MANUAL OF .IBRARY CLASSIFICATION AND SHELF ARRANGEMENT BY JAMES D. BROWN LIBRARIAN, CLERKENWELL PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON vT^ R A ?^ or r.. f vwivr LONDON LIBRARY SUPPLY COMPANY 4, AVE MARIA LANE, E.G. h 'K LIBRARY SCHOOB, Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury. PREFACE This work has been prepared to meet the requirements of those who are engaged or interested in the study of practical Hbrary methods. No EngHsh book on this subject has been issued since Edwards dealt with classifications generally in his Memoirs of Libraries, published in 1859; and the literature of the subject consists of little more than papers on single schemes. Classification has never been a strong point in British libraries, and this has arisen partly from apathy on the part of librarians, but also from the difficulty of obtaining information about American and foreign schemes which have been successfully applied to libraries. Leaving out of view Petzholdt's list of classifications contained in his Bibliotheca Biblio- ^raphica (1866), I have been unable to find that any single work devoted entirely to a systematic examination of schemes has ever been issued in any country. This little book has been prepared, accord- ingly, to fill a well-defined space in library literature ; and however inadequate or slight the attempt may be, it is earnestly hoped that it will in some measure lelp to stimulate interest in the subject of classification. 4 Preface The " Adjustable Classification " has been prepared for the use of municipal public libraries chiefly ; but it can be adapted to almost any variety of general library, provided arrangements are made for sub- divisions. Two thousand two hundred and fifty divi- sions are provided, excluding general heads, while provision is made for four thousand five hundred divisions by means of blanks. Each of these divisions is capable of infinite sub-division. For most ordinary purposes the divisions printed will meet every need. Suggestions and corrections will be gladly received from any one interested in the subject. JAMES D. BROWN. Clerkenwell Public Library, London. January, 1898. CONTENTS PAGE Preface .3 Index to Manual of Classification ..... 7 Chapter I. General Considerations . . . .11 ,, II. The Classification of Knowledge . . 27 „ III. Schemes for the Classification of Books and Catalogues 39 „ IV. Schemes for the Classification of Books conjoined with Shelf Notations . . 62 ,, V. Classified Libraries and Catalogues. . 83 „ VI. Adjustable Classification Scheme . . 97 Tables of Adjustable Classification . 105 Alphabetical Subject Index . . -133 INDEX TO MANUAL OF CLASSIFICATION The Numbers refer to the Sections and not to the Pages of the work Abstract Classification, 53 Achard's Scheme, 24 Adjustable Classification Scheme, 54 Aldus, Classification of, 22 Alembert's Scheme, 14 Amherst College Scheme, 37 Author Marks, 37 Author-alphabetical Shelving, 9, 1 1 Authors, 47, 49 Bacon's Scheme, 14, 35 Barbier's Scheme, 24 Barrett, F, T., on Service, 10 ; on Subjects, 47 Battezzati, 37 Bentham's Scheme, 16 Biological Classification, i, 13-20,49 Biscoe's Date Marks, 53 Bonazzi's Scheme, 32, 34 Book Classification, 21-33 Book Numbers, 34 Booksellers' Classifications, 22 Botanical Classification, 15, 18, 19 Bouillaud's Scheme, 24 Bowen, Classification defined, 13 Historical Novels, 52 British Library Classification, In- exact, 3 Numerical Shelf Methods, 8 Statistics of Classification, 4 British Museum Catalogue, 47 Scheme, 26 Shelf-marking, 7 Brown, J. D., Adjustable Classifica- tion Scheme, 54 Fiction Classification. 52 Brown-Quinn Scheme, 33, 34, 54 Brunet's Scheme, 24 Bure's Scheme, 24 Carpenter's Zoological Classifica- tion, 18 Catalogues, Alphabetical, 48, 49-50 Classified, 21-33, 44-50 Dictionary, 39, 49 Chemistiy Classification, Chronological Order, 53 Class Movable Locations, Classification, British generally Inexact, 3 Coster's Exact System, Exact, Necessity for, i. General Considerations Systems, Lists, 14 Works on Scientific, 20 Clerkenwell Library Scheme, 33, 52 Close Classification, i. 2, 10. 11, 12 Coleridge's Scheme, 16 Collections, Special, 59 Collegiate Plan, 6 19 Library, 2 2, 12, 45 1-12, 45 8 Index to Manual of Classification Colonial Libraries, Classifications, 1 1 Combination Schemes, 34 Composite Books, 51, 58 Crestadoro on Titles, 49 Cutter, Author Marks, 37 Local List, 39, 53 On Classified Catalogues, 48 Scheme, 39 Date Arrangement, 53 De Morgan on Classification, 46, 47, 48 Decimal Classification, 35 Decimal Location, 10 Dewey's Scheme, 37, 45 Dictionary Catalogue, 39 Durie on Classification, etc., 23 Edmands' Scheme, 43 Edmond, J. P., 38 Edwards' Memoirs of Libraries, 14, 22, 27 Scheme, 29, 34 Ersch, 27 Expansive Scheme, 39 Fiction Classification, 52 Fixed Locations, 6, 1 1 Fletcher's Scheme, 42 Fowler's Logic, 13 Free Access Classification, 33, 57 French Scheme, 24, 41 Garnett, Richard, 26 Garnier's Scheme, 24 German Schemes, 27, 31 Gesner's Scheme, 22 Goebel's Botanical Classification, 19 Halle University Scheme, 31 Harris's Scheme, 14, 35, 37 Hartwig's Scheme, 31, 34 Henfrey's Botanical Classification, 19 Hooker's Botanical Classification, 19 Home's Scheme, 24, 26 Huxley, Classification defined, 13, 20 Indexes to Classifications, 36, 44 Indicators, 56 Inverted Baconian Scheme, 35 Italian Scheme, 32 Jevons, W. S., Logic, 13 On Classification, 45, 47 Jussieu's Botanical Classification, 19 Kirkwood on Classification, 23 Knowledge, Classification of, 13-20 Leibnitz, 27 Library Association Examinations, 1 8 Lindsay's (Lord) Scheme, 17 Linnaeus, Classification, 15, 19 Local List, Cutter's, 39 Locke's Scheme, 15 Logic, Classification according to, 13-20 London's Catalogue, 23 London Institution Classification, 25 Lubbock's Classification, 20 Lydekker's Zoological Classifica- tion, 18 Massey, A. P., Fiction Classifica- tion, 52 Maunsell's Catalogue, 22 Methodology in Logical Systems, 13-20 Middle Temple Dictionary Cata- logue, 49 Mill's Logic, 13 (on Linnaeus), 15 Milman, Rev. W. H., 38 Mitchell Library, Glasgow, 10 Mnemonic Schemes, 36, 37, 39 Movable Location, 10, 11 National Classification, 53 Notations, Shelf, 1-12, 34-43 Numerical Locations, 6-8, 11 Index to Manual of Classification Open Access Classification, 33, 57 Owen's Classification, 20 Paris Scheme, 24, 41 Peoria Library Scheme, 35 Perkins' Scheme, 40 Petzholdt's Bibliotheca, 14 Philadelphia jNIercantile Library, 43 Poetry Classification, 52 Prantl's Botanical Classification, 19 Press-marking, 6 Preusker, 27 Quinn-Brown Scheme, 33, 34, 54 Rational Classification, 40 Relative Index, 36, 45 Relative Location Systems, 10, ii, 36 Royal Institution Scheme, 28, 48 Sachs' Botany, 19 San Francisco Scheme, 40 Schleiermacher's Scheme, 27 Schwartz's Scheme, 36, 37 Science, Classification of, 13-20 Shelf Notations, 1-12, 34-43 Shelf Numbering, 6-10 Shurtleff's Decimal Location, 10 Signet Library, 48 Sion College Scheme, 38 Sizes in Shelf Arrangement, 8, 60 Smith's Scheme, 41 Sonnenschein's Scheme, 30, 34, 50 Special Collections, 59 Spencer's (H.) Classification, 20 Subject Arrangement on Shelves, 10, II Subjects, 47 Thienemann's Scheme, 27 Titles, 47, 49 United States, Classifications in, 5, 1 1 Vincent, Benjamin, 28 Whewell's Classification, 20 Wilson's (W. D.) Scheme, 17 Zoology, Classification, 15, 18, 20 CHAPTER I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. The subject of classification has attracted the notice of scholars and practical men alike for nearly four hundred years. Its difficulties and disputed points have furnished exercise and amusement for many minds since the earliest attempt was made to tabulate the branches of human knowledge in a systematic and useful manner. At the end of the nineteenth century, after hundreds of schemes have been submitted as fulfilling every requirement, there is nearly as much diversity of opinion concerning the exact manner of dealing with certain topics as there has been any time during the past three centuries. In one respect, however, there is more unanimity of feeling than ever there was before, and that is as regards the necessity for systematic classification of some kind in every department of human life and effort. We see this more particularly in such departments of learning as Biological Science, Medicine, Chemistry, and in institutions like Museums and Art Galleries, which depend for their educational value and effect upon the system of arrangement adopted. 2. The principle of classification is of almost universal application. It is to be seen in nature on a gigantic scale in the disposition of earth, air, and water, and in the natural laws which govern them. Artificially it has a very good rudi- mentary exposition in the practice of the costermonger, a familiar object in the streets of our large towns, but never- theless a classifier of considerable skill. He does not put gooseberries, cherries, and strawberries all together in one 12 Manual of Library Classificatioit — 3, 4 barrow, and sell them mixed under the comprehensive name of " Fruit " at threepence a pound, but carefully divides and keeps them apart under a strict plan of classification. He may sub-divide his main class, " Strawberries," into two sub-classes, " Sir Joseph Paxtons " and " British Queens " respectively, attaching to each different values^ and he may further sub-divide the " British Queens " into two divisions of different qualities at varying prices ; while he is certain to adopt an even more minute quantitative sub-division by arranging that all the large berries shall be at the top and the small ones at the bottom ! 3. With such an example before us of careful and minute classification, selected from the daily practice of a humble commercial class, we should doubtless expect to find in our public libraries a similar and more scientific system of exact classification ; not only finding all the books on a given subject together on the shelves, but in close proximity to all other works on related topics. The belief appears to be quite common, at least among educated people, that in English public Hbraries some method of classification is universal by which all the books on large subjects like Law, Chemistry, Botany, United States, China, Building, Agriculture, Language, etc., are to be found together, not only in the catalogue, but on the shelves. It never seems to enter the mind of an un- professional person that there can be any doubt on this point, or that books on related subjects in public libraries are not as certain to be kept together as the different articles of merchandise in a large general store. It would be considered by most people who give the matter a thought, just as absurd for a grocer to keep his tea and sugar mixed in one drawer, as for a librarian to mix his botanical books with those on manufactures and perhaps a score of other equally foreign topics. Yet it is the fact that, so far at least as British public libraries are concerned, close classification is just the one thing which does not prevail to any great extent. 4. From personal enquiries among librarians, visits to libraries, and a careful study of their catalogues, together with Generat Considerations — 5, 6 13 the information given in Greemvood^s Library Year Book^ iSgy^ and other authorities, we are enabled to give the following particulars of the methods of arranging books in British libraries, both municipal and semi-public. Out of the two hundred and eighty-seven libraries embraced by our enquiry only thirty-four had classifications which can be described as scientific or minute, and in this number at least sixteen applied the method only to their reference departments. Of the others, only about twelve municipal, or rate-supported, libraries have adopted scientific classification for the arrange- ment of both lending and reference departments. There are thus two hundred and fifty-three important public libraries which are not classified at all, save in the broadest and most perfunctory manner. As these arrangements of books cannot be correctly described as classifications, along with the more exact and logical systems mentioned later on, it will perhaps be most convenient to dispose of them here. 5. Many reasons have been advanced to account for the extraordinary lack of scientific classification in the United Kingdom as compared with the United States ; but it may be affirmed that the chief one has been the employment of under- paid, untrained, and not over-educated librarians in the early days of the public-Hbrary movement, when revenues were small and every expense had to be cut down in the most merciless manner. In the absence of scientific models on which to base their practice, these early librarians had each to devise a method of classifying or arranging books to suit local requirements. The principal requirement seems to have been the readiest means of finding the place of a given book when asked for by a certain number, and so arose the many varieties of numerical location systems which we shall briefly describe now, before passing to more general considerations affecting the whole question of classification. 6. It is hardly correct to include in this group of methods the old Collegiate plan of press-marking, which still flourishes in many places. But as the original classifications of which this kind of press-marking forms part have long since disappeared H Manual of Library Classification — 6 under vast accumulations of books which have had to be stored somehow, it will be as well to give it first place in honour of its hoary antiquity. The system, then, which we have styled collegiate press-marking consisted in the plan of lettering or numbering the presses or alcoves in the library after assigning certain classes of books to each. The separate shelves of each press were numbered or lettered, and each volume on every shelf was differently numbered. This was one of the most minute kinds of this style of classification and shelf-marking. If a tier consisted of six shelves, the marking would be as follows : Book Book Press A I 2 3 4 5 6 1 etc. Shelf A I 2 3 4 5 6 etc. „ B All books on „ c following shelves „ D numbered as „ E above. „ F Thus, supposing Press A to contain books on Chemistry, and Roscoe's Chemistry was the fifth book on the second shelf, it would receive the press mark AB5. This is a very close direction to the place of a book ; but of course the plan is open to dozens of objections, of which the most obvious are that each book is practically fixed to a certain place, and congestion of any press or shelf is likely to lead to complete dislocation in the classification. As carried out in the older libraries, this system may fitly be termed one of the classifica- tions which are not classifications. A survival of this plan is General Considerations — 7, 8 15 to be seen in a modified form in the British Museum reading- room, where the presses are numbered and the shelves simply lettered A, B, C, etc., in each tier, the books not being numbered in any shelf order. A further development of this style of shelf-marking is described in Section 10. 7. We come now to another group of classification schemes which are not classifications ; namely, the methods alluded to in Section 5 as being common to the majority of English public libraries. These we shall name for convenience' sake Numerical Finding Methods, as they are indeed but little else. The most rudimentary, and, luckily, also the most uncommon, of these plans is that of numbering the whole of the books in the library in one immense sequence of progressive numbers, each new book receiving the number after the last one already on the shelves. This plan has the undeniable advantage of reducing wear and tear on the librarian's brain to a very fine minimum ; it insures consider- able ease in the finding of a given book, provided its number is known ; and presents the economic advantage of requiring shelf space to be reserved only at one unmistakable place — the end of the sequence. Furthermore the shelf and accession numbers coincide. Otherwise the books have no more arrangement or relation to each other than have the :ontents of a dust-bin. 8. The form of shelf arrangement most used in English public libraries is a variation of the numerical plan just iescribed, the principal difference being that the library is Droken up into six, eight, ten, or more broad classes or iivisions, in each of which the books are arranged in a leparate series of progressive numbers in the accidental order )f their accession. The main divisions generally chosen are : A. Theology and Philosophy F. Fiction B. History and Biography G. Philology C. Travel and Topography H. Poetry and the Drama D. Law, Politics, Commerce, etc. J. Juvenile Literature E. Arts and Sciences K. Miscellaneous and Magazines ^o further sub-division is made, and the books are very much 1 6 Manual of Library Classification — 8 mixed in every class, as may be seen by the following speci- men selected from a typical shelf list : Class C. History, Geography, etc. 2569. Pinnock's Rome 2573, Freeman, English People 2570. Summer Tours in Scotland 2574. Bird, Rocky Mountains 2571. Mayhew, Birchington - on - 2575. Society in London Sea 2576. Buried Alive in Siberia 2572. Scenery of the Lakes 2577. Year in Manitoba No attempt is made to gather in one place all the books on the same countries, and the catalogue is the only guide to the chaos. As regards most of the older catalogues, it may be said here that they were of no value whatever as indexes to the different classes of books. The practical inconvenience of this numerical arrangement may be further illustrated by this example from another library. The novels of Miss Marie Corelli are located in ten different places, as follows — 140 1-3, 2583-86, 2612, 2926, 2935, 3015-16, 3139-40, 3480-81, 3566, 3729; thus making it impossible for the librarian to tell, with- out considerable trouble, whether or not any of that novelist's works are available. If, further, any reader wished to examine a few works on Chemistry, he would have to wait till the librarian picked them out of the Science Section, where they are buried and distributed among a thousand other books on fifty or a hundred different subjects. In another library, arranged on this class-numerical plan, thirteen books on London are scattered all over a large division of over four thousand volumes in this order: 617, 651, 931, 937, 949, 1125, 1188, 1209, 1333, 1457, 1463, 3735, 4026. The diffi- culty of making easy and rapid reference under this distributive plan to books on one subject for a particular fact may be more easily imagined than described. One last example from an Indicator Key will help readers to comprehend the disorder which reigns in the average English public library, where much is sacrificed to the ambition to issue as many books as possible in a given time. This is how the novels stand on the shelves in a particular library ; but it may be taken as a fair sample General Considerations — 8 •7 of the kind of thing existing in most of the others which are arranged on these Hnes : 1460. Kennard, Straight as a Die 146 1. Lawrence, Breaking a Butterfly 1462. Barr, In Spite of Himself 1463. Sue, Mysteries of Paris 1464. Barrie, Window in Thrums I to 1000 lOOI to 2000 2001 to 4000 4001 to 4500 4501 to 6000 6001 to 1 0000 For the information of any one desiring to adopt this plan, it ought to be explained that in libraries using the class-numerical system the numbers given are not necessarily the accession ones, but more likely special shelf numbers. In those libraries which use accession numbers only it is necessary to appropriate a large number of blanks for each division, in order to keep the books in one sequence of numbers on the shelves and on the classified indicator. This plan may be illustrated thus : Class A has appropriated to it Numbers B „ C „ D „ E „ F „ And so on all through. In some other libraries the practice obtains of numbering the books in one series, as described in Section 7, but with the difference that the books of each division are picked out and kept separate, thus presenting a broken order of numbers. Class A, for instance, may be formed of Nos. 56, 99, 301, 857, 1003, etc.; Class B of i, 10, 15, 36, 47, 98, loi, 175, etc.; and so on. The indicator show^s but one series of numbers, and the accession number alone is used for numbering and cataloguing. Of course readers must specify the class letters when asking for books by this system, and the books must be kept in the order of their numbers. It has the advantage over the plan first described in this section, of simplifying stock- keeping, as no numerical shelf registers need be kept, apart from the accessions book. The arbitrary distinction of size has modified the practice in a few of the older libraries, where, in addition to main divisions 2 1 8 Manual of Librmy Classificatio7i — 9, 10 in numerical or alphabetical order, a further sub-division by folio, quarto, octavo, and duodecimo sizes is maintained. Beyond tidiness and enhanced appearance of the shelves, there is little practical benefit in this method, as no one would dream of wasting space by putting folios and octavos together, when methods exist of keeping them apart, yet classified. 9. A more logical method of shelf arrangement than any of the foregoing, though one equally capable of distributing and mixing subjects, is the plan of keeping an alphabetical sequence by names of Authors, or, in the case of anonymous books, the first word of the title-pages not an article. As regards Fiction, Poetry, and other Form Classes^ this has an enormous superiority over all the numerical plans, especially when the books are arranged in broad divisions similar to those set out in Section 8. When the arrangement is an author alphabet in one great sequence, the sole merit is the somewhat important one of displaying and keeping all the works of one author together. In certain branches of study this is important, though an alphabetical catalogue obtains practically the same result. The amount of movement necessary by this system to provide for the proper intercalation of new authors or books is very considerable. For small libraries the author-alphabetical arrangement in broad divisions can be recommended as being easy to apply, and causing no trouble at a later stage of development, when it is thought advisable to adopt one of the modern scientific systems of subject classification. By this plan the accession number is used for cataloguing, charging, and all other purposes, as well as on the indicator, which must be kept in one sequence. Readers asking for books usually fill up forms which specify in very brief terms class, number, author, title. Some librarians have adopted methods of shelf arrange- ment combining both numerical and alphabetical order; but very few of those using sequential-finding systems are able to claim exact subject classification on the shelves. 10. There are only a few libraries in Britain which are arranged in an orderly array of Subjects, without being systematically classified according to a logical scheme like General Co7tsiderations — lO 19 those described in Chapters III. and IV. Among them the practice of the Mitchell Library, Glasgow, may be described as an example. Its shelves are numbered consecutively throughout in tiers of ten, but no marking is used for the different presses. Each book is numbered in order of receipt in a book of progressive numbers called a Location Book, which has columns ruled to show the shelf number or place of each book as well as its author and title. A certain number of shelves or tiers are assigned to each class of books, and on these shelves a fairly close subject classification is maintained ; that is to say, all, or most, of the botanical, architectural, philosophical, and other works will be found together on adjoining shelves, though not necessarily with further sub- divisions. It is thus much more minute than the plan described in Section 8, though not so close as the systematic methods described later. To show the difference clearly, it may be as well to repeat that in class-numerical arrangements the books in Class E — Arts and Sciences — form a heterogeneous collection of all kinds of subjects mixed up anyhow in numbered order. Thus books on Music, Football, Building Construction, Botany, Sculpture, Drawing, Pottery, Fireworks, Architecture, Chess, and Watchmaking are all jostling each other in one great procession of numbers. The subject classification we are describing provides for the separation on the shelves of these different subjects in a rough but sufl^iciently close order. Class E — Arts and Sciences — may therefore have the sciences arranged in sub-classes, like Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Zoology, Botany, Geology, Mathematics, etc., so that the difficulties caused by the separation of related subjects would be partly overcome. The accession numbers are used for all purposes, and in cases where assistants do not remember the places of books when asked for, a reference to the book number in the Location Book directs at once to the shelf. The shelf number is also written on the label inside each book, so that there may be no difficulty or mistake about replacement. In the Mitchell Library the plan of giving ten numbers to each tier of shelves has been tried with the object of securing a 20 Manual of Library Classification — lO certain amount of uniformity. For example, the numbering of the first four tiers, as below, shows that each cross-range of shelves forms part of a decimal order : Shelf I II 21 31 2 12 22 32 4 14 24 34 5 15 25 35 6 i6 26 36 7 17 27 37 8 i8 28 38 9 19 29 39 lO 20 30 40 There being only nine shelves in a tier, the third number is omitted in every ten. The chief advantage claimed for this plan, apart from appearance, is that it aids the memory of assistants in using the shelves. The first application of this system, sometimes called the " Decimal," seems to have been at Boston, U.S., in 1856, though Edwards ^ states that it was " well known in European libraries for scores of years." However that may be, it is certain that Nathaniel B. Shurtleff was the first to devote a special treatise to the explanation of the system. It is entitled A Decimal System for the Arrangeme?it ajid Administratioft of Libraries, Boston, 1856, privately printed; and besides an exposition of the so-called decimal system, contains a few very elementary hints on library organisation. Shurtleff's idea was to have the books arranged in alcoves containing ten presses or tiers, each of which was to have ten shelves. Without going into details as to certain shelves set apart for special purposes or his method of indicating bottom shelves, it may be said that the arrangement resulted in the shelf number forming in itself a direct reference to both press and shelf. An alcove ' Memoirs of Libraries, Vol. II., p. 928. General Considerations — i o 21 with its one hundred shelves in ten tiers might be numbered thus : Shelf lOI III 121 102 112 122 103 113 123 1 104 114 124 105 115 125 106 116 126 107 117 127 108 118 128 109 119 129 IIO 120 130 And so on. The books on each shelf are consecutively numbered i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc., so that a press mark yy^ would mean the fifth book on the second shelf of the eleventh tier or press. The units denote shelves and the tens tiers all through the library, giving in one number a double direction to press and shelf. This is simpler than the collegiate plan described in Section 6, but resembles it in the fixed nature of its shelf notation and the lack of provision for inserting a book between, say, Nos. 3 and 4, supposing it were on the same subject. The system was at one time used in the Boston (U.S.) Public Library ; but we are not aware of any place where it has been adopted in its integrity as described by Shurtleff. The Glasgow system has been described on several occasions as the " movable location," in contradistinction to shelf systems, which provide only for the movement of whole classes and not single books. It would render the subject much clearer if the term " movable " were applied to shelf arrangements which do not require the press mark to be printed in the catalogue, while the term " fixed " might be reserved for plans 22 Manual of Library Classification — lo which depend upon the appearance of the press mark in the catalogue. These latter are called " movable " in our opinion, somewhat erroneously, because the fact that the numbers which are printed in the catalogue are those which denote the exact places of books in a fixed sequence of numbers is enough to show that no real movability or adjustability of individual books exists. For example, in a library arranged on the class-numerical plan (Section 8) it is impossible without altering the catalogue, etc., to change the position of any book. If E 596 is a work on History accidentally placed in the Science Class, it cannot be shifted to Class B without upsetting the printed catalogue and all MS. records. By the Glasgow plan, in which the accession number alone is used for cataloguing and all other purposes, any change of class or actual position can be effected by simply altering the shelf number in the Location Book and on the book label. Furthermore it is possible to place all popular books near to the point of service, irrespective of class, which is a very important consideration in large, busy reference Hbraries. The following additional particulars of the Mitchell Library shelving system and the results as affecting the service have been sent by Mr. Barrett, the librarian : "When we were rearranging the library for Miller Street, we went on the principle of breaking up the classification on the shelves in favour of an attempt to bring the books most used into nearness to the point of service. We selected several hundred volumes, including some from each class, and placed these on shelves close at the centre of the counter, where books are issued ; these of course are books in constant demand. Next we selected the books in each class which are frequendy called for, and arranged these in the long series of bookcases occupying the ground floor of the front building \ these number a good many thousands, and they are of course classified on the shelves. The books in less frequent call are placed in the more remote parts of the building — on the walls round the reading hall (we generally put the better-looking books there, simply with a view to appearance), in the gallery, General Considerations — 1 1 23 in the top flat, in the basement. The point I want to bring before you is the outcome of this arrangement as affecting the service. I have had a series of observations made of the time taken to issue a book, counting from the instant a reader places his appHcation paper on the counter to the instant the book is placed in his hands. The observer has a watch with seconds hand, and is instructed to note the time to a second. Naturally the time varies a good deal. Some books kept close at the counter are given out instantly — say, five seconds. Not many are over three minutes. One series of five hundred observations, taken at random of course, gave an average of one minute nine seconds. Another series, by a different observer, gave an average of one minute twelve seconds each issue. For a library of nearly one hundred and thirty thousand volumes, that appears to me to be a very satisfactory result. The larger a library becomes the longer the average time of issue will become, if only from the fact that many of the books must be more or less distant from the point of service." 11. The methods of arranging books on the shelves described in the foregoing sections comprise nearly the whole of the principal varieties used in British public libraries of all kinds. It will now be seen that only four chief methods exist ; namely : 1. The Fixed Location (Section 6), by which each book and class is permanently located or placed on a certain shelf or series of shelves in a fixed order, that order being determined by the press marks printed in the catalogue. 2. The Location in Numerical- Sequence (Section 8), by which books are placed at haphazard somewhere in a main class without regard to subject, the appearance of the place number in the catalogue tending to fix individual books in a rigid order. This method is wrongly termed " movable." It might be better described as " class movable." 3. The x\uthor-alphabetical Arrangement (Section 9) by large classes or in one series. 4. The Subject Location (Section 10), enabling books to be classified in any order and forming a " book movable " plan, 24. Manual of Library Classification — 12 wherein the individual book, and not the whole main class or division, is the unit for arrangement. None of these methods, excepting the fourth, are systematic classifications of books in a recognised order of subjects and related topics, but simply, as we have already stated, plans whereby books can be found when wanted. There is a certain merit in being able to lay hands readily upon a given book at short notice; but this is considerably minimised when it is known that other systems exist, combining in themselves complete, logical, and scientific classifications with simple and effective finding arrangements. The choice has been before British librarians for over twenty years, but with comparatively few exceptions has seldom been exercised. In the United States and British Colonies, on the contrary, the numerical methods we have described are practically unknown, every library being closely classified according to a scientific system both on the shelves and in most cases in the catalogues as well. The chief argument which has been used against close classifi- cation in Britain is that in collections of books not open to direct examination by readers there is no necessity for having books of a sort together ; while the catalogue is held to meet every want that an index to a heterogeneous mass of books can supply. We deal with this latter claim in Chapter V. ; while as regards the former, may now conclude this chapter with a few general observations in addition to what has already been said on the subject in Sections 1-8. 