BALTZFLI.S 
 
 I'ICTIONARY OF 
 
 MUSICIANS 
 
BALTZELL'S 
 DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS 
 
 CONTAINING CONCISE BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 OF MUSICIANS OF THE PAST AND PRESENT 
 WITH THE PRONUNCIATION OF FOREIGN NAMES 
 
 BY 
 
 W. J. BALTZELL 
 
 REVISED AND CORRECTED TO MAY 1. 1914 
 WITH A SUPPLEMENT OF OVER TWO HUNDRED NAMES 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 OLIVER DITSON COMPANY 
 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
 Chas. H. DiTsoN & Co, Lyon & Healy 
 

 Copyright MCMXI, by Oliver Ditson Company 
 Copyright MCMXIV, by Oliver Ditson Company 
 
EDITOR'S NOTE 
 
 The present work has been prepared in response to many 
 inquiries and a frequently expressed need for a concise dictionary 
 in one volume, compact in size and moderate in price, that shall 
 include biographical sketches of eminent musicians and persons 
 connected with musical work, past and present, with special 
 attention to Americans. 
 
 No attempt has been made to present lengthy sketches of the 
 great masters, as there is abundant material in the larger diction- 
 aries and the many biographies now on the market. The aim has 
 been rather to gather data about musicians, especially contem- 
 poraries, who are not mentioned in the books previously published. 
 This material has been taken from magazine and newspaper 
 articles, clippings from various sources and from available works 
 of reference. When possible, data have been secured direct from 
 the subjects of the sketches. These latter have been made as 
 concise as possible, yet sufficiently comprehensive to show the 
 main facts in a musician's career, those which contributed toward 
 musical development, such as early environment, education (both 
 literary and musical), various fields of professional activity, com- 
 positions, literary works, etc. 
 
 The Editor and the Publisher are greatly indebted to Miss 
 Marguerite Barton, of Boston, who rendered valuable assistance 
 in gathering the material upon which the sketches were based and 
 in preparing the first draft of the manuscript. 
 
 Care has been exercised to include onh^ authenticated dates. 
 When the available material did not agree the Editor has chosen 
 the date most inherently probable. In the case of Russian com- 
 posers, when possible, dates have been made to conform with the 
 calendar as used by Western Europe, instead of the " old style " 
 followed in Russia. 
 
 It will be esteemed a favor if readers will call our attention to 
 positive errors. With the best intentions in preparing the original 
 manuscript, and the utmost care in proof-reading, errors may have 
 been made. 
 
 The Editor. 
 
 Boston, Mass., November, 1910. 
 
 334621 
 
NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF 
 FRENCH COMPOSERS 
 
 
 RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION 
 
 
 
 VOWELS 
 
 a as in fat. 
 
 
 i as in pine. 
 
 a as in fate. 
 
 
 as in not. 
 
 a as in father. 
 
 
 6 as in note. 
 
 a as in fair. 
 
 
 6 as in move. 
 
 e as in met. 
 
 
 6 as in or. 
 
 e as in mete. 
 
 
 *6 
 
 6 as in err. 
 
 
 u like u in quip, almost whistled; 
 
 i as in in. 
 
 
 German u. 
 
 * 6 has a rounder sound than the 6 in or, and is followed by the French 
 
 nasal n. 
 
 
 CONSONANTS 
 
 g as in gap. 
 
 
 z as in zoo. 
 
 fi Uke first n in onion. 
 
 r is usually trilled in French, except 
 
 s as in see. at the end of some words. 
 
 An accent (d') after a consonant in French names indicates that this is to 
 be sounded. 
 
 The preceding phonetic table gives the approximate sounds of 
 the French letters as nearly as the English language will permit. 
 It is impossible to reproduce the exact shades and differences of 
 vowel sounds, or of the nasal sounds, of the French language. 
 They can be learned only from a competent, native instructor; 
 and, even so, great care must be exercised in the choice of a teacher, 
 — that he be not a provincial, but one who is a native of Tours 
 or of Paris. 
 
 The chief peculiarity of French pronunciation, as opposed to 
 English, is the absolute absence of any stress or emphasis upon any 
 syllable of a word. The less emphasis (or accent, as it is termed 
 in French) used, and the more evenly the syllables are pronounced 
 (all of even length, and weight, and pitch) the purer the pronun- 
 ciation. It is for this reason that the purest French is that spoken 
 in the towns of Tours, Chinon, Loches, Amboise, and a few others, 
 in the old province of la Touraine, now known as the department 
 of Indre-et-Loire. There the language is spoken by everyone with- 
 out the least syllabic emphasis and without any drawling. 
 
 While in other respects the language as spoken in Paris by the 
 educated classes is excellent, yet the Parisians have a tendency 
 to drawl their words somewhat. However, since Paris society 
 
sets the style in speech, as in all other things French, so Parisian 
 French is considered to be super-excellent. 
 
 Apart from their other peculiarities of accent, Americans and 
 English are readily recognized by their sing-song, inordinate 
 drawling way of speaking. This is well exemplified by the word 
 ^'Trocadero,'' pronounced (EngUsh) Trocade'ro, while in French 
 it is Tro-ca-da-ro^— all the syllables of even pitch and equal 
 length, without any emphasis. 
 
 The syllables, therefore, of all these names should flow rapidly 
 from one to the other, without any syllabic stress whatever, and 
 without dwelling upon any final syllables. 
 
 In the case of the phonetics (o-a) for ois, oit, they must be 
 pronounced smoothly like one composite vowel (wah). 
 
 As a general rule final consonants are never pronounced 
 (except the letters c, f, I) save in some names of foreign origin. 
 When a final s is preceded by an e it is sounded, as well as the 
 final s in names from the Catalan, Basque, and Spanish. "Gil 
 Bias," for example, the Parisian newspaper, is pronounced zhil'- 
 blas' — both the I and the s being sounded, because of Spanish 
 origin. 
 
 Formerly II was pronounced as in William. This is no longer 
 the custom, and the sound of y is given to II; Ih (Paladilhe) takes 
 the same sound. 
 
 J, ge, and gi, have the sound of zh. Gn is like n in onion. 
 S, between two vowels, is pronounced like z. Ch has always the 
 sound of sh, save in some words of foreign origin. 
 
 Difficult sounds to acquire are the so-called nasal combinations 
 of an, am, en, em, in, im, ain, aim, on, om, un. From following 
 printed phonetics many have treated these as guttural sounds 
 and pronounced them as ang, ong, etc., while others have gone to 
 another extreme and placed them in the nose. As a matter of 
 fact they are semi-nasals; that is, the letter n is not plainly pro- 
 nounced, but it is sketched, as it were, by projecting it towards 
 the upper pharynx, or towards the nasal cavities (but not in them), 
 in the same way that'the covered or head tones are correctly pro- 
 duced in singing. In like combinations the letter m is treated 
 in the same way and has the same sound as the letter n. 
 
 Finally, too much attention cannot be given to the practice 
 of speaking on the lips, with the lips, and with a forward forma- 
 tion for all the syllables. It is only by observing this recommen- 
 dation that a fluent, pretty, and accurate accent can be obtained. 
 It is the only way to acquire the letter u, that most difficult 
 vowel for English speakers — by the forward, whistling position 
 of the lips. 
 
 Arthur de Guichard. 
 
NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF 
 RUSSIAN COMPOSERS 
 
 {Including other Slavonic Nationalities) 
 
 As a rule the emphasis lies upon the penult; for example, 
 David'off . Exception is made when the first syllable (or syllables) 
 has a definite meaning as in Glazounoff, where glaz means 'Hhe 
 eye." 
 
 Another exception is when the final syllable ^'off" does not 
 indicate the genitive, like the French ''de," but is part and parcel 
 of the name itself; for example Rachman'inoff, from rachmannyi, 
 meaning "heavy, awkward"; or Reb'ikoff, from rebyonok, "a 
 child.'' 
 
 In many names ending in "eff " or ''ev" the pronunciation is 
 not that of the English short ''e," but about that of '^off"; for 
 example: Alabieff is pronounced A-la-byoff, three syllables; 
 Soloviev is Sol-o-vyoff; but Taneiev is Tan-e-yeff. 
 
 The ending '' vitch," ''witsch," means ''the son of," if it occurs, 
 as it always does, in a man's forename or Christian name; it is 
 then not emphasized. In a family name, however, the emphasis 
 changes from the antepenult to the penult; for example, Gabrilov'- 
 ich, Gregorov'ich. 
 
 The i in a diphthong (ia, ie), has the force of y; for example, 
 Liadov is pronounced Lya'doff; Liapounoff becomes Lya'pounoff; 
 Taneiev, Tane'yeff; Scriabine, Skrya'bin. 
 
 CONSTANTIN VON STERNBERG. 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 Accomp. 
 
 Accompaniment 
 
 op. 
 
 Opera 
 
 b. 
 
 Born 
 
 orch. 
 
 Orchestra 
 
 bar. 
 
 Baritone 
 
 org. 
 
 Organ 
 
 Cath. 
 
 Cathedral 
 
 orgt. 
 
 Organist 
 
 capellm 
 
 Capellmeister 
 
 pf. 
 
 Pianoforte 
 
 ch. 
 
 Church 
 
 Philh. 
 
 Philharmonic 
 
 CoU. 
 
 College 
 
 pst. 
 
 Pianist 
 
 comp. 
 
 Composed 
 
 Roy. 
 
 Quartet 
 
 compr 
 
 Composer 
 Conductor 
 
 Royal 
 
 condr. 
 
 sch. 
 
 School 
 
 Cons. 
 
 Conservatory- 
 
 Soc. 
 
 Society 
 
 d. 
 
 Died 
 
 sop. 
 
 Soprano 
 
 dir. 
 dram 
 
 Director 
 Dramatic 
 
 symph 
 
 . Symphony, Symphonic 
 Theatre 
 
 instr. 
 
 Instrument 
 
 Univ. 
 
 University 
 
 harm. 
 
 Harmony 
 
 via. 
 
 Viola 
 
 mus. 
 
 Music 
 
 vln. 
 
 Violin 
 
 Mus. B. 
 
 Bachelor of Music 
 
 vlt. 
 
 Viohnisfc 
 
 Mus. Doc. 
 
 Doctor of Music 
 
 
 
 Op. 
 
 Opua 
 
 
 
BALTZELL'S DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS 
 
 ABBEY 
 
 Abbey, John, org. builder, b. Whilton, 
 Eng., Dec. 22, 1785; d. Versailles, 
 Feb. 19, 1859. Trained under Davis 
 and Russell; went to France at invi- 
 tation of Seb. Erard; improved 
 French organs by English mechan- 
 ism; among many orgs, built first in 
 Paris Opera. Left sons E. and J. 
 in same business. 
 
 Abbott, Emma, dram. sop. h. Chicago, 
 Dec. 9, 1850; d. Salt Lake City, Jan. 
 5, 1891. After early struggles as 
 concert singer and guitar player, was 
 assisted by Clara Louise Kellogg; 
 studied under Erani in N. Y., San 
 Giovanni and Delle Sedie in Europe; 
 debut, London, May, 1876; Ameri- 
 can d^but, N. Y,, Feb., 1877; won 
 great success in Europe and America. 
 
 Abeille (ab-a-ye), Johami Christian 
 Ludwig, pst., orgt., condr., compr. b. 
 Bayreuth, Ger., Feb. 20, 1761; d. 
 Stuttgart, Mar. 2, 1838. Composed 
 3 operas, harpsichord and chamber 
 music, and school songs. 
 
 Abel (a-bel), Karl Friedrich, last viola 
 da gamba player, compr. h. Cothen, 
 Ger., 1725; d. London, June 20, 
 1787. Trained by father. Christian 
 Ferdinand (at court of Cothen, 1720- 
 1737) and at the Thomasschule, 
 Leipzig, by J. S. Bach; lived in Lon- 
 don after 1759; gave concerts there 
 with J. C. Bach; composed concertos, 
 sonatas, etc., and works (many un- 
 published) for viola da gamba. J. B. 
 Cramer a pupil. 
 
 Abel, Ludwig, vlt., compr., condr. h. 
 Eckartsberge, Thuringia, Jan. 14, 
 1835; d. Neu-Pasing, near Munich, 
 Aug. 13, 1895. Pupil of Ferd. 
 David; leader of Munich orch.; 
 teacher at Royal School of Music; 
 composed violin method, studies, etc. 
 
 ACKTE 
 
 Abert (a-bert), Johann Joseph, compr. 
 b. Kochowitz, Bohemia, Sept. 21, 
 1832. Educated as chorister at 
 Gastdorf, at Leipa monastery, pupil 
 at Prague Cons, under Kittl and 
 Tomaczek; member of Stuttgart 
 court band, 1852-1888, condr. 1867- 
 88; composed symph., symph. poem 
 Columbus, 5 operas, songs, etc. Son 
 Hermann mus. historian. 
 
 Abranyi (a-bran'-ye), Komel, cowpr., 
 writer, b. Szent Gyorgz Abranyi, 
 Hungary, Oct. 15, 1822; d. Bu- 
 dapest, Dec. 20, 1903. Pupil of 
 Chopin and Kalkbrenner; founded 
 first Hungarian music journal 1860; 
 prof, at Nat. Mus. Acad., Pesth; 
 promoter of national music; com- 
 posed songs, choruses, etc., in na- 
 tional vein. Son Emil (b. 1880), 
 composer. 
 
 Abt (abt), Franz, compr. h. Eilenburg, 
 Ger., Dec. 22, 1819; d. Wiesbaden, 
 Mar. 31, 1885. Son of a clergyman, 
 studied music instead of theology, 
 at the Thomasschule, Leipzig, and 
 at Leip. Univ.; capellmeister at Bern- 
 burg, Zurich, and Brunswick, 1841- 
 1882; visited America, conducted 
 choral society concerts, 1872; retired 
 1882. Composed over 500 works, 
 forgotten pf. pieces, 2 operas, 7 secu- 
 lar cantatas, many songs and part- 
 songs, distinguished for melodic 
 facility rather than depth. Some 
 songs, as Wenn die Schwalben heim- 
 wdrts ziehn, are so popular that they 
 have become veritable folk-songs. 
 Son Alfred (1855-1888) conductor. 
 
 Ackte (ak-taO, Aino, dram. sop. h. 
 Helsingfors, Finland, Apr. 23, 1876. 
 Mother, Emmy Stromer, popular 
 opera singer, and father, condr. and 
 teacher, first trained her; she studied 
 under Duvernoy, Paris Cons., 1894- 
 1897, winning 3 prizes; d6but Oct. 
 
ADAM 
 
 AGRICOLA 
 
 1897, at' Parifci Opera; member Paris 
 Opera, and 1904 of Metropolitan, 
 
 N. Y. 
 
 Adam (ad-on), Adolphe Charles, opera 
 compr. b. Paris, July 24, 1803; d. 
 there. May 3, 1856. Studied at 
 Paris Cons, under Boieldieu; founded 
 Theatre National; was ruined by 
 Revolution of '48; succeeded father 
 (Louis) as teacher Paris Cons. 1848; 
 composed graceful ballets and 48 
 sparkling light operas; Le postilion 
 de Longjumeau (1836) still widely 
 popular; Le brasseur de Preston 
 and Le roi d'Yvetot deserve revival; 
 published essays. Souvenirs d'un mu- 
 sicien, and Derniers souvenirs. 
 
 Adam (ad-on), Louis, pf. teacher, b. 
 Miittersholtz, Alsace, Dec. 3, 1758; 
 d. Paris, Apr. 8, 1848. Taught 
 himself harp, vln., and composition; 
 formed own pf. style from study of 
 German masters; taught pf. Paris 
 Cons. 1797-1842, Kalkbrenner and 
 Herold among pupils; published pf. 
 music and method. 
 
 Adam de la Halle [or Hale], (ad-on d^- 
 la-al'), trouvere. b. Arras, abt. 1240; 
 d. Naples, 1287. His works, chan- 
 sons, etc., of great historical value, 
 especially Le jeu de Robin et de 
 Marion, an early forerunner of 
 comic opera. 
 
 Adamowski (a-dam-of'-ski), Josef, 'cel- 
 list, h. Warsaw, Poland, 1862. 
 Pupil of Fitzenhagen and Tchaikov- 
 ski (in comp.); member of Bost. 
 Symph. Orch. 1889-1907. His wife, 
 Antoinette Szumowska (tsu-mof- 
 ska), pst. b. Lublin, Poland, Feb. 
 22, 1868. Pupil of Strubel, Michal- 
 ovski in Poland, and of Paderewski 
 in Paris; first Boston appearance 
 1895; successful concert-player, es- 
 pecially delicate and sympathetic. 
 Timothee, vlt. h. Warsaw, Mar. 24, 
 1858. Studied Warsaw Cons, and 
 Paris Cons, under Massart; success- 
 ful concerts in Europe and America; 
 member Bost. Symph. Orch. 1895- 
 1907; condr. of popular summer 
 concerts; leader of Adamowski Quar- 
 tet (varying members) and of A. 
 Trio (with his brother Josef and 
 the latter's wife) . 
 
 Adams, Charles R., dram. ten. b. 
 Charlestown, Mass., 1848; d. W. 
 
 Harwich, Mass., July 3, 1900. Pupil 
 of Barbieri; sang in opera in Berlin, 
 Vienna, London, and N. Y.; after 
 1879 taught in Boston. 
 
 Adams, Stephen, see Maybrick, Michael. 
 
 Adams, Thomas, orgt., compr. h. Lon- 
 don, Sept. 5, 1785; d. there, Sept. 15, 
 1858. Pupil of Busby, superintend- 
 ent of Apollonicon Concerts, orgt. 
 at several churches; composed vol- 
 untaries, fugues, etc., and anthems. 
 
 Adler (ad'-ler), Guido, writer. h. 
 Eibenschlitz, Moravia, Nov. 1, 1855. 
 Educated Vienna Cons, under Bruck- 
 ner and Dessoff; teacher at Vienna 
 Univ. and Prague; founder, with 
 others, of Vierteljahrschriftfur Mu^ik- 
 wissenschaft, 1884; editor of Denk- 
 mdler der Tonkunst in Oesterrdch. 
 
 Adler, Vincent, pst., compr. b. Raab, 
 Hungary, Apr. 3, 1826; d. Geneva, 
 Jan. 4, 1871. Studied with his 
 father and with Erkel in Vienna 
 and Paris; prof, at Geneva Cons. 
 1865; composed pf. music. 
 
 Aegidius (e-jid'-ius), Johannes, theor- 
 ist. Spanish Franciscan friar about 
 1270; wrote Ars musica. 
 
 Agazzari (a-gat-za'-re), Agostino, com- 
 pr. b. Siena, Dec. 2, 1578; d. 
 there, Apr. 10, 1640. Influenced by 
 Viadana; composed masses, motets, 
 etc., one of first to give instructions 
 about execution of figured basses. 
 
 Agostini (a-gos-te-ne), Paolo, compr. 
 b. Valerano, 1593; d. Rome, Sept., 
 1629. Pupil of Nanino; among first 
 to employ large numbers of voices 
 in divided choirs; composed ch. mus. 
 which combines marvelous contra- 
 puntal skill with real beauty. 
 
 Agramonte (a-gra-mon'-te), Emilio, 
 condr., singing teacher, h. Puerto 
 Principe, Cuba, Nov. 28, 1844. 
 Studied in Spain and Paris, singing 
 with Roger, Selva and Delle Sedie; 
 teaching and conducting choral 
 societies in N. Y. since 1868. 
 
 Agricola (a-gri'-co-la), JohannFriedrich, 
 
 orgt:, writer, h. Dobitz, Saxony, 
 Jan. 4, 1720; d. Berlin, Dec. 1, 1774. 
 Studied under J. S. Bach; court 
 composer to Frederick the Great; 
 successor of Graun as director of 
 
AGRICOLA 
 
 ALDRICH 
 
 Royal Chapel; wrote music of no 
 lasting value, and critical works of 
 some historical interest. 
 
 Agricola, Martin, theorist, h. Sorau, 
 Saxony, 1486; d. Magdeburg, June 
 10, 1556. Music teacher and cantor 
 at Magdeburg; wrote many treatises 
 of great value to higtory of instru- 
 ments and notation. 
 
 Agujari (a-go-ya'-re), Lucrezia (lo- 
 cra-tsi-a), sop., known as La Bastar- 
 della. b. Ferrara, 1743; d. Parma, 
 May 18, 1783. Pupil of Lambertini; 
 debut Florence 1764; extraordinary 
 success throughout Italy, owing to 
 wonderful range (up to C in altis- 
 simo) . 
 
 Ahna (a'-na), Heinrich Karl Hermann 
 de, vlt. b. Vienna, June 22, 1835; 
 d. Berlin, Nov. 1, 1892. Pupil of 
 Mayseder and Mildner; debut Vien- 
 na, 1847; leader Berlin Royal Orch., 
 1868; teacher Royal High School 
 for Music; member Joachim Quartet. 
 Sister Eleonore, dram, mezzo sop. 
 (1838-1865). 
 
 Alabieff (a-la-byof), Alexander Alexan- 
 drovitch, compr. h. Moscow, Aug. 
 16, 1787; d. there, 1852. Composed 
 many songs in melodious, popular 
 style, of which The Nightingale is 
 especially well known. 
 
 A. L., see Lehmann, Amelia. 
 
 Alard (al'-ar'), Jean Delphine, vlt., 
 compr. b. Bayonne, Mar. 8, 1815; 
 d. Paris, Feb. 22, 1888. Pupil of 
 Habeneck at Paris Cons.; teacher 
 there 1843-1875, Sarasate among 
 pupils; leader royal orch.; published 
 vln. method, etudes, concertos, etc. 
 for vln.; edited Les maitres classiques 
 de violon. 
 
 Albani (al-ba-ne), [pseud, of Mile. 
 Marie Louise Cecile Emma Lajeu- 
 
 nesse], dram. sop. b. Chambly, 
 Canada, Nov. 1, 1850. Daughter 
 of a harp professor, she was taught 
 singing at convent, and sang in 
 cathedral choir in Albany, N. Y. 
 Studied with Duprez in Paris and 
 with Lamperti in Milan; debut 
 Messina 1870; first London appear- 
 ance 1872. Has sung with great 
 success in opera throughout Europe 
 and in U. .S., in a repertory which 
 varies from Lucia to Isolde; is an 
 especial favorite in London and 
 
 England, where she has sung in many 
 oratorios, at festival concerts. 
 
 Albert (d'al'-bar), Eugen Francis 
 Charles d', pst., compr. b. Glasgow, 
 Apr. 10, 1864. Son of Charles Louis 
 Napoleon d' Albert (1809-1886), com- 
 poser of dance music and teacher 
 of dancing. Eugen at first father's 
 pupil; elected to scholarship at Nat. 
 Training School, London, studied 
 there under Pauer, Prout, Stainer 
 and Sullivan; early compositions 
 produced at concerts; having won 
 Mendelssohn Scholarship, went to 
 Vienna, studied with Richter, and 
 Liszt at Weimar; married Teresa 
 Carreno, and after divorce, 1895, 
 singer Hermine Fink; now having 
 repudiated all English antecedents, 
 lives in Germany, except for occa- 
 sional successful concert tours. Dis- 
 tinguished as pianist by great 
 breadth and nobility of style, es- 
 pecially in interpreting Beethoven; 
 as composer, fluent and earnest, but 
 lacking in marked individuality; 
 composed symphony, 2 pf . concertos, 
 chamber music and 11 operas. 
 
 Alberti, Domenico, compr., voc, pst. 
 b. Venice, 171-, d. 1740. Pupil of 
 Lotti; won fame as a singer and 
 harpsichord player, and wrote a 
 number of operas in the prevailing 
 style and sonatas which were popular 
 with dilettanti. He is credited with 
 the invention of the so-called Alberti 
 bass, an accompaniment figure much 
 in use in his time and later. 
 
 Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg, orgt., 
 teacher, h. Klosterneuberg, Austria, 
 Feb. 3, 1736; d. Vienna, Mar. 7, 
 1809. Studied under Emmerling; 
 court orgt. Vienna, 1772; had dis- 
 tinguished career as teacher; among 
 his pupils were Beethoven, Hummel, 
 Weigl, and Seyfried. Very few com- 
 positions are printed but his theo- 
 retical work Griindliche Anweisung 
 zur Komposition, 1790, is widely 
 known. 
 
 Aldrich, Henry, compr. b. Westmin- 
 ster, 1647; d. Oxford, Dec. 14, 1710. 
 Scholar, architect, dean of Christ 
 Church, collected large mus. hbrary, 
 wrote theoretical works, composed 
 many anthems and services, as well 
 as glees and catches. 
 
ALDRICH 
 
 ALYPIOS 
 
 /Udrich, Richard, author, musical critic. 
 b. Providence, R. I., July 31, 1863. 
 His father a gifted musical ama- 
 teur; showed aptitude for music as 
 a boy; educated at Providence High 
 School and Harvard College, gradu- 
 ated 1885; studied music there with 
 Prof. J. K. Paine; 1888-89 in 
 Europe for study, giving much atten- 
 tion to music; entered journalism, 
 Providence Journal, 1885, acting as 
 musical critic; 1889 in Washington, 
 D. C, private secretary to U. S. 
 Senator Dixon, music critic for 
 Washington Star; in 1891 joined 
 the staff of New York Tribune and, 
 with other work, acted as assistant 
 to H. E. Krehbiel until Oct. 1902, 
 when he became regular musical 
 critic for the Times, a position he 
 still fills (1910); translated Lilh 
 Lehmann's Meine Gesangskunst 
 (English title How To Sing); wrote 
 A Guide to Parsifal, a Guide to the 
 Ring of the Nibelung; contributor 
 to various magazines. 
 
 Alembert (al'-on-bar'), Jean le Rond d', 
 
 theorist, h. Paris, Nov. 16, 1717; 
 d. there, Oct. 29, 1783. Wrote works 
 on mus. theory according to Ra- 
 meau, investigations in acoustics, 
 history of mus., and mus. articles in 
 his monumental Dictionnaire Ency- 
 clopedique, 1751-72. 
 
 Alfven (alf'-ven), Hugo, vlt., compr. b. 
 Stockholm, 1872. Pupil at Stock- 
 holm Cons.; under government aid, 
 studied with Cesar Thomson, at 
 Brussels. Composed 2 symphonies, 
 choral works, songs, etc. 
 
 Alkan (aF-kon), [pseud, of Charles 
 Henri Valentin Morhange], pst., 
 compr. h. Paris, Nov. 30, 1813; d. 
 there. Mar. 2^, 1888. Pupil at Paris 
 Cons, of Zimmermann 1819-1830, 
 winning many prizes; pf. teacher in 
 Paris after 1833. Pubhshed 2 con- 
 certos, several sonatas and other pf. 
 pieces, among them etudes of amaz- 
 ing technical difficulty. 
 
 Allegri (al-la'-gre), Gregorio, compr. h. 
 Rome, 1584; d. there, Feb. 18, 1652. 
 Pupil of Nanini, member of Papal 
 Choir, composed Miserere in 9 parts, 
 which was performed annually at 
 Sistine Chapel, (written down from 
 memory by Mozart in 1770). 
 
 Allen, Charles N., vlt. h. York, Eng., 
 1837; d. Boston, April 7, 1903. 
 Studied under Saenger in Paris; first 
 vlt. Paris Grand Opera; in Boston 
 after 1871; organized Beethoven 
 Club; joined Mendelssohn Quin- 
 tet, 1877; member of Philharmonic 
 Orch. Bost., of Harvard Mus. Ass'n, 
 Boston Symph. Orch. H. K. Hadley 
 among pupils. 
 
 AUitsen, Frances, compr. h. 1849; d. 
 London, Oct. 1, 1912. Gained schol- 
 arship at Guildhall School of Mus., 
 studied there under Gadsby, win- 
 ning prize for orchestral composi- 
 tion; debut as concert singer, Lon- 
 don, 1882; since failure of voice 
 has composed exclusively; published 
 many charming songs. 
 
 Almenrader (al-men-ra'-der), Karl, bas- 
 soon virtuoso, h. Ronsdorf, near 
 Dusseldorf, Oct. 3, 1786; d. Bie- 
 brich, Sept. 14, 1843. Self-taught; 
 prof, at Cologne Mus. Sch.; mem- 
 ber of orchestras at Frankfort and 
 Biebrich; made improvements in his 
 instrument, wrote treatise on it and 
 method and mus. for it. 
 
 Alpheraky (al-fe-ra'-ky), Achilles N., 
 compr. h. Charkov, 1846. Com- 
 posed charming pf. mus., mazurkas 
 and characteristic oriental pieces, 
 and more than a hundred songs. 
 
 Alvarez (al-va-rez), [pseud, of Albert 
 Raymond Gourron], dram, tenor, h. 
 Bordeaux, France. After military 
 service as bandmaster, studied, at 22, 
 with A. de Martini in Paris; debut in 
 Paris, 1892; first London appearance, 
 1893; first American appearance, 
 Boston, Feb. 7, 1899; later at Paris 
 Opera, where he has created many 
 roles. 
 
 Alvary (al-va'-ry). Max [pseud, of M. A. 
 Aschenbach], dram, tenor, h. Diissel- 
 dorf. May 3, 1858; d. Datenberg, 
 Thuringia, Nov. 7, 1898. Son of 
 celebrated painter; pupil of Stock- 
 hausen; debut, Weimar, 1881; great 
 success, especially in Wagner roles; 
 member Metropolitan Opera, N. Y. 
 1884-1889, 1891. 
 
 Alypios (a-lip'-ios), Greek writer, about 
 360 A. D. Chief source of informa- 
 tion about vocal and instrumental 
 notation of Greek scales. 
 
AMATI 
 
 ANSCHtJTZ 
 
 Amati (a-ma'-ti), celebrated family of 
 violin-makers, founders of Cremona 
 School. As a whole, their violins 
 mark advance on the Brescia School 
 in beauty of shape and delicacy of 
 tone. Andrea (abt. 1530-Apr. 10, 
 1611), eldest, pupil of Brescia mak- 
 ers, originated improvements on 
 their work; very few of his violins 
 are extant; they are small, graceful, 
 clear in tone but not strong. His 
 brother Nicolo (fl. 1568-1635) made 
 basses chiefly. Andrea's sons, An- 
 tonio (1550-1638) and Geronimo 
 (1551-1635), improved on their fa- 
 ther's work; Geronimo especially 
 seems to have designed his violins 
 with particular care for geometrical 
 accuracy and graceful beauty; they 
 are sometimes larger than his father's 
 and have a similarly sweet tone. His 
 son, Nicolo, b. Sept. 3, 1596; d. Aug. 
 12, 1684, most famous even in his 
 own day, increased still further the 
 grace of outline and added the needed 
 power and intensity of tone; he 
 made, also, some vioHns on a larger 
 model (known as grand Amatis) and 
 beautiful tenors and 'cellos. Though 
 his son Geronimo (1649-1740) was 
 an inferior maker, Nicolo's work was 
 carried on to perfection by his pupils 
 Andrea Guarnerius and Antonio 
 Stradivarius. 
 
 Ambros (am'-bros), August Wilhelm, 
 historian, b. Mauth, near Prague, 
 Nov. 17, 1816; d. Vienna, June 28, 
 1876. Nephew of Kiesewetter; stud- 
 ied law and entered government ser- 
 vice; wrote pamphlet on aesthetics 
 and history of music from begin- 
 nings to time of Palestrina, a remark- 
 ably accurate and authoritative 
 work, unfortunately unfinished at 
 his death; prof. Pcague and Vienna 
 Cons.; composed some music. 
 
 Ambrose, Saint, b. Treves, 333; d. 
 Milan, Apr. 4, 397. Bishop of Milan 
 from 374; arranged revised mode of 
 singing service for Milan Cathedral 
 about 384; had much influence in 
 development of orderly ritual in 
 Western Church; introduced antiph- 
 onal singing and established a plain- 
 chant, which cannot now easily be 
 distinguished from Gregorian; wrote 
 many beautiful rhythmical hymns, 
 but not the Te Deum to which his 
 name is often attached. 
 
 Amiot (a'-mi-6), writer, h. Toulon, 
 1718; d. Pekin, 1794. Jesuit priest, 
 missionary to China. Translated 
 and wrote works on Chinese music. 
 
 Anderton, Thomas, compr. h. Bir- 
 mingham, Apr. 15, 1836; d. Edg- 
 baston, Sept. 18, 1903. Teacher of 
 mus.; conducted singing classes and 
 orchestral concerts; 1874 became 
 editor of paper, gave mus. lectures, 
 wrote cantatas, John Gilpin's Ride, 
 Wreck of the Hesperus, etc., and 
 songs. 
 
 Anerio (a-na'-rio), Felice (fe-le'-che), 
 compr. h. Rome, abt. 1560; d. there, 
 abt. 1630. Pupil of Nanini; suc- 
 ceeded Palestrina as compr. to Papal 
 Chapel, 1594; composed masses, 
 motets, madrigals, etc. 
 
 Anger, Joseph Humfrey, orgt., compr. 
 b. Ashbury, Eng,, 1862. Mus. train- 
 ing under private teachers; Mus. Bac. 
 Oxford 1889; orgt. Bristol, 1891 at 
 Ludlow, and musicmaster in King 
 Edward VI School there; 1893 head 
 of theory dept. Toronto Cons., orgt. 
 Ch. of the Ascension; works include 
 Psalm 96, madrigals, pf. pieces; auth- 
 or of Treatise on Harmony. 
 
 Anglebert (ongl^-bar'), Jean Baptiste 
 Henri d*, clavecinist, compr. h. abt. 
 1628; d. Paris, Apr. 23, 1691. Pupil 
 of Champion; chamber musician to 
 Louis XIV; 1689 published Pieces 
 de Clavecin, collection of contempo- 
 rary airs for harpsichord and org., 
 with preface which gives valuable in- 
 formation about playing ornaments 
 of the time. 
 
 Animuccia (a-ni-mo-che'-a), Giovanni, 
 compr. b. Florence, abt. 1500; d. 
 Rome, 1571. Pupil of GoudimeJ; 
 predecessor of Palestrina at the Vati- 
 can and also in the movement to- 
 ward greater clearness in music ; from 
 Laudi, hymns of praise which he 
 composed for Oratorio of St. Philip 
 Neri, modern oratorio takes its 
 name, and A. gets title " Father of 
 Oratorio." 
 
 Anschiitz (an'-shiitz), Karl, condr. b. 
 Koblenz, Feb., 1815; d. New York, 
 Dec. 30, 1870. Son of Johann 
 Andreas (1772-1856, pst., condr., 
 compr.); pupil of Friedr. Schneider; 
 director of school founded by father; 
 
ANSORGE 
 
 conducted in London and New York 
 where he made an attempt at Ger- 
 man opera in 1862. 
 
 Ansorge (an'-sor-ge), Konrad Eduard 
 Reinhold, pst. b. Buchwald, Silesia, 
 Oct. 15, 1862. Pupil at Leip. Cons.; 
 of Liszt, 1885; many successful 
 tours in Eastern Europe and Amer- 
 ica; teacher in Klindworth-Schar- 
 wenka Cons, in Berlin; comp. pf. 
 pieces. 
 
 Antipov (an-te-poff'),Constantine, com- 
 pr. b. Jan. 18, 1859. 
 
 Aprile (a-pre-le), Giuseppe, contralto, b. 
 Bisceglia, Apulia, Oct. 29, 1738; d. 
 Martina, 1814. Pupil of Avos; sang 
 in principal theatres of Germany and 
 Italy after 1763; taught singing in 
 Naples, Cimarosa among pupils; 
 composed songs, and a method, with 
 solfeggi, still valued. 
 
 Apthorp, William Foster, critic, h. 
 Boston, Mass., Oct. 24, 1848. Pupil 
 of J. K. Paine at Harvard, and of B. J. 
 Lang; taught pf. and harmony; 
 wrote dramatic and mus. criticisms 
 for several magazines and papers, 
 especially Boston Transcript (1881- 
 1903); edited program-books of 
 Bost. Symph. Orch. 1892-1903; pub- 
 lished essays, translations, etc.; 
 removed to Europe 1903. He con- 
 tributed much by pleasant and witty 
 writings to the development of mus. 
 interest and mus. culture in Boston. 
 Wrote Hector Berlioz, Autobiography 
 and Musical Grotesques, Musicians 
 and Music Lovers, By the Way, The 
 Opera, Past and Present, etc. 
 
 Aptommas, John, harpist, b. Bridg- 
 end, Eng., 1826; d. March 19, 1913. 
 Thomas, his brother, also harpist. 
 h. Bridgend, 1829; in N. Y. 1851-56. 
 Both remarkable players and 
 teachers; composed for harp; wrote 
 history of the harp. 
 
 Arban (ar'-bon), Joseph Jean Baptiste 
 Laurent, cornet player, b. Lyons, 
 Feb. 28, 1825; d. Paris, Apr. 9, 
 1889. Teacher at Paris Cons. 1869- 
 1874; inventor of several wind 
 instruments; wrote method and 
 arrangements. 
 
 Arbuckle, Matthew, cornet player, h. 
 1828; d. New York, May 23, 1883. 
 Came to America about 1853; leader 
 
 ARENS 
 
 of military bands in Troy and Wor- 
 cester; went to front with 24th 
 Mass.; asst. of P. S. Gilmore in 
 concerts and in Peace Jubilee; band- 
 master in N. Y. 
 Arcadelt, Jacob, compr. b. Nether- 
 lands, abt. 1514; d. Paris, between 
 1570 and 1575. One of the Nether- 
 land musicians who taught in Italy; 
 singingmaster at St. Peter's, 1539; 
 member of Papal Choir, 1540-1549; 
 went to Paris with Duke of Guise, 
 1555; published while in Italy five 
 books of madrigals on which fame 
 chiefly rests; in Paris composed 
 masses and church music; well- 
 known Ave Maria attributed to 
 him, probably not correctly. 
 
 Archer, Frederick, orgt., condr. b. 
 Oxford, England, June 16, 1838; d. 
 Pittsburg, Oct. 22, 1901. Taught by 
 his father; also student in London 
 and Leipzig; concert orgt. and con- 
 ductor in London; orgt. Brooklyn, 
 1881, and N. Y.; founded and 
 edited Key- Note, 1885; conductor 
 of Bost. Oratorio Society 1887; 
 founder of Pittsburg Orch. and con- 
 ductor, 1896-1898. Excellent orgt., 
 composed method, works for org., 
 songs, etc.; by innumerable concerts 
 did much to popularize good music, 
 both for organ alone and for orch. 
 
 Archjrtas (ar-ke'-tas), wafAemafiaan. fl. 
 Tarentum, abt. 400-365 B. C. Dis- 
 ciple of Pythagoras, probably first 
 to fix ratio of the third; extant 
 writings only fragmentary. 
 
 Arditi (ar-de'-ti), Luigi, impresario, b. 
 Crescentino, Piedmont, Italy, July 
 16, 1822; d. Brighton, England, 
 May 1, 1903. Studied at Milan 
 Cons.; at first violin player; com- 
 posed overture and opera, 1841, 1842; 
 debut as director of opera, 1843; 
 went to Havana, 1846; brought 
 Havana Opera Co. in 1847-50 to 
 N. Y. and other Am. cities, con- 
 tributing much to early growth of 
 interest in opera; after 1858, con- 
 ducted in London and toured with 
 many companies in many capitals. 
 Composed vocal and pf. pieces; II 
 Bacio, waltz-song, universally known. 
 
 Arens (ar-enz), Franz Xavier, condr. h. 
 Neef, Prussia, Oct. 28, 1856. Came 
 to America at 11 as immigrant; in 
 midst of hard work studied mus. 
 
ARENSKY 
 
 ARNE 
 
 with his father and Singenberger 
 in Milwaukee; then with Rhein- 
 berger, Wiillner, and others in Ger- 
 many; conducted in Cleveland and 
 Indianapolis; vocal teacher in N, Y. 
 since 1896; founded (1900) People's 
 Symph. Concerts, a successful at- 
 tempt to give good orch. concerts, 
 with simple instruction, at low rates. 
 
 Arensky (a-ren-ski), Anton Stepano- 
 vitch, compr. b. Novgorod, July 30, 
 1862; d. Terioki, Finland, Feb. 25, 
 1906. Son of a physician; pupil of 
 Johannsen and Rimsky-Korsakov at 
 St, Petersburg Cons.; prof, of 
 harmony and comp. Imperial Cons. 
 Moscow 1883; member of Council of 
 Synodal School of Church Mus.; 
 conductor, succeeding Balakirev, of 
 Imperial Court Choir, 1895-1901; 
 instructor at St. Petersburg Cons. 
 Composed 3 operas, cantatas, songs, 
 2 symphonies, chamber music (pf. 
 trio especially well-known). Supe- 
 riority appears chiefly in chamber 
 mus. and songs; operatic style is 
 said to be a compromise between 
 declamatory and melodic; church 
 mus. rather florid; often made 
 effective use of folk-tunes. 
 
 Ariosti (a-ri-os'-te) , Attilio, compr. h. 
 Bologna, 1660; d. there, abt. 1740. 
 Composed opera Dafne, 1686, at 
 Venice; conducted court theatre, 
 Berlin; went to London, 1716; wrote 
 Muzio Scevola with Bononcini and 
 Handel; outshone by Handel, was 
 honorably dismissed from Itahan 
 opera, 1727, and withdrew to Italy. 
 Composed 15 operas, 2 oratorios, and 
 possibly volume of cantatas. 
 
 Aristides (ar-is-ti-des), Quintilianus, 
 writer, fl. Greece, abt. A. D. 160. 
 One of most satisfactory writers on 
 Greek music; author of treatise in 
 three books in which the theory of 
 the Aristoxenean School is presented 
 in detail. 
 
 Aristox'enos, writer, h. Tarentum, abt. 
 354 B. C. To him we owe almost 
 entirely our knowledge of ancient 
 Greek music. He came in con- 
 tact with Socrates, was pupil of 
 Xenophilus, the Pythagorean, and of 
 Aristotle. "His services to music 
 consisted in, firstly, the accurate de- 
 termination of the scope of musical 
 science lest it should on the one hand 
 
 degenerate into empiricism or on 
 the other hand lose itself in mathe- 
 matical physics; and, secondly, in 
 the application to all the questions 
 and problems of music of a deeper 
 and truer conception of the ultimate 
 nature of music itself. By these 
 t\Vo discoveries he accomplished a 
 revolution in the philosophy of the 
 art." (H. S. Mac ran. The Harmon- 
 ics of A., Oxford, 1902.) 
 
 Armes, Philip, orgt. b. Norwich, Aug. 
 15, 1836; d. Durham, Feb. 10, 1908. 
 Son of a singer, chorister at Norwich 
 and Rochester Cathedrals; asst. 
 orgt. at latter under J. L. Hopkins; 
 orgt. at Chichester and Durham; 
 introd. mus. at Univ. of Durham 
 and was professor there; composed 
 3 oratorios, services, etc. 
 
 Armstrong, Nellie, see Melba. 
 
 Armstrong, William Dawson, teacher, 
 compr. b. Alton, 111., Feb. 11, 
 1868. Studied under Clarence Eddy, 
 G. M. Garrett, Chas. Kunkel, E. R. 
 Kroeger, and others; has held vari- 
 ous positions as orgt. and teacher 
 in St. Louis and Alton; composed 
 a large number of works in nearly 
 all forms, orchestra works in MS., 
 and 2 operas, The Specter Bride- 
 groom (presented in St. Louis) and 
 Claudia. 
 
 Amaud (ar-no), Abbe Francois, theor- 
 ist, h. Aubignan, July 27, 1721; d. 
 Paris, Dec. 2, 1784. Wrote essays 
 on various subjects, ardently sup- 
 ported Gluck in partisan war about 
 his reforms. 
 
 Ame (arn), Thomas Augustine, compr. 
 b. London, Mar. 12, 1710; d. there, 
 Mar. 5, 1778. Learned to play 
 harpsichord and vln. by secret prac- 
 tise; having gained father's consent, 
 he began open career by setting to 
 mus. Addison's Rosamund; married 
 Cecilia Young, favorite opera singer, 
 1736; set to music Comus, As You 
 Like It, Tempest, adapted for 
 English use Metastasio's Artaserse; 
 composed and arranged in all music 
 for about 50 pieces. Chiefly distin- 
 guished for many charming songs, 
 notably the Shakespearean lyrics 
 and Rule Britannia (the Finale of 
 Alfred, 1740). His sister, Susanna 
 Maria, afterwards Mrs. Gibber, was a 
 
ARNOLD 
 
 ATTENHOFER 
 
 famous actress. His son, Michael 
 (1741-1786), was also a composer of 
 dramatic music and songs. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel, compr. b. London, 
 Aug. 10, 1740; d. there, Oct. 22, 1802. 
 Educated as chorister under Gates 
 and Nares; remarkable early talent 
 for composition; wrote about 40 
 operas, oratorios, etc.; most impor- 
 tant work editing Cathedral Music, 
 collection of services by Enghsh 
 composers. 
 
 Amoldson, Sigrid (seegree), dram. sop. 
 b. Stockholm, Mar. 20, 1883. Daugh- 
 ter of Oscar A. tenor (1843-1881); 
 pupil of M. Strakosch; d^but, 1886, 
 Moscow; prima donna in St. Peters- 
 burg, London (as successor of Patti, 
 1888), Paris, Budapest, and the 
 Netherlands, New York, 1893; then 
 in Paris. 
 
 Artchibousheff (ar-chib'-oo-shoff), Nich- 
 olas Vassilievitch, pst., compr. b. 
 Tsarskoye-Selo, Mar. 7, 1858. Law- 
 yer as well as musician; studied with 
 Soloviev and Rimsky-Korsakov. 
 
 Arthur, Alfred, singing teacher, b. 
 Pittsburg, Oct. 8, 1844. Pupil in 
 Mus. School, Boston, of Baker, 
 Arbuckle, etc., at Bost. Cons, of 
 Eichberg; choirmaster, conductor of 
 Vocal Society, director of school of 
 music in Cleveland; composed 3 
 operas, vocal studies, etc. 
 
 Artdt (ar'-to). Marguerite Josephine 
 Desiree Montagney, dram. sop. h. 
 Paris, July 31, 1835; d. Berlin, Apr. 
 3, 1907. Daughter of Jean Desire 
 Montagney (Sept. 23, 1803-Mar. 25, 
 1887), who was also called Artot, as 
 were his brother, Alexandre (1815- 
 1845), and their father, Maurice 
 (1772-1829), all musicians. Mar- 
 guerite was pupil of Mme. Viardot- 
 Garcia; concert debut Brussels, 1857; 
 opera debut, Paris, 1858, where she 
 was engaged at Meyerbeer's request; 
 toured as star throughout Europe, 
 especially successful in Italian opera. 
 Her voice from mezzo soprano be- 
 came after persistent practise of 
 high enough register for the great 
 soprano parts. 
 
 Asanchevski (az-an-choff'-ski), Michael 
 Paulovitch von, compr. b. Moscow, 
 1838; d. there, Jan. 24, 1881. Studied 
 
 composition at Leipzig under Haupt- 
 mann and Richter and piano at 
 Rome with Liszt; lived in Paris, 
 1866-70; director 1871-76 St. Peters- 
 burg Cons, to which he gave valu- 
 able library; retired 1876; published 
 sonata for pf. and 'cello, trio, etc. 
 
 Ascher (ash'-er), Joseph, compr. b. 
 Groningen, Holland, June 24, 1829; 
 d. London, June 4, 1869. Pupil of 
 Moscheles; court pianist to Empress 
 Eugenie; fashionable pianist and 
 composer of drawing-room pieces 
 which were extremely popular, es- 
 pecially song Alice, Where Art Thou ? 
 
 Ashton, Algernon Bennet Langton, pst., 
 compr. b. Durham, Eng., Dec. 9, 
 1859. Pupil 1875-79 at Leipzig 
 Cons, of Jadassohn and Reinecke 
 and at Frankfort, 1880-81, of Raff; 
 prof. Royal Coll. Mus., London, 1885; 
 has written mus. of almost every 
 kind. 
 
 Asioli (a-se'-o-li), Bonifacio, compr. b. 
 Correggio, Aug. 30, 1769; d. there, 
 . May 18, 1832. Of inconceivable 
 precocity in composition; took les- 
 sons of Morigi at Parma; lived in 
 various Italian cities; prof, of coun- 
 terpoint and censor at new Milan 
 Cons. 1808; composed 7 operas, 
 masses, songs, symph., etc.; wrote 
 also several remarkably accurate 
 and clear text-books on harmony 
 and counterpoint. Biog. by Conti. 
 
 Astorga (as-tor'-ga), Emanuele, Baron 
 d', compr. b. Palermo, Dec. 11, 
 1681; d. Prague, Aug. 21, 1736. Son 
 of insurgent Sicilian nobleman who 
 was executed in 1701; pupil of F. 
 Scarlatti and further trained in 
 music, by the assistance of a powerful 
 patroness, at monastery in Astorga, 
 Spain, whence he obtained title; led 
 a life of romantic adventure in courts 
 of Parma, Vienna, and Spain; com- 
 posed opera Dafne, famous Stabat 
 Mater for 4 voices, and many beau- 
 tiful cantatas. 
 
 Attenhofer (a-ten-h6'-fer),Karl, teacher, 
 condr. b. Wettingen, Switzerland, 
 May 5, 1837; d. 1911. Pupil of D. 
 Elster, and of Richter and others, at 
 Leipzig Cons.; condr. of various 
 choral unions; composer of choral 
 music, songs, etc. 
 
ATTWOOD 
 
 AVISON 
 
 Attwood, Thomas, compr. b. London, 
 Nov. 23, 1765; d. Chelsea, Mar. 24, 
 1838. Chorister under Nares and 
 Ayrton; studied in Italy (by assist- 
 ance from George IV, then Prince of 
 Wales) under Cinque and Latilla 
 and in Vienna under Mozart; orgt. 
 at St. Paul's and Chapel Royal; orig- 
 inal member Philharm. Soc; friend 
 of Mendelssohn. Composed music 
 for 21 plays, famous church music, 
 numerous popular songs and glees. 
 
 fiuheT (o-barO, Daniel Francois Esprit, 
 
 compr. h. Caen, Jan. 29, 1782; d. 
 Paris, May 12, 1871. Son of a 
 painter who had gone into trade 
 after the Revolution, he refused to 
 follow any line but that of his talent. 
 His first dramatic music, resetting 
 of Julie, attracted attention of Cher- 
 ubini who assisted his further de- 
 velopment. First opera to gain 
 public performance was Le Sejour 
 d' Amour, 1813, but success was first 
 won by La Bergere Chdtelaine, 1820. 
 Increasing skill in clever treatment 
 of light comic opera style is shown 
 in series ending with Le Magon, 1825. 
 With first grand opera La Muette de 
 Portid (Masaniello), 1825, he at- 
 tained greatest height; in this work, 
 says Apthorp, he brought all the 
 brisk, nimble dash of his style to 
 bear on a tragic subject. He outdid 
 himself, showing unwonted dramatic 
 fire, picturesqueness in orchestra- 
 tion, skilful handling of choral 
 masses. The old forms are there, 
 but managed with dramatic ap- 
 positeness. This opera, with Ros- 
 sini's William Tell and Meyerbeer's 
 Robert le Diable, changed the reper- 
 toire of the Paris Opera; the produc- 
 tion in Brussels was the signal for 
 revolutionary riots which ended in 
 separation of Holland and Belgium. 
 Most popular opera at home and 
 abroad was Fra Diavolo, 1830. For 
 many years A. composed about one 
 opera a year, most frequently to 
 libretti by Scribe, sustaining his 
 powers at a remarkable level of 
 graceful tunefulness and pohsh. He 
 succeeded to Gossec's chair in the 
 Academy, 1835; followed Cherubini 
 as director of Cons. 1842. 
 
