the date
of its passage.

After several unsuccessful experiments, each of which, while it subjected them
to much ridicule, both from the press and in the market-place, only added to the con-
fidence of the persevering operators, they at length brought their boat and ma-
chinery to such a degree of perfection, as to advertise her for a particular day on
which to make an experimental trip to Albany. At the time appointed, a crowd
lined the wharves and shipping in the neighborhood, every one anxious to see how
the matter would end. Some jeered, others laughed, a few were sanguine of suc-
cess, and the multitude looked on in silence, and awaited the result. But when, at
length, Fulton cast off the fasts of " The Clermont," and she stemmed the current
of the noble Hudson at the rate of five miles per hour, a sudden change took place
in the anxious throng, and one universal and prolonged shout announced to the
world the triumph of Fulton !

Mr. Fulton died on the 24th of February, 1815, after a short illness occasioned
by exposure in superintending the construction of a steam frigate, in the fifty-first
year of his age, and was buried with civic and military honors, amidst the most
marked expressions of regret and respect.

COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE.

WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE was born at Princeton, New Jersey, May 7, 1774.
His early education was received in a common English school. At sixteen
years of age, he entered the mercantile business, and went to sea in the employment
of a house in Philadelphia. On a voyage to Holland, two years subsequently, as
mate of the ship Hope, he saved the life of his captain from the vengeance of a
mutinous crew ; for which he was promoted to the command of a ship trading with
the Dutch, and continued in the same employ until 1798, when, on the commence-
ment of hostilities with France, our government appointed him to the command of
the United States schooner Retaliation, of fourteen guns, with the rank of lieutenant
in the navy. In 1800, he was promoted to the rank of captain, and sailed in the
frigate George Washington, with presents to the Dey of Algiers. From this place,
he sailed to Constantinople, bearing an ambassador with presents from the Dey to
the Grand Seignior at the latter place. The ambassador was received with insult,
and his presents rejected with scorn, while Bainbridge and his flag were treated with
every mark of respect. On his return to Algiers, war was declared against France,
and the French consul and all other citizens of France were ordered to quit the coun-
try in forty-eight hours. Captain Bainbridge received them all on board his frigate,

124: COMMODORE WILLIAM BAINBRIDGE

and, having landed them at Alicant, sailed for Philadelphia, where he arrived in
April, 1801.

In June following, in command of the Essex frigate, he returned to the Mediter-
ranean, to protect our commerce against Tripolitan depredations. In 1803, he was
placed in command of the frigate Philadelphia, and joined the squadron under
Commodore Preble; and, while the commodore carried on negotiations, Captain
Bainbridge proceeded to blockade Tripoli with the Philadelphia and Vixen. In
chasing a strange sail, the frigate ran upon a reef of rocks, and was captured by the
enemy, and carried into the harbor, where she lay until burned by Decatur, in Feb-
ruary, 1804.

On the breaking out of the war with England, in 1812, Commodore Bainbridge
held the command of the navy yard at Charlestown, but was soon after appointed
to the command of the Constellation ; and, on the arrival of the Constitution at
Boston, he was transferred to that frigate, and in a short time rendered his name
and his ship famous in the bloody conflict with the British frigate Java, Captain
Lambert, which he captured, with only a loss of nine men. On board the enemy's
ship, sixty men, besides the captain, were slain. Finding it impossible to bring the
Java to the United States, she was blown up, her crew set on shore at St. Salvador,
on parole, and Bainbridge returned home, where he and his crew were received with
every demonstration of respect and enthusiasm. This was the second British man-
of-war this noble ship had destroyed in a short space of time, and she became the
pride of the nation. From the little damage she had sustained in her numerous
conflicts with the enemy, she received the sobriquet of " Old Ironsides," a name
which awakens a thrill of national pride in the bosom of every American citizen,
and has become an idol to every sailor who loves to see the " stars and stripes "
floating at his masthead.

At the close of the war, Commodore Bainbridge sailed once more to the Medil
ranean, in command of the Columbus seventy-four. This was the last cruise
this gallant naval officer, after which he retired from the sea altogether.

On his return home, he commanded, for several years, at different naval statioi
in the United States, and was also one of the Board of Naval Commissioners. H(
died in Philadelphia, on the 27th of July, 1833.

During the whole course of his public life, Commodore Bainbridge commanded
the entire respect of his fellow-officers, and his countrymen generally, and, at
death, was sincerely mourned by the nation.

MRS. MARCIA VAN NESS.

WOMAN'S sphere seldom admits of ostentatious parade, and rarely gives
opportunity for deeds which startle or dazzle the world ; but for the man-
ifestation of heroic self-endurance, and sublime energy, it is not less rich than that
in which moves her lord and master proud, imperious man. And the record of
her virtues belongs as much to history as the recital of those deeds which nearly fill
the recorded page of the world's actions.

On the 9th of May, 1782, on the quiet banks of the Potomac, the wife of David
Burns, Esq., a civil magistrate of respectable standing, gave birth to a daughter, who
was baptized with the name of MARCIA. As she grew up, her physical and mental
powers developed in great harmony and beauty. To a person of exquisite form she
added a softness and delicacy of mind which made her " the admired of all behold-
ers." No pains were spared with her education, and, while the graces were culti-
vated, the more solid accomplishments were not neglected.

As she reached maturity, she insnared the heart of, and, on her twentieth birth-
day, honored and blessed with her hand, the Hon. John Van Ness, member of
Congress from the State of New York. The union proved to be a happy one, and
was crowned, the following year, with a daughter, the only offspring to this

126

MRS. MARCIA VAN NESS

.narriage, who grew up in beauty at her father's hearth, adorning his household,
and rewarding the tender care and exceeding love of her parents by her deep religious
character and lovely temper. At the age of eighteen, she became the wife of Arthur
Middleton, Esq., with whom she lived but one short year, when she died in giving
birth to the lifeless form of a son.

It is at this point that the true character of Mrs. VAN NESS began to manifest
itself. On their marriage, Mr. Van Ness removed to Washington, where he held,
for many years, the highest municipal offices, and, though his health was frail, his
house at once became the centre of an elegant hospitality, where the graces and
solid domestic qualities of its hostess became the theme of all whose good fortune
it was to mingle in the tasteful reunions which enlivened his drawing-rooms, or
made merry at his board. The shock produced by the death of this lovely and only
child was terrible to the doting mother, and for a season she bowed to the blast
like a stricken reed. But her native energy of character, quickened by heavenly
confidence in the hand which had chastised, prevailed, and she resumed once
more her noble bearing and wonted cheerfulness. True, sadness made its deep
lines on her fair face, and added a melancholy sweetness to her voice ; but a
stranger would not have guessed

" How living and how deep the wound "

which she covered up so sacredly in her own bosom.

Her home had ever been one of constant care; and this care, maternal and Chris-
tian, had extended to the lowest menial of her household. But now she felt that
her heart needed a larger sphere of activity. Several years prior to this mournful
event, she had been one of a number of lady-patronesses for the establishment of " The
Washington City Orphan Asylum," and to this institution she resolved to trans-
fer her maternal solicitude and duties ; and, with a delicate and inconceivably beau-
tiful instinct, determined to erect as a monument, beside the grave of her daughter, a
splendid and spacious building for the use of that benevolent association. This
institution she endowed with her fortune, and while she lived devoted most of her
time to the superintendency of its affairs as First Directress.

It is difficult to conceive of a higher and holier exhibition of a mother's love, and
Christian solicitude, and of a nobler consecration of the beautiful gifts with which
Providence had endowed this accomplished woman. She died on the 9th of Sep-
tember, 1832, after a long and painful illness, at the age of fifty years.

" Who shall weep when the righteous die ?

Who shall mourn when the good depart ?
When the soul of the godly away shall fly,
Who shall lay the loss to heart ? " Brainard.

OSCEOLA

THIS remarkable Indian, sometimes called Powell, was born in the Eveigladea
of Florida, somewhere about the year 1804. His father was chief of the tribe,
but not otherwise notorious than by his vagabond son, who spent the earlier years
of his life in most inglorious barbarism. He was famous for his sagacity in hunting,
his agility and strength in the athletic sports practised among his tribe, such as
dancing, racing, shooting, wrestling, etc. As he grew up, he entered fully into the
grievances of his tribe with the whites, and when the " war of title," otherwise
called the " Seminole war," commenced, he at once took the field in defence of his
fatherland.

The Seminoles the word signifies runaways were formerly a part of the
Creek nation, and emigrated to Florida, where they increased and spread themselves
abroad, until they became a great and powerful people. As the country became
occupied by the whites, the hunting grounds of these " runaways " were needed for
the habitation of the white man, and accordingly negotiations were set on foot by
our government for the territory they occupied, which resulted in a treaty, stipulating
the conditions of the relinquishment of their title. , Here commenced the real diffi-

128 OSCEOLA

culty, the Seminoles declaring that they had been deceived, and the treaty thereby
vitiated, and the government insisting upon its fulfilment. Negotiation followed
negotiation, for a series of years, when war was carried into the homes of the poor
Indian, and one of the most bloody and merciless struggles took place the whites
striving to expel the savages, and the Indians struggling to maintain and defend
their homes and hunting grounds. Immense treasures and oceans of blood were
expended, and for years nothing was won.

In the early part of this cruel war, there arose an athletic, noble-looking young
man, who, by universal consent, was called to be the deliverer of his people. This
was no other than OSCEOLA. With almost superhuman strength and energy, he
travelled through the length and breadth of his tribe, encouraging resistance and
slaughter to the whites. With the most consummate skill he evaded the American
army, and beguiled it into some fatal ambuscade, where it fell a prey to savage
cruelty. And when he could no longer avoid taking the field, his presence inspired
his brethren, and his wonderful feats in arms gave heart to the timid, and fired each
brave with a more determined will. He was foremost in every fray, and his place
was sure to be where the blows fell fastest and hardest. The unerring aim of his
splendid rifle, and the exact and deadly force of his keen-edged and glittering toma-
hawk, told fearfully on the ranks of the whites, while he seemed to bear a charmed
mail, through which no American bullet could penetrate. His name became a terror
to his enemies, and to his fellow-braves a countersign to victory and glory.

Thus, for years, did the gigantic mind of this remarkable chief keep at bay the
wealth and wisdom of the United States, when at length, in 1838, he fell into a
snare, and became a captive. He was taken to Fort Moultrie, in South Carolina,
where his mighty spirit chafed itself in its chains, until poor Osceola died of a
broken heart, on the 31st day of January, 1839, aged about 35 years. Thus
perished, in the early years of his manhood, one of those few aboriginal heroes
whose great and teeming lives deserve a full and elaborate record on 'the page of
history one who, " from a vagabond child, became," as says the Charleston Mercury,
" the master spirit of a long and desperate war. He made himself no man owed
less to accident. Bold and decisive in action, deadly but consistent in hatred, dark
in revenge, cool, subtle, sagacious in council, he established gradually and surely a
resistless ascendency over his adopted tribe, by the daring of his deeds, the constan-
cy of his hostility to the whites, and the profound craft of his policy. In council
he spoke little he made the other chiefs his instruments ; and what they delivered
in public was the secret suggestion of the invisible master. Such was Osceola, who
will be long remembered as the man that, with the feeblest means, produced the
most terrible effects."

JOHN C. CALHOTJN

JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN, the most distinguished statesman the South
has ever produced, was a native of South Carolina, and was born in Abbe-
ville District, on the 18th of March, 1782. He was of Irish descent, both on his
father's and mother's side, and his family furnished several distinguished actors in
the stirring scenes of the old French, Indian, and Revolutionary wars. Patrick
Calhoun, the father of the statesman, was a bold and daring man, and had many
personal encounters with the savages who dwelt in that region. An anecdote is
related of him which illustrates the hazards of that period of our country's history,
and the many shifts to which the inhabitants were often driven. Passing one
day through a forest, he fell in with a stalwart Indian. Each was armed with
a rifle. The discovery was mutual, and each sought the nearest screen to
his person. Calhoun dropped behind a log, and the savage retreated to the
nearest tree. They were but a few rods apart, and as the slightest exposure
was certain death, each sought to seduce the other from his hiding-place. It
occurred to Calhoun, that if he could exhaust the Indian's ammunition, he would
have him at his mercy. Gradually raising his hat on a stick an inch or two above
the log, he was gratified to find it instantly perforated with the Indian's bullet. He*

130 JOHNC. CALHOUN.

thus drew the fire of his enemy four times, when the savage, supposing that he ha:l
slain his foe, ventured to protrude his head a few inches, which was instantly bored
with the bullet of Calhoun, who returned to his home, bearing the red man's
scalp as a trophy.

From such stock was sprung, and amidst such scenes was nursed and grew up,
the subject of this memoir. That part of the country where he resided was
sparsely settled, and infested with hordes of savages ; schools were scarce and poor,
with not an academy within fifty miles. Although he had a great passion for
reading, and devoured every book which fell in his way, yet until he was nineteen
years of age, his education was nothing. It was at this period, A. D. 1800, that he
entered the academy of Rev. Dr. Waddel, in Columbia county, Georgia. This
clergyman married a sister of Mr. Calhoun, but at the time spoken of, was living
with his second wife. Here his progress was so rapid, that in two years he entered
Yale College as a junior, and in 1804, graduated with the highest honors of his
class, just four years from the time ,of commencing his Latin grammar. During
his college life, he gave brilliant signs of his coming greatness. President Dwight
between whom and himself a strong attachment had grown up once said of
him, " That boy Calhoun has talent enough to be President of the United States,
and will become one yet, I confidently predict."

The three following years were devoted to the study of his profession. He imme-
diately applied for and obtained a license, and opened an office in his native district,
where he entered at once into a full and successful practice of the law. But the
bar was destined to be shorn of this beam of light. The troublous times of
1810-12 called forth the energies of the wisest and the best men, and Mr. Calhoun
was unanimously called to the forum. The attack of the British frigate Leopard
on the American frigate Chesapeake hastened the crisis, and war was declared by
Congress in 1812. Mr. Calhoun could not remain an idle spectator of these passing
events. He mixed himself up with them, and was elected to the legislature of his
state, where he served two years, with marked ability. Politics ran high, and Mr.
Calhoun associated himself with the Republican party.

In 1811, Mr. Calhoun took his seat in the councils of the nation, as a member of
the Twelfth Congress, from his native district. This was one of the most remark-
able sessions of Congress ever yet held ; and Mr. Calhoun soon took a leading part
in the great controversies which agitated the country, and made his name famous
among the great names in that august body. His measures and speeches, through-
out the six years he was a member of Congress, exhibit great statesmanship and
patriotism.

When Mr. Monroe came into office, he called on Mr. Calhoun to preside at the
bureau of the War Department. He introduced many reforms into that department,
and gave a character to our military organization not before attained.

At the election which sent the names of Adams, Jackson, and Crawford to the
House, as candidates for the presidency, Mr. Calhoun was chosen Vice President by
a large majority. On resigning that office he was soon returned as United States
.Senator, which office he held with distinguished ability up to the time of his
(decease, with the exception of a few years, during which he was Secretary of
State under Mr. Tyler. He died at Washington, March 31, 1850.

COMMODORE THOMAS MACDONOUGH.

THE name of MACDONOUGH has a charm which few great names possess. The
temptations of place and power are so many and so alluring, that but com-
paratively few find themselves able to resist them. This brave officer seems to be
among the exceptions. Not only did he keep himself free from all great vices,
but he never debauched himself with those lesser sins which the young, hot blood
is so ready to call trivial. His more graceless companions set snares for his feet, but
he was never caught. It is a pleasure heightened by its rare occurrence to
record such Spartan self-conquest, such heroic virtue ; it is the fine, pure setting to
the portrait of his gallant deeds.

In the wintry month of December, 1 783, in the county of Newcastle, and state
of Delaware, our hero first saw the light of day. It is a source of regret that the
early history of this gallant officer is lost. At the age of fifteen, he obtained a mid-
shipman's warrant in the navy. It was his fortune to lead, for some time, a life of
inglorious inaction. His character is spoken of in praise, as " a young gentleman
of great address and high promise, a favorite with both officers and men."

In the Tripoline war, Macdonough had an opportunity to test his metal, and to
give forth to the world the promise of his future prowess. When the brave Decatur

132 COMMODORE THOMAS MACDONOUGII

determined to burn the frigate Philadelphia, which had fallen into the hands of our
enemies, he selected Macdonough as one of the young gallants for that dangerous
expedition. His cool and fearless bearing in this bold and hazardous undertaking
won for him the thanks of his superiors.

While first lieutenant of the Siren, as she lay at anchor in the harbor of Gibraltar,
and during the absence of the commander, a boat, sent from a British man-of-war,
boarded an American brig, anchored near the Siren, and impressed one of its sea-
men. Manning a gig, with a greatly inferior force, he overtook the boat of the
pressgang, and acted so boldly and promptly as to overawe the officer of the boat,
and recapture the seaman who had thus unceremoniously been kidnapped. The
British captain, repairing in hot rage on board the Siren, demanded to know of
Macdonough how he dared act thus. He replied, " The man is an American sea-
man, and I Iiave only done my duty." The captain swaggered, and fumed, and
swore that he " would bring his ship alongside, and send him and his craft to the
bottom." " That you can do," was the gallant answer to this brutal threat, " but
while she swims that man you will not have." After much more fuming and
swearing, the British officer said to him, " Supposing I had been in that boat, would
you have dared to commit such an act ? " "I should have made the attempt, sir, at
all hazards," was the cool reply. " What, sir," in great rage, asked the captain, " if
I were to impress men from that brig, would you interfere ? " " You have only to
try it, sir," was the pithy answer. It is needless to say that such undaunted courage
prevented any further attempts on the brig.

From the close of the Tripolitan war until the war of 1812, although Macdonough
was actively employed, no opportunity offered itself in which his, gallantry was
called into exercise ; but, in 1814, when " the flower of Wellington's army and
the cream of Nelson's marines " were collected on the borders of the lakes, our gal-
lant sailor was ordered to Champlain to superintend the construction of a fleet to
resist the attempt of the British to gain entire mastery over the inland waters of our ;
country. Nobly did he respond to the call of patriotism in one of the most brilliant
naval contests of the whole war, in which he won one of the most decisive victories
on record. With a greatly inferior force in ships, in metal, and in men, he utterly
annihilated the English squadron, and took every sail, save one or two small gun-
boats, which escaped only because the sinking condition of many of his ships
required the assistance of every hand in the fleet.

For this splendid affair, Congress voted him honors and a thousand acres of val-
uable land. The cities of New York and Albany also voted him land, and Mac-
donough was advanced to the honors and emoluments of the rank of post captain.
His health had been gradually failing him for some years, and on the 10th of No-
vember, 1825, he died of consumption, in Middletown, Connecticut, where he had
resided since the war.

NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D.

NOAH WEBSTER was bom in West Hartford, in the State of Connecticut,
on the 16th of October, 1758. When fourteen years of age, he commenced
the study of the classics, under the instruction of the Rev. Nathan Perkins, D. D. ;
and in 1774 was admitted a member of the Freshman class in Yale College, and
graduated with reputation in 1778.

In 1781, he was admitted to the practice of the law, a profession which he had
studied in the intervals of his regular employment. While engaged in his studies,
he noted down every word whose meaning he did not distinctly understand, for the
purpose of further examination. The number of words thus noted, of which he
could find no definitions at all, or only very imperfect ones, deeply impressed upon
his mind the deficiencies of the best dictionaries then in use.

In 1783, he removed to Hartford, where he published the " First Part of a Gram-
matical Institute of the English Language." The second and third parts were pub-
lished in the years immediately following. These books, comprising a Spelling
Book, an English Grammar, and a compilation for reading, were the first books of
the kind published in the United States. In the winter of 1784-5, he published his
" Sketches of American Policy."

In 1789, Mr. Webster married a daughter of William Greenleaf, Esq., of Boston,

134 NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D

a lady of a highly-cultivated intellect, and of great elegance and grace of manner?:.
His friend Trumbull speaks of this event in one of his letters to Wolcoit, who was
then at New York, in his characteristic vein of humor. " Webster has returned?
and brought with him a very pretty wife. I wish him success ; but I doubt, in the
present decay of business in our profession, whether his profits will enable him to
keep up the style he sets out with. 1 fear he will breakfast upon Institutes, dine
upon Dissertations, and go to bed supperless."

In 1793, he removed to New York, and there established a daily paper, called the
Minerva, with which he connected a semi-weekly paper, called the Herald, names
which were afterwards changed to those of the Commercial Advertiser, and the
New York Spectator.

In 1795, he published, in vindication of Mr. Jay's treaty with Great Britain, to
which there was violent opposition, a series of papers, under the signature of Cvrtius.

In 1799, he published, in tw r o volumes octavo, his " History of Pestilential Dis-
eases." In 1802, he published his celebrated treatise on the " Rights of Neutrals; "
and the same year, historical notices of " Banking Institutions and Insurance Of-
fices." In 1798, Mr. Webster removed to New Haven.

In the preface to his " Compendious Dictionary," published in 1806, he announced
to the world that he had entered upon the great labor of his life, that of compiling a
new and complete dictionary of the English language.

Mr. Webster removed, in 1812, to Arriherst. Here he entered with his character-
istic ardor into the literary and social interests of the place ; and represented the
town at different times in the General Court of Massachusetts.

In 1822, Mr. Webster returned to New Haven. In 1823, he received the degree
of LL. D. from Yale College. In June, 1824, he sailed for Europe, with a view to.
perfect his work, by consulting literary men abroad, and by examining standard au-^
thors, to which he could not have access in this country. He spent two months at
Paris in consulting rare works in the Bibliotheqm du Roi, and then went to Eng-
land, where he remained till May, 1825. He spent several months at the University
of Cambridge, where he had free access to the public libraries.

An edition was published in 1828. This contained twelve thousand words, and
between thirty and forty thousand definitions, not found in any preceding dictiona
ry. An edition was soon after published in England. In 1841, another edition was
published in this country, containing, with those in the addenda, about eighteen
thousand additional words.

Besides his principal productions, above mentioned, there are numerous others to
be included in a complete list of his writings. Dr. Webster loved truth in all its
manifestations, whether in science or art, whether in politics and history or in mor-
als and religion. Equally remarkable was his love of virtue. In his last days, he
enjoyed the hopes of the gospel. Death took him not by surprise. When, after a
short illness, the announcement of his approaching dissolution was made to him,
" I am ready," was his simple and sublime reply. " I know in whom I have believed ;
I have no doubts, no fears." He died on the 28th of May, 1843, in the eighty-fifth
year of his age.

NOTE. The above sketch has been compiled from the Memoir of Mr. Webster prefixed to his Dic-
tionary.

ALBERT GALLATIN.

ALBERT GALLATIN was born at Geneva, January 29, 1761. He was
descended, both on the paternal and maternal side, from some of the oldest
and most distinguished families of Geneva and Switzerland. In 1779, he gradu-
ated at the university at Geneva, and the following year came to the United States,
having declined a commission in the army of one of the German sovereigns, being
then only nineteen years of age. Such was his love for a republican form of
institution, that he offered his services to our government as soon as he arrived, and
was immediately appointed to the command of a fort in Machias, Me., then a part
of Massachusetts. In 1782, he was appointed French tutor in the university at
Cambridge, but left in 1784, and removed to Virginia. Having received from Eu-
rope his patrimony, he purchased a plantation in that state, but from some cause
did not settle upon it; and in 1786, he once more changed his location, and planted
himself on the banks of the Monongahela, in Pennsylvania.

Mr. Gallatin was soon brought into public life, having been elected in 1789 a
member of the convention to amend the constitution of the State, and in the two
succeeding years a member of the legislature. In the measures suggested by him
for the resuscitation of the credit of Pennsylvania, he gave an earnest of those finan-
cial abilities which afterwards rendered him so eminent in the administration of the

136 ALBERT GALLATIN

national treasury. In 1793, he was married to Miss Hannah, daughter of Jamea
Nicholson, Esq., with whom he lived, until within a few months of his own death, in
the enjoyment of great domestic peace and happiness. The same year he was
elected a Senator of the United States. His eligibility having been assailed on
the ground that, though an American anterior to the adoption of the Constitution,
and therefore eligible to the Presidency, nine years had not elapsed since his formal
naturalization in Virginia, his seat was vacated by a strictly party vote. Immedi-
ately on the decision of the Senate being promulgated, and without his knowledge,
Mr. Gallatin was elected a member to the House of Representatives from a district
of Pennsylvania, where he did not reside, but which continued to him its confidence
during his whole congressional career.

In 1801, Mr. Jefferson called Mr. Gallatin to a seat in his cabinet, and he contin-
ued at the head of the treasury department during the whole of Mr. Jefferson's
administration. His management of the fiscal affairs of the nation at once estab-
lished his reputation as a statesman, and won the confidence of the citizens of the
United States. In 1813, he went to St. Petersburg, as one of the Envoys Extraor-
dinary to negotiate with Great Britain under the mediation of Russia ; and in 1814,
at Ghent, in connection with John Quincy Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay,
and Jonathan Russell, he signed the treaty of peace.

In 1815, Mr. Gallatin, with Mr. Adams and Mr. Clay, went to London, where
they concluded the commercial convention with Great Britain. In Paris he resided
as the Minister of the United States from 1816 to 1823, during which time he was
also employed on extraordinary missions to the Netherlands and Great Britain. In
his last mission to London, in 182728, he obtained full indemnification for the
injuries sustained by our southern fellow-citizens in the violation of the treaty of
Ghent, besides concluding three other conventions of national importance. Besides
these honors, Mr. Gallatin declined the office of Secretary of State, tendered to him
by Mr. Madison, and that of Secretary of the Navy, proffered him by Mr. Monroe.
In 1824, he also declined the nomination to the office of vice president of the
United States, offered by the democratic party.

In 1831, he was an efficient member of the Free Trade Convention, and wrote
the memorial to Congress, which embodies the views that are now the recognized
principles of the democratic party. As President of the National Bank, which
office he held from 1831 till he was succeeded in it by his son, Mr. James
Gallatin, in 1839, he gave to the other institutions of the city an illustration, in prac-
tice, of the correct principles of banking. He was among the earliest advocates
of an enlarged system of instruction, and aided largely in the establishment of the
New York University. He was, at the time of his death, President of the New
York Historical Society, and of the American Ethnological Society, an institute
which mainly owes its origin to him. Besides Mr. Gallatiirs numerous writii
on currency and other subjects connected with finance, and his official papei
which constitute no unimportant part of our national archives, he has publish*
some elaborate essays on the Indian language ; and his last intellectual effbi
were divided between his investigations of the language and civilization of the
Southern and Western tribes of this continent, and his essays against war, addressed
to tne interest as well as the moral obligations of nations.

He died at Astoria, Long Island, on the 12th of August, 1849.

PHILIP SYNG PHYSIC, M. D.

THE department of medicine abounds with great and heroic names. The deck
of a frigate, in a desperate naval engagement, or the most ensanguined field
of battle, offers no wider range for the display of all those elements which constitute
real greatness, than the sick chamber, or the amputating room of a hospital. The
surest mark of genius is self-command the power, in an emergency, as on ordi-
nary occasions, to bring into calm and efficient action all the mental and physical
energies of one's nature. To none is the occasion oftener presented for the display
of this gift than to the surgeon and physician.

If this be a true definition of greatness, the subject of this memoir is entitled to
be called a great man and a genius. PHILIP SYNG PHYSIC was born in the city oi
Philadelphia, July 7, 1768. His early education was such as most worthy and judi
cious parents, having at heart the best welfare of their child, could provide. Aftei
the usual course of study in the University of Pennsylvania, he took his degree oi
bachelor of arts in May, 1785, and immediately commenced the study of medicine,
under the tutelage of Dr. Adam Kuhn, a quite celebrated physician, and pupil of
LinnaBus. After a most thorough course of reading, and a devotion to the means
of obtaining a perfect knowledge of his profession rarely equalled, young Physic
sailed for Europe, to finish, in the best medical schools in the old, what he had so

133 PHILIP SYNG PHYSIC, M. D.

well commenced in the new world. He was particularly fortunate in the associ-
ations he here formed. Admitted to the " Royal College of Surgeons," in London,
young Physic had the rare fortune to receive the marked attentions of the celebrated
Hunter, between whom and himself a warm friendship sprung up which lasted to
the close of his life. While here, he was appointed house surgeon to St. George's
Hospital, for the usual period of one year, and, on leaving it, became an inmate of
Mr. Hunter's family. Every inducement was offered Dr. Physic to remain in Lon-
don, but he had resolved to devote his knowledge and talents to his own country-
men. Receiving his diploma from the college, and bidding his friend Hunter
farewell, in the year 1791 he took his final leave of London and went to Edin-
burgh, where, for the space of more than a year, he applied himself with the utmost
diligence in obtaining all the medical knowledge the rare facilities of the university
of that city afforded. Receiving his degree of M. D., he returned to his native coun-
try, and established himself as a physician and surgeon in Philadelphia.

Dr. Physic commenced his professional career under the most flattering circum-
stances. Possessed of uncommon mental powers by nature, set off with a fine and
commanding person, and having enjoyed the most ample opportunities for qualify-
ing himself for his duties, opportunities which he had seduously and faithfully
improved, he at once rose to eminence in his profession, and entered into a wide
and most successful practice. Kind hearted and sympathetic, he w r on the love and
confidence of his patients, while, by the pure and upright course of his life, he se-
cured the esteem and respect of his fellow-citizens.

While serving in the Bush Hill Hospital, during the prevalence of the yellow
fever, Dr. Physic received from the governor the appointment of alderman, and did
much in quelling those awful riots which were the result of this sad visitation.
On the subsidence of the disease, he removed once more to the city, and devoted
himself to the practice of his profession. In 1794, he was elected one of the sur-
geons to the Pennsylvania Hospital, and also one of the physicians to the Philadel-
phia Dispensary. While holding these offices, he contributed very largely to the
materia medica, and to the surgical knowledge and practice, of those institutions.

In 1797 99, the yellow fever once more ravaged that fated city, and Dr.
Physic was found in the front rank of those noble souls who perilled health and life
in the cause of humanity. Twice he was stricken down, and his recovery from the
last attack was slow and doubtful. In 1800, he married Miss Elizabeth Emlin, by
whom he had two sons and as many daughters. In 1801, he was appointed surgeon
extraordinary to the Philadelphia Almshouse Infirmary. In 1802, he was elected a
member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1805, he was appointed to the
chair of surgery in the university. In 1814, he suffered an attack of typhus fever,
from the effects of which he never fully recovered. In 1819, he was transferred from
the chair of surgery to that of anatomy, in the same institution. In 1821, he re-
ceived the appointment of consulting surgeon to the Institution for the Blind, and,
in 1822, he was elected president of the Phrenological Society of Philadelphia. In
1829, he was elected a member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of France. In

1836, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical So-
ciety of London. Thus, with his honors clustering around his head, he brought to
its close a long, useful, and honorable career, and died on the 15th of December,

1837, aged sixty-eight years.

ZACHARY TAYLOR.

MAJOR GENERAL TAYLOR was born in the county of Orange, in Vir-
ginia, in the year 1790. After receiving such an education as the times
permitted, General Taylor entered the army, with a commission of lieutenant in the
7th infantry, under the administration of Jefferson, in 1808. He was then eighteen
years of age. When, on the 19th of June, 1812, war was declared, Taylor, who had
previously received a captain's commission, held command of Fort Harrison, and r
with a handful of men, defended himself against the attack of a large body of Indians^
with such skill and bravery, that Madison bestowed upon him the brevet of major.

From this period until 1840, Taylor passed his life in an almost incessant warfare
with the various savage tribes in the west, where he signalized himself by repeated
acts of bravery, and by the exhibition of a sagacious forecast, which won for him the
approval of the nation. Meanwhile he had passed through the grades of lieutenant
colonel and colonel, and held at this date a brigadier general's commission.

When it became evident to the government that a war with Mexico must
speedily occur, General Taylor was ordered, with his army, to occupy a position on
the American side of the Rio Grande, with instructions not to cross the river unless
the Mexicans should make the first attack.

40 ZACHARY TAYLOR

On the 25th of July, General Taylor reached the Island of St. Joseph's, and from
thence removed to Corpus Christi, in August. From this place he sent out a party
of reconnoissance, who recommended Point Isabel as a suitable place for a depot.
Here he built Fort Brown, which lies on the Rio Grande, nearly opposite Mata*
tnoras. It was now that hostilities commenced, the Mexicans attacking Fort Brown
General Taylor heard of the dangerous position of his troops and stores at Point
Isabel, and determined to succor and relieve the place. But there was a Mexican
army between him and Point Isabel, not less than five thousand strong, ready to
dispute every inch of his way. With only two thousand one hundred men, General
Taylor determined to cut his way through to Fort Brown. This he effected in one
of the most brilliant military campaigns history has ever recorded, during which were
fought the glorious battles of Palo Alto and La Resaca de la Palma, and in which
fell so many brave and gallant men.

The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey, the sanguinary battle of
Buena Vista, and the hundred skirmishes which took place in that year under
General Taylor, form a page in history which will bear comparison with any other
that has been written. With one third, and often less, of the force of the Mexicans,
General Taylor met them on their own ground ; having to contend with all the difficul-
ties of climate, distance of home, and an army composed of a majority of men who
had never before seen a battle-field ; and always conquered. His perfect coolness,
his majestic courage, his keen sagacity, his admirable generalship, true constitu-
ents of a military hero, are apparent in camp, in council, and in the field, and
have won for him undying laurels ; while his kind and dignified demeanor ingratiat-
ed him with all his officers and soldiers. His name dwelt on every lip, his praise
rung in every ear. Every where he was received with marked demonstrations of
respect and affection. At New Orleans, the mayor, in his address to the old general,
embodied the sentiment of the American public ; for although many were loud in
their denunciations of the war, all agreed in according him the same meed of praise.
" For such achievements, General, every true American heart, from one end to the
other of the republic, is filled with gratitude and admiration. Wherever you direct
your steps, upon any spot where the star-spangled banner triumphantly expands its
folds to the breeze, you will find a nation's love to greet you ; you will have a whole
nation's spontaneous applause, extolling the splendor of your deeds, which your
modesty would in vain endeavor to weaken in your own eyes."

