ft/ ' %t \ IP LIBRARY OF THE ty of California. C / R C ULA TING B R A N C //.. Eetuin in *w or a weak before the end of the \ THE WORLD DISPLAYED IN ITS HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ; EMBRACING A HISTORY OF THE WORLD, FROM THE CREATION TO THE PRESENT DAY. WITH GENERAL VIEWS OF THE POLITICS, RELIGION, MILITARY AND NAVAL- AFFAIRS, ARTS, LITERATURE, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND SOCIETY, OF ANCIENT AS WELL AS MODERN NATIONS. BY REV. ROYAL ROBBINS. \ % TO WHICH IS ADDED, AN OUTLINE OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. TWO VOLUMES IN ONE. VOL. 1. NEW YORK. PUBLISHED BY H.. SAVAGE. 1839. 3*-) Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1835, By EDWARD HOPKINS, In the Clerk's office of the District Court of Connecticut PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. THE Volume here offered to the public, had its origin in the belief, that a Historical and Geo- graphical View of the World, united in one work, and constructed on the plan here adopted, would be an acceptable addition to the already multi- plied stock of book for general reading. The plan of the work is original, and is believed to offer many advantages. It divides Ancient and Modern History into twenty distinct periods, and then gives a detail of the events during each of them. At the end of every period is a detailed biography of many eminent individuals who flou- rished during the same, and a sketch is given of the progress of the arts, of science, and of litera- ture. Hence a clear delineation of the advance- ment of human society, and its various revolutions, is exhibited ; and the reader can easily trace not only the particular history of each country and people, but can keep in view, at the same time, the grand movements of the nations, regarded as one common family. In order to perfect the plan originally contem- plated by the author, the volume has been in- PUBLISHERS' NOTICE. creased far beyond what was at first anticipated- nearly one hundred pages have been added ; an advance which, it is believed, will be gratifying to the patrons of the work, and sufficiently attest the wish of the publishers to make it in every way satisfactory to them. The System of Modern Geography is of course a condensed one but it will be found fully ade quate to the purposes for which it is attached to the volume. On the whole, as no expense has been spared, and as the Author, whose reputation as a histori- cal writer is of the first order, has bestowed un- wearied pains upon the work, we commit the volume to the public, with much confidence that it will be received with favour. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Benefits to be expected from history, Sources of history, . Ten periods, . . Antediluvian World, . Distinguished Characters, Deluge, History of Assyria, China, . Egypt, Distinguistad Characters, History of the Hebrews, Canaanites, Greece, GENERAL DIVISION. * Period L Period II Period III. Egypt, continued, Chin hina, continued, Distinguished Character!, . History of the Israelites, . Canaanites, continued, Phoenicians, Greece, continued, Egypt, continued, Lydia, Italy, Distinguished Characters, History of the Israelites, continued, Greece, continued, Macedon, Assyria, continued, Egypt, continued, Phoinicians, continued, Carthage, Italy, continued, Distinguished Characters, History of the Romans, Greece, continued, Israelites, continued, Jews, Nineveh, Babylon, Medes, Persia, Lydians, continued, Egypt, continued, Distinguished Characters) Period IV. Period F. Period VL 7 8 U 17 H it 23 24 26 23 80 82 33 JW * aej 89 59 40 42 43 43 44 4? 49 52 62 53 63 53 64 65 . 57 d, 64 ued, 66 67 68 68 69 70 led, 72 , 72 . i * > ""3 vf CONTENTS. History of Greece, continued, , Romans, continued, Egypt, continued, Persia, continued, Macedon, continued, Distinguished Characters, History of Greece, continued, Rome, continued, Sicily, Syria, Jews, continued, Egypt, continued, Parthia, China, continued, Distinguished Character's, History of Rome, continued, Syria, continued, Jews, continued, Egypt, continued, Partnia, continued, Distinguished Characters, History of Rome, continued, Judea, continued, Egypt, continued, Parthia, continued, Distinguished Characters, Period VII. Period VIH Period IX. Period X. GENERAL, VIEWS. Antediluvian World. Surface of the Earth, Seasons, Population and Longevity, Religion, Arts and Sciences, Government, Commerce, : : : Assyria, (including Bahylonia) Government and Laws, Religion, Customs, Learning, Arts, : : : : : : : : China. Geography, Government, Religion, Sciences and Arts, : : Egypt. Situation, Name and Division, Cities, Monuments and Works of Art, Government and Laws, Mythology, Education, Domestic Habits, Manners and Customs, Literature and Arts, Trade, Language, : : : : Hebrews. Remains of Ancient Works, Cities, Religion, Government, Manners and Customs, Learning, Arts, Commerce, : : : : Canaanites. Customs, Manners, Arts and Sciences. Religion, : : Greece. Appearance and Face of the Country, Situation, Extent and Division, Names, Interesting Localities, Cities, Government, Military Affairs, Naval Affairs, Religion, Literature, Arts, Private and Domestic Life, : : Phoenicians. Country, Cities and Remains, Navigation and Colonies, Sciences, Aits and Manufactures, Religion, : : : : : Lydiana. Country, Cities, Character, Customs, : : : : Romans. Country, its Name, Situation and Division, Interesting Localities, Capital of Italy, and Sect of the Roman Empire, Political State, Religion, Military Affairs, Fleets, Agriculture, Amusements and Public Spectacles, Education, Literature, Arts, Domestic Life and Manners, Foreign Commerce, Syria. Situation and Cities, Character of the Ancient Syrians, Language, Carthage. Extent, Government and Character, : : : Parthia. Situation, &c. :::::. Persia. Extent and Situation, Education, Punishments, Military Art, Mythology of Ancient Nations, : : : : : Discoveries. Inventions, and Improvements of Early Ages, K! 89 89 90 91 94 100 109 109 111 112 113 113 114 117 124 125 126 126 127 128 147 147 149 149 154 157 160 162 167 170 171 193 194 195 216 217 217 217 219 223 INTRODUCTION. 1. The term History comprehends a record of all the remarkable transactions which have taken place among the human family. It is the collected result of individual experience in every age and na- tion ; and is, consequently, a source of practical wisdom to legislators and rulers, and of profitable reflection to private persons. The benefits to be expected from history deserve a few remarks in detail. When it is written with a proper spirit, and in strict agreement with facts, there is scarcely any branch of letters so well calculated to furnish an agreeable re- laxation to the student ; to improve his understanding- and enlarge his stores of useful knowledge ; or, in general, to subserve the cause of morality and re- ligion in human society. From the infinite variety of aspects in which history presents the dealings of Providence, and from the immense number of characters and incidents which it brings into view, it becomes a source of perpetual interest and enjoy mcnt. The novelist, with all the license he possesses to imagine such physi- cal and moral combinations as he pleases, cannot clothe his subject with hall the attractions which a reflecting mind attaches to true narrative. The view of past ages fills the mind with a sublime and pleasing melancholy. We dwell with deep and tender emotion on the actions, sufferings, and changes of those who were " bone of our bones, and flesh of our flesh" we regret that some of them should ever have lived to disorder the world with their crimes, and that others should have died, to leave it without the benefit of their con- tinued active labours. History improves our understanding, and enlarges our stores of useful knowledge, by bringing to our assistance the experience of others the expe- i ienoe of all time ; by making us acquainted with human nature ; by delivering the mind from bigotry and prejudice from narrow and sectional feelings ; by opening to us the springs of human affairs, and the causes of the rise, great- ness, decline, and fall of empires. There is something in the picture of the generations before us, of their achievements and projects ; of their manners, pursuits, and attainments ; of their mode of thinking and acting; of their religion, government, and litera- ture ; which, going beyond the gratification of curiosity, or storing the mind with mere ideas, teaches us wisdom, by the comparison of their situation with our own, and by a great variety of interesting reflections naturally suggested to our thoughts. From the whole that history presents us, we deduce conclusions that have an important bearing on human happiness and virtue. This we consider as the most signal benefit derivable from the record of past ages. It gives us, in connexion with revelation, which furnishes a most interesting portion of the world's history, a correct estimate of life and of human nature in all its va- riety. It shows us how man has acted according to his own pleasure, whether uprightly or wickedly, and, at the same time, how God has conducted the train of events to bring about the purposes of His wisdom and grace. Speaking in the way of aphorism, history is a record of what God has done, and of what he has cither enabled or suffered man to do, on the stage of the world. Even, therefore, without the direct comments of the writer, which nevertheless are due, we can derive important instruction froirj it ; and can hardly help being impressed with the grandeur or solemnity of the movements {-f Providence, in the deatiny of nations. INTRODUCTION. In short, it is here that we are supplied with the most rational entertainment, and our faculties of imagination, memory, reason, and judgment, are put to a most agreeable and salutary exercise. It is here we learn political science and philosophy; we ascertain the necessity of government, the blessings of civili- zation, the progress of reason and society ; and especially it is here we see " a God employed In all the good and ill that chequer life," and in all the events that have a bearing on the interests of true religion. 2. History is derived to us from various sources, differing in de- grees of authenticity, but in general illustrating and confirming one another. The principal sources are the narratives of writers, whose knowledge of the events they describe may have been acquired by personal observation; inspection of public documents ; poetic le- gends; and oral tradition. In addition to these, there are several other sources that are highly valuable, supplying the want of direct and regular narrative, such as monuments, ruins, coins, &c. Monuments on the surface of the ground, such as pillars and heaps of slone or earth, since they are intended to perpetuate the knowledge of important events, throw some light on the proper subjects of history. Ruins indicate the existence of arts and wisdom in ancient times, which are Btill astonishing to the civilized world. They afford a knowledge of antiquity, which description, in many cases, could never supply. Such are the ruins thai exitin Egypt, the Holy Land, Greece, and Italy, in their cities, temples, aque ducts, columns, &c. Coins and medals offer very valuable means of historical information. They have often been examined and studied for that purpose, are abundant, and some of them possess considerable antiquity. The oldest known, belong o the 5th century B. C. Inscriptions on marble may be mentioned as another source of history. The Arundelian marbles, so called from the earl of Arundel, who brought them from Greece into England, are the most celebrated collection of marbles bearing inscriptions, and thus communicating knowledge of antiquity. The Chronicle of Paros is the most important of these inscriptions, as it contain?) the chronology of Athens, from the time of Cecrops 1582, commonly put B. C, to 264 B. C. ANCIENT HISTORY, GENERAL DIVISION. HISTORY may be divided into two great parts, viz. An cient and Modern. Ancient History includes a period of 4004 years, and extends from the Creation of the World to the Nativity of Jesus Christ. Modern History includes a period of 1829 years, and extends from the Nativity of Jesus Christ, to the present time. Observations. Ancient History, which is the subject of this vo- lume, comprehending an account of the Creation, and the grand events connected with it ; of the fall of man ; of the deluge ; of the origin of nations ; and of the principles, achievements, manners, habits, religion, learning, &c. of the early race of mortals, is equally curious and instructive. PERIOD I. will extend from the Creation of the World, 4004 years, B. C., to the Deluge, 2348 years B. C. This is the Antediluvian Period. PERIOD II. will extend from the Deluge, 2348 years B. C., to the Calling of Abraham, 1921 years B. C. This is the period of the Confusion of Languages. PERIOD III. will extend from the Calling of Abraham, 1921 years B. C., to the Departure of the Israelites from Egypt, 1491 years B. C. This is the period of Egyptian Bondage. PERIOD IV. will extend from the Departure of the Israel- ites from Egypt, 1491 years B. C., to the Dedication of Solo- mon's Temple, 1004 years B. C. This is the period of the Trojan War. PERIOD V. will extend from the Dedication of Solomon's Temple, 4 004 years B. C., to the Founding of Rome, 752 years B. C. This is the period of Homer. PERIOD VI. will extend from the Founding of Rome, 752 years B. C., to the Battle of Marathon, 490 years B. C. This is the period of Roman Kings. 