Ex Idbris 
 C. K. OGDEN 
 
 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN 
 
 HIS FAMILY AND HIS TIMES, 
 
 WITH ORIGINAL LETTERS AND A DISCOURSE ON 
 ARCHITECTURE HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED. 
 
 15851723. 
 
 BY 
 
 LUCY PHILLIMORE, 
 
 AUTHOR OF 'BISHOP WILBKRFORCE, A SKETCH FOR CHILDREN' ETC. 
 
 The modest man built the city, and the modest man's skill was 
 unknown." The Tatler, No. 52. 
 
 WITH TWO ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., i PATERNOSTER SQUARE. 
 
 1881.
 
 (The rights of translation and of reproduction are reserved)
 
 LIBRARY 
 ERSITY OF CA 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 TO 
 
 CATHERINE PIGOTT, 
 
 THE LAST DIRECT DESCENDANT OF SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN, 
 
 THESE MEMOIRS OF HER ANCESTORS 
 
 ARE GRATEFULLY DEDICATED.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE materials necessary for writing a life of Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren are so difficult of access as possibly to 
 explain the unsatisfactory character of such biographies 
 as do exist. Mr. James Elmes, who venerated Wren's 
 genius, published in 1823, a Life which contained a care- 
 ful if a dry account of Wren's architectural works and 
 of some of his scientific discoveries. He also published 
 a smaller work, ' Sir C. Wren and his Times,' intended 
 perhaps to give a flavour of personal interest to the 
 other volume. Neither book succeeds in doing this, 
 and both have suffered from the circumstance that Mr. 
 Elmes' failing eyesight did not permit him to correct 
 the proofs of either work, and accordingly many serious 
 errors as to names and dates stand unaltered in them. 
 There is a sketch of Wren in the British Family 
 Library, one published by the Society for the Dif- 
 fusion of Useful Knowledge, and one in the ' Bio- 
 graphica Britannica/ but in them all it is with some 
 of the works of the great architect that we become 
 acquainted, not with himself. 
 
 The chief authority to which any biographer of
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 Wren must perforce turn is, the ' Parentalia, or Memoirs 
 of the Family of the Wrens : viz., of Matthew, Bishop 
 of Ely ; Christopher, Dean of Windsor and Registrar 
 of the Garter ; but chiefly of Sir Christopher Wren.' 
 This work, a folio, with portraits 1 of the three whose 
 lives it records, was published in London in 1750, 
 dedicated to Mr. Speaker Onslow. It was chiefly 
 written by Christopher, the eldest surviving son of Sir 
 Christopher Wren, finished and finally published by 
 Stephen Wren, M.D., the second and favourite, son of 
 the Mr. C. Wren above mentioned, ' with care of Joseph 
 Ames,' a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. Several 
 copies were presented to the University of Oxford. 
 
 The ' Parentalia/ of which but a small edition was 
 published, is now scarce and little known. It is put 
 together, not quite at hap-hazard, but with no real 
 method or order : digression ensues upon digression 
 until all clue to the original date or subject is lost. 
 N or is the very imperfect ' index of names ' of any real 
 assistance in the labyrinth thus created. Yet, with all its 
 faults, the book is of great interest, and bears amidst all 
 errors and omissions an unmistakably genuine stamp. 
 
 ' Bishop Wren's Diary/ reference to which will be 
 frequently found in the following pages, was kept by 
 him in the blank leaves of ' Pond's Almanack/ after 
 this fashion : 
 
 ' August 30. Per vim hostilem eripior domo med. 
 1642.' 
 
 1 From which the three vignettes in this volume are taken.
 
 PREFACE. ix 
 
 These entries cease with the death of his wife 
 in 1646 ; even his own release from prison is not 
 mentioned. 
 
 The old heirloom copy of the ' Parentalia ' intrusted 
 to the writer of these pages contains a large additional 
 number of prints and wood engravings by Virtue, 
 Vandergucht, Loggan, and others, some printed ac- 
 counts of the City Churches, and several letters, rough 
 drafts of treatises, Garter records, and other MSS. in 
 the handwritings of the Bishop, the Dean, Sir Chris- 
 topher himself, and of some of their correspondents. 
 Among the curious omissions of the ' Parentalia ' are 
 the maiden name of Bishop Wren's wife, the date of 
 the death of Sir Christopher's mother, Mrs. Mary Wren, 
 and the places and the dates at which either of Sir 
 Christopher's two weddings took place. Some of these 
 and other gaps I have, by the aid of ' Notes and 
 Queries,' been able to supply. Wren's son and grand- 
 son are both alike silent on all political matters sub- 
 sequent to the Restoration. The Popish Plot, the 
 Trial of the Seven Bishops, King James's Abdication, 
 the Landing of William of Orange are all passed by in 
 perfect silence. The traditional politics of the Wrens 
 were certainly those of the loyal Cavalier party, and 
 they were in favour at the Court of the Stuarts. 
 
 It is curious how all political colouring disappears 
 from the record after the period of the Restoration. 
 Yet Sir Christopher, his cousins, and the very Mr. 
 Wren who writes the book were all in Parliament, and
 
 x PREFACE. 
 
 that in more or less critical times. Such accidental 
 hints as there are point, I think, to Sir Christopher as 
 adhering, though very quietly, to the politics of his 
 ancestors ; and assuredly neither he nor his descendants 
 had any cause to love the house of Hanover ! 
 
 Wren was a steady Churchman, bred up in that 
 school of Andrewes, of Laud, and of Matthew Wren, 
 which, if it was anti- Puritan, was equally and emphati- 
 cally anti- Roman. For this reason, if for no other, after 
 the trial of the Seven Bishops had shaken the confi- 
 dence of every Churchman in the country, Wren may 
 have acquiesced in a settlement which appeared to 
 promise protection to the Church without finally ex- 
 cluding the Stuart line. The ' Parentalia/ published 
 five years after the last Jacobite rising in 1745, pre- 
 serves, as has been said, a political silence which may 
 be that of discretion or of disappointment. 
 
 One word should be said as to Gresham College, 
 where Wren held his first professorship. It was foun- 
 ded in 1579 by the will of Queen Elizabeth's great 
 merchant Sir Thomas Gresham. The college was no 
 other than his own house in Bishopsgate, forming a 
 quadrangle round a large garden. The seven profes- 
 sors, each of whom gave a lecture a day in term time, 
 had a salary of 5O/. a year and were lodged in the 
 house. Gresham College escaped the Fire, and gave 
 lodgings at that time to the Lord Mayor and the alder- 
 men, who had been less fortunate. In 1768 it was 
 pulled down by Act of Parliament, to give a site to the
 
 PREFACE. xi 
 
 new Excise Office, and the original collegiate scheme 
 was destroyed, though the lectures are still given in a 
 lecture hall. 
 
 Little is known of Wren in his Masonic capacity. 
 He is said to have been a member and a master of the 
 ' Old Lodge of S. Paul,' now known as the ' Lodge 
 of Antiquity.' All the records of the Lodge belong- 
 ing to that time have unfortunately been lost, so 
 that they cannot be consulted with reference to this 
 matter. 
 
 The question has been raised whether Wren was a 
 Freemason or not. On this point the ' Parentalia ' 
 makes no explicit statement, though it appears to imply 
 Wren's connection with the Order. 
 
 The Duke of Sussex caused a plate to be engraved 
 in 1827 and affixed to the mallet which Sir Christo- 
 pher was said to have presented to the Lodge, with 
 this inscription: 'A. L. 5831. A.D. 1827. To com- 
 memorate that this, being the same mallet with which 
 His Majesty King Charles II. levelled the foundation 
 stone of S. Paul's Cathedral, A. L. 5677, A.D. 1673. 
 Was presented to the Old Lodge of S. Paul, now the 
 Lodge of Antiquity, acting by immemorial constitution, 
 by Brother Sir Christopher Wren, R.W.D.G.M., 
 Worshipful Master of this Lodge and Architect of 
 that Edifice.' 
 
 The statement respecting King Charles's presence 
 is probably an erroneous one. The Lodge possesses 
 also three gilt wooden candlesticks in the form of
 
 xii PREFACE. 
 
 columns, inscribed ' Ex dono Chr. Wren Eq. A. L. 
 5680.' 
 
 Where quotations have been made directly from the 
 Wren MS., from the ' Parentalia,' or from Evelyn's 
 Diary, the spelling and stopping of the originals have 
 been faithfully reproduced. For the rest, the writer can 
 only hope that these pages may serve as a contribution 
 towards that full and worthy biography of the great 
 architect which may yet, she trusts, be written before 
 London is finally robbed of the Churches with which 
 Wren's genius endowed her. 
 
 August i, 1881.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1585-1636. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Ancestry of the Wrens Matthew Wren Travels to Spain with the 
 Prince of Wales Interview at Winchester House Bishop 
 Andrewes' Prophecy Wren made Master of Peterhouse Bishop 
 of Hereford Consecration of Abbey Dore Office of Reconcilia- 
 tion Foreign Congregations and the Norwich Weavers Result 
 of ' a Lecturer's ' Departure 3 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 1636-1640. 
 
 Dr. C. Wren Birth of his Son Christopher East Knoyle Order of 
 the Garter How a Murderer was Detected Christopher at 
 Westminster A Latin Letter Diocese of Ely Impeachment of 
 Lord Strafford Of Archbishop Laud Articles against Bishop 
 Wren Resigns the Deanery of the Chapels Royal. . . .31 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 1641-1647. 
 
 Bishop Wren accused Westminster Abbey attacked Imprison- 
 ment of the Bishops Bishop Wren's Defence ' Utterly 
 Denieth all Popish Affections ' The Garter Jewels Archbishop 
 Laud Murdered Christopher at Oxford Philosophical Meet- 
 ings.. . .... . . 55
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 1647-1658. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Death of Mrs. M. Wren King Charles Murdered A monotonous 
 Walk Inventions A Dream All Souls' Fellowship Begin- 
 nings of the Royal Society Astronomy An Offer of Release 
 The Cycloid Cromwell's Funeral Letters from London. . 85 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 1659-1663. 
 
 Apostolical Succession Difficulty of preserving it Letters from 
 Lord Clarendon Bishop Wren's Release The Restoration Con- 
 vocation Savih'an Professorship Royal Society ' Elephant in 
 the Moon' Pembroke Chapel begun 109 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 1664-1667. 
 
 Repair of S. Paul's Sheldonian Theatre The Plague A Letter 
 from Paris Consecration of Pembroke Chapel Fire of London 
 Bishop Wren's Death His Family 139 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 1668-1672. 
 
 Patching S. Paul's Sancroft's Letters Wren's Examination of S. 
 Paul's Salisbury Cathedral London as it might have been 
 Letter to Faith Coghill Wren marries her Temple Bar S. 
 Mary-le-Bow Artillery Company Gunpowder used to remove 
 Ruins 165 
 
 CHAPTER VIH. 
 1672-1677. 
 
 Birth of his eldest Son S. Stephen's, Walbrook S. Bennet Fink 
 Plans for S. Paul's The Excavations Son Christopher born 
 Death of Faith, Lady Wren Second Marriage City Churches 
 The Monument Tomb of Charles I. Remains of the little 
 Princes in the Tower . . jo,r
 
 CONTENTS. xv 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 1677-1681. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Emmanuel College Greenwich Observatory Birth of Jane and 
 William Wren S. Bartholomew's Portland Quarries Dr. and 
 Mrs. Holder Death of Lady Wren Popish Plot Papin's " 
 Digester Sir J. Hoskyns All Hallow's, Bread Street Palace 
 at Winchester. 215 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 1681-1686. 
 
 Chelsea College S. James's, Westminster A hard Winter Chi- 
 chester Spire An Astronomical Problem A Seat in Parliament 
 More City Churches A curious Carving. ". ... . 239 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 1687-1696. 
 
 Parliament dissolved Church building Acquittal of the Seven 
 Bishops James the Second's Flight William and Mary College 
 of Physicians Hampton Court Greenwich Hospital Richard 
 Whittington S. Paul's Organ 259 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 1697-1699. 
 
 Opening of S. Paul's Choir A moveable Pulpit Letter to his Son 
 at Paris Order against Swearing Peter the Great S. Dunstan's 
 Spire Morning Prayer Chapel opened Westminster Abbey. . 279 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 1700-1708. 
 
 Member for Weymouth Rising of the Sap in Trees Prince George's 
 Statue Jane Wren's Death Thanksgiving at S. Paul's Letter 
 to his Son Son marries Mary Musard Death of Mr. Evelyn 
 Queen Anne's Act for Building fifty Churches Letter on Church 
 Building 297
 
 xvi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 1709-1723. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Private Houses built Queen Anne's Gifts Last Stone of S. Paul's 
 Wren deprived of his Salary His Petition 'Frauds and 
 Abuses ' Interior work of S. Paul's Wren Superseded Purchase 
 of Wroxhall Abbey Wren's Thoughts on the Longitude His 
 Death Burial in S. Paul's The End 317 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. Reverendo Patri Domino Christophoro Wren S.T.D. et D. W. 
 Christophorus Filius Hoc Suum Panorganum Astronomicum 
 D.D. xiii. Calend. Novem. Anno 1645 337 
 
 1 1. Churches, Halls, Colleges, Palaces, other Public Buildings, and 
 
 Private Houses built and repaired by Sir Christopher Wren. 338 
 
 III. A Discourse on Architecture, from Original MS. . . 340 
 INDEX 351
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 1585-1636. 
 
 ANCESTRY OF THE WRENS MATTHEW WREN TRAVELS TO SPAIN 
 
 WITH THE PRINCE OF WALES INTERVIEW AT WINCHESTER HOUSE 
 
 BISHOP ANDREWES' PROPHECY WREN MADE MASTER OF PETER- 
 HOUSE BISHOP OF HEREFORD CONSECRATION OF ABBEY DORE 
 
 OFFICE OF RECONCILIATION FOREIGN CONGREGATIONS AND THE 
 NORWICH WEAVERS RESULT OF 'A LECTURER'S' DEPARTURE.
 
 Time, like an ever-rolling stream 
 Bears all its sons away.
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE name of Christopher Wren is no doubt familiar 
 to the great majority of English people, and to 
 Londoners especially ; but it is to many of them little 
 more than a name with which is connected S. Paul's 
 Cathedral and a now, alas ! diminished number of City 
 churches. Yet the great architect's ninety-one years of 
 life were passed among some of the most stirring 
 times of our history, in which his family played no in- 
 considerable part, and he himself was not only the 
 best architect of his day, but was also the foremost in 
 many other sciences. A singularly patient and far- 
 seeing intellect aiding a strong religious faith enabled 
 him ' to keep the even tenour of his way ' through a 
 life of incessant labour and considerable temptation. 
 It has been truly said, 
 
 ' It seems almost like a defect in such a biography as 
 that of Wren, that it presents nothing of that pictur- 
 esque struggle, in the rise from a lower to a higher 
 condition, which has so commonly attended the con- 
 quest of genius over difficulty.' l 
 
 Far otherwise, the Wren family was an old one, 
 tracing its descent from the Danes ; one of the house 
 
 1 Warwickshire Worthies, p. 845. Article by C. Wren Hoskyns, 
 Esq., M.P. 
 
 B 2
 
 CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 fought in Palestine under Richard I., and his fame long 
 survived, as in Charles I.'s time it was quoted against 
 one of the knight's descendants. 
 
 In 1455, during the reign of Henry VI., in the 
 Black Book (or register) of the Order of the Garter, 
 mention is made of a Wren who probably belonged to 
 this family : 
 
 ' The Lord of Winchester, Prelate of the order, per- 
 formed the Divine Service proper for S. George the 
 Martyr, but the Abbots Towyrhill and Medmenham 
 being absent, were not excused, in whose stead Sir 
 William Stephyns read the gospel and Sir W. 
 Marshal the epistle, both of them singing men of 
 the king's choir. The dean of the same choir pre- 
 sented the gospel to the sovereigne to be kissed, 
 and the next day celebrated Mass for the deceased, 
 Sir J. Andevere and John Wrenne assisting in the 
 reading of the epistle and gospel. The reader of 
 the gospel, after censing the reader of the epistle, 
 reverently tendered the heart of S. George to the 
 sovereigne and knights in order to be kissed.' 
 
 The heart of S. George was presented by Sigis- 
 mund, Emperor of Germany, on his admission to the 
 Order of the Garter. 
 
 The spelling of ' Wrenne ' was a very common 
 form of the family name, and it seems very likely that 
 John Wrenne belonged to this family, who were much 
 connected with S. George's, Windsor. 
 
 William Wren was in Henry VI I I.'s time the head 
 of the family ; his younger brother Geoffrey, who was
 
 OLD FAMILY MOTTO. 5 
 
 a priest, was of Henry VI I. 's privy council, and was 
 confessor both to him and to Henry VIII. He 
 held the living of S. Margaret's, Fish Street, in the 
 City of London, from 1512 till his death. 1 Geoffrey 
 Wren was also a canon of S. George's at Windsor, 
 where he founded the seventh stall. There he died 
 in 1527, and was buried in the north aisle of the chapel 
 under a brass bearing his effigy in the Garter mantle, 
 with this inscription at his feet : 
 
 ' Sub saxo ponor, et vermtbus ultimis donor, 
 Et sicut ponor, ponitur omnis honor.' 2 
 
 This tomb and brass have disappeared, as has the 
 ' South Lodge ' with its window displaying his coat of 
 arms and emblem ; the latter, a wren holding a trefoil 
 in its claw, and his motto ' Turbinibus superest coelo 
 duce praescius.' Dean Wren explains this emblem as 
 chosen because, ' the trefoil or clover shrinking before a 
 storm foretold a change of weather,' and the wren was 
 supposed to have the same prescience. Both motto 
 and emblem were changed by the descendants of the 
 family. 
 
 William Wren's grandson, Francis, was born 1552, 
 two years before the close of Queen Mary's reign, at 
 Monk's Kirby in Warwickshire, where the family had 
 property. He was a mercer and citizen of London, 
 
 1 S. Margaret's, standing close to Pudding Lane, where the Fire of 
 London began in 1666, was the first church consumed. Its site is now 
 occupied by the Monument, and the parish incorporated with that of 
 S. Magnus the Martyr, London Bridge. 
 
 2 Laid under the stone, 
 For the worms alone, 
 All mortal pride 
 
 Is laid aside. (G. A. D.)
 
 6 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 and was steward to Mary Queen of Scots during her 
 captivity in England. He married Susan, daughter 
 of William Wiffinson ; they lived in the parish of 
 S. Peter's Cheap, and had three children : a daughter 
 Anna, and two sons ; Matthew, born 1585, and 
 Christopher, born 1589. Both were educated at the 
 Merchant Taylors' School, and there Matthew especi- 
 ally attracted the notice of Lancelot Andrewes, then 
 Dean of Westminster, who frequently came to the 
 school where he had been bred, and examined the 
 boys in various subjects, particularly in the Hebrew 
 Psalter. He was struck by the proficiency of the 
 eldest of the Wrens, and obtained for the boy a 
 scholarship at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of which 
 he was himself master. From that time Dr. 
 Andrewes appears never to have lost sight of Wren, 
 but to have guided his studies and fostered ' the most 
 passionate affection for the ministry of the Church ' 
 which the young man showed. Nor was Wren's 
 university life undistinguished, for he became Greek 
 scholar of his college, and when King James visited 
 Cambridge, Matthew Wren, then in priest's orders, 
 ' kept the Philosophy Act ' before him with great 
 applause. The subject given was, 'Whether dogs 
 were capable of syllogisms.' Old Fuller says of this 
 extraordinary ' Act,' ' he kept it with no less praise to 
 himself than pleasure to the king ; where if men 
 should forget even dogs should remember his season- 
 able distinction what the king's hounds could perform 
 above others by virtue of their prerogative.' l Pro- 
 
 1 Bishop Andrewes was so well pleased that he ' sent the moderator
 
 MATTHEW WREN. 7 
 
 bably this speech and its ready wit remained on the 
 mind of the King, who dearly loved a compliment to 
 the royal prerogative, and determined him to favour 
 Matthew Wren. 
 
 Lancelot Andrewes, who had been Bishop of 
 Chichester, was in 1609 translated to Ely, and so 
 enabled to watch over the University and ' to search 
 out,' as he entreated his friends to do also, ' hopeful 
 and towardly young wits,' and train them up for Holy 
 Orders. 1 He made Matthew Wren his chaplain, gave 
 him the living of Feversham in Cambridgeshire, and 
 some years later made him a canon of Winchester. 
 But very different duties from the ordinary ones of 
 a parish priest devolved upon Wren. King James 
 planned for the Prince of Wales the famous ' Spanish 
 match,' and gave a most reluctant consent to the Duke 
 of Buckingham's scheme, that the Prince should him- 
 self go to Spain to fetch home his bride. Two of his 
 chaplains were to attend the Prince, and by the advice 
 of Bishop Andrewes and of Laud, then Bishop of 
 S. David's, Dr. Leonard Maw, afterwards Bishop of 
 Bath and Wells, and Dr. Matthew Wren were chosen. 
 The Prince and Buckingham departed hastily, leaving 
 the chaplains and suite to follow as they could. King 
 James had no sooner allowed the expedition than he 
 repented of it, and being unable to recall his permis- 
 sion, was tormented by a thousand fears for the 
 Prince's safety. The nation was in a state of ferment, 
 
 (Dr. Meade), the answerer (Mr. M. Wren), the varier, and one of the 
 repliers that were all of his house (i.e. Pembroke), twenty angels apiece.' 
 Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. xxi. 
 
 1 Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. xvii.
 
 8 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 persuaded that the Prince's faith would be tampered 
 with as well as his person endangered. Thus the two 
 chaplains had by no means an enviable post. They 
 went down to Newmarket, took their leave of the 
 King and received his last instructions : 
 
 ' So as all their behaviour and service should prove 
 decent and agreeable to the purity of the Primitive 
 Church, and yet so near the Roman form as can law- 
 fully be done ; " for," said he, " it hath ever been my 
 way to go with the Church of Rome usque adaras" ' 1 
 ' The two bishops gave them also written and 
 detailed instructions that there might appear a face of 
 the Church of England in all forms of worship ; that 
 in the sermons there may be no polemical preach- 
 ings to inveigh against the Romanists or to confute, 
 but only to confirm the doctrine and tenets of the 
 Church of England by all positive arguments either 
 in fundamental or moral points.' 
 
 A full list followed of vestments for the clergy, orna- 
 ments and hangings for the altar, and altar lights, Latin 
 service books, directions for a room to be adorned chapel- 
 wise, and for frequent services, all to be read in Latin 
 so that the Spaniards might comprehend them. All this 
 careful provision seems to have been defeated by the 
 fact of the Prince and his suite being lodged in the 
 palace at Madrid, so that there was no public service, 
 only bed-chamber prayers. Contemporary letters show 
 that the chaplains' position was not an easy one, though 
 the Prince remained steadfast, and in the congenial 
 
 o 
 
 1 CyP r - Ang., p. 100. Heylin.
 
 RETURNS FROM SPAIN. g 
 
 atmosphere of the dignified Spanish court became every 
 day more gracious. ' Dr. Wren forbears,' says one of 
 these letters, ' to write any particulars, but intimates all 
 is not as it should be.' It was no doubt a necessary pre- 
 caution on the chaplain's part to preserve this discreet 
 silence, but it is tantalising to have only a hint con- 
 cerning the transactions in Spain. How the negotia- 
 tions -were delayed, how the King recalled the Prince 
 and the marriage was broken off, are historical facts too 
 well known to need repetition here. One result seems 
 to have been a strong bond of affection between the 
 Prince and those who went with him on this singular 
 expedition. 
 
 That his departure was attended with some sea- 
 peril appears from one of Edmund Waller's 1 early 
 poerns on ' the Danger which His Majesty, being Prince, 
 escaped in the Road at S. Andero ' : 
 
 ' Now had his Highness bid farewell to Spain, 
 And reached the sphere of his own pow'r, the main ; 
 With British bounty in his ship he feasts 
 The Hesperian princes his amazed guests, 
 To find that wat'ry wilderness exceed 
 The entertainment of their great Madrid.' 
 
 A description follows of the Prince being rowed in a 
 barge to his own ship, a sudden storm arises in which 
 there is a great difficulty in making the ship ; at length 
 the Fates allow the rope to be successfully thrown, 
 knowing it to be for England : 
 
 1 Edmund Waller, born March 3, 1605. He was connected by his 
 marriage with Cromwell, and wrote one of his best poems as a panegyric 
 on the Protector, but was supposed to be a Cavalier at heart and rejoiced 
 at the Restoration ; died 1687.
 
 10 SfA CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 ' Whose prince must be (as their own books devise) 
 Lord of the scene where now his danger lies.' 
 
 On October 8, 1623, Dr. Wren's diary records ' we 
 landed at Portsmouth/ and his first and only journey 
 out of Great Britain was over. 
 
 The sea-voyage, probably a stormy one, made an 
 impression on his mind and he preached before the 
 Universities on the text ' One deep calleth to another.' 
 This is said to have been a remarkable sermon, and 
 old Fuller declares that he became an excellent 
 preacher. The one sermon of his now extant, preached 
 at a later date, on the text ' Fear God, honour the 
 King,' shows that he modelled his style greatly on that 
 of Bishop Andrewes, though without attaining to the 
 same excellence. The sermon is a bold and outspoken 
 one, and has its striking passages. King James, in 
 testimony of his approval of Dr. Wren's conduct as his 
 son's chaplain, bestowed on him the valuable living of 
 Bingham, in Nottinghamshire, to which he was inducted 
 during the next year, resigning his fellowship of Pem- 
 broke and the living of Feversham. 
 
 Previous to this event, and soon after the Prince's 
 return, a singular incident occurred. Wren, who had 
 been down to Cambridge, came up, as he says, ' sud- 
 denly ' to London, and as it was late, lodged with his 
 sister in Friday Street, instead of going to Winchester 
 House, where the Bishop kept ' three rooms near the 
 garden ' fitted and reserved for him, and where he had 
 lodged twice or thrice. He had, however, seen the 
 Bishop twice, also the Bishops of Durham and S. 
 David's, had taken leave of them on a Saturday, and
 
 AT WINCHESTER HOUSE. it 
 
 was prepared to return to Cambridge on the Monday 
 morning following. His journey was, however, delayed 
 by an event which shall be given in his own words: l 
 1 On Monday morne by break of the day there was a 
 great knocking at the door where I lay. And at last 
 the apprentice (who lay in the shop) came up to my 
 bedside, and told me there was a messenger from 
 Winchester House to speak with me. The business 
 was to let me know, that my Lord, when he came 
 from Court last night, had given his steward charge 
 to order it so that I might be spoken with, and be 
 required as from him without fail to dine with him 
 on Monday ; but to be at Winchester House by ten 
 of the clock, which I wondered the more at, his 
 lordship not using to come from his study till near 
 twelve. My businesse would hardly permit this, yet 
 because of his lordship's importunity, I got up 
 presently, and into Holborn I went, and there used 
 such despatch, that soon after ten of the clock, I 
 took a boat and went to Winchester House, where 
 I found the steward at the water gate waiting to let 
 me in the nearest way ; who told me that my lord 
 had called twice to know if I were come. I asked 
 where his lordship was ? He answered, in his great 
 gallery (a place where I knew his lordship scarce 
 
 1 ' A transcript of a certain narrative written by the late Bishop of Ely 
 (Dr. Matthew Wren) with his own hand, of that remarkable conference, 
 which after his return from Spain with Prince Charles, 1636, he had with 
 Dr. Neile, then Bishop of Durham, Dr. Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, 
 and Dr. Laud, Bishop of S. David's, touching the said Prince, whereat 
 something prophetical was then said by that Reverend Bishop of 
 Winchester.' Printed from a MS. in the Ashmolean Museum. Life of 
 Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. Ivii.
 
 12 SfX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 came once in a year), and thither I going, the door 
 was locked, but upon my lifting a latch, my lord 
 of St. David's opened the door, and, letting me in, 
 locked it again. 
 
 ' There I found but those three Lords, who 
 causing me to sit down by them, my Lord of Durham 
 began to me : " Doctor, your Lord here will have it 
 so, I that am the unfi ttest person must be the speaker. 
 But thus it is. After you left us yesterday at White- 
 hall, we entering into further discourses of those 
 things which we foresee and conceive will ere long 
 come to pass, resolve to again to speak to you before 
 you went hence. 
 
 ' " We must know of you, what your thoughts are 
 concerning your master the Prince. You have now 
 been his servant above two years, and you were 
 with him in Spain. We know he respects you well ; 
 and we know you are no fool, but can observe how 
 things are like to go." " What things, my Lord ? " 
 (quoth I). " In brief," said he, " how the Prince's heart 
 stands to the Church of England, that when God 
 brings him to the Crown we may know what to hope 
 for." 
 
 ' My reply was to this effect, that however I 
 was most unfit of any opinion herein, attending but 
 two months in the year and then at a great distance, 
 only in the closet and at meals ; yet, seeing they so 
 pressed me, I would speak my mind freely ; so I said, 
 " I know my master's learning is not equal to his 
 father's, yet I know his judgement to be very right ; 
 and as for his affection in these particulars which
 
 BISHOP* ANDRE WES^ PROPHECY. 13 
 
 your Lordships have pointed at, for upholding the 
 doctrine and discipline and right estate of the 
 Church, I have more confidence of him than of his 
 father, in whom they say (better than I can) is so 
 much inconstancy in some particular cases." 
 
 ' Hereupon my Lords of Durham and St. 
 David's began to argue it with me, and required me 
 to let them know upon what ground I came to think 
 thus of the Prince. I gave them my reasons at 
 large ; and after many replyings, (above an hour 
 together,) then my Lord of Winchester (who had 
 said nothing all the while) bespake me these 
 words : 
 
 ' " Well, Doctor, God send you may be a good 
 prophet concerning your master's inclinations in 
 these particulars, which we are glad to hear from 
 you. I am sure I shall be a true prophet : I shall 
 be in my grave, and so shall you, my Lord of Dur- 
 ham ; but my Lord of St. David's and you, Doctor, 
 will live to see that day that your master will be put 
 to it, upon his head and his crown, without he will 
 forsake the support of the Church." 
 
 ' Of these predictions made by that holy father,' 
 adds the writer, ' T have now no witness but mine 
 own conscience and the Eternal God who knows I 
 lie not ; nobody else being present when this was 
 spoken but these three Lords.' 
 
 After this the four friends separated and Wren 
 returned to Cambridge. 
 
 In two years from the time of that conference 
 King James died, in the following year the saintly
 
 I 4 SJK CHRISTOPHER 
 
 Bishop Andrewes, the kind and unfailing friend of both 
 the Wrens, died also. It is to the great discredit of 
 James I., and probably was the inconstancy to which 
 Dr. Wren alluded, that, as has happened in our own 
 day, the greatest Prelate, the ' incomparable preacher/ 
 the truest and wisest champion of the Church, was 
 passed over when the archbishopric was vacant, an 
 inferior man put above him, and at last the see of 
 Winchester offered to him in tardy amends. At Arch- 
 bishop Bancroft's death in 1610, everyone's eyes had 
 turned to Bishop Andrewes as his natural successor : 
 but, in the words of a contemporary letter from Lord 
 Baltimore (then Mr. Calvert) to Sir T. Edmonds, 
 
 ' The Bishop of London (Abbot) by a strong north 
 wind blowing out of Scotland is blown over the 
 Thames to Lambeth ; the king having professed to 
 the Bishop himself as also to all the Lords of this 
 council that it is neither the respect of his learning, 
 his wisdom nor his sincerity (although he is well per- 
 suaded there is not any one of them wanting in him), 
 that hath made him to prefer him above the rest of 
 his fellows, but merely the recommendation of his 
 faithful servant Dunbar that is dead, whose suit on 
 behalf of this Bishop he cannot forget, nor will suffer 
 to lose his intention.' l 
 
 The consequences of such an ecclesiastical appoint- 
 ment made for so insufficient a reason were disastrous 
 indeed. Had Andrewes succeeded Bancroft, and 
 had Laud succeeded Andrewes, ' the Church had been 
 
 1 Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. x.
 
 MASTERSHIP OF PETERHOUSE. 15 
 
 settled on so sure a foundation that it had not easily 
 been shaken.' l 
 
 There was general lamentation when Andrewes 
 died, and few can have mourned him more sincerely 
 than Matthew Wren, whom he had loved as a son. 
 Wren attended the funeral, received the gold ring which 
 was the Bishop's bequest to him, and composed the 
 Latin epitaph for his tomb in S. Saviour's, Southwark, 
 which is no unworthy tribute to the holy Bishop. 
 
 During this year Dr. Wren was elected, by the 
 unanimous wish of the fellows, Master of Peterhouse, 
 Cambridge, where he ' exercised such prudence and 
 moderation in his government that he reduced all the 
 fellows to one sacred bond of unity and concord.' 
 Besides this he rebuilt the college in great part from 
 the ground, and perceiving that the absence of a chapel 
 was a great obstacle in the way of reverent and frequent 
 services, he did not rest until he had raised subscrip- 
 tions enough to build a handsome chapel, and to orna- 
 ment it richly. 2 The wood-panelled hexagonal roof, the 
 marble steps on which the altar stands, flanked by two 
 tall candlesticks, give a character to the interior en- 
 hanced by the east window, which is in part a copy of 
 that famous picture of the Crucifixion, then just finished, 
 by Rubens, at Antwerp. This window was carefully 
 taken down in the Rebellion before the college was 
 
 1 Cypr. Ang., p. 59. Heylin. 
 
 2 Evelyn, who visited Cambridge in 1655, says of Peterhouse, 'a 
 pretty neate college having a delicate chappell.' 
 
 The chapel, especially the west front, of S. Peter's College, is one 
 of the best specimens of the Renaissance Art at Cambridge. Hist, of 
 Modern Architecture, p. 275. Fergusson.
 
 16 SSX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 visited, and hidden away in boxes. A wise precaution, 
 for the commissioners destroyed all the other orna- 
 ments, pulling down ' two mighty angels with wings, 
 divers other angels, the four evangelists, and Peter 
 with his keys on the chapel door, together with about 
 a hundred cherubim and many superstitious letters in 
 gold. Moreover,' they say, ' we found six angels on 
 the windows which we defaced.' After the Restoration 
 the hidden glass was brought forth again and put back 
 in its place over the altar. 1 While Dr. Wren was 
 thus adorning his college chapel King Charles did not 
 show himself forgetful of Bishop Andrewes' well-loved 
 pupil and chaplain, but in 1628 appointed him Dean of 
 Windsor and registrar of the Order of the Garter. 
 The year after this appointment the peace between 
 England and France was solemnly ratified in the 
 chapel at Windsor and Dean Wren administered the 
 oath to the French ambassador, the Marquis de 
 Chateauneuf. 
 
 About this time, as his diary says, he was 'joined 
 together in happy matrimony.' His wife was Eliza 
 Brownrigg, the widowed daughter of Thomas Cull, 
 Esquire, of Ipswich ; she had one daughter by her first 
 marriage, and seems to have been possessed of some pro- 
 perty in Suffolk. The marriage was in truth as happy 
 as the cruel times in which their lot was cast would 
 allow, though chequered with many sorrows ; for of the 
 twelve children whose birth Wren records in his diary, 
 six died while very young. When King Charles 
 journeyed to Scotland for his coronation he summoned 
 
 1 Beauties of England and Wales (Cambridgeshire).
 
 BISHOPRIC OF HEREFORD. 17 
 
 Wren to attend him. No shadow of the coming 
 trouble showed itself then. The young King was 
 everywhere received with enthusiasm. Whether Dr. 
 Wren, mindful of Andrewes' words, suspected what lay 
 under this fair show, there is no record left to tell us. 
 In after years Sir Thomas Widdrington's venomous 
 attack on himself must have strangely recalled his 
 tones when on this occasion he addressed the King 
 in terms of fulsome adulation at Berwick. On his 
 return from Scotland the King passed the holy week at 
 York, where on Maunday Thursday Dr. Wren washed 
 the feet of thirty-nine poor old men in warm water, 
 drying them with a linen cloth, and Dr. Curie, Bishop 
 of Winchester, washed them over again in white wine 
 and then kissed them. 
 
 Shortly after this, Dr. Lindsell, the Bishop of 
 Hereford, died, and Matthew Wren was appointed 
 (1634) to the vacant see. He thereupon resigned 
 the Mastership of Peterhouse, probably with much 
 regret, for all his life he retained a strong affection for 
 his University. His successor was one whose name 
 is well known in church history, Dr. John Cosin, 
 afterwards Dean of Durham and Bishop of Peter- 
 borough, a great authority on the ritual and 
 ornaments of the Church. The King would not 
 then suffer Wren to resign the Deanery of Windsor. 
 When Dr. Juxon, who was Clerk of the Closet, was 
 made Bishop of London, the King showed how highly 
 he valued and esteemed Bishop Wren by giving 
 him the post which Juxon resigned, and Dr. Wren 
 then gave up his Deanery. His new post was one
 
 18 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 of great nearness to the King ; to fill it well required 
 great tact and a discreet deafness to the whispers 
 of court intriguers. King Charles was well aware of 
 this, and as soon as Wren had settled himself in his 
 new post said to him : l 
 
 ' Now you are at my elbow there will be many 
 devices to set you and the Archbishop (Laud) at 
 odds. But I warn you of it that you suffer no such 
 trick to be put on you, and therefore I require you 
 both, by that faith which I am sure you will both 
 perform to me, to bind yourselves mutually neither 
 of you to believe any report against the other ; and 
 if you meet with any such thing, believe it not, yet 
 presently impart it to each other.' 
 
 The wisdom of the King's counsel was quickly 
 shown, for when Dr. Hackett came in his turn of office 
 as the next month's chaplain, he told Wren how they 
 had expected him to be made Bishop of London, and 
 but for the Archbishop preferring Juxon, as a man of 
 whom he had experience and on whom he could rely, 
 it would have been done. Wren paid no regard to 
 these suggestions, suspecting them to be the device of 
 some discontented courtier in order to make him the 
 Archbishop's enemy. To keep his faith with the King 
 and the Archbishop, he presently told them what had 
 passed. The King praised his conduct and told him, 
 ' there was no truth in the report, but only a plot to 
 kindle coals between them two.' 
 
 Bishop Wren began vigorous work in Hereford, 
 
 1 Life of Archbishop Juxon, p. 27. Rev. W. H. Marab.
 
 CONSECRATION OF ABBEY DO RE. 19 
 
 holding a visitation, collecting and setting in order 
 the statutes of the cathedral, which were in a state of 
 great confusion. Another congenial piece of work 
 came also into his hands. John, Viscount Scudamore, 
 a friend of Laud's, had inherited, with other property, 
 the old Cistercian abbey of Dore, near Monmouth ; 
 the building had been greatly damaged in the reign 
 of Henry VIII., but the transepts, chancel, and lady 
 chapel still stood, as they do now, and Lord Scuda- 
 more was minded to restore the building to its true 
 use. He accordingly repaired it, setting up again the 
 old stone altar on its four pillars, and providing the 
 church with everything needful for service. Bishop 
 Wren was unable to consecrate the building himself, 
 being in constant attendance on the King, but he 
 busied himself in drawing up an office for the occasion, 
 like, but not identical with, that used by Bishop 
 Andrewes, and commissioned Bishop Field of S. 
 David's to act for him. Bishop Wren was, as Lord 
 Clarendon testifies, ' much versed in the old liturgies, 
 particularly those of the Eastern Church.' He em- 
 ployed himself, at Laud's request, in preparing a service 
 for the reconciliation of those who had apostatised 
 when in slavery with the Moors, and when released 
 wished to return to the faith. The merchants and 
 seamen who were taken by ' Barbary pirates/ and 
 when released came sadly back to England with their 
 story of cruel sufferings undergone and faith reluctantly 
 forsworn, were numerous enough to require a special 
 provision to be made for them. 
 
 Knolles' quaint ' Historic of the Turks' shows that 
 
 C3
 
 20 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 they even made descents on the western coasts of 
 England and carried off men, women, and children 
 into slavery. In 1636, with some of the much-grudged 
 ' ship-money/ a very successful expedition was made 
 under Lord Rainsborough against Sallee, which re- 
 sulted in the release of large numbers of captives and 
 a promise from the Moorish king to suppress Christian 
 slavery. It is significant that the real leader of the 
 expedition was John Dunton, a reformed renegade 
 taken off the Isle of Wight in command of a Sallee 
 ship. He was tried and condemned, but saved his 
 life by offering to show the assailable points of the 
 Barbary ports, and sailed as master on Lord Rains- 
 borough's ship. 1 
 
 The ' Form of Penance and Reconciliation of a 
 Renegade or Apostate from the Christian Religion to 
 Turcism/ 2 which Wren and Laud prepared together, is 
 a very striking one. First came the solemn excom- 
 munication, then for two Sundays the penitent came to 
 the door of his parish church in a white sheet carrying 
 a white wand, craving the prayers of all ' good Chris- 
 tians for a poor wretched renegade ; ' on the second 
 Sunday he was allowed to enter and kneel by the font 
 and pray to be ' restored to the rights and benefits 
 of the blessed sacrament which I have so wickedly 
 abjured/ and then return to the church porch as 
 before. On the third Sunday, when the Apostles' 
 creed had been said, after being publicly put in mind 
 
 1 Annals of England, p. 407. 
 
 2 Eccles. Hist., vol. ix. p. 388, ed. 1841, Collier, where the office may 
 be found entire.
 
 ' RECONCILIATION OF A RENEGADO* . 21 
 
 of his sin, and advised ' that a slight and ordinary 
 sorrow is not enough for so grievous an offence,' the 
 penitent, kneeling eastward, and bowing to the very 
 pavement, was to confess his sin and declare his sorrow 
 and repentance, and to ask the prayers of the congre- 
 gation. Also to ' thank God for His mercies, especially 
 for the divine ordinance of His Holy Sacraments, and 
 of His heavenly power committed to His Holy Priests, 
 in His Church for the reconciliation of sinners unto 
 Himself and the absolving them from all their iniquity.' 
 
 ' Then,' says the rubric, ' let the Priest come forth to 
 him, and stand over him, and laying his hand on his 
 head, say, as is prescribed in the Book of Common 
 Prayer, thus : 
 
 Our Lord Jesus Christ, who has left power to 
 his Church to absolve all sinners which truly repent 
 and believe in Him, of His great mercy forgive thee 
 thine offences ; and, by His authority committed 
 unto me, I absolve thee from this thy heinous crime 
 of renunciation, and from all thy other sins, in the 
 name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the 
 Holy Ghost. Amen.' 
 
 After this follows, with slight alteration, a collect, 
 also from the Visitation of the Sick, and then the priest 
 was to take the penitent by the hand, take away from 
 him the white sheet and the wand, and address to him, 
 once again as dear brother, an affectionate exhortation 
 to walk worthy ' of so great a mercy,' and promise him 
 re-admission to the Holy Communion on the next 
 opportunity. How often this service was employed
 
 22 SfJ? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 does not appear. The whole form is so beautiful that it 
 is matter for regret it should be so much forgotten. 
 
 Wren had been Bishop of Hereford but one year, 
 when the Bishop of Norwich, Dr. R. Corbet, was 
 translated to Oxford, and Bishop Wren translated in 
 turn to the vacant see. It is easy to see Laud's hand 
 in this. Norwich was a large wide diocese, much 
 shaken by schism and faction and abounding with 
 lecturers who were the torment of the Church at that 
 time and were not unaptly compared ' to bats or rere- 
 mice, being neither birds nor beasts, and yet both 
 together,' x i.e. neither clerk nor layman. 
 
 They were not unfrequently men who had been 
 ordained without cure of souls and served as chaplains 
 in gentlemen's houses, or men whose orders were 
 doubtful, or mere laymen who had failed in other call- 
 ings. They were all strong Calvinists, seldom read 
 the services, but called a fast, quite irrespective of those 
 of the Church, and gave a lecture. This speedily 
 became a ' running lecture,' i.e. was not confined to 
 one place but ran from parish to parish. Every pos- 
 sible check was put by the Archbishop upon these 
 lectures, which were fatal to the proper order of the 
 parishes and all church discipline. Private gentlemen 
 were forbidden to have chaplains, all who preached 
 were compelled to wear a surplice and first to read 
 the Church Service, and in the afternoon to teach 
 the Church Catechism. Wren, Mainwaring, Corbet, 
 Montague, and other like-minded bishops set them- 
 selves vigorously to enforce the Archbishop's plans, 
 -> introduction, p. 9. Heylin.
 
 FOREIGN CONGREGATIONS. 23 
 
 esteeming the discipline and doctrine of the Church 
 more valuable than the popularity which their firmness 
 forfeited. Norwich presented an especial difficulty to 
 the Bishop in the great number of weavers and other 
 workmen who had taken refuge there from the Low 
 Countries in times of persecution, and who still kept up 
 their schismatic services. 
 
 As his treatment of the Norwich weavers has 
 always been the principal ground of attack against 
 Wren, from Lord Clarendon down to writers of the 
 present time, it is needful to enter somewhat into the 
 question, and to see where the truth lies. 
 
 These foreign workmen had settled in England at 
 various times, escaping from persecutions in the Low 
 Countries and in France, and, though they had never 
 had any distinct permission to use their own services, 
 their doing so had been winked at by Queen Elizabeth 
 and King James. Now they had reached a third 
 generation and continued to profit by an exemption 
 which was enjoyed by no other body of the kingdom. 
 It will be borne in mind that as the laws then ran and 
 were understood, every English subject was required 
 to be also a member of the Church of England. The 
 first generation of refugees were an exception, but 
 when they reached a second and third generation, had 
 their own ministers and pretended to the power of 
 Ordination, they became an anomaly, and as Laud, when 
 Bishop of London, said, ' The example is of ill-conse- 
 quence in Church affairs to the subjects of England, 
 many being confirmed by it in their stubborn ways and 
 inconformities.' The matter was not likely to be mended
 
 CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 by Archbishop Abbot ; but when Laud succeeded him he 
 addressed himself, in 1634, vigorously to the business, 
 and set out this dilemma : 'If they were not of the 
 same religion' (as the Church of England), 'why 
 should they, being strangers, born in other countries, 
 or descending from them, expect more liberty of 
 conscience than the Papists had, being all natives, 
 and descending from English parents ? If of the 
 same, why should they not submit to the govern- 
 ment and forms of worship, being the outward acts 
 and exercises of the religion here by law established ? ' 
 
 Every art that could be used was employed by 
 the congregations to avoid returning an answer to 
 the Archbishop's inquiries, whether the English-born 
 members would conform and use the Liturgy in their 
 own language. The two congregations in Norwich 
 resisted vehemently and remonstrated with Bishop 
 Corbet, who was then bishop of the diocese ; but 
 Archbishop Laud himself visited the diocese and 
 caused the injunction to be published in the congrega- 
 tions. It had been modified until it only ordered that, 
 while strangers, as long as they were strangers, might 
 use their own discipline, yet that the English Liturgy 
 should be translated into French and Dutch for the 
 better fitting of their children to the English Govern- 
 ment. In Canterbury, he kept them 'on a harder 
 diet/ and allowed only the translated Liturgy. All 
 this took place before Bishop Wren came to Norwich, 
 so it is manifestly unjust to accuse him of having set 
 the measure, moderate as it was, on foot. The con- 
 gregations remained a focus of Calvinism and discon-
 
 NORWICH CLOTH WEAVERS, 25 
 
 tent, secretly encouraged by all the leading Puritans, 
 and envied by the lecturers who wished themselves in 
 the like case. 
 
 Another trouble in Norwich, was the failure of 
 business amongst the cloth weavers, whose trade was 
 the chief industry of the town ; the failure appears to 
 have been, in a great measure, caused by the plague, 
 which raged in London in I636, 1 and put a stop for 
 a considerable time to the weekly traffic between it 
 and Norwich. Many of the workmen in consequence 
 betook themselves to Holland, to obtain the means of 
 livelihood. The same thing had happened in Bishop 
 Corbet's time, but as in this instance it coincided with 
 Wren's first visitation, there were not wanting those 
 who said that his severity in enforcing conformity was 
 the main reason of their departure. This accusation 
 seems never to have been made at the time, but only 
 later on, when every conceivable charge was being 
 raked up against the Bishop. He truly says, that, 
 often as at the council board the failure of the weaving 
 trade and the emigration of the skilled workmen to 
 Holland was lamented, it was never suggested that 
 his severity was in any way the cause of it. In his 
 defence, prepared for the House of Commons, the 
 
 1 ' On August 29, 1636 (the plague then raging in London), King 
 Charles, the Queen, and the Court arrived at Oxford. The Chancellor 
 (Archbishop Laud), the Vice-Chancellor, and numerous doctors and 
 masters went out to meet the royal retinue. The Chancellor, accompanied 
 by the Lord Treasurer (Bishop Juxon), the Bishop of Winchester (Dr. 
 Curie), the Bishop of Norwich (Dr. M. Wren), and the Bishop of Oxford 
 (Dr. Bancroft), rode in a coach.' The Court was entertained with very 
 brilliant festivities, and a series of masks and interludes arranged by 
 Inigo Jones. Oxfordshire Annals, p. 25, by J. M. Davenport.
 
 26 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Bishop, besides accounting for much of the emigration 
 by the failure of trade, consequent on the plague, 
 reduces the number, by comparing it with the records 
 kept at the various ports, from the alleged 3,000 to 
 about 300, and drily says : ' The defendant humbly 
 conceiveth that the chiefest cause of their departure 
 was the small wages given to the workmen, whereby 
 the workmasters grew rich, and the workmen were 
 kept very poor.' 
 
 The charge has been often revived, the more so as 
 though the accusation is well known enough, the de- 
 fence, only to be found in the ' Parentalia,' is hardly 
 known except to the few who have threaded the 
 labyrinth of that scarce volume. That Wren was a 
 great upholder of discipline and authority, a man of a 
 fiery energetic temper, decided opinions, and an un- 
 yielding, perhaps a severe, disposition, is certainly true ; 
 but it is also true that he practised, as Laud and 
 Strafford did, an even-handed justice, laying his hand on 
 rich and poor alike, and would not turn aside for any 
 suggestion of policy or expediency. It should, how- 
 ever, in fairness be added, that though he made his 
 authority felt and obeyed, he did not press matters to 
 extremity against any clergyman without grave cause, 
 and was very ready to receive those who showed any 
 readiness to submit. Of the 1,300 clergy in the 
 diocese, not including those attached to the Cathedral 
 or the schoolmasters, in spite of ' many disorders,' there 
 were in 1636 but thirty excommunicated or suspended, 
 some for contumacy, some for obstinately refusing to 
 publish the King's declaration, some 'for contemning
 
 'NO LECTURE, BUT VERY MUCH PEACE? 27 
 
 all the Orders and Rites of the Church and intruding 
 themselves, without licence from the Ordinary, for 
 many years together/ His returns to the Archbishop 
 show how very thoroughly and diligently he, to use 
 a modern phrase, ' worked his diocese,' visiting parish 
 after parish, causing the fabrics to be repaired, 1 the 
 clergy to reside, to hold the appointed services and 
 to catechise the children. Here and there a lecturer 
 who promised conformity was allowed to remain, but 
 generally they were checked and discouraged. Great 
 Yarmouth must have gladdened the Bishop's heart, as, 
 two years before Bishop Wren came to the Diocese, 
 the lecturer had gone to New England, ' since which 
 time,' the Bishop says, ' there hath been no lecture and 
 very much peace in the town and all ecclesiastical 
 orders well observed.' It was in truth a great under- 
 taking to bring the Diocese of Norwich into order ; 
 but Wren did not shrink from the task, and had all 
 the support which the King and the Archbishop could 
 give, a support afterwards imputed as a crime both to 
 those who gave and to him who received it. 
 
 1 The state of the diocese is vividly shown in Bishop Corbet's charge 
 of 1634 (for the repairs of old S. Paul's Cathedral). 'Some petitions,' 
 he says, ' I have had since my coming to this diocese, for the pulling 
 downe of such an isle [aisle] or for changing lead to thatch, soe far from 
 reparations that our sute is to demolish. . . . Since Christmas I was 
 sued to and I have it yett under their hands, the hand of the minister 
 and the hand of the whole parish, that I would give way to their adorn- 
 ing their church within and out, to build a stone wall round the church- 
 yard which now had but a hedg. / took it for a flout at first, but it 
 proved a very sute ; they durst not without leave mend a fault forty 
 yeares ould.' The spire of Norwich Cathedral where Bishop Corbet 
 was preaching had fallen in, and during three years but two yards had 
 been rebuilt. See Documents relating to S. Paul's by Dr. Sparrow 
 Simpson, p. 137. Camden Society.

 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 1630-1640. 
 
 DR. C. WREN BIRTH OF HIS SON CHRISTOPHER EAST KNOYLE 
 
 ORDER OF THE GARTER HOW A MURDERER WAS DETECTED 
 CHRISTOPHER AT WESTMINSTER A LATIN LETTER DIOCESE OF 
 ELY IMPEACHMENT OF LORD STRAFFORD OF ARCHBISHOP LAUD 
 ARTICLES AGAINST BISHOP WREN RESIGNS THE DEANERY OF THE 
 CHAPELS ROYAL.
 
 Instead of kitchen-stuff, some cry 
 
 A gospel-preaching ministry, 
 
 And some for old suits, coats, or cloak, 
 
 No surplices nor service-book. 
 
 A strange harmonious inclination 
 
 Of all degrees to Reformation. 
 
 Hudibras, pt. i. canto 2.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 LESS is known of the early years of Christopher Wren 
 than of his brother's more eventful life. Christopher 
 went to Oxford, to S. John's College, was admitted 
 to Holy Orders, and, like his brother, became chaplain 
 to Bishop Andrewes, from whom in 1620 he received 
 the living of Fonthill Bishops in Wiltshire. 
 
 It may be said in passing, that to receive prefer- 
 ment from Lancelot Andrewes was in itself a proof of 
 merit, for it was his especial care, in the three dioceses 
 which he successively governed, only to promote able 
 and good men to ' such livings and preferments as fell 
 within his gift, and to give Church preferment to none 
 that asked for it' To this rule he rigidly adhered, 
 and his disciple, Matthew Wren, followed the same 
 plan when he became a Prelate of the Church. 
 
 Christopher did not hold this living more than 
 three years, and then received, also from Bishop 
 Andrewes, the neighbouring living of East (or Bishop's) 
 Knoyle, very near Fonthill Abbey, afterwards a place 
 famous for its beauty and its curiosities, then the 
 property of a Mr. Robert Cox. This gentleman had 
 an only child, Mary, who inherited his property ; she 
 became the wife of Christopher Wren, probably a few
 
 32 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 years after his appointment to East Knoyle, where 
 their seven children were born five girls, of only 
 one of whom there is any subsequent record, and two 
 sons. A Christopher, baptized in the November of 
 1630, who probably died very young, as in the register 
 the record stands, ' Christopher, first sonne of Doctor 
 Wren,' 'first' is added above in another hand. The 
 next baptism is, ' Christopher, 2nd (sic) sonne of 
 Christopher Wren, Dr. in Divinitie and Rector now.' 
 This is in the entries for 1631 (O.S.), followed by 
 those for March, and is dated only 'loth.' 
 
 This ' second Christopher ' is the one who was to 
 make the name afterwards so famous ; but the date is 
 very perplexing. Dr. Wren and his son both reckoned 
 the latter's age from his birthday, October 20, 1632, as 
 appears again and again in the ' Parentalia,' notably 
 in Dr. Wren's own MS. note to a letter from his son. 1 
 The East Knoyle Register would, if the baptism is 
 rightly put among the entries for March 1631. (O.S.), 
 make the birthday October 20, 1631 ; but it seems 
 more likely that this is an error, and 1632 the correct 
 date. 
 
 At East Knoyle Dr. Wren appears to have passed 
 most of his time, leaving it occasionally, as he had 
 done his previous living, to attend on Bishop An- 
 drewes. He was a good scholar, if less deeply learned 
 than his brother ; a mathematician, a good musician, and 
 had besides some knowledge of drawing and archi- 
 tecture. He employed himself in decorating East 
 Knoyle chancel, and to him, in all probability, are 
 
 1 Vide infra, p, 43.
 
 CHANCEL AT EAST KNOYLE. 33 
 
 owing the 1 ' flower borders, figures, and texts of Scrip- 
 ture in raised plasterwork ' which, though much de- 
 faced, still cover the chancel. The subjects are 
 'Jacob's Dream/ ' The Ladder with the Angels,' 'Jacob 
 anointing the Pillar.' Over the chancel arch ' The 
 Ascension of our Lord.' Round the capitals of the 
 columns are quaint inscriptions : 
 
 ' Unum necessarium.' The texts of holy Scripture, 
 which are very well chosen, are all quoted from that 
 earlier translation known as the ' Bishops' Bible,' to 
 which the Psalms, Offertory sentences, and ' Com- 
 fortable Words ' of the Prayer Book belong. 
 
 Besides this, Wren contrived a new roof for the 
 church, as the old one was falling into decay. In the 
 hall of the rectory he put up the following inscription : 
 
 ' In quamcunque domum introeritis primum dicite : 
 
 paX sit hVIC DoMVI 
 
 Tarn solenni praecepto, tempestivo voto 
 
 Subscripsi introiens 
 
 C. W. RECTOR, 
 Julii 28. Anno dicto.' 3 
 
 1 I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. R. N. Milford, rector of 
 East Knoyle, for this account. See Sir R. C. Hoare's History of Wilt- 
 shire. The inscriptions on the columns have been destroyed. 
 
 2 So guide and govern as to profit souls. Love, Pray. One thing 
 needful. Ask fit things from God. 
 
 3 Into whatsoever house ye enter, first say 
 
 Peace be to this house. 
 
 To so solemn a precept, by a seasonable vow, 
 I, entering, have set my name. 
 
 C. W. Rector. 
 July 28. In the said year, i.e. MDCXVVIII. 
 
 D
 
 34 MR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 The inscription is not a little characteristic of 
 the gentle, peace-loving nature of Christopher Wren, 
 and the quaint conceits in which the wits of the time 
 delighted. This form of chronogram was one which 
 he frequently used. His second daughter, Susan, was 
 born in 1627, and as she and the ' second Christopher ' 
 clung closely together in after life, and the others are 
 never mentioned, it seems likely that they two were 
 the only survivors of the seven children. Christopher 
 was a very delicate, weakly boy, who early gave 
 promise of brilliant abilities. No records say when 
 Mrs. Wren died, but various things seem to show that 
 she died when her children were still very young. 
 
 Dr. Wren had been one of the King's chaplains 
 in ordinary since 1628, and so well did he acquit him- 
 self that when his brother the Bishop resigned the 
 deanery of Windsor and the registrarship of the Garter, 
 the King appointed Christopher to the vacant post. 
 Tt was an appointment which suited him well ; he took 
 up with equal energy his brother's work, of arranging 
 the documents and records, and continuing the history 
 of the Order. Two autograph letters relating to this 
 are preserved in the ' Parentalia,' one from the chan- 
 cellor of the Garter, Sir Thomas Rowe : 
 
 ' Reverend Sir, I had wayted on you before this 
 tyme, but that I have been punished with Lamenes, 
 both for my owne advantage to learne of y u and to 
 acquaint y u with some orders I have received from 
 his ma tie and to give y u ye summe of ye last chapiter 
 as I conceived it.' 
 Sundry particulars follow, and he promises a record
 
 GARTER RECORDS. 35 
 
 of the members of the Garter from its foundation. 
 The King, he says, is anxious that every ' chapiter of 
 the Order ' should be fully recorded. Sir Thomas 
 asks for 'the papers of Sir John Fynnet' in order to 
 send them to King Charles, 'who is very curious of 
 them.' ' On all occasions,' the letter concludes, ' I shall 
 be glad to give y u ye testimonye of my desire to be 
 esteemed and to be y r affectionate friend to serve y u , 
 
 ' THO. ROWE. 
 
 1 Cranford, 9 Jan. 1636 (O.S.) ' 
 
 The Dean's answer comes promptly : 
 
 'Jan. 10, 1636 (O.S.) 
 
 ' Honorable Sir, How much you obliged me I shall 
 endeavour to demonstrate to you upon better oppor- 
 tunities. For ye present I returne y r books and 
 promise you ye sight of another some wt of them (?) 
 w ch phaps you will not dislike, though I begin to 
 think your exact diligence hath lefte none of those 
 monuments lye undiscryed, where they might be 
 gained. I send back likewise Sir John Finet's Paps ; 
 whereof I reserve ye copyes. And now that I 
 begin to finde a little respiration, I will draw y m 
 up into acte. Till I had y m I could not well begin, 
 and now that you are pleased to send me ye last, 
 drawne up into forme, I shall ye better accomplish 
 ye whole business of my little time. Whereof I 
 will send you ye whole contextures, Deo dante, ere 
 longe. I should however give you a formall thanks 
 that you imploy yourselfe soe largely, soe nobly 
 for me in present, and in promise more. Knowing 
 your reality in all worth, I abstain from other com- 
 
 D 2
 
 36 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 pliments then those wherein Affection must pforce 
 speake yf she speake at all. Once for all, that 
 branch of our comon oath is never out of my minde : 
 Sustentabis Honores hujus Ordinis atq. omni ra qui 
 in eo stint. Of w ch omni m you are Pars Magna 
 and shall ever be to your affectionate ob : servant 
 friend, 
 
 ' CHR. WREN. 
 
 < To the Honble Sr. Tho. Row Chancelor of ye most Honble 
 Order of ye Garter.' 
 
 The Garter history appears to have been carefully 
 continued, and Dean Wren describes, in a long pictur- 
 esque account, the admission on May 19, 1638, of the 
 Prince of Wales, then but eight years old, as a ' com- 
 panion of the Garter.' The little Prince, Dean Wren 
 says, acquitted himself admirably during the three 
 days of intricate ceremonial, doing his part with accu- 
 racy and spirit, a sweet dignity, and an unwearied 
 patience until all was completed. 
 
 He must have been a very hopeful, engaging, boy, 
 and it is sad to think how little his after life fulfilled 
 its early promise : had he remained in his father's care 
 a very different record might have been left of him 
 in English history. The Service of Admission is a 
 curious one, and the prayers on the putting on the 
 Garter, the ribbon, the collar, and the mantle have 
 considerable beauty. On this occasion the festival 
 was celebrated with great splendour. King Charles 
 presented two large silver flagons, cunningly carved 
 and very richly gilt, offering them on his knees with
 
 GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. 37 
 
 these words : ' Tibi, et perpetuo Tuo servitio, partem 
 bonitatis Tuae offero Domine Deus Omnipotens.' 1 
 
 These were added to the treasury of the Garter, 
 which contained many articles of great value. There 
 was a set of triple gilt silver plate wrought by Van 
 Vianen 2 of Nuremberg, estimated at over 3,ooo/., 
 several other pieces of plate, Edward IV.'s steel armour, 
 gilt, and covered with crimson velvet embroidered 
 with pearls, rubies and gold, fifteen rich copes em- 
 broidered in gold, altar-cloths and hangings worked 
 with the same costly material. 
 
 There was also the blue velvet mantle, the George 
 and Garter of Gustavus Adolphus, each letter of the 
 motto made in diamonds. These had been sent to 
 the King of Sweden by Charles I. at the close of the 
 campaign in 1627 as a mark of friendship and respect 
 for his valour, and were the richest ever sent even to a 
 sovereign. 
 
 After the heroic king's death on the field at Lutzen, 
 in 1634, a solemn embassy brought the mantle and the 
 jewels back to England, when they were consigned to 
 the Dean and Chapter of Windsor, with a charge from 
 King Charles to lay them up in the treasury 'for a 
 perpetual memorial of that renowned King, who died 
 in the field of battle wearing some of those jewels, to 
 the great honour of the Order, as a true martial prince 
 and companion thereof.' 
 
 1 ' To Thee, and to Thy service for ever, I offer a portion of Thy 
 bounty, O Lord God Almighty.' 
 
 2 Christian Van Vianen was an embosser and chaser of plate, much 
 esteemed by Charles I. The gilt plate above mentioned was wrought at 
 the rate of 12s. per oz. Anecdotes of Painting, Walpole, vol. ii. p. 323.
 
 38 SIH CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 A few years later King Charles presented Dean 
 Wren to the rectory of Great Haseley * near Oxford, 
 with a fine old church containing two crusaders' tombs. 
 
 In the parish of Haseley is the manor of Ryecote 
 (or Ricot), which by marriage had become the property 
 of Sir Henry Norris, Queen Elizabeth's ambassador 
 to France, whom she created Baron Norris (or Norreys) 
 of Ryecot, and whose descendants, now the Earls of 
 Abingdon, possess the manor to this day. During 
 Dr. Wren's incumbency, a strange event took place. 
 Among the retainers of Lord Norris was an old man 
 who had charge of the fish ponds ; he had one nephew, 
 who was the heir of all his uncle's possessions and 
 savings. The nephew enticed the old man out one 
 night, waited till he fell asleep under an oak tree, 
 murdered him by a blow on the head, dragged the 
 body to one of the ponds, tied a great stone to the 
 neck and threw the corpse in. There it \&y five weeks, 
 during which time Lord Norris and all the neighbours 
 wondered what had become of the old man. At length 
 the body was found by the men who were about to 
 clean the pond, and were attracted to the spot by the 
 swarms of flies ; they raised the corpse with great 
 difficulty and recognised it. 
 
 The stone tied to the neck was evidence of foul 
 play, though no one could guess at the murderer. 
 
 1 William Lenthall (born at Henley-on-Thames 1591), Speaker of 
 the House of Commons 1640-1653 and 1660, lived chiefly at Lachford 
 Manor in Great Haseley parish, which had been in his family since the 
 reign of Edward IV. The property was sold by his eldest son. It may 
 have been owing to the influence of the Speaker that Dean Wren escaped 
 imprisonment during the Rebellion.
 
 AN AWFUL WITNESS. 39 
 
 Lord Norris, in order to detect the criminal, after the 
 usual manner, commanded that the corpse, preserved 
 by the water from the last extremity of decay, should 
 on the next Sunday be exposed in the churchyard, 
 close to the church door, so that everyone entering the 
 church should see and touch it. The wicked nephew 
 shrank from the ordeal, feigning to be so overwhelmed 
 with grief as to be unable to bear the sight of his 
 dearest uncle. Lord Norris, suspecting that the old 
 man had been murdered by the one person whom 
 his death would profit, compelled him to come, and to 
 touch with his finger, as so many had willingly done, 
 the hand of the dead. At his touch, however, ' as if 
 opened by the finger of God, the eyes of the corpse 
 were seen by all to move, and blood to flow from his 
 nostrils.' At this awful witness the murderer fell on 
 the ground and avowed the crime, which he had 
 secretly committed and the most just judgment of God 
 had brought to light. He was delivered to the judge, 
 sentenced, and hanged. 
 
 The event must have made a deep impression on 
 Dean Wren, who recorded it at length in Latin and 
 signed the record to attest its truth. 
 
 He also mentions that in the east window of the 
 church was the 
 
 ' Coat of France azure frette" and seme of Flower de 
 Lyces or, put there together with his own coat by 
 Lord Barentine, knight of Rhodes and a great bene- 
 factor to that church. A man of great valour and 
 possessions in France as well as in England, his tomb 
 at the north-east side of the chancel shows he was of a
 
 40 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 gigantic stature; and his statue of one entire stone, 
 which I digged out of a heap of rubbish there, makes 
 it appear he was (not two inches lower than) seven 
 foot high.' 
 
 Dr. Wren seems to have divided his residence 
 between Haseley and Windsor, probably spending 
 most of his time at the Deanery, where many of the 
 learned men and philosophers of the day sought 
 his society. Among these was the Prince Palatine 
 Charles, who was a frequent guest at the Deanery, 
 enjoying its learned quiet, and interested in his host's 
 young son, whose great gifts were early remarkable. 
 Many a little note did Dean Wren make of curious 
 things that came under his observation, particularly of 
 an oak that grew in the New Forest and sent out young 
 fresh leaves on Christmas Eve. So much discussion was 
 raised about it at court and King James would so little 
 believe it, that good Bishop Andrewes sent a chaplain 
 on Christmas Eve to the forest, who gathered about a 
 hundred fresh shoots, stuck them into wet clay, and sent 
 them straight to the court, where Dr. Wren witnessed 
 the opening of the boxes. The tree was then cut 
 down by some spiteful fellow, ' who,' says the Dean, 
 1 made his last stroke on his own leg, whereof he died, 
 together with the old wondrous tree.' 
 
