MANUAL
OF
.IBRARY CLASSIFICATION
AND
SHELF ARRANGEMENT
BY
JAMES D. BROWN
LIBRARIAN, CLERKENWELL PUBLIC LIBRARY, LONDON
vT^ R A ?^
or r..
f vwivr
LONDON
LIBRARY SUPPLY COMPANY
4, AVE MARIA LANE, E.G.
h
'K
LIBRARY
SCHOOB,
Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.
PREFACE
This work has been prepared to meet the requirements
of those who are engaged or interested in the study
of practical Hbrary methods. No EngHsh book on
this subject has been issued since Edwards dealt with
classifications generally in his Memoirs of Libraries,
published in 1859; and the literature of the subject
consists of little more than papers on single schemes.
Classification has never been a strong point in British
libraries, and this has arisen partly from apathy on
the part of librarians, but also from the difficulty
of obtaining information about American and foreign
schemes which have been successfully applied to
libraries. Leaving out of view Petzholdt's list of
classifications contained in his Bibliotheca Biblio-
^raphica (1866), I have been unable to find that
any single work devoted entirely to a systematic
examination of schemes has ever been issued in any
country. This little book has been prepared, accord-
ingly, to fill a well-defined space in library literature ;
and however inadequate or slight the attempt may
be, it is earnestly hoped that it will in some measure
lelp to stimulate interest in the subject of classification.
4 Preface
The " Adjustable Classification " has been prepared
for the use of municipal public libraries chiefly ; but
it can be adapted to almost any variety of general
library, provided arrangements are made for sub-
divisions. Two thousand two hundred and fifty divi-
sions are provided, excluding general heads, while
provision is made for four thousand five hundred
divisions by means of blanks. Each of these divisions
is capable of infinite sub-division. For most ordinary
purposes the divisions printed will meet every need.
Suggestions and corrections will be gladly received
from any one interested in the subject.
JAMES D. BROWN.
Clerkenwell Public Library, London.
January, 1898.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface .3
Index to Manual of Classification ..... 7
Chapter I. General Considerations . . . .11
,, II. The Classification of Knowledge . . 27
„ III. Schemes for the Classification of Books
and Catalogues 39
„ IV. Schemes for the Classification of Books
conjoined with Shelf Notations . . 62
,, V. Classified Libraries and Catalogues. . 83
„ VI. Adjustable Classification Scheme . . 97
Tables of Adjustable Classification . 105
Alphabetical Subject Index . . -133
INDEX TO MANUAL OF CLASSIFICATION
The Numbers refer to the Sections and not to the Pages of the work
Abstract Classification, 53
Achard's Scheme, 24
Adjustable Classification Scheme, 54
Aldus, Classification of, 22
Alembert's Scheme, 14
Amherst College Scheme, 37
Author Marks, 37
Author-alphabetical Shelving, 9, 1 1
Authors, 47, 49
Bacon's Scheme, 14, 35
Barbier's Scheme, 24
Barrett, F, T., on Service, 10 ; on
Subjects, 47
Battezzati, 37
Bentham's Scheme, 16
Biological Classification, i, 13-20,49
Biscoe's Date Marks, 53
Bonazzi's Scheme, 32, 34
Book Classification, 21-33
Book Numbers, 34
Booksellers' Classifications, 22
Botanical Classification, 15, 18, 19
Bouillaud's Scheme, 24
Bowen, Classification defined, 13
Historical Novels, 52
British Library Classification, In-
exact, 3
Numerical Shelf Methods, 8
Statistics of Classification, 4
British Museum Catalogue, 47
Scheme, 26
Shelf-marking, 7
Brown, J. D., Adjustable Classifica-
tion Scheme, 54
Fiction Classification. 52
Brown-Quinn Scheme, 33, 34, 54
Brunet's Scheme, 24
Bure's Scheme, 24
Carpenter's Zoological Classifica-
tion, 18
Catalogues, Alphabetical, 48, 49-50
Classified, 21-33, 44-50
Dictionary, 39, 49
Chemistiy Classification,
Chronological Order, 53
Class Movable Locations,
Classification, British
generally Inexact, 3
Coster's Exact System,
Exact, Necessity for, i.
General Considerations
Systems, Lists, 14
Works on Scientific, 20
Clerkenwell Library Scheme, 33, 52
Close Classification, i. 2, 10. 11, 12
Coleridge's Scheme, 16
Collections, Special, 59
Collegiate Plan, 6
19
Library,
2
2, 12, 45
1-12, 45
8
Index to Manual of Classification
Colonial Libraries, Classifications, 1 1
Combination Schemes, 34
Composite Books, 51, 58
Crestadoro on Titles, 49
Cutter, Author Marks, 37
Local List, 39, 53
On Classified Catalogues, 48
Scheme, 39
Date Arrangement, 53
De Morgan on Classification, 46,
47, 48
Decimal Classification, 35
Decimal Location, 10
Dewey's Scheme, 37, 45
Dictionary Catalogue, 39
Durie on Classification, etc., 23
Edmands' Scheme, 43
Edmond, J. P., 38
Edwards' Memoirs of Libraries, 14,
22, 27
Scheme, 29, 34
Ersch, 27
Expansive Scheme, 39
Fiction Classification, 52
Fixed Locations, 6, 1 1
Fletcher's Scheme, 42
Fowler's Logic, 13
Free Access Classification, 33, 57
French Scheme, 24, 41
Garnett, Richard, 26
Garnier's Scheme, 24
German Schemes, 27, 31
Gesner's Scheme, 22
Goebel's Botanical Classification, 19
Halle University Scheme, 31
Harris's Scheme, 14, 35, 37
Hartwig's Scheme, 31, 34
Henfrey's Botanical Classification, 19
Hooker's Botanical Classification, 19
Home's Scheme, 24, 26
Huxley, Classification defined, 13, 20
Indexes to Classifications, 36, 44
Indicators, 56
Inverted Baconian Scheme, 35
Italian Scheme, 32
Jevons, W. S., Logic, 13
On Classification, 45, 47
Jussieu's Botanical Classification, 19
Kirkwood on Classification, 23
Knowledge, Classification of, 13-20
Leibnitz, 27
Library Association Examinations, 1 8
Lindsay's (Lord) Scheme, 17
Linnaeus, Classification, 15, 19
Local List, Cutter's, 39
Locke's Scheme, 15
Logic, Classification according to,
13-20
London's Catalogue, 23
London Institution Classification, 25
Lubbock's Classification, 20
Lydekker's Zoological Classifica-
tion, 18
Massey, A. P., Fiction Classifica-
tion, 52
Maunsell's Catalogue, 22
Methodology in Logical Systems,
13-20
Middle Temple Dictionary Cata-
logue, 49
Mill's Logic, 13 (on Linnaeus), 15
Milman, Rev. W. H., 38
Mitchell Library, Glasgow, 10
Mnemonic Schemes, 36, 37, 39
Movable Location, 10, 11
National Classification, 53
Notations, Shelf, 1-12, 34-43
Numerical Locations, 6-8, 11
Index to Manual of Classification
Open Access Classification, 33, 57
Owen's Classification, 20
Paris Scheme, 24, 41
Peoria Library Scheme, 35
Perkins' Scheme, 40
Petzholdt's Bibliotheca, 14
Philadelphia jNIercantile Library, 43
Poetry Classification, 52
Prantl's Botanical Classification, 19
Press-marking, 6
Preusker, 27
Quinn-Brown Scheme, 33, 34, 54
Rational Classification, 40
Relative Index, 36, 45
Relative Location Systems, 10, ii, 36
Royal Institution Scheme, 28, 48
Sachs' Botany, 19
San Francisco Scheme, 40
Schleiermacher's Scheme, 27
Schwartz's Scheme, 36, 37
Science, Classification of, 13-20
Shelf Notations, 1-12, 34-43
Shelf Numbering, 6-10
Shurtleff's Decimal Location, 10
Signet Library, 48
Sion College Scheme, 38
Sizes in Shelf Arrangement, 8, 60
Smith's Scheme, 41
Sonnenschein's Scheme, 30, 34, 50
Special Collections, 59
Spencer's (H.) Classification, 20
Subject Arrangement on Shelves,
10, II
Subjects, 47
Thienemann's Scheme, 27
Titles, 47, 49
United States, Classifications in, 5, 1 1
Vincent, Benjamin, 28
Whewell's Classification, 20
Wilson's (W. D.) Scheme, 17
Zoology, Classification, 15, 18, 20
CHAPTER I
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1. The subject of classification has attracted the notice of
scholars and practical men alike for nearly four hundred years.
Its difficulties and disputed points have furnished exercise and
amusement for many minds since the earliest attempt was
made to tabulate the branches of human knowledge in a
systematic and useful manner. At the end of the nineteenth
century, after hundreds of schemes have been submitted as
fulfilling every requirement, there is nearly as much diversity
of opinion concerning the exact manner of dealing with certain
topics as there has been any time during the past three
centuries. In one respect, however, there is more unanimity
of feeling than ever there was before, and that is as regards
the necessity for systematic classification of some kind in
every department of human life and effort. We see this more
particularly in such departments of learning as Biological
Science, Medicine, Chemistry, and in institutions like Museums
and Art Galleries, which depend for their educational value
and effect upon the system of arrangement adopted.
2. The principle of classification is of almost universal
application. It is to be seen in nature on a gigantic scale
in the disposition of earth, air, and water, and in the natural
laws which govern them. Artificially it has a very good rudi-
mentary exposition in the practice of the costermonger, a
familiar object in the streets of our large towns, but never-
theless a classifier of considerable skill. He does not put
gooseberries, cherries, and strawberries all together in one
12 Manual of Library Classificatioit — 3, 4
barrow, and sell them mixed under the comprehensive name
of " Fruit " at threepence a pound, but carefully divides and
keeps them apart under a strict plan of classification. He
may sub-divide his main class, " Strawberries," into two
sub-classes, " Sir Joseph Paxtons " and " British Queens "
respectively, attaching to each different values^ and he may
further sub-divide the " British Queens " into two divisions
of different qualities at varying prices ; while he is certain
to adopt an even more minute quantitative sub-division by
arranging that all the large berries shall be at the top and the
small ones at the bottom !
3. With such an example before us of careful and minute
classification, selected from the daily practice of a humble
commercial class, we should doubtless expect to find in our
public libraries a similar and more scientific system of exact
classification ; not only finding all the books on a given subject
together on the shelves, but in close proximity to all other
works on related topics. The belief appears to be quite
common, at least among educated people, that in English
public Hbraries some method of classification is universal by
which all the books on large subjects like Law, Chemistry,
Botany, United States, China, Building, Agriculture, Language,
etc., are to be found together, not only in the catalogue, but
on the shelves. It never seems to enter the mind of an un-
professional person that there can be any doubt on this point,
or that books on related subjects in public libraries are not
as certain to be kept together as the different articles of
merchandise in a large general store. It would be considered
by most people who give the matter a thought, just as absurd
for a grocer to keep his tea and sugar mixed in one drawer,
as for a librarian to mix his botanical books with those on
manufactures and perhaps a score of other equally foreign
topics. Yet it is the fact that, so far at least as British public
libraries are concerned, close classification is just the one thing
which does not prevail to any great extent.
4. From personal enquiries among librarians, visits to
libraries, and a careful study of their catalogues, together with
Generat Considerations — 5, 6 13
the information given in Greemvood^s Library Year Book^
iSgy^ and other authorities, we are enabled to give the
following particulars of the methods of arranging books in
British libraries, both municipal and semi-public. Out of the
two hundred and eighty-seven libraries embraced by our
enquiry only thirty-four had classifications which can be
described as scientific or minute, and in this number at least
sixteen applied the method only to their reference departments.
Of the others, only about twelve municipal, or rate-supported,
libraries have adopted scientific classification for the arrange-
ment of both lending and reference departments. There are
thus two hundred and fifty-three important public libraries
which are not classified at all, save in the broadest and most
perfunctory manner. As these arrangements of books cannot
be correctly described as classifications, along with the more
exact and logical systems mentioned later on, it will perhaps
be most convenient to dispose of them here.
5. Many reasons have been advanced to account for the
extraordinary lack of scientific classification in the United
Kingdom as compared with the United States ; but it may be
affirmed that the chief one has been the employment of under-
paid, untrained, and not over-educated librarians in the early
days of the public-Hbrary movement, when revenues were small
and every expense had to be cut down in the most merciless
manner. In the absence of scientific models on which to base
their practice, these early librarians had each to devise a method
of classifying or arranging books to suit local requirements.
The principal requirement seems to have been the readiest
means of finding the place of a given book when asked for by
a certain number, and so arose the many varieties of numerical
location systems which we shall briefly describe now, before
passing to more general considerations affecting the whole
question of classification.
6. It is hardly correct to include in this group of methods
the old Collegiate plan of press-marking, which still flourishes
in many places. But as the original classifications of which this
kind of press-marking forms part have long since disappeared
H
Manual of Library Classification — 6
under vast accumulations of books which have had to be
stored somehow, it will be as well to give it first place in
honour of its hoary antiquity. The system, then, which we
have styled collegiate press-marking consisted in the plan of
lettering or numbering the presses or alcoves in the library
after assigning certain classes of books to each. The separate
shelves of each press were numbered or lettered, and each
volume on every shelf was differently numbered. This was
one of the most minute kinds of this style of classification and
shelf-marking. If a tier consisted of six shelves, the marking
would be as follows :
Book
Book
Press A
I
2
3
4
5 6
1
etc.
Shelf A
I
2
3
4
5
6
etc.
„ B
All books on
„ c
following shelves
„ D
numbered as
„ E
above.
„ F
Thus, supposing Press A to contain books on Chemistry, and
Roscoe's Chemistry was the fifth book on the second shelf,
it would receive the press mark AB5. This is a very close
direction to the place of a book ; but of course the plan is
open to dozens of objections, of which the most obvious are
that each book is practically fixed to a certain place, and
congestion of any press or shelf is likely to lead to complete
dislocation in the classification. As carried out in the older
libraries, this system may fitly be termed one of the classifica-
tions which are not classifications. A survival of this plan is
General Considerations — 7, 8 15
to be seen in a modified form in the British Museum reading-
room, where the presses are numbered and the shelves simply
lettered A, B, C, etc., in each tier, the books not being
numbered in any shelf order. A further development of this
style of shelf-marking is described in Section 10.
7. We come now to another group of classification schemes
which are not classifications ; namely, the methods alluded to
in Section 5 as being common to the majority of English
public libraries. These we shall name for convenience' sake
Numerical Finding Methods, as they are indeed but little
else. The most rudimentary, and, luckily, also the most
uncommon, of these plans is that of numbering the whole
of the books in the library in one immense sequence of
progressive numbers, each new book receiving the number
after the last one already on the shelves. This plan has
the undeniable advantage of reducing wear and tear on the
librarian's brain to a very fine minimum ; it insures consider-
able ease in the finding of a given book, provided its number
is known ; and presents the economic advantage of requiring
shelf space to be reserved only at one unmistakable place
— the end of the sequence. Furthermore the shelf and
accession numbers coincide. Otherwise the books have no
more arrangement or relation to each other than have the
:ontents of a dust-bin.
8. The form of shelf arrangement most used in English
public libraries is a variation of the numerical plan just
iescribed, the principal difference being that the library is
Droken up into six, eight, ten, or more broad classes or
iivisions, in each of which the books are arranged in a
leparate series of progressive numbers in the accidental order
)f their accession. The main divisions generally chosen are :
A. Theology and Philosophy F. Fiction
B. History and Biography G. Philology
C. Travel and Topography H. Poetry and the Drama
D. Law, Politics, Commerce, etc. J. Juvenile Literature
E. Arts and Sciences K. Miscellaneous and Magazines
^o further sub-division is made, and the books are very much
1 6 Manual of Library Classification — 8
mixed in every class, as may be seen by the following speci-
men selected from a typical shelf list :
Class C. History, Geography, etc.
2569. Pinnock's Rome 2573, Freeman, English People
2570. Summer Tours in Scotland 2574. Bird, Rocky Mountains
2571. Mayhew, Birchington - on - 2575. Society in London
Sea 2576. Buried Alive in Siberia
2572. Scenery of the Lakes 2577. Year in Manitoba
No attempt is made to gather in one place all the books
on the same countries, and the catalogue is the only guide
to the chaos. As regards most of the older catalogues, it may
be said here that they were of no value whatever as indexes
to the different classes of books. The practical inconvenience
of this numerical arrangement may be further illustrated by
this example from another library. The novels of Miss Marie
Corelli are located in ten different places, as follows — 140 1-3,
2583-86, 2612, 2926, 2935, 3015-16, 3139-40, 3480-81, 3566,
3729; thus making it impossible for the librarian to tell, with-
out considerable trouble, whether or not any of that novelist's
works are available. If, further, any reader wished to examine
a few works on Chemistry, he would have to wait till the
librarian picked them out of the Science Section, where they
are buried and distributed among a thousand other books
on fifty or a hundred different subjects. In another library,
arranged on this class-numerical plan, thirteen books on
London are scattered all over a large division of over four
thousand volumes in this order: 617, 651, 931, 937, 949,
1125, 1188, 1209, 1333, 1457, 1463, 3735, 4026. The diffi-
culty of making easy and rapid reference under this distributive
plan to books on one subject for a particular fact may be more
easily imagined than described. One last example from an
Indicator Key will help readers to comprehend the disorder
which reigns in the average English public library, where much
is sacrificed to the ambition to issue as many books as possible
in a given time. This is how the novels stand on the shelves
in a particular library ; but it may be taken as a fair sample
General Considerations — 8
•7
of the kind of thing existing in most of the others which are
arranged on these Hnes :
1460. Kennard, Straight as a Die
146 1. Lawrence, Breaking a
Butterfly
1462. Barr, In Spite of Himself
1463. Sue, Mysteries of Paris
1464. Barrie, Window in Thrums
I to
1000
lOOI to
2000
2001 to
4000
4001 to
4500
4501 to
6000
6001 to
1 0000
For the information of any one desiring to adopt this plan, it
ought to be explained that in libraries using the class-numerical
system the numbers given are not necessarily the accession
ones, but more likely special shelf numbers. In those libraries
which use accession numbers only it is necessary to appropriate
a large number of blanks for each division, in order to keep
the books in one sequence of numbers on the shelves and on
the classified indicator. This plan may be illustrated thus :
Class A has appropriated to it Numbers
B „
C „
D „
E „
F „
And so on all through.
In some other libraries the practice obtains of numbering the
books in one series, as described in Section 7, but with the
difference that the books of each division are picked out and
kept separate, thus presenting a broken order of numbers.
Class A, for instance, may be formed of Nos. 56, 99, 301, 857,
1003, etc.; Class B of i, 10, 15, 36, 47, 98, loi, 175, etc.;
and so on. The indicator show^s but one series of numbers,
and the accession number alone is used for numbering and
cataloguing. Of course readers must specify the class letters
when asking for books by this system, and the books must be
kept in the order of their numbers. It has the advantage over
the plan first described in this section, of simplifying stock-
keeping, as no numerical shelf registers need be kept, apart
from the accessions book.
The arbitrary distinction of size has modified the practice in
a few of the older libraries, where, in addition to main divisions
2
1 8 Manual of Librmy Classificatio7i — 9, 10
in numerical or alphabetical order, a further sub-division by
folio, quarto, octavo, and duodecimo sizes is maintained.
Beyond tidiness and enhanced appearance of the shelves,
there is little practical benefit in this method, as no one would
dream of wasting space by putting folios and octavos together,
when methods exist of keeping them apart, yet classified.
9. A more logical method of shelf arrangement than any of
the foregoing, though one equally capable of distributing and
mixing subjects, is the plan of keeping an alphabetical sequence
by names of Authors, or, in the case of anonymous books,
the first word of the title-pages not an article. As regards
Fiction, Poetry, and other Form Classes^ this has an enormous
superiority over all the numerical plans, especially when the
books are arranged in broad divisions similar to those set out
in Section 8. When the arrangement is an author alphabet
in one great sequence, the sole merit is the somewhat important
one of displaying and keeping all the works of one author
together. In certain branches of study this is important,
though an alphabetical catalogue obtains practically the same
result. The amount of movement necessary by this system to
provide for the proper intercalation of new authors or books
is very considerable. For small libraries the author-alphabetical
arrangement in broad divisions can be recommended as being
easy to apply, and causing no trouble at a later stage of
development, when it is thought advisable to adopt one of the
modern scientific systems of subject classification. By this plan
the accession number is used for cataloguing, charging, and all
other purposes, as well as on the indicator, which must be kept
in one sequence. Readers asking for books usually fill up
forms which specify in very brief terms class, number, author,
title. Some librarians have adopted methods of shelf arrange-
ment combining both numerical and alphabetical order; but
very few of those using sequential-finding systems are able to
claim exact subject classification on the shelves.
10. There are only a few libraries in Britain which are
arranged in an orderly array of Subjects, without being
systematically classified according to a logical scheme like
General Co7tsiderations — lO 19
those described in Chapters III. and IV. Among them the
practice of the Mitchell Library, Glasgow, may be described
as an example. Its shelves are numbered consecutively
throughout in tiers of ten, but no marking is used for the
different presses. Each book is numbered in order of receipt
in a book of progressive numbers called a Location Book,
which has columns ruled to show the shelf number or place of
each book as well as its author and title. A certain number
of shelves or tiers are assigned to each class of books, and on
these shelves a fairly close subject classification is maintained ;
that is to say, all, or most, of the botanical, architectural,
philosophical, and other works will be found together on
adjoining shelves, though not necessarily with further sub-
divisions. It is thus much more minute than the plan
described in Section 8, though not so close as the systematic
methods described later. To show the difference clearly, it
may be as well to repeat that in class-numerical arrangements
the books in Class E — Arts and Sciences — form a heterogeneous
collection of all kinds of subjects mixed up anyhow in numbered
order. Thus books on Music, Football, Building Construction,
Botany, Sculpture, Drawing, Pottery, Fireworks, Architecture,
Chess, and Watchmaking are all jostling each other in one
great procession of numbers. The subject classification we are
describing provides for the separation on the shelves of these
different subjects in a rough but sufl^iciently close order.
Class E — Arts and Sciences — may therefore have the sciences
arranged in sub-classes, like Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics,
Zoology, Botany, Geology, Mathematics, etc., so that the
difficulties caused by the separation of related subjects would
be partly overcome. The accession numbers are used for all
purposes, and in cases where assistants do not remember the
places of books when asked for, a reference to the book number
in the Location Book directs at once to the shelf. The shelf
number is also written on the label inside each book, so that
there may be no difficulty or mistake about replacement. In
the Mitchell Library the plan of giving ten numbers to each
tier of shelves has been tried with the object of securing a
20
Manual of Library Classification — lO
certain amount of uniformity. For example, the numbering
of the first four tiers, as below, shows that each cross-range of
shelves forms part of a decimal order :
Shelf
I
II
21
31
2
12
22
32
4
14
24
34
5
15
25
35
6
i6
26
36
7
17
27
37
8
i8
28
38
9
19
29
39
lO
20
30
40
There being only nine shelves in a tier, the third number is
omitted in every ten. The chief advantage claimed for this
plan, apart from appearance, is that it aids the memory of
assistants in using the shelves.
The first application of this system, sometimes called the
" Decimal," seems to have been at Boston, U.S., in 1856,
though Edwards ^ states that it was " well known in European
libraries for scores of years." However that may be, it is certain
that Nathaniel B. Shurtleff was the first to devote a special
treatise to the explanation of the system. It is entitled A
Decimal System for the Arrangeme?it ajid Administratioft of
Libraries, Boston, 1856, privately printed; and besides an
exposition of the so-called decimal system, contains a few very
elementary hints on library organisation. Shurtleff's idea was
to have the books arranged in alcoves containing ten presses or
tiers, each of which was to have ten shelves. Without going
into details as to certain shelves set apart for special purposes
or his method of indicating bottom shelves, it may be said
that the arrangement resulted in the shelf number forming in
itself a direct reference to both press and shelf. An alcove
' Memoirs of Libraries, Vol. II., p. 928.
General Considerations — i o
21
with its one hundred shelves in ten tiers might be numbered
thus :
Shelf
lOI
III
121
102
112
122
103
113
123
1
104
114
124
105
115
125
106
116
126
107
117
127
108
118
128
109
119
129
IIO
120
130
And so on.
The books on each shelf are consecutively numbered i, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, etc., so that a press mark yy^ would mean the fifth book
on the second shelf of the eleventh tier or press. The units
denote shelves and the tens tiers all through the library, giving
in one number a double direction to press and shelf. This is
simpler than the collegiate plan described in Section 6, but
resembles it in the fixed nature of its shelf notation and the
lack of provision for inserting a book between, say, Nos.
3 and 4, supposing it were on the same subject. The system
was at one time used in the Boston (U.S.) Public Library ; but
we are not aware of any place where it has been adopted in its
integrity as described by Shurtleff.
The Glasgow system has been described on several occasions
as the " movable location," in contradistinction to shelf systems,
which provide only for the movement of whole classes and
not single books. It would render the subject much clearer
if the term " movable " were applied to shelf arrangements
which do not require the press mark to be printed in the
catalogue, while the term " fixed " might be reserved for plans
22 Manual of Library Classification — lo
which depend upon the appearance of the press mark in the
catalogue. These latter are called " movable " in our opinion,
somewhat erroneously, because the fact that the numbers which
are printed in the catalogue are those which denote the exact
places of books in a fixed sequence of numbers is enough to
show that no real movability or adjustability of individual books
exists. For example, in a library arranged on the class-numerical
plan (Section 8) it is impossible without altering the catalogue,
etc., to change the position of any book. If E 596 is a work
on History accidentally placed in the Science Class, it cannot be
shifted to Class B without upsetting the printed catalogue and
all MS. records. By the Glasgow plan, in which the accession
number alone is used for cataloguing and all other purposes,
any change of class or actual position can be effected by simply
altering the shelf number in the Location Book and on the
book label. Furthermore it is possible to place all popular
books near to the point of service, irrespective of class, which
is a very important consideration in large, busy reference
Hbraries.
The following additional particulars of the Mitchell Library
shelving system and the results as affecting the service have
been sent by Mr. Barrett, the librarian :
"When we were rearranging the library for Miller Street,
we went on the principle of breaking up the classification on
the shelves in favour of an attempt to bring the books most
used into nearness to the point of service. We selected several
hundred volumes, including some from each class, and placed
these on shelves close at the centre of the counter, where
books are issued ; these of course are books in constant
demand. Next we selected the books in each class which are
frequendy called for, and arranged these in the long series of
bookcases occupying the ground floor of the front building \
these number a good many thousands, and they are of course
classified on the shelves. The books in less frequent call are
placed in the more remote parts of the building — on the walls
round the reading hall (we generally put the better-looking
books there, simply with a view to appearance), in the gallery,
General Considerations — 1 1 23
in the top flat, in the basement. The point I want to bring
before you is the outcome of this arrangement as affecting the
service. I have had a series of observations made of the time
taken to issue a book, counting from the instant a reader
places his appHcation paper on the counter to the instant the
book is placed in his hands. The observer has a watch with
seconds hand, and is instructed to note the time to a second.
Naturally the time varies a good deal. Some books kept close
at the counter are given out instantly — say, five seconds. Not
many are over three minutes. One series of five hundred
observations, taken at random of course, gave an average of one
minute nine seconds. Another series, by a different observer,
gave an average of one minute twelve seconds each issue. For
a library of nearly one hundred and thirty thousand volumes,
that appears to me to be a very satisfactory result. The larger
a library becomes the longer the average time of issue will
become, if only from the fact that many of the books must be
more or less distant from the point of service."
11. The methods of arranging books on the shelves described
in the foregoing sections comprise nearly the whole of the
principal varieties used in British public libraries of all kinds.
It will now be seen that only four chief methods exist ;
namely :
1. The Fixed Location (Section 6), by which each book and
class is permanently located or placed on a certain shelf or
series of shelves in a fixed order, that order being determined
by the press marks printed in the catalogue.
2. The Location in Numerical- Sequence (Section 8), by which
books are placed at haphazard somewhere in a main class
without regard to subject, the appearance of the place number
in the catalogue tending to fix individual books in a rigid
order. This method is wrongly termed " movable." It might
be better described as " class movable."
3. The x\uthor-alphabetical Arrangement (Section 9) by large
classes or in one series.
4. The Subject Location (Section 10), enabling books to be
classified in any order and forming a " book movable " plan,
24. Manual of Library Classification — 12
wherein the individual book, and not the whole main class or
division, is the unit for arrangement.
None of these methods, excepting the fourth, are systematic
classifications of books in a recognised order of subjects and
related topics, but simply, as we have already stated, plans
whereby books can be found when wanted. There is a certain
merit in being able to lay hands readily upon a given book at
short notice; but this is considerably minimised when it is
known that other systems exist, combining in themselves
complete, logical, and scientific classifications with simple and
effective finding arrangements. The choice has been before
British librarians for over twenty years, but with comparatively
few exceptions has seldom been exercised. In the United
States and British Colonies, on the contrary, the numerical
methods we have described are practically unknown, every
library being closely classified according to a scientific system
both on the shelves and in most cases in the catalogues as well.
The chief argument which has been used against close classifi-
cation in Britain is that in collections of books not open to
direct examination by readers there is no necessity for having
books of a sort together ; while the catalogue is held to meet
every want that an index to a heterogeneous mass of books can
supply. We deal with this latter claim in Chapter V. ; while as
regards the former, may now conclude this chapter with a few
general observations in addition to what has already been said
on the subject in Sections 1-8.
12. It must be allowed that within the past five or six years
a disposition has been manifested among English librarians to
consider more closely the claims of systematic classification on
the shelves. Where previously a tendency existed to scoff at
such accuracy as a vain and unattainable ideal, there is now to
be found a spirit of enquiry which will doubtless lead to a
complete change of attitude in the future. What has helped
towards the formation of this growth of opinion more than any-
thing else has been the appearance and acceptance of various
valuable and ingenious American systems, worked out to the
smallest detail, completely indexed, and made widely available
General Considerations — 12 25
through the medium of print. These have, to use a homely
phrase, " knocked the wind " out of nearly every objector to
close classification, by demonstrating not only its practica-
bility, but also its general simplicity and usefulness. The
objections heard against systematic classifications are no longer
based upon such points as the impossibility of an all-round
agreement being arrived at as to main classes, or the undesira-
bility or difficulty of making one scheme to suit all libraries ;
but are directed almost entirely to criticism of such details as
where in a main class to put given topics. The general accep-
tance of close classifications for reference libraries tends also to
confirm our contention that the principle has been adopted
very largely, though considerations of expediency may delay the
execution in some libraries for several years. The labour
involved in rearranging and properly classifying a large library
which has for a long time been growing up in hopeless con-
fusion under some primitive numerical plan, is certain to deter
many librarians or committees from undertaking the work.
But the gradual adoption of scientific systems here and there in
Britain points to the ultimate extension of close classifications
to all kinds of libraries.
The plea frequently advanced that in small libraries close
classification upon the shelves is unnecessary has scarcely any
force in these times, as, owing to the cheapness of books and
the increase of means, libraries are growing at a rate hitherto
unknown. This is, therefore, a good reason for urging that
libraries should be classified from their very foundations in
such a way that, when mere topics have grown as large in bulk
as original main classes, they shall be found together on the
shelves, and not scattered over the whole collection. The
practical convenience of this could be illustrated by a hundred
instances ; but most librarians are painfully aware of the draw-
backs, which need not now be recapitulated.^
The necessity for training library assistants thoroughly in all
that pertains to the educational side of their work points to the
' See the Library for 1897, p. 143, article on "Cataloguing and
Classification," by J. D. Brown,
26 Manual of Library Classification— \2
need for such classificatory systems as will enable them to
supply or suggest sources of information as quickly and effec-
tually as possible, and this can only be accomplished by means
of an arrangement which gathers as far as possible in one
place all books on the same subject. It is only by this means
that Hbrarians or assistants can hope to become familiar with
the material aspect of books on important subjects, and thereby
be tempted to search for information which can only be
obtained by enormous labour if the books on a subject are
scattered about in several hundreds of different places. In
fact it is obvious that, with subjects widely separated in a large
Hbrary, assistants will be disinclined to hunt for information
which can only be found after severe physical exertion by actual
examination of books. No catalogue describes books so
minutely that readers can obtain a good general idea of their
scope and contents, and it is therefore in the public interest
that books should be so arranged as to be accessible for easy
reference in minute sub-divisions under main classes. The
ambition of the modern librarian to be considered a man of
learning and method, as expressed at every conference of the
Library Association, is another good reason why he should
justify his claims by the use of practical scientific systems in
place of elementary and inconvenient ones. This sort of
simplicity may be all right for an easy start in library methods ;
but it is in after-years, when rapid and continuous growth has
made libraries into gigantic stores of unclassified and widely
distributed books, that the unwisdom of such unmethodical
practice is demonstrated. There are plenty of old libraries
now, which have grown up in a haphazard w^ay, waiting for
complete reorganisation on systematic lines. But the labour
involved is too considerable to be lightly faced ; and so the work
is postponed, till ultimately it will assume gigantic dimensions,
and cost comparatively large sums to execute.
CHAPTER II
THE CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
13. Before proceeding to describe the more important
schemes which have been devised for the systematic classifica-
tion of books in Hbraries and catalogues, it may be useful to
the student to have before him a few simple facts concerning
the classification of human knowledge generally. It has a very
close relationship to the classification of knowledge contained
in books, and so forms part of the subject. The study of
nature in all its branches, and the sciences which have resulted
in consequence, must at a very early period have turned the
attention of enquirers to the necessity for some kind of order
in the pursuit of different studies. As knowledge accumulated
and observations were recorded, it would be forced upon the
understanding of general scientists in early times that, although
study of the stars and of plants was investigation of nature,
there was nevertheless strong reason for keeping separate
accounts of each class of phenomena. To mix facts concerning
both in one huge series would certainly be to keep a record
of acquired knowledge ; but little of the information could be
useful, because not kept in a form to show relationships and
differences. It has been well said ^ that " the first necessity
which is imposed upon us by the constitution of the mind
itself is to break up the infinite wealth of nature into groups
and classes of things, with reference to their resemblances and
affinities, and thus to enlarge the grasp of our mental faculties,
even at the expense of sacrificing the minuteness of information
' Treatise on Lo^c. By Francis Bowen. (Cambridge, Mass. : 1866.)
27
28 Manual of Library Classification — 13, 14
which can be acquired only by studying objects in detail.
The first efforts in the pursuit of knowledge, then, must be
directed to the business of classification." Every student of
science is agreed as to this, and from early times various
attempts have been made to tabulate and arrange the different
kinds of knowledge, either as a whole or in sections. Huxley,
altered by Jevons,^ has defined the process of classification as
follows : " By the classification of any series of objects is
meant the actual or ideal arrangement together of those which
are like and the separation of those which are unhke, the
purpose of this arrangement being, primarily, to disclose the
correlations or laws of union of properties and circumstances,
and, secondarily, to facilitate the operations of the mind in
clearly conceiving and retaining in the memory the characters
of the objects in question." In most modern works on Logic
definitions and explanations are given of classification as
applied to science and knowledge generally. One of the most
complete treatises of this kind, which students will find of
value, is contained in The Principles of Sciefice : a Treatise on
Logic and Scientific Method-> by W. Stanley Jevons (London :
1874), and later editions. Other works which may be profitably
read on the subject at large are John Stuart Mill's Logic, any
recent edition; Jevons' Logic; and Fowler's Lnductive Logic.
14. As regards most of the older classifications of knowledge,
the works of Edward Edwards ^ and Julius Petzholdt ^ give full
information. The former is very exhaustive in his descriptions
and tables ; the latter usually gives concise summaries, and,
being later, is necessarily more complete than Edwards. From
these and other works we have gathered a few brief particulars
which will help students to trace the historical development
of the classification of knowledge, and enable them to estimate
the value of successive efforts and their bearing on the arrange-
^ Principles of Science (Ed. 1892), p. 677.
- Comparative Table of the Principal Schemes proposec^ for the Classifica-
tion of Libraries (Manchester: 1855); and Memoirs of Libraries (1859),
Vol. II., pp. 761-831.
^ Bibliotheca Bibliographica. (Leipzig: 1866,)
The Classification of Knowledge — 14
29
ment of libraries. One of the best and most influential schemes
is that of Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, first issued in 1623.