10 GENERAL DIVISION. PERIOD YIL will extend from the Battle cf Marathon, 490 years B. C., to the Birth of Alexander, 356 years B. C. This is the period of Grecian Glory. PERIOD VIII. will extend from the Birth of Alexander, 356 years B. C., to the Destruction of Carthage, 146 years B. C. This is the period of Roman Military Renown. PERIOD IX. will extend from the Destruction of Carthage, 146 years B. C., to the First Campaign of Julius Caesar, 8C years B. C. This is the period of the Civil War hetween Marius and Sylla. PERIOD X. will extend from the First Campaign of Julius Osesar, 80 years B. C., to the Nativity of Jesus Christ, and the Commencement of the Christian Era. This is the pe- riod of Roman Literature. Observations. The characteristic, or title of each of these pe- riods, is derived from some prominent event, or striking peculiarity by which it is marked. Thus, for instance, during the last period but one, Rome, which was beginning to be mistress of the world, was for a long time disturbed by the contentions of rival chiefs. The period, therefore, is denominated that of the Civil War be- tween Marius and Sylla, as marking the most important event in the history of the world during that time. Thus, also, during the last, or 10th period, literature greatly flourished among the Romans, under the auspices of Augustus. It is, therefore, designated as the period of Roman literature, as being the most striking peculiarity of that era, among the nations. In the same manner, also, the cka racteristics of all the others are derived. PERIOD 1. The Antediluvian Period, extending from the Creation of the World) 4004 years B. C. to the deluge, 2348 years B. C. THE Bible affords the only authentic history of the first ages of the world. The events which it relates of those ages, are confirmed by the appearances of nature, and by legendary tradition. SECTION 1. All human records agree that men and em- pires first appeared in the East. There, those demigods and heroes, who are the subjects of heathen fable, are repre- sented as having lived and acted. When, therefore, the Bible points to that quarter of the globe, as the cradle of na- tion^ and of the arts, and as the theatre of the most wonder ful events, it only coincides with the general belief of man- kind on this subject. The account contained in that sacred book respecting the creation of the world, or the beginning of time, is equally worthy of credit. This, of course, is the first grand event which history presents to us. The cosmogonies of nations, that is, the schemes they have adopted respecting the forma- tion of the world, vary very much from one another, and most of them are manifestly absurd and incredible. That of the Hebrews, which constitutes the scriptural account, is the only one that deserves implicit belief. 2. According to this account, it appears that about 5829 years ago, God called the visible universe into being, by the word of his power ; that a determinate length of time was occupied in the work, the various portions of the world being produced on six successive days ; that man was cre- ated on the last day of those six, and constituted the head ol all the animal tribes ; that his happiness and increase were provided for by the institution of marriage, which was soon announced ; that God saw that all his work was good ; and that he rested on the seventh day, hallowing it, as a day to be devoted to religious solemnities. 12 ANCIENT HISTOftV PERIOD / The earth, immediately subsequent to it> creation, was a fluid, 'lark, and shapeless mass of matter. The first thing done to bring it into a perfect state, was the creation of light. Then the firrna ment expanded, to divide the upper from the lower waters. Succeeding this, the assembled waters^ retired to their destined oed ; and, at length, the dry land was se'en, crowned with a rich profusion of herbage, fruits, and flowers. These great occurrences occupied the first three days. The following day was devoted to an illumination of the earth. The heavens were accordingly adorned with myriads of stars ; and the greater luminaries were so disposed, as to distinguish between day and night, and to divide the seasons of the year. On the fifth and sixth days, the waters were replenished with fish, the air was filled with birds, the meadows were stocked with cattle, and every part of the earth's surface was inhabited by its appropriate tribes. The last work of the sixth day was the creation of man. This was the crowning work of the whole. God formed him of the dust of the ground, breathed into his body the breath of life, or immor- tality, and hence man became a living soul. Woman was also formed, out of the side of the man, who was cast into a deep sleep for that purpose. After the creation of this helper for man, she was given to the lat ter, and the sacred institution of marriage was ordained by the Creatoi himself. From this pair sprang all the various nations of mankind. As a matter of curiosity, and forming a perfect contrast to the ra- tional account of the Scriptures, we will mention a few theories oi philosophers and others, on the formation of the universe. It was the opinion of Zenophanes, Strabo, and others, that the earth, and the whole system of the universe, was the Deity himself Pythagoras inculcated the famous numerical system of the monad dyad, and triad ; and, by means of his sacred quaternary, eluci- dated the formation of the world, and the secrets of nature. Other philosophers adhered to the mathematical system of squares and triangles ; the cube, the pyramid, and the sphere, &c. While others maintained the great elementary theory, which refers the construction of our globe, and all it contains, to the combinations of the four material elements, air, earth, fire, and water, with the as- sistance of a fifth, an immaterial and vivifying principle. It is recorded by the Brahmins, in the pages of their inspired Shastah, that the angel Bistnoo, transforming himself into a great boar, plunged into the watery abyss, and brought up the earth on his tusks. Then issued from him a mighty tortoise and snake; and Bistnoo placed the snake erect upon the back of the tortoise, and he placed the earth upon the head of the .snake. The negroes of Congo affirm that the world was made by the hands of angels, excepting their own country, which the Supreme Being constructed himself; that he took great pains \vith the inhabitants, and made them very black and beautiful ; and when he had finished th*> first. in:ui. he was well pleased with him. and smoothed him ove* 40042348 u. c. IS the face ; and hence his nose, and the noses of all his descendants, Decame flat. Buffon, a modern infidel philosopher, conjectures that this earth was originally a globe of liquid fire, struck from the body of the? sun, by means of a comet, as a spark is produced by the collision of flint and steel ; that at first it was surrounded by gross vapory which, cooling and condensing in process of time, constituted, ao cording to their densities, earth, water, and air ; which gradually arranged themselves according to their respective gravities, round the burning mass that formed their centre. Darwin, an infidel also, in accounting for the origin of the world. supposes that the mass of chaos suddenly exploded, like a barrel of gunpowder, and in that act exploded the sun, which, in its flight, by a similar convulsion, exploded the earth, which in like manner ex- ploded the moon ; and thus, by a chain of explosions, the whole so- lar system was produced, and set in regular motion. 3. Adam and Eve. the names of the first human pair, were placed by the Deity, immediately subsequent to their creation, in the garden of Eden, with instructions to keep and dress it. They were allowed the free use of all the fruit of the garden, with a single reservation, which w r as designed as a trial of their obedience. The penalty of death was threat- ened if they should transgress the command of their Maker. Created pure and innocent, and placed in a state of unalloyed happiness, they had every inducement to do well. Adam and Eve seem to have been created without the garden, and immediately afterwards brought into it. It is evident that Eden was east of Canaan, or of the wilderness where Moses wrote the sa- cred history. But the precise spot cannot now be ascertained. The most extravagant opinions have been entertained on this sub- ject ; and not only the four quarters of the globe, but even the air and the moon, have been conjectured to include this delightful abode. Following the Bible as nearly as we are able, and judg- ing from the well known names of the Hiddekel, or Tigris, and the Euphrates, we may determine, with some probability, that the Gar- den of Eden was situated in or near Mesopotamia, probably Diarbec, a part of that country. It is clear that Moses intended to give an intelligible description of the situation of Eden to his countrymen, who might know it ex- actly, though we cannot ; and it is clear, also, that, though the face of the country may have been greatly changed by means of the de- luge, the Tigris and Euphrates continued nearly the same course after that event as before. The tree, the fruit of which Adam was forbidden to eat, is called the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, which intimates thai, by abstaining from this fruit, the knowledge of good would be en joyed, but, by eating it, the knowledge of evil would be fatally in- troduced. 14 ANCIENT HISTORY- -PERIOD J. 4. The innocence and felicity of the first pair were of very short duration. They violated, with daring impiety, the sole command of their Maker. The precise time of this transac- tion cannot be determined ; but it was probably only a few days after their creation. The woman, being deceive^ by the subtlety of Satan, in the form of a serpent, was the first in transgression ; and, by her means, Adam also sinned. A sense of guilt and misery unknown before, then pervaded their bosoms ; though they were preserved from despair by the promise of a Saviour. The greatness of the sin of our first parents is no less evident than the subtlety of the Tempter. In their sm was involved almost every crime ingratitude, sensuality, ambition, unbelief, distrust, malignity, pride, insubordination. The effect was decisive. The face ot creation was altered. " Na- ture gave signs that all was lost." Death was introduced into the system, and our first parents, from that moment, became liable to dissolution, with all their posterity. The seeds of death were then planted in fneir frame, and the moral qualities of their souls became wholly corrupt and sinful. The disclosure of their crime w r as in the highest degree distress- ing to the guilty pair. God called them to account, and his awful frown and displeasure, chilled and penetrated their souls. The ground was cursed for their sakes, and a great variety of evils was entailed upon them. The serpent, who was the instrument of the crime, received his doom, in connexion with the promise of a deliverer on the part oi man, who had been so fatally beset and overcome. The seed of the woman was eventually to bruise the Serpent's head a declaration referable, in its full extent, only to Jesus Christ, the Saviour ol mankind. The immediate expulsion of Adam and Eve from para- dise, was the natural conclusion of this dreadful and calamitous scene, after their Maker had first mercifully provided them with coats of skin, to cover their nakedness. Cherubims, and a flaming sword, which turned every way, placed at the east of the garden, prevented all access to the once happy abode, particularly to the tree of life. 5. In the first year of the world, 4004 years B. C. was born Cain, the first begotten of the human family. The suc- ceeding year. Abel was born. These brothers not only fol- lowed different occupations, but possessed very different cha- racters. The bitter fruits of the apostacy appeared at length ii> *' >3 murder of the one by the other. On an occasion of presenting an offering unto God, Cain, who was a husbandman, brought of the fruit of the ground ; Abel, who was a shepherd, brought of the firstlings of his 40042348 B. c. 15 flock. The offerers, being dissimilar in character, and their offerings having a dissimilar significancy, were not alike ac- cepted of Jehovah. Cain and his offering were rejected. This circumstance excited the indignation of Cain, who, taking his opportunity when they were alone in the field, rose up against his brother and slew him. On account of his crime, Cain was forthwith punished by Jehovah. He was called to a solemn reckoning, and, hear ing with anguish his doom pronounced, " a fugitive and a vagabond shall thou be in the earth," he went out from the presence of the Lord, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden. He, however, built a city, at length, and his family and de- scendants became famous as inventors of useful and ingenious arts, though it does not appear that any of them were pious, and enjoyed the divine favour. The murder of Abel occarred, it is generally supposed, but a short time before the birth of Seth, or about 130 years after the cre- ation. As Adam and Eve, in the mean time, must have had other children, the human family was no doubt considerably multiplied during 130 years. Hence the events that are recorded by Moses, in connexion with the murdproi Abel, are easily accounted for, with- out supposing more than one numan pair, from whom all the inha* bitants then on the earth were descended. After the death of Abel, Adam and Eve had many other children , the eldest of the sons was named Seth, and his descendants, from their piety, were styled " the children of God," in opposition to the descendants of Cain, who were styled "the children of men. 1 ' These at length mingled together, and thus prepared the way for the universal wickedness that afterwards prevailed. 6. After a short account of Cain and his family, the sa- cred historian informs us respecting " the generations of Adam;" and recording the births of Enos, Cainan, Mahalaleel, and Jared, he presents us with a brief but interesting history of Enoch. Being eminently pious, he is said to have walked with God, for the space of 300 years, and at the expiration of that time, to have been taken up to heaven, without pass- ing through the scene of death. The sacred genealogy is carried on to the time of Noah and his sons, and the date of the life of each one of the pa- triarchs is minutely given. As Adam lived 930 years, he must have beheld a numerous pos- terity, and been conversant with many who survived till near the time of the deluge. Doubtless he must have been greatly affected, 16 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD I. in view of the wickedness which so soon began to spread over the earth, and which he had been the instrument of introducing. The place of his sepulchre is not mentioned in scripture ; yet va- rious conjectures (and they are mere conjectures) have been formed on the subject. St. Jerome stations his remains in the cave of Mach- pelah ; and the generality of the primitive fathers suppose him to have been buried on Mount Calvary, in the very spot whereon Christ, f he second Adam, shed his blood for mankind. The descendants of Seth, at first continuing pure and uncorrupted, at length, by intermarriages with the family of Cain, became, witli the rest of mankind, exceedingly degenerate. From these inter- marriages sprang the giants of those times, men of extraordinary strength and stature, and, perhaps, of more extraordinary wick- edness. These became (; men of renown," heroes, conquerors, and ohief tains. 