 King Charles engaged Dr. Wren to make an 
 estimate for a building at Windsor for the use of the 
 Queen ; it was to be of considerable size, containing a 
 chapel, a banqueting room, galleries and rooms for the 
 Lord Chamberlain and court officials. The estimate 
 exists in business-like detail, the total amounting to 
 I 3'35^ J but it was probably not even begun.
 
 CHRISTOPHER AT WESTMINSTER. 41 
 
 To his other employments the Dean added the 
 tender care of his young son. Christopher's case was 
 one of those rare ones in which a precocious child not 
 only lives to grow up, but also amply fulfils his early pro- 
 mise. His delicate health was the cause of much anxiety 
 to his father and to his sister Susan, and it may be that 
 the skill in nursing and medicine for which she was 
 afterwards famous, had their beginning in her watchful 
 care of her little brother. 
 
 His frail health seems to have been rather a spur 
 than a hindrance to his studies, and when very young 
 he had a tutor, the Rev. W. Shepheard, who prepared 
 him for Westminster, where he was sent in his ninth 
 or tenth year. Westminster was then under the rule 
 of its famous headmaster Dr. Busby, to whose especial 
 care young Christopher was committed. 
 
 The school with its stir of life, the grand abbey, 
 the Houses of Parliament then empty and silent, 
 Lambeth, from which his uncle's friend, Archbishop 
 Laud, might be seen frequently coming across the river 
 in his barge ; the whole surroundings must have been 
 wonderful to the country -bred boy who was one day to 
 connect his name indissolubly with that of London. 
 Did he, one cannot but wonder, ever on a holiday take 
 boat down the river, shooting the dangerous arches of 
 London Bridge, and look at S. Paul's with its long line 
 of roof, its tall tower and shattered spire ; little S. 
 Gregory's nestling by its side, and all the workmen 
 busied on the repairs which had been begun after King 
 James's solemn thanksgiving in 1620? Laud, while 
 Bishop of London, had carried on the works with a
 
 42 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 vigour that had given them a fresh impetus, and was 
 one great cause of his unpopularity. Inigo Jones had 
 superintended them and finished the interior, and at 
 the west end, the stately portico of Portland stone, 
 which, though incongruous, was in itself beautiful, was 
 being erected by King Charles's orders. How little 
 could the boy have guessed at the ruin which was 
 approaching those pious builders, or the desecration 
 and destruction that awaited the fine old building 
 itself ! 
 
 At school no pains were spared with so promising 
 a pupil as young Wren soon showed himself to be. 
 His sister Susan married, in 1643, Mr. William 
 Holder, subdean of the Chapel Royal, of a Notting- 
 hamshire family, a good mathematician, and one ' who 
 had good skill in the practic and theoretic parts of 
 music.' l Susan Wren was sixteen when she married, 
 and though childless the marriage was a very happy one. 
 
 Mr. Holder early discerned his young brother-in- 
 law's talent for mathematics and gave him private 
 lessons. Mr. Holder was subsequently appointed to 
 the living of Bletchingdon in Oxfordshire, which he 
 held until 1663. 
 
 Among the few autograph letters of Christopher 
 Wren's which remain in the family, is one written to 
 his father from Westminster in a boy's unformed 
 hand, the faintly ruled lines still showing. 
 
 2 ' Venerande Pater, Sententia apud antiques vulgata 
 
 1 Wood, Fasti Oxon., p. 139. 
 
 2 ' Revered Father, There is a common saying among the ancients 
 which I remember to have had from your mouth ; there is no equivalent 
 that can be given back to parents. For their cares and perpetual labours
 
 THE FIRST FRUITS OF HIS PAINS. 43 
 
 est, quam ex ore tuo me habuisse memini, Parenti- 
 bus nihil posse reddi sequivalens. Frequentes enim 
 curae et perpetui labores circa pueros sunt immensi 
 quidem amoris indicium. At praecepta ilia mihi 
 toties repetita, quae animum ad bonas Artes, & 
 Virtutem impellunt, omnes alios amores superant. 
 Quod meum est, efficiam, quantum potero ne ingrato 
 fiant hac munera. Deus Optimus Maximus conati- 
 bus meis adsit et Tibi, pro visceribus illis Paternae 
 Pietatis, quae maxime velis praestet. 
 
 ' Id orat Filius tuus, Tibi omni obsequio devo- 
 tissimus, 
 
 ' CHRISTOPHORUS WREN. 
 
 ' Has tibi primitias Anni, Pater, atq. laborum 
 Praesto (per exiguas qualibet esse sciam) 
 Quas spero in messem posse olim crescere, vultu 
 Si placido acceptes tu, foveasque sinu.' 
 
 ' To you, Deare Sir, your Son presenteth heere 
 The first-fruits of his pains and of the yeare ; 
 Wich may (though small) in time an harvest grow, 
 If you to cherish these, your favour shew. 
 
 ' E. Musaeo Meo. 
 'Calendis Januarii 1641 (1642 N.S.)' 
 
 concerning their children are indeed the evidence of immeasurable love. 
 Now these precepts so often repeated, which have impelled my soul 
 towards all that is highest in man, and to virtue, have superseded in me 
 all other affections. What in me lies I will perform, as much as I am 
 able, lest these gifts should have been bestowed on an ungrateful soul. 
 May the good God Almighty be with me in my undertakings and make 
 good to thee all thou most desirest in the tenderness of thy fatherly love. 
 Thus prays thy son, most devoted to thee in all obedience, 
 
 'CHRISTOPHER WREN.' 
 
 ' Script, hoc, A ^Etatis suae, Decimo. Ab Octobris 20 elapso ' is 
 the note in different hand of Dean Wren, who may very probably have 
 felt that in the fast-rising storm all this fair promise might be swept 
 away.
 
 44 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREtt. 
 
 While young Christopher was thus delighting his 
 father with his ' first-fruits,' his uncle the Bishop was 
 encountering many adversities. While he was busied 
 in Norwich, and in the midst of his work, Dr. White, 
 Bishop of Ely, died ; he had resided mostly in London, 
 as was then too commonly the habit of the bishops, 
 and it is to be supposed that there was plenty of work 
 to be done in the diocese. Laud reckoned it as a 
 very important one on account of its university, and 
 could think of no one so well suited to the post as 
 Bishop Wren, who was a distinguished Cambridge 
 scholar. To Ely accordingly the Bishop was trans- 
 lated, May 5, 1638, and rejoiced in renewing his 
 connection with the university where his early years 
 had been spent. The expenses attending so many re- 
 movals must have fallen heavily upon him ; all the 
 more, as in Norwich the palace was out of repair and 
 he lived for some time in a house of his own at 
 Ipswich, which was probably a part of Mrs. Wren's 
 property, finding that much attention was required 
 by that part of his diocese. Prynne was born at 
 Ipswich, and though shut up in the Tower of London, 1 
 retained friends in his native town ; thus the Bishop 
 knew he was entering a hornet's nest. Prynne speedily 
 produced his ' Quench-Coal,' which professed to answer 
 a tract called ' A Coal from the Altar,' wherein were 
 explained the reasons for placing the Holy Table 
 altarwise, and railing it in. Next came ' The News 
 from Ipswich,' which reviled all bishops under the 
 names of ' Luciferian Lord Bishops, execrable Tray- 
 1 Heylin, Cypr. Ang. t p. 309.
 
 DIOCESE OF ELY. 45 
 
 tors, Devouring Wolves,' and the like ; especially attack- 
 ing Wren, and declaring, that, ' in all Queen Mane's 
 time, no such havoc was made in so short a time of 
 the faithful ministers in any part, nay in the whole 
 Land, than had been made in his Diocese.' There 
 was one great riot at Ipswich, which the Bishop was 
 able to quell. Prynne was fined, branded, and 
 imprisoned in Carnarvon Castle, and the town was 
 for the time tranquil, but Prynne was destined to be 
 a deadly and utterly unscrupulous enemy. 
 
 For nearly two years after his translation to Ely, 
 Dr. Wren was able to govern his new diocese in com- 
 parative peace. Little opposition seems to have been 
 made, for the factious spirit which was rampant in Nor- 
 folk and Suffolk was less violent here. In his beloved 
 university there were many points which needed 
 amendment. When he was master of Peterhouse and 
 built the chapel, he gave it that which many colleges 
 then lacked, and were lacking still when he returned, 
 to visit Cambridge. 
 
 The churchyards of the parish churches had been 
 in many instances encroached upon and profaned, and 
 in most of the chancels were ' common seats over high 
 and unfitting that place.' ' In all these businesses,' says 
 Archbishop Laud in his yearly report to the King, 'the 
 Bishop hath been very tender, both out of his respect 
 to his mother the University of Cambridge, and be- 
 cause divers of the benefices are impropriations belong- 
 ing to some of the Colleges there.' Nor was Wren's 
 care alone for the fabrics of the Church ; he was careful 
 to secure resident and diligent clergy in all the parishes
 
 46 Sfff CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 as far as he could and to see that they did their duty. 
 His advice and help were readily given. A clergy- 
 man, Mr. John Bois, applied to him for advice in the 
 case of a woman of twenty-nine, of whom no one 
 knew whether or no she was baptized. Mr. Bois had 
 applied by letter and word of mouth to the previous 
 Bishops of Ely (Bishops Buckeridge and White), and 
 could get no answer. Bishop Wren replied to him 
 promptly, directing him to baptize her forthwith, which 
 was accordingly done. 1 Upon these peaceful labours 
 the long-pending storm broke and called Wren to 
 harder duties. 
 
 In 1640 the discontent of the times declared itself 
 openly in Scotland, where the Puritan party took up 
 arms against the King, and began to league themselves 
 with the party in England whose opinions or prejudices 
 coincided with their own. King Charles had sum- 
 moned a parliament, and again dismissed it, having 
 obtained no assistance against the Scotch. ' The 
 minds of men had taken such a turn,' says Hume, ' as 
 to ascribe every honour to the refractory opposers of 
 the King and the ministers. These were the only 
 patriots, the only lovers of their country, the only 
 heroes, and perhaps, too, the only true Christians.' 
 The mob of sectaries in London, encouraged by the 
 successes obtained by the Scotch, burst into S. Paul's, 
 
 1 Desiderata Curiosa, p. 336. Peck. It will be borne in mind that 
 the Office for the Baptism of such as are of Riper Years was only added 
 to the Prayer Book at the last revision in 1662. Mr. John Bois was 
 made a Prebendary of Ely by Bishop Andrewes, and was one of the 
 translators of the Bible (1604-161 1) ; he was on the Cambridge Committee, 
 and assisted in the translation of the Apocrypha. Key to the Holy 
 Bible, p. 28. Rev. J. H. Blunt.
 
 A GLEAM OF SUNSHINE. 47 
 
 where the High Commission then sat, and tore down 
 the benches, with cries of ' No Bishops no com- 
 mission ! ' Before this they had attacked Lambeth 
 Palace, threatening to tear the Archbishop in pieces, 
 and would probably have done so had he not been pre- 
 pared for them. From that time he knew his life to 
 be in constant peril. An unknown friend had written 
 to warn him that the Scotch Puritans justified assassi- 
 nation, and openly hoped the Primate might meet the 
 same fate as his early friend and patron, the Duke of 
 Buckingham. His integrity and singleness of mind, 
 to which Clarendon gives high testimony, had made 
 him bitter enemies. A hasty temper and sharp mode 
 of speech alienated many who could not but respect 
 him. The difficulties of his task had been doubled by 
 the lax, un-Catholic rule of his predecessor at Lambeth. 
 Both Puritans and Romanists alike reckoned him as 
 their greatest opponent. He was nearly seventy years 
 old, and sadly felt that ' there wanted not many pre- 
 sages of his ruin and death.' The King's return, on 
 October 30, brought a gleam of sunshine. 
 Evelyn l says : 
 
 ' I saw His Majesty (coming from his Northern expe- 
 dition) ride in pomp and a kind of ovation with all the 
 markes of a happy peace, restored to the affections 
 of his people, being conducted through London with 
 a most splendid cavalcade ; and on 3 November 
 following (a day never to be mentioned without a 
 curse), to that long, ungrateful, foolish, and fatal 
 Parliament, the beginning of all our sorrow for 
 
 1 Diary, October 30, 1640.
 
 48 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 twenty years after, and the period of the most happy 
 monarchy in the world.' In truth its opening 
 augured ill for the country and for the Church. 
 
 Lord Strafford was impeached and sent to the 
 Tower, and the Archbishop next attacked. Sir Har- 
 bottle Grimston, in a virulent speech, vented his hatred 
 against Archbishop Laud ; ' and those prelates he hath 
 advanced to name but some of them : Bishop Man- 
 waring, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, the Bishop of 
 Oxford, and Bishop Wren the last of all those birds, 
 but one of the most unclean ones.' The debate which 
 followed ended as in the temper of the House it was 
 certain to do in a vote that the Archbishop was a 
 traitor. Allowed the afternoon at Lambeth to collect 
 papers for his defence, he attended the evening 
 prayers for the last time in the chapel that he had re- 
 paired and adorned with loving care. The service, 
 which he had restored to its full beauty, soothed that 
 bitter hour. ' The Psalms of the day (December 1 8) 
 and chapter 1. of Isaiah gave me great comfort. God 
 make me worthy to receive it,' he wrote in his diary. 
 The poor thronged round Lambeth Palace, and bitterly 
 lamented the departure of their best friend, showering 
 blessings on his head as he was carried away. He 
 remained in the custody of Maxwell, the Usher of the 
 Black Rod, ten weeks, compelled to pay 4367. for his 
 charges, besides a fine of 5<x>/. He was then trans- 
 ferred to the Tower. 
 
 The Archbishop being secured, the Bishops were 
 next attacked. Hampden came to the Lords with a 
 message to acquaint their lordships that the Commons
 
 WREN UNDER CENSURE. 
 
 49 
 
 had received matters of a high kind against the Bishop 
 of Ely, for the ' setting up of idolatry and superstition 
 in divers places, and acting the same in his own 
 person ; ' adding that he was intending to escape from 
 England, and that they therefore desired he might be 
 put in security, to be forthcoming and abide the judg- 
 ment of Parliament. Bishop Wren was in his place 
 in the House when this summons came, and was 
 ordered to find bail for io,ooo/. ; helped by three of 
 the bishops, he managed to do so. When the Primate 
 was in custody, and Wren under censure, at the be- 
 ginning of the next year Lord Strafford was attacked. 
 Dr. Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, not long released 
 from the Tower, anxious to please the Commons, de- 
 clared that the canon law forbade the Bishops to sit as 
 judges in a case of blood. He spoke in the name of 
 the other Bishops ; and the decision was too welcome 
 to Strafford's enemies not to be agreed to instantly ; 
 but it was a concession afterwards very dangerous to 
 those who made it. The issue of that iniquitous trial, 
 perhaps as great a perversion of justice as England 
 had ever then known, needs no repetition here. 
 
 The King's best advisers were in prison or under 
 restraint, except good Bishop Juxon, who bravely told 
 him he ought not, upon any considerations in the world, 
 to do anything against his conscience ; and Bishop 
 Williams, who hated Strafford and Laud alike, sent by 
 the Commons to induce the King to sign the death- 
 warrant, had a fatal success. 
 
 Bishop Wren came to Windsor after this to marry 
 Princess Mary, the King's eldest daughter, to William, 
 
 E
 
 50 SJX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 eldest son of Henry Frederick, Prince of Orange, 
 whom he succeeded in six years. The alliance was 
 one which gratified the Parliament, being so Protestant 
 a connection. Little, however, could they have 
 guessed how deadly an enemy Princess Mary's son 
 would prove to the house of Stuart. Ten days after 
 this wedding came May 1 2, when ' the wisest head 
 in England was severed from the shoulders of Lord 
 Strafford.' So writes John Evelyn. To the Arch- 
 bishop, his friend's death must have been a terrible 
 blow. He was just able to bestow a parting blessing 
 through his prison window, and to hear Lord Strafford 
 say, ' Farewell, my lord. God protect your innocency.' 
 The Princess's marriage was the last occasion on which 
 Bishop Wren was to officiate as Dean of the Chapels 
 Royal. 
 
 The Commons had been industriously at work 
 against him since the first attack in December, and as 
 Archbishop Laud said of Prynne, ' by this time their 
 malice had hammered out somewhat.' The committee 
 sent in a report, charging the Bishop with ' excom- 
 municating fifty painful ministers, practising super- 
 stition in his own person, placing " the table " altar- 
 wise, elevation of the elements, the "eastward posi- 
 tion," as it is now called, at the Eucharist, bowing to 
 the Altar, causing all seats to be placed so that the 
 people faced east, employing his authority to restrain 
 "powerful preaching," and ordering catechising in 
 the words of the Church Catechism only, permitting 
 no prayer before the sermon but the bidding prayer
 
 BISHOP WREN'S RESIGNATION. 51 
 
 (canon 5), publishing a book of articles, to which the 
 churchwardens were sworn, containing 187 questions.' 
 
 Upon this report a debate ensued, ending in a vote 
 that it was the opinion of the House that Matthew 
 Wren was unworthy and unfit to hold or exercise any 
 office or dignity in the Church, and voting that a 
 message be sent to the House of Lords to desire them 
 to join the Commons in petitioning his Majesty to 
 remove Bishop Wren from his person and service, 
 Evelyn's expression, 'to such an exorbitancy had the 
 times grown,' aptly describes the state of matters when, 
 for details such as these of the government of a diocese, 
 and for practices which, if they had been proved, were 
 both legal and reasonable, an assembly of laymen pre- 
 sumed to pronounce a bishop unfit for his office in 
 the Church. Whether the petition ever came before 
 the King does not appear, but Wren thought it best to 
 take the initiative ; for he writes in his diary five days 
 after the debate : ' I hardly obtained leave from the 
 King to resign the deanery of the Chapels Royal.'

 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 1641-1647. 
 
 BISHOP WREN ACCUSED WESTMINSTER ABBEY ATTACKED IM- 
 PRISONMENT OF THE BISHOPS BISHOP WREN'S DEFENCE 
 'UTTERLY DENIETH ALL POPISH AFFECTIONS' THE GARTER 
 JEWELS ARCHBISHOP LAUD MURDERED CHRISTOPHER AT OXFORD 
 PHILOSOPHICAL MEETINGS.
 
 For though outnumber'd, overthrown, 
 And by the fate of war run down, 
 Their duty never was defeated, - 
 Nor from their oaths and faith retreated ; 
 For loyalty is still the same, 
 Whether it win or lose the game ; 
 True as the dial to the sun, 
 Although it be not shined upon. 
 
 Hudibras, pt. in. canto 2.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE concession Bishop Wren had thus made did not 
 satisfy the Commons, and on July 20 they drew out 
 the report into twenty articles of accusation, containing 
 all the former charges and several additional ones, 
 among which were the setting up of altar-rails, order- 
 ing the Holy Communion to be received kneeling, 
 ordering the reading of the ' Book of Sports/ and 
 preaching in a surplice ; causing by prosecutions 3,000 
 of the King's poor subjects to go beyond the sea. 
 
 For these offences they prayed that Bishop Wren 
 might answer> and suffer such punishment as law and 
 justice required. The articles were transmitted to the 
 House of Lords at a conference, and were read by Sir 
 T. Widdrington, Recorder of York, 1 who prefaced them 
 by a venomous speech against the Bishop of Ely, 
 whom he compared to ' a wolf devouring the flock ; 
 an extinguisher of light ; a Noah, who sent out doves 
 from the ark, and refused to receive them back unless 
 they returned as ravens, to feed upon the carrion of 
 his new inventions, he himself standing with a flaming 
 sword to keep such out of his diocese.' He accused 
 the Bishop of raising fines for his own profit ; called 
 him a great robber, a malefactor, ' a compleat mirror of 
 
 1 Vide supra, p. 17.
 
 56 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 innovation, superstition, and oppression : an oppugner 
 of the life and liberty of religion, and a devouring 
 serpent in the diocese of Norwich/ 
 
 These are but a few phrases from Sir Thomas's 
 speech ; he used no argument, adduced no proof, but 
 contented himself simply with clamour and reviling, 
 and these were amply sufficient. In the Long Parlia- 
 ment it was enough to accuse anyone, especially a 
 bishop, of Popery, superstition and ' innovation ' which 
 was a term invented by Bishop Williams, then as now 
 commonly applied to the oldest dogmas and practices 
 of the Church to insure his imprisonment, or at the 
 least a heavy fine. In Wren's Diary opposite the day 
 of the month is merely, ' Let God arise, and let his 
 enemies be scattered.' Dr. Pierce, Bishop of Bath and 
 Wells, was attacked at the same time ; but at first no 
 active steps were taken against them, perhaps because 
 the Commons found matters not yet ripe for a whole- 
 sale imprisonment of the Bishops. Dr. Wren well- 
 knew that matters would not stop here, and while 
 awaiting the next attack began to prepare his Defence 
 against the Articles of Accusation. 
 
 The mob in the meanwhile were encouraged by 
 caricatures, libels, and invectives to rail against the 
 Bishops and impute every misfortune and every trade 
 failure to them, by which means the Puritan leaders 
 contrived to stir up a yelling mob of men and women. 
 
 All petitions against the Church were received and 
 the petitioners encouraged and praised. The populace 
 insulted the Bishops whenever they appeared, and 
 threatened their lives. Westminster Abbey was at-
 
 ATTACK ON WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 57 
 
 tacked, when the Bishops were there, by a violent mob, 
 led by Wiseman, a knight of Kent. The officers and 
 choirmen of the Abbey with the boys of the School, 
 among whom must have been Christopher Wren, 
 defended it gallantly, and the fray ended when Wise- 
 man was killed by a tile thrown from the battlements 
 by one of the defenders. After this the Bishops who 
 were in London met in the Deanery at Westminster, 
 the lodging of Williams, Archbishop of York, who had 
 just been translated from Lincoln to York, in succes- 
 sion to the late Archbishop Neile, 1 to consult what 
 should be done. At the Archbishop's suggestion, 
 they drew up a paper, remonstrating against the abuse 
 offered them, and the manner in which they had been 
 hindered from coming to the House of Lords, their 
 coaches overset, their barges attacked and prevented 
 landing, and they themselves beset and threatened. 
 They claimed their right to sit in the House of Lords 
 and vote, and protested against all that had been done 
 since the 27th of that month (December, 1641), and 
 all that should hereafter pass in time of this their 
 forced and violent absence. This paper was signed 
 by the Archbishop and eleven Bishops, of whom 
 Bishop Wren was one, and presented to the King, 
 who delivered it to Littleton, the Lord Keeper, to be 
 communicated next day to the Peers. The Lord 
 Keeper, who had already deserted his benefactor, 
 Lord Strafford, contrary to the King's orders showed 
 
 1 R. N eile, successively Bishop of Rochester, Lichfield, Lincoln, 
 Durham and Winchester, and Archbishop of York, died 1640. Godwin 
 speaks strongly of his loyalty to Church and King, and the hatred borne 
 to him by the Puritans. Praesul. Ang.
 
 5 8 SIR CHRISTOPHER 
 
 the paper first to ' some of the preaching party in both 
 Houses,' and then to the Peers. Upon the reading a 
 conference was desired between the Houses, and the 
 Lord Keeper declared that the Bishops' paper con- 
 tained ' matters of high and dangerous consequence, 
 extending to the deep intrenching upon the funda- 
 mental privileges and being of Parliament.' The 
 Commons, whose part, like that of the Lord Keeper, 1 
 was pre-arranged, impeached the Bishops of high 
 treason ; the usher of the Black Rod was despatched to 
 find and bring them before the House. They, lodging 
 in different parts of London, were not all collected 
 until eight o'clock on the winter's night, and then, their 
 offence being signified, were committed to the Tower. 2 
 The Bishops of Durham and Lichfield, both aged and 
 infirm, obtained leave to be in the custody of the 
 Black Rod. The other bishops were carried to the 
 
 1 ' The Commons not being able to come at their intended alterations 
 in the Church while the Bench of Bishops remained entire in the House 
 of Peers, formed several schemes to divide them.' Hist, of the Puritans, 
 vol. ii. p. 388. Neale. 
 
 2 ' We, poor souls,' says Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich, in his 
 Hard Measure, ' who little thought we had done anything that might 
 deserve a chiding, are now called to our knees at the bar, and charged 
 severally with high treason, being not a little astonished at the suddenness 
 of this crimination compared with the perfect innocency of our own 
 intentions, which were only to bring us to our due places in Parliament 
 with safety and speed, without the least purpose of any man's offence ; 
 but now traitors we are in all the haste, and must be dealt with accord- 
 ingly. For on December 30, in all the extremity of frost at eight o'clock on 
 the dark evening, are we voted to the Tower ; only two of our number 
 had the favour of the Black Rod, by reason of their age, which though 
 desired by a noble lord on my behalf would not be granted ; wherein I 
 acknowledge and bless the gracious Providence of my God, for had I 
 been gratified I had been undone both in body and purse ; the rooms 
 
 being strait, and the expense beyond the reach of my estate.' Annals 
 
 of England* p. 420.
 
 THE DECOY DUCK. 59 
 
 Tower on the following morning. A libellous pam- 
 phlet was published at this time, entitled 'Wren's 
 Anatomy, discovering his notorious Pranks &c., printed 
 in the year when Wren ceased to domineer/ has in 
 the title-page a print of Bishop Wren sitting at a table ; 
 out of his mouth proceed two labels : on one, ' Canonical 
 Prayers ; ' on the other, ' No Afternoon Sermon.' On 
 one side stand several clergy, over whose heads is 
 written ' Altar-cringing Priests.' On the other, two 
 men in lay habits, above whom is this inscription, 
 1 Churchwardens for Articles.' It serves to show what 
 were considered as really the Bishop's crimes, and 
 that he had a fair proportion of faithful clergy. 1 The 
 Archbishop of York had served the Commons' turn in 
 procuring the King's assent to Lord Strafford's death- 
 warrant, and had enjoyed for a short time a remark- 
 able though transient popularity both on that account 
 and as Laud's bitter opponent. The Commons were, 
 however, soon weary of him, and gladly availed them- 
 selves of the pretext afforded by the protest to throw 
 him aside. A pamphlet was published, which had a 
 great success, entitled the ' Decoy Duck,' in allusion 
 to the fens of his former diocese of Lincoln, in which 
 he was represented as only released from the Tower 
 in order to decoy the other bishops there. It was 
 thought prudent that the bishops should make no 
 attempt either to see each other, or Archbishop Laud, 
 who had preceded them to that dreary lodging, so that 
 only loving messages passed between the prisoners. 
 So many bishops being in custody, and five sees vacant, 
 
 1 Biographical History of England, vol. ii. p. 157. Grainger,
 
 60 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREtf. 
 
 the Commons took their opportunity, and brought in 
 a Bill depriving the Bishops of their seats in Parlia- 
 ment, and of the power of sitting as judges or privy 
 councillors. It was feebly opposed by the Churchmen, 
 who had been alienated by the prelates' desertion of 
 Lord Strafford, and was finally carried. The remark 
 made a little later bv Lord Falkland on Sir E. Deer- 
 
 * 
 
 ing's ' Bill for the Extirpation of Episcopacy/ when 
 the Churchmen, weary of their attendance, left the 
 House at dinner-time, and did not return ' Those 
 who hated the bishops, hated them worse than the 
 devil, and those who loved them did not love them 
 so well as their dinner,' appears to have been ap- 
 plicable to this occasion also. Not very long after the 
 first-named Bill had passed, some of the bishops were 
 set at liberty, but Bishop Wren was not released until 
 May 6, 1642. 
 
 It was a brief respite. He went down to his 
 diocese, to a house at Downham, near Ely, where his 
 wife and children were living, and there, August 17, 
 he kept the last wedding-day that he and his wife 
 were ever to celebrate together. On August 25 
 King Charles set up his standard at Nottingham 
 and the Civil War began. On the 3oth of the month 
 Bishop Wren's house was entered by soldiers and 
 he was taken prisoner, without, it will be observed, 
 the shadow of a legal charge against him. On 
 September ist he was again thrown into the Tower, 
 leaving Mrs. Wren with a daughter only eight days 
 old and mourning for their son Francis, who had died 
 in the previous month. Matthew, the eldest son, was
 
 IMPRISONMENT. 61 
 
 then only thirteen years old. Bishop Wren's was a 
 singularly steadfast, hopeful nature, and it may be that 
 he expected to be speedily released by the victorious 
 Royalist armies. Could he have foreseen the duration 
 of his imprisonment and the miseries which were to 
 befall the Church and the country, even his dauntless 
 spirit might have been crushed. He did not seek an 
 interview with Archbishop Laud, lest they should 
 be accused of plotting, and so each injure the other. 
 Otherwise it would not have been difficult, as the 
 Archbishop was at first carelessly watched, in the hope 
 that he would, by escaping, rid the Commons of a 
 difficulty. The Archbishop ' would not, at seventy 
 years, go about to prolong a miserable life by the 
 trouble and shame of flying,' though Grotius sent him 
 an intreaty to copy the example of his own marvellous 
 escape from Loevenstein Castle twenty-one years pre- 
 viously. 1 The services in the Tower Chapel, where 
 they probably met at first, could have given them little 
 comfort, marred and mangled as the services were by 
 the intruders, who came often with no better object 
 than to preach insulting sermons against the prelates. 
 
 Dr. Wren busied himself in the completion of the 
 ' Defence,' to which allusion has been made in the 
 first chapter. 2 It is too long to allow of being set 
 out in full, but a few points may be touched upon. Of 
 the ' fifty painful ministers ' whom he was said to have 
 excommunicated, for some of the sentences there was, 
 as has been said, very sufficient reason. As the Bishop 
 says, ' Excommunication doth by law fall upon those 
 1 Vide Life of Barne-velde, vol. i. p. 408. Motley. 2 P. 26.
 
 62 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 that are absent, either from visitation, or synods ; and 
 suspension is a censure which in the practice of those 
 courts is incurred in one hour and taken off in another, 
 and is of little or no grievance at all except it be wil- 
 fully persisted in.' He complains of so vague a charge, 
 not stating who the clergy were, and proceeds as 
 well as he can recollect to mention those who had 
 fallen under his censure. For those whose licence to 
 preach had been withdrawn, the greater number ought 
 never to have received it at all ; one had been a broken 
 tradesman in Ipswich, one a country apothecary, another 
 a weaver, another 'no graduate, not long translated 
 from common stage-playing to two cures and a publick 
 lecture.' Yet still when all were reckoned who had 
 ever been censured or admonished, the Bishop thinks 
 that the fifty will hardly be made up. l 
 
 It is a curious instance of the temper of the times 
 that one head of so serious an indictment should be that 
 'To manifest his Popish Affections, he in 1636, caused 
 a crucifix to be engraven upon his Episcopal seal.' 
 Bishop Wren carefully addresses himself to the defence 
 of this point, and to that of bowing at the name of our 
 Lord, and to the Altar. 
 
 1 He began so to do by the example of that learned 
 and holy Prelate Bishop Andrewes, now with God, 
 
 1 'Certainly,' says Nalson, 'notwithstanding this black accusation 
 (he is speaking of the ' fifty painful ministers '), there cannot be a greater 
 demonstration of the innocence of this worthy prelate than the very 
 articles ; and that this accusation wanted proof to carry it further than a 
 bare accusation, and a commitment to the Tower, where, with the courage 
 and patience of a primitive Christian, he continued prisoner till the year 
 1660.' History of the Puritans, vol. ii. p. 223. Grey, Examination of 
 Neale's.
 
 BO W 'ING TO THE ALTAR, 63 
 
 under whom this defendant was brought up from his 
 youth, and had depended upon him more than forty 
 years since, and constantly and religiously practised 
 the same upon all occasions .... as his own years 
 and studies increased he found first, the bowing at the 
 name of the Lord Jesus, had not only been practised 
 by the clergy but had also been enjoined to all the 
 people, ever since the first reformation, as appeareth 
 by the Injunctions, i Eliz. Cap. 52, thereby to 
 testify our due acknowledgment that the Lord Jesus 
 Christ, the true and Eternal Son of God, is the only 
 Saviour of the world, in whom alone the mercies, 
 graces and promises of God to mankind for this 
 life and the life to come are fully and wholly com- 
 prised, i Jac. Can. 18.' For bowing to the Altar, 
 while setting out how old a practice of the Church it 
 was, designedly continued at the Reformation, how a 
 like reverence was paid always to the King, or to his 
 chair of estate if he was not in the Presence Chamber, 
 
 * No Christian would ever deny that bowing or doing 
 adoration, was to be used as a part of God's worship, 
 the affirmative act being necessarily included in the 
 negative precept, " Non adorabis ea, ergo adorabis 
 Me." ' ' No more as he humbly conceiveth is it any 
 superstition, but a sign of devotion, and of an awful 
 apprehension of God's divine Presence, to do Him 
 reverence at the approach into the House of God, or 
 unto the Lord's Table. . . . 
 
 For the crucifix * He utterly denieth all popish 
 affections, and saith that the figure of Christ upon
 
 64 <SW CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 the Cross may be had without any popish affection, 
 and that the said figure upon his seal did itself 
 declare what affection it was to manifest. For there 
 was this posy engraven with it, " 'Ev a> /coor/tog e/u,ol 
 Kaya> TO> /co'cr/xa>," being taken out of S. Paul, Gal. 
 
 vi. 14 In an holy imitation whereof this 
 
 defendant beareth divers coats of arms (as the use 
 is) upon the said seal, to wit, the arms of the See of 
 Norwich, and the arms of the See of Hereford, and 
 of the Deanery of Windsor, and of the Mastership 
 of Peterhouse, together with his own paternal coat 
 of an ancient descent ; he, considering with himself, 
 that these were emblems all, and badges but of 
 worldly and temporal glories, and desiring that the 
 world should have a right apprehension of him, and 
 to testify that he did no way glory in any thing of this 
 transitory world, but humbly endeavoured to wean 
 himself from all temporal and vain rejoycing, he 
 therefore caused such a small figure of Christ on 
 the Cross to be set over all the said coats.' 
 
 He adds that he principally used it in signing ' pre- 
 sentments of Popish recusants.' . . . not to say that 
 although the said seal lay all the year long locked 
 up in a chest, but at the time of sealing, and that 
 when any sealing there was no worship done by 
 any ; yet nevertheless, as soon as he understood 
 that any, had taken scruple at it, he presently, to 
 avoid all pretence of scandal, caused the said seal to 
 be altered and the figure of Christ to be wholly 
 omitted.' 1 
 
 1 It is curious that nearly as violent an attack was made a hundred
 
 EASTWARD POSITION. 65 
 
 The part of the Defence, which has been most chal- 
 lenged, is that for the use of the ' Eastward position.' It 
 is, however, important to remember that the Bishop had 
 to defend himself against the charge, that once, while 
 celebrating in the Tower Church at Ipswich, he had 
 ' used idolatrous actions ' in administering the Holy 
 Communion, Consecrating the Elements with his face 
 eastward, elevating the Paten and Chalice 'above his 
 shoulders and bowing low either to or before them 
 when set down on the Table.' 
 
 The charge of ' idolatry ' divides itself into three 
 heads. The last two Wren met by a full denial, the 
 first he confesses, while explaining his reason for his 
 position in that special instance, when, as he says, the 
 Elements being on the middle of the Holy Table, 
 ' were farther from the end thereof than he^ being but 
 low of stature, could reach over his book unto them 
 and yet still proceed in reading the words without 
 stop or interruption and without danger of spilling the 
 Bread and Wine . . . and he humbly conceiveth that 
 although the Kubrick 1 says that the Minister shall 
 stand at the north side of the Table, yet .it is not so to 
 be meant as that upon no occasion during all Corn- 
 years later upon Bishop Butler (the author of the Analogy), because, 
 when Bishop of Bristol, he put up a plain, inlaid, black marble cross in 
 the Chapel of the Palace there. He died 1752. 
 
 1 The Rubric before the Prayer of Consecration in the Prayer Book 
 of 1559-1604, was simply : 
 
 ' Then the Priest, standing up, shall say as followeth.' 
 The first rubric of position at the beginning of the service had placed 
 him ' at the north side of the Table.' For a full and very interesting 
 defence of Bishop Wren, see Worship in the (Church of England, Right 
 Honourable A. B. B. Hope, and, Dean Howson 'Before the Table] by the 
 same author, in the Church Quarterly Review, January, 1876. 
 
 F
 
 66 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 munion time he shall step from it.' For the rest, the 
 whgle tone of the Defence is brave and dignified ; and 
 despite the knowledge that his life was at stake, despite 
 of the ' humbly conceiveth ' which runs through it, it 
 is evident that the Bishop considered his position to be 
 in reality unassailable, and that he was more or less con- 
 descending in making these explanations. There is an 
 irony in the studied simplicity with which the scholar 
 and theologian explains elementary truths and ordinary 
 rules of church discipline to a House of Commons who 
 certainly stood in need of instruction in such matters. 
 The Bishop, when his part was done, and he had 
 received notice to prepare for trial on a day appointed, 
 put his manuscript, with an injunction of secresy, into 
 the hands of a lawyer who was supposed to be friendly, 
 that he might give his advice on the technical and legal 
 parts. 
 
 1 The person,' says the ' Parentalia,' ' thus intrusted dis- 
 covering (on the perusal) matters of such moment, 
 as he conceived might be very expedient for the 
 Prosecutors to be forewarned of, betrayed his trust, 
 and to ingratiate himself treacherously delivered up 
 the Bishop's papers to the chief persons in power of 
 the governing faction. The consequence thereupon 
 was that the resolution which had been taken to 
 bring him to trial for life was suddenly counter- 
 manded and an order by the House of Commons 
 made to continue him in prison during their pleasure.' 
 
 So began the long years of Bishop Wren's captivity. 
 Few trials could have been harder for a man of vigorous
 
 GARTER JEWELS. 67 
 
 active nature to bear than this one which rendered him 
 powerless, when all he held dear was at stake, loaded 
 him with calumnies and prevented his uttering a word 
 in his defence. The diary gives no hint of what his 
 feelings were. In silence he resigned himself, resolved 
 to afford no triumph to his enemies. Dean Wren was 
 somewhat better off, though he had his share of mis- 
 fortunes. The valuable plate and treasures belonging 
 to the Order of the Garter were a serious responsibility, 
 and, though the treasure-house was strong, he could 
 not feel that it offered a sufficient security. The plate 
 and armour were not easily hidden, but the Diamond 
 George and Garter of Gustavus Adolphus he deter- 
 mined, if possible, to save. Accordingly, with the help 
 of one trustworthy person and every precaution for 
 secresy, he dug a hole in the treasury floor and there 
 deposited them, concealing the place with the utmost 
 care, and leaving a note in the hand of one worthy 
 person intimating where the jewels might be found in 
 the event of his death. He had good cause to rejoice 
 in this precaution, for a few months later, in October 
 1642, down came 
 
 ' one Captain Fogg pretending a warrant from the 
 King and demanding the keys of the Treasury, 
 threatening if they were denied him by the Dean 
 and Prebendaries, to pull the Chapel about their 
 ears.' 
 
 As his threats had no effect, he forced the stone 
 jambs of the doorway with crowbars, and carried off 
 all the treasures except those which the Dean had 
 
 F 2
 
 68 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 buried. These, however, did not long remain secure, 
 for in 1645 they were discovered and placed in the 
 keeping of Colonel Ven, then governor of Windsor 
 Castle, and finally, through several hands, reached the 
 trustees of the Long Parliament, who sold the jewels 
 to Thomas Beauchamp, their clerk. The Deanery was 
 not spared during the first pillage of the chapel, 
 though the Dean possessed a formal protection from 
 the Committee of Public Safety, but was ransacked by 
 the soldiers, and the Registry of the Garter, sealed by 
 order of the House of Lords, broken open, and the re- 
 cords stolen. Dean Wren lost many things of value 
 books and manuscripts dear to the careful scholar, and 
 also plate, including two large silver tankards, the gifts 
 of the Elector Palatine. Of his own effects the Dean 
 was only able, after an interval of six years, to recover 
 one harpsichord valued at ten pounds ; but he suc- 
 ceeded, after much expense and frequent attendances at 
 Somerset House, by the favour of the trustees' chair- 
 man, Major Wither, in regaining the registers of the 
 Order of the Garter, known from the colours of the 
 velvet in which they were bound as ' the Black, the 
 Blue, and the Red,' though not until a considerable space 
 of time had passed; they contained all the principal 
 records of the Order, and were therefore very valuable. 
 The diamonds however, he was never able to regain, or 
 the Altar Plate. After the first plunder of the Chapel 
 and the Deanery Dr. Wren appears to have left 
 Windsor and to have followed the Court for a time. 
 
 Christopher, meanwhile, was at Westminster ad- 
 vancing steadily in learning, while the loyal prin-
 
 INCREASING TROUBLES. 69 
 
 ciples of his family must have been confirmed by the 
 whole tone of the school which was ardently royalist, 
 South, in a sermon for January 30, says, 1 speaking of 
 Westminster : ' Upon that very Day, that black and 
 eternally infamous Day of the King's murder, I myself 
 heard, and am now a witness, that the King was pub- 
 lickly prayed for in this School but an hour or two (at 
 most) before his sacred head was struck off.' 
 
 Whether at this period Christopher ever saw his 
 uncle in the Tower does not appear. The Bishop's 
 position was sad enough. During 1643 and 1644 his 
 diary records the death of five of his children ; in the 
 monotony of his prison life these sorrows must have 
 pressed on him with double force. Nor was there any 
 consolation to be derived from public matters. The royal 
 cause, prosperous at first, grew less and less so, as the 
 King's lack of money became an ever-increasing diffi- 
 culty. Another grief, keenly felt by all Churchmen, 
 was the order of the Parliament for the abolition of 
 the Prayer Book and the alteration of the Thirty-nine 
 Articles in a sense pleasing to the Puritans. Then 
 came the long-deferred trial of the Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. He was treated with a cruel disregard of 
 his high position and of his age, every kind of insult 
 and indignity being offered him. He however rose 
 superior to it all, and defended himself with an elo- 
 quence, vigour, and courage which dismayed and en- 
 raged his enemies, though it could not change their 
 purpose. The Bishop of Ely's name was frequently 
 mentioned, and his promotion objected to as one of the 
 
 1 South's Sermons, vol. v. p. 45, ed. 1727.
 
 jo S/X CHRISTOPHER 
 
 Archbishop's crimes ; but no further steps were taken 
 against him then, as he was safe in custody, and the 
 Commons had enough on their hands. 
 
 In his defence, the Archbishop thought it prudent 
 to say nothing respecting the Bishops whose advance- 
 ment was objected against him, deeming it for their 
 interest to entangle them as little as possible in his 
 misfortunes. They were able to speak for themselves 
 he said, but the memory of the dead Archbishop 
 Neile he warmly defended. The trial was long pro- 
 tracted in order to give a specious colouring of justice 
 to the predetermined sentence. 
 
 For this Prynne ' kept a school of instruction ' for 
 the witnesses, and tampered with the Archbishop's 
 papers, of which he had forcibly possessed himself. 
 The spirit that guided the whole trial was shown in 
 his reply to one who said the Archbishop was a good 
 man. ' Yea, but we must make him ill.' The Peers 
 raised a feeble opposition. The King, whose consent 
 the Parliament had not attempted to procure, sent to 
 the Archbishop by a sure hand, from Oxford, a full 
 pardon under the Great Seal, but neither received the 
 least attention. 
 
 On January 10, on Tower Hill, the unjust sentence 
 was fulfilled. Few things are more touching than the 
 account given by his chaplain and biographer, Heylin, 
 of the way in which the Archbishop met that cruel fate. 
 It is some comfort to remember that, though the 
 Church Services were then forbidden, yet his enemies 
 did not interfere, but suffered the Burial Service to 
 be read in All Hallows, Barking, where he was first
 
 ARCHBISHOP LAUD MURDERED. 71 
 
 interred. After the Restoration, the coffin was removed 
 to S. John's College, Oxford, and buried under the 
 altar in the chapel. He left Bishop Wren and Dr. 
 Duppa, Bishop of Salisbury, executors of his will. It 
 contained a great number of bequests for charitable 
 foundations, especially for his native town of Reading ; 
 but as his whole estate had been taken from him, these 
 were unfulfilled. His murder was an immense 
 triumph to all the Sectarians in England and Scotland, 
 who probably considered it as a death-blow to the 
 Church. 
 
 The Bishop of Ely in his cell must have listened 
 in grief and horror to the tolling of the Tower bell 
 which proclaimed the bloody death of the friend with 
 whom he had laboured for many years, latterly his 
 patient fellow-prisoner. The entry in the diary is 
 brief : ' Parce, O Deus Requisitor sanguinis.' The 
 same fate seemed very near to himself, and he was 
 ready to follow the Archbishop ; but he had eighteen 
 years of close imprisonment to endure, and a different 
 work to do. 
 
 Early in 1644, George Monk, then a colonel in the 
 King's service, was taken prisoner by Fairfax in his 
 attack upon the army besieging Nantwich, in Cheshire. 
 He was imprisoned first at Hull, and then, as he was 
 thought too important to be exchanged except for 
 some considerable prisoner, he was sent to the Tower, 
 and there remained two years. The Tower charges 
 were high, and a long confinement in its walls was a 
 strain upon the resources of a prisoner, which reduced 
 those, whose fortune, like that of Monk, was scanty,
 
 72 S/K CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 to extreme poverty. The King, who knew Monk's 
 condition, contrived to send him a hundred guineas, 
 and upon this he existed for some time, and resisted 
 the offers of Cromwell, then rapidly rising in power and 
 authority. 
 
 Somehow or other, Monk contrived to obtain 
 several interviews with Bishop Wren, who did his 
 best to confirm the soldier in his loyalty. He per- 
 ceived that Monk, whose popularity with the army 
 was very great, and whose military talents were 
 thought to be of a high order, might one day be a 
 valuable ally, and a useful counterpoise to Cromwell. 
 At length, when the King's cause appeared for the 
 time lost, and Monk himself was reduced to extreme 
 poverty, he yielded to Cromwell's request, and ac- 
 cepted a commission in the Irish army, under his 
 kinsman Lord Lisle. Before his release, Monk had 
 a final interview with the Bishop of Ely, and, as 
 he knelt to ask the Bishop's blessing, bound himself 
 with a solemn engagement never to be an enemy to 
 his king, and said he was going to do his majesty the 
 best service he could against 'the rebels in Ireland, 
 and hoped he should one day do him further service in 
 England.' 
 
 Bishop Wren held firmly to his trust in Monk's 
 loyalty, though many things might well have shaken 
 his confidence. In the curious life of Dr. John Bar- 
 wick, one of the King's most faithful agents, from 
 whom Sir Walter Scott may have taken many of the 
 features of his indefatigable plotter ' Dr. Rochecliffe,' 
 it is said that 1 'he' (Dr. Barwick) 'often heard the 
 
 1 Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 267, ed. 1724.
 
 CHRISTOPHER AT OXFORD. 73 
 
 Right Reverend Bishop of Ely promise himself all he 
 could wish from the General's fidelity.' As Monk 
 gave no other hint of his intentions, refusing even to 
 receive Charles II.'s letters, this assurance was precious 
 to the Royalists. 
 
 In 1646, Christopher Wren left Westminster, and 
 at the age of fourteen went up to Oxford, and was 
 entered as a Gentleman Commoner at Wadham 
 College. He had, young as he was, distinguished 
 himself at Westminster, inventing an astronomical 
 instrument, of which no description remains, and 
 dedicating it to his father in a short Latin poem, 1 
 which has been often praised for the flow and smooth- 
 ness of its lines ; a set of Latin verses in which the signs 
 of the Zodiac are transformed into Christian emblems, 
 is, in spite of its ingenuity, much less successful ; a short 
 poem on the Nativity also in Latin, belongs probably 
 to the same date, and is of the same order of poetry. 
 
 Far more graceful are the playful lines cut on the 
 rind of an immense pomegranate sent to ' that best man, 
 my dearest friend E. F., by Christopher Regulus/ in 
 which on the ' Pomo Punico,' as he calls it, Christopher 
 rings the changes on ' Punic gifts ' and ' Punic faith,' 
 and declares his pomegranate is connected neither with 
 the one nor the other. 
 
 One English poem, an attempt to paraphrase the 
 first chapter of S. John's Gospel, fails of necessity from 
 the impossibility of such an attempt, and Wren handles 
 the English verse far more stiffly and uneasily than he 
 did the Latin. What however is striking is the pen- 
 
 1 See Appendix L
 
 74 MX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 manship of the ' Parentalia ' autograph ; the writing, the 
 capital letters, and the little flourishes are executed 
 with a delicate finish really remarkable. 
 
 There is no date to this autograph, but the hand- 
 writing appears firmer and more regular than that 
 of the dedication to his father, and it was probably an 
 Oxford composition. 
 
 Christopher came up to Ozford a slight, delicate 
 boy, with an understanding at once singularly quick 
 and patient, readily seconded by very dexterous fin- 
 gers, and keen powers of observation. He brought 
 with him a reputation for, in the phrase of the day, 
 ' uncommon parts,' and speedily showed that besides a 
 classical education, he had acquired a strong bent for 
 the experimental philosophy of the ' New learning.' 
 
 Oxford, when Wren came there, was not only the 
 seat of learning, it was a Court and a Camp as well, to 
 which all the Royalist hearts in England turned. In 
 the midst of these curiously differing influences, Chris- 
 topher pursued his studies under the care of the ' most 
 obliging and universally curious Dr. Wilkins, 1 1 as 
 Evelyn calls him, a man as devoted to experiments 
 as Christopher himself. Dean Wren had been in 
 Bristol with his daughter and son-in-law, accompany- 
 
 1 Dr. Wilkins published a book (A Discovery of a New World), 
 concerning the art of flying, in which he said he did not question 
 but in the next age it will be as usual to hear a man call for his wings 
 when he is going a journey, as it is now to call for his boots. The 
 Duchess of Newcastle objecting to Dr. Wilkins the want of baiting places 
 on the way to his New World, he expressed his surprise that the objection 
 should be made by a lady who had all her life been employed in building 
 castles in the air. (The Guardian, No. 112. Addison.) This scheme 
 does not seem to have reached the length of an experiment !
 
 KING CHARLES LEAVES OXFORD. 75 
 
 ing Prince Rupert, and on the Prince's unexpected 
 surrender of the town to Fairfax (1645), seems to have 
 returned with Prince Rupert and Mr. and Mrs. 
 Holder, either to his own living of Great Haseley, or 
 to Mr. Holder's at Bletchingdon. 
 
 In those times no place could long be a tranquil 
 habitation. The King's affairs went from bad to 
 worse, and at length the near approach of Fairfax 
 with his victorious army made it evident that Oxford 
 could no longer be a safe refuge for the Court. King 
 Charles accordingly left Oxford in disguise, and, at- 
 tended only by Mr. Ashburnham and Dr. Michael 
 Hudson, 1 who was well acquainted with the lanes and 
 byeways of the country, proceeded by Henley-on- 
 Thames and St. Albans, to Southwell in Nottingham- 
 shire, throwing himself on the loyalty of the Scots, then 
 encamped at Newark. How unworthy of his con- 
 fidence they proved to be, and how they finally sold 
 him to the Parliament, are matters of history too 
 notorious for repetition here. 
 
 Oxford, thus saved from the ruin of a siege, capi- 
 tulated to Fairfax June 24, 1646, on the express con- 
 dition that the University should be free from ' seques- 
 trations, fines, taxes and all other molestations what- 
 soever.' But the Parliament was not famous for keep- 
 ing its engagements, and at once proceeded to break 
 through those made with Oxford and reduce it to the 
 same condition as Cambridge, which they had devas- 
 
 1 A most zealous Royalist ; King Charles called him ' my plain- 
 dealing chaplain,' because Dr. Hudson told him the truth when others 
 would not. He was murdered at Woodcroft House, Northamptonshire, 
 1648. Desiderata Curiosa, p. 378. Peck.
 
 76 5//? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 tated in 1642. A passage from ' Querela Cantabri- 
 giensis,' which is supposed to be written by Dr. Barwick, 
 gives some idea of what this condition was : 
 ' And therefore,' he says, 'if posterity shall ask "Who 
 thrust out one of the eyes of this kingdom, who 
 made Eloquence dumb, Philosophy sottish, widowed 
 the Arts, and drove the Muses from their ancient 
 habitation ? Who plucked th^ reverend and orthodox 
 professors out of their chairs, and silenced them in 
 prison or their graves ? Who turned Religion 
 into Rebellion, and changed the apostolical chair 
 into a desk for blasphemy, and tore the garland 
 from the head of Learning to place it on the dull 
 brows of disloyal ignorance?" If they shall ask 
 " Who made those ancient and beautiful chapels, the 
 sweet remembrances and monuments of our fore- 
 fathers' charity and the kind fomenters of their 
 children's devotion, to become ruinous heaps of dust 
 and stones ? " . . . 'Tis quickly answered " Those 
 they were, who endeavouring to share three Crowns 
 and put them in their own pockets, have transformed 
 this free kingdom into a large gaol, to keep the 
 liberty of tJie subject', they who maintain 100,000 
 robbers and murderers by sea and land, to protect 
 our lives and the propriety of our goods. . . . they 
 who have possessed themselves of his majesty's 
 towns, navy, and magazines, to make him a glorious 
 king; who have multiplied oaths, protestations, vows, 
 leagues and covenants, for ease of tender consciences ; 
 filling all pulpits with jugglers for the Cause, canting 
 sedition, atheism, and rebellion, to root out popery
 
 PHILOSOPHICAL MEETINGS. 77 
 
 and Babylon and settle the kingdom of Christ : . . . 
 The very same have stopped the mouth of all learn- 
 ing (following herein the example of their elder 
 brother the Turk), lest any should be wiser than 
 themselves, or posterity know what a world of 
 wickedness they have committed. " ' x 
 
 Wadham College probably suffered less than many, 
 as its head, Dr. Wilkins, who had married Cromwell's 
 sister, was very submissive to the then Government. 
 As matters settled down somewhat at Oxford towards 
 1648, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Jonathan Goddard, Dr. Wallis, 
 Mr. Theodore Hank, who came from the desolated 
 Palatinate, and Mr. S. Foster, the Gresham Professor 
 of Astronomy, met together weekly, ' to discourse and 
 consider,' writes Dr. Wallis, ' (precluding theology and 
 state affairs), of philosophical enquiries, and such as 
 related thereunto : as physick, anatomy, geometry, 
 astronomy, navigation, staticks, magneticks, chymicks, 
 mechanicks, and natural experiments with the state 
 of those studies as then calculated at home and 
 abroad.' 
 
 The meetings, at which Christopher Wren, young 
 as he was, appears to have been a constant attendant, 
 were frequently held at the house of Dr. Goddard for 
 the convenience of his having there a workman skilled 
 in the nice work of grinding glasses for microscopes 
 and telescopes. Dr. Goddard became body physician 
 to Cromwell, was by him made Warden of Merton 
 College, Oxford, and subsequently represented the 
 university in Parliament. Dr. Wallis, a famous Oxford 
 
 1 Annals of England, p. 432.
 
 7 8 S/X CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 mathematician, was employed by the Parliament to 
 decipher the King's cabinet of letters taken at Naseby, 
 and also was proved by Matthew Wren, the son of the 
 Bishop, to have deciphered several very important 
 letters sent by Charles II. to England, and intercepted 
 at Dunkirk. 
 
 As by degrees these meetings were more largely 
 attended, and men came who held very different 
 opinions from those of Dr. Goddard and Dr. Wallis, 
 the exclusion of theology and politics from the discus- 
 sions was a needful precaution. Many inventions 
 of Christopher's date from this time, a design for a re- 
 flecting dial for the ceiling of a room, ornamented with 
 quaint figures and devices, some Latin lines ending 
 in a chronogram of his age, and the date of the invention, 
 suggested probably by the one in the rectory at East 
 Knoyle, which he had known from a child ; an instru- 
 ment to write in the dark ; and an instrument of use in 
 gnomonics. 1 At the same time he had attracted the 
 notice of Sir Charles Scarborough, a friend of Dean 
 Wren's, then just rising to fame as a surgeon. Chris- 
 topher, whose health, as has been said, was delicate, 
 fell dangerously ill and considered that he owed his 
 life to the skilful care of his new friend. Dr. Scar- 
 borough, who could recite in order all the propositions 
 of Euclid and Archimedes, and could apply them, found 
 in his patient a kindred spirit, and induced Wren, 
 young as he was, to undertake the translation into 
 Latin of the ' Clavis Aurea,' by the Rev. W. Oughtred, 
 a mathematical treatise of great reputation. 
 
 1 i.e. the art of dial-making.
 
 MR. OUGHTRED. 79 
 
 That Christopher was able to satisfy the old man 
 is evident from the preface, even while making allow- 
 ance for the complimentary style of the time. Mr. 
 Oughtred speaks of 
 
 ' Mr. Christopher Wren, Gentleman Commoner of 
 Wadham College, a youth generally admired for his 
 talents, who, when not yet sixteen years old, enriched 
 astronomy, gnomonics, statics and mechanics, by 
 brilliant inventions, and from that time has continued 
 to enrich them, and in truth is one from whom I 
 can, not vainly, look for great things.' l 
 
 Mr. Oughtred was a Canon of Chichester, and 
 after the siege of the city and the wanton sack of the 
 cathedral by Sir E. Waller in 1642, deprived and 
 heart-broken, wandered to Oxford, refusing the offers 
 of home and emolument which came to him from 
 France, Italy, and Holland. He gladly availed him- 
 self of young Wren's services in the work of transla- 
 tion, which he had not energy to undertake himself, 
 and waited, hoping for better times. When at length 
 they drew near, and he heard of the vote passed at 
 Westminster (May i, 1660), for the Restoration of 
 the Royal Family, the relief was too great, and Mr. 
 Oughtred 'expired in a sudden ecstasy of joy.' 2 
 
 Dean Wren, in the meanwhile, though deprived of 
 his living, does not seem to have been in any personal 
 danger, having a protection from Parliament, possibly 
 obtained by his friend the Elector Palatine, or Speaker 
 Lenthall, by favour of which he boldly attended the 
 
 1 Lives of the Gresham Professors. Ward, p. 96. 
 
 2 Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 290.
 
 8o S/X CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Committee Meetings at Somerset House. He made 
 an attempt to gather together the Knights of the 
 Garter, and addressed the following petition, an auto- 
 graph copy of which is contained in the ' Parentalia ' : 
 
 ' To ye Right Honble ye Knights of ye Most Noble 
 Order of ye Garter. 
 
 1 Dr. C. Wren Register and Secretarye of ye sd 
 Most Noble Order of ye Garter in discharge of his 
 sworne service. 
 
 ' Prayeth, that according to ye commission 
 directed to all ye Honble Peers of ye said Most 
 Noble Order or to any Three of them [to muster 
 and consult in ye absence of ye Sovraine upon all 
 such emergent occasions as may concerne ye ad- 
 vancement or indemnity of ye said Most Noble 
 Order] 
 
 ' It may therefore please your Honors to give yr. 
 consent for some sett Time and Place of meeting 
 with such convenient speed as may best stand with 
 ye great Affairs. That yr. humble Servant ye 
 Register may Represent to yr. Honors some few 
 Things, w ch hee humbly conceaves may much 
 concerne ye Honor & Interest of ys. Most Honble 
 Order to bee provided for.' 
 
 ' I delivered this Petition in ye Parliament Howse 
 before they sate, Jan. 23d. 1647.' (O. S.) 
 
 A copy of this Petition he sent to the Deputy 
 Chancellor. It would seem to have startled the 
 Knights, and Dr. Wren evidently wishes the way 
 smoothed. His letter, also an autograph, is headed
 
 GOD'S PRISONER. 81 
 
 ' Copye of my letter sent to the Deputie Chancelor 
 for removal of some scruples w ch arose among ye 
 Knights of ye Order before ye Time of their meeting 
 in Council.' 
 
 ' Honble Chancelor. I have no pticular aime in 
 this my humble suite to ye Lords of ye Order to 
 propose any private or Personal Interest of my 
 owne, or any other man's, much lesse to engage their 
 Honors in anything that may seeme to contest w th 
 or dissent from ye Highe Court of Parliament 
 wherein they now sit & from whence I am not 
 ignorant ye Most Honble Society of ye Most 
 Noble Order receaved as at first Life and Being soe 
 now holds its establishment. My humble & earnest 
 desires, are to represent such Things only as I 
 humbly conceave may nearly concerne ye Honor & 
 Interests of their Most Noble Order. To w ch 
 (next as yr. Selfe Honored Sir) I am by oath 
 obliged : (to preserve ye Honor thereof, & of all 
 in itt to my utmost Power) For zeale of this duty 
 w ch upon ye intimation of what I here profess, I 
 presume they will not reject, I beseech you to give 
 y m this assurance as yf itt were from ye tender 
 of my owne mouthe, who am at this period God's 
 Prisoner, & under Him, 
 
 ' Yr servant, C. W.' 
 
 Whether the Dean succeeded in gathering the 
 Knights together, and what the 'Things nearly con- 
 cerning their Honor ' may have been if they were not, 
 
 G
 
 82 S7K CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 as the letter implies they were not, the King's de- 
 liverance, the ' Parentalia ' does not say, neither does it 
 give any hint of the illness to which the end of the 
 Dean's letter appears to point.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 1646-1658. 
 
 DEATH OF MRS. M. WREN KING CHARLES MURDERED A MONO- 
 TONOUS WALK INVENTIONS A DREAM ALL SOULS' FELLOWSHIP 
 BEGINNINGS OF ROYAL SOCIETY ASTRONOMY AN OFFER OF RELEASE 
 THE CYCLOID CROMWELL'S FUNERAL LETTERS FROM LONDON. 
 
 G 2
 
 La Royaut seule, depuis vingt ans, n'avait pas 6t6 mise a I'dpreuve ; 
 seule elle avail encore a faire des promesses auxquelles on n'eut pas \.& 
 trompd. . . . On y revenait enfin, apres tant d'agitations comme au toit 
 paternel qu'a fait quitter 1'espdrance et ou ramene la fatigue. Monk, 
 par M. Guizot, p. 69.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 A HEAVY sorrow fell upon the imprisoned Bishop of 
 Ely at the close of 1646. His wife was worn out by 
 grief for the loss of her children and anxiety for her 
 husband, for whom Laud's fate seemed but too pro- 
 bable, and the Bishop's diary records that on ' De- 
 cember 8, 1646, Ad Christum evolavit pia anima 
 conjugis E. media post 5 vum matutinam.' l The diary 
 contains no remark, no murmur, though this loss left 
 Bishop Wren very desolate and full of anxiety for his 
 seven surviving children, of whom the eldest, Matthew, 
 was but seventeen. Upon such troubles as these 
 prison life must have pressed heavily, and if Bishop 
 Wren's captivity was half as strict as was that of Dr. 
 John Barwick, who was consigned to the Tower in 
 i65o, 2 it was a sufficient hardship. Every rumour 
 which reached his ears from the tumultuous world 
 outside must have added to his grief. The King's affairs 
 grew more desperate, and the shadow of Cromwell 
 loomed larger and larger. Probably the Bishop did 
 not expect a long captivity. It must have come to 
 his ears that in the proposed treaty of Newport (1648), 
 ' the persons only who were to expect no pardon 
 
 1 ' December 8, 1646. The pious soul of my wife Eliza flew up to 
 Christ at half-past five in the morning.' 
 
 2 Life of Dr. Barwick, ed. 1724, p. 122.
 
 86 SfR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 were the Princes Rupert and Maurice; James, Earl 
 of Derby; John, Earl of Bristol; William, Earl of New- 
 castle ; Francis, Lord Cottington; George, Lord Digby ; 
 Matthew Wren, Bishop of Ely,' and some fifty others. 1 
 
 Condemned thus without a trial, without a chance 
 of his vindication being known, the Bishop betook him- 
 self to prayer, and to writing a commentary on the 
 Holy Scriptures, a task for which, as a fine Hebrew, 
 Greek and Latin scholar, he was well qualified. In 
 this work he found solace and support, and quietly 
 waited until the tyranny should be overpast. 
 
 There is no need to recall in detail the thickcoming 
 sorrows of that time ; it is but too easy to guess how 
 doubly galling imprisonment must have been to Bishop 
 Wren when the royalists who were at liberty were 
 straining every nerve, exhausting every device to save 
 if possible their beloved King from his fate. In vain 
 at length came the fatal January 30 (1649), and King 
 Charles, attended by Bishop Juxon, walked to the 
 scaffold and uttered his final words, ' I have a good 
 cause and a gracious God on my side ; I go from a 
 corruptible to an incorruptible Crown where no dis- 
 turbance can be, no disturbance in the world.' There 
 was one of the King's loyal subjects who, we may well 
 believe, envied Bishop Juxon his privilege of attendance 
 on his master to the last Bishop Wren, who had been 
 with him in bright early days, had attended him when 
 Prince of Wales, on his romantic journey to Spain, and, 
 when the weight of the corruptible crown first came 
 
 1 Grey's Examination of Neale's History of the Puritans^ vol. iii. 
 P- 333-
 
 A MONOTONOUS WALK. 87 
 
 upon the prince's head, had accompanied him on the 
 journey to Scotland for his coronation at Scone, who 
 ever since then had been so trusted by him. 
 
 No word of his own grief, of his unavailing longing 
 to see his King once more, and once more kiss his 
 hand, is expressed in the brief record in his diary. It 
 is simply ' A sanguinibus, O Deus ! ' 
 
 Horror at the crime, at the stain of innocent blood 
 which now denied his country, seems to have swallowed 
 up all expression of personal feeling. By degrees the 
 rigour of his imprisonment appears to have been a 
 little relaxed, and by the connivance of his gaoler he 
 obtained the opportunity, rarely granted to prisoners, 
 of walking upon the leads of one of the towers. 
 Thither he daily went for his exercise, and, says the 
 writer of the ' Parentalia,' 
 
 ' by a just computation, he walked round the world. 
 The earth being affirmed to be 216,000 miles in 
 compass (at a calculation of sixty miles to a degree) ; l 
 if it were possible to make a path round the earth, 
 an able footman going constantly twenty-four miles 
 a day, would compass it in 900 days, and so on in 
 proportion of time and miles.' 
 
 It would seem that the Bishop, finding his life 
 was for the time spared, and having a steady conviction 
 that the evil days would pass, had determined to keep 
 himself ready in body, as in soul, for what work the 
 future might bring. A prison life leaves little to be 
 recorded ; the days wore away in the Tower, divided 
 between devotion, study, and that unchanging monoto- 
 
 1 It is really 24,899 miles.
 
 88 SfX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 nous walk which at least gave the prisoner a distant 
 
 glimpse of the world from which he was excluded. 
 He was allowed the Bible and paper and ink, but 
 
 no other books. It is the testimony of one who has 
 
 studied Bishop Wren's manuscript 
 
 ' He wrote in an exquisite hand, in very fair Latin, a 
 commentary on much of Holy Scripture enough to 
 fill an oak box of no mean dimensions. This box 
 he committed to the care of Dr. Beaumont, master 
 of S. Peter's College. 1 Had the Puritans read the 
 MS. they would have found some antidote to their 
 poison/ 
 Two sermons and some treatises were also written 
 
 during his captivity. Probably suspicion attached to 
 
 anything that he did, for it is said to have been all 
 
 written by stealth. 
 
 His nephew's life differed as widely from his own as 
 
 did their characters. Christopher was at Oxford, deep 
 
 in the experiments of the ' New learning,' and in the 
 
 inventions which it suggested to his ready brain and 
 
 dexterous fingers. 
 