12. It must be allowed that within the past five or six years a disposition has been manifested among English librarians to consider more closely the claims of systematic classification on the shelves. Where previously a tendency existed to scoff at such accuracy as a vain and unattainable ideal, there is now to be found a spirit of enquiry which will doubtless lead to a complete change of attitude in the future. What has helped towards the formation of this growth of opinion more than any- thing else has been the appearance and acceptance of various valuable and ingenious American systems, worked out to the smallest detail, completely indexed, and made widely available General Considerations — 12 25 through the medium of print. These have, to use a homely phrase, " knocked the wind " out of nearly every objector to close classification, by demonstrating not only its practica- bility, but also its general simplicity and usefulness. The objections heard against systematic classifications are no longer based upon such points as the impossibility of an all-round agreement being arrived at as to main classes, or the undesira- bility or difficulty of making one scheme to suit all libraries ; but are directed almost entirely to criticism of such details as where in a main class to put given topics. The general accep- tance of close classifications for reference libraries tends also to confirm our contention that the principle has been adopted very largely, though considerations of expediency may delay the execution in some libraries for several years. The labour involved in rearranging and properly classifying a large library which has for a long time been growing up in hopeless con- fusion under some primitive numerical plan, is certain to deter many librarians or committees from undertaking the work. But the gradual adoption of scientific systems here and there in Britain points to the ultimate extension of close classifications to all kinds of libraries. The plea frequently advanced that in small libraries close classification upon the shelves is unnecessary has scarcely any force in these times, as, owing to the cheapness of books and the increase of means, libraries are growing at a rate hitherto unknown. This is, therefore, a good reason for urging that libraries should be classified from their very foundations in such a way that, when mere topics have grown as large in bulk as original main classes, they shall be found together on the shelves, and not scattered over the whole collection. The practical convenience of this could be illustrated by a hundred instances ; but most librarians are painfully aware of the draw- backs, which need not now be recapitulated.^ The necessity for training library assistants thoroughly in all that pertains to the educational side of their work points to the ' See the Library for 1897, p. 143, article on "Cataloguing and Classification," by J. D. Brown, 26 Manual of Library Classification— \2 need for such classificatory systems as will enable them to supply or suggest sources of information as quickly and effec- tually as possible, and this can only be accomplished by means of an arrangement which gathers as far as possible in one place all books on the same subject. It is only by this means that Hbrarians or assistants can hope to become familiar with the material aspect of books on important subjects, and thereby be tempted to search for information which can only be obtained by enormous labour if the books on a subject are scattered about in several hundreds of different places. In fact it is obvious that, with subjects widely separated in a large Hbrary, assistants will be disinclined to hunt for information which can only be found after severe physical exertion by actual examination of books. No catalogue describes books so minutely that readers can obtain a good general idea of their scope and contents, and it is therefore in the public interest that books should be so arranged as to be accessible for easy reference in minute sub-divisions under main classes. The ambition of the modern librarian to be considered a man of learning and method, as expressed at every conference of the Library Association, is another good reason why he should justify his claims by the use of practical scientific systems in place of elementary and inconvenient ones. This sort of simplicity may be all right for an easy start in library methods ; but it is in after-years, when rapid and continuous growth has made libraries into gigantic stores of unclassified and widely distributed books, that the unwisdom of such unmethodical practice is demonstrated. There are plenty of old libraries now, which have grown up in a haphazard w^ay, waiting for complete reorganisation on systematic lines. But the labour involved is too considerable to be lightly faced ; and so the work is postponed, till ultimately it will assume gigantic dimensions, and cost comparatively large sums to execute. CHAPTER II THE CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE 13. Before proceeding to describe the more important schemes which have been devised for the systematic classifica- tion of books in Hbraries and catalogues, it may be useful to the student to have before him a few simple facts concerning the classification of human knowledge generally. It has a very close relationship to the classification of knowledge contained in books, and so forms part of the subject. The study of nature in all its branches, and the sciences which have resulted in consequence, must at a very early period have turned the attention of enquirers to the necessity for some kind of order in the pursuit of different studies. As knowledge accumulated and observations were recorded, it would be forced upon the understanding of general scientists in early times that, although study of the stars and of plants was investigation of nature, there was nevertheless strong reason for keeping separate accounts of each class of phenomena. To mix facts concerning both in one huge series would certainly be to keep a record of acquired knowledge ; but little of the information could be useful, because not kept in a form to show relationships and differences. It has been well said ^ that " the first necessity which is imposed upon us by the constitution of the mind itself is to break up the infinite wealth of nature into groups and classes of things, with reference to their resemblances and affinities, and thus to enlarge the grasp of our mental faculties, even at the expense of sacrificing the minuteness of information ' Treatise on Lo^c. By Francis Bowen. (Cambridge, Mass. : 1866.) 27 28 Manual of Library Classification — 13, 14 which can be acquired only by studying objects in detail. The first efforts in the pursuit of knowledge, then, must be directed to the business of classification." Every student of science is agreed as to this, and from early times various attempts have been made to tabulate and arrange the different kinds of knowledge, either as a whole or in sections. Huxley, altered by Jevons,^ has defined the process of classification as follows : " By the classification of any series of objects is meant the actual or ideal arrangement together of those which are like and the separation of those which are unhke, the purpose of this arrangement being, primarily, to disclose the correlations or laws of union of properties and circumstances, and, secondarily, to facilitate the operations of the mind in clearly conceiving and retaining in the memory the characters of the objects in question." In most modern works on Logic definitions and explanations are given of classification as applied to science and knowledge generally. One of the most complete treatises of this kind, which students will find of value, is contained in The Principles of Sciefice : a Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method-> by W. Stanley Jevons (London : 1874), and later editions. Other works which may be profitably read on the subject at large are John Stuart Mill's Logic, any recent edition; Jevons' Logic; and Fowler's Lnductive Logic. 14. As regards most of the older classifications of knowledge, the works of Edward Edwards ^ and Julius Petzholdt ^ give full information. The former is very exhaustive in his descriptions and tables ; the latter usually gives concise summaries, and, being later, is necessarily more complete than Edwards. From these and other works we have gathered a few brief particulars which will help students to trace the historical development of the classification of knowledge, and enable them to estimate the value of successive efforts and their bearing on the arrange- ^ Principles of Science (Ed. 1892), p. 677. - Comparative Table of the Principal Schemes proposec^ for the Classifica- tion of Libraries (Manchester: 1855); and Memoirs of Libraries (1859), Vol. II., pp. 761-831. ^ Bibliotheca Bibliographica. (Leipzig: 1866,) The Classification of Knowledge — 14 29 ment of libraries. One of the best and most influential schemes is that of Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, first issued in 1623. It divides all knowledge into three main divisions, and sub- divides each, as follows : Bacon's Scheme (1623) Class I. History {Memory) 1. Natural History 2. Civil History a. Ecclesiastical b. Literary c. Civil, Proper Class II. Philosophy [Reason) 1 . Science of God 2. Science of Nature a. Primary Philosophy b. Physics c. Metaphysics d. Magic e. Natural Philosophy 3. Science of Man Class III. Poetry [Imagina- tion). 1. Narrative Poetry 2. Dramatic Poetry 3. Allegorical Poetry In 1767 D'Alembert, the French philosopher, extended this scheme, making it more suitable for the state of science in his day. His main classes and sub-divisions are as follow : Bacon-D'Alembert (1767) Class I. History 1. Sacred History 2. Ecclesiastical History 3. Civil History 4. Natural History Class II. Philosophy 1 . General Metaphysics, or Ontology 2. Science of God a. Natural Religion b. Revealed Religion c. Science of Good and Evil 3. Science of Man a. Universal Pneumatology b. Arts of Thinking, Retaining, Communicating ( = Logic, Writing, Printing, Decla- mation, Symbolism, Gram- mar, Rhetoric) c. Morals (= Ethics, Juris- prudence, Commerce) 4. Science of Nature a. Mathematics b. Physics Class III. Poetry 1. Narrative Poetry 2. Dramatic Poetry 3. Allegorical Poetry 4. Music, Painting, Sculpture, Archi- tecture, Engraving Other amplifications of Bacon's scheme have been issued by later authorities ; but the most practical is that of W. T. 30 Manual of Library Classification — \^ Harris, described in Section 35, and, with other attempts based on Bacon, is sometimes called the " Inverted Baconian " classification. 15. In the natural sciences, particularly Zoology and Botany, classification has been studied from early times, and numerous methods have been proposed. Many of these were purely artificial, and at one time it was thought that botanical classification was settled for all time by the system of Linnaeus. Advances in biological knowledge have, however, completely upset this once-universal classification, which bears a striking analogy to the class-numerical or other empirical methods of book arrangement described in Chapter I. Like them, it is largely arbitrary, and also tends to crystallise and stagnate. As John Stuart Mill observes ^ : " The only purpose of thought which the Linnsean classification serves is that of causing us to remember better than we should otherwise have done the exact number of stamens and pistils of every species of plants. . . . The effect of such a classification, when systematically adhered to, upon our habit of thought, must be regarded as mischievous." There can be little doubt of this so far as book classification in broad numerical divisions is concerned, and the history of the Linnsean classification furnishes another instance of the same kind of confusion resulting from the effort to substitute mere arithmetical progression for intrinsic values and kinds. John Locke, the philosopher, sought to classify all science (in 1688) under three main heads as follows : Locke's Scheme for Science (1688) Physics i. Natural Philosophy ; 2. Mental Philosophy ; 3. Natural Theology Operative Skill i. Ethics; 2. Mechanical Art ; 3. Fine Arts Sign Knowledge i. Logic; 2. Language; 3. Rites, Ceremonies, Customs, Fashions, etc. This has not been adopted, so far as we know, and, like the Linnaean botanical classification, is no longer more than a curiosity. ' System of Logic > TJie Classification of Knowledge — 16, 17 3 1 16. We will pass over the numerous other methods for the classification of all, or scientific, knowledge which come be- tween that of Bacon and Coleridge, as they have very little practical value, though all are of great interest, particularly that of Jeremy Bentham, first published in his Crestomathia (1816). The method of Samuel Taylor Coleridge was included in his " Essay on Method," forming the introduction to the Eficydo- pcedia AIetropolita7ia (1826) ; and though it is supposed to have been edited after it left his hands, is presented here in the form which has been preserved : Coleridge's Scheme (1826) Class I. Pure Sciences 3. Pneumatics 1. Formal Sciences 4- Optics a. Grammar 5- Astronomy h. Logic 6. Experimental Philosophy c. Rhetoric 7- Fine Arts d. Mathematics 8. Useful Arts e. Metaphysics 9' Natural History 10. Medicine 2. Real Sciences a. Law Class IH. History b. Morals I. National History c. Theology 2. Biography 3. Geography, Voyages, and Class H. Mixed and Applied Travels Sciences 4. Chronology 1. Mechanics Class IV. Literature and 2. Hydrostatics PHILOLOGY 17. The last of the classifications of all knowledge which we shall mention is that published in America by Dr. W. D. Wilson in his Treatise on Logic (New York : 1856). Like most of the American methods, this is practical, and more minute than many other previous schemes, though it bears a con- siderable general likeness to a classification proposed by Lord Lindsay in his Progression by Antagonism (London : 1845), which has for its main classes : I. Revelation IV. Philosophy II. Poetry V. Bibliography and III. Science Collections 32 Manual of Library Classification — 18 Wilson's method will strike modem librarians as lacking in places for such classes as Language and pure Literature (Poetry is included, but not Fiction, etc.) : W. D. Wilson's Scheme (1856) Class ] [. Theoretical Sciences 5. Pneumatics Section i. Exact Sciences 6. Acoustics I. Meteorology 7. Optics 2. Ouranography Section 2. Ethical Sciences 3- Geology I. Ethics 4- Geography 2. Polity 5- Chemistry 3. Natural Religion 6. Mineralogy 4. Jurisprudence 7- Anatomy 5. Ecclesiastical Polity 8. Physiology 6. Revealed Religion 9. Botany lO. Zoology Ethnology Class III. Productive II. Sciences or Arts 12. 13- Psychology History Section i. Fine Arts I. Gardening Section 2. Pure Sciences 2. Architecture I. Arithmetic 3. Sculpture 2. Geometry 4. Painting 3- Algebra 5. Music 4- Calculus 6. Poetry 5- 6. Trigonometry Analytic Geometry Section 2. Useful Arts 7- Analytics I. Agriculture 8. Method 2. Metallurgy 9- Ontology 3. Technology 4. Typography Class II. Practical Sciences 5. Engraving Section i. Mixed Sciences 6, Commerce I. Mechanics 7. Medicine 2. Astronomy 8. Rhetoric 3- Hydrostatics 9. Political Economy 4- Hydraulics 10. War 18. As classifications of Science are the most difficult, owing to the continual progress of discovery and the changes or modifications thereby introduced, we shall briefly consider a few points likely to be useful to library assistants. The two The Classification of Knowledge — 18 33 principal sciences possessing classifications which to any extent affect the arrangement of books are Zoology and Botany. Nearly every text-book on these subjects has tables, and in accordance with the arrangement therein set forth books may be arranged on the shelves or in the catalogue. The exa- mination papers of the Library Association have on several occasions contained questions such as, " Where in a zoological classification would a book on Beetles go ? " *' What is meant by Lepidoptera ? " etc. ; and as there seems to be much need for a series of tables embodying such information in a simple form, we have selected several systems of classification from elementary zoological text-books of old and recent dates which will no doubt be helpful to students of classification. It may be explained that, so far as the classification of biological books is concerned, it matters little whether Zoology or Botany is arranged on the evolutionary principle of progression from lowest to highest forms of life, or from highest to lowest forms. In either case it simply means looking backwards or forwards, and does not affect the question, very frequently enlarged upon, of the arrangement of general text-books to insure that students will begin with the simpler forms of life and work upwards to more complicated forms. The first zoological classification which we shall give is representative of the science as it existed about 1845, ^^^ we have ventured to add typical examples of each order to render the nomenclature more intelligible. Zoological Classification ' VERTEBRATES Order 6. Cetacea (Whales, Seals, Class Mammalia etc.) Order i. Bimana (Man) >j 7. Rodentia (Rats, Beavers, ,, 2. Quadrumana (Apes) Hares) „ 3. Cheiroptera (Bats) »> 8. Edentata (Sloths, Pango ,, 4. Insectivora (Insect-eaters) lins) ,, 5. Carnivora (Flesh-eaters: »» 9. Ruminantia (Deer, Cattle, Lions, etc.) Sheep) From Carpenter's Zoology^ 2 vols. 34 Manual of Library Classification — 18 Orde ric . Pachydermata(Elephants, Horses, Pigs) » II . Marsupialia (Kangaroos, Pouched animals) >> 12 . Monotremata (Egg-laying mammals) Class Birds Order i. Raptores (Eagles, Vultures, Owls) j> 2. Insessores (Perching birds, 4 tribes) >> 3- Scansores (Parrots, Cuc- koos) )) 4- Rasores (Pigeons, Phea- sants, Fowls) J) 5- Cursores (Ostriches) 9) 6. Grallatores (Waders : Bus- tards, Cranes) }> 7- Natatores (Swans, Ducks, Gulls) Class Reptiles Order i. Chelonia (Turtles) 5> 2. Loricata (Crocodiles) )) 3- Sauria (Lizards) 55 4. Ophidia (Snakes) Class Batrachia (Frogs) Order i. Anura »> 2. Urodela »5 3- Amphipneusta 55 4- Apoda 5» 5- Lepidota Class Fishes Order I. Selachii 55 2. Ganoidei ,, 3- Teleostei ,, 4- Cyclostomi 55 5- Leptocardi INVERTEBRATES Class Insects Order i. Coleoptera (Beetles) ,, 2. Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) Order 3. Physopoda ,, 4. Neuroptera (Dragonflies) ,, 5. Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, Ants) ,, 6. Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Moths) ,, 7. Rhynchota „ 8. Diptera (Flies) ,, 9. Aphaniptera ,, 10. Anoplura „ II. Mallophaga ,, 12. Thysanoura Class Myriapoda (Centipedes) Order i. Chilopoda ,, 2. Chilognatha Class Arachnida (Spiders, etc.) Order i. Pulmonaria ,, 2. Trachearia Class Crustacea (Crabs, Lob- sters, etc.) Order i. Decapoda \Podoph- ,, 2. Stomapodaj thalma „ 3. Amphipoda^g _ ,, 4. Laemodipoda ,, 5. Isopoda ,, 6. Xyphosura ,, 7. Phyllopoda ,, 8. Cladocera ,, 9. Ostracoda ,, 10. Copepoda ,, II. Siphonostoma ,, 12. Lemeeida ,, 13. Cirrhopoda ,, 14. Araneiformia Class Annelida Order I. Dorsibranchiata ,, 2. Tubicola ,, 3. Terricola ,, 4. Suctoria Class Entozoa Class Rotifera j thalma Entomos- traca TJie Classification of Knowledge — 18 35 Class Cephalopoda (Cuttle- fish) Order i. Dibranchiata ,, 2. Tetrabranchiata Class Gastropoda (Snails, etc.) Order i. Pulmonifera ,, 2. Prosobranchiata ,, 3. Opisthobranchiata ,, 4. Heteropoda Class Pteropoda Class Lamellibranchiate conchifera Order i. Asiphonata ,, 2. Siphonata Class Palliobranchiata Class Tunicata Order i. Ascidiae ,, 2. Salpas Class Polyzoa Class Echinodermata (Star- fish) Order i. Echinida ,, 2. Stellerida ,, 3. Crinoidea ,, 4. Holothurida Class of Polypifera Order i. Helianthoida ,, 2. Asteroida Class of Hydrozoa Order i. Hydroida ,, 2. Discophora ,, 3. Ctenophora ,, 4. Siphonophora Protozoa Class I. Infiisoria ,, 2. Rhizopoda ,, 3. Porifera Later classifications are more compressed; but the main classes are much the same, though nearly every naturalist has introduced various modifications to suit his own views. A comparatively modern classification, such as that set forth below,^ represents the present-day ideas on the subject. Modern Zoological Classification SUB-KINGDOM I. VERTE- Ord. 10. Effodientia (Pangolins) BRATA ,, II. Marsupialia (Pouched Class i. Mammals mammals) Ord. I. Primates (Apes) ,, 12. Monotremata( Egg-laying ,, 2. Chiroptera (Bats) mammals) ,, 3. Insectivora (Insect-eaters) Class 2. Aves (Birds) ,, 4. Carnivora (Flesh-eaters) Two Sub-classes and 34 Orders ,, 5. Rodentia (Gnawers) ,, 6. Ungulata (Hoofed Class 3. Reptiles animals) Ord. I. Crocodilia ,, 7. Sirenia (Manatees) ,, 2. Chelonia (Tortoises) „ 8. Cetacea (Whales) ,, 3. Squamata( Lizards, Snakes) „ 9. Edentata (Sloths) ,, 4. Rhynchocephaha(Quatera) Lydekker's Concise Natural History (1897). 36 Manual of Library Classification — 19 Class 4. Amphibians Ord. I. Ecaudata (Frogs) ,, 2. Caudata (Newts) ,, 3. Apoda (Csecilians) Class 5. Fishes Four Sub-classes Class 6. Cyclostoma (Lampreys) Class 7. PROTOCHORDA(Lancelets) Class 8. Hemichorda SUB-KINGDOM II. ARTHRO- PODA Class i. Crustacea (Crabs, Lob- sters) Class 2. Arachnida (Spiders) Class 3. Myriopoda (Centipedes) Class 4. Protracheata Class 5. Insects Ord. I. Coleoptera (Beetles) ,, 2. Orthoptera(Grasshoppers) „ 3. Neuroptera (Dragonflies) ,, 4. Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, Ants) ,, 5. Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Moths) ,, 6. Hemiptera (Bugs, etc.) ,, 7. Diptera (Flies) SUB-KINGDOM IIL MOL- LUSCA (Oysters, Snails, Cuttlefish) Class i. Amphineura Class 2. Pelecypoda (Bivalves) Class 3. Scaphopoda Class 4. Gastropoda (Snails, Limpets) Class 5. Cephalopoda (Nautilus, Cuttlefish) SUB-KINGDOM IV. BRA- CHIOPODA (Lampshells) SUB-KINGDOM V. ECHINO- DERMA (Starfish) SUB-KINGDOM VI. BRYOZOA (Polyzoa : Seamats) SUB-KINGDOM VII. (Worms) VERMES SUB-KINGDOM VIIL CGE- LENTERA (Sponges, Corals) SUB-KINGDOM IX. PROTO- ZOA (Animalcule : Lowest forms) 19. We will conclude this part of the work by a selection of three botanical classifications. The first, which represents the older systems of Bentham and Hooker, is that published in the later editions of Henfrey's Botany^ and is not arranged on the evolutionary principle. Division I. Phanerogamia Sub-division i. Angiospermia Class I. Dicotyledones ,, 2. Monocotyledones Sub-division 2. Gymnospermia Division II. Cryptogamia Sub-division i. Cormophyta Botanical Classification Class I. Vascularia ,, 2. Muscineae ,, 3. Charales Sub-division 2. Thallophyta Class I. Algae ,, 2. Fungi ,, 3. Protophyta VNIVFO ssification of Knowledge — 19 37 The subject of botanical classification in its historical aspect is treated at some length in Sachs' History of Botany (1530- 1860) (Oxford : 1890). The methods of Linnaeus and Jussieu have little practical value for modern book-classifiers, and the reference to Sachs will probably meet every want. A com- paratively recent classification is the following/ which is arranged on the evolutionary plan : Modern Botanical Classification, 1 Group i. Thallophyta Class 6. Equisetacese Class I. AlgK ,, 7. Lycopodinas „ 2. Fungi Group 4. Phanerogamia Group 2. Muscine/e A. Gymnospermce Class 3. Hepaticae Class 8. Gymnospermse ,, 4. Musci B. Angiospermse Group 3. Pteridophyta Class 9. Monocotyledones Class 5. Filicinae ,, 10. Dicotyledones Another variation of the evolutionary arrangement is the following ^ : Modern Botanical Classification, 2 Group i. Thallophytes Group 3. Vascular Cryptogams 1. Myxomycetes (Naked proto- j^ Filicine^ (Ferns) P^^^"^) 2. Equisetineae 2. Diatomacse (Diatoms) 3_ Sphenophyllese 3. Schizophyta ^^ Lycopodine^e 4. Algas (Seaweeds) 5. Fungi (Mushrooms) Group 4. Phanerogams (Flower- Group 2. MusciNE/E (Mosses) ^°g plants) 1. Hepaticse (Liverworts) i. Gymnospermce (Naked seeds) 2. Musci (Mosses) 2. Angiospermce( Enclosed seeds) The classification of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Crystallography, Geology, etc., is not of a nature to be helpful save in special libraries, and all that is needful to gain an inkling of its principle may be gleaned from any text-book. ' From Prantl's Botany. ^ From Goebel's Outlines of Class fuation and Special Morphology of Plants (1887). 38 Manual of Library Classification — 20 20. The student of classification who wishes to pursue the subject in general in more detail will find much of interest in the authorities we have already mentioned, while additional matter will be found in such works as Remarks 07i Classification of Human Knowledge^ by Sir J. W. Lubbock (London : 1834) ; Essay on the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Mammalia^ by Sir Richard Owen ; History of the Inductive Sciences^ by Whewell ; Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy^ and o?i the Classification of Animals^ by T. H. Huxley (1864); The Classification of the Scie?tces, by Herbert Spencer; Zoological Classification^ by F. P. Pascoe (1880); Synopsis of the Classification of the Animal World, by H. A. Nicholson (1882) ; Fothergill, Zoological Types arid Classifica- tion (1891) ; and scientific text-books in general. CHAPTER III SCHEMES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS AND CATALOGUES 21. Hitherto we have been considering the arrangement of books on Hbrary shelves and the methodical classification of knowledge as it affects the classification of books. This chapter is concerned with the many important methods which have been devised within the past four hundred years for arranging libraries and their catalogues in groups of related subjects without making special provision for marking their order and place on the shelves. Although many of the later systems provide minute numerical or alphabetic signs to denote the order and place of topics in the scheme, such signs are not necessarily to be considered as furnishing a system of shelf-marking. What may be termed combination systems of classification and shelf-marking are described in Chapter IV. 22. Some of the earliest attempts at book classification were made for commercial purposes, and it may be assumed that convenience was the object aimed at in grouping together in printed lists the titles of books on kindred topics. Soon this plan was found necessary in libraries, either alone or in combination with lists of authors. It is quite evident that no motive of pedantry moved the old booksellers to attempt classified lists, as has been assumed by certain writers, but the practical idea of displaying their wares in a manner to attract customers. It is vain therefore for those who denounce exact classification and classified catalogues to attribute to 39 40 Manual of Library Classification — 22 the users of methodical arrangements the fooHsh desire to be considered cleverer than their neighbours. Practical con- venience was the sole cause, and any one who cares to investigate the matter will find that the methods of the early bookseller are used at the present time, not only by our humble costermongers (Section i), but by every class of tradesman who has goods for sale. As regards booksellers, Edwards has pointed out^ that the character of their classification seems to have been determined by their stock- in-trade, and he cites the divisions used by the elder Aldus, the printer, in a catalogue of Greek books, 1498, which was divided into five groups, thus : 1. Grammatica 4. Philosophia 2. Poetica 5. Sacra Scriptura 3. Logica This is one of the earliest examples of rudimentary classifica- tion in a catalogue of printed books. Another early scheme for book classification was that devised by Conrad Gesner in 1548, which has been regarded as "the first bibliographical system." This scheme has twenty-one main classes grouped together in a kind of genealogical sequence under the head of "Philosophia, comprehendit Artes et Scientias." The arrangement of classes is as follows : 1. Grammatica et Philologica 13. De diversibus artibus illiteratis, 2. Dialectica mechanicis, etc. 3. Rhetorica 14, De Natural! Philosophia 4. Poetica 15. Metaphysica et Theologia 5. Arithmetica 16. De Morali Philosophia 6. Geometria, Optica, etc. 17. De Philosophia Economica 7. Musica 18. De re Politica id et Civili ac 8. Astronomia Militari 9. Astrologia 19. De Jurisprudentia 10. De Divinatione et Magia 20. De re Medica 11. Geographia 21. De Theologia Christiana 12. Historia The earliest English bookseller's catalogue was that of Andrew ' Memoirs of Libraries^ Vol. II., p. 761. Books and Catalogues — 23 41 Maunsell, issued at London in 1597, under the title Cata- logue of E)iglish prhited bookes . . . gathered into alphabet^ and such method as it is. It was published in two parts, the first comprising Divinity and the second Science. 23. Fifty-three years after this appeared the earliest systematic work on modern libraries, in which are given a few slight indications of what was then looked for in catalogues. To John Durie, a Scots author, we owe a little work entitled The Eefornied Librarie-keeper (Londoxw 1650), containing, among other interesting matter, the following notes on classification and cataloguing as then understood : " All the books and manuscripts, according to the titles whereunto they belong, are to bee ranked in an order most easie and obvious to bee found, which I think is that of Sciences and languages, when first all the books are divided into their subjectum materiam whereof they treat." This indicates preference for classification in the catalogue ; and he further advocates a shelf notation as follows : "In the printed catalogue a reference is to bee made to the place where the books are to be found in their shelves or repository." As a further guide he recommends " a catalogue of their Titles made alphabetically in reference to the autor's name with a note of distinction to shew the science to which they are to ^be referred." This is clearly a class catalogue with an author index, such as continued to be used long after Durie's time. His views were enforced nearly fifty years later by another Scot, the Rev. James Kirkwood, in an anonymous tract entitled An Overture for founding and niaintaining of bibliothecks in every paroch throughout the kingdom [Scotland] (1699). He states that under his plan every parish library is to have " exact alphabetical catalogues " giving particulars of "the place where, and the time when, they [books] are printed." As regards classification, he writes : " It will be convenient that all the Bibliothecks in the kingdom observe the same method of ranking and placing their books, which method may be to rank the books according to their name and number in the general catalogue." The method of printing catalogues in broad classified sections continued for 42 Manual of Library Classification — 24 long to be the practice in libraries and among booksellers, though as great diversity of system existed then as now ; some catalogues being partly indexed as Durie recommends, but most of them being simply set out in large sections. Another early example of a trade catalogue, somewhat akin to Maunsell's, was that issued by William London in 1658, entitled A Cata- logue of the most vendible books in E7igla7id orderly digested^ under the heads of divinity^ history^ physic^ law, etc. (London). These two lists were the forerunners of the more elaborate inventories of Low and Sonnenschein, as well as the less-known London Catalogue of Books . . . from the year lyoo, properly classed imder the gejieral branches of literature^ and alphabetically disposed under each head (1773). 24. Having now briefly described the methods of book classification in use in this country during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, we can turn to the methods of other countries. In France a method was introduced in the latter part of the seventeenth century which proved of immense value and influence, being used at the present time in various modified forms. The groundwork of this system, described indifferently as the " Paris " or " French " system, also as " De Bure's " or " Brunei's " system, was laid by Jean Gamier, a Jesuit, or Ismael Bouillaud, the compiler of the catalogue of De Thou's Library. This method was altered successively by Gabriel Martin, De Bure, Brunet, Barbier, and Achard, and forms the basis of many modern systems. It is not necessary to display the various plans in detail, the differences not being very important after the changes made by De Bure and Brunet. We will, however, just quote the main classes of Garnier's Scheme Class I. Theology Class 5. History „ 2. Philosophy „ 6. Jurisprudence ,, 3. Medicine ,, 7. Heterodoxy „ 4. Literature What may be termed the settled French scheme as used by Brunet and others was as follows : Books and Catalogues — 24 French Scheme 43 Class I. Theology 6. Mathematical Sciences I. Holy Scriptures 7. Mnemonics 2. Sacred Philology 8. Fine Arts 3. Liturgies 9. Mechanical Arts and Trades 4. Councils 10. Gymnastics — Recreative Arts 5. Fathers and Games 6. Collective Works of Theologians Class IV. Polite Literature 7. Singular and Fanatical Sects and Opinions 8. Judaism 9. Oriental Religions 10. Deism, etc. 1. Introductory Works 2. Linguistics 3. Rhetoric 4. Poetry 5. Prose Fiction Class IL Jurisprudence 6. Philology I. General Treatises on Law 7. Dialogues, etc. 2. Natural and International Law 8. Letters 3. Political Law 9. Polygraphy 4. Civil and Criminal Law 10. Collective Works — Miscellanies 5. Canon and Ecclesiastical Law Class V. History Class III. Sciences and Arts I. Historical Prolegomena I. Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias 2. Universal History 2. Philosophical Sciences 3. History of Religions, etc. 3. Physical and Chemical Sciences 4. Ancient History 4. Natural Sciences 5. Modern History 5. Medical Sciences 6. Historical Paralipomena An important English modification of this method was that of Thomas Hartwell Home, the bibliographer, whose Iiitroduc- tio7i to the Study of Bibliography (18 14) is a well-known work. He published his plan in Outli7ies for the Classification of a Library (London: 1825), and its leading classes and sub- divisions were as follows : Home's Scheme Class I. Theology or Religion 1. Introductory Works 2. Natural Religion 3. Revealed Religion a. Holy Scriptures b. Sacred Philology c. Councils and Ecclesiastical Polity d. Liturgies e. Fathers and Collected Works of Theologians f. Scholastic Divinity g. Systematic Divinity h. Moral and Casuistical Divinity i. Catechetical Divinity 44 Manual of Library Classification — 25, 26 I. k. Polemical Divinity /. Pastoral Divinity m. Hortatory Divinity n. Mystical and Ascetical Divinity o. Miscellaneous Treatises 4. History of Religions Class H. Jurisprudence 1. Public Universal Law 2. Ancient Civil and Feudal Law 3. Canon Law 4. British Law 5. Foreign Law Class HI. Philosophy 1. Introductory Works — Encyclo- paedias, etc. 2. Intellectual Philosophy 3. Moral and Political Philosophy 4. Natural Philosophy 5. Mathematical Philosophy Class IV. Arts and Trades I. History of Arts 25 2. Liberal Arts 3. Economical Arts, Trades and Manufactures 4. Gymnastic and Recreative Arts Class V. History 1. Historical Prolegomena 2. Universal History 3. Particular History a. Ancient b. Middle Ages c. Modern 4. Biographical and Monumental History 5. Historical Extracts and Miscel- lanies. Class VI. Literature 1. Literary History and Biography 2. Polite Literature a. Grammar b. Philology and Criticism c. Rhetoric and Oratory d. Poetry e. Literary Miscellanies. Returning to British systems, reference may be made to the old classification of the London Institution, devised by Richard Thomson, E. W. Brayley, and William Maltby, and appearing in the Catalogue of the Library of the Lo?idon Lnstitutiofi systematically classed (London : 1835). The main feature of this method is the synoptical table of classes arranged under such main heads as Theology, Jurisprudence, Philo- sophy, Mathematics, etc., sub-divided in somewhat inexact sections. The most extraordinary point in connection with this particular scheme is the plan adopted of locating classes by their positions over fireplaces, in recesses or galleries, etc. Presses indicated by busts of Roman emperors or others surmounting them are common ; but to locate Theology or Botany over a fireplace seems a very primitive, not to say prosaic, method of shelf arrangement. 26. About this time (1836-38) the systematic classification used in the British Museum was first applied generally to the Books and Catalogues — 26 45 collections in that library. It is somewhat important as the system used in the largest British library possessing unusually valuable stores of books on every conceivable subject, and is therefore interesting as an example of the provision requisite for storing the leading sections of literature to be found in complete libraries. The system is described by Dr. Richard Garnett in the Transactio?is of the Library Co7ifere7ice^ ^^77 \ and he explains that only principal sub-divisions are given. We have not set out every sub-division given by Dr. Garnett, but only enough to show the details of the scheme. It bears a slight resemblance to the scheme of Home, Section 24, but in the multiplication of main classes and details of working out differs from most of the larger classifications with which we are acquainted. British Museum Scheme I. Theology 21. Bible Commentaries, Gos- I. Bibles, Polyglot pels and Acts 2. Hebrew 22. Epistles 3- Greek 23-25. Liturgies 4. Latin 26-27. Metrical Psalms, Hymns 5- French, Italian, Spanish, 28-80. Prayers, Theology, Ser- etc. mons 6. German 81. Mythology 7. Dutch and Scandinavian 82. Scriptures of Non-Chris- 8. English tian Religions 9. Celtic 83. Jewish History 10. Slavonic 84-99. Church History, General II. Oriental and National 12, American, Polynesian, 100-102. Missions etc. 103. Religious Fraternities 13. Bible Concordances 104. Freemasonry 14. Bible Commentaries, 105. Biography, General Reli- General gious 15. Pentateuch 106. Scripture 16. Other Historical Books 107-109. Saints, Popes, Cardinals 17. Psalms 110-115. Religious, National 18. Prophets and Hagio- 116. Juvenile Religious grapha 117. Theological Bibliography 19- Unfulfilled Prophecy 20. New Testament, Gene- IL Jurisprudence ral I. Papal Bulls 46 Manual of Library Classification — 26 II. 2. Councils 3-6. Canon, Ecclesiastical, and Marriage Law 7. Roman Law 8. Mediaeval Jurists 9-28. Law, National, Foreign 29-33. Jurisprudence, Crime, Pri- sons, Forensic Medicine 34-44. English Law, General and Special 45. Trials 46-48. Law of Ireland, Scotland, Colonies 49-52. Law of United States 53. Law of South America 54-55. Maritime and Military Law 56. Treaties and Conventions 57. International Law III. Natural History and Medicine 1. Natural History, General 2. Botany 3. Horticulture 4. Agriculture 5. Mineralogy 6. Geology 7. Palaeontology 8. Zoology, General 9. Mammalia 10. Ornithology 11. Herpetology 12. Ichthyology 13. Domestic Animals (with Veterinary Surgery) 14. Entomology 15. Conchology, etc. 16. Dictionaries of Medicine 17-18. Medical Principles and Theses 19. Domestic Medicine 20. Physiology 21. Phrenology, Animal Mag- netism, etc. 22. Anatomy 23-24. Pathology, Therapeutics 25. Mineral Waters 26. Surgery 27. Materia Medica 28-36. Diseases, Hospitals, etc. IV. Archeology and Arts 1-2. Archaeology 3- Costumes 4- Numismatics 5- Fine Art, General 6-7. Architecture 8. Painting and Engraving 9. Sculpture 10. Music II. Field Sports 12. Games of Chance 13. Games of Skill 14. Useful Arts 15. Domestic Economy 16-17. Exhibitions, etc. V. Philosophy 1-24. Politics (National) Poli- tical Economy, etc. 25-29. Commerce, Charities, etc. 30-33. Education, Schools, etc. 34. Moral Philosophy 35-37. Marriage, Women, Tem- perance, etc. 38-39. Metaphysical Philosophy 40. Logic 41. History of Philosophy 42-46. Mathematics: Arithmetic, Geometry, etc. 47. Astronomy 48-50. Astrology, Occult Science, Spiritualism 51. Physics 52. Optics 53. Meteorology 54. Electricity 55. Mechanics 56. Hydrostatics, Hydraulics Books and Catalogues — 26 47 V. 57. Nautical Sciences 42. Poetry, American 58. Arms and Military Engines 43-58. Drama, National 59. Military Art 59- Rhetoric 60. Chemistry 60-61. Literary Criticism and 61. Spectral Analysis History 62. Photography 62. Typography VI. History 63. 64. Bibliography Catalogues I, Chronology 65-67. Compendiums, Encyclo- 2. Universal History paedias, etc. 3. History, Asia 68-77. Collected Works of Au- 4. Asia, British India thors, by Nationalities 5. Africa 78. Speeches 6-8. Europe, General 79- Fables 9. Byzantine and Ottoman 80-81. Proverbs, Anecdotes 10-29. Europe, National 82. Satire and Facetiae 30-35. England 83- Essays and Sketches 36-43. America, U.S., Australia 84. Fiction, Collected 44-45. Heraldry, Genealogy 85. Folk-Lore, Fairy Tales 46. Pageants, Processions, etc. 86. Early Romances VII. Geography 87. Fiction, Italian I. Cosmography 88. 89. 90. Spanish and Portuguese French 2. Ethnology German 3. Circumnavigations 91. Dutch and Scandinavian 4. Voyages in two or more 92. Slavonic and Hungarian parts of the World Qi- English, Collected 5-39. Travels, by Countries 94. Waverley Novels 40. Hydrography 95- English, Translations v'lll. Biography 96. English, Early 1-19. Collective and National 97- Republications 20-22. Epistles 98. English, General 99. Minor IX. Belles Lettres 100. American I. Classical Polygraphy lOI. Tales for Children 2-8. Homer, Greek and Latin X. Philology Poets and Orators I. General Philology 9-16. Poetry, Italian 2. Languages, Semitic 17-18. Spanish, Portuguese 3- Other Asiatic and 19-21. French, Provencal African 22-24. German 4. American and Poly- 25-26. Dutch, Scandinavian ' nesian 27-28. Slavonic, Celtic, etc. 5. Chinese and Japanese ■ 29-41. English 6. Greek 48 Manual of Library Classification — 27, 28 X. 7. Languages, Latin 14. Languages, Celtic 8-10. Italian, Spanish, French 15. English 11-13. German, Dutch, Scan- 16. Phonography dinavian, Slavonic 17. Books for the Blind 27. The Germans are responsible for a number of schemes dating from that of Leibnitz (1700) to recent times; but most of them are more adapted for the libraries of universities or learned societies than the general public libraries we are famihar with in Britain and the United States. It will be sufficient to name the methods of Ersch (1793), Preusker (1830), and the minute scheme of Thienemann (1847), the main heads of which are given in Edwards' Memoirs, Room may be found for some of the chief divisions of Dr. Schleiermacher's method, which is worked out with much elaboration in his Bibliographisches System der gesammten Wissenschaftskunde^ and condensed by Edwards. ScMeiermacher's Scheme Class I. Encycloposdias, Literary Class VIII. Mathematical and Histoiy, and Bibliography Physical Sciences Class IL Polygraphy Class IX. Natural History Class III. Linguistics and Philo- Class X. Medicine and Pathology logy Class XL Industrial and Econo- Class IV. Greek and Latin Litera- mical Sciences ture Class XII. Philosophy Class V. Polite Literature in Class XIII. Theology Modern and Oriental Tongues Class XIV. Jurisprudence and Class VI. Fine Arts Politics Class VII. Historical Sciences 28. From about 1850 onwards the systems of classification become more practical, more minute, and more in accordance with modern ideas. The advances made in science and the great increase in the publication of technological literature gradually altered the arrangement of main classes and sub- divisions. The passing of the Public Libraries Acts in Britain and the immense strides made in library work in the United States tended to direct more attention to the study of classifi- cation, and it is from this period that most of the best systems date. Books and Catalogues — 28 49 The following classification is very useful and suggestive ; and as the catalogue from which it is taken is well indexed, it forms one of the most complete answers to those who in earlier times doubted the possibility of producing a satisfactory classed catalogue or dismissed the whole type as " logical absurdities." The Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, compiled by Benjamin Vincent (London : 1857), has the undernoted main classes and sub-divisions : Royal Institution Class I. Theology I. HolyScriptures (19 sections) II. Helps to Study (lo) III. Apocryphal Writings IV. Liturgies (4) V. Church Discipline and Government VI. Theological Controversy (5) VII. Miscellaneous Theology (4) VIII. Ecclesiastical History Class II. Government, Poli- tics, Jurisprudence I. Government and Politics (II) II. Jurisprudence (12) III. Commerce (4) Class III. Sciences and Arts I. Moral and Intellectual Philo- sophy (8) II. Medical Sciences (13) III. Natural History (23 under 5 heads) Natural and Experimental Philosophy (25 under ii heads) Chemistry (3) Mathematical Sciences (9) Astronomy (7) Architecture Civil Engineering (6) Navigation and Naval Architecture (3) IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. Scheme (1857) XL Military Art (2) XII. Mechanic Arts (2) XIII. Fine Arts (5) XIV. Music XV. Sports and Games XVI. Domestic Economy XVII. Miscellaneous Class IV. Literature I. History and Study of Litera- ture (7) II. Bibliography (7) III. Language (3) IV. Classical Literature (2) V. Miscellanea Latina VL Anglo-Saxon VI I. English Literature (4) VIIL French Literature IX. Italian Literature X. Spanish and Portuguese Literature XI. German Literature XII. Oriental Literature (5) Class V. Geography I. Ancient and Modern Geo- graphy (4) II. Voyages and Travels (37) Class VI. History, Mythology, Archeology, Biography I. Study of History II. Mythology III. Archaeology (3) 50 Manual of Library Classification — 29 IV. Chronology and Genealogy V. Biography (3) VI. History (29) Class VII. British Geography, Antiquities, History, and Biography I. British Geography and Anti- quities (13) The classification of Nicholas Triibner, designed for a Bibliographical Catalogue of American Literature, is worthy of mention here as a practical method of arranging books on a special subject. Triibner's Scheme (1859) II. History of England (12) III. Wales IV. Scotland V. Ireland VI. British Biography, Letters, Peerages (4) Vlir Government (4) VIII. Honours and Dignities (3) IX. Historical Tracts I. Bibliography 17. Useful Arts 2. Collections 18. Military Science 3. Theology 19. Naval Science 4. Jurisprudence 20. Rural and Domestic Economy 5. Medicine 21. Politics 6. Natural History 22. Commerce 7. Chemistry and Pharmacy 23. Belles Lettres 8. Natural Philosophy 24. Fine Arts 9. Mathematics, Astronomy 25. Music 10. Philosophy 26. Freemasonry II. Education 27. Mormonism 12. Modern Language 28. Spiritualism 13. Philology 29. Guide Books 14. American Antiquities 30. Maps 15. History 31. Periodicals 16. Geography 29. We come now to the most important of the English classifications which for years has formed the basis of a large number of the broad schemes described in Chapter I. This is the very complete method of Edward Edwards, outlined in his Memoirs of Libraries^ Vol. XL, p. 815, and stated by him- self to be designed for " the special characteristics and require- ments " of public libraries, then only recently established by the Acts .of 1850 and 1855. The Manchester Public Library, organised by Edwards, is classified according to this system, and other libraries have adopted some of the main classes and Books and Catalogues — 3g 51 Sub-divisions. The weakest part of the system is, in our opinion, the cumbrous notation or method of briefly indicating the classes. Thus " Ecclesiastical History of England Generally " requires a mark like this, " III -7 § f i," so that such symbols are out of the question for shelf arrangement. The general excellence of this classification marks it as one well adapted for careful study by librarians ; and as the method of indicating divisions and sub-divisions seems to act as a stumbling-block to many, we have ventured to simphfy them, and present a condensed table of the entire method. We have accordingly applied letters instead of figures to the main classes, retained the original divisional numbers, and noted all further sub- divisions by a second sequence of numbers following a dash. Thus " Ecclesiastical History of England Generally " becomes simply C 7 -5. Edwards' Scheme (1859) Class A. Theology I. Holy Scriptures -I. Complete Texts -2. Detached Books of O. and N. Tests. -3. Harmonies of O. and N. Tests. -4. Apocryphal Scriptures -5. Bible Histories 2. Sacred Philology -I. Introductions to Bible -2. Commentaries and Para- phrases -3. Concordances and Diction- aries -4. Biblical Antiquities -5. Geography and Natural History of Bible -6. Connexions of Sacred and Profane History 3. Collective Works of Theologians 4. Dogmatic and Polemic Theology 5. Catechetical Theology 6. Pastoral and Hortatory Theo- logy 7. Mystical Theology 8. Liturgies, Rites, and Ceremonies 9. Judaism 10. Natural Theology Class B. Philosophy 1. General and Collective Works 2. Ethics 3. Metaphysics Class C. History I. Study of Histoiy Universal History and Bio- graphy [including General Geography and Collections of Voyages] Ancient History and Biography History of the Middle Ages General Ecclesiastical History History of Modern Europe, General [including Travel] History of Great Britain and Ireland, General -I. England, General -2. Before Conquest -3, Individual Keign 2. 52 Manual of Library Classification — 29 C. 7. -4. United Kingdom, Ecclesi- astical History, General -5. England, Ecclesiastical His- tory, General -6. Before Reformation -7. Reformation -8. Post-Reformation -9. History of Dissenters, General -10. History of Dissenters, Denominational -II. England, Parliamentary History -12. United Kingdom, Naval History (also England) -13. Military History (also England) -14. Monetary and Medallic History (also England) -15. England, Topographical History, General -16. Architectural and Sepul- chral Antiquities -17. County Topography -18, Travels -19. United Kingdom, Collec- tive Biography (also England) -20. Particular Biography (also England) -21. Peerages, Baronetages, Political Indexes (also England) -22. State Papers and Records (also England) -23. Scotland, General History -24. Ecclesiastical History -25. Military History -26. Topographical History -27. Travels -28. Biography -29. State Papers and Records -30. Ireland, General History -31. Ecclesiastical History 7. -32. Ireland, Military History -33. Topographical History -34. Travels -35. Biography -36. vState Papers and Records -37. Wales, History -38. British Colonies, History, General -39. American Collective His- tory -40. West India ,, ,, -41. Australian ,, ,, -42. History of Particular Colonies -43. British India, History 8. Europe, Modern History, Gene- ral -I. Belgium and Holland -2. Denmark, Sweden, Norway -3. France -4. Germany -5. Greece -6. Hungary -7. Italy -8. Poland -9. Russia -10. Switzerland -II. Turkey -12. Other Parts of Europe 9. America, History, General -I. United States [since Inde- pendence] -2. Mexico -3. Hayti -4. Central and Southern America 10. Africa and Asia, Modern History Class D. Politics and Com- merce 1. Politics and Government, General 2. National Constitutions Books ajid Catalogues — 29 53 )• 3- -2. -3- -4- -5. -6. -7. Re- and Monarchy, General -I. Crown of England, Succes- sion and Prerogatives Parliamentary and Representa- tive Assemblies, General -I. House of Lords House of Commons. Consti- tution, etc.. General Reform Bribery at Elections Ballot and Electoral form Privileges Internal Economy Business -8. Reports and Papers -9. Foreign Countries, Repre- sentative Assemblies 5. Civil Government, General -I. Civil Service of United Kingdom 6. Law, General 7. Laws, Collective, U.K. and England -I. Laws, Commentaries, Eng- land Codification, England Reform ,, Courts of Law ,, Scotland Ireland Wales Colonial United States Foreign Countries International Law Criminal Law (4 sub-divi- sions) Political Economy : Commerce, Pauperism, Population, etc. (33 sub-divisions) Church Establishments Public Education (3 sub-divi- sions) 12. Army and Navy, Organisation, etc. 13. Foreign Policy, Ambassadors and Consuls 14. Political Satires, Liberty of the Press Class E. Sciences and Arts 1. General : Dictionaries, Society Transactions 2. Physical Sciences, General -I. Physics -2. Mechanics -3. Acoustics -4. Optics -5. Pneumatics, Electricity, Me- teorology, etc. -6. Physical Astronomy -7. Chemistry, General -8. Inorganic -9. Organic -10. Analytical -II. Technical -12. Society Transactions, Periodicals -13. Mineralogy and Crystallo- graphy -14. Geology, General -15. Particular -16. Societies and Periodicals -17. Biology, General -18. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology -19. Pluman Anatomy and Physiology -20. Zoology, General -21. Particular -22. Local -23. Societies and Periodicals -24. Botany, General -25. Physiological -26. Local -27. Societies and Periodicals -28. Palaeontology 54 Manual of Library Classification — 29, 30 E. 3. Mathematical Sciences, General -I. Arithmetic ; -2. Algebra ; -3. Geometry, Conic Sec- tions, Mensuration ; -4. Trigonometry ; -5. Calculus 4. Mechanical Arts, General -I. Civil Engineering ; -2. ' Steam Engine; -3. Roads, Railways, Bridges ; -4. Docks, Harbours, Canals, etc. ; -5. Field Work; -6. Building ; -7. Mining and Metallurgy, Machinery, etc. ; -8, Textile Fabrics ; -9. Mathematical Instruments, Watch and Clock-making ; -10. Type-founding, Print- ing, Lithography, etc.; -II. Pottery, Ceramics, Glass ; -12. Other Arts and Trades 5. Military and Naval Arts (8 sub- divisions) 6. Arts of Design, General -I. Painting (3 sub-divisions) ; -2. Sculpture ; -3. En- graving ; -4. Architecture ; -5. Landscape Gardening ; -6. Photography 7. Art of Writing. General -I. Palaeography ; -2. Short- hand ; -3. Secret Writing 8. Musical and Histrionic Arts, General -I. Music, General ; -2. Music, Theory and Composition ; -3. Music, Practical Trea- tises, Instruments, Voice ; -4. Music, History; -5. Plis- trionic Art, Histories of the Stage 9. Medical Arts. General -I . Medicine, 1* articularBranches; -2. Surgery and Surgical Anatomy ; -3. Materia Medica and Pharmacy ; -4. Dietetics 10. Domestic and Recreative Arts Class F. Literature and Poly- GRAPHY. 1. History of Literature, General 2. Linguistics,or Philology , General -I. Particular Languages ; -2. Dictionaries, Lexicons, etc. 3. Poetry and Fiction, General Collections and History -I. National Collections ; -2. Classic Greek Poets ; -3. Classic Latin Poets ; -4. British Poets ; -5. Modern Foreign Poets ; -6. Early Romantic Fiction ; -7. Comic, Pastoral, and Heroic Romance ; -8. Dramatic Poetry, Collections of Plays; -9. Collective Works of Individual Authors ; -10. Separate Plays ; -i i . History of Dramatic Poetry; -12. Modern Tales, Novels and Romances 4. Oratory: Speeches and Treatises on Oratory 5. Essays, Proverbs, Literary Mis- cellanies 6. Epistolography, or Collections of Letters 7. Bibliography and Literary His- tory of Particular Countries 8. Polygraphy [collections of works in 2 or more classes] -I. British; -2. Foreign; -3. En- cyclopaedias ; -4. Reviews, Magazines, etc. 30. A modern English system of great practical value is Books aftd Catalogues — 30 55 that used by Mr. W. Swan Sonnenschein in his important bibliographies of general literature entitled The Best Books. The classification of this invaluable library tool has the great merit of being based upon the actual printed books of contem- porary and recent literature, as well as the older literature represented by reprints. It thus exhibits not only a complete scheme of headings or classes under which books can be grouped, but by giving examples of actual titles under every main class and sub-division presents one of the most useful text-books which can be studied by the young librarian. Its valuable index adds materially to its usefulness and complete- ness. We add the main classes and principal divisions, with an indication of the number of sub-divisions. Sonnenschein's Scheme (1887) Class A. Theology tics ; 73. Philosophy of His- I. General (1-3) tory ; 74. Political and Social 2. Natural Theology (4-8) Philosophy; 75. Philosophy 3. Ethnic Theology,Oriental(9-i5) of Law] 4. Bible (16-47) 5. Ecclesiastical History, General Class D. Society (48-59) I. Law, General 6. National (60-75) 2. Statutes, etc. (2-3) 7. Denominational (76-101) 3. General (4) 8. Ecclesiastical Polity (102-1 12) 4. History (5-7) 9. Practical Theology (113-118) 5. Special Departments (8-100) 10. Systematic Theology (119- 1 34) 6. Courts, Procedure (101-109) Class B. Mythology 7. RomanandOriental(iio-ii2) 8-9. International (113) I. Comparative (1-2) 10. Political Economy (114- 1 24) 2. Special Departments (3-10) II. Social Economy (125-133) 3. Mythology and Folk-Lore, 12. Politics (134-147) National (11-39) 13. Commerce (148-154) Class C. Philosophy 14. Education (155-172) I. General 2. History (2-4) Class E. Geography 3. Ancient Philosophers by Schools I. General (1-8) (5-15) ^ 2. Historical Geography (9-10) 4. Modern Philosophers (16-67) 3. Europe (u-29) 5. Special Departments [68. Logic; 4. Asia Minor (30) 69. Metaphysics ; 70. Ethics ; 5. Asia (31-40) 71. Psychology ; 72. /Esthe- 6, Africa (41-51) 56 Manual of Library Classification — 30 7. America (52-61") 8. Australasia (62-67) 9. Polar Regions (68-69) Class F. History 1. General (1-4) 2. Primitive Society (5) 3. Ancient History (6-12) 4. Middle Ages (13-14) 5. Europe (15-60) 6. Asia (61-64) 7. South Africa (65) 8. America (66-75) 9. Gypsies (76) Class G. Archeology and Historical Collaterals 1. Antiquities, General and Local (i-ii) 2. Classical (12-21) 3. Genealogy, Heraldry, Names (22-24) 4. Miscellaneous [25. Costume; 26. Autographs; 27. Stamps; 28. Flags ; 29. Signboards ; 29*. Pipes ; 30. Lives of Antiquaries] Class H. Science 1. General (1-4) 2. Mathematics (5-9) 3. Physics (10-16) 4. Chemistry (17-20) [5. and 6. accidentally omitted] 7. Astronomy (21-24) 8. Physiography (25-30) 9. Geology (31-41) 10. Biology (42-47) 11. Botany (48-69) 12. Zoology (70-106) Class H*. Medicine 1. General (1-3) 2. Human Anatomy and Physio- logy (4-9) 3. Medicine (10-13) Endemic Disease (14) Special Diseases (15-25) Surgery (26-33) Local Surgery (34-44) Obstetrics (45-47) Diseases of Children (48) Pathology (49-50) Materia Medica and Thera- peutics (51-53) Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology (54) Hygiene (55-57) Hospitals, Nursing (58-59) Domestic Medicine (60) Homoeopathy (61-62) Class L Arts and Trades 1. Collective (1-2) 2. Engineering (3-12) 3. Electrical (13) 4. Military (14-18) 5. Naval (19-23) 6. Agriculture (24-51) 7. Industries and Trades (52-81) 8. Fine Arts (82-115) 9. Architecture (i 16-122) 10. Music (123-133) 11. Drama (134-136) II*. Other Public Performers (136*, **) 12. Domestic Arts (137-145) 13. Sports and Recreations (146- 172) Class K. Literature and Philology 1. Reference Works (1-2) 2. Bibliography (3-10) 3. Printing, History (11-15) 3*. Libraries (16-16*) 4. Literature, National : History, Biography, Criticism (17- 42) 5. Prose Fiction (43-58) 6. Facetise (58*-6i) Books and Catalogues — 31 7. Poetry, National (62-78) 8. Dramatists (79-82) 9. Essayists (83-85) 10. Letter Writers (86) 10*. Oratory (86*) 11. Maxims, Epigrams (87) 12. Anecdotes (88) 13. Collections and Miscellanies (89-91) Philology AND Ancient Lite- rature 14. General Philology (92-100) 15. Hamitic Philology and Litera- ture (101-104) 16. Semitic Philology and Litera- ture (105-118) 17. Aryan Philology and Literature (1 19-139) 18. Non- Aryan and Non-Semitic (140-157) 57 [58-160) 19. Malay and Polynesian ( 1 20. African (161) 21. American (162-164) 22. Hyperborean (165) 23. Unclassed Philology (166) 24. Greek and Latin, General (167- 174) 25. Greek Philology and Literature (175-19^) 26. Latin Philology and Literature (199-224) 27. Teutonic Philology (225-255) 28. Romance Philology and Litera- ture (256-278) Celtic Philology and Literature (279-283) Slavonic Philology and Litera- ture (284-285) Artificial Universal Language (286) 29 30. 31 31. A modern German system which has had some vogue is that prepared for the University of Halle by Otto Hartwig.^ The following main classes and divisions will give some idea of its character : Hartwig's Scheme Class A. Bibliography and General Works Aa. Library Science Ab. Bibliography Ac. Printing and Publishing Ad. Introductions to Sciences and History of Sciences Ae. History and Publications of Learned Societies Af. General Works (General Periodicals, Encyclopae- dias, etc.) Class B. Linguistics, General, and Oriental Languages Ba-Bh {c. il Classical Philology Class C. Ca-Cl Class D. Da-Dn Class E. Ea. Eb. Ec. Ed. Ee. Class F. Fa-Fc Class G. Pedagogy Ga. Pedagogy, Public Education Modern Philology Fine Arts Plastic Arts in General Ancient Art Mediaeval and Modern Art Music Acting Philosophy Taken from Graesel-Laude's Manual de BibliotMcojiojiiie (1897), 58 Manual of Library Classification — 31, 3: Gb. History and Statistics of Universities Gc. School Books, Works for the Young Class H. TION Ha-Hb Class I. la-Ib. Ic-Ie. If-Ig. Ih-Ik. Il-Im. History of Civilisa- Theology General Exegetical Theology Dogmatic Theology Historical Theology Practical Theology Class K. Jurisprudence Ka-Ku Class L. Political Sciences La-Lh Class M. Sciences auxiliary TO History Ma. General (Diplomatics, Pa- leography, Genealogy, Heraldry) Mb. Chronology, Numismatics Class N. History Na. General and Universal His- tory Nb. History, Ancient Nc. Mediaeval Nd. Modern Ne. Germany Nf. Prussia Ng. Prussian Provinces Nh. North German Ni. South German Nk. Austria- Hungary Nl. Switzerland Nm. Holland and Belgium Nn. History, Great Britain No. France Np. Spain and Portugal Nq. Italy Nr. Balkan Peninsula Ns. Russia Nt. Scandinavia Nu. Other European Countries Nv. Biography Class O. Geography Oa. General Ob. Voyages and Itineraries Oc. Political and Statistical Geo- graphy Class P. Natural and Mathe- maticai- Sciences, General Pa. Natural Sciences, General Pb. Mathematics, General Pc. Pure Mathematics Pd. Astronomy Pe. Applied Mathematics Class Q. Physics and Meteoro- logy Qa-Qc Class R. Ra-Rb Chemistry Class S. Natural Sciences Sa. Mineralogy, Geology, Palaeon- tology Sb. Botany Sc. Zoology Class T. Ta-Tb Class U. Ua-Uo Agriculture, etc. Medicine 32. Another scheme, of Italian origin, based on that of Hartwig and certain American naethods, is that of Bonazzi, Books a7td Catalogues — 33 59 first published as Schema di catalogo sistematico per le Biblioteche Parma (1890). Its main feature is the uniform sub-division of each main class, shown in detail below. Bonazzi's Scheme (1890) Class A. General Works Class N. Surgery Class B. Ethnic Religions, Class 0. Pharmacy Mythology, etc. Class P. Veterinary Science Class C. Christian Religion Class Q. Agriculture Class D. Jurisprudence Class R. Industry and Manu- A. Bibliography factures B. Periodicals Class S. Fine Arts C. Proceedings A. Bibliography E. Introductory Works B. Periodicals F. Text-books C. Proceedings G. General Treatises E. Introductory Works H. Collections F. Text-books Y. Polygraphy G. General Treatises Z. History and Biography H. Collections Class E. Sociology Y. Polygraphy Class F. Philology Z. History and Biography Class G. Literature Class T. Music Class H. Philosophy Class U. Recreative Arts Class I. Physical and Mathe- Class V. Theatre matical Sciences Class W. Travel Class K. Chemistry Class X. Archeology Class L. Natural Science Class Y. Biography Class M. Medicine Class Z. History Each class is divided like D and S above, and the scheme bears a general resemblance to some American methods possessing "mnemonic" or "local" features. 33. The last scheme which comes into this section is one introduced in 1894 for libraries in which readers have the privilege of direct access to the shelves. In this respect it differs from all the methods hitherto described. It has been adopted in a number of open access libraries in England, and in addition was in use in its main features since 1888 in the Clerkenwell Public Library, London. It is based on older schemes, and is not provided with a shelf notation, being intended solely for arrangement. It is described in a paper 6o Manual of Library Classification — 33 entitled "Classification of Books for Libraries in which Readers are allowed Access to the Shelves," by John H. Quinn and James D. Brown, first read at the Belfast meeting of the Library Association in 1894, and printed in the Library for 1895. Quinn-Brown Scheme (1894) Class A. Religion and Philo- sophy 1. Bible {a. Texts, b. Commentaries, c. History, d. Aids) 2. Church {a. History, b. Law, c. Liturgy, d. Rituals by Sects) 3. Theology {a. Natural Theology, b. Christianity, c. Non-Christian Systems, d. Mythology, e. Popu- lar Beliefs) 4. Philosophy [a. Schools, b. Mental Science, c. Logic, d. Moral Science) Class B. History, Travel, AND Topography a. Universal History and Geography, b. Dictionaries, c. Chronology, d. Archaeology (including Numismatics), e. Gazetteers, /. Atlases, etc. National History and Topography [by countries, sub-divided as required] — i. Europe, 2. Asia, 3. Africa, 4. America, 5. Austra- lasia, 6. Polar Regions Class C. Biography Dictionaries and General Collec- tions {a. Peerages, b. Army, c. Clergy, d. Law and other lists, e. Dignities, f. Heraldry, g. Genealogy and Family History) Classes, including Criticism («. Actors, b. Artists, c. Authors, d. Clergy and Religious, e. En- gineers, /. Inventors, g. Legal, h. Monarchs, z. Philosophers, j. Philanthropists, k. Scientists, /. Statesmen, m. Travellers, etc.) Class D. Social Science 1. Society {a. Manners and Customs, /;. Folk-lore, c. Marriage, d. Women, e. Pauperism, /. Crime, g. Socialism, etc.) 2. Government and Politics {a. Public Documents, b. Sta- tutes, c. Army, d. Navy, e. Civil Service, etc.) 3. Law (International, English, Colonial, Foreign, Special — as Patent, Commercial, etc.) 4. Political Economy (Taxation, Free Trade, Capital and La- bour, Land, Rent, Statistics) 5. Education 6. Commerce Class E. Science 1. Biology (Evolution, General) 2. Zoology 3. Botany 4. Geology (Palaeontology, Minera- logy and Crystallography) 5. Chemistry 6. Physiography 7. Astronomy 8. Physics 9. Mathematics Class F. Fine and Recrea- tive Arts I. Architecture 3. Painting Books and Catalogiies- -33 6i 3. Sculpture and Carving 4. Decoration 5. Engraving 6. Music 7. Amusements 8. Sports Class G. Useful Arts 1. Engineering (Steam, Naval, Military, Civil, Mining, Rail- way, Electrical, etc.) 2. Building and Mechanical Arts 3. Manufactures 4. Agriculture and Gardening 5. Sea and Navigation 6. Health and Medicine 7. Household Arts Class H. Language and Literature I. Philology 2. Literary History 3. Bibliography 4- Libraries Class J. Poetry and the Drama 1. Poetry (Anthologies, Poets alphabetically) 2. Drama (Stage History, Drama- tists alphabetically) Class K. Fiction 1. Collections, Author Alphabet and Anonyma 2. Juvenile Class L. General Works 1. Encyclopaedias, Directories 2. Miscellanies (Sketches, Essays, Anecdotes, Proverbs) 3. Collected Works 4. Periodicals not in other Classes CHAPTER IV SCHEMES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS CONJOINED WITH SHELF NOTATIONS 34. The classification methods just examined are primarily for use in arranging books in catalogues or on shelves without providing a system of serial numbers or marks by which single books can be referred to and found as well as placed. To a certain extent the marking of the systems of Edwards, Sonnenschein, Bonazzi, Hartwig, and Quinn-Brown could be used for finding and charging purposes ; but class numbers alone, without some method of indicating individual books, are not sufficient for all purposes. Turning back to Section 29, it will be noticed that in Edwards' scheme C 7 -27 is a general reference to Travels in Scotland. But there may be two hundred separate works in this sub-division, and no means are provided for distinguishing one from another. Of course the books in C 7 -27 might be arranged in an author alphabet ; but this would still make the entry of a loaned book cumbrous, as it would be necessary to note the author and brief title thus : "C 7-27. Garnett's Tour." The accession number alone can be used for purposes of identifying the individual works of a sub-division, as is done with the Quinn-Brown method ; but this was not contemplated in any other of the schemes described in Chapter III. This chapter is therefore concerned with the methods, mostly of modern origin, which are combination systems for classifying,, shelving, cataloguing, charging, and otherwise identifying, not only main or sub- classes, but single books. 