It divides all knowledge into three main divisions, and sub-
divides each, as follows :
Bacon's Scheme (1623)
Class I. History {Memory)
1. Natural History
2. Civil History
a. Ecclesiastical
b. Literary
c. Civil, Proper
Class II. Philosophy [Reason)
1 . Science of God
2. Science of Nature
a. Primary Philosophy
b. Physics
c. Metaphysics
d. Magic
e. Natural Philosophy
3. Science of Man
Class III. Poetry [Imagina-
tion).
1. Narrative Poetry
2. Dramatic Poetry
3. Allegorical Poetry
In 1767 D'Alembert, the French philosopher, extended this
scheme, making it more suitable for the state of science in his
day. His main classes and sub-divisions are as follow :
Bacon-D'Alembert (1767)
Class I. History
1. Sacred History
2. Ecclesiastical History
3. Civil History
4. Natural History
Class II. Philosophy
1 . General Metaphysics, or Ontology
2. Science of God
a. Natural Religion
b. Revealed Religion
c. Science of Good and Evil
3. Science of Man
a. Universal Pneumatology
b. Arts of Thinking, Retaining,
Communicating ( = Logic,
Writing, Printing, Decla-
mation, Symbolism, Gram-
mar, Rhetoric)
c. Morals (= Ethics, Juris-
prudence, Commerce)
4. Science of Nature
a. Mathematics
b. Physics
Class III. Poetry
1. Narrative Poetry
2. Dramatic Poetry
3. Allegorical Poetry
4. Music, Painting, Sculpture, Archi-
tecture, Engraving
Other amplifications of Bacon's scheme have been issued
by later authorities ; but the most practical is that of W. T.
30 Manual of Library Classification — \^
Harris, described in Section 35, and, with other attempts
based on Bacon, is sometimes called the " Inverted Baconian "
classification.
15. In the natural sciences, particularly Zoology and Botany,
classification has been studied from early times, and numerous
methods have been proposed. Many of these were purely
artificial, and at one time it was thought that botanical
classification was settled for all time by the system of Linnaeus.
Advances in biological knowledge have, however, completely
upset this once-universal classification, which bears a striking
analogy to the class-numerical or other empirical methods of
book arrangement described in Chapter I. Like them, it is
largely arbitrary, and also tends to crystallise and stagnate.
As John Stuart Mill observes ^ : " The only purpose of thought
which the Linnsean classification serves is that of causing us
to remember better than we should otherwise have done the
exact number of stamens and pistils of every species of plants.
. . . The effect of such a classification, when systematically
adhered to, upon our habit of thought, must be regarded as
mischievous." There can be little doubt of this so far as book
classification in broad numerical divisions is concerned, and
the history of the Linnsean classification furnishes another
instance of the same kind of confusion resulting from the effort
to substitute mere arithmetical progression for intrinsic values
and kinds. John Locke, the philosopher, sought to classify
all science (in 1688) under three main heads as follows :
Locke's Scheme for Science (1688)
Physics i. Natural Philosophy ; 2. Mental Philosophy ;
3. Natural Theology
Operative Skill i. Ethics; 2. Mechanical Art ; 3. Fine Arts
Sign Knowledge i. Logic; 2. Language; 3. Rites, Ceremonies,
Customs, Fashions, etc.
This has not been adopted, so far as we know, and, like
the Linnaean botanical classification, is no longer more than
a curiosity.
' System of Logic >
TJie Classification of Knowledge — 16, 17 3 1
16. We will pass over the numerous other methods for the
classification of all, or scientific, knowledge which come be-
tween that of Bacon and Coleridge, as they have very little
practical value, though all are of great interest, particularly that
of Jeremy Bentham, first published in his Crestomathia (1816).
The method of Samuel Taylor Coleridge was included in his
" Essay on Method," forming the introduction to the Eficydo-
pcedia AIetropolita7ia (1826) ; and though it is supposed to have
been edited after it left his hands, is presented here in the
form which has been preserved :
Coleridge's Scheme (1826)
Class I. Pure Sciences 3. Pneumatics
1. Formal Sciences 4- Optics
a. Grammar 5- Astronomy
h. Logic 6. Experimental Philosophy
c. Rhetoric 7- Fine Arts
d. Mathematics 8. Useful Arts
e. Metaphysics 9' Natural History
10. Medicine
2. Real Sciences
a. Law Class IH. History
b. Morals I. National History
c. Theology 2. Biography
3. Geography, Voyages, and
Class H. Mixed and Applied Travels
Sciences 4. Chronology
1. Mechanics Class IV. Literature and
2. Hydrostatics PHILOLOGY
17. The last of the classifications of all knowledge which
we shall mention is that published in America by Dr. W. D.
Wilson in his Treatise on Logic (New York : 1856). Like most
of the American methods, this is practical, and more minute
than many other previous schemes, though it bears a con-
siderable general likeness to a classification proposed by Lord
Lindsay in his Progression by Antagonism (London : 1845),
which has for its main classes :
I. Revelation IV. Philosophy
II. Poetry V. Bibliography and
III. Science Collections
32
Manual of Library Classification — 18
Wilson's method will strike modem librarians as lacking in
places for such classes as Language and pure Literature (Poetry
is included, but not Fiction, etc.) :
W. D. Wilson's
Scheme (1856)
Class ]
[. Theoretical Sciences
5. Pneumatics
Section i. Exact Sciences
6. Acoustics
I.
Meteorology
7. Optics
2.
Ouranography
Section 2. Ethical Sciences
3-
Geology
I. Ethics
4-
Geography
2. Polity
5-
Chemistry
3. Natural Religion
6.
Mineralogy
4. Jurisprudence
7-
Anatomy
5. Ecclesiastical Polity
8.
Physiology
6. Revealed Religion
9.
Botany
lO.
Zoology
Ethnology
Class III. Productive
II.
Sciences or Arts
12.
13-
Psychology
History
Section i. Fine Arts
I. Gardening
Section 2. Pure Sciences
2. Architecture
I.
Arithmetic
3. Sculpture
2.
Geometry
4. Painting
3-
Algebra
5. Music
4-
Calculus
6. Poetry
5-
6.
Trigonometry
Analytic Geometry
Section 2. Useful Arts
7-
Analytics
I. Agriculture
8.
Method
2. Metallurgy
9-
Ontology
3. Technology
4. Typography
Class II. Practical Sciences
5. Engraving
Section i. Mixed Sciences
6, Commerce
I.
Mechanics
7. Medicine
2.
Astronomy
8. Rhetoric
3-
Hydrostatics
9. Political Economy
4-
Hydraulics
10. War
18. As classifications of Science are the most difficult,
owing to the continual progress of discovery and the changes
or modifications thereby introduced, we shall briefly consider
a few points likely to be useful to library assistants. The two
The Classification of Knowledge — 18 33
principal sciences possessing classifications which to any extent
affect the arrangement of books are Zoology and Botany.
Nearly every text-book on these subjects has tables, and in
accordance with the arrangement therein set forth books may
be arranged on the shelves or in the catalogue. The exa-
mination papers of the Library Association have on several
occasions contained questions such as, " Where in a zoological
classification would a book on Beetles go ? " *' What is meant
by Lepidoptera ? " etc. ; and as there seems to be much need
for a series of tables embodying such information in a simple
form, we have selected several systems of classification from
elementary zoological text-books of old and recent dates which
will no doubt be helpful to students of classification. It may
be explained that, so far as the classification of biological
books is concerned, it matters little whether Zoology or Botany
is arranged on the evolutionary principle of progression from
lowest to highest forms of life, or from highest to lowest forms.
In either case it simply means looking backwards or forwards,
and does not affect the question, very frequently enlarged
upon, of the arrangement of general text-books to insure that
students will begin with the simpler forms of life and work
upwards to more complicated forms. The first zoological
classification which we shall give is representative of the
science as it existed about 1845, ^^^ we have ventured to add
typical examples of each order to render the nomenclature
more intelligible.
Zoological Classification '
VERTEBRATES
Order 6.
Cetacea (Whales, Seals,
Class Mammalia
etc.)
Order i. Bimana (Man)
>j
7.
Rodentia (Rats, Beavers,
,, 2. Quadrumana (Apes)
Hares)
„ 3. Cheiroptera (Bats)
»>
8.
Edentata (Sloths, Pango
,, 4. Insectivora (Insect-eaters)
lins)
,, 5. Carnivora (Flesh-eaters:
»»
9.
Ruminantia (Deer, Cattle,
Lions, etc.)
Sheep)
From Carpenter's Zoology^ 2 vols.
34
Manual of Library Classification — 18
Orde
ric
. Pachydermata(Elephants,
Horses, Pigs)
»
II
. Marsupialia (Kangaroos,
Pouched animals)
>>
12
. Monotremata (Egg-laying
mammals)
Class
Birds
Order i.
Raptores (Eagles, Vultures,
Owls)
j>
2.
Insessores (Perching birds,
4 tribes)
>>
3-
Scansores (Parrots, Cuc-
koos)
))
4-
Rasores (Pigeons, Phea-
sants, Fowls)
J)
5-
Cursores (Ostriches)
9)
6.
Grallatores (Waders : Bus-
tards, Cranes)
}>
7-
Natatores (Swans, Ducks,
Gulls)
Class
Reptiles
Order i.
Chelonia (Turtles)
5>
2.
Loricata (Crocodiles)
))
3-
Sauria (Lizards)
55
4.
Ophidia (Snakes)
Class Batrachia (Frogs)
Order i.
Anura
»>
2.
Urodela
»5
3-
Amphipneusta
55
4-
Apoda
5»
5-
Lepidota
Class Fishes
Order
I.
Selachii
55
2.
Ganoidei
,,
3-
Teleostei
,,
4-
Cyclostomi
55
5-
Leptocardi
INVERTEBRATES
Class Insects
Order i. Coleoptera (Beetles)
,, 2. Orthoptera (Grasshoppers)
Order 3. Physopoda
,, 4. Neuroptera (Dragonflies)
,, 5. Hymenoptera (Bees,
Wasps, Ants)
,, 6. Lepidoptera (Butterflies,
Moths)
,, 7. Rhynchota
„ 8. Diptera (Flies)
,, 9. Aphaniptera
,, 10. Anoplura
„ II. Mallophaga
,, 12. Thysanoura
Class Myriapoda (Centipedes)
Order i. Chilopoda
,, 2. Chilognatha
Class Arachnida (Spiders, etc.)
Order i. Pulmonaria
,, 2. Trachearia
Class Crustacea (Crabs, Lob-
sters, etc.)
Order i. Decapoda \Podoph-
,, 2. Stomapodaj thalma
„ 3. Amphipoda^g _
,, 4. Laemodipoda
,, 5. Isopoda
,, 6. Xyphosura
,, 7. Phyllopoda
,, 8. Cladocera
,, 9. Ostracoda
,, 10. Copepoda
,, II. Siphonostoma
,, 12. Lemeeida
,, 13. Cirrhopoda
,, 14. Araneiformia
Class Annelida
Order I. Dorsibranchiata
,, 2. Tubicola
,, 3. Terricola
,, 4. Suctoria
Class Entozoa
Class Rotifera
j thalma
Entomos-
traca
TJie Classification of Knowledge — 18
35
Class Cephalopoda (Cuttle-
fish)
Order i. Dibranchiata
,, 2. Tetrabranchiata
Class Gastropoda (Snails, etc.)
Order i. Pulmonifera
,, 2. Prosobranchiata
,, 3. Opisthobranchiata
,, 4. Heteropoda
Class Pteropoda
Class Lamellibranchiate
conchifera
Order i. Asiphonata
,, 2. Siphonata
Class Palliobranchiata
Class Tunicata
Order i. Ascidiae
,, 2. Salpas
Class Polyzoa
Class Echinodermata (Star-
fish)
Order i. Echinida
,, 2. Stellerida
,, 3. Crinoidea
,, 4. Holothurida
Class of Polypifera
Order i. Helianthoida
,, 2. Asteroida
Class of Hydrozoa
Order i. Hydroida
,, 2. Discophora
,, 3. Ctenophora
,, 4. Siphonophora
Protozoa
Class I. Infiisoria
,, 2. Rhizopoda
,, 3. Porifera
Later classifications are more compressed; but the main
classes are much the same, though nearly every naturalist has
introduced various modifications to suit his own views. A
comparatively modern classification, such as that set forth
below,^ represents the present-day ideas on the subject.
Modern Zoological Classification
SUB-KINGDOM I. VERTE-
Ord. 10. Effodientia (Pangolins)
BRATA
,, II. Marsupialia (Pouched
Class i. Mammals
mammals)
Ord. I. Primates (Apes)
,, 12. Monotremata( Egg-laying
,, 2. Chiroptera (Bats)
mammals)
,, 3. Insectivora (Insect-eaters)
Class 2. Aves (Birds)
,, 4. Carnivora (Flesh-eaters)
Two Sub-classes and 34 Orders
,, 5. Rodentia (Gnawers)
,, 6. Ungulata (Hoofed
Class 3. Reptiles
animals)
Ord. I. Crocodilia
,, 7. Sirenia (Manatees)
,, 2. Chelonia (Tortoises)
„ 8. Cetacea (Whales)
,, 3. Squamata( Lizards, Snakes)
„ 9. Edentata (Sloths)
,, 4. Rhynchocephaha(Quatera)
Lydekker's Concise Natural History (1897).
36
Manual of Library Classification — 19
Class 4. Amphibians
Ord. I. Ecaudata (Frogs)
,, 2. Caudata (Newts)
,, 3. Apoda (Csecilians)
Class 5. Fishes
Four Sub-classes
Class 6. Cyclostoma (Lampreys)
Class 7. PROTOCHORDA(Lancelets)
Class 8. Hemichorda
SUB-KINGDOM II. ARTHRO-
PODA
Class i. Crustacea (Crabs, Lob-
sters)
Class 2. Arachnida (Spiders)
Class 3. Myriopoda (Centipedes)
Class 4. Protracheata
Class 5. Insects
Ord. I. Coleoptera (Beetles)
,, 2. Orthoptera(Grasshoppers)
„ 3. Neuroptera (Dragonflies)
,, 4. Hymenoptera (Bees,
Wasps, Ants)
,, 5. Lepidoptera (Butterflies,
Moths)
,, 6. Hemiptera (Bugs, etc.)
,, 7. Diptera (Flies)
SUB-KINGDOM IIL MOL-
LUSCA (Oysters, Snails,
Cuttlefish)
Class i. Amphineura
Class 2. Pelecypoda (Bivalves)
Class 3. Scaphopoda
Class 4. Gastropoda (Snails,
Limpets)
Class 5. Cephalopoda (Nautilus,
Cuttlefish)
SUB-KINGDOM IV. BRA-
CHIOPODA (Lampshells)
SUB-KINGDOM V. ECHINO-
DERMA (Starfish)
SUB-KINGDOM VI. BRYOZOA
(Polyzoa : Seamats)
SUB-KINGDOM VII.
(Worms)
VERMES
SUB-KINGDOM VIIL CGE-
LENTERA (Sponges, Corals)
SUB-KINGDOM IX. PROTO-
ZOA (Animalcule : Lowest
forms)
19. We will conclude this part of the work by a selection of
three botanical classifications. The first, which represents the
older systems of Bentham and Hooker, is that published in
the later editions of Henfrey's Botany^ and is not arranged on
the evolutionary principle.
Division I. Phanerogamia
Sub-division i. Angiospermia
Class I. Dicotyledones
,, 2. Monocotyledones
Sub-division 2. Gymnospermia
Division II. Cryptogamia
Sub-division i. Cormophyta
Botanical Classification
Class I. Vascularia
,, 2. Muscineae
,, 3. Charales
Sub-division 2. Thallophyta
Class I. Algae
,, 2. Fungi
,, 3. Protophyta
VNIVFO
ssification of Knowledge — 19 37
The subject of botanical classification in its historical aspect
is treated at some length in Sachs' History of Botany (1530-
1860) (Oxford : 1890). The methods of Linnaeus and Jussieu
have little practical value for modern book-classifiers, and the
reference to Sachs will probably meet every want. A com-
paratively recent classification is the following/ which is
arranged on the evolutionary plan :
Modern Botanical Classification, 1
Group i. Thallophyta Class 6. Equisetacese
Class I. AlgK ,, 7. Lycopodinas
„ 2. Fungi Group 4. Phanerogamia
Group 2. Muscine/e A. Gymnospermce
Class 3. Hepaticae Class 8. Gymnospermse
,, 4. Musci B. Angiospermse
Group 3. Pteridophyta Class 9. Monocotyledones
Class 5. Filicinae ,, 10. Dicotyledones
Another variation of the evolutionary arrangement is the
following ^ :
Modern Botanical Classification, 2
Group i. Thallophytes Group 3. Vascular Cryptogams
1. Myxomycetes (Naked proto- j^ Filicine^ (Ferns)
P^^^"^) 2. Equisetineae
2. Diatomacse (Diatoms) 3_ Sphenophyllese
3. Schizophyta ^^ Lycopodine^e
4. Algas (Seaweeds)
5. Fungi (Mushrooms) Group 4. Phanerogams (Flower-
Group 2. MusciNE/E (Mosses) ^°g plants)
1. Hepaticse (Liverworts) i. Gymnospermce (Naked seeds)
2. Musci (Mosses) 2. Angiospermce( Enclosed seeds)
The classification of Chemistry, Mineralogy, Crystallography,
Geology, etc., is not of a nature to be helpful save in special
libraries, and all that is needful to gain an inkling of its
principle may be gleaned from any text-book.
' From Prantl's Botany.
^ From Goebel's Outlines of Class fuation and Special Morphology of
Plants (1887).
38 Manual of Library Classification — 20
20. The student of classification who wishes to pursue the
subject in general in more detail will find much of interest in
the authorities we have already mentioned, while additional
matter will be found in such works as Remarks 07i Classification
of Human Knowledge^ by Sir J. W. Lubbock (London : 1834) ;
Essay on the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the
Mammalia^ by Sir Richard Owen ; History of the Inductive
Sciences^ by Whewell ; Lectures on the Elements of Comparative
Anatomy^ and o?i the Classification of Animals^ by T. H.
Huxley (1864); The Classification of the Scie?tces, by Herbert
Spencer; Zoological Classification^ by F. P. Pascoe (1880);
Synopsis of the Classification of the Animal World, by H. A.
Nicholson (1882) ; Fothergill, Zoological Types arid Classifica-
tion (1891) ; and scientific text-books in general.
CHAPTER III
SCHEMES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS AND
CATALOGUES
21. Hitherto we have been considering the arrangement of
books on Hbrary shelves and the methodical classification
of knowledge as it affects the classification of books. This
chapter is concerned with the many important methods which
have been devised within the past four hundred years for
arranging libraries and their catalogues in groups of related
subjects without making special provision for marking their
order and place on the shelves. Although many of the later
systems provide minute numerical or alphabetic signs to
denote the order and place of topics in the scheme, such
signs are not necessarily to be considered as furnishing a
system of shelf-marking. What may be termed combination
systems of classification and shelf-marking are described in
Chapter IV.
22. Some of the earliest attempts at book classification were
made for commercial purposes, and it may be assumed that
convenience was the object aimed at in grouping together in
printed lists the titles of books on kindred topics. Soon this
plan was found necessary in libraries, either alone or in
combination with lists of authors. It is quite evident that
no motive of pedantry moved the old booksellers to attempt
classified lists, as has been assumed by certain writers, but
the practical idea of displaying their wares in a manner to
attract customers. It is vain therefore for those who denounce
exact classification and classified catalogues to attribute to
39
40 Manual of Library Classification — 22
the users of methodical arrangements the fooHsh desire to be
considered cleverer than their neighbours. Practical con-
venience was the sole cause, and any one who cares to
investigate the matter will find that the methods of the early
bookseller are used at the present time, not only by our
humble costermongers (Section i), but by every class of
tradesman who has goods for sale. As regards booksellers,
Edwards has pointed out^ that the character of their
classification seems to have been determined by their stock-
in-trade, and he cites the divisions used by the elder Aldus,
the printer, in a catalogue of Greek books, 1498, which was
divided into five groups, thus :
1. Grammatica 4. Philosophia
2. Poetica 5. Sacra Scriptura
3. Logica
This is one of the earliest examples of rudimentary classifica-
tion in a catalogue of printed books. Another early scheme
for book classification was that devised by Conrad Gesner
in 1548, which has been regarded as "the first bibliographical
system." This scheme has twenty-one main classes grouped
together in a kind of genealogical sequence under the head
of "Philosophia, comprehendit Artes et Scientias." The
arrangement of classes is as follows :
1. Grammatica et Philologica 13. De diversibus artibus illiteratis,
2. Dialectica mechanicis, etc.
3. Rhetorica 14, De Natural! Philosophia
4. Poetica 15. Metaphysica et Theologia
5. Arithmetica 16. De Morali Philosophia
6. Geometria, Optica, etc. 17. De Philosophia Economica
7. Musica 18. De re Politica id et Civili ac
8. Astronomia Militari
9. Astrologia 19. De Jurisprudentia
10. De Divinatione et Magia 20. De re Medica
11. Geographia 21. De Theologia Christiana
12. Historia
The earliest English bookseller's catalogue was that of Andrew
' Memoirs of Libraries^ Vol. II., p. 761.
Books and Catalogues — 23 41
Maunsell, issued at London in 1597, under the title Cata-
logue of E)iglish prhited bookes . . . gathered into alphabet^ and
such method as it is. It was published in two parts, the first
comprising Divinity and the second Science.
23. Fifty-three years after this appeared the earliest systematic
work on modern libraries, in which are given a few slight
indications of what was then looked for in catalogues. To
John Durie, a Scots author, we owe a little work entitled The
Eefornied Librarie-keeper (Londoxw 1650), containing, among
other interesting matter, the following notes on classification
and cataloguing as then understood : " All the books and
manuscripts, according to the titles whereunto they belong, are
to bee ranked in an order most easie and obvious to bee found,
which I think is that of Sciences and languages, when first all the
books are divided into their subjectum materiam whereof they
treat." This indicates preference for classification in the
catalogue ; and he further advocates a shelf notation as follows :
"In the printed catalogue a reference is to bee made to the place
where the books are to be found in their shelves or repository."
As a further guide he recommends " a catalogue of their
Titles made alphabetically in reference to the autor's name
with a note of distinction to shew the science to which they
are to ^be referred." This is clearly a class catalogue with an
author index, such as continued to be used long after Durie's
time. His views were enforced nearly fifty years later by
another Scot, the Rev. James Kirkwood, in an anonymous
tract entitled An Overture for founding and niaintaining of
bibliothecks in every paroch throughout the kingdom [Scotland]
(1699). He states that under his plan every parish library is
to have " exact alphabetical catalogues " giving particulars
of "the place where, and the time when, they [books] are
printed." As regards classification, he writes : " It will be
convenient that all the Bibliothecks in the kingdom observe
the same method of ranking and placing their books, which
method may be to rank the books according to their name
and number in the general catalogue." The method of
printing catalogues in broad classified sections continued for
42 Manual of Library Classification — 24
long to be the practice in libraries and among booksellers,
though as great diversity of system existed then as now ; some
catalogues being partly indexed as Durie recommends, but most
of them being simply set out in large sections. Another early
example of a trade catalogue, somewhat akin to Maunsell's,
was that issued by William London in 1658, entitled A Cata-
logue of the most vendible books in E7igla7id orderly digested^
under the heads of divinity^ history^ physic^ law, etc. (London).
These two lists were the forerunners of the more elaborate
inventories of Low and Sonnenschein, as well as the less-known
London Catalogue of Books . . . from the year lyoo, properly
classed imder the gejieral branches of literature^ and alphabetically
disposed under each head (1773).
24. Having now briefly described the methods of book
classification in use in this country during the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, we can turn to the methods of other
countries. In France a method was introduced in the latter
part of the seventeenth century which proved of immense
value and influence, being used at the present time in various
modified forms. The groundwork of this system, described
indifferently as the " Paris " or " French " system, also as " De
Bure's " or " Brunei's " system, was laid by Jean Gamier, a
Jesuit, or Ismael Bouillaud, the compiler of the catalogue of
De Thou's Library. This method was altered successively by
Gabriel Martin, De Bure, Brunet, Barbier, and Achard, and
forms the basis of many modern systems. It is not necessary
to display the various plans in detail, the differences not being
very important after the changes made by De Bure and Brunet.
We will, however, just quote the main classes of
Garnier's Scheme
Class I. Theology Class 5. History
„ 2. Philosophy „ 6. Jurisprudence
,, 3. Medicine ,, 7. Heterodoxy
„ 4. Literature
What may be termed the settled French scheme as used by
Brunet and others was as follows :
Books and Catalogues — 24
French Scheme
43
Class I. Theology
6. Mathematical Sciences
I. Holy Scriptures
7. Mnemonics
2. Sacred Philology
8. Fine Arts
3. Liturgies
9. Mechanical Arts and Trades
4. Councils
10. Gymnastics — Recreative Arts
5. Fathers
and Games
6. Collective Works of Theologians
Class IV. Polite Literature
7. Singular and Fanatical Sects
and Opinions
8. Judaism
9. Oriental Religions
10. Deism, etc.
1. Introductory Works
2. Linguistics
3. Rhetoric
4. Poetry
5. Prose Fiction
Class IL Jurisprudence
6. Philology
I. General Treatises on Law
7. Dialogues, etc.
2. Natural and International Law
8. Letters
3. Political Law
9. Polygraphy
4. Civil and Criminal Law
10. Collective Works — Miscellanies
5. Canon and Ecclesiastical Law
Class V. History
Class III. Sciences and Arts
I. Historical Prolegomena
I. Dictionaries and Encyclopaedias
2. Universal History
2. Philosophical Sciences
3. History of Religions, etc.
3. Physical and Chemical Sciences
4. Ancient History
4. Natural Sciences
5. Modern History
5. Medical Sciences
6. Historical Paralipomena
An important English modification of this method was that of
Thomas Hartwell Home, the bibliographer, whose Iiitroduc-
tio7i to the Study of Bibliography (18 14) is a well-known
work. He published his plan in Outli7ies for the Classification
of a Library (London: 1825), and its leading classes and sub-
divisions were as follows :
Home's Scheme
Class I. Theology or Religion
1. Introductory Works
2. Natural Religion
3. Revealed Religion
a. Holy Scriptures
b. Sacred Philology
c. Councils and Ecclesiastical
Polity
d. Liturgies
e. Fathers and Collected
Works of Theologians
f. Scholastic Divinity
g. Systematic Divinity
h. Moral and Casuistical
Divinity
i. Catechetical Divinity
44 Manual of Library Classification — 25, 26
I. k. Polemical Divinity
/. Pastoral Divinity
m. Hortatory Divinity
n. Mystical and Ascetical
Divinity
o. Miscellaneous Treatises
4. History of Religions
Class H. Jurisprudence
1. Public Universal Law
2. Ancient Civil and Feudal Law
3. Canon Law
4. British Law
5. Foreign Law
Class HI. Philosophy
1. Introductory Works — Encyclo-
paedias, etc.
2. Intellectual Philosophy
3. Moral and Political Philosophy
4. Natural Philosophy
5. Mathematical Philosophy
Class IV. Arts and Trades
I. History of Arts
25
2. Liberal Arts
3. Economical Arts, Trades and
Manufactures
4. Gymnastic and Recreative Arts
Class V. History
1. Historical Prolegomena
2. Universal History
3. Particular History
a. Ancient
b. Middle Ages
c. Modern
4. Biographical and Monumental
History
5. Historical Extracts and Miscel-
lanies.
Class VI. Literature
1. Literary History and Biography
2. Polite Literature
a. Grammar
b. Philology and Criticism
c. Rhetoric and Oratory
d. Poetry
e. Literary Miscellanies.
Returning to British systems, reference may be made
to the old classification of the London Institution, devised
by Richard Thomson, E. W. Brayley, and William Maltby,
and appearing in the Catalogue of the Library of the Lo?idon
Lnstitutiofi systematically classed (London : 1835). The main
feature of this method is the synoptical table of classes arranged
under such main heads as Theology, Jurisprudence, Philo-
sophy, Mathematics, etc., sub-divided in somewhat inexact
sections. The most extraordinary point in connection with
this particular scheme is the plan adopted of locating classes
by their positions over fireplaces, in recesses or galleries, etc.
Presses indicated by busts of Roman emperors or others
surmounting them are common ; but to locate Theology or
Botany over a fireplace seems a very primitive, not to say
prosaic, method of shelf arrangement.
26. About this time (1836-38) the systematic classification
used in the British Museum was first applied generally to the
Books and Catalogues — 26
45
collections in that library. It is somewhat important as the
system used in the largest British library possessing unusually
valuable stores of books on every conceivable subject, and is
therefore interesting as an example of the provision requisite
for storing the leading sections of literature to be found in
complete libraries. The system is described by Dr. Richard
Garnett in the Transactio?is of the Library Co7ifere7ice^ ^^77 \
and he explains that only principal sub-divisions are given.
We have not set out every sub-division given by Dr. Garnett,
but only enough to show the details of the scheme. It bears
a slight resemblance to the scheme of Home, Section 24, but
in the multiplication of main classes and details of working out
differs from most of the larger classifications with which we are
acquainted.
British Museum Scheme
I. Theology
21. Bible Commentaries, Gos-
I.
Bibles, Polyglot
pels and Acts
2.
Hebrew
22. Epistles
3-
Greek
23-25. Liturgies
4.
Latin
26-27. Metrical Psalms, Hymns
5-
French, Italian, Spanish,
28-80. Prayers, Theology, Ser-
etc.
mons
6.
German
81. Mythology
7.
Dutch and Scandinavian
82. Scriptures of Non-Chris-
8.
English
tian Religions
9.
Celtic
83. Jewish History
10.
Slavonic
84-99. Church History, General
II.
Oriental
and National
12,
American, Polynesian,
100-102. Missions
etc.
103. Religious Fraternities
13.
Bible Concordances
104. Freemasonry
14.
Bible Commentaries,
105. Biography, General Reli-
General
gious
15.
Pentateuch
106. Scripture
16.
Other Historical Books
107-109. Saints, Popes, Cardinals
17.
Psalms
110-115. Religious, National
18.
Prophets and Hagio-
116. Juvenile Religious
grapha
117. Theological Bibliography
19-
Unfulfilled Prophecy
20.
New Testament, Gene-
IL Jurisprudence
ral
I. Papal Bulls
46
Manual of Library Classification — 26
II. 2. Councils
3-6. Canon, Ecclesiastical, and
Marriage Law
7. Roman Law
8. Mediaeval Jurists
9-28. Law, National, Foreign
29-33. Jurisprudence, Crime, Pri-
sons, Forensic Medicine
34-44. English Law, General and
Special
45. Trials
46-48. Law of Ireland, Scotland,
Colonies
49-52. Law of United States
53. Law of South America
54-55. Maritime and Military
Law
56. Treaties and Conventions
57. International Law
III. Natural History and
Medicine
1. Natural History, General
2. Botany
3. Horticulture
4. Agriculture
5. Mineralogy
6. Geology
7. Palaeontology
8. Zoology, General
9. Mammalia
10. Ornithology
11. Herpetology
12. Ichthyology
13. Domestic Animals (with
Veterinary Surgery)
14. Entomology
15. Conchology, etc.
16. Dictionaries of Medicine
17-18. Medical Principles and
Theses
19. Domestic Medicine
20. Physiology
21. Phrenology, Animal Mag-
netism, etc.
22. Anatomy
23-24. Pathology, Therapeutics
25. Mineral Waters
26. Surgery
27. Materia Medica
28-36. Diseases, Hospitals, etc.
IV. Archeology and Arts
1-2.
Archaeology
3-
Costumes
4-
Numismatics
5-
Fine Art, General
6-7.
Architecture
8.
Painting and Engraving
9.
Sculpture
10.
Music
II.
Field Sports
12.
Games of Chance
13.
Games of Skill
14.
Useful Arts
15.
Domestic Economy
16-17.
Exhibitions, etc.
V. Philosophy
1-24. Politics (National) Poli-
tical Economy, etc.
25-29. Commerce, Charities, etc.
30-33. Education, Schools, etc.
34. Moral Philosophy
35-37. Marriage, Women, Tem-
perance, etc.
38-39. Metaphysical Philosophy
40. Logic
41. History of Philosophy
42-46. Mathematics: Arithmetic,
Geometry, etc.
47. Astronomy
48-50. Astrology, Occult Science,
Spiritualism
51. Physics
52. Optics
53. Meteorology
54. Electricity
55. Mechanics
56. Hydrostatics, Hydraulics
Books and Catalogues — 26
47
V. 57. Nautical Sciences
42.
Poetry, American
58. Arms and Military Engines
43-58.
Drama, National
59. Military Art
59-
Rhetoric
60. Chemistry
60-61.
Literary Criticism and
61. Spectral Analysis
History
62. Photography
62.
Typography
VI. History
63.
64.
Bibliography
Catalogues
I, Chronology
65-67.
Compendiums, Encyclo-
2. Universal History
paedias, etc.
3. History, Asia
68-77.
Collected Works of Au-
4. Asia, British India
thors, by Nationalities
5. Africa
78.
Speeches
6-8. Europe, General
79-
Fables
9. Byzantine and Ottoman
80-81.
Proverbs, Anecdotes
10-29. Europe, National
82.
Satire and Facetiae
30-35. England
83-
Essays and Sketches
36-43. America, U.S., Australia
84.
Fiction, Collected
44-45. Heraldry, Genealogy
85.
Folk-Lore, Fairy Tales
46. Pageants, Processions, etc.
86.
Early Romances
VII. Geography
87.
Fiction, Italian
I. Cosmography
88.
89.
90.
Spanish and Portuguese
French
2. Ethnology
German
3. Circumnavigations
91.
Dutch and Scandinavian
4. Voyages in two or more
92.
Slavonic and Hungarian
parts of the World
Qi-
English, Collected
5-39. Travels, by Countries
94.
Waverley Novels
40. Hydrography
95-
English, Translations
v'lll. Biography
96.
English, Early
1-19. Collective and National
97-
Republications
20-22. Epistles
98.
English, General
99.
Minor
IX. Belles Lettres
100.
American
I. Classical Polygraphy
lOI.
Tales for Children
2-8. Homer, Greek and Latin
X. Philology
Poets and Orators
I.
General Philology
9-16. Poetry, Italian
2.
Languages, Semitic
17-18. Spanish, Portuguese
3-
Other Asiatic and
19-21. French, Provencal
African
22-24. German
4.
American and Poly-
25-26. Dutch, Scandinavian
'
nesian
27-28. Slavonic, Celtic, etc.
5.
Chinese and Japanese ■
29-41. English
6.
Greek
48 Manual of Library Classification — 27, 28
X. 7. Languages, Latin 14. Languages, Celtic
8-10. Italian, Spanish, French 15. English
11-13. German, Dutch, Scan- 16. Phonography
dinavian, Slavonic 17. Books for the Blind
27. The Germans are responsible for a number of schemes
dating from that of Leibnitz (1700) to recent times; but most
of them are more adapted for the libraries of universities
or learned societies than the general public libraries we are
famihar with in Britain and the United States. It will be
sufficient to name the methods of Ersch (1793), Preusker
(1830), and the minute scheme of Thienemann (1847), the main
heads of which are given in Edwards' Memoirs, Room may
be found for some of the chief divisions of Dr. Schleiermacher's
method, which is worked out with much elaboration in his
Bibliographisches System der gesammten Wissenschaftskunde^ and
condensed by Edwards.
ScMeiermacher's Scheme
Class I. Encycloposdias, Literary Class VIII. Mathematical and
Histoiy, and Bibliography Physical Sciences
Class IL Polygraphy Class IX. Natural History
Class III. Linguistics and Philo- Class X. Medicine and Pathology
logy Class XL Industrial and Econo-
Class IV. Greek and Latin Litera- mical Sciences
ture Class XII. Philosophy
Class V. Polite Literature in Class XIII. Theology
Modern and Oriental Tongues Class XIV. Jurisprudence and
Class VI. Fine Arts Politics
Class VII. Historical Sciences
28. From about 1850 onwards the systems of classification
become more practical, more minute, and more in accordance
with modern ideas. The advances made in science and the
great increase in the publication of technological literature
gradually altered the arrangement of main classes and sub-
divisions. The passing of the Public Libraries Acts in Britain
and the immense strides made in library work in the United
States tended to direct more attention to the study of classifi-
cation, and it is from this period that most of the best
systems date.