 One invention which he was at the time proud of 
 
 was that of a 
 
 ' diplographic instrument for writing with two pens/ 
 whose uses he thus describes ; ' by the help of this 
 instrument, every ordinary penman may at all times 
 be suddenly fitted to write two several copies of any 
 deeds and evidences, from the shortest to the longest 
 
 1 The box is, I believe, in Peterhouse Library to this day, but a 
 portion of the Commentary was published as a treatise against the 
 Socinians by the Bishop's son Matthew, under the title of Increpatio 
 Bar Jcsu, sive polemicae adsectiones locorum aliquot S. Scripturae ab 
 imposturts pervcrsis in Catechesis Racoviana collectae.
 
 DIPLOGRAPHIC PEN. 89 
 
 length of lines, in the very same compass of time, and 
 with as much ease and beauty, without any dividing 
 or ruling ; as, without the help of the instrument, he 
 could have despatched but one.' 
 
 So successful was this instrument, that he obtained a 
 patent for it for seventeen years. In the same year an 
 exact duplicate of this invention was brought from 
 France, and another patent taken out for the same 
 number of years, by Mr. William Petty, 1 who claimed 
 to be the inventor. 
 
 Wren was indignant at the notion that he had 
 copied another person's idea, and gives good reasons 
 for his belief that his own instrument had been de- 
 scribed to Petty by a friend of his. Three years later 
 Wren wrote of it as ' an obvious Thing, a cast-off Toy ; ' 
 ending, ' Indeed though I care not for having a Suc- 
 cessor in Invention, yet it behoves me to vindicate my- 
 self from the Aspersion of having a Predecessor.' 
 
 Another invention Wren describes as a ' weather 
 clock.' It consisted of a clock affixed to a weather 
 cock that moved a rundle covered with paper, upon 
 
 1 Petty's history is a curious one. The son of a clothier of Rumsey ; 
 he educated himself; was some years in the navy; became Gresham 
 professor of music ; then a physician of some fame ; was also Henry 
 Cromwell's secretary ; was a commissioner for Ireland, and married Sir 
 Hardress Waller's daughter. Soon after the Restoration he was knighted 
 by Charles II. Petty invented a ' double-bottomed ship to sail against 
 wind and tide ; it was flat-bottomed, had two distinct keels cramped to- 
 gether with huge timbers, so as a violent stream run between : it bore a 
 monstrous broad sail.' It excited much interest at the time, made one very 
 successful voyage, and was afterwards wrecked in a frightful storm. Its 
 model is still preserved at the Royal Society, of which he became a 
 member. He died in 1687. Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 217. 
 Ward. See also Evelyn's Diary of March 22, 1675, for an interesting 
 ccount of Petty's career.
 
 90 57A' CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 which the clock moved a black-lead pencil, so that the 
 observer, by the traces of the pencil on the paper, 
 might certainly conclude what winds had blown in his 
 absence for twelve hours' space. The ' Parentalia ' 
 contains a careful drawing in pen and sepia of this in- 
 vention elaborately worked out and remarkable for the 
 truth and finish of the drawing. Some of these designs, 
 and an instrument for sowing corn, nearly identical with 
 a modern 'drill,' he dedicated in a quaintly formal 
 letter to his father's friend, the Prince Palatine. He 
 appeared before the Prince in another character, due 
 probably to his Westminster training. A play was 
 performed (about 1652) at Oxford before the Prince, 
 Dr. Seth Ward, 1 and several others, entitled ' Hey for 
 Honesty, down with Knavery,' translated by Thomas 
 Randolph from the Plutus of Aristophanes, in which 
 Christopher sustained the part of Neanias. 2 It is 
 provoking to have this bare record merely, and no 
 clue as to the success or failure of any part of the 
 
 1 Seth Ward, born 1617. Was Savilian Professor of Astronomy at 
 Oxford and an active member of the Royal Society. Afterwards Bishop 
 of Exeter and then of Salisbury ; died 1689. 
 
 2 Life of Sir C. Wren, by J. Elmes, p. 12. The full title of the play 
 was ' nXouro<#oX/iia nXouroya/ii'a,' a pleasant comedy intituled Hey for 
 Honesty, &c., augmented and published by F. J. A copy, published in 
 1651, and containing a MS. note saying that Wren took the part of 
 1 Neanias Adolescens,' was in the possession of Isaac Reed, a commentator 
 on Shakespeare and a great book collector, who died in 1807. His 
 epitaph (given in Notes and Queries, series v., xiii. p. 304) was as follows : 
 
 ' Reader of these few lines take heed, 
 And mend your ways for my sake ; 
 For you must die like Isaac Reed, 
 
 Tho' you read till your eyes ache.' 
 
 T. Randolph was a friend and pupil of Ben Jonson's ; he published 
 The Muses' Looking Glass, which satirised the Puritans ; died 1634.
 
 BATTLE OF WORCESTER. 91 
 
 performance, especially where the young actor was 
 concerned. 
 
 To about the same date belongs a Latin letter 
 written by Christopher to his father, signed ' Christo- 
 phorus Regulus,' describing in glowing terms a visit 
 paid in the spring to a friend's house. Some pretty 
 touches give ' the lofty woods with their clamorous re- 
 public of rooks, the great fountains, the placid pools 
 without, you might say a terrestrial paradise, but with- 
 in, heaven itself.' It may have been, though there is 
 nothing in its favour but conjecture, that this was 
 Bletchingdon House, and that among ' the virgins sing- 
 ing holy psalms,' whom he mentions, was his future 
 bride Faith, (or as she spelt it, ' ffaith ') Coghill. The 
 letter says much, as does all that passed between them, 
 for the warm affection existing between father and 
 son, and the sincerely religious tone of Christopher's 
 mind. 
 
 The desperate efforts of the Royalists shortly after 
 this period to overthrow Cromwell's tyranny and to put 
 Charles II. on the throne, received a cruel check in 
 the disastrous battle of Worcester (1651), Cromwell's 
 ' crowning mercy.' This crushed the hopes of the 
 Royalists and obliged them to turn their every effort 
 and thought to effecting the escape of their prince. 
 He must have passed very near Knoyle Hill, when he 
 crossed Salisbury Plain and met at Stonehenge the 
 friends who at last succeeded in conveying him to the 
 coast. Knoyle Hill had its own fugitive to shelter. 
 
 Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, gives the account 
 of a vivid dream which Christopher Wren had, when
 
 92 .S7/? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 staying, in the autumn of 1651, with Dean Wren at 
 Knoyle. He 
 
 ' dreamed he saw a fight in a great market-place, which 
 he knew not, where some were flying and others 
 pursuing ; and among those who fled, he saw a 
 kinsman of his, who went into Scotland with the 
 King's army. They heard in the country that the 
 King was come into England, but whereabouts he 
 was they could not tell. The next night came his 
 kinsman to Knoyle Hill, and brought with him the 
 disastrous news of Charles I I.'s defeat at Worcester.' x 
 
 It seems likely that this ' kinsman ' was Bishop Wren's 
 son Matthew, who afterwards went to the Hague. 
 There also, when his escape had been with great 
 difficulty contrived, went King Charles, as his brother- 
 in-law, the Prince of Orange, was his steady friend. In 
 the hope of utterly putting down the Cavaliers, the 
 greatest severity was shown at this time to all who 
 had helped the King, and even to those who merely 
 boasted of their good will towards him. Among those 
 who suffered was Inigo Jones, who had been architect 
 to. James I. and to Charles I., had been steadily loyal 
 to the Stuarts, and was therefore an object of suspicion. 
 He lived to see what was thought the utter downfall 
 of the monarchy, and following upon this the desecra- 
 tion and ruin of the finest churches in England. S. 
 Paul's, on which he had spent much labour and skill, 
 was, as being connected with Archbishop Laud, an 
 object of special hatred to the Puritans. It suffered 
 
 1 Miscellanies, ed. 1696.
 
 MAKING HIMSELF. 93 
 
 every possible injury. The fine portico designed by 
 Inigo Jones was filled with stalls, blocked up by booths, 
 and used as a market-place. The. year after the battle 
 of Worcester, Inigo Jones died, poor and lonely, in 
 a lodging close to the defaced cathedral. He and 
 Christopher Wren must probably have met. Wren 
 had a sincere admiration for his predecessor's skill, and 
 spoke of the S. Paul's portico as 'an exquisite piece 
 in itself.' 
 
 In the autumn of 1653, Wren, then just twenty-one, 
 was elected to a fellowship at All Souls, and happy in 
 the comparative tranquillity of Oxford, pursued the 
 various studies which he loved. All this time he was 
 ' making himself,' as was said of Sir Walter Scott in 
 his childhood on the Scotch hills, though perhaps at 
 the time no one could have guessed the particular 
 manner in which he would distinguish himself. 
 
 In the following summer he made acquaintance 
 with John Evelyn, who had come up to Oxford to hear 
 the ' Philosophy Act.' Evelyn mentioned that after 
 a dinner at All Souls he ' visited that miracle of a 
 youth Mr. Christopher Wren, nephew to the Bishop of 
 Ely.' l 
 
 ' A day or two later Evelyn dined with ' that most 
 obliging and universally curious Dr. Wilkins at 
 Wadham College, who showed him his " transparent 
 apiaries, built like castles, and so ordered one upon 
 another as one might take the honey without hurt- 
 ing the bees," his " hollow statue, which gave a voice 
 
 1 Diary, July 13, 1654.
 
 94 MX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 and uttered words, by a long, concealed pipe that 
 went to its mouth, whilst one speaks through it at 
 good distance ; " and his gallery filled with mathe- 
 matical and other curiosities ; a " thermometer," still a 
 curiosity, though fifty-two years had elapsed since 
 Galileo invented the first ; a " way-wiser," which, 
 when placed in a coach, exactly measured the 
 miles it travelled, and showed them by an index ; 
 " a monstrous magnet," and many other inventions, 
 most of them of his owne and that prodigious young 
 scholar, Mr. Christopher Wren, who presented me 
 with a piece of white marble which he had stained 
 with a lively red very deepe, as beautiful as if it had 
 been natural.' 
 The acquaintance thus made with Christopher 
 
 Wren ripened into a friendship lasting until Evelyn's 
 
 death in 1706. 
 
 Dr. Wilkins was also of Evelyn's friends, though 
 
 he was very submissive to Cromwell. 1 It is curious to 
 
 contrast two accounts which occur in the same page of 
 
 Evelyn's diary. 
 
 1 December 25, 1655. There was no more notice taken 
 of Christmas Day in churches. I went to London, 
 where Dr. Wild preached the funeral sermon of 
 Preaching, this being the last day, after which 
 Cromwell's proclamation was to take place, that 
 none of the Church of England should dare either 
 to preach or administer Sacraments, teach schoole 
 etc. on paine of imprisonment or exile. So this was 
 the mournfullest day that in my life I had scene, or 
 
 1 Prcesul. Ang., p. 779. Godwin.
 
 GERM OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 95 
 
 the Church of England herselfe since the Reforma- 
 tion ; to the greate rejoicing of both Papist and 
 Presbyter. So pathetic was his discourse (on 2 Cor. 
 xiii. 9) that it drew many teares from the auditory. 
 Myself, wife, and some of our family received the 
 Communion ; God make me thankfull that hath 
 hitherto provided for us the food of our soules as 
 well as bodies ! The Lord Jesus pity our distressed 
 Church, and bring back the captivity of Sion ! 
 
 ' February 10, 1656. I heard Dr. Wilkins preach 
 before the Lord Mayor in S. Paul's, shewing how 
 obedience was preferable to sacrifice. He was a 
 most obliging person, who had married the Protector's 
 sister, and tooke greate paines to preserve the Uni- 
 versities from the ignorant sacrilegious commanders 
 and souldiers, who would faine have demolished all 
 places and persons that pretended to learning.' 
 
 Dr. Wilkins appears, like too many of that time, to 
 have regarded the Church as utterly overthrown, and 
 probably believed honestly in his peculiar interpre- 
 tation of the text upon which he preached. Much 
 credit is however due to him for the idea of the Oxford 
 meetings, and for the hospitality which he showed. 
 These meetings were the germ of the Royal Society, 
 and to them Dr. Thomas Sprat (afterwards Bishop of 
 Rochester), a great friend of Christopher Wren's, bears 
 testimony : 
 
 ' Wadham College,' l he says, ' was then the place of 
 resort for virtuous and learned men. Their first 
 
 1 Hist, of Royal Society. Bishop Sprat, ed. 1722, p. 53.
 
 96 MX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 purpose was no more than only the satisfaction of 
 breathing a freer air, and of conversing in quiet, one 
 with another, without being engaged in the passions 
 and madness of that dismal age. And from the 
 institution of that assembly it had been enough if 
 no other advantage had come but this ; that by 
 these means there was a race of young men provided 
 against the next age, whose minds receiving from 
 them their first impressions of sober and generous 
 knowledge, were invincibly armed against all the 
 enchantments of enthusiasm. ... It was in good 
 measure by the influence which these gentlemen had 
 over the rest, that the university itself, or at least 
 any part of its discipline and order, was saved from 
 ruin. . . . Nor indeed could it be otherwise, for 
 such spiritual frenzies, which did then bear rule, can 
 never stand long before a clear and deep skill in 
 nature. It is almost impossible, that they who con- 
 verse much with the subtilty of things, should be 
 deluded by such thick deceits. There is but one 
 better charm in the world than real philosophy, to 
 allay the impulses of the false spirit, and that is the 
 blessed Presence and assistance of the True.' 
 
 In 1656, on the 2Qth of May, Dean Wren died. 
 Sorrow and anxiety, the desolation of the Church, the 
 apparent ruin of the monarchy, had worn out his gentle 
 spirit ; and probably little thinking how great a change 
 was approaching to free the country, he passed away, 
 aged 69, at the house of his son-in-law, Mr. Holder, 
 and was buried in the chancel of Bletchingdon Church. 1 
 1 l Dr. Christopher Wren, Deane of Windsor, was buried June 3,
 
 ASTRONOMY PROFESSORSHIP. 97 
 
 When we look back to the years of the Rebellion, 
 their darkness is lightened for us by the knowledge that 
 the Restoration came at last, and it is difficult to realise 
 fully how the times appeared to those who actually 
 lived in them, to whom the years brought only fresh 
 losses and sorrows, and the sickness of hope deferred. 
 
 Knowing how, on the 2 9th of May, but four years 
 later, all England was welcoming back the King to 
 ' enjoy his own again/ one can hardly forbear wishing 
 that Dean Wren might have been spared to see that 
 day ; yet those who loved him best cannot have 
 grudged him the fulness of that peace which all his 
 life he had desired, and which he had invoked upon 
 his first home. Christopher was very warmly attached 
 to his father, as all his letters show, and must have 
 grieved greatly for his death. 
 
 Soon after this he was summoned to London. The 
 Gresham professor of astronomy, Mr. Laurence Rooke, 
 retired in 1657, and the chair was offered to Wren. 
 He was but twenty-four and doubted whether he 
 should accept such a post while so young, and he 
 clung to Oxford and his studies there. 
 
 The friends whom he consulted advised him 
 differently ; accordingly he came up to London and 
 delivered his opening address to a considerable 
 audience. It was in Latin, and after a brief apology 
 for his youth passed into a sketch of the history of 
 astronomy. He dwells on the great riches of the 
 science, how it is the handmaid of theology, the queen 
 
 1656,' is the entry in the register ; there does not appear to be any 
 monument or brass to his memory. The Parentalia and Elmes's Life 
 give 1658, but the dates are frequently inaccurate in both books. 
 
 H
 
 98 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 of sciences, speaks of the vast discoveries made by 
 its means, touches upon Copernicus, whose mind 
 first grasped the idea that the earth moved round 
 the sun, then upon Kepler and upon Galileo, and the 
 storms that had arisen, when in 1632 he had demon- 
 strated that truth at which Copernicus had guessed ; he 
 praises highly Galileo's invention of the telescope, pays 
 a tribute to the great men who had lectured at Gres- 
 ham on these subjects, and especially to his own prede- 
 cessor, Rooke, and winds up with an eloquent descrip- 
 tion of London as a Pandora of cities to whom each of 
 the choir of planets gave a peculiar blessing, on whom 
 the sun shines benignly, who possesses more inhabi- 
 tants than any city in the world, a healthy air, a fertile 
 soil stretching far around her, beautiful buildings spring- 
 ing as of themselves from the earth, and, lastly, is blessed 
 by the moon, 'the governess of floods,' who alluring 
 the seas thus far inland by means of the beloved 
 Thames, makes her the city which nourishes the best 
 seamen of the world. The rough draft of this address, 
 written by Christopher in a bold hand with a few 
 changes and corrections, is preserved in the ' Paren- 
 talia.' 
 
 This professorship obliged him to come up to 
 London and give a course of lectures every Wednes- 
 day in term time at Gresham College. None of these 
 lectures have been preserved, and it seems from a 
 hint in one of Dr. Sprat's letters, that Wren was in the 
 habit of lecturing from rough notes merely, and used 
 no pains to keep any record of them. 
 
 At this time he made acquaintance with Richard
 
 HE MAY COME OUT AN HE WILL} 99 
 
 Claypole, who was married to Elizabeth, Cromwell's 
 favourite daughter ; both she and her sister, Lady 
 Falconbridge, were faithful members of the persecuted 
 Church of England. Dr. Hewet still read the Prayer 
 Book services in S. Gregory's Church, which adjoined 
 S. Paul's, and there the two sisters resorted, there 
 Dr. Hewet secretly married Mary Cromwell to Lord 
 Falconbridge, as neither would be satisfied with the 
 ceremony performed by an independent preacher. 
 Cromwell's daughters used all their influence with 
 their father on the side of mercy, but when the ex- 
 cellent Dr. Hewet fell under his displeasure they 
 pleaded in vain for his life. 1 Mr. Claypole professed 
 a fondness for mathematical science and frequently 
 invited Christopher Wren to his house. On one of 
 these occasions when Wren was dining there, Crom- 
 well himself entered, and, as was his custom in his 
 own family, sat down to table without speech or 
 ceremony. After a while he fixed his eyes on Chris- 
 topher and said, ' Your uncle has been long confined 
 in the Tower.' ' He has so, sir,' said Wren ; ' but he 
 bears his afflictions with great patience and resignation/ 
 ' He may come out an he will,' was Cromwell's un- 
 expected reply. 'Will your Highness permit me to 
 take him this from your own mouth ? ' said Wren, 
 hardly able to believe his ears. ' Yes, you may/ said 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, March 31, 1658. ' That holy martyr Dr. Hewer 
 condemned to die, without law, jury or justice by a mock council of State 
 as they called it. A dangerous, treacherous time. June 8, ib. That 
 excellent preacher and holy man Dr. Hewer was martyred for having 
 intelligence of his Majesty, through the Lord Marquess of Ormond. 
 He was beheaded on Tower Hill. The name was spelt Hewer, Hewet, 
 .and, Hewett, 
 
 H 2
 
 ioo .SY/? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Cromwell briefly. At the earliest possible moment 
 Christopher hurried to the Tower to communicate to 
 his uncle the tidings that the long years of his imprison- 
 ment were over. When he had poured out his news 
 the Bishop replied warmly that it was not the first 
 time he had received the like intimation from that 
 miscreant, but he disdained the terms proposed for 
 his enlargement, which were a mean acknowledgment 
 of his favour and an abject submission to his detest- 
 able tyranny ; that he was determined to tarry the 
 Lord's leisure, and owe his deliverance, which was not 
 far off, to Him only. Such an answer must have been 
 startling enough to Christopher, and may have opened 
 his eyes to the causes of Cromwell's seeming leniency. 
 He left the brave old man to await the deliverance 
 which the keen sight of faith showed him as drawing 
 near, and returned to his own work. 
 
 The death of Mrs. Claypole in the following 
 summer must have checked an intimacy upon which 
 Bishop Wren looked with little favour. She died of a 
 terrible illness, and in the paroxysms of her pain bitterly 
 reproached Cromwell for the innocent blood that he 
 had shed, and particularly for that of Dr. Hewet. 
 
 At about this period some experiments were made 
 by Wren's philosophical friends wherein he took a 
 principal part, and to which the barometer, now in 
 common use, is mainly due. The first instrument of 
 the kind was invented by Torricelli, the pupil of Galileo, 
 who used it in order to ascertain the pressure of the 
 air on fluids, the supposed cause of which pressure was 
 the passing by of the body of the moon. Pascal, in
 
 THE CYCLOID. 101 
 
 those earlier days when his great genius employed 
 itself on natural philosophy, made several experiments 
 at Rouen, in 1646, with a friend, M. Petit, using 
 ' Torricelli's tube,' as it was called. Similar trials were 
 afterwards made by M. Perier, his brother-in-law, 
 among the mountains of Auvergne. They then dis- 
 covered that the rising and falling of the mercury was 
 due not to the moon, but to the differences in the 
 specific gravity of the atmosphere. Wren's experi- 
 ments led him to the same conclusion, and at a later 
 period he and Robert Boyle continued them until they 
 produced the barometer, though it was not used 
 commonly as a weather-glass until a much later date. 
 Pascal did not pursue his discovery, but was satisfied 
 with having proved the point for which he was con- 
 tending. 
 
 Though Wren and Pascal never met, some com- 
 munication passed between them. Pascal, who was 
 Wren's senior by eleven years, propounded a problem, 
 under the name of Jean de Monfert, to the mathema- 
 ticians of England, adding a challenge to them to 
 solve it by a given day. Christopher sent a solution, 
 and in his turn propounded a problem which seems 
 never to have been answered. Pascal is said to have 
 considered Wren's solution very carefully, but the 
 promised prize of twenty pistoles was withheld by 
 some trickery. Besides this, Wren wrote four mathe- 
 matical tracts on the cycloid, and sent them to Dr. J. 
 Wallis, who was publishing a book on mathematics. 
 He corresponded with Pascal, 1 who was writing on the 
 
 1 Pascal is said to have written his treatise on the cycloid from a 
 
 LIBRARY 
 TTNTVERSTTY OF CALIFORNIA"
 
 102 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 cycloid by the name of la Roulette, the problem being 
 1 to determine the curve made in the air by the 
 nail of a coach wheel from the moment it rises from 
 the ground, till the moment when the continual rolling 
 of the wheel brings it back to the ground, after a com- 
 plete turn, supposing the wheel a perfect circle and 
 the ground perfectly level.' 
 
 Wren was engaged also in a series of observations 
 on the planet Saturn. These pursuits were, however, 
 interrupted by an event that convulsed all England. On 
 September 3, 1658, during a fearful storm which swept 
 over London, Oliver Cromwell died. Hume * gives a 
 terrible account of the state of constant suspicion and 
 fear of assassination in which Cromwell passed the last 
 year of his life ; the secret armour which he wore, his 
 constant guard of soldiers wherever he moved, his fears 
 on a journey, his habit of never returning the way he had 
 come, nor by the direct road, seldom sleeping above three 
 nights together in the same chamber, or in any he 
 did not choose himself, or without sentinels. His body 
 lay in state for a considerable time. The funeral, on 
 October 22, Evelyn calls ' superb.' He says : 
 
 ' I saw the Protector carried from Somerset House on 
 a velvet bed of state drawn by six black horses, 
 
 religious motive. It was a common opinion in France that the study of 
 natural sciences, especially of mathematics, led to infidelity. Accordingly 
 Pascal, writing for geometricians and mathematicians, wished to show, 
 by the solution, vainly sought before, of this problem, that the same man 
 who wrote the Lettres d un Provincial could also instruct them in abstract 
 science, and he published his treatise in the intervals of writing the 
 Penstes. See Vie de Pascal, par sa sceur Mad. Perier, Penstes de Pascal^ 
 p. 13, ed. 1839. 
 
 1 Hist, of England, vol. vii. ch. Ixi. p. 292.
 
 CROMWELL S FUNERAL. 103 
 
 houss'd with the same ; the pall held up by his new 
 lords ; Oliver lying in effigie in royal robes, crown'd 
 with a crown, sceptre, and globe like a king . . . 
 a knight of honour armed cap-a-pie, and, after all, his 
 guard, soldiers, and innumerable mourners. In this 
 equipage they proceeded to Westminster ; but it 
 was the joyfullest funeral I ever saw, for there were 
 none that cried but dogs, which the soldiers hooted 
 away with a barbarous noise, drinking and taking 
 tobacco in the streets as they went.' 
 
 Under the feeble rule of Richard Cromwell at first 
 and then under the multiform tyranny of the re- 
 assembled ' Long Parliament,' every kind of disorder 
 and oppression had free course. Monk grievously 
 disappointed the Royalist hopes by proclaiming 
 Richard Cromwell. The day of deliverance appeared 
 more than ever distant. 
 
 The Gresham Professors were all driven out of the 
 college except Dr. Goddard, Cromwell's physician, and 
 the place was garrisoned by soldiers, who did it great 
 damage. Matthew Wren made an attempt two days 
 after Cromwell's funeral to enter the college, and sent a 
 curious account to Christopher, who had returned to 
 All Souls at Oxford. He writes : 
 
 ' Dear Cousin, Yesterday being the first of the term, 
 I resolved to see whether Dr. Horton l entertained 
 the new auditory at Gresham with any lecture, for I 
 took it for granted that if his divinity could be 
 spared your mathematics would not be expected. 
 
 1 Gresham Professor of Divinity, confirmed in his post by Cromwell.
 
 104 SJK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 But at the gate I was stopped by a man with a gun, 
 who told me there was no admission upon that 
 account, as the college was reformed into a garrison. 
 Then changing my pretension, I scarce got permis- 
 sion to go in to Dr. Goddard, who gave me assurance 
 enough that none of your colleagues intend to 
 appear this term unless the soldiers be removed, of 
 which there is no probability. Upon these premises 
 it is the opinion of all your friends that you may 
 save that journey hither, unless some other occasion 
 calls you ; and for these I expect you will make me 
 your agent, if they be such as I am capable of de- 
 spatching. 
 
 ' But it will not perhaps be amiss to take from hence 
 the occasion of a short and civil letter to the Com- 
 mittee, signifying that you hope you have not de- 
 ceived their expectations in choosing you, and that 
 you are ready to attend your duty but for this public 
 interruption and exclusion from your chamber ; or 
 what else you will that looks towards this. 
 
 ' I know no more domestic news than what every- 
 body talks of. Yesterday I was in Westminster 
 Hall, and saw only Keudigate and Windham in the 
 two courts, and Wild and Parker in the Exchequer. 
 In the Chancery none at all ; Bradshaw keeps the 
 seal as if it were to be carried before him in the 
 other world, whither he is going. Glyn and Foun- 
 tain pleaded at the bar. They talk much of the 
 mediation of the two Crowns, and proceed so far as 
 to name Marshall Clerambault for the Embassador 
 who is to come hither from France. My service to
 
 LETTERS FROM LONDON, 105 
 
 all friends. Dear Cousin, your most humble ser- 
 vant, 
 
 'M. W. 
 
 ' London, October 25, 1658.' 
 
 Dr. Sprat 1 writes also to Christopher at about the 
 
 same time : 
 
 ' Dear Sir, This day I went to visit Gresham College, 
 but found the place in such a nasty condition, so 
 defiled, and the smells so infernal that if you should 
 now come to make use of your tube, it would be 
 like Dives looking out of hell into heaven. Dr. 
 Goddard, of all your colleagues, keeps possession, 
 which he could never be able to do had he not 
 before prepared his nose for camp perfumes by his 
 voyage into Scotland, and had he not such excellent 
 restoratives in his cellars.' 
 
 1 Thomas Sprat, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and afterwards Bishop 
 of Rochester ; was an active member of the Royal Society, and was 
 educated at Wadham College with Sir C. Wren, whose intimate friend 
 he was : born 1636 ; died 1713.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 1659-1663. 
 
 APOSTOLICAL SUCCESSION DIFFICULTY OF PRESERVING IT LETTERS 
 FROM LORD CLARENDON BISHOP WREN'S RELEASE THE RESTORA- 
 TION CONVOCATION SAVILIAN PROFESSORSHIP ROYAL SOCIETY 
 'ELEPHANT IN THE MOON' PEMBROKE CHAPEL BEGUN.
 
 Yet bethink thee that the spirit whence those princely bounties flowed 
 To the ties of private feeling all its force and being owed ; 
 Severed from the bonds of kindred, taught his lonely heart to school, 
 By his Father's chastening kindness or his Church's sterner rule ; 
 Oft to spots by memory cherished, where his earliest love began, 
 In his age's desolation, fondly turned the childless man. 
 
 Phrontisterion, by Dean Mansel.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ALL was confusion, doubt and anxiety in the country ; 
 the Royalist plots failed ; the Parliament was powerless ; 
 no one knew whether Monk intended, as was still 
 hoped by a few, to bring back the King, or to support 
 the Parliament, or to make himself dictator ; those were 
 keen eyes which could discern through the darkness 
 any ray of approaching light. 
 
 Nowhere perhaps did matters seem more desperate 
 than in the Church. Her discipline and order, barely 
 revived by the murdered Archbishop, had been for 
 eighteen years trampled upon and neglected ; ' by the 
 licentiousness of the times,' many were growing up 
 unbaptised and ignorant of Christianity. The number 
 of bishops living was but small, many sees being 
 already vacant when the Civil War broke out, and 
 imprisonments and hardships had so reduced the 
 Prelates that, in 1659, but ten survived, one of whom, 
 Dr. Brownrigg, Bishop of Exeter, very soon died. Of 
 the nine others, many were very old ; the Bishop of 
 London (Juxon) was very ill, and the Bishop of Ely 
 was in prison. How was the succession to be pre- 
 served if the troubles of the times continued ? The 
 Scotch Church had been reduced by persecution ; the 
 Irish Bishops were in as evil a plight as their English
 
 i io SIX CtfKISTOPffEK WREN. 
 
 brethren, and the difficulty of communication was great. 
 There was then no daughter Church in America or in 
 the Colonies to render back in time of need the grace 
 they had themselves received. It was hardly possible 
 for the English Bishops to meet for consultation ; but 
 the indefatigable Dr. Barwick was authorised l 
 
 ' not only to ride about among them all, and by pro- 
 posing and explaining to each what was thought for 
 the Church's Service ; to collect the opinions and 
 resolutions of every one of them upon all difficult 
 affairs ; but also to procure the communication of all 
 that was needful between their lordships and His 
 Majesty, which he frequently did by letters written 
 in characters ' (i.e. cypher). 
 
 Great difficulties lay in the way of the first step 
 a canonical election and in the face of the watchful 
 enmity of the Church of Rome, no doubtful step could 
 be taken ; and even were this difficulty surmounted and 
 three Bishops got together, the risk of imprisonment 
 and death to both consecrators and consecrated needed 
 no one to point it out. The two with whom Dr. Bar- 
 wick principally consulted were the Bishops of Ely and 
 Salisbury. Many letters passed between Dr. Barwick 
 and Mr. Hyde, 2 at Brussels, in one of which, written 
 on July 8, i659, 8 the latter speaks of 
 
 'much preferring the Bishop of Ely's judgment and 
 advice in that point (the method of election) before 
 any man's. I pray remember my service with all 
 
 1 Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 201. 8 Afterwards Lord Clarendon. 
 
 3 Life of Dr. Barwick. p. 424.
 
 LETTERS IN CYPHER. in 
 
 imaginable reverence to my Lord of Ely and assure 
 him, that the King will always return that candour, 
 benignity and equality to both the Universities, 
 which he wishes ; and I hope all who shall be en- 
 trusted by him in that great affair will be as just 
 and dispassioned in all their interpositions and look 
 upon them as equal lights to learning and piety and 
 equally worthy of all encouragement and protection. 
 And if at present my Lord of Ely will recommend 
 any person to his Majesty for the Bishoprick of 
 Carlisle, he shall be approved. And if my Lord 
 will transmit a list of persons to be specially re- 
 commended to the King for any dignities of the 
 Church, I dare promise the persons shall find that 
 they could not have been better recommended. I 
 know not what more to add but my hearty service 
 to your sick friend, 1 whose health I pray for as a 
 publick concernment. To yourself I shall say no 
 more but that I shall think myself very faulty if I 
 do not serve you very heartily, and if you do not 
 with the first receive some evidence of the sense 
 the King hath of your service. 
 
 ' I am very heartily, Sir, your most affectionate 
 servant, ' HYDE.' 
 
 These letters, thirty-six in number, were trans- 
 mitted in cypher, and with the utmost precaution and 
 considerable delay in awaiting a safe opportunity ; the 
 one quoted from is endorsed ' Received not till Aug. 
 29.' Nor was the cypher, however carefully contrived, 
 
 1 Probably Bishop Juxon, more than once alluded to under this name 
 in these letters.
 
 112 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN, 
 
 always a security when the letters fell into the wrong 
 hands. Dr. Wallis, the mathematician, was a most 
 skilful decypherer, and was the person who decyphered 
 the King's papers taken in his cabinet at Naseby, 
 though the Royalists considered this a vain boast 
 until Matthew Wren, the Bishop's eldest son, ob- 
 tained the proof of it from Dr. Wallis himself. One 
 important letter from Dr. Barwick to Mr. Hyde fell 
 into Dr. Wallis' hands ; Mr. Allestry his coadjutor 
 coming from Brussels was seized and imprisoned as 
 soon as he landed. Bishop Morton of Durham, the 
 last surviving Prelate of the province of York, had died, 
 as his epitaph says, ' deprived of all his goods except 
 a good name and a good conscience.' The rising in 
 Cheshire had been unsuccessful. Monk refused to 
 give even his brother any hint of his intentions, and 
 made no reply to the letter which King Charles sent 
 to him from Breda. In short, matters were as adverse 
 as it was possible for them to be, but yet Dr. Barwick 
 was undiscouraged ; with fresh precautions the corre- 
 spondence with Mr. Hyde was resumed, and in truth 
 the matter pressed ; ' for,' says Dr. Barwick, writing in 
 Sept. 1659, after mentioning his circuit among some 
 of the surviving Bishops, 1 ' I fear this winter will go 
 hard with some of them that may worst be spared 
 in the due performance of such a work.' It is evident 
 that Dr. Barwick was able to see and consult the im- 
 prisoned Bishop of Ely whenever it was needful. 
 These hurried meetings, full of anxiety and peril as 
 they were, must have been a great refreshment to the 
 
 1 Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 437.
 
 'WHAT IS TO BECOME OF THE CHURCH?* 113 
 
 Bishop, who thus still took part in the work of the 
 Church. He declined to send any list of names to 
 the King, though he pressed Dr. Barwick to accept 
 the Bishoprick of Man. Mr. Hyde l wrote a letter in 
 September, which was not received till November 10, 
 where he says : 
 
 ' The King hath done all that is in his power to do ; 
 and if my Lords the Bishops will not do the rest, 
 what is to become of the Church ? The conspiracies 
 to destroy it are very evident; and if there be no 
 combination to preserve it, it must expire. I do 
 assure you the names of all the Bishops who are alive, 
 and their several ages, are as well known at Rome 
 as in England, and both the Papist and the Pres- 
 byterian value themselves very much upon comput- 
 ing in how few years the Church of England must 
 expire.' . . . And again : 'His Majesty is most con- 
 fident that the Bishop of Ely will give all the assist- 
 ance and advice which his restraint will permit him 
 to do. ... I do beseech you,' says the next letter, 
 'present my humble service to my Lord of Ely, 
 whose benediction, I do hope to live to receive at 
 his own feet. I pray send me word our sick friend 
 is in perfect health.' 
 
 But little progress appears to have been made, since 
 Mr. Hyde writes, Nov. 28 : 
 
 ' I can say no more with reference to the Church, but 
 that if there be nothing hinders it but the winter it 
 be quickly over, whilst preparations are making ; 
 
 1 Life of Dr. B arivick, p. 449. 
 I
 
 114 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 and yet, God knows, it will be almost a miracle, if the 
 winter doth not take away half the Bishops that are 
 left alive ; and I must still lament that some way is 
 not found that the Bishop of Ely may be at liberty ; 
 which would carry on this work more than any ex- 
 pedient that I can think of.' 
 
 An entry in Evelyn's diary shows the general state 
 of affairs at this time : 
 
 ' October 1 1 . The armie now turned out the Parlia- 
 ment. We had now no government in the nation ; 
 all in confusion ; no magistrate either own'd or pre- 
 tended but the souldiers, and they not agreed. God 
 Almighty have mercy on and settle us ! ' 
 
 Evelyn was not slack in doing what in him lay 
 towards this much-desired settlement : 
 
 ' November 7. Was published my bold " Apologie " 
 for the King in this time of danger when it was 
 capital to speake or write in favour of him. It was 
 printed twice, so universally it took.' 
 
 A fast was kept in secret, apparently about once a 
 fortnight, by the Churchmen in London to pray ' for 
 God's mercy to our calamitous Church.' 
 
 On February 3, 1660, Evelyn writes : 
 
 ' General Monk came to London from Scotland, but 
 no man knew what he would do or declare. Yet 
 he was met on all his way by the gentlemen of all 
 the counties which he passed, with petitions that he 
 would recall the old, long-interrupted Parliament, 
 and settle the nation in some order, being at this
 
 BISHOP WREN'S RELEASE. 115 
 
 time in most prodigious confusion and under no 
 government, everybody expecting what would be 
 next and what he would do.' 
 
 Later in the same month Mr. Hyde wrote almost 
 in despair to Dr. Barwick : l ' It would be very good 
 news if I could hear of my Lord of Ely being in full 
 liberty, to whom I pray present my humble service. 
 The truth is I have but little hope of the business 
 of the Church but by his being at liberty, and 
 therefore I hope he will make no scruple of accept- 
 ing it if it be offered, or if it can be reasonably ob- 
 tained.' 
 
 The suspense which Evelyn describes had not 
 long to be endured. On February n, the very day 
 after Monk had dismayed the city by breaking down 
 its gates and allowing the soldiers to march about it in 
 triumph, he turned out the Parliament then sitting at 
 Westminster, and called together the former one, to 
 the great joy of the people. From this moment all 
 hearts and wishes turned to the exiled royal family 
 as the one hope left of tranquillity and order ; thus 
 suddenly, when the royalist hopes were lowest, their 
 hearts' desire was given to them. 
 
 Monk, now in supreme power, did not forget the 
 Bishop of Ely, whose fellow-captive he had been and 
 who must have rejoiced to see Monk at last justify 
 his confidence. On March 15 the lieutenant of the 
 Tower received the order ' That Dr. Wren, Bishop of 
 Ely, be discharged from his imprisonment.' Thus the 
 eighteen years of captivity came to an end, and the 
 
 1 Life of Dr. Barwick p. 496, 
 I 2
 
 n 6 S/X CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Bishop came forth from the Tower, an old man of 
 seventy-five, broken by many sorrows. 
 
 It cannot have been with unmixed joy that he once 
 more trod another path than that wonted one on the 
 leads of the Tower. True, the King was coming home 
 in peace to a people longing tc receive him. This 
 return was a promise of deliverance for the Church, 
 and an end to that difficulty of preserving the Aposto- 
 lical Succession which had so nearly proved a fatal one. 
 And yet, the flood, which in those eighteen years had 
 passed over the land, had swept away many whom the 
 Bishop loved well. The King might return in triumph, 
 but he was not the sovereign whom, from his youth, 
 Bishop Wren had loved and served. The primate 
 with whom he had worked, had been cruelly murdered ; 
 and none could restore the wife and children who had 
 pined and died during the long years of his imprison- 
 ment. The Church, however, remained, and for her 
 Bishop Wren would work while life lasted. Part of 
 his employment in the Tower had been the writing of 
 treatises and sermons, one of which on the Scotch 
 Covenant, from the text ' Neither behave thyself fro- 
 wardly in the covenant,' he dispersed over the dioceses of 
 Norwich and Ely, lodging the while where he could in 
 London, as he was not yet allowed to go back either to 
 Downham in Suffolk or to Ely House in Holborn. 
 It appeared, as was truly said, as if he had not been 
 ' so much released as thrust out of prison.' 
 
 Homeless and penniless as he then seemed, Bishop 
 Wren's spirit was in no respect daunted ; when he left 
 in safety the Tower where he had once thought to lay
 
 THE RESTORATION. 117 
 
 his head on the block, he planned the thank-offering 
 which he would make to God. His children, from 
 whom he had been so long separated, who were 
 scattered everywhere and had been reduced to the 
 greatest straits, he with much difficulty gathered to- 
 gether again, and they awaited the event of Monk's 
 decision. 
 
 At length came that 2Qth of May so often de- 
 scribed in history and fiction. Evelyn's l account of it 
 is interesting, as that of an eyewitness : 
 
 'This day his majestic Charles II. came to London, 
 after a sad and long exile and calamitous suffering 
 both of the king and church, being seventeen yeares. 
 This was also his birthday ; and with a triumph of 
 above 20,000 horse and foote, brandishing their 
 swords and shouting with inexpressible joy ; the 
 wayes strewed with flowers, the bells ringing, the 
 streetes hung with tapestry, fountaines running with 
 wine ; the maior, aldermen, and all the companies 
 in their liveries, chaines of gold, and banners ; lords 
 and nobles clad in cloth of silver, gold, and velvet ; 
 the windowes and balconies well set with ladies : 
 trumpets, music, and myriads of people flocking 
 even so far as from Rochester, so as they were 
 seven houres in passing the citty, even from two in 
 afternoone till nine at night. I stood in the Strand 
 and beheld it, and blessed God. All this was don 
 without one drop of bloudshed, and by that very 
 army which rebelled against him.' 
 By degrees matters settled down to a more 
 
 ordinary level. The Church Service was restored at 
 
 1 Diary, May 29, 1660.
 
 n8 SfX CHRISTOPHER 
 
 Whitehall, and on June 28 Pepys mentions l ' poor 
 Bishop Wren going to chapel, it being a thanksgiving 
 day for the King's returne.' 
 
 The vacant sees were now filled up as speedily as 
 possible. Bishop Juxon was translated to Canterbury, 
 Sheldon succeeding him as Bishop of London ; the 
 northern province, then wholly without bishops, had 
 its losses supplied. 
 
 The Prayer Book was not by any means commonly 
 used again for some time, Pepys characteristically 
 says 2 
 
 ' July i. This morning come home my fine camlett 
 cloak, with gold buttons, and a silk suit which cost me 
 much money, and I pray God make me able to pay 
 for it. In the afternoon to the Abbey, where a good 
 sermon by a stranger, but no Common Prayer yet.' 
 
 In the following November, to quote the same writer, 
 ' men did begin to nibble at the Common Prayer.' 
 Matters were really progressing, the cathedrals and 
 the court chapels as well as those in the Bishop's 
 palaces setting the example. In February (1661) 
 Evelyn heard ' Dr. Baldero preach at Ely House on 
 St. Matthew vi. 33 ; after the sermon the Bishop of Ely 
 gave us the blessing very pontifically.' 3 
 
 Ely House was an ancient possession of the see, 4 
 the gift of William de Ludd, who in the reign of 
 Edward I. gave the house and endowed it with his 
 manor of Ouldbourne, a name which soon grew into 
 Holbourn. The garden and its strawberries are immor- 
 
 1 Diary, vol. i. p. 112, ed. 1828. 2 Ib., p. 114. 
 
 a Diary, 4 Repertothim, vol. ii. p. 273. Newcourt.
 
 ELY HOUSE. 119 
 
 talised by Shakespeare. It was leased to Sir Christopher 
 Hatton by Bishop Cox in Queen Elizabeth's reign, and 
 a struggle between the Hatton family and the Bishops 
 of Ely then began which lasted until I772. 1 In 
 Wren's time, the Bishops had recovered some of the 
 buildings, and he had lived here before the rebellion. 
 During that time the house had been used as a prison 
 for ' malignant priests,' especially those of the city of 
 London, and he must have found the whole building 
 sorely defaced and injured. 
 
 The chapel, dedicated to S. Etheldreda, is a beauti- 
 ful piece of Gothic architecture ; and there, when it 
 had been cleansed and restored to some order, many 
 of the new bishops were consecrated, and Bishop 
 Wren assisted at that preservation of the Apostolical 
 Succession which but two years before had seemed 
 well-nigh hopeless. 
 
 Much was done at Ely House. In the May of 
 1 66 1 the Convocation of Canterbury met in S. Paul's, 
 its marred, plundered condition not inaptly showing 
 the adversities through which the Church of England 
 had passed. The Convocation had much work before 
 it, the most pressing being to prepare a service for 
 the baptism of those of riper years and for May 29. 
 In order to this a committee of both Houses of Con- 
 vocation was formed, which met at Ely House, and of 
 which Bishop Wren appears to have been the ruling 
 
 1 In that year the last Lord Hatton died ; the bishops resigned Ely 
 House to the Crown, and received No. 37 Dover Street in exchange. The 
 chapel, after years of neglect, has also been suffered to pass out of the 
 hands of the Church into those of the Romanists. See Walks in London 
 by A. C. Hare, vol. ii. pp. 196-201.
 
 t2<5 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 spirit. Many were still half afraid of their true posi- 
 tion and afraid of the Puritan party ; eighteen years of 
 confusion and persecution had slackened all discipline, 
 and many things seemed natural to the new generation 
 which neither Bishop Andrewes nor Archbishop Laud 
 would have tolerated for a day. It is implied in 
 Dr. Barwick's Life that many of those who should 
 have upheld the Church discipline were willing, from 
 a mistaken notion of conciliation and peace, to let it 
 go. Bishop Wren set his face resolutely against this 
 doctrine. 
 
 In November the Convocation met again. Dr. 
 John Barwick had been appointed to the deanery of S. 
 Paul's, and in spite of very failing health, had resumed 
 the weekly Communions, daily prayers, and musical 
 services of the cathedral, and had succeeded in making 
 the choir, where the Puritans had stabled their horses, 
 once more fit for Divine service. At this session of 
 Convocation the Prayer Book was finally revised, after 
 the Bishops had heard at the Savoy Conference all that 
 the Puritans could urge against it. Bishop Wren had 
 been actively engaged in this work, and suggested a 
 considerable number of alterations and additions, many 
 of which were adopted. A large number of gram- 
 matical errors had crept in to the old book : for 
 example, ' which ' instead of ' who ' was in almost all 
 the collects and the Apostles' creed. It still, by some 
 oversight, survives in the Lord's Prayer. 1 ' The alter- 
 ing whereof,' says Bishop Wren, ' if it may seem strange 
 
 1 Fragmentary Ilhistrations of the History of the Book of Common, 
 Prayer, edited by the Bishop of Chester, p. 47, et seq.
 
 REVISION OF THE PRAYER BOOK. lit 
 
 at first to unskilful ears, yet will it not be a nine days' 
 wonder, but for ever after a right expression in all our 
 addresses unto God.' 
 
 Page after page he corrected with the utmost care, 
 from the very title-page and calendar to the end. July 
 has the characteristic note, ' Out with Dog-days from 
 amongst the Saints.' A considerable number of his 
 suggestions are part of the Prayer Book to this day. 
 The final clause of the prayer for the Church Militant 
 beginning ' We also bless, etc.,' though not Bishop 
 Wren's composition, as he intended to have replaced 
 the Commemoration of the Saints and the Thanks- 
 giving as it stood in the first Prayer Book of Edward 
 VI., is yet due to his suggestion. The whole series 
 of notes and emendations is very interesting, though 
 they are more than can be given here. Two things 
 plainly appear : that he wished to return as nearly as 
 possible to the first Prayer Book of Edward VI., as 
 the one most closely resembling the offices of the Early 
 Church ; that he was very desirous to have the book 
 made as full, as plain, and as clear as the English 
 language could make it. He was anxious that no 
 needless stumbling-blocks should remain in the path 
 either of Churchmen or of Nonconformists, but at the 
 same time he had no intention of bartering any portion 
 of Church truth or discipline for the doubtful advan- 
 tages of ' comprehension.' 
 
 It is a proof that he was not, with all his high- 
 minded firmness, the persecuting prelate of Puritan 
 pamphleteers, or the sour and severe man which, in 
 early days, Lord Clarendon thought him, that both in
 
 122 SfR CHRISTOPHER, WREN. 
 
 Norwich, his former diocese, and in the one he then 
 ruled, most of the clergy renounced the Covenant. 1 
 
 S. Bartholomew's day, 1662, was the time fixed for 
 those who refused to conform to the Church to resign 
 their livings. It has been easy to represent this as 
 a piece of crael tyranny, as the turning out of a body 
 of pious men who were labouring in the work which 
 others neglected. In truth, as even Milton says, they 
 were ' time-servers, covetous, illiterate persecutors, 
 not lovers of the truth, like in most things whereof 
 they had accused their predecessors.' To this grave 
 indictment must be added that they were, in the strict- 
 est sense, intruders, thrust into charges by Cromwell's 
 authority, while the true priests were imprisoned, fined, 
 forbidden to minister, or even to teach as schoolmasters, 
 and literally left to starve. 
 
 ' The majority of these were dead and none had been 
 ordained to fill up the gaps, during all the long years 
 since the Church's overthrow. . . Of the eight thou- 
 sand intruding Nonconformists, a bare two thousand 
 
 1 Bishop Kennet says, ' One particular will appear ' (from Bishop Wren's 
 Register), ' that there were but few of the parochial clergy deprived in this 
 diocese (Ely) in 1662, for not submitting to the Act of Uniformity, 
 though more of the old legal incumbents had been sequestered about 
 1644 than in proportion within any other diocese.' Grey's Examination 
 of Neale's History of the Puritans, vol. iv. p. 328. From the same 
 authority it appears that most of the clerks deprived in 1662 had other 
 callings, e.g. cobbling, gloving, skinning, bookselling, husbandry, and to 
 these they generally returned. 
 
 Some of his clergy had come to him in the Tower for institution, in 
 the early part of his imprisonment, and that many were faithful to him 
 is evident from the fact they were expelled their livings for ' following 
 Bishop Wren's fancies,' no other crimes being pretended against them. 
 Annals of England, p. 392.
 
 GARTER RECORDS RESTORED. 123 
 
 1,700 would probably be nearer the number 
 refused conformity. 
 
 ' In other words, the Church of the Restoration 
 had to begin her work with a clergy of whom at 
 least three-fourths were aliens at heart to her doc- 
 trine and her discipline. To the politician this result 
 was most satisfactory ; to the Church little short of 
 disastrous.' l 
 
 One of the earliest appointments made at the 
 Restoration was that of Dr. Bruno Ryves 2 to be Dean 
 of Windsor and Registrar of the Garter. In the 
 August of 1660, Christopher Wren went to Windsor, 
 and solemnly delivered to the Dean the three registers 
 and the note books of the Order of the Garter, which 
 Dean Wren had, with so much difficulty, recovered 
 and hidden carefully until, at his death, he transferred 
 the charge to his son. Dean Ryves gave a written 
 acknowledgment to Christopher that he had safely 
 received the books, and the service his father had done 
 in preserving them was fully admitted. Gresham 
 College had been cleansed and set in order after the 
 Restoration, and Christopher resumed his lectures 
 there, which were largely attended. 
 
 1 See an interesting article, The Church of England in the Eighteenth 
 Century, in the Church Quarterly Review, July, 1877, p. 321, et seq. It 
 is not however quite accurate to say ' none were ordained,' for Bishop 
 Duppa held secretly ' frequent ordinations of young loyal church scholars,' 
 among whom was Tenison, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 History of the Book of Common Prayer, Lath bury, p. 296. 
 
 2 Dr. Bruno Ryves, Dean of Chichester in 1642, was in the city 
 during Sir William Waller's siege, and left a description of the sack of 
 the cathedral and robbery of its plate by the commander and his troops. 
 Dean Ryves was fined I2O/. and deprived. Memorials of the See of 
 Chi Chester, p. 286.
 
 i24 SJK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 After one of these lectures given in November, 
 Lord Brouncker, Mr. Robert Boyle, Dr. Goddard, Dr. 
 Petty, Dr. Wilkins, Sir Robert Moray and others 
 withdrew with Wren to his room, where they discussed 
 a project for a philosophical College or Society. It was 
 not an entirely new idea, for it had been a favourite 
 scheme of Evelyn's, also of the poet Cowley's. 1 It 
 was not a matter to be arranged in one sitting, and ac- 
 cordingly they settled to meet weekly in Wren's rooms 
 after his lectures, and agreed that for incidental ex- 
 penses each should pay down ten shillings and sub- 
 scribe a shilling weekly. A list was made of between 
 thirty and forty probable members, among them those 
 previously mentioned, and Christopher's old friend Sir 
 C. Scarborough, Dr. Seth Ward, Matthew Wren, 
 Cowley, Sir Kenelme Digby, Mr. Evelyn and others. 
 Sir Robert Moray undertook to explain the project to 
 King Charles, and brought back a gracious message 
 that he well approved of it, and would be ready to 
 give it every encouragement. One of the first orders 
 of the Society was that Wren should at the next meet- 
 ing of the Society bring in his account of the pendulum 
 experiment, with his explanation of it : this experi- 
 ment related to ' the determination of a standard 
 measure of length by the vibration of a pendulum.' 2 
 
 1 Abraham Cowley, born 1618; educated at Westminster; was the 
 intimate friend of Lord Falkland and of the poet Crashaw. Cowley 
 followed Henrietta Maria to Paris, remaining steadily loyal. He died 
 1667. 
 
 2 History of the Royal Society (by C. R. Weld), p. 96. Galileo is said 
 to have first discovered the use of the pendulum as a measure of time, 
 while watching the oscillations of the bronze lamp in the cathedral at 
 Pisa. A pendulum clock was long reckoned a ' rarity.' Bishop Seth
 
 S AVI LI AN PROFESSORSHIP. 125 
 
 There followed experiments for the improvement of 
 shipping, in which Wren worked with Dr. Petty and 
 Dr. Goddard. It was a question to what mechanical 
 powers sailing, especially when against the wind, was 
 reducible ; ' he showed it to be a wedge ; and he 
 demonstrated how a transient force upon an oblique 
 plane would cause the motion of the plane against the 
 first mover. He made an instrument that mechanically 
 produced the same effect and showed the reason of sail- 
 ing to all winds.' 
 
 But to give all Christopher's experiments would be 
 to write over again the already well-told history of the 
 Royal Society. It had few more assiduous members. 
 
 In 1 66 1, Christopher resigned his Gresham Pro- 
 fessorship, in order to accept the Savilian Professorship 
 of Astronomy, at Oxford. 1 It had been held by Dr. 
 Seth Ward, who was soon afterwards made Bishop of 
 Salisbury in succession to Bishop Hyde. Shortly after 
 his appointment, Christopher had a command from the 
 King to make him a lunar globe, according to the 
 observations made with the best telescopes. He con- 
 structed one ' representing not only the spots and 
 
 Ward presented one, made by Fromantel, to the Society in 1662, in 
 memory of his friend Mr. Laurence Rooke, late Astronomy Professor at 
 Gresham College. 
 
 1 Founded 1619 by Sir Henry Savile. He required that the Professor 
 should explain the Ptolemaic and Copernican and other modern astro- 
 nomical systems, should teach and read on Optics, Dialling, Geography 
 and Navigation. He was to be of any nation in Christendom, provided 
 he was of good reputation, had a fair knowledge of Greek, and was twenty- 
 six years of age. If an Englishman he must have taken his M.A. degree. 
 The choice of a professor was to lie with the Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the University, the Bishop of 
 London, the principal Secretary of State, Chief Justices, the Lord Chief 
 Baron, and Dean of Arches. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 188. Ayliffe.
 
 126 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 various degrees of whiteness on the surface, but the 
 hills, eminences, and cavities moulded in solid work.' 
 This curious toy was highly admired, placed in the 
 King's cabinet at Whitehall, and esteemed a great 
 1 rarity.' 
 
 In this year Wren took his degree as Doctor of 
 Civil Laws, Oxford, and received a similar honour 
 from the University of Cambridge. King Charles 
 purposed paying a visit to Oxford, and the Philoso- 
 phical Society both there and in London resolved to 
 give him an entertainment. Lord Brouncker wrote 
 from London to Wren to consult him. Wren wrote 
 back : 
 
 * My Lord, The Act and noise at Oxford being over, 
 I retir'd to myself as speedily as I could to obey 
 your Lordship and contribute something to the 
 collection of Experiments designed by the Society, 
 for his Majesty's Reception. I concluded on some- 
 thing I thought most suitable for such an occasion ; 
 but the stupidity of our artists here makes the 
 apparatus so tedious that I foresee I shall not be 
 able to bring it to anything within the time pro- 
 posed. What in the meanwhile to suggest to your 
 Lordship I cannot guess.' . . . ' Geometrical pro- 
 blems, and new methods, however useful, will be 
 but tasteless in a transient show.' He enumerates 
 various things which he had thought of and rejected : 
 ' designs of engines, scenographical tricks, designs 
 of architecture, chymical experiments, experiments 
 in anatomy, which last are sordid and noisome 
 to any but those whose desire of knowledge
 
 < so MUCH TATTLE: 127 
 
 makes them digest it.' ' Experiments of Natural 
 Philosophy are seldom pompous, and certainly 
 Nature in the best of her works is apparent enough 
 in obvious things, were they but curiously observed ; 
 and the key that opens treasures is often plain and 
 rusty, but unless it be gilt it will make no show at 
 Court/ 
 
 He proposed to show an experiment with a 
 1 weather wheel to measure the expansions of air.' 
 Another 'no unpleasing spectacle of seeing a man 
 live without new air as long as you please ; ' this was 
 to be effected by an instrument of Wren's invention 
 which cooled, percolated, and purified the air. Also 'an 
 artificial eye truly and dioptrically rrec'e as bi as a 
 tennis-ball.' 
 
 ' My Lord/ the letter ends, ' if my first design had 
 been perfect I had not troubled your Lordship with 
 so much Tattle, but with something performed and 
 done. But I am fain, in this letter, to do like some 
 chymist who when Projection (his fugitive darling) 
 hath left him threadbare, is forced to fall to vulgar 
 Preparations to pay his Debts/ 
 
 The King appointed Wren as assistant to Sir John 
 Denham, the Surveyor-General of Works. Sir John 
 had been appointed by Charles I., in reversion during 
 the lifetime of Inigo Jones, surveyor at that time, and 
 had succeeded, at Inigo Jones's death, to what was 
 then but a barren honour. Evelyn, who had a dispute 
 with Sir John about the placing of Greenwich Palace 
 in that very year, says : ' I knew him to be a better
 
 128 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 poet than architect, tho' he had Mr. Webb 1 (Inigo 
 Jones's man) to assist him.' Of this Charles II. was 
 probably aware, and anxious to supply his deficiency. 
 That his choice should have fallen upon Wren, unless 
 Evelyn's friendship suggested it, is remarkable, as, 
 until then, Wren seems to have made no special study 
 of architecture. No doubt the practical experience 
 learned in the details of the assistant-surveyor's work 
 was afterwards very serviceable to him. He appears 
 to have had a most retentive memory as well as a 
 very quick eye and power of apprehension. In spite, 
 however, of these calls on his time he was assiduous at 
 the Society's meetings. 
 
 The death of Laurence Rooke, his friend and 
 fellow-labourer, threw more work on his hands. 
 Rooke was succeeded in the Geometry Professor- 
 ship by Isaac Barrow, afterwards a well-known divine 
 who, in his first Latin oration, eulogised the Savilian 
 Professor as ' formerly a prodigy of a boy, now a 
 miracle of a man, and a genius among mortals. Lest 
 I should appear to speak falsehood, it will be enough 
 for me to name to you the most ingenious and ex- 
 cellent Christopher Wren.' 2 It was a high compli- 
 ment, but Barrow knew that his audience would heartily 
 re-echo it. It is to be hoped that Barrow's lectures 
 were somewhat shorter than his sermons, which, fine 
 as they are, were not always listened to with patience. 
 ' On one occasion, when he was long preaching in the 
 Abbey on a holiday, the servants of the Church, who 
 
 1 He married Inigo Jones's daughter. 
 2 Lives of the Gresham Professors, Ward, p. 97.
 
 A LONG SERMON. 129 
 
 on those days showed the tombs and effigies in wax 
 of the Kings and Queens to the common people, 
 fearing to spend that time in hearing which they 
 might more profitably employ in receiving, caused the 
 organs to blow until they had blowed him down/ l 
 
 On March 25, 1663, the Society was finally incor- 
 porated by a charter from the King, with a preamble 
 written by Christopher Wren, explaining its objects. 
 The style of the preamble is far more florid than is 
 usual in Wren's writing : it has in it the exultation 
 of one who is accomplishing a long-cherished scheme. 
 One paragraph is evidently intended as a defence 
 against certain attacks which were made upon the 
 English philosophers as they had been in past times 
 against Galileo : 
 
 ' Not that herein we would withdraw the least ray of 
 our influence from the present established nurseries 
 of good literature and education, founded by the 
 
 1 Isaac Barrow, born 1630. He was so little studious as a boy, and 
 so fond of fighting, that his father used often solemnly to wish that if it 
 should please God to take one of his children it might be his son Isaac. 
 When, however, in 1677, he did really die, the Lord Keeper (Lord 
 Nottingham) sent his father a message of condolence, importing that 
 ' he had but too great reason to grieve, since never father lost so good a 
 son.' Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop of Man, 1663, and S. Asaph, 1669, was 
 his uncle. Life of Dr. Barrow^ vol. i. p. ix., ed. 1830. Among his poems 
 is the following, which seems to be incomplete : 
 
 AD. DD. CHR. WREN. 
 Ad te, sed passu tremulo vultuque rubenti, 
 Fertur ad ingenii culmen, opella levis, 
 Nee quid vult aliud (quid enim velit haud tibi notum) 
 Quam ut justum authoris deferat. Ib. vol. viii. p. 541 
 
 K
 
 1 30 5/A" CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 piety of our royal ancestors and others, and whose 
 laws which as we are obliged to defend, so the holy 
 blood of our martyred Father hath especially en- 
 deared to us, but, that we purpose to make further 
 provision for this branch of knowledge likewise, 
 Natural Experimental Philosophy/ . . . ' Taking 
 care as in the first place for Religion so next for 
 the riches and ornaments of our kingdoms, as we 
 wear an Imperial Crown in which flowers are alter- 
 nately intermixed with the ensigns of Christianity.' 
 
 King Charles, the Duke of York, and Prince 
 Rupert, always a lover of experiments, were among 
 the first members of the Society, and its beginning was 
 prosperous enough ; but Court favour has always created 
 some envy. It happened that in the self-same year 
 Butler, 1 then secretary to Jeremy Taylor's friend, Lord 
 Carbery, published his famous ' Hudibras.' It created 
 a great sensation ; the Court read it, the town read it ; 
 Pepys, hearing ' the world cry it up so mightily, tried 
 twice or three times reading to bring himself to think 
 it witty.' It was in everyone's mouth, and Butler 
 naturally thought himself sure of promotion. None, 
 however, came to him, and he directed his bitter wit 
 against those more fortunate than himself, the members 
 of the new Royal Society, and Bishop Sprat in par- 
 ticular, in a poem called ' The Elephant in the Moon,' 
 which opened as follows : 
 
 1 Samuel Butler, born 1612, died, it is said, in great poverty, and was 
 buried in S. Paul's, Covent Garden, 1680.
 
 'THE ELEPHANT IN THE MOON: 131 
 
 ' A learn'd Society of late, 
 The glory of a neighbouring state, 
 Agreed upon a summer night 
 To search the moon by her own light, 
 To take an invent'ry of all 
 Her real estate and personal. 
 
 To observe her country how 'twas planted, 
 With what she abounded most or wanted, 
 And make the proper'st observations 
 For settling of new plantations, 
 If the Society should incline 
 T' attempt so glorious a design.' 
 
 With sharp touches indicating the various Members 
 of the Society the satire continues, telling how they see 
 in the moon, through the telescope, marvellous things, 
 and an appearance of an immense elephant ; they 
 agree that a record must be made, and during the 
 discussion who is to write it, one of the servants peep- 
 ing through the telescope discovers that a mouse has 
 got in between the two glasses ! It, and a swarm of 
 
 ^> o 
 
 small flies, are the causes of the mysterious phenomena, 
 the vast beast, the marching and countermarching 
 armies which have been so learnedly explained ! l 
 
 The Society does not seem to have paid much 
 attention to the poet, and the experiments went on 
 as usual. A different task was presently offered to 
 Wren by the King. When he married Catharine of 
 
 1 Wren's lunar globe will be remembered. Vide supra^ p. 125. 
 
 The satire made some sensation and caused La Fontaine to write 
 Un Animal dans la Lune, in which, courtier like, he pays a compliment 
 to Charles II., and hints at the happiness of England at peace and able 
 to give herself ' a ces emplois,' while France was at war with Holland, 
 Spain, and the Empire. 
 
 K 2
 
 1 32 SfR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Portugal, he received Tangiers, Tripoli, and Bombay 
 as part of her dowry. Tangiers was reckoned as a 
 very important place to the English, whose sailors 
 were still constantly harassed by the Moorish pirates, 
 and the fortifications of the town were a pressing care. 
 King Charles offered, through Matthew Wren, then 
 Lord Clarendon's secretary, a commission to Christopher 
 Wren, as one of the best geometricians in Europe, to 
 survey and direct the works at the mole, harbour, and 
 fortifications of Tangiers, offering him an ample salary, 
 leave of absence from his Professorship, and a rever- 
 sionary grant of Sir John Denham's office. Flattering 
 though the offer was, Christopher declined it on the 
 ground of his health, and begged the King to com- 
 mand his duty in England. 
 
 He no doubt judged wisely, and the refusal gave 
 no offence at Court. Perhaps the leave of absence 
 might not have been easily obtained, for the following 
 letter from Dr. Sprat shows that Wren was already 
 embarrassed by the difficulty of being in two places at 
 once : 
 
 ' My dear Sir, I must confess I have some little Peek 
 against you therefore am not much displeased, 
 that I have this occasion of telling you some ill 
 news. The Vice-Chancellor did yesterday send 
 for me to inquire where the Astronomy Professor 
 was, and the reason of his absence so long after the 
 beginning of the term. I used all the arguments I 
 could for your Defence. I told him that Charles 
 the Second was King of England, Scotland, France 
 and Ireland-, and that he was by the late Act of
 
 A WARM FRIEND. 133 
 
 Parliament declared absolute Monarch in these his 
 dominions : and that it was this mighty Prince who 
 had confined you to London. I endeavour'd to per- 
 suade him that the drawing of lines in Sir Harry 
 Savill's school was not altogether of so great a con- 
 cernment for the benefit of Christendom as the 
 rebuilding of St. Paul's or the fortifying of Tangier ; 
 (for I understood those were the great works in 
 which that extraordinary Genius of yours was judg'd 
 necessary to be employ'd). All this I urged, but 
 after some Discourse, he told me, that he was not 
 now to consider you as Dr. Bayly 1 (for so he ow'd 
 you all Kindness) but as Vice Chancellor, and under 
 that Capacity he most terribly told me that he took 
 it very ill you had not all this while given him any 
 Account of what hinder'd you in the Discharge of 
 your Office. This he bid me tell you, and I do it 
 not very unwillingly because I see that our Friend- 
 ships are so closely ty'd together that the same 
 Thing which was so great a Prejudice to me (my 
 losing your Company all this while here) does also 
 something redound to your Disadvantage. And so, 
 my dear Sir, now my Spite and Spleen is satisfied, 
 I must needs return to my old Temper again, and 
 faithfully assure you that I am with the most violent 
 Zeal and Passion, your most affectionate and de- 
 voted Servant, 
 
 ' TIIO. SPRAT.' 
 
 Wren had also employment at Cambridge, of a 
 kind he would have been loth to put in other hands. 
 
 1 Dr. Richard Bayley, President of S. John's College.
 
 I 3 4 S/ff CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 His uncle, the Bishop of Ely, had instantly on his 
 release determined to give a chapel to Pembroke Hall, 
 Cambridge, where he had been a scholar under 
 Launcelot Andrewes, 1 and he employed his nephew as 
 his architect. Upon this work and its endowment the 
 Bishop expended 5,ooo/., the first money he received 
 after his release. His personal habits were austerely 
 simple ; for the last twenty years of his life he drank 
 no wine, and only ate off" a wooden trencher, practis- 
 ing fasting and abstinence with great strictness. He 
 had never spent any of the revenues of his see upon 
 his children, and now he made the chapel his heir, 
 bestowing upon it an estate at Hardwick in Cambridge- 
 shire. 
 