7. The Deity, justly provoked by the enormous degeneracy of his creatures, determined to destroy, by a universal deluge, the race of man. together with the whole animal creation, ex- cept a very small remnant who were to restock the earth af- ter that catastrophe. One hundred and twenty years, however, did he merci fully afford to the children of men, as a space for repentance;, during which time, Noah, " a preacher of righteousness," endeavoured to reclaim them from their wickedness, and warn- ed them of their doom. His zeal and labours seem to have produced no effect. The earth became at length filled with violence. From the tremendous sentence which God had pronounced Noah and his family were excepted, he having "found grace la the eyes of the Lord." Connected with the intimatior. which Noah had received concerning the approaching deluge were several particular instructions, relative to his deliver- ance. This was to be accomplished by means of a large vessel called the ark, which he built during the intervening period, agreeably to the divine directions. The ark was built of gopher wood, which some suppose to bft the cypress tree. Its form was that of an oblong square, with a flat bottom and a sloping roof, elevated one cubitf in the middle, It consisted of three stories, each of which, excluding the thick- ness of the floors, might be eighteen feet high, and was divided into separate apartments. It was pitched within and without, to Keep it tight, and lighted from the upper part. It was, probably, well supplied with air ; and, though it had neither sails nor rudder it was well contrived for lying steadily on the surface of the water 40042348 B. c 17 With this means of safety, Noah awaited the destruction which was fast coming upon the world. Distinguished characters in Period I. 1. Adam, the first of the human race. 2. Eve, the first woman. 3. Cain, the earliest born of mankind, and first murderer. 4. Jubal, the first musician. 5. Tubal-cain, the earliest instructer in the mechanic arts 6. Enoch, translated to heaven on account of his piety. 7. Methuselah, the oldest man that has ever lived, being 969 years old when he died. 1. Adam was created by the Almighty from the dust of the earth, on the 6th day of the creation. His Maker, it is said in Scripture, " breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living soul." He was thus endued with an immortal principle, and being placed in a probationary state, not only his own cha- racter, but the character of his posterity, was to be affected by his conduct. As he came from the hands of his Maker, he was pure, holy, and happy ; and he had every motive to persuade him to continued rec- titude of conduct. His outward circumstances also were favourable for this end. He was placed in a delightful garden, the easy tillage of which constituted his employment. God imposed upon him but one test of obedience, and that was abstinence in regard to eating the fruit of a certain tree in the garden. Persuaded by Eve, who, having been tempted by Satan, had pre- viously transgressed, he partook of the forbidden food, and thus death entered into the world, and " all our wo." His conduct in- volved the greatest impiety, and the consequences have been dread- ful in time, and will be so throughout eternity, in regard to multi- tudes of his offspring, who have imitated him in his disobedience, and repented not. It is highly probable that he, together with the woman, embraced an offered Saviour, immediately made known, both having repented of their sin. He lived many years afterwards, having begot sons and daughters, and died at the advanced age of 930 years. For fur- ther particulars, see Genesis, 2d, 3d, and 4th chapters. 2. Eve was created " an help meet" for Adam, having been formed, by the Creator, from one of the ribs of Adam, which was taken from him in a deep sleep. Thus she became " bone of his bones, and flesh of his flesh," and was given to him as his wife. She proved to be first " in the transgression." Satan, a fallen spi- rit, assuming the form of a serpent, and, through the organs of that animal, exerting the powers of speech, accosted her when alone, and Interrogated her respecting the forbidden tree. Taking her by sur- prise, and securing r^gr attention and good will, he at length persuaded her to disobey the express command of God. 132 18 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD !. She partook of the fruit; "and gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat." This event, in regard to the first human pair, is supposed to have taken place very soon, if not immediately after they were placed in the garden. Eve, as a particular punishment to be inflicted upon her, was doomed in sorrow to bring forth children, and to be subject to her husband. 3. Cain rendered himself famous by his wickedness. In an unpro- voked manner he murdered his brother Abel, and thus was the first who committed a crime which has ever been considered as the most atrocious that man commits. God directly punished him by an awful malediction ; and b,y causing him to become a fugitive and a vagabond in the earth. Going out "from the presence of t>e Lord," he dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden. He at length built a city, and called it Enoch, after the name of his son. Nothing is recorded of the time and manner of his death. He was most probably a person of great energy and enterprise, as has often been the fact with the wicked ones of the earth. 4. Jubal is spoken of in Scripture as " the father of all such BH handle the harp and organ," as his brother Jabal is mentioned an * the father of such as dwell in tents." From all accounts, both sa cred and profane, music must have been early known among man kind, and its performers must have been among the earliest civilizers of the world. 5-^Tubal-Cain is called " an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron." Probably he was so called from his having discovered the art of working in these metals ; the most useful of the mechanic arts, and lying at the foundation of all of them. 6. Enoch lived 65 years before he begat Methuselah. He " walk- ed with God after he begat Methuselah 300 years, and begat sons and' daughters. And all the days of Enoch were 365 years. And Enoch walked with God, and he was not, for God took him." Such is the simple and sublime record of scripture respecting a good man. It is an infinitely more precious memorial than the splendid marble monument, or the ever-during pyramid. 7. Methuselah is not known to have been remarkable for any thing except his age. He must have lived to the very year of the flood. The circumstance of the longevity of the antediluvians, was ex- tremely favourable to the communication of knowledge, by tradition. PERIOD II. TJie Period of the Confusion of Languages, extending from the Deluge, 2348 years B. C. to the calling of Abraham, 1921 years B. C. IT may be observed here, that this period, in profane history, and even two or three others succeeding it, are what is termed fabulous. The events recorded are to be admitted with a great degree of cau- 23481921 a. c. 10 tiou, except so far as Scripture incidentally throws its light upon them. And it is well known, also, that there is a portion of the early history of almost every nation, which is but little entitled to credit. We shall adduce the common accounts, and when neces- sary, shall endeavour to distinguish between the probable and impro- bable events. SECTION 1. At the appointed time, God brought the wa- ters of the flood upon aU the earth. For this purpose, he oroke up the fountains of the great deep, and opened the win- dows of heaven. During forty days and forty nights, with- out intermission, the waters were thus poured upon the surface of the globe. As the ark was completed, Noah, being 600 years old, went into it, together with his wife, his three sons, and their wives, taking with him all kinds of beasts, birds, and reptiles, by pairs, and by sevens, agreeably to the divine direction. According to the antediluvian computation, Noah remained in the ark one year and ten days ; and on coming out, he built an altar, and offered a sacrifice to the Lord,, who blessed Noah and his sons. They settled in the vicinity of mount Ararat, in Armenia. The waters increased gradually during the space of five months, when they rose to the elevation of 27 feet above the summits of the highest mountains. Men, beasts, birds, and reptiles, thus being de- prived of the means of safety, all perished. The purpose of God being effected, he caused a wind to pass over the earth, in consequence of which the waters began to subside. The ark rested on the mountains of Ararat, on the 17th day of the 7th month, or the 6th of May. The waters continuing several months afterwards, it was not until the 27th of the 2cl month, or the 18th of December, that the inmates of the ark came forth in pursuance of the divine com mand. 2. The truth of the Bible respecting the deluge, is strikingly confirmed by the general voice of mankind, and by the phy- sical structure and appearance of the earth's surface. The Chaldeans, Egyptians, Syrians, Indians, Chinese, Greeks, and other nations, all had some traditions respecting the deluge. Not to mention any that have been yet published, the author of this outline would state a fact once delivered to him by an intelligent adventurer, his countryman. Residing some time among the natives of the North West Coast of America, he fell into conversation with one of them around the fire of his wigwam, on various topics. Among other things, the Indian inquired of him, whether his people knew any thing concerning a great flood that had once taken place. 20 ANCIENT HISTORY. PERIOD II. The stranger resident affecting surprise, with a view to learn what notion the natives had on the subject, asked his inquirer, how long ago it happened. The Indian immediately scooping up a handful of ashes that lay before him, promptly replied, "as many moons as there are ashes here." In agreement with the universal voice of tradition, the surface of the earth, in various respects, indicates the occurrence of such a ca- tastrophe. Its broken state, the disposition of its strata, and the re- mains of marine productions on the tops of the highest mountains, are no doubtful evidence on this subject. 3. After the deliverance of Noah and his family from the flood, God established a gracious covenant with him, which is recorded at length in the 9th chapter of Genesis. Among other things, he made a grant of flesh as food for mankind, and he engaged no more to destroy the earth with a flood, in confirmation of which he set his bow in the cloud. 4. Not long after this period, Noah, who had engaged in the pursuits of husbandry, having been intoxicated by the juice of the grape, was discovered in this disgraceful situa- tion by his youngest son Ham, who, with indecent levity, in- formed his brethren of the circumstance. The latter, however, treated their father with the highest degree of filial decorum. This conduct procured for them the blessing of Noah, while that of Ham subjected him, in his son Canaan, to a dreadful curse. Noah, we are informed by the sacred historian, lived 350 years aftei the deluge, so that his entire age was 950 years. The Orientals have a tradition that he was buried in Mesopotamia, where they show his sepulchre, in a castle near Dair Abunah, or the " monastery of our father." 5. The three sons of Noah were, of course, the first foun ders of nations. They peopled the several quarters of the globe, Shem, the east and south of Asia ; Ham, Syria, Ara- bia, and Africa ; Japheth, the north and west of Asia, and also Europe. From the immediate descendants of Shem were derived the Ela- mites or Persians ; the Assyrians, and the Lydians. By Joktan, the fourth in descent from Shem, the uttermost parts of the east were peopled, and perhaps America also, where, it is said, some traces of his name yet remain. Joktan had 13 sons, and scripture says that the dwelling of Jok- tan's posterity " was from Mesha, as thou goest up to Sephar, a mount in the East." From the sons of Ham, who is supposed to be the Chronos of the Greeks, were descended the Ethiopians, the Babylonians, the Egyp- 23481921 B. c. 21 lians, the Coichians, the Philistines, the Lybians, the Canaanites, Sidonians, and the Phoenicians. From the sons of Japheth were descended the Cimbri, the Gauls, the Germans, the Scythians, the Tartars, the Medes, the lonians, the Iberians, the Muscovites, and the Thracians. From their sons ^'ere derived other particular tribes, whose names need not here be rehearsed. 6. During 101 years after the flood, i. e. till the year 2247 B. C. all the descendants of Noah spoke but one language The occasion of a diversity of tongues in the world, and of the origin of distinct communities, was the following. At the time above referred to, the human family, in jour- neying from the vicinity of mount Ararat, arrived at length at a plain in the land of Shinar. On this spot they began to erect a city and a tower, whose top might aspire to heaven, for the purpose of avoiding the dispersion of their households, and of acquiring a name. Such a purpose, and perhaps others still Averse, being of- fensive to the Deity, he confounded their language, and thus the workmen, not being able to understand one another, de- sisted from their undertaking. The consequence was the dispersion of mankind into different nations. The name given to the city was Babel, which signifies- confusion. In erecting the tower they made use of brick instead of stone, and the want of mortar was supplied by slime, or bitumen, of which the region afforded an abundance. The identical materials of this fa- bric have been supposed, at different times, to have been discovered ; but this is uncertain. 7. Mankind having become separated into different com- munities or nations, their history must thenceforth be given accordingly. We shall commence with the Assyrian nation, and briefly trace the outline of its history, as also the history of other sovereignties that existed during this period. ASSYRIA. 8. ASSYRIA, considered as afterwards including Babylonia, is the oldest of nations, and founded on the spot where the tower of Babel was erected. We may date the commence- ment of this empire not many years after the dispersion took place, or about 2229 years B. C. Its founder was Ashur, the son of Shem, who built Nineveh, its capital. It continued alone about 120 years, and then being united to Babylonia, became a mighty empire. 