35. The first scheme of this sort is of American origin, as 62 Books conjoined with Shelf Notations — 35 63 indeed are the whole of the published combination classifica- tions. It was devised by Dr. William T. Harris, Superintendent of Public Schools, St. Louis, who was also one of the managers of the Public School Library of that city. His system was adopted at this library, and has been also used in other American libraries, particularly that of Peoria, 111., which published an important modification or rather amplification of the scheme in 1896. Harris's method is sometimes styled the " Inverted Baconian " plan, from its general arrangement in the three main classes " Science," " Art," and " History," which roughly correspond to Bacon's " Philosophy," " Poetry," and " History," tabulated in Section 14. To Harris belongs the credit of having first produced a method adapted to the wants of a modern Hbrary. It bears a certain resemblance to the decimal system of Dewey, in its provision of a hundred divisions and general sequence of main divisions. The first draft of this system was printed in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy (1870), Vol. IV., p. 1 14-19, a periodical edited by Harris at St. Louis. It is also briefly described in the official work entitled Public Libraries in the United States of America (Washington : 1876). In actual use the main class letters and numbers of Harris's scheme are not required. Indeed he says that the proximate classes are numbered from i to 100, so as to have only two figures for most classes, with letters added for sub-classes. This is clearly enough shown in the following table, which is condensed from the Peoria Public Library scheme, it being, as before remarked, more complete than Harris's original plan : Harris's Scheme (1870) ORIGINAL FORM A. Science. i. Philosophy, 2. B. Art. 12. Fine Arts, 13. Poetry, Religion 14. Pure Fiction, 15. Literary Social and Political Science. Miscellany 3. Jurisprudence, 4. Politics, C. History. 16. Geography and etc. Travel, 17. Civil History, 18. Natural Sciences and Useful Arts. Biography 7. Mathematics, ii. Useful D. Appendix. 19. Appendix- Arts Miscellany 64 Manual of Library Classification — 35 PEORIA FORM 9- 10. 12. 13- 14. 15- 16. Science 2. Philosophy in General 3. Philosophies and Philosophers {a. Ancient, d. Early Christian, e. Modern, s. Special) 4. Metaphysics (4a. Anthropology, afi. Psychology, 4<:. Logic) 5. Ethics 6. Religion 7. Bible 8. Commentaries Theology, Doctrinal, Dogmatics Devotional, Practical Natural Theology Religious and Ecclesiastical History Modern Systems Judaism Mythology and Folk- Lore Oriental and Pagan Religions Social and Political Sciences 18. Jurisprudence 19. Law 20. International Law 21. Ancient, Feudal, and Civil Law 22. Common Law, Canon Law, Equity 23. Statute Law, Reports and Digests 24. Constitutional Law and History 25. Law Treatises (Criminal, Mar- tial, etc.) 26. Political Science 27. Legislative Bodies and Annals 28. Administration 29. Social Science 30. Economics 31. Education 32. Philology 33. Grammars and Text-books 34. Dictionaries Natural Sciences and Useful Arts 35. Natural Science {a. Scientific Periodicals) 36. Mathematics in General {a. Weights and Measures) 37. Arithmetic 38. Algebra 39. Geometry, Trigonometry, Cal- culus 40. Engineering {a. Railroad, Canal, etc., b. Bridges and Roofs, d. Military and Naval, etc.) 41. Mechanical (Steam Engines, Machinery, etc.) 42. Physics (General and Special) 43. Electricity 44. Chemistry 45. Astronomy 46. Natural History {a. Biology, b. Evolution, c. Microscopy, d. Collectors' Manuals, e. Out-of-doors Books) 47. Physical Geography {a. Land, b. Water, c. Atmosphere) 48. Geology 49. Botany 50. Zoology 51. Ethnology 52. Archceology, Antiquities 53. Medicine 54. Anatomy, Physiology 55. Materia Medica, Pharmacy 56. Pathology, Diseases, Treatment 57. Hygiene (a. Food, b. Clothing, c. Children, d. Physical Cul- ture, e. Public Health) 58. Amusements, Recreations 59. Useful Arts and Trades {a. Ex- hibitions, b. Patents) 60. Military Arts ( 540 Chemistry . 950 Asia 550 Geology 960 Africa 560 Paleontology 970 - North America -Mod 570 Biology 980 South America 580 Botany 990 Oceanica and Polar 590 Zoology v. Regions J yo Manual of Library Classification — 37 To show the arrangement of sections we select the division 620 Engineering, which is divided thus : 621 Mechanical 626 Canal 622 Mining 627 River and Harbor 623 Military 628 Sanitary, Water Works 624 Bridge and Roof 629 Other Branches 625 Road and Railroad The arrangement of 621 is continued in sub-sections as follows : 621-1 Steam Engineering 621 '6 Blowing and Pumping En- 621*2 Water Engines or Motors gines 621-3 Electrical Engineering 621-7 Mills and Manufacturing 621-4 -^ii' ^"tl Gas Engines and Works Other Motors 621 -8 Mill Work and Mechanism 621-5 -^ir Compressors, Ice Ma- of Transmission chines 621-9 Machine Tools 62 1 'I Steam Engineering is in its turn further divided thus : 621-11 Mechanism of Steam En- 621-16 Stationary Engines gine 621-17 621-12 Marine Engines 621-18 Steam Generation, Boilers, 621-13 Locomotive Engines Furnaces 621-14 Traction Engines 621-19 Steam Heating 621 "15 Portable Engines This classification provides places and symbols for every topic, however minute, and there only remains some method of dis- tinguishing individual books. There may be, for instance, twelve books on 621-18, which would all have the same class number. How then to distinguish Courtenay on Boilers from Shock on Boilers ? Several ways have been suggested, as in finding and charging it is essential that a reader should be credited only with the single book of a class which he borrows, and not with all the books in the class. One plan is to use the accession number, which might give symbols like this : 621 'iS- 4689 Courtenay, Boiler-maker's Assistant 621 -18-10675 Shock, Boilers The most generally adopted plan, used greatly in American Books conjoined with SJielf Notations — 37, 38 71 libraries, is to apply the " Cutter Author Marks," a system of numbering all the best-known surnames, invented by Charles A. Cutter, late of the Boston Athenaeum. The main features of this scheme may be briefly noted here, those who desire further particulars being referred to the tables published by the Library Bureau. " Books on the shelves are kept alphabeted by marking them with the initial of the author's family name, followed by one or more decimal figures assigned according to a table so constructed that the names whose initials are followed by some of the first letters of the alphabet have the first numbers, and those in which the initials are followed by later letters have later numbers " : Abbott = Ab2 Gardiner == G16 Acland = Ac6 Gerry = G36 Cook = C77 Gilman = G42 Cousin = C83 Shock == Sh8 Crabb = C84 These initials and surname numbers serve to keep minute class divisions in strict alphabetical order, and can also be used for registering books. Shock on Boilers would be numbered 62i'i8Sh.8, which would differentiate it from every other book in the same sub-section and from every other book in the library. These, then, are the principal points in the Decimal classification. Of its merits it is unnecessary to speak, as the method has been generally accepted all over America and in many British, Colonial, and Continental libraries. The chief objection we have seen urged against it, apart from such questions as the arrangement and constituent subjects of main classes, has been the uniformity of progression by tens, and the plan of making every class, division, section, or sub- section conform to this system. It may be said, however, and a slight examination will confirm this, that the advantages of the Decimal notation far outnumber the disadvantages of an occasional distortion or needless inflation of a class, division, or section. 38. There have been several modifications of Dewey's Decimal classification introduced at diff"erent times ; but the 72 Manual of Library Classification — 38 only one we propose to notice is that of Sion College, London, first printed in 1886, and afterwards revised and enlarged as Order of the Classification of Sio7i College Library, Lo7ido7i (1889). This was the work of the Rev. W. H. Milman, librarian of the college, assisted by Mr. J. P. Edmond, now librarian to the Earl of Crawford at Haigh Hall, Wigan. In it Dewey's notation has been abandoned in favour of the old system of class letters and separate numerical progressions under each class. The order of classes has also been changed, and other variations introduced, with the object of adapting the scheme to the needs of an essentially theological library. It will be enough to briefly indicate the main classes and give a detailed specimen of the divisions and sub-divisions : Sion College Scheme (18S6-S9) Class A. Theology (including Ecclesiastical History and Canon Law) ,, B. History ,, C. Philosophy ,, D. Social Science ,, E. Natural Science ,, F. Useful Arts ,, G. Fine Arts ,, H. Philology ,, K. Literature ,, L. Bibliography and Literary History Class C. PniLOsorHV C 10. General C 11-12. Ancient Philosophers C 13-14. Mediaeval and Modern Philosopher.^ C 15. Biographies and Correspondence of Philosophers C 20. Logic C 30-33. Metaphysics C 40-45- Ethics C 50-51. Applied Morality C 60. Aberrations from Morality (Suicide, Magic, Witchcraft, etc.) Detail of C 20 : Logic C 20 -o. General C 20' 2a. Systems, Greek C 20-I. Introductions C 20-2/'. Latin C 20-2. Systems C 20'2<:-. Modern Books conjoined with Shelf Notations — 39 73 All through this scheme there are numerous departures from the Dewey tables, and the whole method is well worth careful study for its suggestiveness. The Cutter author marks are used to identify individual books. 39. One of the most scientific and complete modern schemes of classification is the "' Expansive " method of Mr. Charles A. Cutter, which has been adopted within recent years in a number of libraries in the United States. Mr. Cutter is well known to librarians the world over as the author of the standard Rules for a Dictio7iary Catalogue^ and for his valuable services to library science rendered while he was librarian at the Boston Athenaeum. His system of classifica- tion was developed many years ago, probably before 1879, but has only been fully worked out in minute detail within the last few years. It was first published, in parts, at Boston, in 1 89 1, as Expansive Classification^ when the first table was issued. The other six tables have since been printed, and now librarians have an opportunity of examining the details of the scheme. Library assistants will find a summary of the method and its application to cataloguing in the Catalogue of "A. L. A." Library, issued by the U.S. Bureau of Education in 1893. Mr, Cutter also described his system at the Inter- national Library Conference held at London in July, 1897, and from his paper we select a few points of interest and importance : " It consists of seven tables of classification of progressive fulness, designed to meet the needs of a library at its successive stages of growth. The first table has few classes and no sub- divisions. It is meant for a very small collection of books. The second has more classes and some sub-divisions, but retains all the old classes with their previous marks. This is intended for the small collection, when it has swelled so much that it must be broken up into more parts. Now the books which are put into the new classes must of course have new marks; but those in the old ones remain as they are — their marks need no change. In this way we go on, gradually in- creasing the number of classes and sub-classes, and yet in each transition from the simpler to the more complex scheme pre- 74 Manual of Library Classification — 39 serving all the old notation ; so that there is only the absolutely necessary amount of alteration. . . . Passing through the third, and fourth, fifth, sixth, it comes finally to the seventh, which is full and minute enough for the British Museum, with a capacity of increase that would accommodate the British Museum raised to the tenth power : for there might be an eighth and a ninth and a tenth table if need be. From this adaptation to growth comes the name expansive. . . . " This system is the first in which a series of expanding tables has been actually printed, the first in which the idea was made prominent. Much more characteristic, how- ever, are two features of the notation. The first is not original, the second is. The first is the use of letters for notation ; i.e. of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet to mark the classes (A being the general classes, Polygraphy ; B, Philosophy and Religion; C, the Christian Religion; D, Ecclesiastical History ; and so on) ; and of a second letter for the sub-classes (Ca being Judaism; Cb, the Bible; Cc, Collected Works of the Fathers of the Church ; Cd, Later Divines ; and so on). This second letter divides each of the twenty-six main classes into twenty-six parts, and then a third letter divides each of these six hundred and seventy-six divisions into twenty- six parts, or over eighteen thousand in all, taking the single- letter, the double-letter, and the triple-letter classes together. This gives of course more classes than a smaller base; and, on the other hand, many fewer characters are needed to express the same closeness of classification. . . . " The other characteristic of which I spoke, the original one, is this. We use figures to mark countries, and letters for all other subjects ; so that it is possible to express the local relations of any subject in a perfectly unmistakable way, the letters never being used to signify countries, and the figures never being used for any other subjects but countries. Thus 45 is England wherever it occurs : e.o^. F being History, F 45 is the History of England ; G being Geography, G 45 is the Geography of England, or Travels in England, and so on. This local notation can be used, not merely with the main classes, Books cojzjoined with Shelf Notations — 39 75 but with every sub-division, no matter how minute, if it is worth dividing by countries, as : Ki 45, English Law ; Hi 45, English Joint-stock Companies ; Ht 45, English Budget ; Hv 45, Eng- lish Tariff; Ig 45, the English Poor; Iv 45, English Schools ; Ix 45, English Universities ; Jt 45, the English Constitution ; Jv 45, English Politics ; Jv 45, English Administration. Or, to turn to another country and a different order of ideas : X 39, French Language ; Y 39, French Literature ; Zy 39, History of French Literature ; Zv 39, French Bibliography ; Wf 39, French Architecture ; Wp 39, French Painting. Wherever one wishes to separate what relates to France from other works on any subject, one has only to add the two figures 39, and the thing is done." The scheme has other features which are described in the paper from which our extracts are taken and in the printed system itself. Those who wish to study the method as a whole are referred to Mr. Cutter's published tables. Following is a brief outline of the main classes and examples of their sectional treatment. It should be added that for the identifi- cation of individual books, the Cutter author tables are used. Cutter's Expansive Scheme. A. General Works C. Christianity and Judaism AD. Dictionaries CA. Judaism AE. Encyclopaedias CB. Bible AI. Indexes CC. Christianity AM. Museums CE. Apologetical Theology AP. Periodicals CF. Doctrinal Theology AQ. Quotations CK. Ethical Theology AR. Reference Books CP. Ecclesiastical PoUty AS. Societies CR. Ritual Theology ex. Pastoral Theology B. Philosophy D. Ecclesiastical History BG. Metaphysics BH. Logic E. Biography -BI. Psychology F. History (with Local List) BM. Moral Philosophy FF. Antiquities BR. Religion FN. Numismatics P.S. Natural Theology FS. Chivalry BT. Religions FV. Heraldry 76 Mamtal of Library Classification — 39 G. Geography and Travels RT. Electric Arts (with Local List) RY. Domestic Economy Constructive Arts: H. Social Science S. Engineering HB. Statistics SG. Building lie. Economics, Political Eco- SJ. Sanitary Engineering nomy SL. Hydraulic Engineering I. Demotics, Sociology ST. Arts of Transportation IK. Education T. Fabricative Arts J. Civics, Political Science U. Art of War K. Legislation UN. Nautical Arts KW. Woman V. Athletic and Recreative KX. Societies Arts L. Sciences and Arts Fine Arts vv. Music LA. Sciences (Natural) w. Art, Fine Arts LB. Mathematics WD. Plastic Arts LII. Physics, Natural Philo- WE. Landscape Gardening sophy WF. Architecture LO. Chemistry WJ. Sculpture LR. Astronomy WL. Arts of Design M. Natural History WM. Drawing MB. Microscopy WP. Painting MC. Cieology WQ. Engraving MD. Mineralogy WR. Photography MG. Physiography WS. Decorative Arts MQ. Pali^ontology MV. Biology Arts of Communication N. Botany Zoology BY Language 0. X. English Language P. Vertebrates XII. Language in General PW. Anthropology and Ethnology XX. Oratory V. PInglish and American Lite- Q. Medicine rature YD. Drama R. Useful ArtSjTechnology YF-. Fiction RC. Metric Arts YJ. Juvenile Literature RCZ. Extractive and Productive YP. Poetry Arts YII. Literature in General RD. Mining Z. Book Arts RF. Metallurgy ZN. Private Libraries RCx. Agriculture ZP. Public Libraries RJ. Animaliculture ZT. Bibliography RO. Chemical Technology ZY. Literary History Books conjoined ivitli Shelf Notations — 40 'jy The method of sub-division is illustrated by the class N. Botany and SG. Building : N. Botany SG. Building Na. Botanical Gardens, Herbaria SGb. Building Laws Nb. Phytology, Theoretical Botany SH. Carpentry Nc. Phytography, Descriptive SHh. Stairs Botany SI. Painting and Glazing Nd. Cr>'ptogams SIv. Varnishing and Gilding Nr. Phanerogams SIw. Papering Nw, Flowers, Fruit, and Colored Leaves Six. Bell-hanging Nx. Sylvae Ny. Insectivorous and Parasitic Plants Nz. Economic and Medical Botany AVhen further sub-division is necessary, it is accomplished by means of the ordinary numerals — N i, N 2, N 3, Nd i, Nd 2, Nd 3, etc. ; while the arrangement of each minute sub-division, whatever it may be, is by author alphabet indicated as before stated by the Cutter author marks. The long period during which this system has been building will account in a great measure for its comparative neglect, and for the general ignorance of its main features among British librarians. But it is certainly one of the systems most deserving of study. 40. Another careful and practical American scheme is that of Mr. Fred. B. Perkins, late librarian of the San Francisco Public Library. It was published in a final form as A Rational Classification of Literature for shelving and cataloguing Books in a Library^ with Alphabetical Index (San Francisco : 1882). The idea had long been maturing in Mr. Perkins' mind, and a variation of the 1882 method was previously issued in which a progressive series of numbers ran through the whole scheme. This was withdrawn in favour of the revised system of 1882, in which each main class got an independent series of numbers. The Perkins' system is a library classification pure and simple, in which each topic has a distinct mark, and there is no attempt made at mnemonic or other features. The following are its main classes and chapters or divisions : 78 Manual of Library Classification — 40 Perkins' Rational Scheme (1S82) Class A. Religion Class E. Biography Chap. I. Bible, BibHcal Study Chap. I. Collective : Generally „ II. History of Religion and by Nations „ III. Systematic Theology ,, II. By Classes „ IV. Christian Polity ,, HI. Genealogy and Names V. Devotional ,, VI. Practical Class E. Science „ VII. Collective Works Chap. I. General Treatises Class B. Philosophy ,, II. Mathematics Chap. I. Mental Philosophy : ,, III. Natural Philosophy History and Systems ,, IV. Astronomy „ II. Mental Philosophy : ,, V. Cosmology Departments ,, VI. Geology „ III. Mind and Body ,, VII. Chemistry „ IV. Moral Philosophy „ VIII. General Natural His- tory and Zoology Class C. Society ,, IX. Botany Chap. I. Government and Law ,, X. General Medicine „ II. Public Administration „ XI. Hygiene „ III. Social Organisation „ XII. Medical Practice „ IV. Political Economy ,, XIII. Surgical Practice „ V. Education : Methods and Departments Class G. Arts „ VI. Education: Institution Chap. I. General Treatises „ VII. and Reports Business ,, II. Engineering ,, III. Architecture, Building Class D. History „ IV. Military Arts Chap. I. General Geography ,, V. Naval Arts and Travels ,, VI. Mechanic Arts and „ II. Universal History Trades „ III. Historical Collaterals ,, VII. Agriculture „ IV. Ancient History ,, VIII. Domestic Arts „ V. Mediaeval History ,, IX. Fine Arts „ VI. Modern and European „ X. Music i History ,, XI. Recreation „ VII. Asia „ VIII. Africa Class H. Literature „ IX. South Seas, Austra- Chap. I. History of Literature lasia, Single Islands II. Philology „ X. America, except Uni- ,, III. Linguistics ted States ,, IV. Critical Science ,. XI. United States „ V. Poetry Books conjoined witJi Shelf Notations — 41 79 Chap. \'I. Drama ,, VII. Fiction ,, VIII. Oratory ,, IX. Collections Chap. X. Periodicals ,, XI. Encyclopaedias ,, XII. Bibliography ,, XIII. Libraries Each class is numbered throughout in one sequence, and in ictual arrangement the chapter numbers are ignored. Thus a )Ook on Algebra would not be marked Fii 8, but simply F 8. rhe arrangement under classes will be illustrated by a few extracts from Class F : I. General Treatises F II. Trigonometry F I. Encyclopaedias and Dic- ,, 12. Calculus tionaries ,, 13. Quaternions ,, 2. Periodicals and Transactions ,, 14. Probabilities 55 3- Plistories, General ,, 15. Logarithms, Tables II. Mathematics ,, 16-25. J^lcLf^k F 4. Periodicals and Transactions 5, 5- Histories XIII. Surgical Practic „ 6. General Treatises F 861. Surgery Generally „ 7- Arithmetic ,, 862. Military Surgery „ 8. Algebra ,, 863. Obstetrics, Maternity 5, 9- Geometry „ 864. Dentistry ,, 10 . Conic Sections ,, 865. Ansesthetics The method recommended for marking individual books in ;ach section is to number them consecutively in order of Lccession. Thus, in F 8, a progression like this might esult : F 8* I. Todhunter, Algebra F 8-2. Jones, Algebra F 8*3. Anderson, Algebra F 8-4. Smith, Algebra 3ut of course accession numbers could be used, or the Cutter ■uthor marks. 41. The method of Mr. Lloyd P. Smith was set forth in a )Ook named On the Classification of Books : a Paper read before he American Library Association^ May, 1882 (Boston : 1882). t has an alphabetical index of topics, but so far as we know las not been adopted to any extent even in America. There re only six main classes, and the method is based on the old ^aris or French scheme. So Manual of Library Classification — 42 Smith's Scheme (1882) Class A. Theology Class O. Belles Lettres ,, E. Jurisprudence ,, U. History ., I. Science and Arts ,, Y. Bibliography Sub-classes are indicated by letters a, b, c, d, etc. ; divisions by figures i, 2, 3, 4, etc. ; and sub-divisions by symbols -f , A, n, IV, V, VI, etc. The following is part of Class A : A. Religion o. Ecclesiastical History I. Oriental Churches a. Toleration ,_ Latin Churches b. Natural Religion -f Jansenists c. Holy Scriptures Gallican Church D Spain ^- ^^^^^^ IV Roman Catholic Church 6. Parts of New Testament in U. S. and Canada The notation is not particularly clear, and A o 2 □ seems rather a forbidding symbol to denote the Inquisition in Spain, for example ; while if a Cutter author mark, or even accession number, is added, one might get marks like this : A o 2 Q, B 98, or A o 2 Dj 3649. This rather unfortunate notation does not detract from the merit of the classification as a whole, which is rather high. 42. The last of the published American schemes is that of Mr. W. I. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst College, which was first issued in his little work on Public Libraries in America^ "Columbian Knowledge Series," No. 11 (Boston, 1894; also London, Low) ; and afterwards separately " reprinted, with alterations, additions, and an index," as Library Classification (Boston: 1894). The first draft of this scheme was published in the Library Journal (1889). It is stated by the compiler to have been drafted "to offer a way of escape for those who shrink from the intricacies and difficulties of the elaborate systems, and to substitute for painstaking analytical classifica- tion a simple arrangement, which it is believed is better adapted to be practically useful in a library, while doing away with most of the work involved in carrying out one of these schemes." Mr. Fletcher uses eleven main classes, excluding Books conjoined ivitJi SJiclf Notations — 42 81 Fiction and Juvenile, which seem to be considered as separate divisions. The arrangement of the scheme is as follows : Fletcher's Scheme Fiction (no class number) Juvenile Books (use J in place of a class number) I-I3- English and American Literature ; Universal Literature 15-75- History 81-S2. Biography ;5-i2o. Voyages and Travels. 125-172. Sciences 179-240. Useful Arts 245-277. Fine Arts 279-350. Political and Social 352-416. Philosophy and Religion 421-456. Language and Literature (English and American excepted) 461-468. Reference Books and Geography Special Classes The blanks between the classes are intended for additional divisions. In arranging books by this method an author- alphabetical sequence in each division is recommended, without author marks or additional symbols. If it is desired to insert a new division between any two existing divisions, the first number is to be taken and differentiated by means of a letter, thus: 114, 1 14'', 115. Individual books are to be designated l)y means of separate book numbers added to the class numbers. Roscoe's Cheuiistry might therefore simply be marked 146-30. To show the progression of divisions in each class, we subjoin the whole of the class Sciences : 125. History and Philosophy of the Sciences 126. Scientific Societies and Aca- demies. Periodicals Essays and Miscellanies Evolution and Cosmology Natural History (works com- bining Zoology, Botany, etc.) Biology and Embryology Comparative Anatomy and Physiology Zoology Lowest Forms of Animal Life MoUusca, Insects 127. 128. 129. '34- 135. Zoolog}', Fishes 136. Reptiles 137. Birds 138. Mammalia 139. Man 140. Botany : General 141. Cryptogarnia 142. Of Countries and Localities 143. Geology : General 144. Of Countries and Localities 145. Mineralogy and Cr}'stallo- graphy 146. Chemistry : General 147. Inorganic 148. Organic 1^9. Analysis. Text-books 6 82 Manual of Library Classification — 43 150. Physics 162. Astronomy : General 151- Heat 163. Descriptive 152. Light. Optics 164. Practical 153- Electricity 165. Almanacs (not Statistical) 154- Telegraph and Telephone. 166. Mathematical Sciences; Phonograph General 155- Electric Lighting 167. Arithmetic. Book-keeping 156. Electro-dynamics 168. Algebra 157. Sound 169. Geometry 158. Hydraulics 170. Higher Mathematics 159- Mechanics 171. Geodesy and Surveying 160. Physical Geography 172. Navigation 161. Meteorology 43. Other schemes have been proposed and carried out in the United States, many of them possessing points of interest and value, but it is not necessary to describe them here. The method of the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia by John Edmands was described in a separate pamphlet — New System of Classificatioii ajid Scheme for mimheriiig Books applied to the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia (Philadelphia : 1885) ) and other methods or variations of methods have been described in both the LJbrary Journal (American) and LJbrary Chronicle and Library (English). CHAPTER V CLASSIFIED LIBRARIES AND CATALOGUES 44. We have now described most of the important schemes of classification which have been introduced down to recent times, and may add a few remarks on the application of systematic classification to libraries and catalogues. It matters little what scheme a librarian adopts for his books, provided it is complete in itself and is suitable to the general character of his library. He must decide beforehand whether or not he is going to use a combined scheme for classification, shelf-marking, and charg- ing, or simply going to use it for classification and shelving, plus accession numbers for charging and other purposes. It is important that this point be determined at the outset, as every- thing depends upon what he intends the system to accomplish. As libraries differ so much in their condition and composition, it is obvious that no single system in its integrity is capable of being successfully applied all round. The classification which suits a general public library of 20,000 or 50,000 volumes will not serve so satisfactorily for a Zoological Library of equal size, because its comparatively broad divisions of Biological Science would be inconvenient in a specialised collection containing a multitude of minute sub-divisions. So in turn would this minuteness of sub-division be even more necessary in an Ento- mological Library, and still more so in a collection of books and specimens of the Lepidoptera. 