From the battle of Buena Vista to the close of the war, General Taylor remained
in a state of inactivity, and could only behold from a distance the triumphal march
of Scott from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico, without so much as drawing his
sword once in all these gallant exploits.

At length a peace was conquered from Mexico, and General Taylor retired to
his farm at Baton Rouge, full of honors as of years.

In 1848, General Taylor was elected to fill the presidential chair, and was inau-
gurated on the 4th of March following. He survived his inauguration but little
more than a year, when he sunk under his cares and responsibilities, and yielded up
his spirit on the 9th of July, 1850. The fatigues of the camp, the dangers and
hardships of many an ensanguined field, could not subdue the old chief; but the
intrigues of a cabinet were too much for him, and he fell a prey to the care? and
anxieties of his new and exalted condition.

JOSEPH STORY, LL.l)

distinguished jurist and excellent man was born in Marblehead, Essex
county, Massachusetts. In 1798, he was graduated at Harvard College, with
marked distinction, and studied law in the office of Judge Putnam, of Salem,
where he established himself as a lawyer. He entered early into political life,
and was sent to the General Court, for several years, a representative from the an-
cient town (now city) of Salem, and presided over that body for a length of time.
" In 1809, he was chosen a representative to Congress, to fill a vacancy in Essex
South District. He served in this body with much distinction, but declined a
reelection. In 1811, he was appointed by President Madison a judge of the Su-
preme Court of the United States." For sound legal learning, for deep, discrim-
inating sagacity, for unswerving rectitude, - those important prerequisites in a
judge, no one was his superior. " The wisdom of the selection was immediately
indicated by the distinguished ability which he displayed; and each succeeding year
added to the splendor and extent of his judicial fame. He moved with familiar
steps over every province and department of jurisprudence. All branches of the law
have been illustrated and enlarged by his learning, acuteness, and sagacity ; and of
some, he has been the creator. His immortal judgments contain copious stores of

142 JOSEPH STORY, LL.D.

ripe and sound learning, which will be of inestimable value, in all future times, alike
to the judge, the practitioner, and the student."

In 1829, he was appointed Dane Professor of Law, in the Law School of Har-
vard University, and removed from Salem to Cambridge, the seat of the college,
where he resided until his death, in September, 1845.

Both in his professorship and his office of Justice of the Supreme Court, Mr.
Story was a most diligent student and laborious writer. His extended reputation
drew multitudes from all parts of the union to the school, and to his untiring exer-
tions is to be attributed the great success of the school. " As a teacher of jurispru-
dence, he brought to the important duties of the professor's chair the most exuberant
learning, the most unwearied patience, a native delight in the great subjects which
he expounded, a copious and persuasive eloquence, and a contagious enthusiasm,
which filled his pupils with love for the law, and for the master who taught it so
well. All his teachings were illumined by the loftiest morality, and never failed to
show, that whosoever aspired to the fame of a great lawyer must be also a good
man."

Judge Story early commenced his literary career, and, amidst the cares and duties
of office, found time to dally occasionally with the muses, and to roam over the
fields of polite learning. But his great labors lay in the duties of his double office
as judge, and head of the Law School, which were most assiduously and faith-
fully discharged, and in the composition and publication of many valuable works
on questions of law and equity, not to mention addresses before various societies,
eulogies on eminent men, and contributions to some of the best literary and scien-
tific journals of the day. He was a man of whom it might eminently be said, he
had no idle hours. His life was crowded with usefulness ; he did much, and did it
well. " Whatever subject he touched," these are his own words, in reference to a
noble compeer who had just passed away from his side, " was touched with a
master's hand and spirit. He employed his eloquence to adorn his learning, and his
learning to give solid weight to his eloquence. He was always instructive and
interesting, and rarely without producing an instantaneous conviction. A lofty
ambition of excellence, that stirring spirit, which breathes the breath of heaven, and
pants for immortality, sustained his genius in its perilous course."

WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING, D. D.

THIS celebrated divine, the champion for free thought and free limbs, was born
at Newport, Rhode Island, April 7, 1778. As a boy, he was at once beautiful,
thoughtful, and amiable, conciliating all hearts, and winning the love of his friends
and teachers. He was patient as a pupil, and applied himself diligently to what-
ever task was assigned to him ; but in no way precocious or brilliant. At a very
early age, he was imbued with religious reverence, and, while a mere child, thought
r ith an unusual degree of mental vigor upon the abstruse dogmas of theology. He
was the soul of honor, and ever ready to take the part of the oppressed among his
playmates. Washington Allston, the poet-painter, describes him as " an open,
brave, and generous boy."

At the age of twelve, he was removed from the home of his childhood, and placed
in the family of an uncle, in New London, to prepare himself for college. He was
entered as freshman, in Harvard University, in 1794. His collegiate course was
marked by close application to his studies, a strict observance of all the re-
quirements of the government, and the most faultless deportment. In 1798, he
was graduated with the highest honors of his class.

After spending a couple of years as tutor in the family of David Meade Ran-

WILLIAM ELLERY CHANNING, D. D.

dolph, Esq., of Richmond, Virginia, he returned to Cambridge, with the purpose of
pursuing his studies preparatory to entering the ministry. In 1801, he was made
regent in Harvard University. The following year, having been licensed by the
" Cambridge Ministerial Association," he commenced preaching. He soon received
an invitation to settle over the Federal Street Society, in Boston, where he received
ordination on the 1st of June, 1803. He retained the office of pastor of this church
and society until his death, which occurred at Bennington, Vermont, on the 2d of
October, 1842, while on a journey for his health.

Dr. Channing's stature was small, and his appearance ever gave the beholder
the most painful convictions of an infirm constitution and a very depressed
condition of health. When he rose to speak, his voice, scarcely arising above a
tremulous whisper, caused a strong feeling of disappointment and regret ; but, as he
warmed with his theme, his form seemed to dilate, until you forgot his diminutive-
ness, and his voice rose to such a clear, sonorous note, that every vibration thrilled
you to the very soul. Few men were so eloquent as he ; but it was not the elo-
quence of the schools. The greatness of his subject, the solemnity of his mission,
the consciousness of the immeasurable worth of the human soul, and the solemn
and manly earnestness with which he sought to make it free in Christ ; these were
the elements of his subduing eloquence an eloquence which enchained the souls
of his auditors, and melted them into tenderness and humility.

Dr. Channing was an uncompromising advocate of human freedom. He sought
with all his might to take away the irons from the limbs of the enslaved, and to dis-
inthrall the human mind from the fetters of party and the debasing creeds of sects.
He was an ardent patriot, and his heart bled for every stain which fell upon the
escutcheon of his country's glory. While he abhorred war and all the glory of it,
and labored through his life for the abolition of slavery in our land, his indignation
knew no bounds towards those who sought to fetter the free-born human mind. He
had the highest reverence for the individual and independent man, and he could have
no patience with those weaklings who were ready to sell their birthright for a mere
mess of pottage, and no charity for the tyrants who were ready lordlily to usurp that
glorious prerogative of every human soul. He disdained all party bounds or bands.
When the New England church divided on what were called the Unitarian and Cal-
vinistic doctrines, he took the liberal side, only as choosing the least of two evils, and
labored while he lived to do away all sectarian names and badges, and to bring all
real and sincere believers together under the broad and catholic name of CHRISTIANS.

Dr. Channing was a man of the purest life and spirit. The sins which so easily
beset and contaminate many great and good men were shed by the immaculate
mantle of his life without leaving a trace behind " in him there was no guile." In
his presence, others, who had no very great sins to reproach themselves withal, felt
rebuked, and retired from his society with an humiliating consciousness of their n*vn
inferiority in all that constitutes " the pure in heart."

COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.

OLIVER HAZARD PERRY, the " Hero of Lake Erie," was born in Newport..
Rhode Island, in August, 1785. He was entered as midshipman in the navy
of the United States at the early age of twelve, and accompanied his squadron to
the Mediterranean during the Tripoline war, where his urbanity and quick appre-
hension of his duties secured the decided approval of his superiors.

At the beginning of the war of 1812, young Perry was ordered to the command
of a flotilla of gunboats in the harbor of New York, with the grade of lieutenant.
Disgusted with this dull and uneventful service, he was, at his own request, trans-
ferred to the lakes, and soon stationed, by Commodore Chauncey, on Lake Erie,
Here his free and active spirit had full scope, and, as commander of a squadron
which he had been instrumental in creating, he fought one of the most brilliant
naval battles on record, and won for himself a renown deathless as the name of the
inland sea whose shores echoed to the booming of his victorious cannon. For this
action Congress voted him thanks, and created him a captain in the navy.

The enemy having been driven from the lakes, Commodore Perry was ordered to
the command of the small naval force on the Potomac, to aid in the defence of the

14:6 COMMODORE OLIVER HAZARD PERRY.

capital, on which the British, under General Ross and Admiral Cockburn, were
concentrating their forces, and which resulted in its downfall.

In 1815, Commodore Perry was appointed to the command of the Java frigate,
and sailed with Decatur's squadron to the Mediterranean, for the purpose of hum-
bling the Dey of Algiers, who had taken the opportunity of our occupancy with the
war to prey upon our commerce. This mission was successfully accomplished, and
the Dey compelled to accede to such terms as our government chose to offer.

On his return to the United States, and while his ship was lying at Newport,
information was brought him of the distressing and perilous condition of a merchant-
ship lying on a reef about six miles below. It was midwinter ; but immediately
manning his boat, and cheering his men with " Come, my boys, we go to rescue the
-shipwrecked mariner," he succeeded in delivering eleven of his fellow-beings from a
most painful death. In this act there is more of manly heroism than in a hundred
battles bravely fought: those show the dauntless warrior this, the brave man!

In 1819, Commodore Perry sailed for the West Indies, under sealed orders, to take
the command of that station. For a long time those seas had been infested with
bands of lawless freebooters, who had become the terror of all navigators of those
waters, and our government had resolved to extirpate them, cost what it might. It
was a difficult and arduous service, and Perry was selected on account of his pe-
culiar fitness for the duty. But he was not permitted to justify the selection. The
yellow fever already prevailed in the fleet on his arrival, and he early fell a victim to
its ravages. His death occurred on the 23d of August, 1820. In the height of his
usefulness, and the very heyday of his existence, he was cut off, amidst the lamen-
tations of the whole country. He was buried with military honors, and every mark
of respect was paid to his memory by Congress, and many of the state legislatures.

None of our military or naval officers have received a greater share of popular
favor than the subject of this memoir. In person he was elegant and imposing,
with an easy address, which made him a favorite with all classes. His talents were
of a high order, and he had cultivated them to a large degree. Forecast was his
most prominent trait of character; and he rarely failed of success in his plans, so
carefully did he calculate beforehand its chances and mischances.

Beneath a suitable monument, erected to his memory by the legislature of Rhode
Island, his ashes repose in his native town ; and thither have flocked, and will still
flock, crowds of admiring patriots, to do homage to his memory.

DE WITT CLINTON.

THE name of DE WITT CLINTON is forever associated with progress. His endur-
ing monument is the great Erie Canal, a work, for its time, never excelled in this
country, and although, in the advance of mind, it may be destined to fall more and
more into desuetude, it will forever stand out as one of the giant creations of a
colossal mind.

This eminent statesman and politician was born in the state of New York, on the
2d of March, 1769. At the close of the revolutionary war, in 1784, he entered Co-
lumbia College as junior, and was graduated, in 1786, first scholar in his class. He
studied law in the office of Samuel Jones, and was admitted to the bar in 1789,
opening his office in the city of New York. Scarcely, however, had he commenced
the practice of his profession, when he received an appointment as private secretary
to his uncle, Governor Clinton. Thus introduced to political life, he pursued it
until death. At this time he held, also, the office of secretary to the regents of the
university, and the board of fortifications of New York.

In 1797, he was elected a member of the Assembly, from the city of New York ;
and the next year, he was sent to the state Senate. While in this office, he signal-
ized himself as a ready and forcible debater.

118 DE WITT CLINTON.

In 1802, Mr. Clinton was elected, by the legislature of New York, senator of the
United States. He held this office during two sessions, when he resigned, having
been elected to the mayoralty of New York city. While in the Senate, he gave his
support to Mr. Jefferson and his party.

Mr. Clinton continued in his office of mayor until 1815, with the exception of two
years, and, during this time, he was repeatedly sent to the Senate of his native state,
where he introduced a number of important laws, and developed his plans for inter-
nal improvement.

In 1811, he was elected lieutenant governor. While an incumbent of that office,
he ran as candidate for President of the United States, in opposition to Mr. Mad-
ison, who, however, triumphed over his opponent. This occurred at the time of
high political excitement, when the virus of party hate was most deadly ; and Mr.
Clinton shared, in common with all unsuccessful aspirants for high honors, its baleful
effects.

The character of Mr. Clinton, however, was too well established in his native
state to be easily shaken, and, in 1817, he was elected governor almost without
opposition. He was reflected in 1820. On the adoption of the new state constitu-
tion, he retired from office, but was again elected in 1824. and retained the office
until his death.

Meanwhile the great project of Mr. Clinton had been carried forward to its grand
consummation, and the autumn of 1825 witnessed the triumphant completion of
" The Great Erie Canal" and an explosion of joy through the entire length of the
land.

Mr. Clinton was the patron and friend of popular education, and of all those combi-
nations of mind which have for their object the improvement of the moral and phys-
ical condition of his fellow-men. Agriculture, commerce, internal improvements, edu-
cation, the arts and sciences, provisions for the insane, for the sick, for the blind, for
the convict, all these received a share of his attention, and found in him an advo-
cate and a friend. His was a most versatile mind, and he seemed to be at home in
whatever department of political or civil life he happened to be placed. He had a
word for all occasions, and a hand for every good work. A man of such a universal
genius must be expected to have some strong points of character, and it is not sur-
prising that he had a few vigorous and wakeful enemies, who were ever on the
watch for his faults, and ready to trumpet them forth to the world ; but he was a
man of many virtues, and rejoiced in a mighty army of friends, who knew how to
appreciate his worth while living, and to do justice to his memory now that he is
no longer in our midst.

" Such was the individual," writes the venerable President Nott, " who, during a
life so short, so changeful, and yet, withal, so fortunate, was able not only to fix
some impress of his mind on most of the institutions under which we live, but also
to grave the memorial of his being on the bosom of the earth on which we tread,
and in lines, too, so bold and so indelible that they may, and probably will, continue
legible to successive generations."

On the llth of February, 1828, while conversing with his family in his study? he
expired instantly, of a disease of the heart.

JOHN CHAKLES FREMONT.

MONGST the explorers of the new world, COLONEL FREMONT has no superior.
For all those traits essential to a successful pioneer, courage, genius, forti-
ide, perseverance, and indomitabJe heroism, we may look far before we find his
equal. Born, bred, and educated in South Carolina, we find him, at the age of seven-
teen, teaching mathematics, that he might support his widowed mother and her young-
er children. Shortly after, at the recommendation of Mr. Poinsett, then secretary of
the navy, he was joined to the expedition under direction of Nicollet, with whom he
explored the way to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.

On his return to Washington, he offered his services to the government, proposing
to penetrate the Rocky Mountains by a new route. His offer was accepted, and his
plan approved ; and in 1842, with a mere handful of men, he explored the South
Pass, one of the great highways to California and Oregon, examining with great
skill its astronomical, geological, geographical, botanical, and hygeian manifestations.
His published report of this expedition was read with vivid interest the world over,
and established the character of Fremont as a man of thorough scientific research
and bold adventure.

But Colonel Fremont was far from being satisfied. A vast tract of wilderness,
over which no white man's foot had ever roamed, lay between his recent tracks and

150 JOHN CHARLES FREMONT

the explorations of Colonel Wilkes, about the tide waters of the Columbia. So, the
following year, he set himself to the exploration of this vast tract. " He approached
the mountains by a new line, scaled their summits south of the South Pass, deflect-
ed to the Great Salt Lake, and pushed examinations right and left along his entire
course. He joined his survey to that of Colonel Wilkes, and his orders were
fulfilled. He had opened one route to the -Columbia, and he wished to find an-
other." Turning his face once more to the vast chain of mountains with whose
grand features he was now becoming familiar, with stinted supplies, and a deficient
number of men and mules, he began, at the very opening of winter, "that wonderful
expedition, filled with romance, achievement, daring, and suffering, in which he was
lost from the world nine months, traversing three thousand five hundred miles, in
sight of eternal snows, in which he explored and revealed the grand features of Alta
California, its great basin, the Sierra Nevada, the valleys of San Joaquin and Sacra-
mento, explored the fabulous Buenaventura, revealed the real El Dorado, and estab-
lished the geography of the western part of our continent."

In 1844 he was again at the capital, planning another expedition, even while he
was preparing the report of the last ; and the following year he again set out for the
Pacific, by a new route. This expedition involved him in the war with Mexico, and
owing to misunderstanding of the orders of his superiors, he was arrested for disobe-
dience and contumely, and sent back to Washington, tried by a court martial, and
stripped of his commission. The president offered to reinstate him. " I ask jus-
tice, not mercy," was his characteristic reply, and he spurned a sword he could not
wear but with dishonor.

It needed but one more line to complete the surveys he had so successfully
carried on ; and although stripped of the patronage of government, he determined to
finish his work. Mustering his band of hardy mountaineers, who gloried in him as
their leader, he commenced his march once more, through a more than Siberian
country. The terrors of that campaign can scarcely be imagined. He lost all his
men, horses, mules, provisions, and with barely the breath of life in him, he succeed-
ed in reaching a settlement, where he recruited his exhausted energies, enlisted new
men, procured a supply of mules and provisions,, and, nothing disheartened, started
forward once more on his glorious but perilous march ; penetrated the country of the
fierce and remorseless Apaches ; met, awed, or defeated savage tribes ; and in a hun-
dred days from Santa Fe, he stood on the glittering banks of the Sacramento.

Here he was among his friends once more, and they speedily reversed the decision
of the court martial, and made him " the first senator from the Golden State." It
was a tribute due to his heroism and success.

The name of Fremont " is identified forever with some of the proudest and most
grateful passages in American history. His twenty thousand miles of wilderness
explorations, in the midst of the inclemencies of nature, and the ferocities of jealous
and merciless tribes : his powers of endurance in a slender form ; his intrepid coolness
in the most appalling dangers ; his magnetic sway over enlightened and savage
men ; his vast contributions to science ; his controlling energy in the extension of
our empire ; his lofty and unsullied ambition ; his magnanimity, humanity, genius,
sufferings, and heroism ; make all lovers of progress, learning, and virtue rejoice that
Fremont's services have been rewarded by high civic honors, exhaustless wealth, and
the admiration and gratitude of mankind."

ROBERT BAIRD, D. D.

EEV. ROBERT BAIRD, one of thirteen children of a sturdy farmer of that
' name, was born near Brownsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the 6th
of October, 1798. His childhood passed, like that of all farmers' boys, in tending
cattle, raking hay, chopping wood, " riding the horse to plough," doing the chores
generally, and going to school a few weeks in winter. At fifteen he was sent to a
Latin school at Uniontown, whence, after the usual amount of homesickness and
study, he went, in the summer of 1816, to Washington College, whose Sophomore
class he joined during its last term, and graduated with a fair reputation as a
scholar. While in college he took charge of a class of colored children in a Sunday
school, where the teacher was first truly taught the rudiments of Christianity, and
which resulted in his joining the church in the latter part of his junior year.

In 1819, he entered the Theological School at Princeton, having supported him-
self after he left college by teaching. On leaving the school he once more resorted
to his favorite occupation of teaching, and took charge of an academy in Princeton,
which situation he held for nearly six years, when he overcame his great diffidence,
which had hitherto prevented his preaching, and commenced in earnest his profes-
sional career a career as honorable to himself as it has been useful to mankind.

153 ROBERT BAIRD, D. D.

In 1827, Mr. Baird became an agent of the American Bible Society, and after a
successful commencement of his mission in the United States, he was appointed as
their agent to Caraccas, in South America, but never sailed on his mission ; and the
following year accepted the appointment of General Agent of the New Jersey Mis-
sionary Society. In the spring of 1829, he was chosen the General Agent of the
American Sabbath School Union, and became a resident of the city of Philadelphia.
In the fulfilment of his duties, he travelled all over the country, from Maine to Ore-
gon, and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains.

Dr. Baird had long felt a deep interest in the religious condition of France, and at
his suggestion, a society had been formed, in 1834, called the " French Associa-
tion." As the agent of this society he sailed for Havre, and remained in Europe
three years. " The winter months he spent in Paris, promoting the objects of the
association ; writing and conducting an English service on the Sabbath, The first
summer was spent in Switzerland, and during the first year a ' History of Temper-
ance Societies' was written, which has been published in the French, Swedish,*
Dutch, German, Grecian, Danish, Finnish, and Russian languages, and scattered!
broadcast over Europe.

" In the first tour made by Dr. B. in behalf of the temperance cause, he visited
London, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Leipsic Berlin, Sweden, Frankfort j
on the Maine, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Brussels. In the winter of 1837-38, he^
made his northern tour through Europe, visiting Moscow, St. Petersburg, Berlin,;
Poland, Austria, and Germany. In the spring, he returned to America, the objects:
of the ' Association ' having been accomplished. In the mean time, the ' Foreign/
Evangelical Society' had been formed, and in August, 1839, Dr. Baird returned to<
Europe as its agent. In the winter of 183940, he was severely sick, and endured at
long confinement. The summer of 1840 was spent in another tour to the north of:
Europe. At this time, he lectured throughout Sweden, speaking two or three times*
each day in behalf of temperance."

In 1841 and 1842, he travelled extensively in this country, trying to rouse up the
people on the subject of evangelizing Europe, during which he wrote and published-
his book on " Religion in America," which has been published in the English,
French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian, Danish, Modern Greek, and Armenian
languages.

In 1846, Dr. Baird attended the World's Temperance Convention at Stockholm
as also the "Evangelical Alliance," which met at London. Thus he has crossec
the ocean ten times, and spent eight years abroad in the service of the " Foreign
Evangelical Society," and other religious institutions, travelling through almost thf
entire extent of Europe, besides visiting nearly every large town and humble hamle
of our own country.

For five years Dr. Baird has labored among his own people, writing, lecturing, anc
editing the quarterly paper which is the organ of the society. He is a man of man
ners most bland, and address most winning, and seems to have been provided by
Providence for the special work to which the race have called him, and to which he
has devoted the ripest years of his life, and the freshest vigor of his expansive andi
all-embracing benevolence.

GENERAL FRANKLIN PIERCE.

T7RANKLIN PIERCE was bom in Hillsboro', in the State of New Hampshire.
J on the 23d of November, 1804. His childhood passed under the shades of the
old trees of his rural mountain home, where he is represented as a fair, bright, blue-
eyed, curly-headed urchin, whom the neighborhood petted, and all his teachers loved.
Having passed a preparatory course at a neighboring academy, young Pierce en-
tered Bowdoin College at the early age of sixteen, in the year 1820. Having
chosen the law as a profession, he became a student in the office of Judge Wood-
bury, of Portsmouth. The last two years of Mr. Pierce's preparatory studies were
spent at the law school of Northampton, in Massachusetts, and in the office of
Judge Parker, at Amherst. In 1827, being admitted to the bar, he began the prac-
tice of his profession at Hillsboro'. Success did not at first wait on his efforts, but
in a little while he rose, and by degrees has attained the highest rank as a lawyer
and advocate. He also entered early in life into politics, and in the year 1829, at
the age of twenty-five years, he was elected to his first political public honor, as rep-
resentative from his native town to the legislature of the state. He served in that
body four years, in the two latter of which he was elected speaker by a vote of one
hundred and fifty-five, against fifty-eight for other candidates. This office he filled
to universal satisfaction, for " he was blessed," says his biographer, Hawthorne,

154 GENERAL FRANKLIN PIERCE.

" with all the natural gifts that adapted him for the post ; courtesy, firmness, quick-
ness and accuracy of judgment, and a clearness of mental perception that brought
its own regularity into the scene of confused and entangled debate ; and to these
qualities he added whatever was to be attained by laborious study of parliamentary
rules."

In 1833, Pierce was elected to Congress, and in 1837, he was chosen a member
of the United States Senate, he having barely attained the age necessary to a seat
in that body. Soon after his election to the lower branch of the United States Legis-
lature, in 1834, he married Miss Jane Means, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Appleton, a
former president of Bowdoin College, and on his election to the Senate he removed
from Hillsboro' to Concord, the capital of the state. He served through one period
of four years, and was reflected in 1841. The following year he resigned his seat,
and returned to the practice of his profession at the bar. Of his political career
while a member of this august body, it is not our intention to speak. As a public
debater he took a high stand, and showed himself diligent and capable in the busi-
ness of legislation, while his gentlemanly deportment won for him the respect of
political opponents, as well as friends.

He now devoted himself to the practice of the law, and soon gave evidence of
the high stand he was destined to occupy at the bar. A contemporary gives us the
clew to his success. " His vigilance and perseverance, omitting nothing in the prep-
aration and introduction of testimony, even to the minutest details, which can be
useful to his clients ; his watchful attention, seizing on every weak point in the oppo-
site case; his quickness and readiness; his sound and excellent judgment ; his keen
insight into character and motives ; his almost intuitive knowledge of men ; his in-
genious and powerful cross examinations ; his adroitness in turning aside trouble-
some testimony, and availing himself of every favorable point ; his quick sense of
the ridiculous ; his pathetic appeals to the feelings ; his sustained eloquence, and re-
markably energetic declamation, all mark him for a < leader.' "

In 1846, President Polk offered him the office of Attorney General, an honor
which he, however, declined. On the breaking out of the Mexican war, Mr. Pierc
was commissioned as brigadier general, and took his departure for the seat of war
on the 27th of May, 1847, where, after seeing a good deal of hard service, and mak-
ing one of a band of heroes in several hard battles where victory always rested on
the American arms, he returned to his home, where he was received with much dis-
tinction and many honors. At the present time of writing, he is the regularly-nomi-
nated candidate of the democratic party for President of the United States.

As a member of society, Franklin Pierce is a universal favorite, and by his good-
natured and unaffected urbanity ingratiates every one whose good fortune it is to
make his acquaintance. As a public speaker he is remarkably successful. A polit-
ical opponent thus speaks of him : " He is not only remarkably fluent in his elocu-
tion, but remarkably correct. He seldom miscalls or repeats a word. His style is
not overloaded with ornament, and yet he draws liberally upon the treasury of
rhetoric. His figures are often beautiful and striking, never incongruous. He is al-
ways listened to with respectful attention, if he does not always command con-
viction."

P. S. Since writing the above, General Pierce has been elected, by an almost
unprecedented majority, to the office of President of the United States.

TEGUMSEH.

aboriginal race of our country has afforded some of the finest specimens of
mental activity that can be found in man's history. Brutal and degraded as
the mass may be, from want of a generally diffused education, like all other races,
our Indians have their great men great, not only in comparison with their own,
but in comparison with all the great men of earth. Civilization has produced few
minds that exceed the mind of the " great leader of the Shawanees " in native
strength, shrewdness, and dignity, and no one better deserves a place in the history
of our great men.

TECUMSEH, a brigadier general in the British army, was born near the year 1770.
From childhood, he was distinguished for his bravery and intrigue. With real sav-
age abhorrence of the whites, whom he hated as the invaders of the ashes of his
sires, and the peace of his wigwam and hunting grounds, he spared no white man
who came within the reach of his rifle or tomahawk. For years he cherished, and
at length matured, a plan for the utter expulsion of the whites from the territory of
| his own and the neighboring tribes. In his negotiations with the chiefs of the vari-
ous tribes from the northern extremes of the lakes to the confluence of the Missis-
sippi with the gulf, he exhibited a sagacity and shrewdness, a knowledge of human

156 TECUMSEH.

nature, and a tireless perseverance, worthy the great diplomatists of the world ; and
his success was equal to his efforts.

He appears to no less advantage as a negotiator with the whites. Governor Har-
rison was often put to fault with the shrewdness of his reasoning, and could never
succeed in bringing the sturdy warrior to terms, save at the muzzle of his cannon.
At the close of a fruitless negotiation at the head-quarters of Harrison, he was told
that the matter in hand would be referred to the President. " Well," was his char-
acteristic reply, " as the great chief is to determine this matter, I hope the Great
Spirit will put sense enough into his head to comply with the demands of my tribe."
He said that it would be with great reluctance that he should make war on the
whites, but, such was his sense of the wrongs done to his brethren, that unless his
demands were complied with, he would fight it out, and he " woukl give no rest to
his feet until he had milled all the red men in a like determination"

In a civilized man, expostulating with the oppressor, who had no other claim than
the power of might to his lands, and who threatened to drive him and his brethren,
with their wives and their little ones, from the familiar and pleasant lands where
their ancestors, time out of mind, had lived and died, and which was endeared by
every traditionary event and domestic scene for a thousand years, in a Christian-
ised hero, this would be considered the height of the morally sublime, an outburst
of patriotism worthy all praise. How can it be any less so in the savage chief?
Nay, how is the dignity and patriotism of his revenge enhanced from the very fact
of his barbarism !

On another occasion, when Tecumseh had closed his speech, and was about to be
seated, he discovered that no chair had been provided for him. The defect was
soon supplied, and the officer who presented the chair observed, " General, your
father requests you to take a chair." " My father ! " exclaimed the indignant chief,
assuming his most majestic attitude, " the sun is my father, and the earth is my
mother I will repose upon her bosom;" and immediately threw himself, with inimi-
table grace, upon the ground, after the fashion of the Indians.

At length, the negotiations terminated, and appeal was had to arms. The battle
of Tippecanoe followed, and then succeeded those sanguinary fights which ended
in the battle of the Thames, where, after fighting like a lion at bay, with a fury
which he alone could assume, against the most fearful odds, and heaping a barrier
of human bodies all around him, a shot through the head laid him low with his
foes who had fallen by his hand. Thus was terminated, in the forty-fourth year of
his age, the life of as brave a warrior as ever fought for his fatherland.

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

VWTILLIAM HENRY HARRISON was born in Charles City county, Vir-
f T ginia, on the 9th of February, 1773. He was educated at Hamden Sydney
College, and immediately prepared himself for the practice of medicine. At this
time, the hostilities of the Indians, on our north-western frontier, exeited ihc attention
of our young physician, and, having received from President Washington an ensign's
commission, he joined the north-western army at the early age of nineteen. In
1792, he was promoted to a lieutenancy, and was in several actions under Wayne,
who spoke in the highest terms of his bravery and skill. For his courage and cool-
ness at the bloody battle of Miami Rapids, he was promoted to the rank of captain,
and immediately placed in command of Fort Washington. In 1797, resigning his
commission in the army, he was appointed secretary of the North-west Territory.
At the age of twenty-six, in 1799, he was elected a delegate to Congress from this
territory, where he rendered very valuable service to his constituents, and did him-
self great credit.

On the erection of Indiana into a territorial government, he was appointed its
first governor, and he held this office, by reappointment, till 1813. In addition 1o
the duties in the civil and military government of the territory, he was commissioner

158 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.

and superintendent of Indian affairs ; and, in the course of his administration, he
concluded thirteen important treaties with the different tribes. On the 7th of No-
vember, 1811, he gained over the Indians the celebrated battle of Tippecanoe, the
news of which was received throughout the country with a burst of enthusiasm.
During the last war with Great Britian, he was made commander of the north-west-
ern army of the United States, and he bore a conspicuous part in the leading events
in the campaign of 1812-13, the defence of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the
Thames. In 1814, he was appointed, in conjunction with his companions in arms,
Governor Shelby and General Cass, to treat with the Indians in the north-west, at
Greenville ; and, in the following year, he was placed at the head of a commission
to treat with various other important tribes.

" In 1816, General Harrison was elected a member of Congress from Ohio ; and,
in 1828, he was sent minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Colombia. On his
return, he took up his residence at North Bend, on the Ohio, sixteen miles below
Cincinnati, where he lived upon his farm, in comparative retirement, till he was
called by the people of the United States to preside over the country as its chief
magistrate."

Perhaps no man, since Washington, has received such an enthusiastic and spon-
taneous welcome throughout the Union as the " Hero of Tippecanoe," and certainly
no president has gone into office with so little opposition. The whig party, who
nominated him to the office of president, expected much from his administration of
the government, and the day of his inauguration was a jubilee. Alas ! how short-
sighted is man ! All the fond hopes of that proud hour were scattered speedily, like
frost-bitten leaves before the autumnal blast. In one short month, the country
resounded to deep and heartfelt lamentations, and all sections of the land bore
signs of grief. The " Hero of Tippecanoe," the idol of the millions, he in whom
his party had trusted as the savior of their principles, yielded the seals of his office
to the Conqueror of all conquerors, and departed for a wider sphere of action, and a
nobler field of enterprise.

President Harrison died at Washington city, on the 4th of April, 1841, in the
sixty-ninth year of his age,

His obsequies were of the most imposing character, and were performed by sin-
cere mourners throughout the length and breadth of the land.

President Harrison was an honest man, a brave general, a shrewd and calm di-
plomatist, a kind neighbor and friend, and a firm and consistent lover of his coun-
try. In the language of the official notice of his death by the members of his
cabinet, " his death was calm and resigned, as his life had been patriotic, useful,
and distinguished; and the last utterance of his lips expressed a fervent desire
for the perpetuity of the constitution, and the preservation of its true principles. In
death, as in life, the happiness of his country was uppermost in his thoughts."

JAMES A. BAYARD.

rp>HIS distinguished statesman was born in the city of Philadelphia, on the 28th
JL of July, 1767. Very early in life, he had the misfortune to lose his parents,
and was adopted by an uncle, who seems to have acted the part of a kind and
faithful guardian. He fitted the child for college, and, after passing the usual time,
he was graduated from Princeton College with the highest honors. He pursued the
study of the law, and, on being admitted to the bar, removed to Wilmington, in the
state of Delaware, and opened his office. No sooner had he reached the constitu-
tional age, than he was elected to Congress, and took his seat in the House of Rep-
resentatives in May, 1797. He took sides with the administration, and from this
time to his death was a firm, consistent, and devoted adherent to the principles of
the old federal party. He held his seat in the lower house of Congress until 1804,
when the legislature of Maryland elected him to the United States Senate.