22 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD II. In the order of lime, there were two empires of the Assyrians. The first is here spoken of, which lasted till the year 767 B. C. It is supposed by some that Babylon, which was built by Nimrod; the grandson of Ham, the Belus of profane history, was, from the beginning, the capital of Assyria. But we rather follow those autho- rities that suppose Babylonia and Assyria to have been originally two distinct kingdoms, both founded about the same time, the former by Nimrod, the latter by Ashur. The Babylonians became, at length, tributary ; and Ninus, king of Assyria, having deposed Nabonius, united the two states into one. \fter his death, Semiramis, his widow, transferred the seat of govern- nent from Nineveh to Babylon. 9. Under Semiramis the Assyrian empire was greatly en- larged. She assumed the government during the nonage of Ninias, son of her husband, Ninus. She signalized her name by enlarging and embellishing Babylon, and by her nume- rous military exploits. It is said, that, in completing Babylon, she employed the labours of 2,000,000 men. This woman, after having enlarged her dominions, conquered a great part of Ethiopia, and invaded India, though with- out success, was murdered, as is supposed, at the instigation of Ninias. 10. Ninias, her successor, was a very insignificant sove reign ; and the history of his successors, for more than 30 ge herations, is unknown. They must have been an indolent and effeminate race. Ninias, unlike his predecessors, being wholly intent on his plea sures, kept himself secluded in his palace, and seldom appeared before his people. But, to retain them in their duty, he kept a cer- tain number of regular troops, whom he renewed every year, com- manded by an officer on whose fidelity he could depend. This method he seems to have adopted, that the officers might have no time to gain the affections of the soldiers, or to form conspiracies ag.ainst him. Not only are his successors unknown, as to their conduct or ex- ploits, but even their names, till the time of Sardanapalus, the last of them, (who will be noticed in the proper place,) are a matter of con- troversy among historians. During this unrecorded period of the Assyrian history, Sesostris, King of Egypt, if his name may be here anticipated, who carried on his conquests into the East, must have overrun Assyria ; but, as his power was not supported by his successors, the Assyrians must have soon regained their former state. CHINA 11. CHINA, it is not to be doubted, is among the most ancient empires of the world. Its records extend 10 more than 2200 years B. C. According to the most current op 23481921 B. c. 23 nion, it was founded by one of the colonies formed at the dispersion of Noah's posterity, under the conduct of Yao, who took for his colleague Chun, afterwards his successor. Other accounts state Fo-hi to have been the founder of this monarchy, and many writers consider Fo-hi to have been Noah himself. The Chinese pretend a much higher antiquity than is here assigned to them, but their pretensions are merely the effect of national vanity. The sovereigns of China, from Chun to the present time, are di- vided into 22 dynasties, the first of which, that of Hia, began 2207 years B. C. Four, and a part of the fifth, of these dynasties, preceded the Christian era. The first dynasty was founded by Yu, surnamed Ta, or the Great, whom Chun adopted in preference to his own children. It lasted 441 years, under 17 emperors. Yu-ta was a great proficient in agriculture, astronomy, and the kindred studies. On the subject of the first, he wrote an excellent treatise. He died much regretted, after a reign of 17 years. Kya, the last monarch of this dynasty, was greatly detested by his subjects. He was driven from the throne, and died after an igno- minious exile of three years. EGYPT. 1 2. EGYPT claims, and certainly possesses, a high anti- quity. Its early annals, however, are so obscure, that scarcely any thing can be ascertained respecting its first kings, after Menes.* Menes is generally acknowledged as the founder of the Egyptian empire, and is supposed to be the same as Misraim, mentioned in scripture among Ham's sons, 2188 years B. C. His children divided the land ; whence arose four kingdoms, which subsisted separately during several centuries, and were successively united under one yoke. These four kingdoms are known by the names of Thebes, Thin, Memphis, and Tanais. The people had attained to considerable civilization, but a period of barbarism soon after- * Some late writers, adopting- the Samaritan text of the Bible, which places the dclug-c several hundred years beyond the common era, compute the reig-n of Menes at about 2800 years B. C. With this they cause the other events ol the early period of the world to correspond. We mention this circumstance, because the computation which is thus made may possibly be correct, and it seems to derive some little confirmation from the history of the Egyptians, both as touched upon in the Bible, and as gathered from their hieroglyphic records. Still, however, we incline to the common accounts. 24 ANCIENT HISTORY -PERIOD II. wards succeeded, supposed about 2084 years B. C., under the shepherd kings,* which lasted more than two centuries. In the time of Menes, the greatest part of the country was a rr>3- rass, till he diverted the course of the Nile, and founded the city ot Memphis within the ancient bed of that river. He instructed the Egyptians in theology, introduced domestic luxury, and instituted magnificent feasts. It was under Timaus, one of his successors, that the government was subverted, and the country subdued by a multitude of ignoble persons, who came from the East, and treated in the most inhuman manner the ancient inhabitants. These invaders were called Hycsos, or shepherd kings, and, ac- cording to Manetho, held all Lower Egypt 259 years. In the kingdom of Thebes, a king by the name of Athothes I. is said to have reigned at a very early period. He was the same as was worshipped under the name of Mercury. After hrs death his two sons divided the kingdom ; but nothing is known of their successors for a long period. In the kingdom of Thin, Venephes is said to have built some pyramids, and to have had his reign distinguished by a great famine, as that also of one of his successors was distinguished by a dreadful plague. In the kingdom of Memphis, Tosorthros reigned, not long after Menes. From the knowledge he had of physic, lie is styled Escula- pius. He is said to have invented the arts of building and writing. Of the last kingdom of Egypt, during this period, there seem to be no records, or none worth naming. Indeed, in regard to those of the others that have come down to us, there is extreme uncer- tainty, Distinguished characters in Period IT. 1. Noah, from whom the earth was a second time peopled. 2. Asliur, who built Nineveh. 3. Nimrod, a warrior, and supposed to be the first king. 4. Menes, first king of Egypt, and civilizer of the East. 5. Ninus, an Assyrian monarch, who conquered a large portion of Asia. (5. Semiramfe, a female conqueror, and able sovereign. 1. Noah is by some considered the Chronos of the Greeks, and is properly the second father of mankind. Little needs to be said of him, besides what has already appeared. His eminent piety pro- cured for him and his family an honourable exemption from the aw- fully destructive effects of the deluge. * These kings, who were detested by the Egyptians, held the government when Abraham visited it ; but were expelled before the time of Joseph. This circumstance explains the remarkable fact, that Abraham, a shepherd, wag very kindly entertained in Egypt ; while, in a subsequent age, Joseph's bre- thren, because they were shepherds, were held in abhorrence by the inhabi- tants. We have here a pleasing confirmation of the truth of the scriptural uurrative. 23481921 B. c. 25 Having built the ark agreeably to the divine direction, he entered it at the age of 600 years, taking with him seven members of his family, together with the animals that were intended to restock the earth. Under the special care of God, he, and the various inmates of the ark, survived the desolations of a world, and leaving the ark in safety, at a little more than the expiration of a year, he built an altar, and offered sacrifice unto the Lord. Noah lived 350 years after the flood, was engaged in the tillage of the earth, and saw his descendants increasing around him. For an important incident in his life, which has already been mentioned, we refer to Gen. ix. 2028. 2. Asliur was one of the sons of Shem, and supposed to be the founder of the Assyrians. Scarcely any thing is recorded of him. The scripture asserts that he went out of the land of Shinar, and builded Nineveh, and the city of Rehoboth, and Calah. 3. Nimrod " seems at first to have exceedingly distinguished himself by hunting, which was then not so much a diversion, as a useful method of preventing the hurtful increase of wild beasts. This em- ployment required great courage and address, and thus afforded a field for ambition to aspire after pre-eminence, and gradually attached a number of valiant men to one leader." " From such a beginning, Nimrod began to claim authority, and enforce subjection ; and, in fact, is the first king we read of in au- thentic history ; and afterwards he took occasion to wage war, to extend his conquests, and to enlarge his acquisitions by violence and blood. Thus, casting off the fear of God, and acting in defiance of the divine prohibition of shedding human blood, he rendered himself notorious, and his name became a proverb." " The beginning of his kingdom," says scripture, " was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar." 4. Menes, the founder of the Egyptian monarchy, was worshipped as a god after death. He appears to have been deservedly popular, by his abilities and wisdom. He built the town of Memphis, as is generally supposed. If he was the same as Misraim, mentioned in scriptuie, as some assert, he was one of the sons of Ham. He is said to have reigned 62 year* over Upper Egypt, and 35 over Lower Egypt. 5. Ninus was a son of Betas. He was very warlike, and extended his conquests from Egypt to the extremities of India and Bao triana. He became enamoured of Semiramis, the wife of one of his officers, and married her, after her husband had destroyed himself through fear of his powerful rival, or from jealousy. He reigned 52 years, and at his death, left his kingdom to the care of his wife, Se- miramis. 6. Semiramis possessed exquisite beauty, and an heroic soul. It was on these accounts that the Assyrian monarch fell in love with her. In her infancy, it is fabulously said, she was exposed in a desert, but her life was preserved by cloves one whole year. She was at length found by one of the shepherds of Ninus, and brought up by him as one of his own children. c 26 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD III. Slie was so tenderly beloved by her husband, Menones, that he could not survive his expected loss of her, and the knowledge that she was demanded by his sovereign. After the death of Ninus, whom she had married, assuming the reins of government in her hands, she immortalized her name by enriching Babylon with new works and embellishments. Of these, the principal were the walls of the city, the quays and the bridge; the lake, banks, and canals, made for draining the river ; the palace, the hanging gardens, and the temple of Beltis She also enlarged her dominions by the conquest of a large part ol Ethiopia. Her greatest and last expedition was directed against India. She advanced towards the river Indus, and having prepared boats, attempted to pass it with her army. The passage was for a long time disputed, but, after a bloody battle, she put her enemies to flight. Upon this she advanced directly into the country, leaving 60,000 men to guard the bridge of boats built over the river. As soon as the Indian king thought her far enough advanced, he faced about ; a second engagement ensued, more bloody than the first. The Assyrians were routed, and Semiramis, after being twice wounded, was obliged to fly, and return to her country with scarcely one third of her army. Some time after, discovering that her son was plotting against her, she voluntarily abdicated the throne, put the government into his hands, and withdrew from public life. She lived 62 years, of which she reigned 42. Her character, in respect to those qualities that adorn a woman, seems not to have been highly esteemed. PERIOD III. The Period of Egyptian Bondage, extending from the calling of Abraham, 1921 years B. C. to the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, 1491 years B. C. HEBREWS. SECTION 1. The HEBREWS or ISRAELITES, commonly called the People of God, are derived from Abraham, the ninth m lineal descent from Shem. His calling of God is a re- markable event in history, and was designed for purposes al together religious. This took place 1921 years B. C. The nation of Avhich he was the founder, though neithei powerful nor refined, is one of the most interesting that evei existed. Their history instructs us in a way different from that of all others, because it brings directly into view the Di- vine dealings with them. 9211491 B. c. 27 Abraham's family increased very slowly at first ; but Ja- cob, his grandson, left a numerous offspring. Twelve sons became the heads of as many separate tribes in the nation. Abraham, according to the Lord's command, left the land of the Chaldees, his native country, and dwelt with his father Terah, in Haran. By the same command, after Terah's death, lie wem into the land of Canaan, which God promised to his posterity. They were at length to be included within the boundaries of that country. The divine design in thus setting apart one family from the rest 01 mankind, was to preserve the true religion in the world, and to pre- pare the way for the great work of redemption by Jesus Christ. The earth had now begun to be overrun with idolatry. Abraham having acquired a name by his wealth and piety, and having passed through various trials, died at an advanced age, leaving behind him several sons, of whom only Isaac was the child of pro- mise. Ishmael, by the maid of Abraham's wife, became the proge- nitor of a distinct tribe or nation. Two sons were the progeny of Isaac, viz. Esau and Jacob, the former of whom sold his birthright to Jacob, who also by artifice obtained his father's blessing. In the line of Jacob, whose name was afterwards changed to Israel, were the Israelites descended. His twelve sons gave the names to the several tribes of which the nation was composed. Esau was the father of the Edomites, or Idumeans. 