Books and Catalogues — 28
49
The following classification is very useful and suggestive ;
and as the catalogue from which it is taken is well indexed, it
forms one of the most complete answers to those who in earlier
times doubted the possibility of producing a satisfactory classed
catalogue or dismissed the whole type as " logical absurdities."
The Classified Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Institution
of Great Britain, compiled by Benjamin Vincent (London :
1857), has the undernoted main classes and sub-divisions :
Royal Institution
Class I. Theology
I. HolyScriptures (19 sections)
II. Helps to Study (lo)
III. Apocryphal Writings
IV. Liturgies (4)
V. Church Discipline and
Government
VI. Theological Controversy (5)
VII. Miscellaneous Theology (4)
VIII. Ecclesiastical History
Class II. Government, Poli-
tics, Jurisprudence
I. Government and Politics
(II)
II. Jurisprudence (12)
III. Commerce (4)
Class III. Sciences and Arts
I. Moral and Intellectual Philo-
sophy (8)
II. Medical Sciences (13)
III. Natural History (23 under
5 heads)
Natural and Experimental
Philosophy (25 under ii
heads)
Chemistry (3)
Mathematical Sciences (9)
Astronomy (7)
Architecture
Civil Engineering (6)
Navigation and Naval
Architecture (3)
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Scheme (1857)
XL Military Art (2)
XII. Mechanic Arts (2)
XIII. Fine Arts (5)
XIV. Music
XV. Sports and Games
XVI. Domestic Economy
XVII. Miscellaneous
Class IV. Literature
I. History and Study of Litera-
ture (7)
II. Bibliography (7)
III. Language (3)
IV. Classical Literature (2)
V. Miscellanea Latina
VL Anglo-Saxon
VI I. English Literature (4)
VIIL French Literature
IX. Italian Literature
X. Spanish and Portuguese
Literature
XI. German Literature
XII. Oriental Literature (5)
Class V. Geography
I. Ancient and Modern Geo-
graphy (4)
II. Voyages and Travels (37)
Class VI. History, Mythology,
Archeology, Biography
I. Study of History
II. Mythology
III. Archaeology (3)
50
Manual of Library Classification — 29
IV. Chronology and Genealogy
V. Biography (3)
VI. History (29)
Class VII. British Geography,
Antiquities, History, and
Biography
I. British Geography and Anti-
quities (13)
The classification of Nicholas Triibner, designed for a
Bibliographical Catalogue of American Literature, is worthy of
mention here as a practical method of arranging books on a
special subject.
Triibner's Scheme (1859)
II. History of England (12)
III. Wales
IV. Scotland
V. Ireland
VI. British Biography, Letters,
Peerages (4)
Vlir Government (4)
VIII. Honours and Dignities (3)
IX. Historical Tracts
I. Bibliography
17. Useful Arts
2. Collections
18. Military Science
3. Theology
19. Naval Science
4. Jurisprudence
20. Rural and Domestic Economy
5. Medicine
21. Politics
6. Natural History
22. Commerce
7. Chemistry and Pharmacy
23. Belles Lettres
8. Natural Philosophy
24. Fine Arts
9. Mathematics, Astronomy
25. Music
10. Philosophy
26. Freemasonry
II. Education
27. Mormonism
12. Modern Language
28. Spiritualism
13. Philology
29. Guide Books
14. American Antiquities
30. Maps
15. History
31. Periodicals
16. Geography
29. We come now to the most important of the English
classifications which for years has formed the basis of a large
number of the broad schemes described in Chapter I. This is
the very complete method of Edward Edwards, outlined in his
Memoirs of Libraries^ Vol. XL, p. 815, and stated by him-
self to be designed for " the special characteristics and require-
ments " of public libraries, then only recently established by
the Acts .of 1850 and 1855. The Manchester Public Library,
organised by Edwards, is classified according to this system,
and other libraries have adopted some of the main classes and
Books and Catalogues — 3g
51
Sub-divisions. The weakest part of the system is, in our opinion,
the cumbrous notation or method of briefly indicating the
classes. Thus " Ecclesiastical History of England Generally "
requires a mark like this, " III -7 § f i," so that such symbols
are out of the question for shelf arrangement. The general
excellence of this classification marks it as one well adapted
for careful study by librarians ; and as the method of indicating
divisions and sub-divisions seems to act as a stumbling-block
to many, we have ventured to simphfy them, and present a
condensed table of the entire method. We have accordingly
applied letters instead of figures to the main classes, retained
the original divisional numbers, and noted all further sub-
divisions by a second sequence of numbers following a dash.
Thus " Ecclesiastical History of England Generally " becomes
simply C 7 -5.
Edwards' Scheme (1859)
Class A. Theology
I. Holy Scriptures
-I. Complete Texts
-2. Detached Books of O. and
N. Tests.
-3. Harmonies of O. and N.
Tests.
-4. Apocryphal Scriptures
-5. Bible Histories
2. Sacred Philology
-I. Introductions to Bible
-2. Commentaries and Para-
phrases
-3. Concordances and Diction-
aries
-4. Biblical Antiquities
-5. Geography and Natural
History of Bible
-6. Connexions of Sacred and
Profane History
3. Collective Works of Theologians
4. Dogmatic and Polemic Theology
5. Catechetical Theology
6. Pastoral and Hortatory Theo-
logy
7. Mystical Theology
8. Liturgies, Rites, and Ceremonies
9. Judaism
10. Natural Theology
Class B. Philosophy
1. General and Collective Works
2. Ethics
3. Metaphysics
Class C. History
I. Study of Histoiy
Universal History and Bio-
graphy [including General
Geography and Collections of
Voyages]
Ancient History and Biography
History of the Middle Ages
General Ecclesiastical History
History of Modern Europe,
General [including Travel]
History of Great Britain and
Ireland, General
-I. England, General
-2. Before Conquest
-3, Individual Keign
2.
52
Manual of Library Classification — 29
C. 7. -4. United Kingdom, Ecclesi-
astical History, General
-5. England, Ecclesiastical His-
tory, General
-6. Before Reformation
-7. Reformation
-8. Post-Reformation
-9. History of Dissenters,
General
-10. History of Dissenters,
Denominational
-II. England, Parliamentary
History
-12. United Kingdom, Naval
History (also England)
-13. Military History (also
England)
-14. Monetary and Medallic
History (also England)
-15. England, Topographical
History, General
-16. Architectural and Sepul-
chral Antiquities
-17. County Topography
-18, Travels
-19. United Kingdom, Collec-
tive Biography (also
England)
-20. Particular Biography (also
England)
-21. Peerages, Baronetages,
Political Indexes (also
England)
-22. State Papers and Records
(also England)
-23. Scotland, General History
-24. Ecclesiastical History
-25. Military History
-26. Topographical History
-27. Travels
-28. Biography
-29. State Papers and Records
-30. Ireland, General History
-31. Ecclesiastical History
7. -32. Ireland, Military History
-33. Topographical History
-34. Travels
-35. Biography
-36. vState Papers and Records
-37. Wales, History
-38. British Colonies, History,
General
-39. American Collective His-
tory
-40. West India ,, ,,
-41. Australian ,, ,,
-42. History of Particular
Colonies
-43. British India, History
8. Europe, Modern History, Gene-
ral
-I. Belgium and Holland
-2. Denmark, Sweden, Norway
-3. France
-4. Germany
-5. Greece
-6. Hungary
-7. Italy
-8. Poland
-9. Russia
-10. Switzerland
-II. Turkey
-12. Other Parts of Europe
9. America, History, General
-I. United States [since Inde-
pendence]
-2. Mexico
-3. Hayti
-4. Central and Southern
America
10. Africa and Asia, Modern
History
Class D. Politics and Com-
merce
1. Politics and Government,
General
2. National Constitutions
Books ajid Catalogues — 29
53
)• 3-
-2.
-3-
-4-
-5.
-6.
-7.
Re-
and
Monarchy, General
-I. Crown of England, Succes-
sion and Prerogatives
Parliamentary and Representa-
tive Assemblies, General
-I. House of Lords
House of Commons. Consti-
tution, etc.. General
Reform
Bribery at Elections
Ballot and Electoral
form
Privileges
Internal Economy
Business
-8. Reports and Papers
-9. Foreign Countries, Repre-
sentative Assemblies
5. Civil Government, General
-I. Civil Service of United
Kingdom
6. Law, General
7. Laws, Collective, U.K. and
England
-I. Laws, Commentaries, Eng-
land
Codification, England
Reform ,,
Courts of Law ,,
Scotland
Ireland
Wales
Colonial
United States
Foreign Countries
International Law
Criminal Law (4 sub-divi-
sions)
Political Economy : Commerce,
Pauperism, Population, etc.
(33 sub-divisions)
Church Establishments
Public Education (3 sub-divi-
sions)
12. Army and Navy, Organisation,
etc.
13. Foreign Policy, Ambassadors
and Consuls
14. Political Satires, Liberty of the
Press
Class E. Sciences and Arts
1. General : Dictionaries, Society
Transactions
2. Physical Sciences, General
-I. Physics
-2. Mechanics
-3. Acoustics
-4. Optics
-5. Pneumatics, Electricity, Me-
teorology, etc.
-6. Physical Astronomy
-7. Chemistry, General
-8. Inorganic
-9. Organic
-10. Analytical
-II. Technical
-12. Society Transactions,
Periodicals
-13. Mineralogy and Crystallo-
graphy
-14. Geology, General
-15. Particular
-16. Societies and Periodicals
-17. Biology, General
-18. Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology
-19. Pluman Anatomy and
Physiology
-20. Zoology, General
-21. Particular
-22. Local
-23. Societies and Periodicals
-24. Botany, General
-25. Physiological
-26. Local
-27. Societies and Periodicals
-28. Palaeontology
54 Manual of Library Classification — 29, 30
E. 3. Mathematical Sciences, General
-I. Arithmetic ; -2. Algebra ;
-3. Geometry, Conic Sec-
tions, Mensuration ; -4.
Trigonometry ; -5. Calculus
4. Mechanical Arts, General
-I. Civil Engineering ; -2. '
Steam Engine; -3. Roads,
Railways, Bridges ; -4.
Docks, Harbours, Canals,
etc. ; -5. Field Work; -6.
Building ; -7. Mining and
Metallurgy, Machinery, etc. ;
-8, Textile Fabrics ; -9.
Mathematical Instruments,
Watch and Clock-making ;
-10. Type-founding, Print-
ing, Lithography, etc.; -II.
Pottery, Ceramics, Glass ;
-12. Other Arts and Trades
5. Military and Naval Arts (8 sub-
divisions)
6. Arts of Design, General
-I. Painting (3 sub-divisions) ;
-2. Sculpture ; -3. En-
graving ; -4. Architecture ;
-5. Landscape Gardening ;
-6. Photography
7. Art of Writing. General
-I. Palaeography ; -2. Short-
hand ; -3. Secret Writing
8. Musical and Histrionic Arts,
General
-I. Music, General ; -2. Music,
Theory and Composition ;
-3. Music, Practical Trea-
tises, Instruments, Voice ;
-4. Music, History; -5. Plis-
trionic Art, Histories of the
Stage
9. Medical Arts. General
-I . Medicine, 1* articularBranches;
-2. Surgery and Surgical
Anatomy ; -3. Materia
Medica and Pharmacy ; -4.
Dietetics
10. Domestic and Recreative Arts
Class F. Literature and Poly-
GRAPHY.
1. History of Literature, General
2. Linguistics,or Philology , General
-I. Particular Languages ; -2.
Dictionaries, Lexicons, etc.
3. Poetry and Fiction, General
Collections and History
-I. National Collections ; -2.
Classic Greek Poets ; -3.
Classic Latin Poets ; -4.
British Poets ; -5. Modern
Foreign Poets ; -6. Early
Romantic Fiction ; -7.
Comic, Pastoral, and Heroic
Romance ; -8. Dramatic
Poetry, Collections of Plays;
-9. Collective Works of
Individual Authors ; -10.
Separate Plays ; -i i . History
of Dramatic Poetry; -12.
Modern Tales, Novels and
Romances
4. Oratory: Speeches and Treatises
on Oratory
5. Essays, Proverbs, Literary Mis-
cellanies
6. Epistolography, or Collections
of Letters
7. Bibliography and Literary His-
tory of Particular Countries
8. Polygraphy [collections of works
in 2 or more classes]
-I. British; -2. Foreign; -3. En-
cyclopaedias ; -4. Reviews,
Magazines, etc.
30. A modern English system of great practical value is
Books aftd Catalogues — 30
55
that used by Mr. W. Swan Sonnenschein in his important
bibliographies of general literature entitled The Best Books.
The classification of this invaluable library tool has the great
merit of being based upon the actual printed books of contem-
porary and recent literature, as well as the older literature
represented by reprints. It thus exhibits not only a complete
scheme of headings or classes under which books can be
grouped, but by giving examples of actual titles under every
main class and sub-division presents one of the most useful
text-books which can be studied by the young librarian. Its
valuable index adds materially to its usefulness and complete-
ness. We add the main classes and principal divisions, with
an indication of the number of sub-divisions.
Sonnenschein's
Scheme (1887)
Class A. Theology
tics ; 73. Philosophy of His-
I. General (1-3)
tory ; 74. Political and Social
2. Natural Theology (4-8)
Philosophy; 75. Philosophy
3. Ethnic Theology,Oriental(9-i5)
of Law]
4. Bible (16-47)
5. Ecclesiastical History, General
Class D. Society
(48-59)
I. Law, General
6. National (60-75)
2. Statutes, etc. (2-3)
7. Denominational (76-101)
3. General (4)
8. Ecclesiastical Polity (102-1 12)
4. History (5-7)
9. Practical Theology (113-118)
5. Special Departments (8-100)
10. Systematic Theology (119- 1 34)
6. Courts, Procedure (101-109)
Class B. Mythology
7. RomanandOriental(iio-ii2)
8-9. International (113)
I. Comparative (1-2)
10. Political Economy (114- 1 24)
2. Special Departments (3-10)
II. Social Economy (125-133)
3. Mythology and Folk-Lore,
12. Politics (134-147)
National (11-39)
13. Commerce (148-154)
Class C. Philosophy
14. Education (155-172)
I. General
2. History (2-4)
Class E. Geography
3. Ancient Philosophers by Schools
I. General (1-8)
(5-15) ^
2. Historical Geography (9-10)
4. Modern Philosophers (16-67)
3. Europe (u-29)
5. Special Departments [68. Logic;
4. Asia Minor (30)
69. Metaphysics ; 70. Ethics ;
5. Asia (31-40)
71. Psychology ; 72. /Esthe-
6, Africa (41-51)
56
Manual of Library Classification — 30
7. America (52-61")
8. Australasia (62-67)
9. Polar Regions (68-69)
Class F. History
1. General (1-4)
2. Primitive Society (5)
3. Ancient History (6-12)
4. Middle Ages (13-14)
5. Europe (15-60)
6. Asia (61-64)
7. South Africa (65)
8. America (66-75)
9. Gypsies (76)
Class G. Archeology and
Historical Collaterals
1. Antiquities, General and Local
(i-ii)
2. Classical (12-21)
3. Genealogy, Heraldry, Names
(22-24)
4. Miscellaneous [25. Costume;
26. Autographs; 27. Stamps;
28. Flags ; 29. Signboards ;
29*. Pipes ; 30. Lives of
Antiquaries]
Class H. Science
1. General (1-4)
2. Mathematics (5-9)
3. Physics (10-16)
4. Chemistry (17-20) [5. and 6.
accidentally omitted]
7. Astronomy (21-24)
8. Physiography (25-30)
9. Geology (31-41)
10. Biology (42-47)
11. Botany (48-69)
12. Zoology (70-106)
Class H*. Medicine
1. General (1-3)
2. Human Anatomy and Physio-
logy (4-9)
3. Medicine (10-13)
Endemic Disease (14)
Special Diseases (15-25)
Surgery (26-33)
Local Surgery (34-44)
Obstetrics (45-47)
Diseases of Children (48)
Pathology (49-50)
Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics (51-53)
Medical Jurisprudence and
Toxicology (54)
Hygiene (55-57)
Hospitals, Nursing (58-59)
Domestic Medicine (60)
Homoeopathy (61-62)
Class L Arts and Trades
1. Collective (1-2)
2. Engineering (3-12)
3. Electrical (13)
4. Military (14-18)
5. Naval (19-23)
6. Agriculture (24-51)
7. Industries and Trades (52-81)
8. Fine Arts (82-115)
9. Architecture (i 16-122)
10. Music (123-133)
11. Drama (134-136)
II*. Other Public Performers
(136*, **)
12. Domestic Arts (137-145)
13. Sports and Recreations (146-
172)
Class K. Literature and
Philology
1. Reference Works (1-2)
2. Bibliography (3-10)
3. Printing, History (11-15)
3*. Libraries (16-16*)
4. Literature, National : History,
Biography, Criticism (17-
42)
5. Prose Fiction (43-58)
6. Facetise (58*-6i)
Books and Catalogues — 31
7. Poetry, National (62-78)
8. Dramatists (79-82)
9. Essayists (83-85)
10. Letter Writers (86)
10*. Oratory (86*)
11. Maxims, Epigrams (87)
12. Anecdotes (88)
13. Collections and Miscellanies
(89-91)
Philology AND Ancient Lite-
rature
14. General Philology (92-100)
15. Hamitic Philology and Litera-
ture (101-104)
16. Semitic Philology and Litera-
ture (105-118)
17. Aryan Philology and Literature
(1 19-139)
18. Non- Aryan and Non-Semitic
(140-157)
57
[58-160)
19. Malay and Polynesian ( 1
20. African (161)
21. American (162-164)
22. Hyperborean (165)
23. Unclassed Philology (166)
24. Greek and Latin, General (167-
174)
25. Greek Philology and Literature
(175-19^)
26. Latin Philology and Literature
(199-224)
27. Teutonic Philology (225-255)
28. Romance Philology and Litera-
ture (256-278)
Celtic Philology and Literature
(279-283)
Slavonic Philology and Litera-
ture (284-285)
Artificial Universal Language
(286)
29
30.
31
31. A modern German system which has had some vogue
is that prepared for the University of Halle by Otto Hartwig.^
The following main classes and divisions will give some idea
of its character :
Hartwig's Scheme
Class A. Bibliography and
General Works
Aa. Library Science
Ab. Bibliography
Ac. Printing and Publishing
Ad. Introductions to Sciences and
History of Sciences
Ae. History and Publications of
Learned Societies
Af. General Works (General
Periodicals, Encyclopae-
dias, etc.)
Class B. Linguistics, General,
and Oriental Languages
Ba-Bh
{c. il
Classical Philology
Class C.
Ca-Cl
Class D.
Da-Dn
Class E.
Ea.
Eb.
Ec.
Ed.
Ee.
Class F.
Fa-Fc
Class G. Pedagogy
Ga. Pedagogy, Public Education
Modern Philology
Fine Arts
Plastic Arts in General
Ancient Art
Mediaeval and Modern Art
Music
Acting
Philosophy
Taken from Graesel-Laude's Manual de BibliotMcojiojiiie (1897),
58 Manual of Library Classification — 31, 3:
Gb. History and Statistics of
Universities
Gc. School Books, Works for the
Young
Class H.
TION
Ha-Hb
Class I.
la-Ib.
Ic-Ie.
If-Ig.
Ih-Ik.
Il-Im.
History of Civilisa-
Theology
General
Exegetical Theology
Dogmatic Theology
Historical Theology
Practical Theology
Class K. Jurisprudence
Ka-Ku
Class L. Political Sciences
La-Lh
Class M. Sciences auxiliary
TO History
Ma. General (Diplomatics, Pa-
leography, Genealogy,
Heraldry)
Mb. Chronology, Numismatics
Class N. History
Na. General and Universal His-
tory
Nb. History, Ancient
Nc. Mediaeval
Nd. Modern
Ne. Germany
Nf. Prussia
Ng. Prussian Provinces
Nh. North German
Ni. South German
Nk. Austria- Hungary
Nl. Switzerland
Nm. Holland and Belgium
Nn.
History, Great Britain
No.
France
Np.
Spain and Portugal
Nq.
Italy
Nr.
Balkan Peninsula
Ns.
Russia
Nt.
Scandinavia
Nu.
Other European Countries
Nv.
Biography
Class O. Geography
Oa. General
Ob. Voyages and Itineraries
Oc. Political and Statistical Geo-
graphy
Class P. Natural and Mathe-
maticai- Sciences, General
Pa. Natural Sciences, General
Pb. Mathematics, General
Pc. Pure Mathematics
Pd. Astronomy
Pe. Applied Mathematics
Class Q. Physics and Meteoro-
logy
Qa-Qc
Class R.
Ra-Rb
Chemistry
Class S. Natural Sciences
Sa. Mineralogy, Geology, Palaeon-
tology
Sb. Botany
Sc. Zoology
Class T.
Ta-Tb
Class U.
Ua-Uo
Agriculture, etc.
Medicine
32. Another scheme, of Italian origin, based on that of
Hartwig and certain American naethods, is that of Bonazzi,
Books a7td Catalogues — 33
59
first published as Schema di catalogo sistematico per le Biblioteche
Parma (1890). Its main feature is the uniform sub-division of
each main class, shown in detail below.
Bonazzi's
Scheme (1890)
Class A. General Works
Class N. Surgery
Class B. Ethnic Religions,
Class 0. Pharmacy
Mythology, etc.
Class P. Veterinary Science
Class C. Christian Religion
Class Q. Agriculture
Class D. Jurisprudence
Class R. Industry and Manu-
A. Bibliography
factures
B. Periodicals
Class S. Fine Arts
C. Proceedings
A. Bibliography
E. Introductory Works
B. Periodicals
F. Text-books
C. Proceedings
G. General Treatises
E. Introductory Works
H. Collections
F. Text-books
Y. Polygraphy
G. General Treatises
Z. History and Biography
H. Collections
Class E. Sociology
Y. Polygraphy
Class F. Philology
Z. History and Biography
Class G. Literature
Class T. Music
Class H. Philosophy
Class U. Recreative Arts
Class I. Physical and Mathe-
Class V. Theatre
matical Sciences
Class W. Travel
Class K. Chemistry
Class X. Archeology
Class L. Natural Science
Class Y. Biography
Class M. Medicine
Class Z. History
Each class is divided like D and S above, and the scheme
bears a general resemblance to some American methods
possessing "mnemonic" or "local" features.
33. The last scheme which comes into this section is one
introduced in 1894 for libraries in which readers have the
privilege of direct access to the shelves. In this respect it
differs from all the methods hitherto described. It has been
adopted in a number of open access libraries in England, and
in addition was in use in its main features since 1888 in the
Clerkenwell Public Library, London. It is based on older
schemes, and is not provided with a shelf notation, being
intended solely for arrangement. It is described in a paper
6o
Manual of Library Classification — 33
entitled "Classification of Books for Libraries in which Readers
are allowed Access to the Shelves," by John H. Quinn and
James D. Brown, first read at the Belfast meeting of the
Library Association in 1894, and printed in the Library for
1895.
Quinn-Brown Scheme (1894)
Class A. Religion and Philo-
sophy
1. Bible {a. Texts, b. Commentaries,
c. History, d. Aids)
2. Church {a. History, b. Law,
c. Liturgy, d. Rituals by Sects)
3. Theology {a. Natural Theology,
b. Christianity, c. Non-Christian
Systems, d. Mythology, e. Popu-
lar Beliefs)
4. Philosophy [a. Schools, b. Mental
Science, c. Logic, d. Moral
Science)
Class B. History, Travel,
AND Topography
a. Universal History and Geography,
b. Dictionaries, c. Chronology,
d. Archaeology (including
Numismatics), e. Gazetteers, /.
Atlases, etc.
National History and Topography
[by countries, sub-divided as
required] — i. Europe, 2. Asia,
3. Africa, 4. America, 5. Austra-
lasia, 6. Polar Regions
Class C. Biography
Dictionaries and General Collec-
tions {a. Peerages, b. Army, c.
Clergy, d. Law and other lists,
e. Dignities, f. Heraldry, g.
Genealogy and Family History)
Classes, including Criticism («.
Actors, b. Artists, c. Authors,
d. Clergy and Religious, e. En-
gineers, /. Inventors, g. Legal,
h. Monarchs, z. Philosophers,
j. Philanthropists, k. Scientists,
/. Statesmen, m. Travellers, etc.)
Class D. Social Science
1. Society {a. Manners and Customs,
/;. Folk-lore, c. Marriage,
d. Women, e. Pauperism, /.
Crime, g. Socialism, etc.)
2. Government and Politics
{a. Public Documents, b. Sta-
tutes, c. Army, d. Navy, e. Civil
Service, etc.)
3. Law (International, English,
Colonial, Foreign, Special —
as Patent, Commercial, etc.)
4. Political Economy (Taxation,
Free Trade, Capital and La-
bour, Land, Rent, Statistics)
5. Education
6. Commerce
Class E. Science
1. Biology (Evolution, General)
2. Zoology
3. Botany
4. Geology (Palaeontology, Minera-
logy and Crystallography)
5. Chemistry
6. Physiography
7. Astronomy
8. Physics
9. Mathematics
Class F. Fine and Recrea-
tive Arts
I. Architecture
3. Painting
Books and Catalogiies-
-33
6i
3. Sculpture and Carving
4. Decoration
5. Engraving
6. Music
7. Amusements
8. Sports
Class G. Useful Arts
1. Engineering (Steam, Naval,
Military, Civil, Mining, Rail-
way, Electrical, etc.)
2. Building and Mechanical Arts
3. Manufactures
4. Agriculture and Gardening
5. Sea and Navigation
6. Health and Medicine
7. Household Arts
Class H. Language and
Literature
I. Philology
2. Literary History
3. Bibliography
4-
Libraries
Class J. Poetry and the
Drama
1. Poetry (Anthologies, Poets
alphabetically)
2. Drama (Stage History, Drama-
tists alphabetically)
Class K. Fiction
1. Collections, Author Alphabet and
Anonyma
2. Juvenile
Class L. General Works
1. Encyclopaedias, Directories
2. Miscellanies (Sketches, Essays,
Anecdotes, Proverbs)
3. Collected Works
4. Periodicals not in other Classes
CHAPTER IV
SCHEMES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS
CONJOINED WITH SHELF NOTATIONS
34. The classification methods just examined are primarily
for use in arranging books in catalogues or on shelves without
providing a system of serial numbers or marks by which single
books can be referred to and found as well as placed. To
a certain extent the marking of the systems of Edwards,
Sonnenschein, Bonazzi, Hartwig, and Quinn-Brown could be
used for finding and charging purposes ; but class numbers
alone, without some method of indicating individual books,
are not sufficient for all purposes. Turning back to Section 29,
it will be noticed that in Edwards' scheme C 7 -27 is a general
reference to Travels in Scotland. But there may be two
hundred separate works in this sub-division, and no means
are provided for distinguishing one from another. Of course
the books in C 7 -27 might be arranged in an author alphabet ;
but this would still make the entry of a loaned book cumbrous, as
it would be necessary to note the author and brief title thus :
"C 7-27. Garnett's Tour." The accession number alone can
be used for purposes of identifying the individual works of a
sub-division, as is done with the Quinn-Brown method ; but
this was not contemplated in any other of the schemes
described in Chapter III. This chapter is therefore concerned
with the methods, mostly of modern origin, which are
combination systems for classifying,, shelving, cataloguing,
charging, and otherwise identifying, not only main or sub-
classes, but single books.
35. The first scheme of this sort is of American origin, as
62
Books conjoined with Shelf Notations — 35 63
indeed are the whole of the published combination classifica-
tions. It was devised by Dr. William T. Harris, Superintendent
of Public Schools, St. Louis, who was also one of the managers
of the Public School Library of that city. His system was
adopted at this library, and has been also used in other
American libraries, particularly that of Peoria, 111., which
published an important modification or rather amplification
of the scheme in 1896. Harris's method is sometimes styled
the " Inverted Baconian " plan, from its general arrangement
in the three main classes " Science," " Art," and " History,"
which roughly correspond to Bacon's " Philosophy," " Poetry,"
and " History," tabulated in Section 14. To Harris belongs
the credit of having first produced a method adapted to the
wants of a modern Hbrary. It bears a certain resemblance to
the decimal system of Dewey, in its provision of a hundred
divisions and general sequence of main divisions. The first
draft of this system was printed in the Journal of Speculative
Philosophy (1870), Vol. IV., p. 1 14-19, a periodical edited by
Harris at St. Louis. It is also briefly described in the official
work entitled Public Libraries in the United States of America
(Washington : 1876). In actual use the main class letters and
numbers of Harris's scheme are not required. Indeed he
says that the proximate classes are numbered from i to
100, so as to have only two figures for most classes, with
letters added for sub-classes. This is clearly enough shown
in the following table, which is condensed from the Peoria
Public Library scheme, it being, as before remarked, more
complete than Harris's original plan :
Harris's Scheme (1870)
ORIGINAL FORM
A. Science. i. Philosophy, 2. B. Art. 12. Fine Arts, 13. Poetry,
Religion 14. Pure Fiction, 15. Literary
Social and Political Science. Miscellany
3. Jurisprudence, 4. Politics, C. History. 16. Geography and
etc. Travel, 17. Civil History, 18.
Natural Sciences and Useful Arts. Biography
7. Mathematics, ii. Useful D. Appendix. 19. Appendix-
Arts Miscellany
64
Manual of Library Classification — 35
PEORIA FORM
9-
10.
12.
13-
14.
15-
16.
Science
2. Philosophy in General
3. Philosophies and Philosophers
{a. Ancient, d. Early
Christian, e. Modern, s.
Special)
4. Metaphysics (4a. Anthropology,
afi. Psychology, 4<:. Logic)
5. Ethics
6. Religion
7. Bible
8. Commentaries
Theology, Doctrinal, Dogmatics
Devotional, Practical
Natural Theology
Religious and Ecclesiastical
History
Modern Systems
Judaism
Mythology and Folk- Lore
Oriental and Pagan Religions
Social and Political Sciences
18. Jurisprudence
19. Law
20. International Law
21. Ancient, Feudal, and Civil Law
22. Common Law, Canon Law,
Equity
23. Statute Law, Reports and
Digests
24. Constitutional Law and History
25. Law Treatises (Criminal, Mar-
tial, etc.)
26. Political Science
27. Legislative Bodies and Annals
28. Administration
29. Social Science
30. Economics
31. Education
32. Philology
33. Grammars and Text-books
34. Dictionaries
Natural Sciences and Useful
Arts
35. Natural Science {a. Scientific
Periodicals)
36. Mathematics in General {a.
Weights and Measures)
37. Arithmetic
38. Algebra
39. Geometry, Trigonometry, Cal-
culus
40. Engineering {a. Railroad, Canal,
etc., b. Bridges and Roofs,
d. Military and Naval,
etc.)
41. Mechanical (Steam Engines,
Machinery, etc.)
42. Physics (General and Special)
43. Electricity
44. Chemistry
45. Astronomy
46. Natural History {a. Biology,
b. Evolution, c. Microscopy,
d. Collectors' Manuals, e.
Out-of-doors Books)
47. Physical Geography {a. Land,
b. Water, c. Atmosphere)
48. Geology
49. Botany
50. Zoology
51. Ethnology
52. Archceology, Antiquities
53. Medicine
54. Anatomy, Physiology
55. Materia Medica, Pharmacy
56. Pathology, Diseases, Treatment
57. Hygiene (a. Food, b. Clothing,
c. Children, d. Physical Cul-
ture, e. Public Health)
58. Amusements, Recreations
59. Useful Arts and Trades {a. Ex-
hibitions, b. Patents)
60. Military Arts (<?. Naval Science)
Books conjoined with Shelf Notations — ^6 65
61. Mechanic Arts and Trades
(Building, Manufactures,
Chemical Technology)
62. Commercial Arts, Business {a.
Book-keeping, /'. Writing,
c. Printing, etc.)
63. Productive Arts {a. Mining,
b. Agriculture, c. Cookery,
d. Housekeeping, /. Furni-
ture, g. Needlework)
Art
64. Fine Arts. General
65. Fine Arts, History
a. Architecture (5 sub-divisions)
/;. Sculpture (3 sub-divisions)
c. Drawing (4 sub-divisions)
Painting (10 sub-divisions)
d. Engraving, Lithography, Etch-
ing
I. Photography
e. Art Works, Collections of
Pictures
/. Minor Arts, Decorative and
Industrial
g. Music (11 sub-divisions)
66. Poetry and the Drama, History
and Criticism {a-iv. National)
67. English Poetry
68. Foreign Poetry and Drama
69. Prose Fiction
Juvenile Literature
Literary Miscellany
Fables, Anecdotes, etc.
Rhetoric, Elocution
74. Orations and Speeches
75. Essays
70.
71-
72.
73-
76. Collected Literary Works
77. Literary History and Criticism
78. Bibliography (including Library
Economy)
History
80. Geographyand Travel, General
81. Geography {a. Ancient, b.
Modern)
82. Voyages
83. America, Travels (11 sub-
divisions)
84. Europe, Travels (ii sub-
divisions)
85. Asia, Travels (6 sub-divisions)
86. Africa, Travels (5 sub-divisions)
87. Travels in Several Quarters (5
sub-divisions)
88. Philosophy of History, civilisa-
tion
89. Historical Collections
90. Ancient History
91. History of United States
92. America at large
93. British
94. Modern Europe
95. Asia
96. Historical Miscellany {a. Cru-
sades, b. Battles, c. Coins,
d. Costume, e. Customs,
f. Secret Societies)
97. Biography («z. Collective, ^. In-
dividual, c. Genealogy and
Heraldry, d. Names)
99. Cyclopedias and Collections
100. Periodicals, Newspapers,
Journalism
36. Following closely upon the Harris classification is
another American scheme, dating from about 187 1, in which
an attempt is made to combine a numerical sub-classification
with sizes. The method is described in the Library Journal
(1878), Vol. IIL There are twenty-five classes, each designated
by the letters from A to Z, excluding J. Each of the twenty-five
66 Manual of Library Classification — 36
classes is divided into nine sub-classes by adding i to 9,
and these sub-classes are further sub-divided by adding one
of the twenty-five letters. A further element is introduced
by a series of letters to denote sizes, d = duodecimo,
o = octavo, Q = quarto, and f = folio. Thus a book may
have a number like " A8mo." This system was invented
by Mr. Jacob Schwartz, of the Apprentices' Library, New
York; and in 1879 he issued an amplification of the same,
which is described in the Library Journal (1879), ^^^- ^^' ^^
is styled the '' Mnemonic System of Classification," and its
main outlines are these :
Schwartz's Scheme (1871-79)
A. Arts, Fine and Useful G. Government and Social
1. Agriculture Science
2. Carpentry H. History, General
3. Fine Arts, General J" Jurisprudence
4. Games ^' Language
5. Household Science
6. Music
7. Painting
8. Sculpture O. Oriental History and
L. Literature
M. Mental and Moral Science
N. Natural History
9. Useful Arts
B. Biography
C. Customs
Travel
P. Periodicals
R. Reference and Rare Books
S. Science
T. Theology
D. Drama and Poetry y. United States History and
E. Europe, History and Travel
Travel V. Voyages and Travel
F. Fiction, Juvenile W. Works, Collected
Every class is sub-divided as at A, in a little alphabetical
sequence, wherein an arrangement is followed which makes
I always begin with A or B, 2 with C or U, 3 with E or F,
4 with G or H, and so on. No doubt the correspondence
between the class letter and the initial of the class name is
an assistance to the memory of assistants ; but it is doubtful if
this compensates for the separation of the Geographical and
Historical classes. Va Xh^ Library Joitrnal {}%%2)^ Vol. VIL,
Books conjoined with Shelf Notations — '})'] 6y
Mr. Schwartz published a " New Classification and Notation," in
which an attempt is made to combine the numerical, the alpha
betical, and the classified forms. This is accompanied by an
interesting tabulated plan of the scheme. Mr. Schwartz was
one of the parties to the clever and amusing controversy on
classification schemes which for several years, from about 1879,
raged in the Library Journal among such experts as Dewey,
Cutter, Perkins, and Schwartz. This was one of the most
instructive discussions which ever took place upon an abstruse
library topic, and it undoubtedly did much to educate and
fix the opinion of American librarians wholly in favour of
systematic classification.