In 1801, just at the close of Mr. Adams's administration, Mr. Bayard was ap-
pointed minister to France, but declined it, on the ground that he had taken such a
conspicuous part in the recent election, and had been the chief instrument in
securing the elevation of Mr. Jefferson. His letter to Mr. Adams, declining the
appointment, exhibits his patriotism and uprightness in a most favorable view.

160 JAMES A. BAYARD.

While a member of the United States Senate, he was the same efficient and
unbending friend of his country, and won for himself the sobriquet of " the high
priest of the constitution," and "the Goliah of his party." Reflected in 1811, he
was engaged in all the fierce struggles that preceded and accompanied the declara-
tion of war. He opposed the declaration as hasty and unadvised ; but, when Con-
gress had made it an act, he gave his whole strength and talents to the support of
all measures necessary to sustain it with dignity and glory to the country. He even
assisted with his own hand in the works of defence erected by the citizens of Wil-
mington, where he resided.

Hearing of the war, the Russian czar offered to mediate between England and
our own country. The offer was accepted on the part of the United States, and
the president immediately issued commissions to Messrs. Bayard and Gallatin to
proceed at once to St. Petersburg to negotiate with the emperor. After spending
six months in Russia, and hearing nothing from England, they took their departure
from St. Petersburg, over land, and reached Amsterdam, by way of Berlin, on the
4th of March, 1814. Here they learned that England declined the mediatory offices
of Russia, and that Adams, Clay, and Russell had been joined to their commission,
a.s ministers plenipotentiary to treat with England. After much delay, England
consented to treat, and met our commissioners at Ghent, where a treaty of peace
was eventually concluded and signed on the 24th of December, 1814.

In the conferences and discussions of this notable commission Mr. Bayard took
no inconsiderable part, and fully realized the high expectations which his previous
course had excited; and his shining qualities of mind marked him at once as a
diplomatist and negotiator of the highest order.

On the 7th of January, 1815, Mr. Bayard left Ghent for Paris, whither he arrived
in a few days. Here, on the 4th of March, he was seized with a fatal but lingering
and distressing disease. He hastened to London, where he was to meet the com-
missioners once more, to negotiate a treaty of commerce, but his ill health did not
permit him to take any part in their deliberations.

While here, he received intelligence of his appointment as minister to Russia,
and the ratification of the same by the Senate of the United States. But feeling
that the hand of death was upon him, and desirous of closing his eyes on earth
amidst the beloved scenes of home, he peremptorily declined the appointment.
After many vexatious delays, the ship, which was to bear him to his native shores,
at length set sail, and arrived in the Delaware on the 1st of August. He reached
his home only to receive the greetings of his beloved wife and children, and witness
their heart-breaking lamentations that his tarry with them must be so brief. His
death occurred on the 6th of August, 1815.

COMMODORE ALEXANDER CLAXTOiN, U. 8. N.

ALEXANDER CLAXTON, the subject of this memoir, was bom in the city
of Philadelphia, A. D. 1792, his father being at the time a member of the
United States Senate. The family removed, with the Executive and Congress, to
Washington, when that city became the seat of government. In 1806, young
Claxton received an appointment as midshipman in the navy, and was forthwith
ordered to the frigate Chesapeake, and was in that vessel when she was overhauled
by the Leopard. The only gun fired from the Chesapeake in the encounter was
the one at which young Claxton was stationed.

On the declaration of war in 1812, Mr. Claxton was ordered to the sloop of war
Wasp, Captain (afterwards Commodore) Jacob Jones, and was in the action which
resulted in the capture of H. B. M. sloop of war Frolic, Captain Wingates. The
gallantry of the young lieutenant was particularly commended by Captain Jones, in
his official report of the action.

The Wasp and her prize were captured by the British seventy-four Poictiers, ant)
carried into Bermuda. After the exchange of prisoners, which was soon effected,
Captain Jones and his officers were ordered to the frigate Macedonian, but being

162 COMMODORE ALEXANDER CLAXTON, U. S. N.

biockaoed in New London, the entire crew and officers were transferred to Perry's
squadron on Lake Erie.

We next hear of Lieutenant Claxton as second in command under Commodore
Porter, at the " battle of the White House," ten miles below Washington, where an
ineffectual effort was made to stop the return of the English squadron down the
Potomac, after the burning of the city of Washington.

For his gallantry in the action of the Wasp and Frolic Lieutenant Claxton was
voted the thanks of Congress, the privilege of the floor of both houses, and a silver
medal. In 1816, he was ordered to the command of the schooner Nonsuch. From
(hat time till 1839, he served in command of various vessels in different parts of the
world, always with credit to himself, benefit to our commerce, and to the entire
satisfaction of the department. On the 12th of March, 1839, he hoisted his broad
pennant on board the frigate Constitution, the flagship of the squadron then
ordered to the Pacific Ocean. He remained in command of that squadron until his
death at Talchuana, which occurred on the 8th of March, 1841, at the early age of
forty-nine years.

In private life, Commodore Claxton was most esteemed ; his frank and open
manner was a passport to all hearts, whilst his many virtues endeared him to a
host of warm and devoted friends. With those who have served under him, his
memory is cherished for the paternal care which watched over their health and
comfort ; and the oft-abused and neglected sailor holds in grateful and treasured
remembrance the many sacrifices of personal comfort which he made that they
should not suffer the consequences of their own imprudence, or become the victims
of oppression or fraud.

A fitting tribute to the memory of this gallant officer is embodied in a work enti-
tled " Old Ironsides," the author of which sailed under him. We regret that our
limits will not allow us to make any extracts.

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.

ONE of the sweetest stars that ever culminated in the firmament of song one
that has shed a holier and more hallowing light on the darkened soul of hu-
manity than almost any other of the muses' bright constellation, is the author of
" Thanatopsis." He has touched the chords of the human heart, and they have vi-
brated to the innermost of man's being, stirring up a consciousness of immortality
within him, to which he was a stranger until that deep, solemn, and heavenly music
was drawn from the " wondrous harp " of his existence, by the magic wand of the
sweet poet.

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT was born at Cummington, Connecticut, on the 3d of
November, 1794. It was the good fortune of the child to be blessed with a father
who had the sagacity to detect, and the skill and tact to encourage and train, the
manifestations of genius which exhibited themselves in young Bryant, as soon as he
could read. At five, he wrote verses that were quite respectable ; and at ten, his
poetry was given to the world, through the newspapers of his neighborhood. At
thirteen, he published a political satire called the " Embargo," which got him some
applause, and soon passed into the second edition. He was not quite sixteen when
he entered William's College in advance. Here he made rapid proficiency, and

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT.

after remaining less than two years, he asked and obtained an honorable dismission,
that he might pursue the study of the law. He first entered the office of Judge
Howe, of Worthington, and afterwards that of the Hon. William Baylies, of Bridge-
water. In 1815, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office at Plymouth.

Mr. Bryant read law faithfully, but amidst all the drudgery that falls to the lot of
a law student, and in despite the dusty, dingy, narrow, pent-up box of a lawyer's of-
fice, with its pigeon holes, and bundles tied with red tape, and bills, and writs, and
executions, and mortgages, and foreclosures, and suits, and nonsuits, he kept the
edge of fancy keen and bright, and looked out upon the green pictures of his soul,
and played the celestial harp with a touch as pure and light as before. When he
was nineteen, he published his " Thanatopsis," " Entrance to a Wood," and several
other pieces, in the " North American Review." These publications brought the au-
thor into notoriety at once, and he was requested to deliver the poem before the Phi
Beta Kappa Society of Harvard University.

Mr. Bryant removed to Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to practise his profes-
sion ; and in 1821, he married a young lady of that place. After practising law for
a number of years, he determined to remove to New York, and devote himself to
literature. In 1825, he became editor of the " New York Review," and about the
same time was associated with a number of literary gentlemen and artists in getting
up that whilom popular annual, the " Talisman," which was adorned, as was also
the " Review " of which he was editor, with some of the choicest effusions of his
pen. But the singing days of this great bird of song seem here to have ended. He-
lias left the Empyrean, and his feathers have become bedraggled in the miry high-
way of politics. His sweet voice, which of yore waked the echoes of the still
evening and the green hills, has grown hoarse with the harsh epithets of the polit-
ical arena ; for in 1827 he became one of the editors of the " New York Evening
Post," which place he still occupies, and from which some few-and-far-between
notes of the sweet olden time have come to bless the world.

We suppose that even poets cannot live by song alone, and that the offspring of
poets are liable to " all the ills which flesh is heir to ; " but it sorely grieves us to
lose from the world the sweet influences which such a man is capable of diffusing
all around him, and we devoutly hope that yet again this bird of song may plume
his wings to yet higher and nobler flights in the heaven of harmony,'and gladden
the world again with his celestial music.

BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, LL. D.

BENJAMIN SILLIMAN was born in North Strafford, now Trumbull, Con-
necticut, in the year 1779. After the regular course of preparation, he entered
Yale College very young, and graduated with honor in 1796. On leaving college,
he taught school for some time in Wethersfield ; but having fixed upon the law as
his profession, he left his school, and commenced reading Blackstone and Coke, and
after a due course of study, he was admitted to the bar in New Haven, in 1802. In
1799, he had been appointed a tutor in Yale College, and preferring that post to the
drudgery of the law, he concluded to postpone the direct labors of his profession to
another time. That time he has not yet seen, and to all human judgment never
will, as he has become so involved with the instruction of the college in the various
departments of science, that, in all probability, death alone can divorce him from his
favorite pursuits.

In 1802, Mr. Silliman was appointed professor of chemistry in the college. The
knowledge he had gleaned on this subject was without any regular instruction, and
he deemed himself hardly adequate to take so important a chair in that venerable
institution without further preparation. Accordingly he obtained permission to

166 BENJAMIN SILLTMAN, LL. D.

devote as much time as he should require to prepare himself for the discharge of the
duties of his professorship. Repairing at once to Philadelphia, he attended the
courses of lectures on chemistry regularly delivered at the university of that city for
two winters. During all this time he was busily engaged in performing the most
important experiments in his own room ; and such was his zeal that he often con-
sumed the greatest part of the night in them. Here, too, he commenced the study
of mineralogy, in which he has so distinguished himself since by his lectures and
publications on the subject. As connected with the science of chemistry, he also
attended the medical lectures of the university, and received the degree of M. D.

Returning to his Alma Mater, he entered on the discharge of the duties of the
chair to which he had been appointed in 1804, and immediately commenced the
delivery of a course of lectures in chemistry, on the conclusion of which he took his
departure for Europe, whither he proceeded as agent for the college in the procura-
tion of books and apparatus, and that he might perfect himself in the studies he
had commenced. He was abroad a little more than a year, during which he became
acquainted with and was instructed by the most distinguished professors of chemis-
try, mineralogy, and geology.

On the return of Professor Silliman, in the latter part of the year 1805, he com-
menced his instructions in the above-mentioned sciences, and has continued to fill
that honorable post up to the present day. Besides his regular duties as professor
in the college, he has given long and careful courses of public lectures on the various
sciences connected with his professorship, in most of the principal cities in the
Union, his last course being before the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, with-
in the present year.

Professor Silliman is eminently a working man. He is never idle, and while
travelling from place to place in the course of his profession, he found time to
study the manners and customs of the people among whom he was thrown, and to
give his impressions to the world in sundry well-written and interesting books. In
1810, he published " Journal of Travels in England, Holland, and Scotland ; and
Two Passages over the Atlantic in the Years 1805 and 1806 ; " and in 1820,
" Remarks on a Short Tour made between Hartford and Quebec, in the Autumn of
1818." He is also the author of several works on geology and the kindred sciences.
In 1851, he commenced the publication of the " American Journal of Science," a
work of rare merit, and which has a deserved fame on both sides of the Atlantic.
In 1851, he visited Europe again, gathering up much useful knowledge, which we
may well hope will be given to the world after it has passed through the laboratory
of his discriminating mind.

WASHINGTON IRVING.

NEW YORK city has the honor of being the birthplace of this elegant scholar
and distinguished writer, where he was born on the 3d of April, 1782. He
was the youngest son of a numerous family, and received his academic honors at
Columbia College. It was about this period that he commenced his career as a
public writer a career as honorable to himself as edifying and instructive to the
thousands of his admiring readers. His first efforts were printed in the Morning
Chronicle, under the signature of "Jonathan Oldstyle," and were a curious prophecy
of his forthcoming greatness.

In common with all other young men just out of college, Mr. Irving thought that
he must have a profession, and with the usual sagacity of such young men, chose
that one for which he was least fitted by nature. He decided on the law ; and after
reading the allotted time in the office of the celebrated Josiah Ogden Hoffman, duly
installed himself as " Counsellor at Law," and opened an office in his native city.
It is said that he was never unfortunate enough to have but one client ; and his cause
he was altogether too diffident to manage ; and so, turning over both client and
cause to one of his brethren who had less modesty, he left the profession in disgust.
and what thanks does not the world owe him! decided to pursue the mor*>

168 WASHINGTON IRVING.

flowery path of literature. In this choice Mr. Irving evinced a rare judgment
some say that he committed a happy blunder as it was to him the only sure one
to fame. He had evidence enough of his unfitness for the drudgery of official de-
tails and that he was destined to something better during the brief period of his
public life as Minister to Spain. The lion to the plough the eagle to the rearing
of chickens in a bam yard WASHINGTON IRVING to the petty duties of a public
official ! To diplomatize and negotiate is one, and a very good, thing ; to manage
the affairs of a state is another, and a higher, thing; but to pour into the living
souls of millions of his race the refreshing and strengthening waters of a benev-

o o O

olent, holy, and highly intensified intelligence, is the rare blessedness of but here
and there one of the numerous family of the children of men. Such men are the
benefactors of the race, and such in a remarkable degree is the subject of this
imperfect memoir. Much has he written, but nought that he could wish unsaid ;
for a hallowing morality clothes all his fiction, and truth his history ; and the fame
of his greatness is as pure as it is sparkling.

The versatility of Mr. Irving's pen is wonderful, and its power to create a laugh
"beneath the ribs of death," or wring a tear of genuine sympathy from the eye of
cold philosophy, all have been compelled to confess. There is, too, a freshness and
a raciness in all he writes, that smacks of nothing but his own high genius, and all-
embracing heart. Pick up a stray leaf from any of his many books, and though it
have no mark or signature to identify it, yet will you know it by the faithfully
daguerreotyped lineaments of his beautiful and harmonious mind.

But we hope and believe, that what has been is only promise of still better to
corne ; for although Mr. Irving is approaching the "sere and yellow leaf," there is
in him nothing of " the lean and slippered pantaloon ; " and we know him to be
busily engaged in tasks of literature which we predict will throw a halo of glory
around his setting sun, and fill the measure of his literary fame.

Unlike some whose charter of nobility lies in their pen, Mr. Irving is the person-
ation of his best fictions ; a true gentleman, a kind neighbor, and a consistent
Christian. May it be long before the shadows lie heavily and darkly on " Sunny
Side," that "nook as quiet and sheltered as the heart of man could desire, in
which to take refuge from the troubles and cares of the world" and the voice that
hath so often blessed our childhood, and cheered and strengthened our manhood,
solacing our saddened hearts in many of life's dark passages, yes, may it be long
Defore that pleasant voice shall be lost in the silence of the dead.

LEVI WOODBURY.

LEVI WOODBURY was born in Francistown, New Hampshire, in January.
1790. He received a solid education at the common schools of his native
town, and with a little Latin, Greek, and mathematics, acquired at a neighboring
academy, where he spent a few months, he entered Dartmouth College, in 1805, and
graduated in 1809, with a high reputation for talents and learning. During the
vacations of his collegiate course, Mr. Woodbury taught the common schools of
several of the neighboring towns with eminent success. After studying law for the
usual term of time, he was admitted to practice, and opened an office at Francis-
town, in 1812.

Mr. Woodbury applied himself very diligently to the duties of his chosen profes-
sion, and soon had the satisfaction of knowing that he was rising in character as a
member of the bar, and, before he had attained to middle life, to see himself rated
as among the foremost of his profession. This was during the exciting period of
hostilities between England and our own government, when politics ran high, and
no rnan of ordinary ability could keep aloof from the agitating and all-engrossing
questions, of the day. Mr. Woodbury was early interested in and advocated with

170 LEVI WOODBURY.

much zeal the democratic side of these questions. Previous to 1816, the whigs held
the ascendency in the state elections; but during this year, through the influence of
that most remarkable and devoted politician, Hon. Isaac Hill, democracy rose
triumphantly to the ascendant, which position it has held to the present time. On
the meeting of the legislature, in 1816, Mr. Woodbury was chosen secretary to the
Senate, and, in January following, was appointed one of the three judges of the
Superior Court. Much fault was found with this appointment, on account of the
unusual youth of the incumbent he being only twenty-six years of age; but the
manliness of his acquirements, combined with the strength of his natural gifts, showed
that a man is not to be measured by his years. He soon acquired a high legal repu-
tation, and his opinions were respected by all his brethren in the same profession.

In 1819, Judge Woodbury removed to. Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and
married Miss Clapp, of Portland. In 1823, he was elected governor of his native
state. In 1825, he was sent from Portsmouth to the legislature, and, during the
same session, was elected by that body a member of the Senate of the United
States, where he took his seat at the commencement of the session of 1825-6.

During the four years Governor Woodbury held a seat in that august body, he
took a high and dignified stand, and commanded the respect of his fellow-senators.
His duties were arduous, and were discharged with a zeal and fidelity which secured
the approval of his constituents. During this period, also, his labors in his profes-
sion, which were most arduous, and often delicate, were discharged with great
satisfaction to those who engaged his services.

In April, 1830, he was invited by President Jackson to a seat in the cabinet, He
accepted the high honor, and entered immediately on the duties of Secretary of the
Navy. On the rejection of Taney as Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Woodbury was
nominated to that office, and his nomination was confirmed by the Senate, in 1834.
He remained in this office until the close of Mr. Van Buren's administration. The
winter previous he had been elected to the United States Senate by the legislature
of New Hampshire, and took his seat in that body in 1841. Having served the
period for which he was elected with credit to himself, he retired to his New
England, where he died in 1851.

HON. DANIEL DEWEY BARNARD, LL. D.

DANIEL DEWEY BARNARD was born in Berkshire county, Massachusetts.
While he was a mere child, his father removed to Western New York, where
he worked upon the farm until he was about twelve, when, for want of something
better, his father placed him in the county clerk's office at Canandaigua. At fourteen
he became deputy clerk in the office, and at that early age often had the entire charge
of the "business of the office.

His opportunities for education had hitherto been very meagre, and manifesting a
decided turn of mind for study, he was sent to Lenox Academy, where he fitted for
college, and entered as Sophomore at Williams College, from which he graduated in
1818, honored with the delivery of the poem on that occasion.

Without pursuing any regular course of study, Mr. Barnard took out a license as
counsellor, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court. He opened his office
at Rochester, New York, in 1824, and passed immediately into an extensive practice,
being employed in the trial of causes both at home and in neighboring counties.
In 1826, he was made District Attorney for the county of Munroe, and held that office
until, in the fall of 1826, he was put in nomination for Congress, and in 1827 elected

L72 HON. DANIEL DEWEY BARNARD, LL. D.

by the republican party, in whose principles he was educated. His district included
the present Munroe and Livingston counties. The nomination and election were
unsought and unexpected by him, and his acceptance withdrew him, while yet a
young man, and lately married, from a lucrative practice in the law. He was the
youngest member of the twentieth Congress, although one of the most active and
efficient. He delivered his first speech on the celebrated " D'Auterive claims," and
which was said to be a close and logical argument against the claim.

It was about this period that the anti-masonic excitement commenced in New
York, and spread with wonderful rapidity, not over that state alone, but through all
the other states of the Union. From the first, Mr. Barnard steadily resisted this strange
and overwhelming fanaticism. No candidate opposed to this lunacy could expect
to succeed, and he accordingly lost his election, and returned to Rochester, where he
once more devoted himself to the practice of the law. At this time the " Morgan tri-
als,'' as they were significantly denominated, were proceeding, and Mr. Barnard became
counsel for the defence in a number of instances. The excitement and fatigue he
underwent undermined his health, and he determined upon a voyage over sea, as the
best means of reestablishing it ; and accordingly, in the fall of 1830, the subject of
our memoir sailed for Europe. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, and
England, and returned home in the summer of 1831. He was in Europe a little less
than five months, and was a diligent traveller and observer ; and while abroad he found
time to embody, in a series of letters, the impressions made upon him by the new
scenes and the interesting events of the period. In the autumn of 1832, Mr. Bar-
nard removed to the city of Albany, where, avoiding the more arduous duties of his
profession, his services were rendered, as counsellor and adviser, to those who de-
sired it.

In 1839, Mr. Barnard once more took his seat in the House of Representatives at
Washington, which he retained until the close of the twenty-eighth Congress, in
March, 1845. During this long period, his services were important, and rendered with
that aptness and fidelity which have ever marked all the labors of hjs life.

" As a speaker, Mr. Barnard is clear, convincing, and argumentative. He speaks
in a measured and deliberate tone, and occasionally throws out a lofty sentiment,
which shows the depth and dignity of his intellect. His manner is earnest, but at
the same time courteous and deferential to opponents. The face of Mr. Barnard is
that of a student pale, grave, and thoughtful. In stature, he is tall ; he is past the
meridian of life." In 1835, the degree of doctor of laws was conferred upon him by
Geneva College, and in 1845 the same honor was awarded him by Columbia College,
in New York.

HON. RUFUS CIIOATE.

AS an orator and close, logical reasoner, we have few men in our country who
rank higher than the Hon. RUFUS CHOATE, " the great Massachusetts lawyer/'
Indeed, we cannot well compare his characteristics as a public speaker with those of
any other man, he is sui generis. His manner is now impetuous violent, anon
soft as a woman's ; now stirring the intellect and the passions, then touching with
the sweetest pathos the seals of the heart's deeper wells, until they melt away, and
suffer all their waters of tenderness to come gushing up into your eyes while you listen.
All this is aided by a voice sometimes sweeter than any flute, and presently as
stirring as the blast of any trumpet. When he addresses a jury or a popular assem-
bly, he brings to his aid the entire anatomy of his frame, lips, eyes, arms, legs the
very garments which he wears.

Mr. Choate was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, on the 1st of October, 1799.
He entered Dartmouth College in 1815. While in college he was noted for remark-
able assiduity, and he made a corresponding progress, graduating with much eclot.
After leaving college, he was chosen tutor. Having decided to study law, he shortly
after resigned his tutorship, and entered the Law School at Cambridge. He after-

174: HON. RUFUS CHOATE.

wards studied a year with Mr. Wirt, attorney general of the United States, and
completed his studies in the office of Judge Cummins, of Salem, Massachusetts.

Mr. Choate commenced the practice of his profession in the town of Danvers, in
1824. But a considerable portion of the period between his first entry into his pro-
fession and his final removal to Boston, in 1834, was passed in Salem. " He dis-
tinguished himself," says the "Whig Review, " as an advocate. His legal argu-
ments, replete with knowledge ; conducted with admirable skill ; evincing uncommon
felicity and power in the analysis and application of evidence; blazing with the
blended fires of imagination and sensibility ; and delivered with a rapidity and
animation of manner which swept along the minds of his hearers on the torrent
of his eloquence, made him one of the most successful advocates at the Essex bar."

Mr. Choate commenced his political life in 1825, when he was chosen a member
of the House of Representatives in the General Court of Massachusetts. In 1827,
he was sent to the Senate, where he soon took a prominent part in the debates, and
the energy and sagacity which he displayed gave him a wide reputation. In 1832,
he was elected member of Congress from the Essex district. He declined a reelec-
tion, and in 1834 removed to Boston, to devote himself to his profession. He soon
took a position among the most eminent lawyers at the Suffolk bar ; and for seven
years his legal services were in continual request. In 1841, on the retirement of Mr.
Webster from the Senate, he was elected to fill his place by a large majority of the
Massachusetts legislature an honor which Massachusetts bestows on none but
men of signal ability and integrity. Since Mr. Choate resigned his seat in the
Senate, he has been exclusively devoted to his profession.

Mr. Choate is still in the prime of life, being only fifty-three, and we may well
hope that he will yet render valuable service to his country and to literature.

We will close our brief sketch of this accomplished scholar, lawyer, and states-
man, by quoting a sentence from his second speech on the tariff, exhibiting his
tendency to playfulness, whenever opportunity offers, even in his gravest speeches :

" Take the New England climate, in summer ; you would think the world was
coming to an end. Certain recent heresies on that subject may have had a natural
origin there. Cold to-day ; hot to-morrow ; mercury at eighty degrees in the morn-
ing, with wind at south-west ; and in three hours more a sea turn, wind at east, a
thick fog from the very bottom of the ocean, and a fall of forty degrees of Fahren-
heit ; now so dry as to kill all the beans in New Hampshire ; then floods carrying
off the bridges of the Penobscot and Connecticut ; snow in Portsmouth in July ; and
the next day a man and a yoke of oxen killed by lightning in Rhode Island. You
would think the world was twenty times coming to an end ! But I don't know how
it is : we go along ; the early and the latter rain falls, each in its season ; seedtime
and harvest do not fail ; the sixty days of hot, corn weather are pretty sure to be
measured out to us. The Indian summer, with its bland south-west, and mitigated
sunshine, brings all up ; and "on the twenty-fifth of November, or thereabouts, being
Thursday, three millions of grateful people, in meeting houses, or around the family
board, gfive thanks for a year of health, plenty, and happiness."

MRS. ANN H. JUDSON.

"VVTHATEVER religious opinions he may cherish, or however destitute he may
Y T be of such opinions, no man can fail to be filled with admiration at such
exhibitions of lofty self-sacrifice and magnanimous devotion to deeds of love as
present themselves in the lives of those women who, under a strong conviction of
duty, taking their lives in their hand, and leaving behind them forever the comforts
and luxuries of a Christian civilization, have gone forth to labor and die in most
ungenial climes and barbarous lands, in order that they might bring " the heathen
for an inheritance " to God.

Such was the holy self-consecration of ANN HASELTINE, the first wife of Rev,
Adoniram Judson, D. D., whose missionary labors have made him notorious through-
out the world. She was bom in Bradford, Massachusetts, on the 22d of December,
1789. Possessed of unusual personal attractions, and a buoyancy of spirits which
nothing could long depress, up to the age of seventeen she led a gay and merry life.
Of a social disposition, with a warm, strong heart beating within her bosom, she
multiplied her friendships, and formed some strong attachments. At this time, she
declares that she thought herself the happiest person on earth. " I so far surpassed
all others in gayety and mirth," she adds, " that some of my friends were apprehen-

176 MRS. ANN H. JUDSON.

sive I had but a short time to continue in my career of folly, and should be suddenly
cut off. Thus passed the last winter of my gay life."

The spring and summer of her seventeenth year, 1806, witnessed an entire change
in her life and feelings. She became thoughtful, and greatly anxious concerning her
condition. Her anxiety deepened into intense distress, and decided her to consecrate
her soul and body to a holy life. In this earnest resolve she found peace. Hers was
no half-way character, and she entered into her new life with the same hearty zeal
which had marked her worldly career. At once and forever, she renounced her gay
companions and all her youthful pursuits, joined the Orthodox church, in her native
town, in the following August, and devoted her whole being to prayer, meditation,
reading, and active works of piety. " Such was my thirst for religious knowledge,"
she says, " that I frequently spent a great part of the night in reading religious
books." " Besides the daily study of the Scripture, with Guise, Orton, and Scott
before her," says her biographer, " she perused, with deep interest, the works of
Edwards, Hopkins, Bellamy, Doddridge," etc. She took upon herself, also, the
gratuitous charge of some poor, young children ; believing, as she says, " that she
ought to do as well as feel."

On the 5th of February, 1812, in the 23d year of her age, she became the wife of
Mr. Judson, and immediately embarked for Burmah, the scene of her future labors,
in company with Mr. and Mrs. Newell, who were likewise entering upon the field
of foreign missionary enterprise. They reached Calcutta in June following, and
were immediately conducted to Serampore by the venerable Dr. Carey, that being
his home. Here their trials commenced, which ended only with her life. After
great persecution and distress, she reached her home in Burmah, the scene of her
coming trials and duties. " Adieu," she exclaims, in a letter to her friends in
America, " adieu to polished, refined, Christian society. Our lot is not cast among
you, but among pagans, among barbarians, whose tender mercies are cruel." Here,
with every conceivable discouragement to encounter, under the debilitating influ-
ences of a tropical climate, and far away from the sympathies and cooperation of
fellow- Christians, she commenced her arduous duties with the same cheerful zeal
and untiring devotion which had ever marked her career, alike unterrified by the
physical dangers and social difficulties which assailed her. Her health failing, she
returned to America for a brief period, by the way of England, in the year 1822,
and then returned to labor, and suffer, and die in the land of her adoption. In the
autumn of 1826, this devoted and Christian missionary fell asleep in Jesus, and she
and her infant child were committed to the repose of the bosom of their mother
oarth.

MRS. EMILY C. JUDSON.

THE name of " Fanny Forrester" is familiar to all the readers of our lighter lit-
erature. The playfulness of her fancy, the chaste and sparkling purity of her
wit, together with the high moral tone prevailing in all she writes, give her produc-
tions a charm that beguiles many a youthful heart, and is not without its effect
upon the frostier of her readers. Who would ever guess, while fascinated by one
of her lively and exhilarating books, that the author was one day destined to dwell
under the palm-trees of Burmah, and become a schoolmistress to the ignorant hea-
then of that tropical clime that the gay-hearted, childlike Fanny Forrester should
be, one day, the missionary wife of an old man who had already committed her two
predecessors to the " golden sands of Burmah " ! Arid yet there is, to our mind, a
moral beauty, and even grandeur, in her more recent relations which eclipses her
former glory, and excites our profoundest admiration for the high and unselfish mo-
tives which prompted her to make so large a sacrifice for so doubtful a good.

Mrs. EMILY C. JUDSON is a native of the state of New York. Her childhood
exhibited the unusual combination of a rare precocity with an amiable desire to
promote the happiness of those with whom she was associated. Very early in life,
she manifested an unusual tact in "telling stories," which she used to do to admiring

178 MRS. EMILY C. JUDSON.

groups of her companions, who were ever ready to relinquish their sports to listen to
her childish creations. A little later in life, she used to write her stories, and would
often sit up all night to complete them, and afterwards read them to her playfellows.
She also strung together verses of considerable merit. She embraced religion at an
early age, and was baptized by Rev. Mr. Dean, a missionary to China, then on a
visit to this country. At that time, she became deeply interested in the missionary
enterprise, and greatly desired to devote herself to the work of Christianizing hea-
thendom. But these impressions, as also her religious fervor, gradually wore away,
and she became fond of worldly society and enjoyments.

Being desirous of doing something towards her own maintenance and the increase
of the somewhat limited resources of her home, she became a teacher in a seminary
in Utica. While here, she determined, also, to make her pen a source of profit to
herself, at the same time it should be the channel of good things to others. At first,
her labors met with an indifferent reception from the public, and contributed but
meagrely to the increase of her means. In 1844, by a well-directed and happy
letter to the editor of the New York Mirror, she secured the good will and patronage
of the fastidious and critical editor of that paper, and was thus brought before the
reading public in the most favorable manner.

Under the sobriquet of " Fanny Forrester," she became a constant, and exceed-
ingly popular, contributor to that literary journal, and her letters, tales, and disqui-
sitions were copied into almost every newspaper in the land, and delighted and
instructed thousands upon thousands, who still, and ever will, remember her with
gratitude and delight. A vein of thoughtful tenderness, relieved with a gushing
playfulness that will not be restrained, runs through all her compositions, rendering
them a very acceptable treat to the readers of light literature.

But this pleasant career was suddenly cut short by an accidental meeting, in the
city of Philadelphia, with Mr. Judson, whose wife she became on the 2d of June,
1846, and sailed with him immediately after for the new field of labor into which
she joyfully entered.

In 1850, Mrs. Judson was called to mourn the loss of her fond and devoted hus-
band. He died on board ship, far from home, and left his wife and children almost
strangers in a heathen land. He, " the Christian hero," sleeps in his " unquiet sep-
ulchre " down in the far ocean caves ; and she remains to train his surviving chil-
dren in the way of honor and a holy life.

MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.

W INFIELD SCOTT, the son of a farmer by the name of William Scott, was
born near Petersburg, Virginia, on the 13th of June, 1786. He was the
youngest of two sons, and had three sisters. His father dying when he was a
child, his mother, with a small property, and left with five children, contrived to give
him a good education. He chose the legal profession, and was admitted to the bar
in 1806, at the age of twenty. When the war of 1812 broke out, he applied for and
received a commission of captain of artillery, and accompanied General Hull in his
inglorious campaign.

The first battle of our young hero was fought at Queenstown Heights, under
commission from Madison, as lieutentant colonel, with a force of some four hundred
men, against a British force of thirteen hundred men ; and, although defeated, such
was the desperate valor with which he held out against the overwhelming odds, that
the victory seemed rather to hover over the American than the British flag.

On being exchanged, Scott again repaired to the ground of his former exploits,
where he was engaged in several lesser actions, with success, until midsummer,
when he took Fort Erie, and fought the bloody battles of Chippewa and Lundy's
Lane, in which he exhibited a rare and mature military knowledge, and fought with
a bravery that insured success under the most fearful circumstances. In this last

180 MAJOR GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT.

action he was severely wounded, and had to be borne on a litter to Buffalo, thence
to Williamstown, and afterwards to Geneva. After recovering sufficiently, he slowly
journeyed towards Philadelphia, whither he repaired for further surgical aid. Con-
gress voted him a large gold medal, incribed with the names of " Chippewa " and
" Niagara," and bearing his likeness. The states of New York and Virginia like-
wise bestowed a similar high compliment, by votes of thanks, and by making him
valuable gifts.