 The chapel, which has a peculiar interest as 
 Wren's first architectural work, is built in the classical 
 style he was to make famous in England, and bears 
 his mark in its beautiful proportions, the richness of its 
 stucco ceiling and the pannelled wood-work. The 
 plain glazing of the windows and a something of bare- 
 ness about the whole, are probably to be accounted for 
 by the necessity of limiting the expense to a fixed 
 sum. Its first stone was laid May 13, 1663, by the 
 Master, Dr. Frank, acting for Bishop Wren, who was 
 not present. 2 
 
 It was probably at the same time that Wren 
 executed some repairs in Ely Cathedral which had 
 
 1 Bishop Andrewes bequeathed 3327. to the library of Pembroke College. 
 
 2 Some alterations have recently been made at Pembroke, in which, 
 under the late Sir G. Scott's orders, the chapel has been lengthened by 
 about 20 feet, the stucco of the exterior stripped, and the red brick 
 pointed. 

 
 A SAD RETURN. 135 
 
 suffered, like every other grand church, from the fury 
 of the Puritans. Bitter indeed must have been the 
 regret with which the surviving clergy returned to find 
 the fabrics of their churches plundered and laid waste, 
 and their flocks scattered or corrupted.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 1664-1667. 
 
 REPAIR OF S. PAUL'S SHELDONIAN THEATRE THE PLAGUE A 
 LETTER FROM PARIS CONSECRATION OF PEMBROKE CHAPEL FIRE 
 OF LONDON BISHOP WREN'S DEATH HIS FAMILY.
 
 Yet, London, Empress of the Northern Clime, 
 
 By an high fate thou greatly didst expire, 
 Great as the world's, which, at the death of time, 
 
 Must fall, and rise a nobler frame by fire 
 
 Annus Mirabilis, ccxii. Dryden.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE repairs of S. Paul's Cathedral could not be delayed. 
 Wren, as Sir John Denham's assistant, was greatly 
 occupied about the matter, which was one of no 
 ordinary difficulty. The responsibility was really his, 
 for Sir John went out of his mind, and though he re- 
 covered, probably did but little business. 
 
 When Inigo Jones built his portico, he cased the 
 nave with Portland stone, and rebuilt the north and 
 south fronts. In doing so he pared down the original 
 pointed architecture, until little of its beauty or charac- 
 ter remained. His work had in its turn been damaged 
 by the Puritans, who set up booths in the portico, and 
 dug sawpits in the cathedral inclosure. Besides these 
 injuries Christopher Wren's accurate eye detected 
 graver faults in the original design, some of which he 
 enumerates. ' The pillars of the nave, though eleven 
 feet in diameter, were only cased with stone, and filled 
 up with rubbish inside. The roof was always too 
 heavy for them, so that they are bent outwards on 
 both sides, so that the roof already cracked will finally 
 fall in.' He proposed to substitute a roof 1 of ' a light, 
 
 1 For an account of the great rarity of stone roofs see Fergusson's 
 Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, vol. ii. p. 879. It is said that Wren 
 used often to look at the beautiful roof of King's College Chapel, Cam- 
 bridge, and say he would build such another if anyone would tell him 
 where to put the first stone.
 
 HO 67/? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 thin shell of stone, very geometrically made.' The 
 tower leant much to one side, and was propped with 
 arches and buttresses, so as to block the view from the 
 west end. Upon this tower, which he despairingly 
 calls ' a heap of deformities,' there had been formerly 
 a tall, thin, wooden spire, which was destroyed by 
 lightning. For this he wished to substitute ' a dome 
 or rotunda, and upon the cupola for outward ornament, 
 a lantern with a spring top to rise proportionately.' 
 He hints that when the dome was finished the rest of 
 the cathedral should be harmonised with it, almost 
 impossible though the task appeared. He expected 
 great difference of opinion, and that ' some would aim 
 at a greater magnificence than the age would afford, 
 and some might fall so low as to think of piecing up 
 the old fabric here with stone, there with brick, and 
 covering all faults with a coat of plaster, to leave it still 
 to posterity as an object of charity.' The miserable 
 state of the building is implied in the epitaph of its 
 Dean, Dr. Barwick, who in 1664, 'Inter sacras JEdis 
 Paulinae ruinas reponit suas (utrasque resurrecturas 
 securus) > . 1 
 
 Another work upon which Wren was engaged was 
 the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. Sheldon, who 
 succeeded Archbishop Juxon in the see of Canterbury 
 in 1663, was determined to free S. Mary's Church 
 from the profane uses to which it was put when the 
 various ' Acts ' were kept there, and any kind of jesting 
 
 1 ' Among the sacred ruins of S. Paul's Church laid down his own 
 (sure that both will rise again).' Sancroft, afterwards Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, succeeded him.
 
 SHELDONIAN THEATRE. 141 
 
 and buffoonery was considered allowable. He had 
 had experience of Wren in the discussions about S. 
 Paul's, and now engaged him as architect. The 
 building is too well known to need a description ; the 
 roof was reckoned a triumph of skill because of ' the 
 contrivance of supporting the same without the help 
 of any beam, it being entirely kept up by braces and 
 screws; and is the subject of an excellent mathema- 
 tical treatise by that prodigy of the age, Dr. Wallis.' l 
 It was six years building, and cost 25,ooo/. Evelyn, 
 with whom Wren had often discussed the plans, went 
 to Oxford on purpose to be present at the opening on 
 July 9, 1669. 
 
 ' In the morning,' he says, ' was celebrated the Encenia 
 of the New Theater .... it was resolved to keep 
 the present Act in it and celebrate its dedication 
 with the greatest splendor and formalitie that might 
 be, and therefore drew a world of strangers and 
 other companie to the Universitie from all parts of 
 the nation. The Vice Chancellor, Heads of Houses 
 and Doctors, being seated in magisteriall seates, the 
 Vice Chancellor's chaire and deske, Proctors etc. 
 covered with Brocatall (a kind of Brocade) and cloth 
 of gold ; the Universitie Register read the founder's 
 grant and gift of it to the Universitie upon these 
 solemn occasions. Then followed Dr. South, the 
 Universitie's orator, in an eloquent speech which 
 was very long and not without some malicious and 
 indecent reflections on the Royal Society as under- 
 miners of the Universitie, which was very foolish 
 1 Oxford^ vol. i. p. 473. Ayliffe.
 
 142 S/R CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 and untrue, as well as unseasonable. But, to let 
 
 that pass from an ill-natured man, the rest was in 
 
 praise of the archbishop and the ingenious architect.' 
 
 Dr. Plot, the historian of Oxfordshire, who was a 
 
 member of the Royal Society, in his quaint book gives 
 
 a careful technical description of the construction of 
 
 the theatre by Wren, and his assistant, ' Richard 
 
 Frogley, an able carpenter.' 
 
 During the years that the theatre was building 
 Wren did not intermit his attendance at the Royal 
 Society ; amongst other inventions he produced a 
 machine for drawing in perspective, which was exhibited 
 at one of the meetings. 
 
 A frightful interruption came to these and to all 
 other pursuits in London. In 1665, the plague, which 
 had more than once afflicted England, broke out with 
 fearful force in London, where the dark narrow streets 
 with their houses meeting overhead, and the foul state 
 of the entire town, gave every encouragement to its 
 ravage's. Pepys, who stayed in London all through 
 the worst time of the plague, gives many a record of 
 this visitation. 1 
 
 ' June jt/i. The hottest day that ever I felt in my life. 
 This day, much against my will I did in Drury 
 Lane see two or three houses marked with a red 
 cross upon the doors and " Lord have mercy upon 
 us ! " writ there ; which was a sad sight to me, being 
 the first of the kind that, to my remembrance, I ever 
 saw. 
 
 1 August \bth. To the Exchange, where I have 
 
 1 Diary, vol. ii. p. 273, et sey., ed. 1828.
 
 THE PLAGUE. 143 
 
 not been a great while. But Lord ! how sad a 
 sight it is to see the streets empty of people and 
 very few upon the 'Change ! Jealous of every door 
 that one sees shut up lest it should be the plague, 
 and about us two shops in three, if not more, generally 
 shut up. 
 
 ' September yd (Lord's Day). Up ; and put 
 on my coloured silk suit very fine, and my new 
 periwigg, bought a good while since, and durst not 
 wear because the plague was in Westminster when 
 I bought it ; and it is a wonder what will be the 
 fashion after the plague is done as to periwiggs, 
 for nobody will dare to buy any haire for fear of 
 the infection, that it had been cut off the heads of 
 people dead of the plague. My Lord Brouncker, 
 Sir J. Minnes and I up to the Vestry ' (he was then 
 at Greenwich) ' at the desire of the justices of the 
 peace, in order to the doing of something for the 
 keeping of the plague from growing ; but Lord ! to 
 consider the madness of the people of the town who 
 will, because they are forbid, come in crowds along 
 with the dead corpses to see them buried ; but we 
 agreed on some orders for the prevention thereof. 
 Among other stories, one was very passionate, me- 
 thought, of a complaint brought against a man in 
 the town for taking a child from London from an 
 infected house. Alderman Hooker told us it was 
 the child of a very able citizen in Gracious Street ' 
 (Gracechurch Street), ' a saddler, who had buried all 
 the rest of his children with the plague, and himself 
 and his wife being now shut up and in despair of
 
 144 -SM CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 escaping, did desire only to save the life of this 
 little child ; and so prevailed to have it received 
 stark naked into the arms of a friend who brought 
 it, having put it into fresh clothes, to Greenwich, 
 where upon hearing the story we did agree it should 
 be permitted to be received and kept in the town.' 
 
 So the days went on and the grass waved in 
 Whitehall Court, and to quote Pepys again : ' Lord ! 
 how everybody's looks and discourse in the streets is 
 of death and nothing else, and few people going up 
 and down, that the town is like a place distressed and 
 forsaken/ 
 
 None but those whom absolute necessity kept in 
 London stayed in the infected air ; the works at S. 
 Paul's were stopped ; all meetings and lectures ceased, 
 with good reason, since to gather people together was 
 but to spread the infection. 
 
 Christopher Wren profited by the cessation of his 
 London work, to travel abroad. Before going he had 
 much to settle ; to help Mr. Evelyn find a tutor, 
 ' a perfect Grecian and more than commonly mathe- 
 matical,' for his son. This youth went two years later, 
 at the age of thirteen, to Trinity College, Oxford, ' being 
 newly out of long coates.' 
 
 Wren's Oxford Professorship, and his works, both 
 there and at Cambridge, required to be set in good 
 order before he could go. At Oxford he was engaged 
 on the repairs of Trinity College, for his friend Dr. 
 Bathurst. 1 On June 22, 1665, Wren writes to them 
 as follows : 
 
 1 Dr. Ralph Bathurst, born 1620, educated at Coventry and Oxford.
 
 1 THE WORLD GOVERNED BY WORDS! 145 
 
 ' My honoured Friend, I am convinced with Machi- 
 avel or some unlucky fellow, 'tis no matter whether 
 I quote true, that the world is generally governed 
 by words. I perceive the name of a quadrangle 
 will carry it with those whom you say may possibly be 
 your benefactors, though it be much the worse situ- 
 ation for the chambers, and the beauty of the college, 
 and of the particular pile of building. If I had skill 
 in enchantment to represent the pile, first in one 
 view, then in another, I should certainly make them 
 of my opinion ; or else I will appeal to Mons. 
 Mansard or Signer Bernini, both of which I shall 
 see at Paris within this fortnight.' 
 
 ' But, to be sober, if anybody, as you say, will 
 
 pay for a quadrangle, there is no dispute to be 
 
 made ; let them have a quadrangle, though a lame 
 
 one somewhat like a three-legged table.' . . . 
 
 Some technical details for the builder follow, and 
 
 then : 
 
 ' You need not use any apologies to me, for I must 
 beg you to believe you can command me in things of 
 greater moment, and that I love to serve you as your 
 most faithful and affectionate Friend and Servant, 
 
 ' CHRISTOPHER WREN/ 
 
 The College was repaired by Sir Thomas Pope, it 
 having been left in a very ruinous condition, but the 
 
 Was ordained, but during the rebellion maintained himself by the practice 
 of medicine. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1688 its 
 president. He was president of Trinity from 1644 till his death in 1704. 
 He was Dean of Wells, and was offered the bishopric, but refused it as 
 taking him from his college and hindering the improvements he was 
 making there. Evelyn speaks highly of his preaching and his admirable 
 parts and learning.' 
 
 L
 
 1 46 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 ornamental part is due to Dr. Bathurst, aided by 
 munificent Archbishop Sheldon and other old members 
 of the College. 
 
 He was making considerable additions to Trinity 
 College at Cambridge : to this date belongs the library, 
 which he added to the beautiful western Quadrangle 
 known as Nevile's Court. 
 
 ' A building,' said Wren, in a letter to the Master 
 of Trinity, ' of that consideration you go about, 
 deserves good care in the design and able workmen 
 to perform it ; and that he who takes the general 
 management upon him may have a prospect of the 
 whole, and make all parts inside and outside corre- 
 spond well together.' 
 
 Very full directions and six drawings follow, ex- 
 plaining the plan and its details. 
 
 ' I suppose,' he ends, ' you have good masons ; how- 
 ever, I would willingly take a farther pains to give 
 all the mouldings in great ; we are scrupulous in 
 small matters and you must pardon us, the architects 
 are as great pedants as critics and heralds.' 
 
 It was not until midsummer that Wren was able 
 to start on his journey : he went at once to Paris to the 
 Earl of S. Albans, the English ambassador, to whom 
 he had letters. Lord S. Albans had lived at Paris 
 in great ease and luxury all through the Rebellion, 
 far more so, Evelyn indignantly says, than had the 
 King. He was supposed to be privately married 
 to the Queen Dowager, Henrietta Maria. He was 
 what was then called a great virtuoso, a friend of
 
 WREN AT PARIS. 147 
 
 Cowley and of other wits, and entertained Wren with 
 much courtesy and hospitality. Wren's name was, in 
 itself, a sufficient introduction to the scientific men and 
 philosophers of the city, in whose society he took great 
 pleasure. 
 
 He had long been a Member of the Order of 
 Freemasons, and had distinguished himself by the atten- 
 tion he gave to the lodges under his care : at the time of 
 his journey to France he was Deputy Grand Master 
 under Earl Rivers ; no doubt he availed himself to the 
 full of the opportunities which Freemasonry afforded him 
 for observing the details of the work and becoming 
 acquainted with the workmen, the architects, and the 
 sculptors, whom Louis XIV. had brought in great 
 numbers to Paris. 
 
 It would have been interesting had Wren left us a 
 record of his impressions of Paris from a political point 
 of view. It was the brief interval of peace between 
 England and France before the war of the Nether- 
 lands. Louis XIV., climbing upwards to the zenith 
 of his brilliant reign, keeping the supreme power in 
 his own hands since Mazarin's death (in 1661), with 
 the wise Colbert for his financier, surrounded by all 
 the great captains, statesmen, wits and artists who 
 made up the ' Siecle de Louis XIV.,' must have been 
 a very interesting subject for the observation of a 
 philosopher like Wren, whose youth had been passed 
 among terrible political storms. There is, however, 
 but one slight hint in his journal, but one suggestion 
 that he discerned the true value of much of the glitter 
 and veneer of universal, if temporary, success. Pascal, 
 
 1 2
 
 148 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 with whom he had corresponded, and between whose 
 brief career and his own there is a curious resem- 
 blance, had died three years before Wren took his one 
 foreign journey. 
 
 The 'Academic Royale des Sciences,' which had 
 just received the formal sanction of Louis XIV., had 
 begun much like the English Royal Society, by small 
 meetings and conferences at Paris amongst scientific 
 men, and in these conferences, Pascal, while very 
 young, had taken a brilliant place. His father, Etienne 
 Pascal, when he found it a vain attempt to withhold 
 mathematical science from his son, cultivated the boy's 
 genius to the utmost, beyond, perhaps, what the very 
 feeble physical frame could bear. 
 
 One cannot doubt that Wren was introduced to 
 this society, and took an interest in its discussions, 
 though his attention seems most of all to have been 
 given to architecture. 
 
 In a journal written for a Dr. Bateman, the friend 
 who gave him the letters to Lord S. Albans, he says : 
 
 ' I have busied myself in surveying the most esteemed 
 Fabrics of Paris, and the country round ; the Louvre 
 for a while was my daily object where no less than 
 a thousand hands are constantly employed in the 
 works ; some in laying mighty Foundations, some 
 in raising the stones, columns, and entablements &c. 
 with vast stones, by great and useful engines, others 
 in carving, inlaying of marbles, plaistering, paint- 
 ing, gilding &c., which altogether makes a School 
 of Architecture, the best probably at this day in
 
 THE LOUVRE. 149 
 
 Europe. The college of the Four Nations, 1 is 
 usually admired, but the Artist had purposely set it 
 ill-favouredly that he might shew his wit in 
 struggling with an ill-convenienced situation. An 
 Academy of Painters, Sculptors, Architects and the 
 chief Artificers of the Louvre, meet every first and 
 last Saturday of the month. Mons. Colbert, Surin- 
 tendant, comes to the works of the Louvre every 
 Wednesday, and if business hinders not, Thursday. 
 The Workmen are paid every Sunday duly. 
 Mons. Abbe Charles introduced me to the acquaint- 
 ance of Bernini, 2 who showed me his designs of the 
 Louvre, and of the King's Statue. Abbe Bruno 
 
 1 Wren refers to the University of Paris, which was divided into four 
 faculties arts (letters and science), theology, civil and canon law, and 
 medicine. The faculty of arts was divided into four nations. That of 
 France divided again into five provinces or tribes, that of Picardy divided 
 in the same way, that of Normandy, and that of Germany which was 
 divided into two tribes, that of the continents (divided into two provinces), 
 and that of .the islanders, which included Great Britain and Ireland. 
 Dictionnaire Historique de la France, par L. Lalanne. 
 
 2 Gio. Bernini was born at Naples 1 598 and was a great sculptor as 
 well as architect. He made a bust of Charles I. of England after a 
 picture by Vandyke. When the bust was carried to the king's house at 
 Chelsea his Majesty with a train of nobles went to view it, and as they 
 were viewing it a hawk flew over their heads with a partridge in his 
 claw which he had wounded to death. Some of the partridge's blood 
 fell on the neck of the bust, where it always remained without being 
 wiped off. This bust, with the picture from which it was taken, is 
 thought to have perished in the fireat Whitehall, 1697. Biographical 
 History, vol. ii. p. 88. Grainger. 
 
 Bernini was splendidly received at Paris and employed in several 
 works of sculpture, among which was a bust of Louis XIV., probably 
 the one to which Wren refers. His design for the Louvre was accepted, 
 and he had just begun to work it out at the time Wren wrote, but Colbert 
 and the two Perraults stirred up so many difficulties that Bernini aban- 
 doned the task, and the Louvre was left in the hands of Claude Perrault. 
 Bernini returned to Rome and died there in 1680.
 
 ISO SIR CHRISTOPHER WREtf. 
 
 keeps the curious rarities of the Duke of Orleans' 
 library, well filled with excellent Intaglios, medals, 
 books of Plants and Fowls in miniature. Abbe 
 Burdelo keeps an Academy at his house for 
 Philosophy every Monday afternoon. But I must 
 not think to describe Paris, and the numerous 
 observables there in the compass of a short letter. 
 The King's Houses I could not miss, Fontainbleau 
 has a stately wildness and vastness suitable to the 
 Desert it stands in. 
 
 ' The antique mass of the Castle of S. Germains 
 and the hanging gardens are delightfully surprising 
 (I mean to any man of judgement), for the pleasures 
 below vanish away in the breath that is spent in 
 ascending. The Palace, or if you please the Cabinet, 
 of Versailles call'd me twice to view it; the mix- 
 tures of brick, stone, blue tile and gold make it look 
 like a rich livery : not an inch within but is crowded 
 with little curiosities of ornaments : the women as 
 they make here the language and fashions and 
 meddle with Politics and Philosophy, so they sway 
 also in Architecture ; works of Filgrand and little 
 Knacks are in great vogue ; but Building certainly 
 ought to have the attribute of Eternal and therefore 
 the only thing uncapable of new Fashions. The 
 masculine furniture of Palais Mazarine pleased me 
 much better, where is a great and noble collection 
 of antique Statues and Bustoes, (many of porphyry), 
 good Basso-relievos ; excellent pictures of the great 
 masters, fine Arras, true Mosaics, besides pieces de
 
 'TO PRY INTO TRADES AND ARTS} 151 
 
 Raport 1 in compartiments and pavements, vases 
 of porcelain painted by Raphael, and infinite other 
 rarities. The best of which now furnish the glorious 
 appartment of the Queen Mother at the Louvre 
 which I saw many times. After the incomparable 
 villas of Vaux and Maisons, I shall name but Ruel, 
 Coutances, Chilly, Essoane, St. Maur, St. Mande, 
 Issy, Meudon, Rincy, Chantilly, Verneuil, Liancour, 
 all which, and I might add many others, I have 
 surveyed, and that I might not lose the impressions 
 of them, I shall bring you all France on paper. 
 Bernini's design of the Louvre I would have given 
 my skin for ; but the old reserved Italian gave me 
 but a few minutes' view ; it was five designs on paper, 
 for which he hath received as many thousand pistoles. 
 I had only time to copy it in my fancy and memory, 
 and shall be able, by discourse and a crayon, to give 
 you a tolerable account of it. I have purchased a 
 great deal of taille-douce, that I might give our 
 countrymen examples of ornaments and grotesques, 
 in which the Italians themselves confess the French 
 to excel. I hope I shall give you a very good 
 account of all the best artists of France ; my busi- 
 ness now is to pry into trades and arts. I put 
 myself into all shapes to humour them ; it is a 
 comedy to me, and though sometimes expenseful, I 
 am yet loth to leave it.' There follows a long list 
 of what he calls ' the most noted artisans within my 
 knowledge or acquaintance,' in which is many a 
 famous name, Bernini, Poussin, Mignard, Mansard, 
 
 1 i.e. Mosaic,
 
 t$2 J7/? CHRISTOPHER WREtf. 
 
 &c., and then he says, ' My Lord Berkeley returns 
 to England at Christmas, when I propose to take 
 the opportunity of his company, and by that time 
 to perfect what I have on the anvil observations 
 on the present state of architecture, arts, and manu- 
 factures in France.' 
 
 With the great men Latin was probably the com- 
 mon tongue, but with the artizans he must have talked 
 in French, and have either possessed or acquired no 
 small mastery of the language and of the technical 
 terms of their various trades. The ' observations ' 
 were either never hammered into the shape Wren 
 wished, or else were subsequently lost or copied by 
 someone else, as frequently happened to one so careless 
 of his own fame as was Wren. In January 1666, the 
 English Ambassador was recalled from Paris, and the 
 war began between England, and the Netherlands with 
 France for their ally. 
 
 Pembroke Chapel was meanwhile completed, and 
 ' being beautified with splendid and decorous furni- 
 ture and amply endowed with an annual revenue, 
 was upon the feast of S. Matthew ' (the Bishop's 
 patron saint) ' 1665, solemnly consecrated and dedi- 
 cated by Bishop Wren in person and by his Epis- 
 copal authority to the honour of Almighty God. A 
 noble and lasting monument of the rare piety and 
 munificence of that great and wise Prelate and in 
 every point accorded to his character, which was so 
 well known that the sole nomination of the founder 
 was a sufficient account of the magnificence of the
 
 A THANKOFFER1NG. 153 
 
 foundation. Before evening service the exterior or 
 outer chapel and the cloister leading to it (a new 
 fabrick of Sir R. Hitcham's foundation) were by his 
 Lordship also consecrated for places of sepulture 
 for the use of the Society, together with a cell or 
 vault at the East end of the chapel under the altar 
 for a dormitory for his Lordship.' l 
 
 Bishop Wren must have looked with joy on the 
 completion of his thankoffering, and may have guessed, 
 as he surveyed its beautiful proportions, that he had set 
 his nephew, its young architect, on the road to fame. 
 Very little is told us of the latter years of Wren's 
 Episcopate ; one or two stories are given in the ' Paren- 
 talia ' and then contradicted, but it seems he kept his 
 old firmness. In 1662 he held the second Visitation of 
 his Diocese and the articles of inquiry and directions 
 show no change in his opinions and no deference to 
 Puritan notions. It was by a stretch of his power as 
 Visitor that he admitted Dr. Beaumont to be master 
 of Peterhouse, though the college had nominated two 
 other deserving persons, of whom Cosin was one. 
 The choice proved, in the end, a very wise one. He 
 could be lenient also when he thought it right, and 
 admitted several Fellows of Jesus College who came 
 to him, in some fear of a refusal, for institution. He 
 ' was very fair and civil towards them, despatched 
 them without the usual height of the fees and per- 
 suaded them to studiousness and peace against all 
 
 1 Wood. Athena; Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 735. He used certain pecu- 
 liarities in the Act of Consecration which have been repeated at he 
 consecration of the addition to the chapel, March 25, iSSi.
 
 154 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 animosities.' So says a contemporary letter quoted in 
 the ' Parentalia.' 
 
 Wren had come home at Christmas to find London 
 comparatively free from the plague, and people gradu- 
 ally returning. The Royal Society, whose meetings 
 had of course ceased during the infection, busied them- 
 selves in investigations as to the plague, and the pos- 
 sible methods of preventing it. It still raged in the 
 country, and especially at Cambridge, driving Isaac 
 Newton from his lectures there to the garden at 
 Woolsthorpe in Lincolnshire, where the idea of the 
 law of gravitation first occurred to his mind. 
 
 The repair of S. Paul's was again discussed and 
 commissioners appointed in 1666, among whom were 
 Evelyn, Wren, Dean Sancroft, and the then Bishop 
 of London, who was Humphrey Henchman, the early 
 friend of George Herbert. 
 
 On August 2 yth they inspected the cathedral. Two 
 of the commissioners, Mr. Chichley and Mr. Prat, 
 evidently wished to do as little as possible, declaring, 
 when the nave was proved to lean outwards on both 
 sides, ' it was so built for an effect of the perspective/ 
 and proposing to repair the steeple on its old founda- 
 tions. Wren thought very differently, insisted on new 
 foundations, renewed his former proposal of ' a noble 
 cupola ' which was strongly supported by Evelyn, who 
 had never forgotten the grandeur of S. Peter's just 
 completed when he went to Rome as a young man in 
 1644. They retired to the Deanery to give their 
 opinions in writing, promising to send estimates of the 
 cost of their several plans. Six days later a new
 
 FIRE OF LONDON. 155 
 
 P 
 
 disaster overwhelmed London and solved the question 
 of repairing the cathedral. On the night of September 
 2nd the Fire of London began ; for three days and 
 four nights it burned unchecked, having gained such 
 strength during the first panic that it could not be 
 beaten back, the sparks constantly kindling new centres 
 of flame. 
 
 1 All the skie,' says Evelyn, 1 ' was of a fiery aspect, 
 like the top of a burning oven, and the light 
 seen above forty miles round about for many nights. 
 God grant mine eyes may never behold the like 
 who now saw 10,000 houses all in one flame ; the 
 noise and crackling and thunder of the impetuous 
 flames, the shrieking of women and children, the 
 hurry of people, the fall of towers, houses and 
 churches, was like an hideous storme, and the aire 
 all about so hot and inflam'd that at last one was 
 not able to approch it, so that they were forc'd to 
 stand still and let the flames burn on, which they 
 did for neere two miles in length and one in bredth. 
 The clowds also of smoke were dismall and reached 
 upon computation neere fifty-six miles in length. 
 Thus I left it this afternoone burning, a resemblance 
 of Sodom, or of the last day. 
 
 ' Sept. 4. The burning still rages and it was now 
 gotten as far as the Inner Temple ; all Fleet Streete, 
 the Old Bailey, Ludgate Hill, Warwick Lane, New- 
 gate, Paules' Chaine, Wading Streete now flaming 
 and most of it reduced to ashes ; the stones of Paules 
 flew like granados, the mealting lead .running 
 
 1 Diary, September, 1666.
 
 156 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 downe the streetes in a streame and the very pave- 
 ment glowing with fiery rednesse so as no horse nor 
 man was able to tread them and the demolition had 
 stopped all the passages so as no help could be 
 applied. The Eastern wind still more impetuously 
 driving the flames forward. Nothing but the Al- 
 mighty power of God was able to stop them, for 
 vaine was the help of man.' 
 
 At last the people were roused to take some steps. 
 King Charles, who showed on this occasion great 
 courage and presence of mind, got by water to the 
 Tower and insisted on the houses near being blown 
 up so as to prevent the flames from reaching the 
 po .' der magazine. 
 
 Pepys gives a vivid account of the dismay and 
 confusion ; the goods removed and removed again as 
 the fire reached what had been thought to be places 
 of safety ; the rain of fire drops, and the ever-new 
 places in which the fire broke out, and his own difficul- 
 ties of getting anything to eat but the cold remains of 
 his Sunday's dinner ! On September 1 7 he went by 
 water to Greenwich ' seeing the City all the way, a 
 sad sight much fire being in it still.' S. Paul's suffered 
 terribly ; the Portico was split and rent, nothing but the 
 inscription remaining, of which each letter was perfect. 
 The heat had calcined the largest blocks of stone, the 
 Portland stone flew off wherever the flames touched 
 it ; the lead roof (no less than six acres by measure 1 ), 
 melted and fell in, and carrying everything with it in 
 its fall, brp.ke into S. Faith's, the crypt below the choir, 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, September, 1666.
 
 ITS LONG CONTINUANCE. 157 
 
 where the books belonging to the Stationers' Hall had 
 been carried for safety. They caught fire and con- 
 tinued burning for a week. The altar and roof above 
 it, though of lead, remained untouched, and one Bishop's 
 tomb. 1 When at length the fire burnt out, the city 
 was a ' ruinous heap,' the air still so hot as almost to 
 singe the hair of those who sought amongst the ruins 
 for some remains of former wealth. In the fields all 
 round were two hundred thousand people of all classes 
 equally destitute, silent from the very greatness of 
 their calamity and asking no relief. The King did his 
 utmost for them, and a proclamation was made for the 
 country to come in and refresh them. Most fortunately 
 the weather was warm and fair. 
 
 For a few days their stupor lasted, when it was 
 broken into by a general alarm that the Dutch were 
 in the river burning all the shipping. When this was 
 at length appeased, the people flocked back to what 
 had been the city, and either set up little sheds where 
 their houses had been or took refuge with friends whose 
 dwellings were uninjured, so that in four days' time of 
 the hundreds who had thronged the fields not one 
 remained. To rebuild the city was an urgent neces- 
 sity, and while the flames were in parts still burning 
 Wren and Evelyn had both made plans for a new city 
 and presented them to the King. Wren's was the 
 first shown to King Charles, and though there is much 
 resemblance between it and that of Evelyn, yet Wren's 
 
 1 That of Robert de Braybrook (Bishop of London 1382 and 1405). 
 The tomb of Donne (Dean of S. Paul's 1621-1631) was not entirely 
 destroyed.
 
 158 577? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 is evidently the more useful, as well as the finer plan 
 of the two, and was the one which the King accepted. 
 All persons were agreed that to allow the old, narrow, 
 filthy streets, with their magazines of oil and rosin, and 
 their wooden houses touching each other overhead, to 
 be put back was only to insure another plague and an- 
 other fire, but the manner of rebuilding was in as great 
 dispute as was the origin of the fire. Pepys believed 
 that it was caused by the Dutch, who in the following 
 year did venture into Chatham and burnt several men- 
 of-war as they lay at anchor there ; but the popular 
 idea was that it was caused by the French and the 
 Roman Catholics, and there were plenty ready to 
 swear that they had seen foreigners kindling the flames 
 in fresh places by throwing fire-balls into the houses. 
 Some said it was done by the Puritans, and very few 
 appear to have accepted the theory, probably the true 
 one, that it was caused by the over-heating of a baker's 
 oven. 
 
 Christopher Wren began his work by having the 
 ruins cleared away. It was no easy task, especially as 
 every now and then the flames would break out anew 
 when the air reached the cellars where they had been 
 smouldering. But it was a mere matter of necessity, 
 as until this was done it was not possible to pass to and 
 fro or take the necessary levels and measurements. 
 He also repaired a portion of the west end of S. Paul's, 
 which best permitted it, for divine service. It was 
 employment enough for one man, but as the evenings 
 grew longer, in the intervals of elaborating his plans
 
 DEATH OF BISHOP WREN. 159 
 
 for the new city, he returned to the Royal Society and 
 attended all its meetings. 
 
 Improvements in building naturally occupied much 
 of the Society's attention. Mr. Hooke produced a 
 scheme for a better method of brick-making ; l new 
 models for the London granaries were required, and 
 Wren gave an account of those at Dantzic. 
 
 On April 24, 1667, his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, 
 died, at the age of eighty-one, at Ely House, in 
 Holborn, which had probably been his chief abode, 
 though he left it on occasions for the work of his diocese 
 and for the consecration of the chapel at Pembroke 
 Hall. Back to his well-loved University, and to the 
 resting-place he had prepared for himself underneath 
 the altar of the chapel, the Bishop's remains were slowly 
 borne during the first bright days of May, attended 
 by ' his children, his alliance, and his family.' The 
 Heralds' College conducted the funeral with full 
 dignity and solemnity. When they reached Cam- 
 bridge the Vice-Chancellor and the whole university 
 met the procession, which was headed by Rouge 
 Dragon, Pursuivant-at-arms, carrying the silver-gilt 
 Crozier, and Norroy, King-at-arms, carrying the silver- 
 gilt Mitre, both of which, as well as a pair of massive 
 silver altar candlesticks, the Bishop had provided a 
 year before. On May 9, with the same attendance, 
 
 1 The bricks, which were temporarily used in the building of S. Paul's, 
 were of so good a quality that Richard Jennings, Wren's master carpenter, 
 bought and transported them by water to Henley-on-Thames (his native 
 town), and with them built a house a mile from Henley, which, bearing 
 the name of ' Badgemore,' is still to be seen. The bricks of which it is 
 built are often admired.
 
 160 5Y/? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 which included ' twenty-four scholars of S. John's, 
 Peter House, and Pembroke who were his relations,' 1 
 the coffin was borne to Pembroke Chapel frotn the 
 Registry, at the end of the Regent's Walk, where it 
 had lain in state for two days, and after Evening 
 Service had been said was laid in a ' coffin of one 
 fair whole stone,' in the vault of the chapel. Dr. 
 Pearson pronounced a Latin oration over it, recalling 
 the chief events of the Bishop's long and troubled life, 
 describing his high-minded character, his resolute self- 
 denial, and contrasting his conduct in never seeking, 
 or by the least word asking, for promotion, but rather 
 being besought to accept it, with those who gaped for 
 church preferment, and rather snatched honours than 
 received them. Dr. Pearson dwelt on his liberality to 
 the University, on his never enriching his family out 
 of the revenues of the sees he had ruled ; and paid a 
 warm tribute to the courage and faith with which he 
 had fought for the Church, and either alone, or amongst 
 very few, had understood her discipline and dared to 
 revive it. 
 
 Of the four sons who survived the Bishop, Matthew, 
 the eldest, early attracted notice by an answer to 
 Harrington's ' Commonwealth of Oceana ' and by a 
 pamphlet ' Monarchy asserted,' a vindication of a 
 former work written in 1659. He was highly thought 
 of by the Royalists, and was a member of the Parlia- 
 ment which met in 1661. He was Lord Clarendon's 
 secretary, remained loyal to him during his unmerited 
 disgrace, and was then taken by the Duke of York as 
 
 1 Desiderata Curt'osa, p. 545. Peck.
 
 BISHOP WREN'S SONS. 161 
 
 his secretary. Matthew remained with the Duke until 
 1672 ; when he died and was buried in the vault at 
 Pembroke Chapel. He had taken a share in most of 
 the political events of his day, always with honour and 
 credit. Thomas, the next brother, left the profession 
 of medicine, received holy orders, and was given 
 the Rectory of Littlebury in Essex by his father; a 
 preferment that he held until his death in 1680. 
 Bishop Wren also made him Archdeacon of Ely. He 
 was a great musician and a member of the Royal 
 Society. The two younger sons, Charles and William, 
 were both Oxford scholars, and received degrees at 
 the Restoration. Charles sat for Cambridge in the 
 Parliament of 1685, called by James II. on his acces- 
 sion. All these three younger sons received degrees 
 in 1660, with many others who had been ejected by 
 the Parliamentary Visitors in 1648-9. William Wren, 
 who was made a knight, was a barrister of the Middle 
 Temple, and enjoyed the questionable advantage of 
 Judge Jeffreys' acquaintance. Jeffreys, then Lord 
 Chancellor, writing to Pepys l in 1687, says : 
 
 ' My most Hon ed Friend, The bearer, Capt. Wren, 
 came to mee this evening, with a strong fancy that a 
 recommendation of myne might at least entitle him 
 to your favourable reception ; His civillities to my 
 brother and his relation to honest Will Wren, and 
 you know who else, emboldens me to offer my re- 
 quest on his behalfe. I hope he has served our 
 M r . well, and is capable of being an object of the 
 King's favour in his request ; however, I am sure I 
 
 1 Pepys' Diary, vol. v. p. 326. 
 M
 
 162 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 shall be excused for this impertinency, because I will 
 gladly, in my way, embrace all opportunities where- 
 in I may manifest myselfe to be what I here assure 
 you I am, Sir, 
 
 ' Your most entirely affectionate 
 
 ' Friend and Servant, 
 
 'JEFFREYS, C.' 
 
 William Wren died in 1689 and was buried in 
 the Temple Church. There is no mention of the 
 marriage of any of the Bishop's children, and respect- 
 ing the daughters I can find no record whatever, so 
 it seems that that branch of the Wren family died out. 
 Captain Wren was probably one of the Durham 
 Wrens, or of those who lived at Withibrook in War- 
 wickshire and are mentioned by Dugdale.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 1668-1673. 
 
 PATCHING s. PAUL'S BANCROFT'S LETTERS WREN'S EXAMINATION 
 OF s. PAUL'S SALISBURY CATHEDRAL LONDON AS IT MIGHT HAVE 
 
 BEEN LETTER TO FAITH COGHILL WREN MARRIES HER TEMPLE 
 BAR S. MARY-LE-BOW ARTILLERY COMPANY GUNPOWDER USED TO 
 REMOVE RUINS. 
 
 M 2
 
 Methinks already from this chymic flame, 
 
 I see a city of more precious mold, 
 Rich as the town which gives the Indies name, 
 
 With silver pav'd, and all divine with gold. 
 
 Already, labouring with a mighty fate, 
 
 She shakes the rubbish from her mounting brow, 
 
 And seems to have renewed her charter's date, 
 Which heaven will till the death of time allow. 
 
 Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, ccxciii.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 AFTER the death of Bishop Wren, Christopher was a 
 frequent attendant at the Royal Society, where several 
 experiments were made of raising weights by means of 
 gunpowder, a matter which Wren was anxious to in- 
 vestigate before trying to remove the mass of ruins 
 which had been S. Paul's. Much very tedious work 
 of carting away rubbish and opening roadways still 
 pressed on Wren and his assistants before even the 
 necessary levels could be taken and adjusted or any 
 building could be begun. 
 
 In spite of Wren's previous statement, and that of 
 Evelyn and Sancroft, in spite of the immense addi- 
 tional damage which the conflagration had caused, 
 attempts were still made to patch up the remains of S. 
 Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 As has been said, something was done in order to 
 make it possible to hold Divine Service in the ruins, 
 and there Sancroft ministered, and there possibly he 
 preached before the King on the occasion of the 
 solemn fast held for the fire on October 10, I666. 1 
 Parts of the sermon rise to real eloquence, and he 
 admonishes King Charles and his luxurious Court 
 
 1 'Lex Ignea, or the School of Righteousness.' Life of Sancroft 
 vol. ii. p. 355. Doyley.
 
 1 66 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 with singular courage and directness. So matters re- 
 mained with the Cathedral until the spring of 1668. 
 
 Wren was at Oxford, delivering his Astronomy 
 Lectures, when he received the following letter from the 
 Dean of S. Paul's: 1 
 
 ' What you whispered in my ear, at your last coming 
 hither, is now come to pass. Our work at the 
 west end of S. Paul's is fallen about our ears. Your 
 quick eye discerned the walls and pillars gone off 
 from their perpendiculars and I believe other de- 
 fects too, which are now exposed to every common 
 observer. About a week since, we being at work 
 about the third pillar from the west end on the 
 south side, which we had new cased with stone, 
 where it was most defective almost up to the 
 chapiter, a great weight falling from the high wall, 
 so disabled the vaulting of the side aisle by it, 
 that it threatened a sudden ruin so visibly that the 
 workmen presently removed, and the next night the 
 whole pillar fell, and carried scaffolds and all to the 
 very ground. 
 
 ' This breach has discovered to all that look on it 
 two great defects in Inigo Jones' work; one that his 
 new case of stone in the upper walls (massy as it 
 is) was not set upon the upright of the pillars, but 
 upon the core of the groins of the vaulting ; the 
 other that there were no keystones at all to tie it to 
 the old work ; and all this being very heavy with the 
 Roman ornaments on the top of it, and being already 
 
 1 Life of Saner oft) vol. i. p. 141. Doyley.
 
 'INDISPENSABLY NECESSARY: 167 
 
 so far gone outwards, cannot possibly stand long. 
 In fine, it is the opinion of all men, that we can pro- 
 ceed no farther at the west end. What we are to 
 do next is the present deliberation, in which you are 
 so absolutely and indispensably necessary to us that 
 we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without you.' . . 
 ' You will think fit, I know, to bring with you those 
 excellent draughts and designs you formerly favoured 
 us with ; and, in the mean time, till we enjoy you 
 here, consider what to advise that may be for the 
 satisfaction of his Majesty and the whole nation, an 
 obligation so great and public, that it must be ac- 
 knowledged by better hands than those of 
 ' Your affectionate Friend and Servant, 
 
 ' W. SANCROFT.' 
 
 Wren seems to have been unable to come up to 
 London, and to have written an answer to Dean 
 Sancroft reiterating his opinion, while the attempt at 
 repairs continued. 
 
 At the beginning of July Sancroft wrote to him 
 again : 
 
 Sir, Yesterday my Lords of Canterbury, London, 
 and Oxford met on purpose to hear your letter read 
 once more, and to consider what is now to be done 
 in order to the repairs of S. Paul's. They unanim- 
 ously resolved, that it is fit immediately to attempt 
 something, and that, without you, they can do 
 nothing. I am therefore commanded to give you 
 an invitation hither in his Grace's name, and the rest 
 of the commissioners, with all speed, that we may
 
 1 68 S/A CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 prepare something to be proposed to his Majesty 
 (the design of such a quire, at least as may be a 
 congruous part of a greater and more magnificent 
 work to follow) ; and then, for the procuring of con- 
 tributions to defray this, we are so sanguine as not 
 to doubt of it, if we could but once resolve what we 
 would do, and what that would cost ; so that the 
 only part of your letter we demur to, is the method 
 you propound of declaring first what money we would 
 bestow, and then designing something just of that 
 expense : for quite otherwise the way their lordships 
 resolve upon, is to frame a design, handsome and 
 noble, and suitable to all the ends of it, and to the 
 reputation of the city and the nation ; and to take it 
 for granted that money will be had to accomplish it : 
 or, however, to let it lie by, till we have before us 
 a prospect of so much as may reasonably encourage 
 us to begin. 
 
 ' Thus far I thought good to prepare you for what 
 will be said to you when you come, that you may 
 not be surprised with it : and, if my summons pre- 
 vail not, my lord the Bishop of Oxford hath under- 
 taken to give it you warmer, ore tenus^ the next 
 week, when he intends to be with you, if, at least, you 
 be not come towards us before he arrives, which 
 would be a very agreeable surprise to us all, and 
 especially to your very affectionate, humble Servant, 
 
 ' W. SANCROFT.' 
 
 Wren obeyed this intreaty, came up from Oxford, 
 1 i.e. by word of mouth.
 
 THE STATE OF S. PAULS. 169 
 
 made a thorough examination of the Cathedral, and 
 wrote a report for the commissioners. 
 
 ' What time and weather/ he says, ' had left entire in 
 
 the old and art in the new repaired parts of this great 
 
 pile of S. Paul's, the calamity of the fire hath so 
 
 weakened and defaced, that it now appears like some 
 
 antique ruin of two thousand years' continuance, 
 
 and to repair it sufficiently will be like the mending 
 
 of Argo-nairs, 1 scarce anything at last will be left of 
 
 the old.' He enumerates the various ' decays ' of the 
 
 building from the date of the fire in Queen Elizabeth's 
 
 reign which burnt the whole roof and caused 'the 
 
 spreading out of the walls above ten inches from 
 
 their true perpendicular' up to the last fire, of 
 
 which he says ' The second ruins are they that 
 
 have put the restoration past remedy, the effects of 
 
 which I shall briefly enumerate. 
 
 1 First, the portico is nearly deprived of that 
 excellent beauty and strength which time alone and 
 weather could have no more overthrown than the 
 natural rocks ; so great and good were the materials, 
 and so skilfully were they laid after a true Roman 
 manner. But so impatient is Portland stone of fire 
 that many tons are scaled off and the columns 
 flawed quite through.' 
 
 Then follows an account of the injuries to the rest 
 of the building, but as they have been already touched 
 on in the extracts from Evelyn's Diary and Bancroft's 
 letters, they shall not be repeated here. 
 
 1 Probably a misprint for ' Argo-navis,' referring to the frequent repairs 
 of the Arsro.
 
 i/o S/K CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 ' Having shown in part/ he continues, ' the deplor- 
 able condition of our patient, we are to consult of 
 the cure, if possible art may effect it. And herein 
 we must imitate the physician, who, when he finds a 
 total decay of nature, bends his skill to a palliative 
 to .give respite for the better settlement of the 
 estate of the patient. The question is then, where 
 best to begin this sort of practice ; that is to make a 
 new quire for present use.' 
 
 The only part of the cathedral where this could be 
 safely and easily done was at the eastern end of the 
 nave : 
 
 ' Since,' he said, ' we cannot mend this great ruin, 
 we will not disfigure it, but that it shall still have its 
 full motives to work, if possible upon this or the 
 next ages : and yet prove so cheap, that between 
 three and four thousand pounds shall effect it all in 
 one summer. 
 
 ' And, having with this ease obtained a present 
 cathedral, there will be time to consider of a more 
 durable and noble fabric, to be made in the place of 
 the lower and eastern parts of the Church, when the 
 minds of men, now contracted to many objects of 
 necessary charge, shall by God's blessing be more 
 widened, after a happy restoration, both of the 
 buildings, and the wealth of the city and nation. 
 In the meantime to derive, if not a stream, yet some 
 little drills of charity this way ; or, at least, to 
 preserve that already obtained from being diverted, 
 it may not prove ill-advised to seem to begin some-
 
 SALISBURY CATHEDRAL. 171 
 
 thing of the new fabric. But I confess this cannot 
 well be put in execution without taking down all 
 that part of the ruin ; which whether it be yet 
 seasonable to do we must leave to our superiors.' 
 
 Many meetings and much discussion ensued, and 
 Wren's opinion at last prevailed ; the King issued an 
 order in council for taking down the walls at the east 
 end, the old choir, and the tower, and for clearing the 
 ground in order to lay a fresh foundation. While 
 this was being done, Wren prepared sketches and 
 designs for a new S. Paul's. He had also an engage- 
 ment out of London : his friend Dr. Seth Ward, the 
 Bishop of Salisbury, an active member of the Royal 
 Society, asked Wren to survey his beautiful cathedral, 
 which had suffered much in the civil wars, and lately 
 by lightning and tempest. 
 
 Though the architecture of the cathedral was not 
 of the kind which he considered the best, Wren had 
 too fine a taste, too quick an eye for beauty of form, 
 not to admire it heartily, and in his report he pro- 
 nounced that ' the whole pile was large and magnifi- 
 cent, justly accounted one of the best patterns of the 
 age wherein it was built.' He praised the pillars and 
 mouldings, ' the stately and rich plainness ' to which 
 the architect had trusted. He made a thorough 
 examination of the whole, especially the spire, which 
 had declined to the south-west, and had caused great 
 alarm. Wren was of opinion that the architect had 
 not laid as sufficient foundations, especially under the 
 pillars, as he should have done, considering the marshy 
 nature of the soil, the frequent inundations, the great
 
 /1 72 Sffi CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 weight that the pillars had to bear, and that they 
 themselves were too slight, particularly those under 
 the spire. 
 
 To prevent further mischief to the spire, he 
 ordered some timbers in it, and in the tower, to be cut 
 away, and put in bands and braces of iron wrought by 
 anchor smiths who were accustomed to great work 
 for ships. He then had a plummet dropped to the 
 pavement, from the highest possible part of the spire, 
 the height of which he reckoned at 404 feet from 
 the ground, to see exactly what the decline was, and 
 ordered this trial to be repeated at certain times to see 
 if the decline increased. 
 
 When, nearly 200 years later, Mr. Wyatt made the 
 trial, he found that the decline was unaltered, so true 
 had Wren's science proved. 
 
 Both this year and the previous one had, so far as 
 London was concerned, been taken up by the business 
 of levelling, marking out streets, and adjusting the 
 claims of such as had had houses in the city before 
 the fire. Wren had laid before the King and Parlia- 
 ment a model of the city as he proposed to build it, 
 with full explanations of the details of the design ; the 
 model probably does not exist, but the ground-plan 
 has been preserved, and suggests a London very 
 different to the present one. 
 
 The street leading up Ludgate Hill, instead of 
 being the confined, winding approach to S. Paul's that 
 it now is, even its crooked picturesqueness marred by 
 the viaduct that cuts all the lines of the Cathedral, gra- 
 dually widened as it approached S. Paul's, and divided
 
 LONDON AS IT MIGHT HA VE BEEN. 173 
 
 itself into two great streets, ninety feet wide at the 
 least, which ran on either side of the Cathedral, leav- 
 ing a large open space in which it stood. Of the two 
 streets, one ran parallel with the river until it reached 
 the Tower, and the other led to the Exchange, which 
 Wren meant to be the centre of the city, standing in a 
 great piazza, to which ten streets, each sixty feet wide, 
 converged, and around which were placed the Post 
 Office, the Mint, the Excise Office, the Goldsmiths' 
 Hall, and the Ensurance, forming the outside of the 
 piazza. The smallest streets were to be thirty feet 
 wide, ' excluding all narrow, dark alleys without 
 thoroughfares, and courts.' 
 
 The churches were to occupy commanding positions 
 along the principal thoroughfares, and to be ' designed 
 according to the best forms for capacity and hearing, 
 adorned with useful porticoes and lofty ornamental 
 towers and steeples in the greater parishes. All 
 churchyards, gardens, and unnecessary vacuities, and 
 all trades that use great fires or yield noisome smells 
 to be placed out of town.' 
 
 He intended that the churchyards should be care- 
 fully planted and adorned, and be a sort of girdle round 
 the town, wishing them to be an ornament to the 
 city, and also a check upon its growth. To burials 
 within the walls of the town he strongly objected, 
 and the experience derived from the year of the 
 plague confirmed his judgment. No gardens are 
 mentioned in the plan, for he had provided, as he 
 thought, sufficiently for the healthiness of the town by 
 his wide streets and numerous open spaces for markets.
 
 174 MX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Gardening in towns was an art little considered in his 
 days, and contemporary descriptions show us that 
 ' vacuities ' were speedily filled with heaps of dust and 
 refuse. 
 
 The London bank of the Thames was to be lined 
 with a broad quay, along which the halls of the city 
 companies were to be built, with suitable warehouses 
 in between for the merchants, to vary the effect of the 
 edifices. 
 
 The little stream whose name survives in Fleet 
 Street was to be brought to light, cleansed, and made 
 serviceable as a canal one hundred and twenty feet 
 wide, running much in the line of the present Holborn 
 Viaduct. 1 
 
 These were the main features of Christopher 
 Wren's scheme, and had he been allowed to accomplish 
 it, we can imagine what the effect of London might 
 have been without its noisome smells, without its dark 
 crooked lanes, without its worst smoke, its river 
 honoured not only with the handsome quay it has at 
 length obtained, but with a line of beautiful buildings 
 and fair spires, and above all S. Paul's, with an ample 
 space around it, giving free play to its grand propor- 
 tions. Wren, with a perfect knowledge of his own 
 powers, which he considered as dispassionately, and 
 knew as accurately as any matter of mathematical 
 
 1 In 1672 a bridge, with a beautiful arch resembling those that cross 
 the canals at Venice, was built over 'the Ditch,' opposite Bridewell 
 Hospital. One or two other bridges were built, and the stream made 
 navigable, but apparently not 'cleansed,' which in time rendered it a 
 nuisance. The bridges were taken down and the stream reduced to a 
 drain in 1765. Ann. Reg., 1765, p. 136.
 
 PREOCCUPIED GROUND. 175 
 
 science, was ready to undertake and perform his scheme 
 to the uttermost. 
 
 The difficulties were however considerable : there 
 were the endless quarrels about property, the reluct- 
 ance to part with an old site, and, chief difficulty of all, 
 the utmost hurry of rebuilding in order to house the 
 people before the approaching winter. 
 
 Pepys 1 says that in April 1667 : 
 
 ( Moorefields have houses two stories high in them, 
 and paved streets, the city having let leases for 
 seven years, which will be very much to the hinder- 
 ing of the building of the city ; but it was considered 
 that the streets cannot be passable in London till the 
 whole street be built ; and several that had got 
 ground of the city for charity to build sheds on, had 
 got the trick presently to sell that for 6o/. which did 
 not cost them 2O/. to put up ; and so the city being 
 very poor in stock, thought it as good to do it them- 
 selves and therefore let leases for seven years of the 
 ground in Moorefields.' 
 
 Thus Wren had by no means clear ground on 
 which to work, and an opportunity was forfeited, which, 
 absit omen, may never recur, of making London one of 
 the beautiful cities of the world. 
 
 Important sanitary improvements were, however, 
 made : the houses were not built of wood ; the principal 
 streets were less narrow ; and, above all, the lingering 
 contagion was burnt away. Nothing less would prob- 
 ably have availed ; but the fire was a cleansing one, and 
 
 1 Dt'ary, vol. iv. p. 8.
 
 i;6 SfA CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 left behind it this blessing, that though more than two 
 hundred years have elapsed the plague has not, as yet, 
 reappeared. 
 
 The Custom House of London was one of the first 
 buildings to be restored, and Wren began it in 1668. 
 It was a stately stone edifice, built in three sides of a 
 square, with an open court in front. The same fate 
 befell this building which had overtaken its pre- 
 decessor; in 1719 it was burnt down. 
 
 Besides all these architectural and scientific cares, 
 Wren had business of his own on hand, and was at 
 this time engaged to be married to a lady four years 
 younger than himself, whom probably he had known 
 for some time. His bride was Faith, daughter of Sir 
 Thomas Coghill and Elizabeth his wife, who lived at 
 Bletchingdon in Oxfordshire. Sir Thomas was sheriff 
 of the county in 1633, and was knighted at Woodstock 
 in that year, the same in which King Charles was 
 crowned in Scotland. Sir Thomas was a grandson of 
 Marmaduke Coghill, 1 of Coghill, Knaresborough. He 
 married, in 1622, Elizabeth Sutton, the heiress of 
 Horsell and some lands in Surrey. Faith, their 
 daughter, was born on March 17, 1636, and baptized 
 in the same month at Bletchingdon by her relation the 
 Rev. John Viell, the then rector. It seems likely that 
 Wren made her acquaintance while both were children 
 when staying with his sister Susan and her husband, 
 
 1 The Coghills of Glen Barrahane, county Cork, are descended 
 from the elder branch of this family. Captain Coghill, who died with 
 Lieutenant Melville, having carried off the colours from the battle of 
 Isandula, January 1879, was the eldest son of the present head of the 
 family.
 
 FAITH COGHILL. 177 
 
 Dr. William Holder, at Bletchingdon Rectory. It may 
 have been Faith who comforted him when, on June 3, 
 1656, they laid Dean Wren in the chancel of Bletch- 
 ingdon Church. 
 
 One letter to Faith Coghill from her lover, exists 
 among the curious autographs of the ' Parentalia,' l its 
 delicate, finished and yet firm writing, eminently 
 characteristic of Christopher Wren : it is as follows 
 
 ' Madam, The artificer having never before mettwith 
 a drowned watch, like an ignorant physician has 
 been soe long about the cure that he hath made me 
 very unquiet that your commands should be soe long 
 deferred ; however, I have sent the watch at last 
 and envie the felicity of it, that it should be soe neer 
 your side, and soe often enjoy your Eye, and be con- 
 sulted by you how your time shall passe while you 
 employ your hand in your excellent workes. But 
 have a care of it, for I put such a Spell into it that 
 every Beating of the Ballance will tell you 'tis the 
 pulse of my Heart which labours as much to serve 
 you and more trewly than the watch ; for the watch 
 I believe will sometimes lie, and sometimes perhaps 
 be idle and unwilling to goe, having received so much 
 injury by being drenched in that briny bath, that I 
 dispair it should ever be a trew servant to you more. 
 But as for me (unlesse you drown me too in my teares) 
 you may be confident I shall never cease to be, 
 ' Your most affectionate humble servant, 
 
 ' CHR. WREN. 
 
 ' June 14. 
 
 1 Never before printed. 
 
 N
 
 178 SJA CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 1 1 have put the watch in a box that it might take 
 noe harm, and wrapt it about with a little leather, 
 and that it might not jog, I was fain to fill up the 
 corners either with a few shavings or wast paper.' 
 
 On December 7, 1669, Christopher Wren and 
 Faith Coghill were married in the Temple Church in 
 London. Of their married life there is absolutely no 
 record ; they probably lived chiefly in London, as 
 Wren had a house in Scotland Yard, which went with 
 the office of Surveyor- General. 
 
 One of Wren's early works was the rebuilding, on 
 a somewhat larger scale, of the Royal Exchange. 
 'Charles II. went to the Exchange with his kettle- 
 drums and trumpets tD lay the first stone of the new 
 building of the Exchange on the 23rd of October 1667.' * 
 Wren's own wish had been, as has been said, to make 
 it the nave or centre of the town, in which case he 
 meant to contrive it after the form of a Roman Forum 
 with double porticoes. Thwarted in this, he restored 
 it as much as possible to what it had previously been, 
 replacing the statue of Sir Thomas Gresham, the only 
 thing in the building uninjured by the Fire. It is 
 curious that this restoration should have begun just a 
 hundred years from the time when Queen Elizabeth 
 was feasted by Sir Thomas Gresham at his house, 
 visited the new building, and caused it to be pro- 
 claimed ' the Royal Exchange ' by the sound of the 
 trumpet. 
 
 The rebuilding was very quickly performed, though 
 
 1 Pepys' Diary, vol iv. p. 241.
 
 TEMPLE BAR. 179 
 
 at considerable cost. 1 Readers of the Spectator'* 1 will 
 remember Addison's fine description of the Exchange, 
 and ' the grand scene of business which gave him 
 an infinite variety of solid and substantial entertain- 
 ments.' 
 
 Next came Temple Bar, which was begun in 1670, 
 and finished in 1672. It was built of Portland stone, 
 and had in its four niches statues of James I. and 
 Anne of Denmark on the west side, Charles I. and 
 Charles II. on the other. 3 Blackened and defiled as 
 it was, and disfigured by the neighbouring houses, it 
 was one of the picturesque, characteristic buildings of 
 London, now disappearing with alarming rapidity, and 
 had seen many a generation pass in triumph or in 
 sorrow under its archway. The thanksgiving for the 
 Prince of Wales's recovery (1872) was the last histori- 
 cal spectacle with which Temple Bar was connected. 
 On that occasion the City was moved to wipe off some 
 of the smoke of two hundred years, and to let Temple 
 Bar be seen somewhat as it must have been when the 
 great architect finished it, as the entrance to a city 
 which, in spite of all drawbacks, might be fairly called 
 his creation. 
 
 Wren attempted to prosecute his design for the 
 quay along the northern bank of the Thames, but the 
 ground was being rapidly encroached upon by build- 
 ings, some few of which were tolerable, but the greater 
 
 1 This building was destroyed by fire 1838, and rebuilt from designs 
 by Mr. Tite 1844. 
 
 * Spectator, vol. i. No. 69. 
 
 3 They were the best work of John Bushnell, an eccentric and half- 
 crazy sculptor, who died in 1701. 
 
 N 2
 
 i8o SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 part unsightly. Various interests ; the immense 
 water traffic, doubled, one can believe, at a time when 
 the city streets were still impassable ; the uncertain 
 support given by the King all combined to defeat his 
 plan. Could he now walk along that glorious achieve- 
 ment the Embankment, what would not his feelings 
 be on seeing the hideous buildings which it has re- 
 vealed ! 
 
 The Surveyor-General's office was one which en- 
 tailed endless work. There was not a street laid down, 
 hardly a house built, in any part of the town, without 
 the surveyor being first consulted ; now about ' a 
 parcel of ground bought by Colonel Panton ' (the 
 present Panton Street, S.W.) ; now about the houses 
 pulled down for the safety of Whitehall during the Fire. 
 Into every case Wren made careful inquiry, visiting 
 the places himself, and insisting on the buildings being 
 of stone or brick, with proper paving in the streets, 
 and having a due regard to health. 
 
 In spite of his care several wretched buildings 
 were put up in places which, as a few surviving names 
 testify, were then fields near the City. 
 
 When Wren found that the owners persisted in 
 erecting such shabby buildings he presented a petition 
 to the King, as follows : 
 
 ' To the King's Most Excellent Majesty. The humble 
 petition of Christopher Wren, sheweth. That there 
 are divers buildings of late erected, and many 
 foundations laid, and more contrived in Dog's Fields, 
 Windmill Fields, and the fields adjoining to Soe
 
 <MAN if A STATIONS: 181 
 
 Hoe, 1 and several other places without the suburbs 
 of London and Westminster ; the builders whereof 
 have no grant nor allowance from Your Majesty, and 
 have therefore been prohibited and hindered by 
 your petitioner as much as in him lieth. Yet, not- 
 withstanding, they proceed to erect small and mean 
 habitations which will prove only receptacles for the 
 poorer sort, and the offensive trades, to the annoy- 
 ance of the better inhabitants, the damage of the 
 parishes already too much burthened with poor, the 
 rendering the government of these parts more un- 
 manageable, the great hindrance of perfecting the 
 city buildings, and others allowed by Your Majesty's 
 broad seal ; the choking up the air of Your Majesty's 
 palace and park, and the houses of the nobility ; the 
 infecting or total loss of the waters which by many 
 expenseful drains and conduits, have formerly been 
 derived from these fields to Your Majesty's palace 
 of Whitehall and to the mewes ; the manifest decay 
 of which waters (upon complaint of your serjeant 
 plumber) the office of Your Majesty's works by 
 frequent views and experiments have found. 
 
 ' May it, therefore, please Your Majesty to issue a 
 royal proclamation, to put stop to these growing in- 
 conveniences and to hinder the buildings which are 
 not already or shall not be licensed by Your Majesty's 
 grant ; and effectually to empower your petitioner to 
 restrain the same or otherways to consider of the 
 
 1 ' Soe Hoe ' became a favourite residence. In November 1689, 
 Evelyn came up ' with his family to winter at Soho in the Great Square.' 
 Some handsome houses are still standing.
 
 i82 SIR CHRISTOPHER W 'REN. 
 
 premises as in Your Majesty's wisdom shall seem 
 
 most expedient. 
 
 1 And your Petitioner, &c,' 
 
 The petition was considered by the King in council, 
 a proclamation was issued, and full powers were given 
 to the surveyor, backed by commands that he should 
 take effectual care that the proclamation was obeyed. 
 This Wren was very ready to do : with all his gentleness 
 and courtesy he had inherited much of Bishop Wren's 
 firmness, and had no intention of swerving from his 
 point. 
 
 The churches of the City began to rise gradually. 
 Pepys says : l 
 
 ' It is observed, and is true, in the late fire of London, 
 that the fire burned just as many parish churches 
 as there were hours from the beginning to the end 
 of the fire ; and next that there were just as many 
 churches left standing as there were taverns left 
 standing in the rest of the City that was not burned, 
 being, I think, thirteen in all of each: which is pretty 
 to observe.' 
 
 There has been much dispute as to whether or not 
 Wren repaired S. Sepulchre's Church. Mr. Elmes 
 and others declare that he repaired it in 1671, but Mr. 
 Hoby, one of its churchwardens, who made a careful 
 study of all the parchments and papers belonging to S. 
 Sepulchre's, gives it as his deliberate opinion that 
 
 ' The church was not destroyed, but very much injured, 
 by the Fire of London, in 1666. The inhabitants 
 
 1 Diary, Jan. 31, 1667-8.
 
 S. MARY LE BOW. 183 
 
 would not wait until Sir C. Wren could attend to 
 them, but repaired their own church, and did it so 
 badly that a long time elapsed before he would grant 
 the certificate necessary to enable them to obtain 
 the money from the commissioners.' l 
 
 As has been said, such unauthorised building and 
 patching took place pretty frequently, and all that 
 recent researches have brought to light goes to prove 
 that Wren had very little to do with S. Sepulchre's, 
 
 S. Mary le Bow, with its proverbial bells, 2 was 
 begun in this year and finished five years later, on a 
 very old foundation. The first S. Mary's was built by 
 William the Conqueror, 3 on marshy land, and stood upon 
 arches of stone, whence the church took the name of S. 
 Maria de Arcubus or le Bow. The ' great bell of Bow ' 
 was, in 1469, ordered by the common council to be rung 
 at nine o'clock every evening, and money was left for 
 this object ; when the church was burnt in the Great 
 Fire it had twelve very melodious bells hung in its 
 steeple. When Sir Christopher came to rebuild the 
 church he found an older foundation to work upon 
 than even that in 1 100. In clearing the ground he 
 came upon a foundation firm enough to build upon, 
 which on examination proved to be the ' walls, with 
 windows and pavement, of a Roman temple.' Upon 
 these walls he built the body of the church, but for its 
 beautiful steeple it was necessary to buy the site of an 
 
 1 Restoration of the Church of St. Sepulchre, London. A. Billing. 
 
 2 It is said that in the children's game of ' Oranges and Lemons, say 
 the bells of S. Clement's, c.' the best peals of bells in London are 
 enumerated. I do not know the date of the game. 
 
 3 Repertorium, vol. i. p. 437-440. Newcourt.
 
 1 84 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 old house and to advance about forty feet to the line 
 of the street. Here the workmen dug through about 
 eighteen feet of made earth, and then, to Wren's 
 surprise and their own, came to a Roman causeway of 
 rough stone firmly cemented, about four feet thick, 
 underneath which lay the London clay. 
 
 With this foundation Wren was content and built 
 up what has ever ranked as one of his finest churches. 
 A good judge of architecture has pronounced that the 
 steeple is ' beyond all doubt the most elegant building 
 of its class erected since the Reformation .... there 
 is a play of light and shade, a variety of outline, and 
 an elegance of detail, which it would be very difficult 
 to match in any other steeple.' l 
 
 The Arches Court of Canterbury derived its name 
 from this church, where, until the fire, its sittings were 
 held. The court then sat at Exeter House in the 
 Strand, then at Doctors' Commons, and finally in 
 Westminster Hall. 
 
 The vane which completes the spire is the City 
 dragon, with a cross on either wing, curiously chased 
 in gilt copper. 
 