37. We have arrived now at the most generally adopted and
influential of all the schemes of systematic library classification,
that devised by Mr. Melvil Dewey (of the State Library,
Albany, New York) about 1873, and first applied to the
library of Amherst College, Mass. It was originally published
anonymously in 1876 as A Classification and Subject Index
for cataloguing and arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a
Library (Amherst, Mass.), and in the same year a brief account
of the method appeared in Public Libraries in the United States
of America. In 1885 and 1888 extensive improvements were
introduced, especially a Relative Index, and in April, 1895.
an Abridged Dednml Classification and Relative Index was
published as Vol. IV., Nos. 13, 14, of Library Notes. No
system of classification has been so widely adopted or so
generally appreciated, and no other system has done so much
valuable missionary work in the cause of systematic classifica-
tion. It is so well known, that a very brief description and a
few extracts will serve to make its general outlines clear. In
the first edition acknowledgment is made of indebtedness
to the Nuovo Sistema di Catalogo Bibliografico Generate^ of
Natale Battezzati, of Milan, and to the systems of Messrs.
Harris and Schwartz. As the older forms have been modified
or discarded, it is unnecessary to further examine the earlier
editions. At present the method consists of ten main classes,
arranged as follows :
68 Manual of Library Classification— ^"j
Dewey's Scheme • (1873-76)
0. General Works 5. Natural Science
1. Philosophy 6. Useful Arts
2. Religion 7. Fine Arts
3. Sociology 8. Literature
4. Philology 9. History ,
Each of these classes is divided into ten divisions, and each
of these into ten sections. In all cases the o indicates general
works on each class, division, or section. Sub-divisions of
bcctions are indicated by another series of consecutive numbers
coming after a period or point. Thus 553*7 means Class 5
Natural Science, Division 5 Geology, Section 3 Economic
Geology, Sub-section 7 Mineral Waters. The scheme possesses
various mnemonic features, a certain number, for example,
always standing for a certain country or topic. In such an
elaborate and well-indexed method, these extra aids do not
appear to us to possess much value. " The books are arranged
on the shelves in simple numerical order, all class numbers
being decimal. Since each subject has a definite number, all
books on any subject must stand together." The order of the
divisions is as follows ; and it will be seen that, when shelved,
the books in a library will be arranged in a simple numerical
sequence, yet perfectly classed in an accurate scheme of related
main classes and subordinate subjects :
Dewey Divisions
000 General Works 100 Philosophy
010 Bibliography 1 10 Metaphysics
020 Library Economy 120 Special Metaphysical Topics
030 General Cyclopedias 130 Mind and Body
040 General Collections 140 Philosophical Systems
050 General Periodicals "150 Mental Faculties, Psycholoj^y
060 General Societies 160 Logic
070 Newspapers 170 Ethics
080 Special Libraries, Polygraphy 180 Ancient Philosophers
090 Book Rarities 190 Modern Philosophei's
' Tables and Index of the Decimal Classification and Relative Index for
arranging and cataloguing Libraries^ Clippings^ Notes, etc. 3rd Edition.
(Boston : 1888.) A fifth edition has since appeared.
Books cojijoined ivith Shelf Notations — 3;
69
Dog-
200 Religion
210 Natural Theology
220. Bible
230 Doctrinal Theology,
matics
240 Devotional and Practical
250 Homiletic, Pastoral, Parochial
260 Church, Institutions, Work
270 Religious History
280 Christian Churches and Sects
290 Non-Christian Religions
300 Sociology
310 Statistics
320 Political Science
330 Political Economy
340 Law
350 Administration
360 Associations and Institutions
370 Education
380 Commerce and Communication
390 Customs, Costumes, Folk-Lore
600 Useful Arts
610 Medicine
620 Engineering
630 Agriculture
640 Domestic Economy
650 Communication and Commerce
660 Chemical Technology
670 Manufactures
680 Mechanic Trades
690 Building
700 Fine Arts
710 Landscape Gaixlening
720 Architecture
730 Sculpture
740 Drawing, Design, Decoration
750 Painting
760 Engraving
770 Photography
7S0 Music
790 Amusements
800
Literature
400 Philology
810 American
410 Comparative
820 English
420 English
830 German
430 German
840 French
440 French
850 Italian
450 Italian
860 Spanish
460 Spanish
870 Latin
470 Latin
880 Greek
480 Greek
890 Minor Languages
4*90 Minor Languages
900 History
500 Natural Science
910 Geography and Description
510 Mathematics
920 Biography
520 Astronomy
930 Ancient History
530 Physics
940
/-Europe •>
540 Chemistry
. 950
Asia
550 Geology
960
Africa
560 Paleontology
970 -
North America
-Mod
570 Biology
980
South America
580 Botany
990
Oceanica and Polar
590 Zoology
v. Regions J
yo Manual of Library Classification — 37
To show the arrangement of sections we select the division
620 Engineering, which is divided thus :
621 Mechanical 626 Canal
622 Mining 627 River and Harbor
623 Military 628 Sanitary, Water Works
624 Bridge and Roof 629 Other Branches
625 Road and Railroad
The arrangement of 621 is continued in sub-sections as
follows :
621-1 Steam Engineering 621 '6 Blowing and Pumping En-
621*2 Water Engines or Motors gines
621-3 Electrical Engineering 621-7 Mills and Manufacturing
621-4 -^ii' ^"tl Gas Engines and Works
Other Motors 621 -8 Mill Work and Mechanism
621-5 -^ir Compressors, Ice Ma- of Transmission
chines 621-9 Machine Tools
62 1 'I Steam Engineering is in its turn further divided thus :
621-11 Mechanism of Steam En- 621-16 Stationary Engines
gine 621-17
621-12 Marine Engines 621-18 Steam Generation, Boilers,
621-13 Locomotive Engines Furnaces
621-14 Traction Engines 621-19 Steam Heating
621 "15 Portable Engines
This classification provides places and symbols for every topic,
however minute, and there only remains some method of dis-
tinguishing individual books. There may be, for instance,
twelve books on 621-18, which would all have the same class
number. How then to distinguish Courtenay on Boilers from
Shock on Boilers ? Several ways have been suggested, as in
finding and charging it is essential that a reader should be
credited only with the single book of a class which he borrows,
and not with all the books in the class. One plan is to use the
accession number, which might give symbols like this :
621 'iS- 4689 Courtenay, Boiler-maker's Assistant
621 -18-10675 Shock, Boilers
The most generally adopted plan, used greatly in American
Books conjoined with SJielf Notations — 37, 38 71
libraries, is to apply the " Cutter Author Marks," a system
of numbering all the best-known surnames, invented by
Charles A. Cutter, late of the Boston Athenaeum. The main
features of this scheme may be briefly noted here, those who
desire further particulars being referred to the tables published
by the Library Bureau. " Books on the shelves are kept
alphabeted by marking them with the initial of the author's
family name, followed by one or more decimal figures assigned
according to a table so constructed that the names whose
initials are followed by some of the first letters of the alphabet
have the first numbers, and those in which the initials are
followed by later letters have later numbers " :
Abbott = Ab2 Gardiner == G16
Acland = Ac6 Gerry = G36
Cook = C77 Gilman = G42
Cousin = C83 Shock == Sh8
Crabb = C84
These initials and surname numbers serve to keep minute
class divisions in strict alphabetical order, and can also be
used for registering books. Shock on Boilers would be
numbered 62i'i8Sh.8, which would differentiate it from
every other book in the same sub-section and from every
other book in the library. These, then, are the principal points
in the Decimal classification. Of its merits it is unnecessary
to speak, as the method has been generally accepted all over
America and in many British, Colonial, and Continental libraries.
The chief objection we have seen urged against it, apart from
such questions as the arrangement and constituent subjects of
main classes, has been the uniformity of progression by tens,
and the plan of making every class, division, section, or sub-
section conform to this system. It may be said, however, and
a slight examination will confirm this, that the advantages of
the Decimal notation far outnumber the disadvantages of an
occasional distortion or needless inflation of a class, division,
or section.
38. There have been several modifications of Dewey's
Decimal classification introduced at diff"erent times ; but the
72 Manual of Library Classification — 38
only one we propose to notice is that of Sion College, London,
first printed in 1886, and afterwards revised and enlarged as
Order of the Classification of Sio7i College Library, Lo7ido7i
(1889). This was the work of the Rev. W. H. Milman, librarian
of the college, assisted by Mr. J. P. Edmond, now librarian to
the Earl of Crawford at Haigh Hall, Wigan. In it Dewey's
notation has been abandoned in favour of the old system of
class letters and separate numerical progressions under each
class. The order of classes has also been changed, and other
variations introduced, with the object of adapting the scheme
to the needs of an essentially theological library. It will be
enough to briefly indicate the main classes and give a detailed
specimen of the divisions and sub-divisions :
Sion College Scheme (18S6-S9)
Class A. Theology (including Ecclesiastical History and Canon Law)
,, B. History
,, C. Philosophy
,, D. Social Science
,, E. Natural Science
,, F. Useful Arts
,, G. Fine Arts
,, H. Philology
,, K. Literature
,, L. Bibliography and Literary History
Class C. PniLOsorHV
C 10. General
C 11-12. Ancient Philosophers
C 13-14. Mediaeval and Modern Philosopher.^
C 15. Biographies and Correspondence of Philosophers
C 20. Logic
C 30-33. Metaphysics
C 40-45- Ethics
C 50-51. Applied Morality
C 60. Aberrations from Morality (Suicide, Magic, Witchcraft, etc.)
Detail of C 20 :
Logic
C 20 -o. General C 20' 2a. Systems, Greek
C 20-I. Introductions C 20-2/'. Latin
C 20-2. Systems C 20'2<:-. Modern
Books conjoined with Shelf Notations — 39 73
All through this scheme there are numerous departures from
the Dewey tables, and the whole method is well worth careful
study for its suggestiveness. The Cutter author marks are
used to identify individual books.
39. One of the most scientific and complete modern
schemes of classification is the "' Expansive " method of Mr.
Charles A. Cutter, which has been adopted within recent years
in a number of libraries in the United States. Mr. Cutter is
well known to librarians the world over as the author of
the standard Rules for a Dictio7iary Catalogue^ and for his
valuable services to library science rendered while he was
librarian at the Boston Athenaeum. His system of classifica-
tion was developed many years ago, probably before 1879, but
has only been fully worked out in minute detail within the
last few years. It was first published, in parts, at Boston, in
1 89 1, as Expansive Classification^ when the first table was
issued. The other six tables have since been printed, and
now librarians have an opportunity of examining the details of
the scheme. Library assistants will find a summary of the
method and its application to cataloguing in the Catalogue of
"A. L. A." Library, issued by the U.S. Bureau of Education
in 1893. Mr, Cutter also described his system at the Inter-
national Library Conference held at London in July, 1897, and
from his paper we select a few points of interest and importance :
" It consists of seven tables of classification of progressive
fulness, designed to meet the needs of a library at its successive
stages of growth. The first table has few classes and no sub-
divisions. It is meant for a very small collection of books.
The second has more classes and some sub-divisions, but
retains all the old classes with their previous marks. This is
intended for the small collection, when it has swelled so much
that it must be broken up into more parts. Now the books
which are put into the new classes must of course have new
marks; but those in the old ones remain as they are — their
marks need no change. In this way we go on, gradually in-
creasing the number of classes and sub-classes, and yet in each
transition from the simpler to the more complex scheme pre-
74 Manual of Library Classification — 39
serving all the old notation ; so that there is only the absolutely
necessary amount of alteration. . . . Passing through the third,
and fourth, fifth, sixth, it comes finally to the seventh, which is
full and minute enough for the British Museum, with a capacity
of increase that would accommodate the British Museum raised
to the tenth power : for there might be an eighth and a ninth
and a tenth table if need be. From this adaptation to growth
comes the name expansive. . . .
" This system is the first in which a series of expanding
tables has been actually printed, the first in which the
idea was made prominent. Much more characteristic, how-
ever, are two features of the notation. The first is not
original, the second is. The first is the use of letters for
notation ; i.e. of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet to mark
the classes (A being the general classes, Polygraphy ; B,
Philosophy and Religion; C, the Christian Religion; D,
Ecclesiastical History ; and so on) ; and of a second letter for
the sub-classes (Ca being Judaism; Cb, the Bible; Cc, Collected
Works of the Fathers of the Church ; Cd, Later Divines ; and so
on). This second letter divides each of the twenty-six main
classes into twenty-six parts, and then a third letter divides
each of these six hundred and seventy-six divisions into twenty-
six parts, or over eighteen thousand in all, taking the single-
letter, the double-letter, and the triple-letter classes together.
This gives of course more classes than a smaller base; and,
on the other hand, many fewer characters are needed to express
the same closeness of classification. . . .
" The other characteristic of which I spoke, the original one,
is this. We use figures to mark countries, and letters for all
other subjects ; so that it is possible to express the local
relations of any subject in a perfectly unmistakable way, the
letters never being used to signify countries, and the figures
never being used for any other subjects but countries. Thus
45 is England wherever it occurs : e.o^. F being History, F 45 is
the History of England ; G being Geography, G 45 is the
Geography of England, or Travels in England, and so on. This
local notation can be used, not merely with the main classes,
Books cojzjoined with Shelf Notations — 39 75
but with every sub-division, no matter how minute, if it is worth
dividing by countries, as : Ki 45, English Law ; Hi 45, English
Joint-stock Companies ; Ht 45, English Budget ; Hv 45, Eng-
lish Tariff; Ig 45, the English Poor; Iv 45, English Schools ;
Ix 45, English Universities ; Jt 45, the English Constitution ;
Jv 45, English Politics ; Jv 45, English Administration. Or, to
turn to another country and a different order of ideas : X 39,
French Language ; Y 39, French Literature ; Zy 39, History of
French Literature ; Zv 39, French Bibliography ; Wf 39, French
Architecture ; Wp 39, French Painting. Wherever one wishes
to separate what relates to France from other works on any
subject, one has only to add the two figures 39, and the thing
is done."
The scheme has other features which are described in the
paper from which our extracts are taken and in the printed
system itself. Those who wish to study the method as a
whole are referred to Mr. Cutter's published tables. Following
is a brief outline of the main classes and examples of their
sectional treatment. It should be added that for the identifi-
cation of individual books, the Cutter author tables are used.
Cutter's Expansive Scheme.
A.
General Works
C.
Christianity and Judaism
AD.
Dictionaries
CA.
Judaism
AE.
Encyclopaedias
CB.
Bible
AI.
Indexes
CC.
Christianity
AM.
Museums
CE.
Apologetical Theology
AP.
Periodicals
CF.
Doctrinal Theology
AQ.
Quotations
CK.
Ethical Theology
AR.
Reference Books
CP.
Ecclesiastical PoUty
AS.
Societies
CR.
Ritual Theology
ex.
Pastoral Theology
B.
Philosophy
D.
Ecclesiastical History
BG.
Metaphysics
BH.
Logic
E.
Biography
-BI.
Psychology
F.
History (with Local List)
BM.
Moral Philosophy
FF.
Antiquities
BR.
Religion
FN.
Numismatics
P.S.
Natural Theology
FS.
Chivalry
BT.
Religions
FV.
Heraldry
76
Mamtal of Library Classification — 39
G.
Geography and Travels
RT.
Electric Arts
(with Local List)
RY.
Domestic Economy
Constructive Arts:
H.
Social Science
S.
Engineering
HB.
Statistics
SG.
Building
lie.
Economics, Political Eco-
SJ.
Sanitary Engineering
nomy
SL.
Hydraulic Engineering
I.
Demotics, Sociology
ST.
Arts of Transportation
IK.
Education
T.
Fabricative Arts
J.
Civics, Political Science
U.
Art of War
K.
Legislation
UN.
Nautical Arts
KW.
Woman
V.
Athletic and Recreative
KX.
Societies
Arts
L.
Sciences and Arts
Fine Arts
vv.
Music
LA.
Sciences (Natural)
w.
Art, Fine Arts
LB.
Mathematics
WD.
Plastic Arts
LII.
Physics, Natural Philo-
WE.
Landscape Gardening
sophy
WF.
Architecture
LO.
Chemistry
WJ.
Sculpture
LR.
Astronomy
WL.
Arts of Design
M.
Natural History
WM.
Drawing
MB.
Microscopy
WP.
Painting
MC.
Cieology
WQ.
Engraving
MD.
Mineralogy
WR.
Photography
MG.
Physiography
WS.
Decorative Arts
MQ.
Pali^ontology
MV.
Biology
Arts of Communication
N.
Botany
Zoology
BY Language
0.
X.
English Language
P.
Vertebrates
XII.
Language in General
PW.
Anthropology and Ethnology
XX.
Oratory
V.
PInglish and American Lite-
Q.
Medicine
rature
YD.
Drama
R.
Useful ArtSjTechnology
YF-.
Fiction
RC.
Metric Arts
YJ.
Juvenile Literature
RCZ.
Extractive and Productive
YP.
Poetry
Arts
YII.
Literature in General
RD.
Mining
Z.
Book Arts
RF.
Metallurgy
ZN.
Private Libraries
RCx.
Agriculture
ZP.
Public Libraries
RJ.
Animaliculture
ZT.
Bibliography
RO.
Chemical Technology
ZY.
Literary History
Books conjoined ivitli Shelf Notations — 40 'jy
The method of sub-division is illustrated by the class
N. Botany and SG. Building :
N.
Botany
SG.
Building
Na.
Botanical Gardens, Herbaria
SGb.
Building Laws
Nb.
Phytology, Theoretical Botany
SH.
Carpentry
Nc.
Phytography, Descriptive
SHh.
Stairs
Botany
SI.
Painting and Glazing
Nd.
Cr>'ptogams
SIv.
Varnishing and Gilding
Nr.
Phanerogams
SIw.
Papering
Nw,
Flowers, Fruit, and Colored
Leaves
Six.
Bell-hanging
Nx.
Sylvae
Ny.
Insectivorous and Parasitic
Plants
Nz.
Economic and Medical Botany
AVhen further sub-division is necessary, it is accomplished by
means of the ordinary numerals — N i, N 2, N 3, Nd i, Nd 2,
Nd 3, etc. ; while the arrangement of each minute sub-division,
whatever it may be, is by author alphabet indicated as before
stated by the Cutter author marks. The long period during
which this system has been building will account in a great
measure for its comparative neglect, and for the general
ignorance of its main features among British librarians. But
it is certainly one of the systems most deserving of study.
40. Another careful and practical American scheme is that
of Mr. Fred. B. Perkins, late librarian of the San Francisco
Public Library. It was published in a final form as A Rational
Classification of Literature for shelving and cataloguing Books
in a Library^ with Alphabetical Index (San Francisco : 1882).
The idea had long been maturing in Mr. Perkins' mind, and a
variation of the 1882 method was previously issued in which
a progressive series of numbers ran through the whole scheme.
This was withdrawn in favour of the revised system of 1882, in
which each main class got an independent series of numbers.
The Perkins' system is a library classification pure and simple,
in which each topic has a distinct mark, and there is no attempt
made at mnemonic or other features. The following are its
main classes and chapters or divisions :
78
Manual of Library Classification — 40
Perkins' Rational Scheme (1S82)
Class A. Religion
Class E. Biography
Chap. I.
Bible, BibHcal Study
Chap. I. Collective : Generally
„ II.
History of Religion
and by Nations
„ III.
Systematic Theology
,, II. By Classes
„ IV.
Christian Polity
,, HI. Genealogy and Names
V.
Devotional
,, VI.
Practical
Class E. Science
„ VII.
Collective Works
Chap. I. General Treatises
Class B. Philosophy
,, II. Mathematics
Chap. I.
Mental Philosophy :
,, III. Natural Philosophy
History and Systems
,, IV. Astronomy
„ II.
Mental Philosophy :
,, V. Cosmology
Departments
,, VI. Geology
„ III.
Mind and Body
,, VII. Chemistry
„ IV.
Moral Philosophy
„ VIII. General Natural His-
tory and Zoology
Class C. Society
,, IX. Botany
Chap. I.
Government and Law
,, X. General Medicine
„ II.
Public Administration
„ XI. Hygiene
„ III.
Social Organisation
„ XII. Medical Practice
„ IV.
Political Economy
,, XIII. Surgical Practice
„ V.
Education : Methods
and Departments
Class G. Arts
„ VI.
Education: Institution
Chap. I. General Treatises
„ VII.
and Reports
Business
,, II. Engineering
,, III. Architecture, Building
Class D. History
„ IV. Military Arts
Chap. I.
General Geography
,, V. Naval Arts
and Travels
,, VI. Mechanic Arts and
„ II.
Universal History
Trades
„ III.
Historical Collaterals
,, VII. Agriculture
„ IV.
Ancient History
,, VIII. Domestic Arts
„ V.
Mediaeval History
,, IX. Fine Arts
„ VI.
Modern and European
„ X. Music
i
History
,, XI. Recreation
„ VII.
Asia
„ VIII.
Africa
Class H. Literature
„ IX.
South Seas, Austra-
Chap. I. History of Literature
lasia, Single Islands
II. Philology
„ X.
America, except Uni-
,, III. Linguistics
ted States
,, IV. Critical Science
,. XI.
United States
„ V. Poetry
Books conjoined witJi Shelf Notations — 41 79
Chap. \'I. Drama
,, VII. Fiction
,, VIII. Oratory
,, IX. Collections
Chap. X. Periodicals
,, XI. Encyclopaedias
,, XII. Bibliography
,, XIII. Libraries
Each class is numbered throughout in one sequence, and in
ictual arrangement the chapter numbers are ignored. Thus a
)Ook on Algebra would not be marked Fii 8, but simply F 8.
rhe arrangement under classes will be illustrated by a few
extracts from Class F :
I.
General Treatises
F II. Trigonometry
F I.
Encyclopaedias and
Dic-
,, 12. Calculus
tionaries
,, 13. Quaternions
,, 2.
Periodicals and Transactions
,, 14. Probabilities
55 3-
Plistories, General
,, 15. Logarithms, Tables
II.
Mathematics
,, 16-25. J^lcLf^k
F 4.
Periodicals and Transactions
5, 5-
Histories
XIII. Surgical Practic
„ 6.
General Treatises
F 861. Surgery Generally
„ 7-
Arithmetic
,, 862. Military Surgery
„ 8.
Algebra
,, 863. Obstetrics, Maternity
5, 9-
Geometry
„ 864. Dentistry
,, 10
. Conic Sections
,, 865. Ansesthetics
The method recommended for marking individual books in
;ach section is to number them consecutively in order of
Lccession. Thus, in F 8, a progression like this might
esult :
F 8* I. Todhunter, Algebra
F 8-2. Jones, Algebra
F 8*3. Anderson, Algebra
F 8-4. Smith, Algebra
3ut of course accession numbers could be used, or the Cutter
■uthor marks.
41. The method of Mr. Lloyd P. Smith was set forth in a
)Ook named On the Classification of Books : a Paper read before
he American Library Association^ May, 1882 (Boston : 1882).
t has an alphabetical index of topics, but so far as we know
las not been adopted to any extent even in America. There
re only six main classes, and the method is based on the old
^aris or French scheme.
So Manual of Library Classification — 42
Smith's Scheme (1882)
Class A. Theology Class O. Belles Lettres
,, E. Jurisprudence ,, U. History
., I. Science and Arts ,, Y. Bibliography
Sub-classes are indicated by letters a, b, c, d, etc. ; divisions
by figures i, 2, 3, 4, etc. ; and sub-divisions by symbols -f , A,
n, IV, V, VI, etc. The following is part of Class A :
A. Religion o. Ecclesiastical History
I. Oriental Churches
a. Toleration ,_ Latin Churches
b. Natural Religion -f Jansenists
c. Holy Scriptures
Gallican Church
D Spain
^- ^^^^^^ IV Roman Catholic Church
6. Parts of New Testament in U. S. and Canada
The notation is not particularly clear, and A o 2 □ seems
rather a forbidding symbol to denote the Inquisition in Spain,
for example ; while if a Cutter author mark, or even accession
number, is added, one might get marks like this : A o 2 Q,
B 98, or A o 2 Dj 3649. This rather unfortunate notation does
not detract from the merit of the classification as a whole, which
is rather high.
42. The last of the published American schemes is that of
Mr. W. I. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst College, which was
first issued in his little work on Public Libraries in America^
"Columbian Knowledge Series," No. 11 (Boston, 1894; also
London, Low) ; and afterwards separately " reprinted, with
alterations, additions, and an index," as Library Classification
(Boston: 1894). The first draft of this scheme was published
in the Library Journal (1889). It is stated by the compiler
to have been drafted "to offer a way of escape for those who
shrink from the intricacies and difficulties of the elaborate
systems, and to substitute for painstaking analytical classifica-
tion a simple arrangement, which it is believed is better
adapted to be practically useful in a library, while doing away
with most of the work involved in carrying out one of these
schemes." Mr. Fletcher uses eleven main classes, excluding
Books conjoined ivitJi SJiclf Notations — 42
81
Fiction and Juvenile, which seem to be considered as separate
divisions. The arrangement of the scheme is as follows :
Fletcher's Scheme
Fiction (no class number)
Juvenile Books (use J in
place of a class number)
I-I3-
English and American
Literature ; Universal
Literature
15-75-
History
81-S2.
Biography
;5-i2o.
Voyages and Travels.
125-172. Sciences
179-240. Useful Arts
245-277. Fine Arts
279-350. Political and Social
352-416. Philosophy and Religion
421-456. Language and Literature
(English and American
excepted)
461-468. Reference Books and
Geography Special Classes
The blanks between the classes are intended for additional
divisions. In arranging books by this method an author-
alphabetical sequence in each division is recommended, without
author marks or additional symbols. If it is desired to insert
a new division between any two existing divisions, the first
number is to be taken and differentiated by means of a letter,
thus: 114, 1 14'', 115. Individual books are to be designated
l)y means of separate book numbers added to the class
numbers. Roscoe's Cheuiistry might therefore simply be
marked 146-30. To show the progression of divisions in each
class, we subjoin the whole of the class Sciences :
125. History and Philosophy of the
Sciences
126. Scientific Societies and Aca-
demies. Periodicals
Essays and Miscellanies
Evolution and Cosmology
Natural History (works com-
bining Zoology, Botany,
etc.)
Biology and Embryology
Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology
Zoology
Lowest Forms of Animal
Life
MoUusca, Insects
127.
128.
129.
'34-
135. Zoolog}', Fishes
136. Reptiles
137. Birds
138. Mammalia
139. Man
140. Botany : General
141. Cryptogarnia
142. Of Countries and Localities
143. Geology : General
144. Of Countries and Localities
145. Mineralogy and Cr}'stallo-
graphy
146. Chemistry : General
147. Inorganic
148. Organic
1^9. Analysis. Text-books
6
82
Manual of Library Classification — 43
150.
Physics
162.
Astronomy : General
151-
Heat
163.
Descriptive
152.
Light. Optics
164.
Practical
153-
Electricity
165.
Almanacs (not Statistical)
154-
Telegraph and Telephone.
166.
Mathematical Sciences;
Phonograph
General
155-
Electric Lighting
167.
Arithmetic. Book-keeping
156.
Electro-dynamics
168.
Algebra
157.
Sound
169.
Geometry
158.
Hydraulics
170.
Higher Mathematics
159-
Mechanics
171.
Geodesy and Surveying
160.
Physical Geography
172.
Navigation
161.
Meteorology
43. Other schemes have been proposed and carried out in
the United States, many of them possessing points of interest
and value, but it is not necessary to describe them here. The
method of the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia by John
Edmands was described in a separate pamphlet — New System
of Classificatioii ajid Scheme for mimheriiig Books applied to the
Mercantile Library of Philadelphia (Philadelphia : 1885) ) and
other methods or variations of methods have been described
in both the LJbrary Journal (American) and LJbrary Chronicle
and Library (English).
CHAPTER V
CLASSIFIED LIBRARIES AND CATALOGUES
44. We have now described most of the important schemes of
classification which have been introduced down to recent times,
and may add a few remarks on the application of systematic
classification to libraries and catalogues. It matters little what
scheme a librarian adopts for his books, provided it is complete
in itself and is suitable to the general character of his library.
He must decide beforehand whether or not he is going to use
a combined scheme for classification, shelf-marking, and charg-
ing, or simply going to use it for classification and shelving,
plus accession numbers for charging and other purposes. It is
important that this point be determined at the outset, as every-
thing depends upon what he intends the system to accomplish.
As libraries differ so much in their condition and composition,
it is obvious that no single system in its integrity is capable of
being successfully applied all round. The classification which
suits a general public library of 20,000 or 50,000 volumes will
not serve so satisfactorily for a Zoological Library of equal size,
because its comparatively broad divisions of Biological Science
would be inconvenient in a specialised collection containing
a multitude of minute sub-divisions. So in turn would this
minuteness of sub-division be even more necessary in an Ento-
mological Library, and still more so in a collection of books
and specimens of the Lepidoptera.
45. Having decided on the Hnes which his classification is
to follow, the hbrarian must see that his scheme is provided
with an alphabetical index, giving references, not only to
actual names or words used in the system, but to synon) ms as
83
84 Mcmiial of Library Classification — 45
well, and all relative words or terms. The necessity for this
is apparent, and most American systems have been provided
with indexes, that to Dewey's method being particularly
elaborate and useful. Without an index the librarian is very
apt to make mistakes with any system, in classifying books on
topics which might be consistently placed in two or more main
classes. Thus, Photography might rank as a department of
either Optics or Chemistry and be put in Science, or with equal
reason be considered as belonging to the same section as
Engraving in Fine Art ; while those who deny its claim to be
considered a Fine Art would have no hesitation in relegating it
to the main class Useful Arts. Librarians often change their
minds as regards the class of particular books, especially when
they pass through their hands at long intervals. A book on
some obscure topic may seem correctly placed in Philosophy
when first encountered, while next time a similar work turns up
it may be just as confidently placed in Social Science. Hence
the necessity for an alphabetical reference index to the scheme
of classification and for religiously sticking to a first choice of
main class, unless some overpowering reason appears to make
a change desirable. There is no hard-and-fast rule for the
librarian who classifies without reference to a detailed system,
because some subjects are so eclectic that almost any main
class will afford them an asylum. Therefore a library classified
by memory or the whim of the moment is liable to show some
queer instances of human inconsistency and to have its topics
distributed impartially all over the place. It is manifest that
the mere adoption of a systematic classification is not all that
is necessary. To use it intelligently and successfully a librarian
must deal with each book of a doubtful kind according to its
merits, and bear in mind above all the purpose^ as far as this
can be discovered, for which it has been issued. Jevons in his
Principles of Science declares that " it is a very difficult matter
to classify the sciences, so complicated are the relations
between them. But with books the complication is vastly
greater, since the same book may treat of different sciences, or
it may discuss a problem involving many branches of know-
Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 45 85
ledge." Quite so ; but every rational system of classification
assumes the existence of general or encyclopaedic books on all
subjects, and provides for the difficulty accordingly, while it
must be remembered that the vast majority of books are par-
ticular or limited in scope and not general at all. Jevons goes
on to illustrate his argument by stating that an account of the
Steam Engine may be antiquarian, scientific, economical, or
biographical, and so present difficulties as regards its assign-
ment to a definite class. But surely, on the other hand, the
book, whatever its style or treatment of subject matter, is on
the steam engine and nothing else ; and as the whole object
of exact classification is to collect together books on specific
subjects, there can only be one place for books on the steam
engine, from whatever point of view they are written. In
another part of his work Jevons states that " there is nothing
really absurd except that which proves contrary to logic and
experience." As experience has proved the absolute value of
exact classification, we may assume that excess of logic and
lack of experience are jointly accountable for Jevons' attitude
towards book classification. Nevertheless, the point which we
have raised as to difficulties in the way of assigning places for
certain kinds of books, even in detailed systems, is one well
worth careful consideration, as it is the one on which every-
thing hinges in any sort of classification, broad or close. Let
us take, for example, an inscribed stone to illustrate further
the latitude which classification allows in regard to the possible
choice of appropriate headings for subjects. Which of the
following characteristics are we to accept as the most important
in determining the place in a classification ? —
1 . The Language of the Inscription
2. The Subject of the Inscription
3. The Form of the Letters
4. The Locality in which the Stone is placed
5. The Substance of the Stone itself
6. The History or Traditions of the Stone
7. The Purpose for which the Stone was erected [i.e. Landmark
or Monument]
8. The Design of the Stone
S6 Manual of Library Classification — 46
There is here presented a great diversity of possible allocations
for this single subject, which shows that care and intelligence
are necessary to the satisfactory use of systematic classification.
The example also enforces our remark that purpose must be
taken largely into account in classification. In most doul)tful
cases, if we determine the object or reason for the existence of
a book or subject, we have reached the solution of the difficulty.
In the case of an inscribed stone, not of the " Aiken Drum "
or " Bil Stumps " variety,^ we may assume that it must have
been erected as a record of either an event or a person. The
choice is thus narrowed down to History or Biography, and
common sense counsels the rejection of all quaHties which are
merely those of form or material. In classifying books there-
fore we have to pay chief regard to subject and purpose,
leaving out of account entirely such features as form, appear-
ance, or style of treatment. A history of England philo-
sophically written has no more right to be placed in Philosophy
beside Aristotle, Hume, and Descartes, than a book entided
Picture Logic has to be classed as Fine Arts.
46. The main divisions of classification schemes are liable
to much change ; the sub-divisions are also liable ; but specific
subjects may be regarded as beyond change in relation to one
another, though various circumstances may combine to make
their transference to other sub-divisions or main classes
desirable. However that may be, the fact remains that it is of
the utmost importance in close classification to have books on
specific subjects all together, and not distributed among several
main classes or their sub-divisions. It is, after all, a matter of
minor consequence in which main class any definite subject is
put, provided always all the works on that subject are kept
together and in juxtaposition to other books on related topics.
No one is likely to put books on Organic Chemistry among
Prose Fiction, or do anything of a similar outrageous character.
There is no room in a properly formulated scheme for vagaries
of this sort, nor is there much likelihood of any inaccuracies
happening, unless in the case of obscure subjects, or those
' Scott's Antiquary, Dickens' Pickwick Papers,
V'
Classified Lihrliri'es and Catalogues — 47 '^'j
which are so very debateable that it does not really matter
where they are put. Such a subject is Numismatics, which
has appeared in nearly every possible main class. But if all
the single works on Coins and Medals are put together in
History, or Social Science (Currency), or Fine Arts, or Useful
Arts, does it affect the classification in the slightest degree ?
Not at all, when it is properly indexed ; but certainly, if the
index we have urged as indispensable is not provided. It
was the lack of proper alphabetical indexes in classified
catalogues and schemes which caused De Morgan, Jevons, and
other writers of authority to denounce subject classification and
classed catalogues as delusions and snares. The misconcep-
tions of the past and the necessities of the present point there-
fore to a full alphabetical index as an indispensable adjunct to
every classification scheme or systematically classified catalogue.
In cases where the scheme does not possess a printed index
we advise the compilation of a card or slip index for library
use, giving simply subject words and class numbers :
AlgK = A 216
Additions in alphabetical order can be made to this at any
time.
47. The question of alphabetical versus classified catalogues
has been debated for years with more energy and spirit than
any other subject connected with librarianship. Not only pro-
fessional men, but outsiders of all sorts, have laid down the
law on the matter, till the special literature of catalogue com-
pilation has grown to large dimensions. Among this accumula-
tion of varied opinion one fact emerges with conspicuous
clearness. The advocates on both sides, while admitting
excellencies in the form of each variety of catalogue, have
failed to observe that neither style is perfect, because not
possessing all the advantages claimed for both. It has been
claimed of course that one form or another has a majority of
advantages ; but that scarcely affects the point that neither of
88 Manual of Library Classification — 47
them has all. The controversy has therefore been raging over
efforts to make one inefficient system serve every purpose.
Let us consider for a little the varied information which
frequenters of libraries desire. Every librarian knows that
before all others facts or Subjects are first in demand. In
reference libraries, for example, such questions as, " Have you
a book on the Indian Mutiny?" "What is the origin of a
given quotation ? " " When was the Battle of Alma fought ? "
" What is the flash point of oils ? " " Have you a book on
cantilever bridges ? " " What is the meaning of a given word ? "
" I want an essay on whales," and so on, are asked twenty
times as often as questions concerning authors. Next in
importance come questions as to books of a certain Title.