After the war, General Scott served his country in several capacities, both as a
soldier and a civilian, and his name has been connected with every presidential cam-
paign since 1828. In 1841, by the death of General Macomb, he became com-
mander-in-chief of the army. Previous to this, he had been sent several times to
quell the revolts of some of our most restless tribes of Indians, and was chosen by
Jackson as the leader of the army that was to put down South Carolinian nullifica-
tion. He was also ordered to Maine, in 1839, to adjust the difficulties between that
state and the British government respecting our north-eastern boundary ; and his
mission was conducted with skill and wisdom.

The brilliant military career of General Scott in the late Mexican war not only
reflects the highest glory on his name, as the chief who planned and executed all
the movements of the American army, from the bombardment of San Juan de Ulloa
to the capture of the city of Mexico, but forms one of the most glorious military
campaigns on record. It took the world by surprise, and established forever the
chivalrous courage and military prowess of our citizen soldiery. When we consider
the fearful odds he had to encounter, and take into account the fact that he fought
the enemy on his own soil, having to contend with all the deadly influences of cli-
mate, we feel that we can confidently assert that it has no parallel in the history of
modern warfare.

We have not time to follow the hero, in detail, throughout that splendid cam-
paign. Suffice it to say, that under the walls of San Juan de Ulloa ; in the dispo-
sition made of the city and castle after their surrender ; in the orderly line of march
taken up from Vera Cruz to the capital ; in the heroic storming of Cerro Gordo ; the
capture of Jalapa ; the taking of Perote ; the occupation of Puebla ; the negotia-
tions carried on while the enemy rested a while at this latter place ; the battle of
Contreras ; the fall of San Antonia ; the bloody action of Churubusco ; the fight at
Molino del Rey ; the bombardment and storming of the almost inaccessible Chapul-
tepec ; and the final triumphant entrance into the capital of Mexico ; in all these
masterpieces of military execution, the head and hand of the commander-in-chief
are seen, and place him, at once, among the great and successful military heroes of
modern times.

General Scott was now virtually the governor of Mexico, and he became sole
director of public affairs. His position was novel and difficult in the extreme.
Alone he performed the duties of Commander-in-chief, President of the country, and
Secretary of the Treasury. In no respect did he fail, and in no respect did he come
short of the highest expectations of his government.

On the establishment of peace, General Scott returned in triumph to his home, to
receive the congratulations of his friends, and the thanks of his countrymen. At
the time of writing this article, he is the regularly-nominated candidate of the whig
party for the office of President of the United States.

LEWIS CASS.

SOME men become famous by a few brilliant actions ; others work their way tc
greatness by constant labor ; the first are the geniuses of the world, the last, it&
heroes. LEWIS CASS belongs to the latter class. He was born in the village of
Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. Receiving his education at the far-famed
academy of his native village, he followed the fortunes of his family, in 1799, to
Ohio, then the land of promise, and the extreme west, and studied law at Marietta,
in the office of the late Governor Meigs. He was admitted to the bar in 1802, and
followed his profession several years in that place. In 1806, he was sent to the
legislature of Ohio, where his unusually strong diplomatic mind began to unfold
itself. This was the period of the famous Burr conspiracy, which was believed to
have for its object the disunion of the states, and the erection, in the west, of a sep-
arate government. The Ohio River, with its numerous islands, was the rendezvous
of the conspirators, and their point of departure. The national arm could not reach
them in their hiding-place, and it was at the suggestion of Mr. Cass that the states
were empowered to act in the matter. This speedily resulted in the dispersion of
the men, and the destruction of the mad scheme of separation.

In 1807, he received the appointment of marshal of the state, which office he filled

182 LEWIS CASS.

until 1813, when he resigned it. In 1812, he was a volunteer in that famous expe-
dition against Canada, under the direction of the imbecile Hull, in which he acted
with the rank of Colonel. It is well known that he disapproved of all the weak and
timorous measures adopted at head-quarters. Though not present at the capitula-
tion, he was involved in it, and became, with the rest, a prisoner of war.

In the spring of 1813, Colonel Cass was exchanged, and immediately promoted
to the rank of brigadier general. Joining General Harrison at Seneca, he aided in
the pursuit of Proctor, and shared the victory at the Moravian Towns ; and, at the
close of the war, was charged with the military command of Michigan, over which,
in 1813, he was called to preside in the civil capacity of governor.

This was at a period when the whole western and north-western frontiers were
occupied with ungovernable hordes of savage Indians, between whom and the
United States little fraternity existed. A new mode of treatment was now to be
adopted. The rifle had done its work, and the savage was tamed into submission.
The policy of the states was now to make them, as far as possible, friends. This was
to be effected only by the most consummate negotiation. It is not often that the
warrior makes a good negotiator ; but, in the present emergency, Governor Cass was
looked to as a man possessing the necessary qualifications. Nor did he disappoint
the government. No American, perhaps, has been more extensively and success-
fully engaged in that delicate and difficult kind of diplomacy. From 1815 to 1831,
when he received the appointment of Secretary of War, under the administration
of General Jackson, he was in constant treaty with the various western Indian
tribes ; having, during that period, assisted at no less than ten councils with the red
men of the wilderness. To say that he did not sometimes fail, would be to say
that he was not human ; but to say that his conduct on these trying occasions was
marked by great skill and prudence, is only to do him justice.

In 1828, the " Historical Society of the State of Michigan " was organized, and
Governor Cass elected its first president. In the following year, he delivered the
first anniversary address, embracing the early history of that growing state. In
1830, he received from Hamilton College, in New York, the degree of LL. D.

Mr. Cass has repeatedly been called to a seat in the national councils, and has
ranked on the democratic side of the house. It is not our purpose, nor would it be
decorous, to pass an opinion on the party-political measures of living men ; that
judgment must be left to posterity. That his talents as a statesman and a lawyer
are of a high order, all must allow ; and he has left, and will leave, his mark upon
his generation, which other generations will feel and gratefully acknowledge.

WILLIAM POTTS DEWEES, M. D.

BORN in Pottsgrove, Pennsylvania, in 1776, a poor and orphan child, without
any academical instruction, WILLIAM P. DEWEES entered upon the duties of
the medical profession at Abington, about fourteen miles from Philadelphia, at the
age of twenty-one, where he speedily engrossed all the valuable practice of the
neighborhood, and soon rose to such a degree of eminence as to attract the notice
and secure the patronage of Rush, and the friendship of Weistar, Physic, and other
eminent men in his profession. At that period, the science of obstetrics was scarcely
known in this country. To this branch of his profession, Dr. Dewees gave the full
strength of his great mind. Hitherto midwifery had been only an adjunct ; he now
determined to make it a separate science ; and to him belongs the honor of first
conceiving and delivering a full course of lectures on the subject. He spared no
pains to inform himself for his work, and thus armed, and strengthened with the
holy consciousness of the need of such a work, he proceeded to his task, and deliv-
ered his course to a small body of students in his own office in Philadelphia, to
which city he had, meanwhile, removed.

About this period, Dr. Dewees married the daughter of Dr. Rogers, " of New Eng-
land," who in a few years suddenly fell a victim to acute disease. We may as

181 WILLIAM POTTS DEWEES, M. D.

well add here that, in 1802, he married, as his second wife, Miss Mary Lorrain, the
daughter of a highly respectable merchant of Philadelphia. By this union, he be-
came the father of five sons and three daughters. This lady, in whose connection
he was greatly blessed, shared his prosperity and fame, and, in the days of his gath-
ering darkness, cheered and consoled his sinking spirit to the very gate of heaven.

In the spring of 1806, he applied for, and received from the university, the degree
of M. D., that he might be fully prepared as a candidate for the new chair of obstet-
rics about to be established in the university. It was not, however, until 1810, that
an election of its occupant took place; and then there were several candidates, hav-
ing great claims. It fell to the lot of Dr. Thomas C. James, greatly to the disap-
pointment of the subject of this memoir.

In 1812, Dr. Dewees resigned his business, on account of ill health, and removed
to Philipsburgh, where he invested his property, which he entirely lost, but regained
his health. Again he repaired to the city, and once more entered upon a successful
course of practice, and commenced the publication of the result of his study and
experience. He published several volumes on the science of obstetrics, on the
" Treatment of Children," on the " Diseases peculiar to Woman," and several kin-
dred subjects. During this period, his exertions were almost herculean ; for, besides
his literary labors, he was engaged in a wide and arduous practice.

In 1825, Dr. James's health having declined, the trustees of the university elected
Dr. Dewees assistant professor with Dr. James, and, in 1834, on the retirement of
the latter gentleman from the chair, Dr. Dewees was unanimously elected his suc-
cessor. Up to this period, prosperity sat at his hearthstone, and happiness rested on
his home. But now, a change was to take place ; and the trivial circumstance of a
sprained ankle was made the turning-point. Long confinement to his house, in
consequence of this lameness, induced plethora, and in April, 1834, he was stricken
with apoplexy. By the early and unremitting care of his medical friends, he was
rescued from the grave, and, after resting from his labors, and travelling for a few
months, he returned to the duties of his office, apparently restored to health. His
hopes, and those of his friends, however, were destined to perish ; and, after many
futile attempts to rally, he resigned his office in November of the following year.
The students, on his retiring from the office, presented him with a magnificent silver
vase, with an inscription expressive of their respect and esteem. The occasion of
the presentation of this piece of plate was affecting in the extreme.

Dr. Dewees sought the restoration of his health in a change of climate, and im-
mediately embarked for Cuba. After spending the winter here, he went to Mobile,
where he resided for several years, moderately pursuing his profession. In May,
1840, he returned to Philadelphia, where, after many months of severe suffering, he
expired on the 20th of May, 1841, aged sixty-five years.

COMMODORE STEPHEiN DECATUR.

4 NOBLER or a braver man never trod the planks of a man-of-war's decks
J-\. than STEPHEN DECATUR; while his cool sagacity and clear-headedness were
fully equal to his courage. In the destruction of the frigate Philadelphia, a Tripol-
itan prize, lying in the harbor of Tripoli, and his attack upon, and capture of, the
Tripolitan gunboats, which were anchored under the very muzzles of the guns of
the Turkish batteries ; in his gallant capture of the Macedonian ; in the brave chal-
lenge he sent to the commander of the British squadron, who had cooped him up in
the River Thames, in Connecticut, to pit the two frigates United States and Macedo-
nian with any two frigates in the English fleet, (which honor, hovvever, was declined ;)
in his energetic negotiations with the Tripolitans, which resulted so gloriously to
the government under whose orders he sailed, and whose flag he went to vindicate ;
in all these leading acts of his gallant life, as well as in many of minor account,
Decatur exhibited the greatest talents for a naval leader, and wreathed for his brows
a chaplet of renown which the world shall honor, and his countrymen glory in, until

186 COMMODORE STEPHEN DECATUR.

" the sword shall be beaten into a ploughshare, and the spear into a pruning
hook."

Would that we could drop here the pen of record, and draw the veil of oblivion
over the tragic act which caused his sun to disappear in mid-heaven in darkness and
smoke. Terrible as war is, had the hero fallen amid the roar of his own victorious
cannon, mutilated, mangled, and deformed, his had been the death of fame and
glory ; but that he should have fallen by his own hand for we hold every duel-death
a case of suicide is cause for regret as deep as it is useless.

Early in the war of 1812, Decatur superseded Commodore Barron in command
of the Chesapeake. From that moment an enmity was established between
them, which time only served to acerbate, and which led to many hard words on
either side, and, in 1819, to a correspondence between them, which only precipitated
matters, and ended in a challenge. The correspondence, afterwards published, was
full of the most bitter accusations, cutting sarcasm, and biting irony, and was not
justified by the positions the writers occupied in the world.

Both gentlemen professed to reprobate duelling, yet such was their mutual hatred,
that neither would offer conciliation, although the friends of both did what was in
their power to prevent the dreadful result. On a raw, chilly morning in March,
1820, these brave men, who had fought side by side for glory and their country, met
in mortal combat on the field of Bladensburg, so famous for its unholy and bloody
sacrifices to a false honor. Even on the Aceldamaic field, efforts were renewed to
procure reconciliation, but neither would recede. Accordingly, the combatants took
their ground, and each fired at the same instant, and each received the ball of his
antagonist. Barron was very dangerously, Decatur mortally, wounded. The latter
was conveyed to Washington, where his bereaved wife remained in blessed igno-
rance of the dreadful matter until a few moments before the bleeding body of her
husband was borne to his home. Her distraction was heart rending, and the whole
city was shrouded in gloom.

" The garlands wither on your brow ;

Then boast no more your mighty deeds ;
Upon Death's purple altar now

See where the victor-victim bleeds ;
All hands must come
To the cold tomb ;
Only the actions of the just
Smell sweet and blossom in the dust." Shirley.

Commodore Decatur was born on the eastern shore of Maryland, on the 5th of
January, 1779, and was killed on the 22d of March, 1820, in the 42d year of his age.

RED JACKET.

RED JACKET, or SA-GOY-E-WA-THA, as is his Indian name, a chief of the Sen-
ecas, was, unquestionably, the most remarkable orator, excepting " the good
Logan, the white man's friend," that ever came of Indian stock. He was born about
the middle of the last century, near where the city of Buffalo now stands, and which
was the residence of the Senecas. He was of a brave but generous nature, and had
small delight in the ferocities of Indian warfare. He was sagacious and prudent,
very thoughtful, and possessed, withal, of a most determined spirit. He could nei-
ther be terrified nor cajoled into any measure. He preserved the utmost decorum
and dignity of manner at all times, until in the latter part of his life, when he fell
a victim to the accursed " fire-water," which has destroyed so many of his race. His
hut was, for years, the resort of the learned and the curious, who went thither to
hear " the old man eloquent " discourse on the traditions of his race, or on the ab-
struse sciences of philosophy or theology. His dwelling stood on a spot which was
secured' to the Seneca tribe, and called the Reservation. Here he dwelt, like a shorn
king, receiving the homage of his fallen people, those degraded braves of a de-
graded chief, thus affording another proof that civilization destroys, instead of
elevating, the savage.

188 RED JACKET.

In his better days, many were the pious, but fruitless, attempts to convert the
intractable Sa-goy-e-wa-tha to Christianity. He resisted all intercession, hurling
back the argumentum ad hominem, " Your religion does not make good men of the
whites ; what can it do more for the red man ? " In 1805, at the request of a mis-
sionary, Rev. Mr. Cram, from Massachusetts, Red Jacket and his tribe held a solemn
council on the question of their becoming Christians. After the missionary had
done speaking, Red Jacket, after solemn deliberation with his tribe for the space of
two hours, declined the proposal in one of the most masterly speeches ever delivered
into the ears of men.

Red Jacket, like some of his white brethren, could not at all understand the mys-
teries of the vicarious sacrifice how he and his tribe could, by any method of rea-
soning, in justice be made participators in the guilt of the crucifixion. In conversation
with a clergyman, who was laboring to let a little light into his benighted soul on
this abstruse subject, he observed, " Brother, if you white men murdered the Son
of the Great Spirit, as Indians we had nothing to do with it, and it is none of our
affair. If he had come to us, we would not have killed him ; we would have treated
him well. You must make amends for that crime yourselves." In concert with his
tribe, he made a formal complaint to the governor of New York on the troublesome
interference of the missionaries, and thenceforward their rights were respected.

In 1821, a man of the tribe died, as was supposed, through the influence of witch-
craft. A woman was accused, tried, and executed as the offending agent. Com-
plaint was made against Sa-goy-e-wa-tha and his chiefs, and they had their trial by
the judicial authorities of New York. Some severe remarks- were made on the
superstition of the Indians in respect to witchcraft. But Red Jacket, who was upon
the stand, with flashing eye and knitted brow, yet with a calm tone, exclaimed,
" What ! do you denounce us as fools and bigots, because we still continue to
believe that which you yourselves sedulously inculcated two centuries ago ? Your
divines have thundered this doctrine from the pulpit, your judges have pronounced
it from the bench, your courts of justice have sanctioned it with the formalities of
law ; and you would now punish our unfortunate brethren for adherence to the super-
stitions of our fathers ! Go to Salem ! Look at the records of your government,
and you will find hundreds executed for the very crime which has called forth the
sentence of condemnation upon this woman, and drawn down the arm of vengeance
upon her. What have our brothers done more than the rulers of your people have
done ? and what crime has this man committed by executing, in a summary way,
the laws of his country and the injunctions of his God ? "

The meeting between Lafayette and Red Jacket, when the former was last in the
United States, is represented as affecting in the extreme. Alluding to the time that
had passed since they met in mortal enmity on the field of deadly strife, the general
observed to him, that time had much changed them since that meeting. "Ah!"
said Red Jacket, " time has not been so severe upon you as it has upon me. It
has left to you a fresh countenance, and hair to cover your head ; while to me . . .
behold . . . ! " and taking a handkerchief from his head, with an air *of much
feeling, he showed his head, which was almost entirely bald.

On the 20th of January, 1830, at the age of eighty years, Sa-goy-e-wa-tha left
the world to join those who had gone before him to the hunting grounds of the
Spirit-land.

GOVERNOR ROBERT Y. HAYNE.

THIS eloquent orator and eminent statesman, so long and favorably known, as
such, throughout the country, was born near Charleston, South Carolina, on
the 10th of November, 1791. Mr. Hayne is an example, added to many others, of
what may be accomplished without the aid of academies and colleges. His early
education was obtained at the grammar schools in the city of Charleston ; his later
training was in the school of life, where "the clink of mind against mind" strikes
out those brighter intellectual sparks which illumine the world, and reflect glory
from the brow of genius.

At the age of seventeen, young Hayne entered the office of Langdon Cheeves, a
distinguished jurist and lawyer of South Carolina, and, after the usual course of
reading, commenced the practice of law in Charleston. On a requisition of the
general government on South Carolina for a regiment to defend the southern sea-
board, at the opening of the war of 1812, Mr. Hayne volunteered his services, and
entered the army as lieutenant, and served in various grades to the termination
of the term of his enlistment, when, having received an honorable discharge, he
returned to Charleston, and resumed the practice of his profession, in which he soon
became prominent.

190 GOVERNOR ROBERT Y. HAYNE.

Starting with no patrimony, such was the success of our youthful lawyer, that,
at the end of a few years, he found himself blessed with a competency. His
remarkable powers as an orator soon brought him into political notoriety ; and, as
early as 1814, he was elected a member of the house of the state legislature, and in
1818, he was chosen speaker of that body, an office which he filled with remarkable
dignity and promptitude for one so young. During the same session, he was ap-
pointed attorney general to the state, being but twenty-seven years of age. In 1822,
he was elected a member of the United States Senate, which office he retained for
ten years.

It was during the latter part of his second term that the nullification difficulties
arose between South Carolina and the United States, in which General Hayne took
so prominent and conspicuous a position, and which we need not here enlarge upon,
as it is fresh in the memory of all our readers. In 1832, he was elected a member of
the famous " Union and State- Rights Convention," and, as chairman of " the com-
mittee of twenty-one" he reported the " Ordinance of Nullification," which was
adopted by the convention, and filled the whole country with alarm and apprehen-
sion for the safety of the Union. He was immediately chosen governor of the state,
and, on the receipt of President Jackson's famous proclamation against the nullifiers
of South Carolina, Governor Hayne sent forth a counter proclamation, "full of
lofty defiance and determined resolution." After much angry discussion, plotting
and counterplotting, fortunately for the country those difficulties were arranged
without bloodshed or disunion. In 1834, he was elected mayor of the city of
Charleston, and, in 1837, president of the " Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati
Railroad Company," which office he held until his death, which took place at Ash-
ville, North Carolina, September 24, 1841, in the 50th year of his age.

" His abilities were of an eminently practical cast ; he was ready in resources,
clear in judgment and conception, fluent and graceful in speech, and endowed with
a persuasive eloquence which never failed to find its way to the hearts of his audi-
ence, and told with equal effect in the popular assembly and in the intelligent legis-
lature. In public life, he was pure and patriotic, and few men ever enjoyed a higher
degree of public confidence. In private life, he was distinguished for the same spot-
less integrity that marked his public career, and for those domestic and social virtues
which adorn and dignify human nature. His celebrated passage at arms, in 1830,
with the celebrated senator of Massachusetts, [Daniel Webster,] will long live
in the recollection of those who witnessed it, as one of the most gallant and in-
teresting conflicts ever fought on the field of senatorial debate, and as one in which
both of the combatants crowned themselves with laurels of eloquence, and an acces-
sion of intellectual fame, however widely opinions may have differed in awarding
the palm of victory. To the great railroad enterprise, of which he was the soul as
well as the head, he devoted himself with his characteristic zeal, energy, and ability,
sustaining it equally by his business talent and his persuasive eloquence."

ELIHU BURRITT.

ONE of the most remarkable men of the present century is the " Learned Black-
smith," who, from the scrubby boy who "blew the bellows" in an obscure
country smithy, has, by his own genius and labor, elevated himself to the very
head of the learned savans of the world as a linguist.

ELIHU BURRITT was born at New Britain, Connecticut, on the 8th of December,
1811. He labored on the farm of his father until the death of the latter, which
event occurred when Elihu was sixteen years of age, previous to which he had been
blessed with but three months' instruction at the village school. He now appren-
ticed himself to a blacksmith of the town, whom he faithfully served until he was
twenty-one. During his apprenticeship, he suffered no moment to pass in idleness.
While blowing at the forge, he was studying from some book set up conveniently

192 ELIHU BURRITT.

against the chimney ; and in this way he mastered the English and Latin grammars,
and several other elementary works. On closing his apprenticeship, he attended
school for a half year, under the tuition of a brother. In this time, he made won-
derful attainments in mathematics, Latin, French and Spanish. JTe then returned
to the anvil, and labored fourteen hours each day, to recruit his finances, that he
might gratify his thirst for knowledge by purchasing the necessary books. In the
autumn, with the vague idea that the very atmosphere of some seat of learning
would be propitious to his wishes, he went to New Haven, and, having secured
board at an obscure inn, he commenced his studies without instruction, sympathy,
or fellow-students. In the spring, he returned to New Britain, having acquired no
inconsiderable addition to his previous stock of knowledge ; and after spending some
months in several unsuccessful " experiments in living," he resolved to make a voyage
to Europe, by working his passage, that he might pursue the study of the Oriental
languages, having already mastered the Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and
German.

See our hero, then, " resolutely on foot," with his face towards Boston, the nearest
seaport, with three dollars in his wallet, and in his pocket'** an old silver watch that
wouldn't go unless it was carried," and he too poor to get it repaired, with all his
" other worldly wealth tied up in a handkerchief." On arriving at Boston, foot sore
and weary with a journey of more than one hundred miles, he found no ship to carry
him to the treasures which he sought; but hearing that he might find the means of
gratifying his thirst at the Antiquarian Library at Worcester, thither he turned his
steps. Here he studied and labored at the forge alternately, mastering the Hebrew,
Syriac, Danish, Bohemian, Celtic, and the various languages of the Sclavonic and
Scandinavian tongues, and perfecting himself in the higher mathematics, About this
time, he wrote a letter, in the Celto-Breton tongue, to the president of the " Royal
Antiquarian Society of Paris," and received, in return, a very flattering reply, accom-
panied by many valuable and interesting documents, which were priceless treasures
to our blacksmith-student.

In 1838, by invitation from Governor Everett, he went to Cambridge, received
many attentions from the literati of that ancient seat of learning, declined their
earnest solicitations to enter the college, and returned to Worcester, which he has
made his home to this day. About this time, he commenced giving public lec-
tures on various subjects, but principally on Temperance and Peace, and travelled

extensively through the country in that capacity.

In 1845, Mr. Burritt went to England, his great heart intent on propagating his
sentiments on the subject of war, and establishing a " Universal Peace League," in
which he was eminently successful. After laboring in England, Scotland, and Ire-
land for many months, he returned to the United States.

Mr. Burritt is about forty-one. His passion for knowledge is unabated, and he
still pursues his studies with undiminished vigor during the hours not occupied
at his forge, at which he daily labors from eight to twelve hours. It is said that
there is not a language, which has a written record on earth, that he has not mas-
tered ; and he has made considerable progress in deciphering some of those myste-
rious figure-writings, the key to which has long ago perished with their authors.

MARTIN VAN BUREN.

MARTIN VAN BU.REN, the eighth President of the United States, was born
at Kinderhook, New York, on the 5th of September, 1782. After acquiring
the best preparation the schools in his neighborhood afforded, he entered upon the
study of law in the office of Francis Sylvester, of Kinderhook, where he remained
about six years. Before he had completed his law studies, he discovered that the
way to celebrity lay through the mazes of politics, and that he who would success-
fully pursue it must do so without wavering or doubt. Assuming the politics of his
father, who had been a staunch supporter of Jefferson's administration, he entered
the arena at a very early age, and so won upon the confidence of his neighbors and
friends as to be appointed, before he was eighteen years of age, a delegate to a con-
vention, held for important political purposes in his native county. From that hour
to the present day he has been intimately associated with the political history of his
country, and has held the highest offices the suffrages of his fellow-citizens could
bestow.

In 1802, Mr. Van Buren, with a view to his profession, removed to New York, and
completed his studies in one of the first offices in that city, and, after obtaining a

194: MARTIN VAN BUREN.

license, he returned to Kinderhook, where he opened his office and commenced the
practice of his profession.

In 1807, he was admitted to the higher courts, and fairly entered into competition
for the honors and emoluments of the legal course ; where his skill and forensic
powers soon entitled him to rank among the foremost of his brethren. In 1808, he
was appointed surrogate of Columbia county, the first public office he held. In
1812, he was elected to the Senate of New York, where he soon distinguished him-
self as a leader of the Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters. He
was again elected to the Senate in 1816, and, during the four succeeding years, took
a prominent part in support of the great measures of internal improvement which
have reflected so much credit on the state of New York.

In the year 1821, Mr. Van Buren entered upon a wider sphere of labor, having
been elected by the legislature to the Senate of the United States, where he took his
seat in December following. During a course of nearly eight years, Mr. Van Buren
distinguished himself for his attention to business, and devotion to the great prin-
ciples of his party, and, at the end of that time, was recalled by his fellow-citizens
to preside over the councils of his native state, and on the 1st of January, 1829, he
took the oath of governor, and entered upon the discharge of his duties. He held
this office but a few weeks, for, on the elevation of Andrew Jackson to the presi-
dency, he was called to the head of his cabinet, and repaired to Washington to enter
upon his duties as Secretary of State in March of the same year.

Mr. Van Buren held the office of Secretary of State but two years, during which
time, however, some of the most important measures of foreign relations came before
his notice, and under his administration were successfully adjudicated. In the sum-
mer of 1831, he resigned his seat in the cabinet, and was immediately sent as min-
ister to the court of St. James. But, on the Senate's refusing to ratify his nomination,
lie returned to the United States; and having been put in nomination by his party
as Vice President, was elected by a large majority. Having served with much
acceptance to his friends in this secondary office, he was triumphantly elected, as
the successor of General Jackson, to the office of President, and was inaugurated
on the 4th of March, 1837. Having served the constitutional period of time, he
retired from the political arena, and has since led a comparatively quiet life.

Of Mr. Van Buren's political acts, and the character of his administration of the
affairs of the nation, it is not our province to speak. As a man, a neighbor, and
friend, few public men have attained so desirable a reputation. Amidst all the
bitter outpourings of the vials of political wrath, no stain has fallen upon the
ermine of his private character, and he still commands the personal respect of men
of all political parties.

WASHINGTON ALLSTON.

rjlHIS eminent painter, and most excellent and amiable man, was born in South
JL Carolina, in the year 1780, and was graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge,
in 1800. The year following, he embarked for Europe, and remained abroad for
eight years, studying the works of the great masters, and enjoying the friendship of
the most distinguished poets and painters of England and Italy. Among those with
whom he lived on terms of familiar intimacy were Wordsworth, Southey, and
Coleridge, each of whom enshrined in verse their affectionate remembrance of hig
genius and virtues. He had the instruction and friendship of West, Fuseli, and
Reynolds. While in Europe, he not only ingratiated every one with whom he
came in contact, but his talents and genius commanded the respect and considera-
tion of the masters of his art. A contemporary thus speaks of the genius of the
American painter :

" In painting, the genius of Allston was adapted to the creation of both the beau-
tiful and the sublime, although it may be inferred from the nature of his works that
the tendencies of his mind were to subjects of stern grandeur, and of strong, deep
feeling. His conceptions, taken from the highest departments of art, were always

196 WASHINGTON ALLSTON.

bold and original. He possessed a powerful, as well as brilliant, imagination, while
the execution of his pictures was marked by a rare combination of strength, free-
dom, and grace. As a colorist, his qualities are best described by the name applied
to him by the artists uf Itaiy, and by which aione ne was known to many mat of
the American Titian."

Among his principal works were " The Dead Man restored to Life by Elijah," " The
Angel liberating Peter from Prison," " Jacob's Dream," " Elijah in the Desert," " The
Angel Uriel in the Sun," " Saul and the Witch of Endor," " Spalatro's Vision of the
Bloody Hand," Gabriel setting the Guard of the Heavenly Host," " Anne Page and
Slender," " Beatrice," and other exquisite productions. During the last years of his
life, Mr. Allston was engaged upon a chef-d 'ceuvre called " Belshazzar's Feast," which,
most unfortunately for the honor of his name and the credit of the art, he was not
permitted to complete. Enough is accomplished, however, to show that the ripened
mind of the great artist was not marred nor weakened by any manifestation of
physical decay. It is the production of a great mind and heart.

But Mr. Allston was not only a painter ; his scholarship was more than respecta-
ble, and he cultivated the muses with considerable success. We believe that the
first utterance of his muse, through the press, was in a small volume of poems
issued in London, in 1813. Some of these were marked by a considerable degree
of talent. He has since increased his reputation as a poet by occasional contribu-
tions to the press, some of which exhibit a high order of poetic genius, and rank
him with the first class of American poets.

A few years before his death, Mr. Allston published a tale called " Monaldi ;" a
work of great power and beauty, and which gave evidence of his ability to write
" elegant prose " as well as beautiful poetry. It is full of delicate touches in its
coloring, and shows him to have been possessed of a soul keenly alive to all the
beautiful and pure in nature and in humanity. It was just such a production as might
have been predicated on acquaintance with the author, for " he was a man of pure
character and strong affections, and his daily life was, in some sort, an embodiment
of those visions of beauty which belong to the artist and the poet."

In the classic shades and the genial influences of Cambridge, Massachusetts,
where he had spent the earlier and later portions of his life, in the midst of his
labors, Washington Allston, the distinguished " painter-poet and poet-painter," bade
adieu to the scenes of earth on the 9th of July, 1843, in the sixty-fourth year of
his age.

MAJOR GENERAL JOHN E. WOOL.

MAJOR GENERAL WOOL was born at Newburgh, Orange county, New
York. When four years of age, he lost his father, and at twelve, with a
small share of education, he entered a store, in Troy, as clerk, where he remained
for six years, when " he set up for himself," and was shortly after ruined by the
conflagration of his store with all its contents. Soon after this disheartening event
he entered the office of John Russell, Esq., a celebrated lawyer in Troy, and read law
for the space of one year with great diligence. This was just before the war of
1812 with Great Britain. The expectation of this event induced young Wool to
seek an appointment in the army. His petition was answered with a captain's com-
mission in the thirteenth regiment of the United States infantry. He immediately
entered upon the duties of his office, and, after recruiting his company, joined his
regiment at Greenbush, where he continued till September, when the regiment was
ordered to the Niagara frontier. On the arrival of the regiment at Onondaga, five
companies, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Christie, were detached and
ordered to Niagara by way of Lake Ontario. Here, Captain Wool got his first
taste .of war, and exhibited the same spirit which has since so signally marked his

198 MAJOR GENERAL JOHN E. WOOL.

military career. In the skirmish in which he was engaged, although the enemy was
repulsed, several of the officers of the thirteenth were slain, and several more
wounded. Among the latter was Captain Wool, who was shot through both
thighs, though not so severely as to prevent his taking a conspicuous share in the
succeeding splendid assault on Queenstown Heights.

For his brave and admirable conduct in these affairs, he was promoted to a
major's commission, and for the same heroic conduct in the battle of Plattsburg,
he was breveted lieutenant colonel. In 1816, he was made inspector general of
division, and, in 1821, of the whole army. In 1832, the government despatched
General Wool to Europe for purposes of information connected with military sci-
ence, tactics, and improvement generally. He was selected for this mission as
having the right qualifications for the office. He sailed in the Charlemagne the
last of June, 1832. He arrived in September, and was kindly received by the then
" citizen king." He was one of his majesty's suite at a grand review of seventy
thousand men and one hundred pieces of artillery. The minister of war conferred
upon him power to visit all the military establishments of France, and directions
were every where given to receive him with the most marked civilities.

In 1836, he was despatched to the Cherokee country to superintend the removal
of the Indians ; a duty which he performed with entire satisfaction to the govern-
ment at Washington. In 1838, during the difficulties which occurred on our Cana-
dian frontier, General Wool was ordered to Maine, and instructed to reconnoitre the
whole ground in dispute.

On the commencement of the Mexican war, General Wool joined the army of
General Taylor, and accompanied that officer in all his brilliant campaigns, taking
a conspicuous part in all its active service until the army covered itself with glory
on the plains of Buena Vista. Previous to this, his duties had been arduous, and
were performed with a sound discretion and promptitude, which did great credit to
his judgment and skill. As inspector general, his was the duty of creating the
armies which were to carry victory from Corpus Christi to Buena Vista, and from
Vera Cruz to Mexico.

In 1841, he received a brigadier general's commission, and, in 1847, for his splen-
did services at Buena Vista, he was made a major general. On his return to the
United States, this hero of two wars was every where received with the honors due
to his distinguished services.

LJNDLEY MURRAY.