 The ancient Church of S. Christopher le Stocks in 
 Threadneedle Street suffered severely in the Fire, only 
 the mere shell of the building remaining ; it had been 
 made a storehouse for a quantity of papers hastily 
 rescued from some merchant's office and placed in S. 
 Christopher's, where they perished and greatly damaged 
 the church. It had been lately repaired and was en- 
 dowed with 2O/. in trust ' for a minister to read divine 
 
 1 Hist, of Modern Architecture. Fergusson, pp. 306-307.
 
 JOINS THE ARTILLERY COMPANY. 185 
 
 service there daily at 6 o'clock in the morning for ever. 
 5o.y. each yearly to the clerk and the sexton for their 
 attendance, ands/. yearly to provide for lights in winter 
 time.' In 1671, Wren finished the repairs of the 
 church, carefully preserving its pinnacled Gothic tower ; 
 in 1696 he further adorned the interior. It is curious 
 that the first church which came under Wren's hands 
 should have been one dedicated to his patron saint ; 
 curious also that this should have been the first of 
 the churches destroyed by those who should have been 
 their guardians. S. Christopher's was literally sacri- 
 ficed to Mammon ; it was destroyed for the enlarge- 
 ment of the Bank of England in 1781. 
 
 In 1669 Wren appears in a new character as a 
 member of the Honourable Artillery Company. He 
 was admitted at their festival on August 1 7, when the 
 company marched in state to a church in Broad Street, 
 probably one of the many temporary ones put up after 
 the Fire, and rewarded Dr. Waterhouse for his sermon 
 with three of the newly-coined guinea pieces. A great 
 banquet in the Cloth workers' Hall in Mincing Lane, 
 where the Duke of York, Prince Rupert, the Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury and many other distinguished 
 persons were present, concluded the festival. 1 It is 
 hardly conceivable that Wren could have found time 
 to be more than an honorary member, but scattered 
 notices here and there of observations made when 
 ' firing off my piece ' seem to point to his having 
 attended the drills of the company. 
 
 1 Hist, of the Honourable Artillery Company. Captain Raikes, vol. i. 
 p. 194.
 
 1 86 SSK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 One wishes there was a portrait extant of Sir 
 Christopher in his uniform, wearing the red-plumed 
 high hat which appeared on gala days ! 
 
 In 1673 Wren resigned the Savilian astronomy 
 professorship, to which the pressure of his architectural 
 work made it impossible he should any longer at- 
 tend. No doubt it was with great regret that he gave 
 up the post, with all its curious speculations, its 
 boundless possibilities of discovery, and turned himself 
 from the study of the heavens to the dust and turmoil, 
 the endless difficulties and petty quarrels, which 
 thwarted him at every step of his London labours. 
 
 In truth, the pressure of business was enormous. 
 Not a moment could be spared while the popula- 
 tion of the City had neither churches, places of 
 traffic, nor houses to dwell in ; and the architect, whose 
 plan had been marred, had to do the best he could in 
 the midst of every kind of incongruity. 
 
 The futile attempts to patch up S. Paul's were in 
 1673 at last abandoned, and Wren ordered the ground 
 to be cleared that new foundations might be laid. A 
 great mass of material for building had had to be 
 disposed of while the repairs were going on. 
 
 The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishops of 
 London, Winchester, and Oxford, and the Lord Mayor, 
 were commissioners for the repair of S. Paul's ; from 
 them Wren obtained an order that 
 
 ' The clerk of the works shall be required to dispose of 
 and sell the stone, chalk, timber and free stone for, 
 and towards, the rebuilding of the parochial churches 
 and to no other use whatsoever, as he shall be directed,
 
 USE OF GUNPOWDER. 187 
 
 at merchantable rates to the masons and carpenters 
 that build the said churches by order of Sir Leoline 
 Jenkins (judge of the Admiralty Court), Dr. San- 
 croft, and Dr. Wren, or any two of them.' 
 
 The money thus collected was put aside for the 
 fabric of the Cathedral. 
 
 Though much of the old material was removed in 
 this manner, and yet not diverted from its proper 
 purpose, the ground was by no means clear. Wren, 
 appointed under the Great Seal, architect of S. Paul's, 
 and one of the commissioners in the new commission 
 for its rebuilding, had to take down by degrees what 
 portions of the old building were still standing. 
 
 Warped and cracked as they were, the walls, eighty 
 feet high and five thick, were yet strong enough to 
 make the process of pulling down both difficult and 
 tedious. Wren determined to avail himself of the 
 knowledge he had acquired in the Royal Society's 
 recent experiments in raising weights by means of 
 gunpowder. Houses, it is true, had been blown up in 
 several places during the Fire in order to protect the 
 Tower of London and Whitehall, but the use of gun- 
 powder to raise a definite weight, and throw it a fixed 
 distance and no farther, was a novel experiment. When 
 the labourers reached at last the old central tower, 
 the walls of which were two hundred feet high, they 
 were afraid to go up to the top, as they had done 
 elsewhere, and work with their pickaxes, while those 
 below shovelled away the stones and mortar that they 
 threw down into separate heaps. 
 
 This was the time for Wren's experiment.
 
 1 88 .SY/? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 With great precautions, and the use of eighteen 
 pounds of gunpowder only, he blew up the north- 
 western angle of the tower, so contriving it that, while 
 he raised more than three thousand tons weight, it was 
 not scattered and no damage was done, though the 
 shock made the neighbours imagine it to be an earth- 
 quake. 
 
 Encouraged by this success, Wren had another 
 mine prepared, but unluckily was obliged to go out of 
 town himself and to leave it in the charge of his next 
 officer. 
 
 The man, thinking to improve upon his master, 
 increased the quantity of powder, caused an explosion 
 which shot stones far and wide, and though no lives 
 were lost, terrified the City, all the more that an old 
 superstition declared that the tower of S. Paul's and 
 the City of London would fall together. 
 
 Forbidden, owing to the panic thus caused, the use 
 of this modern method, Wren betook himself to ancient 
 times, and devised a gigantic battering ram, with a 
 great spike at one end. Thirty men, fifteen on each 
 side, worked the ram against one place in the wall, 
 Wren watching and encouraging them when, disheart- 
 ened by a day's work without visible result, they were 
 ready to give up in despair. On the second day the 
 wall fell. 
 
 Wren made great use of this machine and ' pleased 
 himself that he had recovered so notable and ancient 
 an engine.'
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 1672-1677. 
 
 BIRTH OF HIS ELDEST SON S. STEPHEN S, WALBROOK S. BENNET 
 FINK PLANS FOR S. PAUL'S THE EXCAVATIONS SON CHRISTOPHER 
 
 BORN DEATH OF FAITH, LADY WREN SECOND MARRIAGE CITY 
 
 CHURCHES THE MONUMENT TOMB OF CHARLES I. REMAINS OF THE 
 LITTLE PRINCES IN THE TOWER.
 
 K. Rich. But didst thou see them dead ? 
 Tyr. I did, my lord. 
 
 K. Rich. And buried, gentle Tyrrel ? 
 
 Tyr. The chaplain of the Tower hath buried them, 
 But where, to say the truth, I do not know. 
 
 Richard ///., Act 4, scene 3.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 EARLY in October, 1672, Christopher Wren's eldest 
 son was born, and baptized by the name of Gilbert, 
 at S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, a very different-looking 
 building from the present S. Martin's with its stately 
 portico. Wren and his wife lived in the house in 
 Scotland Yard, and, avoiding the uneven, difficult 
 streets, could daily goby water, then the favourite way 
 of transit for a Londoner, to examine and superintend 
 his works in the city. Later on Wren built himself a 
 little house of red bricks in the yard of the Falcon Inn 
 at Southwark, and watched from its window the 
 progress of S. Paul's and of his other buildings in the 
 city. 
 
 Besides the churches already begun, three new ones 
 were taken in hand that year. S. Mary-at-Hill l was 
 only partially destroyed by the fire. Upon it Wren 
 first tried his plan of a domed roof, and succeeded in 
 making it, at any rate within, a beautiful little church. 
 S. Michael's, Cornhill, of which only the tower was left 
 
 1 To this church and parish belongs the honourable distinction of 
 having successfully resisted the encroachments of the railway company 
 which recently attempted to desecrate the church. ' The City Church 
 and Churchyard Protection Society ' alas ! that any such society should 
 be needed which fought this battle, must have the best wishes of any 
 biographer of Christopher Wren.
 
 192 Sf/i CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 standing, was rebuilt that year ; its situation threw a 
 great difficulty in the architect's way, as it could only 
 be lit from one side ; this difficulty Wren overcame and 
 produced an interior l equally light and good. The 
 tower was taken down in 1722, and rebuilt from 
 designs of Wren's. These designs were taken from 
 the tower of Magdalen College at Oxford, and instance 
 Wren's power of producing a bold, rich effect in a 
 style of architecture altogether foreign to his taste. 
 
 Perhaps the most beautiful of all Wren's churches 
 is S. Stephen's, Walbrook, begun at this same time, and 
 finished seven years later. The outside, cramped by 
 its situation, and overshadowed by tall houses, is not 
 handsome, but within, the church is as original as it is 
 graceful and beautiful : - 
 
 ' The circular dome, placed on an octagonal base sup- 
 ported by eight pillars, was an early, and long a 
 favourite, mode of roofing in the East . . . Wren, 
 however, is the only European architect who availed 
 himself of it .... he certainly has produced the 
 most pleasing interior of any Renaissance church 
 which has yet been erected.' 2 
 
 So great was the fame, and such the charm of the 
 building that when the great sculptor Canova 3 visited 
 England, and was asked should he ever wish to return 
 to the country ? he answered, ' Yes, that I might again 
 see S. Paul's Cathedral, Somerset House, and S. 
 Stephen's, Walbrook.' 
 
 1 The interior has been lately altered. 
 
 2 History of Modern Architecture. Fergusson, p. 307. 
 
 3 Antonio Canova, born 1757, died 1822. He had come to England 
 to see the Elgin Marbles.
 
 SIX ISAAC NEWTON. 193 
 
 In the midst of so much work it is not wonderful 
 that, for the moment, Wren's diligent attendance at the 
 Royal Society slackened somewhat, though at the end 
 of 1672 his name occurs among those of the Society 
 who cordially welcomed Isaac Newton to their fellow- 
 ship. Wren bestowed especial praise on Newton's 
 invention of a refracting telescope. Friends they 
 appear always to have remained, and their disposi- 
 tions were not unlike, though the travels and varied 
 experiences of Wren's early years had quickened his 
 faculties, and prevented that entire absorption in one 
 idea which is evident from many stories about Isaac 
 Newton. As, for instance, when one of Newton's 
 philosophical friends abroad 
 
 ' Sent him a curious prism, at that time a rarity in 
 England, it was taken to the Custom House arid 
 Newton claimed it. The officers asked him to set 
 some value upon it that they might regulate the 
 duty. Newton, rating the prism by his own idea 
 of its use and excellence, replied, " The value is so 
 great I cannot ascertain it." They pressed him 
 again to set some estimate on it, but he still replied, 
 " I cannot say what it is worth, for the value is in- 
 estimable." The honest Custom House officers took 
 him at his word, and made him pay an exorbitant 
 duty for the prism, which he might have taken away 
 upon only paying a rate according to the weight of 
 the glass ! ' l 
 
 1 History of the Royal Society, p. 237. Weld. The anecdote is taken 
 from an article in an old Gentleman 's Magazine, written professedly by 
 one who knew Sir I. Newton. 
 
 O
 
 194 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 The Royal Society was at this time put to serious 
 inconvenience, as more than half of the members failed 
 in paying their weekly money. Wren, who, as might 
 be expected, was one of those who paid most punctu- 
 ally, was re-elected a member of the council, and 
 agreed to serve on a committee for this special matter. 
 
 The death of his friend and cousin, Matthew, in 
 the summer of 1672, was a grief to him, as well as 
 a loss to the Royal Society, of which he had been 
 a member from its beginning/ On the 2Oth of 
 November, 1673, Wren received the well-earned 
 honour of knighthood from King Charles at White- 
 hall. No details of any kind respecting the ceremony 
 are to be found in the chary family record. 
 
 S. Bennet Fink, a very graceful and original com- 
 position despite the corner into which it was squeezed ; 
 and S. Olave's, Jewry, built of brick and stone with a 
 good pinnacled stone tower, were begun at this period, 
 and finished three years later. S. Dionysius, or, as it 
 was commonly called, S. Dionis, Back Church Street, 
 was one of the first completed ; its Ionic eastern fagade 
 was in Wren's most classical style ; the pulpit was 
 carved by Grinling Gibbons. Its tower and steeple, 
 according to a frequent custom of Wren's, were added 
 some years later. S. Dionis has, alas ! now been swept 
 away, and its site, where the original church was con- 
 secrated in 1288, desecrated. 1 The beautiful little S. 
 Bennet's has shared the same unholy fate. S. George's, 
 Botolph Lane, built also in 1674, a handsome stone 
 
 1 Destroyed 1876.
 
 GRINLING GIBBONS. 195 
 
 church with a vaulted roof and good oak fittings, though 
 threatened, still fortunately survives. 
 
 Grinling Gibbons, whom Wren continually em- 
 ployed, was introduced to him by Evelyn, who found 
 the young man in a cottage at Deptford carving a 
 copy of Tintoretto's beautiful Crucifixion. Evelyn 
 showed Wren the carving and besought him to give 
 some employment to a man of such genius. This 
 he gladly promised, and accordingly, many a little 
 known city church is adorned with carvings so light 
 and so graceful that it is hard to believe that they are 
 cut out of wood. 
 
 Some works in stone Gibbons also did for Sir 
 Christopher, but wood appears to have been the 
 material he preferred. In 1674 Wren had the satis- 
 faction of restoring Le Soeur's l beautiful statue of King 
 Charles to its place at Charing Cross. In the Re- 
 bellion it had been overthrown by order of the 
 Parliament, who directed that it should be broken up. 
 John Rivet, a brazier in Charing Cross, purchased it, 
 hid it in the vaults of S. Paul's, Covent Garden, and, 
 to divert suspicion, sold bronze medals and knife- 
 handles, professedly made from its metal. After the 
 Restoration, he produced it intact, and, under Wren's 
 direction, it was placed on its present pedestal, which 
 was carved by Gibbons, whose handywork is easily 
 recognised in the free, flowing lines of the deeply-cut 
 carving, much as time, aided by London atmosphere, 
 
 1 Hubert Le Soeur was a pupil of John of Bologna ; he came to 
 England in 1630. The statue of Lord Pembroke at Oxford, and that of 
 King Charles, which has Le Soeur's name on the horse's hoof, are all 
 that now remain of his works. 
 
 O 2
 
 196 S/tf CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 has eaten the very stone away. The poet Waller 
 wrote an epigram l on its restoration, which, besides its 
 intrinsic merit, is interesting in connection with the 
 statue : 
 
 That the first Charles does here in triumph ride, 
 See his son reign where he a martyr dy'd ; 
 And people pay that rev'rence as they pass, 
 (Which then he wanted) to the sacred brass, 
 Is not th' effect of gratitude alone, 
 To which we owe the statue and the stone. 
 But heav'n this lasting monument has wrought, 
 That mortals may eternally be taught 
 Rebellion, though successful, is but vain, 
 And kings so kill'd rise conquerors again : 
 This truth the royal image does proclaim 
 Loud as the trumpet of surviving Fame. 
 
 It was about this period that Wren rebuilt the 
 theatre in Drury Lane, which had fallen a prey to its 
 usual enemy, fire. It was reopened in 1674 with a 
 play whose epilogue was written by Dryden. The 
 ' old theatre in Salisbury Court,' as Horace Walpole 
 calls it, was also built by Wren. During this time 
 Sir Christopher, now formally appointed architect of 
 S. Paul's with a modest salary of 2oo/. a year, had 
 busied himself in designs for the future cathedral. 
 Everyone, whether qualified or not, gave their opinion 
 about the designs. The first, which was ' a fabrick of 
 moderate bulk, but of good proportion, a convenient 
 quire with a vestibule and portico, and a dome con- 
 spicuous above the houses,' was planned by Wren at a 
 time when the Cathedral fund was very small, and the 
 chances of increasing it appeared but slender. This 
 design was rejected as deficient in size and grandeur. 
 
 1 On the statue of King Charles I. at Charing Cross in the year 1674. 
 E. Waller.
 
 HIS FAVOURITE DESIGN. 197 
 
 After this, in order to find out what style of building 
 was really desired, Wren made several sketches ' merely 
 for discourse sake,' and perceiving that the generality 
 had set their hearts upon a large building, he designed 
 one with which he was himself satisfied, considering- 
 
 o 
 
 it ' a design antique and well studied, conformable to 
 the best style of Greek and Roman architecture.' The 
 design was greatly admired by those who understood 
 the matter, and they begged Sir Christopher to let 
 them see it in a model. 1 Wren accordingly made a 
 large one, apparently with his own hands, in wood, 
 with all the intended ornaments properly carved. Its 
 ground plan was that of a Greek cross, the choir was 
 circular, it had a very short nave, and no aisles. 
 Externally there was a handsome portico, one small 
 dome immediately behind it, and over the centre of 
 the cross a larger dome. Within it would have been 
 as beautiful as it was original, with the eight smaller 
 domes, not seen outside, encircling the central dome. 
 The Duke of York on seeing the plan complained 
 much of the absence of side oratories, such as are 
 common in most foreign cathedrals, and insisted upon 
 their being added. Sir Christopher knew that such a 
 change would cramp the building and break the beauty 
 of the design to a degree that went to his heart. He 
 
 1 The model was long preserved in what was called the Trophy 
 Room of S. Paul's. ' It unfortunately has suffered much from neglect, 
 decay, and the uncontrolled mischief of visitors ; that which was one of 
 its noblest features, its long stately western portico, has entirely dis- 
 appeared. The model was lent to and still remains in the Architectural 
 Exhibition at South Kensington, on condition of repairing some of its 
 reparable parts (a condition but imperfectly fulfilled).' Annals of S. 
 Paul's Cathedral, Dean Milman, p. 40.
 
 198 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 shed tears in attempting to change the Duke's opinion. 
 The latter was, as ever, obstinate, and the change, had 
 to be made. 
 
 The outside, with the two hollow curves joining 
 the transepts with the nave, and the two different-sized 
 domes, would probably have been disappointing ; but 
 one speaks with diffidence, for this was Sir Christopher's 
 favourite design, the S. Paul's which he told his son 
 he would most cheerfully have accomplished. When 
 the time came for working out the design, it is" 
 very likely that he would have remedied many of the 
 defects which critical eyes now see in the model ; 
 but no such opportunity ever came. Preparations 
 were indeed made, in May 1674, for a building 
 after this design ; but the clergy were startled by the 
 novelty of the plan, the circular choir, and the absence 
 of aisles, and the architect was compelled to give up 
 his cherished scheme. Several designs, none equal to 
 the first, were produced by Sir Christopher, the large 
 central dome appearing in each of them. Upon this 
 feature he had determined, even in the days before the 
 fire, when the old pointed choir still stood. 
 
 At length Wren grew weary of criticism and 
 showed his designs no more to the public. King 
 Charles decided on one, 1 and issued a warrant for its 
 erection, stating that the duty on coal 2 amounted to a 
 considerable sum, and saying : m 
 
 1 An engraving giving a section of this very curious design is to be 
 found at page 97 of Mr. Longman's exhaustive and interesting Three 
 Cathedrals dedicated to S. PauTs in London. 
 
 The fourth portion of the tax on coal granted for the public build- 
 ings of the City was given for the rebuilding of S. Paul's.
 
 THE CROWN OF LONDON. 199 
 
 ' Among the designs we have particularly pitched on 
 
 one as well because we found it very artificial, proper 
 
 and useful as because it was so ordered that it might 
 
 be built and finished by parts.' The east end was 
 
 to be begun first. Liberty was left to Wren ' to 
 
 make some variations rather ornamental than essential 
 
 as from time to time he should see proper,' and the 
 
 whole was left to his management. 
 
 This design is wholly unlike the present Cathedral, 
 and is inferior to any of Wren's other buildings. 
 ' Artificial ' in the modern sense of the word, it un- 
 doubtedly is. The west end much resembles old S. 
 Paul's as Inigo Jones left it, and is poor and flat ; there 
 is a low flat dome, then a lantern with ribbed vaulting, 
 surmounted by a spire something like S. Bride's, but 
 thin and ungraceful. One feels that Wren must have 
 been disgusted with the design when finished, and 
 could only have done such a thing at a time when 
 his genius was rebuked and harassed by vexatious 
 limitations and interference. Accepted, however, the 
 design was, and Wren, provided with funds and ordered 
 to begin, shook off the fetters which had so cramped 
 him, and by a series of alterations, which certainly 
 reversed the King's order, being essential rather than 
 ornamental, he by degrees worked out the plan of the 
 beautiful S. Paul's which is the crown of London. 
 
 No objection seems to have been raised to these 
 changes. 
 
 He had a large staff of workmen under him, and an 
 assistant surveyor, John Oliver, who directed the work- 
 men, measured the masons' work, bought in materials,
 
 200 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 and examined the accounts ; a clerk of the works, 
 Laurence Spenser, who overlooked the men, saw that 
 they did their work as directed, and made up the 
 accounts ; each of these was paid ioo/. a year, half as 
 much as the salary of the architect himself; a clerk 
 of the cheque, Thomas Russell, who called over the 
 labourers three times a day, and kept them to their 
 business. Besides these, there was the master-mason, 1 
 Thomas Strong, the master-builder of S. Stephen's, 
 Walbrook, frequently employed by Wren, and the 
 master-carpenter, Richard Jennings ; all were carefully 
 chosen, and were devoted to Sir Christopher, whose 
 great genius, gentle disposition, and steady equable 
 mind made him much beloved and respected. 
 
 On June 21, 1675, the first stone of S. Paul's was 
 laid by Sir Christopher and his master-mason, not by 
 King Charles, as is sometimes said. 2 
 
 In the previous year Wren had lost his son Gilbert, 
 who was buried in S. Martin's on March 23. In the 
 February following another son was born and baptized 
 by the name of Christopher. This son survived his 
 father and began the collection of letters, papers, and 
 miscellaneous facts about the Wren family which was 
 afterwards published under the name of ' Parentalia ; 
 or, Memoirs of the Wrens.' It is, in truth, little but a 
 heap of materials amongst which each fact has to be 
 sought for and its proper place ascertained. 
 
 1 Thomas was the son of Mr. Valentine Strong, a well-known master- 
 mason of Hertfordshire ; his six sons were all engaged in the same trade 
 as himself. Life of Sir C. Wren, p. 316. Elmes. 
 
 2 Sir C. Wren gave the mallet and trowel used on this occasion to 
 the Freemasons' lodge of which he was master, then called after his name, 
 now the ' Lodge of Antiquity, No. 21.'
 
 EXCA VA TIONS. 2ot 
 
 It has been truly said that the accounts of the 
 building of S. Paul's ace meagre in the extreme. A little 
 is, however, known. As Wren had foretold, there was 
 much ' to be done in the dark ; ' the old foundations 
 were not to be trusted, and immense excavations had to 
 be made. In the course of this work, he discovered 
 ' graves of several ages and fashions, in strata or layers 
 of earth, one above another, from the British and 
 Roman times.' 
 
 The ' Parentalia ' describes ' a row of Saxon graves, 
 the sides lined with chalk stones, below were British 
 graves, where were found ivory and wooden pins of 
 a hard wood, seemingly box, about six inches long ; 
 it seems the bodies were only wrapped up and 
 pinned in woollen shrouds, which being consumed 
 the pins remained entire. In the same row and 
 deeper were Roman urns intermixed.' 
 
 Below this was hard 'pot-earth, 'which Wren thought 
 would be sufficiently firm to bear the great weight 
 about to be laid upon it, but to ascertain its depth he 
 had dry wells dug, and found it very unequal, in one 
 place hardly four feet ; he searched lower and found 
 loose sand, then sand and shells ; he speaks of them as 
 sea shells, but it is now thought that they were pro- 
 bably river; below this again hard beach, and then 
 London clay. He took great precautions when he laid 
 any foundations here, fearing lest the sand should slip. 
 The bed of sand is a danger still, for if pierced by 
 a drain or other underground works the sand might 
 run off, leaving a hollow under the pot-earth. The
 
 202 .SY/? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Cathedral authorities are accordingly wisely jealous of 
 any excavations near S. Paul's. When the north-east 
 portion of the choir was reached, in digging the foun- 
 dations a pit was found, from which all the pot-earth 
 had been taken, containing many fragments of vases 
 and urns, all of Roman pottery. This pit was a very 
 serious difficulty, occurring as it. did at the very angle 
 of the choir. 
 
 Sir Christopher's assistants suggested to him to drive 
 in piles of timber ; but he knew that, though timber 
 lasted well under water, yet in this case, where it 
 would be half in dry and half in wet sand, it would rot 
 in the course of time, and 'his endeavours were to 
 build for eternity.' He dug down more than forty 
 feet, till he came to the hard beach, below which was 
 the London clay, and upon the beach built a pier of 
 solid masonry ten feet square, till within fifteen feet of 
 the ground, and then by turning an arch brought it 
 level with the rest of his foundation. 
 
 The theory commonly received was that a temple 
 of Apollo stood where Westminster Abbey now stands, 
 and that the site of S. Paul's Cathedral was occupied 
 by a temple of Diana. Wren, however, believed in 
 neither legend. The temple of Apollo he thought 
 was invented merely that the monks of Westminster 
 might not be behind the Londoners in antiquities. 
 In spite of the horns of stags, tusks of boars, and the 
 like, said to have been found during former repairs of 
 S. Paul's, in spite of an image of Diana dug up hard by 
 and in the possession of Dr. Woodward, 1 he wrote to 
 
 1 J. Woodward, the founder of the Cambridge Geological Professorship,
 
 SECOND MARRIAGE. 203 
 
 Bishop Atterbury ! that he ' changed all the foundations 
 of old S. Paul's, and rummaged all the ground there- 
 abouts, and being very desirous to find the footsteps of 
 such a temple, I could not discover any, and therefore 
 can give no more credit to Diana 2 than to Apollo.' 
 
 In the September of 1675, when the work with 
 which her husband's name is for ever connected was 
 but little advanced, Lady Wren died, and was buried, as 
 her son Gilbert had been, in the chancel of S. Martin's- 
 in-the-Fields, leaving her husband with a baby son 
 hardly seven months old. The ' Parentalia,' with 
 characteristic carelessness, gives neither the date of 
 her death nor the place of her burial. 
 
 No hint even is to be found of how this loss 
 affected Sir Christopher, but whether it was from the 
 desolate state of his home, or the helplessness of a 
 widower left with an infant son, or from other causes, 
 he was not long in marrying again. His second wife 
 was Jane Fitzwilliam, daughter of the second Baron 
 Fitzwilliam, her mother was an heiress, the daughter of 
 Hugh Perry alias Hunter, a sheriff and alderman of 
 London. Lord Fitzwilliam died in 1643, the same 
 
 was born 1665, published a series of curious geological speculations under 
 the name of A Natural History of the Earth. In 1707 he published 
 An Account of Roman Urns and Antiquities lately dug up near 
 Bishopsgate, addressed to Sir C. Wren, whom, as I have said, he did 
 not convince. Woodward was a Fellow of the Royal Society and the 
 College of Physicians. He died 1728. 
 
 1 Francis Atterbury, born 1662, made Dean of Westminster and Bishop 
 of Rochester 1715 ; was a strong Jacobite, and was banished in 1723 : 
 died 1732. 
 
 2 A stone altar was however found during some excavations in 
 Foster Lane in 1830, at no great distance from the Cathedral, with an 
 image of Diana about which there can be no misapprehension, as it 
 closely resembles the Diana of the Louvre. Annals of S. Paul*s, p. 7.
 
 204 MX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 year that he had succeeded to his father, and the 
 widowed Lady Fitzwilliam died twenty-seven years 
 later at ' Dutchy House in the Savoy/ the family 
 house ; so Jane Fitzwilliam had been some years an 
 orphan when she was married to Sir Christopher in the 
 Chapel Royal at Whitehall, on February 24, 1676-7. 
 
 In this year Wren rebuilt S. Magnus, London 
 Bridge, 1 which having escaped one ' most dismal fire ' 
 in 1633, was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666. Sir 
 Christopher rebuilt the church with Portland stone and 
 oak timber, adding to it a picturesque tower with a 
 cupola and a peal of ten bells. London Bridge, then 
 covered with little houses and shops, would, Sir Chris- 
 topher foresaw, require alteration, and he, anxious that 
 S. Magnus should not suffer when the time came, pro- 
 posed to leave space by it for a footway. The church- 
 wardens overruled him. The improvement Wren 
 expected has since been made, and when the workmen 
 came to make a pathway under the portico they dis- 
 covered to their great surprise that Sir Christopher 
 had made the necessary arches, though bricked up, and 
 left them to be in readiness for the change which he 
 
 o 
 
 foresaw, though the churchwardens of S. Magnus did 
 not. The state of London Bridge was very unsatis- 
 factory ; constant repairs were needed, and to shoot the 
 narrow arches and not be swamped by the fall of the 
 water was no easy feat. Wren had a plan for saving 
 repairs and improving the water way by wide Gothic 
 
 1 Jack Cade's instruction to his followers on reaching London was 
 ' Up Fish Street, down S. Magnus corner. Kill and knock down, throw 
 them into the Thames.' Henry VJ., part ii. act iv. scene 8.
 
 MODERN DESECRATION. 205 
 
 arches, taking away every other arch, and making the 
 two into one, which would reduce the fall to nine inches 
 at the most. This seems to have remained a scheme 
 only. 
 
 S. Mildred's in the Poultry was also begun in this 
 year, a small stone church with a tower and cupola. 
 It was destroyed in I872, 1 and the details of its 
 removal are instructive as well as painful, and may 
 well be contrasted with the account of the manner of 
 removing the remains of old S. Paul's. 2 
 
 S. Stephen's, Coleman Street, on the site of an old 
 Jewish synagogue, is of the same date ; it is a neat 
 small church mostly built of stone, with a curious old 
 
 1 The following interesting anecdote was related to one of the 
 Honorary Secretaries (Mr. Wright) by a member of the Society (Mr. 
 Fytche) : 'Walking one fine summer morning in June 1872 down to 
 the Mansion House, on reaching the Poultry I was surprised to see a 
 man on the top of the tower of S. Mildred's Church hammering away 
 at the stones with a crowbar ; so, finding the door open, I went up the 
 stairs of the tower and said to my friend of the crowbar, " Why, you 
 are pulling the church down ! " " Ay," says he, " it's all to be down and 
 carted away by the end of July." " I suppose it's going to be rebuilt 
 elsewhere ! " " Built anywhere ? No ; my master has bought it." " Who 
 is your master?" "Don't you know him? Mr. So-and-So, the great 
 contractor." " What's he going to do with it ? " "Do with it ? Why, 
 he's twenty carts and forty horses to lead it away to his stoneyard, and 
 he's going to grind it up to make Portland cement ! " So I asked him 
 of the crowbar to show me round the church. " Would your master 
 sell the stones instead of grinding 'em up ? " I asked. " Sell 'em ? Yes, 
 he'll sell his soul for money ! " So I made an appointment for his 
 master to come up to the Langham Hotel next morning, and we agreed 
 about the purchase he to deliver the stones at a wharf on the Thames, 
 and they were brought down in barges and landed at the head of a canal 
 on the east coast of Lincolnshire, and are now lying in a green field 
 near my house, called S. Katherine's Garth, from an old Priory of S. 
 Katherine, which formerly stood there, and which I hope some day to 
 rebuild as my domestic chapel.' Report of the City Church and Church- 
 yard Protection Society, 1880. 
 
 2 Vide supra, p. 186-7.
 
 206 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 stone carving, in high relief, of the Last Judgment, over 
 the door leading to the churchyard. 
 
 S. Lawrence, Jewry, ' that new and cheerful pile,' 1 
 is a large well-proportioned building in the Corinthian 
 style, with -a tower and spire, built in the following 
 year. It had been repaired by the parishioners in 
 1618, and boasted among its vicars three who had be- 
 come bishops : Edward Reynolds, Bishop of Norwich, 
 one of those who, during the Rebellion, sided strongly 
 with the Presbyterians, and conformed at the Restor- 
 ation ; Dr. Seth Ward, Bishop of Exeter and Salisbury, 
 who has been mentioned before ; and Wren's other 
 scientific friend, Dr. Wilkins, Bishop of Chester, who 
 was buried in the chancel of S. Lawrence's Church in 
 1672. 
 
 S. Lawrence's possesses some excellent stone carv- 
 ing of fruit, possibly from Gibbons' chisel. 
 
 S. Nicholas, Coleabbey, was built this year by Sir 
 Christopher on the site of a church so ancient that it 
 stood some feet below the street, and was entered by 
 steps descending down to the floor ; its most recent 
 addition was in Richard II.'s reign, though the whole 
 building was repaired in 1630. Wren's is a well-pro- 
 portioned brick and stone church with a square tower 
 and short fat steeple. S. Mary's, Woolnoth, was only 
 repaired by Sir Christopher ; it was afterwards rebuilt 
 entirely by his clerk and pupil, Nicholas Hawksmoor, 2 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, May 28, 1682. 
 
 2 Nicholas Hawksmoor, born the year of the fire, became Wren's 
 pupil in 1683 and helped him in many of his works. Hawksmoor built 
 several churches under Queen Anne's Act ; they are original, but heavy, 
 and not always in good taste. He died 1736.
 
 THE MONUMENT. 207 
 
 in 1719. S. Mary's, Aldermanbury, a fine bold stone 
 church, its nave and aisles divided by well-sculptured 
 columns ; and S. Michael's, Queenhithe, belong also to 
 this busy year. S. Michael's, standing close to the 
 river, built of stone with plenty of space and room in 
 it ; its slender graceful spire ever beckoning to the 
 swarming river and riverside population, might, one 
 would have imagined, have been invaluable in zealous 
 hands, but it has been swept away and the opportunity 
 is lost. 
 
 It was also in 1677 that Sir Christopher completed 
 the column generally known to Londoners as ' the 
 Monument.' He began it in 1671 ; but the work had 
 been much hindered by the difficulty of getting blocks 
 of Portland stone of sufficient size. There had been 
 great debate about the ornament for the summit. 
 Wren wished it to be a large statue, as ' carrying much 
 dignity with it, and being more valluable in the eyes of 
 forreigners and strangers.' It was to be fifteen feet 
 high, cast in brass, at a cost of i,ooo/. The expense 
 was one reason why this was given up, and the 
 present ornament, a flaming vase of gilt bronze, sub- 
 stituted. Gibber l carved a basso-relievo on one side, 
 representing King Charles in a Roman costume, pro- 
 tecting the ruined city. The four dragons at the base 
 were carved by Edward Pierce, 2 a sculptor and architect 
 who frequently worked for Wren. The other three 
 sides have Latin inscriptions, of which one is an account 
 
 1 Caius Gibber, born 1630. The statues of Melancholy and Madness 
 at Bedlam were his greatest works : died about 1700. 
 
 2 He did much of the work of S. Clement Danes under Wren's direc- 
 tions, and made a bust of Sir Christopher, now at All Souls : died 1698.
 
 208 SJX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 of the fire, accusing \hefurorPapisticus as its cause ; a 
 brief inscription in English, lower down on the pedes- 
 tal, repeats the same charge against the ' treachery and 
 malice of the Popish faction.' Sir Christopher had 
 written a Latin one for the column, which spoke of 
 the fire as originating in a humble house, and briefly 
 recounted its ravages ; he added, as he was well entitled 
 to add, that the city was rebuilt ' not with wood and 
 mud as before, but with edifices, some brick and some 
 stone, and adorned with such works that it was seen to 
 rise fairer from its ruins far than before.' As he wrote, 
 he must have given a sigh of regret to the perfection 
 of his unused plan. 
 
 The accusation against the Romanists appealed 
 powerfully to the inveterate prejudices of the multitude. 
 It was accordingly insisted upon and ordered to be 
 put up. James II. had the inscription effaced, but in 
 William III.'s reign it was re-cut deeper than before, 
 and so remained to justify Pope's well-known lines : 
 
 London's column pointing to the skies, 
 Like a tall bully lifts the head and lies. 1 
 
 It is a curious retribution that the Monument designed 
 by so great an architect as Wren, to commemorate 
 such an event as the burning of London, and the 
 singular courage and energy of its citizens, is now 
 more generally connected in men's mind with false- 
 hood and calumny than with a great historical event. 
 
 The column was at first used, as Wren had intended 
 it should be, as a place for certain experiments of 
 the Royal Society ; but the vibration of the column 
 
 1 Moral Essays, Ep. iii.
 
 A TARDY HONOUR. 209 
 
 during the ceaseless traffic of London proved too great 
 to allow of the experiments being successfully carried 
 on. Evelyn, with much sense, wished that the column 
 had been placed where the fire ended, and a ' plain 
 lugubrious marble ' where it began ; and says : 
 
 ' I question not but I have the architect himself on my 
 side, whose rare and extraordinary talent and what he 
 has performed of great and magnificent, this column 
 and what he is still about and is advancing under 
 his direction, will speak and perpetuate his memory, 
 as long as one stone remains upon another in this 
 nation.' l 
 
 The King had proposed to Sir Christopher a very 
 congenial piece of work. The remains of Charles I., 
 which had been hastily buried in S. George's Chapel 
 at Windsor, were to be removed to what was known as 
 the tomb-house at the east end of the chapel, re-interred 
 there with the solemn service that had been denied 
 to them before, and a grand tomb built over them. 
 Lord O'Brien proposed in the House of Commons a 
 grant of money for the purpose, and the House voted 
 7O,ooo/. to be raised by a two months' tax. Sprat, 
 Bishop of Rochester, preaching before the Commons 
 on the following day, the anniversary of King Charles's 
 death, alluded to the tardy honour done ' by that much- 
 desired, long-expected vote.' Sir Christopher pre- 
 pared designs for a splendid monument. 
 
 It was to take the form of a Rotundo with a 
 beautiful Dome and Lantern, and a Colonnade with- 
 
 1 Of Medals, p. 162, ed. 1697. Evelyn. 
 P
 
 210 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 out, like that of the Temple of Vesta at Rome. 
 Mosaic work was to be freely used, black and white 
 marble and gilded brass ; the cupola was to be painted 
 in fresco. In the central niche fronting the entrance 
 was the King's monument. Four statues, emblems of 
 heroic virtues, standing on a square plinth, and press- 
 ing underneath the prostrate figures of Rebellion, 
 Heresy, Hypocrisy, Envy and Murder, support a 
 large shield, on which is a statue erect of King 
 Charles in modern armour, over his head a group of 
 angels bearing a crown, a cross, and branches of palm. 
 Two designs were made, one for brass work, one for 
 marble : one design is drawn by Grinling Gibbons, 
 whom Wren meant to employ for the carving. The 
 other is by Wren himself, drawn with extraordinary 
 care, in delicate pen and ink, and they yet remain with 
 his note upon them. ' Alas ! for the state of the times ! 
 not yet erected.' The failure of his design was a 
 great annoyance to Wren, who was most anxious to 
 have paid this tribute to the King's memory. 
 
 Why the plan was never executed it is hard to 
 say. Charles II. kept the designs for some time and 
 then returned them, begging Wren to keep them 
 carefully ; but the moment for their use never arrived. 
 
 Though he was not allowed to honour King 
 Charles, curiously enough, it fell to Wren's lot to 
 provide a tomb for two other murdered Princes of 
 England. 
 
 Some repairs were being made in the Tower of 
 London under the orders of Wren, who was at that 
 time repairing what is known as the White Tower,
 
 THE REMAINS OF THE PRINCES. 211 
 
 one of the oldest parts of the fortress. As the work- 
 men were removing some stairs which led from the 
 Royal lodgings to S. John's Chapel, they came upon 
 a wooden chest, which proved to contain the remains 
 of two children, exactly corresponding in age and state 
 of decay with the date of the murder of Edward V. 
 and his brother Richard Duke of York in 1573. The 
 place also corresponded in every respect with the 
 traditions respecting the murder : l it was said to have 
 been done in the Bloody Tower the spot where the 
 bones were found is but seventy yards distant; they 
 were always said to have been buried in consecrated 
 ground by the Priest of the Tower the place where 
 the remains were was just within S. John's Chapel. 
 The discovery caused considerable interest, and was 
 fully represented to the King, who desired that the 
 bones should be laid, under the Surveyor's directions, 
 in Henry VI I. 's Chapel in Westminster Abbey in a 
 white marble coffin with a suitable monument. Wren 
 designed a pedestal and urn of white marble sur- 
 mounted by twin crowns and palms. No doubt the 
 monument accords better with the taste of the age in 
 which it was erected than with that of the building in 
 which it is placed, but it has an interest of its own. 
 By the King's wish a mulberry-tree was planted on the 
 spot where the bones were discovered, but subsequent 
 buildings at the Tower destroyed the tree, and even 
 its stump has perished. 
 
 1 For an interesting account of these see The Tower of London, by 
 Lord de Ros, p. 417. 
 
 P 2
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 1677-1682. 
 
 EMMANUEL COLLEGE GREENWICH OBSERVATORY BIRTH OF JANE 
 
 AND WILLIAM WREN S. BARTHOLOMEW'S PORTLAND QUARRIES 
 
 DR. AND MRS. HOLDER DEATH OF JANE, LADY WREN POPISH 
 PLOT PAPIN'S DIGESTER SIR J. HOSKYNS ALLHALLOWS, BREAD 
 STREET PALACE AT WINCHESTER.
 
 
 Who taught that heaven-directed spire to rise ? POPE, Moral Essays.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 GREAT as was the pressure of Wren's London work, 
 he did not confine himself to that city alone, but in 
 1677, we find him at Cambridge, busied with buildings 
 there. The beautiful chapel of Emmanuel College, 
 which still stands unaltered as he left it, was Sir 
 Christopher's work in that year. More than thirty years 
 before, Bishop Wren, when Bishop of Ely, had instanced 
 amongst the irregularities to be amended at Cambridge 
 the absence of a chapel at Emmanuel College, 1 and it 
 well became his nephew to supply this lack. Bancroft 
 had first set the plan on foot, and when he was 
 removed in 1665 to S. Paul's a removal so costly that, 
 little knowing, he consoled himself by thinking the 
 next would be to his grave his successor, Dr. Breton, 
 continued his work. 
 
 A picturesque cloister runs north and south across 
 
 1 It \vas founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay, a great supporter 
 of the Puritans. 
 
 In Bishop Corbet's poem, The Distracted Puritan, the hero says : 
 
 ' In the house of pure Emmanuel 
 I had my education, 
 Where my friends surmise 
 I dazel'd my eyes 
 With the sight of Revelation.' 
 
 Evelyn, who visited it in September 1655, says : ' That zealous house 
 .... the Chapel (it was but a room) is reformed ab originc, built N. 
 and S. as is the Librarie.'
 
 216 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 the fa$ade built of stone instead of the brick with 
 stone dressing as Wren at first intended ; within the 
 chapel the rich stucco ceiling, the pannelling and wood 
 carving, the tall columns which support a pediment 
 behind the altar, as well as the bold metal scroll-work 
 of the altar rails, all show Wren's hand and eye. In 
 the manuscript list of Wren's- architectural works in 
 the ' Parentalia' the Chapel of Queen's College at Oxford 
 is assigned to him as built at about this time ; but it 
 does not appear in the more accurate printed list, and 
 is not generally reckoned amongst his works. 
 
 The Observatory at Greenwich, known by the name 
 of Flamsteed House, was being completed. It was 
 built at the suggestion of Sir Jonas Moor, the Sur- 
 veyor-General of the Ordnance, for the purpose of 
 ascertaining the motions of the moon and the places of 
 the fixed stars, in order, if possible, to discover accu- 
 rately the longitude at sea. 1 Wren, confessedly one of the 
 best astronomers in England, was on the commission 
 for building the Observatory, and was its architect. 
 Greenwich was chosen as the site at his suggestion ; 
 the King, who took a great interest in the project, 
 allowed 5oo/. towards it, and Sir Christopher used in 
 the work some spare wood, iron, and lead from the 
 Tower Gatehouse, and the bricks taken from Tilbury, 
 the fort built by Elizabeth to repel the Spanish 
 Armada. 
 
 The Observatory was begun in June, 1675, and 
 roofed in at the Christmas of the same year, and 
 Flamsteed shortly afterwards installed there. 
 1 Vide infra.) p. 331-3.
 
 A COLLECTION OF 'RARITIES: ii? 
 
 The Museum at Oxford, known as the Ashmolean, 
 was Sir Christopher's work in 1677. It contained a col- 
 lection of objects of natural history which was then 
 reckoned a very good one : it had been collected by 
 John Tradescant, and bequeathed by him to Mr. Elias 
 Ashmole, the historian of the Order of the Garter, 
 who made the whole over to the University, endowing 
 a lecture upon them. 
 
 The collection contained several curious specimens 
 of Roman, Indian, and other weapons, some clothing 
 made of feathers ; among other ' rarities/ a ' toad 
 included in amber/ and a ' habit of feathers from the 
 Phcenix wing as tradition goes/ 1 Ashmole was of the 
 Royal Society and a student of astrology. 
 
 In the November of this year, Sir Christopher's only 
 daughter Jane was born, and was baptized at S. Martin's, 
 probably by the Rev. William Lloyd, then the vicar, 
 who bore the high character of ' an excellent preacher, 
 a man of great integrity and piety, one who thoroughly 
 understood all the parts of his function and had a 
 mind fully bent to put them in execution.' Wren's 
 fourth and youngest child was born in June, 1679, 
 and baptized, also at S. Martin's, by the name of 
 William. Sir Christopher's good friend Evelyn was 
 one godfather, the other was Sir William Fermor, the 
 head of an old Cavalier family of Northamptonshire, 
 whose father, all but ruined in the civil wars, survived 
 to attend as one of the Knights of the Bath at Charles 
 II/s coronation. Sir William, who was by his mother's 
 side first cousin to Lady Wren, was a friend of 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, September 17, 1657, and July 23, 1678
 
 218 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Evelyn's, whose tastes he shared. He was created 
 Lord Lempster 1 by William and Mary. The other 
 sponsor was Lady Newport, daughter of the Earl of 
 Bedford, and wife of the Lord Treasurer, Lord New- 
 port, who, greatly distinguished by his loyalty and his 
 suffering in the Civil War, was made Comptroller of 
 the Household, and in 1672 Lord Treasurer, an office 
 which he held under the two succeeding monarchs. 2 
 Lord Newport was a friend both of Wren and of 
 Evelyn, and entertained them, Prince Rupert, and others 
 at his house, where he had a fine collection of pictures. 
 
 Wren began five of his churches in this year : one 
 was the little square church of SS. Anne and Agnes, 
 Aldersgate, with its four Corinthian columns and 
 decorated ceiling. 
 
 ' There is a constant tradition in the parish that 
 SS. Anne and Agnes were two sisters who first built 
 this church at their own charge,' 3 but at what date is 
 not said. It once bore the name of ' S. Anne-in-the- 
 Willows,' from the willow-trees that grew hard by. 
 
 S. Bartholomew's, Bartholomew Lane, near the 
 Exchange, had been consumed all but its old square 
 tower, which must have been a striking object standing 
 up tall and fire-scathed amongst the ruins. To this 
 tower Wren added a sort of crown of open arches, but 
 he carefully preserved the tower, itself a curious relic 
 
 1 His son Thomas was created Earl of Pomfret by George I., 1721 ; 
 the title is extinct. 
 
 * He appeared for the seven bishops on their trial, greatly angering 
 King James thereby. He voted for William and Mary, and was by them 
 created Earl of Bradford, 1694. 
 
 3 Rcpcrtorium, vol. i. p. 276. Newcourt.
 
 LONDON STONE. 219 
 
 of London before the fire. Internally it was a hand- 
 some basilican church, effective from the good keeping 
 and harmony of all its parts. Its date of consecration 
 went back to the beginning of the fourteenth century. 
 Bishop Miles Coverdale 1 was buried there. Alas ! 
 that all must be written in the past tense ! The 
 church has been destroyed because its site was wanted 
 for the Sun Fire Office ! It is a cruel fate, having been 
 rebuilt after the Great Fire to be destroyed for a Fire 
 Insurance Office. 
 
 S. Michael's, Bassishaw, or Basinghall, taking this 
 name from the great merchant family of Basing, several 
 of whom were sheriffs, and others lord mayors of 
 London, was rebuilt of brick and stone with a curious 
 little stone spire. 
 
 S. Swithin's in Cannon Street is reckoned a model 
 of excellence in construction ; it is of stone with a 
 tower and spire, and domed roof; the curious relic 
 known as ' London Stone,' is built into the church 
 wall ; it was formerly fixed in the ground in the street. 
 Many different opinions have been advanced about it 
 that it was the centre of the City, which however it 
 was not, being too near the river ; that it was a place 
 for tendering money before the Exchange existed ; 
 and, most prosaic of all, that it was set up by one 
 named London Stone who lived there ! 2 All agreed 
 that it had been there since the time of the Saxon kings. 
 
 S. Bride's, Fleet Street, was begun in this year, 
 but not entirely finished until twenty years later ; on it 
 
 1 Born 1437. Assisted Tindal in translating and printing the Bible. 
 Died 1568. 
 
 3 New View of London, vol. i. p. 14. E. Hatton.
 
 226 StR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Wren lavished considerable care and skill, securing a 
 spacious handsome interior, and a richly carved oak 
 altar-piece. The bold tower and steeple, 1 with its 
 graceful diminishing circles with their open arcades, 
 are thought to rival S. Mary's, Bow, but the latter is 
 perhaps the more poetical of the two. 
 
 The great work at S. Paul's was the while pro- 
 ceeding. In i676Compton, Bishop of London, issued 
 an Address, urging the claims of the Cathedral, not on 
 the citizens alone, but upon the country at large ; he 
 insisted with some eloquence that all churches should 
 as much as possible imitate the ' exceeding magnificat ' 
 temple of Solomon in their beauty and grandeur, and 
 especially the cathedral of wealthy London. His 
 address, his warm interest in the work, and that of 
 Dean Sancroft, who was a contributor until driven 
 from his archbishopric, brought many contributions : 
 among them may be mentioned Morley, Bishop of 
 Winchester, who gave i,8oo/. ; Dr. John Fell, who gave 
 ioo/., 'in lieu of his consecration dinner and gloves' 
 when consecrated Bishop of Oxford, 1680 ; Bishop Ken, 
 who gave the same sum at his consecration, 1685, also 
 in lieu of the dinner and gloves ; Bishop Wilson, of 
 Sodor and Man, who gave from the quarries of the 
 island the dark stone steps which lead to the west 
 doors. Though hampered often, the architect was 
 never actually stopped by lack of money. He himself 
 
 1 The steeple has been slightly lowered by Sir W. Staines in recent 
 years ; it was 234 feet high. When this was done, it was discovered 
 that an old hawk had inhabited the two upper circles, the open arcades 
 of which were filled with masses of bird's bones, chiefly those of the city 
 pigeons upon which he had preyed.
 
 PORTLAND QUARRIES. 221 
 
 out of his scanty salary gave 5O/. towards the ex- 
 penses. 
 
 In a letter speaking of his progress in building S. 
 Paul's he says, ' I have received a considerable sum, 
 which, though not proportionable to the greatnesse of 
 the work, is notwithstanding sufficient to begin the 
 same and with all the materials and other assistances 
 which may probably be expected, will put the new 
 quire in great forwardness.' The materials referred 
 to are probably such parts of the old building as it was 
 possible to use again ; and it may here be said that 
 Wren had the control of the quarries of Portland stone. 1 
 In 1669, King Charles issued a proclamation that 
 
 ' Whereas great waste had been for many years past 
 made of our quarries in the Isle of Portland, . . . 
 and the great occasion we have of using much of the 
 said stone, both for the building and repairing our 
 houses and for the repaire of S. Paul's, our pleasure 
 is ... that all persons forbeare to transport any 
 more stone from our Isle of Portland without the 
 leave and warrant first obtained from Dr. Christo- 
 pher Wren, Surveyor of our Works, as hath been 
 formerly accustomed in that behalf.' 
 
 Wren must have commanded an army of quarry- 
 men in the little island, not then grim with convicts 
 and with a prison ; but nevertheless he had, as in the 
 case of the Monument, not seldom to pause in his work 
 before he could get blocks of the size he required. 
 As the choir rose the time came in which the space 
 
 1 There is a quantity of stone quarried for S. Paul's still lying at the 
 back of the island, ready for transportation.
 
 222 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 for the great Dome was to be marked out. The 
 architect stood watching with some of his friends, and 
 called to one of the workmen to bring him a stone to 
 mark a special spot ; when the man obeyed, Wren saw 
 that the stone thus brought had an inscription upon it 
 the single word ' Resurgam.' 1 It was looked upon 
 by Sir Christopher as a singularly happy omen, and he 
 took great pleasure in telling the anecdote. 
 
 In the meantime a sharp controversy was going 
 on within the Royal Society between Dr. Wallis and 
 Sir Christopher's brother-in-law, Dr. Holder. Dr. 
 Holder had a living in Hertfordshire and had re- 
 ceived from Bishop Henchman a canonry in S. Paul's. 
 In 1678 he brought out a book called ' The Elements 
 of Speech ' with an appendix concerning ' Persons 
 deaf and dumb.' In this book he described the cure 
 he had himself performed when at Bletchingdon of a 
 young gentleman, Mr. Alexander Popham, the son of 
 a certain Edward Popham, admiral in the service of 
 the Long Parliament, whom, though born dumb, he 
 had gradually taught to speak. The youth, taken 
 away before the cure was quite finished, lost the lately 
 acquired power of speech, but on being sent to Dr. 
 Wallis recovered it ; thereupon Dr. Wallis claimed 
 
 1 Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons^ vol. ii. p. 310. Seward. It is 
 supposed to have been part of the gravestone of Dr. John King, Bishop 
 of London, 1611-21, called by King James 'the King of preachers.' 
 ' He was a most solid and profound divine of great gravity and piety, 
 and a most excellent volubility of speech.' Repertorium^ vol. i. p. 29. 
 Newcourt. Bishop King preached at S. Paul's Cross before King 
 James I. and all his Court when James the First began the restoration 
 of the Cathedral under Inigo Jones. A quaint print of this scene still 
 exists. Three Cathedrals of S. Paul, p. 20. Longman.
 
 DR. HOLDER AND DR. WALLIS. 223 
 
 the entire credit. In his book Dr. Holder took occa- 
 sion to speak of the Royal Society as originating in 
 meetings held at Oxford. 
 
 Upon this Dr. Wallis wrote a pamphlet entitled ' A 
 Defence of the Royal Society in reply to some cavils 
 of Dr. W. Holder.' The quarrel appears to have been 
 a hot one, turning chiefly on the credit of curing Alex- 
 ander Popham. 
 
 Wood, the antiquary, 1 speaks of Dr. Wallis ' as one 
 that can make black white, and white black, for his 
 own ends, and hath a ready knack of sophistical eva- 
 sion (as the writer of these matters doth know full 
 well)/ and gives the credit to Dr. Holder. Wallis was 
 little loved by any royalist because of his conduct in 
 decyphering King Charles I.'s papers at Naseby. 2 In 
 the ' Parentalia ' are two finger alphabets, with two 
 hands drawn in Indian ink, the fingers of which have 
 different letters assigned to the different joints ; one 
 is an ordinary and simple way, the other, more ela- 
 borate, is entitled ' An arte to make the Dumbe to 
 speake, the Deafe to heare. To speake amongst others 
 unseen and unhearde. Learned in an howre.' Min- 
 ute directions are given, but the system is so elaborate 
 that it is very sanguine to think it could have been 
 ' learned ' under several hours. The writing is not 
 like Christopher Wren's, and I think it must belong 
 to Dr. Holder's scheme. 
 
 Mrs. Holder went on in her tranquil course, minis- 
 tering to the poor around her. In early days she had 
 
 1 Fast. O.r0n., vol. i. p. 139. Wood. 
 
 2 Vide supra, pp. 77, 78.
 
 224 S7K CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 made a careful study of such medical science as was 
 then known. Barbarous as the surgery was, the re- 
 medial part of medicine appears to have been some- 
 what better understood. The circulation of the blood 
 had very lately been discovered by Harvey ; and whe- 
 ther it was the efficacy of the herbs and simples used, 
 or the faith of the patients, or both, it is certain that 
 many cures were made and much suffering alleviated. 
 It is said of Mrs. Holder that ' she happily healed 
 thousands.' She cured Charles II. of a hurt in his 
 hand, whether in his early days of peril and wandering, 
 or in later life, is not said. After the Restoration 
 she was connected more or less with the Court, as 
 her husband was subdean of the Chapels Royal, and 
 she healed Queen Catharine and many of the Court. 
 When one reads in Evelyn's or in Pepys' diary of the 
 frightful remedies used : the 'hot fire pans' applied to 
 the head in cases of apoplexy, the constant bleeding, 
 the roughness of the entire treatment, one is thankful 
 to think that they were occasionally ministered to by 
 the gentler hand of a woman. 
 
 A taste for the science of medicine seems to have 
 been common in the Wren family. Sir Christopher 
 studied it at Oxford under Sir Charles Scarborough 
 and drew the plates for Dr. Thomas Willis' ' Cerebri 
 Anatome,' which was in great repute. His cousin, 
 Thomas Wren, made it a matter of serious study, pro- 
 bably living by it as a profession at the time when 
 Bishop Wren's imprisonment left his younger children 
 penniless. The same honourable calling was chosen by 
 Sir Christopher's grandson, Stephen Wren. Among
 
 '/ THINK THEY ARE HIGH ENOUGH.' 225 
 
 all the patients whom good Mrs. Holder tended and 
 cared for, in none could she have taken more pride 
 than in the brother over whose sickly childhood she 
 had watched, and whose fame she saw daily increasing. 
 Nor was there any drawback to her delight : loving, 
 gentle, modest, and courteous he had been as a boy, 
 and the famous successful architect possessed those 
 qualities still. In a corrupt age, all testimony leaves 
 him spotless ; in positions of great trust and still 
 greater difficulty his integrity was but the more clearly 
 shown by the attacks made against him ; among the 
 foremost philosophers of his age, he was a striking 
 example that ' every good gift and every perfect gift is 
 from above ; ' no child could hold the truths of Christi- 
 anity with a more undoubting faith than did Sir 
 Christopher Wren. 
 
 His personal appearance is only known to us from 
 pictures : it seems he was ' thin and low of stature,' 
 and it is recorded that when he was building a hunting 
 palace at Newmarket for Charles II., the King came 
 to see it, looked round, and was well satisfied with the 
 general effect, but said he thought the rooms were too 
 low. Wren, who knew the King well, and could hold 
 his own when needful, looked up to the ceiling, and 
 said quietly: ' Sir, I think they are high enough.' 
 
 On hearing this, King Charles stooped till he was 
 the architect's height, crept about the room in this 
 attitude, and said laughing, ' Ay, Sir Christopher, I 
 think they arc high enough! l 
 
 The beautiful S. Stephen's, Walbrook, was finished 
 
 1 Biographical History of England, vol. iii. p. 327. Noble. 
 
 Q
 
 226 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 in 1679, and the parishioners, aware that their church 
 was a gem of no common order, offered ' a purse of 
 twenty guineas to the Lady of Sir Christopher Wren, 
 as a testimony of the regard that the parish has for the 
 great care and skill that Sir Christopher Wren showed 
 in the rebuilding of our church.' 1 Lady Wren did 
 not long survive to share in her husband's fame and to 
 sympathise in his work. 
 
 Early in October she died and was buried in 
 S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, where Dr. Thomas Tenison 2 
 had succeeded Dr. Lloyd, when the latter was made 
 Bishop of S. Asaph. He, too, was a hard-working 
 parish priest, though neither so zealous nor so whole- 
 hearted a churchman as the former vicar. He com- 
 municated to Evelyn 3 his plan ' of erecting a library 
 in S. Martin's parish for the public use, and desired 
 his assistance with Sir Christopher Wren about the 
 placing and structure thereof.' Dr. Tenison said that 
 he had ' between thirty and forty young men in orders 
 in his parish either governors to young gentlemen, or 
 chaplains to noblemen, who being reproved by him 
 on occasion for frequenting taverns or coffee-houses, 
 told him they would employ their time better if they 
 had books.' Wren fell readily into a scheme so con- 
 
 1 Lives of the Gresham Professors^ p. 104. Ward. The church has 
 been lately cleansed, but the disfiguring pews most unfortunately still 
 encumber the area. 
 
 2 Thomas Tenison, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury ; his endowments were munificent : died ^71 5. 
 
 3 Diary, February 15, 1684. The very valuable library which Dr. 
 Tenison founded was, alas ! sold by Act of Parliament, 1861, and the 
 proceeds ordered to be applied to middle-class education, which was 
 hardly what the donor intended.
 
 POPISH PLOT, 227 
 
 genial as this, and in a very few days the two friends 
 were together at Dr. Tenison's making a drawing and 
 estimate of the library to be begun in the spring of 
 that same year. 
 
 In 1678, the nation was excited to absolute frenzy 
 by the declarations of the infamous Titus Gates con- 
 cerning the ' Popish Plot.' In the same spirit as that 
 in which they had laid the burning of London at the 
 door of the Romanists, the mob lent greedy, credulous 
 ears to the tales of Gates, and were encouraged by 
 Lord Shaftesbury and his party, who made political 
 capital out of this madness. Looking back, it is dif- 
 ficult to understand how such manifest falsehoods 
 could have obtained credit ; but it should be borne in 
 mind that only seventy-three years had passed since 
 the Gunpowder Plot had all but succeeded, and despite 
 its failure left a mark in popular feeling which, however 
 obscured and travestied, remains to this day. That it 
 was fresh in the minds of the Members of Parliament 
 may be seen from their insisting that a guard should 
 be placed in the vaults over which they sate. 
 
 Bedloe, Gates' villainous ally, having declared that 
 an army of thirty thousand pilgrims was coming from 
 Spain to join forty thousand who were ready to rise in 
 London, the House of Lords insisted that a communi- 
 cation between the Spanish ambassador's house and 
 that of his neighbour Mr. Weld should be secured. 
 No less a person than Sir Christopher himself was to 
 be despatched by the Lords' committee to see to this 
 matter. Wren took the matter quietly enough ; went 
 with Mr. Edward Warcup, one of his assistants, and 
 
 Q2
 
 228 S//? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 sent in a report stating that they had caused ' padlocks 
 to be hung on all such dores as open out of Mr. Weld's 
 house into the Spanish Embassador's house;' had then 
 ' acquainted his Excellency Count Egmont, who with 
 great civility gave permission for all things necessary 
 to be done on his side.' They locked the doors on his 
 side, barred some with iron, and handed over the keys 
 to tne Clerk of the Parliament, which no doubt felt 
 itself more secure after this precaution. 
 
 Evelyn, it is plain from passages in his diary, dis- 
 believed and distrusted Gates, and Wren, who gave no 
 heed to panics, was probably of the same opinion. 
 One wishes that Pepys had not been compelled in 
 1669, by failing eyesight, to give up keeping his most 
 amusing diary, that he might have recorded his im- 
 pressions of this time of frenzy. He, however, was a 
 sufferer by it, being clapt into the Tower on a charge 
 of ' Popery, felony, piracy, and treason,' in 1679. The 
 ' treason ' charged seems to have been that he sent 
 information to the French Court about the state of 
 the English navy. The ' Popery,' from which he was 
 certainly free, \vas probably thrown in to give a flavour 
 suited to the times. It is an incredible charge, and 
 Pepys, who defended himself in a spirited letter to 
 the Duke of York, was discharged in the following 
 February. 
 
 The Royal Society, despite all these storms, kept 
 its even course. Wren, who had been Vice- President, 
 was elected President in 1680. With all his work, he 
 contrived to take the Chair frequently at the meetings. 
 Their discussions were very varied : observations with
 
 A PHILOSOPHICAL SUPPER. 229 
 
 the barometer, ways of sounding the sea, the curve 
 described by a granado shot into the air, an account of 
 the anatomy of the otter, and its power of diving ; Sir 
 Christopher hereupon described the seal which was in 
 S. James's Park, as having muscles by which it could 
 contract and dilate its nostrils, and by such means sink 
 itself and lie at the bottom of the pool made for it, 
 for a great while together, and that it ate its food at 
 the bottom of the river. 
 
 A new discovery by a French doctor named Papin 1 
 of a ' digester ' for softening bones, caused much dis- 
 cussion at the Society. Wren inquired whether a 
 contrary process to M. Papin's could not be devised to 
 harden bones, but Papin could give no answer. Two 
 years later M. Papin gave a supper to which several 
 of the Society went. Evelyn says, it was 2 - 
 
 ' All dress'd, both fish and flesh, in M. Papin's Digesters, 
 by which the hardest bones of beef itselfe and mutton 
 were made as soft as cheese, without water or any 
 other liquor, and with lesse than eight ounces of 
 coales producing an incredible quantity of gravy ; 
 and, for close of all. a jelly made of the bones of 
 beef, the best for clearness and good relish, and the 
 most delicious that I had scene or tasted. We eat 
 pike and other fish bones, and all without impedi- 
 ment ; but nothing exceeded the pigeons, which 
 tasted just as if baked in a pie, all these being 
 
 1 Denys Papin," born at Blois, was an M.D. of Paris ; came to 
 England, and in 1680 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He 
 died in 1710. 
 
 2 Diary, April 12, 1684.
 
 23d S/A CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 stewed in their own juice, without any addition of 
 water, save what swam about the Digestor, as in 
 balnco ; the natural juice of these provisions acting 
 on the grosser substances, reduced the hardest 
 bones to tenderness ; but it is best descanted with 
 more particulars for extracting tinctures, preserving 
 and stewing fruite, and saving fuel, in Dr. Papin's 
 booke ! published and dedicated to our Society, of 
 which he is a member. . . . This philosophical 
 supper caus'd much mirth amongst us, and exceed- 
 ingly pleased all the company. I sent a glass of 
 the jelly to my wife, to the reproch of all that the 
 ladies ever made of the best hartshorn.' 
 
 The Royal Society had another foreign visitor, M. 
 Chardin, 2 the Persian traveller. Sir Christopher, Sir 
 John Hoskyns, and Evelyn 3 went to visit him when he 
 arrived in England in 1680, and invited him to honour 
 the Royal Society with his company. They found 
 him dressed in his Eastern habit, speaking Latin, and 
 understanding Greek, Arabic, and Persian from his 
 eleven years of travel in those parts. He was a well- 
 bred, modest man ' not inclined to talk wonders.' 
 Chardin was a fair draughtsman and had besides taken 
 two artists with him to draw landscapes, to measure 
 
 1 The Nwu Digester, or Engine for the Softening of Rones, 4to. 
 A modification of Papin's 'digester kettle' still exists, and goes by his 
 name, though used far less than it deserves. 
 
 - Born in Paris, 1643. The son of a Protestant jeweller, he went to 
 Persia in search of diamonds, amassing a considerable fortune. He 
 married in England in 1681, and died there 1735. He was buried at 
 Chiswick, but his monument is in Westminster Abbey. ' Sir John 
 Chardin. r Nomen sibi fecit cundo? Life of Sir C. Wren, p. 419. Elmes. 
 
 a Diary, August 30, 1680.
 
 SSR JOHN HOSKYNS. 231 
 
 and design the palaces and temples burnt at Persepolis. 
 He was then on his way to France, but on his return 
 promised to show the drawings. He returned, finding 
 the persecution of the Protestants still hot in France, 
 and Sir Christopher proposed him as a member of the 
 Royal Society. His book, ' Travels of Sir John Char- 
 din,' was published in London and is still in high 
 esteem both for its special interest and the accuracy of 
 its statements. Evelyn assisted him in engraving the 
 plates and in the translation of the book. Charles II. 
 made him a knight, and he was employed in Holland 
 as the agent of the English East India Company. 
 