 Audran (o-dron), Edmond, compr. b. 
 Lyons, April 11, 1842; d. Tierceville, 
 
 Aug. 17, 1901. Son of Marius Pierre, 
 operatic tenor and song composer 
 (1816-1887); pupil at Ecole Nieder- 
 meyer, Paris, with prize for com- 
 position; orgt. at Marseilles, 1861; 
 composed a mass, motet and songs", 
 but is known as composer of many 
 successful examples of opera-bouffe, 
 37 in all, of which the best known to 
 Americans are Olivette and La Mas- 
 cotte; Le Grand Mogol, Les Noces 
 d' Olivette, La Cigale et la Fourmi, 
 Miss Helyett, and La Poupee were 
 especially popular both in French 
 and English versions. 
 
 Auer (ou'-er) , Leopold, vlt. b. Veszprim, 
 Hungary, May 28, 1845. Pupil at 
 the Prague and Vienna Cons.; of Joa- 
 chim, 1863-65; conductor in Diissel- 
 dorf and Hamburg 1863-67; since 
 1868 at St. Petersburg as solo vio* 
 linist to the court, prof, at Cons, 
 and occasional conductor of Im- 
 perial Mus. Assn. Exceptionally fine 
 violinist, with noble style and ex- 
 tended repertoire; teacher of Mischa 
 Elman and Kathleen Parlow; Tchai- 
 kovski's concerto dedicated to him. 
 
 Augustine, Saint, writer, b. Tagaste, 
 Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; d. Hippo, 
 Algeria, Aug. 28. 430. Bishop of 
 Hippo, one of the fathers of the 
 Latin Church, friend of St. Ambrose. 
 His writings give valuable informa- 
 tion about the condition of music 
 in the early church and especially 
 about Ambrosian chant; his work en- 
 titled De Musica treats of rhythms 
 only. 
 
 Aulin (ou-lin) , Tor, -vlt. b. Stockholm, 
 Sept. 10, 1866. Pupil of Emile Sauret 
 and Ph. Scharwenka in Berlin; since 
 1889 concertmaster Royal Opera, 
 Stockholm; founded famous Aulin 
 Quartet, 1887; distinguished virtuoso. 
 
 Aus der Ohe (ous'-der-6-e) , Adele, pst. 
 Father professor in Hanover Univ.; 
 pupil under Kullak at age of 7 by 
 advice of Von Biilow; played with 
 orch. in Berlin at age of 10; pupil of 
 Liszt from 12 to 19; American debut, 
 1886. Successful career as concert 
 pianist of unusual strength and 
 power. 
 
 A vison, Charles, compr., writer, b. New- 
 castle-upon-Tyne, 1710; d. there, May 
 9, 1770. Pupil of Geminiani, organist 
 
AYLWARD 
 
 BACH 
 
 in Newcastle, 1736; composer of 
 instrumental music, concertos and 
 sonatas; author of Essay on Musical 
 Expression, 1752, pamphlet which was 
 strongly and successfully assailed by 
 W. Hayes; edited Marcello's Psalms 
 with English words. Mentioned in 
 Browning's Parleyings. 
 
 Aylward (al'ward), Theodore, compr. b. 
 about 1730; d. London, Feb. 27, 
 1801. Organist in London; prof, in 
 Gresham College, 1771; asst. director 
 of Handel Commemoration, 1784. 
 Composed glees and catches very 
 popular in his day, and some unpub- 
 lished church music. 
 
 Bach (bak). Distinguished family of 
 musicians bearing this name were 
 descended from Hans Bach who hved 
 at Wechmar about 1561; his son, 
 Veit (d. 1619), was fond of music and 
 Veit's son, Hans (b. about 1580; d. 
 Dec. 26, 1626), was a professional 
 musician, the real founder of the 
 family. The sons of Hans settled in 
 different towns, Johannes (1604- 
 73) in Erfurt, Heinrich (1615-92) 
 in Arnstadt, and Christoph (1613- 
 61) at first in Erfurt, and later in 
 Arnstadt. Almost all the members 
 of the family were musicians; even 
 those who at first turned to law or 
 some other study ended their lives 
 in musical service; some were vio- 
 linists, more were organists, two at 
 least, Johann Michael (1648-1694) 
 and his nephew, Johann Nikolaus 
 (1669-1753), experimented in instru- 
 ment making and made improve- 
 ments in pianoforte construction; 
 almost all of them were, to a greater 
 or less extent, composers. In private 
 life the family seems to have been 
 characterized by devotion to a high 
 standard of moral purity and quiet 
 dignity — an attitude maintained 
 with remarkable consistency. This 
 mood found most frequent expres- 
 sion in the composition of church 
 music of a lofty elevation and of 
 organ and piano music of conspicu- 
 ous clearness and intellectual inge- 
 nuity. For detailed acfcounts of all 
 the Bachs, see Philipp Spitta's Johann 
 Sebastian Bach, 3 vols.: Grove's 
 Dictionary, Vol. I; Eitner s Quellen- 
 Lexikon. The most noted will be 
 mentioned here in alphabetical order. 
 
 Bach, Johann Christian. There were 
 two of this name of whom the earlier 
 (1640-1692) was the son of Johannes 
 in Erfurt. The later, b. Leipzig, 
 1735; d. London, Jan. 1, 1782, was 
 
 known as the Milanese or English 
 Bach. He was eleventh son of Joh. 
 Sebastian; after his father's death 
 he lived with brother Karl Philipp 
 Emanuel in Berlin, studying piano 
 playing and composition. He went 
 to Milan, became pupil of Martini 
 and was organist at the Cathedral 
 there 1760-1762; in Italy he com- 
 posed sacred music and some operas. 
 In 1762 he went to London, where 
 he gave subscription concerts in 
 partnership with Abel, 1765-1782; 
 married Cecilia Grassi, the singer; 
 composed several successful operas 
 in light Italian style, and elegant, 
 brilliant pianoforte works. 
 
 Bach, Johann Christoph. There were 
 several of this name: One (1645- 
 1693) was son of Christoph and 
 twin brother of Joh. Ambrosius, a 
 violinist, who devoted himself with 
 his uncle Heinrich to church music 
 at Arnstadt. Another (1671-1721) 
 was a brother of Joh. Sebastian, a 
 pupil of Pachelbel, and organist at 
 Ohrdruf. Another (1685-1735) was 
 the son of Joh. Aegidius (1645-1717) 
 of Erfurt, both directors of the town 
 music. The most famous, b. Arnstadt, 
 De«. 8, 1642; d. Eisenach, Mar. 31, 
 1703, was the son of Heinrich of 
 Arnstadt and uncle of Joh. Sebastian. 
 He was the greatest of the older 
 generation, one of the most famous 
 organ players and contrapuntists of 
 his day, and was highly regarded as 
 an individual by all; as a composer 
 he was neglected by contemporaries 
 outside of his family, but he is now 
 considered of great importance for 
 his individuahty in solving problems, 
 his high sense of form, and depth of 
 expression. There are extant of his 
 some instrumental works and 9 
 motets. 
 
BACH 
 
 BACH 
 
 Bach, Johann Sebastian, b. Eisenach, 
 Mar. 21 (or 22)', 1685; d. Leipzig, 
 July 28, 1750. Grandson of Chris- 
 toph who was town musician to 
 Count Schwarzburg and prominent 
 in town music at Arnstadt; son of 
 Joh. Ambrosius (1645-1695), vioUn- 
 ist, who settled in Eisenach in 1671, 
 and of Elizabeth Lammerhirt of 
 Erfurt. At the age of ten, both 
 parents having died, Seb. went to 
 Ohrdruf where he lived and studied 
 with his brother Johann Christoph; 
 this elder brother is reputed to have 
 been harsh, denying to the eager 
 youth access to a volume of music, 
 and taking away from him a copy 
 which he had made in secret by 
 moonlight. After the death of this 
 brother Seb. went on his own 
 responsibility to Liineberg where he 
 became a chorister and received 
 free instruction in other branches; 
 he paid great attention to the work 
 of the organist Bohm and walked 
 often to Hamburg to hear Reinken; 
 he also walked to Celle where he had 
 an opportunity to hear French music 
 in the royal chapel. By similar 
 persistence and application he in- 
 creased his skill on the violin and 
 pianoforte, as well as in composition. 
 After a few months at Weimar, he 
 became organist at Arnstadt in 1703. 
 In 1705, having walked to Liibeck 
 to meet Buxtehude, he overstayed 
 his leave of absence in his enthusi- 
 asm, until the church authorities at 
 Arnstadt were angry. Further ap- 
 pointments followed: in 1707 he 
 was organist at Miihlhausen; in 
 1708 court organist at Weimar, in 
 1714 concertmeister there; in au- 
 tumn vacations he made many 
 professional tours to other cities, 
 Kassel, Halle, and Dresden (where 
 he challenged the French organist 
 Marchand who, at the last moment, 
 refused to meet him); in 1717 he 
 was made capellmeister and director 
 of chamber music to Prince Leopold 
 of Cothen; in 1723 he succeeded 
 Kuhnau as cantor at the Thomas- 
 
 — schule, Leipzig, and became organist 
 at two principal churches there, 
 without entirely severing his con- 
 nection with Cothen. He remained 
 at Leipzig 27 years, with frequent 
 visits to Dresden and a memor- 
 able one to Potsdam at the request 
 
 of Frederick the Great, whom he 
 amazed by his skill in improvising. 
 He became blind in 1749. His char- 
 acter was like that of his family in 
 general, one of conspicuous upright- 
 ness, cheerful simplicity and marked 
 singleness of purpose. He married 
 twice: first, in 1707, his cousin Maria 
 Barbara Bach, daughter of Johann 
 Michael; and secondly, in 1721, 
 Anna Magdalene Wulken. His home 
 life was always happy and he took 
 pleasure and satisfaction in the edu- 
 cation of his 13 children and the 
 (frequently musical) pleasures of 
 his domestic circle. Beside his own 
 sons he had many distinguished 
 pupils among whom were Krebs, 
 Agricola, Kirnberger, Marpurg and 
 Vogler. Always eager to embrace 
 every opportunity of hearing great 
 contemporaries (he twice journeyed 
 to Halle in vain attempts to meet 
 Handel), he was in every way inde- 
 fatigably industrious. Before 1717 
 he was chiefly occupied in writing 
 organ music; during the time at 
 Cothen he composed instrumental 
 music, concertos, suites, etc. and 
 the Wohltemperirtes Clavier, 1722, 
 1724; the Inventions and Sym- 
 phonies for clavier, 1723; in the 
 Leipzig period he wrote almost all 
 of the more than 200 extant church 
 cantatas. The St. John Passion 
 was performed in 1724, the Matthew 
 in 1729, the B minor Mass between 
 1732 and 1738. All of his music 
 commands admiration by the dis- 
 play of masterly contrapuntal skill, 
 by the fertility and dexterity of his 
 methods; but his is more than the 
 skill of the juggler, in that he really 
 combines the different parts into 
 an organic whole which has a definite 
 meaning of its own. By the '' con- 
 stant application of matchless tech- 
 nic to the highest artistic ends," 
 he is able to find the " right word 
 for every occasion," so that he 
 completely satisfies people of the 
 most dissimilar tastes. The skill of 
 all his successors rests on knowledge 
 of his works, and their charm is still 
 inexhaustible. Historically also his 
 music is of vast importance; he 
 settled the dispute between the old 
 church modes and the modern har- 
 monic scales; his w^orks represent 
 
BACH 
 
 BAERMANN 
 
 a fusion of both systems, but the 
 modern one predominates. More- 
 over he required " equal tempera- 
 ment " for instruments with fixed 
 intonation, and had a great influ- 
 ence on the technic of piano 
 playing by introducing a new system 
 of fingering. He was appreciated 
 by his contemporaries as an organist 
 only; it was not until 1829 that 
 Mendelssohn drew general attention 
 to his compositions. The Bach- 
 Gesellschaft, founded in 1850 by 
 Schumann, Jahn, and others, issued 
 a definitive edition of his complete 
 works in 146 volumes. 
 
 Bach, Karl Philipp Emanuel, b. Wei- 
 mar, Mar. 8, 1714; d. Hamburg, 
 (Sept.) Dec. 14, 1788. Called the 
 Berhn or Hamburg Bach, son of Joh. 
 Sebastian. Studied law at Frank- 
 fort and Leipzig Universities, but 
 abandoned it for music in which he 
 had been thoroughly instructed JDy 
 his father. He entered the service 
 of Frederick the Great in 1738, and 
 continued therein until 1767 when 
 he succeeded Telemann as director 
 of church in Hamburg. He was 
 one of the most brilliant composers 
 of a period which prized brilliance 
 more than profundity. His instru- 
 mental music is especially valuable 
 because it shows the origin of the 
 modern forms which Haydn and 
 Mozart were to bring to perfection. 
 He composed a great number of 
 works in almost every form. 
 
 Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann. b. Wei- 
 mar, Nov. 22, 1710; d. Berlin, 
 July 1, 1784. The eldest and ap- 
 parently the most talented son of 
 Joh. Sebastian, trained by his father 
 and, in violin playing, by Graun. 
 He distinguished himself in mathe- 
 matics at Leipzig Univ. and held 
 posts as organist and musical director 
 at Dresden and Halle. In 1764 he 
 was dismissed from his post because 
 of his dissolute habits and died in 
 want. He was a brilliant organ- 
 player, a profound theoretician, a 
 famous improviser, a skilful and 
 fluent composer and at the same 
 time the one black sheep of his 
 race. Most of his compositions 
 exist in manuscript only. (See, 
 especially, Eitner's Lexikon.) 
 
 Bache, Francis Edward, compr. b. 
 Edgbaston, Birmingham, Sept. 14, 
 1833; d. there, Aug. 24, 1858. 
 Showed unquestionable talent as a 
 child; studied under Bennett and 
 in Leipzig under Hauptmann and 
 Plaidy. Composed before untimely 
 death 2 operas, concerto, trio, etc. 
 His brother, Walter, pst. b. Edg- 
 baston, Birmingham, June 19, 1842; 
 d. London, Mar. 26, 1888. Studied 
 piano and theory with Stimpson and 
 with Plaidy, Moscheles, Reinecke, 
 and Richter. Pupil in Rome, after 
 1862, of Liszt of whom he became 
 ardent disciple and whose works he 
 largely introduced to English public. 
 Prof, of pf. at Royal Acad. Mus. 
 
 Bachmann (bak'-man), Georges, compr. 
 b. about 1848; d. Paris, Dec. (?) 1894. 
 Composed many light pf. pieces. 
 
 Backer - Grondahl (bak'-er-gren-dal'), 
 Agathe Ursula, pst., compr. h. Hoi- * 
 mestrand, Norway, Dec. 1, 1847; d. 
 Christiania, Aug., 1907. Pupil of 
 Kjerulf and Lindemann, of Kullak, 
 Von Billow, and, later, of Liszt; 
 married 1875 O. A. Grondahl, of 
 Christiania (b. 1847), singing teach- 
 er; toured successfully in Scandi- 
 navia, London, and Paris. Com- 
 posed charming songs, pf . pieces, etc. 
 
 Backhaus (bak-hous), Wilhelm, pst. 
 b. Leipzig, Mar. 26, 1884. Pupil of 
 A. Reckendorf at Leipzig Cons, and 
 of d' Albert; won Rubinstein Prize 
 for pf. playing, 1905; prof, of pf. at 
 Manchester (Eng.) Royal Coll. of 
 Music; remarkably popular with 
 London audiences; taught at Son- 
 dershausen, summer, 1907, 1908; 
 concert tour U. S., 1912. 
 
 Badarczevska (ba-dar-chef'-shka), Tek- 
 la, compr. b. Warsaw, 1838; d. there, 
 1862. Composed "salon" pf. works, 
 popular in their day, now practically 
 forgotten, except La Priere d'une 
 vierge (The Maiden's Prayer). 
 
 Baermann (bar^-man), Carl, pst. h. 
 Munich, July 9, 1839. Grandson of 
 Heinrich Joseph (1784-1847), friend 
 of Weber and Mendelssohn, and son 
 of Karl (1820-1885), both clarinet 
 players of distinction; studied under 
 Lachner and Liszt; d^but at 15; 
 teacher in Royal Mus. Sch. in 
 Munich; came to America in 1881; 
 
BAI 
 
 BALAKIREV 
 
 has attained high rank as teacher in 
 Boston, among pupils being C. H. 
 Morse, Mrs H. H. A. Beach and 
 F. S. Converse; his few pubhshed 
 works, mostly for pf., are worthy 
 expressions of his sound, conserva- 
 tive spirit. 
 
 Bai [or Baj], (baM), Tommaso, com- 
 pr. b. Crevalcuore, about 1650; d. 
 Rome, Dec. 22, 1714. Tenor singer 
 and maestro in Vatican choir; fol- 
 lower of Palestrina; composed Mis- 
 erere sung alternately with those of 
 Allegri and Baini in Holy Week. 
 
 Bailey, Lilian, see Henschel, Mrs. 
 Georg. 
 
 Bailey, Marie Louise, pst. b. Nashville, 
 Oct. 24, 1876. Studied 1889 with 
 C. Reinecke in Leipzig Cons., win- 
 ning scholarship; later with Leschet- 
 izky; debut at Gewandhaus 1893; 
 played with Damrosch orch., and 
 toured successfully in U. S. and 
 Canada; made home in Vienna. 
 
 Baillot (ba-yo), Pierre Marie Francois 
 de Sales, vlt. b. Passy, Oct. 1, 1771; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 15, 1842. Remark- 
 able early talent; first instruction 
 from Italian Polidori; in 1780 pupil 
 of Sainte-Marie, who insisted on 
 severe taste and exactness; in 1783 
 studied under Pollani; 1791 through 
 influence of Viotti became first violin 
 at Th. Feydeau, Paris; 1791-1795 
 seems to have neglected music for 
 small government appointment; pro- 
 fessor at new Cons. 1795; after 
 further study with Catel, Reicha 
 and Cherubini, he made tour to 
 Russia and later others to England, 
 Holland, Switzerland and Italy; in 
 1821 leader of orch. at Grand Opera; 
 1825 solo player in royal band. He 
 had many distinguished pupils, 
 notably Habeneck, Mazas, the two 
 Danclas, etc. Composed many 
 works, chiefly very difficult vln. 
 pieces, preludes, quartets, etc.; his 
 chief works are L'art du violon 
 (1834) and Methode de violon, pub- 
 lished jointly with Rode and Kreut- 
 zer, still standards. 
 
 Baini (bae-ni), Giuseppe, compr., writer. 
 b. Rome, Oct. 21, 1775; d. there, 
 May 21, 1844. Pupil of his uncle 
 Lorenzo, and of Jannaconi whom he 
 succeeded 1817 as maestro of St. 
 Peter's; composed Miserere sung in 
 
 turn with those of Allegri and Bai at 
 Sistine Chapel. He lived entirely 
 in spirit of 16th century music and 
 his chief work is life and criticism of 
 the works of Palestrina (1828), not 
 wholly accurate by standards of 
 modern scholarship. 
 
 Baker, Benjamin Franklin, teacher, b. 
 Wenham, Mass., July 16, 1811; d. 
 Boston, Mar. 11, 1889. Sang in 
 churches in Salem, Portland, and 
 Boston; 1841 succeeded Lowell 
 Mason as teacher of music in public 
 schools; was vice-president Handel 
 and Haydn Society; established 
 Boston Music School; edited Boston 
 Alusical Journal; composed cantatas, 
 part-songs, etc. 
 
 Balakirev (ba-la'-ke-reff), Mili Alexei- 
 evitch, compr., pst. b. Novgorod, 
 (Dec. 31, 1836, O. S.) Jan. 2, 1837; 
 d. St. Petersburg, June 24, 1910. 
 Early youth passed in the country, 
 where Oulibishev, author of Life of 
 Mozart, instructed him in music; 
 went at age of 20 to St. Petersburg 
 where he met Glinka, and the 
 younger composers, Cui, Mous- 
 sorgski, Borodin and others. B. 
 became the peculiarly influential 
 center of a small group, some of 
 whom were older than he in years, 
 to whom he gave instruction in 
 analysis of older masters and counsel 
 in appreciation of the new — espe- 
 cially Schumann, Liszt, and Berlioz. 
 He also exerted a great influence 
 toward "national" music, by col- 
 lecting folk-songs and by urging 
 use of characteristic rhythms and 
 ideas. In 1863 B. founded a free 
 school of music; before retirement 
 in 1872 he was director Russian 
 Musical Society, and director of 
 singers at Imperial Chapel. His 
 own works are few in number; the 
 principal ones are symph. poems 
 Thamar and Russia, overture and 
 music to King Lear, symph. in C 
 rnajor, two series of songs, and pf. 
 pieces nearly all of which demand 
 the ability of a virtuoso — most not- 
 able being the fantasia Islamey. 
 " His romances are distinguished by 
 pure and large melodies, by elegant 
 accompaniments, often by passion 
 knd great interest." [Cui.] " He 
 is an orchestral magician; he suc- 
 ceeds, by harmonious wedding of 
 
BALATKA 
 
 BANTOCK 
 
 timbres, in giving changing and sur- 
 prising color to sound. He excels 
 m the descriptive poem, the instru- 
 mental tale." [Bruneau.] Though 
 he has written nothing for the stage, 
 his most remarkable compositions 
 are those with a definite program, 
 as the symph. poems and Lear. 
 
 Balatka, Hans, condr. b. Hoffnungs- 
 thal, Moravia, March 5, 1827; d. 
 Chicago, Apr. 17, 1899. Pupil of 
 Sechter and Proch at Vienna; came 
 to America 1849; founded and con- 
 ducted Milwaukee Musikverein, 
 conductor of Chicago Philh. Soc. 
 1860, and various societies in Mil- 
 waukee, St. Louis and Chicago; dis- 
 tinguished among pioneers of music 
 in the West. 
 
 Baldwin, Samuel Atkinson, orgt , compr. 
 h . Lake City, Minn . , Jan . 25, 1 862 . At 
 12 moved to St. Paul where he was 
 orgt.at 15; studied in Europe 1880-84 
 (with one year at home) at Dresden 
 Cons, with G. Merkel, Nicod6, Risch- 
 bieter, and Wiillner; orgt. Chicago 
 1885-89; orgt. dir. of choral ass'n, 
 St. Paul 1889-95; orgt. in New York 
 1895, in Brooklyn since 1902; head 
 of dept. of mus. in Coll. of City of 
 N. Y., 1907, where he gives semi- 
 weekly recitals; compositions include 
 songs, anthems, ISth Psalm for voices 
 and orch., cantata Triumph of Love, 
 concert overtures, suite for orch., 
 and symphony. 
 
 Balfe, Michael William, compr. b. 
 Dublin, May 15, 1808; d. Rowney 
 Abbey, Hertfordshire, Oct. 20, 1870. 
 Son of William (died 1823), a danc- 
 ing master; he first learned to play 
 the violin for dancing as a pupil of 
 Meadows and O'Rourke (Rooke); 
 articled pupil of C. E. Horn in 
 London; played in theatre band; 
 went to Italy 1825 where he studied 
 with Paer and Federici; in Paris 
 Rossini engaged him as baritone in 
 Italian opera and he Bang in London 
 and Paris with success until about 
 1833; after 1835, he composed 
 operas, managed, and conducted 
 them in London, Paris, and Berlin; 
 retired to country 1864. First 
 dramatic composition was ballet La 
 Perouse 1827; first English opera 
 Siege of Rochelle 1835; his suc- 
 cesses thereafter were almost con- 
 tinuous; he wrote about 30 operas, 
 
 the one most widely known to-day 
 being The Bohemian Girl, first pro- 
 duced 1843. Macfarren (quoted in 
 Grove) says B. possessed quick- 
 ness of ear, readiness of memory, 
 executive facility, fluent invention, 
 remarkable and experienced com- 
 mand of orchestra, and, on the other 
 hand, want of conscientiousness; 
 that in his music, however, " the 
 element which makes it evanescent 
 is that which also makes it popular." 
 
 Banister, John, vlt. h. London, 1630; 
 d. there, Oct. 3, 1679. Taught rudi- 
 ments by his father, sent to France 
 by Charles II; leader of the King's 
 band 1662; first musician to estab- 
 lish successful concerts in London, 
 holding them at his own house every 
 af te rnoon 1 67 2- 1 678 . Composed mu- 
 sic to " Circe," songs, and lessons 
 for violin. Son John (1677-1735) 
 distinguished violinist in days of 
 first Italian operas. Henry Charles 
 (1831-1897) successful teacher of 
 harmony and instructive writer. 
 
 Banti-Giorgi (ban'-ti-ge-or'-gi) , Brigida, 
 dram. sop. h. Crema, Lombardy, 
 1758; d. Bologne, Feb. 18, 1806. 
 Discovered singing in street caf6, 
 she was engaged for Paris Op6ra, 
 where she made debut; 1799-1802 
 made great success in London; Sac- 
 chini, Piozzi, Abel all tried to teach 
 her in vain; she remained to the last 
 a natural singer, learning parts by 
 ear, but singing them with great 
 effect; favorite in England 1789- 
 1798, when succeeded by Mrs. 
 Billington. (See article by C. Lozzi, 
 Rivista Musicale Italiana, 1904.) 
 
 Bantock, Granville, compr. b. London, 
 Aug. 7, 1868. Pupil of F. Corder at 
 Royal Acad, of Music 1889 winning 
 Macfarren Scholarship; while still 
 a student he had works performed; 
 editor of New Quarterly Music 
 Review 1893-96; tour of the world 
 as conductor of Gaiety Th. Com- 
 pany 1894-95; conductor of various 
 companies and orchestras, in New 
 Brighton, near Liverpool, where he 
 effected great improvements, at Ant- 
 werp and Birmingham; principal 
 Sell, of Mus. Birmingham and Mid- 
 land Institute since 1900; succeeded 
 Edward Elgar as professor in Bir- 
 mingham University 1908; has al- 
 ways shown himself hospitable to 
 
BARBIERI 
 
 BARNETT 
 
 work of young composers, and to 
 those of British composers. His own 
 compositions, cantatas, large choral 
 works, symphonic poems, pf. pieces, 
 etc. are usually of marked oriental 
 coloring (often dealing with Eastern 
 subjects) and of romantic tone; he 
 combines a remarkably sure orches- 
 tral technic with subtlety of feel- 
 ing for tone, color and great poetic 
 sensibility (Newman); he prefers the 
 looser forms of program music. 
 
 Barbieri (bar-bi-a'-ri), Francesco Asen- 
 jo, compr. b. Madrid, Aug. 3, 1823; 
 d. there, Feb. 17, 1894. Pupil Madrid 
 Cons., clarinetist in theatre orch., 
 chorusleader at opera; secretary and 
 chief director of society for encourag- 
 ing the Zarzuela, the distinctly na- 
 tional Spanish type of operetta, of 
 which he wrote 75; edited coll. of 
 15th century songs; critic and 
 teacher at cons., promoter of good 
 concerts. 
 
 Bardi, Giovanni, Count of Vernio. b. 
 1534; d. 1612. Patron of music in 
 Florence in 16th century, at whose 
 house took place the earliest per- 
 formances of opera; may have writ- 
 ten words for some. 
 
 Bargiel (bar'-gel), Woldemar, compr. 
 b. Berlin, Oct. 3, 1828; d. there, 
 Feb. 23, 1897. Son of Adolf (died 
 1841) teacher of music and of di- 
 vorced wife of Fr. Wieck, so he was 
 Clara Schumann's step-brother; 
 trained by parents and at Leipzig 
 Cons, by Hauptmann, Moscheles, 
 Gade, etc.; teacher at Cologne; 
 director 1865 of society for promoting 
 music at Antwerp; teacher at Berlin 
 Hochschule 1875. Careful if not 
 romantically inspired composer of 
 the school of Schumann; works in- 
 clude pf. pieces, orchestral works, 
 and choral works, especially settings 
 of 13th and 23d Psalms. 
 
 Barnard, Charlotte Alington [known as 
 ClaribelJ, song compr. b. Dec. 23. 
 1830; d. Dover, Jan. 30, 1869. 
 Taught by Holmes; married Chas. 
 C. Barnard, 1854; composed over 
 100 popular songs — Five o'clock in 
 the morning, I cannot sing the old 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Barnard, D'Auvergne, compr. b. Isling- 
 ton, London, Apr. 24, 1867. Though 
 not of musical parents, early showed 
 
 gifts as choir boy in Temple Church; 
 trained there by E. J. Hopkins; 
 self-taught as pianoforte player, 
 gained many appointments as ac- 
 companist; began composition at 
 19; soon after became widely known 
 as compr. of songs Bid Me to Love 
 and Plains of Peace; under various 
 pseudonyms has written over 100 
 songs and 200 pianoforte pieces; of 
 dance music under name " Clo- 
 thilde," most popular perhaps is 
 waltz Whisper and I shall hear. 
 
 Bamby, Sir Joseph, compr. h. York, 
 Aug. 12, 1838; d. London, Jan. 
 28, 1896. Son of Thomas, organ- 
 ist; himself organist and choir- 
 master at age of 12; entered Royal 
 Acad, of Mus. 1854; organist at 
 several London churches; director 
 of Barnby's Choir, inaugurated by 
 Novello 1867-1872; conducted daily 
 concerts also for Novello 1874-75; 
 conductor London Mus. Society 
 1878-86; precentor at Eton 1875- 
 92; principal Guildhall School 1892; 
 conductor Royal Choral Society. 
 Wrote very large number of hymn 
 tunes, services, part-songs, etc., more 
 or less uninspired; chiefly of im- 
 portance for introducing works of 
 Bach and Gounod into England; 
 he also conducted first performance 
 of Parsifal 1884. Gained widest 
 reputation as a choral leader, and 
 maintained his high standard every- 
 where by force of character and per- 
 sonality. " Of his music sweetness 
 rather than strength is its salient 
 characteristic. Technically it is 
 masterly. . . . He will be known as 
 the composer of the most popular 
 part-song ever written, Sweet and 
 Low ." {Monthly Mus. Record 1896.) 
 
 Bamett, John, compr. b. Bedford, 
 Eng., July 1, 1802; d. near Chelten- 
 ham, Apr. 17, 1890. Of Prussian- 
 Hungarian parentage. Son of Ber- 
 nard Beer, watchmaker, second 
 cousin to Meyerbeer; showed 
 marked ability as singer as child; 
 articled at 11 to S. J. Arnold; debut 
 on stage 1813; taught also by Horn 
 and Price; from 1825-1831 com- 
 posed several musical farces, best of 
 which was The Pet of the Petticoats; 
 1834 published collection of songs; 
 produced successive operas. The 
 Mountain Sylph 1834 first English 
 
BARRETT 
 
 BATTISHILL 
 
 opera in style of Weber, extremely 
 successful, Farinelli 1839, etc.; 
 taught singing after 1841. His 
 nephew John Francis, compr. h. 
 London, Oct. 16, 1837. Studied 
 Royal Acad. Mus. winning scholar- 
 ship twice; d6but 1853; studied 
 with Moscheles, Plaidy, and Haupt- 
 mann at Leipzig Cons.; played at 
 Gewandhaus 1860. Composed suc- 
 cessful cantatas, The Ancient Mari- 
 ner 1870 and many others for English 
 festivals, also symph., pf. pieces, 
 etc.; published Musical Reminis- 
 cences and Impressions 1908 (?). 
 
 Barrett, William Alexander, writer, b. 
 Hackney, England, Oct. 15, 1836; 
 d. London (?), Oct. 17, 1891. Chor- 
 ister and organist; writer on church 
 music; author of Life of Balfe; joint 
 editor with Stainer of Diet, of Mus. 
 Terms; editor of Monthly Mus. 
 Record and of Mus. Times for 1887. 
 
 Barth (bart), Karl Heinrich, pst., teacher, 
 h. Pillau, Prussia, July 12, 1847. 
 Pupil of father, of Steinmann and 
 of Von Billow, Tausig, etc.; teacher 
 at Stern Cons., Berlin, 1868, and 
 at Royal High School 1871. Ad- 
 mired in solo concerts in Germany 
 and England and also in trio con- 
 certs with De Ahna and Hausmaun. 
 
 Bartlett, Homer Newton, compr. b. Ol- 
 ive, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1845. Precocious 
 talent; pupil of S. B. Mills, Braun, 
 Jacobsen, etc.; organist at various 
 N. Y. churches; has composed a great 
 many songs and pf . pieces, a cantata, 
 sextet, etc. His work is always skil 
 ful, often brilliant (especially in or- 
 chestration) ; at its best, as in A Love 
 Song, I Hear the Brooklet's Murmur, 
 etc., it is original, rich, and sincere; 
 best known work for piano, Polka di 
 Concert. 
 
 Bartlett, James Carroll, compr., tenor. 
 b. Harmony, Maine, June 14, 1850. 
 Entered N. E. Cons. 1869 where he 
 studied singing under O'Neill, pf . and 
 theory under Stephen Emery; later a 
 pupil of Guilmette and Shakespeare ; 
 1875-76 went on first professional 
 tour with Camilla Urso; was musical 
 director for Edwin Booth and Bar 
 rett; singer and teacher in Boston; 
 orgt. at Worcester; composer of 
 graceful, singable songs. 
 
 Basil, Saint, b. Cesarea, 329; d. there, 
 379. Bishop in Cappadocia; said 
 to have introduced congregational 
 singing and antiphons which Am- 
 brose learned from him. 
 
 Bassani (bas-sa-ne), Giovanni Battista, 
 vlt., compr. b. Padua, about 1657; 
 d. Ferrara, 1716. Pupil of Castro- 
 villari; maestro at Bologna Cathe- 
 dral; distinguished violinist, teacher 
 of Corelli; composer of 6 operas, 
 sonatas, suites, etc. 
 
 Bassford, William Kipp, pst., orgt. h. 
 New York, April 23, 1839; d. 1902. 
 Pupil of S. Jackson; successful con- 
 cert tours as pianist; organist, com- 
 poser and teacher in N. Y. 
 
 Bassi (bas-se), Luigi, dram, baritone. 
 h. Pesaro, 1766; d. Dresden, 1825. 
 In Prague 1784-1806, and again, 
 after stay in Vienna, in 1814; 
 director of Dresden Opera under 
 Weber; B. was singer for whom 
 Mozart wrote Don Giovanni. 
 
 Bateson, Thomas, compr. h. England, 
 about 1575; d. Dublin (?), Mar. or 
 April, 1629 (30) . Organist at Chester 
 Cathedral 1599 and after 1608 of 
 Trinity Cathedral in Dublin; re- 
 ceived mus. degree from Trinity 
 College late in life, being the first 
 mus. graduate there. His fame rests 
 on two sets of madrigals for 3, 4, 
 5, and 6 voices, which give him 
 a high place among Elizabethan 
 composers. 
 
 Batiste (ba-test), Antoine Edouard, 
 orgt. b. Paris, Mar. 28, 1820; d. 
 there, Nov. 9, 1876. Son of a come- 
 dian, page in chapel of Chas. X; 
 after 1830 went to Cons, where he 
 won four first and four second prizes 
 and in 1840 the 2d Prix de Rome as 
 Halevy's pupil; appointed deputy 
 teacher at Cons, while still a student; 
 held many classes; also orgt. at St. 
 Nicolas des Champs and notably at 
 St. Eustache 1854-1876. Educa- 
 tional works, introd. to solfeggio 
 method, etc., of great value; organ 
 compositions, once popular, are not 
 now so highly rated. 
 
 Battishill, Jonathan, compr. b. Lon- 
 don, May, 1738; d. Islington, Dec. 
 10, 1801. Chorister under W. Sav- 
 age and his articled pupil; assistant 
 of Dr. Boyce at Chapel Royal; 
 
BATTMANN 
 
 BEACH 
 
 harpsichord player at Covent Gar- 
 den, married Miss Davies, singer; 
 with M. Arne composed Almena; 
 later when organist in different 
 churches, composed several anthems 
 and many favorite catches and songs. 
 
 Battmann (bat'-man), Jacques-Louis, 
 
 orgt. h. Maasmiinster, Alsace, Aug. 
 25, 1818; d. Dijon, July 7, 1886. 
 Orgt. at Belfort and Vesoul; wrote 
 method and works for harmonium, 
 works for piano, and treatise on 
 harmony. 
 
 Bauer (bou'-er), Harold,- pst. b. Lon- 
 don, Apr. 28, 1873. Son of an Eng- 
 lish mother and German father, he 
 first studied vln. with his father and 
 Pollitzer; d^but as vlt. London, 
 1883; after successful tours for 9 
 years, settled in Paris, 1892, where 
 by persistent application with some 
 instruction from Paderewski he 
 gained extraordinary technical abil- 
 ity as pianist; in 1893-94 he toured 
 Russia and since then has continued 
 remarkably successful throughout 
 Europe and America (including 
 South America); his first appear- 
 ance in America was with the 
 Boston Symph. Orch. Dec. 1, 1900. 
 
 Baumbach (boum'-bak), Adolph, compr. 
 b. Germany, 1830 (?); d. Chicago, 
 1880. Piano pieces and a collection 
 of q\iartets for church choir. 
 
 Baumf elder (boum'-felder), Friedrich, 
 pst. b. Dresden, May 28, 1836. 
 Pupil of Otto and Joh. Schneider, 
 and at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, 
 Hauptmann, etc.; composer of 
 brilliant salon music; director at 
 Schumann Smgakademie in Dresden. 
 
 Bausch (boush), Ludwig Christian 
 August, vln. -maker, b. Naumburg, 
 Jan. 15, 1805; d. Leipzig, May 26, 
 1871. Maker and repairer of violins, 
 especially famed for his bows, in 
 Dresden, Dessau, Wiesbaden, and 
 Leipzig. Sons Ludwig (1829-1871) 
 at first in N. Y. then in Leipzig and 
 Otto (1841-1874) continued busi- 
 ness, now owned by A. Paulus at 
 Markneukirchen . 
 
 Bayer (by-er), Josef, vlt., compr. b. 
 Vienna, Mar. 6, 1852. Educated 
 at Realschule, Handelsakademie, 
 and Vienna Cons.; capellmeister at 
 
 Vienna Opera; has composed a great 
 deal of dance music and several 
 operettas and opera-ballets. 
 
 Bazzini (bat-ze'-ne), Antonio, vlt., 
 compr. b. Brescia, March 11, 1818; 
 d. Milan, Feb. 10, 1897. Pupil of 
 Camisoni; played in principal towns 
 of Italy, France and Spain; lived in 
 Germany 1841-45; 1873 prof, of 
 comp. at Milan Cons.; director 1882. 
 Composed opera Turandot, sacred 
 cantatas, symph., overtures, Saul 
 and King Lear, and vln. pieces. 
 Works show graceful Italian spirit 
 deepened by German influence. 
 
 Beach, Amy Marcy Cheney (Mrs. H. 
 H. A.), compr. b. Henniker, N. H., 
 Sept. 5, 1867. She inherits musical 
 ability from her mother's family 
 and mathematical accuracy from 
 her father's; has the gift of absolute 
 pitch; from early childhood was 
 remarkably precocious in memory 
 for tunes and interest in them. 
 Lessons on the piano began with 
 her mother at the age of six and 
 were continued at eight in Boston 
 under E. Perabo, J. W. Hill, and 
 C. Baermann; she studied harmony 
 with Prof. Hill in 1881-82, and 
 studied counterpoint, fugue, and 
 instrumentation by herself, making 
 her own translations of Gevaert and 
 Berhoz. First public appearance in 
 Boston 1883; played with Bost. 
 Symph. Orch. Mar. 28, 1885; since 
 marriage with Dr. H. H. A. Beach 
 1885 she has played only rarely in 
 public. She began to compose as a 
 mere child; her first large work was 
 a mass in E flat 1892; then followed 
 Eilende Wolken, a scene from Schil- 
 ler's " Mary Stuart "; Festival Ju- 
 bilate for chorus and orchestra, for 
 the dedication of the Woman's Build- 
 ing at the Chicago World's Fair, 
 1893; the Gaelic symphony 1896; 
 a violin sonata 1896; there are also 
 many pf. compositions and songs. 
 Goetschius says " the saHent char- 
 acteristics of Mrs. Beach's style [are] 
 strong, passionate conception and 
 powerful emotional impulse tem- 
 pered and controlled by never- 
 faihng command of the means of 
 expression, hand in hand with an 
 exquisite sense of melodic and rhyth- 
 mic beauty." In larger works her 
 technical skill often leads to an 
 
BEAUMARCHAIS 
 
 BEETHOVEN 
 
 overweight of elaborate detail; she 
 is at her best in the smaller forms 
 (songs and pf. pieces) where her 
 delicate sense of melody finds charm- 
 ing and sincere expression. 
 
 Beauxnarchais (bo-mar-sha), Pierre-Au- 
 gustin-Caron de, librettist, b. Paris, 
 Jan. 24, 1732; d. there. May 19, 1799. 
 Dramatist from whose plays were 
 drawn libretti for Mozart's Marri- 
 age of Figaro and Rossini's Barber 
 of Seville. 
 
 Beaumont (b6-m6n), Paul, compr. b. 
 Mayence, Jan. 13, 1853. Son of flute- 
 player in orchestra; showed early 
 inclination for music; entered at 14 
 office of B. Schott's Sons, publish- 
 ers, who assisted him in his educa- 
 tion and have published many of 
 his works; compositions largely for 
 piano, many of them for young 
 players. 
 
 Beck, Johann Heinrich, vlt. h. Cleve- 
 land, Sept. 12, 1856. Studied at 
 Leipzig Cons., viohn, and composi- 
 tion with Reinecke and Jadassohn; 
 after return to Cleveland estab- 
 lished violin school and works in 
 large forms, overtures to Lara and 
 to Romeo and Juliet, music-drama 
 Salammho, etc., all unpublished, per- 
 formances of which from Ms. have 
 excited great admiration. 
 
 Becker, Albert Ernst Anton, compr. b. 
 Quedlinburg, June 13, 1834; d. 
 Berlin, Jan. 10, 1899. Pupil at 
 Quedlinburg of Bonicke and in 
 Berhn of Dehn; teacher of comp. 
 at Scharwenka Cons.; composed 
 many works for orch. with vln. and 
 with org., songs (Fruhlingszeit), and 
 especially symph., grand mass, and 
 oratorio Selig aus Gnade, and a 
 Reformations-Cantata. 
 
 Becker, Hugo, 'cellist, h. Strassburg, 
 Feb. 13, 1864. Son of Jean (1833- 
 1884) eminent violinist; pupil of 
 father, and on 'cello of Griitzmacher, 
 De Swert and Piatti; first appear- 
 ance Leipzig; solo 'cellist in Frank- 
 fort opera 1884-86, and teacher in 
 Cons, there when not engaged on 
 numerous and successful tours as 
 soloist and as member of Frankfort 
 Quartet led by H. Heermann; first 
 appeared in Boston, Jan, 12, 1901, 
 
 with Bost. Symph. Orch. ; 1909 teacher 
 at Roy. High Sch., l^erlin. Playing 
 is described as of " classic nobility," 
 
 Bedford, Herbert, see Lehmann, Liza. 
 
 Beer, Jakob Liebmann, see Meyerbeer, 
 Giacomo. 
 
 Beethoven (ba'-to-ven), Ludwig van, 
 compr. h. Bonn, Dec, 16, 1770 (gave 
 date himself as 1772); d. Vienna, 
 Mar. 26, 1827. Grandson of Ludwig, 
 bass singer and capellmeister in 
 electoral band; son of Johann, tenor 
 singer, and of Maria Magdalene 
 Laym (nee Keverich). B. was edu- 
 cated in common schools until age 
 of 14, after which he received no 
 regular instruction; about 1780 a 
 friend, Zambona, taught him Latin, 
 French, and Italian, and helped him 
 in other branches. His musical edu- 
 cation was more thorough; at first 
 his father taught him violin and 
 piano playing with great strictness 
 and severity; after 1779 he was the 
 pupil of Pfeiffer, music director and 
 oboist; he learned to play the 
 organ from Van den Eeden and 
 from his successor Neefe. In 1782 B. 
 became Neefe's deputy as organist; 
 in 1783 cembalist for rehearsals of 
 the opera orchestra; in 1784 assist- 
 ant organist; and in 1788 he also 
 played 2d viola in orchestra of 
 theatre and at church under Reicha's 
 leadership. In 1787 he went to 
 Vienna and excited much interest 
 as a pianist; Mozart, hearing him, 
 foretold that he would have a great 
 future. About 1790 his home life 
 became very miserable because of 
 the death of his mother and the 
 bad habits of his father; he had 
 made, however, some good friends, 
 notably Count Waldstein, who gave 
 him early encouragement, and the 
 refined and cultured family of Von 
 Breunings. In 1792 the elector sent 
 Beethoven to Vienna for study. 
 Dissatisfied with instruction he re- 
 ceived from Haydn, the impatient 
 Beethoven took lessons from Schenk 
 at the same time, without Haydn's 
 knowledge. He also took regular 
 lessons in counterpoint, etc. from 
 Albrechtsberger, whose strict for- 
 malism disapproved of the student's 
 originality; he also received " hints " 
 on vocal style from Salieri and on 
 
BEETHOVEN 
 
 BELICZAY 
 
 quartet writing from Aloys Forster, 
 In 1795 he first played in public in 
 Vienna, and until the end of his 
 life he lived there, with occasional 
 trips to other cities and frequent 
 excursions to the country. Events 
 are not many in his later years; after 
 about 1800 he was increasingly 
 troubled by deafness which became, 
 about 1816, so bad that his playing 
 and conducting were most un- 
 pleasant. After 1818 he was the 
 guardian of his brother's son, an 
 apparently worthless youth whose 
 incapacity, wildness, and ingratitude 
 caused his uncle serious distress of 
 mind. His first years in Vienna 
 were prosperous, but after about 
 1810 his affairs did not go so well, 
 though he was never, it seems, as 
 near actual want as some of his 
 expressions have led biographers to 
 think. Beethoven was short, thick- 
 set, and very strong. He was 
 unceremonious in manner, often 
 brusque and rude, easily irritated 
 by real or fancied slights and often 
 boisterous over his own practical 
 jokes. He seems to have been 
 unpopular with his fellow-musicians, 
 but he made good friends among the 
 members of the Vienna aristocracy, 
 who bore with his strange ways. 
 As a player, he was chiefly remark- 
 able for the fertility of his ideas in 
 improvisation and for depth of ex- 
 pression. He was an indefatigable 
 worker and his many note books 
 (one of which he had always with 
 him) bear witness to the number of 
 his ideas and to their slow and pains- 
 taking development. 
 
 Beethoven's works have been 
 divided by Von Lenz into three 
 periods, according to their style, 
 not according to strict chronology. 
 The first period, extending roughly 
 to 1800, includes the works which 
 are hke those of his teachers and 
 contemporaries, — the earlier string 
 quartets, piano sonatas, etc. The 
 second period, up to about 1815, 
 was the freest and fullest; the 
 works here include the third to 
 the eighth symphonies, Fidelio, Eg- 
 mont, Prometheus, pf. concertos in 
 G and E flat, vln. concerto, the great- 
 est sonatas, etc. During this period 
 B. was unhampered by illness and 
 family cares and his originality and 
 
 powers of execution had full play. 
 Fidelio, first produced in 1805, was 
 practically rewritten for its per- 
 formance in 1806 and again for 1814. 
 The third period includes the ninth 
 symph., the Missa Solemnis, the 
 great string quartets, etc.; this is a 
 period of struggle in his life, and, 
 in his music, of loftiness and eleva- 
 tion which at times seem almost too 
 great to be contained. The notable 
 characteristics of his music as a 
 whole are inexhaustible originality 
 of musical idea, and power of mighty 
 expression coincident with a regard 
 for the existing sonata form. To 
 his contemporaries B. was a daring 
 innovator because of the freedom 
 of his modulations and his habit of 
 fusing into one whole the different 
 parts of a movement or a work, and 
 of introducing new material in 
 unusual places, and, moreover, be- 
 cause he regarded music preemi- 
 nently as a vehicle of expression 
 rather than as an exhibition of skill. 
 To his successors, however, he 
 belongs to the " classic " age, 
 because although he filled the con- 
 ventional forms more deeply than 
 any other with noble thought, he 
 still did so with constant regard to 
 the form. He represents the great- 
 est achievement on both sides, con- 
 sideration for purity of form, and 
 expression of high thought. 
 
 Behnke (ban'-ke), Emil, teacher, b. 
 Stettin, 1836; d. Ostende, Sept. 17, 
 1892. Lived in London; taught 
 and wrote about voice training and 
 voice production, wrote Mechanism 
 of the Human Voice (1880) and other 
 books. 
 
 Behr (bar), Franz, compr. b. Liibtheen, 
 Mecklenburg, July 22, 1837; d. Dres- 
 den, Feb. 14, 1898. Under pseudo. 
 William Cooper, Charles Morley, 
 Francesco d'Orso, pubUshed many 
 popular and instructive pf. pieces. 
 
 Behrend (bar'-end), Arthur Henry, b. 
 Danzig, Oct. 2, 1853. Composer of 
 songs. 
 
 Beliczay (be-li'-chay), Julius von, com- 
 pr. b. Komorn, Hungary, Aug. 10, 
 1835; d. Pesth, Apr. 30, 1893. 
 Originally an engineer; studied with 
 Joachim, Hoffmann and Krenn; 
 
BELLERMANN 
 
 BENDIX 
 
 taught mus. theory at Acad, of Mus. 
 Pesth. Composed mass, symph., 
 string quartets, etc. 
 
 Bellermami) Johann Friedrich, writer. 
 b. Erfurt, Mar. 8, 1795; d. Berlin, 
 Feb. 4, 1874. Wrote works explan- 
 atory of theory and practise of music 
 among the Greeks. His son, Johann 
 Gotfried Heinrich, compr. b. Berlin, 
 Mar. 10, 1832; d. Potsdam, Apr. 10, 
 1903. Pupil of Grell and at the 
 Royal Inst, of Church Mus.; teacher 
 of singing; prof, of mus. at Berlin 
 Univ. Composed many vocal works 
 and wrote theoretical and historical 
 works and articles. 
 
 Bellini (bel-le'-ni), Vincenzo, opera- 
 compr. b. Catania, Sicily, Nov. 1, 
 1801; d. Puteaux, near Paris, Sept. 
 23, 1835. [Many authorities give 
 these dates as Nov. 3 and Sept. 24, 
 respectively.] Son of organist, who 
 gave him first lessons; sent by 
 nobleman to Naples Cons.; his first 
 opera produced 1825 while still a 
 student; 1826 Bianca e Fernando, 
 written on commission, had success 
 at Naples and II Pirata in 1827 
 excited enthusiasm at Milan and 
 all over Europe — a result partly due 
 to singing of Rubini for whom tenor 
 part was composed. After La Stran- 
 iera and Zaira, a flat failure, in 1829, 
 his version of Romeo and Juliet, 
 / Capuletti ed i Montecchi (1830) was 
 followed by his masterpieces La 
 Sonnambula and Norma in 1831. 
 The former is the work most fre- 
 quently heard nowadays; the part 
 of Amina has been a favorite with 
 debutantes; the simphcity of the 
 plot and the extreme tunefulness of 
 the music are the qualities most 
 praised. In 1833 B. went to London 
 and to Paris where he received assist- 
 ance and advice from Rossini; he 
 produced there in 1834 / Puritani. 
 He was an eager and hard worker. 
 Pougin says: " His complete igno- 
 rance of theoretical rules and of the 
 resources which a clever musician 
 may gain from them, his almost 
 absolute lack of knowledge of form 
 and his naive and still almost affected 
 disdain for it, were the very reasons 
 for his creating for himself a special 
 form, which, although awkward and 
 lacking in movement and variety, 
 was essentially personal." The 
 
 modern auditor, however, is not 
 compensated for the monotonous 
 lack of ingenuity in his orchestration 
 by the tender sweetness of his melo- 
 dies, though singers of the Italian 
 School will long delight in his arias. 
 