Questions relating to Authors rarely extend to more than
demands for other works by the same writer ; while questions
concerning works written in a certain Form (Essays, Poetry,
Grammars, etc.) are perhaps least often asked. It is necessary
to enforce this statement as to subjects being most in demand,
as on this point more than any other turns most of the original
argument against classified catalogues. ^Ve therefore quote
the remark 1 of Mr. F. T. Barrett, himself an opponent of
classified catalogues, but a librarian whose experience in all
that relates to readers and their wants is second to none. He
says : " In my experience the enquiry which is most frequently
made is. What is there in the library on some stated subject ? "
This is in harmony with the experience of every librarian, and
may be taken as definitely settling the matter. How, then,
does it happen that, from the time of De Morgan till now,
there are to be found many influential writers who contend
that an alphabetical catalogue under authors' names is all-
sufficient ? The reason is not far to seek. Most of these
men are scholars who have devoted years to the study of
particular topics, and who are in consequence saturated with
knowledge of the writers on their subjects ; or they may be
bibliographers or literary men to whom the biographical interest
' In a paper on ''Catalogues" read before the International Library
Conference, 1897.
Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 48 89
of author entries appeals with pecuHar force. The practice of
the British Museum in providing until recently only one huge
author-alphabetical catalogue has also had some influence on
the opinion of many authors. But none of these opinions have
any value where the needs of the general public are concerned.
The authorship of a particular book, or piece of music, or
work of art, or popular play is about the last thing in connec-
tion therewith that the average citizen will remember. When
a lady enquires for a song at a music-seller's, it is not by the
name of the composer, but almost invariably by its title. So
it is as regards books ; and Thackeray's little scene in Fefidemtis^
where Arthur tells Miss Costigan that Kotzebue wrote Tke
Stranger, and she declares that " the man's name at the
beginning of the book was Thompson " ! may be taken as an
exact record of the general state of public interest and know-
ledge of authors. Save to a very small class of special students
(biographers and bibliographers) author catalogues are in them-
selves of comparatively little value. It seems extraordinary
that, at this late time in the life of public libraries, any argu-
ments against the exclusive use of author lists should be
necessary. But the inexperienced opinions of past and present
writers in positions of authority render some defence needful.
48. Augustus De Morgan was one of the first to attack
classified catalogues, and his opinions have been quoted and
accepted in many quarters without qualification. He says ^ :
" An alphabetical catalogue has this great advantage, that all
the works of the same author come together." [This depends
largely on the cataloguer and his knowledge of anonyma and
pseudonyma.] " Those w^ho have had to hunt up old subjects
know very well that of all lots which it is useful to find in one
place the works of one given author are those which occur
most frequently. Again, those who go to a library to read
upon a given subject generally know what authors they
want." The late W. S. Jevons agrees entirely in this view,-
and adds " that classification according to the name of the
author is the only one practicable in a large library, and
' Dublin Review (1846). - Principles of Science.
90 Manual of Library Classification — 48
this method has been admirably carried out in the great
catalogue of the British Museum. The name of the author is
the most precise circumstance concerning a book which usually
dwells in the memory." As w^e have just shown, the opinion
of every experienced librarian is dead against this assumption,
and it is only necessary to quote the remark of Edwards in
reference to the author catalogue of the British Museum :
" Many a reader has spent whole days in book-hunting which
ought to have been spent in book-reading." Both De Morgan
and Jevons wrote from the purely personal standpoint. Each
was a scholar, knowing nearly everything there was to be
known about his special subject. They lived and wrote before
perfect catalogues or classifications had been introduced, and
De Morgan illustrates in his own case the folly of depending
on memory and author lists alone for bibliographical or other
information concerning subjects. If De Morgan could have
had access to properly compiled subject catalogues, the little
bibliography of Arithmetical Books (1847), on which he
must have been engaged when he laid down the law regarding
author catalogues, would have been rendered much more
perfect. The very best mathematical or logical memory in the
world is not capacious enough to retain everything relating to
even a small subject; hence the enormous advantage of subject
lists in one place over author entries scattered in alphabetical
order throughout a catalogue of perhaps a hundred thousand
titles. Practically the whole of the classified catalogues to
which writers like De Morgan (1845-46) and Jevons (1873)
had access w^ere imperfectly indexed or not indexed at all,
and down to comparatively recent times complete systematic
classifications and catalogues were non-existent. Mr. Cutter,
writing in 1876,^ states that he only knew of three classified
catalogues in the United States which had proper indexes.
These were issued by the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia
(1850), the Newark Library Association (1857), and the
California State Law Library (1870). In England there was
an equal paucity of good examples, though several indexed
' Public Libraries of America.
Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 49 9 1
catalogues, such as the Royal Institution (1857), had been
issued, and even in 1805 an attempt had been made, in a
catalogue of the Signet Library, Edinburgh,^ to render the
contents of the classified portion available by means of indexes.
But the general run of catalogues were bare, unindexed, classi-
fied inventories, to use which it was necessary, as De Morgan
points out, for readers to place themselves in the impossible
mental position of seeing everything from the compiler's
standpoint.
49. About 1857 a new order of catalogue began to become
common, which has remained till now the standard pattern in
most British public libraries. This was the so-called Dictionary ^
catalogue, arranged in a single alphabet of authors, titles, and
such subject words as occurred on the title-pages. The once
widely circulated and strongly believed dictum that no cataloguer
had a right to go beyond the title-page of a book for particulars
of its subject or scope was originally laid down by Dr.
Crestadoro, of Manchester, and adopted in many quarters, as
plenty of catalogues remain to prove. Of course the main idea
in propounding such a doctrine was based on the De Morgan-
Jevons formulae that readers knew either the authors or titles
of the books they wanted and did not particularly require to
know about subject matter. Most modern librarians have
abandoned this position, and many good examples exist of
dictionary catalogues accurately and intelligently compiled.
But few, if any, of such catalogues succeed in giving in one
comprehensive view the titles of all books possessed by the
library on important subjects. In British examples of such
dictionary catalogues the failure is very marked, even in the
few cases where cross-references intended to bind together the
disjointed parts of a main subject have been lavishly used.
' Classified Catalogue, compiled Ijy George Sandy, librarian, " with an
Alphabetical Index of Authors and Subjects."
- The first EngUsh use of this term seems to be that on the title-page
of the Middle Temple Library (London) Catalogue of 1734 — Catalogiis
librorum Bibliotheca Honorabili Societatis viedii Templi Londini^ ordine
Dictionarii dispo situs.
92 Manual of Library Classification — 50
We have already pointed out that neither the classified nor
dictionary forms of catalogue are sufficient in themselves to
convey every variety of information. For one thing, a classified
catalogue spreads the works of certain authors, but collects and
shows in close relationship those about subjects, specific and
general. The ordinary dictionary catalogue shows the works
of given authors all together in one place, but distributes the
information concerning large topics, and frequently small ones
also. For example, the student of Biology using a recent
public-library dictionary catalogue would have to look in thirty-
nine or more places for all the books bearing on the subject
and its sub-divisions. He would not find anywhere a collective
list of topics, but would have to range from one part of the
alphabet to another in pursuit of information. Here are a
few of the headings in this particular catalogue, just as we
found or remembered them : Biology, Sea-shore and Sea-
weeds, Botany, Natural History, Aquarium, Birds, Evolution,
Fishes, Insects, Microscope, Marine Zoology, Ocean, Palaeonto-
logy, Taxidermy, Zoology, Science, Physiology, Ferns, Fungi,
Bacteria, Flowers, Trees, Molluscs, Apes, Anthropology,
Monkeys, Reptiles, Mosses, Butterflies, Spiders, Heredity,
Crustacea, Embryology, Worms, etc. In a classified catalogue
the reader would find all the biological works collected in
systematic order within a few pages, while the alphabetical
index would instantly guide him to any specific heading.
Another point to be considered as regards dictionary cata-
logues in one alphabet is the additional cost of repeating
entries under author, subject, and title. In classified cata-
logues one full entry under the class usually suffices, all the
relative index entries being merely single words or short lines.
50. When all is said that can be said for and against each
type of catalogue, it will be found by librarians that the public
will derive most advantage, not from an attempt to make
one of the two imperfect forms serve every requirement, but
from the full provision of both varieties. No librarian has
a right to assume that a classified catalogue alone will suit
all his readers, nor must it be supposed either that alphabetical
Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 51 93
catalogues are easier used or more appreciated by the public.
Personal experience of both varieties and the success of classed
catalogues in the United States have convinced us that readers
in libraries use one sort with as much facility as another. It
is all a matter of custom and experience. To young librarians
we tender the advice that, when compiHng alphabetical dictionary
catalogues for printing, they should prepare adequate class
lists as well, to be kept in MS. if the cost of printing is
too great. And to those who prefer printed classified catalogues
or class lists we advise an adequate provision of alphabetical
indexes, either printed or MS. By this combination of
advantages the catalogue will more perfectly make known the
treasures and resources of the library, while there w^ll be
added the satisfaction of knowing that all classes of reader and
all kinds of enquiry about books are likely to be adequately
served and answered. It may be mentioned incidentally that
exact classifications and classified catalogues possess one great
advantage in common which is not shared by any purely
alphabetical or broad system. When libraries are being formed,
the task of selecting representative books on specific subjects
and classes at large is greatly simplified and facilitated by the
suggestive tables of relative subjects always to be found in
-close methods of classification. Any one who uses the English
Catalogue^ or some such alphabetical list, and afterwards
compiles his lists from Sonnenschein's Best Books, will be
strongly impressed with the truth of this statement.
51. One of the most frequent objections urged against exact
classification is the fact that many books treat of two or more
different subjects, and consequently do not readily fall into
any particular class or division. The books in question are
not so much encyclopaedic works, or even general works
belonging to specific main classes, as books which treat of two
or more main classes, and two or more divisions of a single
main class. Hitherto it has been the practice of classifiers
to treat such composite books as class-general or division-
general works, the result being that in many cases they are
separated entirely from other related topics and become lost
94 M ami al of Library Classification — 52
in a general heading. Of course this affects the shelves only.
In the catalogue it is assumed that all necessary analyses and
cross-references from and to headings are supplied. To partly
get over the difficulty of separating books from the smallest
divisions that will contain them, and to avoid making general
classes or divisions mere refuges for everything doubtful or
composite, we have proposed a method of marking, in the
Adjustable Classification tabulated in Section 58, which will
to some extent minimise the evil.
52. Proposals have been made at various times for classi-
fying Fiction otherwise than in broad national or alphabetical
divisions such as are adopted in various schemes, but so far
none of them have been carried into actual practice. In 1881
Mr. A. P. Massey, of Cleveland, Ohio, published ^ a plan for
numbering the surnames of novelists to facilitate shelving and
charging, in a manner very similar to that used by Mr. Cutter
in his author tables. Several librarians have given in their
catalogues, under various historical headings, lists of novels
dealing with particular periods or events. Historical novels
have also been classified and tabulated in Bowen's Historical
Novels and Tales (1882), and elaborately catalogued by the
libraries of Boston (U.S.), San Francisco, Los Angeles (U.S.),
Clerkenwell, Peterborough, etc. But no attempt has been
made to extinguish the class entirely by distributing its
contents among the other classes of the library. A jocular
proposal to this effect was made in an article on " Fiction
Classification " contributed to the Library of 1896 by the
present writer. In this it was pointed out that Fiction is only
a method of " instruction by parable," and that novels generally
had subject matter sufficiently definite to enable them to be
classed like formal treatises on sciences, history, or philosophy.
Didactic poetry also lends itself to the same kind of treatment,
and no doubt the day will come when books will be classified
only according to their subject matter, and not by the particular
form in which they are written. Metrical chronicles, like those
of Wyntoun, can only be called poetry by a very wide stretch
' In the Library Joitrna I, Vol. VI. (1881), = " Classification of Fiction."
Classified Libraries and Catalogues — 53 95
of indulgence ; and there are hundreds of other works in rhyme
which are equally devoted to other prosaic subjects. But
difficulty arises when a rule has to be rigidly applied all round.
Charles Reade's // is Never Too Late to Mend is a contribution,
of a sort, to the literature of prison management ; and Scott's
Qite7itin Dunva7-d may be regarded as a masterly sketch of the
crafty Louis IX. Yet to many minds it would seem an out-
rage to class the former in .Social Science and the latter in
Biography or History. And would it not be a frightful strain
upon one's reverence for literary art and sympathy with
traditional usages to class imaginative works like Thomson's
Seaso7is as Physiography, Falconer's Siiipwi-eck as Navigation,
Milton's Paradise Lost as Theology, or Goldsmith's Deserted
Village as Irish Topography ?
53. To avoid some of the difficulties of classification,
especially in regard to overlapping classes or topics, attempts
have been made at national divisions, of which Mr. Cutter's
" local " list may be mentioned as an instance. There is a
considerable attraction about the plan of adopting nationality
as the basis for classification, and in many cases a real con-
venience would result. An ingenious mind could very easily
elaborate such a method by starting with the assumption that
all literature is divisible into two main classes, the Abstract and
the National. Books which treat of sciences or arts in the
abstract without particular reference to geographical areas could
be classified according to any minute scheme as at present.
Books treating of sciences or arts with reference to nationality
could be classified under each country in the order of the
abstract main classes. Thus a result would be obtained like
this :
Abstract. Class A, B, C, D, E, F, G, etc.
National. England. Class A, B. C, D, E, F, and so on.
We have never seen a classification proposed or carried out
on this basis, but the suggestion is worth consideration. So
far as real saving of numbers or places is concerned, we think
there would be none, because, if the Botany of England did
96 Manual of Library Classification — 53
not appear in Abstract, Class A, it would have to appear in
National, England, Class A ; and so with every other country.
We recommend this system to young librarians for considera-
tion and study.
Our descriptions of book arrangement on the shelves have
been mainly confined to those by authors, numbers, subjects,
and sizes ; but other proposals have been made from time to
time. It will be sufficient to briefly refer to Mr. W. S. Biscoe's
" Chronological Arrangement on Shelves," which was proposed
in the Library founial (1885). For certain subjects or special
collections a chronological arrangement has decided advan-
tages, but for general libraries it cannot be recommended.
Mr. Biscoe's proposal is to assign a letter for certain groups of
years thus :
A ^ Before Christ J = 1830 to 1839
P, = o to 999 K ■= 1840 to 1849
C = 1000 to 1499 L = 1850 to 1859
D = 1500 to 1599 M — i860 to 1869
E = 1600 to 1699 N — 1870 to 1879
F = 1700 to 1799 O = 1880 to 1889
G = 1800 to 1809 P — 1890 to 1899
li = 1810 to 1819 Q = 1900 to 1909
I = 1820 to 1829 R = 1910 to 1919.
Undated books to be approximately placed and marked with
the letter of the supposed date. Thus M would indicate a
book issued between i860 and 1869. All other books receive
letters and numbers in this manner: 1623 = E 23 ; 1814 =
H 14; 1898 = P 98, and so on. The letter represents a
century or decade, and the figures the actual year of the
century.
CHAPTER VI
ADJUSTABLE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
54. This method of classification has been compiled largely
in response to a demand for an English scheme with a notation
enabhng continual intercalation of divisions and single topics
or books to be carried on. The Quinn-Brown method
(Section ^iZ) ^"^^ been used as a basis, but suggestions have
been freely adopted from every important classification described
in this Manual.
The name "Adjustable" has been taken to distinguish the
system from all others and to describe its principal feature.
The main classes are distinguished by the first eleven
letters of the alphabet, excluding I, and are arranged thus :
A. Sciences
B. Useful Arts
C. Fine and Recreative Arts
D. Social and Political Science
E. Philosophy and Religion
F. History and Geography
G. Biography and Correspondence
H. Language and Literature
J. Poetry and Drama
K. Prose Fiction
L. Miscellaneous
Should it be thought desirable to have more main classes, or
to divide any of those already fixed, double letters can be used
for the purpose, as shown below :
A. Natural Sciences D. Social Science
AA. Mathematical Sciences DD. Political Science
B. Useful Arts E. Philosophy
C. Fine Arts EE. Religion
CC. Recreative Arts And so on
98 Manual of Library Classification — 54, 55
When this is done, it will be necessary, or at least desirable,
to renumber the divisions under each main class, and change
the reference numbers in the index.
In each main class the class letter alone is given to general
works covering the whole or a considerable portion of the
subject matter of the class at large. Thus B would mark
all the general treatises or dictionaries on the Useful Arts ;
G general collections of Biography. The letters from M to
Z can be reserved for special or local collections which are
kept separate. It has not been thought advisable to provide
for an elaborate system of sub-classes, divisions, and sub-
divisions, but simply to number in one sequence of even
numbers each sub-class or division in its order. This enables
the class of most books to be easily expressed by the plain
notation of a letter and a figure or two — G 2, B 30, F 196, etc.
The odd numbers are reserved for fresh divisions of the main
classes, and it is thought this feature will be found useful in
most libraries where new subjects are continually cropping up.
If it is absolutely necessary to use more divisions than the
scheme provides, even when the odd numbers are all appro-
priated, this can be done by adding letters thus :
F64I
F642b
F64i^
F642'=
F64ib
F643
F642
F644
F642*
55. Minute sub-division to any extent may be carried out
by simply adding to the divisional numbers, after a hyphen,
a fresh series of odd numbers from i onwards in each case.
Thus one might get this progression :
G 12. Scottish General Biography G 12-5. Scottish Covenanters
G 12-1. ,, Artists G 12-7. ,, Monarchs, etc.
G 12-3. ,, Authors
which seems minute enough and clear enough for all ordinary
purposes. Further sub-division is quite unnecessary in most
public libraries 3 but should it be deemed absolutely indis-
Adjustable Classification Scheme — 56, 57 99
pensable, it can be carried out with a little extra complication
and trouble by starting another series of odd numbers after
a colon, so :
G 12-3. Scottish Authors, G 12-3:3. Scottish Novelists
General G 12-3:5. ,, Poets
G 12-3: 1. ,, Historians
But the plan of wide sequential numbering adopted in each
class should render the use of wearisome sub-division almost
needless in the majority of cases. As in the case of
divisions, alternate numbers only need be used, the even series
being available for additional sub-divisions.
56. In applying the system it is recommended that the
class letter and number be used for shelving and cataloguing
only, and that charging or other necessary registration be done
by means of the accession numbers. Each book as received
should get the usual progressive accession number, and in addi-
tion the class letter and number showing where it is to be located.
For this system it is not necessary to number alcoves, presses,
or shelves, as the books will stand in the order of the classifica-
tion herein tabulated. Additions can be made at any time
and at any point, and each book takes its place, if correctly
marked, among all the other books on the same subject.
In the catalogue it will be advisable to print both accession
and class numbers, one series on each margin, so that the
system can be applied to libraries using indicators, cards,
ledgers, or open access. Where an indicator is used the
accession numbers must be kept in one sequence, and in the
case of Cotgreave's variety the class letters and numbers must
be written into the indicator books, while in the case of Chivers'
variety the same must be done on the recording tabs, as a
direction to the assistant. Or a brief application form may be
used, giving both class and book numbers, as will be necessary
in the case of the ElHot or any other indicator having numbered
pigeon-holes.
57. The arrangement of divisions on the shelves will be
by authors alphabetically. There is no absolute need to mark
100 Manual of Library Classification — 58
individual books further if this is done properly. The accession
number being used for charging, renders any system of author
marks unnecessary. In open access libraries the shelves should
be plainly marked with labels specifying their contents. Presses
should also be marked with the names of the main classes
shelved. It is further recommended that in such libraries the
books on all shelves be differentiated by means of coloured
labels, such as are generally used in British open access
libraries, in order to aid the eye in detecting misplacements.
The presence of a mere class or notation mark on the back of
a book is not sufficient in itself to prevent misplacement, owing
to the uniformity of the general appearance. It should be
possible to detect instantly such a transposition as G 10 for
C 10, without scanning each shelf carefully and separately.
58. Composite Books. When a book treats of two or
three different classes, in whole or part, it is not to be put in
Class L or L 34, but with the books in the class most fully
covered by the preponderating subject (see Section 51). The
author's description on the title-page is to be accepted as the
authority for the relative importance of classes, the first subject
word being always taken ; but where this is vague, bulk must
be taken to represent values. Thus a book entitled Hints on
Chemistry^ Engravings and Building Co7tsfrtiction, if put with
Class L or L34, is completely separated from all related
subjects ; but if marked A 250 x C 104 x B 60, and placed
after A 250, its composite character is at once indicated, and
the book shelved with the class of which its most important
section treats. Luckily main classes are very seldom mixed
like our example, unless in encyclopaedic works, and it will not
often be necessary to insert composite works Hke the one
mentioned. The main value of this composite marking will
be found in single main classes, in which examples frequently
occur of books treating of two or three distinct divisions.
YoTtunt^s Journey to the Capitals of Japan and Chi?ta (1863),
if put in F 454, " Asia, General," is widely separated from all
the other literature of both China and Japan ; and though the
catalogue would no doubt bring such scattered articles together,
Adjustable Classificatioji Scheme — 59 10 1
it is just as desirable that the shelves should give the same
information as far as physically possible. If, therefore, Fortune's
book is marked F508 x 470, the local section will be
strengthened, and the general section, always a dumping
ground for the vague or the complex, will be made less
unwieldy and overcrowded. One of the best descriptions of
the arid plains of Queensland will be found in Boothby's 0?i
the Wallaby, which contains a preliminary tour through Ceylon,
the Malay Peninsula, Java, and New Guinea. The title gives
some idea of this ; but a very brief examination of the book
will show the exact ground covered, and also bring out the fact
that Queensland is the preponderating subject. If marked
F 86, a valuable contribution to the descriptive topography of
Queensland is separated from all other books on that topic ;
but if marked F 1290 x 86, it at once takes its place with the
geographical division of which it principally treats, while at the
same time it is qualified in such a manner as to indicate that it
deals with other areas.
Three separate topics in one composite book seems a fair
limit for the " General," which is not general enough to be
separated from some alHed class or division. When more than
three independent classes are included in one book, it is best
that it should be treated as an encyclopedic composite, and
put in Class L 34. In the case of works treating of more than
three independent divisions of a main class, the same rule is
to be observed, the " General " number in each case being the
receptacle.
59. As indicated above (Section 54), special collections
of all kinds can be marked by the unused class letters M to Z.
It is generally best not to incorporate such collections in the
ordinary classification, but to shelve them apart. The books
in a special collection, of whatever nature, are to be classified
the same as other books ; but a qualifying letter can be used
to distinguish them. A collection of books on the county
of Northampton could be indicated by the additional class
letter N put before the ordinary class letter and number. For
example :
I02 Manual of Library Classification — 59, 60
NA 8. Scientific Societies, Jour- NG 8. Local Biography, General
nals, Reports, etc. NH 158. Glossaries
NA 62. Local Fauna NH 384. Libraries
NA 106. Ornithology NJ 14. Poetry
ND 434. Schools— Histories and And so on
Reports, etc.
In ordinary libraries the sub-division of countries can be carried
out by adding sub-divisional numbers to express the classifica-
tion thus :
F 750. Northamptonshire, Generally
750-1. Scientific Societies, Journals
750-3. Fauna and Flora
750-5. Geology
Etc.
Special collections of a certain author's works can also
receive an independent letter ; but in this case the following
arrangement is recommended. In a collection relating to
Shakespeare, Scott, Burns, or other great author, proceed
thus :
Si. Collected Editions in Chrono- S 7. Musical Settings of Works
logical Order. Author s S 8. Dramatic Versions of Works
S 2. Collected Editions in Chrono- S 9. Pictures suggested by Works
logical Order. Editors' S 10. Biographies
S 3. Selections S ii. Correspondence, including
S 4. Single Works in Chronologi- Autographs
cal Order of Publication, S 12. Portraits
Originals and Reprints to- S 13. Criticism, History, and Aids
gether, and Parodies to Study of Works
S 5- Translations of Collected S 14. Periodicals and Societies
Works S 15. Ana, Scraps, etc.
S 6. Translations of Single Works S 16. Bibliography
Other varieties of special collections can be arranged in any
order to suit local conditions ; but as we have said before, it is
best to keep such collections separate, as there will always" be
a tendency to distort classes or divisions by including specially
fostered subjects.
60. In all schemes of classification the question of the
sizes of books crops up as a disturbing or qualifying factor.
Adjustable Classification Scheme — 60 103
It would be an extravagant waste of space to shelve Owen
Jones's Grammar of Ornament alongside Lewis Day's little
books on the same subject, or to place the huge atlases of
Johnston and Stanford cheek-by-jowl with pocket varieties.
Convenience, considerations of appearance, and even tradition,
all point to the separation of the great from the small as
inevitable. New libraries should therefore provide adequate
storage room for quarto and folio books in addition to ordinary
octavos, and this is best done by erecting special cases with
space for folios below and quartos above a projecting ledge
about three feet from the floor. The classes will run in three
separate sequences — one for demy 8vos and under, one for
royal 4tos and under, and another for folios larger than the
largest 4to and above that size. In the catalogue these can
be indicated thus :
Octavos, etc. No mark other than the class letter and number
Quartos By an asterisk before the class letter, *F90
Folios By a small cipher befo)-e the class letter, °F 90
Experience proves that qualifying letters or signs put after
numbers are generally overlooked. For staff purposes it is not
needful to put guides, dummies, or directs on the shelves
where folios and quartos ought to be. For the public, if open
access is allowed, a general statement explanatory of the triple
arrangement posted Hberally about will be found ample ; or
class location books can be used. In Lending Libraries it
will seldom be necessary, unless as regards Music, to provide
much folio or quarto space. There are several good varieties
of adjustable shelving now to be had, which greatly diminish
the difficulties connected with size classification.
It only remains to state, as regards the classification itself,
that the divisions " General " and " Special " provided all
through the tables are intended to render sub-division easy
when the library has attained very large dimensions. B 90
will probably contain every variety of complete general work on
Civil Engineering; while for years to come the division B 92
will serve to mark works on single parts of the main topic, as
104 Manual of Library Classification — 60
Bridges, Canals, Docks, Harbours, Roads, etc. When the
time arrives, the only fresh mark necessary will be a simple
figure added to the existing divisional number :
B 92-1. Bridges B 92-7. Harbours
B 92-3. Canals B 92-9. Roads
B 92-5. Docks
or whatever the subjects may be. There is no complication
about this, and the sub-divisional numbers may be kept from
the very first if thought necessary. The " Adjustable Classi-
fication " is not put forth as either perfect or complete, nor is
the index more than a fair selection of likely subject words.
Suggestions for improvement and notifications of errors or
omissions will gladly be received by the author.
TABLES OF ADJUSTABLE CLASSIFICATION
A.
2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.
SCIENCE, General
History
Theory and Philosophy
Periodicals
Societies
Biology, General
Theory and Evolution
Periodicals and Societies
Methods of Research
Microscopy and Laboratory
Practice
General Collectors' Manuals,
Menageries
Taxidermy
Systematic, General
Bacteriology
Popular [Essays and Sketches
of Animal and Plant Life]
Zoology, Man, General
Periodicals and Societies
Prehistoric
Ethnology and Anthropology
Natural History and Homo-
logies
Anatomy, General
Special
Periodicals and Societies
Physiology, General
Special Organs
Expression, Temperament
Zoology, Animal, General.
History, Theory
Periodicals
56.
58.
60.
62.
64.
66.
68.
70.
72.
74.
76.
78.
80.
82.
84.
86.
90.
92.
94.
100.
102.
104.
106.
Societies
Systematic, General
Classification and Distribution
Local Fauna
Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology
Embryology
Popular [Essays and Sketches
of Animal Life]
Vertebrates, General
Mammalia, General
Economic
Primates (Monkeys, etc.)
Chiroptera (Bats)
Insectivora (Insect-eaters)
Carnivora (Flesh-eaters : Lions,
Tigers, Dogs, Cats)
Economic (Dogs, Cats, etc.)
Rodentia (Gnawers : Rats,
Mice, etc.)
Economic
Ungulata (Hoofed animals)
Economic
Sirenia (Manatees, vtil. Mer-
maids)
Cetacea (Whales, Seals, etc.)
Edentata (Sloths, etc.)
Effodientia (Pangolins)
Marsupialia (Pouched mam-
mals : Kangaroos)
Monotremata (Egg - laying
mammals : Platypus)
Birds, General
I05
Manual of Library Classification
1 06
108. Economic Ornithology 180.
110. Raptores (Birds of prey :
Eagles, Owls) 182.
112. Insessores (Perching birds)
114. Scansores (Climbers : Parrots, 184.
Cuckoos) 186.
116. Rasores (Scratchers : Pigeons,
Pheasants, Fowls) 188.
118. Economic (Poultry) 190.
120. Cursores (Runners : Ostriches) 192.
122. Grallatores (Waders : Cranes,
Bustards) 194.
124. Natatores (Swimmers : Swans,
Ducks, Gulls) 196.
126. Periodicals 198.
128. Societies 200.
130. Reptiles, General 202.
132. Crocodilia (Crocodiles) 204.
134. Chelonia (Turtles, Tortoises)
136. Sauria (Lizards) 206
138. Ophidia (Snakes)
140. Amphibians (Frogs, etc.) 208.
142. Fishes, General 210.
144. Special 212.
146. Economic (Fish culture) 214.
148. Minor Classes of Vertebrates 216.
150. Invertebrates, General 218.
152. Crustacea (Crabs, Lobsters, 220.
etc.) 222.
154. Arachnida (Spiders)
156. Myriapoda (Centipedes) 224.
158. Insects, General
160. Economic, General 226.
162. Coleoptera (Beetles) 228.
164. Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) 230.
166. Neuroptera (Dragonflies) 232.
168. Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps, 234.
Ants) 236.
170, Economic (Agriculture: Bee- 238.
keeping) 240,
172. Lepidoptera(Butterflies,Moths) 242,
174, Economic (Silkworms) 244
176. Hemiptera (Bugs, etc.) 246
178. Diptera (Flies) 248,
Entomological Societies and
Periodicals
Mollusca (Oysters, Snails,
Cuttlefish)
Brachiopoda (Lampshells)
Echinoderma (Starfish, Sea
Urchins)
Bryozoa (Sea Mats)
Vermes (Worms)
Ccelentera (Sponges, Corals,
Jellyfish)
Protozoa (Animalculas,
Lowest forms of life)
Botany. Societies
Periodicals
General, Systematic
Popular (Essays and Sketches)
Phanerogamia, General
(Flowering plants)
Special (Flowers, Leaves,
etc.)
Cryptogamia, General
Filicinae (Ferns)
Mosses
Fungi (Mushrooms)
Algae (Seaweeds)
Local Floras
Economic, General
Special (Coffee, Cotton,
Flax, Tea, Tobacco, etc.)
Geology. Societies and Perio-
dicals
History and Theory
Systematic, General
Petrology. Lithology
Local
Field and Popular
Economic
Palaeontology, General
Zoology
Botany
, Mineralogy, General
Special
, Crystallography
Tables of Adjustable Classificatio7i
107
250. Chemistry. Societies and
324. History and Theory
Periodicals
326. Systematic, General
252. Histoiy and Theory
328. Algebra
254. Systematic, General
330. Arithmetic
256. Inorganic
332. Book-keeping
258. Organic
334. Calculus
260. Analysis
336, Geodesy and Surveying
262. Electro-chemistry
338. Geometry, Conic Sections
264. Physics. Societies and
340. Logarithms
Periodicals
342. Mensuration
266. History and Theory
344. Probabilities, Annuity Tables
268. Systematic, General
346. Trigonometry
270. Electricity and Magnetism,
348. Weights and Measures
General
350. Metric System
272. Special
352. Occult Sciences, General
274. Heat
354. Alchemy
276. Hydrostatics, Hydraulics
356. Astrology
278. Light (Optics), General
358. Magic, Necromancy
280. Special
360. Mesmerism, Animal Mag-
282. Mechanics (Dynamics), General
netism
284. Special
362. Psychical Research
286. Pneumatics
288. Sound (Acoustics)
290. Physiography. Societies
B. USEFUL ARTS, General
and Periodicals
2. Societies. Exhibitions
292. General
4. Periodicals
294. Earthquakes
6. History
296. Volcanoes, etc.
8. Inventions
298. Glaciers, Icework, etc.
10. Patents Specifications, British
300. Meteorology
12. American
302. Hydrography, Ocean Currents,
14. French
etc.
16. German
304. Astronomy. Societies and
18. Other
Periodicals
20. Recipes, General
306. History and Theory
22. Agriculture. Societies and
308. Systematic, General
Periodicals
310. Sun
24. History
312. Stars and Planets
26. General (British)
314. Moon
28. Farm Buildings and Imple-
316. Comets and Meteors
ments
318. Popular (non-mathematical)
30. Farm Soils and Crops
320. Nautical
32. Farm Stock, General (Breeding
322. Mathematics. Societies and
and management of Horses,
Periodicals
Sheep, Cattle, Pigs, etc.)
io8
Manual of Library Classification
34. Fai-m Stock, Special
102. Telephone, Phonograph, etc.
36. Dairy Farming
104. MechanicaL Societies and
38. Special Cultivations, Foreign
Periodicals
[Coffee, Cotton, Tea, Sugar,
106. General
Tobacco, Vines, etc.]
108. Applied Mechanics
40, Gardening and Forestry.
110. Workshop Practice
Societies and Periodicals
112. Machinery, Tools
42. History
114. Military, and Art of War.
44. General
Periodicals and Societies
46. Fruit Culture
116. General
48. Flower Culture
118. Army Organisation, British
50. Kitchen and Market Gardening
120. Foreign
52. Landscape and Formal Garden-
122. Arms and Armour
ing
124. Artillery
54. Window Gardening
126. Cavalry
56. Forestry, General
128. Engineers
58. Special
130. Infantry
60. Building. Societies and
132. Militia
Periodicals
134. Volunteers
62. General
136. Veomanry
64. Construction, General
138. Fortification
66. Special
140. Barracks, Transport, etc.
« . Materials, General
142. Tactics
70. Special [Bricks, Lime,
144. Waval. Societies and Perio-
Stones, Timber, etc.]
dicals
72. House Decoration
146. General
74. Sanitation, Ventilation, Gas-
148, Navy Administration, British
fitting, etc.
150. Foreign
76. Engineering. Societies and
152. Tactics and Warfare
Periodicals
154. Shipbuilding, General
78. General
156. Special
80. History
158. Seamanship and Navigation,
82. AeriaL Societies
General
84. General
160. Special. Charts, Sailing
86. Special
Directions
88. CiviL Societies and Periodi-
162. Lifeboats
cals
164. Lighthouses
90. General
166. Coastguard
92. Special
168. Merchant Service and Sailors
94. ElectricaL Societies and
170. Mining and Quarrying. So-
Periodicals
cieties and Periodicals
96. General
172. History
98. Lighting
174. General
100. Telegraphy
176. Prospecting
Tables of Adjustable Classification
109
178. Coal Mining
254. Printing. Societies and Perio-
180. Iron „
dicals
182. Gold „
256. General
184. Silver „
258. Special
186. Lead ,,
260. Binding. Periodicals
188. Salt
262. General
190. Tin
264. Special
192. Railway. Societies
and
266. Publishing. Societies and
Periodicals
Periodicals
194. General
268. General
196. Special (including Tramways)
270. Bookselling and Stationery.
198. Steam and Gas. Societies
Periodicals
and Periodicals
272. General
200. History
274. Chemical Trades. Societies
202. Theory
and Periodicals
204. Systematic, General
276. General
206. Stationery Engines
278. Chemicals (Acids, Alkalies,
208, Marine Engines
Drugs, etc.)
210, Locomotive Engines
280. Dyeing and Bleaching
212. Gas Engines
282. Explosives, Fireworks. Fuel
214. Other Engines
284. Perfumes
216. Metallurgy. Societies
and
286. Brewing
Periodicals
288. Distilling
218. General
290. Wine-making
220. Assaying
292. Oils, Colours, etc.
222. Alloys
294. Soap and Candles
224. Casting and Founding
296. Varnishes, Glues, Rubber,
226. Iron and Steel
etc.