45. Having decided on the Hnes which his classification is to follow, the hbrarian must see that his scheme is provided with an alphabetical index, giving references, not only to actual names or words used in the system, but to synon) ms as 83 84 Mcmiial of Library Classification — 45 well, and all relative words or terms. The necessity for this is apparent, and most American systems have been provided with indexes, that to Dewey's method being particularly elaborate and useful. Without an index the librarian is very apt to make mistakes with any system, in classifying books on topics which might be consistently placed in two or more main classes. Thus, Photography might rank as a department of either Optics or Chemistry and be put in Science, or with equal reason be considered as belonging to the same section as Engraving in Fine Art ; while those who deny its claim to be considered a Fine Art would have no hesitation in relegating it to the main class Useful Arts. Librarians often change their minds as regards the class of particular books, especially when they pass through their hands at long intervals. A book on some obscure topic may seem correctly placed in Philosophy when first encountered, while next time a similar work turns up it may be just as confidently placed in Social Science. Hence the necessity for an alphabetical reference index to the scheme of classification and for religiously sticking to a first choice of main class, unless some overpowering reason appears to make a change desirable. There is no hard-and-fast rule for the librarian who classifies without reference to a detailed system, because some subjects are so eclectic that almost any main class will afford them an asylum. Therefore a library classified by memory or the whim of the moment is liable to show some queer instances of human inconsistency and to have its topics distributed impartially all over the place. It is manifest that the mere adoption of a systematic classification is not all that is necessary. To use it intelligently and successfully a librarian must deal with each book of a doubtful kind according to its merits, and bear in mind above all the purpose^ as far as this can be discovered, for which it has been issued. Jevons in his Principles of Science declares that " it is a very difficult matter to classify the sciences, so complicated are the relations between them. But with books the complication is vastly greater, since the same book may treat of different sciences, or it may discuss a problem involving many branches of know- Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 45 85 ledge." Quite so ; but every rational system of classification assumes the existence of general or encyclopaedic books on all subjects, and provides for the difficulty accordingly, while it must be remembered that the vast majority of books are par- ticular or limited in scope and not general at all. Jevons goes on to illustrate his argument by stating that an account of the Steam Engine may be antiquarian, scientific, economical, or biographical, and so present difficulties as regards its assign- ment to a definite class. But surely, on the other hand, the book, whatever its style or treatment of subject matter, is on the steam engine and nothing else ; and as the whole object of exact classification is to collect together books on specific subjects, there can only be one place for books on the steam engine, from whatever point of view they are written. In another part of his work Jevons states that " there is nothing really absurd except that which proves contrary to logic and experience." As experience has proved the absolute value of exact classification, we may assume that excess of logic and lack of experience are jointly accountable for Jevons' attitude towards book classification. Nevertheless, the point which we have raised as to difficulties in the way of assigning places for certain kinds of books, even in detailed systems, is one well worth careful consideration, as it is the one on which every- thing hinges in any sort of classification, broad or close. Let us take, for example, an inscribed stone to illustrate further the latitude which classification allows in regard to the possible choice of appropriate headings for subjects. Which of the following characteristics are we to accept as the most important in determining the place in a classification ? — 1 . The Language of the Inscription 2. The Subject of the Inscription 3. The Form of the Letters 4. The Locality in which the Stone is placed 5. The Substance of the Stone itself 6. The History or Traditions of the Stone 7. The Purpose for which the Stone was erected [i.e. Landmark or Monument] 8. The Design of the Stone S6 Manual of Library Classification — 46 There is here presented a great diversity of possible allocations for this single subject, which shows that care and intelligence are necessary to the satisfactory use of systematic classification. The example also enforces our remark that purpose must be taken largely into account in classification. In most doul)tful cases, if we determine the object or reason for the existence of a book or subject, we have reached the solution of the difficulty. In the case of an inscribed stone, not of the " Aiken Drum " or " Bil Stumps " variety,^ we may assume that it must have been erected as a record of either an event or a person. The choice is thus narrowed down to History or Biography, and common sense counsels the rejection of all quaHties which are merely those of form or material. In classifying books there- fore we have to pay chief regard to subject and purpose, leaving out of account entirely such features as form, appear- ance, or style of treatment. A history of England philo- sophically written has no more right to be placed in Philosophy beside Aristotle, Hume, and Descartes, than a book entided Picture Logic has to be classed as Fine Arts. 46. The main divisions of classification schemes are liable to much change ; the sub-divisions are also liable ; but specific subjects may be regarded as beyond change in relation to one another, though various circumstances may combine to make their transference to other sub-divisions or main classes desirable. However that may be, the fact remains that it is of the utmost importance in close classification to have books on specific subjects all together, and not distributed among several main classes or their sub-divisions. It is, after all, a matter of minor consequence in which main class any definite subject is put, provided always all the works on that subject are kept together and in juxtaposition to other books on related topics. No one is likely to put books on Organic Chemistry among Prose Fiction, or do anything of a similar outrageous character. There is no room in a properly formulated scheme for vagaries of this sort, nor is there much likelihood of any inaccuracies happening, unless in the case of obscure subjects, or those ' Scott's Antiquary, Dickens' Pickwick Papers, V' Classified Lihrliri'es and Catalogues — 47 '^'j which are so very debateable that it does not really matter where they are put. Such a subject is Numismatics, which has appeared in nearly every possible main class. But if all the single works on Coins and Medals are put together in History, or Social Science (Currency), or Fine Arts, or Useful Arts, does it affect the classification in the slightest degree ? Not at all, when it is properly indexed ; but certainly, if the index we have urged as indispensable is not provided. It was the lack of proper alphabetical indexes in classified catalogues and schemes which caused De Morgan, Jevons, and other writers of authority to denounce subject classification and classed catalogues as delusions and snares. The misconcep- tions of the past and the necessities of the present point there- fore to a full alphabetical index as an indispensable adjunct to every classification scheme or systematically classified catalogue. In cases where the scheme does not possess a printed index we advise the compilation of a card or slip index for library use, giving simply subject words and class numbers : AlgK = A 216 Additions in alphabetical order can be made to this at any time. 47. The question of alphabetical versus classified catalogues has been debated for years with more energy and spirit than any other subject connected with librarianship. Not only pro- fessional men, but outsiders of all sorts, have laid down the law on the matter, till the special literature of catalogue com- pilation has grown to large dimensions. Among this accumula- tion of varied opinion one fact emerges with conspicuous clearness. The advocates on both sides, while admitting excellencies in the form of each variety of catalogue, have failed to observe that neither style is perfect, because not possessing all the advantages claimed for both. It has been claimed of course that one form or another has a majority of advantages ; but that scarcely affects the point that neither of 88 Manual of Library Classification — 47 them has all. The controversy has therefore been raging over efforts to make one inefficient system serve every purpose. Let us consider for a little the varied information which frequenters of libraries desire. Every librarian knows that before all others facts or Subjects are first in demand. In reference libraries, for example, such questions as, " Have you a book on the Indian Mutiny?" "What is the origin of a given quotation ? " " When was the Battle of Alma fought ? " " What is the flash point of oils ? " " Have you a book on cantilever bridges ? " " What is the meaning of a given word ? " " I want an essay on whales," and so on, are asked twenty times as often as questions concerning authors. Next in importance come questions as to books of a certain Title. Questions relating to Authors rarely extend to more than demands for other works by the same writer ; while questions concerning works written in a certain Form (Essays, Poetry, Grammars, etc.) are perhaps least often asked. It is necessary to enforce this statement as to subjects being most in demand, as on this point more than any other turns most of the original argument against classified catalogues. ^Ve therefore quote the remark 1 of Mr. F. T. Barrett, himself an opponent of classified catalogues, but a librarian whose experience in all that relates to readers and their wants is second to none. He says : " In my experience the enquiry which is most frequently made is. What is there in the library on some stated subject ? " This is in harmony with the experience of every librarian, and may be taken as definitely settling the matter. How, then, does it happen that, from the time of De Morgan till now, there are to be found many influential writers who contend that an alphabetical catalogue under authors' names is all- sufficient ? The reason is not far to seek. Most of these men are scholars who have devoted years to the study of particular topics, and who are in consequence saturated with knowledge of the writers on their subjects ; or they may be bibliographers or literary men to whom the biographical interest ' In a paper on ''Catalogues" read before the International Library Conference, 1897. Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 48 89 of author entries appeals with pecuHar force. The practice of the British Museum in providing until recently only one huge author-alphabetical catalogue has also had some influence on the opinion of many authors. But none of these opinions have any value where the needs of the general public are concerned. The authorship of a particular book, or piece of music, or work of art, or popular play is about the last thing in connec- tion therewith that the average citizen will remember. When a lady enquires for a song at a music-seller's, it is not by the name of the composer, but almost invariably by its title. So it is as regards books ; and Thackeray's little scene in Fefidemtis^ where Arthur tells Miss Costigan that Kotzebue wrote Tke Stranger, and she declares that " the man's name at the beginning of the book was Thompson " ! may be taken as an exact record of the general state of public interest and know- ledge of authors. Save to a very small class of special students (biographers and bibliographers) author catalogues are in them- selves of comparatively little value. It seems extraordinary that, at this late time in the life of public libraries, any argu- ments against the exclusive use of author lists should be necessary. But the inexperienced opinions of past and present writers in positions of authority render some defence needful. 48. Augustus De Morgan was one of the first to attack classified catalogues, and his opinions have been quoted and accepted in many quarters without qualification. He says ^ : " An alphabetical catalogue has this great advantage, that all the works of the same author come together." [This depends largely on the cataloguer and his knowledge of anonyma and pseudonyma.] " Those w^ho have had to hunt up old subjects know very well that of all lots which it is useful to find in one place the works of one given author are those which occur most frequently. Again, those who go to a library to read upon a given subject generally know what authors they want." The late W. S. Jevons agrees entirely in this view,- and adds " that classification according to the name of the author is the only one practicable in a large library, and ' Dublin Review (1846). - Principles of Science. 90 Manual of Library Classification — 48 this method has been admirably carried out in the great catalogue of the British Museum. The name of the author is the most precise circumstance concerning a book which usually dwells in the memory." As w^e have just shown, the opinion of every experienced librarian is dead against this assumption, and it is only necessary to quote the remark of Edwards in reference to the author catalogue of the British Museum : " Many a reader has spent whole days in book-hunting which ought to have been spent in book-reading." Both De Morgan and Jevons wrote from the purely personal standpoint. Each was a scholar, knowing nearly everything there was to be known about his special subject. They lived and wrote before perfect catalogues or classifications had been introduced, and De Morgan illustrates in his own case the folly of depending on memory and author lists alone for bibliographical or other information concerning subjects. If De Morgan could have had access to properly compiled subject catalogues, the little bibliography of Arithmetical Books (1847), on which he must have been engaged when he laid down the law regarding author catalogues, would have been rendered much more perfect. The very best mathematical or logical memory in the world is not capacious enough to retain everything relating to even a small subject; hence the enormous advantage of subject lists in one place over author entries scattered in alphabetical order throughout a catalogue of perhaps a hundred thousand titles. Practically the whole of the classified catalogues to which writers like De Morgan (1845-46) and Jevons (1873) had access w^ere imperfectly indexed or not indexed at all, and down to comparatively recent times complete systematic classifications and catalogues were non-existent. Mr. Cutter, writing in 1876,^ states that he only knew of three classified catalogues in the United States which had proper indexes. These were issued by the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia (1850), the Newark Library Association (1857), and the California State Law Library (1870). In England there was an equal paucity of good examples, though several indexed ' Public Libraries of America. Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 49 9 1 catalogues, such as the Royal Institution (1857), had been issued, and even in 1805 an attempt had been made, in a catalogue of the Signet Library, Edinburgh,^ to render the contents of the classified portion available by means of indexes. But the general run of catalogues were bare, unindexed, classi- fied inventories, to use which it was necessary, as De Morgan points out, for readers to place themselves in the impossible mental position of seeing everything from the compiler's standpoint. 49. About 1857 a new order of catalogue began to become common, which has remained till now the standard pattern in most British public libraries. This was the so-called Dictionary ^ catalogue, arranged in a single alphabet of authors, titles, and such subject words as occurred on the title-pages. The once widely circulated and strongly believed dictum that no cataloguer had a right to go beyond the title-page of a book for particulars of its subject or scope was originally laid down by Dr. Crestadoro, of Manchester, and adopted in many quarters, as plenty of catalogues remain to prove. Of course the main idea in propounding such a doctrine was based on the De Morgan- Jevons formulae that readers knew either the authors or titles of the books they wanted and did not particularly require to know about subject matter. Most modern librarians have abandoned this position, and many good examples exist of dictionary catalogues accurately and intelligently compiled. But few, if any, of such catalogues succeed in giving in one comprehensive view the titles of all books possessed by the library on important subjects. In British examples of such dictionary catalogues the failure is very marked, even in the few cases where cross-references intended to bind together the disjointed parts of a main subject have been lavishly used. ' Classified Catalogue, compiled Ijy George Sandy, librarian, " with an Alphabetical Index of Authors and Subjects." - The first EngUsh use of this term seems to be that on the title-page of the Middle Temple Library (London) Catalogue of 1734 — Catalogiis librorum Bibliotheca Honorabili Societatis viedii Templi Londini^ ordine Dictionarii dispo situs. 92 Manual of Library Classification — 50 We have already pointed out that neither the classified nor dictionary forms of catalogue are sufficient in themselves to convey every variety of information. For one thing, a classified catalogue spreads the works of certain authors, but collects and shows in close relationship those about subjects, specific and general. The ordinary dictionary catalogue shows the works of given authors all together in one place, but distributes the information concerning large topics, and frequently small ones also. For example, the student of Biology using a recent public-library dictionary catalogue would have to look in thirty- nine or more places for all the books bearing on the subject and its sub-divisions. He would not find anywhere a collective list of topics, but would have to range from one part of the alphabet to another in pursuit of information. Here are a few of the headings in this particular catalogue, just as we found or remembered them : Biology, Sea-shore and Sea- weeds, Botany, Natural History, Aquarium, Birds, Evolution, Fishes, Insects, Microscope, Marine Zoology, Ocean, Palaeonto- logy, Taxidermy, Zoology, Science, Physiology, Ferns, Fungi, Bacteria, Flowers, Trees, Molluscs, Apes, Anthropology, Monkeys, Reptiles, Mosses, Butterflies, Spiders, Heredity, Crustacea, Embryology, Worms, etc. In a classified catalogue the reader would find all the biological works collected in systematic order within a few pages, while the alphabetical index would instantly guide him to any specific heading. Another point to be considered as regards dictionary cata- logues in one alphabet is the additional cost of repeating entries under author, subject, and title. In classified cata- logues one full entry under the class usually suffices, all the relative index entries being merely single words or short lines. 50. When all is said that can be said for and against each type of catalogue, it will be found by librarians that the public will derive most advantage, not from an attempt to make one of the two imperfect forms serve every requirement, but from the full provision of both varieties. No librarian has a right to assume that a classified catalogue alone will suit all his readers, nor must it be supposed either that alphabetical Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 51 93 catalogues are easier used or more appreciated by the public. Personal experience of both varieties and the success of classed catalogues in the United States have convinced us that readers in libraries use one sort with as much facility as another. It is all a matter of custom and experience. To young librarians we tender the advice that, when compiHng alphabetical dictionary catalogues for printing, they should prepare adequate class lists as well, to be kept in MS. if the cost of printing is too great. And to those who prefer printed classified catalogues or class lists we advise an adequate provision of alphabetical indexes, either printed or MS. By this combination of advantages the catalogue will more perfectly make known the treasures and resources of the library, while there w^ll be added the satisfaction of knowing that all classes of reader and all kinds of enquiry about books are likely to be adequately served and answered. It may be mentioned incidentally that exact classifications and classified catalogues possess one great advantage in common which is not shared by any purely alphabetical or broad system. When libraries are being formed, the task of selecting representative books on specific subjects and classes at large is greatly simplified and facilitated by the suggestive tables of relative subjects always to be found in -close methods of classification. Any one who uses the English Catalogue^ or some such alphabetical list, and afterwards compiles his lists from Sonnenschein's Best Books, will be strongly impressed with the truth of this statement. 51. One of the most frequent objections urged against exact classification is the fact that many books treat of two or more different subjects, and consequently do not readily fall into any particular class or division. The books in question are not so much encyclopaedic works, or even general works belonging to specific main classes, as books which treat of two or more main classes, and two or more divisions of a single main class. Hitherto it has been the practice of classifiers to treat such composite books as class-general or division- general works, the result being that in many cases they are separated entirely from other related topics and become lost 94 M ami al of Library Classification — 52 in a general heading. Of course this affects the shelves only. In the catalogue it is assumed that all necessary analyses and cross-references from and to headings are supplied. To partly get over the difficulty of separating books from the smallest divisions that will contain them, and to avoid making general classes or divisions mere refuges for everything doubtful or composite, we have proposed a method of marking, in the Adjustable Classification tabulated in Section 58, which will to some extent minimise the evil. 52. Proposals have been made at various times for classi- fying Fiction otherwise than in broad national or alphabetical divisions such as are adopted in various schemes, but so far none of them have been carried into actual practice. In 1881 Mr. A. P. Massey, of Cleveland, Ohio, published ^ a plan for numbering the surnames of novelists to facilitate shelving and charging, in a manner very similar to that used by Mr. Cutter in his author tables. Several librarians have given in their catalogues, under various historical headings, lists of novels dealing with particular periods or events. Historical novels have also been classified and tabulated in Bowen's Historical Novels and Tales (1882), and elaborately catalogued by the libraries of Boston (U.S.), San Francisco, Los Angeles (U.S.), Clerkenwell, Peterborough, etc. But no attempt has been made to extinguish the class entirely by distributing its contents among the other classes of the library. A jocular proposal to this effect was made in an article on " Fiction Classification " contributed to the Library of 1896 by the present writer. In this it was pointed out that Fiction is only a method of " instruction by parable," and that novels generally had subject matter sufficiently definite to enable them to be classed like formal treatises on sciences, history, or philosophy. Didactic poetry also lends itself to the same kind of treatment, and no doubt the day will come when books will be classified only according to their subject matter, and not by the particular form in which they are written. Metrical chronicles, like those of Wyntoun, can only be called poetry by a very wide stretch ' In the Library Joitrna I, Vol. VI. (1881), = " Classification of Fiction." Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 53 95 of indulgence ; and there are hundreds of other works in rhyme which are equally devoted to other prosaic subjects. But difficulty arises when a rule has to be rigidly applied all round. Charles Reade's // is Never Too Late to Mend is a contribution, of a sort, to the literature of prison management ; and Scott's Qite7itin Dunva7-d may be regarded as a masterly sketch of the crafty Louis IX. Yet to many minds it would seem an out- rage to class the former in .Social Science and the latter in Biography or History. And would it not be a frightful strain upon one's reverence for literary art and sympathy with traditional usages to class imaginative works like Thomson's Seaso7is as Physiography, Falconer's Siiipwi-eck as Navigation, Milton's Paradise Lost as Theology, or Goldsmith's Deserted Village as Irish Topography ? 53. To avoid some of the difficulties of classification, especially in regard to overlapping classes or topics, attempts have been made at national divisions, of which Mr. Cutter's " local " list may be mentioned as an instance. There is a considerable attraction about the plan of adopting nationality as the basis for classification, and in many cases a real con- venience would result. An ingenious mind could very easily elaborate such a method by starting with the assumption that all literature is divisible into two main classes, the Abstract and the National. Books which treat of sciences or arts in the abstract without particular reference to geographical areas could be classified according to any minute scheme as at present. Books treating of sciences or arts with reference to nationality could be classified under each country in the order of the abstract main classes. Thus a result would be obtained like this : Abstract. Class A, B, C, D, E, F, G, etc. National. England. Class A, B. C, D, E, F, and so on. We have never seen a classification proposed or carried out on this basis, but the suggestion is worth consideration. So far as real saving of numbers or places is concerned, we think there would be none, because, if the Botany of England did 96 Manual of Library Classification — 53 not appear in Abstract, Class A, it would have to appear in National, England, Class A ; and so with every other country. We recommend this system to young librarians for considera- tion and study. Our descriptions of book arrangement on the shelves have been mainly confined to those by authors, numbers, subjects, and sizes ; but other proposals have been made from time to time. It will be sufficient to briefly refer to Mr. W. S. Biscoe's " Chronological Arrangement on Shelves," which was proposed in the Library founial (1885). For certain subjects or special collections a chronological arrangement has decided advan- tages, but for general libraries it cannot be recommended. Mr. Biscoe's proposal is to assign a letter for certain groups of years thus : A ^ Before Christ J = 1830 to 1839 P, = o to 999 K ■= 1840 to 1849 C = 1000 to 1499 L = 1850 to 1859 D = 1500 to 1599 M — i860 to 1869 E = 1600 to 1699 N — 1870 to 1879 F = 1700 to 1799 O = 1880 to 1889 G = 1800 to 1809 P — 1890 to 1899 li = 1810 to 1819 Q = 1900 to 1909 I = 1820 to 1829 R = 1910 to 1919. Undated books to be approximately placed and marked with the letter of the supposed date. Thus M would indicate a book issued between i860 and 1869. All other books receive letters and numbers in this manner: 1623 = E 23 ; 1814 = H 14; 1898 = P 98, and so on. The letter represents a century or decade, and the figures the actual year of the century. CHAPTER VI ADJUSTABLE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 54. This method of classification has been compiled largely in response to a demand for an English scheme with a notation enabhng continual intercalation of divisions and single topics or books to be carried on. The Quinn-Brown method (Section ^iZ) ^"^^ been used as a basis, but suggestions have been freely adopted from every important classification described in this Manual. The name "Adjustable" has been taken to distinguish the system from all others and to describe its principal feature. The main classes are distinguished by the first eleven letters of the alphabet, excluding I, and are arranged thus : A. Sciences B. Useful Arts C. Fine and Recreative Arts D. Social and Political Science E. Philosophy and Religion F. History and Geography G. Biography and Correspondence H. Language and Literature J. Poetry and Drama K. Prose Fiction L. Miscellaneous Should it be thought desirable to have more main classes, or to divide any of those already fixed, double letters can be used for the purpose, as shown below : A. Natural Sciences D. Social Science AA. Mathematical Sciences DD. Political Science B. Useful Arts E. Philosophy C. Fine Arts EE. Religion CC. Recreative Arts And so on 98 Manual of Library Classification — 54, 55 When this is done, it will be necessary, or at least desirable, to renumber the divisions under each main class, and change the reference numbers in the index. In each main class the class letter alone is given to general works covering the whole or a considerable portion of the subject matter of the class at large. Thus B would mark all the general treatises or dictionaries on the Useful Arts ; G general collections of Biography. The letters from M to Z can be reserved for special or local collections which are kept separate. It has not been thought advisable to provide for an elaborate system of sub-classes, divisions, and sub- divisions, but simply to number in one sequence of even numbers each sub-class or division in its order. This enables the class of most books to be easily expressed by the plain notation of a letter and a figure or two — G 2, B 30, F 196, etc. The odd numbers are reserved for fresh divisions of the main classes, and it is thought this feature will be found useful in most libraries where new subjects are continually cropping up. If it is absolutely necessary to use more divisions than the scheme provides, even when the odd numbers are all appro- priated, this can be done by adding letters thus : F64I F642b F64i^ F642'= F64ib F643 F642 F644 F642* 55. Minute sub-division to any extent may be carried out by simply adding to the divisional numbers, after a hyphen, a fresh series of odd numbers from i onwards in each case. Thus one might get this progression : G 12. Scottish General Biography G 12-5. Scottish Covenanters G 12-1. ,, Artists G 12-7. ,, Monarchs, etc. G 12-3. ,, Authors which seems minute enough and clear enough for all ordinary purposes. Further sub-division is quite unnecessary in most public libraries 3 but should it be deemed absolutely indis- Adjustable Classification Scheme — 56, 57 99 pensable, it can be carried out with a little extra complication and trouble by starting another series of odd numbers after a colon, so : G 12-3. Scottish Authors, G 12-3:3. Scottish Novelists General G 12-3:5. ,, Poets G 12-3: 1. ,, Historians But the plan of wide sequential numbering adopted in each class should render the use of wearisome sub-division almost needless in the majority of cases. As in the case of divisions, alternate numbers only need be used, the even series being available for additional sub-divisions. 56. In applying the system it is recommended that the class letter and number be used for shelving and cataloguing only, and that charging or other necessary registration be done by means of the accession numbers. Each book as received should get the usual progressive accession number, and in addi- tion the class letter and number showing where it is to be located. For this system it is not necessary to number alcoves, presses, or shelves, as the books will stand in the order of the classifica- tion herein tabulated. Additions can be made at any time and at any point, and each book takes its place, if correctly marked, among all the other books on the same subject. In the catalogue it will be advisable to print both accession and class numbers, one series on each margin, so that the system can be applied to libraries using indicators, cards, ledgers, or open access. Where an indicator is used the accession numbers must be kept in one sequence, and in the case of Cotgreave's variety the class letters and numbers must be written into the indicator books, while in the case of Chivers' variety the same must be done on the recording tabs, as a direction to the assistant. Or a brief application form may be used, giving both class and book numbers, as will be necessary in the case of the ElHot or any other indicator having numbered pigeon-holes. 57. The arrangement of divisions on the shelves will be by authors alphabetically. There is no absolute need to mark 100 Manual of Library Classification — 58 individual books further if this is done properly. The accession number being used for charging, renders any system of author marks unnecessary. In open access libraries the shelves should be plainly marked with labels specifying their contents. Presses should also be marked with the names of the main classes shelved. It is further recommended that in such libraries the books on all shelves be differentiated by means of coloured labels, such as are generally used in British open access libraries, in order to aid the eye in detecting misplacements. The presence of a mere class or notation mark on the back of a book is not sufficient in itself to prevent misplacement, owing to the uniformity of the general appearance. It should be possible to detect instantly such a transposition as G 10 for C 10, without scanning each shelf carefully and separately. 