 Bemberg (ban-bar') , Herman, compr. b. 
 Paris, Mar. 29, 1861. Son of consul 
 from Argentine Republic; pupil at 
 Paris Cons, of Dubois and Massenet; 
 has written songs, a cantata, comic 
 opera Le Baiser de Suzon and opera 
 Elaine, produced London 1892 and 
 N. Y. 1894. 
 
 Benda, Georg, compr. h. Jungbunz- 
 lau, Bohemia, June 30, 1722; d. 
 Kostritz, Nov. 6, 1795. Son of Hans 
 Georg; pupil of father and of brother 
 Franz (1709-1814) violinist and com- 
 poser; 2d violin in royal band in 
 Berlin; capellmeister to Duke of 
 Gotha; traveled to Italy, Paris, 
 and Vienna. Composed church and 
 instrumental music, 5 operas, and 
 4 melodramas, (i.e., plays where 
 spoken words are accompanied by 
 music). Rousseau may have in- 
 vented the form but B. brought it to 
 success. Other brothers Johann 
 (1713-1752) and Joseph (1724-1804) 
 both violinists; son Friedrich Lud- 
 wig (1746-1792), composer. 
 
 Bendall, Wilfred Ellington, compr. h. 
 London, Apr. 22, 1850. Pupil of 
 Lucas and Silas, and at Leipzig 
 Cons.; now living as teacher and 
 composer in London; has written 
 operettas, songs, etc. 
 
 Bendel, Franz, pst., compr. b. Schon- 
 linde, Bohemia, Mar. 23, 1833; d. 
 Berlin, July 3, 1874. Pupil of 
 Proksch and of Liszt for five years; 
 visited America as pst. for Peace 
 Jubilee; teacher in Berlin. Com- 
 posed pf. pieces, concerto, trio, 
 etudes, etc. 
 
 Bendix, Max, vlt. b. Detroit, Mar. 28, 
 1866. Pupil of Jacobsohn, but after 
 15 his own master; left family and 
 supported himself by odd jobs at 
 theatres and concerts in Philadel- 
 phia; in Damrosch orch., N. Y., 
 1887; concertmeister of Germania 
 Orch.; concertmeister for Thomas 
 1888-1896; organized Max Bendix 
 Quartet; since 1896 teaching and 
 solo playing in New York; Chicago 
 1909; returned N. Y., 1913. 
 
BENDIX 
 
 BENNETT 
 
 Bendix, Otto, jyf. teacher, b. Copen- 
 hagen, July 26, 1845; d. San Fran- 
 cisco, March 1, 1904. Pupil of Ree, 
 Gade, Kullak, and Lisz^. After 
 1880, settled in Boston, taught at 
 N. E. Cons.; founded Cons, in San 
 Francisco. His brother Victor 
 Emanuel, fst., compr. b. Copen- 
 hagen, May 17, 1851. Pupil of 
 Gade; teaching pf. in Copenhagen, 
 and conducting choral society. Com- 
 posed pf. pieces, and 3 symphonies. 
 
 Bendl, Karl [Karel], compr. b. Prague, 
 April 16, 1838; d. there, Sept. 20, 
 1897. Pupil of Bla^ok and Pitsch 
 at Organists' School; chorusmaster 
 in opera at Amsterdam, 1864; con- 
 ductor of choral soc. Composed 
 5 operas, choruses, pf. music all 
 tending to expression of Czech senti- 
 ments; with Smetana and Dvorak 
 he gained recognition for the Czech 
 in art. 
 
 Benedict, Sir Julius, compr. b. Stutt- 
 gart, Nov. 27, 1804; d. London, 
 June 5, 1885. Son of Jewish banker; 
 pupil of Abeille, then of Hummel, 
 pupil and protege of Weber 1821- 
 1824; conductor at Vienna 1823 and 
 at Naples; after visiting Paris, 
 settled in London 1835; conducted 
 there operas, concerts, and festivals; 
 came to America with Jenny Lind 
 in 1850; knighted 1871. Com- 
 posed in almost all forms, successful 
 operas, especially Brides of Venice 
 1843 and Crusaders 1846, sym- 
 phony, cantatas, pf. pieces, etc. 
 Walker (History of Miisic in Eng- 
 land) says " works of Balfe . . . 
 and Benedict are all far more worthy 
 of name of opera than any work of 
 Bishop and his contemporaries." 
 
 Benevoli (ben-e-vo'-H), Orazio, compr. 
 b. Rome, 1602; d. there, June 17,1672. 
 Pupil of Ugolini (some say of Nanini) ; 
 resided in Vienna 1643-^5; maestro 
 di cappella at various churches and 
 finally 1646 at Vatican. Composed 
 great deal of church music, chiefly 
 remarkable for skill and ingenuity 
 in managing a great many parts; 
 for example, a mass and hymn in 
 56 parts (vocal and instrumental), 
 and a mass for 48 voices in' 12 choirs. 
 
 Bennet, John, compr. b. Lancashire 
 (?) 16th century. [1570-1615.] His 
 madrigals are included in famous 
 
 English collections from 1599-1614; 
 admiration of posterity for his 
 charming work has not made it 
 possible to discover any details of 
 his life. 
 
 Bennet, Theodore, see Ritter, Theo- 
 dore. 
 
 Bennett, George John, compr. b. 
 Andover, Hants, Eng., May 5, 1863. 
 Studied at Royal Acad, of Mus. 
 under G. A. Macfarren and others 
 and in Germany under Kiel, 
 Barth, Rheinberger, and Bussmeyer. 
 Teacher at Royal Acad., organist at 
 several places, now at Lincoln 
 Cathedral; conductor Lincoln Festi- 
 vals. Composed serenade, overtures, 
 trio, pf. pieces, etc. 
 
 Bennett, Joseph, writer, b. Berkeley, 
 Gloucestershire, England, Nov. 29, 
 1831; d. Purton, June 12, 1911. 
 Organist at Westminster Chapel, 
 etc.; author of many English libretti, 
 analyses for programs of Philh. Soc, 
 Monday and Saturday Popular Con- 
 certs 1885-1903; edited Concordia; 
 contributed to various journals, 
 wrote several books {History of Leeds 
 Festival, etc.); critic on London 
 Daily Telegraph, 1870-1905. 
 
 Bennett, Sir William Stemdale, compr. 
 b. Sheffield, Apr. 13, 1816; d. 
 London, Feb. 1, 1875. Son of 
 Robert, organist at Sheffield and 
 composer; grandson of John, lay 
 clerk at Cambridge, where B. lived 
 after father's death in 1819; member 
 of King's College Chapel Choir 1824; 
 pupil at Royal Acad, of Mus. of 
 Lucas, Crotch, Holmes, and Cipri- 
 ani Potter; played concerto of his 
 own at Acad, concert at age of 17; 
 in 1836 in response to invitation 
 from Mendelssohn whom his playing 
 had interested and by the financial 
 aid of the firm of Broadwood he 
 went to Leipzig for a year; there he 
 met both Schumann and Mendels- 
 sohn; 1849 founded Bach Soc; 
 1856-1866 conductor of Philh. Soc; 
 1856 prof, of mus. at Cambridge; 
 1866 principal of Royal Acad.; 1871 
 knighted. Cornposed pf. music (3 
 concertos, caprice for pf. and orch., 
 sonata, studies, etc.) of a character 
 remarkably consistent with the gen- 
 ius of the instrument; cantata The 
 May Queen and oratorio The Woman 
 
BENOIST 
 
 BERINGER 
 
 of Samaria, songs, anthems, etc. — 
 on the whole very Httle for one of his 
 ability. '' The character of all his 
 art [was] that of high finish of form 
 and grace of expression, not without 
 deep feeling at times, but marked 
 in general rather by a calm and 
 placid beauty, and appealing to the 
 fancy, the sentiment, and the 
 intellect, rather than to the more 
 passionate emotions." [Grove.] 
 
 Benoist (b^-no-a), Frangois, orgt. b. 
 Nantes, Sept. 10, 1794; d. Paris, 
 May 6, 1878. Pupil of Paris Cons. 
 1811-1815; Grand prix de Rome 
 1815; orgt. at Chapel Royal; prof, 
 of organ at Cons.; 1819-1872, chefdu 
 chant at Op6ra; pensioned 1872. 
 Wrote 2 operas, ballets, organ works. 
 
 Benoit (b^-no-a), Pierre-Leonard-Leo- 
 pold, compr. b. Harlebecke, Bel- 
 gium, Aug. 17, 1834; d. Antwerp, 
 Mar. 8, 1901. Studied at Brussels 
 Cons, under F^tis; wrote opera and 
 music to melodramas; theatre- 
 condr. 1856; won government grant 
 1857; after study in Germany 
 conducted at Paris; after 1867 
 director Antwerp Cons. He wrote 
 many songs and pf. pieces and 
 many large choral works, Lucifer 
 and De Oorlog (War) being perhaps 
 best known. His scores are large, 
 sometimes majestic through mere 
 weight; their real grandeur and 
 impressiveness is sometimes marred 
 by B's " blind nationalism," his 
 desire to free himself from all out- 
 side influence; he worked for many 
 years to establish a school of Flemish 
 composers, although there seem to 
 be few distinctive traits. 
 
 Berber, Felix, vlt. b. Jena, Mar. 11, 
 1871. Pupil at Dresden Cons, and 
 of Brodsky at Leipzig Cons.; 1889 
 in London; 1891-96 concertmaster 
 at Magdeburg, 1898-1902 at Ge- 
 wandhaus, Leipzig; 1904 teacher in 
 Royal Acad, in Munich. 
 
 Berens (ba'-rens), Hermann, pst. b. 
 Hamburg, Apr. 7, 1826; d. Stock- 
 holm, May 9, 1880. Pupil of father 
 Karl, flutist (1801-1857), of Reis- 
 siger, and Czerny; went to Stock- 
 holm 1847; founded Quartet Soirees, 
 conducted at court and theatres, 
 taught comp. at Academy. Com- 
 posed opera, overtures, chamber 
 
 His technical 
 work, Neueste Schule der Geldu- 
 figkeit, Op. 61, is much used. 
 
 Berger, Francesco, pst. b. London, 
 June 10, 1835. Pupil of L. Ricci, 
 Lickl, Hauptmann and Plaidy; prof, 
 of pf. at Guildhall School and Royal 
 Acad.; director and secretary of 
 Philh. Composed one opera, masses, 
 part-songs, and First steps at piano- 
 forte. 
 
 Berger, Ludwig, pf. teacher, h. Berlin, 
 Apr. 18, 1777; d. there, Feb. 16, 
 1839. Pupil for harmony of Giirr- 
 lich, for pf . of Clementi with whom 
 he traveled to St. Petersburg, to 
 Stockholm and London 1815; in- 
 fluenced by Field; taught in Berlin, 
 after 1815, among others Taubert, 
 Henselt, Fanny and Fehx Mendels- 
 sohn, wrote pf. studies of value and 
 considerable music of various kinds. 
 
 Berger, Wilhelm, compr. b. Boston, 
 Mass., Aug. 9, 1861; d. Meiningen, 
 Jan. 16, 1911. German parentage; 
 left America when only a year old; 
 studied 1878-82 in Berlin Hochschule 
 with Kiel; lived in Berlin as teacher; 
 1903 capellm. at Meningen and com- 
 poser, chiefly of choral works and 
 chamber music, popular Lieder. 
 
 Bergmann, Karl, condr. h. Ebers- 
 bach, Saxony, 1821; d. New York, 
 Aug. 16, 1876. Pupil of Zimmer- 
 mann and Hesse. Came to America 
 1850 with Germania Orch., which he 
 later conducted till 1854; also con- 
 ducted Handel and Haydn 1852- 
 54; and Philh. Orch., N. Y. 1855- 
 1876 (1855-66 alternately with Eis- 
 feld), and Germ, chorus " Arion." 
 Introduced much important music 
 to America; Theodore Thomas's 
 tastes and talents developed under 
 B's influence (Krehbiel, in Grove). 
 
 Bergonzi (bar-gon-tsi). Carlo, vln.- 
 maker at Cremona, about 1716-55; 
 best pupil of Stradivari, whose 
 models he imitated; especially dis- 
 tinguished as a 'cello-maker. Son 
 Michel Angelo, nephews Niccolo and 
 Carlo all makers of no importance. 
 
 Beringer (ba-ran-zha), Oscar, pst. h. 
 Furtwangen, July 14, 1844. Pupil 
 until 19 of elder sister, then at 
 Leipzig Cons, of Plaidy, Moscheles, 
 and Reinecke, and at Berlin of 
 
Bf RIOT 
 
 Tausig and Weitzmann. Teacher of 
 pf. playing in Berlin and London, 
 since 1894 at Royal Academy, 
 published some pf. music and very 
 valuable technical exercises, also 
 Recollections (1908) . Brother Robert 
 (b. 1841) also pst., and lecturer. 
 
 Beriot (ba-ri-6), Charles Auguste de, 
 vlt. b. Louvain, Feb. 20, 1802; d. 
 Brussels, Apr. 8, 1870. Pupil of his 
 guardian, Tiby, a provincial teacher; 
 precocious public performance of 
 Viotti concerto at age of 9; went to 
 Paris, 1821, and studied " under 
 advice of " Viotti and Baillot; 
 brilliant success in Paris, Brussels, 
 and London until 1830; concert 
 tour for five years throughout 
 Europe with Malibran, who became 
 his wife in 1836. After her sudden 
 death the same year, he retired until 
 1840. In 1842 refused offer of 
 professorship at Paris Cons., and 
 accepted one in 1843 at Brussels 
 Cons., which he kept until failure 
 of eyesight in 1852; became totally 
 blind in 1858. Violinist of the 
 modern French-Belgian school, of 
 brilliant technic and facility. 
 Compositions, once very popular 
 (seven concertos, various dtu)s hril- 
 lants for pf. and vln., etc.) are pleas- 
 antly melodious, but superficial in 
 style; he wrote also a method and 
 exercises. Vieuxtemps one of his 
 pupils. Son Charles (b. 1833) pst. 
 
 Berlioz (bar-li-oz'), Louis Hector, com- 
 pr. b. La Cote St. Andr^, near 
 Grenoble, Dec. 11, 1803; d. Paris, 
 Mar. 8, 1869. Son of a country 
 doctor, forbidden to think of music 
 as a career, he received almost no 
 training; had studied Catel's Har- 
 mony and learned to play flageolet 
 before coming to Paris in 1822 as 
 medical student. Despite violent 
 opposition from his parents, who 
 finally stopped his allowance, he gave 
 up medicine for music, and, after 
 some lessons with Lesueur, he was 
 admitted to Paris Cons, in 1823. 
 There he combined personal dislike 
 for the director, Cherubini, with the 
 romanticist's deep scorn for con- 
 ventional methods and academic 
 theories. After a continuous strug- 
 gle for seven years against opposi- 
 tion from every side added to 
 extreme poverty (he supported 
 
 BERLIOZ 
 
 himself at one time by singing in the 
 chorus of a theatre), his heroic per- 
 sistence was rewarded when, in 
 1830, his cantata La mort de 
 Sardanapale won him the Prix de 
 Rome. During eighteen months' 
 stay abroad, he composed Sym- 
 phonic fantastique, Lelio, La captive, 
 and planned the overtures to Lear 
 and Le corsair. He married in 1833 
 Henrietta Smithson, an Irish actress, 
 whose career was soon after ended 
 by an accident; and B. had another 
 seven years of struggle gaining liveli- 
 hood for self and family by writing 
 criticisms and musical essays. In 
 scant spare time he composed 
 Harold en Italie, Symphonie funebre, 
 Rom4o et Juliette, opera of Ben- 
 venuto Cellini, the Requiem, and 
 several songs. 
 
 After separation from his wife, 
 having by this time begun to receive 
 some money for his works, he trav- 
 eled in Germany, Russia, and Eng- 
 land — appreciated everywhere but 
 in Paris. The works of this period 
 are Le traite d'instrumentaiion, La 
 damnation de Faust, and Tristia. 
 His Te Deum for the exhibition 1855 
 at last aroused some recognition from 
 Paris, and in 1856 B. was elected to 
 the Academy; in 1859 made librarian 
 of Cons. He married singer Marie 
 Recio, but end of his life, despite 
 success of opera Beatrice et Benedict, 
 was lonely and sad; Les Troy ens, 
 1863, which he considered his mas- 
 terpiece, had only a short run. 
 
 His critical writings are still of 
 value for sound judgment and strik- 
 ing expression; Memoires is one of 
 the great autobiographies. His inter- 
 est in literature revealed by the titles 
 of his works is shown, too, by his 
 preoccupation with the intellectual 
 meaning, the idea to be expressed 
 by the music. He is chiefly remark- 
 able, however, for the great rich- 
 ness and variety of his orchestral 
 " color ". effects. Philip Hale says 
 {Modern French Songs): "He was 
 the inventor, the creator of the 
 modern orchestra, and there is 
 nothing in the history of music more 
 remarkable than the courage, the 
 audacity, the imagination of this 
 man, who was without marked 
 melodic gift, without a thorough 
 technical education, and without 
 
BERNACCm 
 
 BIBER 
 
 practical mastery of any one im- 
 portant instrument. He shaped the 
 future of orchestral expression." 
 
 Bemacchi (ber-nak'-ki), Antonio, sin^r- 
 er. b. Bologna, about 1690; d. there, 
 Mar. 1756. Pupil of Pistocchi; 
 gained fame in Italy; sang in Lon- 
 don 1717 and returned " esteemed 
 best singer in Italy " 1729; revived 
 the custom of adorning singing with 
 roulades, thus openly sacrificing 
 expression to technical execution; 
 after about 1730 taught in Italy, 
 among others. Raff, Mancini, and 
 Guarducci. 
 
 Bernard (bar-nar'), [Jean] Emile [Au- 
 guste], compr. b. Marseilles, Nov. 28, 
 1843; d. Paris, Sept. 11, 1902. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel, 
 Reber, and Benoist, winning prizes 
 for pf ., counterpoint, and org. Organ- 
 ist at Notre-Dame des champs. 
 Serious, meditative composer of 
 works in various forms, suite for 
 violin and piano. Divertissement for 
 wind instruments, etc. 
 
 Bernard!, Francesco, see Senesino. 
 
 Bemhard der Deutsche [or Bernardino], 
 
 orgt. at St. Mark's, Venice, 1419-45; 
 reputed inventor of organ pedals, 
 but since evidence has shown that 
 pedal organ existed in Frankfort in 
 1418, B's credit is limited to having 
 introduced them in Italy. 
 
 Bertini (ber-te'-ni), Henri- Jerome, pst., 
 compr. b. London, Oct. 28, 1798; 
 d. Meylan, near Grenoble, Oct. 1, 
 1876. Taken to Paris in infancy, 
 taught by father, and brother Benoit 
 Auguste (b. 1780; date of death un- 
 known) pupil of Clementi; played 
 in public at 12; repeated successful 
 tours from Paris to Germany and Eng- 
 land until retiring in 1859. Many 
 compositions distinguished from su- 
 perficiality then in vogue ; chief work 
 of value his technical studies. 
 
 Berwald, William Henry, compr. , teacher. 
 b. Schwerin-Mecklenburg, Dec, 1864. 
 Studied at Munich and Stuttgart 
 under Rheinberger and Faisst; 
 conducted orch. in Russia for two 
 years; came to U. S. 1892; profes- 
 sor pf. and theory at Syracuse Univ. 
 Has published pf. pieces, songs, part- 
 songs and anthems. 
 
 Besson (bes'-s6n), Gustave Auguste, 
 instr.-maker. h. Paris, 1820; d. there, 
 1875. Early in 1838 began series of 
 inventions improving valves, bore, 
 etc., of wind instruments; greatest 
 invention, 1859, Prototype System, 
 by which perfection of tone is 
 secured for bass instruments by the 
 mechanical process of construction. 
 
 Best, William Thomas, orgt. h. Car- 
 lisle, Eng., Aug. 13, 1826; d. Liver- 
 pool, May 10, 1897. Son of sohcitor, 
 pupil of cathedral organist Young; 
 abandoned original intention of 
 becoming civil engineer in 1840 and 
 devoted himself to study of organ. 
 Various appointments in and near 
 Liverpool; after about 1860 was 
 much in demand as solo player, at 
 London Monday Popular Concerts, 
 at Albert Hall, at Handel Festivals, 
 etc.; went to Sydney, Austraha, 
 1890; retired 1894. Remembered 
 as brilliant solo player, who early 
 insisted on Bach and older masters; 
 wrote org. mus.. Art of Organ Play- 
 ing; edited many classics for org. 
 
 Bettini, see Trebelli. 
 
 Bevan, Frederick Charles, orgt. b. 
 London, July 3, 1856. Pupil of 
 Willing and Hoyte; several church 
 appointments; after studying sing- 
 ing with Schira, Deacon, and Walker, 
 became 1877 gentleman of Chapel 
 Royal; composed several popular 
 songs. 
 
 Bevignani (bev-in-yan'-e), Enrico, con- 
 dr. b. Naples, Sept. 29, 1841. 
 Pupil in composition of Albanese 
 and Lillo; produced successful opera 
 Caterina Bloom, 1863; conductor 
 in London since 1864, at Covent 
 Garden since 1870; also in Russia 
 and at Metropolitan, N. Y. 
 
 Beyer (bf-er), Ferdinand, compr. b. 
 Querfurt, July 25, 1800; d. May- 
 ence, May 14, 1863. Composer of 
 easy pf . music of the sort apparently 
 which pleases the young person by 
 facile tunefulness, without any real 
 idea; many opera transcriptions. 
 
 Biber (be'-bar), Heinrich Johann 
 Franz yon, vlt., compr. h. Warten- 
 burg, Bohemia, Aug. 12, 1644; d. 
 Salzburg, May 3, 1704. Ennobled 
 by Emperor Leopold, 1690; also in 
 service of Archbishop of Salzburg; 
 
BIEDERMANN 
 
 BISHOP 
 
 apparently skilful performer, judg- 
 ing by technical difficulty of his 
 writings, and a composer of more 
 artistic and deeper feeling than any 
 German contemporary. 
 
 Biedermann (be'-der-man), Edward 
 Julius, orgt. b. Milwaukee, Nov. 8, 
 1849. Son of A. Julius who taught 
 him; after study in Germany has 
 held various appointments in N. Y. 
 and has taught there. 
 
 Biehl (bel), Albert, compr., teacher, b. 
 Rudolstadt, Germany, Aug. 16, 1833. 
 Has published songs, pf. pieces, and 
 especially valuable technical exer- 
 cises. 
 
 Billema (bil-la-ma). Carlo, pst., compr. 
 b. Naples about 1822, and his 
 brother Rafifaele (1820-1874) both 
 brilliant psts. and composers of 
 salon music. 
 
 Billings, William, compr. h. Boston, 
 Oct. 7, 1746; d. there, Sept. 29, 1800. 
 Apprentice to a tanner, with slight 
 general education and no musical 
 training, he was led from his work 
 by genuine enthusiasm for music; 
 published in 1770 New England 
 Psalm Singer and in 1778 Singing 
 Master's Assistant, both works of 
 some influence in fostering an early 
 interest in original music; it is said 
 that he introduced use of pitch-pipe 
 and that he first used violoncello in 
 church in N. E. Elson says: " One 
 can forgive Billings his hundreds of 
 errors of harmonic construction 
 because of his devotion to his chosen 
 art and to his country." 
 
 Billington, Elizabeth [Weichsel], dram, 
 sop. b. London, about 1768; d. 
 Venice, Aug. 25, 1818. First taught 
 by father, clarinet player, and later 
 by Joh. Chr. Bach; appeared in 
 concerts as child; in 1784 married 
 James Billington, double-bass play- 
 er; dramatic debut in Dublin; 1st 
 appearance in London, 1786; sang 
 there, except for two seasons in 
 Italy, until 1817 when she retired. 
 Though a poor actress, her personal 
 beauty and wonderful voice with 
 range of 3 octaves brought her 
 great success. 
 
 Binchois (ban-sho-a), Egidius [or Gilles 
 de Binch], compr. h. Binche, near 
 Mons, about 1400; d. Lille, 1460. 
 
 At first a soldier, then in holy orders 
 where he rose to some prominence. 
 Known as a composer of secular 
 songs, usually in 3 parts, of the 
 school of Dufay. 
 
 Bird, Arthur, pst., compr. b. Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., July 23, 1856. Pupil 
 of Haupt, Loeschhorn and Rohde, 
 Berlin, 1875-77; orgt. and teacher 
 at Hahfax, N. S. 1877-81; pupil of 
 H. Urban 1881, and of Liszt 1885-86; 
 successful concert 1886, in Berlin 
 where, with exception of one visit to 
 America, he has since lived; won 
 Paderewski Prize 1901. Works in- 
 clude symph., 3 orchestral suites, 
 an opera Daphne, pf. pieces, etc. 
 
 Bischofif (bish'-of), Hans, pst., teacher. 
 b. Berlin, Feb. 17, 1852; d. Nieder- 
 schonhausen, near Berlin, June 12, 
 1889. Pupil of Kullak and Wuerst; 
 teacher at Kullak and Stern Cons.; 
 conductor Monday concerts of Sing- 
 akademie; edited works by Kullak, 
 compositions by Bach, etc. 
 
 Bischofif (bish-off), J. W., orgt., compr. 
 b. Chicago, 1850; d. Washington, D. 
 C., June 2, 1909. Blind from infancy; 
 educated at Wisconsin Institute for 
 the Bhnd, and at Fond du Lac; 
 musical talent, inherited from accom- 
 plished father, trained by W. W. 
 Ludden and Carlo Bassini for sing- 
 ing and Creswold of London for org. ; 
 orgt. at 1st Cong, church in Wash- 
 ington, D. C.,from 1875; especially 
 successful as teacher of singing; 
 composed about 150 songs, piano 
 pieces and anthems. 
 
 Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley, compr. h. 
 London, Nov. 18. 1786; d. there, 
 Apr. 30, 1855. Pupil of Bianchi; 
 early talent for writing; first con- 
 spicuous success Circassian Bride 
 1809; compr. and director at Covent 
 Garden, King's Theatre, Vauxhall; 
 conductor Philharmonic Society; 
 professor at Edinburgh and Oxford. 
 Composed or arranged about 125 
 works, including abridgments of 
 Rossini and others, music for Shakes- 
 peare's plays. Also famous for glees 
 and songs, whether single or in larger 
 works, notably Home, Sweet Home 
 in Clari (1823). Wife Anna (1814- 
 1884), daughter of singingmaster 
 Riviere, appeared as singer in 
 London; eloped with harpist Bochsa 
 
BISPHAM 
 
 BLAZE 
 
 1839 and toured almost all the rest 
 of her life in America and remote 
 lands. 
 
 Bispham, David Scull, singer. h. 
 Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1857. At first 
 an amateur, singing in private per- 
 formances at church, and local 
 oratorios; studied with Vannuccini, 
 Lamperti and Shakespeare 1886- 
 1889; debut London 1891; after 
 1897 member of opera companies 
 in London and New York; has sung 
 all the leading baritone roles; and 
 has been very successful, too, in 
 giving concerts of an individual 
 artistic quality; distinguished as a 
 singer who is also an excellent actor. 
 
 Bitter, Karl Hermann, writer. b. 
 Schwedt-on-Oder, Feb. 27, 1813; 
 d. Berlin, Sept. 12, 1885. Studied 
 law and finance ^t Berlin and Bonn 
 Univ., held various official positions 
 culminating in that of Minister of 
 Finance 1879-1882. Many Hterary 
 works, biographies of the Bachs, 
 studies on Mozart, Gluck, Handel, etc. 
 
 Bizet (be-za), Georges [real name 
 Alexandre Cesar Leopold], compr. 
 b. Paris, Oct. 25, 1838; d. Bougival, 
 near Paris, June 3, 1875. Pupil at 
 Paris Cons. 1848-1857, piano with 
 Marmontel, harmony with Zimmer- 
 mann, composition with Hal^vy; 
 won Prix de Rome 1857; wrote 
 various operas, Vasco di Gama (not 
 performed), Les pecheurs de perles 
 (1863), Lajolie fille de Perth (1867), 
 Djamileh (1872), none of which was 
 a great success. In orchestral music 
 — overture to Patrie, incidental 
 music to Daudet's L'Arlesienne and 
 suites formed from it, the suites 
 Roma and Jeux d'enfants — he was 
 more successful at the time, and the 
 popularity of these works and of his 
 too few songs has increased. With 
 Carmen, produced Mar. 3, 1875, he 
 reached greatest height; opera was 
 not at first successful, but frequent 
 statement that Bizet's death was 
 due to its failure seems to be a senti- 
 mental exaggeration. His music is 
 essentially dramatic in its sharpness 
 of outline, sense of contrast, and in 
 the definite appropriateness of char- 
 acterizing phrases. He was thor- 
 oughly modern in his appreciation 
 of tone values and orchestral color 
 and in his technical skill. 
 
 Blake, Charles Dupee, orgt., compr. b. 
 Walpole, Muss., Sept. 13, 1847; d. 
 Boston, Nov. 23, 1903. Pupil of J. C. 
 D. Parker, J. K. Paine, and others; 
 orgt. at Boston; composed pf. music, 
 songs, opera, etc. 
 
 Blanc (blon), Claude [called Claudius], 
 compr. b. Lyons, March 20, 1854; 
 d. there, June 13, 1900. Pupil of 
 Duprato, Bazin, and Massenet at 
 the Paris Conservatory; 1st har- 
 mony and accomp. prize 1875; 2d 
 Grand prix de Rome, 1877; director 
 School of Music, Marseilles, 1887- 
 89; chorusmaster Paris Op^ra; com- 
 posed operatic works and songs. 
 
 Blangini (blan-je'-ne), Giuseppe Marco 
 Maria Felice, singer, teacher, b. 
 Turin, Nov. 18, 1781; d. Paris, Dec. 
 1841. Choir boy at Turin Cathedral 
 1789; pupil of Ottani; precocious 
 'cellist and composer; at Paris 1799 
 became fashionable teacher; pro- 
 duced operas in Paris, Munich and 
 Kassel; chapelmaster to Princess 
 Borghese, music director to King 
 Jerome; height of demand as teacher 
 in Paris after 1814; prof, at Cons.; 
 lost prestige after 1830. Wrote 30 
 operas, 174 romances, etc., and auto- 
 biography, *SoMvewirs (1834). 
 
 Blass (bias), Robert, dram. bass. Pupil 
 of Stockhausen at Frankfort; debut 
 in Lohengrin at Weimar; sang at 
 Bremen, London, 1899, Dresden 1900, 
 and New York 1900. 
 
 Blauvelt, Lillian Evans, sop. h. New 
 York, March 16, 1873. Played vio- 
 lin in public at a^e of eight; at 
 fifteen became pupil of Bouhy in 
 N. Y. Cons.; after 1889 sang in 
 concerts in France, Belgium, and 
 with conspicuous success in Russia; 
 dramatic debut Brussels 1891; sang 
 in concerts with increasing success 
 in U. S., Italy, and England where 
 she first appeared in drama in 1903; 
 married W. F. Pendleton 1899; she 
 has a pure, clear voice, which she 
 uses intelligently. 
 
 Blaze (blaz), Francois Henri Joseph 
 [called Castil-Blaze], writer, b. Cav- 
 aillon, Dec. 1, 1784; d. Paris, Dec. 
 11, 1857. Taught by his father; 
 went to Paris to study law, became 
 pupil at Cons, but gave up practise 
 of law for musical criticism in 1820; 
 
BLECH 
 
 BLUMENFELD 
 
 beside influential contemporary com- 
 ment as critic for the Journal des 
 debats and the periodicals, he wrote 
 several books mostly relating to the 
 history of the opera and attendant 
 arts in France, translated words of 
 many German operas, arranged con- 
 siderable music and composed 3 
 operas and smaller pieces of no 
 great distinction. 
 
 Blech (blek), Leo, compr. h. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, Apr. 21, 1871. After try- 
 ing a business career, studied music 
 for one year at Hochschule in Berlin 
 under Rudorff and Bargiel; con- 
 ductor at Aix Theatre 1893-96, with 
 lessons from Humperdinck in vaca- 
 tion; 1 899- 1 908 capellm . at Prague ; 
 achieved European fame in 1902 
 by one-act opera Das war Ich; has 
 also written symph. poems, choruses, 
 etc. and 3 operas ( Versiegelt). 
 
 Blind Tom [Thomas Greene Bethune], 
 musical phenomenon, b. near Co- 
 lumbia, Georgia, about 1849; d. 
 Hoboken, N. J., June 17, 1908. 
 Parents slaves of James N. Bethune, 
 whose name he took; blind and 
 idiotic from birth, about 1860 he 
 displayed remarkable powers of 
 playing and improvising on the 
 piano; he is said to have repeated 
 difficult music after one hearing 
 and to have supplied secondo parts 
 to new airs; gave many concerts 
 and exhibitions. 
 
 Bliss, Philip Paul, compr. h. Clearfield 
 Co., Pa., July 9, 1838; d. Ashtabula, 
 O., Dec. 29, 1876. Few advantages 
 of schooling, worked on farms and 
 lumber camps; after three seasons 
 at Genesee Normal Acad, of Music 
 under Perkins and Zundel, he became 
 music teacher; held conventions 
 with G. F. Root in Chicago and 
 the West after 1865; after 1874 
 associated with D. F. Moody as 
 evangelist; wrote a great many 
 stirring revival hymns, Pull for the 
 Shore, Hold the Fort, etc. 
 
 Blockx (bloks'), Jan, compr. h. Ant- 
 werp, Jan. 25, 1851. Pupil of 
 Callaerts and Benolt in Flemish 
 Mus. Sch. and of Brassin; also 
 studied at Leipz. Cons.; in 1886 he 
 became teacher of harmony at 
 Antwerp Cons, and in 1902 director; 
 also director of Cercle artistique 
 
 and other musical societies; has 
 composed Flemish songs, chamber 
 music, etc. but is chiefly known for 
 a series of successful operas, Milenka, 
 Princesse d'auberge, Thiel Uylen- 
 spiegel, and La fiancee de la mer 
 which have gained for him a wider 
 and wider circle of admirers. He is 
 one of the promoters of Flemish 
 " national " music, but his own 
 works are liberally modern. 
 
 Bloomfield-Zeisler (zls'-ler), Fanny, pst. 
 b. Biehtz, Silesia, July 16, 1866. 
 Parents moved to Chicago 1868; 
 taught by Ziehn and Wolfsohn and 
 appeared in public 1876; Mme. 
 Essipoff having heard her play 
 advised her to go to Leschetizky, 
 with whom she studied 1878-1883; 
 married Sigmund Zeisler 1885; since 
 1883 she has played constantly at 
 concerts in all parts of U. &., with 
 frequent tours in England and 
 Germany; her virile force, highly 
 developed technic, and musicianly 
 comprehension have made her tours 
 invariably successful. 
 
 Blow, John, compr. h. N. Colling- 
 ham, Nottinghamshire, 1648; d. 
 Westminster, Oct. 1, 1708. One of 
 first set of choristers at Chapel 
 Royal at its reestablishment 1660; 
 while a chorister studied under 
 Hingeston and Chr. Gibbons and 
 composed anthems; orgt. at West- 
 minster Abbey 1669-1680 when he 
 gave up post to Purcell, possibly 
 voluntarily; resumed it 1695-1708; 
 master of children and orgt. at 
 Chapel Royal 1674; held other 
 appointments (see Grove); prolific 
 composer of more than 100 anthems, 
 many for special occasions; pub- 
 lished (1700) collections of airs for 
 harpsichord and Amphion Anglicus, 
 collection of songs, etc., a masque 
 (1687) and fourteen services. His 
 fame has been overshadowed by 
 that of his pupil, H. Purcell, and 
 much of his music has not been 
 printed. 
 
 Blumenfeld (blo-men-felt), Felix Mikh- 
 ailovitch, pst. h. Kovalevska, Rus- 
 sia, Apr. 23, 1863. Studied 1881-85 
 at St. Petersburg Cons, under Stein; 
 taught there since 1885, prof. 1895; 
 since 1898 director St. Petersburg 
 Opera; distinguished performer, 
 
BLUMENSCHEm 
 
 BOELLMANN 
 
 compr. of songs, and music for pf. 
 and pf . and orchestra, which, though 
 skilful and touched by national feel- 
 ing, is said to be lacking in variety 
 and personality. Brother Sigismund 
 (b. Dec. 27, 1852) also pst. and 
 compr. of pf. music. 
 
 Blumenschein, William Leonard, compr. 
 h. Brensbach, near Darmstadt, Dec. 
 16, 1849. Father vlt. in orch. and 
 compr. of dance music, mother 
 excellent singer; family moved to 
 Pittsburg, Pa., 1851; B. sang in 
 choir and concerts, studied vln., 
 guitar, cabinet org., and pf.; at 
 Leipzig Cons. 1869-72, pf. and 
 theory under Paul, Richter, and 
 Reinecke, directing under Ferd 
 David; taught pf. and singing in 
 Pittsburg with success; now orgt. 
 and condr. of Philharmonic Society 
 in Dayton, O.; has conducted vari- 
 ous societies, and was chorusmas- 
 ter of Cincinnati Festivals under 
 Thomas 1891-96; has composed 
 chiefly in smaller forms, pf. pieces, 
 songs, and protestant ch. music, 
 with considerable success. 
 
 Boccherini (bok-ke-re'-ne), Luigi, com- 
 pr. b. Lucca, Feb. 19, 1743; d. 
 Madrid, May 28, 1805. Taught by 
 father and Abb6 Vannucci; played 
 'cello in theatre orch.; became 
 famous as player and compr. from 
 early travels with vlt. Manfredi in 
 Italy and southern France; after 
 great success in Paris 1768, went to 
 Madrid and became compr. to 
 Infanta; 1787-97 compr. to Fr. 
 Wilhelm II of Prussia; at his death 
 B., having fallen from favor, in 
 Spain where he lived in increasing 
 poverty (except for a short period 
 under patronage of Lucien Bona- 
 parte) until his death. B. composed 
 467 instrumental works, mostly for 
 two or more instruments, and some 
 vocal works; chiefly remarkable as 
 a contemp. of Haydn with whose 
 chamber music B's bears compari- 
 son in charming simplicity and facile 
 melody, though it lacks force and 
 sense of contrast. His Minuet is 
 well known. 
 
 Bochsa (bok'-sa), Robert Nicolas 
 Charles, harpist, compr. b. Mont- 
 medy, Aug. 9, 1789; d. Sydney, Jan. 
 6, 1856. Son of Carl (d. Paris, 1821), 
 
 oboe player and music seller; pupil 
 of father on flute and clarinet; ap- 
 peared in public at 7, opera per- 
 formed before he was 16; pupil at 
 Paris Cons, of Catel and Mehul, 
 and on the harp of Nadermann and 
 Marin whose instructions he soon 
 outgrew, as he " revolutionized " 
 harp playing; harpist to Napoleon 
 and to Louis XVIII; fled from 
 France before charge of forgery, 
 gave lessons in London, to Parish- 
 Alvars, Chatterton, etc.; prof, of harp 
 and secretary Roy. Acad, of Mus. 
 from which post he was dismissed; 
 managed annual concerts in London; 
 eloped 1839 with Anna Bishop; 
 extensive tours in Europe and 
 America. Prolific composer, chiefly 
 of works for harp of transient 
 popularity. 
 
 Bock, see Schroder-Devrient. 
 
 Bocquillon (bok-i-yon), see Wilhem, 
 G. L. 
 
 Boehm (b6m), Joseph, vlt. b. Pesth, 
 Mar. 4, 1795; d. Vienna, Mar. 28, 
 1876. Pupil of father and of Rode: 
 played in Vienna, toured Italy; prof, 
 at Vienna Cons. 1819-1848; mem- 
 ber imperial band 1821-1868; chiefly 
 famous as teacher of Ernst, Hellmes- 
 berger, L. Straus, Joachim, and Auer. 
 
 Boehm, Theobald, flute player, b. 
 Munich, Apr. 9, 1794; d. there, 
 Nov. 25, 1881. Court musician at 
 Vienna and composer of works for 
 his instrument; chiefly famous for 
 inventions in construction of flutes 
 and other wind instruments; his 
 systehi increases mechanism and 
 alters tone of flute, but makes its 
 accurate range wider and its tones 
 more even. 
 
 Boekelman (b^'-kel-man), Bemardus, 
 pst. b. Utrecht, Holland, June 9, 
 1838. Pupil of his father, and at 
 Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, Richter 
 and Hauptmann, and at Berlin of 
 Weitzmann and Von Biilow; since 
 1866 teaching in New York, and at 
 Farmington, Conn. Composed for 
 pf. and edited analytical edition of 
 Bach, printed in several colors, which 
 is very valuable. 
 
 Boellmami (bo-el-man'), Leon, orgt., 
 compr. b. Ensisheim, Alsace, Sept. 
 25, 1862; d. Paris, Oct. 11, 1897. 
 
BOETHIUS 
 
 BOITO 
 
 Pupil of Gigout at Niedermeyer 
 School; orgt. at Ch. of St. Vincent 
 de Paul; remarkable org. player; 
 composed music in almost every 
 form, all graceful, clear, pure in 
 style; best known single comp. 
 Variations symph. for 'cello and orch. 
 
 Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus 
 Severinus, writer, b. Rome, about 
 475; d. there (?), 524. Counsellor of 
 Theodoric, executed for treason; 
 philosopher and mathematician ; 
 wrote treatise De Musica on Greek 
 music, chief source of information 
 during Middle Ages. 
 
 Bohlmann (boF-man), Theodor Hein- 
 rich Friedrich, pst. b. Osterwieck 
 am Harz, June 23, 1865. Studied 
 with Earth, Klindworth, d'Albert, 
 and Moszkowski; successful concert 
 tours in Germany; prof, at Cin- 
 cinnati Cons, after Sept. 1890. 
 
 Bohm (bom), Carl, pst., compr. b. 
 Berlin, Sept. 11, 1844. Pupil of 
 H. Bischoff, Mmes. Reissmann, and 
 Geyer. Composer of salon music; 
 hving in Berlin. 
 
 Boieldieu (bo-a-er-di-6), Frangois Adri- 
 en, compr. b. Rouen. Dec. 15, 
 1775; d. Jarcy, Oct. 8, 1834. Son of 
 an unhappy marriage between an 
 archbishop's secretary and a milliner; 
 taught exclusively by Broche, orgt. 
 at cathedral, pupil of Martini, whose 
 brutal treatment caused his pupil to 
 run away to Paris; after being 
 brought back B. composed opera 
 to words by his father, produced in 
 Rouen, and several successful songs; 
 operatic career in Paris began with 
 Les deux lettres 1796; after great 
 success of Le calife de Bagdad 1800, 
 and of some chamber music, B. was 
 made prof, of pf. at Paris Cons. 
 1800; as a result of a jest from Cher- 
 ubini about his " undeserved " suc- 
 cess, he submitted to instruction from 
 Mehul and probably from Cherubini, 
 the marked results of which appeared 
 in Ma tante aurore 1803; possibly 
 as result of unhappy marriage with 
 the dancer Mafleuroy, B. spent 8 
 years in Russia, as conductor of 
 Italian opera; returned to Paris 
 1811, brought out Jean de Paris 1812 
 and La dame blanche, his master- 
 piece, 1825. He had been prof, of 
 comp. at Paris Cons, since 1820; 
 
 retired in 1828, but failure of Les 
 deux nuits 1828 and temporary 
 cessation of pension due to change 
 in government forced him to resume 
 teaching 1834. One of greatest 
 French comprs. of opera comique; 
 especially in later period, his char- 
 acteristic touches, poetic grace, and 
 freshness of melody are such that 
 Elson calls him " a French Mozart." 
 Son by second wife, Adrien Louis 
 Victor (Nov. 3, 1815-July 9, 1883), 
 pupil of father, composer of several 
 successful comic operas, mass, etc 
 
 Boise (bois), Otis Bardwell, orgt. b. 
 Oberlin, O., Aug. 13, 1844. Edu- 
 cated at public schools of Cleveland; 
 orgt. at 14; pupil in Leipzig of 
 Hauptmann, Richter, and others, 
 and in Berlin of Kullak; later ad- 
 vised by Liszt, orgt. in Cleveland, 
 and N. Y.; teacher in N. Y. and 
 from 1888 to 1902 in Berlin; Brock- 
 way and Huss among pupils; prof, 
 in Peabody Cons., Baltimore; com- 
 posed orch. works, harmony method; 
 author of The Masters of Music, d. 
 Baltimore, Dec. 2, 1912.' 
 
 Boito (bo-e-to'), Arrigo, compr. h. 
 Padua, Feb. 24, 1842. Son of an 
 Italian painter and a Polish mother, 
 brother of an architect and critic; 
 studied at Milan Cons, under Maz- 
 zucato with so little success at first 
 that he narrowly escaped dismissal; 
 composed with Faccio very successful 
 cantata, of which the score is lost; 
 apparently for lack of initiative 
 self-confidence B. gave up music for 
 critical and literary work in Paris 
 and Milan until 1868 when the 
 managers of La Scala offered to 
 produce his Mefistofele. The work 
 was hastily completed and its pro- 
 duction was the occasion of an almost 
 riotous demonstration; the work 
 is undoubtedly original and has 
 moments of tremendous force; it 
 differs from Gounod's Fav^t in that 
 it includes both parts of Goethe's 
 poem, and its great length is not 
 justified by intensity of sustained 
 interest or by technical mastery of 
 effects. In a revised form the opera 
 had considerable success at Bologna 
 and Milan in 1875. It is said that 
 Boito has completed two other 
 operas, Nerone and Orestiade, neither 
 of which has ever been performed; 
 
BONAWITZ 
 
 BORDOGNI 
 
 the greatest admiration is expressed 
 by those who have heard portions of 
 the works, but their characteristics 
 are wrapped in a curious mystery. 
 B., under anagram Tobia Gorrio, has 
 pubHshed charming poems and has 
 written several admirable librettos — 
 notably those of Verdi's Othello and 
 Falstaff. 
 
 Bonawitz (vitz), Johann Heinrich, 
 compr. b. Diirkheim-on-Rhine, Dec. 
 4, 1839. Pupil at U6ge Cons.; after 
 sojourn in America gave concerts in 
 London and Paris 1861-66; con- 
 ducted Popular Symphony Concerts 
 in N. Y. 1872-73, and after failure of 
 that undertaking gave concerts with 
 some success throughout U. S. 
 Produced two operas in Philadel- 
 phia 1873, 1874, and since 1876 has 
 lived in Europe. 
 
 Bonci, Alessandro, operatic tenor, h. 
 Casena, Italy, 1874?. Educated in the 
 Rossini Conservatory at Pesaro, under 
 Pedrotti and Felice Coen; in three 
 years he was called to the position of 
 solo tenor in the church of Santa 
 Maria, in Loreto, one of the most 
 prominent churches in Italy with an 
 exceptionally high musical standard; 
 after six years of hard work he com- 
 pleted his studies and became the 
 leading tenor at the Royal Theatre 
 in Parma; from this place he went 
 to a theatre in Milan and finally to 
 the famous La Scala Theatre in the 
 same city. His European tours in- 
 cluded all the leading cities; he also 
 won great success at Buenos Ayres, 
 and later at the Manhattan and 
 MetropoHtan Opera House, New 
 York. In the season of 1910-1911 
 he made a concert tour of the United 
 States. 
 
 Bononcini (bo-non-che-ne), [Buonon- 
 cini], Giovanni Battista, opera compr. 
 Son of G. M. Bononcini (1640-1678) 
 church compr. b. Modena, 1660, 
 date and place of death uncertain, 
 probably Venice in 1750; pupil of 
 his father and Colonna, and Buoni 
 ('cello); 1690 at Vienna as court 
 'cellist; Rome 1694 producing his 
 first opera; at Vienna 1699-1703; 
 Berlin 1703-05; again at Vienna and 
 various Italian cities; in London as 
 rival to Handel 1716-1731; falling 
 into the hands of an alchemist he 
 
 was swindled out of his fortune and 
 never recovered his once high posi- 
 tion; lived at Vienna and Venice 
 until his death. He is credited with 
 22 operas, a number of church 
 works, madrigals and divertimenti. 
 
 Bontempi, Giovanni Andrea Angelini, 
 
 compr. h. Perugia, about 1630; d. 
 Bruso, July 1, 1705. Adopted name 
 B. from his godfather; artificial 
 soprano, asst. capellmeister to Hein- 
 rich Schutz in Dresden; 1690 back 
 to Perugia; wrote 3 operas, 2 theoret- 
 ical works and a history of music. 
 
 Booth, Josiah, org., compr. h. Cov- 
 entry, March 27, 1852. Studied at 
 Coventry and Oxford and at Roy. 
 Acad. Mus. London, under Brinley 
 Richards and Macfarren; org. at 
 Banbury 1867, orgt. at Crouch End 
 1877. 
 
 Boott, Francis, compr. h. Boston, June 
 24, 1813; d. Cambridge, Mar. 1, 1904. 
 Attended school in Waltham; grad. 
 Harvard 1831; never in active 
 business; hved abroad after 1847; 
 studied comp. with Picchianti in 
 Florence; composed, under name 
 Telford, mass, Miserere, songs ( Here's 
 a Health to King Charles, etc.). 
 
 Borch, Gaston, compr., 'cellist, b. 
 Guines, France, March 8, 1871. 
 Father prominent in mining and en- 
 gineering affairs; received instruction 
 in languages, and in music under 
 Massenet, in Paris, and under Grieg 
 in Norway; conductor of the Phil- 
 harmonic Society of Christiania and 
 of the Musikverein, Bergen; came 
 to the United States and became 
 (1910) a member of the faculty of 
 the Pennsylvania College of Music, 
 Philadelphia; compositions include 
 three operas, symphony, piano con- 
 certo, orchestral works, piano pieces, 
 songs and choruses, about 150 num- 
 bers in all. 
 
 Bordese (bor-da'-ze), Luigi, compr. b. 
 Naples, 1815; d. Paris, Mar. 17, 
 1886. Studied at Naples Cons.; 
 failed as dramatic composer; after 
 1850 taught singing and composed 
 innumerable songs, vocalises, wrote 
 2 methods. 
 
 Bordogni (bor-don'-yi), Giulio Marco, 
 
 singer, b. Gazzaniga, 1788; d. Paris 
 July 31, 1856. Pupil of Mayrj 
 
BORDONI 
 
 BORWICK 
 
 d^but at Milan 1813; singer in 
 Paris 1819-33; teacher at Cons. 
 1819-24, 1830-56, Sontag among 
 pupils; published vocalises, etc. 
 