LINDLEY MURRAY, with whose name every American schoolboy is familiar,
as the author of " Murray's Grammar of the English Language," was born at
Swetara, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in the year 1745. A miller at first, his father
removed to the city of New York, and afterward became an enterprising merchant.
At an early age, young Lindley was sent to school at Philadelphia. His teacher in
the English department was Ebenezer Kinnersley, the friend and correspondent of
Dr. Franklin. On the removal of the family to New York, he was placed under the
instruction of a private tutor. Such was his zeal for acquiring an education, and so
closely did he apply himself to study, that his health gave way, and he was obliged
to abandon his darling project of obtaining a classical education. He entered his
father's counting room, and for a time devoted himself to the pursuits and vexa-
tions of trade, which were, however, far from being in accordance with his tastes
and disposition, notwithstanding the pains taken on the part of his father to make
his duties interesting by giving him a share in the profits of the business. But,
after all, the yoke was one of servitude, and he longed for the purer air of the school
room, and the more stimulating food of literature. His father, withal, was stern

200 LINDLEY MURRAY.

and rigid in his discipline ; and being unnecessarily punished, as he thought, for a
trivial offence, he secretly left his home, and went to Burlington, New Jersey, where
he entered himself at a boarding school, and once more resumed his favorite pur-
suits. He did not long remain here, however ; for, by an accident, his place of retreat
was discovered, and, through the friendly interference of a kind-hearted uncle of his,
he was restored to his family, and once more resumed the business he had so uncer-
emoniously given up.

Again tiring of the drudgery and routine of commerce, he persuaded his father,
after much reasoning with him on the subject, to allow him to study law, and
entered the law office of Benjamin Kissam, Esq., in whose office his fathers legal busi-
ness was transacted. He was furnished with a fine library by his father, and had
for his fellow-student the afterward celebrated John Jay. After pursuing his studies
the allotted space of time, he was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice
of his profession in the city of New York. He also married an amiable lady about
this time, with whom he lived in great harmony until his death.

Shortly after this event, business called him to England ; after the discharge of
which, finding that his health was benefited by the change, he sent for his family,
and resided there until 1771, when he returned to New York, and resumed the
practice of his profession. On the breaking out of the revolutionary war, he
retired to Islap, Long Island. At the close of the war, he returned to New York,
and once more resumed the business of his father, and purchased a beautiful estate
at Bellevue, on the North River. But his health failing, he went again to England,
and purchased a small, but beautiful, estate in Yorkshire, where his health, always
infirm, gradually failed him. His disease was of the muscles, which shrank away
and utterly refused to support his frame, until he was compelled to refrain alto-
gether from any muscular effort In 1809, he took his last ride in his carriage;
and from that time to the day of his death, sixteen years, he was confined to his
room. During this time, he composed a number of books, which were published
among them his celebrated " English Grammar," and several works of a religious
character. He bore his last, long, and painful illness with a rare Christian fortitude,
and calmly fell asleep on the 16th of February, 1826, in the eighty-first year of his
age. Both he and his wife were members of the society of Friends, and were
greatly respected and beloved by all who knew them

HENRY INMAN.

ABOUT the commencement of the nineteenth century, on the banks of the Mo-
hawk, while yet they were clothed with their aboriginal forests, was born a bright,
fair-haired boy, who, as he was the joy of his parents, was destined to become the
artist-pet of his country. This beautiful boy's name was HENRY INMAN, who, even
among those wilds, far removed from cities and from men, gave early indications of
the remarkable genius which was destined to delight the world.

Inman's father seems to have been a man of considerable intelligence, and he had
the sagacity to detect in the mind of the child the indications of early genius, as
well as the good sense to nurse it into growth. Feeling that a wider field and more
liberal means were necessary for the development of the child's talents, he removed
to the city of New York, and placed the fair-haired Henry under a competent teach-
er. The passion of the child for works of art was so great, that he spent his leisure
hours, his evenings, and his holidays in exploring the city in search of pictures and
statuary.

In those days, Jarvis, an artist of some pretension, had his rooms in Murray Street,
which were the resort of the dilettanti. In 1814, Wertmiiler's celebrated picture

202 HENRY INMAN.

of Danae was then on exhibition, and thither our youthful lover of the fine arts was
attracted. He was delighted, and on the entrance of Jarvis, such was his "reverence
for an artist," that he lifted his hat from his head and bowed as he passed. " With-
out noticing my salutation," says Inman, in speaking of this visit, " he walked rapid-
ly towards me, and, with his singular Igok of scrutiny, peered into my face. Sud-
denly he exclaimed, " By heavens ! the very head for a painter ! " The result of
this interview was " a seven years' apprenticeship " of steady and thorough training,
in which he secured the friendship of his master, and made remarkable progress in
the art divine.

In 1823, he opened a studio in Veasey Street, and occupied the first years of his
professional life with painting miniatures, vignettes, etc., in which he exhibited some-
thing of the masterstrokes which rendered his more finished pieces in after life so
famous. Among these earlier productions, " Rip Van Winkle," " The Death of
the Last of the Mohicans," and " The Death of Leatherstocking," have a fame as
enduring as that of their great producer.

Inman became a member of the " Association of Artists," in 1825, and when the
New York National Academy of Design " was established, he was chosen one of
its first vice presidents. Somewhere about 1830 he removed to a beautiful estate
near Philadelphia, which he had recently purchased, where he remained until 1834,
when he once more opened his studio in the heart of New York city. From this
time until his death, he devoted himself to the painting of portraits. So successful
was he in this department of his art, that people flocked to his studio from all parts
of the country, and from beyond sea, to secure a true " counterfeit presentment " of
themselves.

Another attraction of that studio was the frank and winning address of its master.
His rare colloquial gifts so beguiled the sitter that he forgot the penance of the
attitude, and appeared himself. This accounts or the entire absence of constraint
in all his pictures. He was an artist born, and pursued his avocation because he
loved and gloried in it.

Mr. Inman was a great worker. In the " Inman Gallery," a collection of his
paintings made after his death, there are one hundred and twenty-six pieces, mostly
portraits ; and this does not, probably, contain one half of the productions of his
pencil. Although Mr. Inman received the highest price for his pictures, he died
a poor man, having involved himself, with thousands of others, in the mad specula-
tions of 1836.

JAMES KENT, LL. D.

FTHHE name of Chancellor Kent is the pride and boast of the whole race of the
JL Knickerbockers. It forms one part of the great judicial trine Marshall,
Story, Kent which reflects so much honor on the legal history of our country.
JAMES KENT was born on the 31st of July, 1763, in what was then a part of
Dutchess county, called the precinct of Fredericksburg, now Putnam county, in the
state of New York. At the age of five, he was sent to an English school at Nor-
walk, residing with his maternal grandfather for several years. In 1773, he was
placed at a Latin school in Connecticut, and between this and entering Yale Col-
lege, in 1777, he had the aid of several instructors, under whose tutelage he made
rapid proficiency. He had scarcely become domiciliated at New Haven, when the
troubles of that stormy period broke up the college, and dispersed the students.
During the recess thus occasioned, the boy, then scarcely past sixteen, fell in with
" Blackstone's Commentaries," with which he was so much pleased that he deter-
mined to devote himself to the legal profession ; and accordingly, on leaving college
in 1781, which he did with a high reputation for scholarship, he commenced the
study of the law under the direction of Hon. Egbert Benson, then attorney general
of the state of New York, and subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court.

204 JAMES KENT, LL. D.

His natural thirst for knowledge, his great love for the profession, and his habits
of severe application could not fail to insure success, and in April, 1785, he was
admitted as attorney to the Supreme Court. During the time occupied with master-
ing the principles of his profession, he read, besides the English books on the com-
mon law, the large works of Grotius and Puffendorf, and, by way of relaxation,
many of the best writers in history, poetry, mathematics, voyages, and travels,
About this time he married, and removed to Poughkeepsie, where he opened an
' office and commenced the practice of his profession, being admitted as counsellor to
the same court in 1787.

It was at this period that he began that course of self-training, the value and
benefits of which the world has seen and experienced. Methodical in all his arrange-
ments, he divided the day into six portions. As soon as the birds commenced their
matins, he rose, and devoted the morning, until eight, to Latin, two hours to Greek,
and the remainder of the time before dinner to law ; while the afternoon was given
to French and English authors, the evening being consecrated to friendship and
recreation, for which no man had a keener zest.

Mr. Kent did not escape the entanglements of politics, but entered heartily into
the great political discussions of that exciting period, joining the federal party, and
acting with Hamilton and his compeers, who always entertained for him the utmost
respect In 1790, and again in 1792, he was elected to the state legislature. In
the following year, he removed to the city of New York, and, in December, was
appointed professor of law in Columbia College. While occupying this chair, in
ithe discharge of the duties of which he displayed those vast stores of legal lore
which be had been accumulating for years, he was honored by his college with the
degree of LL. D., and he afterwards received the- same honors from Harvard and
'Dartmouth. In 1796, he was made master in chancery, and in 1797, he was
.appointed, by Governor Jay, to a vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court. In
1800^ in connection with Mr. Justice Radcliff, he was appointed to revise the legal
code of the state, a work which these gentlemen accomplished with much ability,
[n 1804, he was made chief justice of the Supreme Court, which seat he filled most
(honorably until 1814, when he was appointed chancellor. In this high office he
'remained until 1823, when having attained the age of sixty, the constitutional limit,
,he -resigned. Being now more at leisure, he revised his lectures, and gave them to
the world, in four volumes, under the title of " Commentaries on American Law,"
a work which has become a text book. From this time until his death, he kept up
the same industrious and temperate habits which had marked his whole career,
receiving the spontaneous respect of the intelligent and virtuous in the community
in which he lived.

JAMES FENNIMORE COOPER.

IT has often been said that America has no literature. If it be meant that the
literature of our country has no claim to antiquity, that we have no long cat-
alogue of "noble authors" reaching into the dust and rubbish of the past, the
remark may be true. But if it be meant that we have no thinkers and writers who
will compare favorably with their contemporaries across the sea, then the accuracy
of the assertion becomes very questionable. Europe, doubtless, furnishes a host that
outnumbers " the small army " of those who make literature a vocation in America.
We are not of those who imagine that there is no country like our own country,
and there are no intellects like American intellects ; nor, on the other hand, can we
consent to the condemnation of what we produce, because it is homebred. There
are intellects purely American of which we are proud, and to which we are disposed
to render the tribute of our respect and admiration. Among this number is the sub-
ject of the present sketch, and we think that he will compare not unfavorably
with the "great northern wizard." His path lies through the flowery fields of
fiction, but he has, like Scott, bound his phantasms so fast by history, that one
almost forgets that he is not dealing with sober facts. Whether we sit with him on
some sunny slope, and gaze over the rich landscape his wizard wand has enchanted

JAMES FENNIMORE COOPER

from the depths of his own rich imagination ; or prowl with "Leatherstocking "
through the dusky and savage-begirt forests; or scud under bare poles over the
frightened and laboring sea; or mingle in the ensanguined fray on the slippery
decks of the " Red Rover," there is a freshness and reality about it that makes us
forget that all our sympathies are excited for ideal beings, or that we are feasting
our mental eye on painted emptiness. His writings may not have the finish of
Irving, or the severe correctness of style to be found in Scott, but there is a life-
likeness about what he has written that gushes out like some bubbling spring on
the mountain side, and sends a refreshing coolness to the lips.

We cannot say as much for his attempt at history or learned disquisition, although
he has written some very creditable books in these departments ; but as a novel
writer, we think that he stands second to none among his contemporaries.

JAMES FENNIMORE COOPER, whose family is of quite ancient descent, and main-
tained a very honorable position in the history of the country, was born at Borden-
town, New Jersey, on the 15th of September, 1789. At the age of ten, his father,
Judge Cooper, removed to his estate at Cooperstown, where the child was put under
the training of the Rev. Mr. Ellison, the rector of St. Peter's Church, Albany, where
he was fitted for college. After spending a few years in studying the classics, he
entered the navy, at still a very early age, and, during a few years of service, gave
such evidence of his fitness for a naval leader, that a commission was about to be
tendered to him, when he fell a victim to Cupid, and surrendered himself to the
bands of Hymen. After his marriage, he gave himself up to pleasure, travel, and
literature for some years, during which time he stored his mind with the rich
materials which he has since wrought into such delightful fabrics.

After various contributions to the literary journals, his first serious attempt at
novel writing came before the world under the title of " Precaution." Then came
the " Spy," and " Pioneers," and " Pilot," and a whole brood of fluttering successors,
the very enumeration of which we have no room for, each adding to the fame of
their author, as each was perused by enthusiastic and expectant readers. His last
work was published in 1849, and Mr. Cooper's mortal remains were committed to
the dust in 1851. But he still lives in the hearts of grateful millions, whose spirits
have been stirred within them by his touching pathos, and whose love of country
has been warmed into new life by the patriotism of his eloquent pen.

HON. ROBERT C. WINTHROP.

IF the prestige of high lineage be any thing worth, ROBERT C. WINTHROP may
felicitate himself on his noble descent, he being only the sixth in direct line from
" the great and good John Winthrop," " the famous governor of Massachusetts Bay."
His father was a distinguished citizen of Massachusetts, and at one time lieutenant
governor of that commonwealth. His grandfather, Wait Still Winthrop, was loaded
with the honors of office, and was, before his death, for some years Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. Next in the line of ascent comes John, the
eldest son of the patriarch whose name became so famous in the early annals of
New England. This " eldest son " was a man of high repute, and one time was
governor of the State of Connecticut.

Thus descended through a whole line of great men, the subject of our brief me-
moir came into the world, it would seem, to give the lie to the trite saying, that " the
children of wise men are generally fools," for his career, thus far, has been alike hon-
orable to the name and creditable to himself.

Robert C. Winthrop was born in Boston, on the 12th of May, 1809, and was educat-
ed at Harvard ; where, in 1828, he received his diploma, and with it one of the three

208 HON ROBERT C. WINTHROP.

highest honors awarded to his class. He studied law under the direction of Daniel
Webster, and was admitted to the bar of Boston in 1831. But law was not so much
to the taste of Mr. Winthrop as the study of government. Without any particular
political or national emergency by which to foist himself into notoriety, he entered
into public life in 1834, being then elected to the legislature of Massachusetts, and
has since continued in the public service. He was the representative of Boston in the
state legislature for six years, during the last three of which he was the speaker of the
popular branch of that body. The duties of this honorable post he discharged with
remarkable dignity and urbanity, for one so young and inexperienced in public life.
Whig in principle, he soon became a distinguished leader of that party, and has to
the present time retained the early and honorable confidence reposed in him.

His congressional career began in 1840. The resignation, in that year, of the
representative from Boston, Mr. Abbott Lawrence, led to the choice of Mr. Winthrop
by a decisive majority. He thus took his seat in the House of Representatives at the
second session of the twenty-sixth Congress. In 1841, he was reflected to Congress,
where he took a high position, both as an orator and a statesman. His gentlemanly
bearing ; the utter absence of coarseness or abuse of his antagonist, whose arguments
he undertook to answer ; the chaste and classic drapery of all he said on the floor
of the house ; the amiable and frank deportment which marked his intercourse with
society, these soon made him a favorite with his party, and commanded the entire
respect of the opposite side of the house.

A personal and private affliction compelled Mr. Winthrop to resign his seat in the
summer of 1842. His place was supplied by the Hon. Nathan Appleton, who relin-
quished it at the close of that session, to enable his friend to resume his former seat
at the commencement of the following winter ; which the latter did after an election
almost without opposition. Mr. Winthrop continued to represent the city of Boston
until, in the winter of 1851, he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the United State?
Senate occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Webster. In 1848, Mr. Winthrop was
elected to the speakership of the honorable body of which he had been a member
for six years. In this position he has manifested the same calm and sharp discrim-
ination, urbane and energetic administration of his high and difficult office, which
marked his early presidency over the " Great and General Court " of his native
commonwealth.

Mr. Winthrop is yet in the ful] tide of his popularity, and has scarcely reached his
full maturity, being only about forty-three years of age.

AD-

JUDGE HALLIBURTON.

NO man has yet taken up the pen to portray the peculiarities of an unculti-
vated, but " real cute " Yankee, one whose universal genius drives him into
all climes, and among all people, and leads him to " take up," as occasion demands,
every avocation that ingenuity can devise, from a schoolmaster down to the pedler
of tin ware and Yankee notions, who has so well and accurately performed his
task as the subject of this brief sketch. Wherever in Yankeedom " The Clock-
maker " is read, its truthfulness bating a slight tinge of caricature is seen and
gladly confessed on all hands. It is somewhat humiliating to our national pride
that such a work should be the production of a foreigner, and like Le Sage, the French-
man, who wrote the most perfect novel that Spain ever gave to the world, we
mean Gil Bias, Judge Halliburton, Nova Scotian as he is, has plucked one of the
proudest plumes from the wing of the American eagle.

JUDGE HALLIBURTON was bom about the year 1794, in Nova Scotia, and was bred
to the law. He was placed upon the bench at an early age. He was ever a keen
observer of mankind, and the sense of the ludicrous seems to have been strong within
him, if we may judge by the productions of his pen and his laughter-loving and
kindly face.

" Like many other famous literary productions, Sam Slick appears to have been

210 JUDGE HALLIBURTON.

the result of an accidental inspiration. The author was a provincial judge, and in
riding his circuit he had often encountered many peripatetic Yankees, with their
packs of small merchandise, or their wooden clocks, which it seems to be their mis-
sion to sell to the rest of the world. Being a man of keen observation and a lover
of humor, the judge amused himself, probably while stopping a night at a dull tav-
ern, by jotting down some of the odd remarks he had listened to from the pedlers he
had encountered on his road, or met in the bar rooms of public houses. These jot-
tings he sent anonymously to the editor of a weekly journal published in Halifax ;
they were printed from time to time, and their truthfulness and humor were at once
perceived and relished. They were widely copied in our own papers, and owing to
the great desire to read them, the publisher of the journal in which they first ap-
peared collected them into a volume and published them. They were soon after
published in London, at the time when the reading public was absorbed with the
Pickwick Papers, and for a while divided attention with those popular and amusing
sketches. The author, seeing what favor had been bestowed upon his careless off-
spring, no longer felt any desire to deny their parentage ; and he no sooner an-
nounced his name than he became famous at a bound. Judge Halliburton had
been many years riding his circuit and deciding the fishy disputes of the Nova
Scotians, unknown to the world ; but as the author of Sam Slick, his name became
a household word wherever the English language was spoken."

Judge Halliburton has published several other books, but none of them will com-
pare with his first careless, offhand descriptions of the Yankee pedler. His " Old
Judge " is a capital thing in its way, and does credit to his head and his heart, but
it wants the racy originality of the " Clockmaker." It consists of a series of
sketches, descriptive of ordinary life in Nova Scotia. It was published in Fraser's
Magazine, but has not since been published in book form by itself.

Judge Halliburton is still in the very prime of life, and we hope that he may
seriously give himself to the writing of a perfect history of his own province a
thing which has never been well done, and which, we are quite sure, he is the only
living Nova Scotian any way adequate to the task. " He writes with great ease, is
perfect master of a pure style, and had he turned his. thoughts to literature instead
of law, in the outset of his life, he would have occupied an eminent position in the
republic of letters. He is a native of Nova Scotia, and of Scotch parentage, and is
the first British colonist, since the independence of the United States, that has dis-
tinguished himself in literature. His peculiar humor has been most felicitously
characterized by an English journalist as the sunny side of common sense"

" Sam Slick's characteristics," says the editor of the Dollar Magazine, " are those
which the pure Yankee most prides himself upon, and although, when placed by the
side of any one live specimen of the race, he may appear like an exaggeration, yet
he is undoubtedly true to nature, and will serve to give to future generations and to
distant people an idea of one of the most marked phases in the character of the
Americanized Englishman. Our cousins over the water are in the habit of
amusing themselves with our Yankee peculiarities, as they may well do, for in us
Yankees they see themselves sublimated, after an Atlantic transmigration. The
genuine Yankee is, in fact, but a perfected John Bull, and our cousins in the " fast-
anchored isle " may behold in us their own possibilities, as clairvoyants see in their
spiritual visions the forms which they will one day wear themselves."

HENRY CLAY.

4 MERICA has produced a few men, each of whom is a tower of strength, and
-/"-L- whose memories, as they pass away, are fragrant in all the land. The subject
of this memoir is among the foremost of these few.

HENRY CLAY was the son of a respectable clergyman, and was born in Hanover
county, Virginia, on the 12th of April, 1777. When a mere child, he lost his father,
in consequence of which he received no other education than what was to be ob-
tained at the common schools of that time, which were none of the best. But his
genius and application supplied the place of means, and he soon found himself in
the ascending scale. At nineteen, we find him a student of law, and at twenty
admitted to its practice. He soon after removed to Lexington, Kentucky, where he
speedily obtained a very lucrative practice. His political career commenced soon
after, and his first public acts do credit to his nature. He enlisted himself with
much fervor in favor of the emancipation of slaves, a subject which lay near his
heart throughout his long life.

In 1803, he was elected to the legislature of Kentucky, and soon ranked with the
ablest men in that body. In 1806, he was elected to the United States Senate for
one year, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of General Adair. On

212 HENRY CLAY

eaving the Senate, he was again elected to the legislature, and, the following ses-
sion, was chosen speaker, which station he held for several successive sessions,
during which time he frequently took part in the debates which occurred in that
body.

In 1809, Mr. Clay was again chosen United States senator. Here he at once
took his position as a powerful debater and most eloquent orator. No man held
more complete mastery over the " ear of the Senate " than the " orator of Kentucky ; "
and during the time he occupied a seat in that body, he commanded the respect and
esteem of his associates.

In 1811, his term of office having expired, he was elected to the House of Rep-
resentatives, and, on taking his seat in that body, was chosen speaker by a tri-
umphant vote, a station he held until 1814. It was during this period that the
war between England and the United States occurred. Mr. Clay took the ground
that the war should be prosecuted " with an energy correspondent to the spirit of the
country." He advocated the increase of the navy and army, and all the means
necessary to carry on the war with vigor.

In 1814, Mr. Clay was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate a peace
with Great Britain ; and he and his coadjutors assembled at Ghent the following
year, and accomplished their mission. From Ghent, Mr. Clay, joined to Messrs.
Adams and Gallatin, proceeded to England, as one of a commission to treat on the
subject of a commercial intercourse between the two countries. This mission
resulted in a commercial convention, which became the basis ot all our com-
mercial intercourse with other powers, and has proved of inestimable value to the
interests of commerce throughout the world.

Returning to this country with great credit, he was again chosen to a seat in the
United States House of Representatives. He held his seat in this body until 1825,
when he was appointed Secretary of State by President Adams.

Since that time, Mr. Clay has passed nearly all his time in the national councils,
only leaving his post at the summons of the " king of terrors," and which occurred
only within a few months of the writing of this article.

During the short session of Congress in 18323, Mr. Clay originated and brought
forward his famous " Compromise measures," which reconciled the disunionists of
South Carolina to their membership in the Union, and laid, at least for a season,
that troublesome ghost of Nullification which seems to be the periodical nightmare
of the nation.

Mr. Clay has always exerted his gigantic powers of mind in favor of internal
improvements, and a liberal policy towards all those powers with whom we have
intercourse.

Mr. Clay declined the offers of a mission to Russia, and a place in the cabinet,
made him by President Madison, as also by President Monroe of a seat in his cab-
inet, and the mission to England ; and twice has he been an unsuccessful candidate
for the presidency.

SUPPLEMENT.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SUPPLEMENT.

WE have thougnt that our Biography would be quite incomplete, should
we confine ourselves to sketches of the lives of those men and women
only whose portraits have been preserved ; as there are many, especially of the
earlier actors in American history, who have left no "counterfeit presentiment"
of themselves to posterity. "We have accordingly concluded to add a Supplement
to each volume, embracing such eminent characters as come into this category.
"We believe that this will greatly add to the value of our work, and meet the
unqualified approval of our readers.

J. M. EMEKSOK & Co.

NEW YORK, Jan. 1, 1853.

INDEX TO THE SUPPLEMENT.

Page

Allen, Ethan, 217

'Bertram, William, 219

Belcher, Jonathan, 220

Benezet, Anthony, 222

Brewster, William, 225

Calvert, Leonard, 227

Carver, John, 228

Clymer, George, 230

Elliot, John, 232

Gorton, Samuel, 234

Heath, William, 236

Hooper, William, 237

Johnson, Samuel, 240

Judson, Sarah B., 242

Lewis, Francis, 246

Massasoit, 249

Oglethorpe, James, 251

Priestley, Joseph, 253

" Redman, John, 256

Tennent, William, 258

Walton, George, : 261

Williams, Roger, 263

Winthrop, John, 265

MAJOR GENERAL ETHAN ALLEN.

THIS sturdy patriot, whom British gold could not tempt, nor British prisons
subdue, the rough, but brave, uneducated, but sagacious Yankee, ~~ was born
in Salisbury, Connecticut, and, when a mere child, emigrated with his parents to
Vermont. In the famous controversy between New York and Vermont, which pre-
ceded the Revolution a few years, he became the leader of that band of fearless
spirits called " The Green Mountain Boys ; " and, although the government of New
York set a price upon his head, he not only escaped capture, but won the victory in
several skirmishes with the government troops.

When, however, the contest for American independence opened on the plains of
Lexington and Concord, forgetting all private and lesser feuds, he devoted himself
'to the cause of his country. Opportunity was not long wanting for the demonstra-
tion of his patriotism. A plan had been formed by some gentlemen in Connecticut
for surprising and reducing Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point. They communi-
cated the project to Colonel Allen, and proposed that he should take command of
the expedition. Nothing could have been more consonant to his wild and daring
spirit, and he readily embraced the proposition. Speedily collecting two hundred
and thirty of his hardy Green Mountain Boys, he marched to Castleton. Here,
unexpectedly, he met Colonel Arnold, who had been commissioned by the Massa-
chusetts committee to raise four hundred men for the same purpose. Having failed
to raise the men, Arnold joined the expedition of Allen, and they proceeded on
their way, reaching the shores of Champlain, opposite Ticonderoga, on the evening
of the 9th of May, 1775. With great difficulty boats enough were obtained to
transport eighty-three of his men at a time. These were at length landed on the
shore near the garrison ; but as the day began to dawn, it would not do to await the
coming of the rear, and Colonel Allen determined to accomplish by surprise what
he knew he could not do by force." Nor were his troops a whit behind. Stealthily,
and with the utmost caution, they crept to the gate, where a sentry snapped his gun
in the very face of Allen, and then retreated through the gate. So closely was he
followed by the brave leader of this brave band, that he could not close the gate
until they were formed inside, ready for action. Three hearty hurrahs awakened the
garrison, and the disarmed sentry pointing to the room where the commander, Cap-
tain De La Place, was still wrapped in profound slumber, Colonel Allen rushed to his
bedside, and greeted the astonished commandant with the sight of a glittering sword,
and a sudden summons to surrender the fort. " In whose authority do you make
this demand ? " inquired the astounded officer. " I demand it," replied Allen, in a
voice of thunder, " in the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress."
Seeing the folly of resistance, the fort, with all its valuable stores and munitions of
war, was instantly surrendered. Crown Point was taken the same day, and soon
after, a sloop of war falling into his hands, Allen was left complete master of the
lake and the surrounding country.

218 MAJOR GENERAL ETHAN ALLEN

In the autumn of the same year, he was sent on a mission of conciliation to the
people of Canada, with small success, we believe. While there, he met Colonel
Brown, who proposed to him an attack on Montreal. There was just enough of ro-
mance and impossibility in the mad plan to jump with his dare-devil spirit, and he
eagerly made arrangements with Brown to carry the scheme into execution. On the
night appointed, Allen was at his post, with a force of one hundred and ten men, but
the promised aid of Brown was not forthcoming. At break of day, he was attacked
with a force six times greater than his own, and, after a stubborn resistance, he sur-
rendered ; but not until after he had made good his retreat for a mile, and his force
was reduced to thirty-one men.

This ended the military career of Colonel Allen. He had been too formidable
an enemy not to be looked after with the greatest care. He was heavily ironed,
and treated with unnecessary cruelty. He was sent to England, with the com-
fortable assurance that the gallows awaited his arrival. For some reason, he was
kept in England but a short month, when he was sent to Halifax, and, after staying
here in prison from June until October, he was removed to New York. After re-
maining in easy confinement for the space of a year or more, he was exchanged, and
returned to his home, where he was received with every demonstration of joy and
respect, and was immediately commissioned as major general of the militia of the
State of Vermont. It was during this period that the British tried to bribe him to
make over Vermont to Canada a bribe which he spurned in such terms as to make
the cheeks of his corrupters tingle with shame. But the old soldier's labors were
over, and he died suddenly, at his estate in Colchester, February 13, 1789

WILLIAM BARTRAM.

WILLIAM BARTKAM, F. R. S., an eminent botanist, was born near the city
of Philadelphia, April 20, 1739. From his childhood he had a taste for ob-
serving and collecting plants, and when only eleven years of age, volunteered to ac-
company his father in one of his tours through the uninhabited parts of the Southern
States, in search of nondescript vegetable productions and fossils.

After his return to Pennsylvania, he was sent to the college of Philadelphia, where
he diligently pursued his studies until his sixteenth year, at which time he was placed
with a merchant. He soon, however, abandoned mercantile pursuits for others more
congenial to his mind. Botany and natural history were his favorite studies, and in
these he soon made great proficiency, insomuch, that in a few years his fame had
reached the continent, and spread throughout Europe.

The important discoveries he made had no sooner reached England, than he was
employed by Dr. Fothergill, and several other eminent naturalists, to make a tour of
discovery through the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Floridas, and to communicate to
them whatever was new and interesting in natural science. The result of these trav-
els, so creditable to his eminent acquirements, he afterwards published in a thick
octavo volume.

Mr. Bartram now retired to the enchanting spot, and took charge of the celebrated
gardens commenced by his father on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. To these he
devoted the whole of his attention, and year after year enriched it with valuable
plants from both hemispheres. Here he also pursued his researches into nature, and
formed, for future celebrity, the mind of the celebrated author of the American
Ornithology.

In 1792, after the junction of the two rival faculties of medicine in Philadelphia,
Mr. Bartram was unanimously elected to the chair of Botany and Natural History
in the University of Pennsylvania. This honor, however, he declined, and it was
afterwards conferred on the late eminent naturalist, Dr. B. S. Barton.

Mr. Bartram had the honor of being a member of the American Philosophical So-
ciety of Philadelphia, as well as of most of the learned and scientific societies of
Europe.

Mr. Bartram ended a life of usefulness and celebrity, and quietly sunk into the
arms of death, at his favorite retreat on the banks of the Schuylkill, July, 22, 1823,
at the advanced age of eighty-five years.

Besides " Travels through the Carolinas, Georgia, and the Floridas," Mr. Bartram
published a " Table of American Ornithology," " Tracts and Observations on Natural
History, and newly discovered Plants ;" besides numerous communications to the
American Philosophical Society, which have been published in their " Transactions."

The manuscripts and correspondence of the father and son, if published, would
form a curious and interesting volume ; and we sincerely hope, for the cause of sci-
ence, their labors will ere long be given to the world by some lover of science.

JONATHAN BELCHER.

JONATHAN BELCHER, Governor of Massachusetts and New Jersey, was the
son of the Honorable Andrew Belcher, of Cambridge, one of his majesty's
Council in the province of Massachusetts Bay, and was born about the year 1618.
His father took peculiar care in regard to the education of this son, on whom the
hopes of the family were fixed. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1699.
While a member of this institution, his open and pleasant conversation, joined with
his manly and generous conduct, conciliated the esteem of all his acquaintance. Not
long after the termination of his collegiate course, he visited Europe, that he might
enrich his mind by his observations upon the various manners and characters of men,
,md might return furnished with that useful knowledge which is gained by intercourse
with the world.

During an absence of six years from his native country, he was preserved from
hose follies into which inexperienced youth are frequently drawn, and he even main-
rained a constant regard to that holy religion of which he had early made a profes-
sion. He was everywhere treated with the greatest respect. The acquaintance which
:ie formed with the Princess Sophia and her son, afterwards King George II., laid
rhe foundation of his future honors. After his return from his travels, he lived in
Boston in the character of a merchant with great reputation. He was chosen a mem-
ber of the Council, and the General Assembly sent him as an agent of the province
'to the British Court in tha year 1729.

After the death of Governor Burnet, he was appointed by his majesty to the gov-
ernment of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in 1T30. In this station he continued
eleven years. His style of living was elegant and splendid, and he was distinguished
tor hospitality. By the depreciation of the currency his salary was much diminished
in value, but he disdained any unwarrantable means of enriching himself, though ap-
parently just, and sanctioned by his predecessors in office. He had been one of the
principal merchants of New England, but he quitted his business on his accession to
the chair of the first magistrate. Having a high sense of the dignity of his commis-
sion, he was determined to support it even at the expense of his private fortune.
Frank and sincere, he was extremely liberal in his censures both in conversation and
letters. This imprudence in a public officer gained him enemies, who were deter-
mined on revenge. He also assumed some authority, which had not been exercised
before, though he did not exceed his commission. These causes of complaint, together
with a controversy respecting a fixed salary, which had been transmitted to him from
his predecessors, and his opposition to the Land Bank Company, finally occasioned
his removal. His enemies were so inveterate and so regardless of justice and truth,
that as they were unable to find real grounds for impeaching his integrity, they
forged letters for the purpose of his ruin. On being superseded, he repaired to court,
where he vindicated his character and conduct, and exposed the base designs of his
enemies. He was restored to the royal favor, and was promised the first vacant gov-

JONATHAN BELCHER. 221

eminent in America. This vacancy occurred in the province of New Jersey, where
he arrived in 1747, and where he spent the remaining years of his life. In this prov-
ince his memory has been held in deserved respect.

When he first arrived in this province, he found it in the utmost confusion by
tumults and riotous disorders., which had for some time prevailed. This circum-
stance, joined to the unhappy controversy between the two branches of the legisla-
ture, rendered the first part of his administration peculiarly difficult ; but by his firm
arid prudent measures he surmounted the difficulties of his situation. He steadily pur-
sued the interests of the province, endeavoring to distinguish and promote men of
worth without partiality. He enlarged the charter of Princeton College, and was its
chief patron and benefactor. Even under the growing infirmities of age, he applied
himself, with his accustomed assiduity and diligence, to the high duties of his office.
He died at Elizabethtown, August 31, 1757, aged seventy-six years. His body was
brought to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where it was entombed.