2. Jacob closed an eventful life, 1689 years B. C., in mak> ing a prophetic declaration of the future state of his descend- ants, and the period of the coming of the Messiah. He had previously been brought out of Canaan, into Egypt, by means of his son Joseph, whom his brethren, through envy and ma- lice, sold into that country. The different occurrences by which Joseph became minis- ter to the king of Egypt, speak the immediate interposition of Divine Providence,, which was preparing for the accom- plishment of the promises made to the patriarch Abraham. The history of Joseph, as recorded in Scripture, is unparalleled in beauty and interest. Some of the principal incidents are the fol- lowing. Joseph, who was much loved by his father and hated by his bre- thren, upon a certain occasion which was presented, fell into the power of the latter, who sought to slay him. This horrid design, however, being providentially prevented, they availed themselves ol the opportunity of selling him to some Ishmaelite slave merchants, who carried him into Egypt, where he was bought by Potiphar, an officer of the court. Here, at length, he was wrongfully thrown into prison, by a false accusation of Potiphar's wife , but, being proved to be an interpreter ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD III. of dreams, he was introduced to the notice of Pharaoh, who, on a cer tain occasion, wanted his services in this capacity. His success in interpreting the king's dreams, and his subsequent conduct, procured for him the highest distinction; and he became the administrator of the government. During the famine, which he predicted, and which reached the land of Canaan, all his brethren, ex- cept Benjamin, came to him to buy corn. Joseph knew them, although they did not know him ; and by an innocent contrivance, having brought them into Egypt the second time, with their brother Benjamin, he declared to them that he was Joseph whom they had persecuted and sold. Their surprise, mortification, and terror, were at first overwhelming ; but their distressing apprehensions were at length alleviated by his assurances of pardon and kindness ; and inviting his father and fa- mily into Egypt, he allotted them a .portion of the territory. Here they grew mxl multiplied exceedingly. 3. Joseph continued to rule over Egypt, after the death of Jacob. His own decease, which occurred 1635 years B. C. .left the Israelites without a protector. In less than 40 years from this event, they found a cruel tyrant and oppressor in another king, who knew not Joseph. This king, whose name was Pharaoh,* seeing the He- brews to be too numerous and mighty, resolved to enfeeble them ; and, therefore, condemned them to slavery, and or- dered his people to cast every new-bom son among them into the river. The object in view was defeated : for the people increased in an unexampled manner. God was with them, and, in the \vonderful preservation of Moses, and his education in the court of Pharaoh, w r as preparing for them a deliverer from their cruel bondage. For the particulars of this persecution of God's people, we refer to the beginning of the book of Exodus. CANAANITES. SECTION 4. The CANAANITES were an ancient people. The country which they inhabited was called the land of Canaan, the name of Ham's youngest son, who settled it im- mediately after the dispersion at Babel. He divided it among his eleven sons. The general denomination of Canaanites included seven nations, which are frequently mentioned in scripture. The Canaanites seem to have laboured, in a particular manner, under the evil influence of the curse denounced against their proge- * A name common to the king's of Egypt, 19211491 B. c. rmoi'; being doomed, in the end, to subjection, expulsion, or extirpa- tion, and being subdivided into so many little kingdoms. The beginning of their history is extremely dark. They are sup- posed, however, upon the increase of their families, to have possess- ed themselves of the Arabian side of Egypt, and there to have erected a kingdom coeval with that of Misraim. But they seem at length to have been expelled from that region. . 5. The first authentic account of this people applies to the inhabitants of the vale of Siddim, who. 1912 years B. C., were invaded by Chedorlaomer. king of Elain, and obliged to pay an annual tribute. When they afterwards revolted, they were punished with great severity. Fifteen years after this, a most terrific judgment was in- flicted on the inhabitants of Siddim, in consequence of their gross wickedness. Four cities in this delightful vale, Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, were at once destroyed by fire from heaven. The whole tract of country in their vicinity became a sea, called the Dead Sea. The 18th and 19th chapters of Genesis contain an account of this catastrophe, and of its causes ; to these we refer the reader. At the present time, from the accounts of travellers, it appears that the sea and adjacent region are marked by several peculiarities wor- thy of notice. In a journal of one of our American missionaries in Palestine, of recent date, we find the following account. " The water looks remarkably clear and pure ; but, on taking it into my mouth, I found it nauseous and bitter, I think beyond any thing I ever tasted. " It has been said, that these waters are so heavy, that the most impetuous winds can scarcely ruffle their surface. Nothing could be more entirely without foundation. The waves ran so high, that I found difficulty in filling some bottles with water. My clothes were wet by the waves, and, as they dried, I found them covered with salt." Quantities of bitumen are gathered in the vicinity, which, in ap- pearance, resembles pitch, but may be distinguished from it by its sulphureous smell and taste. Pebbles are also found here which burn when held in a blaze, producing a very disagreeable scent, but they lose nothing of their size. 6. During this period, nothing more of much importance is recorded concerning the Canaanites. The compact of the Hittites with Abraham, respecting the cave of Machpelah, the selling of a piece of ground to Jacob, by Hamor, king of Shechem, and the massacre of his subjects by some of the sons of Jacob, on account of an insult which the patriarch's family had received, are the only events transmitted to us. 30 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD III. GREECE. 7. The GREEKS are an ancient people, whose origin is clouded with fable. All that we know, during the present or preceding period, of the descendants of Japhet, who peopled Europe, is comprised in the history of this nation. We date the commencement of the Greeks, as a commu- nity, from the founding of Argos by Inachus, who arrived in Greece, from Phoenicia, 1856 years B. C. Sicyon is by some thought to have been founded before ; but we incline to the opinion that Egialtes, a son of Inachus, was the founder of Sicyon. As much has been written concerning the fabulous times in the history of Greece, we will here present a very brief account of that portion of its history. These fables, however, are supposed to be founded on facts, and the greater part of the deities worshipped by the Greeks, were princes by whom their progenitors had been go- verned. Uranus, afterwards worshipped as the heavens, appears to have been one of the earliest of their princes. He married his sister Ti- thea, and migrated from Asia into Greece, where he founded a king- dom. He had many children, called Titans, who rebelled against their father and dethroned him. Saturn, or Chronos, succeeded his father Uranus, whom, with the help of his brethren, he dethroned ; and dreading lest he should be treated in the same manner by his own children, he ordered them to be shut up, or put to death, immediately after their birth ; but Jupi- ter was concealed by his mother, and sent to Crete, where he was educated. Jupiter began to reign in Thessaly, after having dethroned Saturn. The Titans, jealous of him, declared war against him, but were van- quished, and expelled Greece. He soon divided his dominions with his two brothers. Pluto and Neptune. The countries which he reserved to himself, he governed with great wisdom ; he had his palace, and held his court, en Mount Olympus, whence the poets gave this name to heaven, when Jupiter was wor- shipped as a god. 8. The ancient inhabitants of Greece were extremely rude and savage, scarcely one degree superior to brutes. They lived on herbs and roots, and lay either in the open fields, or, at best, sheltered themselves in dens, clefts, and hol- IOAV trees. An improvement of their condition occasionally took place ; out Greece, for some ages, was in a continual state of fluctu- ation. They were unacquainted with letters till the time of Cadmus, who is hereafter to be mentioned. 19211491 B. c. 31 The general names by which the natives of Greece were known to old historians, were Graioi, Hellenists, Achaei, Pelasgi. But the most ancient name of all applied to this country, is generally admitted to be that of Ionia, which the Greeks derive from Ion; but Josephus derives it from Javan, soil of Japheth. 9. The several states, except Argos and Sicyon, which at length constituted Greece, had, at this time, no separate ex- istence. They sprang up afterwards, during the latter part of the present period, as there will now be occasion to men- tion. In Argos, the descendants of Inachus, having retained pos- session of the throne for more than 300 years, were deposed, 1511 years B. C., by Danaus, an Egyptian fugitive, who be- came the founder of a second dynasty, denominated Belidae. from his father, Belus. At a much later period, Perseus, a sovereign of Argos, having built Mycenas, transferred the kingdom thither. It was at length conquer ed by the Heraclidae, and united to Lacedaemon. It may be here noticed, that only two of the Grecian states, viz. Lacedaemon and Messenia, appear to have been founded by native Greeks ; the rest were established by the various branches of the Celtic family of Uranus, with the exception of Athens, which owed its origin to an Egyptian. Prior to these establishments, and even long after them, almost every village had its petty tyrant, who bore the title of king. A name has occasionally escaped oblivion. Laws we do not find among them, before the times of the Athenian archons. Until that period, all depended on the will of the sovereigns ; only in perplexed cases, they consulted some oracle, of which the two most celebrated, were that of Jupiter at Dodona, and that of Apollo at Delphi. 10. Cecrops, a native of Egypt, is universally allowed to have founded Athens, 1556 years B. C. At this time he arrived in Attica, with a colony of his countrymen, and built twelve small villages or cities, of which Athens was one. He gave laws to the wild inhabitants, whom he divided into twelve tribes, and instituted marriage among them. The first altar in Greece was raised by him to Jupiter. The history of Greece is carried on for a time in this event. Athens became the most illustrious of the Grecian states. The province of Attica having been destroyed by the deluge of Ogyges, remained desolate for more than two centuries, previous to the time of Cecrops. Athens, from its founder, first received the name of Cecropia, but afterwards that of Athenae, in honour of Minerva, its tutelary deity. The Arundelian marbles, which were brought from Greece by the 32 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD III. Earl of Arundel, and are now kept in England, begin their chrono- logy with the founding of Athens, but place that event 26 years earlier, viz. 1582 B. C. 11. The successor of Cecrops was Cranaus. In his time happened the famous deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly. The third king of Athens was Amphictyon, who founded the cele- brated Amphictyonic council.* The deluge of Deucalion owed much of its importance to the imaginations of the poets. It was probably only a partial inun- dation. In the reign of Amphictyon, a famine occurred, during which Ericthonius, said to be the son of Vulcan, arrived from Egypt with a supply of corn, and taught the natives the art of Agri- culture, for which he was raised to the throne in the room of Am- phictyon. 12. Corinth, another of the Grecian states, was founded 1520 years B. C., but did not receive the name of Corinth till it was rebuilt, 1410 years B. C. It originally formed a part of the kingdom of Sicyon, and was afterwards included in that of Argos, till Sysyphus, some time in the following period, seized it for his possession. 13. Thebes, a state of Greece also, was founded by Cad- mus. The city, though begun b,y him, was finished by Amphion and Zethus. He introduced letters into Greece, 1519 years B. C. Thebes he built a few years afterwards. Cadmus is supposed to have been of Phoenician extraction. To him are ascribed 16 letters of the Greek alphabet. He thus essen- tially contributed to the literary distinction which Greece afterwards attained. 14. Lacedaemon, or Sparta, another distinguished state of Greece, was founded by Lelex, 1516 years B. C., but received its name from Lacedeemon, its fourth king. The govern- ment continued in the family of Lelex till the return of the Heraclidae to the Peloponnesus, an event to be noticed in the coining period. Sparta was called after the name of the wife of Lacedsemon, the great grand-daughter of Lelex. Sparta properly belongs to the metropolis Lacedsemon to the kingdom at large. The Pelopon- nesus, in which Lacedamon was situated, was the southern part of Greece. EGYPT. 15. The events in EGYPTIAN history, during the present epoch, refer chiefly to Nitocris and Sesostris, the one a fe- * See General Views. 