 Bordoni, Faustina, see Hasse, F. 
 
 Borodin (bo-ro-din'), Alexander Por- 
 phyrievitch, compr. b. St. Peters- 
 burg, Nov. 12, 1834; d. there, Feb. 
 27, 1887. Illegitimate son of Prince 
 of Imeretia; brought up with every 
 advantage; student of medicine and 
 science; army surgeon; professor 
 of chemistry, founder of School of 
 Medicine for women and lecturer 
 there. In 1862 B., then merely an 
 amateur, became one of the circle 
 influenced by Balakirev; in 1877 
 visited Liszt and described him 
 vividly in letters afterwards pub- 
 lished. He began to compose his 
 1st symph. in the same year that 
 he met Balakirev and before his 
 untimely death he had composed a 
 second symph., part of a third, 2 
 quartets, a suite, the symph. poem 
 In the Steppes of Central Asia, several 
 songs and an opera Prince Igor, 
 finished after his death by llimsky- 
 Korsakov and Glazounov. His best- 
 known works are the symph. poem 
 and the quartets. His songs are 
 full of national feeling; in his oper- 
 atic work, however, he did not 
 follow his " school " in their extreme 
 fondness for recitative. 
 
 Borowski, Felix, compr. b. Mar. 10, 
 1872, at Burton, Eng. Father, a 
 Polish nobleman who fled to England 
 during the Polish rebellion, was his 
 first teacher on the piano and violin; 
 after a general education at private 
 schools in London and Tunbridge 
 Wells he began the study of the 
 violin with Jacques Rosenthal and 
 later with Adolf Pollitzer in London, 
 musical theory with Dr. Charles W. 
 Pearce; in 1888 he went to the 
 Cologne Conservatory (Germany), 
 where he studied theory and com- 
 position with Gustave Jensen, violin 
 with Georg Japha and piano with 
 Ernst Heuser; on his return to 
 England he was first a violin teacher 
 at Aberdeen, and during this time 
 brought out his first published com- 
 positions, the mazurkas in C major 
 and C minor; in 1894 he located in 
 London devoting his time principally 
 
 to composition, the most striking 
 v/ork of the period being A Rus- 
 sian Sonata which attracted the 
 attention of Grieg. In 1897 he ac- 
 cepted the position of professor of 
 composition in the Chicago Musical 
 College, and has resided in that city 
 up to the present time (1910); in 
 addition to the composition classes 
 he taught violin for several years 
 and has conducted the classes in 
 history of music. He has been 
 Chicago critic for the N. Y. Musical 
 Courier, of the Chicago Evening Post 
 and is now (1910) connected with 
 the Record- Herald, and at one time 
 prepared the program notes for the 
 Theodore Thomas Orchestra. Com- 
 positions cover various branches: 
 Marche Triomphale and two suites 
 for orchestra, and two pieces for 
 string orchestra; Suite in E minor, 
 two sonatas, and small pieces for the 
 organ; for the piano, a Russian 
 Sonata, seven Preludes and more 
 than 60 smaller works; for violin, 
 a number of pieces of which Adora- 
 tion is the best known; six songs; a 
 concerto for piano and orchestra in 
 D minor and a string quartet in A 
 minor are still in manuscript. 
 
 Bortnianski (bort-nyan'-ski), Dimitri 
 Stepanovitch, compr. h. Gloukoff, 
 1752; d. St. Petersburg, Sept. 25 
 (Oct. 8), 1825. Studied with Galup- 
 pi and followed him to Italy by aid 
 of Empress Catherine; composed 
 operas in Italy; but on return to 
 Russia in 1779 became director of 
 the choir in St. Petersburg (which 
 became " imperial choir " in 1796), 
 for which he composed 45 psalms 
 and a mass; he first reduced Russian 
 church music to system, and made 
 his choirs famous by care in select- 
 ing remarkable voices and training 
 them to great skill. 
 
 Borwick, W. Leonard, pst. b. Wal- 
 thamstow, Essex, Feb. 26, 1868. 
 Son of Alfred, amateur 'cellist and 
 friend of many musicians; first 
 lessons at age of 5; later pupil of 
 Bird and Clara Schumann; debut 
 Frankfort 1889; since then popular 
 in London concerts; American tour, 
 1911; he is said to be especially 
 great as a player of Liszt and Saint- 
 Saens. 
 
BOSSI 
 
 BRADBURY 
 
 Bossi, Enrico Marco, orgt.. compr. b. 
 Salo, Apr. 25, 1861. Son of orgt.; 
 studied at Liceo Musicale, Bologna, 
 and at Milan Cons, under Pon- 
 chielli and Fumagalli; orgt. at 
 Como, teacher at Naples; teacher, 
 director, and conductor at Venice, 
 1902-12 director of Liceo Musicale; 
 made early attempts at dramatic 
 composition, but boldness and sever- 
 ity of his style is better shown in 
 numerous cantatas, org. pieces, and 
 oratorio Le Paradiso Perduto. He 
 is considered the most proficient 
 performer on the organ in Italy. 
 
 Bottesini (bot-tes-se'-ne), Giovanni, 
 double-bass player, compr. b. Crema, 
 Dec. 24, 1823; d. Parma, July 7, 
 1889. Son of clarinet player; singer 
 in choir; entered Milan Cons, at 
 age of 11, studied harmony and 
 comp. with Basili and Vaccai, d. 
 bass with Rossi; traveled with 
 Arditi; member of orch. at Havana 
 many years; conductor at Paris, 
 1855-57, in London 1871, and at 
 numerous other places (conducted 
 1st performance of Aida at Cairo). 
 Composed 6 operas, an oratorio, 
 quartets; had marvelous skill as a 
 virtuoso. 
 
 Boucher (bo-sha), Alexandre Jean, vlt. 
 b. Paris, Apr. 11, 1778; d. there, 
 Dec. 29, 1861. Appeared at court at 
 age of 6, and at concerts at 8; 1787- 
 1805, solo vlt. to Charles IV of 
 Spain; later gave concerts through- 
 out Europe; successful both because 
 of his really fluent playing and 
 because of his cheap methods of 
 advertisement; he called himself 
 " L' Alexandre des violons." 
 
 Bouhy (bo-e), Jacques, Joseph Andre, 
 
 singer, teacher, b. Pepinster, Bel- 
 gium, June 18, 1848. Pupil at 
 Liege and Paris Cons.; debut at 
 Paris 1870; created many impor- 
 tant parts, among them Escamillo 
 in Carmen; 1885-89 head of N. Y. 
 Cons.; returned to stage 1890 but is 
 now (1910) teaching in Paris. 
 
 Bourgault-Ducoudray (bor'-go-dii-ko- 
 dra), Louis Albert, compr. b. Nantes, 
 Feb. 2, 1840; d. Vernouillet, July 4 
 1910. Finished legal studies 1859 
 entered Cons., as pupil of A. Thomas 
 won Prix de Rome in comp. 1862 
 has written 3 operas {Thamara, Paris 
 
 1891), orchestral pieces, Stabat Mater, 
 etc.; chief work has been study of 
 early primitive music and revival 
 of it; has published collection of 
 Greek folk-lore and written about it; 
 lecturer on history of music at Cons, 
 since 1878. 
 
 Bouval (bo-var), Jules Henri, compr., 
 orgt. b. Toulouse, June 9, 1867; 
 pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the 
 Paris Conservatory; 1st prize for 
 harmony 1889, honorable mention 
 for Prix de Rome 1893; organist of 
 St. Pierre de Chaillot; composer of 
 dramatic works, ballets and songs. 
 
 Bovy, C. S., see Lysberg, C. S. 
 
 Bowman, Edward Morris, orgt., theorist. 
 h. Barnard, Vt., July 18, 1848. 
 Pupil of Wm. Mason and J. P. 
 Morgan; orgt. in St. Louis; studied 
 in Berlin with Bendel, Rohde, Haupt, 
 and Weitzmann and in Paris with 
 Batiste; again in St. Louis, with 
 period of study in England; founder 
 of Amer. Coll. of Musicians; orgt. 
 in N. Y., professor at Vassar 1891- 
 1895; condr, of various choirs in N. Y. 
 and Brooklyn; has translated and 
 prepared for English use Weitz- 
 mann 's Manual of Music Theory. 
 
 Boyce, William, orgt., compr. b. Lon- 
 don, Feb. 7, 1710; d. Kensington, 
 Feb. 7, 1779. Chorister at St. Paul's; 
 articled pupil of M. Greene, later 
 pupil of Pepusch; held various org. 
 appointments in London; com- 
 posed many fine anthems, serenatas 
 and odes; increasingly deaf from 
 early years, after 1769 he devoted 
 himself to editing Cathedral Music, 
 collection of services by English 
 masters. 
 
 Brackett, Frank H., compr. h. Fall 
 River, Mass., Apr. 8, 1859; studied 
 at Harvard University under John 
 K. Paine, and under John W. Tufts; 
 commenced professional work as 
 singer, organist, and composer in 
 1881, filling positions as organist in 
 Boston, Somerville, Dorchester, and 
 other suburbs; compositions num- 
 ber about 300, including piano pieces, 
 songs and anthems; lives at Ash- 
 mont, a suburb of Boston. 
 
 Bradbury, William Batchelder, compr. 
 b. York, Me., Oct. 6, 1816; d. Mont- 
 clair, N. J., Jan. 7, 1868. Pupil of 
 
6I(A6A 
 
 S. Hill, L. Mason, and at Leipzig of 
 Hauptmann and Moscheles. Taught, 
 wrote, conducted conventions, made 
 pianos, composed 2 cantatas, edited 
 collections of music which {The Key- 
 note, The Jubilee, etc.) were enor- 
 mously popular. 
 
 Braga (bra-ga), Gaetano, 'cellist, b. 
 Giulianova, June 9, 1829; d. Milan, 
 Nov., 1907. Pupil of Ciandelh for 
 'cello, Mercadante for comp. at 
 Naples Cons.; lived and played in 
 many capitals; friend of Rossini 
 and others but died in poverty; 
 composed 3 unsuccessful operas, a 
 method, and several smaller pieces, of 
 which Angel's Serenade most popular. 
 " He wrote with much intelligence 
 but more feeling." 
 
 Braham, John, fenor. b. London, 1774; 
 d. there, Feb. 17, 1856. Son of poor 
 Jews (real name probably Abraham) ; 
 pupil of Leoni; debut 1787; later 
 pupil of Rauzzini, second debut 1796; 
 after period of success on the Conti- 
 nent, he enjoyed career of great 
 popularity in England 1801-1826; 
 composed several operas and wrote 
 
 f)arts for himself in many others; 
 ost fortune in speculations; many 
 songs still popular, as Death of Nel- 
 son; toured America 1840. 
 
 Brahms (brams), Johannes, compr. b. 
 Hamburg, May 7, 1833; d. Vienna, 
 Apr. 3, 1897. Son of Johann Jacob 
 (1806-72), oontrabassist at Ham- 
 burg theatre, he studied with his 
 father and Cossel until he was ten, 
 then with Marxsen pianoforte and 
 some theory. He appeared in public 
 in 1849, at a concert of Wachtel's 
 and at one of his own. Touring 
 through North Germany with Rem- 
 enyi in 1853 he met Joachim who 
 introduced him to Liszt and Schu- 
 mann, both of whom greeted him 
 enthusiastically, S. in a famous 
 article Neue Bahnen (New Paths). 
 From 1854-1858 B. was court con- 
 ductor at Lippe-Detmold, then he 
 returned to Hamburg where he 
 stayed except for occasional concert 
 trips until 1860 when he went to 
 Wintertiiur. In 1862 he moved 
 finally to Vienna; he conducted at 
 the Singakademie for one season and 
 at the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde 
 for three, 1872-75; the rest of his life 
 
 BRAHMS 
 
 with some holiday trips and increas- 
 ingly rare public appearances was 
 taken up by composition. 
 
 The early accounts of his playing 
 describe it as fluent and briUiant, 
 but later, perhaps from lack of care, 
 it became incoherent and blurred. 
 Schumann's enthusiasm for his early 
 pf. pieces was not shared by all, and 
 there was much discussion about 
 them and about the first pf. con- 
 certo, which B. brought out himself 
 in Leipzig in 1859. The early 
 chamber music, two orchestral sere- 
 nades (1860), the German Requiem 
 (1865, and with added movements 
 1868), Variations on a theme by 
 Haydn made his name familiar to 
 audiences, so that his first sym- 
 phony (not produced until 1876) 
 Was awaited with great eagerness. 
 Its appearance caused a renewal of 
 discussion; B. was accused of imi- 
 tating Beethoven, and praised for 
 continuing the master's work. He 
 was also used, with some injustice, 
 to support the cause of absolute 
 music against the ardent Wagner- 
 ites. His later orchestral works, 
 Akademische and Tragische over- 
 tures, the 3 other symphonies, 3 
 other concertos, later chamber music 
 have placed him beyond question 
 among the great masters. His songs 
 once declared " un vocal " are uni- 
 versally recognized as expressing the 
 soul of the poetry. Present discus- 
 sion of him is between those who 
 complain of lack of color, of the 
 appreciation of the sensuous quali- 
 ties of music, a dry formalism and 
 those who exalt the intellectual con- 
 tent, the purity of form, originahty 
 of scheme, and technical skill. His 
 admirers find broad and deep emo- 
 tional feeling, an impersonal passion 
 subordinated to a lofty sense of 
 form. To Hadow, Brahms fulfils 
 the desire for " a composer who 
 while he maintains and develops the 
 harmonic traditions of the Romantic 
 School shall even more devote him- 
 self to the restoration and evolution 
 of musical structure, who shall take 
 up the classical form where Bee- 
 thoven left it ... . and raise it 
 to a fuller organization." So Hun- 
 eker calls him " the greatest con- 
 trapuntist after Bach, the greatest 
 architectonist after Beethoven." 
 
BRAMBACH 
 
 Brambach (bram-bak), Kaspar Joseph, 
 compr. b, Bonn, July 14, 1833; d. 
 there, June 20, 1902. Studied under 
 A. Zur Nieden and Ferd. Hiller and 
 at Cologne Cons., where later he 
 taught; director and teacher at 
 Bonn. Composed secular cantatas 
 Fruhlingshymnus, Prometheus, etc., 
 pf. concerto, and chamber music. 
 
 Brandeis (bran-dls), Frederick, pst., 
 compr. b. Vienna, July 5, 1835 
 (or 1832?); d. New York, 1899. 
 Pupil of J. Fischhof, Czerny, Rufi- 
 natscha, and of Meyerhofer in N. Y.; 
 debut N. Y. 1851; toured as pst., 
 various positions as orgt. Several 
 comp. for orch. and chamber music. 
 
 Brandt (brandt), Marianne [pseud, of 
 Marie Bischof], dram, contralto, b. 
 Vienna, Sept. 12, 1842. Pupil of 
 Frau Marschner at Vienna Cons, and 
 of Viardot-Garcia in Paris; d^but 
 Graz 1867; Berlin 1868-86; sang 
 Kundry in Parsifal 1882, alter- 
 nating with Materna; 1886-1890, 
 N. Y.; then taught in Vienna. At 
 her best during Berlin period, com- 
 pass of voice so extensive that she 
 sang both soprano and contralto 
 parts. 
 
 Brassin (bras-san), Louis, pst., compr. 
 b. Aix-la-Chapelle, June 24, 1840; d. 
 St. Petersburg, May 17, 1884. Son 
 of baritone, who changed name from 
 De Brassine, nephew of Drouet, 
 flute player; pupil at Leipzig Cons, 
 of Moscheles; teacher 1866 at 
 Stern Cons, in Berlin, at Brussels 
 Cons. 1869-78, and at St. Petersburg 
 Cons. 1878-84. Appeared early in 
 public, and made tours with brothers 
 Leopold (1843-1890) pst. and Ger- 
 hard (b. 1844) vlt. Louis composed 
 Ecolemoderne du piano, pf. etudes, 
 transcriptions, 2 operas, etc. 
 
 Braun, Mrs. A., see Brema, Marie. 
 
 Bree (bra), Jean Bernard van, vlt., 
 compr. b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29, 
 1801; d. there, Feb. 14, 1857. Pupil 
 of Bertelmann; orch. player at Am- 
 sterdam; founded " Cecilia " 1840; 
 director of music-school; composed 3 
 operas, masses, cantatas, chamber 
 music. 
 
 Breitner (brit-ner), Ludovic, pst. b. 
 Trieste, Mar. 22, 1855. Studied at 
 Milan Cons, and with Rubinstein 
 
 BREWER 
 
 and Liszt; composed music to 
 Wilhelm Meister, song cycles, etc.; 
 established and conducted Phil- 
 harmonic Society in Paris; visited 
 America in 1900; Stern Cons., Berlin, 
 1909; Peabody Cons., Baltimore,1912. 
 
 Brema (bra-ma), Marie [pseud, of 
 Minnie Fehrmann], dram, mezzo 
 sop. b. Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1856. 
 Father of German origin, mother 
 from Virginia; early taste for music 
 not cultivated until after marriage 
 to A. Braun 1874; after study with 
 Henschel, debut at Monday Pop. 
 Concert 1891 under name of Bremer; 
 dram, debut same year; first appeared 
 at Bayreuth 1894; since then has sung 
 Wagnerian roles with success in Eng., 
 America, and Paris; has created parts 
 in many operas and oratorios, chiefly 
 at English festivals where her rich 
 voice has made her a great favorite. 
 
 Breslaur (bres-lowr), Emil, teacher, h. 
 Kottbus, May 26, 1836; d. Berlin, 
 July 27, 1899. Studied at Stern 
 Cons.; teacher at Kullak's Acad.; 
 founder and director of Piano- 
 Teachers' Seminary; editor of Kla- 
 vierlehrer, and author of several 
 important books on pf. playing and 
 pf. literature. 
 
 Breval (bra-val'), Lucienne [pseud, of 
 Bertha Agnes Lisette Schilling], dram. 
 sop. b. Berlin, Nov. 4, 1869. 
 Pupil of Warat, Obin, Giraudet at 
 Paris Cons., where she took first 
 prize for opera 1890; debut 1892, 
 Paris Opera, where she has since 
 sung, except for season at Opera 
 Comique in 1901; in America 1900, 
 1902. 
 
 Breville (bra-vil'), Pierre Onfroy de, 
 
 compr., condr. h. Feb. 21, 1861. 
 Pupil at the Paris Conservatory and 
 of Cesar Franck; studied for the 
 bar and a diplomatic career; music 
 critic Mercure de France 1898-1901 ; 
 teacher at Schola Cantorum; com- 
 positions include orchestral and 
 choral works, masses, motets, songs, 
 piano and organ pieces. 
 
 Brewer, John Hyatt, orgt., compr. b. 
 Brooklyn, Jan. 18, 1856. Boy 
 soprano in several churches, pupil 
 Navarro (harm.) and Buck and 
 others (org.); various positions as 
 orgt. in N. Y.; active member of 
 
BRIDGE 
 
 BRONSART 
 
 many musical societies; has con- 
 ducted several choral societies; 
 teaches singing, org., and theory. 
 Has composed church and organ 
 music, glees, songs, and choral works, 
 suite for orchestra (Ms.). 
 
 Bridge, Sir John Frederick, compr. h. 
 Oldbury, near Birmingham, Dec. 5, 
 1844. Chorister in Rochester Cathe- 
 dral, where his father became lay 
 clerk in 1850, articled to John 
 Hopkins, orgt.; held various org. 
 appointments at Windsor (where he 
 was pupil of J. Goss), at Manchester, 
 and finally at Westminster Abbey 
 as deputy 1875 and in full 1882; 
 in consequence of this office he had 
 charge of the music for Queen 
 Victoria's jubilee 1887 and King 
 Edward's coronation 1902. He took 
 degree Mus. Doc. at Oxford 1874; 
 was knighted 1897 and has received 
 many honorary titles. He taught 
 at Owens College while in Man- 
 chester, is Gresham Prof., prof, at 
 Univ. of London, examiner in sev- 
 eral colleges. Composed oratorios, 
 anthems, etc., collected " Abbey 
 Chants," wrote Primer of Counter- 
 point, etc. "His works show the 
 vivacity of his mercurial tempera- 
 ment." [Grove.] His brother, 
 Joseph Cox B., orgt. b. Rochester, 
 Aug. 16, 1853. Pupil of Hopkins, 
 and pupil and assistant of brother 
 at Manchester; Mus. Doc. Oxford 
 1885; since 1877 orgt. at Chester 
 Cathedral; prof. mus. Durham 
 Univ. 1908; revived Chester Fes- 
 tivals, founded Chester Mus. Soc. 
 Composed festival cantatas, sym- 
 phony, pf. music, songs, and part- 
 songs. 
 
 Brink, Jules ten, compr. b. Amster- 
 dam, Nov. 4, 1838; d. Paris, Feb. 6, 
 1889. Pupil of Dupont in Brussels, 
 Richter in Leipzig; director Lyons 
 1860-68, after that in Paris; wrote 
 symphonic poems, one-act opera, etc. 
 
 Brisson (bris'-son), Frederic, pst. h. 
 Angouleme, Dec. 25, 1821; d. 
 Orleans, June or July, 1900. Pupil 
 of Garandet; an elegant pianist, 
 a distinguished performer on har- 
 monium, for which he wrote much; 
 published, beside operetta and organ 
 method, more than 150 slight pf. 
 pieces. 
 
 Bristow, George Frederick, compr. b. 
 Brooklyn, Dec. 19, 1825; d. New 
 York, Dec. 13, 1898. Studied in 
 London with Macfarren; condr. 
 Harm. Soc, Mendelssohn Union, 
 orgt. in several churches, head of 
 mus. dept. N. Y. public schools, 
 original member and condr. of N. Y. 
 Philharmonic. Composed opera Rip 
 Van Winkle 1855, a cantata Niag- 
 ara, and symphonies, quartets, etc. 
 Made an early stand for American 
 music. 
 
 Britton, Thomas, amateur, b. Higham 
 Ferrers, or WelHngborough, North- 
 ampton, about 1651; d. London, 
 Sept. 27, 1714. Known as " Musical 
 Small-coal Man," because he dealt 
 in coal; 1678 established weekly 
 concerts over his shop and a musical 
 club for practise, both frequented 
 by aristocratic and famous people, 
 Handel, Pepusch, etc. Also known 
 in book collecting circles. 
 
 Brockway, Howard A., compr., pst. b. 
 Brooklyn, Nov. 22, 1870. Studied 
 pf. with Kortheuer and in Berlin 
 1890-1895 with Barth and O. B. 
 Boise; conducted concert of own 
 works Berlin, 1895; teaching in 
 New York, and Peabody Conserva- 
 tory, Baltimore. Equipped by un- 
 usually thorough training, he has 
 composed early in difficult forms, 
 symph., symph. ballad, romanza for 
 vln. and orch., etc. Sylvan Suite for 
 orch. best known. 
 
 Brodsky, Adolf, vlt. b. Taganrog, 
 Russia, Mar. 21, 1851. Studied at 
 Vienna Cons. 1862-63 with J. Hell- 
 mesberger, of whose quartet he 
 became a member; studied also with 
 Laub in Moscow, where he taught 
 at Cons.; condr. at Kieff 1879; taught 
 at Leipzig Cons. 1882-83, in N. Y. 
 1891-94, in Berhn 1894, at Manches- 
 ter Royal Coll. of Mus., of which he 
 became director in 1895. 
 
 Broekhoven (brek-ho-fen), John A., 
 teacher, theorist, b. Beek, Holland, in 
 1852. Prof, of harmony and coun- 
 terpoint at Cincinnati Coll. of Music; 
 has written text-books. Suite Creole 
 for orch., overture Columbia, etc. 
 
 Bronsart, Hans von [really B. von 
 Schellendorf], condr. b. Berlin, 
 Feb. 11, 1830. Studied at Berlin 
 
BROSCm 
 
 Univ., lessons in theory from Dehn, 
 piano with Kullak and Liszt; con- 
 ducted " Euterpe " Leipzig; " Gesell- 
 schaft der Musikfreunde " BerHn; is 
 "Hofmusikintendant" Berlin; comp. 
 opera Der Corsdr, symph., well- 
 known pf. concerto. His wife Inge- 
 borg (nee Starck) pst., compr. b. St. 
 Petersburg, Aug. 2i, 1S40; d. Mun- 
 ich, June 17, 19L3. Pupil of Henselt 
 and Liszt; first concert at 12; mar- 
 ried Hans von B. 1862; composed 
 3 operas, pf. music in all forms. 
 Broschi (bros-ke). Carlo, see Farinelli. 
 
 Broustet (bro-sta), Edouard, pst. b. 
 Toulouse, Apr. 29, 1836. Studied 
 with Stamaty, Litolff, and Ravina; 
 after tours to St. Petersburg, Spain, 
 and Portugal, settled in Toulouse 
 where he has composed pf . concerto, 
 chamber music, pf. pieces. 
 
 Brown, Obadiah Bruen, teacher, b. 
 Washington, D. C, July 2, 1829; 
 d. Maiden, Mass., Mar. 5, 1901. 
 Pupil in Boston of Zerrahn, Parker, 
 David Paine; in Leipzig of Lobe 
 and Plaidy; teacher in several Mass. 
 state normal schools, orgt. in Bos- 
 ton; director of music, public 
 schools, Maiden; edited several 
 collections for school use, composed 
 choruses, anthems, etc. 
 
 Bruch (briik), Max, compr. h. Cologne, 
 Jan. 6, 1838. Mother (nee Almen- 
 rader), a singer, guided his education; 
 first lessons in theory from Breiden- 
 stein at Bonn; having gained four- 
 year scholarship at Frankfort-on- 
 Main, studied under Hiller, Rein- 
 ecke, and Breuning; taught and 
 brought out first operetta at Cologne ; 
 produced opera Loreley on libretto 
 written for Mendelssohn at Mann- 
 heim 1863; has held various posi- 
 tions as director at Coblenz, of Stern 
 Singing Soc. Berlin, of ^^iverpool Har- 
 monic Society, of Orchesterverein at 
 Breslau; married singer Emma Tuc- 
 zek 1881; came to America 1883, 
 brought out Arminius at Boston by 
 Cecilia Society. Has composed 
 several cantatas of epic nature, 
 Odysseus, ArminiuS', Achilleus, 
 Frithjof; his Fair Ellen a favorite 
 with choral societies; songs; 4 vln. 
 concertos, of which the 1st, in G, is 
 very popular; pieces for 'cello (nota- 
 bly Kol Nidrei a Hebrew melody). 
 
 BRUMEL 
 
 His music is marked by clearness and 
 purity of melodic idea and unusual 
 skill in combinations of vocal and 
 orchestral masses. 
 
 Bruckner (brok-ner), Anton, orgt., 
 compr. h. Ansfelden, Austria, Sept. 
 4, 1824; d. Vienna, Oct. 11, 1896. 
 Earliest lessons from father, a 
 village school-master; while orgt. 
 at Linz Cathedral after 1855 he 
 studied in Vienna with Sechter and 
 Kitzler; 1867 orgt. in Vienna and 
 prof, at Cons., 1875 lecturer at 
 Univ.; 1869 and 1871 played in 
 France and England as org. virtuoso. 
 His compositions include a string 
 quartet, 3 grand masses, a Te Deum, 
 8 symphonies, and 3 movements of 
 a 9th. He lived, even in the capital, 
 the simple life of a villager, dis- 
 tressed by the violent hostility 
 which his works aroused, but never 
 permitting this to move his earnest 
 persistence. He was a devoted 
 adherent of Wagner's theories and 
 in his symphonies he aimed to 
 apply them to absolute music. 
 Much of the hostility which he 
 encountered was due to the fact 
 that he was regarded probably 
 against his wish as the sjonphonist 
 selected by the Wagnerites to oppose 
 Brahms. Viewed apart from their 
 contemporary critical quarrel, his 
 music appears as a somewhat uneven 
 combination of passages showing 
 power, nobility, and imagination 
 with passages of tedious length and 
 heavy and pedantic dryness. 
 
 Briill (briil), Ignaz, pst., compr. b. 
 Prossnitz, Moravia, Nov. 7, 1846; 
 d. Vienna, Sept. 17, 1907. Pupil of 
 Epstein, Rufinatscha, and Dessoff; 
 successful concerts in Vienna and 
 other cities, notably in London in 
 1878; teaching in Vienna after 1872; 
 opera Das goldene Kreuz, Berlin 
 1875, had wide success in other 
 cities; has composed 9 other operas, 
 a symph., an overture, 3 concertos, 
 etc. 
 
 Brumel (brii-mel'), Anton, compr. b. 
 about 1.480; d. about 1520. Pupil 
 of Okeghem; lived at courts of 
 Dukes of Sora and Ferrara; com- 
 posed at least 15 masses, motets, 
 and other sacred music; said by 
 contemporaries to have excelled by 
 
BRUNEAU 
 
 BULL 
 
 industry rather than genius; wrote 
 a comp. in 8 parts, each in different 
 church mode. 
 
 Bmneau (brii-no), [Louis Charles Bon- 
 a venture], Alfred, compr. b. Paris, 
 Mar. 3, 1857. Of musical parents; 
 studied at Paris Cons, 'cello with 
 Franchomme, comp. with Massenet; 
 critic for Gil Bias and Figaro; 
 
 . conductor Opera Comique 1903. 
 Has composed overture, 3 choral 
 symphonies, 2 collections of songs, 
 and a Requiem mass beside the 5 
 operas which are his chief works. 
 Of these Le reve, L'Attaque du mou- 
 lin, Messidor and U Ouragan are on 
 texts either written by Zola or based 
 on his works, the last two being in 
 prose. Music at first w^s considered 
 very difficult and harsh, because of 
 effort made at accurate dehneation of 
 characters, which is strikingly suc- 
 cessful ; each work has a characterized 
 and influential setting, hke the storm 
 in U Ouragan, which gives atmos- 
 pheric unity. Has published also 3 
 volumes of acute musical criticism. 
 
 Brunner (broo-ner). Christian Trau- 
 gott, orgt., condr. b. Briinlos, Erzge- 
 birg, Dec. 12, 1792; d. Chemnitz, 
 Apr. 14, 1874. Organist and con- 
 ductor of choral societies; composed 
 instructive pf. pieces, variations, etc. 
 
 Bucalossi (boo-ca-los'-si), Ernest, cornpr. 
 Composed from early years; pupil at 
 Royal Acad. Mus.; in 1881 succeeded 
 his father as conductor at London 
 theatre; conductor with traveling 
 company; compr. of popular dance 
 music, notably La Gitana waltz. 
 
 Buck, Dudley, orgt., compr. b. Hart- 
 ford, Conn., Mar. 10, 1839; d. Oct. 
 6, 1909, at Orange, N. J. Pupil of 
 Babcock, at Leipzig Cons, of Plaidy, 
 Moscheles, Hauptmann, and Rietz, 
 at Dresden of Schneider, and at 
 Paris; organ appointments in Hart- 
 ford, Chicago, Boston (where his 
 recitals as orgt. of Music Hall Ass'n 
 had great influence), and in N. Y.; 
 asst. condr. of Thomas Concerts, 
 N. Y.; director of Apollo Club; 
 retired from all but theoretical and 
 comp. work 1902. Composed ora- 
 torios Golden Legend, Light of Asia, 
 cantatas Legend of Don Munio, Cen- 
 tennial Meditation of Columbia (for 
 Exposition 1876), several excellent 
 
 short sacred cantatas, songs, anthems, 
 org. pieces. His music shows skill, 
 intelligence, freedom from pedantry, 
 and much of the elements of popu- 
 larity. Has had wide influence in 
 extending respect for American music 
 and in training younger men, Chad- 
 wick, Gleason, Eddy, Neidlinger being 
 his pupils. 
 
 Buhlig, Richard, pst. b. Chicago, 1880 
 of German parents. Went to Vienna 
 1887 as pupil of Leschetizsky. 
 Debut 1900, London 1905, in the 
 U. S. 1907. Thoughtful and serious 
 artist, of unusual executive ability. 
 
 Bull, John, orgt., compr. b. Somerset- 
 shire, about 1563; d. Antwerp, Mar. 
 12 (13?), 1628. Pupfl of Blitheman; 
 orgt. at Hereford Cathedral and 
 1591 of Chapel Royal; Mus. Doc. 
 Oxford 1592; Gresham Prof, of 
 Mus. 1597; in service of Prince 
 Henry 1611 although Roman Cath- 
 oHc; 1613 left England without leave 
 under questionable circumstances, 
 and in 1617 became orgt. at Ant- 
 werp Cath. Comp. anthems and 
 music for org. or virginal " unequal 
 in character, and generally more 
 ingenious than beautiful." So brill- 
 iant a performer that he has been 
 called " the Liszt of his age." 
 
 Bull, Ole Bomeman, vlt. b. Bergen, 
 Feb. 5, 1810; d. Lyso, near Bergen, 
 Aug. 17, 1880. Father, physician, 
 who disapproved of musical career, 
 but uncle and other members of 
 family eager amateurs; lessons from 
 Paulsen and Lundborg, but mainly 
 self-taught; abandoned study of 
 theology at Univ. of Christiania to 
 conduct mus. society there; at 
 Paris 1831, by hearing Paganini 
 inspired to great efforts, which with 
 poverty brought on illness; 1832 he 
 reappeared in public and thereafter 
 had great success in Europe and 
 especially in the U. S,; 1848 founded 
 national theatre in Bergen; 1870 
 again in U. S., where he married a 
 second time, and where he lost a 
 considerable fortune in an attempt 
 to found a colony for his poor 
 countrymen. Technical skill was 
 fairly amazing and gave adequate 
 expression to the patriotic spirit of 
 the North in his compositions, which 
 were the only ones he played. 
 
BULLARD 
 
 BURMEISTER 
 
 Bullard, Frederic Field, compr. h. 
 Boston, Mass., Sept. 21, 1864; d. 
 there, June 24, 1904. Gave up study 
 of chemistry; studied 4 years with 
 Rheinberger in Munich; taught in 
 Boston after 1892; pubhshed many 
 expressive songs, anthems and vig- 
 orous part-songs, some of which. Stein 
 Song, etc., are very popular. 
 
 Biilow (bii-lo), Hans [Guidojvon, pst., 
 condr. b. Dresden, Jan. 8, 1830; d. 
 Cairo, Feb. 12, 1894. Taught pf. 
 and harmony at 9 by Wieck and 
 Eberwein; studied law at Leipzig 
 Univ., counterpoint with Haupt- 
 mann; adopted Wagner's radical 
 theories after performance of Lohen- 
 grin at Weimar; followed him to 
 exile and learned conducting from 
 him; pupil of Liszt at Weimar; 
 first tour 1853 in Germany and 
 Austria; held various appointments 
 as teacher (Stern Cons. 1855, etc.); 
 court pst., and condr. in several 
 places, notably Meiningen, where he 
 brought the orch. to height of 
 excellence 1880-85; married 1857 
 Cosima Liszt (later the wife of 
 Wagner) from whom he separated 
 1869; married actress Marie Schan- 
 zer 1882; gave 139 concerts in 
 America 1875-76. His wonderful 
 power of intellectual analysis of 
 music not ' only appeared in his 
 finished playing but is preserved in 
 his admirable critical editions, as 
 those of Beethoven's sonatas and 
 such pianoforte arrangements as 
 that of Tristan and Isolde. His 
 phenomenal memory enabled him 
 to do justice to the largest possible 
 repertoire; he also set the fashion 
 of conducting without score. His 
 playing seems to have been a tri- 
 umph of careful analytical prepara- 
 tion combined with an apparently 
 spontaneous emotional expression. 
 
 Bungert, August, compr. h. Miilheim- 
 on-Ruhr, Mar. 14, 1846. Pupil of 
 Kufferath and at Cologne Cons.; 
 music director at Kreuznach; fur- 
 ther studies in counterpoint with 
 Kiel in Berlin 1873-81; living in 
 Italy since 1882. Has written pf. 
 quartet which took prize in Flor- 
 ence 1878, comic opera produced 
 Leipzig 1884, etc.; his great works 
 are two dramatic cycles not yet 
 
 completed based on the Iliad and the 
 Odyssey, after Wagnerian models; 
 Odysseus Heimkehr, first part pro- 
 duced 1896, excited considerable 
 comment. 
 
 Buonamici (bu-o'-na-me'-che) , Giusep- 
 pe, pst. b. Florence, Mar. 12, 1846. 
 First taught by uncle Ceccherini; 
 by Von Biilow and Rheinberger at 
 Munich Cons. 1868-70; teacher 
 there 1870-73; conductor of choral 
 soc. in Florence, and founder of trio 
 society and teacher there; his great- 
 est work is editing of Beethoven 
 sonatas and composition of technical 
 studies based on difficulties in 
 Beethoven. Son Carlo, b. Florence, 
 June 20, 1875. Pupil of mother and 
 father, and.of Van Zeil at Wurzburg; 
 came to Boston 1896, as teacher and 
 concert pianist ; 1908, with Felix 
 Fox, founded Fox-Buonamici School. 
 
 Buranello, see Galuppi. 
 
 Burdett, George Albert, orgt. h. Boston, 
 June 17, 1856, Trained under J. W. 
 Hill, and Paine at Harvard where he 
 was graduated with " highest musical 
 honors" in 1881; studied in Germany 
 under Haupt in Berlin and at Han- 
 over; since 1895 orgt. at Central Ch., 
 Boston; founder of Am, Guild of 
 Orgts., first dean N. E. Chapter; 
 published anthems, organ music, and 
 pf. pieces. 
 
 Burgmiiller (burg-mii Her), Johann 
 Friedrich Franz, compr. b. Regens- 
 burg, 1806; d. Beaulieu, France, 
 Feb. 13, 1874. Composer of pf . music 
 mainly for young people and useful 
 early studies Brother Norbert (1810 
 -1836), composer of great promise 
 but immature achievement. 
 
 Burgstaller, Alois, dram, tenor, h. Holz- 
 kirchen, Sept. 27, 1871. Pupil of 
 Kniese; Bayreuth 1894-1901; Metro- 
 politan, N. Y., 1902-08, first Parsifal 
 in N. Y. 1904. 
 
 Burmeister (bur-ml-ster), Richard, com- 
 pr., pst. b. Hamburg, Dec. 7, 1860. 
 Studied with Liszt in Weimar, 
 Budapest or Rome 1880^1883; teach- 
 er in Hamburg Cons; director of pf. 
 at Peabody Conservatory, Balti- 
 more, 1885-1897; then in New 
 York, now in Europe; a brilliant 
 pianist and compr. of skill; has 
 written symph. poem, etc., re-scored 
 
BURMESTER 
 
 BUSSLER 
 
 Chopin's F minor concerto, added 
 orch. part to Liszt's Concerto Pathe- 
 tique, etc. 
 
 Burmester, Willy, vlt. b. Hamburg, 
 Mar. 16, 1869. First pupil of father, 
 later of Joachim; brilliant player 
 of virtuoso class; made debut when 
 a child; has toured since 1886; in 
 1890 conductor at Sondershausen; 
 greater success on the Continent than 
 in England or America. 
 
 Bumand, A. B., see Strelezski, Anton. 
 
 Bumey, Charles, writer, b. Shrews- 
 bury, Apr. 12, 1726; d. Chelsea, 
 Apr. 12, 1814. Pupil on org. of 
 Baker and Arne; orgt. at various 
 provincial stations; Mus. Doc. Ox- 
 ford 1769, F. R. S. 1773; composed 
 music for few dramas, sonatas, can- 
 tatas, etc., adapted The Cunning 
 Man from Rousseau's Devin du 
 village. Chief works are Present 
 State of Music in France and Italy, 
 Present State of Mu^ic in Germany, 
 the Netherlands, etc., which are 
 accounts of his own tours, and his 
 General History of Music, in 4 
 volumes, 1776-89, which contains 
 much information and reflects ad- 
 mirably the 18th century point of 
 view. 
 
 Burrowes, John Freckleton, writer, b. 
 London, Apr. 23, 1787; d. there. 
 Mar. 31, 1852. Pupil of Horsley; 
 for 40 years orgt. in London; com- 
 posed forgotten instrumental music; 
 wrote much used Piano Primer. 
 
 Burton, Frederick Russell, compr. b. 
 Jonesville, Mich., Feb. 23, 1861; d. 
 Sept. 30, 1909, Lake Hopatcong, 
 N. J. Graduated at Harvard 1882; 
 organizer and condr. of Choral 
 Society at Yonkers, N. Y.; mus. crit. 
 N. Y. Sun; composer of Hiawatha, 
 dramatic cantata based on actual 
 Indian themes, as result of special 
 study. 
 
 Busby, Thomas, writer. h. West- 
 minster, Dec, 1755; d. London, 
 May 28, 1838. Pupil of Knyvett 
 and Battishill; orgt. at Newington. 
 Composed oratorio The Prophecy 
 on Pope's Messiah and music for 
 other odes and some plays; wrote 
 several musical articles and essays. 
 Dictionary of Mu^ic, History of 
 
 Music (compiled from Hawkins and 
 Burney), and 3 volumes of Concert- 
 room and Orchestra Anecdotes, of 
 much interest about contemporaries. 
 
 Busch (bush), Carl, compr. b. Bjerre, 
 Denmark, Mar. 29, 1862. Studied 
 at Cons., vln. with Tofte, comp. with 
 Hartmann and Gade; played in 
 orch. and studied in Paris under 
 Godard and Gounod; settled in 
 Kansas City 1889; established Phil- 
 harmonic Orch. there; composed 
 works for orchestra, symphonic 
 rhapsody, symphony, vln. music, the 
 dramatic cantatas League of the Alps, 
 King Olaf, and songs. 
 
 Busnois (bii-no-a), Antoine, compr. 
 b. Picardy, France; d. Bruges, Nov. 
 6, 1492. Pupil of Okeghem, musi- 
 cian in service of Charles the Bold; 
 cited as authority by contemporary 
 theorists; 2 magnificats, a mass, 
 and some secular songs are extant. 
 
 Busoni (bu-zo'-ni), Ferruccio (fer-ru- 
 chi-o) Benvenuto, pst., compr. b. 
 EmpoH, near Florence, Apr. 1, 1866. 
 Father played clarinet, mother (Anna 
 Weiss) pianist gave him first les- 
 sons; debut Vienna at age of 9, 
 studied there with Hans Schmitt and 
 in Graz with Remy (Meyer); at 17 
 so successful in Italy that a medal 
 was struck in his honor by Florence 
 and he was elected a member of 
 Accademia Filarmonica at Bologna; 
 1886 Leipzig; teaching Helsingfors 
 1888; at Moscow 1890, after taking 
 Rubinstein prize; at Boston, Mass. 
 1891-93; in 1894 located in Berlin; 
 1908-1909 at Vienna, with occa- 
 sional tours; 1913 director Liceo 
 Musicale, Bologna; opera Die 
 Brautioahly Hamburg, Apr. 13, 
 1912. 
 
 Bussler, Ludwig, theorist, b. Berlin, 
 Nov. 26, 1838; d. there, Jan. 18, 
 1901. Son of Robert, painter, 
 author, and statesman, grandson of 
 Karl, singer; choir boy under Von 
 Hertzberg; taught theory by Dehn 
 and Grell, instrumentation by Wie- 
 precht, teacher of theory at Berlin. 
 Theatre conductor there; musical 
 critic for National Zeitung. Has 
 written many useful books on har- 
 mony and composition, several of 
 which have been translated into 
 English. 
 
BUTT 
 
 Butt, Clara, contralto, b. Southwick, 
 near Brighton, Eng., Feb. 1, 1873. 
 Pupil of Rootham at Bristol; 1889 
 of J. H. Blower at Royal Coll. of 
 Mus., where she gained scholarship; 
 d^but London 1892; studied with 
 Bouhy at Paris 1895; voice of great 
 depth and beauty and commanding 
 stage presence have made her much 
 in demand for festivals and concerts ; 
 many compositions written for her, 
 among them Elgar's Sea Pictures. 
 Married, 1900, R. Kennerley-Rum- 
 ford, baritone, h. London, Sept. 2, 
 1870. Pupil of Henschel, Beume, and 
 Sbriglia; d^but London 1893; known 
 as fine, really artistic singer. 
 
 Butterfield, James Austin, compr. b. 
 Hertfordshire, Eng., May 18, 1837; 
 d. Chicago, July 6, 1891. Taught by 
 father, a 'celHst, learned to play vln. 
 before 10; sang in Harm. Soc. of town, 
 where he studied mus. of Handel's 
 and other oratorios; at 15 deputy 
 leader of orch.; parent's refusal to 
 allow him to follow music drove him 
 to U. S., where he settled in Chicago 
 at 19; taught vln. and singing; 
 induced parents to emigrate; pub- 
 lished journal in Indianapolis; taught 
 in Chicago 1867-80, conducted Chi- 
 cago Jubilee 1873; 1880 director of 
 Norwich (Conn.) School of Vocal Art; 
 1888 returned to Chicago; composed 
 many popular songs (When You and 
 I were Young, Maggie, etc.), conven- 
 tion singing books, cantatas, notably 
 the spectacular Belshazzar. 
 
 CADY 
 
 Buxtehude (bux-te-hu-da), Dietrich, 
 orgt., compr. h. Helsingor, Denmark, 
 1637; d. Lubeck, May 9, 1707. 
 Father Johann, orgt. died 1674, may 
 have been his teacher; 1668 became 
 orgt. at Marienkirche, Lubeck, and 
 held the post until his death; 1673 
 organized Abendmusiken, concerts 
 on Sunday afternoons in Advent of 
 concerted pieces for chorus and 
 orchestra and organ works. These 
 concerts were deservedly famous and 
 widely influential (Bach walked 50 
 miles to hear them). As composer, 
 he is important for having developed 
 purely instrumental music, even 
 before Bach, in his organ works and 
 clavier pieces. Many of the clavier 
 pieces are lost; two vols, of organ 
 works published by Spitta; also wrote 
 a large number of vocal works. 
 
 Byrd, William, compr. b. London, 
 Eng., 1542 or 1543; d. there, July 4, 
 1623. Said to have been pupil of 
 Tallis; orgt. at Lincoln Cathedral 
 about 1563; shared post of orgt. at 
 Chapel Royal with Tallis; and 
 these two also held patent for selling 
 and publishing music; held his 
 position and estates, by singular 
 favor, although he and his family, as 
 Catholics, were in constant danger 
 of prosecution. Composed madri- 
 gals, masses, and services for the 
 Catholic ritual as well as a collection 
 of music for the virginal, published 
 in the Fitz William Virginal book 
 and in Lady Nevill's work. 
 
 Cabezon, Felix Antonio de, orgt., harp- 
 sichord player, b. Madrid, Mar. 30, 
 1510; d. there. May 24, 1566. 
 Blind from birth, yet eminent per- 
 former; chamber musician to Philip 
 II; arranged works of other men 
 for his instruments; edition of his 
 works by Pedrell include ricercari, 
 motets, exercises, chiefly for organ. 
 
 Caccini (ka-che'-ni), Giulio [known as 
 Giulio Romano], compr. b. Rome, 
 about 1550; d. Florence, Dec, 1618. 
 Pupil of Scipione della Palla in 
 singing and lute playing; served 
 Duke of Tuscany as singer after 
 1578; followed GaUlei in composing 
 
 for single voice; then composed solos 
 in recitative form, performed with 
 great success in houses of Bardi 
 and Corsi in Florence; then, after 
 some detached dramatic scenes, col- 
 laborated with Peri in producing the 
 first real opera, Euridice, 1600; in 
 treatise Le Nuove Mu^iche C. ex- 
 plains theory of recitative on which 
 was based the new form of which he 
 was, though not the inventor, an 
 early supporter. 
 
 Cady, Calvin Brainard, teacher, h. 
 Barry, 111., June 21, 1851. His father 
 was a pioneer minister in the West, 
 so that the boy's early education 
 
CADMAN 
 
 CALLCOTT 
 
 was in the old-fashioned country 
 singing school and convention 
 choruses; graduated from Oberhn 
 (Ohio) Conservatory of Music, 1872; 
 went to Leipzig and studied with 
 Plaidy, Paul, Richter, and Papperitz ; 
 taught music in public schools of 
 Oberlin 1870; teacher of piano and 
 harmony, Oberlin Conservatory, 
 1874; prof, of music, University of 
 Michigan, 1880-88; in charge of 
 work with children and teachers, 
 Chicago Conservatory of Music, 
 1888-1894; hves in Boston, head 
 of School of Music Education, and 
 also lectures on musical pedagogy 
 at Institute of Musical Art, New 
 York and Teachers' College, Co- 
 lumbia University, Author of a 
 course in Music Education, in three 
 volumes, and Student's Reference 
 Work; was a charter member of the 
 Music Teachers' National Associa- 
 tion, founded in 1876. The main 
 object of his professional labor is 
 " to establish music as a genuinely 
 educational subject and to bring out 
 its correlation with other major 
 subjects of study." 
 
 Cadman, Charles Wakefield, compr. h. 
 Johnstown, Pa,, Dec, 24, 1881; 
 moved to Pittsburg 1884; musical 
 education under Pittsburg teachers, 
 Walker, Steiner, Oehmler and Von 
 Kunits, with advice and criticism 
 from Emil Paur; first published 
 compositions, semi-popular style, in 
 1898; became interested in the 
 music of the American Indians and 
 spent considerable time among them, 
 securing material for use in com- 
 position and in a lecture recital 
 American Indian Mv^ic Talk; organ- 
 ist East Liberty Presbyterian Church 
 and musical critic of Pittsburg Dis- 
 patch; contributor to musical peri- 
 odicals; published works include 
 The Vision of Sir Launfal, male 
 voices. Four American Indian Songs, 
 song cycles The Morning of the Year, 
 Sayonara, Three Moods for orchestra, 
 organ pieces, songs, part-songs and 
 piano pieces, 
 
 Cafifarelli (kaf-fa-rer-h), [pseud, of Gae- 
 tano Majorano], singer. b. Bari, 
 Naples, Apr. 16, 1703; d. Santo 
 Dorato,- near Naples, Feb. 1, 1783 
 [Eitner; others give Nov. 30, 1783]. 
 Son of peasants, adopted name C. 
 
 in gratitude to Caffaro or Cafaro, 
 who first aided him; studied five 
 years with Porpora; debut Rome 
 1724, followed by brilliant success 
 in Italy and Paris; appearances in 
 London 1737-38 seem to have been 
 disappointing; purchased dukedom 
 and title of Santo Dorato; rival of 
 Farinelli whom some say he excelled 
 in slow airs and chromatic scales; 
 many stories are told of his ridiculous 
 vanity and presumptuous pride. 
 
 Caldara (kal-da'-ra), Antonio, compr. 
 b. Venice, aboift 1670; d. Vienna, 
 Dec. 28, 1736. Chorister at St. 
 Mark's; pupil of Legrenzi; held 
 various posts in Italy and Spain 
 before becoming vice-capellmeister 
 in Vienna under Fux; composed 
 dignified church music, showing 
 florid tendency of times; very pro- 
 lific, having written 36 oratorios, 66 
 operas, besides smaller works. 
 
 Caldicott, Alfred James, compr. b. 
 Worcester, Eng., Nov, 26, 1842; d. 
 near Gloucester, Oct. 24, 1897, 
 Chorister Worcester Cath., articled 
 pupil of Done; studied at Leipzig 
 Cons, under Moscheles, Hauptmann, 
 etc.; orgt. in Worcester, teacher of 
 harmony at Royal Coll., and director 
 at Albert Hall and theatres in 
 London; composed cantatas (Widow 
 of Nain 1881), operettas, part-songs. 
 