228. Gold
298. Clothing and Hosiery Trades
230. Silver
300. Coach and Carriage Building,
232. Lead
General
234. Copper
302. Special
236. Other
304. Motor-cars
238. Electro-Metallurgy
306. Fisheries. Societies and
240. Manufactures ;
and
Periodicals
Trades. Societies
and
308. History
Periodicals
310. General
242. General
312. Special
244. Book Production, General
314. Food Production, General
246. Paper Manufacture. Societies
316. Special
and Periodicals
318. Gas. Societies and Periodi-
248. General
cals
250. Typefounding, General
320. History
252. Typefounder's Catalogue;
5
322. General
no
Manual of Library Classification
324. Special
394. Cotton. Spinning and Weav-
326. Glass, General
ing
328. Special
396. Lace
330. Leather. Periodicals
398. Linen
332. General
400. Silk
334. Boot and Shoemaking,Saddlery
402. Wool. Spinning and Weaving
336. Metal-working, General
404. Wood-TATorking. Societies
338. Blacksmithing
and Periodicals
340. Brass-working
406. General
342. Gold-working
408. Carpentry and Joinery, General
344. Silver-working
410. Special
346. Jewellery Manufacture. See
412. Furniture and Upholstery,
also Costume, 504
General
348, Lead and Copper-working
414. Special
350. Sheet Metal-working
416. Pattern-making
352. Cutlery
418. Picture-framing, Toys, etc.
354. Gunsmithing
420. Other Branches
356. Locks and Safes
422. Shopkeepers' Manuals
358. Cycles and Sewing Machines.
424. Medical Science. Societies
Periodicals
and Periodicals
360. General
426. History
362. Watch and Clock-making
428. General
(Horology). Periodicals,
430. Medicine, Allopathic
General
432. Homoeopathic
364. Special
434. Hydropathic
366. Dialling and Dials
436. Domestic
368. Bells
438. Diseases, General
370. Scientific Instrument-making.
440. Special and Local
Periodicals
442. Obstetrics. Diseases of Women
372. General
444. Diseases of Children
374. Other Trades
446. Pathology
376. Musical Instruments,
448. Materia Medica, Therapeutics,
General
Pharmacy
378. Special
450. Medical Jurisprudence and
380. Pottery. Societies and Perio-
Toxicology
dicals
452. Surgery, General
382. History
454. Dental
384. General
456. Special and Local
386. Special
458. Nursing. Periodicals
388. Textiles. Societies and Perio-
460. General
dicals
462. Special
390. General
464. Hospitals and Asylums
392. Carpets. Tapestry, Rope and
466. Ambulance, First Aid, Life-
Twine
saving
Tables of Adjustable Classification
III
468.
Hygiene and Demography.
22.
General
Societies and Periodicals
24.
History, General
470.
General
26.
Theory and Criticism
472.
Public Health, General
28.
Galleries and Collections
474.
Special
30.
National Schools
476.
Personal Health, General
32.
Practice, General
478.
Special
34.
Artistic Anatomy
480.
Physical Training
36.
Figure Painting
482.
Veterinary Medicine and
38.
Portrait Painting
Farriery. Societies and
40.
Miniature Painting
Periodicals
42.
Landscape Painting
484.
General
44.
Marine Painting
486.
Special
46.
Flower Painting
488.
Household Arts. Perio-
48.
Oil Painting
dicals
50.
Water-colour Painting
490.
General
52.
Glass and China
492.
Furnishing
54.
Special Varieties
494.
Domestic Economy. Laundry
56.
Dra-wingjFreehand. General
Work
58.
Special
496.
Foods, Dining, Beverages
60.
For Reproduction
498.
Cookery, Confectionery
62.
Geometrical, General
500.
Needlework
64.
Perspective, Model, Shadows
502.
Dressmaking, Millinery
66.
Technical, General
504.
Costume and Dress [including
68.
Machines, Trades
Historical, National, and
70.
Decoration. Societies
Fancy Costume, Jewellery,
72.
Periodicals
Rings, Regalia, Insignia]
74.
General
506.
Toilet
76.
Practice and Examples,
508.
Domestic Servants, Duties, etc.
General
78.
80.
Special
Alphabets, Monograms
82.
Illumination
C.
FINE AND RECREA-
84.
Applied to Arts and Crafts,
TIVE ARTS, General
General
2.
Fine Art : History
86.
Ceramics and Glass,
4.
Theory and Criticism
General
6.
National Art, General
88.
Special
8.
Ancient
90.
Leather
10.
Modem
92.
Metal-work, General
12.
Special Countries
94.
Special
14.
Societies, Exhibitions
96.
Textiles, General
16.
Periodicals
98.
Special
18.
Painting. Societies
100.
Wood-work, General
20.
Periodicals
102.
Special
112
Manual of Library Classification
104. Engraving. Societies
188.
Architecture. Societies
106. Periodicals
190.
Periodicals
108. General
192.
History, General
110. History, General
194.
Special
112. Special
196.
Theory and Criticism
114. Practice, General
198.
Practice, General
116. Special
200.
Ancient, General
118. Collected Examples
202.
Special
120. Etching. Societies
204.
Modern, General
122. Periodicals
206.
Special
124. General
208.
Ecclesiastical Buildings
126. Special
210.
State and Municipal Build
128. Collected Examples
ings
130. Lithography. Periodi-
212.
Hospitals and Schools
cals
214.
Theatres
132. General
216.
Farms, Mills, etc.
134. Special
218.
Residential Buildings
136. Collected Examples
220.
Military
138. Process "Work, General
222.
Drawing and Design
140. Special
224.
Ornament, General
142. Photography. Societies
226.
Special
144. Periodicals
228.
Antiquities, General
146. General
230.
Ecclesiology
148. Scientific
232.
Monumental Brasses
150. Artistic
234.
Crosses, Streets
152. Processes and Printing
236.
Special
154. Collected Examples
238.
Sculpture, General
156. Writing, General
240.
History, General
158. History
242.
Special
160. Special Treatises
244.
Practice, General
162. Shorthand. Periodicals
246.
Special
164. General
248.
Carving and Modelling
166. Special
250.
Bronzes, Monuments,
168. Collecting, Art Objects,
etc.
General
252.
Music. Societies
170. Autographs
254.
Periodicals
172. Book Plates
256.
General
174. Crests
258.
Criticism, Esthetics
176. Postmarks
260.
History, General
178. Prints [other than C 118]
262.
Special
180. Stamps. Societies
264.
Scientific Basis
182. Periodicals
266.
Nomenclature
184. General
268.
Elements, General
186. Special
270.
Special
Tables of Adjustable Classification
13
272. Tonic Sol-fa, General
344. Harmonium. Instruction
274. Special
346. Music
276. Other Notations
348. Harp. Instruction
278. Plarmony
350. Music
280. Counterpoint and Fugue
352. Harpsichord. Instruction
282. Composition and Form
354. Music
284. Instrumentation (Orchestras
356. Lute. Instruction
and Bands). Periodicals
358. Music
286. General Text-books
360. Mandoline. Instruction
288. Instruments, General, History,
362. Music
etc.
364. Oboe. Instruction
290. Orchestral Music [Full Scores
366. Music
of Symphonies, Overtures,
368. Ophicleide
String Quartets, etc.]
370. Organ. Periodicals and So-
Instruments, Indivi-
cieties
dual :
372. General
292. American or Reed Organ.
374. History
Instruction
376. Instruction
294. Music
378. Music
296. Bagpipe. Instruction
380. Pianoforte. Periodicals
298. Music
382. General
300. Banjo. Instruction
384. History
302. Music
386. Instruction
304. Bassoon. Instruction
388. Music
306. Music
390. Saxophone
308. Bombardon
392. Serpent
310. Bugle
394. Trombone. Instruction
312. Clarinet. Instruction
396. Music
314. Music
398. Trumpet. Instruction
316. Concertina, Accordion, Melo-
400. Music
deon. Instruction
402. Tuba
318. Music
404. Viola. Instruction
320. Cornet. Instruction
406. Music
322. Music
408. Violin. Periodicals
324. Double Bass. Instruction
410. General
326. Music
412. History
328. Euphonium
414. Instruction
330. Flageolet
416. Music
332. Flute, Fife, Piccolo. Instruction
418. Violoncello. Instruction
334. Music
420. Music
336. French Horn. Instruction
422. Zither
338. Music
424. Other Instruments
340. Guitar. Instruction
426. Vocal Practice, General
342. Music
428. Special
3
114
Manual of Library Classification
430.
Singing, General
512. Athletics, Special
432.
Special
514. Backgammon
434.
Choir Training, Choral So-
516. Baseball, Rounders
cieties
518. Billiards, Bagatelle
436.
Operas and Dramatic Music
520. Boating. Periodicals
438.
Oratorios
522. General
440.
Cantatas
524. Special
442.
Church Music. Periodicals
526. Bowling
444.
General
528. Boxing (Prize-fighting),General
446.
Services
530. Special
448.
Masses
532. Camping-out
450.
Anthems
534. Card Games, General
452.
Psalmody, General
536. Whist
454.
Denominational
538. Ecarte
456.
Hymns, General
548. Others
458.
Denominational
550. Chess. Periodicals
460.
Chants and Chanting
562. General
462.
Carols
554. Special
464.
Part Music, General
556. Cock-fighting, Bull-baiting, etc.
466.
Glees and Madrigals
558. Conjuring
468.
Part Songs
560. Coursing, Harriers
470.
Rounds and Catches
562. Cricket. Periodicals
472.
Trios and Duets
564. General
474.
Songs. Periodicals
566. Special
476.
General
568. Croquet
478.
National
570. Curling
480.
Sacred
572. Cycling. Periodicals
482.
Comic
574. General
484.
Nursery Songs
576. Special
486.
Special
678. Dancing, General
488.
Individual Composers
580. Special
490.
Recreative Arts, General
582. Dice
492.
History
584. Dominoes
Games and Sports, Indi-
586. Draughts or Checkers
vidual :
688. Driving
494.
Periodicals, General
590. Fencing, General
496.
Angling. Periodicals
592. Special
498.
General
594. Football, General
500.
Special
696. Special
502.
Archery
698. Golf
504.
Athletics. Periodicals
600. Gymnastics, Acrobats
606.
General
602. Hawking
508.
Running
604. Hockey or Shinty (Hurling)
510.
Walking
606. Horse-racing. Periodicals
Tables of Adjustable Classificatioit
15
608. Horse-racing, General
24. Women, General
610. Special
26. Special
612. Hunting, General
28. Se.K Questions
614. Special
30. Population, General
616. Lacrosse
32. Special
618. Mountaineering
34. Vital Statistics
620. Polo
36. Temperance Question. So-
622. Puzzles, Riddles, Conundrums
cieties
624. Quoits
38. Periodicals
626. Racquets
40. General
628. Riding, Horsemanship
42. Special
630. Shooting, General
44. Emigration, General
632. Special
46. Special
634. Skating and Rinking, General
48. Pauperism
636. Special
50. Charities. Societies and Perio-
638. Skittles
dicals
640. Solitaire
52. General
642. Swimming, General
54. Special
644. Special
56. Slavery, General
646. Tennis
58. Special
648. Theatricals, Private
60. Juvenile Delinquency
650. Charades, etc.
62. Crime and Punishment
652. Wrestling
64. Capital Punishment
654. Yachting, General
66. Police, General
656. Special
68. Special
658. Other Amusements
70. Prisons, General
72. Special
74. Secret Societies, General
76. Special
D. SOCIAL SCIENCE,
78. SociaUsm, General
General
80. Special
2. Societies
82. Communism, Anarchy, Nihi-
4. Periodicals
lism, etc.
6. History of Sociology
84. Other Social Organisations
8. Theories
86. Freemasonry. Societies
10. Manners and Customs,
88. Periodicals
General
90. General
12. National
92. Special
14. Games
94. Political Economy, Gene-
16. Special
ral
18. Marriage, General
9*6. Societies
20. Special
98. Periodicals
22. Women. Societies and Perio-
100. Theories
dicals
102. Labour Questions, General
ii6
Manual of Library Classification
104.
Capital and Labour
184.
Public Meetings, Procedure
106.
Factory System
186.
Civil Liberty, Citizenship
108.
Trades Unions. Societies and
188.
National Character, General
Periodicals
190.
State Administration, General
110.
General
192.
British, General
112.
Special
194.
Crown, Privileges, etc.
114.
Wages Questions
196.
Parliament, General
116.
Profit Sharing
198.
House of Lords, Powers,
118.
Hours Question
Duties, etc.
120.
Co-operation. Societies and
200.
Reform
Periodicals
202.
Papers and Proceedings
122.
General
204.
History
124.
Special
206.
House of Commons, Consti-
126.
Friendly Societies
tution
128.
Periodicals
208.
Laws and Procedure
130.
General
210.
History
132.
Special
212.
Papers, Reports, Proceed-
134.
Land Laws
ings
136.
Nationalisation
214.
Statutes
138.
Tenures, Transfers, Rent
216.
Journals
140.
Allotments and Commons
218.
Debates
142.
Mining Royalties
220.
Reform
144.
Free Trade. Societies and
222.
Elections
Periodicals
224.
Suffrage
146.
General
226.
Government Departments
148.
Special
228.
Foreign Policy, Treaties,
150.
Protection, Tariffs, etc.
Diplomatics
152.
Government and Poli-
230.
Taxation
tics, General
232.
Other Questions
154.
Constitutional History, General
234.
United States, General
156.
British
236.
Special
158.
Other Nationalities
238.
France
160.
Law, General
240.
Germany
162.
British
242.
Other Countries
164.
Other Nations
244.
Local Administration, General
166.
Theories, General
246.
Britain, General
168.
Special
248.
Special (Local Rating,etc.)
170.
Monarchy
250.
England, General
172.
Democracy
252.
Special (Counties, Par-
174.
Other Forms of Government
ishes, Municipalities.etc.)
176.
Science of Politics
254.
Scotland, General
178.
Political Parties, General
256.
Special
180.
Special
258.
Ireland, General
182.
National
260.
Special
Tables of Adjustable Classification
117
262.
Local Administration, Wales,
350. Court Procedure and Practice
General
352. Trials, General
264.
Special
354. Special
266.
United States
356. Commerce and Industry,
268.
Other Nations
General
270.
Church Establishments, Gene-
358. Societies
ral
360. Periodicals
272.
Disestablishment
362. History
274.
Law (Jurisprudence), General
364. Guilds
276.
Societies
366. Finance, Public
278.
Periodicals
368. National Debt
280.
Reports of Cases
370. Prices
282.
History
372. Exchange
284.
Philosophy
374. Cambistry
286.
Theories
376. Speculation and Stocks, Gene-
288.
National, General
ral
290.
British
378. Periodicals
292.
English (Codes, Commen-
380. Money and Credit
taries, etc.. General)
382. Bimetallism
294.
Scottish (Codes, Commen-
384. Banking. Societies and Perio-
taries, etc.. General)
dicals
296.
Irish (Codes, Commentaries,
386. General
etc., General)
388. Special
298.
Welsh (Codes, Commen-
390. Insurance. Societies and Perio-
taries, etc.. General)
dicals
300.
Colonies (Codes, Commen-
392. General
taries, etc., General)
394. Life
302.
India (Codes, Commen-
396. Thrift and Saving
taries, etc.. General)
398. Pensions, Old Age, etc.
304.
United States
400. Communications, General
306.
France
402. Special
308.
Germany
404. Post Office. Periodicals
310.
Other Countries
406. General
312.
Roman
408. Special
314.
International
410. Telegraphs
316.
Common (British)
412. Industrial and Commercial
318.
Commercial and Maritime
Undertakings
320.
Poor
414. Business Methods, General
322.
MiHtary
416. Indexing and Precis
324.
Canon
418. Commercial Correspondence
326.
Criminal
420. Advertising
328-348 Special Subjects (Patents,
422. Typewriting
Property, etc., as repre-
424. Other Departments
sented)
426. Education, General
ii8
Manual of Library Classification
428.
Societies
12. Ancient Systems or Schools,
430.
Periodicals
General
432.
History, General
14. Special
434.
Special
16. Modern Systems or Schools,
436.
Theories and Systems
General
438.
School Management, General
18. Special, by Authors as re-
440.
Teachers
presented
442.
Hygiene
20. Logic, General
444.
Buildings and Fittings
22. Special
446.
Methods of Instruction. Self-
24. Metaphysics
culture
26. Mental Physiology,
448.
Home
General
450.
Kindergarten
28. Sleep and Dreams
452.
Primary
30. Memory, Mnemonics
454.
Special Subjects
32. Phrenology
456.
Technical and Manual
34. Physiognomy
458.
Ragged Schools
36. Psychology
460.
Reformatory and Industrial
38. Ethics, General
Schools
40. Special (Amusements, etc.)
462.
Blind
42. Religion, General
464.
Deaf and Dumb
44. Theology, General
466.
Other
46. Natural, General
468.
Colleges and Universities,
48. Special
General
50. Theism
470.
Societies and Periodicals
52. Atheism and Deism
472.
History, General
54. Science and Religion
474.
Special
56. Philosophy of Religion
476.
University Organisation and
58. Systematic Theology, General
Teaching
60. History of Doctrine
478.
Calendars and Year Books
62. Creeds
480.
Degrees
64. Eschatology. Future State
482.
Theological Colleges
66. Special Treatises
484.
Other Colleges
68. Pastoral Theology, General
70. Clerical Profession
72 Homiletirs
1 W. A. ± Wiliil^LlV^O
74. Sermons
E.
PHILOSOPHi^ AND
RELIGION, General
76. Missions, General
78. Comparative Religion, Gene-
ral
2.
Philosophy. Societies
80. Special
4.
Periodicals
82. Bible, Texts, Polyglot
6.
History, General
84. Hebrew
8.
Ancient
86. Greek
10.
Modem
88.. Latin
Tables of Adjustable Classification
119
90-108. English [WycHffe,Tyndal,
176.
History, General
Coverdale, Matthew, Ta-
178.
Christian Evidences
vemer, Cranmer, Geneva,
180.
Christian Churches,
Bishops', Rheims, Douay]
General (Doctrine, etc)
110, Authorised Versions, 161 1,
182.
Eastern and Greek, General
etc.
184.
Special
112, Revised Versions, 1885
186.
Roman Catholic, General
114. French
(Ritual, Doctrine, etc.)
116. German
188.
National
118. Dutch
190.
Monastic and Religious
120. Italian
Orders
122, Other European Versions
192.
Inquisition
124. Oriental Versions
194.
Confession
126. African Versions
196.
Church Polity
128. American and Polynesian
198.
Reformation, Controversial
Versions
Works
130. Old Testament, Separate
200.
Protestantism, General
Texts, Whole or Part
202.
Special
132. New Testament, Separate
204.
Lutheran Church
Texts, Whole or Part
206.
Calvinism
134, Apocrypha, Separate Texts
208.
Episcopalianism, English,
136, Aids, Geography, Natural
General
History
210.
Creed and Doctrine
138. Dictionaries
212.
Church Polity
140. Concordances
214.
Liturgies
142, Commentaries, Complete Bible
216.
Hymnology
144. Old Testament, Whole
218.
Scotch
146. Separate Books
220.
United States
148. New Testament, Whole
222.
Sects and Heresies
150. Separate Books
224.
Presbyterianism, English
152. Apocrypha
226.
Scottish
154. Fathers (Patristics), General
228.
Other
156. Collections
230.
Sects and Heresies
158. Individual
232.
Polity
160. Councils, General
234.
Liturgies
162. Special
236,
Hymnology
164. Religious Beliefs and Systems,
238.
Congregationalism, General
General
240,
Special
166. Dictionaries of Faiths, Sects,
242,
Polity
etc.
244.
Liturgies and Hymnology
168. Lives of Christ
243,
Methodism, General
170. Christianity, General
248,
Special
172. Philosophy
250.
Polity
174. Ethics
252.
Liturgies
120
Manual of Library Classification
254.
Methodism, Hymnology
398.
Brahminism, General
256.
Baptists, General
400
Special
258.
Special
402.
Doctrine and Worship
260.
Polity
404.
Buddhism, General
262.
Liturgies and Hymnology
406.
Special
264.
Friends, Society of (Quakers),
408.
Sacred Books
General
410.
Doctrine and Worship
266.
Special
412.
Confucianism. General
268.
Polity
414.
Special
270.
Liturgies and Hymnology
416.
Sacred Books
272.
Reformed (Dutch) Church
418.
Mahometanism. General
274.
Moravians
420.
Special
278.
Swedenborgians
422.
Sacred Books
280.
Unitarians
- 424.
Parsism and Zoroastrianism,
282.
Mormons
General
284.
Other Christian Sects
426.
Special
286.
Christian Theology,
428.
Other Oriental Religions
General
430.
African Religions
288.
Trinity
432.
Polynesian Religions
290.
Lord's Prayer
434.
Other Ethnic Religions
292.
Sacraments, Lord's Supper
436.
Agnosticism
294.
Baptism
438.
Positivism, Materialism
296.
Atonement
440.
Rationalism
298.
Faith
442.
Other Beliefs
300.
Justification
444.
Mythology and Folk-
302.
Sanctification
Lore, General
304.
Predestination
446.
Societies
306.
Free Will
448.
Periodicals
308.
Judgment
450.
Philosophy and Theory
310.
Heaven, Angels
452.
Comparative
312.
Hell, Devil
454.
National
314.
Other Topics
456.
Demonology
316.
Collected Sermons
458.
Witchcraft
318.
Sermons of Lidividuals
460.
Fairies, Elves, etc.
320-
-384. Reserved
462.
Phallic and Serpent Worship
386.
Non-Christian Reli-
464.
Divination, Fortune Telling,
gions, General
Second Sight, Palmistry
388.
Ancient Religions : Egyptian,
466.
Spiritualism
Chaldtean, etc.
468.
Monsters: Dragons, Giants
390.
Judaism, General
470.
Other Departments
392.
Special
394.
Sacred Books
Doctrine and Worship
396.
Tables of Adjustable Classification
121
-, HISTORY AND GEO-
GRAPHY, General
2. Historical Societies
4. Historical Periodicals
6. General, and Archeology
(Ancient)
8. Chronology
10. Numismatics (Coins, Medals,
Seals), General
12. National
14. Special
16. Societies and Periodicals
18. Military History, General
20. Naval History, General
22. Ecclesiastical History, General
24. Crusades and Chivalry
26. Philosophy and Study of His-
tory. Civilisation
28. Ancient and Dispersed
Nations, General
30. Phrenicia
32. Judea
34. Modern Jews, General
36. Societies
38. Periodicals
40. Special
42. Medo-Persia, General
44. Chaldaea
46. Assyria
48. Babylonia
50. Media
52. Lydia
54. Persia
56. Other Divisions
58. Minor Nationalities : Carthage,
etc.
60. Gipsies, General
62. Special
64. Modern History and
Archaeology, General
66. Special
68. Geography, General
70. Societies
72. Periodicals
74. Historical Atlases
76. Geographical Atlases
78. Gazetteers and Dictionaries
80. Ancient and Classical Geo-
graphy
82. Modern Political Geography
84. Voyages and Travels [Circum-
navigation and two or more
large areas]. General Col-
lections
86. Individual Travellers (alpha-
betically)
88. AFRICA, General [Travels,
Atlases, etc.]
90. North Africa, General
92. Egypt, Ancient, General
94. History
96. Church
98. Geography
100. Modern, General
102. History
104. Geography
106. Nubia
108. Abyssinia
110. Somaliland
112. Barbary States, General
114. Tripoli
116. Algeria
118. Tunis
120. Morocco
122. Soudan, East
124. Sahara
126. Central, General
128. British East Africa (Ibea)
130. German East Africa
132. Congo Free State
134. French Congo
136. Angola
138. British Central Africa
140. Portuguese East Africa
142. West, General
144. Ashanti
146. Cameroons
148. Dahomey
22
Manual of Library Classification
150. French Guinea
228.
162. Gold Coast
230.
154. Guinea Coast
232.
156. Liberia
234.
158. Senegambia
236.
160. Sierra Leone
238.
162. Sokoto
240.
164. West Soudan
242.
166. South, General, History
244.
168. Geography
246.
170. Cape Colony
248.
172. Natal and Zululand
250.
174. Orange Free State
252.
176. South African Republic
254.
(Transvaal)
256.
178. German South-West Africa
258.
180. British South Africa
260.
182. Bechuanaland and Other
262.
Territories
264.
184. African Islands, General
266.
186. Socotra, Seychelles
268.
188. Zanzibar
190. Madagascar
192. Mauritius
194. St. Helena, Ascension
196. Cape Verde Islands : Canary
Islands, Madeira
198. AMERICA (N. and S.),
General
200. History
202. Geography
204. North, General
206. History
208. Geography
210. Canada, General
212. History, Civil and Church,
General
214. Geography, General
216. Social State, General
218. Nova Scotia, History
220. Geography
222. Prince Edward Island
224. New Brunswick
228. Quebec, Flistory
Quebec, Geography
Ontario, History
Geography.
Manitoba
British Columbia
North-West Territories
Newfoundland, History
Geogi-aphy
Labrador
United States, General
History, Civil, General
Church
Military and Naval, General
Pre-Republican
Republican
Civil War, General
Confederate View
Federal View
Geography, General
Social State, General
States and Territories : His-
tory and Geography,
General Divisions
270. Alabama ; 272. Alaska ;
274. Arizona; 276. Arkansas;
278. California; 280. Colorado ;
282. Connecticut; 284. Dela-
ware ; 286. District of Colum-
bia; 288. Florida; 290. Georgia;
292. Idaho ; 294. Illinois ; 296.
Indian Territory; 298. Indiana;
300. Iowa ; 302. Kansas ; 304.
Kentucky ; 306. Louisiana ;
308. Maine; 310. Maryland;
312. Massachusetts ; 314.
Michigan ; 316. Minnesota ;
318. Mississippi ; 320.
Missouri ; 322. Montana ; 324.
Nebraska ; 326. Nevada ; 328.
New Hampshire; 330, New
Jersey ; 332. New Mexico ;
334. New York; 336. North
Carolina ; 338. North Dakota ;
340. Ohio; 342. Oklahoma;
Tables of Adjustable Classification
123
372.
374.
376.
378.
380.
382.
384.
386.
388.
390.
392.
394.
396.
398.
400.
402.
404.
406.
408.
410.
412.
414.
416.
418.
420.
422.
424.
426.
428.
430.
432.
434,
344. Oregon ; 346. Penn-
sylvania ; 348. Rhode Island ;
350. South Carolina; 352,
South Dakota; 354. Ten-
nessee ; 356. Texas ; 358.
Utah; 360. Vermont; 362.
Virginia ; 364. Washington ;
366. West Virginia; 368.
Wisconsin ; 370. Wyoming
Mexico, General
History, Ancient
Modem
Geography
Central America and West
Indian Islands, General
Central America. History
Geography
British Honduras
Costa Rica
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
San Salvador
West Indies, General
History
Geography
Bahamas and Bermudas
Cuba
Jamaica
Hayti and San Domingo
Porto Rico
Lesser Antilles (St. Thomas,
Barbadoes, Trinidad, etc.)
Leeward Islands (Curacao, etc.)
South America, General
History
Geography
Argentina
gonia)
Bolivia
Brazil
Chili
Colombia
Ecuador
(including Pata-
436.
Guianas, General
438.
British
440.
Dutch
442.
French
444.
Paraguay
446.
Pern
448.
Uruguay
450.
Venezuela
452.
Falkland Islands
454.
ASIA, General
456.
Afghanistan
458.
Arabia, Histoiy (Saracens
or Moors, etc.)
460.
Geography
462.
Baluchistan
464.
Ceylon
466.
Chinese Empire, General
468.
History, General
470.
Geogi-aphy, General
472.
Mongolia
474.
Tibet
476.
Korea
478.
Social State
480.
India, General
482.
Ancient History
484.
Modern History, General
486.
Mutiny
488.
Geography, General
490.
Special
492.
Farther India, General
494.
Burma
496.
Siani
498.
Annam and Tonkin
500.
Malay Peninsula
502.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
504.
Japan, General
506.
History
508.
Geography
510.
Formosa
512.
Social State
514.
Persia, General
516.
Modern History
518.
Geography
520.
Social State
124
Manual of Library Classification
blt.2. Russia (Siberia, etc.), General
600. Geography, Transylvania
524. History
602. Other Divisions
526. Geography
604. Social State
528. Social State
606. Balkan States, General
530. Turkey, General
608. History, General
532. History
610. Geography, General
534. Geography, General
612. Bulgaria
536. Social State
614. Montenegro
538. Armenia
616. Roumania
540. Palestine
618. Servia
542. Sinai
620. Social State
544. Asia Minor and Levant,
622. British Islands, General
General
624. Societies
546. Malay Archipelago, Gene-
626. Periodicals
ral
628. History and Archaeology,
548. Borneo
General
550. Celebes
630. Civil, General
552. Java
632. History, Church
554. Moluccas
634. Military History
556. Philippines
636. Regimental Histories
558. Sumatra, Sunda Islands
638. Naval History
560 EUROPE, General
640. British Empire, General
562. History, Civil, (jeneral
642. History, General
564. Church and Reformation,
644. Geography, General
General
646. Colonies, General
566. Military and Naval, General
648. Polity, etc.
568. Dispersed and Merged
650. British Islands, Geo-
Nations, General
graphy, General
570. Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks.
652. Social State
Gauls
654. England, General
572. Moors or Saracens
656. History and Archeology,
574. Bohemia
General
576. Poland
658. Early Times
578. Geography, General
660. Anglo-Saxons
580. Atlases, Gazetteers, etc.
662. Normans
582. Social State, General
664-670. Later Periods (chronologi-
584. Austria-Hungary, General
cally)
586. Civil History
672. Church
588. Church History
674. Military
590. Military History
676. Naval
592. Geography, General
678. Social State
594. Bohemia
680. Geography, General
596. Bosnia and Herzegovina
682. Borders and North England,
598. Hungary
General
Tables of Adjustable Classification
125
684. Geography, Lake District,
General
686. East England, General
688. West England, General
690. Midlands, General
692. South England, General
694. Thames, General
Local History and Topo-
graphy :
696. Bedford; 698. Berk-
shire ; 700. Buckingham ; 702.
Cambridge ; 704. Cheshire ;
706. Cornwall (708. Scilly
Isles) ; 710, Cumberland ; 712.
Derby; 714. Devon; 716.
Dorset; 718. Durham; 720.
Essex; 722. Gloucester; 724.
Hampshire (726. Isle of
Wight) ; 728. Hereford ; 730.
Hertford ; 732. Huntingdon ;
734. Kent; 736. Lancashire;
738. Leicester ; 740. Lincoln ;
742. London; 744. Middle-
sex ; 746. Monmouth ; 748.
Norfolk ; 750. Northampton ;
752. Northumberland ; 754.
Nottingham ; 756. Oxford ;
758. Rutland; 760. Shrop-
shire ; 762. Somerset ; 764.
Stafford; 766. Suffolk; 768.
Surrey; 770. Sussex; 772.
Warwick ; 774. Westmore-
land; 776. Wiltshire; 778.
Worcester; 780. York; 782.
Isle of Man ; 784. Channel
Islands
786. Wales, General
788. History, Civil
790. Church
792. Social State
794. Geography, General
796. North Wales
798. South Wales
800. Anglesey; 802. Breck-
nock ; 804. Cardigan ; 806.
Carmarthen ; 808. Carnarvon ;
810. Denbigh ; 812. Flint ;
814. Glamorgan ; 816. Meri-
oneth ; 818. Montgomery ;
820. Pembroke; 822. Radnor
824. Ireland, General
826. History, Civil
828. Church
830. Social State
832. Geography, General
834. Connaught; 836. Lein-
ster; 838. Munster; 840.
Ulster; 842. Antrim; 844.
Armagh ; 846. Carlow ; 848.
Cavan; 850. Clare; 852. Cork;
854. Donegal ; 856. Down ;
858. Dublin; 860. Fermanagh;
862. Galway ; 864. Kerry ;
866. Kildare ; 868. Kilkenny ;
870. King's County; 872.
Leitrim ; 874. Limerick ; 876.
Londonderry ; 878. Longford;
880. Louth; 882. Mayo; 884.
Meath ; 886. Monaghan ; 888.
Queen's County ; 890. Ros-
common ; 892. Sligo ; 894.
Tipperary ; 896. Tyrone ; 898.
Waterford ; 900. Westmeath ;
902. Wexford ; 904. Wicklow
906. Scotland, General
908. History, Civil
910. Church
912. Military and Clans
914. Social State
916. Geography, General
918. Borders; 920. Low
lands ; 922. Galloway ; 924.
Hebrides ; 926. Highlands ;
928. Aberdeen ; 930, Argyle ;
932. Ayr; 934. Banff; 936.
Berwick; 938. Bute; 940.
Caithness; 942. Clackmannan;
944. Dumbarton ; 946. Dum-
126
Manual of Library Classificatmi
fries ; 948. Edinburgh ;
950.
1060. Modern, General
Elgin or Moray ; 952.
Fife;
1062. History, General
954. Forfar; 956. Hadding-
1064. Byzantine Empire
ton ; 958. Inverness ;
960.
1066. Church
Kincardine ; 962. Kinross ;
1088. Geography, General
964. Kirkcudbright ; 966
. La-
1070. Special
nark ; 968. Linhthgow ;
970.
1072. Social State
Nairn ; 972. Orkney ;
974.
1074. Italy, General
Peebles; 976. Perth;
978.
1076. History, Modern, General
Renfrew ; 980. Ross
and
1078. Church
Cromarty ; 982. Roxburgh ;
1080. Military and Naval
984. Selkirk ; 986. Shetland ;
1082. Social State
988. Stirling; 990. Suther-
1084. Geography, General
land ; 992. Wigtown
1086. Lombardy
994. France, General
1088. Piedmont
996. History, Civil, General
1090. Venice
998. Great Revolution
1093. Tuscany
1000. Church, General
1094. Rome
1002. Huguenots
1096. Sicily
1001. Military and Naval
1098. Sardinia
1006. Social State
1100. Other Divisions
1008. Geography, General
1102. Rome, Ancient, General
1010. Brittany ; 1012. Nor-
1104. History, General
mandy ; 1014. Paris ;
1016.
1106. Early History
Corsica; 1018. Other Districts
1108. Republic
1020. Germany, General
1110. Empire
1022. History, Civil
1112. Eastern Empire
1024. Church
1114 Western Empire
1026. Military and Naval
1116. Geography, General
1028. Social State
1118. Special
1030. Geography, General
1120. Social State
1032. Bavaria
1122. Netherlands, General
1034. Prussia
1124. History, General
1036. Saxony
1126. Geography, General
1038. Other States
1128. Social State
1040. Greece, Ancient, General
1130. Belgium, General
1042. History, General
1132. History, Civil
1044. Athens; 1046
I. Cor-
1134. Church
inth ; 1048. Lacedsemonia ;
1136. Geography
1050. Macedonia ;
1052.
1138. Holland, General
Other Divisions
1140. Plistory, Civil
1054. Geography, General
1142. Church
1056. Special
1144. Geography
1058. Social State
1146. Portugal, General
Tables of Adjustable Classification
12;
1148. History, Civil
1236. Geography, Alpine Books
1150. Church
1238. Social State
1152. Social State
1240. Turkey, General
1154. Geography
1242. Ottoman Empire, History
llc<5. Azores
1244. Modern History
1158. Jlussia, General
1246. Geography
1160. Histor>', Civil
1248. Social State
1162. Church
1250. Mediterranean, Shores
1164, Military
and Islands, General
1166. Social State
1252. Gibraltar
1168. Geography, General
1254. Malta
1170. Special
1256. Crete or Candia
1172. Empire, General
1258. Cyprus
1174. History
1260. Oceania, General
1176. Geography
1262. Geography
1178. Scandinavia, General
1264. AUSTRALASIA, General
1180. History, General
1266. History
1182. Geography, General
1268. Geography
1184. Social State
1270. Social State
1186. Denmark, General
1272. Australia, General
1188. History
1274. History
1190. Geography
1276. Geography
1192. Social State
1278. Social State
1194. Iceland and Faroe Islands
1280. New South Wales,
1196. Danish Greenland
General
1198. Norway, General
1282. History
1200. History
1284. Geography
1202. Geography
1286. Queensland, General
1204. Social State
1288. History
1206. Sweden, General
1290. Geography
1208. History
1292. South Australia, General
1210. Geography
1294. History
1212. Social State
1296. Geography
1214. Spain, General
1298. Victoria, General
1216. History, Civil
1300. History
1218. Church
1302. Geography
1220. Military and Naval
1304. West Australia, General
1222. Geography
1306. History
1224. Balearic Islands
1308. Geography
1226. Social State
1310. New Zealand, General
1228. Switzerland, General
1312. History
1230. History, Civil
1314. Geography
1232. Church
1316. Social State
1234. Geography, General
1318. Tasmania, General
128
Manual of Library Classification
F 1320.