19211491 B. c. 33 male, the other a male sovereign. Nitocris began to reign over Egypt, 1678 years B. C., at Memphis. She afterwards united some other sovereignties to her dominions. The period when Sesostris hegan to reign cannot be easily fixed ; some place it before that of Nitocris, but others place it after her reign. The names of a few other kings appear, but little is known concerning their reigns. The successor of Sesostris is said to have been Pheron. and some think that Rameses-Tubaete w r as the king whose dreams Joseph interpreted. Nitocris succeeded her brother, an Ethiopian, who was murdered by the Egyptians, and meditating revenge for his untimely fate, put many of her subjects to death privately, and afterwards con- trived a building under ground whither she deluded the chief ob- jects of her vengeance to a feast, and, in the midst of their mirth, overwhelmed them with destruction, by turning a river upon them through a secret passage. She then eluded the rage of the popu- lace by taking refuge in a place well fortified with ashes. Her person is said to have been extremely beautiful, but her disposition was cruel. Sesostris was the most distinguished of all the Egyptian kings, and almost the only conqueror among them. Historians relate that his father was warned by Vulcan, in a dream, concerning the future conquests of his son, and that, in consequence of this dream, he got together all the males born in Egypt on the same day with the prince, and had them nursed and brought up with him, upon the presumption that, being the companions of his youth, they would prove the most devoted warriors and faithful counsellors. Sesostris forming the design of conquering the world, set out with an army of 600,000 foot, 24,000 horse, and 27,000 armed chariots. His conquests were extensive, and he returned home laden with the spoils of various subjugated nations, and followed by a surprising number of captives. He rendered his power highly advantageous to his subjects, by enriching their country with useful works, and mag- nificent edifices. His behaviour, however, was grossly insolent to the kings and chiefs of the conquered nations, v/ho waited upon him to present their tribute. He is said to have caused those princes, four abreast, to be harnessed to his car, instead of horses, that they might draw him to the temple. In his old age he lost his sight, and then was so weak and wicked as to lay violent hands on himself. CHINA. 16. The second dynasty of the CHINESE emperors com- menced during this period, 1766 years B. C. It lasted 656 vears, under 30 emperors. Like the first dynasty, it was ter- minated by the vices of the last of them. 34 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD III. Ch ing-tang was the founder of this dynasty. He is said to have had the most excellent qualities. His modesty was almost unparal- leled : he was the only person in the empire who thought he was unfit for so important a trust. He was often on the point of resign- ing his crown, but his nobles would not consent to it. Tayvre, one of his successors, being once terrified by a prodigy, which made him apprehensive of a revolution, received the following impressive lesson from his minister. " Virtue has the power of tri- umphing over presages. If you govern your subjects with equity, you will be beyond the reach of misfortune." Vuthing, another prince of this dynasty, after having for three years implored heaven to bless him with such virtues as were suitable to his station, is said to have seen, in a dream, a man represented by heaven to be his prime minister, whose features he well recollected when he awoke. Causing the man to be sought for, such a person was found in the condition of an obscure mason, working in a village, whence he was brought to court. Being questioned on a variety of points concern- ing government, he returned answers marked with so much wisdom as excited the highest surprise. The king, addressing him in a very proper manner, immedi- ately appointed him his prime minister, and received the great- est benefit from his prudent and skilful administration of govern- ment. Distinguished characters in Period III. 1 . Abraham, the immediate progenitor of the HebreAV na- tion. 2. Melchisedec, king of Salem, and " priest of the Most High God." 3. Sesostris, an Egyptian hero and conqueror. 4. Joseph, the chief ruler of Egypf under Pharaoh. 5. Cecrops, the founder of Athens. 6. Cadmus, a Phoenician, who built Thebes, and introduced letters into Greece. 1. Abraham was the son of Terah, and born in Chaldea. He was 75 years of age when his father died. After this event he was commanded by God to enter upon the land of Canaan, which God promised to give unto his posterity. In the year following, a fa- mine in the land of Canaan forced Abraham with his family to go into Egypt. In the same year, Abraham, with his nephew Lot, returned unto Canaan. They however parted at length, because the land was in- sufficient for both of their flocks. Lot went to Sodom Abraham removed to Hebron. God blessed Abraham, and the promise of a posterity was confirmed to him again and again. In the 100th year of his age, Isaac, his son, was born to him, after expectation had been long delayed. Passing through various 19211491 B. c. 35 scenes of life, lie was at length called to the severe trial of offering up his son Isaac at the command of the Deity. All his lofty hopes were reposed in that son, yet he hesitated not to execute the divine behest. Just at the moment, however, in which he stretched forth his hand, to take the life of his son, God interposed, and satisfied with Abra- ham's intention, accepted that in room of the deed, rescuing Isaac and commending the faith of the patriarch. Abraham died at the age of 175 years. 2. Little is known of Melchisedec. When Abraham was return- ing from the destruction of Chedorlaomer and his confederates, Melchisedec met and blessed him. The scriptural account is the following: "And Melchisedec, king of Salem, brought forth bread and wine ; and he was the priest of the Most High God. And he blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the Most High God, pos- sessor of heaven and earth. And he (Abraham) gave him tithes of all." The apostle says, in his epistle to the Hebrews, " Now consider how great this man was, unto whom even the patriarch Abraham gave the tenth of the spoils." 3. Sesostris was a king of Egypt. His age is so remote from every authentic record, that many ha /e supposed that the actions and con- quests ascribed to this monarch are wholly uncertain and fabulous, The amount of what has come down respecting him, as has al- ready appeared in part, is the following. When he ascended the throne, he became ambitious of military fame, and accordingly, at the head of a numerous army, he proceeded to make the conquest of the world. He subdued the most of Asia, and even invaded Europe, bringing the Thracians into subjection ; and, that the fame of his conquests might long survive him,he placed columns in the subjugated provinces; and, many ages after, this pompous inscription was read in several parts of Asia: "Sesostris, the king of kings, has conquered this terri- tory by his arms." At his return home, the monarch employed his time in encouraging the fine arts, improving the revenues of his kingdom, erecting tem- ples, building cities, and digging canals. He committed suicide when he had become old and infirm, after reigning 44 years. His era was 1722 years B. C. 4. Joseph is celebrated in sacred history, and no one's life was more eventful in itself, or has been described with greater felicity than his has been, in scripture. It is unnecessary to say over again what has been said respecting this eminent person, espe- cially since the reference to scripture is so easy, and the reader who once begins the story of Joseph, can seldom feel disposed to leave it until it be finished. The triumph of innocence, and the suc- cess of piety, in this instance, show the care of God over good men, and may well lead them to put their confidence more and moie in him. 5. Cecrops was a native of Egypt. He led a colony to At- 36 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV tica, and reigned over part of the country. He married the daughter of a Grecian prince, and was deemed the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate the olive, and was the first who raised an altar to Jupiter, in Greece, and offered him sa- crifices. After a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed ilingdom, and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, and was succeeded by Cranaus, a native of the country. 6. Cadmus was a Phoenician. He laid the foundation of Thebes. This fact is very much invested with fable, which needs not to be de- tailed. If Thebes, according to some, sprang up at the sound of Amphion's lyre, i. e. by encouraging the workmen, still Cadmus built a citadel which he called Cadmea, and thus formed the com mencement of a city. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece, though some maintain that the same alphabet was in ex- istence among the native inhabitants. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which 8 were afterwards added. The wor- ship of several of the Egyptian and Phoenician deities was also introduced by Cadmus. His era is reckoned to be 1519 years B. C. PERIOD IV. The Period of the Trojan War, extending from the de parture of the Israelites from Egypt, 1491 years B. C. to the dedication of Solomo?i > s temple, 1004 years B. C. ISRAELITES. SECTION 1. The history of the ISRAELITES at this era assumes a very marked character. Oppressed by the Egyp- tian monarch, they cried unto God for deliverance, and a di- vine deliverance they experienced. Moses, selected as the instrument of saving his countrymen, was in due time called to his work ; and, after a series of mi- racles, which he performed by the divine assistance, he led the people out from before Pharaoh, into the borders of the pro- mised land. The consequence to many of the Egyptians was their de- struction ; for Pharaoh and his arrr.y pursuing the Israelites through the Red Sea, were overwhelmed with its waters. After wandering in the wilderness 40 years, and frequently rebelling against God, the Israelites were conducted by the hand of Moses in sight of Canaan, when he died, without en- tering it himself, 1447 years B. C 14911004 E. c. 37 The story of Moses, and of his agency in delivering the Israelites, is very interesting and instructive ; but we have no room for its par- ticulars. We will, however, mention some incidents, subsequent to the retreat of the Israelites from Egypt. The Israelites were no sooner delivered from the Egyptians, than they murmured against Moses, on account of the want of food j to satisfy them, God sent first a great quantity of quails, and the next morning manna, which fell regularly every day, except on sabbath ' days, during the 40 years they remained in the wilderness. Again the people murmured for water, and Moses, by the Lord's command, made a supply to issue from a rock. At this junc- ture, the Amalekites attacked Israel, and were defeated by Jo- shua. The people soon after arriving at Mount Sinai, God gave them his law. During, however, the absence of Moses in the mount, they fell into idolatry, in consequence of which 3000 of them were put to death. In the course of the second year after the retreat from Egypt, Moses numbered the children of Israel from 20 years old and up- wards, and there were found 603,550 men able to go to war, besides the Levites. About this time, 12 men were sent to spy the land of Canaan, who, with the exception of Joshua and Caleb, reported unfavourably which caused the people to murmur. Upon this offence, God con- demned all those who were twenty years old and upwards when they came out of Egypt, to die in the wilderness, except Joshua and Caleb. As a punishment for their murmurs, the Israelites began to trave. in the wilderness 1489 years B. C. At this time Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, revolting against Moses, were swallowed by the earth, with 250 of their associates. In 1452 years B. C., the Israelites began their conquests, by the defeat of the kings of the Amorites, Bashan, Moab, &c. At the age of 120 years Moses died on Mount Nebo, in the land of Moab, having first taken a view of the promised land. 2. The successor of Moses was Joshua, who conducted the people into the promised land, having, by the divine' command, mostly destroyed the wicked nations that inha- bited it. After this event, the Israelites, with some intermission, were directed by leaders, called Judges, for the space of 356 years. They paid a high respect to these officers, and also to the priests, but they acknowledged no other king than God. As the people at length became weary with this state of things, and desired a king, so as to be like the nations around them, a king was, in the divine displeasure, granted to them. Joshua having led the Israelites to the banks of the Jordan, whose waters divided to afford them a passage, conducted them safely over D 38 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV. it. He conquered 31 cities in the course of six years. He died 142C years B. C. The people were perpetually inclined to forsake the worship of Jehovah, and to pollute themselves with the abominations of the hea- then. For this they were repeatedly brought into bondage, and con- sequent distress. Their Judges were the instruments of delivering them on these occasions. One occasion was as follows. The Israelites, being brought into the power of the Midianites, after seven years of suffering, they cried unto the Lord, who sent an angel to Gideon to announce to him that he was chosen to deliver Israel from their oppressors. By divine direction, Gideon retained of 32.000 men whom he had collected, only 300 men, and with them, each carrying a lamp con- cealed in an earthen vessel, to be broken at a proper opportunity, he so terrified the Midianites, that they fled in confusion, and turned their swords against one another. Samson also, on another occasion, delivered his countrymen by a series of extraordinary efforts of strength and courage which we cannot particularly recount. It may be only mentioned, that, at the conclusion of his course, having been betrayed by his wife, and deprived of his strength upon its return, he pulled down, by a sin- gle exertion of his muscular energy, the temple of Dagon on the heads of his enemies, the Philistines, with whom he perished in the general ruin. Samuel, the last and most eminent of these leaders, and a prophet also, rendered signal service to his countrymen, especially by the moral influence which he exercised over them. When old, however, he took for his assistants in the government, his two sons, whose mismanagement occasioned murmurs among the people, and a de- sire to have a king. 3. Saul, the son of Kish, was the first king of Israel. Hav- ing been privately anointed by Samuel, he was afterwards publicly proclaimed, 1079 years B. C. His reign was prospe- rous at first, but at length was characterized by crime and ill success. He perished miserably. He was succeeded by David, who, though he erred in seve- ral instances, was a man of distinguished talents, bravery, and piety ; he raised his people to the highest pitch of national prosperity and happiness. The wise and rich Solomon was his son and successor. He laid the foundation of a magnifi- cent temple, 1011 years B. C. Saul, having spent an unhappy life, and being at war with the Phi- listines, had his army routed, and three of his sons slain, and he him- self, having received a wound, and fearing to fall into the hands of his enemies, took a sword and fell upon it. David had been previously anointed king, but he at first reigned only over the tribe of Judah. But after the death of Ishbosheth, a 14911004 B. c. 33 son of Saul, who had assumed the government of the tribes, he reign ed over the whole of Israel. He spent a very active and perilous life, and among the conquests he made were the Philistines, the Moabites, the Ammonites, and the Syrians. He had at length some domestic troubles, and was. in danger from an insurrection of his subjects, but he lived to see. his enemies destroyed, and he left a rich and flourishing realm to hi? son. CANAANITES. 