 Caletti-Bruni, see Cavalli, Francesco. 
 
 Calkin, John Baptiste, orgt., compr. h. 
 London, Mar. 16, 1827; d. Apr. 15, 
 1905. Pupil of father James C. ; orgt. 
 and precentor in several churches; 
 teacher at Guildhall School of Music; 
 composed anthems, glees, etc. 
 
 Callaerts (kal'-lar-ts') , Joseph [Jacques], 
 
 orgt. b, Antwerp, Aug, 22, 1838; d. 
 there. Mar. 3, 1901. Pupil of Lem- 
 mens at Brussels Cons.; orgt, at Jesuit 
 College 1851-56; later of cathedral at 
 Antwerp and teacher of org, at music 
 school; composed comic opera, sym- 
 phony, cantata, masses, etc. 
 
 Callcott, John Wall, compr. b. Ken- 
 sington, Nov. 20, 1766; d. Bristol, 
 May 15, 1821. Son of builder, first 
 intended to be surgeon; learned 
 music from observation and ac- 
 quaintance with Henry Whitney, 
 orgt. at Kensington, Arnold, Cooke 
 and Sale, without receiving any 
 
CALV^ 
 
 CAMPANINI 
 
 regular instruction; member of orch. 
 of Academy of Ancient Music; com- 
 posed for Catch Club in 1789, win- 
 ning all four prizes offered by them; 
 studied instrumental music under 
 Haydn 1791; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1800; 
 began a dictionary, published Musi- 
 cal Grammar 1806; mind failed 1807; 
 chief works glees. His son William 
 Hutchins C. (1807-1882) also compr., 
 chiefly of anthems, and his grandson 
 William Robert Stuart C. (1852-1886) 
 orgt. of great promise. 
 
 Calve (kal-va), Emma, dram. sop. h. 
 Aveyron, 1864 [1866?]. Real name de 
 Roquer; daughter of simple peas- 
 ants; educated at convent in Mont- 
 pellier; left at 15, renouncing relig- 
 ious aspirations to help support 
 family; after study in Paris under 
 Puget's direction, made concert 
 d^but at charity concert, Nice, 1881, 
 in place of Cruvelli; d^but Brussels 
 1882; after year's study with 
 Marchesi made Paris d^but at Th. 
 Italien, Dec. 16, 1884; sang at 
 Op^ra Comique 1884-86 and in 
 Milan without great success; after 
 more study in Paris with Mme. 
 Laborde, created Santuzza in Cav- 
 alleria Rusticana 1890, returned to 
 Opera Comique, singing her great 
 part, Carmen, first in 1892; ap- 
 peared in London and New York 
 1893, toured Russia and Spain 
 1894-95; created parts in La Navar- 
 raise .1894 and Sapho 1897; not 
 only singer of wide and well-founded 
 popularity, but actress of unusual 
 originality, as is shown in Carmen 
 and Marguerite; retired 1913. 
 
 Cambert (kon'-barO, Robert, compr. 
 h. Paris, 1628; d. London, 1677. 
 Pupil of Chambonnieres; orgt. at 
 St. Honore, intendant of music to 
 Anne of Austria; composed La 
 pastorale, first French opera after 
 Italian fashion, 1659; when Perrin 
 received letters patent for establish- 
 ing national opera in 1669 Cambert 
 was associated with him; composed 
 Pomone 1671, and other works; after 
 32 years, driven from France by 
 intrigues of Lully, he became master 
 of music to Chas. II of England, 
 
 Camp, John Spencer, orgt., compr. b. 
 Middletown, Conn., Jan. 30, 1858. 
 Graduated Wesleyan Univ. 1878; 
 
 studied mus. with Parsons, Shelley, 
 Buck and Dvorak; dir. Hartford 
 (Conn.) Philh. Orch.; orgt. and 
 choirmaster 1st Cong. Ch., Hartford; 
 founder Guild of Organists; com- 
 posed cantatas, orch. works, string 
 qt., pf. and organ pieces, songs, 
 anthems and services. 
 
 Campagnoli (kam-pan-yo-li), Barto- 
 lomeo, vlt. b. Cento, Sept. 10, 
 1751; d. Neustrelitz, Nov. 6, 1827. 
 Pupil of Dair Ocha, Guastarobba, 
 and Nardini; led various bands in 
 Italy, finally conductor at Gewand- 
 haus, Leipzig, 1797-1815; gave suc- 
 cessful concerts in Italy; friend of 
 Cherubini. 
 
 Campana (kam-pa'-na), Fabio, compr., 
 singing teacher, h. Leghorn, Jan. 14, 
 1819; d. London, Feb. 2, 1882. 
 Educated at the Liceo in Bologna; 
 produced several unsuccessful operas; 
 settled in London about 1850; 
 taught singing there and produced 
 operas Almina 1860 and Esmeralda 
 1869 which seem to have been 
 successful more because of the casts 
 than the music. 
 
 Campanari (kam-pa-na'-ri), Giuseppe, 
 dram, baritone, h. Veneto, Italy, 
 1859. First a 'cellist in orch. at 
 La Scala, Milan, and in Boston 
 Symph. Orch. until 1893, when 
 he definitely became opera singer; 
 member of Hinrichs Opera Co., of 
 Metropolitan after 1899; successful 
 in many concerts; now living in New 
 York. His brother, Leandro, vlt. 
 b. Rovigo, Oct. 20, 1857. Studied at 
 Milan Cons.; after European tours, 
 made American debut with Bost. 
 Symph. Orch. 1881; teaching and 
 playmg as member of orch. in Boston 
 until 1887; teacher in Cincinnati 
 College of Music 1890-97; director 
 and concert-conductor at Milan; has 
 written text-books and songs. 
 
 Campanini (kam-pa-ne'-ni), Italo, dram, 
 tenor, b. Parma, June 29, 1846. 
 d. Vigatto, near Parma, Nov. 22, 
 1896. Studied at school of Griffini, 
 and at Cons, of Parma; debut, 1869, 
 Odessa; after study with Lamperti, 
 won success at production of Lohen- 
 grin at Florence 1871; sang in 
 London 1872-1882; toured America, 
 lived several years in New York. 
 
CAMPRA 
 
 Campra (kon-pra), Andre, opera compr. 
 b. Aix, Dec. 4, 1660; d. Versailles, 
 July 29, 1744. Pupil of Guillaume 
 Poitevin; master of music Toulon 
 Cathedral 1680, at Aries 1681, 
 at Toulouse, 1683-1694; thence 
 he went to Paris, filling several 
 church appointments, leaving to 
 begin a secular career as opera com- 
 poser; conductor Royal Orchestra 
 1722; he wrote 18 works for the 
 stage, a number of cantatas and 
 motets. 
 
 Cannabich, Christian, vU., condr. b. 
 Mannheim, 1731; d. Frankfort, 
 Feb. 22, 1798. Son of Matthias, 
 flute player; pupil of Stamitz and 
 in Italy of Jommelli; leader of orch. 
 at Munich 1765; condr. at Mann- 
 heim 1775; by bringing this orch. to 
 then unequalled height of exactness 
 he raised standard of expressive 
 power; friend and admirer of 
 Mozart; successful teacher; compr. 
 of some popular symphonies and 
 quartets. 
 
 Cantor, Otto, compr. b. Kreuznach, 
 Prussia, 1857. Pupil of Lux, Mann- 
 stadt, and Rupp; living in London; 
 compr. vocal music. 
 
 Capocci (ka-pot'-chi), Gaetano, orgt. 
 b. Rome, Oct. 16, 1811; d. there, 
 Jan. 11, 1898. Pupil of Sante 
 Pascoli, Flora van ti, and Cianciarelli; 
 orgt. at S. Maria Maggiore, and, 
 after 1855, director at the Lateran; 
 published large amount of facile, 
 conventional church music. His son 
 Filippo, also orgt. b. Rome, May 11, 
 1840; d. Rome, July 25, 1911. Learn- 
 ed org. and harmony from father 
 whom he succeeded at the Lateran 
 1875; under influence of Guilmant 
 developed technique to degree which 
 won him fame; compositions, 
 original, and modern in idea, consist 
 of organ works and an oratorio. 
 
 Capoul (ka-pol), Joseph Amedee Vic- 
 tor, dram, tenor, h. Toulouse, Feb. 
 27, 1839. Pupil at Paris Cons, of 
 R^vial, and Mocker under whom 
 gained 1st prize in light opera; 
 d^but 1861 at Op^ra Comique, where 
 he stayed untiri872; sang in Eng- 
 land 1871-75, and Am. 1879-80; 
 prof, of operatic singing in Nat'l 
 Cons. N. Y.; now stage director at 
 Paris Opera. 
 
 CARL 
 
 Caracciolo (ka-ra-chi-o'-lo) , Luigi Maria, 
 compr., teacher. h. Andria, Bari, 
 Aug. 1, 1847; d. London, July 22, 
 1887. Pupil of Cesi, Conti, and 
 Mercadante at Naples Cons.; teacher 
 in Dublin 1878-1881, and London; 
 comp. opera and many popular songs 
 ( Un sogno fu! etc.). 
 
 Carestini (ka-res-te'-ni), Giovanni [\3all- 
 ed Cusanino], singer, b. Monte 
 Filatrano, Ancona, about 1705; d. 
 there, 1760. At age of 12, Cusani 
 family at Milan became patrons, 
 hence his stage name; debut Rome 
 1721; sang at various places in 
 Italy until 1733, when he made 
 English debut. Engaged by Handel 
 from 1735 when he left England to 
 retirement in 1758; sang with brill- 
 iant success at Venice, Berlin, St. 
 Petersburg, etc. Voice at first 
 soprano, became strong, deep con- 
 tralto of wide range. 
 
 Carey, Henry, compr. b. about 1690; 
 d. London, Oct. 4, 1743. Reputed 
 son of Marquis of Halifax; mostly 
 self-taught, though he had lessons 
 from Linnert, Roseingrave, and 
 Geminiani; taught and wrote music 
 for farces, and also words to some 
 for which Lampe wrote music — 
 chiefly burlesques and ballad operas; 
 claim that he wrote God save the 
 King has never been proved or 
 disproved; his greatest work is 
 charming, original ballad, Sally in 
 our Alley. 
 
 Carissimi (ka-ris'-se-me), Giacomo, com- 
 pr. b. Marino, near Rome, about 
 1604; d. Rome, Jan. 12, 1674. 
 Maestro at Assisi 1624-28, and at 
 S. Apollinare, Rome, 1628-1674; 
 among his pupils were A. Scarlatti, 
 Kerll, Bernhard, M. A. Charpentier; 
 though many of his works are lost, 
 it is known that he contributed 
 largely to the development of 
 recitative with a more expressive 
 and varied accompaniment than 
 that of his predecessors; his cantatas 
 show that he transferred to church 
 music the pathetic emotional style 
 of dramatic music; his fluent melo- 
 dies are among the earliest examples 
 of characteristic Italian song. 
 
 Carl, William Crane, orgt. b. Bloom- 
 field, N. J., Mar. 2, 1865. Pupil of 
 S. P. Warren, Mme. Schiller (pf.) 
 
CARMICHAEL 
 
 CARY 
 
 and Guilmant; orgt. in N. J. and 
 N. Y.; founder of Am. Guild of 
 Orgts.; successful concert player; 
 compiled collection of org. mus. 
 
 Carmichael, Mary Grant, pst., compr. 
 b. Birkenhead, Eng. Studied under 
 O. Beringer, W. Bache, Hartvigson, 
 and Prout; excellent accompanist; 
 composed many songs, The Stream 
 song-cycle, Snow Queen operetta; 
 translated Ehrlich's Celebrated Pian- 
 ists and other works. 
 
 Caron (ka-ron), Rose [Lucile, nee 
 Meviniez], dram. sop. b. Monerville, 
 France, Nov. 17, 1857. Married 
 before entering Paris Cons, in 1880; 
 studied there until 1882, taking 
 minor prizes, also with Sasse in 
 Brussels; debut Brussels 1882; from 
 then to 1900 sung there and in Paris; 
 1902 prof, of singing at Cons. 
 
 Carr, Frank Osmond, compr. b. York- 
 shire about 1857. Mus. Doc. Oxford 
 1891; composed farces and success- 
 ful comic operas Morocco Bound 
 1893, His Excellency 1894 (book 
 by W. S. Gilbert). 
 
 Carre (kar-ra), Albert, director, h. 
 Strassburg, June 22, 1852. Studied 
 at Strassburg Lycee; actor in Paris; 
 director of several Paris theatres, 
 finally 1898 of Opera Comique, 
 where he has brought forth a dis- 
 tinguished series of new and im- 
 portant operas. 
 
 Carreiio (kar-ra'-nyo), Teresa, pst. h. 
 Caracas, Venezuela, Dec. 22, 1853. 
 Father, Minister of Finance, her 
 first teacher; afterward studied 
 with L. Gottschalk in New York, 
 with G. Mathias in Paris, and with 
 Rubinstein; after debut and tour 
 at age of 9, gave concerts until 
 about 1875 when she went on the 
 stage; on tours with opera com- 
 panies, she played, sang, and, at 
 one time, conducted; resumed work 
 as concert pst. 1889; married E. 
 Sauret 1872, G. Tagliapietra 1892, E. 
 d' Albert 1895, and A. Tagliapietra 
 1902; composed Venezuelan national 
 anthem, string quartet and piano 
 pieces; known as a strong, virile 
 performer, with masterly technic; 
 E. A. MacDowell her pupil. Daugh- 
 ter Teresita Carreiio Tagliapietra, 
 also pst., debut 1906. 
 
 Carrodus, John Tiplady, vlt. b. Braith- 
 waite, Yorkshire, Jan. 20, 1836; d. 
 London, July 13, 1895. Father violin 
 player and leader of amateur society; 
 C. for 6 years pupil of Molique; 
 member, for many years leader, of 
 Co vent Garden orch.; also leader 
 of Philharmonic Orch.; leader, with 
 Wilhelmj, at Wagner Festival 1877; 
 excellent teacher, at National Train- 
 ing School for Mus., etc.; recitals in 
 England and S. Africa; pioneer of 
 classical mus. in Eng. 
 
 Carulli (ka-rul'-le), Ferdinando, guitar 
 player, b. Naples, Feb. 10, 1770; 
 d. Paris, Feb., 1841. Self-taught, 
 he worked out modern methods of 
 guitar playing, and attained remark- 
 able technic; lived in Paris after 
 1808, teaching, playing; composed 
 more than 300 pieces, and method 
 
 Caru'so (ka-ru-zo), Enrico, dram. <enor. 
 b. Naples, Feb. 25, 1873. Son of 
 a mechanic, and brought up to 
 father's trade; as choir boy pupil 
 of Vergine, and later of Lamperti 
 and Concone; after singing at 
 Caserta, made Naples debut 1896; 
 began career, Milan, 1898; success- 
 ful seasons at St. Petersburg, Buenos 
 Ayres, Milan, and Monte Carlo 
 followed; first appearance London 
 and New York 1903; though not 
 distinguished as an actor, C. has a 
 powerful and rich voice, especially 
 suited for brilliant performance of 
 Italian opera, both old and new. 
 
 Carvalho (kar-va-l6), [really Carvaille], 
 Arthur Leon, opera manager, b. 
 Port Louis, He de France, Jan. 18, 
 1825; d. Paris, Dec. 29, 1897. 
 Educated at Paris Cons.; played 
 small parts at Opera Comique, 
 manager of other theatres and of 
 Op^ra Comique from 1876 to time 
 of fire in 1887, after which he was 
 tried and condemned to prison but 
 acquitted on appeal and reinstated 
 1891 . Married in 1853 Marie Caroline 
 Feiix-Miolan, dram. sop. b. Mar- 
 seilles, Dec. 31, 1827; d. Puys, July 
 10, 1895. Entered Paris Cons. 1839, 
 first prize in 1847; debut 1850; favor- 
 ite at Opera Comique from 1872-75, 
 1879-85; at Opera 1875-79. 
 
 Cary, Annie Louise, contralto. b. 
 Wayne, Me., Oct. 22, 1842. Studied 
 after 1859 with Wetherbee and 
 
CASALS 
 
 CAVALIERI 
 
 Wheeler in Boston and with Corsi in 
 Milan; d^but Copenhagen 1867, 
 sang in Scandinavia 2 years, study- 
 ing in vacations with Viardot- 
 Garcia; after further study in Paris 
 with Strakosch and Bottesini, came 
 to U. S. for 3 years in 1870; extreme- 
 ly popular in opera and concerts in 
 America, in London', and St. Peters- 
 burg; married C. M. Raymond 
 and retired 1882; now living (1910) in 
 Norwalk, Conn. 
 
 Casals (ka-zal'), Pablo, 'cellist, h. 
 Veudrell, Catalonia, Spain, Dec. 30, 
 1876. Pupil of father on org.; 
 studied pf., vln., and clarinet; 'cello 
 with Jose Garcia in 1887; on pension 
 from the queen, studied at Madrid 
 with Jesus de Monasterio and Tomds 
 Breton; prof, of 'cello at Barcelona 
 Univ.; founded chamber music 
 society there; member Paris Opera 
 Orch. 1895-98; debut as soloist 1898; 
 member of Lamoureux Orch. 1900; 
 concert tours in Europe, U. S. 1901 
 and 1903, and S. America; published 
 symphonic poems, works for org. 
 and 'cello. 
 
 Castil-Blaze, see Blaze, F. H. J. 
 
 Castle, William, opera tenor, h. Eng., 
 Dec. 22, 1836; d. Chicago, March 31, 
 1909; studied in N. Y,, London and 
 Milan; debut 1858; in concert 1861; 
 retired from stage 1891; director 
 of opera dept. Chicago Musical 
 College; best known for his work 
 in Maritana, Bohemian Girl, Fra 
 Diavolo, II Trovatore and The Hugue- 
 nots. 
 
 Castrucci (kas-tru'-chi), Pietro, vlt. 
 b. Rome, 1689; d. Dublin, Mar. 7, 
 1752 [according to records quoted 
 Mus. Times, Oct., 1904; others give 
 Rome, 1769]. Pupil of Corelli; 
 came to London 1715; leader of 
 Handel's opera orch. 1718; invented 
 and played on violetta marina, like 
 viola d'amore; composed vln. con- 
 certos and sonatas; forced out of 
 place by Handel, who wrote a 
 concerto with a second part so 
 difficult that Clegg's execution mor- 
 tified C; died in great want. 
 
 Catalan! (ka-ta-la'-ni), Alfredo, compr. 
 b. Lucca, June 19, 1854; d. Milan, 
 Aug. 7, 1893. Early composed for 
 church: studied at Paris Cons, and 
 
 at Milan; composed 5 opjeras 
 (Dejanire and La Wally especially 
 successful), symph. poem Ero e 
 Leandro. 
 
 Catalani, Angelica, dram. sop. b. 
 Sinigagfia, May 10, 1780; d. Paris, 
 June 12, 1849. Taught at convent 
 of Santa Lucia at Gubbio; d^but at 
 Venice 1795; sang with success at 
 Milan and other Italian cities, at 
 Lisbon 1804, where she married 
 Valabregue; tremendous popular 
 success in London 1806-1813; man- 
 aged Th^tre Italien in Paris 1814- 
 1817, with neither artistic nor 
 financial success; until retirement 
 1827 sang in concerts throughout 
 Europe; voice was of extraordinary 
 strength and range, she excelled in 
 chromatic scales and bravura pas- 
 sages, and was accused of lack of 
 expressiveness and over-ornamen- 
 tation; earned large sums of money, 
 which she scattered in charity and 
 extravagant hving. 
 
 Catel (ka-telO, Charles Simon, compr. 
 h. L'Aigle, Orne, France, June 10, 
 1773; d. Paris, Nov. 29, 1830. 
 Studied under Sacchini, Gobert, and 
 Gossec in Ecole royale, which be- 
 came Paris Cons.; accompanist and 
 teacher there; accomp. at Op^ra 
 1790; prof, of harmony at Cons, when 
 founded 1795, inspector 1810-14; 
 wrote military music for Garde 
 Nationale, of which he was director, 
 and pieces for Revolutionary occa- 
 sions; wrote 11 operas 1802-1819, 
 Les bayaderes best known, none 
 especially successful; treatise on 
 harmony, for some time standard. 
 
 Cavaille-Coll (ka-va-ya-kol'), Aristide, 
 org. builder, b. Montpellier, Feb. 
 2, 1811; d. Paris, Oct. 13, 1899. 
 Son of Dom. Hyacinthe [1771-1862] 
 also org. builder; came to Paris 
 1833; built orgs, at St. Denis, St. 
 Sulpice, Madeleine, and other fa- 
 mous churches in France, Holland, 
 etc.; invented improvements and 
 wrote some articles. 
 
 Cavalieri (ka-val-i-a'-ri), Emilio del, 
 compr. h. Rome, about 1550; d. 
 Florence, Mar. 11, 1602. Inspector 
 of arts under Fernando de Medici; 
 one of earliest to support music for 
 voice with harmonic instrumental 
 accomp., stUo rappre^eniivo, and to 
 
CAVALLI 
 
 CHADWICK 
 
 use figured bass; his Rappresenta- 
 zione di Anima e di Corpo, 1660, 
 regarded as first oratorio; contrib- 
 uted largely to development of 
 opera; wrote 4 operas. 
 
 Cavalli (ka-val-li), Pietro Francesco, 
 compr. b. Cremo, Venice, 1599 or 
 1600; d. Venice, Jan. 14, 1676. 
 Real name Caletti-Bnmi, Cavalli 
 name of patron; singer at St. 
 Mark's under Monteverde; organist 
 there; wrote many operas (27 
 extant), of greater expressive and 
 rhythmic force than those of Monte- 
 verde; orgt. of merit and compr. of 
 valued church music. 
 
 Cecilia, Saint, martyred Rome, about 
 229. Despite religious vows com- 
 pelled to marry Valerianus, she 
 converted him and his brother to 
 Christianity; all three put to death; 
 church built on site of her house 
 about 821; though early writers 
 make no mention of her musical 
 skill, C. has been patron saint of 
 art since very early in 16th century; 
 celebrations of her day, Nov. 22 
 (in Normandy by Puys, or contests, 
 in England by specially written odes, 
 in France by newly composed 
 masses), have called forth much 
 famous music. 
 
 Cederstrom, see Patti, Adelina. 
 
 Cellier (sel-ia), Alfred, compr., condr. 
 b. Hackney, London, Dec. 1, 1844; 
 d. London, Dec. 28, 1891. Son of a 
 French teacher, chorister under 
 Helmore; orgt. at 2 churches; condr. 
 at Belfast, Manchester, and London 
 (Opera Comique 1877-79 and Prom- 
 enade Concerts, with Sullivan, 1878- 
 79); wrote several operas, greatest 
 successes Dorthy 1886, and The 
 Mountebanks; lived in America and 
 Australia, London after 1887. 
 
 Cesi (cha-ze), Beniamino, pst. b. 
 Naples, Nov. 6, 1845; d. 1907. 
 Studied at Naples Conservatory 
 under Mercadante and Pappalardo; 
 private lessons from Thalberg; prof, 
 there after 1866; concerts in Italy, 
 France, Egypt; wrote pf. pieces, 
 songs, method, unpublished opera. 
 
 Cesti (chas'-ti), Marc Antonio, compr. 
 b. Florence, 1620; d. Venice, 1669. 
 Pupil of Carissimi; jnaestro di 
 
 capella, Florence, 1646; member of 
 Papal Choir 1660; vice-capellmeis- 
 ter Vienna 1666. Though an eccle- 
 siastic, some say a Franciscan, wrote 
 several operas of which it has been 
 said that he improved the monoton- 
 ous style of operas by introducing 
 adapted church music; best known 
 operas are La Dori and 11 porno d'oro. 
 
 Chabrier (sha-bri-a), Alexis Emmanuel, 
 compr. b. Ambert, Jan. 18, 1841; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 13, 1894. While 
 studying and practising law studied 
 pf. with Wolff and harmony with 
 Hignard, but was mostly self- 
 taught; devoted himself to music 
 after 1879; chorusmaster under 
 Lamoureux 1884-85; wrote 2 suc- 
 cessful operettas, 2 operas, Gwendo- 
 line 1886 and Le roi malgre lui 1887, 
 one unfinished opera Briseis 1899, 
 pf. pieces, and widely known orch. 
 rhapsody Espana; during last years 
 brain was diseased; ardent admirer 
 of Beethoven and Wagner, whose 
 works he helped introduce into 
 France; his own music shows skill 
 in orchestration and strong, original 
 sense of rhythm and color, at times 
 leading to extravagance and at other 
 times to beauty and delicacy. 
 
 Chadwick, George Whitefield, compr. 
 h. Lowell, Mass., Nov. 13, 1854. His 
 family, though of musical tastes, did 
 not encourage adopting music as a 
 profession, and his studies with his 
 brother, Dudley Buck, Geo. Whit- 
 ing, and Eugene Thayer were carried 
 on coincidently with public school 
 education and office work up to 
 1876, when he became head of 
 musical department of Olivet Col- 
 lege, Mich. In one year he saved 
 enough to go to Leipzig where he 
 studied at Cons, with Reinecke and 
 Jadassohn and in 1879 with Rhein- 
 berger at Munich. In 1880 came 
 to Boston, taught composition at 
 N. E. Cons., of which he became 
 director in 1897; conducted Boston 
 Orch. Club, Springfield Festivals, 
 Worcester Festivals; orgt. Second 
 Church. As a teacher C. had great 
 influence, among his pupils having 
 been H. W. Parker, Wallace Good- 
 rich, H. K. Hadley, etc.; he has 
 written a text-book on harmony, 
 and as director has introduced in 
 the N. E. Cons, the high standards 
 
CHAMBERLAIN 
 
 CHARPENTIER 
 
 and something approaching the 
 ** atmosphere " of foreign schools. 
 As a composer he has been most 
 versatile; in the larger forms his 
 comic opera Tabasco (1894) was 
 widely successful, the lyric drama 
 Judith, given as an oratorio 1901, 
 with its graphic orchestration is his 
 most ambitious work, but his over- 
 tures, string quartets, esp. E minor, 
 and F. symph. most widely known 
 and most admired of his instrumental 
 works. One of the most celebrated 
 American composers, C. gives typ- 
 ical expression to the qualities of 
 American music in the deliberate- 
 ness, learning, and wide variety of 
 his work. 
 
 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, writer. 
 b. Portsmouth, Eng., Sept. 9, 1855. 
 Son of naval officer, educated in 
 France and at Cheltenham; student 
 of natural science and philosophy 
 at German univ.; living in Vienna 
 since 1881; admirer of Germanic 
 civilization, and of Wagner, he has 
 written articles in several languages, 
 and studies of principle in Das 
 Drama R. Wagners and Richard 
 Wagner 1897. Married a daughter 
 of Wagner. 
 
 Chambonni^res (shon-bon-ni-arO, 
 Jacques Champion de, harpsichord 
 player, b. about 1600; d. 1670. 
 Father Jacques and grandfather 
 Antoine distinguished orgts.; C. 
 first harpsichord player to Louis 
 XIV; Anglebert and elder Coupe r- 
 ins his pupils; playing excelled 
 in delicacy of touch; compositions 
 praised for correctness of style, ele- 
 gance of melody, and appropriate- 
 ness of ornaments. 
 
 Chaminade (sham-i-nadO, Cecile 
 [Louise Stephanie], pst., compr. b. 
 Paris, Aug. 8, 1861. Pupil of Le 
 Couppey, Savart, Marsick, and God- 
 ard. Since d^but at 18 she has won 
 distinction as virtuoso in France 
 and England; her compositions in- 
 clude Callirhoe (ballet-symph.), Les 
 amazones (symph. lyrique), popu- 
 lar Concertstilck for pf. and orch., 
 and many agreeable songs and pf. 
 pieces (Scarf Dance, etc.) which show 
 her charming talent better than 
 larger works; made tour of U. S. 
 as pst. 1908. 
 
 Chanot (sha-no), Frangois, vln.-maker. 
 b. Mirecourt, 1787; d. Brest, 1823. 
 Son of vln.-maker, entered army as 
 engineer; during temporary retire- 
 ment, made vln. of a new model 
 shaped like guitar, without sound- 
 post, based on theory that fiber of 
 wood should be kept as long, as 
 possible to increase vibratory power; 
 instr. was pronounced by Institut de 
 France 1817 not inferior to most 
 famous vlns., but decision not sup- 
 ported by quality of other vlns. on 
 same model made by C's brother 
 Georges (1801-18), skilful vln.-maker. 
 G's wife, nee Florentine Demoliens, 
 also vln.-maker, assisted him in his 
 work. 
 
 Chapman, William Rogers, condr. b. 
 Hanover, Mass., Aug. 4, 1855. 
 Educated in N. Y.; after trip to 
 Europe in 1875 orgt. there and for 
 10 years teacher of vocal mus. in 
 public schools; conductor Apollo 
 and Rubinstein Clubs and of an- 
 nual Maine festival, where his force 
 as choral condr. is shown. 
 
 Chappell, William, editor, b. London, 
 Nov. 20, 1809; d. there, Aug. 20, 
 1888. Son of Samuel, who founded 
 firm of Chappell and Co. 1812; Wm. 
 inherited share in business 1834; 
 projected 1840 and encouraged Mu- 
 sical Antiquarian Society; edited 
 Dowland's songs, and Collection of 
 National English Airs, with hist, 
 accounts of songs, very valuable 
 for Shakesperean and earlier songs; 
 some inaccuracies about Scotch 
 songs removed in later editions under 
 other titles Popular mu^ic of the 
 olden time, etc. 
 
 Chapuis (sha-pu-i), Auguste Paul Jean 
 Baptiste, compr. b. Dampierre-sur- 
 Salon, Apr. 20, 1858. Pupil of 
 Dubois, Massenet, C^sar Franck at 
 Paris Cons., where he took several 
 prizes; orgt. at St. Roch, Paris; 
 teacher of harm, at Cons, since 1894, 
 inspector of mus. in Paris schools 
 since 1895; composed opera Enguer- 
 rande, not very successful. 
 
 Charpentier (shar-pan-ti-a), Gustave, 
 compr. b. Dieuze, Lorraine, June 
 25, 1860. Worked as factory assist- 
 ant; after success at Lille Cons 
 studied at Paris Cons. 1881-87 under 
 Massart (violin), Pessard (harmony), 
 
CHAUSSON 
 
 CHEVILLARD 
 
 and Massenet; won Grand prix de 
 Rome 1887 with scene lyrique Didon. 
 Orch, suite Impressions d'ltalie 
 became popular for daintily pict- 
 uresque orchestrations; La vie du 
 pocte, symph. drama for orch. soli 
 and chorus, struck the note of 
 protest, later given more full expres- 
 sion in Louise, roman musical (said 
 to be first of a trilogy), produced at 
 Opera Comique 1900, widely else- 
 where on the continent and in N. Y. 
 1908; the opera is musically skil- 
 fully composed, of marked original- 
 ity, and freedom from conventional 
 models; it is also remarkable for 
 its libretto, in which C. himself has 
 expressed his socialistic interest in 
 the working girl as an individual 
 and his enthusiasm for Montmartre; 
 music is skilful, vivid, and, like his 
 theories, effective, but not deeply 
 convincing; Julic?i, a sequel, 1913. 
 
 Chausson (shos-son), Ernest, compr. 
 b. Paris, 1855; d. Limay, June 12, 
 1899. Pupil of Massenet at Paris 
 Cons, and of Cdsar Franck; secre- 
 tary of Society Nationale de Mus- 
 ique; composed Le Rot Arthus, 
 opera, 1903, 2 smaller dramatic 
 works, several songs, 3 symph. 
 poems, of which Viviane is best 
 known, a string quartet, etc. Broad- 
 minded admirer of works of Wagner 
 and of contemporaries; mood of his 
 music is that of an " affectionate, 
 dreamy sensitiveness," not weak but 
 seeming self -consciousness. 
 
 Cherubini (ker-u-be'-ne), Maria Luigi 
 Carlo Zenobi Salvatore, compr. b. 
 Florence, Sept. 14, 1760; d. Paris, 
 Mar. 15, 1842. Taught by his 
 father, cembahst in theatre, by B. 
 and A. Felice, Bizarri, and Castrucci, 
 then sent to Milan by Duke (after- 
 wards Emperor) Leopold to study 
 with Sarti, from whom he gained 
 thorough proficiency in part-writing 
 after manner of Italian contra- 
 puntists. Between 1780-1784 he 
 composed 8 operas gaining consider- 
 able renown in Italy; 1784-86 he 
 was in England, for one year com- 
 poser to the King. After another 
 year in Italy, he settled in Paris in 
 1788; his first French opera Demo- 
 phoon was not very successful, but 
 it foreshadows his later work. 
 From 1789-92 he conducted the 
 
 " Bouffons," Italian opera estab- 
 lished in Paris by the Queen's hair- 
 dresser, Leonard; and in 1791 pro- 
 duced Lodoiska, whose rich ensem- 
 bles and striking harmonic effects 
 made great impression. Up to 1804 
 he composed his most popular operas 
 Medee 1797, Les deux journees 
 1800, Anacreon 1803. Summoned 
 to Vienna 1805, he met Beethoven, 
 but, embittered by failure of his 
 plans, returned to France, where 
 after 1809 he composed chiefly 
 sacred music. He had been ap- 
 pointed inspector when the Cons, 
 was founded in 1795, but gained no 
 higher honors owing to Napoleon's 
 dislike of him; after the restoration 
 he gained honor and wealth and in 
 1822 became director of the Cons.; 
 resigned 1842. As teacher and au- 
 thor of Counterpoint and Fugue, C. 
 influenced Auber, Halevy, Carafa, 
 etc.; the qualities of his music — 
 chaste learning, lofty and pure 
 spirit — which kept his dramatic 
 music from exerting a wide influ- 
 ence are the very qualities which 
 make his church music admirable. 
 
 Chevalier (she-val'-ya), Albert Onesime 
 Britannicus Gwathveoyd Louis, 
 
 singer, h. Netting Hill, London, 
 Mar. 21, 1862. Debut as comedian 
 1877, toured with Kendals and Hare; 
 private entertainer; since 1891 mu- 
 sic-hall performer of great popularity 
 in England, provinces, and America; 
 specialty coster songs, many of 
 which are composed by brother 
 Auguste, under pseudonym Charles 
 Ingle. 
 
 Cheve (she-va), Emile Joseph Maurice, 
 teacher, h. Douarnenez, Finistere, 
 1804; d. Paris, Aug. 26, 1864. 
 Physician; married Nanine, sister 
 of Aime Paris, and with her wrote 
 numerous pamphlets in support of 
 Galin-Paris-Cheve system of mus. 
 instruction and sight reading, by 
 which numbers are used to represent 
 the notes of the scale; bitterly 
 attacked Conservatoire professors 
 for opposing the system. 
 
 Chevillard (she-ve-yar'), Paul Alex- 
 andre Camille, compr. b. Paris, Oct. 
 14, 1859. Son of Pierre Alexandre 
 Francois (1811-1877), famous 'cellist, 
 teacher at Paris Cons., founder of 
 
CHLADNI 
 
 Soci^t^ des derniers quatuors de 
 Beethoven; pf. pupil at Cons, of 
 Mathias, chiefly self-taught in com- 
 position; assistant and successor 
 1899 of Lamoureux as director of 
 concerts; has composed 2 symph. 
 poems, some songs, and chamber 
 music remarkable for its dignity 
 and personal charm. 
 
 Chladni (klad'-ne), Ernst Florens Fried- 
 rich, physicist, b. Wittenberg, Nov. 
 30, 1756; d. Breslau, Apr. 3, 1827. 
 Student of law and medicine at 
 Leipzig, abandoned them for phys- 
 ics, especially acoustics; discovered 
 tone-figures, made by vibrations in 
 sand scattered on glass, and made 
 other discoveries relating to acoustic 
 properties of buildings, classifica- 
 tion of instruments, etc.; also 
 invented clavicylinder, in which 
 sound was produced by friction on 
 glass, much praised by Napoleon 
 but of no musical importance. 
 
 Chopin (sho-pan), Frederic Francois, 
 
 compr. b. Zelazowa Wola, near 
 Warsaw, Feb. 22, 1810 [some auth. 
 give Mar. 1, 1809]; d. Paris, Oct. 
 17, 1849. His mother was a Pole, 
 but his father was a native of 
 Nancy, France, who having failed 
 in business and retired from the 
 army, taught French at several 
 schools, and at a boarding-school 
 of his own, where his son received 
 his rather slight general education. 
 He had thorough musical instruc- 
 tion from Adalbert Zywny, and, 
 while at the Warsaw Lyceurfi, from 
 Joseph Eisner. In 1818 he won 
 much praise by playing a Gyrowetz 
 concerto in public; in 1825 he pub- 
 lished the rondo Op. 1; in 1829 gave 
 a successful concert in Vienna, and 
 in 1830, after three farewell concerts 
 in Warsaw, he had a not very suc- 
 cessful tour across Europe, arriving 
 in Paris early in 1832. He soon 
 formed many friends among literary 
 and musical circles, such as Balzac, 
 Heine, Liszt, Cherubini, Bellini, 
 Meyerbeer, etc. Up to 1835 he 
 gave infrequent recitals, which seem 
 to have declined in popularity. As 
 a performer he was at his best only 
 in his own music, and from the 
 contradictory reports of contem- 
 poraries emerges an impression 
 that his playing was remarkable 
 
 CHOPIN 
 
 for quality of touch and tone, 
 smoothness and delicacy, rather than 
 force; his use of tempo rubato, 
 strongly condemned by some as a 
 sentimental exaggeration, was evi- 
 dently a technical device well con- 
 trolled and may have been one 
 source of the haunting charm of his 
 performance. C. visited Germany 
 again in 1835-36, when he met 
 Mendelssohn and Schumann, and 
 in 1837 and again at the time of the 
 Revolution of '48 he visited and 
 played in England, returning to 
 Paris about a year before his death. 
 Throughout his life C. was beloved 
 by many women, the most famous 
 of them being the novelist George 
 Sand (Mme. Dudevant); his inti- 
 macy with her lasted from 1837-47; 
 in her Hiver a Majorque, Histoire de 
 ma vie and Lucrezia Floriani 
 (where one of the characters repre- 
 sents Chopin), and in many works 
 of and about the period, the details 
 may be read. ' From about 1837 C. 
 was troubled with the pulmonary 
 disease of which he finally died; 
 much evidence has been produced 
 to refute the once current idea that 
 he was always a neurotic invalid; 
 but the frequency of such contem- 
 porary remarks as Berlioz's "II se 
 mourait toute sa vie " prevents us 
 from thinking of him as actually 
 robust. 
 
 His works are practically all for 
 the pianoforte. A posthumous vol- 
 ume of 17 Polish songs, mostly 
 arrangements of old tunes, is his 
 only vocal music ; one pf . trio Op. 8, 
 a polonaise Op. 3, sonata Op. 65, and 
 duet for pf. and 'cello represent 
 chamber music, and even here 
 Franchomme rearranged probably 
 the 'cello parts. In the two con- 
 certos for pf. and orch.. Op. 11 in E 
 minor and Op. 21 in F minor, the 
 orchestration is so thin that later 
 composers and editors have rewritten 
 it. But in his own field of solo piano 
 music, between 1833-47, he effected 
 a real and permanent revolution, 
 and it is interesting to note that this 
 accomplishment was deliberate and 
 self-conscious, and moreover recog- 
 nized by his contemporaries. Schu- 
 mann's review of Op. 2 in 1831, with 
 the phrase " Hats off, gentlemen! 
 a genius! " started the vogue in 
 
CHORLEY 
 
 Germany, and in Paris admiration 
 for him and his music was decidedly 
 deeper than mere fashion. His 
 music shows thorough knowledge of 
 construction, and inexhaustible orig- 
 inality; its content is romantic in 
 its restlessness, its lack of conven- 
 tionality, its predisposition toward 
 despair; it is intensely personal, not 
 because it voices C's particular 
 feelings, but because it expresses the 
 intimate moods of individual hearers. 
 
 Chorley, Henry Fothergill, critic, b. 
 Blackley Hurst, Lancashire, Dec. 15, 
 1808; d. London, Feb. 16, 1872. 
 Wrote some novels, plays, and 
 literary reviews; translated libretti, 
 and wrote those of Amber Witch, 
 Kenilworth, etc.; on staff of the 
 AthenoBum 1830-1871 wrote mus. 
 criticisms and other papers; also 
 wrote books Modern German Music, 
 etc. Though not a trained musi- 
 cian, and often prejudiced, notably 
 against Schumann and in favor of 
 Mendelssohn, works reflect inter- 
 estingly intelligent contemporary 
 attitudes; Autobiography and Let- 
 ters published. 
 
 Choron (sho-ron), Alexandre Etienne, 
 
 theorist, b. Caen, Oct. 21, 1772; 
 d. Paris, June 29, 1834. Student of 
 languages and mathematics, applied 
 himself with great earnestness to 
 mus. theory; music publisher 1805; 
 director Grand Opera, 1816-17; 
 founded and directed 1824-1830 
 Institution royale de musique, clas- 
 sique et religieuse, where many 
 famous musicians, Dietsch, Duprez, 
 Rosine, Holz, etc., were trained; had 
 influence also on Fetis, Kastner, etc.; 
 wrote books on mus. theory and 
 education, dictionary of musicians, 
 translated Albrechtsberger's treatise, 
 
 Chouquet (sho-kaO, Adolphe Gustave, 
 writer, b. Havre, Apr. 16, 1819; d. 
 Paris, Jan. 30, 1886. From 1840-60 
 teaching in New York; after 1871 
 keeper of museum at Paris Cons., 
 of which he published catalogue; 
 beside contributions to French mus. 
 papers, wrote valuable Histoire 
 general de la musique dramatique en 
 France 1873. 
 
 Chretien (kra'-ti-an), Hedwige Louise 
 Marie, compr. b. Compiegne, France, 
 July 5, 1859. As pupil of Guiraud 
 
 CIMAROSA 
 
 and Lenepveu, took prizes at Paris 
 Cons, in solfeggio, harmony, coun- 
 terpoint, composition, and piano; 
 rehearser of solfeggio at Cons.; mar- 
 ried P. Gennaro 1887; has com- 
 posed chamber music, mus. for wind 
 instrs., pf., and songs. 
 
 Chrysander (kris-an'-der), Carl Franz 
 Friedrich, historian, b. Liibtheen, 
 Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826; d. 
 Bergedorf, Sept. 3, 1901. Ph. D. 
 University of Rostock; devoted 
 most of his life to study of Handel, 
 whose works he edited with con- 
 summate accuracy and wisdom for 
 the Handel Gesellschaft, working 
 quite alone after 1860; biog. of 
 Handel remains unfinished; part 
 editor of Vierteljahrsschrift fiir 
 musikwissenschaft with Adler and 
 Spitta; contributed to Allgemeine 
 Zeitung articles extolling Handel 
 above all musicians, protesting 
 against re-editing, and opposing 
 modern tendencies in music. 
 
 Chwatal (kva-tal), Franz Xaver, compr. 
 b. Rumburg, Bohemia, June 19, 
 1808; d. Soolbad (Elmen), June 24, 
 1879. Music teacher at Merseburg 
 and Magdeburg; wrote 2 pf. meth- 
 ods and more than 200 pf. pieces. 
 Brother, Joseph (b. 1811), organ 
 maker in Merseburg, made several 
 valuable improvements in mechanism 
 of org. 
 
 Cilea (chi-la-a), Francesco, compr. h. 
 Palmi, Calabria, 1867. Despite 
 opposition of father entered Cons, 
 at 14, where won gold medal for 
 orch. suite; began early to write 
 operas; L Arlesiana 1897 and Adri- 
 enne Lecouvreur, Milan 1902, New 
 York 1907, especially successful; 
 resigned prof, harmony at Royal 
 Inst. Florence 1905. 
 
 Cimarosa (chim-a-ro'-za), Domenico, 
 compr. b. Aversa, Naples, Dec. 17, 
 1749; d. Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. Son 
 of poor people (his father was a 
 mason) he received education in 
 charity school of Minorites and at 
 Cons. Santa Maria di Loreto, where 
 he studied under Manna, Sacchini, 
 and Piccini. After his first opera 
 was produced in 1772, he lived alter- 
 nately in Rome and Naples, his 
 works growing in popularity until 
 he rivaled Paisiello; after 3 years 
 
CIPOLLONE 
 
 CLAY 
 
 as court composer in St. Petersburg, 
 he went as court capellmeister in 
 1792 to Vienna, where he pro- 
 duced his masterpiece II matri- 
 monio segreto. Returning to Naples, 
 he was banished for sympathizing 
 with the Revolution in 1799. 
 Though his operas are said to be 
 of purest Italian vein of melody 
 without monotony, and with deli- 
 cacy of humor surpassed by none 
 but Mozart, only Matrimonio se- 
 greto among 66 has survived, 
 
 Cipollone (chip-o-lo-ne), Alfonso, com- 
 pr. b. Fara S. Martino (Chieti), 
 Nov. 25, 1843. Pupil of Ruta at 
 Naples; teaching at Teramo; has 
 composed songs, chamber music, 
 and pieces for pf. 
 
 Claassen (klas-sen), Arthur, condr. b. 
 Stargard, Prussia, Feb. 19, 1859. 
 Studied at music school in Weimar 
 under Miiller-Hartung, A. W. Gott- 
 schalg, and B. Sulze; attracted 
 interest of Liszt 1878; condr. at 
 Gottingen and Magdeburg; condr. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Arion and other 
 societies, established Claassen Mu- 
 sical Institute for classical music 
 only; has composed choruses, orch., 
 and chamber music. 
 
 Claribel, see Mrs. C. C. Barnard. 
 
 Clark, Rev. Frederick Scotson, orgt. b. 
 London, Nov. 16, 1840; d. there, 
 July 5, 1883. Taught by his mother 
 and by Sergent in Paris; orgt. in 
 London at 14; studied with E. J. 
 Plopkins and at Royal Academy with 
 Bennett, Goss, and others; founded 
 London Organ Sch.; after taking 
 orders he studied abroad, returning 
 to London 1875; skilful player on 
 org. and harmonium; versatile compr. 
 for both instruments. 
 
 Clarke, Hugh Archibald, compr. b. 
 near Toronto, Aug. 15, 1839. Pupil of 
 father James Patten C. (1808-1877, 
 prof, of music in the University of 
 Upper Canada, and a Mus. Doc. 
 Oxford, orgt.). Moved to Philadel- 
 phia 1859; orgt. in several churches; 
 conducted The Abt Singing Society; 
 prof, of music Univ. of Penn. since 
 1875; W. W. Gilchrist among pupils; 
 composed music to Aristophanes' 
 Acharnians, and to Euripides' Iphi- 
 genia in Tauris, an oratorio Jerusa- 
 lem, pf. pieces, etc.; has written 
 
 text-books on harmony and counter- 
 point, Music and the Comrade Arts 
 and Highways and Byways of Mu^ic; 
 as lecturer and educator his mature 
 scholarship has been widely felt. 
 
 Clarke, Jeremiah, orgt. h. London (?) 
 before 1669; d. there, Dec. 1, 1709. 
 Chorister under Blow; orgt. at Win- 
 chester College, St. Paul's Cathedral, 
 joint orgt. at Chapel Royal; com- 
 posed several anthems, the original 
 music to Dryden's Alexander's Feast, 
 now lost, music to several plays, 
 cantatas, and songs; remembered 
 because of original psalm-tunes and 
 anthems. 
 
 Clarke, John Whitfeld [afterwafds 
 known as Clarke-WhitfeldJ, compr. 
 b. Gloucester, Dec. 13, 1770; d. 
 Holmer, near Hereford, Feb. 22, 
 1836. Pupil of Ph. Hayes; orgt. at 
 Ludlow, Dubhn, Armagh, Cam- 
 bridge; prof, at Cambridge; com- 
 posed services, anthems, an oratorio, 
 etc.; first arranged Handel's ora- 
 torios for voice and pf.; edited 
 Beauties of Handel, Beauties of 
 Pur cell, and many others. 
 
 Clarke, William Horatio, orgt. h. New- 
 ton, Mass., Mar. 8, 1840. Educated 
 at Dedham; orgt. there, and in 
 Boston at Berkeley St. Church and 
 Tremont Temple 1878-87; superin- 
 tendent of schools in Dayton, O.; 
 after 1887 gave private lessons; 
 retired from professional life 1892, 
 locating at Reading, Mass.; author 
 of works on construction of org., 
 short voluntaries, anthems, essays; 
 died Reading, Mass., Dec. 11, 1913. 
 
 Clausz - Szarvady (klous-shar-va-di) , 
 Wilhelmine, pst. b. Prague, Dec. 13, 
 1834; d. Paris, Sept., 1907. Studied 
 at Proksch Inst.; tour to Dresden 
 and Leipzig 1850; although noticed 
 by Berlioz she did not attract atten- 
 tion in Paris until about 1853, 
 after which had great success there 
 and in London and Germany; 
 executed classic music, Scarlatti, 
 Bach, and Beethoven with con- 
 scientious fidelity and comprehend- 
 ing spirit. 
 
 Clay, Frederic, compr. b. Paris, Aug. 3, 
 1840; d. Great Marlow, Bucks, Nov. 
 24, 1889. Son of James C, M. P.; 
 studied at Paris under Molique and 
 
CLEMENS 
 
 COAXES 
 
 at Leipzig under Hauptmann; held 
 post in Treasury; taught music in 
 London; composed several success- 
 ful operas and songs. 
 
 Clemens, Charles Edwin, orgt. b. 
 Plymouth, Eng., Mar. 12, 1856. 
 Pupil of Weeks, Martin, and Pauer 
 at Royal Coll. of Mus.; orgt. at 
 Davenport at 11, of Eng. church at 
 Berlin, teacher in Scharwenka Cons.; 
 since 1895 in Cleveland, O., teach- 
 ing, lecturing at Western Reserve 
 Univ., condr. Singers' Club; pub- 
 lished Pedal Technique, and Modern 
 School for Organ, of great value. 
 
 Clemens Jacob [called Clemens non 
 iPapa to distinguish him from Pope 
 CI. yil], compr. b. about 1500; 
 d. Vienna (?) before 1558. Definite 
 facts of life unknown, probably dir. 
 of mus. at Antwerp Cathedral; 
 a prolific and versatile compr. of 
 Netherland School; his numerous 
 masses and motets are extraordi- 
 narily melodious for his day, without 
 lacking contrapuntal skill. 
 
 Clement, Edmond, operatic tenor. Ed- 
 ucated at the Paris Conservatoire 
 where he won first prize at eighteen 
 years of age, making his debut in 
 Mireille at the Op^ra Comique, of 
 which company he was a member 
 up to the time he came to New York 
 Metropolitan Opera House, during 
 the season of 1909-1910. 
 
 Clement (kla-mon), Felix Auguste, 
 
 historian, h. Paris, Jan. 13, 1822; 
 d. there, Jan. 23, 1885. Studied 
 music secretly; orgt. at Sorbonne 
 and director at Sainte Chapelle; 
 edited early music; wrote method 
 for plainsong, a history of music 
 and one of religious music, and 
 Dictionnaire lyrique (1868, supple- 
 ments to '81, re-edited by Pougin 
 1897), valuable reference list of 
 operas, with dates of performance, etc. 
 