Governor Belcher possessed uncommon gracefulness of person and dignity of de-
portment. He obeyed the royal instructions on the one hand, and exhibited a real
regard to the liberties and happiness of the people on the other. He was distin-
guished by his unshaken integrity, by his zeal for justice, and care to have it equally
distributed. Neither the claims of interest, nor the solicitations of friends, could
move him from what appeared to be his duty. He seems to have possessed, in ad-
dition to his other accomplishments, that piety whose lustre is eternal. His religion
was not a mere formal thing which he received from tradition, or professed in con-
formity to the custom of the country in which he lived ; it was real and genuine, for
it impressed his heart and* governed his life. He had such views of the majesty and
holiness of God, of the strictness and purity of the divine law, and of his own ur
worthiness and iniquity, as made him disclaim all dependence on his own righteous
ness, and led him to place his whole hope for salvation on the merits of the Loru
Jesus Christ, who appeared to him an all-sufficient and glorious Saviour. He ex-
pressed the humblest sense of his own character, and the most exalted views of the
rich, free, and glorious grace offered in the Gospel to sinners. His faith worked by
love, and produced the genuine fruits of obedience. It exhibited itself in a life of
piety and devotion, of meekness and humility, of justice, truth, and benevolence.
He searched the holy Scriptures with the greatest diligence and delight. In his fam-
ily he maintained the worship of God, himself reading the volume of truth, and ad-
dressing in prayer the Majesty of heaven and of earth, as long as his health and
strength would possibly admit. In the hours of retirement he held intercourse with
heaven, carefully redeeming time from the business of this world to attend to the
more important concerns of another. Though there was nothing ostentatious in his
religion, yet he was not ashamed to avow his attachment to the Gospel of Christ,
even when he exposed himself to ridicule and censure. When the Rev. Mr. White-
field was at Boston in the year 1740, he treated that eloquent itinerant with the
greatest respect. He even followed him as far as Worcester, and requested him to
continue his faithful instructions and pungent addresses to the conscience, desiring
him to spa/re neither ministers nor rulers. He was indeed deeply interested in the
progress of holiness and religion. As he approached the termination of his life, he
often expressed his desire to depart, and to enter the world of glory.

ANTHONY BENEZET,

A NTHONY BENEZET, a philanthropist of Philadelphia, was born at St. Quintins,
-<LJL a town in the province of Picardy, France, January 31, 1713. About the time
of his birth the persecution against the Protestants was carried on with relentless
severity, in consequence of which many thousands found it necessary to leave their
native country, and seek a shelter in foreign lands. Among these were his parents,
who removed to London in February, 1715, and, after remaining there upwards of
sixteen years, came to Philadelphia in November, 1731. During their residence
in Great Britain, they had imbibed the religious opinions of the Society of Friends,
and they were received into that body immediately after their arrival in this
country.

In the early part of his life, Benezet was put an apprentice to a merchant ; but
soon after his marriage, in 1722, when his affairs were in a prosperous situation, he
left the mercantile business, that he might engage in some pursuit which was not so
adapted to excite or to promote a worldly spirit, and which would afford him more
leisure for the duties of religion and for the exercise of that benevolent spirit for
which, during the course of a long life, he was so conspicuous. But no employment,
which accorded perfectly with his inclination, presented itself till the year 1742,
when he accepted the appointment of instructor in the Friends' English school of
Philadelphia. The duties of the honorable, though not very lucrative office of a
teacher of youth, he from this period continued to fulfil with unremitting assiduity
and delight, and with very little intermission till his death. During the two last
years of his life, his zeal to do good induced him to resign the school which he had
long superintended, and to engage in the instruction of the blacks. In doing this he
did not consult his worldly interest, but was influenced by a regard to the welfare of
that miserable class of beings whose minds had been debased by servitude. He
wished to contribute something towards rendering them fit for the enjoyment of that
freedom to which many of them had been restored.

So great was his sympathy with every being capable of feeling pain, that he re-
solved, towards the close of his life, to eat no animal food. This change in his mode
of living is supposed to have been the occasion of his death. His active mind did
not yield to the debility of his body. He persevered in his attendance upon his
school till within a few days of his decease. He died May 3, 1784, in the severity-
second year of his age.

Such was the general esteem in which he was held, that his funeral was attended
by persons of all religious denominations. Many hundred negroes followed their
friend and benefactor to the grave, and by their tears they proved that they possessed

ANTHONY BENEZET. 223

the sensibility of men. An officer, who had served in the army during the war with
Great Britain, observed at this time : " I would rather be Anthony Benezet in that
coffin, than George Washington, with all his fame."

He exhibited uncommon activity and industry in every thing which he undertook.
He used to say that the highest act of charity was to bear with the unreasonableness
of mankind. He generally wore plush clothes, and gave as a reason for it that, after
he had worn them for two or three years, they made comfortable and decent gar-
ments for the poor. So disposed was he to make himself contented in every situati jn,
that when his memory began to fail him, instead of lamenting the decay of his pow-
ers, he said to a young friend, "This gives me one great advantage over you, for you
can find entertainment in reading a good book only once, but I enjoy that pleasure
as often as I read it, for it is always new to me." Few men, since the days of the
apostles, ever lived a more disinterested life ; yet, upon his death-bed, he expressed
his desire to live a little longer, " that he might bring down self" The last time he
ever walked across his room was to take from his desk six dollars, which he gave to
a poor widow whom he had long assisted to maintain. In his conversation, he was
affable and unreserved ; in his manners, gentle and conciliating. For the acquisition
of wealth he wanted neither abilities nor opportunity; but he made himself contented
with a little, and with a competency he was liberal beyond most of those whom a
bountiful Providence had incumbered with riches. By his will he devised his
estate, after the decease of his wife, to certain trustees, for the use of the African
school.

During the time the British army was in possession of Philadelphia he was inde-
fatigable in his endeavors to render the situation of the persons who suffered from
captivity as easy as possible. He knew no fear in the presence of a fellow-man, how-
ever dignified by titles or station ; and such was the propriety and gentleness of his
manners in his intercourse with the gentlemen who commanded the British and Ger-
man troops, that when he could not obtain the object of his requests, he never failed
to secure their civilities and esteem.

Though the life of Mr. Benezet was passed in the instruction of youth, yet his ex-
pansive benevolence extended itself to a wider sphere of usefulness. Giving but a
small portion of his time to sleep, he employed his pen both day and night in writing
books on religious subjects, composed chiefly with a view to inculcate the peaceable
temper and doctrines of the Gospel in opposition to the spirit of war, and to expose
the flagrant injustice of slavery, and fix the stamp of infamy on the traffic in human
blood. His writings contributed much towards meliorating the condition of slaves,
and undoubtedly had influence on the public mind in effecting the complete prohibi-
tion of that trade, which, until the year 1808, was a blot on the American national
character.

To disseminate his publications and increase his usefulness, he held a correspond-
ence with such persons in various parts of Europe and America as united with him
in the same benevolent design, or would be likely to promote the objects which he
was pursuing. ~No ambitious or covetous views impelled him to his exertions.
Kegarding all mankind as children of one common Father, and members of one great
family, he was anxious that oppression and tyranny should cease, and that men
should live together in mutual kindness and affection. He himself respected, and he

ANTHONY BENEZET.

wished others to respect the sacred injunction, " Do unto others as you would that
they should do unto you."

On the return of peace, in 1783, apprehending that the revival of commerce would
be likely to renew the African slave-trade, which during the war had been in some
measure obstructed, he addressed a letter to the Queen of Great Britain to solicit her
influence on the side of humanity. At the close of this letter he says : " I hope thou
wilt kindly excuse the freedom used on this occasion by an ancient man, whose
mild, for more than forty years past, has been much separated from the common
course of the world, and long painfully exercised in the consideration of the miseries
under which so large a part of mankind, equally with us the objects of redeeming
love, are suifering the most unjust and grievous oppression, and who sincerely desires
the temporal and eternal felicity of the queen and her royal consort."

He published, among other tracts, " A Caution to Great Britain and her Colonies,"
in a short representation of the calamitous state of the enslaved negroes in the British
dominions, 1767 "Some Historical Account of Guinea," with an inquiry into the
rise and progress of the slave-trade, 1771 " Observations on the Indian Natives of
this Continent," 1784.

ELDER WILLIAM BREWSTER.

THIS worthy Puritan, than whom among all the band of early pilgrims to New
England, none were more devout or more beloved, came over to this country ii
the May Flower, in company with Carver, Bradford, and Winslow. It is not known
where he has born, but it was in the year 1560. lie was partially educated at Cam-
bridge, from which place he was called to engage in the service of Davison, Secretary
of State to Queen Elizabeth. He discharged the duties of his office with great dis-
cretion and success, and received the approval of his sovereign and his master, be-
tween whom and himself there existed a most intimate friendship. In the disgrace
and loss of property which befel Davison, he found the friendship of Brewster no
summer flower. He gave him his sympathy, counsel, and purse, for at this time
Brewster was " rich in worldlie geare."

After he quitted the service of the court he retired into the north of England, and
gave himself to the study of theology, and being dissatisfied with the Church, he
withdrew, and joined with others in forming the church of which Robinson became
pastor. lie went with them to Leyden, and was there chosen ruling elder in the
church. He had suffered, meanwhile, many reverses, and his ample patrimony had
dwindled away, so that he became the needy recipient of others' bounty. When the
church separated he joined the minority, and came with them to Plymouth, where lie
exercised his functions of " ruling elder" until the time of his death in 1644. He had
repeatedly been solicited to receive ordination and assume the pastoral office, but he
always declined, from a modest consciousness of his unfitness for that sacred office.
He combined in his character, in a remarkable degree, gentleness and firmness ; a
woman's tenderness for others, and heroic endurance for himself. Brought up in lux-
ury, accustomed to courts and the most refined society, he submitted to the hardy and
trying life appointed him with a most cheerful spirit, and shared his " dish of clams,''
which constituted almost his living, with those as needy as himself; grateful even in
his greatest necessity ; thanking God, in his daily grace at meat, " that he could suck
of the abundance of the sea, and of the treasure hid in the sands."

Secretary Morton, in a memoir inserted in " the records of the First Church," thus
speaks of this extraordinary and godly man :

" For his personal abilities he was qualified above many. He was wise, discreet,
and well-spoken ; having a grave, deliberate utterance ; of a very cheerful spirit ;
very sociable and pleasant among his friends ; of an humble and modest mind ; of a
peaceable disposition; undervaluing himself and his own abilities; inoffensive and
innocent in his life and conversation, which gained him the love of those without as
well as of those within. Yet he would tell them of their faults both privately and
publicly, but in such a manner as usually was well taken from him. lie was tender-

226 ELDER WILLIAM BREWSTER.

hearted and compassionate of such as were in misery, but especially of such as had
been of good estate or rank and were fallen into want and poverty, either for good-
ness' or religion's sake, or by the injury or oppression of others.

" In teaching he was very stirring, moving the affections ; also very plain and dis-
tinct in what he taught ; by which means he became more profitable to his hearers.
He had a singular good gift in prayer, either in public or in private, in bringing up
the heart and conscience before God, in the confession of sin, and begging the mer-
cies of God in Christ for the pardon thereof."

He had no deceit in himself, and held in utter detestation duplicity and meanness
in others. He was also a Puritan of the straitest sect, and had no charity for those
who departed from the reputed standard of orthodoxy. His life had been a consistent
and pious one, and he beheld the approach of death without fear, and went on his
last journey

" like one

Who wraps the drapery of his couch about him

And lies down to pleasant dreams."

LEONARD CALVERT,

LEONARD CALYERT, the first governor of Maryland, was the brother of Ce-
cilius Calvert, the proprietor, and who sent him to America, as the head of
the colony, in 1633. Accompanied by his brother George, and about two hundred
persons of good families, they arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia, February 24,
1634. On the 3d March they entered the Potomac, and sailed up about twelve
leagues, and took possession of an island, which he afterwards called St. Clement's.
He fired here his cannon, erected a cross, and took possession " in the name of the
Saviour of the world, and of the king of England." Thence he went fifteen leagues
higher to the Indian town of Potomac, now called New Marlborough, where he was
received in a friendly manner by the natives. Thence he sailed twelve leagues higher
to the town of Picataway, on the Maryland side, where he found Henry Fleet, an
Englishman, who had resided among the natives several years, and was held by them
in great esteem. This man was very serviceable as an interpreter. An interview
having been procured with the prince Werowanu, Calvert asked him, whether he
was willing that a settlement should be made in his country. He replied, " I will
not bid you go, neither will I bid you stay ; but you may use your own discretion."
Having convinced the natives his designs were honorable and pacific, the governor,
by giving a satisfactory consideration, entered into a contract to reside in one part of
their town, until the next harvest, when the natives should entirely quit the place.

Thus on the 27th March, 1634, the governor took peaceable possession of the
country of Maryland, and gave to the town the name of St. Mary's, and to the creek,
on which it was situated, the name of St. George's. The desire of rendering justice
to the natives, by giving them a reasonable compensation for their lands, is a trait in
the character of the first planters which will always do honor to their memory.

This province was established on the broad foundation of security to property, and
of freedom in religion. Fifty acres of land were granted in absolute fee to every
emigrant, and Christianity was established without allowing pre-eminence to any
particular sect. This liberal policy rendered a Roman Catholic colony an asylum
for those who were driven from New England by the persecutions which were then
experienced from Protestants. After the civil war in England, the parliament as-
sumed the government of the province, and appointed a new governor. Cecilius
Calvert, the proprietor, recovered his right to the province upon the restoration of
King Charles II., in 1660, and within a year or two appointed his son Charles the
governor. He died in 1676, covered with age and reputation, and was succeeded
by his son.

JOHN CARVER,

FIRST GOVERNOR OF THE COLONY OF NEW PLYMOUTH.

THE foremost of the little band who signed the Social Compact on board the May
Flower, was Deacon John Carver ; and the first notice we have of him, is in

1617, when he was sent to England in company with Mr. Robert Cushman, in the
agency of the Puritans at Leyden, he being at that time deacon of Mr. Robinson's
church. This embassy seems to have been the earliest step of any importance that
was taken by the Leyden congregation towards a permanent removal to America, and
had for its direct object certain preparatory measures, which were deemed of great
importance by this little band of religious exiles, namely, negotiations with the Vir-
ginia Company, for certain grants and privileges, and the procuration from the king
of his permission to enjoy perfect religious freedom in the new country, for which
they hoped soon to embark. Negotiations for these purposes were carried on in
England, for a considerable time, with very little satisfaction to the agents ; and, al-
though they did not make their unsuccessful return to Holland until May, in the year

1618, it is evident that Mr. Carver, in the mean time, passed over to the congregation
at Leyden, late in the year 1617, for advice and instructions ; Mr. Cushman remaining
alone in England to prosecute the business until the return of his associate, with the
views of their constituents. This undertaking proving unsuccessful, Mr. Carver was
discontinued as Mr. Cushman's coadjutor in the agency; and in February, 1619, the
ruling elder of the church, Mr. William Brewster (not Bradford, as commonly stated),
was sent in his stead, when Mr. Cushman went over to England the second time, and
succeeded in procuring the patent which w T as granted to Mr. John Wincob. However,
when Mr. Cushman was sent to England in 1620, to provide the vessel, and make
other final arrangements for the removal to America, Mr. Carver accompanied him,
although the latter remained at Southampton, while the former procured at London
the May Flower, and made the other necessary arrangements with Mr. Thomas Wes-
ton, for the transportation of the pilgrims and their families. "While at Southampton,
Mr. Carver received the farewell letter from his beloved pastor, Mr. John Robinson,
who was with the congregation at Leyden.

On their arrival in America, our fathers drew up and signed the famous compact,
which ranks as the earliest existing essay at forming a republican constitution ; and
under this, Mr. Carver was selected to be their first governor. To this office he was
chosen for the remainder of the year, which ended in the following March ; and on
the twenty-third day of that month he was re-chosen, and confirmed in the same office
for the ensuing civil year. The duties of this office he fulfilled with great acceptation
until his death, which occurred about one fortnight after his second election.

When any labor was to be performed or danger to be encountered, Governor Car-

JOHN CARVER. 229

ver was always among the foremost. He was one of the party who went in the shal-
lop, on the sixth of December, 1620, on the voyage of discovery to Grampus Bay ;
was present at the " First Encounter," and was also one of those who went on shore
at Clarke's Island, on Saturday, the ninth day of December, and who landed on the
far-famed rock at Plymouth, on the ever memorable Monday, the eleventh day of
December, 1620 ; the day which has been selected for celebration as Forefathers'
Day, and which, according to the calendar now in use, happens on the tw T enty-first
day of the month, the day of the winter solstice, and the shortest in the year. When
John Goodman and Peter Browne were lost, on the twelfth of January, 1620-1,
and were, in their belief, in danger of being destroyed by the savages and lions, he
and a few others went directly in search of them. On the fourteenth of the same
month, while he and Mr. William Bradford were lying sick in the great new Ren-
dezvous, where were deposited the ammunition and loaded muskets, they barely
escaped with life, the same being consumed with fire, which had accMentally been
communicated to it by a spark. We find him next, on the seventh of March, with
five others, at the great Ponds ; and on the twenty-second of the same month, he
made the first treaty of peace and alliance with Massasoit. a great sagamore of the
natives. Our next notice of him, is his re-election to the office of governor, as already
mentioned ; and immediately after this follows the account of his illness and death.
His last sickness was of short duration, he being seized with that species of apoplexy
which, in advanced life, is superinduced by great bodily fatigue and mental exertion.
This happened on the fifth day of April, 1621, while he was in the field with the pil-
grims who were employed in the domestic labor of planting, and he died in a few
days, probably debilitated by his late sickness, and much oppressed and fatigued by
his great anxiety and care in attending his sick and dying companions, nearly one-
half of whom had gone to their long homes before him. His death was a cause of
much lamentation among the colonists, and he was buried by them in the best man-
ner possible, and with as much solemnity as they were capable of performing, with
several discharges of muskets by all that carried arms. His character is given in
full, by Secretary Morton, in the manuscript records of the First Church of Plymouth,
in the following words : " Before I pass on, I may not omit to take notice of the sad
loss the church and this infant Commonwealth sustained by the death of Mr. John
Carver, who was one of the deacons of the church in Leyden, and now had been, and
was their first governor ; this worthy gentleman was one of singular piety, and rare
for humility, which appeared as otherwise. So by his great condescendency, when
as this miserable people were in great sickness, he shunned not to do very mean ser-
vices for them, yea, the meanest of them ; he bare a share, likewise, of their labors in
his own person, according as their great necessity required ; who, being one also of a
considerable estate, spent the main part of it in this enterprise, and from first to last
approved himself, not only as their agent in the first transacting of things, but also
all along to the period of his life, to be a very beneficial instrument ; he deceased in
the month of April, in the year 1621, and now is reaping the fruit of his labor with
the Lord."*

* N. E. Hist. & Geneal. Reg. for 1850.

GEORGE CLYMER.

EORGE CLYMER, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was
vJT born in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1739. He had the misfortune to
lose his parents at an early age, but the want of parental protection was faithfully
supplied by William Coleman, Esq., under the superintendence of whom he received
an excellent education.

On arriving at a proper age, his mind was turned towards mercantile pursuits,
and he accordingly connected himself in business w^ith a Mr. Ritchie. Mr. Clymer's
habits of study led him gradually to abandon mercantile pursuits for those of politics
and agriculture, as branches which would most materially conduce to the happiness
and prosperity of his country. The principles of Mr. Clymer were stern republican-
ism, and the period had now arrived when they were put to the test. He was among
the first who embarked in opposition to the arbitrary acts and unjust pretensions of
Great Britain. When conciliatory measures were found unavailing, he did not hesi-
tate to take up arms in defence of the Colonies. Mr. Clymer was chosen a member
of the Council of Safety. On the 29th of July, 1T75, he was appointed one of the
first continental treasurers, which office he held until after his appointment to the
Congress of '76 In this memorable year, he put his seal to that charter of independ-
ence which has given us a rank among the nations of the earth. In 1777 he was
re-elected to Congress, and continued to be an active and efficient member of that
body, until the 19th May following, when the infirm state of his health obliged him
to retire.

After his recovery he was employed 'by Congress in the execution of several im-
portant trusts, which he performed with great ability and address.

In November, 1780, he was for the third time elected to Congress ; from this, until
the 12th November, 1782, he was actively engaged in the public service, and pro-
moting its welfare by every possible means in his power.

He was one of the most able advocates for that institution, which became afterwards
one of the most powerful supports of the American cause, the national bank.

In November, 1782, Mr. Clymer having retired from his seat in Congress, re-
moved to Princeton, New Jersey, for the purpose of educating his sons at Nassau-Hall.

This was a happy moment in the life of Mr. Clymer, when conscious of having
acted well his part, amidst the turmoils and troubles of an eight years' war, he could
sit down in the bosom of his family, and reflect upon the deeds which he had done,
and the happiness which it had secured to his country.

Nor must it be forgotten, that the services which he afterwards rendered to Penn-
sylvania, in altering her penal code of laws, evidence his wisdom and the benevolence
of his mind.

GEORGE CLYMER 231

As soon as the old Articles of Confederation were found inadequate to bind the
States together, a convention was called to form a more efficient constitution for the
general government. To this illustrious assembly Mr. Clymer was called, and in
which he afterwards evinced and advocated the most enlightened and liberal views.
On the adoption of the Constitution, he was once more called to unite his talents with
those of the assembled sages of the general legislature. Here he gave his unquali-
fied support to all those measures which contributed so largely to the honor and
welfare of the nation, and conferred so much distinction upon the administration of
Washington. At the expiration of the first congressional term of two years, he de-
clined a re-election, which closed his long, laborious, and able legislative career.
But he was not permitted to remain in the shade of private life. He was after-
wards employed at the head of the excise office, and lastly in negotiating a treaty
with the Creek and Cherokee Indians in Georgia.

This distinguished patriot died at Morrisville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, on
the 23d January, 1813, at the advanced age of seventy-four.

Mr. Clymer possessed strong intellects from nature, which he improved by culture
and study. Retired, studious, contemplative, he was ever adding something to his
knowledge, and endeavoring to make that knowledge useful.

His predominant passion was to promote every scheme for the improvement of his
country, whether in sciences, agriculture, polite education, the useful or the fine arts.

His conversation was of the most instructive kind, and manifested an extensive
knowledge of books and men.

He was a man of irreproachable morals, and of a pure heart. In the domestic
circle, and in friendly intercourse, he appeared to peculiar advantage.

JOHN ELLIOT.

JOHN ELLIOT, commonly called the apostle to the Indians, exhibited more lively
traits of an extraordinary character than we find in most ages of the Church, or
in most Christian Churches. He who could prefer the American wilderness to the
pleasant fields of Europe, was ready to wander through this wilderness for the sake of
doing good. To be active was the delight of his soul ; and he went to the hovels
which could not keep out the wind and the rain, where he labored incessantly among
the aboriginals of America, though his popular talents gave him a distinction among
the first divines of Massachusetts. He was born in England in 1604. After receiv-
ing his education at the university of Cambridge, he was for some time the instructor
of youth. In 1631 he arrived in this country, and in the following year was settled
as a teacher of the Church in Roxbury. His benevolent labors were not confined to
his own people. Having imbibed the true spirit of the Gospel, his heart was touched
with the wretched condition of the Indians, and he became eagerly desirous of making
them acquainted with the glad tidings of salvation. There were at the time when
he began his labors near twenty tribes of Indians within the limits of the English
planters. The Massachusetts language, in which he translated the Bible and several
practical pieces, serving the purpose of a missionary ; the first thing he did was to
learn this language of the people. An old Indian, who could speak English, was
taken into his family, and by conversing freely with him, he learnt to talk it, and
soon was able to reduce it to some method ; and he became at last so much master
of it, as to publish a grammar, which is printed in some editions of the Indian
Bibles.

In October, 1646, he preached his first sermon to an assembly of Indians at
Nonantum, the present town of Newton. After the sermon was finished, he desired
them to ask any questions which they thought proper. One immediately inquired
whether Jesus Christ could understand prayers in the Indian language ? Another,
how all the world became full of people, if they were all once drowned ? A third
asked, how could there be the image of God, since it was forbidden in the command-
ment? At another time when he preached to them, an old man asked, with tears in
his eyes, whether it was not too late for him to repent and turn unto God ? A sec-
ond, how it came to pass that sea water was salt, and river water fresh ; how the
English came to differ so much from the Indians in the knowledge of God and Jesus
Christ, since they all at first had but one father ; and why, if the water is larger than
the earth, it does not overflow the earth ? It was his custom to spend weeks together
to instruct them in divine things, and how they could improve their condition upon
the earth. He partook with them their hard fare, with locks wet with the dews of
the night, and exposed to attacks from the beasts of the forest ; or to their spears
and arrows who were fiercer than wolves, and more terrible in their bowlings. None

JOHtf ELLIOT. 233

of these things moved him ; like a brave soldier he fought the good fight of faith,
bearing every suffering with cheerfulness, and every pain with resignation. They
often threatened him, when alone with them in the wilderness, w T ith evil, if he did
not desist from his labors ; but he was a man not to be shaken in his purpose by the
fear of danger. He said to them : " I am about the work of the great God, and my
God is with me ; so that I neither fear you nor all the sachems in the country ; and
do you touch me if you dare."

In his missionary tours he planted a number of churches, and visited all the
Indians in Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies, pursuing his way as far as Cape
Cod. The first Indian Church, formed after the manner of the Congregational
Churches in New England, was established at Natick in 1660. Mr. Elliot afterwards
administered to them baptism and the Lord's supper. He made every exertion to
promote the welfare of .the Indian tribes ; he stimulated many servants of Jesus to
engage in the missionary work, and lived to see twenty-four aboriginal fellow-
preachers of the Gospel of Christ. In 1661 he published the New Testament in the
Indian language.

He possessed an influence over the Indians which no other missionary could ob-
tain. During the war with the sachem Philip, 1675, he appears in a character very
interesting to the community. He was their shield. He plead their cause with great
firmness, and prevented their extermination by an infuriate multitude.

After living eighty-six years in this world of trial, the spirit of this excellent
divine took its flight to a better world, May 20, 1690. Few of his family were alive
to lament his death ; but he was lamented by the whole family of virtue, and by all
the sincere friends of religion. Though he lived many years, they were filled with
usefulness; succeeding generations mentioned his name with profound respect; his
labors were applauded in Europe and America ; and all who now contemplate his
active services, his benevolent zeal, his prudence, his upright conduct, his charity,
are ready to declare his memory precious. Such a man will be handed down to fu-
ture times, an object of admiration and love, and appear conspicuous in the historic
page, when distant ages celebrate the worthies of New England.

Besides his translation of the Bible into the Indian tongue, he published the
" Glorious Progress of the Gospel among the Indians," &c., 1649 " The Tears of
Repentance," 1653 " A Further Account of the Gospel among the Indians," 1659
"The Christian Commonwealth," 1660 "The Jews in America," 1660, intended
to prove that the Indians were descendants of the Jews " The Harmony of the
Gospels," 1678, &c.

SAMUEL GORTON

SAMUEL GORTON", the first settler ot Warwick, Rhode Island, came to this
country in 1636, and in a few years occasioned much disturbance in the church
of Boston by the wild sentiments on religion which he advanced. He soon went to
Plymouth, in which colony he was subjected to corporal punishment for his errors,
and whence he removed, in June, 1638, to Rhode Island. At Newport he received
the same discipline on account of his contempt of the civil authority. He purchased
some land near Pawtuxet River, in the south part of Providence, in January, 1641.
Under the cover of this purchase he encroached upon the lands of others, and com-
plaints having been entered against him in the court of Massachusetts, he was re-
quired to submit himself to the jurisdiction of that colony, and to answer for his
conduct. This summons he treated with contempt ; but being apprehensive that he
was not in a place of safety, he crossed the river at the close of 1642, and with eleven
others purchased of Miantonimoh, the Narraganset sachem, a tract of land at Mishaw-
omet, for which he paid one hundred and forty-four fathoms of wampum. The deed
was signed January IT, 1643. The town, of which he now laid the foundation, was
afterwards called Warwick. In May following he and his party were seized by order
of the general court of Massachusetts, and carried to Boston, where he was required
to answer to the charge of being a blasphemous enemy of the Gospel and its ordi-
nances and of all civil government. His ingenuity embarrassed the judges, for while
he adhered to his own expressions, which plainly contradicted the opinions which
were embraced in Massachusetts, he yet, when examined by the ministers, professed
a coincidence with them generally in their religious sentiments. The letter which he
wrote to the governor before his seizure, was addressed " To the great, honored, idol
gentleman of Massachusetts," and was filled with reproaches of the magistrates and
ministers ; but in his examination he declared that he had reference only to the cor-
rupt state of mankind in general. He had asserted, that Christ suffered actually
before he suffered under Pontius Pilate ; but his meaning was, as he said to the court,
that the death of Christ was actual to the faith of the fathers. The ordinances, he
thought, were abolished after the revelation was written, and thus he could admit
that they were the ordinances of Christ, because they were established for a short
time by him. But this equivocation did not avail him. His opinions were undoubt-
edly erroneous, and if errors are to be punished by the civil magistrate, his punish-
ment was not unjust. All the magistrates but three were of opinion that he should
be put to death, but the deputies wore in favor of milder measures. Gorton, with a
number of his companions, was sentouced to imprisonment and hard labor, and pro-
hibited from passing the limits of the town to which he was sent, and from propa-
gating his heresies under pain of d^ta. After a few months, dissatisfaction of many
people with his imprisonment, and other causes, induced the court to substitute ban-

SAMUEL GORTON. 35

ishment in its place. In 1644 he went to England, with a deed from the Narraganset
Indians, transferring their territory to the king ; and he obtained an order from Par-
liament securing to him the peaceable possession of his lands. He arrived at Boston
in 1648, and thence proceeded to Shawomet, which he called Warwick, in honor of
the Earl of Warwick, who had given him much assistance . in eifecting his object.
Here he officiated as a minister and disseminated his doctrines, in consequence of
which a large part of the descendants of his followers have neglected all religion to
the present day. He died after the year 1676 at an advanced age. Without the
advantages of education, he made himself acquainted with the Hebrew and Greek
languages, that he might better understand the Scriptures, though he had affected to
despise human learning. He violently opposed the Quakers, as their principles were
hostile to his antinomian sentiments. He believed that the sufferings of Christ were
within his children, and that he was as much in this world at one time as at another ;
that all which is related of him is to be taken in a spiritual sense ; that he was in-
carnate in Adam, and was the image of God, wherein he was created. He was zeal-
ous for a pure church, and represented those as Pharisaical interpreters who could
establish churches, that admitted of falling from God in whole or in any part, as the
true churches of Christ. He published Simplicity's Defence against the Seven-
Headed Policy, which was answered by Mr. Winslow ; Antidote against Pharisaical
Teachers ; Saltmarsh Returned from the Dead, 1655 ; A Glass for the People of New
England. Allen's Bwg. Diet.

WILLIAM HEATH.

WILLIAM HEATH, a major-general in the American army during the revolu-
tionary war, was born at Eoxbury, Massachusetts, about the year 1737.

At an early period of the contest of the colonies with Great Britain, he was an
active officer of the militia ; and, in consideration of his zeal and patriotism in the
cause of liberty, he was appointed by the Provincial Congress, in 1775, a brigadier-
general.

In August, 1776, he was by Congress promoted to the rank of major-general in
the continental army.

From 1777 to 1778 he was the commanding officer of the Eastern Department,
and on him was devolved the arduous and responsible duty of keeping in charge the
officers and troops captured at Saratoga. In all his proceedings with these turbulent
captives, he supported the authority of Congress and the honor and dignity of his
office. In the most interesting and critical circumstances in which a general could
possibly be placed, he uniformly exhibited a prudence, animation, decision, and firm-
ness, which have done him honor, and fully justified the confidence reposed in him.
j[n consideration of his faithful performance of this trust, he was appointed by Con-
gress in 1779 a commissioner of the Board of War.

In 1780 he was directed by General Washington to repair to Rhode Island to
make arrangements for the reception of the French fleet and army.

In May, 1781, he was directed by the commander-in-chief to repair to the New
England States, to represent to their respective executives the distressing condition
of our army, and to solicit a speedy supply of provisions and clothing, in which he
was successful.

As a senior major-general, he was more than once commander of the right wing of
our army, and during the absence of the commander-in-chief, at the siege of York-
town, he was intrusted with the command of the main army posted at the highlands
and vicinity. On hostilities having ceased between the two armies, General Wash-
ington, in 1784, addressed a letter to General Heath, expressing his thanks for his
meritorious services, and his real affection and esteem.

Immediately after the close of the war, General Heath was called again into public
service in civil life, and continued to hold a seat in the legislature of Massachusetts
till 1793, when he was appointed, by Governor Hancock, judge of probate for the
county of Norfolk. He was also a member of the State Convention which ratified
the federal constitution.

In 1806 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Massachusetts, but declined ac-
cepting the honor. He was more than once an elector of President and Vice-Presi-
dent of the United States.

He died at Roxbury, Massachusetts, January 24, 1814, aged seventy-seven years.

WILLIAM HOOPER,

WILLIAM HOOPER was a native of Boston, province of Massachusetts Bay,
where he was born on the 17th of June, 1742.

His father's name was also William Hooper. He was born in Scotland, in the
year 1702, and soon after leaving the university of Edinburgh emigrated to America.
He settled in Boston, where he became connected in marriage with the daughter of
Mr. John Dennie, a respectable merchant. Not long after his emigration, he was
elected pastor of Trinity Church, in Boston, in which office, such were his fidelity
and affectionate intercourse with the people of his charge, that long after his death he
was remembered by them with peculiar veneration and regard.

William Hooper, a biographical notice of whom we are now to give, was the eldest
of five children. At an early age he exhibited indications of considerable talent.
Until he was seven years old, he was instructed by his father ; but at length became
a member of a free grammar-school in Boston, which at that time was under the care
of Mr. John Lovell, a teacher of distinguished eminence. At the age of fifteen he
entered Harvard university, where he acquired the reputation of a good classical
scholar ; and at length, in 1760, commenced bachelor of arts with distinguished
honor.