4. The history of the CANAANITES, and some of the neigh- bouring nations or tribes, is involved in that of the Jews dur- ing this period. They were mostly subdued by Joshua, but seemed to revive at different times, to the great annoyance of the Israelites. From the time of Solomon, they can scarcely be said to have had a national existence. The remnants of them, except the Canaanites, properly so called, who after- wards went under the appellation of Phoenicians, were swal- lowed up in the great monarchies that successively existed in Asia. PHOENICIANS. 5. The PHOENICIANS are known in history principally as a navigating and commercial people, among whom the arts were early cultivated. Their country was divided into seve- ral small kingdoms ; but the most considerable of their sove reignties were the cities of Sidon and Tyre. We know no- thing of the kings of Sidon till the present and succeeding pe- riods. Hiram was king of Tyre, and contemporaneous with David and Solomon. Sidon, according to Josephus, was built by Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan. Tyre was founded by the posterity of Sidon. Herodotus gives to the older Tyre a great antiquity. The new city, reared op- posite to the ancient, on an island, is said, by Josephus, to have been built in the year B. C. 1255. The Phoenicians are regarded as the earliest navigators, merchants, and workmen, of the world. We learn from ancient records, that they carried on trade, not only over all the coasts of the Medi- terranean, but even over the ocean, as far as England, whence they exported tin. The early kings are not known, except those who had some com- merce with the Jews. To Hiram, king of Tyre, both David and So- lomon applied when proposing to build a temple to the Lord. He helped them by furnishing, not only precious materials, but also a great number of workmen. After a glorious reign, Baleazar, his son, succeeded him. 40 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV. GREECE. 6. The history of GREECE during this period is pursued first in a few details, respecting some of its different sovereign- ties. The kings already named, who had governed Athens, had raised it to a considerable degree of civilization. But the king who laid the principal foundation of Athenian greatness, was Theseus. He united the 12 cities of Attica into one confede- racy. Theseus is said to have founded a more perfect equality among the citizens, in consequence of which, the state rather resembled a republic than a monarchy. Owing to the inconstancy of the people, he was banished from the country, notwithstanding his many virtues. 7. Codrus, the last Athenian king, devoted himself to the good of his subjects. With him royalty was abolished, since the people thought no man worthy of succeeding him. This change occurred towards the close of the present period, viz. 1069 years B. C. Codrus being engaged in a war with the Heraclidse, was told by ;he oracle that the army would be victorious whose chief should perish. He, therefore, with a chosen band, threw himself into the hottest of the battle, and turned the fortune of the day in favour of his countrymen, at the expense of his own life. A dispute for the succession arose between two of his sons, and be- fore they could accommodate their difference, the Athenians abolish- ed royalty altogether, but placed Medon, one of the claimants, at the head of the state, with the title of Archon. This office was for life luring more than 3 centuries; afterwards it was reduced to 10 years, and finally to one year. 8. Corinth, having been seized by Sysyphus, was governed in his family 250 years. The last king of this race was de- posed by the Heraclidee, 1099 years B. C. 9. The first great enterprise of the Greeks was the Argo- nautic expedition, 1263 years B. C. It was led by Jason, and is supposed to have been both a military and a mercantile ad- venture. Its destination was to Colchis, the modern Mingre- lia, in Asia Minor. According to some, the object was to open the commerce of the Euxine sea, and to secure some establishment on its coast. Ac- cording to others, Jason wished to avenge the death of his luns-1 man Phryxus, and to recover his treasures, which had been seized ..y the king of Colchis. Hence, in the language of fiction or figure, it was the " Golden Fleece" that was the object to be re- covered. 14911004 B. c. 41 This expedition was thought to be of so much importance, that all the heroes of the age were anxious to engage in it. Among the 54 renowned captains who were in the single ship of Argo alone, in which Jason embarked, were Hercules, Theseus, Castor and Pollux, E'irithous, Laertes, Peleus, Oileus, &c. In the course of their voyage, they attempted to land for refresh- ment in a part of Phrygia, but were prevented by Laomedon, king of Troy, for which they took ample revenge on their return, by pil- laging that city. On their arrival in Colchis, Medea, the daughter of the king, fell in love with Jason, and, through her assistance, the Argonauts ef- fected the object of their voyage. On their arrival in Greece, Her- cules celebrated or instituted the Olympic Games. 10. A dispute for the divided sovereignty of Thebes, be- tween the brothers Eteocles and Polynices, gave rise to a war that was terminated by single combat, in which both were killed. This is called the war of the seven captains, and oc- curred 1225 years B. C. The sons of the commanders slain in this war renewed the quarrel of their fathers, about ten years afterwards. This is called the war of the Epigonoi, a subject celebrated by Homer in a poem now lost. 11. But the most celebrated event of this period, in the an- nals of Greece, is the Trojan war. It commenced 1193 years B. C., and terminated in ten years. Troy was taken and burnt to the ground. This war was undertaken by the princes of Greece to avenge the wrongs sustained by Mene- lausjking of Lacedsemon, whose wife, Helen, had been seduced away by Paris, a Trojan prince. The details of this war are derived from Homer ; but he is reasonably supposed to have related facts, for the most part. Troy, the capital of Phrygia Minor, was founded 1546 years B. C. by Scamander, who led thither a colony from Crete. Troas, the fifth in succession from Scamander, either built a new city, or en- larged the old one, and named it after himself, Troy. The Trojans were a brave and warlike people. The number of the Grecian warriors is supposed to have been about 100,000. Nearly all Asia Minor was leagued with Priam, king of Troy. The Greeks, on landing at Troas, were warmly op- posed, and they spent the first 8 or 9 years in reducing such cities and islands as favoured the cause of Troy. At length the siege of that capital began, and the most heroic deeds were performed on both sides. At this juncture, the camp of the Greeks was visited by a pes- tilence, and a quarrel ensued between Agamemnon and Achilles, the Grecian leaders. The death of Patrocius, slain by Hector, impelled Achilles to D2 42 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV, return into the Grecian camp. Hector was killed by Achilles, and Achilles fell by the hand of Paris, who was himself slain by an arrow At last the Greeks gained possession of the city by stratagem, and utterly destroyed it. No vestige of its ruins now remains. Such of the Trojans as survived sought new settlements in distant regions. Antenor established himself in Italy, where he founded the nation of the Heneti. ^Eneas settled also in Italy, where he founded the kingdom of Alba. 12. The war of the Heraclidse, among the Greeks, began about 80 years after the destruction of Troy. Hercules, the son of Amphitryon, sovereign of Mycenee, was banished from his country, with all his family, while the crown was pos sessed by an usurper. After a period of a century, his de- scendants, called Heraclidse, returned to Peloponnesus, and subduing all their enemies, took possession of the states of My cense, Argos, and Lacedeemon. This return of the Heraclidse is an event often spoken of in history. 13. A long period of civil war succeeded, and Greece, di- vided among a number of petty tyrants, became a prey to op- pression or anarchy. The difficulties of the times drove many of the Greeks from home, who founded important colonies, as we .shall hereafter learn. EGYPT. 14. Concerning the EGYPTIANS, during this period, very little is known with certainty. Apophis is thought to have been the Pharaoh who, together with his army, was drowned in the Red Sea. Amosis, Amenophis II., and one or two others, were warriors and conquerors. A few things may be subjoined respecting some of the Egyptian kings during this period. Mceris caused the celebrated lake, called by his name, to be dug, to receive the waters of the Nile, when the inundation was too abundant, and to water the country when it proved deficient. Hermes Trismegistes is celebrated for his philosophical writings He added 5 days to the year, which before consisted only of 360. Amosis abolished the practice of human sacrifices, and conquered Heliopolis, the ancient capital of Lower Egypt. Actisanes, king of Ethiopia, united Egypt and Ethiopia under his government. He bore his prosperity with great prudence, and behaved himself in a most affectionate uflmner towards his new subjects. Having caused a general search to be made after the Egyptian robbers who infested the country, he commanded their noses to be eut off, and then banished them to the remotest part of the desert, 1491 1004 B c 43 between Syria and Egypt, where he built them a town, which, from the mutilation of its inhabitants, was called Rhinocolura. A Memphite of ignoble extraction was exalted to the throne. The priests characterised him as a magician, and pretended that he could assume whatever form he pleased. His Egyptian name was Cetcs, which the Greeks rendered Proteus. It was during his reign, that Paris and Helen were driven on the coasts of Egypt, in their passage to Troy, but when the Egyp- tian monarch understood the shameful breach of hospitality which the young stranger had committed, he ordered him to quit his do- minions. LYDIA. 15. The history of the kings of LYDIA is very obscure. They were divided into three dynasties. 1. The Atyda3. 2. The Heraclidae. 3. The Mermnadse. The history of Atydae is altogether fabulous. Argon was the first of the He- raclidcc, and Candaules the last. Argon reigned about 1223 years B. C. The Lydians are celebrated as merchants and traffickers. Lydia is supposed to have been founded by Lud, son of Shem. It was, however, called Lydia, from Lydus, one of its kings. It was previously called Msconia, from Maeon, also one of its kings. It was conquered at length by the descendants of Hercules. Lydia Proper was, strictly speaking, at first only that part of Mceonia which was seated on the /Egean Sea ; but when the Greeks or lonians settled there, the ancient inhabitants were driven to the interior. The invaders named the sea coasts where they settled Ionia, after the country whence they had emigrated, or rather, whence they had been driven by the Heraclidae ; while the Lydians gave their name to the new countries in which they settled. Long before the invasion of the lonians, the natives of Lydia were devoted to commerce. The earliest instance on record of a gold and silver coinage is found in their history. They were also the first people who exhibited public sports. ITALY. 1 6. ITALY appears to have been inhabited at a remote era. So early as 1289 years B. C. we read of a king named Janus, who, having arrived from Thessaly, planted a colony on the river Tiber. Four sovereigns succeeded him in La- tium ; during the reign of the last of whom, viz. Latinus. arrived ./Eneas, the Trojan prince, in Italy. ^Eneas married Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, and succeeded him in the sovereignty. After ./Eneas there was a succession of kings to the time of Numitor, the grandfather of Romulus and Remu?, the founders of Rome. 44 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV The history of these kings is, however, very obscure and confused, and very little dependence can be placed upon it. Of the numerous petty kingdoms of which Italy was com- posed, those of Etruria and Latium alone deserve attention. The Etruscans are thought to have been a very polished peo- ple. The inhabitants of Latium were the immediate ances- tors of the Romans. A considerable part of Italy was doubt- less peopled by the Greeks. Italy, afterwards the seat of the Roman power, was peopled at an early era, though we cannot determine the particular point 01 time, with certainty as to the country- at large. The colony on the Tiber, as we have seen, was settled nearly 13 centuries before Christ. There is every reason to believe that a part of Italy was inhabited by a refined and cultivated nation, many ages before the Roman name was known. The Etruscans are justly considered as such a nation ; a fact which is indicated by the monuments in the fine arts which they have left, and some of which exist to this day. Their alphabet, re- sembling the Phoenician, disposes us to believe them to have been of eastern origin. Though many of the inhabitants of Italy originated from Greece and the east, yet a portion of them, it is believed, must have origi- nated from the Celtic or Gomerian tribes of the north, who entered Italy from that quarter.