 Clementi, Muzio, pst., compr. b. 
 Rome, 1752; d. Evesham, War- 
 wickshire, Eng., Mar. 10, 1832. 
 Father a silversmith with musical 
 tastes had child taught early by 
 orgt. Buroni and Cordicelli; at 9 C. 
 won position as orgt. in competitive 
 test; later taught by Carpani and 
 Santarelli. Performance of mass 
 composed at 14 attracted attention 
 
 of Peter Beckford, who took boy 
 to England to be educated. In 1770 
 C. burst upon London as remark- 
 ably equipped pst. and from 1777- 
 1780 was cembalist at Italian opera. 
 In 1781 traveled to Paris and ulti- 
 mately to Vienna, where he and 
 Mozart played together in rivalry; 
 though the victory was awarded 
 to neither, C. thereafter adopted 
 smoother and less mechanical 
 methods of playing. On return to 
 England C. gained large fortune 
 from interest in mus. publishing 
 (both with others and at establish- 
 • ment of his own), and by teaching. 
 In 1802 he took John Field to St. 
 Petersburg, taught Meyerbeer, and 
 met Beethoven who admired his 
 works in Germany, and in 1810 
 returned to England for most of the 
 rest of his life. As a teacher he had 
 wide influence on Field, Cramer, 
 Berger, Moscheles, Meyerbeer, etc.; 
 as a player and composer, he estab- 
 lished modern pf . playing. His 
 sonatas fixed the form of pf. sonata 
 and his Gradus ad Parnassum, 100 
 pf. studies, are still indispensable to 
 a thorough training. He wrote 
 about 100 sonatas, other pf. pieces, 
 some unpublished orch. mus.; his 
 works are marked by precision of 
 form, fresh quickness of movement, 
 and lack of sentimentality. 
 
 Clough-Leighter, H., compr. h. Wash- 
 ington, D. C, May 13, 1874. Studied 
 harmony and pf. with mother at 
 five, and later with Henry Xander 
 and Humfrey Anger. Boy soprano; 
 organist at fifteen, holding positions 
 in Washington and Providence; de- 
 voted chiefly to composition of 
 church and secular cantatas and 
 songs, some with orchestral accomp.; 
 lives in Boston. 
 
 Clutsam, George H., pst., compr. h. 
 Australia. Member of concert com- 
 pany; accompanist for Melba in 
 English tour 1893. Compositions 
 include symph., songs, etc. 
 
 Coates, John, tenor. Educated Brad- 
 ford Grammar Sch.; first London 
 appearance Savoy Th. 1894; for 
 5 years leading parts in comic opera, 
 with two trips to America; attracted 
 attention 1900 when singing in The 
 Gay Pretenders; first appearance at 
 
COBB 
 
 COLERIDGE-TAYLOR 
 
 Covent Garden 1901, since then in 
 Cologne, Berlin, Paris, and at most 
 important English festivals. 
 
 Cobb, Gerard Francis, compr. b, 
 Nettlestead, Kent, Oct. 15, 183S; d. 
 1904. Educated Marlborough Coll. 
 and Trinity Coll. Cambridge, of 
 which he became Fellow 1863; Pres. 
 of Camb. Univ. Mus. Soc; Chair- 
 man of Board of Mus. Studies. 
 Musical education in Dresden; pub- 
 lished anthems, part-songs, songs, 
 suite, etc. 
 
 Coenen (ko-nen), Willem, pst. b. 
 Rotterdam, Nov. 17, 1837. Trav- 
 eled in S. America and W. Indies; 
 since 1862 settled in London; com- 
 posed oratorio Lazarus, etc. Brother 
 Franz (1826-1904), vlL, pupil of 
 Vieuxtemps and Molique who, after 
 tours in S. America, became direc- 
 tor of Amsterdam Cons.; resigned 
 1895. 
 
 Coeme (kern), Louis Adolphe, compr. 
 b. Newark, N. J., Feb. 27, 1870. 
 From 6 to 10 he studied chiefly violin 
 in Stuttgart and Paris; after prep- 
 aration in Boston public schools, 
 studied at Harvard under Paine 
 and at same time with F. Kneisel; 
 1890-93 with Rheinberger in Munich; 
 played abroad, at Chicago Exposi- 
 tion, orgt. in Boston, Cambridge, 
 Buffalo, and Columbus, also director 
 of choral societies; 1903 mus. dir. at 
 Smith Coll.; at Ohvet Coll. 1909; 
 prof. Univ. Wisconsin 1910; composed 
 2 operas Woman of Marblehead 
 and Zenohia (Bremen 1905), symph. 
 poem Hiawatha, played in Cam- 
 bridge 1894, and many smaller works, 
 of which those for the org. are 
 especially praised for contrapuntal 
 skill; published Evolution of Modern 
 Orchestration 1908. 
 
 Cole, Belle, contralto, b. Chautauqua, 
 N. Y.; d. London, Jan. 5, 1905. 
 Taught by her father; soloist N. Y. 
 church, contralto with Thomas mu- 
 sical festival tour 1883; popular at 
 concerts and festivals in England; 
 successful tours to Australia, New 
 Zealand, and round the world; U. S. 
 1901. 
 
 Cole, Rossetter Gleason, compr., teacher. 
 b. Clyde, Mich., Feb. 5, 1866. As a 
 boy he showed talent for composition, 
 
 but his systematic training did 
 not begin until he was fifteen; 
 educated in the public schools of 
 Ann Arbor, Mich., and graduated 
 from the University of Michigan in 
 1888, taking the theoretical course 
 in music as part of his college work 
 for the degree of Ph.B.; taught in 
 the High Schools of Ann Arbor and 
 Aurora, 111., for two years and then 
 went to Berlin; pupil in composition 
 of Max Bruch; prof, of music Ripon 
 College (Wis.) 1892-94; Grinnell 
 College (Iowa) 1894-1901; teacher 
 in Chicago 1901-1907; prof, of 
 music. University of Wisconsin, 
 1907-09; lecturer on music, Colum- 
 bia University Summer Session, 
 1908-1910; President of Music 
 Teachers' National Association 1903, 
 1909, 1910; Hves in Chicago; pub- 
 lished compositions number about 
 60; well-known works are Novellette 
 in Gb, and From a Lover's Note- Book 
 for piano, the songs Auf Wiedersehen, 
 A Kiss and A Tear, and Dearie and 
 the musical recitations King Robert 
 of Sicily and Hiawatha's Wooing. 
 
 Cole, Samuel Winkley, teacher, b. 
 Meriden, N. H., Dec. 24, 1848. 
 Studied with J. W. Tufts and at 
 N. E. Cons.; orgt. at Portsmouth 
 and Boston; teacher of sight-sing- 
 ing N. E. Cons, since 1883; super- 
 visor of public school music in 
 Dedham 1886-1906 and in Brook- 
 Hne since 1884; director of People's 
 Singing Class and conductor Peo- 
 ple's Choral Union in Boston, and 
 has been very successful with these 
 organizations; author of books on 
 sight-singing and public school text- 
 books; charge of music Boston 
 Univ. since 1906. 
 
 Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, compr. b. 
 London, Aug. 15, 1875. Father, 
 West African, a physician, mother 
 English; studied vln. at 6 with 
 Beckwith and later at Royal Coll. 
 of Mus., where he also studied comp. 
 under C. V. Stanford; hving in Lon- 
 don; teacher in Trinity College and 
 conductor of the Handel Society; 
 attained early remarkable success, 
 commissioned at one time to write 
 for three festivals; compositions: 
 triple cantata on portions of Long- 
 fellow's Hiawatha, charming in sim- 
 plicity, vigor and unusual rhythms; 
 
COLLAN 
 
 cantatas Meg Blane, Endymion's 
 Dream, etc.; an oratorio The Atone- 
 ment, Five Choral Ballads with or- 
 chestra; nonet for piano, strings and 
 wind, quintet for clarinet and strings, 
 string quartet, Five Negro Melodies 
 for violin, 'cello and piano; symphony 
 in A minor, orchestral rhapsody En- 
 dymion. Ballade in A minor. Solemn 
 Prelude for orchestra; incidental 
 music to Herod, Ulysses, Nero and 
 Faust; some forty songs, 24 Negro 
 Melodies transcr. for piano; various 
 piano solos, anthems and part songs, 
 and works in large and small form 
 for violin with orchestra or piano. 
 Visited United States in 1904, 1906 
 and again in 1910 to direct the first 
 production of Bamhoula Rhapsody 
 Dance for orch. at the Norfolk 
 (Conn.) Festival; d. Aug. 1, 1912. 
 
 Collan, Karl, compr., author, h. Jan. 3, 
 1828; d. Helsingfors, Sept. 2, 1871; 
 dr. phil. and librarian at the Uni- 
 versity; translated the Kalevala, 
 the national epic of Finland, into 
 Swedish; compositions are mainly 
 songs, 
 
 Colonna, Giovanni Paolo, compr. b. 
 Brescia or Bologna about 1637; d. 
 Bologna, Nov. 28, 1695. Son of 
 Antonio, org. maker; studied at 
 Rome under Carissimi, Abbatini, 
 and Benevoli; orgt. at Rome and 
 Bologna; four times president of 
 Accademia Filarmonica; Bononcini 
 among pupils; wrote one opera 
 Amilcare 1693, 2 books of motets, 
 6 oratorios, etc. 
 
 Colonne. (ko-lan'), Judas [called Edou- 
 ard], vlt., condr. h. Bordeaux, July 
 24, 1838; d. March 28, 1910. Took 
 prizes in harmony and violin at 
 Paris Cons.; first violin at Opera, 
 resigned to establish Concert Na- 
 tional, later Concerts du Chatelet, 
 famous for production of works of 
 Berlioz and younger French com- 
 posers; condr, at exhibition of '78, 
 at Grand Opera 1892, in London 
 1896. Married Eugenie Elise Ver- 
 gin (b. 1854), singer and successful 
 teacher. 
 
 Concone (con-co'-ne), Giuseppe, teacher. 
 b. Turin, 1810; d. there, June 1, 
 1861. Taught singing and pf. in 
 Paris 1832-48; orgt. court choir at 
 Turin; published 2 operas, pf. music, 
 
 COOKE 
 
 and especially solfeggi and vocalises, 
 which are not only valuable but 
 melodious and free from monotony. 
 
 Conradi (kon-ra'-di), August, compr. 
 h. Berlin, June 27, 1821; d. there, 
 May 26, 1873. Pupil of Rungen- 
 hagen; orgt. at Berlin; intimate of 
 Liszt in Weimar, condr. in various 
 cities and at various Berlin theatres; 
 composed 8 operas, 5 symphonies, 
 made many arrangements and pot- 
 pourris, by which chiefly he is known. 
 
 Conti, Gioacchino [called Gizziello], 
 singer, h. Arpino, Naples, Feb. 28, 
 1714; d. Rome, Oct. 25, 1761. 
 Celebrated soprano, named after his 
 teacher, Gizzi; debut Rome 1729; 
 famous in Italy and successful in 
 London in 1736 where he supported 
 Handel; 1753 withdrew to Arpino. 
 
 Converse, Charles Crozat, compr. b. 
 Warren, Mass., Oct. 7, 1832. Studied 
 at Leipzig law, philosophy, and music 
 with Richter, Hauptmann, Plaidy, 
 etc.; practised law in Erie, Pa.; now 
 living in New Jersey; has published 
 under names Karl Redan, C. O. 
 Nevers, C, E. Revons; chief works 
 American Overture on Hail Columbia, 
 widely popular hymn What a friend 
 we have in Jesu^, etc. 
 
 Converse, Frederick Shepard, compr. 
 b. Newton, Mass., Jan. 5, 1871. 
 After graduating from Harvard 
 where he studied with Paine, he 
 continued with Baermann and Chad- 
 wick, then at Royal School in Munich 
 with Rheinberger; returning to 
 Boston 1898, taught at N. E. Cons, 
 and at Harvard College (1906- 
 1907); chief works are sonata for 
 vln. and pf.; string quartet, pf. 
 pieces, symphony. Festival of Pan 
 romance for orchestra; two poems 
 for pf. and orch.. La Belle Dame 
 sans Merci, ballad for barit. and orch., 
 Mystic Trumpeter, fantasy for orch., 
 Pipe of Desire, opera (Boston 1906), 
 Job, oratorio 1907. C's music is 
 scholarly and often freely modern. 
 
 Cooke, Benjamin, compr., orgt. b. 
 London, 1734; d. there, Sept. 14, 
 1793. Son of music publisher, pupil 
 of Pepusch; deputy orgt. at West- 
 minster at 12, orgt. 1762; Mus. Doc. 
 at both Cambridge and Oxford; asst. 
 director of Handel commemoration 
 
COOMBS 
 
 COREY 
 
 1784; resigned conductorship of 
 Acad, of Ancient Mus. to Arnold; 
 beside excellent church music, com- 
 posed especially fine glees {Hark, 
 hark! the lark) and canons. 
 
 Coombs, Charles Whitney, orgt., compr. 
 b. Bucksport, Me., Dec. 25, 1859. 
 Studied 12 years in Germany and 
 England, piano with Speidel, com- 
 position with Draeseke, Jansen, and 
 John; orgt. at Amer. Ch. in Dresden, 
 now in New York. Composed 
 cantata Vision of St. John, several 
 sacred and secular songs, some very 
 popular. 
 
 Cooper, George, orgt. b. Lambeth, 
 London, July 7, 1820; d. London, 
 Oct. 2, 1876. Son of asst. orgt. at 
 St. Paul's, at 11 he took services for 
 his father and at 13 held first of 
 many positions at different London 
 churches, asst. at St. Paul's and 
 finally 1867 orgt. at Chapel Royal; 
 chief publications valuable organ 
 arrangements. Organist's Manual, 
 etc.; an able executant, he helped 
 to familiarize audiences with Bach 
 and others; left no compositions of 
 his own. 
 
 Coquard (kok-arO, Arthur, compr., crit., 
 teacher, b. Paris, May 26, 1846; d. 
 there, Aug., 1910. At first lawyer, 
 secretary, and librarian, he studied 
 with Cesar Franck; mus. dir. at 
 Institut des jeunes aveugles 1891-99;- 
 author of a pamphlet on Cesar 
 Franck (1891) and of De la musique 
 en France depuis Rameau 1891; com- 
 positions include operas, incidental 
 music to plays, orchestral works, 
 chamber music, motets, organ pieces, 
 and songs. 
 
 Corder, Frederick, compr., writer, b. 
 Hackney, London, Jan. 26, 1852. 
 Forbidden to study music until after 
 18, finally obtained Mendelssohn 
 Scholarship 1875 at Royal Acad, 
 and studied with F. Hiller at Co- 
 logne; on return, as condr. at 
 Brighton Aquarium, raised concerts 
 there to high level; teacher of comp. 
 and curator at Royal Acad.; has 
 composed several operas, some suc- 
 cessful cantatas. Bridal of Trier- 
 main, Sword of Argantyr, and songs; 
 has done good work as critic, and 
 translator, notably of Wagner li- 
 brettos. Son Paul W. (b. 1879), 
 
 also composer. Pupil of father in 
 comp. and of Beringer and Matthay 
 in pf.; teacher at Royal Acad.; 
 comp. for piano, an opera, fantasy, 
 and orch. works. 
 
 Corelli, Arcangelo, vlt., compr. b. 
 Fusignano, Italy, Feb. 12- or 13, 
 1653; d. Rome, Jan. 10, 1713. 
 Pupil in vln. of Bassani, counter- 
 point of Simonelli; after traveling 
 in Germany and possibly in France, 
 settled in Rome about 1685, under 
 patronage of Cardinal Ottoboni, 
 a charming and amiable man, a 
 connoisseur of pictures, who was a 
 favorite in Roman society and his 
 Monday concerts important events; 
 he had many famous pupils, among 
 them Locatelli, Geminiani, Baptiste. 
 In 1708 he yielded to urgent invita- 
 tion of King of Naples, but his 
 playing did not please the King and 
 he made some humiliating mistakes. 
 The discovery that Valentini had 
 become popular in Rome seemed to 
 him so much an added mortification 
 that his health gave way. Without 
 being an innovator, he established 
 vln. technic upon a firm basis. 
 His works, several sets of twelve 
 sonatas for vln. and other instru- 
 ments, are of great historical im- 
 portance, as early examples of less 
 severely contrapuntal manner, after- 
 ward developed by Bach. 
 
 Corey, Newton J., orgt., lecturer, teacher. 
 b. Hillsdale, Mich., 1861. Parents 
 were talented amateurs; showed 
 musical inclinations as a boy, 
 " picking up " instruction in a desul- 
 tory way until at the age of thirteen 
 he had a course of lessons in pipe 
 organ playing; organist in Hillsdale 
 College until 1880, when he went to 
 Boston to study music; pupil under 
 J. C. D. Parker, B. J. Lang, S. B. 
 Whitney, G. W. Chadwick, and W. 
 F. Apthorp; graduate of hterary 
 department of Hillsdale College; 
 began professional career in Boston 
 1881 as organist in various churches; 
 in 1891 went to Detroit as organist 
 of Fort St. Pres. Church which posi- 
 tion he still fills (1910); has played 
 organ recitals in the leading American 
 cities, and has given many lecture 
 recitals since 1885, being the first to 
 introduce lecture recitals with the aid 
 of stereopticon views of Richard 
 
CORNELIUS 
 
 COURVOISIER 
 
 Wagner and his operas; his lecture on 
 Edward MacDowell has also been 
 well received; musical editor Detroit 
 Saturday Night. 
 
 Cornelius, Carl August Peter, compr., 
 writer, h. Mayence, Dec. 24, 1824; 
 d. there, Oct. 26, 1874. Grand- 
 nephew of painter of same name; 
 failure as actor turned his attention 
 to music; studied with Dehn 1845- 
 1850; in 1852 went to Weimar, 
 where became intimate with Liszt 
 and an ardent worker in the New 
 German School which propagated 
 Wagner's theories; C. wrote many 
 articles, esp. in Neite Zeitschrift fiir 
 Musik; failure of his opera Barhier 
 von Bagdad caused Liszt to leave 
 Weimar; C. met Wagner at Vienna 
 and followed him to Munich as 
 reader to Ludwig and teacher at 
 Cons.; composed 2d opera Cid, 
 prod. 1865 and 3d Gurdod (orches- 
 trated after his death and prod. 
 1891), as well as many songs, some 
 of which have charm despite occas- 
 ionally forced writing. 
 
 Cornell, John Henry, orgt., writer, b. 
 New York, May 8, 1828; d. there, 
 Mar. 1, 1894. Studied in N. Y. 
 and abroad; orgt. several churches 
 in N. Y.; conservative compr. of 
 church mus.; author of useful edu- 
 cational works, notably Theory and 
 Practice of Musical Form. 
 
 Cortesi (kor-ta'-si), Francesco, teacher. 
 b. Florence, 1830; d. there, Jan. 3, 
 1904. Studied at Bologna under 
 Rossini, etc., conducted, composed 
 light dramatic works; head of vocal 
 dept. in gov't school in Florence 
 after 1880. 
 
 Costa, Sir Michael [Andrew Agnus], 
 condr. b. Naples, Feb. 4, 1808; 
 d. Brighton [London?], Apr. 29, 1884. 
 Taught by his father Pasquale, 
 himself a composer, by Tritto, 
 and Zingarelli; in 1829, having 
 already composed 4 operas, a can- 
 tata, an oratorio, 3 symphonies, and 
 a mass, he was sent to Eng. to con- 
 duct comp. of Zingarelli's, but was 
 allowed only to sing in it; from 
 1830-46 he conducted opera in 
 London, producing several operas, 
 Don Carlos being the best; he 
 conducted the Philharmonic, Sacred 
 Harmonic Society, Birmingham and 
 
 Leeds Festivals, Her Majesty's Opera 
 after 1871. Beside opera and ballets, 
 wrote oratorios Naaman, Eli. Son 
 Carlo (1826-1888), teacher of theory 
 at Naples Cons. 
 
 Couperin (ko-p^-ran), distinguished 
 family of French musicians, all of 
 whom were orgts. at St. Gervais, 
 Paris. First musical generation con- 
 sisted of three brothers, sons of 
 Charles I and Marie of Chaume in 
 La Brie. Louis, the eldest (1630- 
 1665), was 1st vlt. in the king's 
 band and left 3 harpsichord suites. 
 The second was Francois I (1631- 
 1698); his son was Nicolas (1680- 
 1748), and his son in turn Armand- 
 Louis (1725-89), who, in addition to 
 the family post, was orgt. at two 
 other churches, at the private 
 chapel, and one of four orgts. at 
 Notre Dame; he published some 
 music for harpsichord and violin. 
 His two sons Pierre Louis (d. 1789) 
 and Francois Gervais (d. 1823?) were 
 the last to hold position. 
 
 The third of the 3 sons of Charles I, 
 Charles II (1638-1669), was the 
 father of the greatest, Francois II, 
 surnamed Le Grand, b. Paris, Nov. 
 10, 1668; d. there, 1733. He was 
 pupil of Thomelin; orgt. at Ver- 
 sailles 1693, at St. Gervais probably 
 before 1693; clavecinist and organist 
 to the king 1701. He was the first 
 great composer for the harpsichord 
 as distinct from the organ; by the 
 melodic content of his music, his 
 wealth of idea, sense of what was 
 suitable to his instr. he had impor- 
 tant influence on his time; tried to 
 represent customs of his country (rus- 
 tic fetes, etc.) in music, even to give 
 pictures of individuals famous in 
 history and mythology; especially 
 perfected rondo form. 
 
 Couppey, Le, see Le Couppey. 
 
 Courvoisier (kor-v6-a-zi-a), Carl, vlt. 
 b. Basel, Nov. 12, 1846; d. Liverpool, 
 Apr., 1908. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, 
 of David and Rontgen, and of Joa- 
 chim; while conducting in Frank- 
 fort studied singing with G. Barth; 
 condr. of theatre and choral soc. in 
 Diisseldorf; teacher in Liverpool 
 since 1885; has published symph., 
 vln. concerto, etc., and valuable 
 Die Violintechnik. 
 
COUSSEMAKER 
 
 CRESCENTINI 
 
 Coussemaker (kos-mak-ar'), Charles 
 Edmond Henri de, writer, b. Bailleul, 
 France, Apr. 19, 1835; d. Bourbourg, 
 Jan. ,10, 1876. Father, a judge; 
 showed precocious abiHty on pf., vln., 
 and 'cello; while studying at Douai 
 Lyc^e learned harmony from Mo- 
 reau, and later comp. from Reicha 
 and others in Paris; while acting as 
 judge in various towns, he carried 
 on valuable researches in musical 
 history, especially harmony of the 
 Middle Ages. 
 
 Coveriey, Robert, compr. h. Oporto, 
 Portugal, Sept. 6, 1863. Studied 
 composition in London with Ludwig, 
 Jacquinot, and Weisthill, etc.; came 
 to New York 1884, returned to Lon- 
 don 1897; has composed many pf. 
 works and very many widely popu- 
 lar songs. 
 
 Coward, Henry, chorus condr. b. Liver- 
 pool, Nov. 26, 1849. From 9-22 
 worked in Sheffield at cutlery; from 
 22-39 taught school, having pre- 
 pared himself in spare time; at 39 
 devoted himself to music; Mus. Doc. 
 1894; compositions, cantatas, etc. 
 of no importance compared to re- 
 markable success, due to original 
 methods, as a trainer of choruses, 
 evidenced especially in Sheffield 
 Mus. Festival. 
 
 Cowen, Frederic Hymen, compr. b. 
 Kingston, Jamaica, Jan. 29, 1852. 
 Very early showed love for music; 
 pupil in England of Goss and Bene- 
 dict; gave a concert 1859; 1865 won 
 but abandoned Mendelssohn Scholar- 
 ship; studied at Leipzig Cons, with 
 Plaicly, Moscheles, Reinecke, etc.; 
 after few appearances in Eng. 1866, 
 went to Berlin 1867, where he studied 
 conducting under Kiel; accompanist 
 under Mapleson and Costa; 1888- 
 1898 condr. of Philharmonic Soc; 
 1888 condr. at Melbourne Exhibi- 
 tion, also at Manchester, Liverpool, 
 and various festivals; reappointed 
 at Philharmonic 1900, he instituted 
 valuable reforms. He has composed 
 4 operas, all of which have been per- 
 formed, and several successful can- 
 tatas. The Rose Maiden, The Cor- 
 sair, chamber music, suites, over- 
 tures, and 5 symph., of which No. 3 
 " Scandinavian " first brought C. 
 into prominence in 1880. No. 4 
 
 "Welsh" also has interest gained 
 by local color, which C. handles with 
 dexterity and ease; knighted, 1910. 
 
 Cowles, Eugene, singer, compr. b. 
 Stanstead, Canada. Father, a phy- 
 sician, and mother were both excel- 
 lent singers; showed early aptitude 
 for music, studied vln.; educated at 
 Stanstead Wesleyan College; at 19 
 went to Chicago, clerk in First Na- 
 tional Bank, studied singing and 
 harmony with A. E. Ruff, sang in 
 church choir and concerts; 1888 
 joined the Bostonians as leading 
 basso, making debut as Squire Ban- 
 tam in Dorothy; with the Bostonians 
 ten years, created role of Scarlett 
 in Robin Hood; sang with Alice 
 Nielsen, Fritzi Scheff and others; 
 1910 with Victor Herbert's opera 
 Sweet Sixteen. Has written many 
 songs, the most successful being the 
 ballad Forgotten; also five bass songs, 
 A Gipsy King am I, etc. 
 
 Cramer (kra-mer), Johann Baptist, pst., 
 teacher, h. Mannheim, Feb. 24, 
 1771; d. London, Apr. 16, 1858. 
 Son of Wilhelm (1745-Oct. 5, 1799), 
 vlt. and condr.; brother of Franz or 
 Francois (1772-1848), vlt., and of 
 Carl (b. 1780), pst. Brought to Lon- 
 don when a year old, he always 
 considered it 9,s home. He was 
 taught by his father, by Benser, 
 Schroeter, Clementi, and, though he 
 had some lessons in thorough-bass 
 from Abel, taught himself composi- 
 tion. After debut as player in 1781, 
 he made professional tours on the 
 Continent, spending some time in 
 Munich and Paris, earning fame as 
 player and teacher. In 1824 he 
 established a publishing house still 
 known as Cramer & Co. He retired 
 in 1835. His playing was remark- 
 able for his legato touch and his 
 ability to distinguish inner parts; 
 Beethoven admired it above all 
 others. His music, sonatas, etc. is 
 solid and often dry; his chief claim 
 to fame rests on his polished and 
 solid studies, which are second only 
 to dementi's in practical usefulness, 
 without loss of musical interest. 
 
 Crescentini (kres-shen-te'-ni) , Girolamo, 
 singer, b. Urbania, near Urbino, 
 Feb. 2, 1766; d. Naples, Apr. 24, 
 1846. Gibelli trained his beautiful 
 
CRISTOFORI 
 
 CROWEST 
 
 mezzo soprano voice, and after his 
 debut in Rome in 1783 he sang in 
 London (where he had no success) 
 and all the Italian capitals; Napo- 
 leon heard him at Vienna and 
 engaged him for Paris where he sang 
 1806-12; after 1816 taught at 
 Naples. One of the last of his 
 school, he was evidently of the finest, 
 for his singing is praised not only 
 for richness of tone but for force of 
 expression; he also composed songs, 
 vocalises, and method. 
 
 Cristofori, Bartolommeo di Francesco 
 
 [incorrectly written Christofani], in- 
 ventor of pf. h. Padua, May 4, 
 1653; d. Florence, Mar. 17, 1731. 
 Harpsichord maker in Padua; in- 
 duced to go to Florence by Prince 
 Ferdinand, son of Grand Duke 
 Cosimo III; after Prince's death, in 
 charge of instruments he had left. 
 In 1711 Maffei published an account 
 of four " gravicembali col piano e 
 forte " which C. had made, and gave 
 diagram to show the action of the 
 key, lever, hopper, and hammer 
 upward against the string, in place 
 of quills which plucked the strings 
 in the usual harpsichord. The exist- 
 ence of this diagram and of actual 
 instruments bearing C's name as 
 " inventor " and dates as early as 
 1720 and 1726 seem to prove the 
 right of the instrument to its Italian 
 name by proving C. the actual 
 inventor of its distinguishing feature. 
 (But see Schroeter, C. G.) 
 
 Croce (kro-che), Giovanni dalla, compr. 
 b. Chioggia, about 1557; d. Venice, 
 May 15, 1609. Pupil of Zarlino, 
 chorister and leader at St. Mark's; 
 maestro 1603; also ordained priest; 
 composed madrigals, motets, fine 
 but not remarkably original; Triaca 
 Miisicale, volume of comic part- 
 songs in Venetian dialect, including 
 dialogue between cuckoo and night- 
 ingale, has unique interest. 
 
 Croft [or Crofts], William, compr. b. 
 Nether Ettington, Warwick, 1678 
 (baptized Dec. 30); d. Bath, Aug. 
 14, 1727. Chorister in Chapel Royal 
 under Blow; orgt. at St. Anne's, at 
 Chapel Royal, and (1708) at West- 
 minster, and composer to Chapel 
 Royal; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1713; 
 composed many fine anthems and 
 
 psalm tunes; published 1712 Divine 
 Harmony, words of anthems with 
 historical account; 1724 Musica 
 Sacra, 30 anthems of his own, first 
 volumes, he says, engraved in score 
 on plates; at least first in England. 
 
 Cross, Michael Hurley, orgt. h. Phila- 
 delphia, Apr. 13, 1833; d. there, 
 Sept. 26, 1897. Pupil of B. Cross, 
 Meignen, etc.; orgt. at St. Patrick's, 
 the Cathedral, and for 17 years at 
 Holy Trinity; director of societies 
 in Phila. and N. Y.; had many 
 pupils (J. G. Huneker among them) 
 and great influence on musical life 
 in Phila. 
 
 Crotch, William, compr. h. Norwich, 
 Eng., July 5, 1775; d. Taunton, 
 Dec. 29, 1847. Son of a carpen- 
 ter, his extraordinary precocity (he 
 played on a small organ at a little 
 over 2, and performed in public at 4) 
 was the subject of articles by Daines, 
 Barrington, and Burney; he studied 
 music and theology at Oxford ; was 
 orgt. and prof, at Oxford Univ., 
 lectured at Mus. School; 1822 1st 
 principal Royal Acad. Composed 
 3 oratorios, one at age of 14, glees, 
 odes (Methinks I hear most popular), 
 Elements of Mus., etc. 
 
 Crouch, Frederick Nicholls, 'cellist, b. 
 London, July 31, 1808; d. Balti- 
 more, Md., Aug. 18, 1896. Pupil 
 of grandfather and father, of Bochsa, 
 and at Royal Acad, of others; 
 'cellist in various orch. in England 
 and America after 1849; condr. 
 Mrs. Rush's Saturday Concerts, 
 Phila.; founder unsuccessful acad. 
 in Washington; Confederate soldier; 
 teacher in Baltimore; famous as 
 composer of Kathleen Mavourneen. 
 
 Crow, Edwin John, orgt. h. Sitting- 
 bourne, Kent, Eng., Sept. 17, 1841; 
 d. Dec, 1907. Pupil of E. J. Hop- 
 kins; orgt. of 3 churches in Leicester, 
 and Ripon cathedral; Mus. Doc. 
 1882; comp. cantata and ch. music; 
 examiner for Incorp. Soc. of Mus. 
 
 Crowest, Frederick J., writer, h. Lon- 
 don, 1850. For some years had 
 success as tenor, under name of 
 Arthur Vitton. Orgt. and compr., 
 but chiefly known as author of 
 readable books of biography and 
 
CRUVELLI 
 
 CUZZONI 
 
 anecdote, The Great Tone Poets, 
 Phases of Musical England, Story of 
 British Music, etc. 
 
 Cnivelli, Johanne Sophie Charlotte, 
 singer, b. Bielefeld, Mar. 12, 1826; 
 d. Nice, Nov., 1907. Real name 
 CrUwell; sister Friedericke Marie 
 
 (1824-1868) ; enjoyed short-lived suc- 
 cess as natural singer; Sophie's 
 voice beautiful but full of faults 
 owing to lack of training; brilliant 
 debut Venice 1847; partial failure 
 in London 1848 (due to greater 
 charms of , Jenny Lind) was fol- 
 lowed by success in Paris, where she 
 was finally engaged at the Op^ra 
 1854; married Count Vigier and 
 retired 1856; especially successful 
 in Verdi's operas; her great triumph 
 at Paris in '51 was in Ernani. 
 
 Cui (kooiO, Cesar Antonovitch, compr. 
 b. Vilna, Poland, Jan. 18, 1835. 
 By profession a military engineer, 
 he is an authority on fortification 
 on which he lectures at the Artillery 
 School; in 1857 his early taste for 
 music was revived by meeting with 
 Balakirev, whose disciple he be- 
 came; chief works are Angelo 1876, 
 Flibustier 1889, 4 orch. suites, about 
 200 songs, and pf. pieces. Despite 
 fact that he is exponent of theories 
 of New Russian School (La mu^ique 
 en Russie) his own music lacks 
 definite national coloring; he in- 
 clines to small and elaborated forms, 
 even in larger choral works, with a 
 resulting feeling of affectation; crit- 
 ical writings of value to Russia, in 
 calling attention to German music, 
 and of interest to others in their 
 revelation of Russian opinions. 
 
 Cummings, William Hayman, singer . h . 
 Sidbury, Devon, Aug. 22, 1831. Chor- 
 ister in St. Paul's, singer in the Tem- 
 ple Ch., Westminster, Chapel Royal; 
 opera singer 1870; concert singer 
 at various festivals, in U. S. 1871; 
 teacher at Royal Acad, and prin- 
 cipal 1896-1910 Guildhall School; 
 founder of Purcell Society; author 
 of Life of Purcell, Primer of Rudi- 
 ments of MtLs., biog. diet., the usual 
 compositions, — cantata, part-song, 
 etc.; learned in antiquarian details. 
 
 Curschmann, Karl Friedrich, compr. 
 b. Berlin, June 21, 1804; d. Lang- 
 fuhr, near Danzig, Aug. 24, 1841. 
 
 Turned his attention from law to 
 music in 20th year; after study 
 with Spohr and Hauptmann settled, 
 with occasional concert tours, in 
 Berlin; before Schubert and Schu- 
 mann were known, composed about 
 90 simple songs, melodious and 
 worthy of the place they have held 
 in the amateur's repertoire. 
 
 Curwen, John, teacher, b. Heckmond- 
 wike, Yorkshire, Nov. 14, 1816; d. 
 Manchester, May 26, 1880. A non- 
 conformist minister, seeking simple 
 method of teaching people to sing, 
 he adopted system invented by Miss 
 S. A. Glover, which he developed as 
 Tonic-Sol-Fa method; gave up min- 
 istry 1864; Ass'n founded 1853, and 
 College 1875, opened 1879; numer- 
 ous publications relate chiefly to 
 the method and to the art of teach- 
 ing; many arrangements in Sol-Fa 
 of masterpieces. 
 
 Cusins, Sir William George, orgt. b. 
 London, Oct. 14, 1833; d. Remou- 
 champs (Ardennes), Aug. 31, 1893. 
 Chorister at Chapel Royal, pupil of 
 Fetis at Brussels Cons., and of 
 Potter, Sternjiale Bennett, etc. at 
 Royal Acad.; orgt. Queen's Private 
 Chapel; vlt. Roy. Italian Opera; 
 prof. Royal Acad, and Guildhall; 
 examiner Queen's Coll. and Nat'l 
 Training Sch.; condr. Philharmonic 
 1867-83; composed 2 concert over- 
 tures, oratorio, marches, etc. 
 
 Cutter, Benjamin, compr. b. Woburn, 
 Mass., Sept. 6, 1857; d. May 10, 
 1910. Son of physician; studied vln. 
 with Eichberg and harmony with 
 Emery, comp. with Seifriz in Stutt- 
 gart; member of Bost. Symph. Orch.; 
 teacher of vln. and harmony N. E. 
 Cons.; has written text-books on 
 harmony and vln. playing, chamber 
 music, a cantata Sir Patrick Spens, 
 a Mass in D, Harmonic Analysis, 
 and How to Study Kreutzer. 
 
 Cuzzoni (koot-zo'-ne), Francesca, dram, 
 contralto. b. Parma or Modena, 
 about 1700; d. Bologna, 1770. 
 Pupil of Lanzi; debut Venice 1719; 
 appeared in London 1722, where she 
 married Sandoni, attained such suc- 
 cess in Handel's operas that she 
 became rival of Faustina; in 1728, 
 dismissed by being offered a guinea 
 less than Faustina, sang in Venice, 
 
CZERNY 
 
 DAMROSCH 
 
 and again in London in 1734, and 
 for an unsuccessful benefit in 1750; 
 imprisoned for debt in Holland, she 
 ended her life in Bologna as a button- 
 maker, in great poverty. 
 
 Czemy (char'-ni), Carl, pst., teacher. 
 b. Vienna, Feb. 20, 1791; d. there, 
 July 15, 1857. Taught by his 
 father, Wenzel, and by Beethoven, 
 who took ^reat interest in him; 
 influenced by acquaintance with 
 Clementi and Hummel; professional 
 tour planned for 1804 having been 
 abandoned he gave up concert play- 
 ing and remained in Vienna all his 
 life, except for a short trip to Leip- 
 zig 1836, one to Paris and London 
 1837, and one to Lombardy 1846. 
 His gentle nature shrank from the 
 harshness of the world and he lived 
 with his parents in a charming 
 
 domesticity which Beethoven envied 
 and wished to share; his days and 
 nights were filled with industrious 
 work. He was a most prolific com- 
 poser; beside nearly a thousand 
 printed compositions, he left many 
 Mss. Though he composed in all 
 forms, the only works now used are 
 his pf. studies which are of perma- 
 nent value. His great success as a 
 teacher is shown by the fact that 
 he taught Ninette von Belleville 
 (Mme. Oury), Jaell, Thalberg, Doh- 
 ler, Theod. KuUak, and Liszt. 
 
 Czibulka (tche-bool'-ka), Alphons, 
 compr. b. Szeges-Varallya, Hun- 
 gary, May 14, 1842; d. Vienna, Oct. 
 27, 1894. Pst., condr. at Karl- 
 theater ; bandmaster Viennese regts . ; 
 composed pf. music, dance music, 
 and 6 operettas. 
 
 Dalayrac (da-la-rak'), Nicolas, compr. 
 h. Muret, Haute-Garonne, June 13, 
 1753; d. Paris, Nov. 27, 1809. Musi- 
 cal tastes persisting despite his 
 father's efforts to turn him to law 
 or the army, he became pupil of 
 Langle; wrote first operetta Le petite 
 souper 1781 and thereafter wrote 
 one or two a year, even during the 
 Revolution; about 60 in all, which 
 seem to have been popular, but 
 none permanent, Les deux Savoyards 
 perhaps best known; also distin- 
 guished as chess player. 
 
 D'Albert, Eugen, see Albert, Eugen d'. 
 
 Dalcroze, Emile Jaques-, compr. b. 
 Vienna, July 6, 1865. Of Swiss 
 parentage, educated at univ. and 
 cons, of Geneva; pupil of R. Fuchs 
 and Bruckner at Vienna, and of 
 Delibes in Paris; teacher at Geneva 
 Cons. 1892; comp. 2 operas and 3 can- 
 tatas, a boldly revolutionary vln. con- 
 certo, popular string quartet, and, 
 especially, various collections of 
 songs. Chansons enfantines, Chez 
 nous, etc., which are extremely pop- 
 ular in Switzerland and Germany be- 
 cause of their humorous and local 
 characteristics; author of a method 
 of training children which embodies 
 rhythmic movements; removed to 
 Dresden. 1910. 
 
 Damm, G., see Steingraber. 
 
 Damoreau (da-mo-ro), Laure Cinthie, 
 [nee Montalant], singer, b. Paris, Feb. 
 6, 1801 ; d. there, Feb. 25, 1863. Pupil 
 at Paris Cons, at age of 7; debut 
 Paris at 18 as Mile. Cinti; sang in 
 London with indifferent success 1822; 
 had success at Op^ra 1826-35, espe- 
 cially in parts which Rossini comp. 
 for her {Siege de Corinth and Moise) ; 
 at Opera Comique 1835-43, where 
 Auber also wrote for her; married 
 actor Damoreau 1827; retired 1843, 
 but made tours after that to U. S., 
 St. Petersburg, etc.; prof, at Cons. 
 1833-3,4, 1836-56; published songs 
 and method. 
 
 DaMotta (da-mot'-ta), JoseVianna, pst. 
 b. Isle of St. Thomas, Africa, 1868. 
 Went at early age to Lisbon, where 
 studied at Cons.; after debut at 14 
 King Ferdinand sent him to Berlin, 
 where he studied with Ph. and X. 
 Scharwenka; later with Liszt, Schaf- 
 fer, and Von Billow; successful tours 
 in Europe and S. America 1902; com- 
 posed for pf. and orch. {Portuguese 
 Scenes, and Rhapsodies); written on 
 Von Billow, Liszt, etc.; now in Berlin. 
 
 Damrosch (dam'-rosh), Leopold, condr. 
 b. Posen, Oct. 22, 1832; d. New 
 York, Feb. 15, 1885. Took degree 
 
DANA 
 
 DA PONTE 
 
 of M.D. at Berlin Univ., but did 
 not practise; pupil of Ries, Dehn, 
 and Bohmer; appeared as solo vlt. 
 Magdeburg 1855; leading vlt, at 
 Weimar 1855-59, where he became 
 intimate with Liszt and Wagner, and 
 where he married singer Helene von 
 Heimburg; 1859-60 condr, Breslau 
 Philh.; toured with Von Biilow and 
 Tausig; 1871 called to N. Y. to con- 
 duct Arion Soc; organized Oratorio 
 Soc. and Symphony Soc; conducted 
 Philharmonic 1876-77; conducted 
 first Mus. Festival N. Y. 1881; toured 
 West. 1883; established and con- 
 ducted season of German opera at 
 Metropolitan; his wonderful organ- 
 izing powers and keen interest in 
 newer music inspired and encouraged 
 music in N. Y. His son Frank also 
 condr. b. Breslau, June 22, 1859. 
 Pupil of his father, Pruckner, Mosz- 
 kowski, etc.; condr. Denver Chorus 
 Club 1882-85; chorusmaster at Met- 
 ropolitan 1885-91; condr, of Mus. 
 Art Soc, and many other organiza- 
 tions; 1892 organized People's Sing- 
 ing Classes, for instruction of wage- 
 earners in sight and chorus singing, 
 an institution which has been ex- 
 tremely successful. Now director of 
 Institute of Musical Art, N, Y. His 
 brother Walter Johannes, condr., 
 compr. b. Breslau, Jan. 30, 1862. 
 Studied with his father, Draeseke, and 
 Von Billow; asst. condr. Metropoli- 
 tan under father and Seidl; condr. 
 Oratorio and Symph. Soc; 1894 or- 
 ganized Damrosch Opera Co., which 
 gave German opera throughout U, S, 
 until 1899; condr. Metropolitan 
 1900-1902; Philh. 1902-03; New 
 York Symphony Orchestra; com- 
 posed opera The Scarlet Letter, one 
 of few American operas actually 
 produced (Boston, 1896). 
 
 Dana, Charles Henshaw, orgt. h. West 
 Newton, Mass., Feb. 7, 1846; d. 
 Worcester, Feb. 5, 1883, Pupil of 
 Dresel in Boston; studied in Paris 
 and Stuttgart; d^but as pst. Stutt- 
 gart and in America in Worcester; 
 orgt. at Ch. of Immaculate Con- 
 ception, Boston, and in Worcester; 
 composed church music and songs, 
 
 Dana, William Henry, teacher, h. 
 Warren, O., June 10, 1846. Pupil 
 of Aug. Haupt, and at Kullak's 
 Cons,, Berlin, and Royal Acad., 
 
 London; director Dana's Mus. Inst, 
 in Warren; one of founders Mus. 
 Teachers' Nat'l Ass'n; has published 
 text-books on harmony and orches- 
 tration and church music, 
 
 Dancla (don-kla) , Jean Baptiste Charles, 
 vlt., compr. b. Bagneres, Dec, 19, 
 1817; d. Tunis, Nov. 8 (or 9), 1907. 
 At Paris Cons, studied with Hal^vy 
 and Berton, vln. with Baillot; 1834 
 member Opera Comique orch.; made 
 prof, at Cons. 1857-1892; famous for 
 playing at Soci^t6 des Concerts and 
 at his Quartet Soirees; his 130 com- 
 positions are graceful and well suited 
 to his instrument but are not of en- 
 during worth; Etudes of value; as a 
 player he was last representative of 
 old French school; many pupils, 
 among them C. Loeffler and Adam- 
 owski. 
 
 Danks, Hart Pease, compr. h. New 
 Haven, Apr, 6, 1834; d. Philadel- 
 phia, Nov, 20, 1903. Pupil of L. E. 
 Whiting; in Chicago 1854-64, then 
 in N. Y.; singer and director in sev- 
 eral churches, prolific compr. of songs 
 and hymns; one operetta, Pauline, 
 produced 1872. 
 
 Dannreuther (dan'-roi-ter), Edward 
 George, condr., writer, b. Strass- 
 burg, Nov. 4, 1844; d. London, Feb. 
 12, 1905. Taught by F. L. Ritter in 
 Cincinnati, by Richter, Moscheles, 
 and Hauptmann at Leipzig Cons,; pf, 
 teacher in London; founder and 
 condr, London Wagner Soc; has 
 written on Wagner, translated some 
 of his works, and written articles on 
 various subjects. His brother Gus- 
 tav, vlt. b. Cincinnati, July 21, 1853. 
 Studied with De Ahna and Joachim 
 in Berlin; member of (Boston, Mass.) 
 Mendelssohn Quintet Club on tour 
 1877-1880; of Bost. Symph. Orch. 
 1880-82; condr. in Buffalo and under 
 Damrosch in N, Y.; well known as 
 teacher and member of excellent 
 Dannreuther Quartet. 
 
 Da Ponte, Lorenzo, librettist, h. Ceneda, 
 near Venice, Mar. 10, 1749; d. New 
 York, Aug. 17, 1838. While poet 
 laureate to Joseph II wrote librettos 
 for Mozart's Don Giovanni and Cosi 
 fan tutte; career in London as poet to 
 Ital. Opera and after 1805 in America 
 as impresario and teacher of Italian. 
 
DAQUm 
 
 Daqtiin (da-kan), Louis Claude, orgt. 
 b. Paris, July 4, 1694; d. there, June 
 15, 1772. Pupil of Marchand, orgt. 
 at St. Antoine at age of 12; 1727 won 
 in competition with Rameau position 
 of orgt. St. Paul's, which he held till 
 his death; published pieces for harp- 
 sichord, Coucou being one, a volume 
 of Noels, for the organ or clavichord, 
 and a cantata. 
 
 Dargomyzski (dar-go-mizh'-ski) , Alex- 
 ander Sergeivitch, compr., pst. b. in 
 prov. of Toula, Russia, Feb. 14, 1813; 
 d. St. Petersburg, Jan. 29, 1869. 
 Educated in St. Petersburg; of good 
 family; for four years in gov't service; 
 taught as an amateur by Schober- 
 lechner, and deeply influenced by 
 friendship of Glinka; composed 
 Esmeralda 1839 (prod. 1847) and 
 Roussalka 1856, and many beautiful 
 and expressive songs; after visit to 
 France and Germany became asso- 
 ciated with Balakirev and New 
 School, of whose doctrines his opera 
 The Stone Guest has been called 
 "The Gospel"; in this work (or- 
 chestrated after D's death by Rim- 
 sky-Korsakov and performed 1872) 
 older forms are abandoned entirely 
 for continuous recitative. Though 
 none of his works were especially 
 successful, D. is regarded by some 
 as the apostle of a new cult. 
 
 David (da-ved), Felicien Cesar, compr. 
 b. Cadenet, Vaucluse, Apr. 3, 1810; 
 d. St. Germain-en-Laye, Aug. 29, 
 1876. Of precocious talent, he was 
 educated at the Maltrise of St. Sau- 
 veur at Aix, where in 1829, after 
 three years in Jesuit college and one 
 as theatre condr., he became maitre 
 de chapelle; 1830 entered Paris Cons. 
 where he studied with Millot and 
 F^tis, and took private lessons of 
 Reber; 1831-33 Hved with a brother- 
 hood of St. Simoniens; 1833-35 wan- 
 dered with some of the brothers to 
 Egypt and the East; the strong im- 
 pressions received were expressed 
 in Le desert, "ode symphonie," 1844, 
 which had great success; later he 
 composed 7 or 8 operas, of which 
 Lalla Rookh was perhaps most suc- 
 cessful; 1869 succeeded Berlioz as 
 member of Academy and librarian of 
 Cons. Le desert best expression of 
 his characteristic note of picturesque 
 and melancholy quiet. 
 
 DAvms 
 
 David, Ferdinand, vlt. b. Hamburg, 
 June 19, 1810; d. near Klosters, Swiss 
 Alps, July 18, 1873. Of precocious 
 talent he studied with Spohr and 
 Hauptmann at Kassel; 1827-28 mem- 
 ber of orch. at Berhn Theatre; 1829- 
 35 in Russia, as member of private 
 quartet, and concert player; by in- 
 fluence of Mendelssohn was ap- 
 pointed concertmaster of Gewand- 
 haus Orch. 1836, and, when Cons, 
 was opened 1843, teacher of vln. As 
 teacher he had wide influence over 
 many distinguished pupils, among 
 them Joachim and Wilhelmj; as a 
 player he combined solid technic 
 with remarkable facility of expres- 
 sion; as a leader and especially as a 
 quartet player he was unrivaled. 
 He wrote a valuable Violin School, 
 edited numerous works of older 
 masters, composed for vln., 2 sym- 
 phonies, etc.; had great influence 
 over compositions of others, esp. 
 Mendelssohn's vln. concerto. 
 
 Davidov (da-vid'-ofi"), Charles, 'cellist. 
 b. Goldingen, Courland, Mar. 17, 
 1838; d. Moscow, Feb. 15, 1889. 
 Studied mathematics at Moscow 
 Univ., 'cello with Schmidt in Mos- 
 cow and Schuberth at St. Peters- 
 burg; d^but 1859 at Leipzig where he 
 became 'cellist in Gewandhaus Orch. 
 and teacher at Cons.; 1862 'cellist 
 at St. Petersburg Opera, professor, 
 and 1876-86 director St. P. Cons.; 
 wrote admirable method, concertos, 
 symph. poem, etc. 
 
 Davies, Benjamin Grey, tenor, b. 
 Pontardawe, near Swansea, Wales, 
 Jan. 6, 1858. Son of an engineer; 
 chorister in Wales; at 20 he earned 
 a prize which enabled him to 
 study at Roy. Acad, with Fori and 
 Randegger; operatic debut 1881; 
 then in various English opera com- 
 panies; married Clara Perry 1885; 
 since about 1890 has been increas- 
 ingly in demand for festival and 
 concert engagements to exclusion of 
 dramatic work. 
 