 At the meeting of the Royal Society on November 
 30, 1 68 1, Wren was re-elected President and chess Sir 
 John Hoskyns as Vice-president. 1 Sir John Hoskyns, 
 who, like Wren, had been educated at Westminster, 
 was a Master in Chancery highly thought of for his 
 legal attainments and his integrity ; he and Wren 
 appear always to have been friends ; and when Wren 
 resigned the presidency, Sir John succeeded him. 
 
 Tradition 2 says that Sir John ' affected plainness in 
 his garb, walked in the street with a cudgel in his 
 hand and an old hat over his eyes. That he was 
 often observed to be in a reverie ; but when his 
 
 1 The friendship and connection with Sir Christopher is curious, for 
 in 1837 Mr. Chandos Wren Hoskyns married Theodosia Anne Martha 
 Wren, only surviving child of Christopher Roberts \Vren, of Wroxall 
 Abbey in Warwickshire, who was himself the great -great-grandson of 
 Sir C. Wren, Mr. Chandos Hoskyns being the direct descendant of 
 Sir J. Hoskyns mentioned above. To their only child, now the wife of 
 the Rev. C. F. C. Pigott, Rector of Edgmond, Salop, and Prebendary of 
 Lichfield, I am indebted for the use of many valuable family papers. 
 
 2 Diog. Hist., vol. iii. p. 371, vol. iv. p. 314. Grainger.
 
 232 6YA- CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 spirits were elevated over a bottle, he was remark- 
 able for his presence of mind and quickness of 
 apprehension and became a most agreeable and 
 instructive companion.' It also says that he bore 
 an irreproachable character. 
 
 The great western front of Christ Church, Oxford , 
 was at this time occupying Wren's attention. Wolsey 
 had laid the foundations of the gateway, but it had 
 been left unfinished until Wren took it in hand and 
 built the grand gateway and noble tower which are 
 among the features of Oxford. 
 
 The churches which at this time were building in 
 London were All Hallows, Bread Street ; the original 
 church dated back to the beginning of the thirteenth 
 century. Lyndwode, the author of the ' Provincial 
 Constitutions,' was rector there in 1418. The poet 
 Milton was baptized there December 20, 1608. An 
 inscription on a tablet at the west end of the church 
 recorded this, and also Dryden's lines : 
 
 Three Poets in three distant ages born, 
 Greece, Italy, and England did adorn ; 
 The first in loftiness of thought surpassed, 
 The next in majesty ; in both the last. 
 The force of nature could no further go, 
 To make a third she joined the other two. 
 
 Here also it is supposed that Sir Isaac Newton 
 was buried, though the exact spot was not known. 
 
 Wren built on the old site a stone church of consider- 
 able beauty, whose tall pinnacled tower had a singular 
 grace of its own. All, alas ! destroyed, the ancient site 
 desecrated, and the materials sold, no matter for what 
 purpose.
 
 CHURCH BUILDING. 233 
 
 S. Peter's, Cornhill, a small compact brick and 
 stone church with a low tower and a key for its vane 
 and camerated roof, was rebuilt in this year. Several 
 small charitable legacies belong to this church: Sir B. 
 Thorowgood settled three shops, at the west end of the 
 churchyard, upon the parish for the maintenance of an 
 organist to play on Sundays and Holydays for ever. 
 In i 700 these shops were all three let for 2/j./. ! 
 
 -S. Clement Danes in the Strand, which had been 
 patched up in 1674, was taken down and rebuilt, 
 being finished in 1682. Sir Christopher, who received 
 the moderate salary of ioo/. for the rebuilding of the 
 City churches, had nothing necessarily to do with S. 
 Clement's, but yet, as is recorded on a marble slab on 
 the north side of the chancel, he ' freely and generously 
 bestowed his great care towards the contriving and 
 building.' It stands in too frequented a place and is 
 too well known to need description, and will, I think, 
 be .readily admitted to bear Wren's mark. Evelyn 
 calls it ' that pretty and well-contrived church/ The 
 steeple surmounting the tower was added by Wren's 
 pupil Gibbs 1 in 1719. S. Antholin's, Watling Street, 
 was entirely consumed by the fire, so that all its re- 
 gisters perished, a misfortune which happened to but 
 few of the churches. Sir Christopher spent especial 
 care upon it. The roof was a cupola adorned with rich 
 festoons ; the octagonal spire was built of freestone, 
 with three circles of windows and considerably orna- 
 mented, was the chief feature of this beautiful little 
 
 1 James Gibbs, a Scotch architect who built S. Mary-le-Strand, S. 
 Martin's-in-the-Fields, &c. ; born 1674, died 1754.
 
 234 MX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 church. At the time of its building the spire was much 
 remarked, and must have formed a pleasant contrast to 
 the little neighbouring church of S. Augustine in the 
 same street, with its tower cupola and small steeple, 
 which was added in 1695. This church was finished in 
 1683 and survives S. Antholin's, which has shared the 
 evil fate of All Hallows, Bread Street. 
 
 The hunting palace at Newmarket, of which 
 mention has been made, was accidentally burnt down, 
 and this made King Charles more anxious to have a 
 palace in the ancient city of Winchester. Lands were 
 bought for a park, a river was to have been brought 
 from the downs with a thirty-foot cascade in the park, 
 and a broad street planned to lead to the cathedral 
 from the future palace. Wren designed a magnificent 
 palace, 1 with a great cupola which would have been 
 seen far out at sea, and laid the first stone on March 
 23, 1683. The work was much pressed forward both 
 by King Charles and by the Duke of York, who fre- 
 quently stayed at Winchester for a considerable time 
 watching the progress of the building, and hunting in 
 the forest. At such times the King was lodged in the 
 Deanery and his train in the houses of the close, where 
 most of them were sufficiently incongruous inmates. 
 Ken, then a prebendary of the Cathedral, utterly refused 
 to give a lodging in his house to the notorious Nell 
 G wynne. 
 
 Winchester had many associations for Wren, to 
 whom the name of Lancelot Andrewes must have been 
 a household word from childhood, and it is pleasant to 
 
 1 Life of Bishop Ken, by a layman, ed. 1854, p. 186.
 
 PALACES AT WINCHESTER. 235 
 
 think that he at this time became acquainted with the 
 saintly Ken. The palace, which was finished as far as 
 the shell in 1 685, was never used either by Charles 1 1. or 
 his successors, though Queen Anne made one visit to 
 Winchester, and was so much struck with the situation 
 and the shell of the building as it stood awaiting com- 
 pletion, the marble pillars sent by the Duke of Tuscany 
 for the great staircase lying on the ground, that she 
 resolved to finish it as a jointure house for Prince 
 George, but his death and the cost of the great war 
 made her give up the scheme. Sir Christopher seems 
 to have hoped that George I. might finish it. It is, 
 however, now used as a barrack. 
 
 Dr. Morley, Bishop of Winchester, had also en- 
 gaged Sir Christopher's assistance ; and having pulled 
 down a part of the old episcopal palace, he began to build 
 another ; he died when but one wing was erected and 
 left sufficient money to finish it. Bishop Mew, his suc- 
 cessor, as the ' Parentalia ' says, ' never minded it ; ' but 
 it was finished, apparently not under Wren's auspices, 
 by Sir Jonathan Trelawney. He became Bishop of 
 Winchester in 1707 ; as Bishop of Bristol he was one 
 of the famous ' Seven Bishops.'
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 1681-1686. 
 
 CHELSEA COLLEGE S. JAMES'S, WESTMINSTER A HARD WINTER 
 CHICHESTER SPIRE AN ASTRONOMICAL PROBLEM A SEAT IN PAR- 
 LIAMENT MORE CITY CHURCHES A CURIOUS CARVING.
 
 If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had 
 been churches, and poor men's cottages princes' palaces. Merchant of 
 Venice, act i. scene ii.
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 CHARLES II.'s gift of Chelsea College to the Royal 
 Society had proved a gift of greater magnitude than 
 they had been able to deal with, and the building had 
 remained unused since 1669. Nor did their funds 
 allow them to make use of Mr. Howard's donation of 
 a piece of land, though the ever-ready Sir Christopher 
 produced a design for it of some size, on the principle 
 ' that a fair building may be easier carried on by con- 
 tribution with time, than a sordid one.' At last, in 1681, 
 he proposed the sale of Chelsea College back again 
 to King Charles, and Wren and Evelyn undertook to 
 manage what must have been rather a delicate trans- 
 action. During the negotiation Sir Stephen Fox came 
 to Evelyn and proposed that the King should buy it, 
 and build there a hospital for soldiers. The proposal 
 came well from Sir Stephen, who, originally a chorister 
 of Salisbury Cathedral, by the favour and help of 
 Bishop Duppa first, and then by that of the King, and 
 most of all by his own honesty and dexterity, became 
 paymaster to the whole army and acquired an honest 
 and unenvied fortune. The King agreed to the plan, 
 and the matter was arranged by Wren, Evelyn, and 
 Fox, who was a liberal benefactor to the college. The 
 three men went across to Lambeth to their old friend
 
 240 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Sancroft and acquainted him with the plan, and re- 
 ceived his approval. 
 
 Wren set instantly to work, and in August 1682 
 the foundations were being laid ; the whole building was 
 not completed until William and Mary's reign ; but 
 during all that time Wren's energy and care never 
 flagged, but were extended even to the minutiae of the 
 regulations, all of which he drew up, for the health, 
 comfort, and economy of the building. As architecture 
 the building has been severely criticised ; but when the 
 worst is said, it still remains picturesque, cheerful and 
 spacious, and a beautiful object as seen from the Thames. 
 
 The Royal Society continued its meetings at Gres- 
 ham College, which it did not quit until, in 1710, the 
 members purchased a house in Crane Court, which has 
 only very lately been pulled down. The next year 
 saw many of Wren's churches finished. 
 
 All Hallows the Great, in Thames Street, a plain 
 brick and stone edifice with a strong square tower, was 
 then completed : it, like by far the greater number of 
 the City churches, had been repaired and beautified 
 under the vigorous rule of Laud while Bishop of 
 London. Thomas White, who came into the living a 
 few months only before the Fire, was afterwards as 
 Bishop of Peterborough one of the famous ' Seven 
 Bishops.' At the time when Wren rebuilt the church 
 the living was held by the learned church historian, 
 Dr. William Cave. 1 
 
 S. Mildred's, Bread Street, is another church be- 
 
 1 He wrote Primitive Christianity, Lives of the Fathers, &c. ; was a 
 Canon of Windsor, where he died in 1713.
 
 S. JAME&S, WESTMINSTER. 241 
 
 longing to this date. It is so hidden by the tall ware- 
 houses that have sprung up round it that it is but little 
 known ; but its red brick tower, tall spire, and, above all, 
 its most light and graceful dome, are all after Wren's 
 best manner. The destruction of this beautiful little 
 church has actually been threatened, but it has been 
 ably defended, and it is to be hoped it will not add 
 another name to the black list of desecrated City 
 churches. 
 
 A third church belonging to this year is S. James's, 
 Westminster, then called ' in the fields,' from the large 
 parish of S. Martin's, out of which it was taken. It 
 was built principally at the expense of Henry Jermyn, 
 Earl of S. Albans, Wren's Paris friend, who gave his 
 name to Jermyn Street, where the church stands. 
 
 The proportions of S. James's and the technical 
 skill displayed in building it, especially the construction 
 of the roof, have been always admired. Wren, who was 
 allowed but a moderate sum to expend upon it, was 
 proud of having combined beauty with ' the cheapest 
 of any form I could invent.' l When the church 
 was newly done, with its bricks red instead of darkly 
 grimed with smoke, with the handsome pillared 
 entrance to the south aisle, a flight of steps lead- 
 ing up to it, which have vanished, leaving only as a 
 mark the closed iron gates in the railings, without the 
 strange excrescence that now does duty as a porch its 
 exterior must have been far more attractive than it is 
 now ; the little pinched steeple 2 is said, as indeed one 
 
 1 Vide infra, p. 310. 
 
 2 Newcourt says, ' A lofty spire was at first built, but the tower 
 
 R
 
 243 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 would imagine, to be no building of Wren's. Within, 
 Evelyn 1 gives us his description of the effect. 
 
 ' I went to see the new church at S. James's 
 elegantly built ; the altar was especially adorned, 
 the white marble inclosure curiously and richly 
 carved, the flowers and garlands about the walls by 
 Mr. Gibbons in wood ; a pelican with her young at 
 her breast, just over the altar in the carved compart- 
 ment and border, invironing the purple velvet fringed 
 with I.H.S. richly embroidered, and most noble plate 
 were given by Sir R. Geere to the value (as was 
 said) of 2oo/. There was no altar anywhere in 
 England nor has there been abroad more handsomely 
 adorned.' 
 
 The font, now well placed in a baptistery beneath 
 the tower, is one of Gibbons' few works in marble. It 
 represents Adam and Eve, two detached statuettes 
 standing on either side of the Tree of Knowledge, the 
 branches of which support a bowl whereon are finely cut 
 in low relief the Ark of Noah, and the baptism of the 
 Ethiopian Eunuch. With all this, and without the high, 
 stiff indevout pews which now disfigure the church 
 pews that Sir Christopher did not put there, and to the 
 presence of which in any of his churches he always 
 strongly objected, it must have been a decidedly 
 handsome edifice. The organ, built by Renatus 
 Harris, was made for James II.'s timber chapel at the 
 
 not proving strong enough, it was taken down, and another sort of spire 
 built.' It is said to be by Willcox, a carpenter. 
 1 Diary, December 7, 1684,
 
 S. BENNET, PAULS WHARF. 243 
 
 camp on Hounslow Heath ; after the King's flight 
 Wren obtained the organ from Queen Mary for S. 
 James's Church. 
 
 Dr. Tenison, who then held S. James's jointly with S. 
 Martin's, obtained the timbers of the chapel and used 
 them in erecting the chapel of the Holy Trinity in 
 Conduit Street, 1 which was also included in the enor- 
 mous parish of S. Martin. S. Bennet, Paul's Wharf, 2 
 was finished in this year ; picturesque and character- 
 istic in its red brick, stone carving, well suited to its 
 situation, then less cramped and overshadowed than it 
 is now. 
 
 Its rector, Mr. Peter Lane, had experienced all the 
 greater perils that had lately befallen the City ; pre- 
 sented to the living in 1662, he steadily ministered 
 there through the terrible time of the plague, and was 
 then burnt out by the Great Fire. He lived, how- 
 ever, to return and to minister for five years in the 
 new church built by Sir Christopher. In this church 
 Inigo Jones was buried, in the darkest days of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 The handsome Church of S. James's, Garlickhithe, 
 with its curious columnated steeple, and its projecting 
 clock surmounted by a figure, is also of this date. 
 
 It was well that Sir Christopher had been able to 
 get even this much of his numerous works finished, for 
 the winter of 1683-4 was f exceptional severity. On 
 December 23 the Thames was frozen over ; on January 9, 
 
 1 It was private property and never consecrated, and has within the 
 last few years been pulled down and the site used as a shop. 
 
 2 Repertorium, p. 367. Newcourt. Now used by the Welsh congre- 
 gation. 
 
 R 2
 
 244 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Evelyn 1 ' went crosse the Thames on the ice, now 
 
 become so thick as to beare not only streetes of booths 
 
 in which they roasted meate and had divers shops of 
 
 wares, quite acrosse in a towne, but coaches, carts, and 
 
 horses passed over.' Evelyn himself drove across it 
 
 to Lambeth to dine with Archbishop Sancroft, who had 
 
 succeeded Sheldon in 1677. ' London/ says Evelyn 
 
 a few days later in words which, alas, still describe but 
 
 too vividly a genuine ' London fog,' ' by reason of 
 
 the excessive coldnesse hindering the ascent of the 
 
 smoke, was so filled with the fuliginous steame of 
 
 the sea-coale that hardly could one see crosse the 
 
 streetes, and this filling the lungs with its grosse 
 
 particles exceedingly obstructed the breath so as 
 
 one could scarcely breathe. Here was no water to 
 
 be had from the pipes and engines, nor could the 
 
 brewers and other tradesmen worke, and every 
 
 moment was full of disastrous accidents.' 
 
 In addition to this dismal state of things ' the small 
 pox was very mortal.' 
 
 For eight weeks no foreign posts reached the city, 
 for ' the very sea was so locked up with ice that no 
 vessell could stir out or come in.' It was not until 
 April was advanced that there was any sign of spring. 
 It was certainly no building weather, and must have 
 sharply tried the rising Choir of S. Paul's. Sir 
 Christopher made a journey to Chichester on the in- 
 vitation of the old Bishop, Guy Carleton, to examine 
 the spire of the Cathedral. The whole building had 
 
 1 Diary, January 9, 1684.
 
 CHICHESTER SPIRE. 245 
 
 suffered terribly under the wanton sack of Sir William 
 Waller and his men, and required extensive repair. 
 
 Sir Christopher ' for about two hours viewed the 
 tower at the north west angle both without and 
 within, and above and below, and observed the great 
 want of repairs especially in the great western tower ; 
 made his report ; proposing to clear away the ruin of 
 the fallen tower ; to pull down the south western 
 tower ; to shorten the nave by one arch, and to sub- 
 stitute a fair built west end of his own.' l 
 
 He next examined the beautiful spire, well known as 
 a landmark to sailors in the channel, sister spire to that 
 most perfect one at Salisbury which he has preserved 
 to this day. He adopted a different plan with the 
 Chichester spire to that which he had formerly pursued, 
 for he took down the top of the spire, and fastened to 
 the finial within an immense pendulum of yellow fir 
 wood, which in great gales preserved exactly the balance 
 of the spire. This lasted till 1813, when the pendulum 
 was repaired by Mr. Elmes, and so remained until, 
 after a great gale in 1861, the spire fell in ; it has since 
 been rebuilt, and is now rather higher than it was' 
 formerly. The other part of Wren's scheme was not 
 acted upon. At this time he built Fawley Court in 
 Oxfordshire : the place had lain in ruins since the civil 
 war, when it suffered, though the property of Sir 
 Bulstrode Whitelock, even more from Cromwell's 
 troops than from those of Prince Rupert. Sir Bul- 
 strode's descendants sold the property to Mr. William 
 Freeman, who pulled the ruins down and got Sir 
 
 1 Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 306
 
 246 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Christopher to build the present Court, with its four 
 fronts, handsome hall, and characteristic festoons of 
 flowers in the ceiling. 
 
 In this same year Wren was made Controller of the 
 Works, for which he received a salary of gl. 2s. 6ct. a 
 year ; not a very magnificent sum considering that a 
 good deal of petty work and cares went with the office. 
 It was necessary to see that this person had not in- 
 croached on the castle stables, or that person on the 
 castle ditch ; to measure and plan, and settle little 
 quarrels and disputes in a way infinitely tormenting, 
 one would think, to a man who had already such 
 enormous works to consider. But Wren's genius was 
 a patient one, and had a great grasp of details ; he 
 dealt with point after point as it arose, and no one 
 seems ever to have complained of his breaking an 
 engagement or neglecting to settle their difficulties. 
 
 While this work was going on all London was 
 startled by the tidings of Charles II.'s sudden illness 
 and death, when all the luxury of the Court was at its 
 height. With all his grave faults, the King's death 
 caused considerable grief throughout England ; to both 
 Wren and Evelyn he had been always kind and friendly, 
 and both looked with great anxiety to the reign of his 
 successor. 
 
 The Royal Society certainly lost a steady friend in 
 Charles II. and was soon to see its court favour fade 
 away. It was, however, much occupied with a discus- 
 sion between Newton and Robert Hooke concerning 
 the planetary motions. The question was one which 
 deeply interested Wren, and which hitherto he had
 
 RETURNED TO PARLIAMENT. 247 
 
 not been able to answer. As he and Hooke were 
 walking together Wren, whom one can never imagine 
 but with all the courtesy and refinement of a finished 
 gentleman, and Hooke half a miser, utterly slovenly, 
 and jealous of any rising fame they were met by 
 Dr. H alley, an astronomer of some note even then, 
 who was struggling with this problem and confessed 
 that he had hitherto failed. 
 
 Wren promised a book worth forty shillings to 
 whoever should solve the problem, whereupon Hooke 
 declared he understood it from Kepler's ' Law of 
 Periods and Distances,' and would show his solution 
 some day to Wren ; this he never did, and very soon 
 Newton published his ' Principia,' l in which he solved 
 this problem, acknowledging freely that Wren and 
 Halley had independently deduced the law of gravity 
 from Kepler's second law. He had a great quarrel 
 with Hooke, the less to be wondered at, as, excepting 
 Sir Christopher, Hooke quarrelled with everybody 
 and was a philosopher of the sourest type. In 1685 
 Sir Christopher was returned to Parliament for the 
 borough of Plympton S. Maurice, in Devonshire, a 
 Parliament in which his cousin Charles also sat. The 
 elections in Devonshire are supposed to have been 
 specially influenced by the Court. 
 
 The 'Parentalia' gives no hint even of what his 
 politics were, whether he spoke often or how he voted. 
 And yet it was a stormy time. The Parliament had not 
 sat a month before Monmouth's brief rebellion began, 
 
 1 The title of Newton's book is Philosophies Naturalis Principia 
 Mathematica. The MS. is in the possession of the Royal Society.
 
 248 Sffi CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 to be bloodily quenched ; public feeling was in a state 
 of irritation and suspense, no one feeling sure what 
 King James might not do. He did continue Wren un- 
 molested in the S. Paul's commission, and the progress 
 of the building was steady, though probably its archi- 
 tect thought with no light anxiety that it might be 
 used for services other than those for which it was 
 designed. 
 
 The same doubt may have clouded his satisfac- 
 tion in the many churches which were finished in this 
 and the immediately following years. S. Martin's on 
 Ludgate Hill, closely wedged in by the neighbouring 
 houses, with its little tapering spire, of which that of 
 S. James's, Westminster, appears a caricature, should 
 have had its place among the churches of the previous 
 year. It harmonizes beautifully with the great dome 
 of S. Paul's. Sir Christopher bestowed on the inside 
 much of the ornament, the festoons and the carving, 
 which its situation did not allow him to bestow on 
 the outside ; in those days it had daily services and 
 may well have stood open, offering ' a shadow from 
 the heat ' to the incessant passers-by. 
 
 S. Alban's, Wood Street, is in the pointed style of 
 architecture in which Wren's genius generally felt 
 fettered, though, as in the case of S. Michael's, Corn- 
 hill, he sometimes dealt very successfully with it. 
 
 S. Mary Magdalene's, Fish Street, 1 is more after 
 
 1 Matthew Griffiths, the favourite and the pupil of Dean Donne, held 
 this living through the Rebellion, and being a hearty Episcopalian was se- 
 questered, plundered, and twice imprisoned ; he returned to London and 
 read the Prayers of the Church in the obscure church of S. Nicholas
 
 AN ALTAR-PIECE: 249 
 
 Wren's usual manner, with its good proportions, its 
 highly ornamented round-headed windows, its stone 
 balustrade and solid square stone tower, with the little 
 steeple rising from it on seven steps. Within, carving 
 in 'right oak' was bestowed with no sparing hand, es- 
 pecially in the altar-piece. And here one may say that, 
 while defects in church arrangement, such as gal- 
 leries, pews, and the like, are invariably laid on Sir 
 Christopher and said to be the inevitable concomitants 
 of his style, it should be borne in mind that in many 
 and many an instance the churchwardens during the 
 eighteenth century repewed and ' beautified ' the 
 churches which Wren had left as completed ; in what 
 style, and on what principle one can readily guess. It 
 should be remembered also that an 'altar-piece,' as 
 the old books call it, was an invariable part of his 
 design. If there was rich carving, if there was black 
 and white marble, he placed it there ; the altar was 
 the principal part of the church in his eyes, even 
 though he did not often avail himself of the dignity 
 given by a flight of steps. The close altar rails which 
 are now not admired, were, it must be remembered, 
 ordered by Archbishop Laud to protect the Holy 
 Table from profanation, and were always so placed 
 by Wren. 
 
 Olave's,* hard by his own church, to the poor Cavaliers ; for this he 
 suffered seven violent assaults and five imprisonments ; the last for 
 preaching before General Monk a strong Royalist sermon before Monk 
 had declared himself. Mr. Griffiths was speedily released and restored 
 to his benefice. 
 
 * S. Nicholas Olave was burnt to the ground and the parish incorporated with 
 that of S. Nicholas Coleabbey. Newcourt's Rep., p. 305.
 
 250 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 S. Mary Magdalene's included the parish of S. 
 Gregory, the little church which nestled by old S. 
 Paul's, so that Fuller described the Cathedral as ' the 
 mother church, having a babe in her arms.' * 
 
 S. Bennet's, Gracechurch Street, or Grasschurch 
 Street, as it was really named, from a herb market 
 formerly held hard by, is, or rather was, of the same 
 date. It was well placed at the corner of two streets, 
 and stood boldly out with a tall tower crowned with a 
 cupola and slender spire ; the interior was full of carv- 
 ing and ornament. S. Bennet's is, however, a thing 
 of the past; the building is gone, the site desecrated, 
 and the memory of such an edifice alone survives in 
 the names of the streets which formerly led to and 
 now usurp its place. 
 
 The little plain Church of S. Matthew, Friday 
 Street, close pressed by neighbouring houses, is the last 
 completed in this year. Obscure as the street where it 
 stands may have been, it was full of associations for 
 Wren. In Friday Street was the house where his 
 aunt Anna lived, and where his uncle Matthew ' lay,' 
 when summoned to that memorable conference 
 with Bishop Andrewes. Hard by in the parish of 
 S. Peter's, Eastcheap, now incorporated with that of 
 S. Matthew, Christopher's merchant grandfather had 
 lived and died, and there his own father had been 
 born. S. Peter's churchyard was preserved, and its 
 single plane-tree is carefully protected. 
 
 1 It would seem from the S. Gregory's vestry books that Sir C. Wren 
 put up at the request of the parishioners ' a wooden tabernacle ' for the 
 use of both parishes. It was set up in S. Paul's Churchyard, and taken 
 down after a time as interfering with the building of the Cathedral.
 
 COMPLAINTS FROM WINCHESTER. 251 
 
 S. Matthew's has a less pleasant association : the 
 living was for a time held by the notorious Henry 
 Burton, 1 the friend and ally of Prynne. Burton was 
 at first designed to accompany the Prince of Wales to 
 Spain, but doubts of his principles arising, he was 
 rejected and dismissed from his attendance as the 
 Prince's chaplain. This formed one strong motive for 
 the bitter spite he bore to the church of his ordination. 
 It is likely also that he stirred Prynne's malice against 
 Bishop Wren, who appears to have been Burton's 
 successor in the vacant chaplaincy. 
 
 The lesser details of the Surveyor-General's work 
 must this year have been a burden. There were 
 complaints from Winchester, where the sudden stop- 
 page of the buildings and plans for the palace caused 
 great inconvenience ; a complaint from Catherine 
 Barton, the beautiful niece of Sir Isaac Newton, widow 
 of Colonel Barton, who sold her farm to Charles II., 
 and by the trickery of the agent never received her 
 money ; and a complaint of the same kind from Sir 
 Richard Tichbourne's son. Sir Christopher examined 
 both these cases carefully, and compelled the agent to 
 submit, and to satisfy the parties. Then there were 
 troubles with the Duke of Buckingham and the 'chaos ' 
 he had made in Spring Gardens, that chaos so vividly 
 described in ' Peveril of the Peak.' Nobody but 
 Wren could give the estimates for the new stables at 
 S. James's Palace, or order the new planting at 
 Hampton Court and in Greenwich Park, or secure 
 
 1 Repertorium, p. 475. Newcourt.
 
 252 S/X CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 the proper tithes for the Rector of S. Thomas's, 
 Winchester. 
 
 Again, there was Verrio the painter's account for 
 work done at Whitehall and Windsor to be examined. 
 For the chapel at Whitehall Verrio demanded i,2^o/., 
 and, says Wren, ' I suppose when the rest of the 
 ceiling and walls are finished, as they ought to be, it 
 may fully deserve it.' The whole bill was 2,O5O/., of 
 which Verrio had received already more than i,4oo/., 
 so that he may be reckoned as fortunate. 
 
 It is not wonderful that in 1686, Wren attended no 
 meeting of the Society. Two churches were finished 
 this year : S. Clement's, East Cheap, and S. Mary's, 
 Abchurch, in Cannon Street. 
 
 S. Clement's, with its square tower and balustrade, 
 has within a great deal of fine oak carving, and its 
 ceiling adorned with one great circle with an outer 
 line of curious fretwork. Bishop Pearson was rector 
 before the Fire, and the famous treatise on the ^dctrtie? 
 Creed is dedicated to his parishioners there. 
 
 S. Mary's, with its quaint little round windows and 
 flat-topped roof, is not externally beautiful, but within 
 it is one of the gems which Wren bestowed on out-of- 
 the-way nooks : its cupola ' is gracefully supported on 
 eight arches and pendentives, the east end is rich with 
 Gibbons' carving of festoons of fruit, palm leaves and a 
 pelican in her piety. Much handsome work has also 
 been bestowed on the inside doorcases. 
 
 Wren's promise to Evelyn to employ Gibbons 
 was certainly redeemed ; for, besides 'the works which 
 
 1 Walks in London. A. Hare, vol. i. p. 331.
 
 CARVERS IN WOOD. 253 
 
 have been glanced at, Gibbons was busied on the stalls of 
 S. Paul's choir, where, darkened but uninjured by time, 
 his work stands out in all the peculiar grace and tender- 
 ness which his chisel could give to wood. The angels 
 which cluster beneath the great organ seem themselves 
 to be taking part in the music which flows from it, and 
 are as unlike as possible to the lumps of marble or 
 wood with which other hands too often deform a 
 church, and which the old guide-books term ' Cupids ' ! 
 
 Still, it is a physical impossibility that all the 
 work which bears Gibbons' name is by him and him 
 only. 
 
 The fame of the Cathedral, its architect, and its 
 carvings, was widely spread, and brought many from 
 the country to seek for work on the new building. Of 
 one of these a curious account remains. 1 A young 
 man, named Philip Wood, of Sudbury, Suffolk, who 
 had great skill in carving, came up to London to make, 
 if he could, sufficient fortune to enable him to marry 
 the daughter of his patron, a retired London merchant 
 named Haybittle. After long waiting in London, 
 without work, till his money was all but spent, he, 
 remembering the rich wood-work which abounded in 
 the churches of his native Suffolk, bethought himself 
 that in the Cathedral, whose progress he daily watched, 
 ' they would surelie put carvings.' The foreman to 
 whom he spoke repulsed him, saying ' We want no 
 carpenters here.' Undiscouraged, the young man 
 
 1 For this anecdote (taken from MS. in the British Museum) I am 
 indebted to a number of the British Workman for 1877. It is, I think, 
 the foundation of Mr. J. Saunders' graceful story of Jasper Deane.
 
 254 S'/fl CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 came again day after day for a week, till at length Sir 
 Christopher noticed him, and learning from the fore- 
 man that he was ' a country fellow who troubled them 
 to give him some of the carving to do,' beckoned to 
 Wood to come and speak to him. As the young man 
 approached full of hope, he said, ' Friend, you want 
 carving work what have you been used to carve ? ' 
 At this critical, long-desired moment the poor youth 
 lost his presence of mind, and instead of mentioning 
 the ' sundry figures of lions and elephants ' that he 
 had carved for Mr. Haybittle's house, stammered out, 
 ' Please your worship, I have been used to carve 
 troughs.' ' Troughs ! ' said Sir Christopher ; ' then 
 carve me as a specimen of your skill, a sow and pigs 
 (it will be something in your line), and bring it to me 
 this day week. I shall be here.' So he went away, 
 with a smile at the presumption which could aspire 
 to step straight from such work to that of adorning 
 S. Paul's. 
 
 Distracted at his own folly and the loud laughter 
 of the workpeople, Wood rushed back to his lodging, 
 and but for the kind advice of his Quaker landlady, 
 would have given up all for lost. She wisely told him 
 to take Wren at his word and carve the best sow and 
 pigs that he could make. 
 
 He obeyed her exactly, spent his last guinea on a 
 block of pear-wood, and wrought with all his might to 
 get it ready by the appointed day. Sir Christopher 
 was showing the building to a party of friends, 
 but as soon as he saw Wood with his carving 
 hidden in an apron, he beckoned him forward. Wood
 
 MAKING A FORTUNE. 255 
 
 produced his carving ; Wren looked at it a moment in 
 silence, and then said, ' I engage you, young man ; 
 attend at my office to-morrow forenoon.' Shortly 
 afterwards he came to Wood again and said, ' Mr. 
 Addison l wishes to keep your carving, and requests 
 me to give you ten guineas for it ; ' then with his 
 gentle courtesy, he added, ' Young man, I fear I did 
 you some injustice, but a great national work is en- 
 trusted to me, and it is my solemn duty to mind that 
 no part of the work falls into inefficient hands. Mind 
 and attend me to-morrow.' Wood was employed for 
 seven years in the Cathedral, and received considerable 
 sums of money ; and it is pleasant to know that he 
 did marry Hannah Haybittle. 
 
 Thus some of his work is in S. Paul's, and to him 
 London streets were indeed paved with gold. Yet 
 one cannot but think sadly, for one who thus succeeded, 
 what numbers then and now come full of hope, to the 
 great city, and without help or friends lose their all, 
 and are left without even the means of returning. To 
 the number of these the House of Charity, which 
 occupies one corner of Wren's once handsome Soho 
 Square, can bear but too true a testimony. 
 
 1 Probably the father of the great writer.

 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 1687-1696. 
 
 PARLIAMENT DISSOLVED CHURCH BUILDING ACQUITTAL OF THE 
 
 SEVEN BISHOPS JAMES II.'S FLIGHT WILLIAM AND MARY 
 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS HAMPTON COURT GREENWICH HOSPITAL 
 RICHARD WHITTINGTON S. PAUL'S ORGAN.
 
 Be it enacted then 
 
 By the fair laws of thy firm-pointed pen, 
 God's services no longer shall put on 
 A sluttishness for pure religion ; 
 No longer shall our churches' frighted stones 
 Lie scattered like the burnt and martyr'd bones 
 Of dead devotion. 
 
 On a treatise on Charity. RICHARD CRASHAW.
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 WREN'S parliamentary career was soon interrupted, for 
 King James dissolved, in 1687, an assembly which had 
 done so little to forward his views. 
 
 Church building went on apace. S. Andrew's, 
 Holborn, which, though the fire had not reached it, 
 was in a ruinous state, was rebuilt and made a large 
 handsome stone church, with an interior very like that 
 of S. James's, Westminster. The tower was merely 
 repaired and not rebuilt. 
 
 Christ Church, Newgate, on the site of the old 
 Franciscan Monastery of Grey Friars, had formerly 
 been a magnificent edifice : the choir only was rebuilt 
 by Wren, and sufficed to make a large parish church, 
 which was filled with handsome carving ; a graceful 
 pillared steeple was added in 1 704. 
 
 S. Margaret Pattens, 1 in Rood Lane, was finished 
 in 1687 : built of brick and stone with a tall tower and 
 graceful spire, and much enriched by carving within. 
 Its existence has been threatened, but it stands out an 
 honourable, though fortunately not at all a solitary ex- 
 ample, of a well-worked, and therefore well-filled, City 
 
 1 The name is often supposed to originate in the patten-makers who 
 are said to have lived near, but its origin is more probably ' S. Margaret 
 with the Paten? 
 
 S 3
 
 26o SfX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 church, and it is to be hoped may defy its threatened 
 destroyers. 
 
 Early in the following year came the trial of those 
 Seven Bishops who refused to publish in church the 
 King's declaration of liberty of conscience. 1 
 
 It was perhaps the most unwise thing that James 
 II. ever did, and as the Bishops passed to the barge 
 that was to take them to the Tower, rank upon rank of 
 kneeling people besought their blessing. It was an 
 event to move Wren greatly : he could remember when 
 a child hearing of Archbishop Laud's imprisonment, 
 and the long years of Bishop Wren's captivity were 
 frequently cheered by his nephew's visits to the Tower. 
 Most of those who now passed to that ill-omened 
 abode were his friends or acquaintance. Bishop 
 Turner of Ely was on the S. Paul's Commission ; 
 Bishop Lloyd of S. Asaph while rector of S. Martin's 
 had baptized Wren's daughter and youngest son ; 
 Bishop White he had known in the days when he 
 was rector. Bishop Ken at Winchester, and Arch- 
 bishop Bancroft had been for years his steady friends. 
 
 1 'Not,' says Evelyn (Diary ; May 18, 1688), 'that they were averse 
 to the publisheing of it for want of due tendernesse towards Dissenters 
 . . . but that the Declaration being founded on such a dispensing power 
 as might at pleasure set aside all laws ecclesiastical, .it appeared to them 
 illegal and .... a point of such consequence that they could not so 
 far make themselves parties to it as the reading of it in church during 
 the time of Divine Service would have done.' They were sent to the 
 Tower June 8, for refusing to give bail for their appearance. They 
 refused on the ground that to do so would have prejudiced their peerage. 
 The bishops were Francis Turner of Ely, William Lloyd of S. Asaph, 
 Thomas Ken of Bath and Wells, John Lake of Chichester, Sir Jonathan 
 Trelawney of Bristol, Thomas White of Peterborough, and William 
 Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury.
 
 DEATH OF MRS. HOLDER. 261 
 
 If he failed in dignity at one crisis, there is abundant 
 material in Sancroft's letters, and in the rest of his life, 
 to show he must have been a charming companion and 
 capable of inspiring sincere affection. 
 
 They remained in the Tower about a week, and on 
 June 29 were triumphantly acquitted. The story of 
 their acquittal has been told once for all by Lord 
 Macaulay and need not be re-told here. London was 
 full of illuminations, the favourite device being seven 
 candles the tallest central one representing the arch- 
 bishop and all the newly-hung bells of the city were 
 set ringing. Wren had private sorrows to hinder him 
 from entering into the public rejoicing : his only sur- 
 viving sister, Susan, died just at this time, and Wren 
 must have been watching by her on the very day oi 
 the Bishops' acquittal. A little later, he, and her 
 husband, Dr. William Holder, brought her body to the 
 crypt of S. Paul's and laid her there. The epitaph, 
 on a marble monument, is written with all the diffuse- 
 ness of style common to those of that time, but is 
 touching from its real affection. 
 
 The crypt of S. Paul's was of course the part of the 
 building first finished. Long ago Wren had spoken of 
 ' the quantity of work to be done in the dark,' and it 
 certainly proved enormous. The crypt of S. Paul's is 
 one of the largest and most intricate that exists, ex- 
 tending under the entire church, not the choir only, as 
 is the case in S. Peter's at Rome. The dimness of a 
 London atmosphere renders it hard to get much effect 
 of light and shade, but on a clear day the curious twi- 
 light effect is striking. There are all the tombs which
 
 262 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 were preserved from the old cathedral, there are now 
 the remains of some of our greatest dead, and there is 
 the Church of S. Faith, the floor of which is now 
 being slowly covered with a beautiful mosaic. 1 
 
 When, however, Sir Christopher laid his sister 
 there, all was empty and not fully complete ; the cluster 
 of pillars and arches that sustain the great dome with 
 their massive strength must have been but newly 
 finished. 
 
 Only one church was completed by Sir Christopher 
 in this troubled year, that of S. Michael, Crooked 
 Lane ; a handsome stone church with a stately tower 
 and spire. It contained the tomb of a famous city 
 worthy, Sir William Walworth : 
 
 Who with courage stout and manly might 
 Slew Wat Tyler in King Richard's sight. 2 
 
 This association had no value in the eyes of the Cor- 
 poration of London, with whom it might have weighed : 
 they were as indifferent to this lesser reason as to the 
 infinitely higher claim of consecrated ground, and in 
 1830 the church was swept away for the new London 
 Bridge. 
 
 All through the year the relations between King 
 James and his people were growing more and more 
 strained. Messages were passed and repassed between 
 many of the high officials and the Prince of Orange, 
 and in their dread of the Church of Rome, the people 
 forgot what they had suffered under the tyranny of 
 
 1 The mechanical part is done by the women convicts of Woking 
 Gaol. 
 
 2 New Vieiv of London, vol. ii. p. 423.
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY. 263 
 
 the Puritan sects. Hurry and confusion were every- 
 where ; as the year advanced the Prince of Orange's 
 landing was hourly reported on all parts of the coast. 
 Too late King James took some of the measures which, 
 taken earlier, might have saved all ; and on November 
 5, 1688, the Prince landed at Brixham in Torbay. 
 
 For some time all was confusion and all private 
 business was suspended. Early in the next year a con- 
 vention was called of the Lords and Commons, and 
 the crown offered to William and Mary. The Queen's 
 behaviour, the absence of even the show of feeling 
 for her father, were much remarked on at the time 
 and are a great stain on her memory. A Parliament 
 was called on the i3th of February, to which Sir C. 
 Wren was returned for the borough of New Windsor. 
 His election was set aside for a technical error in the 
 manner of his return, but he was instantly re-elected. 
 It is evident from this that he took the new oath of 
 allegiance, probably holding, with Evelyn and other 
 honourable men, that King James had abdicated and 
 that therefore the throne was vacant. The S. Paul's 
 commission was renewed, and amid all the changes 
 the work there went on ; making in its steady, un- 
 deviating progress, its unity of design, a fair type of 
 the growth of the spiritual church, despite the sharp 
 contrast apparently existing between the peaceful, 
 regular growth of the material edifice, and the hin- 
 drances and trials that beset the spiritual one. Those 
 were the days when some of the best and most learned 
 churchmen, unable to reconcile the contradiction of 
 the two oaths, lost high office, honours, and all pros-
 
 264 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 pects of worldly success by becoming ' non-jurors/ It 
 should be borne in mind that it was on no doctrinal 
 ground that they left the Communion of the Church 
 in England, but simply because, considering James 
 II. still as King, they could not honestly take an oath 
 of allegiance to William as his successor, or attend 
 services where an usurper was prayed for as the right- 
 ful sovereign. 
 
 It was a most grievous blow to the Church, by no 
 means recovered from the struggle with Puritanism or 
 from the semi- Puritan clergy she had been constrained 
 to accept. Yet, in the midst of all these misfortunes, 
 thus much at least was gained ; men were forced to 
 understand the true grounds of their position and to 
 learn, as the Church in Scotland learnt by a sharper 
 lesson, that State aid, and State protection, are not 
 among the essentials of the Church. The misfortune 
 of so many friends, and especially that of good Arch- 
 bishop Sancroft, must greatly have moved Wren, and 
 it is provoking that his grandson has given no intima- 
 tion of his ancestor's views, not even saying on which 
 side he voted in the Convention Parliament, which 
 offered the crown to William and Mary. 
 
 Wren certainly knew how to manage his Windsor 
 constituents. He had erected from time to time 
 several buildings there, among which was the Town 
 Hall, built upon arches, with a wide vaulted space 
 below, which is now used as the Corn Exchange. 
 
 When all was finished, the mayor and corporation 
 came in state to inspect the new building, and to stamp 
 with their approval another of the great architect's
 
 ADDITIONAL PROPS. 265 
 
 works. Much seems to have been approved of, but 
 one member of the municipality declared in alarm that 
 the room above the vaulted space was inadequately 
 supported and would one day fall in. 
 
 In vain Wren, who had built vault after vault and 
 knew to a nicety what weight each of his arches would 
 bear, explained the perfect security of the upper room ; 
 the anxious man could not be pacified and the archi- 
 tect promised to put two columns below. He did so, 
 and the alderman was calmed, little knowing that Sir 
 Christopher's columns when complete had about half 
 an inch of space between themselves and the ceiling 
 they were supposed to support ! Wren must many a 
 time have laughed to himself when he passed that 
 way. 
 
 Two other buildings of his, one of which is called 
 'the Bank House,' stand in Windsor not far from what 
 are known as ' The Hundred Steps.' There is another 
 house there of his design, now used by the freemasons 
 and the volunteers. Wren sent his eldest son to 
 Eton, where the boy was at this time, and afterwards 
 to Pembroke College, where his name alone was a 
 recommendation. 
 
 In 1689 Wren finished building the College of 
 Physicians in Warwick Lane ; as far as the confined 
 space would admit, the front was handsome, but the 
 dome and its ornament provoked the satire of Garth 
 in the opening lines of his ' Dispensary ' : l 
 
 1 Canto i. Samuel Garth, a physician of some fame, who provided 
 for Dryden's funeral in Westminster Abbey. Died 1718.
 
 266 .S7./? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Not far from that most celebrated place, 1 
 Where angry justice shows her awful face, 
 Where little villains must submit to fate 
 That great ones may enjoy the world in state ; 
 There stands a dome majestic to the sight, 
 And sumptuous arches bear its oval height ; 
 A golden globe, placed high with artful skill 
 Seems, to the distant sight, a gilded pill. 
 
 Whatever its exterior defects may have been, the 
 theatre within was arranged with masterly skill so as 
 to enable all the students to see and hear during the 
 lectures and demonstration. The difficult science of 
 acoustics was one to which Wren gave much attention, 
 and his churches are, in this respect, very successful. 
 The Physicians retained the college Wren built for 
 them until very recent times, when they moved into 
 the present building which does not adorn Trafalgar 
 Square. 
 
 Not all the Halls belonging to the City Companies 
 perished by the fire, though many suffered severely. 
 Wren, and Jarman, the City Architect, rebuilt and 
 repaired some seventy-nine of them. 2 
 
 Of these, a large number have been altered or 
 pulled down, but a few may be mentioned. 
 
 The Mercers' Hall in Cheapside ; the Grocers', a 
 portion of which was long used by the Bank of 
 England ; the Haberdashers', where the rich ceiling 
 was its great ornament ; the Tallow Chandlers', with its 
 interior colonnade and its fountain ; the Apothecaries', 
 one of the largest in the City ; the Stationers' ; and, last 
 but not least, the Alderman's Court adjoining Guildhall, 
 
 1 Newgate. 2 See Appendix ii.
 
 HAMPTON COURT. 267 
 
 rebuilt almost immediately after the fire ; a very hand- 
 some room, rich in carving, and finely proportioned. 
 
 S. Edmund the King, in Lombard Street, was 
 finished this year. The necessities of the site caused 
 Wren to build it north and south, the altar being at the 
 north end. The front to Lombard Street, the only 
 part of the outside visible, is of stone and very pictur- 
 esque with its belfry and little domed spire. The 
 interior has been lately re-arranged with a wise treat- 
 ment of the old work and carving. The ' marble 
 font possesses, like that of S. Mary Abchurch, a 
 very beautiful canopied cover; it is in two stages, 
 the lower being domed, and above are four seated 
 figures of the Cardinal Virtues ; it is railed in and is 
 on the west side of the church.' l 
 
 S. Margaret's, Lothbury, belongs to the same date, 
 and was rebuilt of stone. Some years later Wren 
 bestowed much rich wood carving on the interior. He 
 chose the Corinthian style for this building and handled 
 it with considerable skill. 
 
 Queen Mary, who had the Stuart love for genius, 
 was invariably gracious and even friendly to Wren, 
 with whom she held many a conversation on matters 
 of art and science. He considered her to be very well 
 versed in all these subjects and enjoyed discussing 
 them freely with her. Queen Mary was much charmed 
 with the situation of Cardinal Wolsey's old palace 
 of Hampton Court, and engaged Wren to make 
 alterations there. The old buildings were accord- 
 ingly in part pulled down and two sets of royal 
 
 1 R. I. B. A. Sessional Papers, 1876-7, p. 162.
 
 268 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 apartments built ; Queen Mary, though she amused 
 herself with planning the gardens and making sugges- 
 tions, had yet the wisdom to defer to Wren's better 
 taste and knowledge. Her husband, with characteris- 
 tic obstinacy, insisted on his own ideas, thereby dwarfing 
 the cloisters and marring much of the architecture. It 
 is, however, fair to say that King William always 
 owned that the defects l were his, the merits, Wren's ; 
 and these merits are very great, as anyone who knows 
 the fine old palace with its rich red brick, its arcades, 
 and the quaint formal gardens will readily allow. He 
 built, at about the same time, the Pavilion and Ranger's 
 House in Bushey Park. 
 
 Kensington Palace was also under Wren's hands. 
 It had been the property of Lord Chancellor Finch, 
 and was sold by his son to William III. Wren added 
 another story to the old house, which forms the north 
 front of the palace, and also built the south front. The 
 defect of the building as seen at the end of the long 
 avenue of Kensington Gardens is its want of height, 
 but on a nearer approach this fault is much diminished. 
 King William was in the midst of his Irish campaign 
 while the work went on, but found time to send back 
 repeated inquiries as to its progress, and complaints 
 when that did not answer his expectations. There, 
 five years later, Queen Mary died, to the regret of all 
 her subjects, and even of her cold-hearted husband. 
 
 Nor were these the only palaces which Wren 
 
 1 Horace Walpole says that Wren's descendant assured him that 
 Sir C. Wren had prepared a far better design for Hampton Court which 
 Queen Mary preferred, but it was overruled by William III. This may 
 only mean the cloisters, as Walpole is not accurate. Anec., vol. iii.
 
 GREENWICH AS A HOSPITAL. 269 
 
 contrived for Queen Mary. That of Greenwich had 
 been begun by Inigo Jones for Henrietta Maria, and 
 a wing had been built for Charles II., but it had 
 been left unfinished. Wren, who knew Greenwich 
 well from his visits to the Observatory, and who took 
 a great interest in sailors, observing the entire lack of 
 any refuge for them in illness, proposed to Queen 
 Mary the magnificent plan of making the palace into a 
 seaman's hospital. The Queen willingly entered into 
 the idea, and proposed to add to the Queen's House, 
 as it was called, so as to make it a dwelling for herself, 
 at the same time. Evelyn, Sir Stephen Fox and 
 others, came readily into the scheme and contributed 
 liberally. Wren's contribution, though not in money, 
 was a liberal one also ; for he gave his time, labour, 
 skill and superintendence, despite his innumerable 
 other works. 
 
 The plans were prepared and money collected, but 
 nothing was actually done until some years later. 
 
 Wren's eldest son had in the meantime finished his 
 Eton and Cambridge career and had obtained, by his 
 father's interest, the post, which must surely have been 
 a sinecure ! of Assistant Deputy Engrosser. He 
 does not seem to have inherited any of the brilliant 
 genius of his father, though apparently of very fair 
 abilities and with much taste for antiquities. Far more 
 like Sir Christopher was his daughter Jane, who shared 
 his tastes and studies and took a vivid interest in his 
 work. She added to her other accomplishments that of 
 being a very skilful musician. She was never married, 
 but remained all her life her father's affectionate 
 companion.
 
 270 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Wren's old friend, Dr. Bathurst of Trinity College, 
 Oxford, appealed to him, in the spring of 1692, for help 
 in the buildings which were still going on there. 
 
 ' Worthy Sir, When I sent Mr. Phips (the sur- 
 veyor of the buildings) to wait on you with a scheme 
 of our new building, he told me how kindly you was 
 pleased to express your remembrance of me, and 
 that you would send me your thoughts concerning 
 our design ; and particularly of the pinnacles, the 
 which as they were superadded to our first draught, 
 so I must confess I would be well content to have 
 omitted with your approbation. The season for our 
 falling to work again will now speedily come on ; 
 which makes me the more hasten to entreat from 
 you the trouble of two or three lines in relation to 
 the promises whereby you will farther oblige, 
 ' Sir, your old friend, and ever faithful servant, 
 
 ' R. BATHURST.' 
 
 Wren's answer comes promptly, and shows his 
 generous readiness to help the schemes of others, no 
 matter how pressing his own work was. 
 
 ' Sir, I am extremely glad to hear of your good 
 health, and, what is more, that you are vigorous and 
 active, and employed in building. I considered the 
 design you sent me of your Chapel which in the main 
 is very well, and I believe your work is too far 
 advanced to admit of any advice : however, I have 
 sent my thoughts, which will be of use to the mason 
 to form his mouldings.
 
 HE SENDS HIS THOUGHTS. 271 
 
 ' He will find two sorts of cornice ; he may use 
 either. I did not well comprehend how the tower 
 would have good bearing upon that side where the 
 stairs rise. I have ventured a change of the stairs, 
 to leave the wall next the porch of sufficient 
 scantling to bear that part which rises above the 
 roofs adjoining. 
 
 ' There is no necessity for pinnacles, and those 
 expressed in the printed design are much too slender. 
 
 ' I have given another way to the rail and baluster, 
 which will admit of a vase that will stand properly 
 upon the pilaster. 1 
 
 ' Sir, I wish you success and health and long life, 
 with all the affection that is due from, 
 ' Your obliged, faithful friend, and humble servant, 
 
 ' CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 ' P.S. A little deal box, with a drawing in it, is 
 sent by Thomas Moore, Oxford carrier.' 
 
 In the same year the Church of S. Andrew by the 
 Wardrobe 2 was finished ; recent alterations in the city 
 have benefited this building ; it now stands well above 
 a flight of steps, with its square tower, and the red 
 brick which contrives to be red and not black, and 
 stone dressings. 
 
 Two years later Wren rebuilt All Hallows, Lombard 
 
 1 This plan was adopted. Dr. Bathurst died in May 1704 at the 
 age of 86. 
 
 2 So called from being in the street where formerly was a strong 
 tower where several kings, and Oueen Philippa, Edward the Third's 
 wife, lodged, also called the Queen's Wardrobe, as the building near S. 
 Andrew's was the King's Wardrobe. New View, vol. ii. p. 427.
 
 272 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Street, on an ancient foundation : outside it is one of 
 his plainest and most solid churches, inside he spent 
 upon it much rich work and curious carving both in 
 stone and wood. 
 
 S. Michael Royal, College Hill, belongs to this 
 same date, and was built under Wren's directions 
 by Edward Strong, his master-mason. It is a well- 
 lit, handsome church with a tower at one corner, and 
 contains an altar-piece of singular beauty, carved by 
 Grinling Gibbons in ' right wainscot oak.' The old 
 church was founded and made a collegiate church of 
 S. Spiritus and S. Mary by no less a person than Sir 
 Richard Whittington, three times Lord Mayor of 
 London (1397, 1406, 1419), whose fame, with that of 
 his cat, survives in the well-known story. He founded 
 also another college, known as the Whittington College, 
 and endowed it with a divinity lecture * for ever.' 
 Edward VI., however, suppressed both the colleges 
 and the lecture, though the Whittington College was 
 allowed partially to survive as almshouses for poor 
 men. Whittington l was buried in this church, but 
 his monument perished in the Fire. 
 
 In the following year Wren added a well-propor- 
 tioned, peculiar steeple, the gift of the parishioners, to 
 the little stone Church of S. Vedast 2 in Foster Lane, 
 
 1 ' The said Sir R. Whittington, as he was three times Lord Mayor, 
 was as often buried in this church ; first, by his executors under a fine 
 monument ; second, by the avaricious parson for the riches he hoped to 
 find ; and a third time by his friends, to interr him in lead under his 
 monument as at first.' New View> p. 428. 
 
 - ' S. Vedast was Bishop of Arras, A.D. 484, a man of great holiness 
 and charity. Once he met with a cruel bear prowling in the ruins of 
 an old Christian church ; at his command the bear departed into the
 
 CLIPT WINGS. 273 
 
 a church to which a painful interest now attaches from 
 the recent persecution and imprisonment of its rector, 
 the Rev. T. P. Dale. 
 
 The church was decorated, as was Wren's custom, 
 with fret-work, carving, and stucco, but is not otherwise 
 remarkable. 
 
 S. Mary's, Somerset, or Somers'hithe, was likewise 
 finished in this year : a stone church with two aisles 
 surmounted by a handsome cornice and balustrade ; 
 its great .feature was the beautiful pinnacled tower, 
 which, though the church is gone, still stands a per- 
 petual memorial of that reckless disregard of God's 
 honour, which has counted any common want, any 
 farthing of money, of more importance than the claims 
 of His service, or than gifts solemnly offered to Him. 1 
 
 The Cathedral meanwhile grew slowly, though 
 many a hindrance annoyed its architect. The Parlia- 
 ment took part of the fabric money and applied it to 
 the expenses of King William's wars, so that, as Sir 
 Christopher complained, his wings were clipt and the 
 Church was deprived of its ornaments. 2 The organ was 
 
 wilderness and never returned there again. S. Vedast is usually pictured 
 with a bear.' Repertoiium, Newcourt, vol. i. p. 563. 
 
 1 Fourteen churches (eleven of which were built by Wren) have been 
 destroyed since 1781 ; during which time the increase of the City 
 population has been by hundreds of thousands. The only attempt at an 
 apology for this destruction has been based on the fact that on Sundays 
 the City is empty. On so poor a plea as this the churches have been 
 closely shut throughout the other days of the week, their incumbents 
 have lived far away, leaving their parishioners uncared for ; and then, 
 when a grudgingly given Sunday service has been poorly attended, have 
 hastened first to close and then to help in destroying the buildings which 
 reproached them ; and have called it ' thinning the City churches.' See 
 on this subject, Sessional Papers, 1876-7, R. I. B. A. 
 a Three Cathedrals, Longman, p. 151. 
 
 T
 
 274 S/A' CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 another annoyance. Sir Christopher's wish and in- 
 tention was to place the organ where it now is, on 
 either side of the choir, in order to leave the vista 
 clear from the west door to the altar, which in his 
 design stood grandly raised under a handsome canopy. 
 This was overruled, and the organ was to be placed in a 
 gallery cutting right across the entrance of the choir 
 With his wonted philosophy, Wren bent his mind 
 to reducing as much as possible the injury to the 
 architectural effect, by keeping the pipes as low as 
 he could. But in the builder of the organ, Bernard 
 Smith, or ' Father ' Smith, as he is called, Wren had a 
 difficult person to deal with. Far from lowering the 
 pipes, Smith made them higher than in his estimate, 
 so that the case and ornaments had to be enlarged, 
 and Sir Christopher complained bitterly that the 
 Cathedral ' was spoilt by that box of . whistles.' The 
 rival organ builder, Renatus Harris, if indeed he 
 was the author of an anonymous paper, called ' Queries 
 about the S. Paul's Organ,' l was not sparing in his 
 criticisms. One query asks ' Whether Sir C. Wren 
 wou'd not have been well pleas'd to have receiv'd 
 such a proposal from the organ builder of S. Paul's, 
 as shou'd have erected an organ, so as to have 
 separated twenty foot in the middle, as low as the 
 gallery, and thereby a full and airy prospect of the 
 whole length of the church, and six fronts with 
 towers as high as requisite ? ' 
 
 This question is easy enough to answer, and for- 
 tunately Wren's wishes have been at last fulfilled by 
 
 1 Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul's, p. 165-72.
 
 A GRAND DESIGN. 275 
 
 that division of the organ, which now leaves the desired 
 clear view from the great western doors to the altar. 
 Harris, in 1712, proposed to erect a great organ over 
 the west doors of the Cathedral, ' study'd to be in all 
 respects made the most artful, costly and magni- 
 ficent piece of organ-work that ever has hitherto been 
 invented. The use of it will be for the reception 
 of the Queen, on all publick occasions of thanks- 
 givings for the good effect of peace or war, upon 
 all state days, S. Cecilia's Day, the entertainment of 
 foreigners of quality, and artists, and on all times of 
 greatest concourse etc., and by the advice and 
 assistance of Sir C. Wren, the external figure and 
 ornaments may be contrived so proportionable to 
 the order of the building, as to be a decoration to 
 that part of the edifice and no obstruction to any of 
 
 the rest Sir Christopher Wren approves it.' 
 
 Alas ! at that time Wren's approval was enough to 
 determine the majority of the commission to reject 
 any plan thus sanctioned, and Renatus Harris's grand 
 design survives on paper alone. 
 
 T 2
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 1697-1699. 
 
 OPENING OF S. PAULS CHOIR A MOVEABLE PULPIT LETTER TO 
 HIS SON AT PARIS ORDER AGAINST SWEARING PETER THE GREAT 
 
 s. DUNSTAN'S SPIRE MORNING PRAYER CHAPEL OPENED 
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
 
 Home-keeping youth have ever homely wit. 
 
 Two Gentlemen of Verona.
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 ONE serious trouble and hindrance in all public works 
 was the state of the coinage. The money had been so 
 clipped and defaced, that no coin was worth its pro- 
 fessed value, and for some time the expedients used 
 by the Government failed to lighten the pressure. 
 In pay ing such an army of workmen as those employed 
 about S. Paul's, the inconvenience must have amounted 
 to positive distress. Scattered here and there through 
 Evelyn's diary are many references to the ' great con- 
 fusion and distraction ' it occasioned. 
 
 A sudden subsidence of a large part of the ground 
 at Portland, close to the quarries set apart for Wren's use, 
 caused an inconvenient delay in bringing the stone to 
 London, but yet the work progressed, and on Decem- 
 ber 2nd, 1697, *h e choir was opened for service. 
 
 It was the occasion of the thanksgiving for the 
 peace of Ryswick, which, though it brought little glory 
 to England, was yet heartily welcomed as the close of 
 a long and exhausting war. 
 
 King William went to Whitehall, and heard 
 Bishop Burnet's flattering sermon, while Bishop Comp- 
 ton preached for the first time in the new S. Paul's. 
 No report of his sermon has come down to us. The 
 choir was not yet enriched with the carvings of
 
 2$o SfX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Gibbons ; but the pulpit appears to have been very 
 remarkable in its way : Sir Christopher had placed it 
 011 wheels, perhaps with a design of using it afterwards, 
 for services under the dome, not unlike those we are 
 now familiar with. 
 
 A pulpit on wheels was a novelty, which gave rise, 
 we can well believe, to many squibs, one of which has 
 been preserved. 
 
 A faithful copy of the Verses, lately fastened upon the pulpit 
 of S. Paufs Choir. 
 
 TO THE ARCHITECT UPON HIS HAPPY INVENTION OF A PULPIT ON 
 WHEELS FOR THE USE OF S. PAUL'S CHOIR. 
 
 This little Structure (Excellent Sir Kit) 
 
 Holds forth to us that You bestowed more Wit 
 
 In Building it than on all Paul's beside ; 
 
 This shows the Principles, that but the Pride 
 
 Of its Inhabitants ; True Sons of Saul, 
 
 For he (Good Man) became All things to All, 
 
 That by all Sorts of Means he might gain some. 
 
 They too for Gain would follow him to Rome, 
 
 This Passively Obedient thing will go as 
 
 They'd have it, or to Mecca, Rome, or Troas ; 
 
 All one to it, if forward Hawl'd or back, 
 
 'Twill run a Holy Stage for Will or Jack ; 
 
 And truckle to and fro' 'twixt Cause and Cause, 
 
 Just as Strongest Pull of Interest draws. 
 
 But if the Pulpit be a Vital Part 
 
 O' th' Church, or as the Doctors say her Heart, 
 
 Why don't you fix that also on a Rock 
 
 And let the Steeple Roost the Weather-Cock^ 
 
 Where if a Puff of Strong Temptations blow, 
 
 It might remind the Staggering Saints and Crow. 
 
 Improve the Thought, Dear Sir, and let St. Paul's 
 
 Wise Fane be this new Going Cart for Souls. 1 
 
 It hardly needs the hint that these lines were 
 
 1 Given in Documents illustrating the History of S. PauFs, p. 157.
 
 A FOREIGN TOUR. 281 
 
 affixed to ' the Dean's side of the pulpit/ to read in 
 them a bitter satire on Dean Sherlock, whose sudden 
 change of front relative to the non-jurors, and accept- 
 ance of the Deanery of S. Paul's, laid him open to 
 the grave suspicion of having acted from interested 
 motives, and stirred up much vehement animosity. 
 A spirited, if not an impartial, account of this con- 
 troversy, is given by Lord Macaulay. 1 
 
 Sir Christopher's remarkable invention appears to 
 have survived the laughter against it, and to have 
 remained in the Cathedral until 1803. 
 
 The vaults of S. Paul's were opened shortly after 
 this thanksgiving to receive the body of Dr. White, 
 the non-juring Bishop of Peterborough, whose funeral 
 was attended by Bishop Turner, Bishop Lloyd and 
 forty nonjuring clergymen. 
 
 At the beginning of the following year, as soon as 
 travelling was possible, Wren sent his son Christo- 
 pher to Paris ; not indeed with the intention of his 
 making that grand tour which a few years later was 
 supposed to finish a young gentleman's education, but 
 that he might acquire a little experience and know- 
 ledge of the world. The young man, evidently, had 
 other ideas, spent a good deal of his money, and then 
 wrote home to his family a letter complaining in true 
 English fashion, of the climate and the cookery of 
 France, and asking leave to continue his journey to 
 Italy. Sir Christopher's reply has been preserved ; and 
 in its folio sheet and brown ink exists in the ' Parentalia.' 
 
 1 History of England, vol. iv. p. 44-51. Sherlock was born 1641, died 
 1707.
 
 282 S/X CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 It is, I think, so charming as to double one's regret 
 that so very few of his letters have been preserved. 
 
 1 < Whitehall, March 7. 
 
 ' My dear Son, I hope by this time you are pretty 
 well satisfied of the condition of the climate you are 
 in ; if not, I believe you will ere Lent be over ; and 
 will learne to dine upon sallad ; arid morue with egges 
 will scarce be allowed : if you thinke you can dine 
 better cheape in Italy you can trie, but I think the 
 passing of the Alpes and other dangers of disbanded 
 armies and abominable Lodgings will ballance 
 that advantage ; but the seeing of fine buildings I 
 perceive temptes you, and your companion, Mr. 
 Strong, whose inclination and interest leades him, 
 by neither of which can I find you are mov'd ; but 
 how doth it concerne you ? You would have it to 
 say hereafter that you have seen Rome, Naples and 
 a hundred other fine places ; a hundred others can 
 say as much and more ; calculate whither this be 
 worth the expence and hazard as to any advantage 
 at youre returne. I sent you to France at a time of 
 businesse and when you might make your observa- 
 tions and find acquaintance who might hereafter 
 be usefull to you in the future concernes of your life : 
 if this be your ayme I willingly let you proceed, 
 provided you will soon returne, for these reasons, the 
 little I have to leave you is unfortunately involved 
 in trouble, and your presence would be a comfort to 
 me, to assist me, not only for my sake, but your 
 own that you might understand your affaires, before 
 
 1 The year is not given in the MS. original, but it must be 1698.
 
 '/ WILL NOT DISCONTENT YOU? 283 
 
 it shall please God to take me from you, which if 
 suddenly will leave you in perplexity and losse. I 
 doe not say all this out of parsimony, for what you 
 spend will be out of what will in short time, be your 
 owne, but I would have you be a man of businesse 
 as early as you can bring your thoughts to it. I 
 hope, by your next you will give me account of the 
 reception of our ambassador ; l of the intrigues at 
 this time between the two nations, of the establish- 
 ment of the commerce, and of anything that may be 
 innocently talked of without danger, and reflection, 
 that I may perceive whither you look about you or 
 noe and penetrate into what occurres, or whither the 
 world passes like a pleasant dream, or the amuse- 
 ment of fine scenes in a play without considering 
 the plot. If you have in ten weeks spent half your 
 bill of exchange besides your gold, I confesse your 
 money will not hold out, either abroad for yourself 
 or for us at home to supply you, especially if you 
 goe for Italy, which voyage forward and backward 
 will take up more than twenty weekes : thinke well 
 of it, and let me hear more from you, for though I 
 would advise you, I will not discontent you. Mr. 
 Strong hath profered credit by the same merchant 
 he uses for his son, and I will thinke of it, but 
 before I change, you must make up your account 
 with your merchant, and send it to me. My hearty 
 
 1 William, Earl of Portland, whose embassy was of extraordinary 
 splendour. Of intrigues there must have been plenty, for at the very 
 moment that Louis XIV. was for the first- time recognising the Prince 
 of Orange as King of England, King James II. was residing at S. 
 Germains, surrounded by his own Court.
 
 284 $//? CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 service to young Mr. Strong and tell him I am obliged 
 to him for your sake. I blesse God for your health, 
 and pray for the continuance of it through all adven- 
 tures till it pleases him to restore you to your 
 Sister and friends who wish the same as doth 
 ' Your most affectionate Father, 
 
 ' CHR. WREN. 
 