History
24.
Roman
1322.
Geography
26.
Spanish
1324.
Social State
28.
Other Nationalities
1326.
New Guinea, History
30.
Class, Collective, Actors and
1328.
Geography
Entertainers
1330.
Solomon Islands
32.
Artists
1332.
Polynesia, General
34.
Authors
1334.
History
36.
Bible Characters
1336.
Geography
38.
Clergy
1338.
Fiji
40.
Criminals : Robbers, Pirates,
1340.
Hawaii or Sandwich Islands
etc.
1342.
Pitcairn
42.
Eccentrics : Misers, Fools,
1344.
Marquesas
Jesters, Characters, etc.
1346.
Samoa
44.
Educationists
1348.
Tahiti
46.
Engineers
1350.
Other Islands
48.
Industrial and Commercial
1352.
POLAR REGIONS,
50.
Legal
General
52.
Medical
1354.
Antarctic
54.
Military
1356.
Arctic, General
56.
Missionaries
1358.
North European
58.
Monarchs
1360.
.American, Eskimos
60.
Musicians
1362.
Asian
62.
Naval
1364.
Franklin Searches
64.
Nobility
66.
Philanthropists
68.
Philosophers
70.
Politicians and Statesmen
G.
BIOGRAPHY AND
72.
74.
76.
Popes
Religion
Saints and Martyrs
Scientists
CORRESPOND-
ENCE, General, Col-
78.
lective
80.
Sportsmen
2.
Periodicals and Societies
82.
Travellers, Geographers, An-
4.
National, Collective, Ameri-
tiquaries
can
84.
Women
6.
British
86.
Other Classes
8.
English
88.
Individual Biography and
10.
Irish
Criticism (alphabetically
12.
Scottish
arranged)
14.
Welsh
90.
Genealogy and Family His-
16.
French
tory, General
18.
German
92.
Societies and Periodicals
20.
Greek
94.
Families, General
22.
Italian
96.
Individual
1 ^^fVEf^f^
n '
Tables of Adpisi
Peerages, Baronetages, etc.
^able Classifieation I2
98.
52.
Chinese, Grammars
100.
Dignities, General. Official
54.
General Treatises
Year Books
56.
Indian, General
102.
Orders of Knighthood
58.
Sanskrit. Dictionaries
104.
Heraldry, General
60.
Grammars
106.
Societies and Periodicals
62.
General Treatises
108.
Special
64.
Hindustani. Dictionaries
110.
National
66.
Grammars
112.
Epitaphs
68.
General Treatises
114.
Portraits, Collections
70.
Bengali
116.
Individual
72.
Tamil
74.
Dravidian
76.
78.
Indo-Chinese
Other Languages
80.
Japanese. Dictionaries
H.
LANGUAGE AND
82.
Grammars
LITERATURE,
84.
General Treatises
General
86.
Persian. Dictionaries
2.
Language, Societies
88.
Grammars
4.
Periodicals
90.
General Treatises
6.
History, General
92.
Semitic, General
8.
Theories
94.
Hebrew. Dictionaries
10.
Comparative Philology
96.
Grammars
12.
Phonetics, Phonology
98.
General Treatises
14.
Alphabets
100.
Syriac and Other Forms
16.
Polyglot Dictionaries and
102.
Turkish. Dictionaries
Glossaries
106.
Grammars
18.
African, General
108.
General Treatises
20.
Tribal Dialects
110.
Europe, General
22.
Egyptian, General
112.
Societies and Periodicals
24.
Coptic
114.
History
26.
Ethiopic
116.
Theories
28.
American, General
118.
Celtic, General
30.
North, Aboriginal Dialects
120.
Societies and Periodicals
32.
Societies and Periodicals
122.
Dictionaries
34.
South and Central, Ancient
124.
Grammars
36.
Asia, General
126.
Gaelic. Dictionaries
38.
Societies and Periodicals
128.
Grammars and General
40.
History
130.
Irish. Dictionaries
42.
Theories
132.
Grammars and General
44.
Arabic. Dictionaries
134.
Welsh. Dictionaries
46.
Grammars
136.
Grammars and General
48.
General Treatises
138.
Cornish
50.
Chinese. Dictionaries
140.
Manx
I30
Manual of Library Classification
H 142.
Celtic, Basque, Armorican, etc.
226.
Teutonic, Dictionaries
144.
Anglo-Saxon, General
228.
Theories
146
Dictionaries
230.
German. Dictionaries
148.
Grammars
232.
Grammars
150.
English, General Treatises
234.
General Treatises
152.
Societies and Periodicals
236.
Dutch. Dictionaries
154.
History
238.
Grammars
156.
Dictionaries, General
240.
General Treatises
158.
Local Glossaries (Dialects
242.
Flemish
alphabetically)
244.
Scandinavian, General
160.
Special Glossaries (Mining,
246.
Dictionaries
etc.)
248.
Old Norse
162.
Americanisms
250.
Icelandic
164.
Slang
Rhyme
252.
Danish. Dictionaries
166.
254.
Grammars and General
168.
Synonyms, Treasuries, etc.
256.
Norwegian. Dictionaries
170.
Grammar
258.
Grammars and General
172.
Composition
260.
Swedish. Dictionaries
174.
Scottish, General
262.
Grammars and General
176.
Dictionaries, General
264.
Sclavonic, General
178.
Local Glossaries
266.
Dictionaries
180.
Greek (Ancient). Dictionaries
268.
Russian. Dictionaries
182.
Grammars
270.
Grammars
184.
General Treatises
272.
General Treatises
186.
(Modern) Dictionaries
274.
Polish. Dictionaries
188.
Grammars
276.
Grammars and General
190.
General Treatises
278.
Bohemian. Dictionaries
192.
Latin. Dictionaries
280.
Grammars and General
194.
Grammars
282.
Other Sclavonic Languages
196.
General Treatises
284.
Hungarian. Dictionaries
198.
Romance Languages
286.
Grammars and General
200.
French. Dictionaries
288.
Finnish. Dictionaries
202.
Grammars
290.
Grammars and General
204.
General Treatises
292.
Gipsy Languages
206.
Italian. Dictionaries
294.
Other European Languages or
208.
Grammars
Dialects
210.
General Treatises
296.
Polynesia, General
212.
Spanish. Dictionaries
298.
Dictionasries
214.
Grammars
300.
Grammars
216.
General Treatises
302.
Universal Languages
218.
Portuguese. Dictionaries
304.
Names, General
220.
Grammars
306.
Personal Names, General
222.
General Treatises
S08.
Surnames
224.
Teutonic, General
310.
Christian Names
Tables of AdJ7istable Classification
31
H 312. Place Names
314. Oratory, General
316. Collections
318. Rhetoric and Conversation
320. Elocution, General
822. Recitation, Collections
324. A'^entriloquism and Mimicry
326. Literary History, Art,
Criticism, General
328. American, General
330. Asiatic, General
332. Australian, General
334, European, General
336. French
338. German
340. Greek
342. Italian
344. Latin
346. Spanish
348, Russian
350. Scandinavian
352. Other European Countries
(alphabetically)
354. English, General
356. Special Periods
358. Irish
360. Scottish
362. Welsh
364. Bibliography, General
366. Societies and Periodicals
368. National (alphabetically)
370. British Local
372. Class (Music, Art, etc.)
374. Special (Pseudonyms, etc.)
376. Of Individual Authors (alpha-
betically)
878. Libraries, General
380. Societies and Periodicals
382. History, General
384. Special
386. Catalogues (alphabetically by
Towns)
388. Cataloguing (Rules, etc.)
390. Classification
392. Management, General
394. Special Topics
396. Readers' Aids and Guides
398. HistoricalTypography, General
400. Special
402. Bookbinding
404. Other Bibliographical Topics
J. POETRY AND THE
DRAMA, General
2. Histories, General and Na-
tional
4. Societies and Periodicals
6, Criticism, General and Na-
tional
8. Collections, General
National Poetry:
10. American
12. British
14, English
16. Irish
18. Scotch
20. Welsh
22. French
24. German
26. Greek
28. Italian
30. Latin
82. Spanish
84. Russian
36. Other European
38. Indian
40. Chinese
42. Other Asiatic
44. Oriental, General
46. Class, Ballads
48. Songs
50. Odes
52. Sonnets
54. Parodies
56. Epigrams, Squibs, etc.
132
Manual of Library Classification
J 58. Nursery and Local Rhymes,
Games
60. Other Forms
Individual Authors,
alphabetically (Anonyma
at end)
Drama, General
Societies and Periodicals
History, General
National
Criticism
Acting, Theatres, Circuses,
Stage Management
Collections of Plays, General
National
Class (Comedies, Tragedies,
Farces, etc.)
Individual Authors,
alphabetically (Anonyma
62.
64.
66.
68.
70.
72.
74.
76.
78.
12. Individual Authors, alpha-
betically (Anonyma at end)
14. Juvenile Fiction, General
(including Fairy Tales)
16. Boys
18. Girls
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
at end)
18.
20.
22.
K. PROSE FICTION,
24.
26.
28.
General. Histories
2. History, National
30.
4. Criticism
32.
6. Collections, General. Perio-
dicals
34.
8. National
10. Class
MISCELLANEOUS
Encyclopaedias, General
Societies
Periodicals
Newspapers
Directories, Year Books
Other Ephemera
Collected Works of General
Authors
Miscellanies, Literary Annuals,
etc.
Essays, Collections
Individual Authors, alpha-
betically (Anonyma at end)
Humour and Satire (not Fic-
tional or Poetical)
Proverbs, Maxims
Emblems, Fables
Dialogues, Table Talk
Anecdotes, Ana
Quotations, Birthday Books, etc.;
Confessional Albums, etc.
Composite Works (or Books
treating of more than three
definite topics)
ALPHABETICAL SUBJECT INDEX TO
ADJUSTABLE CLASSIFICATION
Aberdeen .
F928
Alchemy
. A 354
Aborigines . . H 20
30, etc.
Algas .
. A 216
Abstinence .
D36
Algebra
. A 328
Abyssinia .
F108
Algeria
. File
Acadia
F218
Alkalies
. B278
Accordion .
C316
Allopathy
. B430
Acids ....
B278
Allotments
. D 140
Acoustics .
A 288
Alloys
. B222
Acrobats . . . .
C600
Almanacs
F8
Acting
J 74
Nautical
. A 320
Actors . . . .
G30
Alphabets
. C 80, H 12
Administration .
D190
Alps .
. F 1236
Admirals .
G62
Ambulance
. B466
Admiralty . . B 14
8, D 226
America, Central
. F380
Adulterations . A 26
0, B 496
North .
. F204
Advertising
D420
South .
. F418
Aerial Engineering .
B82
Languages
. H28
Aeronautics
B82
American Organ
. C293
Esthetics . . . .
C4
Americanisms .
. H162
^Ethiopia . . . F (
)0, H 26
Amphibians
. A 140
Afghanistan
F456
Amusements
. C490
Africa . . . .
F88
Ana .
130
African Religions
E430
Analysis
. A 260
Languages
HIS
Anarchy .
D82
Agnosticism
£436
Anatomy, Animals
A 64
Agriculture
B 22-38
Artistic .
C34
Ainu
F508
Human .
A40
Air
A 286
Vivisection
A 64, E 40
Alabama . . . .
F270
Andaman Islands
. F502
Alaska . . . .
F272
Andorra
. F 1222
Albigenses . E 202,
FIOOO
Anecdotes .
.
L30
134
Manual of Library Classification
Angels
. E310
Arianism .
. E284
Anglesey .
. F800
Aristocracy
. D174
Anglican Church
. E208
Arithmetic .
. A 330
Angling .
. C496
Arizona
. F274
Anglo-Saxons .
F 660, H 144
Arkansas .
. F276
Angola
. F136
Armagh
. F844
Animalculse
. A 194
Armenia .
. F538
Animal Magnetism .
. A 360
Armies
B 118-120
Animals
A 28-194
Arminianism
. E202
Annam
. F498
Armorican Language .
. H142
Annelida .
. A 190
Armour
. B 122
Annuals
L16
Arms . . . .
. B122
Annuities .
. A 344
Army.
B 118-120
Anonyms .
. H374
Art .
C
Antarctic Regions
. F 1354
Art Galleries
. C18
Anthems .
. C450
Arthropoda
. A 150
Anthologies
J
Articles, Thirty-Nine
. E210
Anthropology .
. A 36
Artillery
. B124
Antilles
. F414
Artists
. G32
Antiquaries
. G82
Arts, Useful
B
Antiquities .
C 228, F 6
Aryans
H 6, 8, 10, 56
Antrim
. F842
Ascension .
. F194
Ants . . . .
. A 168
Ashanti
. F 144
Apes .
. A 76
Asia .
F 454, H 36
Apiculture .
. A 170
Asia Minor
. F544
Apocalypse
E 132, 150
Assaying .
. B220
Apocrypha .
E 134, 152
Assent
. E22
Apostles, Lives of
. G36
Assessment
D 248, 328
Apparitions
. A 362
Assurance .
. D390
Applied Mechanics
. B 108
Assyria
. F46
Aquaria
. A 20
Astrology .
. A 356
Arabia
. F458
Astronomy
. A 304
Language
. H44
Asylums
. B464
Arachnida .
. A 154
Athanasian Creed
. E180
Arbitration
. D356
Atheism
. E52
Arboriculture
B 40, 56-58
Athens
. F 1044
Archaeology
F6
Athletics .
. C 504
(and different c(
Duntries)
Atlantic
. A 302
Archery
. C 502
Atlantis
. E468
Architects .
. G32
Atlases
F 74.-76
Architecture
. C 188
Atmosphere
. A 286
Arctic Regions .
. F 1356
Atonement
. E296
Argentina .
. F 424
Auricular Confession
. E194
Argyle
. F930
Australasia
. F 1264
Alphabetical Subject Index
135
Australia .
. F 1272
Bedford .
. F696
Austria
. F584
Bedouins .
. F460
Authors
. G34
Bees . . . .
A 168-170
Autographs
. C170
Beetles
. A 162
Ayr . . . .
. F932
Belgium
. F 1130
Azores
. F 1156
Bells . . . .
. B368
Aztecs
. F374
Bengali
. H70
Berkshire .
. F698
Babylonia .
F48
Bermudas .
. F404
Backgammon
. C514
Berwick . . . .
. F936
Bacteriology
. A 26
Betterment
D 248, 328
Bagatelle .
. C518
Betting
. D328
Bagpipe
. C296
Bible
E 82-152
Bahamas .
. F404
Bible Characters
. G36
Baking
. B498
Bibliography
. H364
Balearic Islands .
. F 1224
Bicycle
. C572
Balkan States .
. F606
Bigamy
D 18, 328
Ballads .
. J 46
Billiards .
. C518
Ballooning .
. B83
Bimana
. A 38
Ballot
D 222, 328
Bimetallism
. D 382
Baluchistan
. F462
Biography .
G
Bands
. C284
Biology
A 10
Banff .
. F934
Birds .
. A 106
Banjo .
. C300
Birthday Books .
. L32
Banking
. D384
Bishops
. G38
Bankruptcy
. D328
Bithynia
. F 1052
Baptism
. E294
Blacksmithing .
. B338
Baptists
. E266
Bleaching .
. B280
Barbary States .
. F112
Blind .
. D462
Baronage .
. G98
Blowpipe .
. A 260
Baronetage
. G98
Boating
. C 520
Barracks .
. B 104
Boats .
. B 154, C 520
Baseball .
. C 516
Boers .
. F 176
Basque Language
. H142
Bohemia .
. F 574, 594
Bassoon
. C 304
Language
. H278
Bastardy .
. D328
Bolivia
. F 426
Bathing
. C 642
Bombardon
. C 308
Baths .
. B 474, C 642
Book Plates
. C 172
Batrachia .
. A 140
Book Production
. B 244-272
Bats .
A 78
Bookbinding . B 2
SO-264, H 402
Battles
F 18, 20
Book-keeping .
. A 332
(and different c(
Duntries)
Books
. H364
Bavaria
. F 1032
Bookselling
. B270
Bechuanaland .
. F 182
Bootmaking
. B334
136
Manual of Library Classification
Borde*s
. F 682, 918
Cambria = Wales
. F 786
Borneo
. F548
Cambridge
. F 702
Bosnia
. F 596
Camels
A 90-92
Botany
. A 196-222
Cameroons .
. F 146
Bowling
. C 526
Camping .
. C 632
Boxing
. C 528
Canada
. F210
Brachiopoda
. A 184
Canals
B88
Brahminism
. E398
Canary Bird
. A 112
Brain
A 48, £ 26-34
Canary Islands
. F 196
Brasses
. C 232
Candia
. F 1256
Brassfounding .
. B340
Candles
. B 294
Brazil
. F428
Canon Law
. D324
Breach of Promise
. D 328
Cantatas
. C440
Brecknock
. F802
Cape Colony [of Good
Hope] F 170
Bretons
. F 1010
Cape Verde Islands
. F196
Brewing
. B286
Capital
. D104
Bricks
. B70
Capital Punishment
D64
Bridges
B88
Card Games
. C 534
Britain
F 622, D 246
Cardigan .
. F 804
British Columbia
. F236
Cardinals .
. G38
Empire .
. F640
Caribbean Sea .
. F402
Brittany
. F 1010
Caricature .
C58
Bronzes
. C250
Carlow
. F846
Bryozoa
. A 188
Carmarthen
. F806
Buckingham
. F700
Carnarvon .
. F808
Buddhism .
. E404
Carnivora .
A 82
Bugles
. C310
Carols
. C462
Bugs . . . .
. A 176
Carpentry .
. B408
Building
B 60-74
Carpets
. B392
Bulgaria
. F612
Carriages .
. B300
Burial
. B474
Cars .
B 300-304
Burma
. F494
Carthage .
F58
Business
. D414
Carving
. C248
Bute . . . .
. F938
Casting
. B224
Butterflies .
. A 172
Catalogues .
. H386
Byzantine Empire
. F 1064
Cataloguing
Cats .
. H388
A 82, 84
Cabinet-making .
. B412
Cattle
A 90
92, B 32-36
Caithness .
. F940
Cavalry
. B126
Calculus
. A 334
Cavan
. F848
California .
. r278
Celebes .
. F550
Calisthenics
. C600
Celts .
. H118
Calvinism .
. E206
Census
. D30
Cambistry .
. D374
Centipedes .
. A 156
Alphabetical Subject Index
137
Central America
. F380
Church Services
. C446
Cephalopoda
A 182
Circus
J 74
Ceramics ,
C86
Citizenship .
. D 186
Ceremonies
DIO
Civil Engineering
. B88
Cetacea
. A 96
Liberty .
. D 186
Ceylon
F464
Service .
• D226
Chaldsa . . . F 44, E 388
Civilisation
. F26
Chancery . . . D 328, 350
(and separate countries)
Channel Islands .
F 784
Clackmannan
. F942
Chants ....
C460
Clans .
. F912
Character . . . D 446, E40
Clare .
. F850
National.
D188
Clarinet
. C 312
Charades ....
C650
Classics (Latin and
Greek
Charities ....
D50
authors)
. Passvn
Chartism ....
D180
Classification, Library . H 390
Charts ....
B 160
Zoological
A 60
Checkers = Draughts
C586
Clergy
. E 70, G 38
Chelonia ....
A 134
Climate
A 300, B 478
Chemical Trades . B 274-296
Climbing .
. C 618
Chemistry . . . A 250-262
Clocks
. B362
Cheshire ....
F704
Cloth .
. B388
Chess
C550
Clothing .
. B298
Children, Diseases
B444
Clubs .
. D16
Education . . D 448-452
Coach-building .
. B300
Chili
F430
Coal .
. B 178
China . . . . F 466, H 50
Coast Guard
. B166
China Painting .
C52
Cock-fighting
. C 556
Chiromancy = Palmistry .
E464
Cocoa
. A 222, B 38
Chiroptera ....
A 78
Coelentera .
. A 192
Chivalry ....
F24
Coffee
. A 222, B 38
Choirs ....
C434
Coinage
. D380
Christ ....
E168
Coins .
. FIO
Christian Names
H310
Coleoptera .
. A 162
Religions . . E 180-284
Collecting .
. A 20, C 168
Christianity . . E 170-178
Colleges .
. D468
Christmas ....
D16
Colombia .
. F432
Chromatics
A 280
Colonies
. F 646, D 300
Chronology
F8
Colorado .
. F280
Church and State
D270
Colour
. A 280
Church History .
F22
Columbia .
. F286
(and under countries)
Comedies .
. J 80
Music ....
C442
Comets
. A 316
Polity ....
E
Commandments .
. E146
(under churches)
Commentaries, Bible
. E 142
138
Manual of Library Classification
Commerce .
D 318, 356
Costume
. B504
Commons (Land)
. D 140
Cotton . . A 2J
22, B 38, 394
House of
. D206
Councils
. E 160
Communication .
. D400
Counterpoint
. C280
Communism
. D82
County History F 696,
800, 842, 928
Companies .
D 328, 418
Coursing
. C560
Composite Works
. L34
Courts
. D350
Composition
. C282
Covenanters
. F910
Concertina .
. C316
Cows . . . A 90
-92, B 32-36
Conchology
. A 182
Crabs . . . .
. A 152
Concordances, Bible .
. E140
Crafts
. C84
Concrete .
B70
Creation
A 12, E 48
Confectionery
. B498
Credit
. D380
Confession .
. E194
Creeds . . I
: 62, 164-166
Confucianism
. E412
Cremation .
. B474
Congo
. F132
Crests
. C174
Congregational Churcl
1 . E238
Crete .
. F 1256
Conic Sections .
. A 338
Cricket
. C562
Conjuring .
. C558
Crime
D62
Connaught .
. F834
Crimea
. F 1164
Connecticut
. F282
Criminal Law .
. D326
Conscience .
. E40
Criminals .
G40
Conservative Party
. D180
Crocodiles .
. A 132
Constitutions
D 154-158
Cromarty .
. F980
Conundrums
. C622
Crops .
B30
Conversation
. H318
Croquet
. C568
Conveyancing
. D328
Crosses
. C234
Cookery
. B498
Crown
. D194
Co-operation
. D 120
Ci-usades .
. F24
Copper
. B 234, 348
Crustacea .
. A 152
Copts .
. F96, H24
Cryptogamia
. A 208
Copyright .
. D328
Crystallography .
. A 248
Coral Reefs
. A 230
Cuba .
. F406
Corals
. A 192
Culture
. D446
Corea .
. F476
Cumberland
. F710
Corinth
. F 1046
Cuneiform Inscription
s . HlOO
Cork .
. F852
Curling
. C 570
Cornet
. C 320
Currency .
. D380
Cornish Language
. H138
Cursores
. A 120
Cornwall .
. F706
Customs, Social.
DIO
Correspondence .
D 418, G
Tariff .
. D 150
Corsica
. F 1016
Cutlery
. B352
Cosmography
. A 292
Cuttlefish .
. A 183
Costa Rica .
. F388
Cyclades .
. F 1070
Alphabetical Subject Index
39
Cycle-making .
. B358
Diet . . . .
. B496
Cycling
. C572
Digestion . . A ^
16, 64, B 440
Cyclopaedias
L2
Dignities .
. GlOO
Cymry = Wales .
. F786
Dining
. B496
Cyprus
. F 1258
Diptera
. A 178
Directories .
LIO
Dahomey .
. F148
Diseases
. B438
Dairy.
. B36
Disestablishment
. D272
Dakota
F 338, 352
Dispensing .
. B448
Dancing
. C578
Dissection .
A 40-48
Darien Isthmus .
. F382
Distilling .
. B288
Darwinism .
. A 12
Divination .
. E464
Dates.
F80
Diving
B 92, C 644
Deaf and Dumb .
. D464
Divorce
D 20, 328
Death
A 46, E 64
Docks
. B92
Debates
. D218
Doctors . , .
. G52
Debt . . . .
D 328, 380
Doctrines . . I
: 60, 16^166
Decalogue .
. E146
Dogmatics .
. E52
Decimal System .
. A 350
Dogs . . . .
A 82, 84
Decoration .
C 70
Domestic Animals A
74, etc., B 32
House
. B72
Economy
. B494
Deer . . . .
. A 90
Medicine
. B436
Deism
. E52
Servants .
. B508
Delaware .
. F284
Dominoes .
. C584
Deluge . . A 2S
J6, E 144-146
Donegal
. F854
Delusions .
. E450
Dorset
. F716
Democracy
. D 172
Double-bass
. C324
Demography
. B468
Down
. F856
Demonology
. E456
Dragonflies
. A 166
Denbigh
. F810
Drainage .
B 30, 74
Denmark .
. F 1186
Drama
. J 64
Language
. H252
Draughts .
. C 586
Dentistry •
. B454
Dravidian Language
. H74
Derby
. F712
Drawing
. C56
Dermatology
. B440
Dreams
. E28
Design
. C70
Dress .
. B 504
Devils
. E 312, 442
Dressmaking
. B502
Devon
. F714
Drill .
. B 118-136
Dialects
. H 158, etc.
Drinks
. B496
Dialling
. B366
Driving
. C 586
Dialogues .
. L28
Drowning .
.B466, C644
Diaries
G
Drugs
. B278
Dice .
. C 582
Druids
. E434
Dictionaries
H
Drum .
. C424
140
Manual of Library Classification
Drunkenness
. D36
Electro-Metallurgy
B238
Druses
. E420
Electroplating .
. A 262, 238
Dublin
. F858
Electrotyping A 238,
B 258, C 140
Duelling
. C 592, E 40
Elephants .
. A 90
Dumb
. D464
Elgin .
F950
Dumbarton
. F944
Elixir of Life
A 354
Dumfries .
. F946
Elocution .
H320
Durham
. F718
Elves .
E460
Dutch Language
. H236
Emblems .
L26
Guiana .
. F440
Embroidery
B500
Duties
. D150
Embryology
A 66
Dwelling Houses I
72-74, C 218
Emigration
D44
Dyeing
. B280
Emotions .
E36
Dynamics .
. A 282
Enamels . B 336,
386, C 88, 94
Encyclopaedias .
L2
Eagles
. Alio
Engineering, Aerial
B 82-86
Earth .
. A 290-302
Civil
B 88-92
Earthquakes
. A 294
Electrical
B 94-102
East Indies
. F480
General .
B 76-80
Eastern Churches
. E182
Mechanical
. B 104-112
Question .
. F 1240
Military .
B 114-142
Ecarte
. C 538
Mining .
. B 170-190
Eccentrics .
G42
Naval
B 144-168
Ecclesiastical History
. F22
Railway .
B 192-196
Ecclesiology
. C 228
Steam
B 198-214
Echinoderms
. A 186
Engineers .
B 128, G 46
Economic Botany
A 220-222
England
F 654, D 250
Zoology
. A 74, 108
English Language
. H150
Economics .
. D94
Engravers .
. G32
Economy, Domestic
. B494
Engraving .
. C104
Ecuador
. F434
Ensilage .
. B30
Edentata .
A 98
Entomology
. A 158
Edinburgh .
. F948
Entomostraca
. A 152
Education .
. D426
Entozoa
A 190, B 440
Educationists
G44
Eocene Period .
. A 224
EfFodientia .
. A 100
Ephemera .
. L12
Egypt
F 92, E 388
Epicureans
. E14
Eisteddfodds
. F792
Epidemics .
B 438, 470
Election, Doctrine of
. E304
Epigrams .
. J 56
Elections .
. D222
Episcopalianism .
E 208-222
Electrical Engineering
B 94-102
Epistolography .
G
Electricity .
. A 270
Epitaphs .
. G112
Electro-chemistry
. A 262
Equador .
. F434
Electrolysis
. A 262
Equestrianism .
C628
Alphabetical Subject Index
141
Eschatology
. E64
Farces
. J 80
Eskimo
. F 1360
Farm Buildings .
. C 216
Essays
L18
Farming
A 22-38
Essex .
. F720
Faroe Islands
. F 1194
Etching
. C120
Farriery
. B482
Ethics
E38
Farther India
. F492
Ethiopia
F 98, H 26
Fashion
. B 504, D 10
Ethnography
A36, F
Fasts .
. E314
Ethnology
. A 36
Fathers
. E154
Etiquette .
DIO
Fauna
A 62-194
Etruscans .
. F 1118
Fencing
. C 590
Etymology .
H
Fenianism .
. F816
Eucharist .
. E292
Fermanagh
. F860
Euclid
. A 338
Fermentation
A 280, 254, B 276
Euphonium
. C328
Ferns .
. A 210
Europe
. F560
Festivals .
. C 490, E 314
Evangelical Union, Church E 226
Fetichism .
. E434
Evidence . D 286, 290, 316, 352
Feudalism .
. D 154, 160
Evidences of Christianity . E 178
Fiction
K
Evil E66
Fife .
. C 332
Evolution .
. A 12
Fifeshire .
. F952
Ex Libris .
. C172
Figure Painting
. C36
Exchange .
. D372
Fiji . .
. F 1338
Excise
. D150
Filicinae
. A 210
Exegesis
. E142
Finance
. D366
Exhibitions
B 2, C 14
Fine Arts .
C
Explosives .
. B282
Finland
. F 1170
Exports
. D356
Finnish Languag
re . H288
Expression .
. A 50
Fires .
. B 78, D 244, 392
Eye . . A 48, 280, B 440-456
Fireworks .
. B282
Fisheries .
. A 146, B 306-312
Fables . . . . L 26
Fishes
. A 142
Facetiae
. L22
Fishing
. C496
Factories .
. D106
Flageolet .
. C330
Fairies
E460
Flags .
. G 108, 110
Fairs .
. D356
Flanders .
. F 1130
Fairy Tales
K14
Flax .
. A 222
Faith .
. E298
Fleets
. B 146-150
Faiths
. E 164-166
Flemish Languag
je . . H242
Falconry .
. Alio
Flies .
. A 178
Falkland Islands
. F462
Flintshire .
. F812
Family History
G90
Floras
. A 218
Fancy Dress
. B504
Floriculture
B48
Fans .
. B604
Florida
. F288
142
Manual of Library Classification
Flower Painting .
. 46
Fugue
. 280
Flowers . . A 204-206, B 48
Funds
. D366
Flute .
. 332
Fungi .
. A 214
Flying
B 82, A
Furnishing
. B492
Folk-Lore .
. E444
Furniture
. B412
Food Production
. B314
Future State . . . E 64
Foods
. B 314, 496
Fools .
. G41
Gaelic Language . . H 126
Football .
. 594
Galleries
. 28
Foraminifera
. A 194
Galilean Church . . E 188
Foreign Policy .
. D228
Galloway
. F922
Forensic Medicine
. B450
Galvanism
. A 272
Forestry
B 40, 56-58
Galway
. F862
Forfar
. F954
Gambling
. E40
Forgery
. D328
Game Birds
. A 108, 110, 116
Form, Musical .
. 282
Game Laws
. D 328
Formosa
. F510
Games
490, D 10, J 58
Fortification
. Bias
Gardening
B 40-54
Fortune-telling .
. E464
Gas .
. B318
Fossils
. A 238
Gas Engine
s . . . B212
Foundations
. B66
Gases .
A 286, B 318
Foundries .
. B224
Gasfitting
. B74
Fowling
. 632
Gastronomy
. B496
Fowls
A 116-118
Gastropoda
. A 182
Fox-hunting
. 610
Gauls .
. F570
France
F 994, D 238
Gazetteers
F78
Language
. H200
Gems .
A 246, B 346
Franchise .
. D224
Genealogy
G90
Franks
. F570
Genius
E36
Free Church of Scotia
nd . E226
Geodesy
. A 336
Free Public Libraries
. H384
Geography
F
Free Thought .
E52
Geology
. A 224-248
Free Trade
. D144
Geometry
. A 338
Free Will .
. E306
Georgia
. F290
Freehand Drawing
56
Germany
F 1020, D 240
Freemasonry
D86
Language
. H230
French Horn
. 336
Geysers
. A 296
Polishing
. B414
Ghosts
. A 362
Fretwork .
. B420
Gibraltar
. F 1252
Friendly Societies
. D126
Gilds .
. D364
Friends, Society of
. E264
Gipsies
. F 60, H 292
Frogs
. A 140
Girondists
. F996
Fruits
A 206, B 46
Glaciers
. A 298
Fuel . . . B
178, 236, 282
Glamorgan
. F814
Alphabetical Subject Index
143
Glass .
. B326
Hamitic Language
. HlOO
Glass Paint
"g
. C52
Hampshire .
. F724
Glees .
. C 466
Handicrafts
C84
Glossaries
H
Handrailing
. B410
Gloucester
. F722
Handwriting
. C 156
Glue .
. B296
Hanseatic League
. F 1022
Glyptics
A 246, B 346
Harbours .
B92
Gnostics
. E442
Harmonium
. C344
Goats .
A 90-92
Harmony .
. C278
God .
. E50
Harp .
. C348
Gods .
. E444
Harpsichord
. C352
Gold .
B
182, 228, 342
Hawaii
. F1340
Gold Coast
. F152
Hawking .
. C602
Golf .
. C 598
Hawks
. Alio
Gothic Language
. H224
Hayti .
. F410
Goths .
. F570
Health
B 468-480
Government
. D152
Hearing
A 48, B 440
Departments .
. D226
Heart
A 48, B 440
Grain .
B30
Heat .
. A 274
Grallatores .
. A 122
Heaven
. E308
Grammars .
H
Hebrews .
E 390, H 94
Graphic Arts
C
Hebrides .
. F924
Grasses
. B30
Hell .
. E312
Grasshoppers
. A 164
Hellenic Language
. H180
Great Britain
. F622
Hemiptera .
. A 176
Greece
. F1040
Hemp
B 30, 392
Greek Church
. E182
Hepaticae .
. A 208
Language
. H180
Heraldry .
. G104
Greenland .
. F 1196
Heredity
A 12, E 36
Grocery Trade
. B422
Hereford .
. F728
Guatemala .
. F390
Heresies .
E
Guernsey
. F784
Herpetology
. A 130
Guianas
. F436
Hertford .
. F730
Guilds
. D364
Herzegovina
. F596
Guinea
. F154
Hieroglyphics .
. H22
Guitar
. C340
Highlands, Scotland
. F926
Gunnery
. B124
Highwaymen
. G40
Gunsmithing
. B354
Himalayas .
. F490
Gymnastics
. C600
Hindustani .
. H64
Gynecology
. B442
Histology .
A 42, 64, 200
Gypsies
F 60, H 292
History
Histrionics .
F
. J 74
Haddington
. F956
Hockey .
. C604
Hades
. E312
Holland .
. F 1138
144
Manual of Library Classification
Holy Roman Empire
. F 1022
Ibea .
. F128
Home
D 16, E 40
Ice .
. A 298
Home Education
. D448
Iceland . . I
' 1194, H 250
Homiletics .
. E72
Ichthyology
. A 142
Homoeopathy
. B432
Iconography
C8
Homologies
. A 38
Idaho
. F292
Honduras .
F 386, 392
Illinois
. F294
Hops .
B 30, 286
Illumination
. C82
Horns
. C336
Illusions .
. A 358
Horology .
. B362
Illustration, Book
C 60, 138
Horsemanship .
. C 628
Imagination
. E36
Horse-racing
. C606
Immigration
D44
Horses . . A 9(
)-92, B 32-34
Imperial Federation
. D192
Horticulture
B 46, 48
Imports
. D356
Hosiery
. B298
Impostors .
. G42
Hospitals .
B 464, C 212
Incarnation
. E314
Hours of Work .
. D118
Incas
. F446
House of Commons
. D206
Income Tax
. D230
Lords
. D 198
Incunabula
. H400
Household Arts .
. B488
Indexing .
. D416
Houses . . B
72-74, C 218
India . F 480
, D 302, H 56
Hudson Bay
. F238
Farther .