 Davies, [David Thomas] Ffrangcon, 
 
 baritone, b. Bethesda, Carnarvon, 
 Dec. 11, 1860. After taking M.A. 
 from Oxford he took orders, but relin- 
 quished them later; received instruc- 
 tion in singing at Guildhall School 
 from Latter and from Shakespeare 
 
DAVDES 
 
 DELACOUR 
 
 and Randegger; concert and operatic 
 debuts 1890; since 1893 has kept to 
 concert and festival singing. 
 
 Davies, Fanny, pst. b. Guernsey, June 
 27, 1861. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of 
 Reinecke, Jadassohn, and Paul (pf.), 
 and of Clara Schumann, from whom 
 she learned " accurate technique, full 
 tone, and power of phrasing " that 
 have made her concerts successful 
 since her debut in England in 1885; 
 chiefly distinguished as player of 
 Schumann and Brahms. 
 
 Davison, Arabella, see Goddard. 
 
 Dawson, Frederick H., pst. b. Leeds, 
 July 16, 1868. Taught by his father 
 and by Ch. Halle at whose concerts 
 he appeared in 1890 encouraged by 
 Rubinstein; later continued suc- 
 cess as a concert player. 
 
 Day, Dr. Alfred, theorist, h. London, 
 Jan., 1810; d. there, Feb. 11, 1849. 
 After studying medicine in London, 
 Paris, and Heidelberg, practised in 
 London; after years of reflection 
 published 1845 Treatise on Harmony, 
 which urged reforms in terminology, 
 in bass-figuring, and offered original 
 propositions about permitted dis- 
 cords. 
 
 Dayas (das), William Humphries, teach- 
 er, b. New York, Sept, 12, 1864; d. 
 Manchester, May 3, 1903. Studied 
 in N. Y. with Mills, Joseffy, etc., in 
 Germany with Kullak, Haupt, and 
 Liszt; taught at Cons, of Heisingfors, 
 Wiesbaden, and Cologne; comp. org. 
 sonata, string quartet, pf. mus., etc. 
 
 De Ahna, see Ahna, Heinrich Carl 
 Hermann de. 
 
 Debussy (de-bus'-si), Claude Achille, 
 compr. h. St. Germain, Paris, Aug. 
 22, 1862. As pupil of Guiraud at 
 Paris Cons, won Prix de Rome with 
 cantata L' enfant prodigue; his La 
 demoiselle elue, setting of Blessed 
 Damosel for female chorus and orch. 
 was refused as too modern in style; 
 in later works for orch. Prelude to 
 L'apres-midi d'un faune, Nocturnes, 
 Le mer, in pf. pieces, in many songs 
 which well suit words by Verlaine, 
 Baudelaire, etc., and in opera Pelleas 
 et Mclisande (Paris 1902, N. Y. 
 1907) he has continued to develop 
 an original method whose purpose 
 
 is to underline the emotion of the 
 words (in the opera the voices carry 
 continuous recitative above orches- 
 tral phrases), to hint mysteriously 
 at elusive moods. Technically his 
 melodies are not remarkable in 
 themselves; his "utterance is purely 
 harmonic," and ultra-modern, con- 
 fined by no traditions, limited in its 
 ceaseless modulation by no estab- 
 lished key-relations. 
 
 Dehn (dan), Siegfried Wilhelm, writer. 
 b. Altona, Feb. 25, 1799; d. Berlin, 
 Apr. 12, 1858. Law student at 
 Leipzig Univ.; studied music with 
 Klein in Berlin; 1842, at Meyer- 
 beer's recommendation, made libra- 
 rian of musical portion of Berlin 
 Royal Lib.; scored, copied for press, 
 and edited many works of Lassus, 
 Bach, and earlier musicians; edited 
 Cecilia 1842-48; wrote several im- 
 portant treatises on matters of 
 research and mus. theory of which 
 he wae successful teacher; Glinka, 
 Kullak, and Anton Rubinstein were 
 among pupils. 
 
 Deiters (df-ters), Hermann, writer, h. 
 Bonn, June 27, 1833; d. Coblenz, 
 May 1, 1907. Studied law and 
 philology, held various appoint- 
 ments; beside important contribu- 
 tions to mus. papers on Beethoven, 
 Schumann, etc., published in 1880 
 first authoritative life /)f Brahms; 
 chiefly notable for translation into 
 German of A. W. Thayer's great 
 Life of Beethoven, pub. 1866-79, and 
 for revision. 
 
 De Koven, [Henry Louis] Reginald, 
 
 compr. b. Middletown, Conn., Apr, 
 3, 1859. Educated in Europe, degree 
 from Oxford Univ.; studied in 
 early years with Speidel at Stuttgart, 
 later with Lebert, Pruckner, and 
 Hauff, singing with Vannuccini in 
 Italy, and operatic comp. with Genee 
 and Delibes; mus. critic in N. Y. 
 1909-1911; his first successful operet- 
 ta was The Begum 1887; Robin Hood, 
 the third (1890), is still popular after 
 more than 3000 performances; later 
 works Fencing Master, Rob Roy, etc., 
 though successful have not touched 
 this high water mark; composer of 
 over 150 songs (Oh, promise me) and 
 incidental music. 
 
 Delacour, Victor, see Smith, E. S. 
 
DE LATTRE 
 
 DEPRES 
 
 De Lattre, Roland, see Lasso, Orlando di. 
 
 Delibes (d6-\eh'), Clement Philibert Leo, 
 
 compr. b. St. Germain du Val, 
 France, Feb. 21, 1836; d. Paris, 
 Jan. 16, 1891. Studied solfeggio, pf., 
 org., comp. at Paris Cons, under 
 Benoist, Bazin, A. Adam, at same 
 time singing at the Madeleine; 1853 
 accompanist at Th. Lyrique; orgt. 
 at several churches, at St. Jean, St. 
 Frangois 1862-71; 1863 accom- 
 panist; 1865-72 2d chorusmaster 
 at Opera; 1881 prof, of comp. at 
 Cons.; after 1855 wrote successful 
 short comic operas Le jardinier 
 el son seigneur, etc.; also comp. 
 part-songs, melodies, Bonjour Suzon, 
 etc.; Le roi I'a dit 1873 and Lakme 
 1883 most successful of longer 
 works ; chief distinction lies in charm- 
 ing and original ballets Coppelia 
 1870, Sylvia 1876. 
 
 De Lisle, Rouget de, see Rouget de Lisle. 
 
 Delius (da-lius), Frederick, compr . b. 
 Bradford, Eng., 1863. In 1884 went 
 to Florida to be orange grower, 
 studied mus. alone; 1886-88 studied 
 at Leipzig Cons.; since then has 
 lived in Paris and Fontainebleau; 
 concert of own works London 1899; 
 opera Koanga produced Elberfeld 
 1904; Village Romeo and Juliet 
 produced Berlin 1907; has com- 
 posed for orch. Norwegian Suite, 
 Life's Ddnce, Paris; for voice with 
 orch. Seven Danish Songs, Whit- 
 man's Sea-drift, Mass of Life from 
 Nietsche's Zarathustra, Dowson's 
 poems, a pf. and a vln. concerto; 
 highly praised for originality of 
 expression, arrived at independently. 
 
 Delle Sedie (der-la-sa-di-a), Henri, 
 baritone, teacher, b. Leghorn, June 
 17, 1826; d. Garennes-Colombes, 
 Nov. 29, 1908. While still student 
 of Galeffi, Persanola, and Domeni- 
 coni imprisoned as revolutionist; 
 d^but Florence 1851; after singing 
 in Italy engaged at Th. Italien, Paris 
 1861; prof, at Cons. 1867-71; pub. 
 valuable Arte e fisiologia del canto, 
 in Eng. as Vocal Art; voice was 
 remarkable for its color and range 
 of emotional expression; many fa- 
 mous pupils. 
 
 Del Valle de Paz (deF-va-la-da-pazO, 
 Edgardo, pst., compr. h. Alexandria, 
 Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. Studied at 
 
 Naples Cons, with Cesi and Serrao; 
 after tours in Italy and Egypt 
 settled in Florence, where he directs 
 La nuova musica, and teaches in 
 Cons.; pub. method, orch., chamber, 
 and pf. music. 
 
 De Munck, Francois, 'cellist, b. Brus- 
 sels, Oct. 6, 1815; d. there, Feb. 28, 
 1854. Pupil and successor of Platel 
 in Brussels Cons.; after tours in 
 Germany 'cellist in London theatre, 
 but returned to Brussels 1853. Son 
 Ernst (b. Dec. 21, 1840) 'cellist. 
 
 Dennee (den-na'), Charles Frederick, 
 
 compr. h. Oswego, N. Y., Sept. 1, 
 1863. Studied at N. E. Cons. pf. 
 with A. D. Turner, and, after an 
 interval, harm, with S. A. Emery; 
 later pf. with Mme. Schiller; 1888 
 accident to wrist made him give up 
 playing; teaches successfully at 
 Cons, as Turner's successor, and has 
 written Progressive Technic; also 
 composed comedy operas Little Red 
 Riding-hood, Children's Festival, and 
 many pf. solos and duets. 
 
 Denza (den-tsa), Luigi, compr. h. 
 Castellammare di Strabbia, Feb. 24, 
 1846. Studied at Naples Cons, with 
 Serrao and Mercadante; living in 
 London since 1879; director of 
 Lond. Acad, of Mus., teacher of 
 singing at Royal Acad.; comp. 
 unsuccessful opera, and over 500 
 songs, many in Neapolitan dialect, 
 of which Funiculi -Funicula has at- 
 tained universal popularity. 
 
 Deppe (dep'-pg), Ludwig, pf. teacher. 
 b. Alverdissen, Lippe, Nov. 7, 1828; 
 d. Pyrmont, Sept. 5, 1890. Pupil 
 of Marxsen and Lobe; founded and 
 conducted singing society at Ham- 
 burg; court capellm. Berlin 1886-88; 
 conducted court orch., and Silesian 
 mus. festivals; account of his 
 method in Amy Fay's Music Study 
 in Germany. 
 
 Depres, Josquin (zhos-kan-da-pra), 
 compr. b. Hainault, Burgundy, 
 about 1450; d. Conde, Aug. 27, 
 1521. Name given in many forms 
 Despres, Dupre, Del Prato, etc. 
 Chorister, pupil of Okeghem, singer 
 in Sistine Chapel 1471-84, and in 
 Ferrara; considered by contempo- 
 raries and by historians greatest of 
 Netherland School, because first to 
 
DE RESZKE 
 
 DEEMER 
 
 bring real beauty out of intricate 
 counterpoint; comp. many masses, 
 some motets, and some French 
 chansons. 
 
 De Reszke, see Reszke, De. 
 
 Destinn, Emmy [real name Kittl], dram, 
 sop. b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1878. Pupil 
 of Loewe-Destinn whose name she 
 took; debut 1898 at Berlin; engage- 
 ments there, at Bayreuth (1901), and 
 at Paris; N. Y. debut 1908. 
 
 De Swert (de-svartO, Jules, 'cellist. 
 b. Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; d. 
 Ostende, Feb. 24, 1891. Debut at 
 9; pupil of Servais at Brussels 
 Cons.; after tours and positions at 
 Diisseldorf and Weimar became 
 concertmaster, solo 'cellist, prof, at 
 Hochschule, Berlin 1869-1873; after 
 further tours director of Ostende 
 Mus. Sch.; prof, at Bruges and Ghent 
 Cons,; comp. 2 operas, symph., con- 
 certo and other 'cello works. 
 
 Diabelli (de-a-bel'-li), Antonio, compr. 
 h. Mattsee, near Salzburg, Sept. 6, 
 1781; d. Vienna, Apr. 7, 1858. Choir 
 boy at Michaelbeurn and Salzburg; 
 studied for priesthood and entered 
 monastery; when convents were sec- 
 ularized went to Vienna; encouraged 
 in music by Michael and Joseph 
 Haydn; composed an opera, cantatas, 
 etc., and many sonatinas and easy 
 pieces still popular; 1818 entered 
 publishing business, assumed control 
 1824; published much of Schubert's 
 music, treating the composer rather 
 shabbily. 
 
 Dibdin, Charles, compr. h. Southamp- 
 ton, March (baptized Mar, 4), 1745; 
 d. London, July 25, 1814. Chorister 
 at Winchester Cathedral; taught by 
 orgts. Kent and Fussell the rudi- 
 ments of music; at 15 went to 
 London, became singing-actor at 
 Co vent Garden; composed Shep- 
 herd's Artifice, pastoral, 1762; acted 
 at Birmingham, Vauxhall, Drury 
 Lane, where he composed The 
 Padlock and other successful pieces; 
 after various unsuccessful ventures 
 as manager and the tour described 
 in his Musical Tour of Mr. Dibdin, 
 he gave in London " table entertain- 
 ments," in which he sang, played, 
 acted, and accompanied; many 
 famous songs (such as Tom Bowling) 
 included in these pieces; after 1805 
 
 he was supported by pension and, 
 when that failed^ by a public sub- 
 scription; composed nearly 100 
 operas and plays with music; his 
 sons, Charles and Thomas, were 
 dramatists, 
 
 Dick, Charles George Cotsford, compr. 
 b. London, Sept. 1, 1846; d. Aug. 11, 
 1911. Studied at Worcester Coll. 
 Oxford; wrote successful operettas 
 Our Doll's House 1876, Doctor D. 
 1885, and some children's operas, 
 pf. pieces, etc. 
 
 Dickinson, Edward, teacher, h. W. 
 Springfield, Mass., Oct. 10, 1853. 
 Studied mus. at N. E. Cons. 1871-72 
 with J. C. D. Parker and S. A. 
 Emery, private lessons from F. H. 
 Torrington and later from Thayer; 
 grad. Amherst Coll. 1876, A. M. 
 1881; orgt. at Springfield and 
 Elmira, N. Y.; private teacher and 
 director of mus. Elmira Coll. 1883- 
 92; in Berlin, mus. hist, under Ph. 
 Spitta and Wm. Langhans, pf. with 
 Klindworth; at Oberlin Coll. since 
 1893 as instructor and prof, of his- 
 tory and pf. playing; since 1905 prof, 
 of mus. hist, and criticism exclusive- 
 ly; also has classes for students at 
 Cons.; has written several valuable 
 historical and critical works, Study of 
 History ofMu^ic, Music in the History 
 of the Western Church, and Education 
 of a Music Lover. 
 
 Dickson, Ellen, compr. h. Woolwich, 
 1819; d. Lyndhurst, July 4, 1878. 
 Under pseud. "Dolores" composed 
 popular songs. 
 
 Didymus (did'-i-mus), writer, b. Alex- 
 andria (?), B. C. 63. Author of 
 treatise on harmony, only preserved 
 in epitome by Porphyry and quota- 
 tions by Ptolemy; the " comma of 
 D." is the difference between the 
 major and minor whole tone (81:80) 
 which he recognized. 
 
 Diehl (del), Louis, compr. h. Mann- 
 heim, 1838. Teaching in London; 
 married pst. AHce Mangold 1863; 
 compr. of songs and operettas for 
 amateurs, Our Bazaar, etc. 
 
 Diemer (di-a-mar), Louis, pst., comp. 
 b- Paris, Feb. 14, 1843. Studied pf. 
 at the Paris Cons, with Marmontel 
 (1st prize 1856), with Ambroise 
 Thomas and Bazin in comp., also 
 
DIPPEL 
 
 winning prizes; played with success 
 in concerts; as prof, of pf. -playing 
 at the Cons., where he succeeded 
 Marmontel in 1887, he formed a 
 number of distinguished pupils; his 
 compositions include two piano con- 
 certos, chamber music and a nimiber 
 of fine piano pieces. 
 
 Dippel, Andreas, dram, tenor, b. Kassel, 
 Nov. 30, 1866. Pupil of Hey, Leoni, 
 and Rau; singer at Bremen 1887-92, 
 Bayreuth, Vienna, London, and 
 Berlin; popular in New York for 
 several seasons; with Gatti-Casazza, 
 manager of Metropolitan Opera 1908, 
 where D. had charge of German 
 opera; 1910 manager Chicago Opera 
 Company. 
 
 Ditters von Dittersdorf, Karl, vlt., 
 compr. b. Vienna, Nov. 2, 1739; 
 d. Rothlhotta, near Neuhaus, Bo- 
 hemia, Oct. 24, 1799. Taught by 
 Konig and Ziegler and, after admis- 
 sion to band of Prince von Hildburg- 
 hausen, by Bonno and Trani; 
 accompanied Gluck on tour to 
 Italy 1761; on return defeated 
 LoUi; intimate with J. Haydn; 
 successor of Michael Haydn as 
 director at Pressburg, where he 
 wrote first opera Amore in Musica; 
 as capellm. at Johannisberg, set up 
 theatre and wrote many operas and 
 oratorios (Davide); on various visits 
 to Vienna opera Doktor und Apotheker 
 (only one surviving) was performed, 
 and in 1786 symphony on Ovid's 
 Metamorphoses, remarkable early 
 program music; real comic vein 
 gave him contemporary popularity; 
 his Autobiography pub. 1801. 
 
 Dodd, John, maker of vln. bows. b. 
 Stirling, 1752; d. Richmond, Surrey, 
 Oct. 4, 1839. Called the "English 
 Tourte " whose bows he equaled in 
 excellence, but not quite in elegance; 
 his bows have single fault of being 
 too short; unwilling to share his 
 secrets he would have no pupil; and 
 persisting in refusal to sell them died 
 in poorhouse; father Edward and 
 brother Thomas both made violins. 
 
 Doebber (deb-ber), Johannes, compr. 
 b. Berlin, Mar. 28, 1866. Studied 
 at Stern Cons, under Radecke, Buss- 
 ler, and Agghazy; taught pf . Kullak's 
 Cons.; capellm. at Kroll's Theatre, 
 
 DOMMER 
 
 at Darmstadt, and at Coburg-Gotha; 
 composed 6 operas {Die Grille 1899, 
 etc.), few pf. pieces, several songs. 
 
 Doehler (d^-ler), Theodor, pst., compr. 
 b. Naples, Apr. 20, 1814; d. Florence, 
 Feb. 21, 1856. Studied at Naples 
 with J. Benedict, at Vienna with 
 Czerny and Sechter; pst. to Duke 
 of Lucca from 1831; 1836-48 made 
 several tours to Germany, Holland, 
 London, Paris, and Russia; after 1848 
 lived in Florence, ennobled, married 
 Russian countess; chief works for 
 pf.; etudes de concert, etudes de salon, 
 etc., showy but empty. 
 
 Doering (d^r'-ing), Carl Heinrich, pf. 
 teacher, b. Dresden, July 4, 1834. 
 Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Haupt- 
 mann, Plaidy, and Richter; taught 
 in Leipzig and Dresden Cons, since 
 1858; distinguished compr. and ad- 
 mirable teacher; composed many 
 valuable collections of studies and 
 special exercises. 
 
 Dohnanyi (don-an'-yi), Ernst von, pst. 
 h. Pressburg, Hungary, July 27, 
 1877. Educated at Gymnasium 
 where his father, prof, of math., 
 taught him music; later studied with 
 C. Forstner, and, after 1894, at 
 Royal Hungarian Acad, of Mus. with 
 Thoman (pf.) and Koessler (comp.); 
 at Budapest symph. in F took king's 
 prize 1897; after few lessons from 
 d' Albert debut Berlin 1897; won 
 distinguished success in Germany, 
 Austria, England 1898, U. S. 1899, 
 1900; of late years living in Berlin; 
 has devoted more time to comp. than 
 performance; works include symph., 
 pf. solos, pf. quintet, string quartet, 
 etc., which show fertility of inven- 
 tion and ingenuity and skill of com- 
 bination. 
 
 Dolby, Helen, see Sainton-Dolby, Char- 
 lotte Helen. 
 
 Dolores, see Dickson, Ellen. 
 
 Dommer, Arrey von, writer, b. Danzig, 
 Feb. 9, 1828; d. Treyse (Thuringia), 
 Feb. 18, 1905. After some time as 
 theological student, after 1851 
 studied ait Leipzig with Richter, 
 lobe, and Schellenberg; taught at 
 Leipzig; resided in Hamburg after 
 1863; critic to Correspondent; with- 
 drew to retirement at Marburg 1889; 
 wrote Elemente der Mu^ik, Handbuch 
 der Musikgeschichte. 
 
DONATI 
 
 DRAGONETTI 
 
 Donati (do-na'-ti), Baldassaro, compr. 
 b. Venice, about 1530; d. there, June, 
 1603. Chorister, choirmaster, maes- 
 tro at St. Mark's; especially dis- 
 tinguished as compr. of madrigals 
 and motets, of which several collec- 
 tions are extant. 
 
 Donizetti (don-i-tset'-ti), Gaetano, 
 compr. b. Bergamo, Nov. 29, 1797; 
 d. there, Apr. 8, 1848. Father, a 
 weaver, wished bim to be lawyer or 
 teacher; studied at Naples Cons, 
 with Mayr, and at Bologna Liceo; 
 to escape demands of father entered 
 army; composed first opera in quar- 
 ters at Venice; his fourth Zordide di 
 Granata won him exemption from 
 further service; after series of suc- 
 cessful but imitative operas, com- 
 posed Anna Bolena, 1830, for Pasta, 
 Rubini, and Lablache; Elisir d'a- 
 more 1832, Lucrezia Borgia 1833, Lu- 
 cia di Lamm'ermoor 1835 followed; 
 director Naples Cons. 1837; left 
 Milan angered by judgment of 
 censor against Poliuto; went to 
 Paris, where were produced La fille 
 du regiment, La favorita, Linda di 
 Chamounix, Don Pasquale; stricken 
 with paralysis 1845, from which he 
 never recovered. He wrote in all 
 about 67 operas, many merely imita- 
 tive of his contemporaries Bellini 
 and Rossini, some distinguished by 
 great originality of melody and 
 skilful composition of concerted 
 numbers; Lucia probably the most 
 famous and the one that is now most 
 often given, largely because of 
 famous sextet. 
 
 Dont (don) , Jacob, vlt. h. Vienna, Mar. 
 2, 1815; d. there, Nov. .17, 1888. 
 Son of 'cellist Joseph Valentin (1776- 
 1833); pupil at Vienna Cons, of 
 Bohm and elder Hellmesberger; 
 played in orchestras and as soloist; 
 distinguished as teacher at Vienna 
 Cons, of Auer, Gregorowitch, and 
 others; pub. very valuable Studies 
 for Violin. 
 
 Door (dor), Anton, pst. b. Vienna, 
 June 20, 1833. Pupil of Czerny and 
 Sechter; successful tours in Italy and 
 Germany; court pst. at Stockholm 
 1857; teacher at Imp. Inst. Moscow 
 1859, at Cons. 1864; 1869 at Vienna 
 Cons.; now teaching in Vienna; 
 among pupils are Fischoff, Mottl, 
 
 Steinbach, etc.; has made valuable 
 editions of older works, and intro- 
 duced new ones. 
 
 Dora, Eduard, see Rockel, Joseph Leo- 
 pold. 
 
 Dora, Heinrich Ludwig Egmont, compr., 
 writer. b. Konigsberg, Nov. 14, 
 1804; d. BerHn, Jan. 10, 1892. While 
 law student studied music at Konigs- 
 berg, later at Berlin with Berger 
 and Klein; director at Leipzig, where 
 he taught Schumann 1829-31; 1843 
 dir. at Cologne, founder of Rhein- 
 ische Musikschule which became 
 Cologne Cons.; director of Rhein- 
 ischeMus. Festivals; capellm. Royal 
 Opera Berlin 1849-69; wrote 13 
 operas {Die Nibelungen 1854 best 
 known), church music, orch. works, 
 etc.; edited Berliner Post, contrib- 
 uted to Berliner Musikzeitung, wrote 
 autobiog. Aus meinem Leben. 
 
 Dowland, John, compr. h. Westmin- 
 ster, 1562; d. London, Apr., 1626. 
 Distinguished lute player; in service 
 of English ambassador at Paris 
 about 1580, became Roman Catho- 
 lic; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1588; left 
 England because of religion, traveled 
 in Italy and Germany; lutenist to 
 Christian IV of Denmark 1598; re- 
 turned to England 1605 and finally 
 in 1609; 1612 King's musician; works 
 1st, 2d, 3d Books of Songs of 4 parts 
 with Tablature for the Lute, etc., re- 
 ferred to by Shakespeare. Son 
 Robert (1598?-1641?) also lutenist 
 and compr. 
 
 Draeseke (dra'-se-ke), Felix August 
 Bernhard, compr. b. Coburg, Oct. 7, 
 1835; d. Dresden, Feb. 26, 1913. 
 Pupil of Rietz at Leipzig Cons.; 
 member of " New German School " 
 at Weimar; teacher at Lausanne 
 Cons. 1864-74 (with one year with 
 Von Billow at Munich Cons.); lived 
 in Geneva and 1884 became teacher 
 at Dresden Cons.; early works too 
 radical to be popular, but later more 
 in classic style, especially 3 symph., 
 overtures (Das Leben ein Traum), 
 and chamber music have won success. 
 
 Dragonetti, Domenico, double-bass play- 
 er. b.Venice, Apr. 7, 1763; d. London, 
 Apr. 16, 1846. Few lessons from 
 Berini, but largely self-taught; after 
 playing in several Italian orchestras. 
 
DRESEL 
 
 DUKAS 
 
 went to London 1794, where he 
 was engaged at King's Theatre; 
 with Lindley, the 'celHst, his com- 
 panion for 52 years, played at An- 
 cient Concerts, Philharmonic, etc.; 
 played at Beethoven Festival, Bonn, 
 1845; friend of Haydn and acquaint- 
 ance of Beethoven; compr. of works 
 for own instr. and for the voice; re- 
 markable for technical virtuosity 
 and for depth and steadiness of tone. 
 
 Dresel (dra-sel), Otto, pst. b. Ander- 
 nach, 1826; d. Beverly, Mass., July 
 26, 1890. Pupil of Hiller at Cologne 
 and of Mendelssohn at Leipzig; 
 came to N. Y. 1848; settled in Boston 
 1852, where as teacher and player 
 he contributed very largely to the 
 awakened appreciation of German 
 music, especially works of Bach and 
 songs of Franz; published only a few 
 songs. 
 
 Dressier, Louis Raphael, compr. b. 
 N. Y. City, Dec. 8, 1861. (Father, 
 William Dressier, a composer of some 
 distinction.) Graduated Lyons Col- 
 legiate Institute, N. Y. City, 1877; 
 educated in music by his father, be- 
 ginning professional work at 16; or- 
 ganist and choirmaster. All Souls' 
 Unitarian Church; editor The World's 
 Best MiLsic; composer of successful 
 songs, anthems; conductor of choral 
 societies and glee clubs; connected 
 with Charles H. Ditson and Co., mu- 
 sic publishers. New York City. 
 
 Dreyschock (dri-shok), Alexander, pst. 
 b. Zak, Bohemia, Oct. 15, 1818; d. 
 Venice, Apr. 1, 1869. Appeared in 
 pubhc at 8; later pupil of Tomaschek 
 in Prague; from 1838-1862 tours 
 through Germany, Austria, Paris, 
 London, and Russia; 1862 prof, at 
 St. Petersburg Cons., director of 
 Imperial School, court pst.; retired 
 to Italy 1868; played chiefly his own 
 compositions Which are not now in- 
 teresting; though cold as an inter- 
 preter he was remarkable for tech- 
 nical ability, esp. for facility in play- 
 ing octaves, and for solo work in the 
 left hand. His nephew Felix, pst. b. 
 Leipzig, Dec. 27, 1860. Son of Rai- 
 mund, vlt. (1824-1869); studied at 
 Berlin Hochschule with Ehrlich, 
 Taubert, and Kiel; now prof, at 
 Stern Cons.; successful as performer 
 and as compr. of pf. pieces. 
 
 Dubois (dii-bo-a), Clement Francois 
 Theodore, compr. b. Rosnay, Marne, 
 August 24, 1837. First studied at 
 Rheims, then at Paris Cons., 1853, 
 under Marmontel, Benoist, Bazin, 
 and Ambroise Thomas; took 1st 
 prizes in all departments and Prix 
 de Rome 1861; mattre de chapelle 
 at Ste. Clothilde, orgt. at Made- 
 leine 1877, prof, of harm, at Cons. 
 1871, of comp. 1891; member of 
 Acad. 1894, director of Cons. 1896- 
 1905. Numerous compositions in- 
 clude oratorios (Les sept paroles du 
 Christ, Le paradis perdu), operas 
 {Aben Hamet, Xaviere), songs, pf., 
 and org. pieces, orch. works (over- 
 ture to Frithjof, etc.); "music is 
 conscientious rather than inspired; 
 successful as teacher. 
 
 Ducis (dii-se), Benoit{Benedictus Duels], 
 compr. b. Bruges, about 1480; date 
 and place of death unknown. Pupil of 
 Josquin Depres; orgt. at Antwerp; 
 went to England 1515; some say 
 lived in Germany later, but no certain 
 facts; there are extant some 80 songs, 
 and several part-songs and motets; 
 not to be confounded with Bene- 
 dictus Appenzelders, Swiss musician 
 of later date. 
 
 Dufay (dii-fa), Guillaume, compr. b. 
 Hainault (?), about 1400; d. Cambrai, 
 Nov. 27, 1474. Chorister in Papal 
 Chapel 1428; in service of Duke of 
 Burgundy 1437; took holy orders, 
 1437 became canon at Cambrai ; one of 
 the most distinguished of early French 
 contrapuntists; many of his works 
 (masses, motets, chansons, etc.) still 
 extant; also said to have introduced 
 white (open) notes and to have made 
 other changes in notation. See Stai- 
 ner's Dufay and his Contemporaries 
 for account and examples. 
 
 Duiffopruggar (dwef-fo-pru-gar), [Tief- 
 fenbriicker], Caspar, instrument-mak- 
 er, b. Freising, Bavaria, 1514; d. 
 Lyons, before Dec, 1571. Reputation 
 as first maker of violins was destroyed 
 by Vidal who brought proof that 
 instruments attributed to him were 
 made by Vuillaume after 1827; D. 
 made violas da gamba and lutes in- 
 laid after certain fashion. 
 
 Dukas (dti-ka), Paul, compr. b. Paris, 
 Oct. 1, 1865. Pupil at Paris Cons, 
 after 1882 of Dubois, Mathias, and 
 
DULCKEN 
 
 DUSSEK 
 
 Guiraud; second Prix de Rome; 
 musical critic of Gazette des beaux 
 arts and Revue hebdomadaire; works 
 include overtures Lear, Goetz von 
 Berlichingen, Polyeucte, symphony, 
 distinguished pf. sonata, variations, 
 etc.; symph. poem L'apprenti sor- 
 cier, ingenious orchestral scherzo, 
 best known work outside of France; 
 also opera Ariane et Barbe-bleue; 
 shows unusual technical ability in the 
 expression of ultra-modern ideas. 
 
 Dulcken (dul-ken), Ferdinand Quentin, 
 
 fst. b. London, June 1, 1837; d. 
 New York, 1902. Pupil at Leipzig 
 Cons, of Mendelssohn, Moscheles, 
 Gade, etc., and at Cologne of F. 
 Hiller; prof, at Warsaw Cons.; 
 lived in Paris and N. Y.; made 
 tours with distinguished artists Wien- 
 iawski, Vieuxtemps, Remenyi, Essi- 
 poff, etc. 
 
 Dunham, Henry Morton, orgt. b. 
 Brockton, Mass., July 27, 1853. 
 Pupil of J. C. D. Parker and Whit- 
 ing; graduated from N. E. Cons, 
 and Boston Univ. Coll. of Mus.; 
 taught in both; published Organ 
 School and many works for instr.; 
 as orgt. at Ruggles St. Ch., Shaw- 
 mut Ch., and Harvard St., Brookline, 
 has given many recitals in Boston 
 and elsewhere. 
 
 Dunkley, Ferdinand Luis, orgt. b. 
 London, July 16, 1869. Pupil of 
 G. A. Higgs, and at Trinity Coll. 
 London, under Parry, etc., at Royal 
 Coll.; after holding several positions 
 in England became teacher of mus. 
 at St. Agnes's School, Albany, N. Y. 
 and orgt. there; later moved to New 
 Orleans; in 1909, Vancouver, B. C; 
 returned to New Orleans; composed 
 cantata, Wreck of the Hesperus, many 
 songs, and orch. suite which won 
 prize at Promenade Concerts 1889. 
 
 Dunn, John F., vlt. b. Hull, Feb. 10, 
 1866. Pupil of brother; played in 
 theatre orch. at 11; studied at 
 Leipzig Cons, with Schradieck, Jad- 
 assohn and Richter; after concerts 
 in Germany, made London debut 
 1882; since has played with success 
 throughout England. 
 
 Dunstable, John, compr. b. Dunstable, 
 Bedfordshire, about 1370; d. Wal- 
 brook, Dec. 24, 1453. Nothing 
 known of life, and comparatively 
 
 few works extant, but referred to 
 by contemporaries in terms of 
 highest praise; an early contem- 
 
 f)orary of Dufay and Binchois; a 
 eader in their school of contra- 
 puntal composition, a forerunner of 
 Okeghem and others. 
 
 Duparc (dii-park), Henri, compr. b, 
 Paris, 1847. Studied for the bar, 
 and music with Cesar Franck; 
 became a disciple of Wagner's ideas; 
 on account of ill health retired from 
 active professional work; although 
 he wrote in the large forms he has 
 been most successful with his songs. 
 
 Dupont (du-p6n), Auguste, compr. b. 
 Ensival, near Liege, Feb. 9, 1828; 
 d. Brussels, Dec. 17, 1890. Educated 
 at Liege Cons., toured as pst., 
 taught at Brussels Cons, after 1850; 
 compositions slight but pleasing. 
 
 Duprez (dii-pra), Gilbert Louis, dram, 
 tenor, b. Paris, Dec. 6, 1806; d. 
 there, Sept. 23, 1896. Studied at 
 Choron's Inst.; debut 1825 without 
 marked success; after further study 
 in Italy reappeared at Paris Opera 
 1836; prof, declamation Cons. 1842 
 to 1850, when he founded school of 
 his own; retired 1855 from stage; 
 compositions, operas, mass, etc., of 
 no importance, works on singing of 
 great value. 
 
 Durand (dii-ron), Marie Auguste, orgt., 
 publisher, b. Paris, July 18, 1830; 
 d. May, 1909. Pupil of Benoist; 
 held various organ appointments in 
 Paris; in partnership with Schone- 
 werk, and alone, published large 
 amount of mod. French music. 
 
 Durante (du-ran'-te), Francesco, compr. 
 b. Fratta Maggiore, Naples, Mar. 15, 
 1684; d. Naples, Aug. 13, 1755. 
 Studied at Naples under Greco, and 
 under A. Scarlatti at Cons. San 
 Onofrio; director in 1718; maestro 
 Santa Maria di Lore to; composed 
 church music of *' Neapolitan 
 School," animated and strong, rather 
 than inspired; had many distin- 
 guished pupils, Duni, Jommelli, 
 Sacchini, Pergolese, Paisiello. 
 
 Dussek (du'-shek), Johann Ladislaus, 
 compr. h. Czaslav, Bohemia, Feb. 
 9, 1761; d. Saint Germain-en-Laye, 
 Mar. 20, 1812. Educated at Jesuit 
 Coll., where he studied music and 
 
DUVERNOY 
 
 EBERL 
 
 acted as orgt.; continued mus. 
 studies while student of theology at 
 Prague; orgt. at Mechlin, Amster- 
 dam, The Hague; after studying 
 with C. Ph. E. Bach won renown 
 as pianist; played at many Euro- 
 pean courts; driven from Paris by 
 the Revolution returned in 1808; 
 remarkable for his singing touch on 
 the pf., and in comp. for early ex- 
 pression of Bohemian spirit, and 
 for extending resources of piano 
 toward greater richness; important 
 works are largely for pf., concertos, 
 sonatas, fugues, etc. 
 
 Duvemoy (dii-var-no-a), Jean Baptiste, 
 compr., teacher, b. Paris (?), 1797 (?) ; 
 d. Passy, 1880. After about 1825 
 published large number of pf. works, 
 of which Weitzmann says that they 
 belong to a class of works which 
 " though easy to play sounded brill- 
 iant in the ears of amateurs," and 
 which are musically superficial. 
 
 Dvorak (dvor'-zhak), Antonin, compr. 
 b. Miihlhausen, Bohemia, Sept. 8, 
 1841; d. Prague, May 1, 1904. 
 Father an innkeeper wished him to 
 be a butcher; having learned vln. 
 from schoolmaster went at 16 to 
 Prague Org. School, where he studied 
 under Pitzsch, while he played vln. 
 in orch.; later played viola at 
 National Theatre; studied scores 
 borrowed from Smetana; 1873 comp. 
 hymn for male chorus which won 
 gov't pension; 1877 approbation of 
 Brahms led to hearing in Germany; 
 Slavonic dances 1878, Stabat Mater 
 
 1883 firmly established him; 1890 
 prof, at Prague Cons.; 1892-95 
 director of Nat'l Cons. New York; 
 thereafter lived and composed in 
 Prague. His music is marked by 
 strong national spirit, love of exotic 
 color, odd rhythms, " sudden excur- 
 sions in tonality," curious melodic 
 intervals; but it is on the whole 
 simple in intention, never morbid, 
 seldom intellectual; he composed 
 several symphonic poems, concerto 
 for vln, for pf., for 'cello, string 
 quartets, and five symph.; the 5th 
 symph. Aus der neuen Welt, quartet 
 Op. 96 and quintet Op. 97 are based 
 on themes of negro type. 
 
 Dwight, John Sullivan, critic, b. Bos- 
 ton, Mass., May 13, 1813; d. there, 
 Sept. 5, 1893. Grad. at Harvard 
 1832; entered ministry 1836; mem- 
 ber of Brook Farm Community; after 
 1848 returned to Boston; one of 
 founders of Harv. Mus. Ass'n; 1852- 
 1881 edited D wight's Journal of 
 Music, which published essays by 
 Thayer and others, criticisms and 
 records of awakening musical life in 
 America; D's taste was good, though 
 intolerantly classical. 
 
 Dykes, Rev. John Bacchus, compr. b. 
 Kingston-upon-Hull, Eng., Mar. 10, 
 1823; d. St. Leonard's-on-Sea, Jan. 
 22, 1876. Pupil of Skelton and 
 Walmisley; educated at Cambridge; 
 canon and precentor at Durham 
 Cath., and condr. of mus. soc. ; compr. 
 of some especially good hymn tunes 
 {Lead, Kindly Light). 
 
 E 
 
 Eames (ams), Emma, dram. sop. h. 
 Shanghai, China, Aug. 13, 1867, of 
 American parentage. Brought to 
 Maine at 5; taught by her mother, 
 by Clara Mungerin Boston 1883-86; 
 by Marchesi and Pluque (stage 
 deportment) 1886-88; although en- 
 gaged at Opera Com. in 1888 did not 
 
 ' make debut until 1889 at Opera 
 where she sang 2 years; London 
 debut 1891, New York same year; 
 since then regularly appearing in 
 both cities; though an indifferent 
 actress, lacking in emotional power, 
 her beautiful voice has made her 
 successful in an extended repertoire; 
 
 married 1891 artist Julian Story, 
 from whom she separated 1907; mar- 
 ried baritone Gogorza, 1911. 
 
 Eberl (a-berl), Anton, pst., compr. b. 
 Vienna, June 13, 1766; d. there. Mar. 
 15 (or 11), 1807. Two operas pro- 
 duced 1782 and '83 made him friend 
 of Mozart and Gluck; concert tour 
 with Mozart's widow; lived and 
 traveled in Russia 1796-1800 and 
 1803, and Germany; composed other 
 operas, chamber music, songs, etc.; 
 distinguished as pst. and as compr., 
 by contemporaries classed very 
 high. 
 
ECCARD 
 
 EIBENSCHtJXZ 
 
 Eccard (ek'-kard), Johannes, compr. 
 b. Miihlhausen, Thuringia, 1553; d. 
 Konigsberg, 1611. Pupil of Von 
 Burgk and of Orlando di Lasso; 
 capellm. at Konigsberg and Berlin; 
 eminent as compr. of sacred songs 
 for 4 and 5 voices, written with real 
 religious feeling as well as musical 
 skill. 
 
 Eck (ek), Franz, vU. b. Mannheim, 
 1774; d. Strassburg, 1804. Pupil 
 of brother Johann Friedrich (1766- 
 1809); member of Munich Orch.; 
 director and solo player at St. 
 Petersburg court concerts; teacher 
 of Spohr 1802-03; insane at time of 
 death; powerful and skilful per- 
 former, but poor interpreter. 
 
 Eckert (ek'-ert), Carl Anton Florian, 
 
 compr. b. Potsdam, Dec. 7, 1820; 
 d. Berhn, Oct. 17, 1879. Prodigy 
 at 6; educated under patronage of 
 Forster by Rechenberg and Greulich 
 for pf., Botticher and Ries for vln., 
 and Rungenhagen for comp.; wrote 
 opera at 12, oratorio at 13; studied 
 with Mendelssohn at Leipzig, 1839; 
 accompanist at Th. Italien, Paris 
 1851, condr. 1852; capellm. Vienna 
 1853, Stuttgart 1860-67, Berlin 
 1869; came to U. S. with Sontag; 
 of numerous comp. only few songs 
 have lasting interest; distinguished 
 as condr. 
 
 Eddy, Clarence, orgt. b. Greenfield, 
 Mass., June 23, 1851. Pupil of 
 J. G. Wilson, and Dudley Buck, of 
 Haupt and Loeschhorn in Berlin; 
 after tour of Europe, settled in 
 Chicago 1874 as orgt., director of 
 Hershey School of Mus. Art., condr. 
 Philharm. Vocdl Society, etc., organ- 
 ist Tompkins Ave. Church, Brooljlyn, 
 1908-1910; frequent tours in Amer- 
 ica and Europe;- composed chiefly 
 for org,; as player distinguished for 
 extent of repertoire; lives in Chicago. 
 
 Edwardes [or Edwards], Richard, compr. 
 b. Somersetshire, 1523; d. Oct. 31, 
 1566. Poet, playwright, scholar, 
 master of children at Chapel Royal, 
 member of Lincoln's Inn; one 
 madrigal. In going to my naked bed, 
 one of the finest extant. 
 
 Edwards, Henry Sutherland, writer, h. 
 Hendon, Middlesex, Sept. 5, 1829; 
 d. London (?), Jan. 21, 1906. Author 
 of History of Opera, Life of Rossini, 
 
 The Prima Donna, etc.; critic for 
 St. James Gazette, and special corre- 
 spondent abroad; works are pleas- 
 antly readable, but yot scientifically 
 accurate. 
 
 Edwards, Julian, compr. h. Man- 
 chester, Eng., Dec. 11, 1855; d. 
 Yonkers, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1910. 
 Pupil of Oakeley and Macfarren; 
 1880 produced overture Corinne; 
 condr. Eng. Opera Co. 1883; in 
 N. Y. 1888; compr. of several comic 
 operas: Magic Kiss Boston 1894; 
 Brian Boru N. Y. 1896, Princess 
 Chic 1900, etc. 
 
 Eeden (a-den), Jean Baptiste van den, 
 compr. b. Ghent, Dec. 26, 1842. Pupil 
 at Ghent and Brussels Cons. ; director 
 at Mons Cons. 1878; works, opera, 
 oratorios, Jacob van Artevelde, trilogy 
 Judith, etc.; also suite, songs, etc. 
 
 Ehlert (a'-lert), Louis, compr., writer. 
 b. Konigsberg, Jan. 23, 1825; d. 
 Wiesbaden, Jan. 4, 1884. Pupil of 
 Schumann and Mendelssohn at 
 Leipzig Cons.; studied at Vienna 
 and Berlin; condr. of Society 
 Cherubini at Florence; teacher in 
 Tausig's school in Berlin; tutor to 
 princes in Meiningen; lived in 
 Wiesbaden; comp. symph., sonatas, 
 and overture; wrote Letters to a Lady 
 and Letters from the Tone World. 
 
 Ehrlich (ar'-lik), Alfred Heinrich, pst., 
 writer, h. Vienna, Oct. 5, 1822; d. 
 Berlin, Dec. 29, 1899. Pupil of 
 Henselt and Thalberg; court pst. at 
 Hanover; lived in London and 
 Frankfort; taught at Stern Cons, 
 in Berlin, Dreyschock a pupil; music 
 critic for several journals, editor 
 Tausig's Studies, compr. unimpor- 
 tant pf. works, and author of inter- 
 esting books on pf. playing. [Not 
 the author of Celebrated Violinists and 
 Celebrated Pianists, who used pseud. 
 A. Ehrlich.] 
 
 Eibenschiitz (i-ben-sheetz), Albert, pst. 
 h. Berlin, Apr. 15, 1857. Pupil of 
 Reinecke and Paul at Leipzig Cons.; 
 prof. Mus. School at Charkoff, 
 Russia, at Leipzig Cons. 1880-84, 
 at Cologne 1893, at Stem Cons. 
 1896. Cousin Ilona (b. Pesth, May 
 8, 1873), pst. Pupil of Mme. Schu- 
 mann; great favorite in London 1891- 
 1902, where she married. 
 
EICHBERG 
 
 ELSENHEIMER 
 
 Eichberg (ik-berg), Julius, vlt., compr. 
 b. Dusseldorf, June 13, 1824; d. 
 Boston, Jan. 18, 1893. Pupil of 
 Rietz, and, ^t I3russels Cons., of 
 Fetis and De Beriot; prof . at Geneva 
 Cons.; came to N. Y. 1857; director 
 Museum Concerts, Boston, 1859- 
 1866; director Boston Cons., super- 
 intendent public sch. mus., founder 
 School for Vln.; wrote 4 operettas, 
 Doctor of Alcantara, The Two Cadis, 
 etc., chamber music, and vln. method. 
 
 Eitner (Tt'-ner) , Robert, editor, writer, h . 
 Breslau, Oct. 22, 1832; d. Templin, 
 Jan. 22, 1905. Pupil of Brosig; taught 
 pf. in Berlin; distinguished as care- 
 ful and accurate editor of music of 
 16th and 17th centuries, notably 
 works of Sweelinck, Publikationen 
 dlterer praktischer und theoretischer 
 Musikwerke, and Quellenlexikon iiber 
 die Musiker und Musikgelehrten 
 (1899-1904). • 
 
 Elgar, Sir Edward William, compr. b. 
 Broadheath, near Worcester, Eng., 
 June 2, 1857. Son of W. H. Elgar, 
 orgt., vlt., and music dealer; while 
 a mere boy he assisted his father 
 at org., attended meetings of Wor- 
 cester Glee Club, often conducting; 
 few vln. lessons from Pollitzer in 
 London in 1877, almost only regular 
 instruction; as member of Three 
 Choirs orch., as conductor of band 
 - at County Lunatic Asylum 1879-84, 
 member of Stockley's orch, at Bir- 
 mingham, condr. of Worcester Ama- 
 teur Instrumental Soc, and orgt., 
 he had exceptionally wide chances 
 of intimate acquaintance with vari- 
 ous instruments; London from 1889, 
 in Malvern 1891-1904, when he 
 moved to Hereford, taught, con- 
 ducted, and composed; came to 
 America 1905 to receive degree at 
 Yale, 1906 to direct Gerontius at 
 Cincinnati; prof, of mus. Birming- 
 ham University, 1904-1908. Several 
 cantatas had been given in Wor- 
 cester, notice was first attracted to 
 him by Scenes from King Olaf 1896; 
 after that Imperial March, Banner 
 of St. George 1897, Sea Pictures and 
 Orch. Variations 1899 showed in 
 ascending scale his originality of 
 expression and mastery of orches- 
 tral resources; Dream of Gerontius 
 (Birmingham, 1900), his most im- 
 portant work up to that time, has 
 
 been criticised as lacking sublimity 
 and unity, and has been highly 
 praised for beauty of certain parts, 
 especially by R. Strauss and Conti- 
 nental critics; at 3-day Elgar Fes- 
 tival (London, 1904) were produced 
 old works, new overture In the 
 South and The Apostles, first given 
 at Birmingham 1903, first and 
 second parts of uncompleted trilogy, 
 the second part being The Kingdom; 
 military march Pomp and Circum- 
 stance has swing of real popularity; 
 first symphony, 1908, second. Op. 63, 
 1911, violin concerto, 1910, aroused 
 discussion. 
 
 Ella, John, vlt. b. Thirsk, Yorkshire, 
 Dec. 19, 1802; d. London, Oct. 2, 
 1888. Son of vlt., became lawyer, 
 but at 19 turned to music; lessons 
 in vln. from Ferny, in harm, from 
 Attwood, and comp. from Fetis in 
 Paris; member of orch. at King's 
 Theatre 1822, and of Philharmonic, 
 Antient Music Soc, etc. until retire- 
 ment 1848; 1845-1880 established 
 and directed morning concerts of 
 chamber music; 1850-59 similar 
 mus. winter evenings; analytical pro- 
 grams, written by himself, intro- 
 duced at these concerts were not 
 of his invention, but here first 
 -attracted notice; wrote for Athe- 
 nceum, etc.; 1855 lecturer at London 
 Inst.; author of Mus. Sketches ai- 
 Home and Abroad. 
 
 Ellis, Alexander John [real name 
 Sharpe], writer, b. Hoxton, June 14, 
 1814; d. Kensington, Oct. 28, 1890. 
 Educated at Cambridge; at first in- 
 terested in philology; after mus. les- 
 sons under Donaldson at Edinburgh, 
 began extensive investigations into 
 scientific aspect of tones, chords, 
 and pitch; translated Helmholtz' 
 On the Sensations of Tone; contrib. 
 many papers to Royal Soc. and to 
 Mus. Ass'n; published Basis of Music, 
 Pronunciation in Music, Speech in 
 Song. 
 
 Elsenheimer (er-sen-hlm-er), Nicholas 
 J., compr., teacher, b. Wiesbaden, 
 June, 1866. Taught by his father 
 and Jakobsthal; LL.D. at Heidel- 
 berg; came to America 1890; 1891 
 prof, theory and mus. lit. at Cin- 
 cinnati Coll. of Mus.; now living in 
 N. Y.; comp. part-songs, cantatas 
 Valerian, Belshazzar, 
 
ELSNER 
 
 ENGEL 
 
 Eisner, Joseph Xaver, compr. b. Grott- 
 kau, Silesia, June 29, 1769; d. 
 Warsaw, Apr. 18, 1854. Son of 
 carpenter and instr. maker; origin- 
 ally intending to be doctor; had 
 lessons in harm, from Forster, after 
 visit to Vienna in 1791 became 
 member of theatre orch. at Brunn, 
 condr. at Lemberg, and 1799 at 
 Warsaw, where he composed 22 
 operas in 20 years; 1815 founded 
 soc. which resulted in Cons.; works 
 in many styles, popular in Poland; 
 was the teacher of Chopin. 
 
 Elson, Louis Charles, critic, b. Boston, 
 Mass., Apr. 17, 1848. Pupil of 
 Kreissmann in singing and at Leip- 
 zig of Gloggner-Castelli in theory; 
 editor of Vox Humana, critic on 
 Musical Herald, mus. editor of 
 Boston Courier, later and until pres- 
 ent, of Advertiser; prof, of theory, 
 lecturer on orch. and history N. E. 
 Cons.; extremely popular as lect- 
 urer; author of Curiosities of Music, 
 Theory of Music, German Songs 
 and Song-writers, National Music of 
 America and Its Sources, History 
 of American Music, Elson^s Music 
 Dictionary, etc.; most original work 
 has been in connection with early 
 Am. music; all his work is interest- | 
 ing and readable. His son Arthur 
 also writer, b. Boston, Nov. 18, 
 1873. Studied at Boston schools. 
 Harvard, and Inst, of Technology; 
 has been teacher of textile chem- 
 
 . istry in Atlanta and of drawing at 
 Mass. Inst, of Tech. and at New 
 Hampshire College; studied mus. 
 with father and J. K. Paine; frequent 
 contributor to papers and magazines; 
 wrote Critical Hist, of Opera, Orches- 
 tral Instruments, Woman's Work in 
 Mu^ic, Modern Composers of Europe, 
 and Mu^ic Club Programs from all 
 Nations. 
 