* The story of Latinus and ^Eneas is briefly as follows. At the time of the arrival of the latter in Italy, Latinus was engaged in a war with the Rutuli ; and, on hearing of this arrival, he ; mmedi- ately marched towards the strangers, expecting to find an unprinci pled banditti. But ^Eneas, though commanding a body of hardy veterans, held out the olive of peace. Latinus listened to his melancholy tale, and pitying the misfortunes of the Trojan exiles, assigned them a portion of land, on condition of their joining against the Rutuli. ^neas eagerly embraced the offer, and performed such essential service in the cause of the Latins, that this monarch bestowed on him his only daughter, Lavinia, in marriage, with the right of suc- cession to the crown. Distinguished characters in Period IV. 1. Moses, the first Hebrew lawgiver and leader. 2. Joshua, a conqueror of Canaan, and pious military chieftain. 3. Orpheus, the father of poetry. 4. Musseus, a Greek poet. 5. Samson, a judge of Israel, and endowed with extraor dinary strength. * See Edin. Rev. No. 80. Art. V. 14911004 B. c. 45 6. Sanconiathon, a Phoenician, one of the earliest writers of history. 7, David, a king of Israel, a warrior and poet. 1. Moses, when an infant, having been exposed on the brink of the river Nile, in an ark of bulrushes, the daughter of Pharaoh found the ark, saved the child, and had him educated as her own son. At forty years of age, having renounced the honours of Pharaoh's court, he endeavoured to join his oppressed countrymen, but they would not receive him. After this, circumstances induced him to flee to the land of Midian, where he married, and enjoyed a retirement of 40 years. At the end of this period, God appeared to him in the mount of Horeb, and ordered him to return to Egypt, with a commission to Pharaoh, respecting his release of the Israelites from bondage. He accomplished this object only after the infliction of ten severe and awful plagues upon that monarch and his people. At length God saw fit, through Moses, to destroy Pharaoh and the flower of his military force in the Red Sea. From this period, Moses was employed in receiving the moral law from mount Sinai, in prescribing the form of the ceremonial worship of the Hebrews, in regulating their civil polity, in con- ducting their military operations, and in leading them through the wilderness of Sinai, in which they were doomed to wander during 40 years. At the age of 120 he died on mount Nebo, in the land of Moab, having first taken a view of the promised land. This occurred 1451 years B. C. Moses was a man of eminent piety and wisdom. 2. Joshua was the successor of Moses, and led the Israelites into the promised land, over the river Jordan, whose waters divided to afford them a passage. The first city which he conquered was Jeri- cho ; this was followed by the speedy reduction of 30 others. Having divided the land of Canaan among the ten tribes, Joshua died, aged 110, 1426 years B. C. 3. Orpheus was the son of (Eager, or, as some say, of Apollo, by Calliope. The fictions of poetry have put into his hands a lyre, whose entrancing sounds stayed the courses of rivers, moved moun- tains, and subdued the ferocity of wild beasts. Doubtless the effects - of his song, though not of such a nature, were considerable, in that rude and early age, on the minds of untutored barbarians. By the power of his music, as fiction reports, he regained his wife, Eurydice, from the infernal regions, but lost her again in con- sequence of failing to comply with a certain condition, on which she was restored. The condition was, that he should not look be- hind to see her till he had come to the extremest borders of hell. Contrary to promise he did this, thfough the impatience of love, or by reason of forgetfulness, and she vanished from before his eyes. Orpheus, according to story, was one of the Argonauts ; of which celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account. This, however, U doubted j and the poems that pass under his name, are, with rea* 46 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV. son, ascribed to other and later writers. There is little cause to doubt that such a person as Orpheus existed, and that he was a great poet and musician. The period assigned for him is 1284 years B. C. 4. Musaeus is supposed to have been a son or disciple of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1253 years before the Christian era. None of his poems remain. A Musaeus, who flourished in the 4th century, according to the judgment of most critics, wrote " The loves of Leander and Hero." 5. Samson was the son of Manoah, of the tribe of Dan. As he was raised up to avenge the Israelites of their oppressors, he was endow- ed with extraordinary strength. On one occasion, he slew 1000 Phi- listines with the jaw-bone of an ass. At various other times, he se- verely molested and distressed them. At length he was, through stratagem, betrayed by Delilah, and de prived of his strength. It, however, soon returned; and he pulled down the temple of Dagon on the heads of his enemies, the Philistines, with whom he perished in the general ruin. Some parts of his cha- racter are very far from deserving imitation. His various exploits and follies are recorded, Judges xiv. xv. xvi. 6. Sanconiathon was born at Berytus, or, according to others, at Tyre. He flourished about 1040 years B. C. He wrote, in the lan- guage of his country, a history, in 9 books, in which he amply treat- ed of the theology and antiquities of Phoenicia and the neighbouring places. This history was translated into Greek by Philo, a native of Byb- lus, who lived in the reign of the emperor Adrian. Some few frag- ments of this Greek translation are extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others maintain their authenticity. 7. David was the son of Jesse, and anointed king of Israel, while keeping his father's flocks, by Samuel, the prophet. He was a raliant, prosperous, and warlike prince, and raised himself and people to great eminence and renown. His name began to be known and celebrated, from the time that he slew Goliath, the giant. His military operations were planned with wisdom, and executed with vigour. He was distinguished as a sacred poet and writer of psalms ; no one in this department has ever equalled him. These inspired pro- ductions are marked by loftiness, vigour, and felicity of expression abounding in the sublimest strains of drvotion, and conveying the most important truths and instructions to the mind. This pious prince was left to fall into scandalous sins, in a few in- stances, particularly in the seduction of Bathsheba, and the murder of Uriah, her husband ; but he bitterly repented of them, and was restored to the divine favour. He died, 1015 years B. C., after a reign of 40 years. 1004752 B. c. 4i PERIOD V. The Period of Flomer, extending from the dedication of Solo- mon's temple, 1004 years B. C., to the founding of Rome, 752 years B. C. ISRAELITES. SECTION 1. From the accession of Solomon to the throne of the ISRAELITES, a period of profound peace and prosperity was enjoyed by that people throughout his reign. The most important undertaldng of this monarch, ^as the build- ing and dedication of the temple of the Lord at Jerusalem. This magnificent structure was completed in seven years. The dedication was performed by the king, with the most solemn religious rites, in presence of all the elders of Israel, and the heads of the various tribes. This _prince exceeded in wisdom all who went before him ; but, in his old age, he took many wives and concubines out of the idolatrous nations around him, who corrupted his heart. The Lord therefore declared, by the prophet Abijah, that he would divide the kingdom after his death, and give ten tribes to Jeroboam ; which accordingly took place. The temple at Jerusalem was a most sumptuous and costly edifice. The value of the materials, and the perfection of the workmanship, rank it among the most celebrated structures of antiquity. It was not very large, being little more than 90 feet in length, 30 in breadth, and 45 in height ; but was finely proportioned, and, together with a grand porch, was splendidly ornamented. Towards the close of his reign, as a punishment of his effeminacy and idolatry, the Lord stirred up certain adversaries against him ; and, though the principal evil threatened against Israel, was not to occur during his day, yet he had the mortification of knowing that it would be inflicted under the administration of his son ; and that his own conduct would be the procuring cause. We cannot help believing that he repented of his awful defection from duty, though nothing in the Bible is recorded concerning this point ; and all ought to be profited by the memorials which he has left of his wisdom, and general piety. 2. Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, began to reign over the Israelites 975 years B. C. Having refused to lighten the yoke his father had imposed on his subjects, ten tribes revolt- ed, and followed Jeroboam, an enterprising domestic of the king. The tribes of Judah and Benjamin alone remained 48 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD V. faithful to Rehoboam. From this time Judah and Israel are separate kingdoms. 3. The kingdom of the Ten Tribes, or the Israelites, dur ing this period, was governed by a succession of vicious and idolatrous monarchs ; and wars and feuds, treachery and mur- der, mark their history in a shocking manner. Jeroboam was their first king. A few incidents in the lives of these kings may be noticed. Jeroboam, to prevent his subjects from going to Jerusalem to sacri fice, made two golden calves, which the people worshipped ; for which conduct, God declared that his whole house should be cut off. Zimri, the fourth after Jeroboam, enjoyed the crown only seven days. The city Tirzah, in which he was besieged by Ornri, being taken, he burnt himself to death in his palace. Ahab, the sixth after Jeroboam, was the most impious king who reigned over Israel. He married Jezebel, a daughter of a king of the Sidonians, who excited him to commit all manner of wickedness. Among other things, he wantonly murdered Naboth, for refusing to give up his vineyard to Ahab. Jehu, a captain under Jehoram, was anointed king by the prophet Elisha ; and, though a wicked man, was the instrument of executing the Lord's vengeance upon his impious contemporaries. He killed Jehoram, and the 70 sons of Ahab ; and after having slain all the priests of Baal, he destroyed the images, and the house of their god. Jehoash was successful as a warrior. He defeated Benhadad, king of Syria, in three battles. In a war against Amaziah, king of Judah, he took him prisoner, broke down the wall of Jerusalem, and plundered the temple and the king's palace. Pekah, the last- king during' this period, made war against Judah, with Rezin, king of Syria. Under his reign, part of the ten tribes were carried captive to Assyria, by Tiglath Pileser. 4. Several of the kings of Judah. during the present peri- od, were pious men, and adhered to the worship of God. Others of them imitated the profligate kings of Israel. Tiie people whom they governed, and who have survived to the present time, are called Jews, in distinction from Israelites, the name once applied to the whole twelve tribes. We will notice some of the transactions of their reigns. During the reign of Rehoboam, Sesac, king of Egypt, took Jerusalem, and carried off the treasures of the temple, and of the palace. Jehoshaphat carefully enforced the worship of God. The Mo- abites and Ammonites declared war against him ; but the Lord threw them into confusion in such a manner, that they destroyed one another. Ahaziah, directed by the councils of Athaliah, his mother, acted wickedly. He went, with the vicious Jehoram, king of Israel, to war against Hazael, king of Syria. When Jehu destroyed the 1004752 B, c. 40 house of Ahab, lie sought Ahaziah, who was hid in Samaria, and slew him. Joash reigned with justice as long as Jehoiada, the high priest, lived. After his death, having Mien into idolatry, Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, reproved him for this sin, and was stoned by the king's order. God then raised against him the king of Syria, who plun- dered Jerusalem. His own servants also conspired against him, and stew him in his bed. Uzziah made successful wars against the Philistines and Arabians Intoxicated with prosperity, he went into the temple to burn incens upon the altar, and the Lord struck him with leprosy for his pre- sumption. Jotham, a pious prince, fought and overcame the Ammonites, and rendered them tributary. GREECE. 5. GREECE, at the commencement of the present period, wus in an unsettled state. By the emigration of many of Us inhabitants, colonies had been formed, particularly in Lesser Asia. Afterwards colonies were sent to Italy and Sicily. These, owing to the freedom of their governments, soon ri- valled their parent states ; a circumstance which induced the latter to put an end to despotism, and to adopt popular consti- tutions. In this work of reformation, Lycurgus, the legislator of Sparta, was distinguished. 6. It may be mentioned, in connexion with this subject and previously to an account of the reformation of Sparta, that the poems of Homer were introduced from Asia into Greece by Lycurgus. He met with them in his travels in that region, carefully preserved them, and brought them home on his return, 886 years B. C. Their effect on the na- tional spiritgmd literature of the Greeks, was at length highly propitious. Homer flourished about 900 years B. C. Me was a poor blind man, and used to travel from place to place, singing his verses. But his genius was transcend ant. All succeeding ages have bowed U) it ; and his poems have been taken as the model of all epic pro- ductions of any note written since his day. The present form of his poems is supposed not to have been the ancient form. They were probably produced in separate pieces and uallads ; and were united into continuous poems, it is said, by cer- tain learned men, under the direction of Pisistratus, king of Athens. The era of Grecian splendour was several centuries after the time of Homer ; but by the preservation of his poems, the progress of the Greeks in arts and literature was effectually secured. 7. Lycurgus, by his peculiar institutions, raised Sparta E 50 ANCIENT HISTORY PERIOD IV from a weak and distracted state, to superiority in arms ovei the other republics of Greece. Sparta became tiuly republican in its government, though the form of royalty was retained. Its kings we