 ' P.S. Poor Billy continues in his indisposition, 
 and I fear is lost to me and the world, to my great 
 discomfort and your future sorrow.' 
 
 What answer the younger Christopher sent does 
 not appear ; but his father did not ' discontent ' him ; 
 the young man did make the journey to Italy, then 
 such a formidable undertaking, and was ever after 
 reckoned a very accomplished and travelled gentleman. 
 'Young Mr. Strong' must have been the son of Sir 
 Christopher's faithful master-mason, Edward Strong, 
 one of a great family of builders and stone-cutters ; I 
 suppose the ' poor Billy ' of the postscript to have been 
 the writer's youngest son, then nearly nineteen, who 
 however recovered and outlived his father by about 
 fifteen years. 
 
 The Royal Society had sustained a severe loss 
 by Charles II.'s death, and if King James took 
 little interest in their discussions, William III. was 
 utterly indifferent. Still it had won a certain position 
 of its own, and was able to keep its steady course. 
 Wren remained one of the members who attended 
 most regularly and contributed to discussions on a 
 variety of subjects, though not perhaps on the ' jessa-
 
 ORDER AGAINST SWEARING. 285 
 
 mine-scented gloves,' which figure so often in Pepys' 
 diary, the secret of whose perfumery Wren once under- 
 took to find out. He was again chosen Grand Master 
 of the Freemasons, and continued in that office until 
 1702. 
 
 His friend and fellow-member in the Royal Society, 
 Robert Boyle, had written a book called 'A Free 
 Discourse against Swearing,' which was published 
 after his death. Wren followed this up by an order 
 which he had affixed in many parts of S. Paul's, while 
 the building went on : 
 
 ' Whereas, among labourers, &c. that ungodly cus- 
 tom of swearing is too frequently heard, to the dis- 
 honour of God and contempt of authority; and to 
 the end, therefore, that such impiety may be utterly 
 banished from these works, intended for the service 
 of God and the honour of religion it is ordered that 
 customary swearing shall be a sufficient crime to 
 dismiss any labourer that comes to the call, and the 
 clerk of the works, upon sufficient proof, shall dismiss 
 them accordingly, and if any master, working by 
 task, shall not, upon admonition, reform this pro- 
 fanation among his apprentices, servants and labour- 
 ers, it shall be construed his fault ; and he shall be 
 liable to be censured by the Commissioners.' 
 
 Such was Sir Christopher's care for his grand work : 
 it was intended for the service of God, and therefore 
 was to have no blemish which Wren's diligence could 
 avoid. He was constantly there and shrank neither 
 from fatigue nor from risk. The famous Duchess of
 
 286 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Maryborough, in her quarrels with Vanbrugh over the 
 building of Blenheim, complained bitterly that he asked 
 3OO/. a year for himself and a salary for his clerk, 
 ' when it is well-known that Sir Christopher Wren was 
 content to be dragged up in a basket three or four 
 times a week to the top of S. Paul's, and at great 
 hazard, for 2OO/. a year.' Probably it was because her 
 Grace considered his charges so moderate that, after 
 her last quarrel with Vanbrugh, she engaged Sir Chris- 
 topher to build Marlborough House, at the corner of 
 Pall Mall. The site presented great difficulties, but 
 the building in red brick and stone was a handsome 
 one, and lately has been much enlarged. Vanbrugh's 
 first start in life was his being engaged by Wren to 
 act as clerk of the works to the buildings at Greenwich. 
 Gibbs and Hawksmoor were also pupils of Wren's, 
 and worked under him at some of the innumerable 
 works on which he was engaged. The building of 
 Greenwich was vigorously continued, and in I7O5, 1 
 ' they began to take in wounded and worn-out seamen, 
 who are exceedingly well provided for.' 
 
 At the beginning of 1698, Peter the Great made 
 his extraordinary voyage to England and took posses- 
 sion of Evelyn's house, Sayes Court, at Deptford, in 
 order to be near the -dockyard and inspect the ship- 
 building. He was anything but a desirable tenant. 
 ' There is a house full of people and right nasty,' wrote 
 Evelyn's servant. 'The Czar lies next your library, 
 and dines in the parlour next your study. He dines 
 at ten o'clock and six at night, is very seldom at 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, June, no date of day.
 
 .9. nmVSTAN'S SPIRE. 287 
 
 home a whole day, very often in the King's yard, 
 
 or by water, dressed in several dresses. The King 
 
 is expected here this day, the best parlour is pretty 
 
 clean for him to be entertained. The King pays for 
 
 all he has.' 1 The Czar's three months' occupancy 
 
 of Sayes Court left it a wreck, and Evelyn got Sir 
 
 Christopher, and the Royal gardener, Mr. Loudon, to 
 
 go down and estimate the repairs which would be 
 
 necessary. They allowed I5O/. in their report to the 
 
 Treasury, but could not by any money replace the 
 
 beautiful holly hedge through which Peter the Great 
 
 had been trundled in a wheel-barrow, or repair the 
 
 garden he had laid waste. 
 
 In 1699, Wren finished the last of those City 
 churches which the Fire had injured or destroyed. 
 S. Dunstan's in the East had suffered severely by the 
 Fire : the walls of the church had not fallen, but the 
 interior had been much damaged and the monument to 
 the famous sailor and discoverer, Sir John Hawkins, 
 who was buried there, perished. The old church had 
 a lofty wooden spire cased with lead, which of course 
 fell and was consumed. When Sir Christopher had 
 repaired the body of the building the parishioners were 
 anxious to have back the spire also, and Dame Dionis 
 Williamson, a Norfolk lady, who had been a great bene- 
 factress to S. Mary's, Bow, gave 4OO/. towards this ob- 
 ject. It is one of the most curious of all Wren's spires, 
 as it rests on four arches springing from the angles of the 
 tower. Three more such spires exist, two in Scotland 
 and one at Newcastle. Tradition says that the steeple 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, Jan. 30, 1698.
 
 288 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 of S. Dunstan's was the design or the suggestion of 
 Wren's daughter Jane. Perhaps, like the leaning 
 tower of Pisa, it is more wonderful than satisfactory 
 to the eye, but Sir Christopher was certainly proud of 
 it and confident in its stability. Great crowds assem- 
 bled to see the supports taken away, and Wren watched 
 with a telescope, says the story, on London Bridge for 
 the rocket which announced that all was safely done, 
 but it is hardly probable that he was anxious about the 
 result. 
 
 Four years later, when the tempest known as the 
 ' great storm ' raged in England, destroying twelve 
 ships in the Royal navy, many merchant vessels, 
 and a great number of buildings, some one came 
 with a long face to tell Sir Christopher, that 'all the 
 steeples in London had suffered ; ' he replied at 
 once, ' Not S. Dunstan's, I am sure.' He was per- 
 fectly right, and the account given of the others was an 
 exaggeration. 
 
 On February i, 1699, the Morning Prayer Chapel 
 of S. Paul's was opened for service. Later in the same 
 month, a fire broke out at the west end of the choir, 
 where ' Father Smith ' was still at work. It caused con- 
 siderable alarm, and was got under with some damage, 
 especially to two of the pillars, and to a decorated 
 arch. The gilding also lost some of its brightness. 
 A nameless poem T fixes the date of this fire, which 
 has been much disputed. It may have been in con- 
 sequence of this alarm that Sir Christopher covered 
 all the woodwork of the upper parts of the Cathedral 
 
 1 Documents illustrating, etc., p. 1 58.
 
 WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 289 
 
 with ' a fibrous concrete ' said to resist fire so well that 
 faggots might be kindled below it with impunity. 
 
 While S. Paul's was thus advancing towards its full 
 beauty, the care of Westminster Abbey was assigned to 
 Wren. Little or no attention seems to have -been spent 
 on it between the time of Charles I.'s reign and that in 
 which it was handed over to Wren. 
 
 With the energy which his sixty-seven years had 
 not checked, he examined the grand building where he 
 had worshipped as a schoolboy, and instantly ordered 
 some of the most needful repairs. 
 
 In 1713 he sent in a statement to Dr. Atterbury, 
 who was both Bishop of Rochester and Dean of West- 
 minster, having in that year succeeded to Wren's old 
 friend, Bishop Sprat : from this paper, though it is 
 anticipating the date, some extracts are here given. 
 
 'When I had the Honour to attend your Lordship, 
 to congratulate your Episcopal Dignity, and pay 
 that Respect which particularly concerned myself as 
 employed in the chief Direction of the Works and 
 Repairs of the Collegiate-Church of S. Peter in 
 Westminster, you was pleased to give me this sea- 
 sonable admonition, that I should consider my ad- 
 vanced Age ; and as I had already made fair steps 
 in the Reparation of that ancient and ruinous Struc- 
 ture, you thought it very requisite for the publick 
 Service, I should leave a Memorial of what I had 
 done, and what my Thoughts were for carrying on 
 the Works for the future.' Then follows the history 
 of the building of the abbey up to the reign of Henry 
 
 u
 
 290 Sfft CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 III., who rebuilt it 'according to the Mode which 
 came into Fashion after the Holy War. 
 
 ' This we now call the Gothick manner of Archi- 
 tecture (so the Italians called what was not after 
 the Roman style), tho' the Goths were rather Des- 
 troyers than Builders ; I think it should with more 
 Reason be called the Saracen Style ; for those People 
 wanted neither Arts nor Learning, and after we in the 
 West had lost both, we borrowed again from them, 
 out of their Arabick Books, what they with great 
 
 Diligence had translated from the Greeks. 
 
 They built their Mosques round, disliking the 
 Christian form of a Cross : the old quarries whence the 
 Ancients took their large blocks of marble for whole 
 Columns and Architraves were neglected, for they 
 thought both impertinent. Their carnage was by 
 camels, therefore their Buildings were fitted for 
 small stones, and Columns of their own fancy con- 
 sisting of many pieces, and their Arches were pointed 
 without key-stones which they thought too heavy. 
 The Reasons were the same in our Northern Climates 
 
 abounding in free stone, but wanting marble 
 
 The Saracen mode of building seen in the East, soon 
 spread over Europe and particularly in France, the 
 Fashions of which nation we affected to imitate in all 
 ages, even when we were at enmity with it.' .... 
 Wren laments over the mixture of oak with the less- 
 enduring chestnut wood in the roof of the Abbey, and 
 the use of Rygate stone which absorbed water, and 
 in a frost scaled off. He says he cut all the ragged 
 ashlar work of Rygate stone out of the east window,
 
 THE ORIGINAL INTENTION. 291 
 
 replacing it with durable Burford stone, and secured 
 all the buttresses on the south side. The north side 
 of the Abbey is so choked up by buildings, and so 
 shaken in parts by vaults rashly dug close to its but- 
 tresses, that he can do little. 
 
 ' I have yet said nothing of King Henry Vllth's 
 Chapel, a nice embroidered Work and performed 
 with tender Caen stone, and though lately built in 
 comparison, is so eaten up by our Weather, that it 
 begs for some compassion, which I hope the 
 Sovereign Power will take as it is the Regal Sepul- 
 ture.' The most necessary outward repairs of stone- 
 work, he says, are one-third part done ; the north front, 
 and the great Rose Window there are very ruinous ; 
 he has prepared a proper design for them. Having 
 summed up the repairs still essential for the security 
 of the building, he proceeds to state what are, in his 
 judgment, the parts of the original design for the Abbey 
 still unfinished. 
 
 ' The original intention was plainly to have had a 
 Steeple, the Beginnings of which appear on the 
 corners of the Cross, but left off before it rose so 
 high as the Ridge of the Roof, and the Vault of the 
 Quire under it, is only Lath and Plaister, now rotten 
 and must be taken" care of. 
 
 I have made a Design, which will not be very ex- 
 pensive but light, but still in the Gothick Form, and 
 of a Style with the rest of the structure, which I 
 would strictly adhere to, throughout the whole in- 
 
 U 2
 
 292 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 tention : to deviate from the old Form would be to 
 run into a disagreeable mixture which no Person 
 of a good Taste could relish. I have varied a little 
 from the usual Form, in giving twelve sides to the 
 Spire instead of eight, for Reasons, to be discerned 
 upon the Model. 
 
 ' The Angles of Pyramids in the Gothick Archi- 
 tecture were usually enriched with the Flower the 
 Botanists call the Calceolus, which is a proper form 
 to help workmen to ascend on the outside to amend 
 any defects, without raising large scaffolds upon 
 every slight occasion ; I have done the same, being 
 
 of so good Use, as well as agreeable Ornament 
 
 It is evident, as observed before, the two West 
 Towers were left imperfect, and have continued so 
 since the Dissolution of the Monastery, one much 
 higher than the other, though still too low for Bells, 
 which are stifled by the Height of the Roof above 
 them ; they ought certainly to be carried to an equal 
 Height, one story above the ridge of the Roof, still 
 continuing the Gothick manner, in the stone-work, 
 and tracery It will be most necessary to re- 
 build the great North Window with Portland stone, to 
 answer the South Rose Window which was well re- 
 built about forty years since ; the stair-cases at the 
 corners and Pyramids set upon them conformable 
 
 to the old style to make the whole of a piece 
 
 For all these new Additions I have prepared perfect 
 Draughts and Models, such as I conceive may agree 
 with the original scheme of the old architect, with- 
 out any modern mixtures to show my own Inventions:
 
 < MODERN MIXTURES; 293 
 
 in like manner as I have among the Parochial 
 Churches of London given some few Examples 
 (where I was obliged to deviate from a better style), 
 which appear not ungraceful, but ornamental to the 
 East part of the city ; and it is to be hoped, by the 
 publick care, the West part also, in good time will 
 be as well adorned : and surely by nothing more 
 properly than a lofty Spire and Western Towers to 
 Westminster Abbey.' 
 
 With this, still unfulfilled hope, Wren's interesting 
 paper closes. Nine years afterwards he did, however, 
 finish the north front, commonly known as Solomon's 
 Porch. 
 
 Wren is so commonly spoken of as having built 
 and spoilt the western towers, that it is well here 
 to mention that his share in them is very small ; he 
 only restored with a careful hand the lower portion of 
 the towers then standing. 1 They were continued by 
 Hawksmoor after Wren's death, and by two other 
 architects in succession after the death of Hawksmoor 
 in 1736. No one of these had, as Wren had, the high- 
 minded desire to do justice to ' the original architect 
 without any modern mixtures of my own.' 
 
 1 Three Cathedrals^ Longman, p. 86-88.
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 I/OO-I/OS. 
 MEMBER FOR WEYMOUTH RISING OF THE SAP IN TREES PRINCE 
 
 GEORGE'S STATUE JANE WREN'S DEATH THANKSGIVING AT s. 
 
 PAUL'S LETTER TO HIS SON SON MARRIES MARY MUSARD DEATH 
 OF MR. EVELYN QUEEN ANNE'S ACT FOR BUILDING FIFTY 
 CHURCHES LETTER ON CHURCH BUILDING.
 
 ' The old knight turning about his head twice or thrice to take a 
 survey of this great metropolis, bid me observe how thick the City was 
 set with churches, and that there was scarce a single steeple on this 
 side Temple Bar. "A most heathenish sight ! " says Sir Roger ; "there 
 is no religion at this end of the town. The fifty new churches will very 
 much mend the prospect, but church work is slow, church work is 
 slow."' The Spectator, No. 383.
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 IN 1700 Wren was returned by the boroughs of 
 Weymouth and Melcombe Regis to a somewhat stormy 
 Parliament. 
 
 He was finishing several of the City churches by the 
 addition of towers to some, where, as at S. Magnus, 
 London Bridge, and S. Andrew's, Holborn, the main 
 parts had been previously built. 
 
 He gave a design for All Saints' Church, Isle- 
 worth ; it was, however, reckoned too costly, and nothing 
 was done until, in 1705, Sir Orlando Gee left a legacy 
 of 5oo/. towards the rebuilding of the church, when 
 Wren's design was partially adopted, and the work 
 done by his faithful master-mason, Edward Strong. 1 
 
 With all this work, Wren yet found time to write a 
 treatise on ' The rising of the sap in trees.' It is a short 
 treatise, evidently copied by a copyist, though a little 
 inclian-ink drawing at the side is probably Wren's 
 own. The question in dispute seems to have been 
 whether this natural rising of the sap contradicted the 
 newly discovered law of gravity. 
 
 ' It is wonderful,' he says, ' to see the rising of the sap 
 in Trees. All will bleed more or less when they are 
 
 1 Environs of London, vol. iv. p. 458. Lysons.
 
 298 SSX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 tapped by boring a hole through the Bark, some very 
 considerably, as Birch, which will afford as much 
 liquor every day almost as the milke of a cow ; in a 
 Vine when a bough is cut off it will if not stopped 
 bleed to death. Now by what mechanisme is water 
 raised to such a height, as in Palmitos to 120 foot 
 high ? A skillfull Engineer cannot effect this with- 
 out great force and a complicated engine, which 
 Nature doth without sensible motion ; it steals up as 
 freely as the water descends : the reason of this is 
 obscure as yett to naturalists.' After some discus- 
 sion of various theories, he proceeds to show by the 
 help of the little drawing, ' that the onely Vicissitudes 
 of heat and cold in ye aire is sufficient to raise the sap 
 to the height of the loftiest trees.' Then follows the 
 proof of this by mechanics refuting the notion of ' a 
 secret motion in nature contrary to that of the gravity, 
 by which plants aspire upwards. 
 
 ' But though I have shown how the sap may be 
 mechanically raised from the Root to the top of the 
 loftiest trees, yett how it comes to be varyed ac- 
 cording to the particular nature of the Tree by a 
 Fermentation in the Root ; how the Raine water 
 entering the Root acquires a spirit that keeps it from 
 freezing, but also gives it such distinguishing tastes 
 and qualities is beyond mechanical Philosophy to 
 describe and may require a great collection of 
 Phenomena with a large history of plants to shew 
 how they expand the leaves and produce the Seed 
 and Fruit from the same Raine water so wonderfully 
 diversified and continued since the first Creation.'
 
 LONDON AS IT WAS. 299 
 
 Another paper of the same date was written ' On 
 the surface of the terrestrial Globe,' but this does not 
 appear to have been preserved. Many of Sir Chris- 
 topher's writings and many also of his inventions were 
 lost by Mr. Oldenburg, the Royal Society's secretary, 
 of whom Wren frequently complained that he not only 
 neglected to enter them on the Society's Register, but 
 conveyed them to France and Germany, where they 
 appeared, attributed as inventions to those who had 
 stolen them. 
 
 One cannot but admire the versatility of mind 
 which enabled Wren, in the midst of great architec- 
 tural works, and endless business details, to write 
 papers such as these, and to digest and decide upon 
 Flamsteed's long letters on the Earth's motion, his 
 quarrels with Mr. Halley, and his measurement of the 
 height of the Welsh hills. 
 
 The progress of Greenwich and Chelsea Hospitals, 
 the growth of his beautiful S. Paul's, the repairs of 
 the Abbey, were now the absorbing interests of Wren's 
 life. From the house in Whitehall which he occupied 
 with his daughter he could easily reach the two former 
 by water, or the latter on foot. Two most interesting 
 pictures by Canaletto, 1 giving a general view of the 
 city and of Westminster, enable us to realise what the 
 whole effect must have been in an atmosphere far 
 clearer than at present, before the river was cut by 
 iron bridges, or the city robbed of steeple or tower. 
 The death of King William and the accession of Queen 
 Anne in the spring of 1 702 made little difference to 
 
 1 In the possession of H.M. the Queen.
 
 300 .STA* CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Wren, except to his advantage. He appears to have 
 been on very good terms with her, and with her Danish 
 husband. He is said to have built S. Anne's, Soho, 1 
 and to have made it externally to resemble a Danish 
 church as much as he could, out of compliment to Prince 
 George. He also gave to the Town Hall of Windsor, 
 a statue of Prince George, to correspond with that of 
 Queen Anne. The Prince is dressed in a Roman cos- 
 tume, and the pedestal has the following inscription : 
 
 SERENISSIMO PRINCIPI 
 
 GEORGII PRINCIPI DANIAE 
 
 HEROI OMNI SAECULO VENERANDO 
 
 CHRISTOPHORUS WREN, ARM : 
 
 POSUIT MDCCXIII. 
 
 One marvels how ' Est-il possible ' came to merit such 
 an inscription as this ! 
 
 In 1702 Sir Christopher suffered a grievous loss 
 by the death of his only daughter, Jane, on the 29th 
 of December. She was laid in the vault of S. Paul's 
 close to the graves of Dr. and Mrs. Holder, 2 and her 
 father wrote the short Latin inscription which records 
 her virtues, her skill in music, and implies how loving 
 and how congenial a companion he had lost in her. 
 She was but twenty-six when she died. The sculptor, 
 Bird, 3 of whose power Wren had a good opinion, 
 
 / 
 
 1 I can find no proof of this, and it is not mentioned in any list of his 
 buildings that I have seen. 
 
 2 Dr. Holder died 1694. 
 
 3 Francis Bird, born in London 1667. His masterpiece was the 
 monument to Dr. Busby. He died in London 1731. A stonecutter of 
 the same name at Oxford is mentioned by Plot in connection with an 
 invention for staining marbles and cutting them like a cameo, who I am 
 inclined to think was a relation.
 
 THANKSGIVING AT S. PAUL'S. 301 
 
 carved a monument in low relief, representing Jane 
 Wren playing on an organ ; a harp and a spinnet are 
 beside her, and a group of angels in the clouds above, 
 one of whom holds the music. It is but an ordinary 
 piece of monumental sculpture, now much obscured by 
 dust. Jane Wren's death must have left a great blank 
 in the life of the father whose interests and pursuits 
 she had shared, and one wishes she could have lived 
 long enough to see the top stone laid on the dome of S. 
 Paul's. The Duke of Marlborough's brilliant victory 
 at Blenheim, on Aug. 13, 1704, brought Queen Anne 
 and all her court in their utmost splendour to a thanks- 
 giving at S. Paul's on the yth of September. ' The 
 streets were scaffolded from Temple Bar, where the 
 Lord Mayor presented her Majesty with the Sword, 
 which she returned. Every Company was ranged 
 under its banners, the Citty Militia without the 
 rails, which were all hung with cloth suitable to the 
 colour of the banner. The Lord Mayor, Sheriffs 
 and Aldermen were in their scarlet robes, with 
 caparisoned horses ; the Knight Marshall on horse- 
 back, the Foot Guards ; the Queen in a rich coach 
 with eight horses, none with her but the Duchess of 
 Marlborough in a very plain garment, the Queene 
 full of Jewells. Music and trumpets at every Citty 
 Company. The great Officers of the Crown, Nobility 
 and Bishops, all in coaches with six horses, besides 
 innumerable servants, went to S. Paul's where the 
 Deane preached. After this the Queen went back 
 in the same order to S. James's. The Citty Com- 
 panies feasted all the nobility and Bishops, and
 
 302 Sffi CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 illuminated at night. Music for the Church and 
 anthems by the best masters. The day before wet 
 and stormy, but this was one of the most serene and 
 calm days that had been all the year.' l 
 
 No doubt it was a splendid pageant, the grandest 
 that had been seen since those which celebrated the 
 Restoration, and S. Paul's, despite the scaffolding still 
 round the dome, must have looked magnificent. In 
 1705, Sir Christopher's eldest son went abroad 
 again, travelling this time to Holland, where in the 
 excitement of Marlborough's brilliant campaign he very 
 nearly joined the army as a volunteer. 
 
 A letter 2 to him from Sir Christopher is extant ; the 
 handwriting is not quite so steady as in the former letter, 
 but still clear. 
 
 'Whitehall, Oct. n, 1705. 
 
 1 Dear Son, I received at once three of y r le trs : one 
 from Harlem, Sep. 26, another from Amsterdam of 
 Sep. 28, O.S., a third of Oct. 13, N.S., by all which 
 I rejoyced in your good Health & your recovery 
 from your cold. I am very well satisfied you have 
 layd aside your designe for the Army ; which I 
 think had not been safe or pertinent, at least not 
 soe much as Bookes & Conversation with ye learned. 
 Your Traffic for good Bookes I cannot disapprove. 
 You tell me Gronovius 3 is 25 volumes, I am told 
 they are 26, and that the last is the best & comonly 
 
 1 Evelyn's Diary, September 7, 1704. 
 
 ~ Hitherto unpublished. 
 
 3 G. F. Gronovius, 1613-1672. He was the author of many works, 
 chiefly annotations of the classics, and succeeded Heinsius in the Greek 
 chair at Leyden.
 
 BARCELONA. 303 
 
 sold by its selfe, you will have a care [a word seems 
 to be omitted] being imposed upon. Mr. Bateman in 
 his (?) will give you advice how you may get them 
 into the Secretary's packets. You remember how 
 much trouble Mr. Strong was put to at Dover by 
 the impertinence of the Customer there. I hope this 
 may bee prevented. Wee have not yet rejoyced 
 for Barcelona l though you have ; though wee doe 
 not doubt it and wagers are layd 6 to one : last night 
 the scales were given to Mr. Cowper & changes are 
 made of Lord Lieutenants. Give my Service to 
 Mr. Roman & thanks for his Civilities to you. I am 
 importuned to take a little journy to my cosin 
 Munson's to christen her 8 th son. Wee are told 
 here that my L d D. of Marlborough goeth certainly 
 to Vienna, & you resolve well to wait on him be- 
 fore he goes, & then I thinke you have little else to 
 doe but to take the best opportunity to returne, 
 which I am told may happen if you come with my 
 L d Woodstock 2 who will have convoy. Wee are 
 all in good health at both Houses and wish you 
 happinesse w ch wee also contrive for you. 
 
 ' I am, dear Son, your affectionate Father, 
 
 ' CHR. WREN.' 
 
 I suppose the mention of ' both houses,' and the 
 hint of happiness being contrived, refer to young 
 Christopher's marriage, which took place in the following 
 
 1 Barcelona was taken by Lord Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley 
 Shovel, October 4, 1705, in the war of the Spanish Succession. 
 
 2 The eldest son of the Earl of Portland, afterwards created Duke of 
 Portland.
 
 304 S/X CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 year. He married Mary, 1 daughter of Mr. Philip 
 Musard, jeweller to Queen Anne, by whom he had a 
 son, a fourth Christopher Wren. 
 
 Wren lost a faithful and valued friend in Mr. Evelyn, 
 who died in the February of 1 706, at the age of eighty- 
 five. If Evelyn's diary, of which such frequent use has 
 been made in these pages, is not the same entire re- 
 velation of the man himself as is the diary of his friend 
 Pepys, it yet possesses a singular charm in its refinement 
 of thought, and, when the veil is raised, shows us a 
 gentleman and a Christian to be respected as well as 
 loved. He had kept up a steady friendship with Sir 
 Christopher since the day when they first met at 
 Oxford, and had the highest opinion of his powers : ' an 
 excellent genius had this incomparable person,' is his 
 remark after a conversation with Wren. Evelyn was 
 on the S. Paul's Commission from the first, and Wren 
 was destined, a few years later, sorely to miss the sup- 
 port of this constant friend. 
 
 The needful sum for covering in the dome of S. 
 Paul's was voted by Parliament in 1 708. The question 
 of using copper or lead was greatly discussed ; lead was 
 finally chosen ; it does not clearly appear which way 
 Sir Christopher's judgment inclined. Probably to the 
 lead, as he considered it susceptible of much ornament, 
 and the lead covering of S. Paul's dome is peculiarly 
 beautiful. Bird in this year finished the statue of 
 Queen Anne, which is in the fore court of the Cathedral, 
 and is not without merit. He also carved the relief of 
 
 1 A portrait of this lady in full profile, with a pale face and black hair, 
 painted somewhat in the style of Sir Peter Lely, is in the possession of 
 Mrs. Pigott.
 
 FIFTY NEW CHURCHES. 305 
 
 the Conversion of S. Paul above the western portico : 
 the height is too great for it to be possible to judge of 
 the goodness of the sculpture. 
 
 The Act known as ' Queen Anne's Act for build- 
 ing Fifty New Churches ' was passed in this year, 
 and Wren was of course one of the commissioners. At 
 the age of seventy-six he could not undertake the 
 designing of these new churches. They were princi- 
 pally built by Gibbs, Hawksmoor, Vanbrugh and 
 others. S. George's, Hanover Square, S. Anne's, 
 Limehouse, S. George's, Bloomsbury, S. Leonard's, 
 Shoreditch, are some of those built under this Act. 
 Perhaps the best specimen is the beautiful S. Mary- 
 le-Strand, built by Gibbs, on an old site stolen from the 
 Church by the Duke of Somerset in the reign of Henry 
 VIII. Recent careful painting and gilding and the 
 removal of pews have made S. Mary's a charming 
 example of the amount of decoration which can be 
 advantageously bestowed on a Paladian church. 
 
 Wren wrote on this occasion a letter to a friend on 
 the Church-building Commission in which he gives the 
 result of his great experience in building town churches. 
 The letter is given with a few omissions. I fear that 
 few of the Queen Anne churches were built strictly 
 on the principles he here lays down ; certainly the hint 
 as to pews was disregarded, and grievous indeed 
 have been the results of such disregard. It has been 
 a common fallacy that all Wren's churches were built 
 for pews, and that anything but high pews would ruin 
 the architectural effect. What was Wren's own opinion 
 is manifest from the letter ; the actual effect can be
 
 3 o6 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 seen, for instance, in a print of S. Stephen's, Walbrook, 
 where this gem of all his churches is represented, just 
 after its completion, with the area clear ; or in S. Mary's, 
 Bow, where the pews have lately been diminished into 
 just such ' benches ' as the great architect desired. 
 
 ' Since Providence,' he writes, * in great mercy has 
 protracted my age, to the finishing the Cathedral 
 Church of S. Paul, and the parochial churches of 
 London, in lieu of those demolished by the fire, (all 
 which were executed during the fatigues of my em- 
 ployment in the service of the Crown from that time 
 to the present happy reign) ; and being now con- 
 stituted one of the Commissioners for building, pur- 
 suant to the late Act, fifty more Churches in London 
 and Westminster ; I shall presume to communicate 
 briefly my sentiments, after long experience, and 
 without further ceremony exhibit to better judge- 
 ment, what at present occurs to me, in a transient 
 view of this whole affair ; not doubting but that 
 the debates of the worthy Commissioners may here- 
 after give me occasion to change, or add to these 
 speculations. 
 
 *i. I conceive the Churches should be built, not 
 where vacant ground may be cheapest purchased 
 in the extremities of the suburbs, but among the 
 thicker inhabitants, for the convenience of the better 
 sort, although the site of them should cost more ; 
 the better inhabitants contributing most to the 
 future repairs, and the ministers and officers of the 
 church, and charges of the parish.
 
 CEMETERIES. 307 
 
 2. I could wish that all burials in churches might 
 be disallowed, which is not only unwholesome, but 
 the pavements can never be kept even, nor pews 
 upright ; and if the churchyard be close about the 
 church, this also is inconvenient, because the ground 
 being continually raised by the graves, occasions, in 
 time, a descent by steps in the church, which renders 
 it damp, and the walls green, as appears evidently 
 in all old churches. 
 
 ' 3. It will be enquired, where then shall be the 
 burials ? I answer, in cemeteries seated in the 
 outskirts of the town 
 
 ' A piece of ground of two acres in the fields will 
 be purchased for much less than two roods among 
 the buildings ; this being enclosed with a strong brick 
 wall, and having a walk round, and two cross walks 
 decently planted with yew trees, the four quarters 
 may serve four parishes, where the dead need not be 
 disturbed at the pleasure of the sexton or piled 
 four or five upon one another, or bones thrown out 
 
 to gain room It may be considered further, 
 
 that if the cemeteries be thus thrown into the fields, 
 they will bound the excessive growth of the city 
 with a graceful border, which is now encircled with 
 scavengers' dung-stalls. 
 
 ' 4. As to the situation of the churches, I should 
 propose they be brought as forward as possible into 
 the larger and more open streets ; not in obscure 
 lanes, nor where coaches will be much obstructed 
 in the passage : nor are we, I think, too nicely to 
 observe east or west in the position, unless it falls 
 
 X 2
 
 3 o8 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 out properly ; such fronts as shall happen to lie 
 most open to view should be adorned with porticoes, 
 both for beauty and convenience ; which together 
 with handsome spires or lanterns, rising in good pro- 
 portion above the neighbouring houses (of which I 
 have given several examples in the City of different 
 forms), may be of sufficient ornament to the town, 
 without a great expense for enriching the outward 
 walls of the Churches, in which plainness and duration 
 
 ought principally, if not wholly, to be studied 
 
 '5. I shall mention something of the materials 
 for public fabrics. It is true, the mighty demand 
 for the hasty works of thousands of houses at once 
 after the Fire of London, and the frauds of those 
 who built by the great, (?) have so debased the value 
 of materials, that good bricks are not to be now had 
 without greater prices than formerly, and indeed, if 
 rightly made, will deserve them ; but brickmakers 
 spoil the earth in the mixing and hasty burning, till 
 the bricks will hardly bear weight ; though the 
 earth about London, rightly managed, will yield as 
 good bricks as were the Roman bricks (which I have 
 often found in the old ruins of the City), and will 
 endure, in our air, beyond any stone our island 
 affords ; which, unless the quarries lie near the sea, 
 are too dear for general use. The best is Portland 
 or Roch- Abbey stone ; but these are not without 
 their faults. The next material is the lime : chalk- 
 lime is the constant practice, which, well mixed with 
 good sand, is not amiss, though much worse than 
 hard stone-lime. The vaulting of S. Paul's is a
 
 CHURCHWARDEN'S CARE DEFECTIVE. 309 
 
 rendering as hard as stone : it is composed of cockle- 
 shell lime well beaten with sand : the more labour 
 in the beating, the better and stronger the mortar. 
 I shall say nothing of marble (though England, 
 Scotland, and Ireland afford good, and of beautiful 
 colours) ; but this will prove too costly for our pur- 
 pose, unless for Altar-pieces. In windows and doors 
 Portland stone may be used, with good bricks and 
 stone quoins. As to roofs, good oak is certainly 
 the best, because it will bear some negligence. The 
 churchwardens' care may be defective in speedy 
 mending drips ; they usually whitewash the church, 
 and set up their names, but neglect to preserve the 
 roof over their heads. It must be allowed, that the 
 roof being more out of sight, is still more unminded. 
 Next to oak, is good yellow deal, which Is a timber 
 of length, and light, and makes excellent work at 
 first ; but, if neglected, will speedily perish ; especi- 
 ally if gutters (which is a general fault in builders) 
 be made to run upon the principal rafters, the ruin 
 may be sudden. Our sea-service for oak, and the 
 wars in the North Sea, make timber at present of 
 excessive price. I suppose, ere long, we must have 
 recourse to the West Indies, where most excellent 
 timber may be had for cutting and fetching. Our 
 tiles are ill made, and our slates not good : lead is cer- 
 tainly the best and lightest covering, and being of our 
 own growth and manufacture, and lasting, if properly 
 laid, for many hundred years, is, without question, 
 the most preferable ; though I will not deny but an 
 excellent tile may be made to be very durable : our
 
 310 SJR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 artisans are not yet instructed in it, and it is not 
 
 soon done to inform them Now, if the 
 
 churches could hold each 2,000, it would yet be very 
 short of the necessary supply. The churches, there- 
 fore, must be large ; but still, in our reformed religion 
 it should seem vain to make a parish church larger 
 than that all who are present can both hear and see. 
 The Romanists, indeed, may build larger churches ; 
 it is enough if they hear the murmur of the Mass, 
 and see the elevation of the Host ; but ours are to 
 be fitted for auditories. I can hardly think it prac- 
 ticable to make a single room so capacious, with 
 pews and galleries, as to hold above 2,000 persons, 
 and all to hear the service, and both to hear dis- 
 tinctly, and see the preacher. I endeavoured to 
 effect this in building the parish Church of S. James, 
 Westminster, which, I presume, is the most capa- 
 cious, with these qualifications, that hath yet been 
 built ; and yet, at a solemn time, when the church 
 was much crowded, I could not discern from a 
 gallery that 2,000 were present. In this church I 
 mention, though very broad, and the middle nave 
 arched up, yet as there are no walls of a second 
 order, nor lanterns, nor buttresses, but the whole 
 roof rests upon the pillars, as do also the galleries, 
 I think it may be found beautiful and convenient, 
 and, as such, the cheapest of any form I could 
 invent. 
 
 ' 7. Concerning the placing of the pulpit, I shall 
 observe a moderate voice may be heard fifty feet 
 distant before the preacher, thirty feet on each side,
 
 'NO PEWS, BUT BENCHES: 3 n 
 
 and twenty behind the pulpit ; and not this unless 
 the pronunciation be distinct and equal, without 
 losing the voice at the last word of the sentence, 
 which is commonly emphatical, and, if obscured, 
 spoils the whole sense. A Frenchman is heard 
 further than an English preacher, because he raises 
 his voice, and sinks not his last words : I mention 
 this as an insufferable fault in the pronunciation of 
 some of our otherwise excellent preachers, which 
 schoolmasters might correct in the young as a 
 vicious pronunciation, and not as the Roman orators 
 spoke : for the principal verb is, in Latin, usually 
 the last word ; and if that be lost, what becomes of 
 the sentence ? 
 
 '8. By what I have said, it may be thought 
 reasonable, that the new church should be at least 
 sixty feet broad, and ninety feet long, besides a 
 chancel at one end, and the belfry and portico at the 
 other. 
 
 ' These proportions may be varied ; but to build 
 more than that every person may conveniently hear 
 and see is to create noise and confusion. A church 
 should not be so filled with pews, but that the poor 
 may have room enough to stand and sit in the 
 alleys ; for to them equally is the Gospel preached. 
 It were to be wished there were to be no pews, 
 but benches ; but there is no stemming the tide of 
 profit, and the advantage of pew-keepers ; especi- 
 ally since by pews, in the chapel of ease, the minister 
 is chiefly supported. It is evident these fifty 
 churches are enough for the present inhabitants,
 
 312 SfX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 and the town will continually grow : but it is to be 
 hoped, that hereafter more may be added, as the 
 wisdom of the Government shall think fit ; and, 
 therefore, the parishes should be so divided as to 
 leave room for subdivisions, or at least for chapels 
 of ease. 
 
 ' I cannot pass over mentioning the difficulties 
 that may be found in obtaining the ground proper 
 for the sites of the churches among the buildings, 
 and the cemeteries in the borders without the town ; 
 and, therefore, I shall recite the method that was 
 taken for purchasing in ground at the north side of 
 S. Paul's Cathedral, where, in some places, houses 
 were but eleven feet distant from the fabric, exposing 
 it to the continual dangers of fires. The houses 
 were seventeen, and contiguous, all in leasehold of 
 the Bishop, or Dean alone, or the Dean and Chapter, 
 or the petty-Canons, with divers under-tenants. The 
 first we recompensed in kind, with rents of like value 
 for them and their successors ; but the tenants in 
 possession for a valuable consideration ; which to find 
 what it amounted to, we learned by diligent inquiry, 
 what the inheritance of houses in that quarter were 
 usually held at ; this we found was fifteen years' 
 purchase at the most, and, proportionably to this, 
 the value of each lease was easily determined in a 
 scheme, referring to a map. These rates, which we 
 resolved not to stir from, were offered to each ; and, 
 to cut off much debate, which it may be imagined 
 everyone would abound in, they were assured that 
 we went by one uniform method, which could
 
 CLEAR BUILDING GROUND, 313 
 
 not be receded. We found two or three reasonable 
 men, who agreed to these terms ; immediately we 
 paid them, and took down their houses ; others, who 
 stood out at first, finding themselves in dust and 
 rubbish, and that ready money was better, as the 
 case stood, than to continue paying rent, repairs, 
 and parish duties, easily came in. The whole 
 grotind at last was cleared, and all concerned were 
 
 satisfied, and their writings given in This 
 
 was happily finished without a judicatory or jury ; 
 although, in our present case, we may find it per- 
 haps, sometimes necessary to have recourse to 
 Parliament.'
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 17091723. 
 
 PRIVATE HOUSES BUILT QUEEN ANNE'S GIFTS LAST STONE OF 
 
 s. PAUL'S WREN DEPRIVED OF HIS SALARY HIS PETITION 
 'FRAUDS AND ABUSES' INTERIOR WORK OF s. PAUL'S WREN 
 
 SUPERSEDED PURCHASE OF WROXHALL ABBEY WREN'S THOUGHTS 
 ON THE LONGITUDE HIS DEATH BURIAL IN S. PAUL'S THE END.
 
 Heroick souls a nobler lustre find, 
 E'en from those griefs which break a vulgar mind. 
 That frost which cracks the brittle, common glass, 
 Makes Crystal into stronger brightness pass. 
 
 Bp. Thos. Sprat, quoted in Parentalia,
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE year 1 709 passed in steady work, and has little but 
 finishing touches to the churches to be recorded, unless 
 some of the various private houses built by Wren be- 
 long to this period. A house for Lord Oxford, and 
 one for the Duchess of Buckingham, both in S. James's 
 Court; two built near the Thames for Lord Sunder- 
 land and Lord Allaston ; one for Lord Newcastle 
 in Queen's Square, Bloomsbury ; and a house, so 
 large and magnificent that it has been divided in 
 late years into four, in Great Russell Street. This 
 house was afterwards occupied by Wren's eldest son, 
 and in turn by his second son Stephen. 
 
 Sir Christopher himself, while keeping the house 
 in Whitehall from which his letters are dated, had 
 received from Queen Anne the fifty years' lease of 
 a house at Hampton Green at a nominal rent of io/. a 
 year ; 1 he must have found great refreshment in going 
 there occasionally by the then undefiled Thames, to 
 country rest and quiet. Queen Anne was uniformly 
 gracious and friendly to her Surveyor, and presented 
 him with a buhl cabinet inlaid with red tortoiseshell 
 of remarkably handsome work and design. 2 
 
 1 This lease was renewed to his eldest son in 1737 for 28^ years, 
 running on from 1758. 
 
 2 Now in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.
 
 3 i 8 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 The following year saw the crown put to the labour 
 of thirty-five years. Mr. Christopher Wren, who had 
 been a year old when the first stone was laid, now laid 
 the last stone of the lantern above the Dome of S. 
 Paul's in the presence of his father, Mr. Strong the 
 master-builder, his son, and other free and accepted 
 masons, most of whom had worked at the building. 
 The scene could hardly be better painted than in the 
 words of Dean Milman : l 
 
 ' All London had poured forth for the spectacle, which 
 had been publicly announced, and were looking up 
 in wonder to the old man . . . who was on that 
 wondrous height setting the seal, as it were, to his 
 august labours. If in that wide circle which his eye 
 might embrace there were various objects for regret 
 and disappointment ; if, instead of beholding the 
 various streets of the city, each converging to its 
 centre, London had sprung up and spread in ir- 
 regular labyrinths of close, dark, intricate lanes ; if 
 even his own Cathedral was crowded upon and 
 jostled by mean and unworthy buildings ; yet, on the 
 other hand, he might survey, not the Cathedral 
 only, but a number of stately churches which had 
 risen at his command and taken form and dignity 
 from his genius and skill. On one side the pic- 
 turesque steeple of S. Mary-le-Bow ; on the other 
 the exquisite tower of S. Bride's, with all its graceful, 
 gradually diminishing circles, not yet shorn of its 
 full and finely-proportioned height. Beyond, and on 
 
 1 Annals of S. Paufs, p. 432.
 
 THE WORK OF ONE MAN. 319 
 
 all sides, if more dimly seen, yet discernible by his 
 partial eyesight (he might even penetrate to the in- 
 imitable interior of S. Stephen's, Walbrook), church 
 after church, as far as S. Dunstan's-in-the-East, 
 perhaps Greenwich, may have been vaguely made 
 out in the remote distance ; and all this one man 
 had been permitted to conceive and execute ; a 
 man not originally destined or educated for an 
 architect, but compelled as it were by the public 
 necessities to assume the office, and so to fulfil it, 
 as to stand on a level with the most consummate 
 masters of the art in Europe, and to take his stand 
 on an eminence which his English successors almost 
 despair of attaining.' 
 
 There then the Cathedral stood, complete externally 
 in its stately beauty, the work of one man, who, it has 
 been truly said, ' had the conception of a painter as 
 well as an architect.' View, the Cathedral when and 
 where we will, with every disadvantage of smoky at- 
 mosphere and lack of space, it yet fascinates the eye 
 by the perfection of its lines and the majesty of the 
 whole effect, so as to leave no power of criticising 
 petty defects. Such was the triumphant success 
 achieved by Wren's patient genius, but 
 
 Envy will merit as its shade pursue ; 
 
 and a series of troubles fell upon him. 
 
 There will always be a number of people who 
 imagine that anything can be procured by money, and 
 that for the sake of money anything and everything 
 will be done. People of this mind considered that
 
 320 SIX CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren prolonged the process of build- 
 ing S. Paul's in order to prolong his own enjoyment 
 of the 2OO/. a year which was the salary he had himself 
 chosen, though it was considered utterly inadequate by 
 the Commissioners when first the work began. 
 
 Accordingly in 1696-7, a clause was inserted in the 
 Act ' for the completing and adorning S. Paul's ' ' to 
 suspend a moiety of the Surveyor's salary until the said 
 Church should be finished ; thereby the better to en- 
 courage him to finish the same work with the utmost 
 diligence and expedition.' 1 
 
 No doubt they considered that the Cathedral could 
 be finished off regardless of details, and so left like 
 the shell of an ordinary house to be adorned by 
 any chance person ; and to this end they offered their 
 grim ' encouragement ' ! 
 
 It was an insult to a man like Wren, who had again 
 and again as in the case of Greenwich given his 
 skill for nothing, and it was doubly unjust because, what 
 delays there were, sprang from the conceit and ignor- 
 ance of the S. Paul's Commission. Wren protested, 
 but took no active step until he had seen the Dome of 
 his beloved Cathedral completed. 
 
 Then he sent in a petition to Queen Anne as 
 follows : 
 
 ' The most humble petition of Sir Christopher Wren 
 ' Sheweth, 
 
 ' That there being a Clause in an Act of Parliament 
 which suspends a moiety of your Petitioner's salary 
 
 1 It must be to this that Wren refers in his letter to his son, p. 282.
 
 ' FRAUDS AND ABUSES: 321 
 
 at S. Paul's, till the building be finished, and being 
 obstructed in his measures for completing the same, 
 by the arbitrary proceedings of some of the Com- 
 missioners for that fabric, 
 
 ' Your Petitioner most humbly beseeches your 
 Majesty graciously to interpose your Royal Author- 
 ity so as that he may be suffered to finish the said 
 building in such manner and after such designs as 
 shall be approved by your Majesty or such persons 
 as your Majesty shall think fit to appoint for that 
 purpose ; and your Petitioner, etc., 
 
 ' CHRISTOPHER WREN.' 
 
 This petition was sent to the Commissioners, whose 
 reply was, that when Sir Christopher had acted with- 
 out their approbation his performances had proved 
 very faulty ;(!) they then digressed into remarks on 
 their own devotion to the Queen's service, and into a 
 series of petty charges against some of the workmen 
 employed in the Cathedral, especially the bell-founder, 
 Richard Phelp, and Richard Jennings the master-car- 
 penter, whom they charged with a variety of frauds and 
 abuses, and begged should be at once dismissed ; they 
 also venture to assert that 'Sir Christopher, or some 
 employed by him, may be supposed to have found 
 their advantage in this delay.' There is little attempt 
 at proof in this reply of the Commissioners, but much 
 supposition and conjecture. A pamphlet, ' Frauds 
 and Abuses at S. Paul's,' published anonymously at this 
 time, sets out all their suspicions in detail. Sir Christo- 
 pher replied in a pamphlet entitled ' An Answer to
 
 322 S/fi CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Frauds and Abuses in S. Paul's/ and laid a petition 
 before the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop 
 of London, in which he sets out his grievances, how 
 little power had been really given to him and how far 
 he had ' been limited and restrained.' 
 
 ' However,' he says, ' it has pleased God so far to bless 
 my sincere endeavours, as that I have brought the 
 building to a conclusion so far as is in my power, and I 
 think nothing can be said now to remain unperfected, 
 but the iron fence round the Church, and painting 
 the Cupola, the directing whereof is taken out of my 
 hands, and therefore I hope I am not answerable for 
 them, nor that the said suspending clause can, or 
 ought, to affect me any further on that account. As 
 for painting the Cupola, your Lordships know that it 
 has been long under consideration ; that I have no 
 power left me concerning it ; and that it is not yet 
 resolved in what manner to do it, or whether at all. 
 And as for the iron fence, it is so remarkable and so 
 fresh in memory, by whose influence and importunity 
 it was wrested from me, and the doing of it carried 
 in a way which I venture to say will ever be con- 
 demned. I have just this to observe further, that 
 your Lordships had no hand in it ; and consequently 
 ought not share in the blame that may attend it.' 
 
 He then asks them for their warrant for the pay- 
 ment of the arrears, amounting to more than i,3oo/., 
 which were due to him, and says he will ever be ready 
 in the future, to give his advice and assistance in any- 
 thing about the said Cathedral. Archbishop Tenison
 
 A REMEDY FOUND. 323 
 
 and Bishop Compton laid Wren's petition before the 
 Attorney-General, Sir Edward Northey, who pro- 
 nounced ' that Sir Christopher Wren's case was very 
 hard, but that the terms of the Act were so positive 
 that it could not be overridden, but the Commissioners 
 ought in justice to find some remedy.' 
 
 Wren then addressed the House of Commons in a 
 petition in which he repeats that his ' measures for 
 completing the Cathedral are wholly over-ruled and 
 frustrated.' 
 
 The House considered the matter, and cut the knot 
 by declaring the Cathedral to be finished, and directing 
 the payment of all the arrears of the architect's salary. 
 
 Their prompt decision gratified Sir Christopher, 
 who contrasts it with the conduct of the Commission, 
 ' which was such as gave him reason enough to think 
 that they intended him none of the suspended salary 
 if it had been left in their power to defeat him of it.' 
 
 The attacks on Jennings, whom Wren firmly de- 
 fended, fell to the ground : they probably had as little 
 foundation as the ' Screw Plot,' by which at a Thanks- 
 giving, by one man's moving a few of the bolts and 
 screws, the whole dome was to fall in. 1 The bell- 
 founder Phelps, who had removed the faulty bell put 
 up by Wightman under the direction of the Commis- 
 sioners, also triumphed : he offered to give a bond to 
 the Dean and Chapter to recast the bell at his own 
 expense if, after a year's trial, they were dissatisfied 
 with it : as this offer was never claimed, Wren justly 
 says that they were either content with the bell or else 
 
 1 Documents illustrating, &>c., p. 62. 
 Y 2
 
 324 SfK CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 showed great neglect. Until the last few years it was 
 the only bell possessed by the Cathedral. 
 
 To perfect S. Paul's some things had still to be done, 
 and, rather than these should suffer, Wren was willing 
 still to undergo the slights and annoyances of the other 
 S. Paul's Commissioners, amongst whose names one 
 wishes that of Sir Isaac Newton did not appear, with- 
 out clear evidence that he stood by his early patron 
 and friend. One hopes it may have been so, certainly 
 he was not a frequent attendant at the meetings. 
 
 Within the Cathedral there was some important 
 work to do. Gibbons' carving had to be completed, 
 and the beautiful iron-work gates on either side of 
 the choir had yet to be set up. For this work Wren 
 employed a M. Tijou, at that time a famous worker 
 in iron, though no account of him is to be obtained at 
 the present day. Possibly he was one of the French 
 refugees. Wren saw both the carving and the gates 
 successfully finished. But for the east end of the 
 Cathedral he had a magnificent design which is unful- 
 filled to this day. He intended to inlay the columns 
 of the apse with rich marble, to use a considerable 
 amount of colour and gilding, and to place over the 
 Altar a hemispherical canopy supported on four 
 writhed pillars of the richest Greek marbles, with 
 proper decorations of architecture and sculpture : he 
 had prepared his model and the needful drawings, 
 Bishop Compton had even received some specimens of 
 marble from a Levant merchant in Holland, but un- 
 luckily the colours and the class of marble were not 
 what Wren desired, and the plan waited for a better
 
 DECORATION OF S. PAUL'S. 325 
 
 opportunity, which, in Wren's lifetime, never came. 
 Thus, of all this grand design, the only trace is the 
 painting of the apsidal pillars, in imitation of lapis 
 lazuli, which was meant as a temporary experiment, 
 and the model of the canopy in the possession of 
 the Dean and Chapter. Hardly anything could be 
 done which would more enhance the interior beauty 
 of S. Paul's than the erection of this canopy. 
 
 Besides the adornment of the east end of the 
 Cathedral there was also that of the dome to be ac- 
 complished. The decoration of S. Paul's is so vexed 
 a question that one almost fears to touch upon it, but 
 the statement in the ' Parentalia ' is explicit. 
 ' The judgement of the Surveyor was originally, instead 
 of painting in the manner it is now performed, to 
 have beautified the inside of the Cupola with the 
 more durable ornament of mosaic work, as it is 
 nobly executed in the Cupola of S. Peter's in Rome, 
 which strikes the eye of the beholder with a most 
 magnificent and splendid appearance ; and which, 
 without the least decay of colour, is as lasting as 
 marble, or the building itself. For this purpose he 
 had projected to have procured from Italy four of 
 the most eminent artists in that profession ; but as 
 this art was a great novelty in England, and not 
 generally apprehended, it did not receive the en- 
 couragement it deserved ; it was imagined also 
 that the expense would prove too great, and the 
 time very long in execution ; but though these, and 
 all objections were fully answered, yet this excellent 
 design was no further pursued.'
 
 326 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 In weighing the value of this evidence as to Sir Chris- 
 topher's views, it is important to remember that the 
 ' Parentalia ' was, though edited by Stephen the grand- 
 son, actually written by Christopher, the son who was 
 constantly with his father and shared in his interests, 
 and had himself seen, and no doubt described to 
 Sir Christopher that very cupola of S. Peter's, of 
 which he speaks. 
 
 The question of the iron fence round the Cathedral, 
 of which Wren made mention in his petition, was 
 much in his thoughts ; he wished it to be low, and 
 made of hammered iron, the Commissioners were deter- 
 mined that it should be high, and made of cast iron. 
 
 Wren, who doubtless intended to employ Tijou, 
 and have a low, graceful railing which would throw up 
 the height and solid grandeur of the Cathedral, repeat- 
 edly expressed his opinion ; but the majority overruled 
 him, and the Cathedral was imprisoned by a high, 
 heavy, clumsy fence, the gates of which were sedu- 
 lously closed, and were but too apt an emblem of the 
 manner in which the Cathedral was soon shut off from 
 its true uses. A century later, and Bishop Blom field 
 could say, ' I never pass S. Paul's without thinking 
 how little it has clone for Christianity.' Now the iron 
 fence has departed, 1 and with it all possibility of such 
 a reproach. 
 
 During all this time Wren was engaged on the 
 Abbey repairs and the affairs of Chelsea College. 
 
 1 The Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's removed the fence in 1874, 
 and substituted the present open, low one, thus removing a blemish from 
 the exterior of the Cathedral.
 
 DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE. 327 
 
 The Duke of Ormonde sends him a summons in 
 November, 1713, the more pressing, as several Com- 
 missioners are out of town, to meet him ' at twelve of 
 the clock at his Grace's house at the Cockpitt, in order 
 to give directions for the cloathing of the Invalide 
 Companys who are in a perishing condition for want 
 thereof, not having been cloathed for near these three 
 years past.' The death of Evelyn and that of Sir 
 Stephen Fox had lost to Chelsea Hospital its two best 
 friends, but doubtless the Duke and Sir Christopher 
 were able to provide for this emergency. 
 
 We hear of Wren at this time busied as of old for 
 the Royal Society, going, with his son and Sir Isaac 
 Newton, to inspect a house in Crane Court, L and 
 finally buying it as a residence for the Society. 
 
 Again he appears with Newton, and the son who 
 seems to have been his constant companion, going 
 down to Greenwich as visitors of the Royal Observa- 
 tory there and making their report upon it. As Flam- 
 steed hated Newton, and greatly resented any formal 
 visitation, the expedition must have taxed even Wren's 
 peace-making powers, but Flamsteed never seems to 
 have quarrelled with him. 
 
 In the summer of the following year 'good Queen 
 Anne ' died, and with her all real chance of the return 
 of the Stuart family, despite the gallant and devoted 
 attempts made for 'Prince Charlie' in 'the '15 'and 
 ' the '45.' The sixth and last English reign which 
 
 1 The Royal Society occupied this house, till 1847, when it was 
 pulled down to make room for the new Record Office. Hist. R. S., 
 p. 399. Weld.
 
 328 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 Wren was destined to see began in 1714 with the 
 accession of George I. 
 
 The S. Paul's Commission was renewed, with, of 
 course, Wren's name upon it, but the annoyances of 
 his position increased. 
 
 In his design, S. Paul's stood complete with a 
 plinth over the entablature, and with statues on the 
 four pediments only. The Commissioners took it into 
 their heads that a balustrade with vases was greatly 
 needed, and that it should be put up, unless Wren could 
 'set forth in writing, under his hand, that it is contrary 
 to the principles of architecture and give his opinion in 
 a fortnight's time.' This looks very like a device for 
 tormenting the old man of eighty-five, and revenging 
 themselves for their previous defeat. Exactly within 
 the fortnight Wren sent an answer which certainly 
 shows no trace of failing powers. 
 
 ' I take leave, first, to declare that I never designed a 
 balustrade. Persons of little skill in architecture did 
 expect, I believe, to see something they had been 
 used to in Gothick structures ; and ladies think noth- 
 ing well without an edging. I should gladly have 
 complied with the vulgar taste but I suspended for 
 the reasons following.' 
 The technical reasons are given, and he adds : 
 
 ' that as no provision was originally made in my plan 
 for a balustrade, the setting up one in such a con- 
 fused manner over the plinth must apparently break 
 into the harmony of the whole machine, and, in this
 
 DISMISSED FROM HIS OFFICE. 329 
 
 particular case, be contrary to the principles of archi- 
 tecture! 
 
 Nothing daunted, either by Wren's reasons or his 
 sarcasm, and regardless of their implied promise, the 
 wise Commissioners of the Cathedral set to work on 
 their balustrade. 
 
 This transaction belongs to the autumn of 1717. 
 In the April of the ensuing year, George I., who cared 
 nothing about art or architecture, and who only wished 
 to gratify his German favourites, was easily prevailed 
 upon to dismiss Sir Christopher Wren from that post of 
 Surveyor-General which he had held for forty-eight 
 years, and to bestow it upon William Benson, a favour- 
 ite's favourite, as ignorant and incapable as he was 
 grasping and unscrupulous. There was probably but 
 little outcry, for, as Steele 1 had truly said, 'Nestor/ 
 under which name he described Wren, ' was not only 
 in his profession the greatest man of that age, but 
 had given more proofs of it than any man ever did ; 
 yet for want of that natural freedom and audacity 
 which is necessary in commerce with men, his per- 
 sonal modesty overthrew all his public actions.' 
 
 The person least disposed to make a complaint 
 was Wren himself. Finding his patent superseded, 
 he quietly retired to his house at Hampton Court, say- 
 ing, ' Nunc me jubet Fortuna expeditius philosophari.' 2 
 One other comment he made, as a note to the date 
 
 1 The Taller^ No. 52, 1709. Both the paper and its note contain 
 eloquent tributes to Wren. It is remarkable that Steele wrote this at 
 the very time Wren's salary was first ' suspended.' 
 
 8 ' Now Fortune commands me to apply myself more closely to 
 Philosophy.'
 
 330 -S/ff CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 (April 26, 1718) of this dismissal: "On cWc 
 
 Tepo<s 6? OVK i^Set TOP 'I(ocnj<f> : /cat ovSev TOVTOJV r&> 
 
 JTaXXlWl {Ji\V. ^ ' * 
 
 It is some satisfaction to know that Benson so 
 disgraced himself as in five years' time to be dismissed, 
 and narrowly escaped a prosecution by the House of 
 Lords. Pope held him up to deserved scorn in the 
 ' Dunciad/ where he also says : 
 
 While Wren with sorrow to the grave descends, 
 
 but this, one is glad to think, tells rather what might 
 have been Sir Christopher's state of mind than what 
 it really was. 
 
 Wren had had the interest of watching his eldest 
 son's career in Parliament as member for that borough 
 of Windsor which he had himself represented. 
 
 This son's wife had died, and in 1715 he married 
 again. His second wife was Constance, daughter of 
 Sir Thomas Middleton, and widow of Sir Roger 
 Burgoyne ; by this marriage he had another son, named 
 Stephen. On this occasion Sir Christopher bought 
 the estate of Wroxhall Abbey 2 in Warwickshire, 
 
 1 ' Then another king arose which knew not Joseph.' Acts vii. 18. 
 ' And Gallio cared for none of these things.' Acts xviii. 17. 
 
 2 Now spelt Wroxall. This property remained in the hands of Sir 
 Christopher's direct lineal descendants (five Christophers held it in suc- 
 cession) until 1861. Wren's son and heir died in 1747, and is buried in 
 Wroxhall Abbey ; his son Christopher displeasing him, he left away 
 much of the estate to his stepson, Sir Roger Burgoyne. At the death of 
 the elder Christopher many of the great architect's plans and drawings 
 were bought by Mr. Justice Blackburn, who presented them to All 
 Souls' College. The Parentalia was principally written at Wroxhall by 
 Sir Christopher's son Christopher, and was published by his second son 
 Stephen Wren, M.D., in 1750. See Worthies of Warwickshire^ p. 852, 
 and Biog. Hist, of England, vol. iii. p. 329. Noble.
 
 LONGITUDE AT SEA. 331 
 
 which had belonged to the Burgoynes and was heavily 
 encumbered. Sir Christopher is said to have stayed at 
 the Abbey occasionally, and to have designed the 
 kitchen garden wall which is built in semicircles. 
 It was probably when he thus became a Warwickshire 
 Squire that he gave the designs for S. Mary's Church 
 at Warwick, designs entirely different from those 
 adopted in the present building, which is said to have 
 been designed and built by one Francis Smith, a 
 mason in the town. 
 
 But the greater part of Wren's declining years was 
 spent at Hampton Court, from which he went up to 
 London to watch the progress of the works at West- 
 minster Abbey, the surveyorship of which he still kept. 
 A report was spread that the ceiling of the Sheldonian 
 Theatre, in which, as a piece of mechanical construction, 
 Sir Christopher took great pride, was giving way. 
 Careful examination proved this to be a perfectly 
 groundless rumour, and no further annoyance arose to 
 disturb the calm evening of the old man's life. To be 
 ' beneficus humano generi/ as he said, had ever been 
 his aim and wish. He now employed his leisure 
 in looking over old papers on astronomy and mathe- 
 matics and the method of finding out the longitude 
 at sea. It had been long considered by the general 
 world as impossible to find out as was the secret of per- 
 petual motion, and the attempt at either discovery was 
 treated with equal ridicule. The merchants, and cap- 
 tains of merchant ships were, however, from bitter 
 experience of vessels and crews wrecked or lost, aware 
 of the immense importance of the discovery of the
 
 332 S/jR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 longitude, if it could be made. They presented, in 
 1714, a petition to Parliament, begging that a reward 
 might be offered ' for such as shall discover the same.' 
 This, after due consideration, was done by a Bill, passed 
 rapidly through both Houses, offering a reward of 
 2O,ooo/. for the discovery. 1 
 
 The subject was one which greatly occupied Wren, 
 who all his life had been interested in sailors and 
 sea matters. He amused himself by throwing his 
 latest thoughts on the longitude into the form of 
 three cryptographs : 2 
 
 1. OZVCVAYINIXDNCVOCWEDCNMALNABECIRTEWNG- 
 
 RAMHHCCAW. 
 
 2. ZEIYEINOIEBIVTXESCIOCPSDEDMNANHSEFPRPIW- 
 
 HDRAEHHXCIF. 
 
 3. EZKAVEBIMOXRFCSLCEEDHWMGNNIVEOM REWWE- 
 
 RRCSHEPCIP. 
 
 1 The reward was adjudged in two portions of io,ooo/., to Mr. J. 
 Harrison in 1726 and 1775, for making two chronometers, which gave the 
 longitude within 10' 45" of the truth. Rewards were offered for further 
 discoveries. The Board of Longitude was abolished in 1828. Life of 
 Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. p. 258-267. Sir David Brewster. 
 
 2 These cryptographs were first published by Sir David Brewster in 
 his Life of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. p. 263, ed. 1855. No key was 
 found until Mr. Francis Williams, of Grange Court, Chigwell, sent the 
 following : 
 
 1. WAcCHhMArGNwETrlCeBAnLAmNCdEWcOUcNDxINi- 
 
 Wach magnetic balance wound in 
 
 VAvCUzO. 
 
 vacuo. (One letter a misprint). 
 
 Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV. 
 
 2. FIcXHhEArDHwIPrPEeSHnANmDEdSPcOIcSExTUiBEi- 
 
 Fix head hippes handes poise tube 
 
 ONiEYieZ. 
 on eye. (One letter a misprint). 
 
 Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIIII.
 
 HIS DEATH. 333 
 
 A copy, signed by H alley as a true one, of this 
 cipher was sent to the Royal Society in 1714 by 
 Wren's son. Probably Sir Christopher had not per- 
 fected his instruments sufficiently to proclaim his 
 discovery, and did not wish either to lose his idea, 
 or, when later on he disclosed it, to appear as a 
 plagiarist in case a similar method had suggested 
 itself to anyone else. Old age had weakened Wren's 
 limbs, but had had little effect on his clear understand- 
 ing ; his scientific pursuits interested him still, and 
 were among the employments of those few leisure 
 years which closed a life of incessant work. He gave, 
 however, the greater part of his time and care to the 
 diligent study of the Holy Scriptures, which all his life 
 he had loved ; and thus, serene and gentle as ever, 
 waited for his summons. 
 
 Once a year it was his habit to be driven to 
 London, and to sit for a while under the dome of his 
 own Cathedral. On one of these journeys he caught 
 a cold, and soon afterwards, on February 25, 1723, his 
 servant, thinking Sir Christopher slept longer after 
 dinner than was his wont, came into the room and 
 found his master dead in his chair, with an expression 
 of perfect peace on the calm features. 
 
 3. PIcPEhSCrRewWErMOeVInNGmWHdEEcLScFRxOMi- 
 Pipe screwe moving wheels from 
 
 BEvAKzE. 
 
 beake. 
 Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV. 
 
 The three last omitted Z,s occurring in the first part of each cipher to 
 show that that part must be taken last. Report of the British Asso- 
 ciation/or 1859.
 
 334 SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. 
 
 They buried him near his daughter in the south-east 
 crypt of S. Paul's, by one of the windows, under a plain 
 marble slab with this inscription : ' Here lieth Sir 
 Christopher Wren, the builder of this Cathedral Church 
 of S. Paul, &c., who died in the year of our Lord 
 MDCCXXIIL, and of his age xci.' 
 
 The spite of those who had hampered his genius 
 in life showed itself again after his death. The famous 
 inscription, written by his son: ' Subtus conditur 
 hujus Ecclesiae et Urbis Conditor Christophorus Wren, 
 qui vixit annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed bono 
 publico. Lector, si Monumentum requiris circum- 
 spice.' x was placed in the crypt, and in the Cathedral 
 itself there was nothing to preserve the memory of its 
 architect. 
 
 This has in later years been remedied and the in- 
 scription is now in gold letters over the door of the 
 north transept. Some of Sir Christopher's plans have, 
 as has been shown, been executed ; and further, the 
 Cathedral has been set in green turf, and all around it 
 is cared for instead of neglected, the once empty cam- 
 panile is filled by twelve bells, whose music floats down 
 over the roar of London, as if out of the sky itself, 
 and the Dome is filled by vast congregations in the 
 way which Sir Christopher almost foresaw. 
 