Mr. Hooper had destined his son for the ministerial office. But his inclination
turning towards the law, he obtained his father's consent to pursue the studies of that
profession in the office of the celebrated James Otis. On being qualified for the bar,
he left the province of Massachusetts with the design of pursuing the practice of his
profession in North Carolina. After spending a year or two in that province, his
father became exceedingly desirous that he should return home. The health of his
son had greatly suffered in consequence of an excessive application to the duties of
his profession. In addition to this, the free manner of living generally adopted by
the wealthier inhabitants of the South, and in which he had probably participated,
had not a little contributed to the injury of his health.

Notwithstanding the wishes of his father, in regard to his favorite son, the latter
at length, in the fall of 1767, fixed his residence permanently in North Carolina,
and became connected by marriage with Miss Ann Clark, of Wilmington, in that
province.

Mr. Hooper now devoted himself with great zeal to his professional duties. He
early enjoyed the confidence of his fellow-citizens, and was highly respected by his
brethren at the bar, among whom he occupied an enviable rank.

In the year 1773 he was appointed to represent the town of Wilmington, in wb*
he resided^ in the General Assembly. In the following year he was elected to a

WILLIAM HOOPER.

in the same body, soon after taking which he was called upon to assist in opposing a
most tyrannical act of the British government, in respect to the laws regulating the
courts of justice in the province.

The former laws in relation to these courts being about to expire, others became
necessary. Accordingly, a bill was brought forward, the provisions of which were
designed to regulate the courts as formerly. But the advocates of the British gov-
ernment took occasion to introduce a clause into the bill, which was intended to
exempt from attachment all species of property in North Carolina which belonged to
non-residents. This bill having passed the Senate, and been approved of by the
Governor, was sent to the House of Representatives, where it met with a most spir-
ited opposition. In this opposition Mr. Hooper took the lead. In strong and ani-
mated language he set forth the injustice of this part of the bill, and remonstrated
against its passage by the House. In consequence of the measures which were pur-
sued by the respective houses composing the General Assembly, the province was
left for more than a year without a single court of law. Personally, to Mr. Hooper
the issue of this business was highly injurious, since he was thus deprived of the
practice of his profession, upon which he depended for his support. Conscious, how-
ever, of having discharged his duty, he bowed in submission to the pecuniary sacri-
fices to which he was thus called, preferring honorable poverty to the greatest pecu-
niary acquisitions, if the latter must be made at the expense of principle.

On the twenty-fifth of August, 1774, Mr. Hooper was elected a delegate to the
General Congress, to be held at Philadelphia. Soon after taking his seat in this
body, he was placed upon several important committees, and, when occasion required,
took a share in the animated discussions which were had on the various important
subjects which came before them. On one occasion, and the first on which he ad-
dressed the House, it is said, that he so entirely riveted the attention of the members
by his bold and animated language, that many expressed their wonder that such elo-
quence should flow forth from a member from North Carolina.

In the following year Mr. Hooper was again appointed a delegate to serve in the
Second General Congress, during whose session he was selected as the chairman of a
committee appointed to report an address to the inhabitants of Jamaica. The draught
was the production of his pen. It was characterized for great boldness, and was
eminently adapted to produce a strong impression upon the people for whom it was
designed. In conclusion of the address, Mr. Hooper used the following bold and
animated language :

" That our petitions have been treated with disdain, is now become the smallest
part of our complaint : ministerial insolence is lost in ministerial barbarity. It has,
by an exertion peculiarly ingenious, procured those very measures which it laid us
under the hard necessity of pursuing, to be stigmatized in parliament as rebellious:
it has employed additional fleets and armies for the infamous purpose of compelling
us to abandon them : it has plunged us in all the horrors and calamities of a civil
war : it has caused the treasure and blood of Britons (formerly shed and expended
for far other ends), to be spilt and wasted in the execrable design of spreading slav-
ery over British America. It will not, however, accomplish its aim ; in the worst
of contingencies a choice will still be left, which it never can prevent us from
making."

WILLIAM HOOPER. 239

Iii January, 1776, Mr. Hooper was appointed, with Dr. Franklin and Mr. Liv-
ingston, a committee to report to Congress a proper method of honoring the memory
of General Montgomery, who had then recently fallen beneath the walls of Quebec.
This committee, in their report, recommended the erection of a monument, which,
while it expressed the respect and affection of the colonies, might record, for the
benefit of future ages, the patriotic zeal and fidelity, enterprise and perseverance of
the hero, whose memory the monument was designed to celebrate. In compliance
with the recommendation of this committee, a monument was afterwards erected by
Congress in the city of New York.

In the spring, 1776, the private business of Mr. Hooper so greatly required his
attention in North Carolina, that he did not attend upon the sitting of Congress. He
returned, however, in season to share in the honor of passing and publishing to the
world the immortal Declaration of Independence.

On the twentieth of December, 1776, he was elected a delegate to Congress for
the third time. The embarrassed situation of his private affairs, however, rendered
his longer absence from Carolina inconsistent with his interests. Accordingly, in
February, 1777, he relinquished his seat in Congress, and not long after tendered to
the General Assembly his resignation of the important trust.

But although he found it necessary to retire from this particular sphere of action,
he was, nevertheless, usefully employed in Carolina. He was an ardent friend to his
country, zealously attached to her rights, and ready to make every required personal
sacrifice for her good. Nor like many other patriots of the day, did he allow himself
to indulge in despondency. While to others the prospect appeared dubious, he would
always point to some brighter spots on the canvas, and upon these he delighted to
dwell.

In 1786 Mr. Hooper was appointed by Congress one of the judges of a federal
court, which was formed for the purpose of settling a controversy which existed be-
tween the States of New York and Massachusetts, in regard to certain lands, the
jurisdiction of which each pretended to claim. The point at issue was of great im-
portance, not only as it related to a considerable extent of territory, but in respect of
the people of these two States, among whom great excitement prevailed on the sub-
ject. Fortunately, the respective parties themselves appointed commissioners to
settle the dispute, which was at length amicably done, and the above federal court
were saved a most difficult and delicate duty.

In the following year, the constitutional infirmities of Mr. Hooper increasing, his
health became considerably impaired. He now gradually relaxed from public and
professional exertions, and in a short time sought repose in retirement, which he
greatly coveted. In the month of October, 1790, at the early age of forty-eight years,
he was called to exchange worlds.

As a politician, Mr. Hooper was characterized for judgment, ardor, and constancy.
In times of the greatest political difficulty and danger, he was calm, but resolute.
He never desponded ; but, trusting to the justice of his country's cause, he had an
unshaken confidence that Heaven would protect and deliver her. Lives of the
Signers of the Declaration of Independence.

SAMUEL JOHNSON, D,D,

SAMUEL JOHNSON, D. D., first president of King's College, New York, was
born in Guilford, Connecticut, October 14, 1696* He early felt an unconquerable
desire for the acquisition of knowledge, and was graduated at Yale College in 1714.
In-the succeeding year the ignorance and incapacity of the instructors of the seminary
at Saybrook induced the students to abandon it. Some of them went to Wethersfield,
where a school was established under the care of Messrs. Williams and Smith ; and
some of them put themselves under the tuition of Mr. Johnson at' Guilford. In Octo-
ber, 1716, the trustees and general court directed the college to be removed to New
Haven, and Mr. Johnson was chosen one of the tutors. The first commencement in
New Haven was held in September, 1717, and Mr. Andrew, of Milford, officiated as
rector, and on the same day degrees were conferred at Wethersfield. There was a
party who wished to have the college established in this last place ; but the General
Assembly required all the scholars to repair to New Haven. They complied at first,
but soon returned. The affair was settled by an agreement on the part of the As-
sembly to confirm the degrees which had been conferred at Wethersfield, and to build
a state-house in the neighboring town of Hartford at the public expense. Mr. John-
son continued as tutor at the college till March 20, 1720, when he was ordained the
minister of West Haven. Having an aversion to extemporary performances, it was
his practice to use forms of prayer, and to write only one sermon in a month. He
usually preached the discourses of others, minuting down only the heads, and ex-
pressing himself, when his remembrance of the words of the author failed him, in
language of his own. Having embraced the Arminian doctrines, and by close exam-
ination having become a convert to the Episcopalian worship and church government,
he resigned his charge at West Haven, and embarked at Boston with President Cut-
ler for England, November 5, 1722. Having received ordination as a missionary for
Stratford, Connecticut, he arrived at that place in November, 1723. His predecessor
and friend, Mr. Pigot, was immediately removed to Providence. Mr. Johnson was
now the only Episcopalian minister in Connecticut, and there were but few families
of the English church in the colony. They were not increased in Stratford by means
of his labors, but in the neighboring towns, where he sometimes officiated, many fam-
ilies conformed. The desire of escaping the congregational tax, by joining a church
whose minister received a salary from a foreign society, and the petty quarrels which
exist in most congregations, were causes, according to Mr. Hobart, of no inconsider-
able influence in multiplying the Episcopalians in Connecticut. Between the years
1725 and 1736 Mr. Johnson was engaged in a controversy on the subject of episco-
pacy with Mr. Dickinson, Mr. Foxcroft, and Mr. Graham. Entering on a new course
of studies, he procured the works of Mr. John Hutchinson, and embraced many of
his sentiments. He regarded him as a person of a stupendous genius, little inferior

SAMUEL JOHNSON, D.D. 241

even to that of Sir Isaac Newton, whose principles he opposed; and he thought, that
in his writings he had discovered many important, ancient truths, had effectually
confuted the Jews, infidels, Arians, and heretics of other denominations, and proved
that the method of redemption by Jesus Christ was better understood in the patri-
archal and Mosaic ages than was generally imagined. In 1754 he was elected presi-
dent of the college which had been lately instituted at New York. He went to that
place in April and soon commenced his labors. The charter was procured October
31, 1754. In March, 1763, he resigned, and was succeeded by the Rev. Myles
Cooper. He passed the remainder of his days in the peaceful retreat of Stratford,
resuming his former charge, and continuing in the ministry till his death, January 6,
1772, in the seventy-sixth year of his age.

Dr. Johnson was in his person rather tall, and in the latter part of his life consid-
erably corpulent. While his countenance was majestic there was also something in
it which was pleasing and familiar. He was Happy in a calmness of temper which
was seldom discomposed. Those who knew him generally loved and revered him.
The same good disposition, which rendered him amiable in private life, marked all
his proceedings of a public nature, and may be discovered in his controversial writ-
ings. Benevolence was a conspicuous trait in his character. He seldom suffered a
day to pass without doing to others some good offices relating to their temporal or
spiritual affairs. His conversation was enlivened by the natural cheerfulness of his
disposition, yet in his freest discourse he retained a respect to his character as a cler-
gyman. He possessed a quick perception and sound judgment, and by incessant
study through a long life he became one of the best scholars and most accomplished
divines of which Connecticut can boast. By his acquaintance with Dean Berkeley, he
became a convert to the peculiar metaphysical opinions of that great man. His piety
was unmingled with gloom or melancholy, and he contemplated with admiration and
gratitude the wonderful plan of redemption by the incarnation and sufferings of the
eternal Son of God. An account of his life, written by the Rev. Dr. Chandler, was
given to the public in 1805.

He published, Plain Reasons for conforming to the Church, 1733; two tracts in
the controversy with Mr. Graham ; A Letter from Aristocles to Authades ; a defence
of it in a letter to Mr. Dickinson ; a System of Morality, 1746, designed to check the
Progress of Enthusiasm ; a Compendium of Logic, 1752 ; a Demonstration of the
Reasonableness, Usefulness, and Great Duty of Prayer, 1761 ; a sermon on the Beau-
ties of Holiness in the Worship of the Church of England ; a Short Vindication of the
Society for Propagating the Gospel ; an English Grammar and a Catechism, 1765 ; a
Hebrew Grammar, 1767 ; this evinced an accurate acquaintance with that language,
and it was reprinted with improvements in 1771. Allen's Biog. Diet.

SARAH B. JUDSON.

AMONG our portraits may be found those of the first and third wives of the
celebrated missionary, Rev. Dr. Judson. His second wife left behind no por-
trait, and as we were desirous to present the family group complete, we have thought
best to add a sketch of her life in our supplement. For the materials of the following
sketch, we are indebted to Arabella Stuart's Biography of the three Mrs. Judsons.

Sarah B. Hall was the eldest of thirteen children. Her parents were Ralph and
Abiah Hall, who removed during her infancy from Alstead, New Hampshire, the
place of her birth, to Salem, in the State of Massachusetts. Her parents, not being
wealthy, she was early trained to those habits of industry, thoughtfulness, and self-
denial which distinguished her through life.

Gentle and affectionate in disposition, and persuasive and winning in manners,
there was yet an ardor and enthusiasm in her character, combined with a quiet firm-
ness and perseverance, that insured success in whatever she attempted, and gave
promise of the lofty excellence to which she afterwards attained. All who have
sketched her character notice one peculiarity and it is one which commonly attends
high merit her modest unobtrusiveness. She was very fond of little children, and
easily won their affections ; but showed little disposition, even in childhood, to mingle
in the sports of those of her own age.

Her early poetical attempts evince uncommon facility in versification, and talent,
that if cultivated, might have placed her high in the ranks of those who have trod
the flowery paths of literature : but hers was a higher vocation ; and poetry, which
was the delightful recreation of her childhood, and never utterly neglected in her
riper years, was never to her any thing more than a recreation. Her effusions at the
age of thirteen are truly remarkable, when we consider the circumstances under which
they were written.

Sarah, from her earliest. years, took great delight in reading. At four years, says
her brother, she could read readily in any common book. Her rank in her classes
in school was always high, and her teachers felt a pleasure in instructing her. On
one occasion, when about thirteen, she was compelled to signify to the principal of a
female seminary that her circumstances would no longer permit her to enjoy its ad-
vantages. The teacher, unwilling to lose a pupil who was an honor to the school,
and who so highly appreciated its privileges, remonstrated with her upon her inten-
tion, and finally prevailed on her to remain. Soon after she commenced instructing
a class of small children, and was thus enabled to keep her situation in the seminary
without sacrificing her feelings of independence.

Her first deep and decided convictions of sin seem to have been produced, about

SARAH B. JUDSON. '243

the year 1820, under the preaching of Mr. Cornelius. Her struggles of mind were
fearful, and she sunk almost to the verge of despair ; but hope dawned at last, and
she was enabled to consecrate her whole being to the service of her Maker. She
soon after united with the first Baptist Church in Salem, under the care of Dr.
Belles.

The missionary spirit was early developed in her heart. Even before her con-
version, her mind was often exercised with sentiments of commiseration for the
situation of ignorant heathen and idolaters ; and after that event, it was the leading
idea of her life.

Shortly after her conversion, says her brother, she observed the destitute condi-
tion of the children in the neighborhood in which she resided. With the assistance
of some young friends as teachers, she organized, and continued through the favora-
ble portions of the year, a Sunday-school, of which she assumed the responsibility of
superintendent ; and at the usual annual celebrations she, with her teachers and
scholars, joined in the exercises which accompany that festival.

The strong bias of her mind towards a missionary life, was well known to her
mother, who even remembered with a tender interest an incident connected with it.
Sarah had been deeply affected by the death of Col man, who in the midst of his
labors among the heathen had suddenly been called to his reward. Some time after-
ward she returned from an evening meeting, and, with a countenance radiant with
joy, announced what her pastor had mentioned in the meeting that a successor to
Colman had been found ; a young man in Maine named Boardman had determined
to raise and bear to pagan Burmah the standard which had fallen from his dying
hand. With that maternal instinct which sometimes forebodes a future calamity,
however improbable, her mother turned away from her daughter's joyous face, for
the thought flashed involuntarily through her mind that the young missionary would
seek as a companion of his toils a kindred spirit ; and where would he find one so
congenial as the lovely being before her?

Her fears were realized. Some lines written by " the enthusiastic Sarah" on the
death of Colman, met the eye of the " young man in Maine," who was touched and
interested by the spirit which breathes in them, and did not rest till he had formed
an acquaintance with their author. This acquaintance was followed by an engage-
ment ; and in about two years Sarah's ardent aspirations were gratified she was a
missionary to the heathen.

George Dana Boardrnan, the successor to Colman before spoken of, was the son
of a Baptist clergyman in Livermore, Maine, and was born in 1801. Though feeble
in body, he had an ardent thirst for knowledge, which often made him conceal illness
for fear of being detained from school.

When the news of the death of Mr. Judson's fellow-missionary, Colman, reached
America, his soul was filled with desire to supply the place of that beloved laborer
in the Burman field, and as soon as his engagements allowed, he hastened to offer
his services to -the Board of Foreign Missions, and was at once accepted as a mis-
sionary.

On the 3d of July, 1825, the marriage took place, Miss Hall being then twenty-
one years old, and Mr. Boardman twenty-four. On the day following their marriage
they left Salem for the place of embarkation. They were to sail first to Calcutta, and

244' SARAH B. JUDSON.

if, on reaching there, the troubles in Burmah should prevent their going at once to
that country, they were to remain in Calcutta, and apply themselves to the acquisition
of the Burman language.

Mrs. Boardman, with her husband, took her final leave of her beloved native land
on the 16th of July, 1825. From Chitpore, four miles above Calcutta, Mr. Board-
man writes : " It gives me much pleasure to write you from the shores of India.
Through the goodness of God, we arrived at Sand-Heads on the 23d ult, after a
voyage of 127 days. We were slow in our passage up the Hoogly, and did not arrive
in Calcutta until the 2d inst. We had a very agreeable voyage religious service at
meals, evening prayers in the cabin, and, when the weather allowed, public worship
in the steerage on Lord's-day morning.

" At noon, December 2d, we came on shore, and were received very kindly by the
English missionaries. We found Mrs. Colman waiting with a carriage to bring us
out to this place. The cottage we occupy was formerly the residence of Mr. and Mrs.
Eustace Carey. Mr. and Mrs Wade, Mrs. Colman, Mrs. Boardman, and myself,
compose a very happy American family. But we long to be laboring in Burmah."

The place fixed upon as the seat of government in the newly-acquired British ter-
ritory in Burmah was Amherst, on the Martaban river, about seventy-five miles east-
ward of Eangoon. To this new city of Amherst Mr. and Mrs. Boardman came in the
spring of 1827, and jpined Mr. and Mrs. Wade and Mr. Judson. It was bitterly
painful to them to learn that the wife of the latter, that noble and beloved woman
whose life had been preserved as if by miracle, in a thousand dangers, and from
whose society and intercourse they had hoped and expected the greatest pleasure and
profit, was the tenant of a lowly grave beneath the hopia-tree ; and even more imme-
diately distressing to find that her heart-broken husband was just about to consign
to the same dreary bed the only relic remaining to him of his once lovely family
the sweet little Maria. One of Mr. Boardman's first labors in Burmah was to make
a coffin for the child with his own hands, and to assist in its burial. Poor babe !
" so closed its brief, eventful history."

On consultation, it was determined that Mr. and Mrs. Wade should remain in
Amherst, and that Mr. and Mrs. Boardman should proceed to Maulmain, a town
twenty-five miles up the river, which had sprung into being in the same manner as
Amherst, and was nearly as populous, and that Mr. Judson should divide his time
between the two stations.

In pursuance of this plan Mr. Boardman removed his family, which had been in-
creased by the addition of a lovely daughter, now about five months old, to the new
city of Maulmain. On the evening of May 28th Mr. Boardman makes this entry in
his journal : " After nearly two hours of wanderings without any certain dwelling-
place, we have to-day become inhabitants of a little spot of earth, and have entered
a house which we call our earthly home. None but those who have been in similar
circumstances can conceive the satisfaction we now enjoy." ..." The population of
the town is supposed to be 20,000. One year ago it was all a thick jungle, without
an inhabitant /"

In accordance with instructions received from America, it was decided that Mr.
and Mrs. Boardman should remove to Tavoy. This city is situated on the River
Tavoy, 150 miles south of Maulmain, and had at that time a population of 6000

SARAH B. JUDSON. 245

Burmans and 3000 foreigners. The city was the stronghold of the religion of Gau-
dama, and the residence of two hundred priests.

On arriving at Tavoy they were kindly received by Mr. Burney, the English resi-
dent, and within ten days from their arrival had procured a house and begun to
teach inquirers in the way -of salvation.

In December of the year 1828 Mrs. Boardman was called to a trial which, of all
others, was most fitted to make her feel that every earthly dependence is at best but
a broken reed. Her almost idolized husband, her guide, her only human support,
protector, and companion, was attacked by that insidious and incurable malady which
was destined at no distant day to close his career of usefulness on earth, and send
him early to his reward. A copious hemorrhage from the lungs warned him that his
time for earthly labor was short, and seemed to increase his desire to work while his
day lasted. As soon as his strength was sufficiently restored after his first attack,
namely, in February, 1829, he resolved to fulfil his long-cherished intention to visit
the Karens in their native villages.

On the revolt of Tavoy from the British rule, Mr. Boardman took his family again
to Maulmain until quiet should be restored to Tavoy. The scenes of suffering through
which they were called to pass were well calculated to awe the stoutest heart ; but
this noble woman bore all with true heroic fortitude and Christian cheerfulness.
Shortly after her return to Tavoy she lost her second child, and came near the borders
of the unseen world herself. But the greatest trial of her life was at hand ; for in the
autumn of 1830 she committed to their last resting-place the mortal remains of her
loving and devoted husband. She bore this calamitous stroke with great fortitude ;
and, on calm consideration, resolved to remain in India, and do what she could to
carry on the work among the Karens, so successfully commenced by her husband.

On the 10th of April, 1834, Mrs. Boardman was married to one whose character
she afterwards declared to be " a complete assemblage of all that woman could wish
to love and honor," the Rev. Dr. Judson. With him she removed to her new home
in Maulmain, which had undergone wonderful changes since she left it in 1828.
Then, the only church there had three native members ; now, she found there three
churches, numbering two hundred members ! Her duties now were different from
what they had been, but not less important.

After eleven years of devotion and trial, Mrs. Judson, whose health had been
gradually failing, resolved on a voyage across the Atlantic, and, having reached the
Island of St. Helena, she died on ship-board, in the summer of 1845, aged forty-two
years.

Arrangements were made to carry the body on shore. The Kev. Mr. Bertram,
from the Island, came on board, and was led into the state-room where lay all that
was mortal of Mrs. Judson. "Pleasant," he says, "she was even in death. A sweet
smile beamed on her countenance, as if heavenly grace had stamped it there. The
bereaved husband and three weeping children fastened their eyes upon the loved re-
mains, as if they could have looked forever."

The coffin was borne to the shore, the boats forming a kind of procession, their
oars beating the waves at measured intervals as a sort of funeral knell. The earth
received her dust, and her bereaved husband continued his sad voyage towards his
native land, again a widowed mourner.

FRANCIS LEAYIS.

FRANCIS LEWIS was a native of Landaff, in South "Wales, where he was born
in 1713. His father was a clergyman, belonging to the Established Church.
His mother was the daughter of Dr. Pettingal, who was also a clergyman of the
Episcopal Establishment, and had his residence in North Wales. At the early age
of four or five years, being left an orphan, the care of him devolved upon a maternal
maiden aunt, who took singular pains to have him instructed in the native language
of his country. He was afterwards sent to Scotland, where, in the family of a rela-
tion, he acquired a knowledge of the G-aelic. From this he was transferred to the
school of Westminster, where he completed his education, and enjoyed the reputation
of being a good classical scholar.

Mercantile pursuits being his object, he entered the counting-room of a London
merchant, where, in a few years, he acquired a competent knowledge of the profes-
sion. On attaining to the age of twenty-one years, he collected the property which
had been left him by his father, and, having converted it into merchandise, he sailed
for New York, where he arrived in the spring of 1735.

Leaving a part of his goods to be sold in New York, by Mr. Edward Annesly,
with whom he had formed a commercial connection, he transported the remainder to
Philadelphia, whence, after a residence of two years, he returned to the former city,
and there became extensively engaged in navigation and foreign trade. About this
time he connected himself by marriage with the sister of his partner, by whom he
had several children.

Mr. Lewis acquired the character of an active and enterprising merchant. In the
course of his commercial transactions, he traversed a considerable part of the conti-
nent of Europe. He visited several of the seaports of Russia, the Orkney and Shet-
land islands, and twice suffered shipwreck on the Irish coast.

During the French or Canadian war, Mr. Lewis was, for a time, agent for supply-
ing the British troops. In this capacity, he was present at the time when, in
August, 1756, the fort of Oswego was surrendered to the distinguished French gen-
eral, Montcalm. The fort was at that time commanded by the British Colonel
Mersey. On the tenth of August Montcalm approached it with more than five thou-
sand Europeans, Canadians, and Indians. On the twelfth, at midnight, he opened
the trenches with thirty-two pieces of cannon, besides several brass mortars and
howitzers. The garrison, having fired away all their shells and ammunition, Colonel
Mersey ordered the cannon to be spiked, and crossed the river to Little Oswego Fort,
without the loss of a single man. Of the deserted fort the enemy took immediate
possession, and from it began a fire which was kept up without intermission. The
next day Colonel Mersey was killed while standing by the side of Mr. Lewis.

FRANCIS LEWIS.

The garrison, being thus deprived of their commander, their fort destitute of a
cover, and no prospect of aid presenting itself, demanded a capitulation, and surren-
dered as prisoners of war. The garrison consisted at this time of the regiments of
Shirley and Pepperell, and amounted to one thousand and four hundred men. The
conditions required and acceded to were, that they should be exempted from plun-
der, conducted to Montreal, and treated with humanity. The services rendered by
Mr. Lewis during the war were held in such consideration by the British govern-
ment, that at the close of it he received a grant of five thousand acres of land.

The conditions upon which the garrison at Fort Oswego surrendered to Montcalm,
were shamefully violated by that commander. They were assured of kind treatment ;
but no sooner had the surrender been made, than Montcalm allowed the chief warrior
of the Indians who assisted in taking the fort to select about thirty of the prison-
ers, and do with them as he pleased. Of this number Mr. Lewis was one. Placed
thus at the disposal of savage power, a speedy and cruel death was to be expected.
The tradition is, however, that he soon discovered that he was able to converse with
the Indians, by reason of the similarity of the ancient language of Wales, which he
understood, to the Indian dialect. The ability of Mr. Lewis thus readily to commu-
nicate with the chief, so pleased the latter, that he treated him kindly, and, on arriving
at Montreal, he requested the French Governor to allow him to return to his family
without ransom. The request, however, was not granted, and Mr. Lewis was sent as
a prisoner to France, from which country, being some time after exchanged, he
returned to America.

This tradition as to the cause of the liberation of Mr. Lewis, is incorrect ; no such
affinity existing between the Oymreag, or ancient language of Wales, and the lan-
guage of any of the Indian tribes found in North America. The cause might have
been, and probably was, some unusual occurrence or adventure ; but of ifs precise
nature we are not informed.

Although Mr. Lewis was not born in America, his attachment to the country was
coeval with his settlement in it. He early espoused the patriotic cause against the
encroachments of the British government, and was among the first to unite with an
association which existed in several parts of the country, called the " Sons of Liberty,''
the object of which was to concert measures against the exercise of an undue power
on the part of the mother country.

The independent and patriotic character which Mr. Lewis was known to possess,
the uniform integrity of his life, the distinguished intellectual powers with which he
was endued, all pointed him out as a proper person to assist in taking charge of the
interests of the colony in the Continental Congress. Accordingly, in April, 1775, he
was unanimously elected a delegate to that body. In this honorable station he was
continued by the Provincial Congress of New York through the following year, 1776,
and was among the number who declared the colonies forever absolved from their
allegiance to the British crown, and from that time entitled to the rank and privileges
of free and independent States.

In several subsequent years he was appointed to represent the State in the national
legislature. During his Congressional career, Mr. Lewis was distinguished for a be-
coming zeal in the cause of liberty, tempered by the influence of a correct judgment
end a cautious prudence. He was employed in several secret services, in the pur-

248 FRANCIS LEWIS.

chase of provisions and clothing for the army, and in the importation of military
stores, particularly arms and ammunition. In transactions of this kind, his commer-
cial experience gave him great facilities. He was also employed on various commit-
tees, in which capacity he rendered many valuable services to his country.

In 1775 Mr. Lewis removed his family and effects to a country seat which he
owned on Long Island. This proved to be an unfortunate step. In the autumn of
the following year his house was plundered by a party of British light-horse. His
extensive library and valuable papers of every description were wantonly destroyed.
]STor were they contented with this ruin of his property. They thirsted for revenge
upon a man who had dared to affix his signature to a document which proclaimed
the independence of America. Unfortunately, Mrs. Lewis fell into their power, and
was retained a prisoner for several months. During her captivity she was closely
confined, without even the comfort of a bed to lie upon, or a change of clothes.

In November, 1776, the attention of Congress was called to her distressed condi-
tion, and shortly after a resolution was passed that a lady, who had been taken pris-
oner by the Americans, should be permitted to return to her husband, and that Mrs.
Lewis be required in exchange. But the exchange could not at that time be effected.
Through the influence of Washington, however, Mrs. Lewis was at length released ;
but her sufferings during her confinement had so much impaired her constitution,
that in the course of a year or two she sunk into the grave.

Of the subsequent life of Mr. Lewis we have little to record. His latter days
were spent in comparative poverty, his independent fortune having, in a great meas-
ure, been sacrificed on the altar of patriotism during his country's struggle for inde-
pendence. The life of this excellent man and distinguished patriot was extended to
his ninetieth year. His death occurred on the 30th day of December, 1803.

MASSASOIT.

THIS renowned sachem was one of the principal Indian chiefs whom the pilgrim
band of the May Flower found in possession when they landed at Plymouth, in
1620. His first salutation was a friendly one, and he never withdrew his friendship
from the whites. He was a mild and pacific prince, and ruled his great and rude
people with a deep sagacity united to a strong affection for them, and the manifesta-
tion of a constant regard for their interests and happiness.

Massasoit had several places of residence, the principal of which was Mount Hope,
or Pokanoket, near Bristol, Rhode Island, on the Narragansett Bay. He has been
called, also, by a variety of names, as Woosamequin, Asuhmequin, Oosamequen,
Osamekin, Owsamequin, Owsamequine, Ussamequen, Wasamegin, &c., &c. ; but
Massasoit seems to have been the name he bore when the country was first occupied,
and by which he has ever since been known in history. He was the chief of the
Wampanoags. At first the Indians were very shy of the new-comers, but soon
gained confidence, and a treaty of amity and commerce was established between
them, by which the Puritans were preserved from utter ruin ; first, by the ravages of
famine, and, secondly, by the treachery and ferocity of the surrounding tribes of In-
dians. The personal appearance of this celebrated sachem is thus given by Governor
Carver, in 1621 : " He is a very lusty man, in his best years, an able body, grave of
countenance, and spare of speech ; in his attire little or nothing differing from the
rest of his followers, only in a great chain of white bone beads about his neck ; and
at it, behind his neck, hangs a little bag of tobacco, which he drank, and gave us to
drink. His face was painted with a sad red-like murrey, and oiled both head and
face, that he looked greasily. All his followers likewise were, in their faces, in part
or in whole, painted, some black, some red, some yellow, and some white ; some with
crosses and other antic works ; some had skins on them, and some naked ; all strong,
tall men in appearance. The king had in his bosom, hangirg in a string, a great long
knife. lie marvelled much at our trumpet, and some of his men would sound it as
well as they could."

Through the influence of this kind-hearted chief a treaty of commerce was made,
which resulted greatly to the interests of the colony. On that occasion he replied to
some suggestion of fear that the Indians might not be willing to traffic freely : " Am
I not Massasoit, commander of the country about us? Is not such and such places
mine, and the people of them f They shall take their skins to the English" This
his people applauded. In his speech, " he named at least thirty places," over which
he had control.

In 1623 Massasoit was dangerously ill, and sent for aid to his Plymouth friends,
who at once responded to his summons, and sent Mr. Winslow, with others, to min-
ister to his necessities. " When we came thither," says Mr. Winslow, " we found

250 MASSASOIT.

the house so full of men, as we could scarce get in, though they used their best dili-
gence to make way for us. There were they in the midst of their charms for him,
making such a hellish noise, as it distempered us that were well, and, therefore, unlike
to ease him that was sick. About him were six or eight women, who chafed his arms,
legs, and thighs, to keep heat in him. When they had made an end of their charm-
ing, one told him that his friends, the English, were come to see him. Having un-
derstanding left, but his sight was wholly gone, he asked, who was come. They told
him Winsnow (for they cannot pronounce the letter Z, but ordinarily n in the place
thereof). He desired to speak with me. When I came to him, and they told him
of it, he put forth his hand to me, which I took. Then he said twice, though very
inwardly, Keen Winsnow^ which is to say, Art thou Winslowf I answered, Ahhe,
that is, Yes. Then he doubled these words : Matta neen wonckanet namen, Wins.
now / that is to say, Oh Winslow, I shall never see thee again /" But contrary to
his own expectations, as well as all his friends, by the kind exertions of Mr. Winslow,
he in a short time entirely recovered.

For this attention of the English he was very grateful, and always believed that
his preservation at this time was owing to the benefit he received from Mr. Winslow.
In his way on his visit to Massasoit, Mr. Winslow broke a bottle containing some
preparation, and, deeming it necessary to the sachem's recovery, wrote a letter to the
governor of Plymouth for another, and some chickens ; in which he gave him an
account of his success thus far. The intention was no sooner made known to Massa-
Boit, than one of his men was sent off, at two o'clock at night, for Plymouth, who
returned again with astonishing quickness. The chickens being alive, Massasoit was
so pleased with them, and, being better, would not suffer them to be killed, and kept
them with the idea of raising more. While at Massasoit's residence, and just as they
were about to depart, the sachem told Hobomok of a plot laid by some of his subor-
dinate chiefs for the purpose of cutting off the two English plantations, which he
charged him to acquaint the English with, which he did. Massasoit stated that he
had been urged to join in it, or give his consent thereunto, but had always refused,
and used his endeavors to prevent it.

The date of the death of this noble-minded chieftain is not precisely known, but it
is generally supposed that it occurred about the year 1660-61, and supposing him to
be about forty years old when he first met the English, it would make him not far
from eighty years of age at the time of his death.