58. Composite Books. When a book treats of two or three different classes, in whole or part, it is not to be put in Class L or L 34, but with the books in the class most fully covered by the preponderating subject (see Section 51). The author's description on the title-page is to be accepted as the authority for the relative importance of classes, the first subject word being always taken ; but where this is vague, bulk must be taken to represent values. Thus a book entitled Hints on Chemistry^ Engravings and Building Co7tsfrtiction, if put with Class L or L34, is completely separated from all related subjects ; but if marked A 250 x C 104 x B 60, and placed after A 250, its composite character is at once indicated, and the book shelved with the class of which its most important section treats. Luckily main classes are very seldom mixed like our example, unless in encyclopaedic works, and it will not often be necessary to insert composite works Hke the one mentioned. The main value of this composite marking will be found in single main classes, in which examples frequently occur of books treating of two or three distinct divisions. YoTtunt^s Journey to the Capitals of Japan and Chi?ta (1863), if put in F 454, " Asia, General," is widely separated from all the other literature of both China and Japan ; and though the catalogue would no doubt bring such scattered articles together, Adjustable Classificatioji Scheme — 59 10 1 it is just as desirable that the shelves should give the same information as far as physically possible. If, therefore, Fortune's book is marked F508 x 470, the local section will be strengthened, and the general section, always a dumping ground for the vague or the complex, will be made less unwieldy and overcrowded. One of the best descriptions of the arid plains of Queensland will be found in Boothby's 0?i the Wallaby, which contains a preliminary tour through Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Java, and New Guinea. The title gives some idea of this ; but a very brief examination of the book will show the exact ground covered, and also bring out the fact that Queensland is the preponderating subject. If marked F 86, a valuable contribution to the descriptive topography of Queensland is separated from all other books on that topic ; but if marked F 1290 x 86, it at once takes its place with the geographical division of which it principally treats, while at the same time it is qualified in such a manner as to indicate that it deals with other areas. Three separate topics in one composite book seems a fair limit for the " General," which is not general enough to be separated from some alHed class or division. When more than three independent classes are included in one book, it is best that it should be treated as an encyclopedic composite, and put in Class L 34. In the case of works treating of more than three independent divisions of a main class, the same rule is to be observed, the " General " number in each case being the receptacle. 59. As indicated above (Section 54), special collections of all kinds can be marked by the unused class letters M to Z. It is generally best not to incorporate such collections in the ordinary classification, but to shelve them apart. The books in a special collection, of whatever nature, are to be classified the same as other books ; but a qualifying letter can be used to distinguish them. A collection of books on the county of Northampton could be indicated by the additional class letter N put before the ordinary class letter and number. For example : I02 Manual of Library Classification — 59, 60 NA 8. Scientific Societies, Jour- NG 8. Local Biography, General nals, Reports, etc. NH 158. Glossaries NA 62. Local Fauna NH 384. Libraries NA 106. Ornithology NJ 14. Poetry ND 434. Schools— Histories and And so on Reports, etc. In ordinary libraries the sub-division of countries can be carried out by adding sub-divisional numbers to express the classifica- tion thus : F 750. Northamptonshire, Generally 750-1. Scientific Societies, Journals 750-3. Fauna and Flora 750-5. Geology Etc. Special collections of a certain author's works can also receive an independent letter ; but in this case the following arrangement is recommended. In a collection relating to Shakespeare, Scott, Burns, or other great author, proceed thus : Si. Collected Editions in Chrono- S 7. Musical Settings of Works logical Order. Author s S 8. Dramatic Versions of Works S 2. Collected Editions in Chrono- S 9. Pictures suggested by Works logical Order. Editors' S 10. Biographies S 3. Selections S ii. Correspondence, including S 4. Single Works in Chronologi- Autographs cal Order of Publication, S 12. Portraits Originals and Reprints to- S 13. Criticism, History, and Aids gether, and Parodies to Study of Works S 5- Translations of Collected S 14. Periodicals and Societies Works S 15. Ana, Scraps, etc. S 6. Translations of Single Works S 16. Bibliography Other varieties of special collections can be arranged in any order to suit local conditions ; but as we have said before, it is best to keep such collections separate, as there will always" be a tendency to distort classes or divisions by including specially fostered subjects. 60. In all schemes of classification the question of the sizes of books crops up as a disturbing or qualifying factor. Adjustable Classification Scheme — 60 103 It would be an extravagant waste of space to shelve Owen Jones's Grammar of Ornament alongside Lewis Day's little books on the same subject, or to place the huge atlases of Johnston and Stanford cheek-by-jowl with pocket varieties. Convenience, considerations of appearance, and even tradition, all point to the separation of the great from the small as inevitable. New libraries should therefore provide adequate storage room for quarto and folio books in addition to ordinary octavos, and this is best done by erecting special cases with space for folios below and quartos above a projecting ledge about three feet from the floor. The classes will run in three separate sequences — one for demy 8vos and under, one for royal 4tos and under, and another for folios larger than the largest 4to and above that size. In the catalogue these can be indicated thus : Octavos, etc. No mark other than the class letter and number Quartos By an asterisk before the class letter, *F90 Folios By a small cipher befo)-e the class letter, °F 90 Experience proves that qualifying letters or signs put after numbers are generally overlooked. For staff purposes it is not needful to put guides, dummies, or directs on the shelves where folios and quartos ought to be. For the public, if open access is allowed, a general statement explanatory of the triple arrangement posted Hberally about will be found ample ; or class location books can be used. In Lending Libraries it will seldom be necessary, unless as regards Music, to provide much folio or quarto space. There are several good varieties of adjustable shelving now to be had, which greatly diminish the difficulties connected with size classification. It only remains to state, as regards the classification itself, that the divisions " General " and " Special " provided all through the tables are intended to render sub-division easy when the library has attained very large dimensions. B 90 will probably contain every variety of complete general work on Civil Engineering; while for years to come the division B 92 will serve to mark works on single parts of the main topic, as 104 Manual of Library Classification — 60 Bridges, Canals, Docks, Harbours, Roads, etc. When the time arrives, the only fresh mark necessary will be a simple figure added to the existing divisional number : B 92-1. Bridges B 92-7. Harbours B 92-3. Canals B 92-9. Roads B 92-5. Docks or whatever the subjects may be. There is no complication about this, and the sub-divisional numbers may be kept from the very first if thought necessary. The " Adjustable Classi- fication " is not put forth as either perfect or complete, nor is the index more than a fair selection of likely subject words. Suggestions for improvement and notifications of errors or omissions will gladly be received by the author. TABLES OF ADJUSTABLE CLASSIFICATION A. 2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. SCIENCE, General History Theory and Philosophy Periodicals Societies Biology, General Theory and Evolution Periodicals and Societies Methods of Research Microscopy and Laboratory Practice General Collectors' Manuals, Menageries Taxidermy Systematic, General Bacteriology Popular [Essays and Sketches of Animal and Plant Life] Zoology, Man, General Periodicals and Societies Prehistoric Ethnology and Anthropology Natural History and Homo- logies Anatomy, General Special Periodicals and Societies Physiology, General Special Organs Expression, Temperament Zoology, Animal, General. History, Theory Periodicals 56. 58. 60. 62. 64. 66. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 80. 82. 84. 86. 90. 92. 94. 100. 102. 104. 106. Societies Systematic, General Classification and Distribution Local Fauna Comparative Anatomy and Physiology Embryology Popular [Essays and Sketches of Animal Life] Vertebrates, General Mammalia, General Economic Primates (Monkeys, etc.) Chiroptera (Bats) Insectivora (Insect-eaters) Carnivora (Flesh-eaters : Lions, Tigers, Dogs, Cats) Economic (Dogs, Cats, etc.) Rodentia (Gnawers : Rats, Mice, etc.) Economic Ungulata (Hoofed animals) Economic Sirenia (Manatees, vtil. Mer- maids) Cetacea (Whales, Seals, etc.) Edentata (Sloths, etc.) Effodientia (Pangolins) Marsupialia (Pouched mam- mals : Kangaroos) Monotremata (Egg - laying mammals : Platypus) Birds, General I05 Manual of Library Classification 1 06 108. Economic Ornithology 180. 110. Raptores (Birds of prey : Eagles, Owls) 182. 112. Insessores (Perching birds) 114. Scansores (Climbers : Parrots, 184. Cuckoos) 186. 116. Rasores (Scratchers : Pigeons, Pheasants, Fowls) 188. 118. Economic (Poultry) 190. 120. Cursores (Runners : Ostriches) 192. 122. Grallatores (Waders : Cranes, Bustards) 194. 124. Natatores (Swimmers : Swans, Ducks, Gulls) 196. 126. Periodicals 198. 128. Societies 200. 130. Reptiles, General 202. 132. Crocodilia (Crocodiles) 204. 134. Chelonia (Turtles, Tortoises) 136. Sauria (Lizards) 206 138. Ophidia (Snakes) 140. Amphibians (Frogs, etc.) 208. 142. Fishes, General 210. 144. Special 212. 146. Economic (Fish culture) 214. 148. Minor Classes of Vertebrates 216. 150. Invertebrates, General 218. 152. Crustacea (Crabs, Lobsters, 220. etc.) 222. 154. Arachnida (Spiders) 156. Myriapoda (Centipedes) 224. 158. Insects, General 160. Economic, General 226. 162. Coleoptera (Beetles) 228. 164. Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) 230. 166. Neuroptera (Dragonflies) 232. 168. Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, 234. Ants) 236. 170, Economic (Agriculture: Bee- 238. keeping) 240, 172. Lepidoptera(Butterflies,Moths) 242, 174, Economic (Silkworms) 244 176. Hemiptera (Bugs, etc.) 246 178. Diptera (Flies) 248, Entomological Societies and Periodicals Mollusca (Oysters, Snails, Cuttlefish) Brachiopoda (Lampshells) Echinoderma (Starfish, Sea Urchins) Bryozoa (Sea Mats) Vermes (Worms) Ccelentera (Sponges, Corals, Jellyfish) Protozoa (Animalculas, Lowest forms of life) Botany. Societies Periodicals General, Systematic Popular (Essays and Sketches) Phanerogamia, General (Flowering plants) Special (Flowers, Leaves, etc.) Cryptogamia, General Filicinae (Ferns) Mosses Fungi (Mushrooms) Algae (Seaweeds) Local Floras Economic, General Special (Coffee, Cotton, Flax, Tea, Tobacco, etc.) Geology. Societies and Perio- dicals History and Theory Systematic, General Petrology. Lithology Local Field and Popular Economic Palaeontology, General Zoology Botany , Mineralogy, General Special , Crystallography Tables of Adjustable Classificatio7i 107 250. Chemistry. Societies and 324. History and Theory Periodicals 326. Systematic, General 252. Histoiy and Theory 328. Algebra 254. Systematic, General 330. Arithmetic 256. Inorganic 332. Book-keeping 258. Organic 334. Calculus 260. Analysis 336, Geodesy and Surveying 262. Electro-chemistry 338. Geometry, Conic Sections 264. Physics. Societies and 340. Logarithms Periodicals 342. Mensuration 266. History and Theory 344. Probabilities, Annuity Tables 268. Systematic, General 346. Trigonometry 270. Electricity and Magnetism, 348. Weights and Measures General 350. Metric System 272. Special 352. Occult Sciences, General 274. Heat 354. Alchemy 276. Hydrostatics, Hydraulics 356. Astrology 278. Light (Optics), General 358. Magic, Necromancy 280. Special 360. Mesmerism, Animal Mag- 282. Mechanics (Dynamics), General netism 284. Special 362. Psychical Research 286. Pneumatics 288. Sound (Acoustics) 290. Physiography. Societies B. USEFUL ARTS, General and Periodicals 2. Societies. Exhibitions 292. General 4. Periodicals 294. Earthquakes 6. History 296. Volcanoes, etc. 8. Inventions 298. Glaciers, Icework, etc. 10. Patents Specifications, British 300. Meteorology 12. American 302. Hydrography, Ocean Currents, 14. French etc. 16. German 304. Astronomy. Societies and 18. Other Periodicals 20. Recipes, General 306. History and Theory 22. Agriculture. Societies and 308. Systematic, General Periodicals 310. Sun 24. History 312. Stars and Planets 26. General (British) 314. Moon 28. Farm Buildings and Imple- 316. Comets and Meteors ments 318. Popular (non-mathematical) 30. Farm Soils and Crops 320. Nautical 32. Farm Stock, General (Breeding 322. Mathematics. Societies and and management of Horses, Periodicals Sheep, Cattle, Pigs, etc.) io8 Manual of Library Classification 34. Fai-m Stock, Special 102. Telephone, Phonograph, etc. 36. Dairy Farming 104. MechanicaL Societies and 38. Special Cultivations, Foreign Periodicals [Coffee, Cotton, Tea, Sugar, 106. General Tobacco, Vines, etc.] 108. Applied Mechanics 40, Gardening and Forestry. 110. Workshop Practice Societies and Periodicals 112. Machinery, Tools 42. History 114. Military, and Art of War. 44. General Periodicals and Societies 46. Fruit Culture 116. General 48. Flower Culture 118. Army Organisation, British 50. Kitchen and Market Gardening 120. Foreign 52. Landscape and Formal Garden- 122. Arms and Armour ing 124. Artillery 54. Window Gardening 126. Cavalry 56. Forestry, General 128. Engineers 58. Special 130. Infantry 60. Building. Societies and 132. Militia Periodicals 134. Volunteers 62. General 136. Veomanry 64. Construction, General 138. Fortification 66. Special 140. Barracks, Transport, etc. « . Materials, General 142. Tactics 70. Special [Bricks, Lime, 144. Waval. Societies and Perio- Stones, Timber, etc.] dicals 72. House Decoration 146. General 74. Sanitation, Ventilation, Gas- 148, Navy Administration, British fitting, etc. 150. Foreign 76. Engineering. Societies and 152. Tactics and Warfare Periodicals 154. Shipbuilding, General 78. General 156. Special 80. History 158. Seamanship and Navigation, 82. AeriaL Societies General 84. General 160. Special. Charts, Sailing 86. Special Directions 88. CiviL Societies and Periodi- 162. Lifeboats cals 164. Lighthouses 90. General 166. Coastguard 92. Special 168. Merchant Service and Sailors 94. ElectricaL Societies and 170. Mining and Quarrying. So- Periodicals cieties and Periodicals 96. General 172. History 98. Lighting 174. General 100. Telegraphy 176. Prospecting Tables of Adjustable Classification 109 178. Coal Mining 254. Printing. Societies and Perio- 180. Iron „ dicals 182. Gold „ 256. General 184. Silver „ 258. Special 186. Lead ,, 260. Binding. Periodicals 188. Salt 262. General 190. Tin 264. Special 192. Railway. Societies and 266. Publishing. Societies and Periodicals Periodicals 194. General 268. General 196. Special (including Tramways) 270. Bookselling and Stationery. 198. Steam and Gas. Societies Periodicals and Periodicals 272. General 200. History 274. Chemical Trades. Societies 202. Theory and Periodicals 204. Systematic, General 276. General 206. Stationery Engines 278. Chemicals (Acids, Alkalies, 208, Marine Engines Drugs, etc.) 210, Locomotive Engines 280. Dyeing and Bleaching 212. Gas Engines 282. Explosives, Fireworks. Fuel 214. Other Engines 284. Perfumes 216. Metallurgy. Societies and 286. Brewing Periodicals 288. Distilling 218. General 290. Wine-making 220. Assaying 292. Oils, Colours, etc. 222. Alloys 294. Soap and Candles 224. Casting and Founding 296. Varnishes, Glues, Rubber, 226. Iron and Steel etc. 228. Gold 298. Clothing and Hosiery Trades 230. Silver 300. Coach and Carriage Building, 232. Lead General 234. Copper 302. Special 236. Other 304. Motor-cars 238. Electro-Metallurgy 306. Fisheries. Societies and 240. Manufactures ; and Periodicals Trades. Societies and 308. History Periodicals 310. General 242. General 312. Special 244. Book Production, General 314. Food Production, General 246. Paper Manufacture. Societies 316. Special and Periodicals 318. Gas. Societies and Periodi- 248. General cals 250. Typefounding, General 320. History 252. Typefounder's Catalogue; 5 322. General no Manual of Library Classification 324. Special 394. Cotton. Spinning and Weav- 326. Glass, General ing 328. Special 396. Lace 330. Leather. Periodicals 398. Linen 332. General 400. Silk 334. Boot and Shoemaking,Saddlery 402. Wool. Spinning and Weaving 336. Metal-working, General 404. Wood-TATorking. Societies 338. Blacksmithing and Periodicals 340. Brass-working 406. General 342. Gold-working 408. Carpentry and Joinery, General 344. Silver-working 410. Special 346. Jewellery Manufacture. See 412. Furniture and Upholstery, also Costume, 504 General 348, Lead and Copper-working 414. Special 350. Sheet Metal-working 416. Pattern-making 352. Cutlery 418. Picture-framing, Toys, etc. 354. Gunsmithing 420. Other Branches 356. Locks and Safes 422. Shopkeepers' Manuals 358. Cycles and Sewing Machines. 424. Medical Science. Societies Periodicals and Periodicals 360. General 426. History 362. Watch and Clock-making 428. General (Horology). Periodicals, 430. Medicine, Allopathic General 432. Homoeopathic 364. Special 434. Hydropathic 366. Dialling and Dials 436. Domestic 368. Bells 438. Diseases, General 370. Scientific Instrument-making. 440. Special and Local Periodicals 442. Obstetrics. Diseases of Women 372. General 444. Diseases of Children 374. Other Trades 446. Pathology 376. Musical Instruments, 448. Materia Medica, Therapeutics, General Pharmacy 378. Special 450. Medical Jurisprudence and 380. Pottery. Societies and Perio- Toxicology dicals 452. Surgery, General 382. History 454. Dental 384. General 456. Special and Local 386. Special 458. Nursing. Periodicals 388. Textiles. Societies and Perio- 460. General dicals 462. Special 390. General 464. Hospitals and Asylums 392. Carpets. Tapestry, Rope and 466. Ambulance, First Aid, Life- Twine saving Tables of Adjustable Classification III 468. Hygiene and Demography. 22. General Societies and Periodicals 24. History, General 470. General 26. Theory and Criticism 472. Public Health, General 28. Galleries and Collections 474. Special 30. National Schools 476. Personal Health, General 32. Practice, General 478. Special 34. Artistic Anatomy 480. Physical Training 36. Figure Painting 482. Veterinary Medicine and 38. Portrait Painting Farriery. Societies and 40. Miniature Painting Periodicals 42. Landscape Painting 484. General 44. Marine Painting 486. Special 46. Flower Painting 488. Household Arts. Perio- 48. Oil Painting dicals 50. Water-colour Painting 490. General 52. Glass and China 492. Furnishing 54. Special Varieties 494. Domestic Economy. Laundry 56. Dra-wingjFreehand. General Work 58. Special 496. Foods, Dining, Beverages 60. For Reproduction 498. Cookery, Confectionery 62. Geometrical, General 500. Needlework 64. Perspective, Model, Shadows 502. Dressmaking, Millinery 66. Technical, General 504. Costume and Dress [including 68. Machines, Trades Historical, National, and 70. Decoration. Societies Fancy Costume, Jewellery, 72. Periodicals Rings, Regalia, Insignia] 74. General 506. Toilet 76. Practice and Examples, 508. Domestic Servants, Duties, etc. General 78. 80. Special Alphabets, Monograms 82. Illumination C. FINE AND RECREA- 84. Applied to Arts and Crafts, TIVE ARTS, General General 2. Fine Art : History 86. Ceramics and Glass, 4. Theory and Criticism General 6. National Art, General 88. Special 8. Ancient 90. Leather 10. Modem 92. Metal-work, General 12. Special Countries 94. Special 14. Societies, Exhibitions 96. Textiles, General 16. Periodicals 98. Special 18. Painting. Societies 100. Wood-work, General 20. Periodicals 102. Special 112 Manual of Library Classification 104. Engraving. Societies 188. Architecture. Societies 106. Periodicals 190. Periodicals 108. General 192. History, General 110. History, General 194. Special 112. Special 196. Theory and Criticism 114. Practice, General 198. Practice, General 116. Special 200. Ancient, General 118. Collected Examples 202. Special 120. Etching. Societies 204. Modern, General 122. Periodicals 206. Special 124. General 208. Ecclesiastical Buildings 126. Special 210. State and Municipal Build 128. Collected Examples ings 130. Lithography. Periodi- 212. Hospitals and Schools cals 214. Theatres 132. General 216. Farms, Mills, etc. 134. Special 218. Residential Buildings 136. Collected Examples 220. Military 138. Process "Work, General 222. Drawing and Design 140. Special 224. Ornament, General 142. Photography. Societies 226. Special 144. Periodicals 228. Antiquities, General 146. General 230. Ecclesiology 148. Scientific 232. Monumental Brasses 150. Artistic 234. Crosses, Streets 152. Processes and Printing 236. Special 154. Collected Examples 238. Sculpture, General 156. Writing, General 240. History, General 158. History 242. Special 160. Special Treatises 244. Practice, General 162. Shorthand. Periodicals 246. Special 164. General 248. Carving and Modelling 166. Special 250. Bronzes, Monuments, 168. Collecting, Art Objects, etc. General 252. Music. Societies 170. Autographs 254. Periodicals 172. Book Plates 256. General 174. Crests 258. Criticism, Esthetics 176. Postmarks 260. History, General 178. Prints [other than C 118] 262. Special 180. Stamps. Societies 264. Scientific Basis 182. Periodicals 266. Nomenclature 184. General 268. Elements, General 186. Special 270. Special Tables of Adjustable Classification 13 272. Tonic Sol-fa, General 344. Harmonium. Instruction 274. Special 346. Music 276. Other Notations 348. Harp. Instruction 278. Plarmony 350. Music 280. Counterpoint and Fugue 352. Harpsichord. Instruction 282. Composition and Form 354. Music 284. Instrumentation (Orchestras 356. Lute. Instruction and Bands). Periodicals 358. Music 286. General Text-books 360. Mandoline. Instruction 288. Instruments, General, History, 362. Music etc. 364. Oboe. Instruction 290. Orchestral Music [Full Scores 366. Music of Symphonies, Overtures, 368. Ophicleide String Quartets, etc.] 370. Organ. Periodicals and So- Instruments, Indivi- cieties dual : 372. General 292. American or Reed Organ. 374. History Instruction 376. Instruction 294. Music 378. Music 296. Bagpipe. Instruction 380. Pianoforte. Periodicals 298. Music 382. General 300. Banjo. Instruction 384. History 302. Music 386. Instruction 304. Bassoon. Instruction 388. Music 306. Music 390. Saxophone 308. Bombardon 392. Serpent 310. Bugle 394. Trombone. Instruction 312. Clarinet. Instruction 396. Music 314. Music 398. Trumpet. Instruction 316. Concertina, Accordion, Melo- 400. Music deon. Instruction 402. Tuba 318. Music 404. Viola. Instruction 320. Cornet. Instruction 406. Music 322. Music 408. Violin. Periodicals 324. Double Bass. Instruction 410. General 326. Music 412. History 328. Euphonium 414. Instruction 330. Flageolet 416. Music 332. Flute, Fife, Piccolo. Instruction 418. Violoncello. Instruction 334. Music 420. Music 336. French Horn. Instruction 422. Zither 338. Music 424. Other Instruments 340. Guitar. Instruction 426. Vocal Practice, General 342. Music 428. Special 3 114 Manual of Library Classification 430. Singing, General 512. Athletics, Special 432. Special 514. Backgammon 434. Choir Training, Choral So- 516. Baseball, Rounders cieties 518. Billiards, Bagatelle 436. Operas and Dramatic Music 520. Boating. Periodicals 438. Oratorios 522. General 440. Cantatas 524. Special 442. Church Music. Periodicals 526. Bowling 444. General 528. Boxing (Prize-fighting),General 446. Services 530. Special 448. Masses 532. Camping-out 450. Anthems 534. Card Games, General 452. Psalmody, General 536. Whist 454. Denominational 538. Ecarte 456. Hymns, General 548. Others 458. Denominational 550. Chess. Periodicals 460. Chants and Chanting 562. General 462. Carols 554. Special 464. Part Music, General 556. Cock-fighting, Bull-baiting, etc. 466. Glees and Madrigals 558. Conjuring 468. Part Songs 560. Coursing, Harriers 470. Rounds and Catches 562. Cricket. Periodicals 472. Trios and Duets 564. General 474. Songs. Periodicals 566. Special 476. General 568. Croquet 478. National 570. Curling 480. Sacred 572. Cycling. Periodicals 482. Comic 574. General 484. Nursery Songs 576. Special 486. Special 678. Dancing, General 488. Individual Composers 580. Special 490. Recreative Arts, General 582. Dice 492. History 584. Dominoes Games and Sports, Indi- 586. Draughts or Checkers vidual : 688. Driving 494. Periodicals, General 590. Fencing, General 496. Angling. Periodicals 592. Special 498. General 594. Football, General 500. Special 696. Special 502. Archery 698. Golf 504. Athletics. Periodicals 600. Gymnastics, Acrobats 606. General 602. Hawking 508. Running 604. Hockey or Shinty (Hurling) 510. Walking 606. Horse-racing. Periodicals Tables of Adjustable Classificatioit 15 608. Horse-racing, General 24. Women, General 610. Special 26. Special 612. Hunting, General 28. Se.K Questions 614. Special 30. Population, General 616. Lacrosse 32. Special 618. Mountaineering 34. Vital Statistics 620. Polo 36. Temperance Question. So- 622. Puzzles, Riddles, Conundrums cieties 624. Quoits 38. Periodicals 626. Racquets 40. General 628. Riding, Horsemanship 42. Special 630. Shooting, General 44. Emigration, General 632. Special 46. Special 634. Skating and Rinking, General 48. Pauperism 636. Special 50. Charities. Societies and Perio- 638. Skittles dicals 640. Solitaire 52. General 642. Swimming, General 54. Special 644. Special 56. Slavery, General 646. Tennis 58. Special 648. Theatricals, Private 60. Juvenile Delinquency 650. Charades, etc. 62. Crime and Punishment 652. Wrestling 64. Capital Punishment 654. Yachting, General 66. Police, General 656. Special 68. Special 658. Other Amusements 70. Prisons, General 72. Special 74. Secret Societies, General 76. Special D. SOCIAL SCIENCE, 78. SociaUsm, General General 80. Special 2. Societies 82. Communism, Anarchy, Nihi- 4. Periodicals lism, etc. 6. History of Sociology 84. Other Social Organisations 8. Theories 86. Freemasonry. Societies 10. Manners and Customs, 88. Periodicals General 90. General 12. National 92. Special 14. Games 94. Political Economy, Gene- 16. Special ral 18. Marriage, General 9*6. Societies 20. Special 98. Periodicals 22. Women. Societies and Perio- 100. Theories dicals 102. Labour Questions, General ii6 Manual of Library Classification 104. Capital and Labour 184. Public Meetings, Procedure 106. Factory System 186. Civil Liberty, Citizenship 108. Trades Unions. Societies and 188. National Character, General Periodicals 190. State Administration, General 110. General 192. British, General 112. Special 194. Crown, Privileges, etc. 114. Wages Questions 196. Parliament, General 116. Profit Sharing 198. House of Lords, Powers, 118. Hours Question Duties, etc. 120. Co-operation. Societies and 200. Reform Periodicals 202. Papers and Proceedings 122. General 204. History 124. Special 206. House of Commons, Consti- 126. Friendly Societies tution 128. Periodicals 208. Laws and Procedure 130. General 210. History 132. Special 212. Papers, Reports, Proceed- 134. Land Laws ings 136. Nationalisation 214. Statutes 138. Tenures, Transfers, Rent 216. Journals 140. Allotments and Commons 218. Debates 142. Mining Royalties 220. Reform 144. Free Trade. Societies and 222. Elections Periodicals 224. Suffrage 146. General 226. Government Departments 148. Special 228. Foreign Policy, Treaties, 150. Protection, Tariffs, etc. Diplomatics 152. Government and Poli- 230. Taxation tics, General 232. Other Questions 154. Constitutional History, General 234. United States, General 156. British 236. Special 158. Other Nationalities 238. France 160. Law, General 240. Germany 162. British 242. Other Countries 164. Other Nations 244. Local Administration, General 166. Theories, General 246. Britain, General 168. Special 248. Special (Local Rating,etc.) 170. Monarchy 250. England, General 172. Democracy 252. Special (Counties, Par- 174. Other Forms of Government ishes, Municipalities.etc.) 176. Science of Politics 254. Scotland, General 178. Political Parties, General 256. Special 180. Special 258. Ireland, General 182. National 260. Special Tables of Adjustable Classification 117 262. Local Administration, Wales, 350. Court Procedure and Practice General 352. Trials, General 264. Special 354. Special 266. United States 356. Commerce and Industry, 268. Other Nations General 270. Church Establishments, Gene- 358. Societies ral 360. Periodicals 272. Disestablishment 362. History 274. Law (Jurisprudence), General 364. Guilds 276. Societies 366. Finance, Public 278. Periodicals 368. National Debt 280. Reports of Cases 370. Prices 282. History 372. Exchange 284. Philosophy 374. Cambistry 286. Theories 376. Speculation and Stocks, Gene- 288. National, General ral 290. British 378. Periodicals 292. English (Codes, Commen- 380. Money and Credit taries, etc.. General) 382. Bimetallism 294. Scottish (Codes, Commen- 384. Banking. Societies and Perio- taries, etc.. General) dicals 296. Irish (Codes, Commentaries, 386. General etc., General) 388. Special 298. Welsh (Codes, Commen- 390. Insurance. Societies and Perio- taries, etc.. General) dicals 300. Colonies (Codes, Commen- 392. General taries, etc., General) 394. Life 302. India (Codes, Commen- 396. Thrift and Saving taries, etc.. General) 398. Pensions, Old Age, etc. 304. United States 400. Communications, General 306. France 402. Special 308. Germany 404. Post Office. Periodicals 310. Other Countries 406. General 312. Roman 408. Special 314. International 410. Telegraphs 316. Common (British) 412. Industrial and Commercial 318. Commercial and Maritime Undertakings 320. Poor 414. Business Methods, General 322. MiHtary 416. Indexing and Precis 324. Canon 418. Commercial Correspondence 326. Criminal 420. Advertising 328-348 Special Subjects (Patents, 422. Typewriting Property, etc., as repre- 424. Other Departments sented) 426. Education, General ii8 Manual of Library Classification 428. Societies 12. Ancient Systems or Schools, 430. Periodicals General 432. History, General 14. Special 434. Special 16. Modern Systems or Schools, 436. Theories and Systems General 438. School Management, General 18. Special, by Authors as re- 440. Teachers presented 442. Hygiene 20. Logic, General 444. Buildings and Fittings 22. Special 446. Methods of Instruction. Self- 24. Metaphysics culture 26. Mental Physiology, 448. Home General 450. Kindergarten 28. Sleep and Dreams 452. Primary 30. Memory, Mnemonics 454. Special Subjects 32. Phrenology 456. Technical and Manual 34. Physiognomy 458. Ragged Schools 36. Psychology 460. Reformatory and Industrial 38. Ethics, General Schools 40. Special (Amusements, etc.) 462. Blind 42. Religion, General 464. Deaf and Dumb 44. Theology, General 466. Other 46. Natural, General 468. Colleges and Universities, 48. Special General 50. Theism 470. Societies and Periodicals 52. Atheism and Deism 472. History, General 54. Science and Religion 474. Special 56. Philosophy of Religion 476. University Organisation and 58. Systematic Theology, General Teaching 60. History of Doctrine 478. Calendars and Year Books 62. Creeds 480. Degrees 64. Eschatology. Future State 482. Theological Colleges 66. Special Treatises 484. Other Colleges 68. Pastoral Theology, General 70. Clerical Profession 72 Homiletirs 1 W. A. ± Wiliil^LlV^O 74. Sermons E. PHILOSOPHi^ AND RELIGION, General 76. Missions, General 78. Comparative Religion, Gene- ral 2. Philosophy. Societies 80. Special 4. Periodicals 82. Bible, Texts, Polyglot 6. History, General 84. Hebrew 8. Ancient 86. Greek 10. Modem 88.. Latin Tables of Adjustable Classification 119 90-108. English [WycHffe,Tyndal, 176. History, General Coverdale, Matthew, Ta- 178. Christian Evidences vemer, Cranmer, Geneva, 180. Christian Churches, Bishops', Rheims, Douay] General (Doctrine, etc) 110, Authorised Versions, 161 1, 182. Eastern and Greek, General etc. 184. Special 112, Revised Versions, 1885 186. Roman Catholic, General 114. French (Ritual, Doctrine, etc.) 116. German 188. National 118. Dutch 190. Monastic and Religious 120. Italian Orders 122, Other European Versions 192. Inquisition 124. Oriental Versions 194. Confession 126. African Versions 196. Church Polity 128. American and Polynesian 198. Reformation, Controversial Versions Works 130. Old Testament, Separate 200. Protestantism, General Texts, Whole or Part 202. Special 132. New Testament, Separate 204. Lutheran Church Texts, Whole or Part 206. Calvinism 134, Apocrypha, Separate Texts 208. Episcopalianism, English, 136, Aids, Geography, Natural General History 210. Creed and Doctrine 138. Dictionaries 212. Church Polity 140. Concordances 214. Liturgies 142, Commentaries, Complete Bible 216. Hymnology 144. Old Testament, Whole 218. Scotch 146. Separate Books 220. United States 148. New Testament, Whole 222. Sects and Heresies 150. Separate Books 224. Presbyterianism, English 152. Apocrypha 226. Scottish 154. Fathers (Patristics), General 228. Other 156. Collections 230. Sects and Heresies 158. Individual 232. Polity 160. Councils, General 234. Liturgies 162. Special 236, Hymnology 164. Religious Beliefs and Systems, 238. Congregationalism, General General 240, Special 166. Dictionaries of Faiths, Sects, 242, Polity etc. 244. Liturgies and Hymnology 168. Lives of Christ 243, Methodism, General 170. Christianity, General 248, Special 172. Philosophy 250. Polity 174. Ethics 252. Liturgies 120 Manual of Library Classification 254. Methodism, Hymnology 398. Brahminism, General 256. Baptists, General 400 Special 258. Special 402. Doctrine and Worship 260. Polity 404. Buddhism, General 262. Liturgies and Hymnology 406. Special 264. Friends, Society of (Quakers), 408. Sacred Books General 410. Doctrine and Worship 266. Special 412. Confucianism. General 268. Polity 414. Special 270. Liturgies and Hymnology 416. Sacred Books 272. Reformed (Dutch) Church 418. Mahometanism. General 274. Moravians 420. Special 278. Swedenborgians 422. Sacred Books 280. Unitarians - 424. Parsism and Zoroastrianism, 282. Mormons General 284. Other Christian Sects 426. Special 286. Christian Theology, 428. Other Oriental Religions General 430. African Religions 288. Trinity 432. Polynesian Religions 290. Lord's Prayer 434. Other Ethnic Religions 292. Sacraments, Lord's Supper 436. Agnosticism 294. Baptism 438. Positivism, Materialism 296. Atonement 440. Rationalism 298. Faith 442. Other Beliefs 300. Justification 444. Mythology and Folk- 302. Sanctification Lore, General 304. Predestination 446. Societies 306. Free Will 448. Periodicals 308. Judgment 450. Philosophy and Theory 310. Heaven, Angels 452. Comparative 312. Hell, Devil 454. National 314. Other Topics 456. Demonology 316. Collected Sermons 458. Witchcraft 318. Sermons of Lidividuals 460. Fairies, Elves, etc. 320- -384. Reserved 462. Phallic and Serpent Worship 386. Non-Christian Reli- 464. Divination, Fortune Telling, gions, General Second Sight, Palmistry 388. Ancient Religions : Egyptian, 466. Spiritualism Chaldtean, etc. 468. Monsters: Dragons, Giants 390. Judaism, General 470. Other Departments 392. Special 394. Sacred Books Doctrine and Worship 396. Tables of Adjustable Classification 121 -, HISTORY AND GEO- GRAPHY, General 2. Historical Societies 4. Historical Periodicals 6. General, and Archeology (Ancient) 8. Chronology 10. Numismatics (Coins, Medals, Seals), General 12. National 14. Special 16. Societies and Periodicals 18. Military History, General 20. Naval History, General 22. Ecclesiastical History, General 24. Crusades and Chivalry 26. Philosophy and Study of His- tory. Civilisation 28. Ancient and Dispersed Nations, General 30. Phrenicia 32. Judea 34. Modern Jews, General 36. Societies 38. Periodicals 40. Special 42. Medo-Persia, General 44. Chaldaea 46. Assyria 48. Babylonia 50. Media 52. Lydia 54. Persia 56. Other Divisions 58. Minor Nationalities : Carthage, etc. 60. Gipsies, General 62. Special 64. Modern History and Archaeology, General 66. Special 68. Geography, General 70. Societies 72. Periodicals 74. Historical Atlases 76. Geographical Atlases 78. Gazetteers and Dictionaries 80. Ancient and Classical Geo- graphy 82. Modern Political Geography 84. Voyages and Travels [Circum- navigation and two or more large areas]. General Col- lections 86. Individual Travellers (alpha- betically) 88. AFRICA, General [Travels, Atlases, etc.] 90. North Africa, General 92. Egypt, Ancient, General 94. History 96. Church 98. Geography 100. Modern, General 102. History 104. Geography 106. Nubia 108. Abyssinia 110. Somaliland 112. Barbary States, General 114. Tripoli 116. Algeria 118. Tunis 120. Morocco 122. Soudan, East 124. Sahara 126. Central, General 128. British East Africa (Ibea) 130. German East Africa 132. Congo Free State 134. French Congo 136. Angola 138. British Central Africa 140. Portuguese East Africa 142. West, General 144. Ashanti 146. Cameroons 148. Dahomey 22 Manual of Library Classification 150. French Guinea 228. 