 I n the Cathedral his memory is cherished ; but in 
 
 1 * Beneath is laid the builder of this church and city, Christopher 
 Wren, who lived more than ninety years, not for himself, but for the 
 good of the State. Reader, if thou ask for a monument, look around 
 thee.'
 
 THE END. 335 
 
 the city of London, which he rebuilt from its ashes, no 
 statue has been erected to him, no great street has 
 been honoured by taking as its own the name of 
 Christopher Wren, though a name 
 
 On fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled.
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 REVERENDO PATRI DOMINO CHRISTOPHORO WREN, 
 S.T.D. ET D. W. CHRISTOPHORUS FILIUS HOC SUUM 
 PANORGANUM ASTRONOMICUM D. D. XIII. CALEND. 
 
 NOVEM. ANNO 1645, p. 73. 
 
 Si licet, et cessent rerum (Pater alme) tuarum 
 
 Pondera, devotae respice prolis opus. 
 Hie ego sidereos tentavi pingere motns, 
 
 Coelicaque in modulos conciliare breves. 
 Quo (prolapsa diu) renoventur tempora gyro, 
 
 Seculaque, et menses, et imparilesque dies. 
 Quomodo Sol abeat, redeatque, et temperet annum, 
 
 Et (raptum contra) grande perennet iter ; 
 Cur nascens gracili, pleno orbe refulget adulta, 
 
 Cur gerat extinctas menstrua luna faces. 
 His ego numinibus dum cito, atque ardua mundi, 
 
 Scrutor, et arcanas conor inire vias, 
 Adsis, O ! faveasque, pater, succurre volanti 
 
 Suspensum implumis dirige prolis iter, 
 Ne male, praecipiti, nimium prae viribus audax 
 
 (Sorte sub Icarea) lapsus ab axe ruam : 
 Te duce, fert animus, studiis sublimibus hisce 
 
 Pasci, dum superas detur adire domos.
 
 33* 
 
 APPENDICES, 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 CHURCHES, HALLS, COLLEGES, PALACES, OTHER 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND PRIVATE HOUSES, 
 BUILT AND REPAIRED BY SIR CHRISTOPHER 
 WREN. 
 
 Churches. 
 
 S. Alban, Wood Street. 
 
 * All Hallows, Bread Street. 
 
 Lombard Street. 
 
 UpperThamesSt. 
 
 All Saints, Isleworth. 
 S. Andrew, Holborn. 
 
 by the Wardrobe. 
 SS. Anne & Agnes. 
 S. Anne, Soho (?). 
 
 * S. Antholin, Watling St. 
 S. Augustine. 
 
 * S. Bartholomew, Bartholomew 
 Lane. 
 
 * S. Benedict, Gracechurch Street. 
 
 * Fink,Threadneedle 
 Street. 
 
 S. Benedict, Paul's Wharf. 
 S. Bride, Fleet Street. 
 Chichester Cathedral. 
 Christ Church, Newgate. 
 
 * S. Christopher, Threadneedle 
 Street. 
 
 S. Clement Danes, Strand. 
 
 Eastcheap. 
 Dartmouth Chapel, Blackheath. 
 
 * S. Dionysius, Back Church. 
 S. Dunstan in the East. 
 
 S. Edmund the King, Lombard 
 
 Street. 
 
 S. Faith (Crypt of S. Paul's). 
 S. George, Botolph Lane. 
 S. James, Garlickhithe. 
 Westminster. 
 
 S. Lawrence, Jewry. 
 
 S. Magnus, London Bridge. 
 
 S. Margaret Lothbury, Pattens, 
 
 Rood Lane. 
 
 S. Martin, Ludgate Hill. 
 S. Mary, Abchurch. 
 
 Aldermanbury. 
 
 Aldermary. 
 
 atHilL 
 
 le Bow. 
 
 * Somerset. 
 Woolnoth. 
 
 S. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish St 
 S. Matthew, Friday Street. 
 S. Michael, Bassishaw. 
 
 Cheapside. 
 
 Cornhill. 
 
 * Crooked Lane. 
 
 * Queenhithe. 
 
 Royal, College HilL 
 
 S. Mildred, Bread Street. 
 
 * Poultry. 
 
 S. Nicholas, Cole Abbey. 
 
 S. Olave, Jewry. 
 
 S. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 S. Peter's Abbey, Westminster. 
 
 Cornhill. 
 Salisbury Cathedral. 
 S. Stephen, Coleman Street. 
 
 Walbrook. 
 
 S. Swithin, Cannon Street. 
 S. Vedast, Foster Lane. 
 
 * Signifies that the church has been destroyed.
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 339 
 
 Halls. 
 
 Company. 
 
 Mercers 
 
 * Grocers 
 Drapers 
 
 * Fishmongers 
 
 * Goldsmiths 
 Skinners ,, 
 Merchant Taylors 
 Haberdashers 
 
 * Salters 
 Ironmongers 
 Vintners 
 
 * Dyers 
 Brewers ,, 
 
 * Leathersellers 
 Cutlers 
 Bakers 
 Tallow Chandlers 
 Girdlers 
 
 Saddlers Company 
 
 Cordwainers 
 
 Paper Stainers 
 
 Curriers 
 
 Masons ,, 
 
 * Plumbers 
 
 Innholders 
 
 Founders ,, 
 
 Coopers 
 Tilers and 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 Joiners 
 
 Weavers 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 Stationers 
 
 Apothecaries 
 
 Pinmakers 
 Coachmakers 
 
 Many of these buildings have been considerably altered since 
 Wren's time, and many are now let as warehouses, or turned to other 
 uses. 
 
 Colleges. 
 
 Pembroke, Cambridge. 
 
 * Physicians, Warwick Lane, 
 
 London. 
 
 Queen's (?) Oxford. 
 Sion, London. 
 
 Christ Church, Oxford. 
 Emmanuel, Cambridge. 
 Holy Trinity 
 
 Oxford. 
 
 Morden, Blackheath. 
 
 Palaces. 
 Hampton Court. Kensington. * Newmarket. Winchester. 
 
 Other Public Buildings. 
 
 Alderman's Court, Guildhall. 
 Archbishop Tenison's Library. 
 Ashmolean Museum. 
 
 Bohun's Almshouses, Lee. 
 
 j Pavilion. 
 ^ \ Ranger's house at. 
 
 * Signifies that the building has been destroyed. 
 Z 2
 
 340 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 Chapter House, S. Paul's. 
 
 * Custom House, Port of London. 
 
 Deanery, St Paul's, London. 
 
 Hospitals, (Chelsea College. 
 
 { Greenwich. 
 London, City of. 
 Merchant Taylors' Almhouses, 
 
 London. 
 
 Middle Temple, front of. 
 Monument, the. 
 
 Monument 
 
 to Edward V. & 
 
 . Richard, Duke of 
 
 York 
 Observatory, Greenwich. 
 
 * Royal Exchange, London. 
 Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford. 
 
 * Temple Bar. 
 
 * Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. 
 
 * Theatre in Salisbury Court. 
 Tower of London. 
 Windsor, Town Hall. 
 
 Private Houses. 
 
 Allaston's, Lord, London. 
 Bloomsbury, two in. 
 Buckingham's, Duchess of, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Chichester, two at. 
 Cooper's, Madam, London. 
 
 Fawley Court, Oxon. 
 Marlborough's, Duchess of, Lon- 
 don. 
 
 Oxford's, Earl of, London. 
 Sunderland's, Lord, London. 
 Windsor, two at. 
 
 This list, which is, I fear, imperfect, only professes to give such 
 buildings as were actually built or repaired ; there are, besides, a 
 large number of unexecuted designs. 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren left the rough drafts of four tracts on 
 architecture, which are printed in the ' Parentalia,' and a few notes 
 on Roman and Greek buildings, some of which Mr. Elmes tran- 
 scribed in his ' Life ; ' they are for the most part very technical and are 
 incomplete. The copy of the ' Parentalia ' now in my hands 
 contains the autograph draft of a Discourse on Architecture, which, 
 as I think, has never been printed ; it appears to me to be of great 
 interest. It is therefore given entire, though I regret I cannot give 
 the quaint prints of Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, Babylon, &c., 
 with which the original is illustrated. The two former prints tally so 
 exactly with the descriptions in the ' Discourse ' the print of the 
 ark containing a small section, an elevation, and a vignette of a man
 
 APPENDICES. 34i 
 
 feeding one of the creatures, besides a large drawing of the floating 
 Ark that I incline to think they were engraved, either by Wren 
 himself, or from his drawings. Engraving was an art he well under-, 
 stood. He divides with Prince Rupert the honour of the invention 
 of mezzo-tint. The prints are numbered PI. IV. and V. respectively, 
 and have no signature. 
 
 Discourse on Architecture* 
 
 WHATEVER a man's sentiments are upon mature deliberation, 
 it will be still necessary for him in a conspicuous Work to 
 preserve his Undertaking from general censure, and so for him 
 to accomodate his Designs to the gust of the Age he lives in, 
 tho it appears to him less rational. I have found no little 
 difficulty to bring Persons, of otherwise a good genius, to 
 think anything in Architecture would be better then what 
 they had heard commended by others, and what they had 
 view'd themselves. Many good Gothick forms of Cathedrals 
 were to be seen in our Country, and many had been seen 
 abroad, which they liked the better for being not much differ- 
 ing from ours in England : this humour with many is not yet 
 eradicated, and therefore I judge it not improper to endeavour 
 to reform the Generality to a truer taste in Architecture by 
 giving a larger Idea of the whole Art, beginning with the 
 reasons and progress of it from the most remote Antiquity ; 
 and that in short touching chiefly on some things, which have 
 not been remarked by others. 
 
 The Project of Building is as natural to Mankind as to 
 Birds, and was practised before the Floud. By Josephus we 
 learn that Cain built the first City, Enos, and enclosed it with 
 Wall and Rampires ; and that the Sons of Seth, the other son 
 of Adam, erected two Columns of Brick and Stone to preserve 
 their Mathematical Science to Posterity, so well built that 
 tho ye one of Brick was destroy 'd by the Deluge, ye other of 
 Stone was standing in ye time of Josephus. The first Peece 
 of Naval Architecture we read of in Sacred History was the 
 Arke of Noah, a work very exactly fitted and built for the 
 Purpose intended.
 
 342 APPENDICKS. 
 
 It was by measure just 6 times as Long as Broad, and the 
 H eighth was f of the Breadth. This was the Proportion of 
 the Triremes afterwards. The Dimensions, and that It was 
 3 Stories high, and that It had a Window of a Cubit Square 
 is only mention'd ; but many things sure were of necessity to 
 be contrived for Use in this Model of the Whole Earth. 
 
 First, One small Window was not sufficient to emit the 
 Breath of all the Animals ; It had certainly many other 
 Windows as well for Light as Air. It must have Scupper- 
 Holes and a large Sink and an Engin to Pump It ; for It 
 drew, as I compute, with all its Cargo and Ballast, at least 12 
 foot Water. There must be places for Insects the only Food 
 of some Birds and Animals. Great Cisterns for Fresh Water 
 not. only for Land Animals, but for some Water fowl and 
 Insects. Some Greens to grow in Tubs, the only food of 
 Tortoises and some Birds and Insects ; since we certainly 
 have learnt that nothing is produced by Spontaneous Genera- 
 tion, and we firmly believe there was no new Creation. I 
 need not mention stairs to the several Stories, with many 
 other things absolutely necessary for a year's Voyage for 
 Men and Animals, tho not mention'd in the Story, and Pro- 
 vidence was the Pilot of this Little World, the Embrjo of the 
 next. 
 
 Most certainly Noah was divinly qualified not only as a 
 Preacher of Righteousness but the greatest Philosopher in the 
 ' Historia Animalium' that ever was ; and it was Work enough 
 for his whole Family to feed them, and take care of the young 
 Brood ; for in a year's time there must be a great increase 
 in the Ark, w ch was food for the Family, and the Beasts of 
 Prey. 
 
 The first Peece of Civil Architecture we meet with in 
 Holy Writ is the Tower of Babel. Providence scatter'd the 
 first Builders, so the Work was left off, but the Successors of 
 Belus the son of Nimrod probably finished It and made it His 
 Sepulchre, upon his Deification. 
 
 It was built of Burnt Brick Cemented with Bitumen. 
 
 Herodotus gives us a surprizing Relation of it w ch being
 
 APPENDICES. 343 
 
 set down by measure is not beside our subject to observe. 
 It consisted of Eight several Stories ; the First was one 
 Stade, or 625 foot square, and of the same measure in Height 
 upon which were rais'd seven more, w ch if they were all equal 
 with the First would amount to 2,500 foot, which is not 
 credible : the Form must be therefore Pyramidal and being 
 adorn'd on the outside with Rows of Galleries in divers stories 
 diminished in Height in Geometrical Proportion ; so the 
 whole Mass would have the Aspect of Half an Octaedron, 
 which is that of all the Egyptian Pyramids. 
 
 These Corridors being Brick wasted in more than 1600 
 years : and it was these which Alexander actually began to 
 Repair, not the whole Bulk, as I suppose. 
 
 How Herodotus had his measures I question, for He 
 flourished but 100 years before Alexander's Conquests of 
 Babylon, so it was then 1500 years Old. 
 
 I proceed next to those mighty Works of Antiquity the 
 Wonderful Pyramids of Egypt yet remaining without con- 
 siderable decay after almost 4000 years : for 2000 years, 
 agoe, they were reckon'd by Historians of Uncertain Original. 
 
 I cannot think any Monarch however Despotick could 
 effect such things meerly for Glory ; I guess there were reasons 
 of State for it. 
 
 Egypt was certainly very early Populous, because so 
 Productive of Corn by the help of Nile, in a manner without 
 labour. They deriv'd the River when it rose, all over the Flat 
 of the Delta ; and as the People increas'd, over a great deal 
 of Land that lay higher. The Nile did not always Flow high 
 enough for a great Part of the then inhabited Country, and 
 without the Nile, They must either Starve or prey upon those 
 who had Corn ; This must needs create Mutiny and Blood- 
 shed, to prevent which it was the Wisdom of their ancient 
 Kings and Priests to Exact a certain Proportion of Corn, and 
 lay it up for those who wanted the benefit of the Rivers when 
 it disappointed their sowing. 
 
 Thus Joseph lay'd up for seven years, and sur'ly He was 
 not first : this Provision being ever so essentially necessary to
 
 344 APPEXDICES. 
 
 support the Popularity and consequently the Grandure of the 
 Kingdom ; and continued so in all Ages, till the Turks 
 neglected all the upper Canales except one which still suppli'd 
 Alexandria. Now what was the consequence ? It was not 
 for the Health of the Common People nor Policy of the 
 Government for them to be fed in Idleness : great Multitudes 
 were therefore imploy'd in that which requir'd no great Skill, 
 the Sawing of Stone Square to a few different scantlings, nor 
 was there any need of Scaffolding or Engines, for hands 
 only would raise them from step to step : a little teaching 
 serv'd to make them set Line : and thus these great Works 
 in which some Thousands of hands might be imploy'd at once, 
 rose with Expedition : the difficulty was in mustering the 
 men to move in order under proper Officers, and probably 
 with Musick, as Amphion is said much about the same Age 
 to have built the walls of Thebes with his Harp ; that is 
 Musick made the Workmen move exactly together without 
 which no great weight can be moved, as Seamen know, for the 
 Sheet Anchor will by no means be moved without a fiddle to 
 make men exert their United force in equal time : other- 
 wise they pull one against another and lose great part of their 
 force. 
 
 The next observable Monument of great Antiquity which 
 yet remain is the Pillar of Absolom. 
 
 By the description given of it, and what I have learnt from 
 Travellers who have seen it, we must allow it to be very 
 Remarkable though not great. 
 
 It is compos'd of seven Pillars six about in a Hexagon, 
 and one in the middle and the Tholus solid, a large Archi- 
 trave, Frize and Cornice lie upon the Pillars which are larger 
 in proportion to their height then what we now allow to the 
 Tuscan order, so likewise is the Entablature larger. 
 
 This whole composition though at least 30 foot high, is all 
 of the one Stone, both Basis, Pillars and Tholus cut as it stood 
 out of the adjacent Cliff of white Marble. 
 
 I could wish some skilful Artist would give us the exact 
 dimensions to inches, by which we might have an idea of the
 
 APPENDICES. 345 
 
 Antient Tyrian manner ; for it was probable Solomon by his 
 correspondence with King Hiram employ 'd the Tyrian 
 Artists, in his Temple ; and from the Phoenicians I derive as 
 well the Arts as the Letters, of the Graecians, tho it may be, 
 the Tyrians were Imitators of the Babylonians, and they of 
 the Egyptians. Great Monarchs are ambitious to leave great 
 Monuments behind them, and this occasions great Inventions 
 and Mechanick Arts. 
 
 What the Architecture was that Solomon used we know 
 little of, though Holy Writ hath given us the general dimen- 
 sions of the Temple, by which we may in some manner collect 
 the Plan but not of all the Courts. 
 
 Villapandus hath made a fine Romantick Piece after the 
 Corinthian Order, which in that age was not used by any 
 Nation : for the First Ages used grosser Pillars then Dorick. 
 In after Times they began to refine from the Dorick, as in the 
 Temple of Ephesus (the United Work of all Asia) and after- 
 wards improved into a Slenderer Pillar, and Leavy Capital of 
 various inventions which they called Corinthian. So that if 
 we run back to the Age of Solomon, we may with reason 
 believe they used the Tyrian manner, as gross at least as the 
 Dorick, and that the Corinthian manner of Villapandus is 
 meer fancy : Nay when long after Herod built the Atrium 
 Gentmm,\\& that carefully considers the description in Josephus 
 will find it to be a Tripple Portico, and thick Pillars of the 
 grosser Proportions which being whole stones of an incredible 
 Bulk our Saviour's Disciples admired them : Master, said 
 they, see what stones are here ! Titus would have sav'd this 
 noble structure, but a soldier throwing a torch upon the Roof 
 which was Cedar planks covered with Bitumen, it easily took 
 Fire and consumed the whole Building. All the City was thus 
 covered flat with Bitumen (easily gathered from the Lake of 
 Sodom) and upon the flat roofs the Jews celebrated under 
 Palm-boughs the Feast of Tabernacles. 
 
 The Body of the First Temple was gilt upon Bitumen, 
 which is good Size for gilding and will preserve the timber. 
 The ROof and Cedar Wainscot within being carved with
 
 346 APPENDICES. 
 
 Knotts was gilded all over with a thick Leaf, so I understand 
 the word Overlay' d ; for if it was cover'd with plate apply'd over 
 the knots and Imbossments the gold nails to fix it on would 
 have increased the Weight of the plate, whereas the quantity of 
 the Nails is reckoned but small in Proportion. The Doors might 
 be plated over and nail'd, and the Hinges and Bars, called 
 Chains, might be solid ; for these were afterwards stripp'd when 
 the Egyptians pillaged the Temple in the Reign of Rehoboam. 
 
 That Herod did more than the Upper Portico doth not 
 appear, for the substruction under the Portico was certainly 
 Solomon's Work. The whole Hill Moriah was wall'd upright 
 by him from the bottom of the Valley which render'd a broad 
 Area above for all the Buildings of the Courts. This is the 
 work in which were us'd stone of 10 and 12 Cubits, call'd as 
 well they might Costly Stones. 
 
 Now it may well be inquired how in an uneven craggy 
 Country, as it is about Jerusalem, such mighty Loads of Stone 
 could be brought. I shall give my thoughts. 
 
 Solomon had an Army of Labourers in his Works ; now 
 suppose 12 Cubits long and 2 broad, and I thick, this would 
 amount to 648 of our solid feet, which in marble would be 64 
 Tuns and more. Eight men can draw a Tun, but the ground 
 being hilly, we will allow 10 men to a Tun which would be 640 
 men. Now how all these men can be brought to draw together 
 I show as follows. First, 10 men draw in a Rope (as barge- 
 men with us) at the end of this Rope is a Spring-tree (as our 
 Coachmen use for ye two fore Horses) to each end of which 
 is a rope so 20 men can draw in the second rank ; each rope 
 hath again its Spring-tree, and so on to a sixth rank each rank 
 doubling the number and supposing 10 men to govern the rest 
 (possibly with Musick) makes the number 640 men ; and this 
 will be found readier than capsterns, and by this means much 
 vaster stones may be mov'd and even by Barbarous People 
 without Engins. I cannot otherwise see what need Solomon 
 had of such great multitudes of Labourers as Threescore and 
 ten Thousand Bearers of Burdens, and Fourscore Thousand 
 Hewers of stone in the Mountains, &c. Probably too they
 
 APPENDICES. 347 
 
 were employ'd by Months, and the rest were by turns to till 
 the ground and bring food for the Labourers that the Country 
 Work might proceed. 
 
 The Walls of Babylon were most stupendious Works, 
 built with Brick and Cement with Bitumen ; the Height of 
 them, according to Herodotus, was Two Hundred Royal 
 Cubits, and the Breadth Fifty ; which in our measure (reckon- 
 ing every Royal Cubit with Herodotus I foot 9 inches which is 
 3 inches above the common cubit measure) makes the Height 
 375 foot and the Breadth 93 ft. 9 in. 
 
 In these Walls were one hundred gates of Brass with 
 Ornaments in Architecture of the same metal. Besides the 
 first Wall, (which was encompassed with a wide and deep Foss 
 always supply 'd with water the sides of which were Lin'd with 
 Brick) was an inner Wall built of near the same strength, 
 tho not altogether of the same Breadth. 
 
 The extent of the City must add to the Surprise which 
 being a Square contained a Front on every Side of one 
 hundred and Twenty Stadia, that is Fifteen of our miles, and 
 makes up in the whole Threescore miles. 
 
 Another stupendious Fabrick of I think also Tyrian 
 architecture, was the monument of Porsenna, King of 
 Etruria. This Sepulchre we have describ'd by Pliny, with 
 the particular Dimensions in Feet which I have accordingly 
 Delineated. 
 
 First, a Basis of squar'd stone fifty foot high rais'd the 
 Pile above any vulgar contiguous Buildings which being solid 
 only in those Parts that bore weight was so contriv'd within- 
 side as to form a very intricate Labyrinth, into which whoever 
 enter'd without a clew of thread would not be able to find 
 the way out. Upon this Basis stood five Pyramids of 1 50 
 foot high ; Four in the Angles, and one in the Centre ; Bodies 
 call'd Pyramids tho it is manifest they must have been so 
 cut off as to have a large space on the Top to carry a Second 
 Story of Four more lofty Pyramids of 100 foot high ; and over 
 them a third Order of Five more. Now how these could be 
 borne is worth the consideration of an architect. I conceive it 
 might be thus perform'd securely.
 
 348 APPENDICES. 
 
 Set half Hemispherical Arches, such as we make the heads 
 of Niches, but lay'd back to back, so that each of these have 
 its Bearing upon three Pyramids of the Lower Order, that is 
 two angular ones and the middle Pyramids ; and these cutting 
 one another upon the Diagonals will have a firm bearing for 
 all the Works above. 
 
 Pliny mentions a Brass Circle and Cupola, lay'd upon the 
 Five Lower Pyramids, not I suppose to bear anything, but 
 chiefly for Ornament, and to cover the stone work of the Arches 
 upon the strong Spandrells of which if another Platform were 
 rais'd upon that might the upper structure be built and the 
 whole have a stupendious effect, and seemingly very open. 
 Pliny took his Description of this extraordinary Pile from the 
 Measures set down by Varro, a diligent and therefore credible 
 author, who probably might have taken his Dimensions when 
 it was standing before the absolute conquest of Etruria by the 
 Romans ; the summary then of this prodigious Edifice (erected 
 to show the Vanity of the Eastern Monarchy could be exceeded 
 by the Italians) may be thus compriz'd. 
 
 The Basis of the whole was 300 ft. square, and 50 ft. h ; gh ; 
 upon which stood Five Pyramids each of 75 ft. square at 1 50 ft. 
 high ; upon which rested the Brazen Circle and Cupola, stil'd 
 by Pliny Petasus, (which I take to be a Brass Covering securing 
 the Arches) from which hung little Bells by Chains, which 
 sounded as they mov'd by the Winds. 
 
 The Four Pyramids of the Second Order of looft. high 
 standing upon the Circle or Brim of the Petasus as upon an 
 Entablature, were evidently the Four First Angular Pyramids 
 continu'd to an Apex, or near to a Point, so each will be in all 
 from the Basis 450 ft. high, and rise as high as the Petasus \ 
 above which was again a Platform containing the Third Order 
 of Five more Pyramids, of which the four angular Pyramids 
 rested firmly upon the keys of the Diagonal Sections of 
 the half Hemispherical Vaultings, which were called by the 
 Ancients Conchae resembling the heads of Niches joyn'd back 
 to back. This Platform I take to have been round as being 
 the Horizontal Section of the Petasus ; and the Bases of the
 
 APPEXDICES. 349 
 
 Five Upper Pyramids would be contiguous, and thus would be 
 of the same shape and as high as the same below, as Varro 
 asserts with some suspicion, fearing how they would stand, 
 but I with confidence, the Proportions persuading, which 
 indeed are very fine. 
 
 The H eighth to the Breadth of the Basis is 6 to i. The 
 Heighth of the Pyramids to the Brass Petasus is 2 to I, but 
 taking in their whole heighth it would have 4 to I, but allowing 
 the Point of the Pyramid to be taken off (as it ought) and 
 allowing for the Brasen Brim and Bells it will be 250 foot, 
 above which was the Floor that bore the Five upper Pyramids 
 of 4 to I, so the Heighth is 550 foot as 6 to 1 1. 
 
 I have ventured to put some Ornaments, at ye Top belong- 
 ing to the Tuscan superstition, (They then us'd not Statues) 
 They are Golden Thunderbolts, so the whole will be 600 foot 
 high, that is double to the Basis and the Heighth to the Brass 
 circle will appear half the Face, or like the Fagade of a 
 Tuscan Temple, to which the Breadth of the Brim of the 
 Petasus and the Bells supply the Place of an Entablature : 
 
 I have been the longer in this Description because the 
 Fabrick was in the Age of Pythagoras and his School, 
 when the World began to be fond of Geometry and Arithme- 
 tick. 
 
 N.B. In all the Editions of Pliny for Tricenum read 
 Tricentinum as the sense requires. 
 
 At the end of the Discourse on Architecture is an elevation, drawn 
 in pen and sepia, of the tomb of Mausolus, as Sir Christopher supposed 
 from Pliny's account that it must have been constructed. It is drawn to 
 a scale, with indications of statues, of which he supposed there to have 
 been forty-eight. It is remarkable how closely Sir Christopher's con- 
 jectural elevation tallies with what recent excavations have brought to
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ABB 
 A BBOT, Bishop of London, i r, 
 
 ^ 14 ; Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, 24 
 
 Academic Royale dcs Sciences, 
 148 
 
 Addison, 74, 179 
 
 All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt 
 by Wren, 232 ; destruction of, 
 232, 234 
 
 Lombard Street, rebuilt by 
 
 Wren, 271, 272 
 
 Thames Street, 240 
 
 All Saints, Isleworth, 298 
 
 Andrewes, Lancelot, Dean of West- 
 minster, Bishop of Chichester, of 
 Ely, of Winchester, kindness of, 
 to Matthew Wren, 6, 7 ; his pro- 
 phecy, 10 13; his death, 14; 
 funeral of, at St. Saviour's, South- 
 wark, 15 ; care of, in giving 
 church preferment, 31 ; chaplain 
 sent to the New Forest by, 40 ; 
 appointment of Mr. Bois by, 46 ; 
 quoted by Bishop Wren, 62 ; 
 church views of, 120; legacy of, 
 to Pembroke College library, 134 
 
 'Annals of England,' 20, 58, 77, 
 122 
 
 Anne, Queen, 300, 301, 305, 317, 
 
 320, 327 
 Annual Register,' the (1765), 174 
 
 Arches Court, The, origin of the 
 name, 184 
 
 BIL 
 
 Architecture, 119, 148, 150, 171, 
 184, 197, 240, 268, 290, 329 ; Dis- 
 course on, by Sir C. Wren. See 
 Appendix III., 340 
 
 Artillery Company, the, 185 
 
 Ashburnham, Mr., 75 
 
 Ashmole, Mr. Elias, founder of the 
 Ashmolean Museum, 217 
 
 Atterbury, Dean of Westminster, 
 and Bishop of Rochester, 203, 
 209 
 
 Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, 91 
 
 Ayliffe's 'Oxford,' 125, 141 
 
 "D ANCROFT, Archbishop, 14 
 Barrow, Dr. Isaac, eulogy of, 
 
 on Christopher Wren, 128, 129 
 Barwick, Dr., Dean of Durham, of 
 
 S. Paul's, 'Life of,' 72, 76, 85, 
 
 IIO, 112, 115, I2O, 140 
 
 Bathurst, Dr., 144, 145, 270, 271 
 ' Beauties of England and Wales,' 
 
 16 
 Bedloe, witness in the Popish plot, 
 
 227 
 Benson, William, appointed by 
 
 George I. to supersede Wren, 
 
 329, 33 
 
 Bernini, Giov., 145, 149 
 Billing, A., ' Restoration of the 
 
 Church of S. Sepulchre,' 183
 
 352 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 RIR 
 
 COR 
 
 Bird, Francis, sculptor, 300, 304 
 
 ' Black Book of the Garter,' the, 4, 
 68 
 
 Blenheim Palace, building of, by 
 Vanbrugh, 286 
 
 Blenheim, victory of (1704), 3 O1 
 
 1 Blue Book of the Garter,' the, 68 
 
 Blunt, ' Key to the Holy Bible,' 46 
 
 Bois, Mr. John, 46 
 
 Bow Church. See S. Mary-le-Bow 
 
 Boyle, Robert, 283 
 
 Brewster, Sir David, 'Life of 
 Newton,' 330 
 
 British Association, the, report of, 
 for 1859, 333 
 
 Brouncker, Lord, 124, 126, 143 
 
 Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, 279 
 
 Burton, Henry, 251 
 
 Busby, Dr., head-master of West- 
 minster, 41, 300 
 
 Bushnell, John, 179 
 
 Butler, Bishop of Bristol, 65 
 
 Butler, Samuel, 130 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, 6, 15,45, 216 
 Canova, Antonio, 192 
 
 Catechism, the, clergy compelled 
 to use, 22, 50 
 
 Cave, Dr. William, 240 
 
 Cemeteries, Wren's plan for placing 
 outside London, 307 
 
 Chardin, Sir John, 230, 231 
 
 Charles I., his journey to Spain as 
 Prince of Wales, 7-9 ; his coro- 
 nation in Scotland, 16 ; sets up 
 his standard at Nottingham 
 (1642), 60; sends a pardon to 
 Laud, 70 ; his flight from Oxford, 
 75 ; his death, 86 ; his bust by 
 Bernini, 149 ; proposed monu- 
 ment to, 209, 210 
 
 Charles II., escape of, after the 
 battle of Worcester, 91 ; letter of, 
 to Monk from Breda, 112; entry 
 of, into London,' 117; encourage- 
 
 ment given by, to the founding 
 of the Royal Society, 124, 130; 
 spirited behaviour of, at the Fire 
 of London, 156 ; first stone of 
 the Royal Exchange laid by, 178; 
 portion of the tax on coal given to 
 building of S. Paul's by, 198 ; 
 palace at Newmarket built for, 
 225 ; death of, 246 
 Chelsea College, building of the 
 hospital at, 239, 24.0, 300, 326, 
 
 327 
 
 Chichester, sack of, by the Parlia- 
 mentary troops, 79, 123 
 
 cathedral of, spire repaired by 
 Wren, 243 
 
 Christ Church, Newgate, repaired 
 by Wren, 260 
 
 Christ Church, Oxford, gateway at, 
 built by Wren, 232 
 
 ' Church Quarterly Review,' the, 65, 
 123 
 
 Gibber, Caius, 207 
 
 City churches, the. See Names of 
 Churches. For complete list of, 
 see Appendix II., 338 
 
 City Church and Churchyard Pro- 
 tection Society, 191 ; Report of, 
 205 
 
 City companies' halls rebuilt by 
 Wren, 266. For list of, see Appen- 
 dix II., 339 
 
 Clarendon, Lord, 19, 20, 23, 47, 
 no, 121, 160 
 
 Claypole, Richard, 99 
 
 Coal, portion of tax on, granted for 
 the rebuilding of S. Paul's, 198 
 
 Coghill, Faith, 91, 176, 177 
 
 Collier, ' Ecclesiastical History,' 20 
 
 Common Prayer. See Prayer Book 
 
 Compton, Bishop of London, 220, 
 
 279, 323, 324 
 
 Convocation, meeting of, in S. 
 Paul's (1661), 119, 120 
 
 Corbet, Bishop of Norwich, of Ox- 
 ford, 22, 24, 27, 215
 
 INDEX. 
 
 353 
 
 COS 
 C- sin, Dean of Peterborough, 
 
 Bishop of Durham, 153 
 Coverdale, Bishop Miles, 219 
 Cowley, Abraham, 124, 147 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 9, 91, 99, 102 
 Cromwell, Richard, 103 
 Custom-house, the, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 176 
 
 TT\ALE, Rev. T. P., rector of S. 
 Vedast's, Foster Lane, impri- 
 sonment of, 273 
 
 Davenport, ' Oxfordshire Annals,' 25 
 ' Decoy Duck,' the, a pamphlet 
 against Archbishop Williams, 59 
 Denham, Sir John, 127, 139 
 De Ros, Lord, 'The Tower of 
 
 London,' 211 
 Dore, Abbey of, 19 
 Doyley, ' Life of Bancroft,' 165, 166 
 Dunton, John, leader of the expedi- 
 tion against the Sallee pirates, 20 
 Duppa, Dr. Brian, Bishop of 
 Salisbury, appointed executor of 
 Archbishop Laud's will, 71 ; 
 Archbishop Tenison secretly or- 
 dained by, 1 23 
 
 "PAST Knoyle, living of, held by 
 
 J -' Dr. Wren, 31, 32, 33 
 
 Elmes, ' Life of Sir C. Wren,' 90, 
 97, 200, 230 
 
 Ely, 44, 45 
 
 Ely House, 118, 119 
 
 Ely, Bishop of. See Wren ; Turner 
 
 Emmanuel College, Chapel of, 
 built by Wren, 215, 216 
 
 Evelyn, John, 'Diary' of, 15, 49, 
 50, 51, 89,93, 94, 95,99. IH, H7, 
 118, 127, 145, 146, 154, 155, 181, 
 206, 209, 215, 217, 226, 228, 229, 
 230, 242, 244, 260, 286, 287, 302 
 
 death of, 304 
 
 Exchange. See Royal Exchange 
 
 GOD 
 
 A 
 
 T7AWLEY Court built by Wren, 
 
 r 245 
 
 Fell, Bishop of Oxford, 220 
 
 Fergusson ' Hist, of Architecture,' 
 15, 184, 192 
 
 ' Illustrated Handbook of Archi- 
 tecture,' 139 
 
 Fifty new churches, Act fqr build- 
 ing the, 305 
 
 Fire of London, the, 155, 159, 175, 
 184, 185, 187, 191, 192, 204, 219, 
 243, 288 
 
 Flamsteed, Astronomer Royal, 216, 
 299, 327 
 
 Fogg, Captain, pillage of S. 
 George's Chapel by, 67 
 
 Fox, Sir Stephen, 239, 269, 327 
 
 ' Fragmentary Illustrations of the 
 History of the Book of Common 
 Prayer,' 120 
 
 Freemasons, the Order of, 147, 
 200, 285 
 
 Frogley, Richard, Wren's carpen- 
 ter, 142 
 
 Fuller, Dr. Thomas, 6, 10 
 
 /BARTER, the Order of the, 4, 
 ^ 5, 16, 34-36, 67, 68, 80, 81, 123, 
 
 217 
 Garth, Samuel, physician and poet, 
 
 265 
 
 George I., 329 
 George, Prince, 235, 300 
 Gibbons, Grinling, 194, 195, 242 
 
 252, 253, 324 
 Gibbs, James, pupil . of Wren's 
 
 builder of S. Mary-le-Strand and 
 
 S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 233, 
 
 286, 305 
 GodJard, Dr., Warden of Merton 
 
 College, 77, 78, 103, 104, 105, 124, 
 
 125 
 Godwin, ' De Praesulibus Angliae 
 
 Commentarius,' 57, 94 
 A
 
 354 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 GRA 
 
 KEN 
 
 Grainger, ' Biographical History of 
 England, 1 59, 149, 231 
 
 Great Haseley, detection of a mur- 
 der at, 38 
 
 Greenwich Hospital, 269, 299 
 
 Observatory, 216, 327 
 - Palace, 127 
 
 Greshajn College, London, 98, 103, 
 105, 123, 240 
 
 Gresham Professors. See Ward's 
 'Lives of 
 
 Grey, 'Examination of Neale's 
 Hist of the Puritans,' 62, 86, 
 
 122 
 
 Griffiths, Matthew, Rector of S. 
 
 Mary Magdalene's, Fish St. 248 
 Gustavus Adolphus, his George 
 
 and Garter, 37, 67 
 
 TTACKETT, Dr., 18 
 
 Hawksmore, Nicholas, a 
 pupil of Wren's, 206, 286, 293 
 
 305 
 
 Hall, Bishop of Norwich, 58 
 Halley, Dr., 247, 299, 333 
 Hampton Court Palace, Wren's 
 
 alterations at, 267, 268. 
 Hare, A. C, 'Walks in London,' 
 
 119,252 
 Harris, Renatus, builder of the 
 
 organ at S. James', Westminster, 
 
 243 ; at S. Paul's, 274, 275 
 Hatton, E. ' New View of London,' 
 
 219, 262, 271, 272 
 Hawkins, Sir John, monument of, 
 
 at S. Dunstan's-in-the-East 287. 
 Henchman, Bishop of London, 154, 
 
 222 
 
 Henley-on-Thames, 38, 75, 159 
 Henry VI., 4 
 Hewet, Dr., 99 
 Heylin, < Cyprianus Anglicus,' 15, 
 
 . 22, 44 
 
 Hoare, Sir R., ' History of Wilt- 
 shire,' '33 
 
 Holder, Dr. 42, 177, 222, 223, 261, 
 300 
 
 Holder, Mrs., 42, 176, 223, 224, 225, 
 261, 300 
 
 Hooke, Robert, 159, 246, 247 
 
 Hope, Right Honourable, A. J. B. B. 
 ' Worship in the Church of Eng- 
 land,' 65 
 
 Hoskyns, C. Wren, 3, 231 
 
 Hoskyns, Sir John, 231 
 
 Hudson, Dr., chaplain to Charles I., 
 
 75 
 
 Hume, ' History of England,' 102 
 Hyde, Mr., no, in, 112, 113, 115. 
 
 See Clarendon. 
 
 TNIGO JONES, 42, 93, 127, 166, 
 
 243, 269 
 Ipswich, Disturbances'at, stirred up 
 
 by Prynne, 44, 45 ; Tower church 
 
 at, 65. 
 
 T AMES I., visit of, to Cambridge, 
 
 J 6 ; plans the Spanish match,'7 ; 
 his opinion of Bishop King, 222 
 
 James 1 1., Inscription on Monument 
 effaced by, 208 ; continues Wren 
 on S. Paul's commission, 248 ; 
 Declaration by, of liberty of con- 
 science, 260 ; Abdication of, 263 ; 
 Residence of, at S. Germain's, 283 
 
 Jarman, the city architect, 266 
 
 Jeffreys, Judge, his lettef to Pepys, 
 161, 162 
 
 Jennings, Richard, Wren's master 
 carpenter, 159, 200, 321, 323 
 
 Juxon, Bishop of London, 17, 49, 
 86, 109 ; Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, 118 
 
 ^" EN, Prebendary of Winchester, 
 > Bishop of Bath and Wells, 
 
 220, 234, 200
 
 355 
 
 KEN 
 
 Kennet, Bishop, 122 
 
 Kensington Palace, additions to, 
 made by Wren, 268 
 
 King, Bishop of London, his grave- 
 stone, 222 
 
 Knolles, ' Historic of the Turks,' 
 19 
 
 T AKE, Bishop of Chichester, 
 *- 260 
 
 Lalanne, L., 'Dictionnaire Histo- 
 rique de la France/ 149 
 
 Lambeth Palace, 41, 47, 48, 239 
 
 Lane, Mr. Peter, Rector of S. Ben- 
 net's, Paul's wharf, 243 
 
 Lathbury, ' History of Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer,' 123 
 
 Laud, Bishop of S. David's, of 
 London, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, advice of, respecting chap- 
 lains for the Prince of Wales, 7 ; 
 form of penance, and reconcili- 
 ation for a renegado prepared with 
 Bishop Wren by, 20; measures 
 taken by, against the lecturers, 
 22 ; his treatment of the foreign 
 congregations, 23, 24 ; works at 
 S. Paul's carried on by order of, 
 41, 42 ; yearly report of, to the 
 King, 45 ; impeachment and im- 
 prisonment of, in the Tower, 48, 
 50 ; his refusal to escape, 61 ; 
 Trial of, 69, 70 ; his execution on 
 Tower Hill, 70 ; order of, re- 
 specting altar-rails, 249 
 
 Lecturers, measures taken against, 
 
 22, 27 
 
 Lenthall, William, Speaker of the 
 
 House of Commons, 38, 79 
 Le Sceur, Hubert, his statue of King 
 
 Charles, 195 
 
 Littleton, Lord Keeper, 57 
 Lloyd, Bishop of S. Asaph, 217,226, 
 
 260, 281 
 Longitude, the, attempts to discover 
 
 accurately, 215, 331, 332 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 NEI 
 
 London, city of, 25, 41, 98, 142, 154, 
 155, 179, 1 86, 188,335. See Fire i 
 Plague ; Tower. 
 
 London Bridge, 204, 262, 288 
 
 Stone, 219 
 
 Long Parliament, the, 56, 68, 103 
 
 Longman, ' Three Cathedrals dedi- 
 cated to S. Paul's in London,' 198, 
 222, 273, 293 
 
 Louvre, the, 148, 149 
 
 Lysons, ' Environs of London,' 298 
 
 ]\T ACAU LAY, ' History of Eng- 
 
 iV1 land '261, 281 
 
 Marah, ' Life of Archbishop Juxon,' 
 
 18 
 Marlborough, Duchess of, 285, 286 
 
 Duke of, 301, 302 
 
 Mary, Princess, her marriage, 49 
 
 Queen, her arrival in England 
 263 ; employs Wren to rebuild 
 Hampton Court, 267 ; her death, 
 268 
 
 Maw, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 7 
 
 ' Memorials of the See of Chi- 
 chester,' 79, 123, 245 
 
 Merchant Taylors' School, 6 
 
 Milford, Rev. R.N., 33 
 
 Milman, 'Annals of S. Paul's Cathe- 
 dral,' 197, 203, 318 
 
 Milton, 122, 232 
 
 Monk, George, afterwards General, 
 71, 72, 103, 112, 114 
 
 Monument, the, built by Wren, 207 ; 
 inscriptions on, 207, 208 
 
 Morley, Bishop of Winchester, 
 220 
 
 Morton, Bishop of Durham, 112 
 
 Motley ' Life of Barneveldc,' 61 
 
 ~\T EALE, History of the Puri- 
 ^ tans,' 58 
 
 Neile, Bishop of Rochester, of 
 Lichfield, of Lincoln, of Durham, 
 
 A A 2
 
 356 % INDEX. 
 
 NEW 
 
 of Winchester, and Archbishop 
 
 of York, 10, ii, 13, 57, 70 
 Newcourt, ' Repertorium,' 118, 183, 
 
 218, 222, 241, 243, 249, 250, 273 
 Newmarket, hunting palace built 
 
 for Charles II. at, 225 
 Newport, Lord, 218 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, 154, 193, 232, 
 
 246, 247, 324, 327 
 Noble, 'Biographical History of 
 
 England,' 225, 330 
 Non-jurors, the, 264, 281 
 Norris, Lord, 38, 39 
 Norwich, diocese of, overrun with 
 
 lecturers, 22 ; weavers at, Bishop 
 
 Wren's treatment of, 23, 25 
 Notes and queries, 90 
 
 RED 
 
 /~\ATES, Titus, 226 
 
 ^-^ Oldenburg, Mr., Secretary of 
 
 the Royal Society, 299 
 Oughtred, the Rev. W., 78; his 
 
 death fromjoy at the Restoration, 
 
 79 
 
 Oxford, 25, 31, 74, 75, 90, 93, 140, 
 144, 192, 217, 232 
 
 pAPIN, DENYS, inventor of 
 
 Papin's Digestor, 229, 230 
 Parentalia, the, 26, 32, 34, 66, 74, 
 
 82, 87,90,98, 153, 154, 155,177, 
 
 200, 201, 203, 223, 235, 247, 281, 
 
 325, 326, 33 
 Pascal, 101, 102, 148 
 Pearson, Dr., His sermon at Bishop 
 
 Wren's funeral, 160 
 Peck, ' Desiderata Curiosa,' 46, 75, 
 
 160 
 Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 6, 134; 
 
 Consecration of chapel of, 162 ; 
 
 Bishop Wren buried at, 160 ; 
 
 Matthew Wren buried at, 161 ; 
 
 Sir C. Wren's son educated at, 
 
 265 
 
 Pepys' Diary, 118, 142, 143, 144, 
 156, 158, 161, 175, 178, 182, 228 
 
 Perier, Madame, ' Vie de Pascal,' 
 102 
 
 Peter the Great at Sayes Court, 
 286, 287 
 
 Peterhouse, Cambridge, 15,17,45, 
 
 88, 153, 1 60 
 
 Petty, Dr., afterwards Sir William, 
 
 89, 124, 125 
 
 Phelp, Richard, bell-founder, 321, 
 
 323 
 
 Philosophical Society, the, 126 
 
 Philosophy Act, the, kept at Cam- 
 bridge, 6 ; at Oxford, 93 
 
 Physicians, College of, built by 
 Wren, 265 
 
 Pierce, Edward, sculptor under 
 Wren, 207 
 
 Pigott, Mrs., only surviving de- 
 scendant of Sir C. Wren, 231, 304, 
 
 317 
 Plague, the (in 1636), 25 ; (in 1665), 
 
 142, 143, 144, 154, 243 
 Plot, Dr., 142, 300 
 Pope, ' Moral Essays,' 208 
 
 ' Dunciad,' 330 
 Popish Plot, the, 227 
 Portland, Earl of, 282, 303 
 Portland quarries, the, 221, 279 
 Prayer Book, the, 65, 69, 118 
 
 of Edward VI., the first, 121 
 Prynne, William, 44, 45, 50, 70 
 
 /QUENCH COAL,' pamphlet by 
 
 >C Prynne, 44 
 ' Querela Cantabrigiensis,' 76 
 
 "DAIKES, Captain, 'History of 
 the Honourable Artillery 
 Company,' 185 
 Randolph, Thomas, 90 
 Red Book of the Garter, the, 68
 
 INDEX. 
 
 357 
 
 REN 
 
 SAI 
 
 Renegade, form of penance and 
 reconciliation for, 19, 20 
 
 Restoration, the, 79 
 
 Rooke, Laurence, Astronomy Pro- 
 fessor at Gresham College, 125, 
 128 
 
 Rowe, Sir Thomas, 34, 35 
 
 Royal Exchange, the, rebuilt by C. 
 .Wren, 178 
 
 Royal Society, the, 95, 124, 129, 
 
 Hi, H5> 154, 159, 193, 194, 203, 
 208, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 239, 
 240, 246, 284, 299, 327,333 ; His- 
 tory of,' by Sprat, 95 
 ' History of,' by Weld, 124, 327 
 Ryswick, peace of (1697), 271 
 Ryves, Dr., Bruno, Dean of Chi- 
 chester, and of Windsor, and 
 Registrar of the Garter, 123 
 
 C ALBAN'S, Lord, 146, 148, 241 
 *-> Alban's, Wood St., rebuilt 
 by Wren, 248 
 
 Andrew's, Holborn, rebuilt by 
 Wren, 259, 297 
 
 Andrew's-by-the- Wardrobe, re- 
 built by Wren, 271 
 
 SS. Anne and Agnes' Church, re- 
 built by Wren, 218 
 S. Anne's, Soho, 300 
 
 Antholin's, Watling St., rebuilt 
 by Wren, 233 ; destruction of, 234 
 
 Augustine's Church, 234 
 
 Bartholomew's, Bartholomew 
 Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 218 ; de- 
 stroyed to give site for the Sun 
 Fire-office, 219 
 
 Bartholomew's Day (1662), 122 
 
 Bennet's, Gracechurch St., re- 
 built by Wren, 250 ; destruction 
 of, 250 
 
 - Bennet's, Paul's Wharf, rebuilt 
 
 by Wren, 243- 
 Bennet Fink, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 194; destruction of, 194 
 
 S. Bride's, Fleet St., rebuilt by 
 Wren, 219, 220 
 
 Christopher-le-Stocks, repaired 
 by Wren, 185 
 
 Clement Danes, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 233 
 
 Eastcheap, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 252 
 
 Dionysius or S. Dionis, Back 
 Church, rebuilt by Wren, 194 ; 
 destruction of, 194 
 
 Dunstan's in the East, repaired 
 by Wren, 287, 288 
 
 Edmund the King, rebuilt by 
 Wren, 267 
 
 Faith (crypt of S. Paul's), built 
 by Wren, 262 
 
 George's, Botolph Lane, rebuilt 
 by Wren, 194 
 
 George's Chapel, Windsor, 4, 5, 
 67, 68, 209 
 
 Gregory's Church, 41, 99, 250 
 
 James's, Garlickhithe, rebuilt by 
 Wren, 243 
 
 Westminster, built by Wren, 
 241, 242, 310 
 
 John's College, 31, 71 
 
 Lawrence, Jewry, rebuilt by 
 . Wren, 206 
 
 Magnus, London Bridge, 5 ; re- 
 built by Wren, 204, 297 
 
 Margaret's, Fish St., 5 
 
 Lothbury, rebuilt by Wren, . 
 
 267 
 Pattens, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 259 
 
 Martin's-in-the-Fields, 191 ; re- 
 built by Gibbs, 233 
 
 Martin's, Ludgate Hill, rebuilt 
 by Wren, 248- 
 
 Mary's, Abchurch, rebuilt by 
 Wren, 252 
 
 Aldermanbury, rebuilt by 
 
 Wren, 207 
 
 - -at- Hill, 191 
 le-Bow, rebuilt by Wren, 183
 
 358 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 SAI 
 
 SAN 
 
 S. Mary-le-Strand, built -by Gibbs, 
 
 233, 305 
 Somerset, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 273 
 
 - Woolnoth, repaired by Wren, 
 rebuilt by Hawksmore, 206 
 
 Magdalene, Fish St., rebuilt 
 
 by Wren, 248 
 - Matthew's, Friday St., rebuilt by 
 
 Wren, 250 
 Michael's, Bassishaw, rebuilt by 
 
 Wren, 219 
 Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 191 
 Crooked Lane, rebuilt by 
 
 Wren,262 ; destruction of (1830), 
 
 262 
 
 - Queenhithe, repaired by- 
 Wren, 207 
 
 Mary's, Royal College Hill, re- 
 built by Strong, Wren's master- 
 mason, 272 
 
 Mildred's, Bread St., rebuilt by 
 Wren, 240 
 
 Poultry, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 205 ; destruction of, in 1872, 205 
 
 Nicholas, Cole Abbey, rebuilt by 
 Wren, 206 
 
 Olave's, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 194 
 
 Paul's Cathedral, old, repairs of, 
 41, 42 ; attacked by the Puritan 
 mob (1640), 46-47 ; meeting of 
 the Convocation of Canterbury 
 at (1661), 119 ; Wren's proposed 
 repairs of, 139, 140, 154 ; burning 
 of, in the Great Fire (1666), 156, 
 158 ; removing the ruins of, 165 ; 
 Sancroft's letters to Wren re- 
 specting, 1 66, 1 68 ; Wren's ac- 
 count of the effect of the fire 
 upon, 169, 170, 171 ; sale of the 
 ruins of, for the rebuilding of 
 parochial churches, 186, 187 ; 
 ruins of, blown up with gun- 
 powder, 187, 1 88; New or present 
 
 building, different designs for, and 
 Wren's model of, 196, 197 ; first 
 stone of, laid by Wren, 200 ; 
 Wren's care in laying the founda- 
 tions of, 201 ; Bishop Compton's 
 address to obtain contributions for, 
 220 ; quarries of Portland stone 
 set apart for, 221 ; the crypt of, 
 finished, 261, 262 ; part of the 
 money for, taken by Parliament 
 for the expenses of King William's 
 wars, 273 ; placing of the organ 
 in, 273, 274, 275 ; opening of the 
 choir of, 279 ; Wren's order 
 against swearing among the 
 workmen in, 285 ; morning-prayer 
 chapel of, opened, 288 ; burial of 
 Jane Wren in, 300 ; thanksgiving 
 for the victory of Blenheim at, 301 ; 
 covering of the dome of, with lead, 
 303 ; last stone of, laid by Wren's 
 son, 318, 319 ; the iron gates set 
 up in, 324 ; Wren's design for 
 east end of, 324, 325 ; iron fence 
 round, 326 ; design of the com- 
 missioners to put up a balustrade, 
 in, 328; late improvements in 
 334 
 
 S. Peter's, Cornhill, rebuilt by 
 Wren, 233 ; charitable legacies 
 belonging to, 233 
 
 Sepulchre's Church, 182, 183 
 
 Stephen's, Coleman St., rebuilt 
 by Wren, 205 
 
 Walbrook, rebuilt by Wren, 
 
 192, 225, 226 
 
 Swithin's, Cannon St., rebuilt by 
 Wren, 219 
 
 Vedast's, Foster Lane, steeple 
 of, added by Wren, 273 
 
 Salisbury Cathedral, Wren's work 
 at, 17 
 
 Sancroft, Dr., Dean of S. Paul's 
 and Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 appointed a S. Paul's com- 
 missioner, 1 54 ;. sermon of, after
 
 INDEX. 
 
 359 
 
 SAV 
 
 WAL 
 
 the Fire, I 5 ; letters of, to Sir C. 
 Wren, 166-168 ; contributions of, 
 to the building of S. Paul's, 220 ; 
 imprisonment of, in the Tower, 
 260, 261 ; refuses to take the oath 
 of allegiance to William III., 264 
 
 Savoy conference, the, 120 
 
 Sayes Court occupied by Peter the 
 Great, 286, 287 
 
 Scarborough, Sir Charles, 78, 224 
 
 Scudamore, Lord, 19 
 
 ' Sessional Papers, R.I.B.A.,' 267, 
 268 
 
 Seven Bishops, the, trial of, 235, 260 
 
 Seward, ' Anecdotes of Distin- 
 guished Persons,' 222 
 
 Sheldon, Bishop of London and 
 Archbishop of Canterbury, 140, 
 146 
 
 Sheldonian Theatre, the, built by 
 Wren, 140, 331 
 
 Sherlock, Dean of S. Paul's, 281 
 
 Simpson, Dr. Sparrow, 'Documents 
 illustrating the History of S. 
 Paul's,' 27, 274, 280, 288, 323 
 
 Smith, Bernard, or Father, builder 
 of organ at S. Paul's, 275, 288 
 
 South, Dr., 69, 141 
 
 Spain, expedition of the Prince of 
 Wales to, 7, 9 
 
 Spectator, the,' 179 
 
 Sprat, Dr., Dean of Westminster 
 and Bishop of Rochester, his 
 account of the meetings of the 
 Royal Society, 95 ; ' History of 
 Royal Society,' 95 ; letters of, to 
 Christopher Wren, 105, 132, 133 ; 
 his sermon before the Commons, 
 209 ; is succeeded by Atterbury, 
 289 
 
 Steele, Sir R., The Tatler,' 239 
 
 Strafford, Lord, 48, 49, 50 
 
 Strong, Edward, Wren's master- 
 mason, 272, 284, 297, 303 
 
 Thomas, brother of Edward, 
 200 
 
 'T'ANGIERS, fortifications of,i32; 
 
 - Tenison, Thomas, Bishop of 
 Lincoln and Archbishop of Can- 
 terbury, his secret ordination by 
 Bishop Duppa, 123 ; founding of 
 a library at S. Martin's by, 226 ; 
 building of the Chapel of the 
 Holy Trinity, Conduit St., by, 243 
 
 Temple Bar, built by Wren, 1 79 
 
 Tijou, M., worker in iron, maker 
 of the gates in S. Paul's, 324, 
 326 
 
 Tilbury Fort, 216 
 
 Torricelli, his invention of the 
 barometer, 100, 101 
 
 Tower of London, the, 44, 58, 59, 
 69, 71,87,114, 115,187,211,212, 
 260, 261 
 
 Tradescant, John, collector of the 
 objects of natural history in the 
 Oxford Museum, 217 
 
 Trelawney, Bishop of Winchester, 
 
 235 
 Trinity College, Oxford, 144, 145, 
 
 146 
 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, 146 
 Turner, Bishop of Ely, 260 
 
 WANBRUGH, Sir John, 286, 
 
 35 
 
 Van Vianen, Christian, 37 
 Ven, Colonel, 68 
 
 Verrio, painter, his work at White- 
 hall and Windsor, 252 
 
 TV r AD HAM COLLEGE, Ox- 
 ford, 73, 77, 79, 93, 95, 105 
 Waller, Edmund, 9, 196 
 Waller, Sir William, sack of the 
 
 city of Chichester by, 79, 123 
 Wallis, Dr., 77, 78, 112, 141, 222, 
 
 223 
 Walpole, ' Anecdotes of Painting,' 
 
 37, 268
 
 360 
 
 WAL 
 
 Walworth, Sir William, his tomb, 
 
 262 
 
 Ward, ' Lives of the Gresham Pro- 
 fessors,' 79, 89, 128, 226 
 Ward, Dr. Seth., Bishop of Exeter, 
 
 of Salisbury, 90, 124, 125, 171, 
 
 206 
 
 ' Warwickshire Worthies,' 3, 330 
 Weather-clock, the invention of, by 
 
 Wren, 89 
 
 Weavers, the, at Norwich, 23 
 Weld, 'History of the Royal 
 
 Society,' 124, 193, 327 
 Westminster Abbey, 57, 230, 289, 
 
 293, 320, 33i 
 
 - School, 41, 57, 69, 9, 231 
 White", Bishop of Peterborough, 
 
 260, 281 
 
 Whitehall, 144, H9 2 5 2 > 2 99> 3 1 ? 
 Whittington, Sir Richard, 272 
 Wilkins, Dr. John, Bishop of 
 
 Chester, 74, 77, 93>94,95> I2 4, 206 
 William, Prince of Orange, 49 
 William III., 208, 263, 268, 299 
 Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and 
 
 Archbishop of York, 57, 59 
 Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, 
 
 220 
 Winchester, Wren's scheme for 
 
 palace at, 234, 235 
 House, conference at, 10, n 
 Windsor, 4, 16, 37, 4, 68, 263, 264, 
 
 265, 300 
 Wiseman, attack of the mob on 
 
 Westminster Abbey, led by, 57 
 Wood, ' Athense Oxonienses,' 153 
 ' Fasti,' 223 
 
 Wood, Philip, carvings of, 253-255 
 Woodward, Dr., 202, 203 
 Worcester, battle of (1651), 91, 93 
 < Workman, the British,' 253 
 Wren, Capt, 161, 162 
 
 Charles, son of Bishop Wren, 
 
 161 
 Wren, Christopher, Dr., birth of, 5 ; 
 
 education of, 31 ; given the 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WRE 
 
 living of Fbnthill Bishops, 31 ; ot 
 East Knoyle, 31 ; made Dean of 
 Windsor and Registrar of the 
 Garter, 34 ; made rector of 
 Great Haseley, 38 ; building at 
 Windsor for Charles I. designed 
 by, 40 ; his care for the treasures 
 of the Order of the Garter, 67 ; 
 letter of, to the Knights of the 
 Garter, 80, 8 1 ; death of, 96 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, birth of, 32; 
 sent to school at Westminster, 
 41 ; his Latin letter to his father, 
 42, 43 ; goes to Oxford, 73, 74 ; 
 his life there, 77, 78 ; his transla- 
 tion of the ' Clavis Auiea,' 78, 79 ; 
 his early Inventions, 88, 89, 90 ; 
 friendship of, with Evelyn, 93, 
 94 ; made Gresham professor of 
 astronomy, 97 ; his first lecture, 
 97, 98 ; discovery of the baro- 
 meter by, 101 ; origin of the Royal 
 Society in meetings in his rooms, 
 
 124 ; is made Savilian professor, 
 
 125 ; and doctor of civil laws at 
 Oxford and Cambridge, 126 ; his 
 letter to Lord Brouncker on Ex- 
 periments, 126, 127; writes the 
 preamble to the Charter of the 
 Royal Society, 129; declines the 
 commission to direct the fortifi- 
 cations of Tangiers, 132 ; his 
 designs for the chapel at Pem- 
 broke Hall, Cambridge, 134; his 
 letter to Dr. Bathurst, 144 ; his 
 journey abroad, 146 ; his journal, 
 149-152 ; his return to London 
 and inspection of S. Paul's, 154 ; 
 his plan for rebuilding the city 
 after the fire, 157, 158. 172, 173 ; 
 Sancroft's letters to him as to the 
 patching of S. Paul's, 166-171 ; 
 his work at Salisbury Cathedral, 
 171 ; letter of, to Faith Coghill, 
 177; his marriage, 178; rebuilding 
 of the Exchange by, 178; building
 
 INDEX. 
 
 361 
 
 WRE 
 
 of Temple Bar by, 178 ; petition 
 of, to Charles II., 180-182; re- 
 building of Bow Church by, 183- 
 184; of S. Christopher-le-Stocks, 
 
 184 ; is made a member of the 
 Honourable Artillery Company, 
 
 185 ; resigns the Savilian astro- 
 nomy professorship, 186 ; ap- 
 pointed architect of S. Paul's, 
 1 87 ; clears away the ruins of old 
 S. Paul's, 187; his experiment in 
 blowing up the tower with gun- 
 powder, 1 88; his use of a batter- 
 ing ram, 188 ; birth of his eldest 
 son, 191 ; repairof S. Mary-at-Hill 
 by, 191 ; building of S. Stephen's, 
 Walbrook, by, 192, 225; knighted 
 by Charles II., 194 ; rebuilding of 
 Drury Lane by, 196; salary as 
 architect of S. Paul's, 196 ; his 
 model for S. Paul's, 196-198 ; 
 lays the first stone of S. Paul's, 
 200 ; death of his wife, 203 ; his 
 second marriage, 203 ; rebuilding 
 of eight city churches by, 204- 
 207 ; building of the Monument 
 by, 207 ; his designs for a monu- 
 ment to Charles I., 209 ; build- 
 ing of the chapel at Emmanuel 
 College by, 216 ; of the Observa- 
 tory at Greenwich, 216 ; birth of 
 his daughter Jane, 217; rebuild- 
 ing of five more city churches 
 by, 218, 219 ; the marking out of 
 the dome of S. Paul's by, 222 ; 
 death of his second wife, 226 ; 
 elected President of the Royal 
 Society, 228 ; Christ Church 
 gateway built by, 232 ; All 
 Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt 
 by, 232 ; S. Peter's, Cornhill, and 
 S. Clement Danes rebuilt by, 
 233 ; his design for a palace at 
 Winchester, 234, 235 ; Chelsea 
 Hospital built by, 240 ; S. 
 James's, Westminster, built by, 
 
 WRE 
 
 241 ; Chichester Cathedral re- 
 paired by, 245 ; Fawley Court 
 built by, 245 ; made Controller of 
 the Works, 246 ; elected member 
 for Plympton, 247 ; eight more 
 city churches built by, 248-252 ; 
 death of his sister Susan, 261 ; 
 buildings by, erected at Windsor, 
 264, 265 ; College of Physicians 
 built by, 265 ; halls of city 
 companies rebuilt by, 266 ; 
 Hampton Court palace rebuilt 
 by, 257, 268 ; scheme of, for 
 Greenwich Palace, 269; his diffi- 
 culties in placing the organ of S. 
 Paul's, 273 ; invention by, of a 
 pulpit on wheels, 280 ; letter of, 
 to his son in Paris, 282, 283 ; 
 chosen Grand Master of the 
 Freemasons, 285 ; Marlborough 
 House built by, 286; S. Dun- 
 stan's-in-the-East repaired by, 
 287, 288 ; statement of, as to re- 
 pairs of Westminster Abbey, 
 289-293 ; elected member for 
 Weymouth, 298 ; death of his 
 daughter Jane, 300; second letter 
 of, to his son, 302, 303 ; letter of, 
 on church building, 305-313 ; 
 private houses built by, 317 ; 
 last stone of S. Paul's laid by his 
 son, 318 ; attack on, by S. Paul's 
 Commissioners, 320 ; his petition 
 to Queen Anne, 320, 322 ; his 
 unfulfilled design for east end of 
 S. Paul's, 324, 325 ; dismissal of, 
 by George I., from the post of 
 surveyor-general, 329 ; purchase 
 of* Wroxhall Abbey by, 330; his 
 studies and papers in cipher re- 
 specting the longitude at sea, 
 331, 332; his death 333; his 
 burial and monument, 334 
 Wren, Christopher, son of Sir C. 
 Wren, 200, 265, 269, 281, 282, 
 283, 302, 303, 304, 318, 330 
 
 B B
 
 362 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 WRE 
 
 Wren, Francis, 5 
 
 Geoffrey, 4, 5 
 
 Jane, daughter of Sir C. Wren, 
 217, 269, 288, 300, 301 
 
 Matthew, birth and education 
 of, 6 ; sent with the Prince to 
 Spain, 7, 8 ; return and state- 
 ment of, to three Bishops respect- 
 ing the Prince of Wales, 10-13 ; 
 elected Master of Peterhouse, 15 ; 
 made Dean of Windsor, 16 ; his 
 marriage, 16 ; made Bishop of 
 Hereford, 17 ; Clerk of the 
 Closet, 17 ; service composed by, 
 for the Reconciliation of Rene- 
 gados, 19, 20; made Bishop of 
 Norwich, 23 ; translated to Ely, 
 44 ; his care for his diocese, 45, 
 46 ; Sir Harbottle Grimston's 
 and Hampden's attack upon him, 
 48, 49 ; officiates at the marriage 
 of Princess Mary, 49 ; resigns the 
 Deanery of the Chapels Royal, 
 51 ; articles of accusation drawn 
 up against him in the Commons, 
 55 ; his imprisonment, 58 ; his 
 defence, 6 1-66 ; death of his 
 wife, 85 ; his life in the Tower, 
 86 j refuses freedom on Crom- 
 
 YOR 
 
 well's terms, 100 ; his conferences 
 with Dr. Barwick, 110-113; re- 
 leased from prison, 115, 116; 
 revision of the Prayer Book by, 
 1 20 ; consecration and dedication 
 of Pembroke Chapel by, 152 ; 
 second visitation, 153 ; death and 
 funeral of, 159, 160, 161 
 Wren, Matthew, son of Bishop 
 Wren, 60, 78, 85, 88, 92, 103, 112, 
 124, 160, 161, 194 
 
 Stephen, grandson of Sir C. 
 Wren, 224 
 
 Susan, daughter of Dean Wren, 
 34, 41. See Holder. 
 
 Thomas, son of Bishop Wren, 
 161, 162, 224 
 
 William, 4, 5 
 
 Sir William, son of Bishop 
 Wren, 161, 162 
 
 Wrenne, ancient form of spelling 
 
 Wren, 4 
 
 Wrenne, John, 4 
 Wroxhall Abbey, purchase of, by 
 
 Sir C. Wren, 330 
 
 , Duke of, 160, 185, 228, 
 234. .S>i James II. 
 
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 26 
 
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 28 
 
 A List of 
 
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 29 
 
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 AT SCHOOL WITH AN OLD DRAGOON. 
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 Sfcttiswoode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London.
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 Goleta, California 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 AVAILABLE FOR 
 
 31969 
 
 r 8,'60(B2594s4)476
 
 ^7205 00454 7723