We shall close this sketch by relating an anecdote, which exhibits a peculiar trait
in Indian life. As Mr. Edward Winslow was returning from a trading voyage south-
ward, having left his vessel, he travelled home by land, and in the way stopped with
his old friend Massasoit, who agreed to accompany him the rest of the way ; in the
mean time, Ousamequin sent one of his men forward to Plymouth, to surprise the
people with the news of Mr. Winslow's death. By his manner of relating it, and
the particular circumstances attending, no one doubted of its truth, and every one
was grieved and mourned exceedingly at their great loss. But presently they were
as much surprised at seeing him corning in company with Ousamequin. When it
was known among the people that the sachem had sent this news to them, they de-
manded why he should thus deceive them. He replied that it was to make him the
more welcome when he did return, and that this was a custom of his people.

JAMES OGLETHORPE,

JAMES OGLETHORPE, the founder of Georgia, was born in England about the
year 1688. Entering the army at an early age, he served under Prince Eugene,
to whom he became secretary and aid-de-camp. On the restoration of peace he was
returned a member of Parliament, and distinguished himself as a useful senator by
proposing several regulations for the benefit of trade, and a reform in the prisons.
His philanthropy is commemorated in Thomson's Seasons. His benevolence led
him in 1732 to become one of the trustees of Georgia, a colony the design of whose
settlement was principally to rescue many of the inhabitants of Great Britain from
the miseries of poverty, to open an asylum for the persecuted Protestants of Europe,
and to carry to the natives the blessings of Christianity. In the prosecution of this
design Mr. Oglethorpe embarked in November with a number of emigrants, and
arriving at Carolina in the middle of January, 1733, he proceeded immediately to the
Savannah River, and laid the foundation of the town of Savannah. He made treaties
with the Indians, and crossed the Atlantic several times to promote the interests of
the colony. Being appointed general and commander-in-chief of his majesty's forces
in South Carolina and Georgia, he brought from England in 1738 a regiment of six
hundred men to protect the southern frontiers from the Spaniards. A mutiny was
soon excited in his camp, and a daring attempt was made to assassinate him ; but
his life was wonderfully preserved, through the care of that Providence which controls
all earthly agents and superintends every event. After the commencement of the
war between Great Britain and Spain in 1739, he visited the Indians to secure their
friendship, and in 1740 he went into Florida on an unsuccessful expedition against
St. Augustine. As the Spaniards laid claim to Georgia, three thousand men, a part
of whom were from Havana, were sent in 1742 to drive Oglethorpe from the fron-
tiers. When this force proceeded up the Alatamaha, passing Fort St. Simon's with-
out injury, he was obliged to retreat to Frederica. He had but about seven hundred
men, besides Indians ; yet with a part of these he approached within two miles of
the enemy's camp, with the design of attacking them by surprise, when a French
soldier of his party fired his musket and ran into the Spanish lines. His situation
was now very critical, for he knew that the deserter would make known his weakness.
Returning, however, to Frederica, he had recourse to the following expedient. He
wrote a letter to the deserter, desiring him to acquaint the Spaniards with the de-
fenceless state of Frederica, and to urge them to the attack ; if he could not effect
this object, he directed him to use all his art to persuade them to stay three days at
Fort Simon's, as within that time he should have a reinforcement of two thousand
land forces, with six ships of war ; cautioning him at the same time not to drop a hint
of Admiral Yernon's meditated attack upon St. Augustine. A Spanish prisoner was
Intrusted with this letter, under promise of delivering it to the deserter. But he gave

252 JAMES OGLETHORPE.

it, as was expected and intended, to the commander-in-chief, who instantly put the
deserter in irons. In the perplexity, occasioned by this letter, while the enemy was
deliberating what measures to adopt, three ships of force, which the governor of
South Carolina had sent to Oglethorpe's aid, appeared off the coast. The Spanish
commander was now convinced, beyond all question, that the letter, instead of being
a stratagem, contained serious instructions to a spy, and in this moment of consterna-
tion set fire to the fort, and embarked so precipitately as to leave behind him a num-
ber of cannon with a quantity of military stores. Thus by an event beyond human
foresight or control, by the correspondence between the artful suggestions of a mili-
tary genius and the blowing of the winds, was the infant colony providentially saved
from destruction, and Oglethorpe retrieved his reputation and gained the character of
an able general. He now returned to England, and never again revisited Georgia.
In 1745 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and was sent against the
rebels, but did not overtake them, for which he was tried by a court-martial and hon-
orably acquitted. After the return of Gage to England, in 1775, the command of the
British army in America was offered to General Oglethorpe. He professed'his read-
iness to accept the appointment if the ministry would authorize him to assure the
colonies that justice would be done them ; but the command was given to Sir William
Howe. He died in August, 1785, at the age of ninety-seven, being the oldest general
in the service. Allen's Biograph. Diet.

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, D,D,

JOSEPH PPJESTLEY, D. D., an eminent philosopher, and voluminous writer,
was born at Fieldhead, in Yorkshire, England, March 24, 1733. His father was
a cloth-dresser. At the age of nineteen he had acquired in the schools, to which he
had been sent, and by the aid of private instruction, a good knowledge of Greek,
Latin, and Hebrew, French, Italian, and German ; he had also begun to read Arabic,
and learned Chaldee and Syriac. With these attainments, and others in mathemat-
ics, natural philosophy, and morals, he entered the academy of Daventry, under Dr.
Ashworth, in 1752, with a view to the Christian ministry. Here he spent three
years. The students were referred to books on both sides of every question, and re-
quired to abridge the most important works. The tutors, Mr. Ashworth and Mr.
Clark, being of different opinions, and the students being divided, subjects of dispute
were continually discussed. He had been educated in Calvinism, and in early life
he suffered great distress from not finding satisfactory evidence of the renovation of
his mind by the Spirit of God. He had great aversion to plays and romances. He
attended a weekly meeting of young men for conversation and prayer. But before
he went to the academy he became an Arminian, though he retained the doctrine of
the trinity and of the atonement. At the academy he embraced Arianism. Perus-
ing Hartley's observations on man, he was fixed in the belief of the doctrine of ne-
cessity. In 1755 he became assistant minister to the independent congregation of
Needham Market, in Suffolk, upon a salary of forty pounds a year. Falling, under a
suspicion of Arianism, he became pastor of a congregation at Nantwich, in Cheshire,
in 1758, where he remained three years, being not only minister but schoolmaster.
In 1761 he removed to Warrington, as tutor in the belles-lettres in the academy there.
In 1767 he accepted the pastoral office at Leeds. Here by reading Lardner's letter
on the Logos he became a Socinian. In 1773 he went to live with the Marquis of
Lansdowne, as librarian or literary companion, with a salary of two hundred and
fifty pounds a year. During a connection of seven years with his lordship he visited,
in his company, France, Holland, and some parts of Germany. He then became
minister of Birmingham. At length, when several of his friends celebrated the
French Revolution, July 14, 1791, a mob collected and set fire to the dissenting
meeting-houses, and several dwelling-houses of dissenters, and among others to that
of Dr. Priestley. He lost his library, apparatus, and papers, and was forced to take
refuge in the metropolis. He was chosen to succeed Dr. Price at Hackney, and was
a lecturer in the dissenting college of that place. But the public aversion to him
being strong, and his sons emigrating to the United States, he followed them in April,
1794. He settled at Northumberland, a town of Pennsylvania about one hundred
and thirty miles northwest of Philadelphia. In this city, for two or three winters
after his arrival, he delivered lectures on the evidences of Christianity. In his last

254: JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, D.D.

sickness he expressed his coincidence with Simpson on the duration of future punish-
ment. He died in calmness, and in the full vigor of his mind, February 6, 1804, in
the seventy-first year of his age. He dictated some alterations in his manuscripts
half an hour before his death.

Dr. Priestley was amiable and affectionate in the intercourse of private and domes-
tic life. Few men in modern times have written so much, or with such facility.
His readiness with the pen he attributed, in a great degree, to the habit of writing
down, in early life, the sermons which he heard at public worship. To superior abil-
ities he joined industry, activity, dispatch, and method ; yet his application to study
was not so great, as from the multitude of his works one would imagine, for he sel-
dom spent more than six or eight hours in a day in any labor which required much
mental exertion. A habit of regularity extended itself to all his studies. He never
read a book without determining in his own mind when he would finish it; and at
the beginning of every year he arranged the plan of his literary pursuits and scien-
tific researches. He labored under a great defect, which, however, was not a very
considerable impediment to his progress. He sometimes lost all ideas, both of persons
and things, with which he had been conversant. Once he had occasion to write a
piece respecting the Jewish passover, in doing which he was obliged to consult and
compare several writers. Having finished it, he threw it aside. In about a fortnight
he performed this same labor again, having forgotten that he had a few days before
done it. Apprised of this defect, he used to write down what he did not wish to for-
get, and by a variety of mechanical expedients he secured and arranged his thoughts,
and derived the greatest assistance in writing large and complex works. By simple
and mechanical methods, he did that in a mouth, which men of equal ability could
hardly execute in a year. He always did immediately what he had to perform.
Though he rose early and dispatched his more serious pursuits in the morning, yet he
was as well qualified for mental exertion at one time of the day as at another. All
seasons were equal to him, early or late, before dinner or after. He could also write
without inconvenience by the parlor fire with his wife and children about him, and
occasionally talking to them. In his diary he recorded the progress of his studies,
the occurrences of the day, &c. As a preacher Dr. Priestley was not distinguished.
He had no powers of oratory. He was, however, laborious and attentive as a min-
ister. He bestowed great pains upon the young by lectures and catechetical in-
structions. In his family he ever maintained the worship of God. As a schoolmaster
and professor he was indefatigable. With respect to his religious sentiments his
mind underwent a number; of revolutions, but he died in the Socinian faith, which he
had many years supported. He possesses a high reputation as a philosopher, partic-
ularly as a chemist. Commencing his chemical career in 1772, he did more for
chemistry in two years than had been done by any of his predecessors. He discov-
ered the existence of vital or dephlogisticated air, the oxygen gas of the French
nomenclature, and other kinds of aeriform fluids, and many methods of procuring
them. He always adhered to the old doctrine of Stahl respecting phlogiston, though
the whole scientific world had rejected it, and embraced the theory of Lavoisier. But
his versatile mind could not be confined to one subject. He was not only a chemist
but an eminent metaphysician. He was a materialist and necessarian. He main-
tained that all volitions are the necessary result of previous circumstances, the will

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, D.D. 255

being always governed by motives; and yet he opposed the Calvinistic doctrine of
predestination. The basis of his- necessarian theory was Hartley's observations on
man. In order to escape the difficulty, which he supposed would arise from ascribing
the existence of sin to the will of God, he embraced the system of optimism ; he con-
sidered all evil as resulting in the good of the whole and of each part ; he thought
that all intelligent beings would be conducted through various degrees of discipline
to happiness. He wrote also upon politics, and it was in consequence of his advo-
cating republican sentiments, as well as of his religious opinions, that his situation
was rendered so unpleasant in England. He found it a convenient way of learning
a science to undertake to teach it, or to make a book or treatise upon the particular
subject of his studies. The chart of history used in France was much improved by
him, and he invented the chart of biography, which is very useful. Of his numerous
publications the following are the principal: a treatise on English grammar, 1761 ;
on the doctrine of remission ; history of electricity, 176T ; history of vision, light, and
colors ; introduction to perspective, 1770 ; harmony of the evangelists ; catechisms ;
address to masters of families on prayer ; experiments on air, 4 vols. ; observations
on education ; lectures on oratory and criticism ; institutes of natural and revealed
religion ; a reply to the Scotch metaphysicians, Reid, Oswald, and Beattie ; disqui-
sitions on matter and spirit, 1777 ; history of the corruptions of Christianity ; letters
to Bishop Newcome on the duration of Christ's ministry ; correspondence with Dr.
Horseley ; history of early opinions concerning Jesus Christ, 4 vols., 1786 ; lectures
on history and general policy ; answers to Paine and Volney ; several pieces on the
doctrine of philosophical necessity, in a controversy with Dr. Price ; discourses on
the evidences of revealed religion, 3 vols. ; letters to a philosophical unbeliever ; dis-
courses on various subjects. He also wrote many defences of Unitarianism, and con-
tributed largely to the Theological Repository, which was published many years ago
in England. After his arrival in this country he published a comparison of the insti-
tutions of the Mosaic religion with those of the Hindoos; Jesus and Socrates com-
pared; several tracts against Dr. Linn, who wrote against the preceding pamphlet;
notes on the Scriptures, 4 vols. ; history of the Christian church, 6 vols. ; several
pamphlets on philosophical subjects, and in defence of the doctrine of phlogiston.
Dr. Priestley's life was published in 1806, in two volumes. The memoirs were writ-
ten by himself to the year 1787, and a short continuation by his own hand brings
them to 1795. Allen's Bioy. Diet.

JOHN REDMAN, M, D,

DK. REDMAN, first president of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia,
was born in that city, Febrnary 27, 1722. After finishing his preparatory edu-
cation in the Rev. Mr. Tennent's academy, he entered upon the study of physic with
Dr. John Kearsley, then one of the most respectable physicians of Philadelphia.
When he commenced the practice of his profession, he went to Bermuda, where he
continued for several years. Thence he proceeded to Europe, for the purpose of per-
fecting his acquaintance with medicine. He lived one year in Edinburgh ; he at-
tended lectures, dissections, and the hospitals in Paris ; he was graduated at Leyden,
in July, 1748 ; and after passing some time at Gray's Hospital he returned to Amer-
ica, and settled in his native city, where he soon gained great and deserved celebrity.
When he was about forty years of age he was afflicted with an abscess in his liver,
the contents of which were expectorated, and he was frequently confined by acute
diseases ; yet he lived to a great age. In the evening of his life he withdrew from
the labors of his profession ; but it was only to engage in business of another kind.
In the year 1784 he was elected an elder of the second Presbyterian church, and the
benevolent duties of this office employed him and gave him delight. The death of
his younger daughter in 1806 was soon succeeded by the death of his wife, with whom
he had lived with uninterrupted harmony near sixty years. He himself died of an
apoplexy, March 19, 1808, in the eighty-seventh year of his age.

Dr. Redman was somewhat below the middle stature ; his complexion was dark,
and his eyes uncommonly animated. In the former part of his life he possessed an
irritable temper, but his anger was transient, and he was known to make acknowledg-
ments to his pupils and servants for a hasty expression. As a physician his principles
were derived from the writings of Boerhaave, but his practice was formed by the
rules of Sydenham. He considered a greater force of medicine necessary to cure
modern American, than modern British diseases, and hence he was a decided friend
to depletion in all the violent diseases of our country. He bled freely in the yellow
fever of 1762, and threw the weight of his venerable name into the scale of the same
remedy in the year 1793. In the diseases of old age he considered small and frequent
bleedings as the first of remedies. He entertained a high opinion of mercury in all
chronic diseases, and he gave it in the natural small-pox with the view of touching
the salivary glands about the turn of the pock. He introduced the use of turpeth-
mineral as an emetic in the gangrenous sore throat of 1764. Towards the close of his
life he read the later medical writers, and embraced with avidity some of the modern
opinions and modes of practice. In a sick-room his talents were peculiar. He sus-
pended pain by his soothing manner, or chased it away by his conversation, which
was occasionally facetious and full of anecdotes, or serious and instructing. He was

JOSEPH REDMAN, M. D.

remarkably attached to all the members of his family. At the funeral of his brother,
Joseph Redman, in 1779, after the company were assembled he rose from his seat,
and grasping the lifeless hand of his brother, he turned round to his children and
other relations in the room, and addressed them in the following words : " I declare
in the presence of God and of this company, that in the whole course of our lives no
angry word nor look has ever passed between this dear brother and me." He then
kneeled down by the side of his coffin, and in the most fervent manner implored the
protection and favor of God to his widow and children. He was an eminent Christian.
While he was not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, he thought humbly of himself,
and lamented his slender attainments in religion. His piety was accompanied by
benevolence and charity. He gave liberally to the poor. Such was the cheerfulness
of his temper, that upon serious subjects he was never gloomy. He spoke often of
death, and of the scenes which await the soul after its separation from the body, with
perfect composure. He published an inaugural dissertation on abortion, 1748, and a
defence of inoculation, 1759. Allen's Blog. Diet.

WILLIAM TENNENT,

iTTILLIAM TENNENT, minister of Freehold, New Jersey, was born in Ireland,
VV June 3, 1T05. He arrived in America when in the fourteenth year of his age.
Having resolved to devote himself to the ministry of the Gospel, his intense applica-
tion to the study of theology, under the care of his brother at New Brunswick, so im-
paired his health as to bring on a decline. He became more and more emaciated,
till little hope of life was left. At length he fainted and apparently expired. The
neighborhood were invited to attend his funeral on the next day. In the evening his
physician, a young gentleman, who was his particular friend, returned to the town,
and was afflicted beyond measure at the news of his death. Being told, that when
the body was laid out a little tremor of the flesh under the arm had been perceived,
he encouraged the hope that the powers of life had not yet departed. On examining
the body he affirmed that he felt an unusual warmth, and had it restored to a warm
bed, and the funeral delayed. All probable means were used to restore life, but the
third day arrived, and the unintermitted exertions of the doctor had as yet been in
vain. It was determined by the brother that the funeral should now take place ; but
the physician requested a delay of one hour, then of half an hour, and finally of a
quarter of an hour. As this last period was near expired, while he was endeavoring
to soften the tongue, which he had discovered to be much swollen, by putting some
ointment upon it with a feather, the body opened its eyes, gave a dreadful groan, and
sunk again into apparent death. The efforts were now renewed, and in a few hours
Mr. Tennent was restored to life. His recovery, however, was very slow ; all former
ideas were for some time blotted out of his mind ; and it was a year before he was
perfectly restored. To his friends he repeatedly stated, that after he had apparently
expired he found himself in heaven, where he beheld a glory, which he could not de-
scribe, and heard songs of praise before this glory, which were unutterable. He was
about to join the throng, when one of the heavenly messengers said to him, " You
must return to the earth." At this instant he groaned, and opened his eyes upon
this world. For three years afterwards the sounds which he had heard were not out
of his ears, and earthly things were in his sight as vanity and nothing. In October,
1733, he was ordained at Freehold, as the successor of his brother, the Rev. John
Tennent. It was not long before his inattention to worldly concerns brought him into
debt. In his embarrassment a friend from New York told him, that the only remedy
was to get a wife. " I do not know how to go about it," was the answer. " Then I
will undertake the business," said his friend ; " I have a sister-in-law in the city, a
prudent and pious widow." The next evening found Mr. Tennent in New York, and
the day after he was introduced to Mrs. Noble. Being pleased with her appearance,
when he was left alone with her he abruptly told her that he supposed she knew his
errand, that neither his time nor inclination would suffer him to use much ceremony,

Library

WILLIAM TENNENT. 259

and that if she pleased he would attend his charge on the next Sabbath, and return
on Monday and be married. "With some hesitation the lady consented ; and she
proved an invaluable treasure to him. About the year 17M, when the faithful preach-
ing of Mr. Tennent and Mr. John Rowland was the means of advancing, in a very
remarkable degree, the cause of religion in JSTew Jersey, the indignation and malice
of those who loved darkness rather than light, and who could not quietly submit to
have their false security shaken, was excited against these servants of God. There
was at this time prowling through the country a noted man named Tom Bell. One
evening he arrived at a tavern in Princeton, dressed in a parson's frock, and was im-
mediately accosted as the Rev. Mr. Rowland, whom he much resembled. This mis-
take was sufficient for him. The next day he went to a congregation in the county
of Hunterdon, and declaring himself to be Mr. Rowland, was invited to preach on
the Sabbath. As he was riding to church in the family wagon accompanied by his
host on an elegant horse, he discovered, when he was near the church, that he had left
his notes behind, and proposed to ride back for them on the fine horse. The proposal
was agreed to, and Bell, after returning to the house and rifling the desk, made off-
with the horse. Mr. Rowland was soon indicted for the robbery, but it happened
that on the very day on which the robbery was committed he was in Pennsylvania
or Maryland, and this circumstance being proved by the testimony of Mr. Tennent
and two other gentlemen, who accompanied him, the jury brought in a verdict of not
guilty. Mr. Rowland could not again be brought before the court ; but the witnesses
were indicted for wilful and corrupt perjury. The evidence was very strong against
them, for many had seen the supposed Mr. Rowland on the elegant horse. Mr. Ten-
nent employed Mr. John Coxe, an eminent lawyer, to conduct his defence. He went
to Trenton on the day appointed, and there found Mr. Smith of New York, one of
the ablest lawyers in America, and of a religious character, who had voluntarily
attended to aid in his defence. He found also at Trenton his brother Gilbert, from
Philadelphia, with Mr. Kinsey, one of the first counsellors in the city. Mr. Tennent
was asked who were his witnesses ; he replied that he had none, as the persons who
accompanied him were also indicted. He was pressed to delay the trial, as he would
most certainly be convicted ; but he insisted that it should proceed, as he trusted in
God to vindicate his innocence. Mr. Coxe was charging Mr. Tennent with acting
the part of an enthusiast, when the bell summoned them to court. The latter had not
walked far in the street before he was accosted by a man and his wife, who asked
him if his name was not Tennent. The man said that he lived in a certain place in
Pennsylvania or Maryland ; that Mr. Tennent and Mr. Rowland had lodged at his
house, or at a house where he and his wife had been servants, at a particular time,
and on the next day preached ; that some nights before he left home, he and his wife
both dreamed repeatedly that Mr. Tennent was in distress at Trenton, and they only
could relieve him; and that they, in consequence, had come to that town, and
wished to know what they had to do. Mr. Tennent led them to the court-house, and
their testimony induced the jury to bring in a verdict of not guilty, to the astonish-
ment of his enemies. After a life of great usefulness, Mr. Tennent died at Freehold,
March 8, 1777, aged seventy-one years. He was well read in divinity, and professed
himself a moderate Calvinist. The doctrines of man's depravity, the atonement of
Christ, the necessity of the all-powerful influence of the Holy Spirit to renew the

2tJO WILLIAM TENNEtfT.

heart, in consistence with the free agency of the sinner, were among the leading ar-
ticles of his faith. With his friends he was at all times cheerful and pleasant. He
once dined in company with Governor Livingston and Mr. Whitfield, when the latter
expressed the consolation he found in believing, amidst the fatigues of the day, that
his work would soon be done, and that he should depart and be with Christ. He
appealed to Mr. Tennent, whether that was not his comfort. Mr. Tennent replied,
" What do you think I should say, if I was to send my man Tom into the field to
plough, and at noon should find him lounging under a tree, complaining of the heat,
and of his difficult work, and begging to be discharged of his hard service ? What
should I say ? Why, that he was an idle, lazy fellow, and that it was his business
to do the work that I had appointed him." He was the friend of the poor. The
public lost in him a firm asserter of the civil and religious rights of his country.
Few men have ever been more holy in life, more submissive to the will of God under
heavy afflictions, or more peaceful in death. An account which he wrote of the
revival of religion in Freehold, and other places, is published in Prince's Chris
tian History. Allen's Biog. Diet.

GEORGE WALTON,

GEORGE WALTON, the last of the Georgia delegation who signed the Declara-
tion of Independence, was born in the county of Frederick, Virginia, about the
year 1740. He was early apprenticed to a carpenter, who being a man of selfish and
contracted views, not only kept him closely at labor during the day, but refused him
the privilege of a candle, by which to read at night.

Young Walton possessed a mind by nature strong in its powers, and though un-
cultivated, not having enjoyed even the advantages of a good scholastic education, he
was ardently bent on the acquisition of knowledge ; so bent, that during the day, at
his leisure moments, he would collect light wood, which served him at night instead
of a candle. His application was close and indefatigable ; his acquisitions rapid and
valuable.

At the expiration of his apprenticeship he removed to the province of Georgia,
and entered the office of a Mr. Young, with whom he pursued the preparatory studies
of the profession of law, and in 1774 he entered upon its duties.

At this time the British government was in the exercise of full power in Georgia.
Both the governor and his council were firm supporters of the British ministry. It
was at this period that George Walton, and other kindred spirits, assembled a meet-
ing of the friends of liberty, at the liberty pole, at Tondee's tavern in Savannah, to
take into consideration the means of preserving the constitutional rights and liberties
of the people of Georgia, which were endangered by the then recent acts of the Brit-
ish parliament.

At this meeting Mr. Walton took a distinguished part. Others, also, entered with
great warmth and animation into the debate. It was, at length, determined to invite
the different parishes of the province, to come into a general union and co-operation
with the other provinces of America to secure their constitutional rights and liberties.

In opposition to this plan, the royal governor and his council immediately and
strongly enlisted themselves, and so far succeeded by their influence as to induce an-
other meeting, which was held in January, 1775, to content itself with preparing a
petition to be presented to the king. Of the committee appointed for this purpose
Mr. Walton was a member. The petition, however, shared the fate of its numerous
predecessors.

In February, 1775, the Committee of Safety met at Savannah. But notwithstand-
ing that several of the members advocated strong and decisive measures, a majority
were for pursuing, for the present, a temporizing policy. Accordingly, the committee
adjourned without concerting any plan for the appointment of delegates to the Con-
tinental Congress. This induced the people of the parish of St. John to separate, in
a degree, from the provincial government, and to appoint Mr. Hall a delegate to rep-
resent them in the national legislature.

202 GEORGE WALTON.

In the month of July, 1775, the convention of Georgia acceded to the general con-
federacy, and five delegates, Lyman Hall, Archibald Bullock, John Houston, John
J. Zubly, and Noble "W. Jones, were elected to represent the State in Congress.

In the month of February, 1776, Mr. Walton was elected to the same honorable
station, and in the following month of October was re-elected. From this time, until
October, 1781, he continued to represent the State of Georgia at the seat of govern-
ment, where he displayed much zeal and intelligence in the discharge of the various
duties which were assigned him. He was particularly useful on a committee, of
which Robert Morris and George Clymer were his associates, appointed to transact
important continental business in Philadelphia, during the time that Congress was
obliged to retire from that city.

In December, 1778, Mr. Walton received a colonel's commission in the militia,
and was present at the surrender of Savannah to the British arms. During the ob-
stinate defence of that place Colonel Walton was wounded in the thigh, in consequence
of which he fell from his horse, and was made a prisoner by the British troops. A
brigadier-general was demanded in exchange for him ; but in September, 1779, he was
exchanged for a captain of the navy.

In the following month Colonel Walton was appointed governor of the State ; and
in the succeeding January was elected a member of Congress for two years.

The subsequent life of Mr. Walton was filled up in the discharge of the most re-
spectable offices within the gift of the State. In what manner he was appreciated by
the people of Georgia, may be learnt from the fact that he was at six different times
elected a representative to Congress ; twice appointed governor of the State ; once a
senator of the United States ; and at four different periods a judge of the superior
courts, which last office he held for fifteen years, and until the time of his death.

It may be gathered from the foregoing, respecting Mr. Walton, that he was no
ordinary man. He rose into distinction by the force of his native powers. In his
temperament he was ardent, and by means of his enthusiasm in the great cause of
liberty, rose to higher eminence, and secured a greater share of public favor and con-
fidence than he would otherwise have done.

Mr. Walton was not without his faults and weaknesses. He was accused of a
degree of pedantry, and sometimes indulged his satirical powers beyond the strict
rules of propriety. He was perhaps, also, too contemptuous of public opinion,
especially when that opinion varied from his own.

The death of Mr. Walton occurred on the second day of February, 1804. During
the latter years of his life, he suffered intensely from frequent and long-continued
attacks of the gout, which probably tended to undermine his constitution, and to
hasten the event of his dissolution. He had attained, however, to a good age, and
closed his life, happy in having contributed his full share towards the measure of his
country's glory.

ROGER WILLIAMS.

THE name of Eoger Williams is a shibboleth to- religious liberty. His was one of
the first minds in America capable of grasping the enlarged idea, " that no man
was accountable to his fellow-man, either in Church or State, for his religious opinions ;"
and he boldly declared the same in the teeth of his church, and defended it against
the ablest teachers and rulers in the Colonies. For this he suffered all manner of
persecution, and was at length banished from civilized society, and driven forth into
the wilderness to solicit charity at the hands of the savages, whom he found more
tolerant and merciful than his Christian brethren.

In his lonely march and shelterless bivouacs in that dark forest, with the faithful
few who were ready to share his exile, how little did he dream that he was the sower
of a seed which should spring up and grow into a mighty tree, destined to overshadow
the institutions of a wide-reaching republic, and that millions on millions of freemen
should rise up and call him blessed, and countless voices pronounce his name with
love and veneration.

He was " under the cloud," as all men were in that early dawning of religious free-
dom, and held, pertinaciously enough it must be confessed, opinions which will not
bear the scrutiny of these days of increased light and learning; but that great
idea which alone found a resting-place in his pure mind, is a mantle broad enough
to cover all, and more than all, his errors and his faults.

Penetrated with the devout idea that he was under the charge and direction of
" Him in whom he believed," he called the spot he selected for his resting-place
Providence, never doubting he had been led thither by an invisible Hand. Here he
built up his church in the free spirit of toleration, and to it flocked from every quarter
of the Colonies the persecuted of all shades of opinion. And here all found a Chris-
tian welcome. Jews, Turks, Papists, and Protestants of every belief were allowed
not only to cherish but to promulgate their faith and practise their worship, so long
as they interfered with no other man's freedom, and violated none of the civil
obligations.

In 1656, when the other colonies of New England united in measures for the pre-
vention of the further spread of Quakerism, the colony of Rhode Island was solicited
to join the wicked confederacy. Their noble answer which showed how truly the
leaven of its tolerant founder had wrought into the whole lump of the body-politic
deserves to be written in characters of living light in the firmament : " WE SHALL

STRICTLY ADHERE TO THE FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES ON WHICH THIS COLONY WAS FIRST SET-
TLED : TO WIT, THAT EVERY MAN WHO SUBMITS PEACEABLY TO THE CIVIL AUTHORITY, MAY
PEACEABLY WORSHIP GOD ACCORDING TO THE DICTATES OF HIS CONSCIENCE WITHOUT MO-

ROGER WILLIAMS.

Little is known of the early life of Williams, save that he was a remarkably stu-
dious and religious lad. He used to take notes of the discourses to which he listened
at an early age. Sir Edward Coke, the eminent lawyer, detected him in this, one
Sunday, and sent for him to his pew. ' After much persuasion, he overcame the nat-
ural timidity of the youth and prevailed upon him to let him look on his notes. Sir
Edward was so struck with their correctness, and the judgment manifested in the
selection of passages in the discourse, that he took the boy into his care and office,
where he prepared himself to be a lawyer. But his religious turn of mind led him to
change his views, and he afterwards turned his whole mind and soul to the study of
divinity. He became eminent both for his scholarship and piety, and soon after com-
mencing his ministry joined the Puritans, and emigrated to this country in 1631.

His brilliant talents and solid learning soon attracted the attention of the churches.
He was invited by the church at Salem to become assistant to Mr. Shelton, but the
civil authorities not approving, he accepted a call from the Plymouth church, from
whence, after two or three years' residence, he removed to Salem ; from which place,
as we have seen, he was banished on account of heresy.

His influence with the Indians was unbounded, and it was owing solely to his in-
tervention that the Narragansetts were prevented from leaguing with the Pequots in
" the terrible Pequot War," and brought, instead, into alliance, defensive and offensive,
with the English. This alliance doubtless proved the salvation of the colonies in
New England.

Roger Williams lived to see his principles become a fact, and his fond dreams a
reality, and went to his grave at the great age of eighty, respected and loved by mul-
titudes both of English and Indians, and leaving a name to be cherished and vener-
ated by all lovers of religious freedom in all coming ages of the world.

JOHN WINTHROP,

JOHN" WINTHROP, LL.D.,F.E.S., a distinguished philosopher and astronomer,
was graduated at Harvard College, in 1732. In 1738 he succeeded Mr. Green-
wood as Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, and was more
eminent for his scholarship than any other man in New England. In mathematical
science he was considered as the first during the forty years he continued the profes-
sor at Cambridge University. In the year 1740 he made observations upon the
transit of Mercury, which were printed in the transactions of the Royal Society.

In the year 1761 he sailed to St. Johns, in Newfoundland (as it was the most
western part of the earth), to observe the transit of Yenus over the sun's disk, as it
was an object with the literati to have observations made in that place. The sixth of
June was a fine day to observe the transit of the planet, and he gained high reputa-
tion when these observations were published. In 1769 he had another opportunity
of observing the transit of Venus at Cambridge. As it was the last opportunity that
generation could be favored with, he was desirous to arrest the attention of the peo-
ple. He read two lectures upon the subject in the college chapel, which he after-
wards published, with this motto upon the title-page : " Agite mortales ! et oculos in
spectaculum vertite, quod hucusce spectaverunt perpaucissimi ; spectaturi iterum
Bunt nulli."

He received literary honors from other countries besides his own. The Eoyal So-
ciety of London elected him a member, and the University of Edinburgh gave him a
diploma of LL. D.

In 1767 he wrote Cogitata de Cometis, which he dedicated to the Royal Society.
This was reprinted in London the next year. The active services of Dr. Winthrop
were not confined to his duties of professorship at Cambridge. He was a brilliant
star in our political hemisphere. The family of the "Winthrops had always been dis-
tinguished for their love of freedom and the charter rights of the colonies. When
Great Britain made encroachment upon these, by oppressive acts of parliament, after
the peace of Paris in 1763, he stepped forth among those who boldly opposed the
measures of the crown. After having been a professor for more than forty years, he
died at Cambridge, May 3, 1779, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. Dr. Winthrop
was an excellent classical scholar, and also a biblical critic. The learned Dr. Chaun-
cey always spoke of him as one of the greatest theologians he ever met with. In the
variety and extent of his knowledge he has seldom been equalled. He was critically
acquainted with several of the modern languages of Europe. He had deeply studied
the policies of different ages ; he had read the principal Fathers ; and he was thor-
oughly acquainted with the controversy between Christians and Deists. His firm
faith in the Christian religion was founded upon an accurate examination of the evi-
dences of its truths, and the virtues of his life added a lustre to his intellectual power
and scientific attainments.

ACCESSION No.

THE ARCHIBALD CHURCH LIBRARY

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL

CHICAGO -:- ILLINOIS

HMB

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