162. Gold Coast 230. 154. Guinea Coast 232. 156. Liberia 234. 158. Senegambia 236. 160. Sierra Leone 238. 162. Sokoto 240. 164. West Soudan 242. 166. South, General, History 244. 168. Geography 246. 170. Cape Colony 248. 172. Natal and Zululand 250. 174. Orange Free State 252. 176. South African Republic 254. (Transvaal) 256. 178. German South-West Africa 258. 180. British South Africa 260. 182. Bechuanaland and Other 262. Territories 264. 184. African Islands, General 266. 186. Socotra, Seychelles 268. 188. Zanzibar 190. Madagascar 192. Mauritius 194. St. Helena, Ascension 196. Cape Verde Islands : Canary Islands, Madeira 198. AMERICA (N. and S.), General 200. History 202. Geography 204. North, General 206. History 208. Geography 210. Canada, General 212. History, Civil and Church, General 214. Geography, General 216. Social State, General 218. Nova Scotia, History 220. Geography 222. Prince Edward Island 224. New Brunswick 228. Quebec, Flistory Quebec, Geography Ontario, History Geography. Manitoba British Columbia North-West Territories Newfoundland, History Geogi-aphy Labrador United States, General History, Civil, General Church Military and Naval, General Pre-Republican Republican Civil War, General Confederate View Federal View Geography, General Social State, General States and Territories : His- tory and Geography, General Divisions 270. Alabama ; 272. Alaska ; 274. Arizona; 276. Arkansas; 278. California; 280. Colorado ; 282. Connecticut; 284. Dela- ware ; 286. District of Colum- bia; 288. Florida; 290. Georgia; 292. Idaho ; 294. Illinois ; 296. Indian Territory; 298. Indiana; 300. Iowa ; 302. Kansas ; 304. Kentucky ; 306. Louisiana ; 308. Maine; 310. Maryland; 312. Massachusetts ; 314. Michigan ; 316. Minnesota ; 318. Mississippi ; 320. Missouri ; 322. Montana ; 324. Nebraska ; 326. Nevada ; 328. New Hampshire; 330, New Jersey ; 332. New Mexico ; 334. New York; 336. North Carolina ; 338. North Dakota ; 340. Ohio; 342. Oklahoma; Tables of Adjustable Classification 123 372. 374. 376. 378. 380. 382. 384. 386. 388. 390. 392. 394. 396. 398. 400. 402. 404. 406. 408. 410. 412. 414. 416. 418. 420. 422. 424. 426. 428. 430. 432. 434, 344. Oregon ; 346. Penn- sylvania ; 348. Rhode Island ; 350. South Carolina; 352, South Dakota; 354. Ten- nessee ; 356. Texas ; 358. Utah; 360. Vermont; 362. Virginia ; 364. Washington ; 366. West Virginia; 368. Wisconsin ; 370. Wyoming Mexico, General History, Ancient Modem Geography Central America and West Indian Islands, General Central America. History Geography British Honduras Costa Rica Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua San Salvador West Indies, General History Geography Bahamas and Bermudas Cuba Jamaica Hayti and San Domingo Porto Rico Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas, Barbadoes, Trinidad, etc.) Leeward Islands (Curacao, etc.) South America, General History Geography Argentina gonia) Bolivia Brazil Chili Colombia Ecuador (including Pata- 436. Guianas, General 438. British 440. Dutch 442. French 444. Paraguay 446. Pern 448. Uruguay 450. Venezuela 452. Falkland Islands 454. ASIA, General 456. Afghanistan 458. Arabia, Histoiy (Saracens or Moors, etc.) 460. Geography 462. Baluchistan 464. Ceylon 466. Chinese Empire, General 468. History, General 470. Geogi-aphy, General 472. Mongolia 474. Tibet 476. Korea 478. Social State 480. India, General 482. Ancient History 484. Modern History, General 486. Mutiny 488. Geography, General 490. Special 492. Farther India, General 494. Burma 496. Siani 498. Annam and Tonkin 500. Malay Peninsula 502. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 504. Japan, General 506. History 508. Geography 510. Formosa 512. Social State 514. Persia, General 516. Modern History 518. Geography 520. Social State 124 Manual of Library Classification blt.2. Russia (Siberia, etc.), General 600. Geography, Transylvania 524. History 602. Other Divisions 526. Geography 604. Social State 528. Social State 606. Balkan States, General 530. Turkey, General 608. History, General 532. History 610. Geography, General 534. Geography, General 612. Bulgaria 536. Social State 614. Montenegro 538. Armenia 616. Roumania 540. Palestine 618. Servia 542. Sinai 620. Social State 544. Asia Minor and Levant, 622. British Islands, General General 624. Societies 546. Malay Archipelago, Gene- 626. Periodicals ral 628. History and Archaeology, 548. Borneo General 550. Celebes 630. Civil, General 552. Java 632. History, Church 554. Moluccas 634. Military History 556. Philippines 636. Regimental Histories 558. Sumatra, Sunda Islands 638. Naval History 560 EUROPE, General 640. British Empire, General 562. History, Civil, (jeneral 642. History, General 564. Church and Reformation, 644. Geography, General General 646. Colonies, General 566. Military and Naval, General 648. Polity, etc. 568. Dispersed and Merged 650. British Islands, Geo- Nations, General graphy, General 570. Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks. 652. Social State Gauls 654. England, General 572. Moors or Saracens 656. History and Archeology, 574. Bohemia General 576. Poland 658. Early Times 578. Geography, General 660. Anglo-Saxons 580. Atlases, Gazetteers, etc. 662. Normans 582. Social State, General 664-670. Later Periods (chronologi- 584. Austria-Hungary, General cally) 586. Civil History 672. Church 588. Church History 674. Military 590. Military History 676. Naval 592. Geography, General 678. Social State 594. Bohemia 680. Geography, General 596. Bosnia and Herzegovina 682. Borders and North England, 598. Hungary General Tables of Adjustable Classification 125 684. Geography, Lake District, General 686. East England, General 688. West England, General 690. Midlands, General 692. South England, General 694. Thames, General Local History and Topo- graphy : 696. Bedford; 698. Berk- shire ; 700. Buckingham ; 702. Cambridge ; 704. Cheshire ; 706. Cornwall (708. Scilly Isles) ; 710, Cumberland ; 712. Derby; 714. Devon; 716. Dorset; 718. Durham; 720. Essex; 722. Gloucester; 724. Hampshire (726. Isle of Wight) ; 728. Hereford ; 730. Hertford ; 732. Huntingdon ; 734. Kent; 736. Lancashire; 738. Leicester ; 740. Lincoln ; 742. London; 744. Middle- sex ; 746. Monmouth ; 748. Norfolk ; 750. Northampton ; 752. Northumberland ; 754. Nottingham ; 756. Oxford ; 758. Rutland; 760. Shrop- shire ; 762. Somerset ; 764. Stafford; 766. Suffolk; 768. Surrey; 770. Sussex; 772. Warwick ; 774. Westmore- land; 776. Wiltshire; 778. Worcester; 780. York; 782. Isle of Man ; 784. Channel Islands 786. Wales, General 788. History, Civil 790. Church 792. Social State 794. Geography, General 796. North Wales 798. South Wales 800. Anglesey; 802. Breck- nock ; 804. Cardigan ; 806. Carmarthen ; 808. Carnarvon ; 810. Denbigh ; 812. Flint ; 814. Glamorgan ; 816. Meri- oneth ; 818. Montgomery ; 820. Pembroke; 822. Radnor 824. Ireland, General 826. History, Civil 828. Church 830. Social State 832. Geography, General 834. Connaught; 836. Lein- ster; 838. Munster; 840. Ulster; 842. Antrim; 844. Armagh ; 846. Carlow ; 848. Cavan; 850. Clare; 852. Cork; 854. Donegal ; 856. Down ; 858. Dublin; 860. Fermanagh; 862. Galway ; 864. Kerry ; 866. Kildare ; 868. Kilkenny ; 870. King's County; 872. Leitrim ; 874. Limerick ; 876. Londonderry ; 878. Longford; 880. Louth; 882. Mayo; 884. Meath ; 886. Monaghan ; 888. Queen's County ; 890. Ros- common ; 892. Sligo ; 894. Tipperary ; 896. Tyrone ; 898. Waterford ; 900. Westmeath ; 902. Wexford ; 904. Wicklow 906. Scotland, General 908. History, Civil 910. Church 912. Military and Clans 914. Social State 916. Geography, General 918. Borders; 920. Low lands ; 922. Galloway ; 924. Hebrides ; 926. Highlands ; 928. Aberdeen ; 930, Argyle ; 932. Ayr; 934. Banff; 936. Berwick; 938. Bute; 940. Caithness; 942. Clackmannan; 944. Dumbarton ; 946. Dum- 126 Manual of Library Classificatmi fries ; 948. Edinburgh ; 950. 1060. Modern, General Elgin or Moray ; 952. Fife; 1062. History, General 954. Forfar; 956. Hadding- 1064. Byzantine Empire ton ; 958. Inverness ; 960. 1066. Church Kincardine ; 962. Kinross ; 1088. Geography, General 964. Kirkcudbright ; 966 . La- 1070. Special nark ; 968. Linhthgow ; 970. 1072. Social State Nairn ; 972. Orkney ; 974. 1074. Italy, General Peebles; 976. Perth; 978. 1076. History, Modern, General Renfrew ; 980. Ross and 1078. Church Cromarty ; 982. Roxburgh ; 1080. Military and Naval 984. Selkirk ; 986. Shetland ; 1082. Social State 988. Stirling; 990. Suther- 1084. Geography, General land ; 992. Wigtown 1086. Lombardy 994. France, General 1088. Piedmont 996. History, Civil, General 1090. Venice 998. Great Revolution 1093. Tuscany 1000. Church, General 1094. Rome 1002. Huguenots 1096. Sicily 1001. Military and Naval 1098. Sardinia 1006. Social State 1100. Other Divisions 1008. Geography, General 1102. Rome, Ancient, General 1010. Brittany ; 1012. Nor- 1104. History, General mandy ; 1014. Paris ; 1016. 1106. Early History Corsica; 1018. Other Districts 1108. Republic 1020. Germany, General 1110. Empire 1022. History, Civil 1112. Eastern Empire 1024. Church 1114 Western Empire 1026. Military and Naval 1116. Geography, General 1028. Social State 1118. Special 1030. Geography, General 1120. Social State 1032. Bavaria 1122. Netherlands, General 1034. Prussia 1124. History, General 1036. Saxony 1126. Geography, General 1038. Other States 1128. Social State 1040. Greece, Ancient, General 1130. Belgium, General 1042. History, General 1132. History, Civil 1044. Athens; 1046 I. Cor- 1134. Church inth ; 1048. Lacedsemonia ; 1136. Geography 1050. Macedonia ; 1052. 1138. Holland, General Other Divisions 1140. Plistory, Civil 1054. Geography, General 1142. Church 1056. Special 1144. Geography 1058. Social State 1146. Portugal, General Tables of Adjustable Classification 12; 1148. History, Civil 1236. Geography, Alpine Books 1150. Church 1238. Social State 1152. Social State 1240. Turkey, General 1154. Geography 1242. Ottoman Empire, History llc<5. Azores 1244. Modern History 1158. Jlussia, General 1246. Geography 1160. Histor>', Civil 1248. Social State 1162. Church 1250. Mediterranean, Shores 1164, Military and Islands, General 1166. Social State 1252. Gibraltar 1168. Geography, General 1254. Malta 1170. Special 1256. Crete or Candia 1172. Empire, General 1258. Cyprus 1174. History 1260. Oceania, General 1176. Geography 1262. Geography 1178. Scandinavia, General 1264. AUSTRALASIA, General 1180. History, General 1266. History 1182. Geography, General 1268. Geography 1184. Social State 1270. Social State 1186. Denmark, General 1272. Australia, General 1188. History 1274. History 1190. Geography 1276. Geography 1192. Social State 1278. Social State 1194. Iceland and Faroe Islands 1280. New South Wales, 1196. Danish Greenland General 1198. Norway, General 1282. History 1200. History 1284. Geography 1202. Geography 1286. Queensland, General 1204. Social State 1288. History 1206. Sweden, General 1290. Geography 1208. History 1292. South Australia, General 1210. Geography 1294. History 1212. Social State 1296. Geography 1214. Spain, General 1298. Victoria, General 1216. History, Civil 1300. History 1218. Church 1302. Geography 1220. Military and Naval 1304. West Australia, General 1222. Geography 1306. History 1224. Balearic Islands 1308. Geography 1226. Social State 1310. New Zealand, General 1228. Switzerland, General 1312. History 1230. History, Civil 1314. Geography 1232. Church 1316. Social State 1234. Geography, General 1318. Tasmania, General 128 Manual of Library Classification F 1320. History 24. Roman 1322. Geography 26. Spanish 1324. Social State 28. Other Nationalities 1326. New Guinea, History 30. Class, Collective, Actors and 1328. Geography Entertainers 1330. Solomon Islands 32. Artists 1332. Polynesia, General 34. Authors 1334. History 36. Bible Characters 1336. Geography 38. Clergy 1338. Fiji 40. Criminals : Robbers, Pirates, 1340. Hawaii or Sandwich Islands etc. 1342. Pitcairn 42. Eccentrics : Misers, Fools, 1344. Marquesas Jesters, Characters, etc. 1346. Samoa 44. Educationists 1348. Tahiti 46. Engineers 1350. Other Islands 48. Industrial and Commercial 1352. POLAR REGIONS, 50. Legal General 52. Medical 1354. Antarctic 54. Military 1356. Arctic, General 56. Missionaries 1358. North European 58. Monarchs 1360. .American, Eskimos 60. Musicians 1362. Asian 62. Naval 1364. Franklin Searches 64. Nobility 66. Philanthropists 68. Philosophers 70. Politicians and Statesmen G. BIOGRAPHY AND 72. 74. 76. Popes Religion Saints and Martyrs Scientists CORRESPOND- ENCE, General, Col- 78. lective 80. Sportsmen 2. Periodicals and Societies 82. Travellers, Geographers, An- 4. National, Collective, Ameri- tiquaries can 84. Women 6. British 86. Other Classes 8. English 88. Individual Biography and 10. Irish Criticism (alphabetically 12. Scottish arranged) 14. Welsh 90. Genealogy and Family His- 16. French tory, General 18. German 92. Societies and Periodicals 20. Greek 94. Families, General 22. Italian 96. Individual 1 ^^fVEf^f^ n ' Tables of Adpisi Peerages, Baronetages, etc. ^able Classifieation I2 98. 52. Chinese, Grammars 100. Dignities, General. Official 54. General Treatises Year Books 56. Indian, General 102. Orders of Knighthood 58. Sanskrit. Dictionaries 104. Heraldry, General 60. Grammars 106. Societies and Periodicals 62. General Treatises 108. Special 64. Hindustani. Dictionaries 110. National 66. Grammars 112. Epitaphs 68. General Treatises 114. Portraits, Collections 70. Bengali 116. Individual 72. Tamil 74. Dravidian 76. 78. Indo-Chinese Other Languages 80. Japanese. Dictionaries H. LANGUAGE AND 82. Grammars LITERATURE, 84. General Treatises General 86. Persian. Dictionaries 2. Language, Societies 88. Grammars 4. Periodicals 90. General Treatises 6. History, General 92. Semitic, General 8. Theories 94. Hebrew. Dictionaries 10. Comparative Philology 96. Grammars 12. Phonetics, Phonology 98. General Treatises 14. Alphabets 100. Syriac and Other Forms 16. Polyglot Dictionaries and 102. Turkish. Dictionaries Glossaries 106. Grammars 18. African, General 108. General Treatises 20. Tribal Dialects 110. Europe, General 22. Egyptian, General 112. Societies and Periodicals 24. Coptic 114. History 26. Ethiopic 116. Theories 28. American, General 118. Celtic, General 30. North, Aboriginal Dialects 120. Societies and Periodicals 32. Societies and Periodicals 122. Dictionaries 34. South and Central, Ancient 124. Grammars 36. Asia, General 126. Gaelic. Dictionaries 38. Societies and Periodicals 128. Grammars and General 40. History 130. Irish. Dictionaries 42. Theories 132. Grammars and General 44. Arabic. Dictionaries 134. Welsh. Dictionaries 46. Grammars 136. Grammars and General 48. General Treatises 138. Cornish 50. Chinese. Dictionaries 140. Manx I30 Manual of Library Classification H 142. Celtic, Basque, Armorican, etc. 226. Teutonic, Dictionaries 144. Anglo-Saxon, General 228. Theories 146 Dictionaries 230. German. Dictionaries 148. Grammars 232. Grammars 150. English, General Treatises 234. General Treatises 152. Societies and Periodicals 236. Dutch. Dictionaries 154. History 238. Grammars 156. Dictionaries, General 240. General Treatises 158. Local Glossaries (Dialects 242. Flemish alphabetically) 244. Scandinavian, General 160. Special Glossaries (Mining, 246. Dictionaries etc.) 248. Old Norse 162. Americanisms 250. Icelandic 164. Slang Rhyme 252. Danish. Dictionaries 166. 254. Grammars and General 168. Synonyms, Treasuries, etc. 256. Norwegian. Dictionaries 170. Grammar 258. Grammars and General 172. Composition 260. Swedish. Dictionaries 174. Scottish, General 262. Grammars and General 176. Dictionaries, General 264. Sclavonic, General 178. Local Glossaries 266. Dictionaries 180. Greek (Ancient). Dictionaries 268. Russian. Dictionaries 182. Grammars 270. Grammars 184. General Treatises 272. General Treatises 186. (Modern) Dictionaries 274. Polish. Dictionaries 188. Grammars 276. Grammars and General 190. General Treatises 278. Bohemian. Dictionaries 192. Latin. Dictionaries 280. Grammars and General 194. Grammars 282. Other Sclavonic Languages 196. General Treatises 284. Hungarian. Dictionaries 198. Romance Languages 286. Grammars and General 200. French. Dictionaries 288. Finnish. Dictionaries 202. Grammars 290. Grammars and General 204. General Treatises 292. Gipsy Languages 206. Italian. Dictionaries 294. Other European Languages or 208. Grammars Dialects 210. General Treatises 296. Polynesia, General 212. Spanish. Dictionaries 298. Dictionasries 214. Grammars 300. Grammars 216. General Treatises 302. Universal Languages 218. Portuguese. Dictionaries 304. Names, General 220. Grammars 306. Personal Names, General 222. General Treatises S08. Surnames 224. Teutonic, General 310. Christian Names Tables of AdJ7istable Classification 31 H 312. Place Names 314. Oratory, General 316. Collections 318. Rhetoric and Conversation 320. Elocution, General 822. Recitation, Collections 324. A'^entriloquism and Mimicry 326. Literary History, Art, Criticism, General 328. American, General 330. Asiatic, General 332. Australian, General 334, European, General 336. French 338. German 340. Greek 342. Italian 344. Latin 346. Spanish 348, Russian 350. Scandinavian 352. Other European Countries (alphabetically) 354. English, General 356. Special Periods 358. Irish 360. Scottish 362. Welsh 364. Bibliography, General 366. Societies and Periodicals 368. National (alphabetically) 370. British Local 372. Class (Music, Art, etc.) 374. Special (Pseudonyms, etc.) 376. Of Individual Authors (alpha- betically) 878. Libraries, General 380. Societies and Periodicals 382. History, General 384. Special 386. Catalogues (alphabetically by Towns) 388. Cataloguing (Rules, etc.) 390. Classification 392. Management, General 394. Special Topics 396. Readers' Aids and Guides 398. HistoricalTypography, General 400. Special 402. Bookbinding 404. Other Bibliographical Topics J. POETRY AND THE DRAMA, General 2. Histories, General and Na- tional 4. Societies and Periodicals 6, Criticism, General and Na- tional 8. Collections, General National Poetry: 10. American 12. British 14, English 16. Irish 18. Scotch 20. Welsh 22. French 24. German 26. Greek 28. Italian 30. Latin 82. Spanish 84. Russian 36. Other European 38. Indian 40. Chinese 42. Other Asiatic 44. Oriental, General 46. Class, Ballads 48. Songs 50. Odes 52. Sonnets 54. Parodies 56. Epigrams, Squibs, etc. 132 Manual of Library Classification J 58. Nursery and Local Rhymes, Games 60. Other Forms Individual Authors, alphabetically (Anonyma at end) Drama, General Societies and Periodicals History, General National Criticism Acting, Theatres, Circuses, Stage Management Collections of Plays, General National Class (Comedies, Tragedies, Farces, etc.) Individual Authors, alphabetically (Anonyma 62. 64. 66. 68. 70. 72. 74. 76. 78. 12. Individual Authors, alpha- betically (Anonyma at end) 14. Juvenile Fiction, General (including Fairy Tales) 16. Boys 18. Girls 4. 6. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. at end) 18. 20. 22. K. PROSE FICTION, 24. 26. 28. General. Histories 2. History, National 30. 4. Criticism 32. 6. Collections, General. Perio- dicals 34. 8. National 10. Class MISCELLANEOUS Encyclopaedias, General Societies Periodicals Newspapers Directories, Year Books Other Ephemera Collected Works of General Authors Miscellanies, Literary Annuals, etc. Essays, Collections Individual Authors, alpha- betically (Anonyma at end) Humour and Satire (not Fic- tional or Poetical) Proverbs, Maxims Emblems, Fables Dialogues, Table Talk Anecdotes, Ana Quotations, Birthday Books, etc.; Confessional Albums, etc. Composite Works (or Books treating of more than three definite topics) ALPHABETICAL SUBJECT INDEX TO ADJUSTABLE CLASSIFICATION Aberdeen . F928 Alchemy . A 354 Aborigines . . H 20 30, etc. Algas . . A 216 Abstinence . D36 Algebra . A 328 Abyssinia . F108 Algeria . File Acadia F218 Alkalies . B278 Accordion . C316 Allopathy . B430 Acids .... B278 Allotments . D 140 Acoustics . A 288 Alloys . B222 Acrobats . . . . C600 Almanacs F8 Acting J 74 Nautical . A 320 Actors . . . . G30 Alphabets . C 80, H 12 Administration . D190 Alps . . F 1236 Admirals . G62 Ambulance . B466 Admiralty . . B 14 8, D 226 America, Central . F380 Adulterations . A 26 0, B 496 North . . F204 Advertising D420 South . . F418 Aerial Engineering . B82 Languages . H28 Aeronautics B82 American Organ . C293 Esthetics . . . . C4 Americanisms . . H162 ^Ethiopia . . . F ( )0, H 26 Amphibians . A 140 Afghanistan F456 Amusements . C490 Africa . . . . F88 Ana . 130 African Religions E430 Analysis . A 260 Languages HIS Anarchy . D82 Agnosticism £436 Anatomy, Animals A 64 Agriculture B 22-38 Artistic . C34 Ainu F508 Human . A40 Air A 286 Vivisection A 64, E 40 Alabama . . . . F270 Andaman Islands . F502 Alaska . . . . F272 Andorra . F 1222 Albigenses . E 202, FIOOO Anecdotes . . L30 134 Manual of Library Classification Angels . E310 Arianism . . E284 Anglesey . . F800 Aristocracy . D174 Anglican Church . E208 Arithmetic . . A 330 Angling . . C496 Arizona . F274 Anglo-Saxons . F 660, H 144 Arkansas . . F276 Angola . F136 Armagh . F844 Animalculse . A 194 Armenia . . F538 Animal Magnetism . . A 360 Armies B 118-120 Animals A 28-194 Arminianism . E202 Annam . F498 Armorican Language . . H142 Annelida . . A 190 Armour . B 122 Annuals L16 Arms . . . . . B122 Annuities . . A 344 Army. B 118-120 Anonyms . . H374 Art . C Antarctic Regions . F 1354 Art Galleries . C18 Anthems . . C450 Arthropoda . A 150 Anthologies J Articles, Thirty-Nine . E210 Anthropology . . A 36 Artillery . B124 Antilles . F414 Artists . G32 Antiquaries . G82 Arts, Useful B Antiquities . C 228, F 6 Aryans H 6, 8, 10, 56 Antrim . F842 Ascension . . F194 Ants . . . . . A 168 Ashanti . F 144 Apes . . A 76 Asia . F 454, H 36 Apiculture . . A 170 Asia Minor . F544 Apocalypse E 132, 150 Assaying . . B220 Apocrypha . E 134, 152 Assent . E22 Apostles, Lives of . G36 Assessment D 248, 328 Apparitions . A 362 Assurance . . D390 Applied Mechanics . B 108 Assyria . F46 Aquaria . A 20 Astrology . . A 356 Arabia . F458 Astronomy . A 304 Language . H44 Asylums . B464 Arachnida . . A 154 Athanasian Creed . E180 Arbitration . D356 Atheism . E52 Arboriculture B 40, 56-58 Athens . F 1044 Archaeology F6 Athletics . . C 504 (and different c( Duntries) Atlantic . A 302 Archery . C 502 Atlantis . E468 Architects . . G32 Atlases F 74.-76 Architecture . C 188 Atmosphere . A 286 Arctic Regions . . F 1356 Atonement . E296 Argentina . . F 424 Auricular Confession . E194 Argyle . F930 Australasia . F 1264 Alphabetical Subject Index 135 Australia . . F 1272 Bedford . . F696 Austria . F584 Bedouins . . F460 Authors . G34 Bees . . . . A 168-170 Autographs . C170 Beetles . A 162 Ayr . . . . . F932 Belgium . F 1130 Azores . F 1156 Bells . . . . . B368 Aztecs . F374 Bengali . H70 Berkshire . . F698 Babylonia . F48 Bermudas . . F404 Backgammon . C514 Berwick . . . . . F936 Bacteriology . A 26 Betterment D 248, 328 Bagatelle . . C518 Betting . D328 Bagpipe . C296 Bible E 82-152 Bahamas . . F404 Bible Characters . G36 Baking . B498 Bibliography . H364 Balearic Islands . . F 1224 Bicycle . C572 Balkan States . . F606 Bigamy D 18, 328 Ballads . . J 46 Billiards . . C518 Ballooning . . B83 Bimana . A 38 Ballot D 222, 328 Bimetallism . D 382 Baluchistan . F462 Biography . G Bands . C284 Biology A 10 Banff . . F934 Birds . . A 106 Banjo . . C300 Birthday Books . . L32 Banking . D384 Bishops . G38 Bankruptcy . D328 Bithynia . F 1052 Baptism . E294 Blacksmithing . . B338 Baptists . E266 Bleaching . . B280 Barbary States . . F112 Blind . . D462 Baronage . . G98 Blowpipe . . A 260 Baronetage . G98 Boating . C 520 Barracks . . B 104 Boats . . B 154, C 520 Baseball . . C 516 Boers . . F 176 Basque Language . H142 Bohemia . . F 574, 594 Bassoon . C 304 Language . H278 Bastardy . . D328 Bolivia . F 426 Bathing . C 642 Bombardon . C 308 Baths . . B 474, C 642 Book Plates . C 172 Batrachia . . A 140 Book Production . B 244-272 Bats . A 78 Bookbinding . B 2 SO-264, H 402 Battles F 18, 20 Book-keeping . . A 332 (and different c( Duntries) Books . H364 Bavaria . F 1032 Bookselling . B270 Bechuanaland . . F 182 Bootmaking . B334 136 Manual of Library Classification Borde*s . F 682, 918 Cambria = Wales . F 786 Borneo . F548 Cambridge . F 702 Bosnia . F 596 Camels A 90-92 Botany . A 196-222 Cameroons . . F 146 Bowling . C 526 Camping . . C 632 Boxing . C 528 Canada . F210 Brachiopoda . A 184 Canals B88 Brahminism . E398 Canary Bird . A 112 Brain A 48, £ 26-34 Canary Islands . F 196 Brasses . C 232 Candia . F 1256 Brassfounding . . B340 Candles . B 294 Brazil . F428 Canon Law . D324 Breach of Promise . D 328 Cantatas . C440 Brecknock . F802 Cape Colony [of Good Hope] F 170 Bretons . F 1010 Cape Verde Islands . F196 Brewing . B286 Capital . D104 Bricks . B70 Capital Punishment D64 Bridges B88 Card Games . C 534 Britain F 622, D 246 Cardigan . . F 804 British Columbia . F236 Cardinals . . G38 Empire . . F640 Caribbean Sea . . F402 Brittany . F 1010 Caricature . C58 Bronzes . C250 Carlow . F846 Bryozoa . A 188 Carmarthen . F806 Buckingham . F700 Carnarvon . . F808 Buddhism . . E404 Carnivora . A 82 Bugles . C310 Carols . C462 Bugs . . . . . A 176 Carpentry . . B408 Building B 60-74 Carpets . B392 Bulgaria . F612 Carriages . . B300 Burial . B474 Cars . B 300-304 Burma . F494 Carthage . F58 Business . D414 Carving . C248 Bute . . . . . F938 Casting . B224 Butterflies . . A 172 Catalogues . . H386 Byzantine Empire . F 1064 Cataloguing Cats . . H388 A 82, 84 Cabinet-making . . B412 Cattle A 90 92, B 32-36 Caithness . . F940 Cavalry . B126 Calculus . A 334 Cavan . F848 California . . r278 Celebes . . F550 Calisthenics . C600 Celts . . H118 Calvinism . . E206 Census . D30 Cambistry . . D374 Centipedes . . A 156 Alphabetical Subject Index 137 Central America . F380 Church Services . C446 Cephalopoda A 182 Circus J 74 Ceramics , C86 Citizenship . . D 186 Ceremonies DIO Civil Engineering . B88 Cetacea . A 96 Liberty . . D 186 Ceylon F464 Service . • D226 Chaldsa . . . F 44, E 388 Civilisation . F26 Chancery . . . D 328, 350 (and separate countries) Channel Islands . F 784 Clackmannan . F942 Chants .... C460 Clans . . F912 Character . . . D 446, E40 Clare . . F850 National. D188 Clarinet . C 312 Charades .... C650 Classics (Latin and Greek Charities .... D50 authors) . Passvn Chartism .... D180 Classification, Library . H 390 Charts .... B 160 Zoological A 60 Checkers = Draughts C586 Clergy . E 70, G 38 Chelonia .... A 134 Climate A 300, B 478 Chemical Trades . B 274-296 Climbing . . C 618 Chemistry . . . A 250-262 Clocks . B362 Cheshire .... F704 Cloth . . B388 Chess C550 Clothing . . B298 Children, Diseases B444 Clubs . . D16 Education . . D 448-452 Coach-building . . B300 Chili F430 Coal . . B 178 China . . . . F 466, H 50 Coast Guard . B166 China Painting . C52 Cock-fighting . C 556 Chiromancy = Palmistry . E464 Cocoa . A 222, B 38 Chiroptera .... A 78 Coelentera . . A 192 Chivalry .... F24 Coffee . A 222, B 38 Choirs .... C434 Coinage . D380 Christ .... E168 Coins . . FIO Christian Names H310 Coleoptera . . A 162 Religions . . E 180-284 Collecting . . A 20, C 168 Christianity . . E 170-178 Colleges . . D468 Christmas .... D16 Colombia . . F432 Chromatics A 280 Colonies . F 646, D 300 Chronology F8 Colorado . . F280 Church and State D270 Colour . A 280 Church History . F22 Columbia . . F286 (and under countries) Comedies . . J 80 Music .... C442 Comets . A 316 Polity .... E Commandments . . E146 (under churches) Commentaries, Bible . E 142 138 Manual of Library Classification Commerce . D 318, 356 Costume . B504 Commons (Land) . D 140 Cotton . . A 2J 22, B 38, 394 House of . D206 Councils . E 160 Communication . . D400 Counterpoint . C280 Communism . D82 County History F 696, 800, 842, 928 Companies . D 328, 418 Coursing . C560 Composite Works . L34 Courts . D350 Composition . C282 Covenanters . F910 Concertina . . C316 Cows . . . A 90 -92, B 32-36 Conchology . A 182 Crabs . . . . . A 152 Concordances, Bible . . E140 Crafts . C84 Concrete . B70 Creation A 12, E 48 Confectionery . B498 Credit . D380 Confession . . E194 Creeds . . I : 62, 164-166 Confucianism . E412 Cremation . . B474 Congo . F132 Crests . C174 Congregational Churcl 1 . E238 Crete . . F 1256 Conic Sections . . A 338 Cricket . C562 Conjuring . . C558 Crime D62 Connaught . . F834 Crimea . F 1164 Connecticut . F282 Criminal Law . . D326 Conscience . . E40 Criminals . G40 Conservative Party . D180 Crocodiles . . A 132 Constitutions D 154-158 Cromarty . . F980 Conundrums . C622 Crops . B30 Conversation . H318 Croquet . C568 Conveyancing . D328 Crosses . C234 Cookery . B498 Crown . D194 Co-operation . D 120 Ci-usades . . F24 Copper . B 234, 348 Crustacea . . A 152 Copts . . F96, H24 Cryptogamia . A 208 Copyright . . D328 Crystallography . . A 248 Coral Reefs . A 230 Cuba . . F406 Corals . A 192 Culture . D446 Corea . . F476 Cumberland . F710 Corinth . F 1046 Cuneiform Inscription s . HlOO Cork . . F852 Curling . C 570 Cornet . C 320 Currency . . D380 Cornish Language . H138 Cursores . A 120 Cornwall . . F706 Customs, Social. DIO Correspondence . D 418, G Tariff . . D 150 Corsica . F 1016 Cutlery . B352 Cosmography . A 292 Cuttlefish . . A 183 Costa Rica . . F388 Cyclades . . F 1070 Alphabetical Subject Index 39 Cycle-making . . B358 Diet . . . . . B496 Cycling . C572 Digestion . . A ^ 16, 64, B 440 Cyclopaedias L2 Dignities . . GlOO Cymry = Wales . . F786 Dining . B496 Cyprus . F 1258 Diptera . A 178 Directories . LIO Dahomey . . F148 Diseases . B438 Dairy. . B36 Disestablishment . D272 Dakota F 338, 352 Dispensing . . B448 Dancing . C578 Dissection . A 40-48 Darien Isthmus . . F382 Distilling . . B288 Darwinism . . A 12 Divination . . E464 Dates. F80 Diving B 92, C 644 Deaf and Dumb . . D464 Divorce D 20, 328 Death A 46, E 64 Docks . B92 Debates . D218 Doctors . , . . G52 Debt . . . . D 328, 380 Doctrines . . I : 60, 16^166 Decalogue . . E146 Dogmatics . . E52 Decimal System . . A 350 Dogs . . . . A 82, 84 Decoration . C 70 Domestic Animals A 74, etc., B 32 House . B72 Economy . B494 Deer . . . . . A 90 Medicine . B436 Deism . E52 Servants . . B508 Delaware . . F284 Dominoes . . C584 Deluge . . A 2S J6, E 144-146 Donegal . F854 Delusions . . E450 Dorset . F716 Democracy . D 172 Double-bass . C324 Demography . B468 Down . F856 Demonology . E456 Dragonflies . A 166 Denbigh . F810 Drainage . B 30, 74 Denmark . . F 1186 Drama . J 64 Language . H252 Draughts . . C 586 Dentistry • . B454 Dravidian Language . H74 Derby . F712 Drawing . C56 Dermatology . B440 Dreams . E28 Design . C70 Dress . . B 504 Devils . E 312, 442 Dressmaking . B502 Devon . F714 Drill . . B 118-136 Dialects . H 158, etc. Drinks . B496 Dialling . B366 Driving . C 586 Dialogues . . L28 Drowning . .B466, C644 Diaries G Drugs . B278 Dice . . C 582 Druids . E434 Dictionaries H Drum . . C424 140 Manual of Library Classification Drunkenness . D36 Electro-Metallurgy B238 Druses . E420 Electroplating . . A 262, 238 Dublin . F858 Electrotyping A 238, B 258, C 140 Duelling . C 592, E 40 Elephants . . A 90 Dumb . D464 Elgin . F950 Dumbarton . F944 Elixir of Life A 354 Dumfries . . F946 Elocution . H320 Durham . F718 Elves . E460 Dutch Language . H236 Emblems . L26 Guiana . . F440 Embroidery B500 Duties . D150 Embryology A 66 Dwelling Houses I 72-74, C 218 Emigration D44 Dyeing . B280 Emotions . E36 Dynamics . . A 282 Enamels . B 336, 386, C 88, 94 Encyclopaedias . L2 Eagles . Alio Engineering, Aerial B 82-86 Earth . . A 290-302 Civil B 88-92 Earthquakes . A 294 Electrical B 94-102 East Indies . F480 General . B 76-80 Eastern Churches . E182 Mechanical . B 104-112 Question . . F 1240 Military . B 114-142 Ecarte . C 538 Mining . . B 170-190 Eccentrics . G42 Naval B 144-168 Ecclesiastical History . F22 Railway . B 192-196 Ecclesiology . C 228 Steam B 198-214 Echinoderms . A 186 Engineers . B 128, G 46 Economic Botany A 220-222 England F 654, D 250 Zoology . A 74, 108 English Language . H150 Economics . . D94 Engravers . . G32 Economy, Domestic . B494 Engraving . . C104 Ecuador . F434 Ensilage . . B30 Edentata . A 98 Entomology . A 158 Edinburgh . . F948 Entomostraca . A 152 Education . . D426 Entozoa A 190, B 440 Educationists G44 Eocene Period . . A 224 EfFodientia . . A 100 Ephemera . . L12 Egypt F 92, E 388 Epicureans . E14 Eisteddfodds . F792 Epidemics . B 438, 470 Election, Doctrine of . E304 Epigrams . . J 56 Elections . . D222 Episcopalianism . E 208-222 Electrical Engineering B 94-102 Epistolography . G Electricity . . A 270 Epitaphs . . G112 Electro-chemistry . A 262 Equador . . F434 Electrolysis . A 262 Equestrianism . C628 Alphabetical Subject Index 141 Eschatology . E64 Farces . J 80 Eskimo . F 1360 Farm Buildings . . C 216 Essays L18 Farming A 22-38 Essex . . F720 Faroe Islands . F 1194 Etching . C120 Farriery . B482 Ethics E38 Farther India . F492 Ethiopia F 98, H 26 Fashion . B 504, D 10 Ethnography A36, F Fasts . . E314 Ethnology . A 36 Fathers . E154 Etiquette . DIO Fauna A 62-194 Etruscans . . F 1118 Fencing . C 590 Etymology . H Fenianism . . F816 Eucharist . . E292 Fermanagh . F860 Euclid . A 338 Fermentation A 280, 254, B 276 Euphonium . C328 Ferns . . A 210 Europe . F560 Festivals . . C 490, E 314 Evangelical Union, Church E 226 Fetichism . . E434 Evidence . D 286, 290, 316, 352 Feudalism . . D 154, 160 Evidences of Christianity . E 178 Fiction K Evil E66 Fife . . C 332 Evolution . . A 12 Fifeshire . . F952 Ex Libris . . C172 Figure Painting . C36 Exchange . . D372 Fiji . . . F 1338 Excise . D150 Filicinae . A 210 Exegesis . E142 Finance . D366 Exhibitions B 2, C 14 Fine Arts . C Explosives . . B282 Finland . F 1170 Exports . D356 Finnish Languag re . H288 Expression . . A 50 Fires . . B 78, D 244, 392 Eye . . A 48, 280, B 440-456 Fireworks . . B282 Fisheries . . A 146, B 306-312 Fables . . . . L 26 Fishes . A 142 Facetiae . L22 Fishing . C496 Factories . . D106 Flageolet . . C330 Fairies E460 Flags . . G 108, 110 Fairs . . D356 Flanders . . F 1130 Fairy Tales K14 Flax . . A 222 Faith . . E298 Fleets . B 146-150 Faiths . E 164-166 Flemish Languag je . . H242 Falconry . . Alio Flies . . A 178 Falkland Islands . F462 Flintshire . . F812 Family History G90 Floras . A 218 Fancy Dress . B504 Floriculture B48 Fans . . B604 Florida . F288 142 Manual of Library Classification Flower Painting . . 