. F492
Huguenots
. F 1002
Indian Ocean
. A 302
Human Anatomy
A40
Territory
. F296
Physiology
. A 46
Indiana
. F298
Races .
. A 36
Indiarubber
. B296
Humming-birds
. A 112
Indies, East
. F480
Humour
. L122
West .
. F398
Hungary .
. F598
Indo-Chinese Langua^
jes . H76
Language
. H284
Industrial Art .
C84
Huns
. F570
Biography
. G48
Hunting
. C 612
Education
. D456
Huntingdon
. r732
Schools .
. D458
Husbandry
. B22
Industries .
B
Hussites
. E202
Inebriates .
D36
Hydraulics .
. A 276
Infantry
. B130
Hydrography
. A 302
Infectious Diseases
. B440
Hydropathy
. B434
Infusoria .
. A 194
Hydrostatics
. A 276
Inorganic Chemistry
. A 256
Hydrozoa .
. A 194
Inquisiltion
. E192
Hygiene .
. B468
Insanity
. B440
Hymenoptera
. A 168
Insectivora .
. A 80
Hymnology C 456, E
216, 236, etc.
Insects
. A 158
Hypnotism
. A 360
Insessores .
. A 112
Alphabetical Subject hidex
145
Insignia
. B504
Judaism
. E390
Inspiration
. F136
Judges, Biography
G50
Instrumentation
. C 284
Jurassic Age
. A 224
Instruments, Musical
. B 376, C 288
Jurisprudence
. D274
Philosophical .
. B 370
Jury Law .
. D 328, 354
Insurance .
. D390
Justices of the Peuce
. D328
Intaglios .
. C 248
Justification
. E300
Intellect .
. E36
Jutland
. F 1190
Intemperance
. D36
Juvenile Books .
K14
Interest
. D388
Delinquency .
. D60
International Law
. D314
Inventions .
B8
Kabala
. E12
Inverness .
. F 958
Kafiirs
. F172
Invertebrates
. A 150
Kalmucks .
. F478
Iowa .
. F300
Kangaroos .
. A 102
Ireland
F 824, D 258
Kansas
. F302
Irish Language .
. H130
Kelts .
. H 118
Iron .
. B 180, 226
Kent .
. F734
Irrigation .
B 30, 92
Kentucky .
. F304
Islam. . . ]
E 418, F 1242
Kerry .
. F864
Isle of Man
. F782
Kildare .
. F866
Isle of Wight .
. F726
Kilkenny .
. F868
Israelites .
. F32
Kincardine .
. F960
Italy .
. F 1074
Kindergarten
. D450
Language
. H206
Kinematics .
. A 284
Ivica .
. F1224
King's County .
. F870
Kinross
. F962
Jacobites .
F 630, 908
Kirkcudbright .
. F964
Jamaica
. F408
Kitchen Garden .
. B50
Japan
F 504, H 80
Knighthood, Orders .
. G102
Japanning .
. B336
Knights Hospitallers .
. G102
Java . . . .
. F552
Templars
. G102
Jellyfish .
. A 192
Knitting
. B500
Jersey
. F784
Koran
. £422
Jest Books .
L30
Korea
. F476
Jesters
G41
Kurdistan .
. F534
Jesuits
. E190
Kurile Islands .
. F508
Jesus . . . .
. E168
Jewellery . . B 34(
3, 504, A 246
Laboratory Practice .
. A 18
Jews . . . .
. E390
Labour
. D102
Joinery
. B408
Labour and Capital .
. D 104
Jokes. . . .
L30
Labrador .
. F244
Journalism .
. H326
Laccadive Islands
. F490
Judsea
. F32
Lace .
. B396
10
146
Manual of Library Classification
Lacedgemonia
. F 1048
Licensing .
. D328
Lacquers . B 336,
386, C 88, 94
Lichens
. A 212
Lacrosse .
. C616
Lieder
C 474, J 48
Lake District
. F684
Life . . . .
A
Dwellings
A 34, F 6
Insurance
. D390
Lamellibranchiata
. A 182
Lifeboats .
. B162
Lampshells
. A 184
Light.
. A 278
Lanark
. F966
Lighthouses
. B164
Lancashire .
. F736
Lighting, Electric
B98
Land . . . .
. D134
Gas
. B318
Landlord and Tenant .
. D328
Limerick .
. F874
Landscape Gardening
. B52
Limes
B70
Painting
. C42
Lincoln
. F740
Language .
H
Linen.
. B398
Lantern, Optical
. B372
Linguistics .
H
Lapidary Work .
. B346
Linlithgow .
. F968
Lapland
. F 1170
Linnsean System
. A 200
Last Judgment .
. E308
Lions . . . .
A 82
Lathes
. B112
Liquor Laws
D 36, 328
Latin .
. H192
Literature .
H 326-362
Latter-day Saints
. E282
Lithography
. C 130
Laundry
. B494
Lithology .
. A 230
Law . . . .
. D274
Liturgies . . E
208, 234, etc.
Lawn Tennis
. C646
Lizards
. A 136
Lawyers
G50
Loans
D 328, 362
Lead . . . B
186, 232, 348
Lobsters
. A 152
Leather
B 330, C 90
Local Government
. D244
Leeward Islands
. F416
Locks
. B356
Legal Biography
. G50
Locomotive Engines
. B210
Leicester .
. F738
Logarithms
. A 340
Leinster
. F836
Logic .
. E20
Leitrira
. F872
LoUards .
. E 284
Lenses
B 372, C 148
Lombardy .
. F 1086
Lepidoptera
. A 172
London
. F742
Letter-writing .
D 418, G
Londonderry
. F876
Letters
D 418, G
Longevity .
. B478
Levant
. F544
Longford .
. F878
Lexicography .
H
Lord's Day
. E 314
Lexicons .
H
Prayer .
. E290
Libel .
. D 328
Supper .
. E292
Liberal Party .
. D 180
Lords, House of
. D 198
Liberia
. F156
Lotteries .
. D 328
Liberty
. D 186
Louisiana .
. F306
Libraries .
. H378
Louth
. F880
Alphabetical Subject Index
U7
Lowlands .
. F920
Maps ....
F 74-76
Lunacy
. B440
Marine Architecture .
B 154-156
Lusitania .
. F 1146
Engines .
. B208
Lute . . . .
. C356
Painting .
. C44
Lutherans .
. E204
Mariolatry .
. E186
Lycopodinae
. A 218
Market Gardening
B50
Lydia
. F52
Marks, Hall .
B 342-346
Marquesas .
. F1344
Macedonia .
. F 1050
Marquetry .
. B420
Machine Drawing
C68
Marriage .
. D18
Machinery .
. B112
Marsupialia
. A 102
Madagascar
. F190
Martyrs
. G76
Madeira
. F196
Maryland .
. F310
Madness .
. B440
Masonry .
B 66-68
Madrigals .
. C466
Masons
. D86
Magazines .
16
Mass . . . .
. E186
(and special sul
bjects)
Massachusetts .
. F 312
Magic
. A 358
Massage
. B448
Magic-lanterns .
. B372
Masses
. C448
Magnetism .
. A 270
Master and Servant
. D328
Animal .
. A 360
Materia Medica .
. B448
Magyars
. F598
Materialism
. E438
Mahometanism .
. £418
Materials .
B68
Maine
. F308
Mathematics
. A 322
Majorca
. F 1224
Mauritius .
. F192
Malacology
. A 182
Maxims
124
Malacostraca
. A 152
Mayo .
. F882
Malay Archipelago
. F546
Measures .
. A 348
Peninsula
. F500
Meath
. F884
Maldive Islands .
. F490
Mechanical Engineeri
ng . B 104
Malta .
. F 1254
Mechanics .
. A 282
Malthusianism .
. D32
Medals
FIO
Mammalia .
A 72
Media
F50
Man .
A 30-50
Medical Biography
. G52
Man, Isle of
. F782
Jurisprudence .
. B450
Manatees .
A 94
Science .
. B424
Mandoline .
. C 360
Medicines .
. B448
Maniacs
. B440
Mediterranean .
. F 1250
Manitoba .
. F 234
Medo- Persia
F42
Manners and Custom
3 . DIO
Meetings .
. D 184
Manual Training
. D456
Melanesia .
. F 1264
Manufactures
. B 240-422
Melodeon .
. C 316
Manuscripts
C 158, H 164
Memoirs
G
Manx Language .
. H140
Memory
E30
148
Manual of Library Classification
Menageries
A 20
Miracles
Mennonites
. E284
Miscellanies
Mensuration
. A 342
Misers
Mental Philosophy
. E26
Missals
Mercantile Law .
D318
Missionaries
Merchant Shipping .
. B168
Missions
Merioneth .
. F816
Mississippi .
Mermaids .
A 94
Missouri
Mesmerism
. A 360
Mnemonics
Metal-working .
B 336, C 92
Model Drawing .
Metallurgy .
B 216-238
Modelling .
Metals . B 180-
-190, 216-238
Moguls
Metaphysics
. E24
Mohammedanism
Meteorology
. A 300
Molecular Physics
Meteors
. A 316
Mollusca .
Methodists .
. E246
Moluccas .
Metric System .
. A 350
Monaco
Mexico
. F372
Monaghan .
Mice . . . .
. A 86
Monarchs .
Michigan .
. F314
Monarchy -
Microbes .
A 26
Monastic Orders
Micronesia .
. F 1332
Money
Micro-organisms . i
L 26, 194, 208
Mongols
Microscopy
A 18
Monkeys .
Middlesex .
. F744
Monmouth .
Midlands .
. F690
Monograms
Midwifery .
. B442
Monoliths .
Military Biography
. G54
Monotremata
History .
. F18
Monsters .
Science .
B 114, C 220
Montana
Militia
. B 132
Montenegro
Millinery .
. B502
Montgomery
Mills .
. C 216
Monuments
Mimicry
. H324
Moon .
Mind .
E 24, 26
Moors
Mineralogy
. A 244
Moral Philosoph
y •
Miniature Painting
. C40
Moravians .
Mining
. B 170-190
Moray
Royalties
. D142
M or monism
Ministry
. E70
Morocco .
Minnesota .
. F316
Morphology
Minorca
. F 1224
Mortality .
Miocene Period .
. A 224
Moslems .
Miracle Plays .
J 68, 78
Mosses
Alphabetical Subject Index
49
Moths
. A 172
Neology
. E440
Motor Cars
. B304
Nerves
A 48, B 440
Mottoes
. G 108, L 24
Nestorians .
. E184
Mountaineering .
. C 618
Netherlands
. F 1122
Mountains .
. A 292, 228
Neuroptera
. A 166
Mummies .
. B474
Nevada
. F326
Municipal Govern
ment . D 244
New Brunswick .
. F224
Law
. D 320, 328
New England .
. F264
Munster
. F838
New Guinea
. F 1326
Museums .
A 20, C 28, H 378
New Hampshire
. F328
Mushrooms
. A 214
New Jersey
. F330
Music
. C 252
New Mexico
. F332
Musical Instrume
Its B 376, C 292
New South Wales .
. F 1280
INIusic -halls
. C 262
New Testament .
E 132, 148
Musicians .
. G60
New York .
. F334
Mycology .
. A 214
New Zealand
. F 1310
Myriapoda .
. A 156
Newfoundland .
. F240
Mysticism .
. E18
Newspapers
L8
Mythology .
. E444
Nicaragua .
. F394
Nicobar Islands .
. F502
Nairn .
. F970
Nihilism .
D82
Names
. H 304-312
Nineveh
F46
Natal .
. F 172
Nobility .
G64
Natatores .
. A 124
Non-Christian Religic
ns . E386
National Debt .
. D 368
Nonconformists .
. E 224-270
Nationality
. D 188, 328
Norfolk .
. F748
Natural Histoiy .
. A 10-222
Normandy .
. F 1012
Magic
. A 358
Normans .
. F662
Philosophy
. A 264-288
Norse Language
. H248
Religion .
. E80
North Carolina .
. F336
Science .
A
Pole
. F 1356
Theology
. E46
Northampton
. F750
Nature
A
Northumberland
. F752
Nautical Astrono
my . .A 320
Norway
. F 1198
Naval Biography
. G62
Nosology .
. B438
Engineering
. B 144-168
Nottingham
. F754
History .
. F20
Nova Scotia
. F218
Navigation
A 320, B 158
Novelists .
G34
Navy .
. B 148-150
Novels
K
Nebraska .
. F324
Nubia
. F 106
Necrology .
G
Numidia .
. F 1052
Necromancy
. A 358
Numismatics
. FIO
Needlework
. B500
Nursery Rhymes
. C 484, J 58
Negroee
. A 36
Nursing
. B458
ISO
Manual of Library Classification
Obituaries .
G
Ornithology
. A 106
Object Lessons .
. D452
Orthography
H
Oboe .
. C364
Orthoptera .
. A 164
Obstetrics .
. B442
Osteology .
A 42, 64
Occult Science .
A 352-362
Ostracoda .
. A 152
Ocean
. A 302
Ostriches .
. A 120
Oceania
. F 1260
Ottoman Empire
. F 1242
Oddfellows .
. D 132
Overtures .
. C 290
Odes .
. J 50
Owls .
. A 110
Odontology
A 64
Oxford
. F756
Ohio .
. F340
Oxygen
. A 254
Oil Engines
. B214
Oysters
. A 182
Painting .
C48
Oils .
. B292
Pachyderms
A 90
Oklahoma .
. F342
Pacific Islands .
. F 1332
Old Testament .
E 130, 144
Ocean .
. A 302
Oligarchy .
. D174
Pageants .
F6
Olympiads .
F8
(and special
countries)
Omens
. E464
Painting
C18
Ontario
. F230
Paints
. B 292, C 32
Ontology .
E24
Palaeography
. C 158
Oology
. A 106
Palaeontology
. A 238
Opera, History .
. C262
Palestine .
. F540
Operas
. C436
Pali Language .
H78
Ophicleide .
. C 368
Palmistry .
. E464
Ophidia
. A 138
Panama
. F432
Ophthalmics
B 440, 456
Pangolins .
. A 100
Optical Instruments
. B370
Pantheism .
. E48
Optics
. A 278
Papacy
. E 186, G 72
Orange Free State
. F174
Paper
. B246
Orange Lodges .
E 202, F 816
Papua
. F 1326
Oratorios .
. C438
Paradise
. E308
Oratory
. H314
Paraguay .
. F444
Orchestral Music
. C290
Paris .
. F 1014
Ordeals
. D354
Parishes
. D 252, etc.
Orders, Monastic
. E190
Parks .
. A 52, etc.
Of Knighthood
. G102
Parliament .
. D196
Ordnance .
. B 124
Parlour Magic .
. C 558
Oregon
. F344
Parodies
J 54
Organ
. 370
Parrots
. A 114
Reed . .
. C292
Parsees
. E424
Organic Chemistry
. A 258
Part Songs .
. C 464
Orkney Isles
. F972
Parthia
. F 1052
Ornament .
C 70, 224
Partnership
. D 328
Alphabetical Subject Index
Party, History
. D178
Philology .
H
Passion Plays
J 68, 78
Philosopher's Stone
. A 354
Passions
. E36
Philosophers
. G68
Pastel Drawing
C64
Philosophical Instrun
lents . B 370
Pastoral Theoloj
\y
£68
Philosophy ,
£
Patagonia .
. F424
Phoenicia .
. F30
Patents
B 10
Phonetic Shorthand
. C 166
Pathology .
B446
Phonetics .
. H12
Patristics .
£154
Phonograph
. B 102
Pattern-making
B416
Photo-engraving
. C 138
Pauperism .
D48
Photography
. C 142
Pawnbroking
D328
Phrenology
. £32
Peace
£40
Phyllopoda
. A 152
Pearls
A 246, B 346
Physical Education
. B480
Peasantry .
. D 102, 134
Geography
. A 290-302
Peat .
. B282
Science .
A
Pedagogics
. D426
Physicians .
. G52
Pedestrianism
. C 510
Physics
. A 264-288
Pedigrees .
. G90
Physiognomy
. £34
Peebles .
. F974
Physiography
. A 290-302
Peerages .
G98
Physiology, Animal
. A 64
Peloponnesus
. F 1070
Human .
A 46
Pembroke .
. F820
Phytology .
. A 196-222
Peninsular War
. F 1220
Pianoforte .
. C 380
Penmanship
. C 156
Picts
. F908
Pennsylvania
. F346
Picture Galleries
C 18
Pensions
. D398
Picture-framing .
. B418
Pentateuch .
£ 130, 146
Piedmont .
. F 1088
Perfumes .
. B284
Pigeons
A 116-118
Periodicals .
L6
Pigments .
B 292, C 32
Perpetual Motion
. A 284
Pigs .
B 32-34
Persia
F
54, 514, H 86
Pilotage
. B 160
Perspective
. C64
Piracy
. D326
Perth .
. F976
Pirates
. G40
Peru .
. F446
Pisces
. A 142
Pessimism .
. E18
Pisciculture
. A 146
Petrology .
. A 230
Pitcairn Island .
. F 1342
Phallicism .
. E462
Place Names
. H312
Phanerogamia .
A 204-206
Plagues
B 438, 470
Pharmacy .
. B448
Planets
. A 312
Pheasants .
. A 116
Plants . . -fl
L 28, 196-222
Philanthropists .
. G66
Plastering .
. B72
Philately .
. C180
Playing Cards .
. C534
Philippine Islands
F556
Plays . . . .
. J 76
Manual of Library Classification
Plumbing: .
. B74
Precedence
. G108
Pneumaiics
. A 286
Precious Stones .
A 246, 346
Poetry
J
Precis
. D416
Poets . . . .
. G34
Predestination .
. E304
Poisons
. B450
Predictions
. E464
Poland
. F576
Prehistoric Man .
. A 34
Language
. H274
Prelacy
. E208
Polar Regions .
. F 1352
Pre-Raphaelitism
. C30
Polarisation of Light .
. A 280
Presbyterianism .
. E224
Police
D66
Presidents, U.S.
. G58
Polishing .
B 336, 414
Press
. H326
Political Economy
. D94
Pretenders .
. G58
Parties .
. D178
Prices
. D370
Science .
. D126
Priests
E 70, G 38
Politicians .
. G70
Primates .
. A 76
Politics
D 152, 176
Primogeniture .
. D328
Polity, Church .
E
Primrose League
. D180
Polo . . . .
. C620
Prince Edward Island
. F222
Polyandry .
. D20
Printing
B 254, H 398
Polygamy .
D20
Prints .
. C178
Polyglots .
E 82, H 16
Prisons
. D70
Polygraphy
L14
Privateers .
. D318
Polynesia . F 1332,
E 432, H 296
Prize-fighting
. C528
Pomology .
B46
Probabilities
. A 344
Pontus
. F 1052
Probate .
. D328
Poor Laws .
D 48, 320
Process Work
. C 138
Popery
E 186, G 72
Processions
F6
Popes .
. G72
(and special co
antries)
Population .
. D30
Profit Sharing .
. D 116
Porcelain .
. C86
Projection .
. A 338, C 64
Porto Rico .
. F412
Pronunciation .
H
Portrait Painting
. C38
Proper Names .
. H304
Portraits
. G114
Property .
. D 328
Portugal
. F 1146
Prophecy .
. E136
Language
. H218
Prosody
H
Positivism .
. E438
Prospecting
. B176
Post Office .
. D404
Prostitution . D
28, 328, E 40
Postage Stamps .
. C 180
Protection .
. D 150
Postmarks .
. C 176
Protestantism
. E200
Pottery
. B380
Protoplasm
A 24
Poultry
. A 118, B 36
Protozoa .
. A 194
Prayer
E48
Provencal Language
. H198
Preaching .
. E72
Proverbs .
. L24
Pre- Adamites
. A 34
Prussia
, F 1034
Alphabetical Subject Index
53
Psalmody .
. C452
Rasores
. A 116
Pseudonyms
. H374
Rationalism
. E440
Psychical Research .
. A 362
Rats ....
A 86
Psychology
. E 36
Readers' Aids .
. H396
Pteridophyta
. A 208
Reading . . ]
D 446, H 396
Pteropoda .
. A 182
Ready Reckoners
. A 330
Public Health .
. B468
Reason
E 20, 46
Libraries
. H384
Receipts .
B20
Publishing .
. B266
Reciprocity
. L148
Pugilism
. C528
Recitations
. H322
Punishments
D 62-64
Recreative Arts .
. C490
Purgatory .
. E186
Redemption
. E314
Puzzles
. C622
Reed Organs
. C292
Pyramids .
. F92
Reformation
F 564, E 198
Pyrenees .
. F 1222
Reformatories .
. D460
Pyrotechnics
. B282
Reformed (Dutch) Church . E 272
Presbyterian Church . E 226
Quadramana
. A 76
Regalia
. B504
Quadrature
. A 338
Regeneration
. E314
Quadrupeds
A 52, etc.
Regiments .
. F636
Quakers
. E264
Registers .
G
Qualitative Analysis
. A 260
Relief Church .
. E226
Quantitative Analysis .
. A 260
Religion
. •E42
Quarantine .
. B468
and Science .
. E54
Quarrying .
B 170-174
Biography
. G74
Quartets
C 290, 468
Religions .
. E 164-342
Quaternions
. A 338
Renaissance
C2
Quebec
. F226
Renfrew
. F978
Queen's County .
. F888
Rent .
. D138
Queens
. G58
Reporting .
. H326
Queensland
. F 1286
Reports, Law
. D280
Quoits
. C 624
Repousse .
. C92
Quotations
132
Representation .
. D 222-224
Reptiles
. A 130
Rabbits .
A 88
Republicanism .
. D 172
Races of Man .
A 36
Research, Methods ol
A 16
Racing
. C 508, 606
Resurrection
. E 308, 314
Racquets .
. C 626
Rhetoric
. H318
Radiates .
. A 194
Rhizopoda .
. A 194
Radnor
. F 822
Rhode Island .
. F348
Ragged Schools .
. D 458
Rhodes
. F534
Railways .
B 192, D 402
Rhyme
. H 166
Rain
. A 300
Rhymes
. J 58
Raptores .
. Alio
Riddles .
. C 622
154
Manual of Library Classification
Riding
.
. C 628
Sailing Directions
. B160
Rings
. B504
Sailors
. B 168
Rinking
. C 634
St. Helena
.
. F 194
Rites .
E
Saints
.
. G76
Ritual
E
Salic Laws
.
. D308
Ritualism
. EllO
Salop .
.
. F760
Roads
. B92
Salt .
.
. B188
Robbers
. G40
Salvation
.
. E314
Rocks
. A 230
Samoa
.
. F 1348
Rodentia
A 86
San Domingo
. F410
Romaic Language
. H186
San Salvador
. F 396
Roman Catholic Chur
ch . E 186
Sanctification
. E302
Roman Empire .
. F 1102
Sandwich Islands
. F 1340
Roman Law
. D312
Sanitation
. B74
Roman Literature
. H344
Sanskrit
. H58
Romance Language
. H198
Saracens .
. F 458, 572
Romany
. H292
Sardinia
. F 1098
Rome, Ancient .
. F 1102
Satan .
. E 312
Modern .
. F 1094
Satire .
. L22
Roofs .
B88
Sauria
. A 136
Ropes
. B392
Savings Banks .
. D388
Roscommon
. F890
Saxony
. F 1036
Rosicrucians
. D76
Saxophone .
. C390
Ross . . . .
. F980
Scandinavia
. F 1178
Roumania
.
. F616
Language
. H244
Rounders
.
. C516
Scansores .
. A 114
Rounds and
Catches
. C470
School Buildings
C 212, D 444
Rowing
. C520
Management .
. D438
Roxburgh .
.
. F982
Schools . . C 21
L2, D 450-466
Rubber
>
. B296
Science
A
Ruminants .
.
A 90
and Religion .
E54
Runes
,
H
Natural .
A 2-352
Running .
.
. C508
Occult .
. A 352
Russia
.
F 522, 1158
Scientific Instruments
. B370
Language
.
. H268
Scientists .
. G78
Ruthenian .
.
. H268
Scilly Isles .
. F708
Rutland
•
. F758
Sclavonic Languages .
Scotland
. H264
F 906, D 254
Sabbath .
.
. E314
Scottish Language
. H174
Schools .
.
. D454
Scripture Biography .
. G36
Sacraments
.
. E292
Scriptures .
. E82
Saddlery .
. B334
Sculptors .
. G32
Safes .
.
. B356
Sculpture .
. C238
Sahara ,
.
, F124
Scythia
.
, F58
Alphabetical Subject Index
155
Sea . . .
. A 302
Shooting .
. C 630
Mats
. A 188
Shopkeepers' Manuals . B 422
Urchins .
. A 186
Shorthand .
. C 162
Seals, Heraldic .
FIO
Shrimps
. A 146
Zoology .
A 96
Shropshire .
. F 760
Seamanship
. B 158
Siam .
. F 496
Seamen
. B 168
Siberia
. F 522
Seasons
. A 300
Sicily .
. F 1096
Seaweeds .
. A 216
Sierra Leone
, F 160
Secession Church
. E226
Sight . . A 48,
280, B 440, 456
Second Sight
. E464
Signboards .
. D420
Secondary Schools
. D454
Silk .
. B400
Secret Societies .
. D74
Silkworms .
. A 174
Sects .
E 164^342
Silurian Age
. A 228
Seismology
. A 294
Silver .
B 184, 230, 346
Self-culture
. D446
Sin .
. E66
Selkirk
. F984
Sinai .
. F542
Semitic Language
. H92
Singers
. G60
Senegambia
. F 158
Singing
. C430
Septuagint .
E 130, 144
Sirenia
. A 94
Sepulture .
. B474
Skating
. C634
Sericulture .
. A 174
Sketching .
. C56
Sermons
E 74, 316-318
Skittles
. C 638
Serpent (instrument)
. C392
Slang .
. H164
Worship
. E462
Slavery
. D56
Serpents .
A 138, 130
Slavonian Language . . H 264
Servants
. B508
Sleep .
. E28
Servia
. F618
Sligo .
. F892
Sewage
B 74, 92, 474
Sloths
. A 98
Sewing
B 500-502
Smithing .
. B338
Machines
. B358
Smoking
A 222, B 478
Sexes .
. D28
Smuggling .
. B 166
Seychelles .
. F186
Snails
. A 182
Shadows .
. C64
Snakes
. A 138, 130
Shakers
. E284
Snow .
. A 300
Sheep . . A 9(
)-92, B 32-34
Soap .
. B294
Sheet-metal Work
. B 350
Social Science .
D
Shells
. A 182
Socialism .
D78
Shetland Islands.
. F 986
Societies .
D
Shinty
. C604
(and special subjects)
Shipbuilding
. B154
Society
D
Shipping . . B 15
4, 168, D 356
Sociology .
. D6
Shoemaking
. B334
Socotra
F 186
Shoes,
. B334
Soils ,
, B30
156 Manu
al of Library Classification
Sokoto
. F162
Starfish
Sol-fa.
. C272
Stars ....
Solitaire
. C640
State Administration .
Solomon Islands
. F 1330
and Church .
Solutions .
. A 262
Statesmen .
Somaliland
. FllO
Statics
.
Somerset .
. F762
Stationery .
Somnambulism .
. E28
Statistics
Songs, ]\Iusic
. C474
Statutes
.
Poetry .
. J 48
Steam Engineerir
ig •
Sonnets
. J 52
Steel .
Sorcery
. A 358
Stenography
Soudan
. F122
Stereotyping
Soul . . . .
. E24
StirHng
Sound
. A 288
Stocks
South African Republi
c . F 176
Stoics
America .
. F418
Stones
Australia
. F 1292
Stories
Carolina .
. F350
Strategy .
Dakota .
. F352
Streets
Sea Islands .
. F 1332
Strikes
Sovereigns .
. G58
Suez Canal
Spain .
. F 1214
Suffolk
Language
. H212
Suffrage
Sparta
. F 1052
Sugar .
Species
A 12, 52
Suicide
Spectroscope
A 278, B 370
Sumatra
Spectrum Analysis
. A 280
Sun .
Speculation
. D376
Sunda Islands
Speech
. A 48
Sunday
Speeches .
. H317
Schools .
Spelling
H
Supernatural
Spiders
. A 154
Superstitions
Spinning
. B 388-402
Surgery
Spiritualism
. E466
Surnames .
Sponges
. A 192
Surrey
Sports
. C 490
Surveying .
Sportsmen .
G80
Sussex
Squaring the Circle
. A 338
Sutherland .
Stafford
. F764
Swans
Stage .
J 74
Svi^eden
Stained Glass
. B 328, C 88
Language
Staircasing.
. B410
Swedenborgians
Stamps
. C 180
Swimming
Alphabetical Subject Index
157
Swine
B 32, 34
Tenure
. D 138
Switzerland
. F 1228
Tena del Fuego .
. F424
Swordsmanship .
. C 590
Tertiary Age
. A 224
Symbolism
. C 228
Testament, New
E 132, 148
Symphonies
. C 290
Old
E 130, 144
Synonyms .
. H168
Teutonic Languages
. H224
Syntax
H
Texas
. F356
Syria
F 544, H 100
Textiles
B 388, C 96
Thallophyta
. A 208
Thames
. F694
Table Talk
. L28
Theatres
C 214, J 74
Tableaux Vivants
. C 648
Theatricals, Private
. C648
Tactics
. B 142, 152
Theism
. E50
Tahiti
. F 1348
Theology .
. E44
Tailoring .
. B 298
Theosophy
E48
Talmud .
. E394
Therapeutics
. B448
Tambourine
. C424
Thermodynamics
. A 274
Tamil
. H72
Thirty-Nine Articles
. E210
Tammany .
. D182
Thorough Bass .
. C 278
Tanning
. B330
Thrift
. D396
Taouism .
. E 414
Thugs
. E434
Tapestry .
. B 392, C 98
Tibet .
. F474
Tariffs
. D 150
Tides .
. A 302
Tartans
B 504, F 912
Tigers
. A 82
Tartary
. F 470
Tiles .
. B380
Tasmania .
. F 1318
Timber
B70
Taste .
C4
Time .
. B 362, F 8
Taxation .
. D230
Tin .
. B 190
Taxidermy .
. A 22
Tipperary .
. F894
Tea .
. A 222, B 38
Tithes
. D328
Teaching .
. D 438-440
Tobacco .
A 222, B 38
Technical Educatio
n . . D 456
Toilet
. B506
Technology
B
Tolls .
. D248
Teeth
. A 64, B 454
Tonic Sol-fa
. C 272
Teetotalism
. D36
Tonkin
. F498
Telegraphy
B 100, D 410
Tools
. B 112
Telephone .
. B 102
Topography
F
Telescope .
A 304, B 340
Tortoises .
. A 134
Temperament
A 50
Torts .
. D328
Temperance
. D36
Tory Party
. D 180
Temperature
. A 274, 300
Tournaments
. F 24, C 492
Templars .
. G102
TOWTIS
. F, D, etc.
Tennessee .
. F 354
Toxicology
. B450
Tennis
. C 646
Toys .
. B418
1S8
Manual of Library Classification
Trade
D 318, 356
Typology .
. E142
Marks .
. D328
Tyrol.
. F602
Unions .
. D108
Tyrone
. F896
Trades
B 240-422
Tragedies .
J 80
Training .
B 480, C 600
Ulster
. F840
Tramways .
. B196
Ungulata .
A 90, 92
Transmigration of Sou
Is . E 24
Unionism .
. D 180
Transportation .
. D400
Unitarian Church
. E280
Transubstantiation
. E292
United Kingdom
. F622
Transvaal .
. F176
United Presbyterian Church E 226
Transylvania
. F600
United States . F 246, D 234, 266
Travellers .
. G82
Universal History
F6
Travels
F, F 68, etc.
Language
. H302
Treason
. D328
Universities
. D468
Treaties
F 66, D 228
Upholstery
. B412
Trees . . . .
A 206, 220
Uruguay .
. F448
Trial by Combat
. D354
Useful Arts
B 2-508
Trials
. D352
Usury
. D328
Triassic Age
. A 224
Utah .
. F358
Tricycling .
. C572
Utilitarianism
. E40
Trigonometry .
. A 346
Utopias
D8
Trinity
. £288
Tripoli
. F114
Trochilidse .
. A 112
Vaccination
B 438, D 328
Trombone .
. C 394
Vancouver Island
. F236
Troubadours
J2
Vandals .
. F570
Truck System .
D 114, 328
Varnishes .
. B296
Trumpet .
. C 398
Variety Stage
. C 262
Truth
. E40
Vaudois
. E202
Tuba .
. C402
Vedas
. H330
Tunicata .
. A 182
Vegetables .
. B50
Tunis
. F 118
Vegetarianism .
. B496
Turkestan .
. F 522, 530
Venezuela .
. F450
Turkey, Asia .
. F530
Venice
. F 1090
Europe .
. F1240
Ventilation .
. B74
Turkish Language
. H102
Ventriloquism .
. H324
Turning
. B112
Vermes
. A 190
Turnpikes .
. D248
Vermont .
. F360
Turtles
. A 134
Versification
. H166
Tuscany
. F 1092
Vertebrates
. A 70-148
Typefounding
. B250
Veterinary Surgery
. B482
Typewriting
. D422
Victoria
. F 1298
Typography
B 254, H 368
Vikings
. F 1180
Alphabetical Subject Index
159
Village Communities .
. D244
West Australia .
. F 1304
Vine Culture
B38
Indies
. F398
Viola . . . .
. C404
Virginia .
. F366
Violin
. C408
Westmeath
. F900
Violoncello
. C418
Westmoreland .
. F774
Virginia
. F362
Wexford .
. F902
West .
. F366
Whales .
A 96
Visible Speech .
D 464, H 12
Wheat
B30
Visigoths .
. F670
Whig Party
. D180
Visitations .
G90
Whisky .
B 288, 496
Vital Statistics .
. D34
Whist
. C536
Vivisection
A 64, E 40
Wicklow .
. F904
Vocal Culture .
. C426
Wigtown .
. F992
Voice
. C430
Will . . . .
. £24
Volapiik .
. H302
Wills . . . .
. D328
Volcanoes .
. A 296
Wiltshire .
. F776
Volunteers .
. B134
Window? Gardening
Bd4
Voting
. D222
Winds
. A 300
Voyages
. F84
Wine .
B 290, 496
Vulgate .
. E88
Wisconsin .
. F368
Witchcraft .
. E458
Women
. D22
Wages
. D 114
Biography
G84
Waldenses .
. E202
Wood
B70
Wales . F 786,
D 262, H 134
Carving .
. ClOO
Walking .
. C 510
Engraving
. C 104
Wallachia .
. F616
Working
. B404
War .
. E40
Wool .
. B402
Warfare .
, B 114-142
Worcester .
. F778
Warming .
. B74
Workhouses
D48
Warwick .
. F772
Working Classes
. D 102
Washington, D.C.
. F286
Workshop Practice
. BllO
U.S. .
. F364
World
. A 290, F
Wasps
. A 168
Worms
. A 190, B 440
Watchmaking .
. B362
Worship .
E
Water
. A 276
Worsteds .
. B 402
Water-colour Paintinj
I . C50
Wrecks .
. B 162
Waterford .
. F898
Wrestling .
. C 652
Waterworks
B92
Writing
. C 156
Wealth .
D94
Wyoming .
. F370
Weather .
. A 300
Weaving .
. B 388-402
Weights and Measure
s . A348
Yachting .
. C 654
Wesleyan Methodism
. E248
Year Books
. L 10
i6o
Manual of Library Classification
Yeomanry .
York ... *
Young Men's Christian Asso-
ciation
Women's Christian Asso-
ciation
Yucatan . . . _
Zambesi
B 136
F780
D 16
D16
F378
F126
Zanzibar .
Zend Avesta
Zinc .
Zither
Zoology-
Zoophytes .
Zoroastrianism
Zululand .
. F188
. E424
. B236
. C422
A 30-194
. A 194
. E424
. F172
l^rinted by Hazell, Watson. & Viney, Ld.. London and Aylesbury.
14 DAY USE
RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
LISRAEY SCHOOL JMBRAlft
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or
on the date to which renewed.
Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
MAR 3 1 19S4
JUL 14 1964
MAR 8 13S5
: 7 '9B5
FEB26I96S
OCT -4-1968
DEC 1^1975
i
^!li^^^i^ V-^i^r.. \
/ ^
^"A'