46 Fugue . 280 Flowers . . A 204-206, B 48 Funds . D366 Flute . . 332 Fungi . . A 214 Flying B 82, A Furnishing . B492 Folk-Lore . . E444 Furniture . B412 Food Production . B314 Future State . . . E 64 Foods . B 314, 496 Fools . . G41 Gaelic Language . . H 126 Football . . 594 Galleries . 28 Foraminifera . A 194 Galilean Church . . E 188 Foreign Policy . . D228 Galloway . F922 Forensic Medicine . B450 Galvanism . A 272 Forestry B 40, 56-58 Galway . F862 Forfar . F954 Gambling . E40 Forgery . D328 Game Birds . A 108, 110, 116 Form, Musical . . 282 Game Laws . D 328 Formosa . F510 Games 490, D 10, J 58 Fortification . Bias Gardening B 40-54 Fortune-telling . . E464 Gas . . B318 Fossils . A 238 Gas Engine s . . . B212 Foundations . B66 Gases . A 286, B 318 Foundries . . B224 Gasfitting . B74 Fowling . 632 Gastronomy . B496 Fowls A 116-118 Gastropoda . A 182 Fox-hunting . 610 Gauls . . F570 France F 994, D 238 Gazetteers F78 Language . H200 Gems . A 246, B 346 Franchise . . D224 Genealogy G90 Franks . F570 Genius E36 Free Church of Scotia nd . E226 Geodesy . A 336 Free Public Libraries . H384 Geography F Free Thought . E52 Geology . A 224-248 Free Trade . D144 Geometry . A 338 Free Will . . E306 Georgia . F290 Freehand Drawing 56 Germany F 1020, D 240 Freemasonry D86 Language . H230 French Horn . 336 Geysers . A 296 Polishing . B414 Ghosts . A 362 Fretwork . . B420 Gibraltar . F 1252 Friendly Societies . D126 Gilds . . D364 Friends, Society of . E264 Gipsies . F 60, H 292 Frogs . A 140 Girondists . F996 Fruits A 206, B 46 Glaciers . A 298 Fuel . . . B 178, 236, 282 Glamorgan . F814 Alphabetical Subject Index 143 Glass . . B326 Hamitic Language . HlOO Glass Paint "g . C52 Hampshire . . F724 Glees . . C 466 Handicrafts C84 Glossaries H Handrailing . B410 Gloucester . F722 Handwriting . C 156 Glue . . B296 Hanseatic League . F 1022 Glyptics A 246, B 346 Harbours . B92 Gnostics . E442 Harmonium . C344 Goats . A 90-92 Harmony . . C278 God . . E50 Harp . . C348 Gods . . E444 Harpsichord . C352 Gold . B 182, 228, 342 Hawaii . F1340 Gold Coast . F152 Hawking . . C602 Golf . . C 598 Hawks . Alio Gothic Language . H224 Hayti . . F410 Goths . . F570 Health B 468-480 Government . D152 Hearing A 48, B 440 Departments . . D226 Heart A 48, B 440 Grain . B30 Heat . . A 274 Grallatores . . A 122 Heaven . E308 Grammars . H Hebrews . E 390, H 94 Graphic Arts C Hebrides . . F924 Grasses . B30 Hell . . E312 Grasshoppers . A 164 Hellenic Language . H180 Great Britain . F622 Hemiptera . . A 176 Greece . F1040 Hemp B 30, 392 Greek Church . E182 Hepaticae . . A 208 Language . H180 Heraldry . . G104 Greenland . . F 1196 Heredity A 12, E 36 Grocery Trade . B422 Hereford . . F728 Guatemala . . F390 Heresies . E Guernsey . F784 Herpetology . A 130 Guianas . F436 Hertford . . F730 Guilds . D364 Herzegovina . F596 Guinea . F154 Hieroglyphics . . H22 Guitar . C340 Highlands, Scotland . F926 Gunnery . B124 Highwaymen . G40 Gunsmithing . B354 Himalayas . . F490 Gymnastics . C600 Hindustani . . H64 Gynecology . B442 Histology . A 42, 64, 200 Gypsies F 60, H 292 History Histrionics . F . J 74 Haddington . F956 Hockey . . C604 Hades . E312 Holland . . F 1138 144 Manual of Library Classification Holy Roman Empire . F 1022 Ibea . . F128 Home D 16, E 40 Ice . . A 298 Home Education . D448 Iceland . . I ' 1194, H 250 Homiletics . . E72 Ichthyology . A 142 Homoeopathy . B432 Iconography C8 Homologies . A 38 Idaho . F292 Honduras . F 386, 392 Illinois . F294 Hops . B 30, 286 Illumination . C82 Horns . C336 Illusions . . A 358 Horology . . B362 Illustration, Book C 60, 138 Horsemanship . . C 628 Imagination . E36 Horse-racing . C606 Immigration D44 Horses . . A 9( )-92, B 32-34 Imperial Federation . D192 Horticulture B 46, 48 Imports . D356 Hosiery . B298 Impostors . . G42 Hospitals . B 464, C 212 Incarnation . E314 Hours of Work . . D118 Incas . F446 House of Commons . D206 Income Tax . D230 Lords . D 198 Incunabula . H400 Household Arts . . B488 Indexing . . D416 Houses . . B 72-74, C 218 India . F 480 , D 302, H 56 Hudson Bay . F238 Farther . . F492 Huguenots . F 1002 Indian Ocean . A 302 Human Anatomy A40 Territory . F296 Physiology . A 46 Indiana . F298 Races . . A 36 Indiarubber . B296 Humming-birds . A 112 Indies, East . F480 Humour . L122 West . . F398 Hungary . . F598 Indo-Chinese Langua^ jes . H76 Language . H284 Industrial Art . C84 Huns . F570 Biography . G48 Hunting . C 612 Education . D456 Huntingdon . r732 Schools . . D458 Husbandry . B22 Industries . B Hussites . E202 Inebriates . D36 Hydraulics . . A 276 Infantry . B130 Hydrography . A 302 Infectious Diseases . B440 Hydropathy . B434 Infusoria . . A 194 Hydrostatics . A 276 Inorganic Chemistry . A 256 Hydrozoa . . A 194 Inquisiltion . E192 Hygiene . . B468 Insanity . B440 Hymenoptera . A 168 Insectivora . . A 80 Hymnology C 456, E 216, 236, etc. Insects . A 158 Hypnotism . A 360 Insessores . . A 112 Alphabetical Subject hidex 145 Insignia . B504 Judaism . E390 Inspiration . F136 Judges, Biography G50 Instrumentation . C 284 Jurassic Age . A 224 Instruments, Musical . B 376, C 288 Jurisprudence . D274 Philosophical . . B 370 Jury Law . . D 328, 354 Insurance . . D390 Justices of the Peuce . D328 Intaglios . . C 248 Justification . E300 Intellect . . E36 Jutland . F 1190 Intemperance . D36 Juvenile Books . K14 Interest . D388 Delinquency . . D60 International Law . D314 Inventions . B8 Kabala . E12 Inverness . . F 958 Kafiirs . F172 Invertebrates . A 150 Kalmucks . . F478 Iowa . . F300 Kangaroos . . A 102 Ireland F 824, D 258 Kansas . F302 Irish Language . . H130 Kelts . . H 118 Iron . . B 180, 226 Kent . . F734 Irrigation . B 30, 92 Kentucky . . F304 Islam. . . ] E 418, F 1242 Kerry . . F864 Isle of Man . F782 Kildare . . F866 Isle of Wight . . F726 Kilkenny . . F868 Israelites . . F32 Kincardine . . F960 Italy . . F 1074 Kindergarten . D450 Language . H206 Kinematics . . A 284 Ivica . . F1224 King's County . . F870 Kinross . F962 Jacobites . F 630, 908 Kirkcudbright . . F964 Jamaica . F408 Kitchen Garden . . B50 Japan F 504, H 80 Knighthood, Orders . . G102 Japanning . . B336 Knights Hospitallers . . G102 Java . . . . . F552 Templars . G102 Jellyfish . . A 192 Knitting . B500 Jersey . F784 Koran . £422 Jest Books . L30 Korea . F476 Jesters G41 Kurdistan . . F534 Jesuits . E190 Kurile Islands . . F508 Jesus . . . . . E168 Jewellery . . B 34( 3, 504, A 246 Laboratory Practice . . A 18 Jews . . . . . E390 Labour . D102 Joinery . B408 Labour and Capital . . D 104 Jokes. . . . L30 Labrador . . F244 Journalism . . H326 Laccadive Islands . F490 Judsea . F32 Lace . . B396 10 146 Manual of Library Classification Lacedgemonia . F 1048 Licensing . . D328 Lacquers . B 336, 386, C 88, 94 Lichens . A 212 Lacrosse . . C616 Lieder C 474, J 48 Lake District . F684 Life . . . . A Dwellings A 34, F 6 Insurance . D390 Lamellibranchiata . A 182 Lifeboats . . B162 Lampshells . A 184 Light. . A 278 Lanark . F966 Lighthouses . B164 Lancashire . . F736 Lighting, Electric B98 Land . . . . . D134 Gas . B318 Landlord and Tenant . . D328 Limerick . . F874 Landscape Gardening . B52 Limes B70 Painting . C42 Lincoln . F740 Language . H Linen. . B398 Lantern, Optical . B372 Linguistics . H Lapidary Work . . B346 Linlithgow . . F968 Lapland . F 1170 Linnsean System . A 200 Last Judgment . . E308 Lions . . . . A 82 Lathes . B112 Liquor Laws D 36, 328 Latin . . H192 Literature . H 326-362 Latter-day Saints . E282 Lithography . C 130 Laundry . B494 Lithology . . A 230 Law . . . . . D274 Liturgies . . E 208, 234, etc. Lawn Tennis . C646 Lizards . A 136 Lawyers G50 Loans D 328, 362 Lead . . . B 186, 232, 348 Lobsters . A 152 Leather B 330, C 90 Local Government . D244 Leeward Islands . F416 Locks . B356 Legal Biography . G50 Locomotive Engines . B210 Leicester . . F738 Logarithms . A 340 Leinster . F836 Logic . . E20 Leitrira . F872 LoUards . . E 284 Lenses B 372, C 148 Lombardy . . F 1086 Lepidoptera . A 172 London . F742 Letter-writing . D 418, G Londonderry . F876 Letters D 418, G Longevity . . B478 Levant . F544 Longford . . F878 Lexicography . H Lord's Day . E 314 Lexicons . H Prayer . . E290 Libel . . D 328 Supper . . E292 Liberal Party . . D 180 Lords, House of . D 198 Liberia . F156 Lotteries . . D 328 Liberty . D 186 Louisiana . . F306 Libraries . . H378 Louth . F880 Alphabetical Subject Index U7 Lowlands . . F920 Maps .... F 74-76 Lunacy . B440 Marine Architecture . B 154-156 Lusitania . . F 1146 Engines . . B208 Lute . . . . . C356 Painting . . C44 Lutherans . . E204 Mariolatry . . E186 Lycopodinae . A 218 Market Gardening B50 Lydia . F52 Marks, Hall . B 342-346 Marquesas . . F1344 Macedonia . . F 1050 Marquetry . . B420 Machine Drawing C68 Marriage . . D18 Machinery . . B112 Marsupialia . A 102 Madagascar . F190 Martyrs . G76 Madeira . F196 Maryland . . F310 Madness . . B440 Masonry . B 66-68 Madrigals . . C466 Masons . D86 Magazines . 16 Mass . . . . . E186 (and special sul bjects) Massachusetts . . F 312 Magic . A 358 Massage . B448 Magic-lanterns . . B372 Masses . C448 Magnetism . . A 270 Master and Servant . D328 Animal . . A 360 Materia Medica . . B448 Magyars . F598 Materialism . E438 Mahometanism . . £418 Materials . B68 Maine . F308 Mathematics . A 322 Majorca . F 1224 Mauritius . . F192 Malacology . A 182 Maxims 124 Malacostraca . A 152 Mayo . . F882 Malay Archipelago . F546 Measures . . A 348 Peninsula . F500 Meath . F884 Maldive Islands . . F490 Mechanical Engineeri ng . B 104 Malta . . F 1254 Mechanics . . A 282 Malthusianism . . D32 Medals FIO Mammalia . A 72 Media F50 Man . A 30-50 Medical Biography . G52 Man, Isle of . F782 Jurisprudence . . B450 Manatees . A 94 Science . . B424 Mandoline . . C 360 Medicines . . B448 Maniacs . B440 Mediterranean . . F 1250 Manitoba . . F 234 Medo- Persia F42 Manners and Custom 3 . DIO Meetings . . D 184 Manual Training . D456 Melanesia . . F 1264 Manufactures . B 240-422 Melodeon . . C 316 Manuscripts C 158, H 164 Memoirs G Manx Language . . H140 Memory E30 148 Manual of Library Classification Menageries A 20 Miracles Mennonites . E284 Miscellanies Mensuration . A 342 Misers Mental Philosophy . E26 Missals Mercantile Law . D318 Missionaries Merchant Shipping . . B168 Missions Merioneth . . F816 Mississippi . Mermaids . A 94 Missouri Mesmerism . A 360 Mnemonics Metal-working . B 336, C 92 Model Drawing . Metallurgy . B 216-238 Modelling . Metals . B 180- -190, 216-238 Moguls Metaphysics . E24 Mohammedanism Meteorology . A 300 Molecular Physics Meteors . A 316 Mollusca . Methodists . . E246 Moluccas . Metric System . . A 350 Monaco Mexico . F372 Monaghan . Mice . . . . . A 86 Monarchs . Michigan . . F314 Monarchy - Microbes . A 26 Monastic Orders Micronesia . . F 1332 Money Micro-organisms . i L 26, 194, 208 Mongols Microscopy A 18 Monkeys . Middlesex . . F744 Monmouth . Midlands . . F690 Monograms Midwifery . . B442 Monoliths . Military Biography . G54 Monotremata History . . F18 Monsters . Science . B 114, C 220 Montana Militia . B 132 Montenegro Millinery . . B502 Montgomery Mills . . C 216 Monuments Mimicry . H324 Moon . Mind . E 24, 26 Moors Mineralogy . A 244 Moral Philosoph y • Miniature Painting . C40 Moravians . Mining . B 170-190 Moray Royalties . D142 M or monism Ministry . E70 Morocco . Minnesota . . F316 Morphology Minorca . F 1224 Mortality . Miocene Period . . A 224 Moslems . Miracle Plays . J 68, 78 Mosses Alphabetical Subject Index 49 Moths . A 172 Neology . E440 Motor Cars . B304 Nerves A 48, B 440 Mottoes . G 108, L 24 Nestorians . . E184 Mountaineering . . C 618 Netherlands . F 1122 Mountains . . A 292, 228 Neuroptera . A 166 Mummies . . B474 Nevada . F326 Municipal Govern ment . D 244 New Brunswick . . F224 Law . D 320, 328 New England . . F264 Munster . F838 New Guinea . F 1326 Museums . A 20, C 28, H 378 New Hampshire . F328 Mushrooms . A 214 New Jersey . F330 Music . C 252 New Mexico . F332 Musical Instrume Its B 376, C 292 New South Wales . . F 1280 INIusic -halls . C 262 New Testament . E 132, 148 Musicians . . G60 New York . . F334 Mycology . . A 214 New Zealand . F 1310 Myriapoda . . A 156 Newfoundland . . F240 Mysticism . . E18 Newspapers L8 Mythology . . E444 Nicaragua . . F394 Nicobar Islands . . F502 Nairn . . F970 Nihilism . D82 Names . H 304-312 Nineveh F46 Natal . . F 172 Nobility . G64 Natatores . . A 124 Non-Christian Religic ns . E386 National Debt . . D 368 Nonconformists . . E 224-270 Nationality . D 188, 328 Norfolk . . F748 Natural Histoiy . . A 10-222 Normandy . . F 1012 Magic . A 358 Normans . . F662 Philosophy . A 264-288 Norse Language . H248 Religion . . E80 North Carolina . . F336 Science . A Pole . F 1356 Theology . E46 Northampton . F750 Nature A Northumberland . F752 Nautical Astrono my . .A 320 Norway . F 1198 Naval Biography . G62 Nosology . . B438 Engineering . B 144-168 Nottingham . F754 History . . F20 Nova Scotia . F218 Navigation A 320, B 158 Novelists . G34 Navy . . B 148-150 Novels K Nebraska . . F324 Nubia . F 106 Necrology . G Numidia . . F 1052 Necromancy . A 358 Numismatics . FIO Needlework . B500 Nursery Rhymes . C 484, J 58 Negroee . A 36 Nursing . B458 ISO Manual of Library Classification Obituaries . G Ornithology . A 106 Object Lessons . . D452 Orthography H Oboe . . C364 Orthoptera . . A 164 Obstetrics . . B442 Osteology . A 42, 64 Occult Science . A 352-362 Ostracoda . . A 152 Ocean . A 302 Ostriches . . A 120 Oceania . F 1260 Ottoman Empire . F 1242 Oddfellows . . D 132 Overtures . . C 290 Odes . . J 50 Owls . . A 110 Odontology A 64 Oxford . F756 Ohio . . F340 Oxygen . A 254 Oil Engines . B214 Oysters . A 182 Painting . C48 Oils . . B292 Pachyderms A 90 Oklahoma . . F342 Pacific Islands . . F 1332 Old Testament . E 130, 144 Ocean . . A 302 Oligarchy . . D174 Pageants . F6 Olympiads . F8 (and special countries) Omens . E464 Painting C18 Ontario . F230 Paints . B 292, C 32 Ontology . E24 Palaeography . C 158 Oology . A 106 Palaeontology . A 238 Opera, History . . C262 Palestine . . F540 Operas . C436 Pali Language . H78 Ophicleide . . C 368 Palmistry . . E464 Ophidia . A 138 Panama . F432 Ophthalmics B 440, 456 Pangolins . . A 100 Optical Instruments . B370 Pantheism . . E48 Optics . A 278 Papacy . E 186, G 72 Orange Free State . F174 Paper . B246 Orange Lodges . E 202, F 816 Papua . F 1326 Oratorios . . C438 Paradise . E308 Oratory . H314 Paraguay . . F444 Orchestral Music . C290 Paris . . F 1014 Ordeals . D354 Parishes . D 252, etc. Orders, Monastic . E190 Parks . . A 52, etc. Of Knighthood . G102 Parliament . . D196 Ordnance . . B 124 Parlour Magic . . C 558 Oregon . F344 Parodies J 54 Organ . 370 Parrots . A 114 Reed . . . C292 Parsees . E424 Organic Chemistry . A 258 Part Songs . . C 464 Orkney Isles . F972 Parthia . F 1052 Ornament . C 70, 224 Partnership . D 328 Alphabetical Subject Index Party, History . D178 Philology . H Passion Plays J 68, 78 Philosopher's Stone . A 354 Passions . E36 Philosophers . G68 Pastel Drawing C64 Philosophical Instrun lents . B 370 Pastoral Theoloj \y £68 Philosophy , £ Patagonia . . F424 Phoenicia . . F30 Patents B 10 Phonetic Shorthand . C 166 Pathology . B446 Phonetics . . H12 Patristics . £154 Phonograph . B 102 Pattern-making B416 Photo-engraving . C 138 Pauperism . D48 Photography . C 142 Pawnbroking D328 Phrenology . £32 Peace £40 Phyllopoda . A 152 Pearls A 246, B 346 Physical Education . B480 Peasantry . . D 102, 134 Geography . A 290-302 Peat . . B282 Science . A Pedagogics . D426 Physicians . . G52 Pedestrianism . C 510 Physics . A 264-288 Pedigrees . . G90 Physiognomy . £34 Peebles . . F974 Physiography . A 290-302 Peerages . G98 Physiology, Animal . A 64 Peloponnesus . F 1070 Human . A 46 Pembroke . . F820 Phytology . . A 196-222 Peninsular War . F 1220 Pianoforte . . C 380 Penmanship . C 156 Picts . F908 Pennsylvania . F346 Picture Galleries C 18 Pensions . D398 Picture-framing . . B418 Pentateuch . £ 130, 146 Piedmont . . F 1088 Perfumes . . B284 Pigeons A 116-118 Periodicals . L6 Pigments . B 292, C 32 Perpetual Motion . A 284 Pigs . B 32-34 Persia F 54, 514, H 86 Pilotage . B 160 Perspective . C64 Piracy . D326 Perth . . F976 Pirates . G40 Peru . . F446 Pisces . A 142 Pessimism . . E18 Pisciculture . A 146 Petrology . . A 230 Pitcairn Island . . F 1342 Phallicism . . E462 Place Names . H312 Phanerogamia . A 204-206 Plagues B 438, 470 Pharmacy . . B448 Planets . A 312 Pheasants . . A 116 Plants . . -fl L 28, 196-222 Philanthropists . . G66 Plastering . . B72 Philately . . C180 Playing Cards . . C534 Philippine Islands F556 Plays . . . . . J 76 Manual of Library Classification Plumbing: . . B74 Precedence . G108 Pneumaiics . A 286 Precious Stones . A 246, 346 Poetry J Precis . D416 Poets . . . . . G34 Predestination . . E304 Poisons . B450 Predictions . E464 Poland . F576 Prehistoric Man . . A 34 Language . H274 Prelacy . E208 Polar Regions . . F 1352 Pre-Raphaelitism . C30 Polarisation of Light . . A 280 Presbyterianism . . E224 Police D66 Presidents, U.S. . G58 Polishing . B 336, 414 Press . H326 Political Economy . D94 Pretenders . . G58 Parties . . D178 Prices . D370 Science . . D126 Priests E 70, G 38 Politicians . . G70 Primates . . A 76 Politics D 152, 176 Primogeniture . . D328 Polity, Church . E Primrose League . D180 Polo . . . . . C620 Prince Edward Island . F222 Polyandry . . D20 Printing B 254, H 398 Polygamy . D20 Prints . . C178 Polyglots . E 82, H 16 Prisons . D70 Polygraphy L14 Privateers . . D318 Polynesia . F 1332, E 432, H 296 Prize-fighting . C528 Pomology . B46 Probabilities . A 344 Pontus . F 1052 Probate . . D328 Poor Laws . D 48, 320 Process Work . C 138 Popery E 186, G 72 Processions F6 Popes . . G72 (and special co antries) Population . . D30 Profit Sharing . . D 116 Porcelain . . C86 Projection . . A 338, C 64 Porto Rico . . F412 Pronunciation . H Portrait Painting . C38 Proper Names . . H304 Portraits . G114 Property . . D 328 Portugal . F 1146 Prophecy . . E136 Language . H218 Prosody H Positivism . . E438 Prospecting . B176 Post Office . . D404 Prostitution . D 28, 328, E 40 Postage Stamps . . C 180 Protection . . D 150 Postmarks . . C 176 Protestantism . E200 Pottery . B380 Protoplasm A 24 Poultry . A 118, B 36 Protozoa . . A 194 Prayer E48 Provencal Language . H198 Preaching . . E72 Proverbs . . L24 Pre- Adamites . A 34 Prussia , F 1034 Alphabetical Subject Index 53 Psalmody . . C452 Rasores . A 116 Pseudonyms . H374 Rationalism . E440 Psychical Research . . A 362 Rats .... A 86 Psychology . E 36 Readers' Aids . . H396 Pteridophyta . A 208 Reading . . ] D 446, H 396 Pteropoda . . A 182 Ready Reckoners . A 330 Public Health . . B468 Reason E 20, 46 Libraries . H384 Receipts . B20 Publishing . . B266 Reciprocity . L148 Pugilism . C528 Recitations . H322 Punishments D 62-64 Recreative Arts . . C490 Purgatory . . E186 Redemption . E314 Puzzles . C622 Reed Organs . C292 Pyramids . . F92 Reformation F 564, E 198 Pyrenees . . F 1222 Reformatories . . D460 Pyrotechnics . B282 Reformed (Dutch) Church . E 272 Presbyterian Church . E 226 Quadramana . A 76 Regalia . B504 Quadrature . A 338 Regeneration . E314 Quadrupeds A 52, etc. Regiments . . F636 Quakers . E264 Registers . G Qualitative Analysis . A 260 Relief Church . . E226 Quantitative Analysis . . A 260 Religion . •E42 Quarantine . . B468 and Science . . E54 Quarrying . B 170-174 Biography . G74 Quartets C 290, 468 Religions . . E 164-342 Quaternions . A 338 Renaissance C2 Quebec . F226 Renfrew . F978 Queen's County . . F888 Rent . . D138 Queens . G58 Reporting . . H326 Queensland . F 1286 Reports, Law . D280 Quoits . C 624 Repousse . . C92 Quotations 132 Representation . . D 222-224 Reptiles . A 130 Rabbits . A 88 Republicanism . . D 172 Races of Man . A 36 Research, Methods ol A 16 Racing . C 508, 606 Resurrection . E 308, 314 Racquets . . C 626 Rhetoric . H318 Radiates . . A 194 Rhizopoda . . A 194 Radnor . F 822 Rhode Island . . F348 Ragged Schools . . D 458 Rhodes . F534 Railways . B 192, D 402 Rhyme . H 166 Rain . A 300 Rhymes . J 58 Raptores . . Alio Riddles . . C 622 154 Manual of Library Classification Riding . . C 628 Sailing Directions . B160 Rings . B504 Sailors . B 168 Rinking . C 634 St. Helena . . F 194 Rites . E Saints . . G76 Ritual E Salic Laws . . D308 Ritualism . EllO Salop . . . F760 Roads . B92 Salt . . . B188 Robbers . G40 Salvation . . E314 Rocks . A 230 Samoa . . F 1348 Rodentia A 86 San Domingo . F410 Romaic Language . H186 San Salvador . F 396 Roman Catholic Chur ch . E 186 Sanctification . E302 Roman Empire . . F 1102 Sandwich Islands . F 1340 Roman Law . D312 Sanitation . B74 Roman Literature . H344 Sanskrit . H58 Romance Language . H198 Saracens . . F 458, 572 Romany . H292 Sardinia . F 1098 Rome, Ancient . . F 1102 Satan . . E 312 Modern . . F 1094 Satire . . L22 Roofs . B88 Sauria . A 136 Ropes . B392 Savings Banks . . D388 Roscommon . F890 Saxony . F 1036 Rosicrucians . D76 Saxophone . . C390 Ross . . . . . F980 Scandinavia . F 1178 Roumania . . F616 Language . H244 Rounders . . C516 Scansores . . A 114 Rounds and Catches . C470 School Buildings C 212, D 444 Rowing . C520 Management . . D438 Roxburgh . . . F982 Schools . . C 21 L2, D 450-466 Rubber > . B296 Science A Ruminants . . A 90 and Religion . E54 Runes , H Natural . A 2-352 Running . . . C508 Occult . . A 352 Russia . F 522, 1158 Scientific Instruments . B370 Language . . H268 Scientists . . G78 Ruthenian . . . H268 Scilly Isles . . F708 Rutland • . F758 Sclavonic Languages . Scotland . H264 F 906, D 254 Sabbath . . . E314 Scottish Language . H174 Schools . . . D454 Scripture Biography . . G36 Sacraments . . E292 Scriptures . . E82 Saddlery . . B334 Sculptors . . G32 Safes . . . B356 Sculpture . . C238 Sahara , . , F124 Scythia . , F58 Alphabetical Subject Index 155 Sea . . . . A 302 Shooting . . C 630 Mats . A 188 Shopkeepers' Manuals . B 422 Urchins . . A 186 Shorthand . . C 162 Seals, Heraldic . FIO Shrimps . A 146 Zoology . A 96 Shropshire . . F 760 Seamanship . B 158 Siam . . F 496 Seamen . B 168 Siberia . F 522 Seasons . A 300 Sicily . . F 1096 Seaweeds . . A 216 Sierra Leone , F 160 Secession Church . E226 Sight . . A 48, 280, B 440, 456 Second Sight . E464 Signboards . . D420 Secondary Schools . D454 Silk . . B400 Secret Societies . . D74 Silkworms . . A 174 Sects . E 164^342 Silurian Age . A 228 Seismology . A 294 Silver . B 184, 230, 346 Self-culture . D446 Sin . . E66 Selkirk . F984 Sinai . . F542 Semitic Language . H92 Singers . G60 Senegambia . F 158 Singing . C430 Septuagint . E 130, 144 Sirenia . A 94 Sepulture . . B474 Skating . C634 Sericulture . . A 174 Sketching . . C56 Sermons E 74, 316-318 Skittles . C 638 Serpent (instrument) . C392 Slang . . H164 Worship . E462 Slavery . D56 Serpents . A 138, 130 Slavonian Language . . H 264 Servants . B508 Sleep . . E28 Servia . F618 Sligo . . F892 Sewage B 74, 92, 474 Sloths . A 98 Sewing B 500-502 Smithing . . B338 Machines . B358 Smoking A 222, B 478 Sexes . . D28 Smuggling . . B 166 Seychelles . . F186 Snails . A 182 Shadows . . C64 Snakes . A 138, 130 Shakers . E284 Snow . . A 300 Sheep . . A 9( )-92, B 32-34 Soap . . B294 Sheet-metal Work . B 350 Social Science . D Shells . A 182 Socialism . D78 Shetland Islands. . F 986 Societies . D Shinty . C604 (and special subjects) Shipbuilding . B154 Society D Shipping . . B 15 4, 168, D 356 Sociology . . D6 Shoemaking . B334 Socotra F 186 Shoes, . B334 Soils , , B30 156 Manu al of Library Classification Sokoto . F162 Starfish Sol-fa. . C272 Stars .... Solitaire . C640 State Administration . Solomon Islands . F 1330 and Church . Solutions . . A 262 Statesmen . Somaliland . FllO Statics . Somerset . . F762 Stationery . Somnambulism . . E28 Statistics Songs, ]\Iusic . C474 Statutes . Poetry . . J 48 Steam Engineerir ig • Sonnets . J 52 Steel . Sorcery . A 358 Stenography Soudan . F122 Stereotyping Soul . . . . . E24 StirHng Sound . A 288 Stocks South African Republi c . F 176 Stoics America . . F418 Stones Australia . F 1292 Stories Carolina . . F350 Strategy . Dakota . . F352 Streets Sea Islands . . F 1332 Strikes Sovereigns . . G58 Suez Canal Spain . . F 1214 Suffolk Language . H212 Suffrage Sparta . F 1052 Sugar . Species A 12, 52 Suicide Spectroscope A 278, B 370 Sumatra Spectrum Analysis . A 280 Sun . Speculation . D376 Sunda Islands Speech . A 48 Sunday Speeches . . H317 Schools . Spelling H Supernatural Spiders . A 154 Superstitions Spinning . B 388-402 Surgery Spiritualism . E466 Surnames . Sponges . A 192 Surrey Sports . C 490 Surveying . Sportsmen . G80 Sussex Squaring the Circle . A 338 Sutherland . Stafford . F764 Swans Stage . J 74 Svi^eden Stained Glass . B 328, C 88 Language Staircasing. . B410 Swedenborgians Stamps . C 180 Swimming Alphabetical Subject Index 157 Swine B 32, 34 Tenure . D 138 Switzerland . F 1228 Tena del Fuego . . F424 Swordsmanship . . C 590 Tertiary Age . A 224 Symbolism . C 228 Testament, New E 132, 148 Symphonies . C 290 Old E 130, 144 Synonyms . . H168 Teutonic Languages . H224 Syntax H Texas . F356 Syria F 544, H 100 Textiles B 388, C 96 Thallophyta . A 208 Thames . F694 Table Talk . L28 Theatres C 214, J 74 Tableaux Vivants . C 648 Theatricals, Private . C648 Tactics . B 142, 152 Theism . E50 Tahiti . F 1348 Theology . . E44 Tailoring . . B 298 Theosophy E48 Talmud . . E394 Therapeutics . B448 Tambourine . C424 Thermodynamics . A 274 Tamil . H72 Thirty-Nine Articles . E210 Tammany . . D182 Thorough Bass . . C 278 Tanning . B330 Thrift . D396 Taouism . . E 414 Thugs . E434 Tapestry . . B 392, C 98 Tibet . . F474 Tariffs . D 150 Tides . . A 302 Tartans B 504, F 912 Tigers . A 82 Tartary . F 470 Tiles . . B380 Tasmania . . F 1318 Timber B70 Taste . C4 Time . . B 362, F 8 Taxation . . D230 Tin . . B 190 Taxidermy . . A 22 Tipperary . . F894 Tea . . A 222, B 38 Tithes . D328 Teaching . . D 438-440 Tobacco . A 222, B 38 Technical Educatio n . . D 456 Toilet . B506 Technology B Tolls . . D248 Teeth . A 64, B 454 Tonic Sol-fa . C 272 Teetotalism . D36 Tonkin . F498 Telegraphy B 100, D 410 Tools . B 112 Telephone . . B 102 Topography F Telescope . A 304, B 340 Tortoises . . A 134 Temperament A 50 Torts . . D328 Temperance . D36 Tory Party . D 180 Temperature . A 274, 300 Tournaments . F 24, C 492 Templars . . G102 TOWTIS . F, D, etc. Tennessee . . F 354 Toxicology . B450 Tennis . C 646 Toys . . B418 1S8 Manual of Library Classification Trade D 318, 356 Typology . . E142 Marks . . D328 Tyrol. . F602 Unions . . D108 Tyrone . F896 Trades B 240-422 Tragedies . J 80 Training . B 480, C 600 Ulster . F840 Tramways . . B196 Ungulata . A 90, 92 Transmigration of Sou Is . E 24 Unionism . . D 180 Transportation . . D400 Unitarian Church . E280 Transubstantiation . E292 United Kingdom . F622 Transvaal . . F176 United Presbyterian Church E 226 Transylvania . F600 United States . F 246, D 234, 266 Travellers . . G82 Universal History F6 Travels F, F 68, etc. Language . H302 Treason . D328 Universities . D468 Treaties F 66, D 228 Upholstery . B412 Trees . . . . A 206, 220 Uruguay . . F448 Trial by Combat . D354 Useful Arts B 2-508 Trials . D352 Usury . D328 Triassic Age . A 224 Utah . . F358 Tricycling . . C572 Utilitarianism . E40 Trigonometry . . A 346 Utopias D8 Trinity . £288 Tripoli . F114 Trochilidse . . A 112 Vaccination B 438, D 328 Trombone . . C 394 Vancouver Island . F236 Troubadours J2 Vandals . . F570 Truck System . D 114, 328 Varnishes . . B296 Trumpet . . C 398 Variety Stage . C 262 Truth . E40 Vaudois . E202 Tuba . . C402 Vedas . H330 Tunicata . . A 182 Vegetables . . B50 Tunis . F 118 Vegetarianism . . B496 Turkestan . . F 522, 530 Venezuela . . F450 Turkey, Asia . . F530 Venice . F 1090 Europe . . F1240 Ventilation . . B74 Turkish Language . H102 Ventriloquism . . H324 Turning . B112 Vermes . A 190 Turnpikes . . D248 Vermont . . F360 Turtles . A 134 Versification . H166 Tuscany . F 1092 Vertebrates . A 70-148 Typefounding . B250 Veterinary Surgery . B482 Typewriting . D422 Victoria . F 1298 Typography B 254, H 368 Vikings . F 1180 Alphabetical Subject Index 159 Village Communities . . D244 West Australia . . F 1304 Vine Culture B38 Indies . F398 Viola . . . . . C404 Virginia . . F366 Violin . C408 Westmeath . F900 Violoncello . C418 Westmoreland . . F774 Virginia . F362 Wexford . . F902 West . . F366 Whales . A 96 Visible Speech . D 464, H 12 Wheat B30 Visigoths . . F670 Whig Party . D180 Visitations . G90 Whisky . B 288, 496 Vital Statistics . . D34 Whist . C536 Vivisection A 64, E 40 Wicklow . . F904 Vocal Culture . . C426 Wigtown . . F992 Voice . C430 Will . . . . . £24 Volapiik . . H302 Wills . . . . . D328 Volcanoes . . A 296 Wiltshire . . F776 Volunteers . . B134 Window? Gardening Bd4 Voting . D222 Winds . A 300 Voyages . F84 Wine . B 290, 496 Vulgate . . E88 Wisconsin . . F368 Witchcraft . . E458 Women . D22 Wages . D 114 Biography G84 Waldenses . . E202 Wood B70 Wales . F 786, D 262, H 134 Carving . . ClOO Walking . . C 510 Engraving . C 104 Wallachia . . F616 Working . B404 War . . E40 Wool . . B402 Warfare . , B 114-142 Worcester . . F778 Warming . . B74 Workhouses D48 Warwick . . F772 Working Classes . D 102 Washington, D.C. . F286 Workshop Practice . BllO U.S. . . F364 World . A 290, F Wasps . A 168 Worms . A 190, B 440 Watchmaking . . B362 Worship . E Water . A 276 Worsteds . . B 402 Water-colour Paintinj I . C50 Wrecks . . B 162 Waterford . . F898 Wrestling . . C 652 Waterworks B92 Writing . C 156 Wealth . D94 Wyoming . . F370 Weather . . A 300 Weaving . . B 388-402 Weights and Measure s . A348 Yachting . . C 654 Wesleyan Methodism . E248 Year Books . L 10 i6o Manual of Library Classification Yeomanry . York ... * Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation Women's Christian Asso- ciation Yucatan . . . _ Zambesi B 136 F780 D 16 D16 F378 F126 Zanzibar . Zend Avesta Zinc . Zither Zoology- Zoophytes . Zoroastrianism Zululand . . F188 . E424 . B236 . C422 A 30-194 . A 194 . E424 . F172 l^rinted by Hazell, Watson. & Viney, Ld.. London and Aylesbury. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LISRAEY SCHOOL JMBRAlft This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. MAR 3 1 19S4 JUL 14 1964 MAR 8 13S5 : 7 '9B5 FEB26I96S OCT -4-1968 DEC 1^1975 i ^!li^^^i^ V-^i^r.. \ / ^ ^"A'