 Elterlein (el-ter-lln), Ernst von [pseud, 
 of Ernst Gottschald], writer. h. 
 Elterlein, Saxony, Oct. 19, 1826. A 
 lawyer, author of popular analysis 
 of Beethoven's sonatas for pf. 
 
 Elvey, Sir George Job, compr. h. Can- 
 terbury, Mar. 27, 1816; d. Windles- 
 ham, Surrey, Dec. 9, 1893. Chorister 
 at Canterbury Cath.; pupil of broth- 
 er, Stephen, compr. (1805-1860), and 
 of Potter and Crotch; 1835-1882 
 
 orgt. of St. George's, Windsor; condr. 
 Glee and Madrigal Soc; 1834 won 
 Gresham Prize; 1840 Doc. of Music; 
 1871 knighted; works chiefly an- 
 thems. The Lord is King, Sing O 
 Heavens, etc. 
 
 Elwart, Antoine Aimable Elie, compr., 
 writer, h. Paris, Nov. 19, 1808; d. 
 there, Oct. 14, 1877. Chorister at St. 
 Eustache, ran awaj^ from apprentice- 
 ship and played" in theatre orch.; 
 pupil at Cons, of F^tis and Lesueur; 
 Prix de Rome 1834; asst. prof, and 
 prof, at Cons. 1832-1872; condr. 
 concerts in Paris; retired 1871; com- 
 posed 3 oratorios, music for Alcestis, 
 chamber and orch. music, etc.; wrote 
 Duprez, sa vie, etc., treatises on 
 theory, and interesting records, 
 Histoire de la Sodete des Concerts 
 and Histoire des Concerts populaires. 
 
 Emerson, Luther Orlando, compr., 
 condr. h. Parsonfield, Mass., Aug. 
 3, 1820; now living (1914) at Hyde 
 Park, near Boston; a pioneer in 
 American musical work for the 
 masses, compr. of church music, 
 condr. of conventions, indefatigable 
 compiler of collections of songs and 
 hymns. The Romberg Collection, The 
 Wreath, etc. 
 
 Emery, Stephen Albert, teacher, h. 
 Paris, Maine, Oct. 4, 1841; d. Boston, 
 Apr. 15, 1891. After lessons from 
 Edwards in Portland, studied with 
 Plaidy, Richter, and Hauptmann at 
 Leipzig and with Spindler at Dres- 
 den; came to Boston 1866; taught 
 in N. E. Cons, from 1867; prof, of 
 harm. Bost. Univ. Coll. of Music; 
 asst. editor Mu^. Herald; composed 
 some songs, wrote text-books. Studies 
 in Pf. Playing and Elements of Har- 
 mony. 
 
 Enckhausen (enk-how-sen), Heinrich 
 Friedrich, orgt. b. Celle, Aug. 28, 
 1799; d. Hanover, Jan. 15, 1885. 
 Pupil of Aloys Schmitt, and his 
 successor as court orgt. and director 
 of Singakademie; composed opera 
 Der Savoyard; orch., church mus., pf. 
 mus., and book of chorals. 
 
 Engel, Carl, writer, h. Thiedenweise, 
 near Hanover, July 6, 1818; d. 
 Kensington, Eng., Nov. 17, 1882. 
 Studied with Enckhausen and Hum- 
 mel; 1846 gave pf. lessons in Man- 
 chester, Eng.; soon after moved to 
 
ENGELMANN 
 
 ERNST 
 
 London; collector of books and rare 
 instruments; author of Music of 
 Most Ancient Nations, Introduction 
 to study of National Music, Musical 
 Instruments of All Countries, A Cata- 
 logue of Instr. in South Kensington 
 Museum (designed to be accomp. by 
 lengthy notes), Musical Myths and 
 Facts, etc., all accurate and at same 
 time readable. 
 
 Engelmann, Hans/ compr. b. Berlin, 
 1872; father and uncle professional 
 musicians; began musical education 
 at seven, pupil of Reinecke, Loesch- 
 horn, Mashel, and Hermann Mohr; 
 received a good literary education 
 before coming to the United States 
 in 1892; located in Philadelphia 
 where he still lives (1914); profes- 
 sional work consists of teaching, con- 
 ducting and composing; his compo- 
 sitions number over 1200 pieces, 
 mostly intended for teaching pur- 
 poses; has written some successful 
 pieces in the salon style, notably 
 Forget-me-nots and Melody of Love. 
 
 Enna, August, compr. b. Nakskov, 
 Denmark, May 13, 1860. Almost 
 entirely self-taught; about 1880, 
 when member of small traveling 
 orch., composed 1st opera A Village 
 Tale; played for dancing and taught 
 in Copenhagen until in 1883 became 
 condr. of provincial company; some 
 compositions attracted attention of 
 Gade who helped him to study in 
 Germany 1888-89; after his return 
 opera Die Hexe met with great suc- 
 cess; Cleopatra was unsuccessful 
 until its second season; Au,cassin 
 and Nicolette 1896 and vln. con- 
 certo have continued his popularity. 
 
 Epstein (ep-st!n), Julius, pst., teacher. 
 b. Agram, Aug. 7, 1832. Pupil of 
 Lichtenegga, Halm, and Rufinatscha; 
 prof, of pf. at Vienna Cons. 1867, 
 Briill and Sembrich among pupils. 
 Daughters Rudolfine, 'cellist, and 
 Eugenie, vlt., toured Austria and 
 Germany 1876-77. 
 
 Eratosthenes (er-a-tos'-then-es), writer, 
 h. Cyrene, 276 B. C; d. Alexandria, 
 Egypt, 195 B. C. Custodian of 
 Alexandria Library; wrote on mathe- 
 matics; Katasterismoi contains notes 
 on Greek music, but his work on 
 music is lost, except for quotations 
 in Ptolemy. 
 
 Erk, Ludwig Christian, compr. h. 
 Wetzlar, Jan. 6, 1807; d. Berlin, Nov. 
 25, 1883. Lessons from father Adam 
 Wilhelm, orgt. (1779-1820) and from 
 Andr6; 1826, as prof, at seminary at 
 Moers on Lower Rhine, started 
 festivals of popular and part-song 
 music; 1836 prof, of royal seminary, 
 Berhn; 1843 founded Mdnnergesang- 
 verein; 1857 director of mus.; 1877 
 resigned; collection Deutsche Lieder- 
 hort (vol. 1 Modern Folk-songs; vol. 2 
 those of 13- 18th centuries) of great- 
 est value; published several other 
 collections. 
 
 Erkel (ar-kel), Ferencz, compr. b. 
 Gyula, Hungary, Nov. 7, 1810; d. 
 Pesth, June 15, 1893. Taught by 
 father; gave pf. recitals; condr. of 
 traveling company; 1838 of Nat'I 
 Theatre, Budapest; first opera Bath- 
 ori Maria 1840 at once success- 
 ful, but greatest success was Hun- 
 yady Laszlo 1844; of later operas. 
 Bank Ban 1861 most popular; 
 founder of Philh. Concerts and prof, 
 of instrumentation at Nat'I Acad.; 
 his numerous songs, like most of his 
 operas, are too intensely national 
 in feeling to have cosmopolitan 
 interest. 
 
 Erlanger (ar'-lon-zha), Camille, compr. 
 b. Paris, May 25, 1863. Pupil at 
 Paris Cons, of Delibes; Prix de Rome 
 1888; won success with St. Julien 
 I'hospitalier, dram, legend 1894; Le 
 juif polonais opera 1900, and Le fits 
 de I'Stoile 1904, moderately success- 
 ful; orchestral music and some songs. 
 
 Ernst, Alfred, writer, h. Pdrigueux, 
 April 9, 1860; d. Paris, May 15, 
 1898. Wrote, beside many articles, 
 L'ceuvre dramatique de Berlioz, and 
 several books on Wagner, whose 
 theories he defended and whose 
 Nibelungen Ring and Meistersinger 
 he translated. 
 
 Ernst, Heinrich WUhelm, vU. h. 
 Briinn, Moravia, May 6, 1814; d. 
 Nice, Oct. 14, 1865. At Vienna 
 Cons, studied comp. with Seyfried, 
 vln. with Bohm, later with Mayseder; 
 on his first tour at 16 followed Paga- 
 nini about to learn his style; after 
 6 years in Paris 1832-38, he toured 
 throughout Europe until he settled 
 in London about 1850; playing re- 
 markable for technical abihty and 
 
ESCHMANN 
 
 FALCKE 
 
 strength of tone; compositions, Ele- 
 gie, Carnaval de Venise, are brilliant 
 and difficult. 
 Eschmann (esh'-man), Johann Carl, 
 pst. b. Winterthur, Switzerland, 
 Apr. 12, 1826; d. Zurich, Oct. 27, 
 1882. Pupil of Moscheles and Men- 
 delssohn; teacher at Kassel and 
 Zurich; composed some pf. music 
 and valuable method Wegweiser 
 durch die Klavierliteratur . 
 
 Esipofif, Stepan [pseud, of Burnand, 
 jftj-thur Bransby], cowpr. b. Croydon, 
 Eng., Dec. 5, 1859. Composer of 
 popular vocal and instrumental 
 music. 
 
 Essipofif, Annette, pst. b. St. Peters- 
 burg, Feb. 1, 1851. Pupil at St. P. 
 Cons, of Wielhorski and Leschetizky; 
 1874 began series of successful con- 
 cert tours, playing in London, Paris 
 1875, America 1876; wife of Leschet- 
 izky, later divorced; 1885 pst. to 
 Prussian court; 1893-1908 prof, at 
 St. P. Cons.; playing marked by 
 unusual skill and artistic feeling, 
 sometimes exaggerated. 
 
 Este [pron. and often spelled East], 
 Michael, compr. Conjecturally son of 
 Thomas. Comp. madrigals, anthems, 
 duets for viols, and Ayerie Fan- 
 cies of four parts that may be sung 
 as well as played; best-known madri- 
 gal How Merrily We Live; retainer 
 of Lady Hutton; Mus. B. Cambridge 
 1606; master of choristers Lichfield 
 Cathedral. 
 
 Este [or Est or East], Thomas, printer. 
 Important early Enghsh publisher 
 and printer; greatest work Whole 
 Booke of Psalmes, " with tunes, in 
 four parts," harmonized by 10 noted 
 contemporaries. 
 
 Eyken (I-ken), Jan Albert van, orgt. 
 b. Amersfoort, Holland, Apr. 26, 
 1823; d. Elberfeld, Sept. 24, 1868. 
 Pupil at Leipzig Cons, and at Dres- 
 den, of Schneider; orgt. at Amster- 
 dam 1848-1853, when he became 
 orgt. and prof, in mus. school at 
 Rotterdam; till death at Elberfeld; 
 successful concert player, compr. of 
 excellent org. mus. and of Lucifer 
 (tragedy), chamber music and songs. 
 
 Faelten (fel'-ten), Carl, pst., teacher. 
 b. Ilmenau, Thuringia, Dec. 21, 1846. 
 Studied with Montag and Schoch, 
 chiefly learned from association with 
 Raff at Frankfort Cons.; after 
 military service in Franco-Prussian 
 war taught in Raff's Cons., and after 
 1882 at Peabody Inst. Baltimore; 
 1885 taught at N. E. Cons., of 
 which he was director 1890-1897, 
 when he founded school of pf. play- 
 ing in Boston. 
 
 Fahrbach (far-bak), Philipp, compr. h. 
 Vienna, Oct. 25, 1815; d. there, Mar. 
 31, 1885. Pupil of Lanner, condr. 
 of orch. of his own and of military 
 band; compr. of operas and popular 
 dance music. Son Philipp. compr. 
 b. Vienna, 1843; d. there, Feb. 15, 
 1894. Bandmaster 'at Pesth, suc- 
 cessor of father in Vienna; also pro- 
 lific compr. of popular marches and 
 dance music. 
 
 Fairlamb, James Remington, compr. 
 b. Philadelphia, Jan. 23, 1837; d. N. 
 Y., April, 1908. After being orgt. in 
 several churches studied at Paris 
 
 Cons, and in Florence; U. S. con- 
 sul at Zurich; orgt. in New Jersey 
 and New York, notably St. Ignatius'; 
 has composed 2 operas and consider- 
 able sacred music. 
 
 Faisst (fist), Enmianuel Gottlob Fried- 
 rich, orgt. b. Esslington, Wiirttem- 
 berg, Oct. 13, 1823; d. Stuttgart, 
 June 5, 1894. Taught himself org. 
 before 9; after studying theology 
 continued to work alone with Men- 
 delssohn's advice; 1844 settled in 
 Stuttgart where he gave concerts; 
 founded soc. for classical ch. music 
 and with others Cons, of which he 
 became director; composed cantatas, 
 motets, org. mus.; edited, with 
 Lebert, Cotta Ed. classical pf. mus. 
 
 Falcke (falk), Henri [Theodore Oscar], 
 pst. b. Paris, Feb. 27, 1866. Pupil 
 of Saint-Saens, Massenet, Dubois, 
 and Mathias at Paris Cons., taking 
 1st prize in pf.; studied also in Ger- 
 many; combines methods of both 
 countries in successful teaching, pub- 
 lished Ecole des arpeges, pf. pieces, 
 etc. 
 
FANING 
 
 faur£ 
 
 Faning, Joseph Eaton, compr. b. 
 Helston, Cornwall, May 20, 1850. 
 Pupil at Roy. Acad, of Mus., of 
 Bennett and Steggall; Mendelssohn 
 Scholarship 1873; Mus. Doc. Camb. 
 1900; teacher at Royal Acad, and 
 Guildhall School; director of mus. 
 at Harrow School 1885-1901; condr. 
 London Male Voice Club and Madri- 
 gal Society; composed 2 operettas, 
 symph., anthems, part-songs, the 
 popular Miller's Wooing, and the 
 Song of the Vikings. 
 
 Farinelli (fa-ri-nelli), [pseud, of Carlo 
 Broschi], singer, h. Naples, Jan. 24, 
 1705; d. Bologna, July 15, 1782. 
 Artificial soprano, taught by Por- 
 pora, early favorite in Naples under 
 name " il ragazzo "; d^but in Rome 
 1722 was followed by success in 
 other Italian cities; defeated in 
 contest with Bernacchi at Bologna, 
 he took lessons of B.; after second 
 visit to Vienna 1731 added to 
 bravura abilities those of pathetic 
 expression; went to England in 
 1734 to lend his aid to Porpora and 
 Senesino in their opposition to 
 Handel; after their victory F. re- 
 mained in London for 2 years win- 
 ning great fortune; 1736 went to 
 Spain where he cured Philip V of 
 melancholy by singing, and remained 
 as his pensioner; in 1759 he was 
 sent to Bologna where he lived in 
 elegant seclusion; probably the most 
 wonderful of all singers in the sono- 
 rous richness and skilful manipula- 
 tion of his voice. 
 
 Farmer, Henry, vU. h. Nottingham, 
 Eng., May 13,1819; d. there, June 25, 
 1891. Self-taught player on vln. and 
 org., in music business for 50 years; 
 orgt. and condr. of Sacred Harmonic 
 Soc. in Nottingham; compr. of mass 
 and vln. concertos, author of New 
 Violin School, and other methods. 
 
 Famaby, Giles, compr. b. Truro, Corn- 
 wall, about 1560 (?); d., place and 
 date unknown, prob. after 1620. 
 Graduated Mus. B. Oxford 1592; 
 contributed to Este's Whole Booke 
 of Psalmes, published canzonets, and 
 some pieces included in Fitzwilliam 
 Virginal Book. 
 
 Farrar, Geraldine, sop. h. Melrose, 
 Mass., Feb. 28, 1882. Studied with 
 Mrs. J. H. Long in Boston, with 
 
 Trabadello in Paris, and Lilli Lehmann 
 in Berlin; d^but Berlin Oct. 15, 1901, 
 followed by engagement at Royal 
 Opera; N. Y. debut 1906; remark- 
 able popularity in Berlin, continued 
 in N. Y. Metropol. Op. Co. 1906. 
 
 Farwell, Arthur, compr., publisher, 
 writer, h. St. Paul, Minn., Apr. 23, 
 1872. Graduated Mass. Inst, of 
 Technology 1893; studied with 
 Homer Norris in Boston and Hump- 
 erdinck, Pfitzner and Guilmant in 
 Europe; lecturer on mus. at Cornell 
 Univ.; founder 1901 of " Wa-Wan 
 Press," which aimed to issue original 
 American music, whether that of 
 Indians or of ultra-modern com- 
 posers; F. himself has composed 
 pieces on Indian themes, songs, etc. 
 and written many articles on Indian 
 music; 1909 in New York on edi- 
 torial staff of Musical America; 
 1910 music commissioner for public 
 parks and recreation piers, N. Y. 
 
 Fasch (fash), Carl Friedrich Christian, 
 compr. b. Zerbst, Nov. 18, 1736; 
 d. Berlin, Aug. 3, 1800. Son of 
 capellm. Johann Friedrich (1688- 
 1758); cembalist to Frederick the 
 Great, as C. P. E. Bach's assistant 
 1756 taught during Seven Years' 
 War; capellm. at opera 1774-76; 
 established choral reunions which led 
 to Singakademie; composed 16-part 
 mass, and some other works, most of 
 which he had burned before his death. 
 
 Faulkes, William, orgt., pst., compr. h. 
 Liverpool, Nov. 4, 1863. Pupil of 
 Wm. Dawson and of Dillon-New- 
 man; orgt. and teacher at Liver- 
 pool since 1886; composed pf. con- 
 certo, vln. concerto, chamber mus., 
 pf. and org. pieces. 
 
 Faure (fo-ra), Gabriel Urbain, compr. 
 b. Pamiers, Ariege, May 12, 1845. 
 Pupil of Niedermeyer, Dietsch, and 
 Saint-Saens; orgt. at Rennes, at 
 several churches (finally Madeleine) 
 Paris; 1896 prof, counterpoint and 
 fugue at Con'fe.; director there 1905; 
 inspector of Beaux- Arts 1892; has 
 written music to several plays 
 (Pelleas et Melisande, Promethee), 
 a symphony, opera, cantata (La 
 Naissance de Venus), pf. pieces, and 
 especially beautiful songs, notably 
 La bonne chanson, En priere, Au 
 cimetiere, Les roses d'Ispahan; music 
 
FAURE 
 
 FETIS 
 
 is distinguished for original harmonies, 
 and depth of expression, especially 
 in songs. 
 
 Faure (for'), Jean Baptiste, dram, 
 baritone, b, MouHns, Allier, Jan. 15, 
 1830. Choir boy at Madeleine under 
 Tr^vaux; pupil at Cons, of Ponchard 
 and Moreau-Sainti, winning 1st prize 
 for comic opera; sang with success at 
 Op^ra Comique 1852-60, at Opera 
 1861-76; taught at Cons. 1857-60; 
 after 1876 sang in concerts; published 
 valuable L'art du chant; his voice 
 was remarkable for its range, flexi- 
 bility, and adaptability to different 
 roles; composer of The Palms; mar- 
 ried 1859 Caroline Lef^bvre (b. 1828) 
 singer at Opera Comique. 
 
 Faustina, see Hasse, Faustina. 
 
 Favarger (fa-var-zha), Rene, compr. 
 b. Paris, 1815; d. Etretat, near 
 Havre, Aug. 3, 1868. For many 
 years teacher in London; compr. of 
 graceful and popular pf. pieces. 
 
 Fay, Amy, pst., writer, b. Bayou 
 Goula, Miss., May 21, 1844. Pupil 
 of Tausig, Kullak, Deppe, and Liszt; 
 related experiences with different 
 methods in popular Music Study in 
 Germany; teaching in New York. 
 
 Fajrrfax, Robert, compr. b. Bayford, 
 Hertfordshire, 1470 (?); d. St. Albans, 
 Feb., 1529. Mus. Doc. Cambridge 
 1504; gentleman of the chapel under 
 Henry VIII ; accounted chief musician 
 of time by contemporaries; composed 
 masses, motets, two songs, etc. 
 
 Fee (fa-o), Francesco, compr., teacher, 
 h. Naples, about 1685; d. after 1740 
 (?). Pupil and successor of Ghizzi 
 at Naples Cons, della Pieta; com- 
 posed opera L'Am^or tirannico and 
 five others; chief importance in 
 church mus., masses, etc. 
 
 Ferrabosco, Alfonso, compr. b. Bologna, 
 about 1525; d. Turin, May 8, 1589. 
 Settled in England 1562, already at- 
 tached to queen's service; while in 
 disgrace at court accused of murder- 
 ing musician attached to Sir Philip 
 Sidney; 1568 again in queen's favor; 
 traveled abroad, returned 1572, left 
 the country 1578; wrote much 
 admired madrigals, pieces for lute, 
 music for masques, etc. Son Alfonso 
 (1575-March, 1628) compr. of music 
 to Jonson's masques. 
 
 Ferrari (fer-ra-ri), Gabrielle, pst., compr. 
 b. Paris, pupil of Ketten in piano 
 and Duprato in composition; also 
 studied with Dubois and Gounod; 
 appeared in public as a virtuoso at 
 twelve to fourteen years of age; 
 her compositions consist of orchestral 
 suites, piano pieces and songs. 
 
 Ferri, Baldassare, singer, b. Perugia, 
 Dec. 9, 1610; d. there, Sept. 8, 1680. 
 Artificial sop.; choir boy in service 
 of Cardinal Crescenzio at Orvieto, 
 and later 1665-80 of Ferdinand III 
 at Vienna; retired to Italy 1675; 
 surpassed in brilliance, endurance, 
 quality of tone, pathos of expres- 
 sion; probably greatest singer that 
 ever lived. 
 
 Fesca, Alexander Ernst, pst. b. Carls- 
 ruhe, May 22, 1820; d. Brunswick, 
 Feb. 22, 1849. Son of Friedrich 
 Ernst (1789-1826), distinguished vlt. ; 
 pupil of Rungenhagen, Schneider, 
 and Taubert; concert tours 1839-40 
 of brilliant success; composed 4 
 operas, chamber mus., and songs, all 
 of which gave promise. 
 
 Festa, Costanzo, compr. b. Rome, 
 about 1490; d. there, Apr. 10, 1545. 
 Singer in Pontifical Chapel 1517- 
 1545; composed in style somewhat 
 like Palestrina's, motets, madrigals 
 (of which Down in a Jlow'ry vale 
 was long most popular in England), 
 Te Deum, still sung at election of 
 new pope. 
 
 Fetis (fa-tis'), Francois Joseph, his- 
 torian, theorist, b. Mons, Belgium, 
 Mar. 25, 1784; d. Brussels, Mar. 26, 
 1871. After lessons on org. from 
 father, and on vln., and after preco- 
 cious compositions, studied at Paris 
 Cons, under Rey, Boieldieu, and 
 Pradher; 1803 in Vienna; published 
 symph. overture, octets, sonatas; 
 began study of hist, of notation, 
 uncompleted; revised ritual of Ro- 
 man church, never published; after 
 loss of wife's fortune orgt. and 
 teacher at Douai; 1821 prof, at 
 Paris Cons.; 1827 librarian there; 
 1827-1832 edited Revue mu^icale; 
 1833 director of Brussels Cons.; 
 music of transitory interest; wrote 
 useful manuals of song, pf. play- 
 ing, etc., classical text-book on 
 counterpoint and fugue, very re- 
 markable Biographic universelle des 
 
FIBICH 
 
 FIORAVANTI 
 
 miisiciens, Histoire generate de la 
 musique, Musique raise d, la portee de 
 tout le monde, many articles and 
 reviews, all marred by partiality of 
 judgment, but all distinguished by 
 clearness of statement, originality 
 of thought and research. 
 
 Fibich (fe'-bik), Zdenko, compr. b. 
 Seborschitz, Bohemia, Dec, 21, 1850; 
 d. Prague, Oct. 10, 1900. Studied 
 at Vienna and Prague, composed 
 and conducted symph. at 14; pupil 
 at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, 
 Richter, and Jadassohn; greatly 
 influenced by Schumann; studied 
 with V. Lachner at Mannheim; 
 after 1874 in Prague, teaching, con- 
 ducting at theatre and at Russian 
 church; retired 1881; wrote about 
 700 works, operas, chamber music, 
 symph. poems, songs, etc.; as nation- 
 al compr. less important than Sme- 
 tana or DvoMk. 
 
 Fiedler (fed-ler), August Max, psL, 
 condr. b. Zittau, Dec. 31, 1859. 
 Lessons from father; first appear- 
 ance at 10; won scholarship at 
 Leipzig Cons, where studied with 
 Reinecke, Paul, and Jadassohn; 
 1882 teacher at Hamburg Cons., 
 since 1894 director; condr. in Ham- 
 burg of concerts of his own and of 
 Philharmonic Soc, and as guest in 
 St. Petersburg, Dresden, Berlin, 
 London, and Italy; condr. N. Y. 
 Philharmonic 1904, Boston Symph. 
 Orch. (1908-12); has comp, symph., 
 songs, pf. and chamber mus. 
 
 Field, John, pst., composer, b. Dublin, 
 July 26, 1782; d. Moscow, Jan. 11, 
 1837. Son of vlt., grandson of orgt. 
 who was first teacher and a merci- 
 lessly severe one; apprenticed to 
 Clementi in London, where he dis- 
 played pf. for sale and received pf. 
 lessons; debut London 1794; ac- 
 companied C. to Paris 1802, to 
 Germany, then to Russia where he 
 remained on C's return 1804, and 
 where he won great success as 
 player and teacher; 1823 similar 
 success at Moscow; 1832-33 toured 
 to London, Paris, and Italy, there 
 unappreciated and ill he was taken 
 back to Moscow by Russian family; 
 especially important in pf. playing 
 and pf. music as link between 
 Clementi and Chopin; of his many 
 
 compositions most important are 
 poetic, graceful Nocturnes which led 
 way to all later free compositions; 
 as performer remarkable for ful- 
 ness of tone, variety of expression, 
 and repose of manner. 
 
 Fielitz (fe-lits), Alexander von, compr. 
 b. Leipzig, Dec. 28, 1860. Pupil of 
 Kretschmer and Schulhoff; 1886-87 
 condr. under Nikisch; prof, at Stern 
 Cons, in Berlin, and theatre condr. 
 at Zurich and Leipzig; for several 
 years at a Chicago conservatory; 
 then returned to Berlin; compr. of 
 two orch. suites and many songs 
 (cycle Eliland). 
 
 Fillmore, John Comfort, teacher, b. 
 New London, Conn., Feb. 4, 1843; 
 d. there, Aug. 15, 1898. Stud- 
 ied with G. W. Steele at Oberlin 
 Coll., and at Leipzig Cons.; director 
 at Oberlin, Ripon Coll., Milwaukee, 
 and Claremont, Cal.; author of 
 History of Pianoforte Mu^ic, with 
 biog. sketches, etc., and Study of 
 Omaha Indian Mu^ic; articles on 
 mus. history and Indian music in 
 Etude and Music, his researches in 
 which were based on personal investi- 
 gation for several years. 
 
 Finck, Henry Theophilus, writer, b. 
 Bethel, Mo., Sept. 22, 1854. Lived 
 in Oregon, graduated at Harvard 
 where he studied with Paine; went 
 to 1st Bayreuth festival 1876, 
 studied in Munich; also student 
 of anthropology and psychology; 
 author of Romantic Love and Per- 
 sonal Beauty, Wagner and his Works,, 
 Chopin and Other Essays, Songs and 
 Song Writers, Life of Grieg, etc.; 
 critic for N. Y. Evening Post; his 
 Wagner and his Works has had great 
 influence in spreading cult in U. S. 
 Success in Music (1910) a mine of 
 practical suggestion to musicians. 
 
 Findeisen (fint'-I-sen), Otto, compr. h. 
 Briinn, 1862. Capellm, at Leipzig Th.; 
 compr. of successful operettas, Der 
 alte Dessauer 1890, Kleopatra 1897.. 
 
 Fioravanti (fi-or-a-van'-ti), Valentino, 
 compr. b. Rome, Sept. 11, 1764; 
 d. Capua, June 16, 1837. Studied 
 under Jannaconi and Sala; first 
 opera produced Rome 1784; wrote 
 about 50 others, most popular Le 
 Cantatrice villane 1806 and / virtux)si 
 
FIORILLO 
 
 FOOTE 
 
 ambulanti, Paris 1807; 1816 maestro 
 at St. Peter's; ch. music of poorer 
 quality than really original though 
 superficial operas. 
 
 Fiorillo (fi-o-ril'-lo) , Federigo, vlt., compr. 
 b. Brunswick, 1753; d., after 1823 
 when he was still living in Paris. 
 Taught by father Ignazio, Neapoli- 
 tan, condr. of opera; went to Po- 
 land 1780; 1785 played at concerts 
 spirituels in Paris; 1788 in London 
 played viola in Salomon's quartet; 
 after 1794 left London, lived in 
 Amsterdam and Paris; of many 
 compositions Caprices or Etudes de 
 violon are of great value to vlts. 
 
 Fisher, William Arms, compr. b. San 
 Francisco, Apr. 27, 1861. Studied 
 with J. P. Morgan, Horatio Parker, 
 Wm. Shakespeare and with Dvorak 
 at Nat. Cons. N, Y., where he also 
 taught; since 1895 living in Boston, 
 musical editor for Oliver Ditson 
 Company; compr. of attractive songs, 
 anthems, etc. 
 
 Flagler, Isaac Van Vleck, orgt. b. 
 Albany, N. Y., May 15, 1844; died 
 March 16, 1909. Studied under 
 H. W, A. Beale, Batiste in Paris, 
 etc.; orgt. in Poughkeepsie, Chicago, 
 Albany, and Auburn; orgt. and 
 lecturer at Chautauqua; org. teacher 
 and lecturer at Syracuse and Cor- 
 nell Univs., at Utica Cons.; pub. 
 pieces and collections for org. 
 
 Flemming, Friedrich Ferdinand, compr. 
 b. Neuhausen, Saxony, Feb.28, 1778; 
 d. Berlin, May 27, 1813. Practising 
 doctor of medicine, member of 
 Zelter's Liedertafel, for which he 
 wrote choruses, notably music to 
 Horace's Integer vitce. 
 
 Floersheim (fl6rs-him). Otto, compr. 
 b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Mar. 2, 1853. 
 Studied with F. Hiller at Cologne; 
 in N. Y. after 1875; editor Musical 
 Courier 1880; manager of Berlin 
 branch for a number of years; 
 compr. of pf . pieces and small orch. 
 works. Consolation, etc. 
 
 Floridia (flo-re'-dia), Pietro, compr. 
 b. Modena, Sicily. May 4, 1860. 
 Studied at Naples with Cesi, Serrao, 
 Polidori, and Rossi; comic opera 
 successful in 1882; toured Italy as 
 pst.; taught in Palermo Cons.; 
 dir. Bergamo Cons.; 1902 elected 
 dir. of Benedetto Marcello Cons., 
 
 Venice; came to N. Y. 1904; later 
 teacher at Cincinnati Coll. Mus.; 
 opera Maruzza success at Venice 
 etc., 1894, La Colonia libera 1899, 
 Paoletta, produced at Cincinnati 1910. 
 Composed beside pf . pieces, suite, etc. 
 
 Flotow (fio-to), Friedrich Freiherr 
 von, compr. b. Teutendorf, Meck- 
 lenburg, Apr. 27, 1812; d. Darm- 
 stadt, Jan. 24, 1883. Study in Paris 
 with Reicha begun 1827, interrupted 
 by July Revolution 1830; wrote 
 first opera Pierre et Catherine in 
 retirement; after return to Paris 
 1836 began long series of operas 
 produced with varying success in 
 Paris, Berlin, and London; with- 
 drew to estate near Vienna about 
 1868; has certain gift for tuneful 
 melody, but lacks originality of 
 rhythm and skill in orchestration; 
 Martha and Alessandro Stradella 
 only operas which have lived; are 
 both revised from earlier versions. 
 
 Foerster (fers-ter), Adolph Martin, 
 teacher, compr. h. Pittsburg, Pa., 
 Feb. 2, 1854. Taught by his mother 
 and at Leipzig Cons, by Richter, 
 Papperitz, Grill, etc.; after teaching 
 at Fort Wayne, Ind., settled in Pitts- 
 burg as teacher of singing and 
 compr.; compr. occasional music 
 {Festival overture. Dedication march), 
 orch. music, songs, etc. 
 
 Foerster (ferster), Alban, compr. h. 
 Reichenbach, Ger.,Oct. 23, 1849. Pu- 
 pil at Dresden Cons., dir. Singakad- 
 emie at Neustrelitz; 1881 teacher 
 and dir. at Dresden; 1903 prof, and 
 court capellm.at Dessau; composed 
 chamber music, instructive pf . works 
 and 3 operas. 
 
 Foley, Allan James [known as Foil], 
 bass. b. Cahir, Tipperary, Ireland, 
 Aug. 7, 1835; d. Southport, Eng., 
 Oct. 20, 1899. Lived in Hartford, 
 Conn., as boy; pupil of Bisaccia at 
 Naples; after debut at Catania 
 1862 played in Turin, Milan, Paris, 
 and London, where he continued 
 for several seasons after 1865; sang 
 also in America, South Africa, Russia, 
 etc.; also successful in concerts; voice 
 of unusual range and power. 
 
 Foote, Arthur William, compr. b. 
 Salem, Mass., Mar. 5, 1853. Pupil 
 of B. J. Lang, S. A. Emery, and J. 
 K. Paine; graduated at Harvard 
 
FORCHHAMMER 
 
 FOX 
 
 1875; 1878-1910 orgt. in Boston; 
 composed symphonic poem Fran- 
 cesca da Rimini, cantatas Wreck of 
 the Hespertis, Skeleton in Armor, 
 chamber music; lacking in directness 
 and dramatic force necessary for 
 larger works, he has shown great 
 skill in composition and grace and 
 ease of melody in orchestral suite in 
 D minor, in string quartet, pf . quin- 
 tet, and in songs, notably some set- 
 tings of Shakesperean words; has 
 also had wide influence on mus. cul- 
 ture in Boston as a teacher, and as 
 president of Cecilia Society; joint 
 author, with W. R. Spalding, of a 
 harmony text-book. 
 
 Forchhammer (fork-ham-mer), The- 
 ophil, orgt. h. Schiers, Gray Cantons, 
 July 29, 1847. Pupil at Stuttgart 
 Cons.; orgt. at Magdeburg; compr. 
 of org. mus.; author of Fuhrer durch 
 die Orgel-LitercUur. 
 
 Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, writer, b. 
 Meeder, near Coburg, Feb. 22, 1749; 
 d. Gottingen, Mar. 17, 1818. Son 
 of shoemaker; chorister at Liineberg; 
 chorprafect at Schwerin; began to 
 study law at Gottingen, but became 
 orgt. and mus. director of Univ.; 
 works on theory and history of 
 music not always accurate and large- 
 ly out-of-date; his Allgemeine Liter a- 
 tur der Mus., and his Ueber J oh. Seb. 
 Bach's Leben, Kunst und Kunst- 
 werke are interesting as the first of 
 their respective classes. 
 
 Formes (for'-mes), Karl Johann, bass, 
 h. Miilheim-on-Rhine, Aug. 7, 1816; 
 d. San Francisco, Dec. 15, 1889. Son 
 of sexton, member of choir; sang at 
 concerts for Cathedral fund at 
 Cologne 1841, where he made oper- 
 atic debut 1841; sang at Mannheim, 
 London 1852-57; in America 1857; 
 then alternating between continents; 
 Berlin 1874; remarkable voice and 
 good presence apparently were not 
 developed to the highest point possi- 
 ble. Brother Theodor, fenor (1826- 
 1874), also successful singer in Ger- 
 many, came with K. J. to America. 
 
 Foster, Muriel, contralto, b. Sunder- 
 land, Eng., Nov. 22, 1877. Pupil of 
 Anna Williams at Royal Coll. of 
 Mus. 1896-1900; winning prizes and 
 scholarship; since debut at Bradford 
 1896 has gained increasing popularity 
 
 at English concerts and festivals; 
 part of Angel in Dream of Gerontius 
 Dusseldorf 1902, and London 1903; 
 has toured in Germany 1902, Canada 
 and U. S. 1904. 
 
 Foster, Myles Birket, orgt., compr. h. 
 London, Nov. 29, 1851. Son of artist 
 Birket; after being articled to Hamil- 
 ton Clarke was pupil at Roy. Acad, 
 of Mus. of Sullivan, Prout, and 
 Horton (org.); various org. appoint- 
 ments in London; mus. editor to 
 Boosey, publisher; composed symph., 
 cantatas for children, Cinderella, 
 Beauty and the Beast; songs, a service 
 and about 40 anthems; author of 
 Anthems and Anthem Composers. 
 
 Foster, Stephen Collins, compr. b. 
 near Pittsburg, July 4, 1826; d. New 
 York, Jan. 13, 1864. Student at 
 Athens Acad., Pa., and Jefferson 
 Coll., but his own mus. teacher; 
 learned to play flageolet at 7; comp. 
 waltz at 14, published Open thy Lat- 
 tice, Love 1842; between 1845-1864 
 he wrote about 175 songs, almost all 
 to words of his own; many of these 
 were introduced to public at " min- 
 strel shows "; Old Uncle Ned, M as- 
 says in the cold, cold ground, Ellen 
 Boyne (tune to which was set John 
 Brown's body). The Old Folks at 
 Home (or Swanee River) are few of 
 best known; his songs have so largely 
 the simple pathetic melodies of real 
 folk-song that his frequent use of the 
 negro dialect has led to an assertion 
 that he borrowed his tunes from 
 negroes. 
 
 Fox, Felix, pst. b. Breslau, May 25, 
 1876. Began study of music at an 
 early age; family moved to Boston, 
 U. S. A., in 1881; returned to Ger- 
 many for study in 1892, at Leipzig 
 Cons, under Jadassohn and Reinecke; 
 received Helbig Prize on graduation 
 when he performed Widor's F minor 
 concerto; later spent two years in 
 Paris with Philipp where he appeared 
 in various concerts and played for 
 the first time in Paris, MacDowell's 
 Sonata Tragica ; after he returned to 
 U. S. in 1897 made concert tour sea- 
 son 1897-98; located in Boston as 
 teacher and pianist, playing recitals 
 in various cities; 1898 with Carlo 
 Buonamici organized the Fox-Buo- 
 namici Piano School in Boston. 
 
FRANCHETTI 
 
 FRESCOBALDI 
 
 Franchetti (fran-ket'-ti), Alberto, Ba- 
 ron, compr. b. Turin, Sept. 18, 1860. 
 Pupil of Coccon and Magi, of Drae- 
 seke at Dresden, and at Munich 
 Cons.; though skilful in orchestra- 
 tion and brilliant handling of spec- 
 tacular scenes, owes presentation 
 of operas largely to means and posi- 
 tion [Grove]; composed symph. and 
 operas, Asraele 1888, Germania 1902. 
 
 Franck, Cesar (sa-zar' fron), Auguste, 
 compr. b. Liege, Dec. 10, 1822; d. 
 Paris, Nov. 8, 1890. Studied at 
 Li^ge Cons.; gave concerts at 11; at 
 Paris Cons. 1835-1842 under Zim- 
 mermann on pf., Berton comp., 
 Benoist org.; took prizes in all but 
 was prevented by father from corn- 
 peting for Prix de Rome; taught in 
 Brussels 1842-44, then in Paris 
 where he became orgt. at Ste. Clo- 
 thilde in 1857 and teacher of org. at 
 Cons, in 1872; his works include 
 operas Hulda, Ghiselle; oratorios 
 Ruth et Boaz, La redemption, Les 
 beatitudes; symph. poems Psyche 
 (with chorus), Les Bolides, Le chas- 
 seur maudit, Les Djinns (for pf . and 
 orch.), symph. in D min., chamber 
 music, notably sonata for vln. and pf ., 
 and quintet for pf. and strings; pf. 
 mus., two operas, and songs. Little 
 appreciated during his life, he lived 
 quietly in Paris delighting in his hard 
 work, his org. playing, and his classes 
 in org. and comp. where he taught 
 most of the noteworthy members 
 of the present generation, — d'Indy, 
 Chausson, Ropartz, Holmes, and 
 others. His compositions are dis- 
 tinguished for simplicity of spirit 
 and absolute sincerity of expression; 
 for the utterance of a calm, strong, 
 uplifting, resigned philosophy; his 
 org. music breathes lofty mysticism, 
 his chamber music is of almost or- 
 chestral richness; technically the 
 qualities of his style are abundance 
 of melody, richness and originality 
 of harmony, architectural dignity 
 of rhythm; its defects are monotony, 
 occasional too great length. (See im- 
 portant life by his pupil, d'Indy.) 
 
 Franck, Melchior, compr. b. Zittau, 
 about 1573; d. Coburg, June 1, 1639. 
 Lived in Augsburg 1601, Nuremberg 
 1602, capellm. to Duke of Coburg 
 after 1603; composed sacred and 
 secular songs, now mostly unknown; 
 
 paid special attention to instrumental 
 accomp. of his songs, which prede- 
 cessors had neglected; extraordi- 
 narily prolific, with great influence 
 on contemporaries. 
 
 Franco, early writer on mus., commen- 
 tator on and possibly inventor of 
 time-table in music; for statement 
 of arguments for and against the 
 existence of three of the name and 
 identity of any one with philosopher 
 of 11th century see Grove and articles 
 there referred to. 
 
 Franz (frantz), Robert, compr. b. 
 Halle, June 28, 1815; d. there, Oct. 
 24, 1892. Son of Christoph Franz 
 Knauth (surname dropped with 
 royal permission in 1847); learned 
 pf . and org. playing in secret, against 
 wishes of parents who grudgingly 
 permitted him to have instruction 
 from Schneider in Dessau 1835-37; 
 on return to Halle, enforced leisure 
 was spent in profitable study of Bach, 
 Handel, etc.; 1st set of 12 songs, pub. 
 1843, won praise from Schumann, 
 Mendelssohn, and Liszt; received 
 various appointments at Halle, orgt., 
 condr. of Singakademie, mus. dir. 
 at Univ. ; deafness which had begun 
 in 1841 and nervous disorders dating 
 from 1858 forced him into retirement 
 in 1868; his pecuniary needs were 
 relieved by fund from concerts given 
 in Germany by Helene Magnus, 
 Joachim, Liszt, etc., and in America 
 by Lang, Dresel, etc.; wrote some 
 articles and arranged accomp. for 
 much of Bach and Handel; pre- 
 eminent as compr. of songs, of which 
 he wrote about 350, remarkable 
 for unswerving fidelity to meaning 
 and text of poems, and extraordinary 
 variety of expression, from simplic- 
 ity and tender pathos to romantic 
 suggestions of subtler moods. 
 
 Frescobaldi, Girolamo, orgt., compr. b. 
 Ferrara (baptized Sept. 9), 1583; 
 d. Rome, Mar. 2, 1644. While youth- 
 ful chorister under Luzzaschi was 
 known as singer and orgt. ; at 
 Mechlin 1607; at Antwerp 1608, 
 where he published collection of mad- 
 rigals; orgt. at St. Peter's in Rome 
 after 1608 except period 1628-33 
 when he was court orgt. at Florence; 
 Froberger a pupil 1637^1; his 
 works, madrigals and toccatas, etc., 
 for org. are of great value foi 
 
FREY 
 
 " daring innovations in harmony, new 
 developments in fugal form, and 
 improvements in notation." [Baker,] 
 
 Frey (fri), Adolph, compr., pst. h. 
 Landau, Rheinfahr, Germany, Apr. 
 4, 1865. Graduated at Stuttgart; 
 studied with Mme. Schumann, 
 Brahms, and Faisst; mus. teacher 
 and accompanist to Prince Alexan- 
 der Friedrich of Hesse; prof, of music 
 at Syracuse University, N. Y. 
 
 Friedheim (fred'-him), Arthur, pst. b. 
 St. Petersburg, Oct. 26, 1859. Early 
 completed university education; di- 
 rected theatre orch. in Dresden; 
 attracted attention of Liszt, whom 
 he followed, to Weimar, Rome, and 
 Naples; successful career as pst. 
 throughout Europe; in America 1891; 
 teacher Chicago Coll. Mus. 1897; 
 now living in Munich. 
 
 Fries (frez), Wulf Christian Julius, 'cel- 
 list, h. Garbeck, Holstein, Germany, 
 Jan. 10, 1825; d. Roxbury (Boston), 
 Mass., Apr. 29, 1902. Taught him- 
 self; played in theatre orch. in Bergen 
 after 1842; also atOle Bull's concerts; 
 came to Boston 1847; 1847-1870 
 member of Mendelssohn Quintet 
 Club, with A. Fries, Gerloff, Leh- 
 mann, and Greiner; also member of 
 Mus. Fund Orch. and Harvard Mus. 
 Ass'n; played with Rubinstein 1873; 
 after about that year ceased exten- 
 sive traveling, but continued to play 
 in public at intervals up to 1901. 
 
 Froberger, Johann Jakob, orgt. h. 
 Halle, 1605 (?); d. Hericourt, Haute- 
 Saone, France, May 7, 1667. Court 
 orgt. to Ferdinand III at Vienna 
 1637-1657, except 1637-41 when he 
 was studying with Frescobaldi at 
 Rome; visited London 1662; at last 
 in service of Duchess of Wiirttem- 
 berg on her French estates; wrote 
 many toccatas, etc., for org. 
 
 Frost, Charles Joseph, orgt. b. West- 
 bury-on-Trym, Eng., June 20, 1848. 
 Pupil of father, Cooper, Goss, and 
 Steggall; several positions as orgt.; 
 Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1882; teacher 
 at Guildhall School; composed can- 
 tata By the Waters of Babylon, Festi- 
 val Te Deum, org. music, etc. 
 
 Frugatta (fru-gat'-ta), Giuseppe, pst. 
 h. Bergamo, May 26, 1860. Pupil 
 of Bazzini and Andreoli at Milan 
 Cons.; prof, there and at Collegio 
 
 FUX 
 
 reale; pst. of considerable fame and 
 compr. of chamber mus, which has 
 won prizes in Milan and in London; 
 also of pf. works, Croquis poetiques, 
 Pastels, etc. 
 
 Fry, William Henry, compr. h. Phila- 
 delphia, Aug. 10, 1813; d. Santa 
 Cruz, Sept. 21, 1864. Son of pub- 
 lisher; pupil of Meignen; began to 
 compose early, and in 1845 produced 
 first American opera Leonora, after- 
 ward given in N. Y. 1858; also wrote 
 symphonies, cantatas, and 2d opera 
 Notre Dame de Paris 1863; chiefly 
 notable for influence on musical 
 taste in America; as foreign corre- 
 spondent and musical editor of N. Y. 
 Tribune and as lecturer. 
 
 Fuchs (fooks), Karl Dorius Johann, 
 
 pst., critic, h. Potsdam, Oct. 22, 
 1838. Pupil pf father. Von Bulow, 
 Weitzmann, and Kiel; 1871-75 living 
 at Berlin; 1875-79 at Hirschberg; 
 after 1879 condr. of Gesangverein at 
 Danzig; orgt. and teacher; author 
 of several works, chiefly with Rie- 
 mann of Praktische Anleitung zum 
 Phrasieren 1886 (N. Y. 1892) ; as per- 
 former of great intellectual inten- 
 sity, with breadth of phrasing. 
 
 Fuchs, Robert, compr. h. Frauenthal, 
 Feb. 15, 1847. Brother of Johann 
 Nepomuk (1842-1899), dir.; pupil 
 and prof, since 1875 at Vienna Cons.; 
 composed 2 operas, pf. concerto, 
 trios, etc., but especially 5 serenades 
 for string orch. widely popular. 
 
 Fursch-Madi (f ursh-madi) ,Enimy, dram, 
 sop. b. Bayonne, France, 1847; d. 
 Warrenville, N. J., Sept. 20, 1894. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons.; sang in Paris, 
 created Aida in Brussels; visited 
 America 1874, London 1879; later 
 seasons in New York. 
 
 Fux (fooks), Johann Joseph, theorist. 
 b. Hirtenfeld, Upper Styria, 1660; 
 d. Vienna, Feb. 13, 1741. Nothing 
 is known of his early life or studies; 
 after 1696 he held various positions as 
 orgt. and capellm. in Vienna; wrote 
 operas and not very original church 
 music much of which not published; 
 chief works are Gradits ad Parnassum, 
 dialogue on theory and practice of 
 composition, studied and followed 
 by many distinguished successors, 
 and Missa canonica, and an a cappella 
 mass, containing all kinds of canons. 
 
GABRIEL 
 
 GADSKI 
 
 G 
 
 Gabriel [Mary Ann], Virginia, compr. 
 b. Banstead, Surrey, Feb. 7, 1825; 
 d. London, Aug. 7, 1877. Pupil of 
 Thalberg and Molique; composed 
 cantata Evangeline, several operas, 
 Widows Bewitched, Who's the Heir? 
 etc.; and many songs; married 
 1874 G. E. March who wrote many 
 of her hbrettos. 
 
 Gabrieli (gab-ri-a'-h), Andrea, compr. 
 b. Venice, about 1510; d. there, 
 1586. Pupil of Willaert, chorister 
 and later 2d orgt. at St. Mark's; 
 teacher of his nephew, Giovanni, 
 Hasler, and Sweelinck; of great 
 fame in Germany and Netherlands 
 as well as in Italy; composed 
 Cantiones Sacrae, Psalmi Poeni- 
 tentiales, masses, ricercari, etc., for 
 org. 
 
 Gabrieli, Giovanni, compr. h. Venice, 
 1557;- d. there, Aug. 12, 1612 or 1613. 
 Pupil of his uncle and 1st orgt. of 
 St. Mark's; teacher of Schiitz and 
 Michael Praetorius; unusual contra- 
 puntal skill is shown in motets of 
 16 and 19 parts; difficulty of parts 
 suggests that they were to be played 
 rather than sung [Grove]; especially 
 remarkable for handhng of two or 
 more choirs of voices in dialogue 
 form, and for variety of accom- 
 paniment. 
 
 Gabrilovitch (ga-bril-o'-vitch), Ossip 
 Salomonovitch, pst. b. St. Peters- 
 burg, [Jan. 26] Feb. 7, 1878. After 
 first pf . lessons from brother, studied 
 under Tolstoff at St. Petersburg 
 Cons., where he was advised and 
 superintended by Rubinstein; won 
 Rubinstein Prize 1894; studied with 
 Leschetizky and Navratil at Vienna; 
 since 1898 has had successful career 
 as virtuoso, playing in America 1900, 
 1901, 1902, 1903, and every year 
 since 1906; has published some 
 small pf. works. Lives in Berlin. 
 Married, 1909, Clara Clemens (daugh- 
 ter of " Mark Twain "), sop. 
 
 Gabussi (ga-boos'-si), Vincenzo, compr. 
 b. Bologna, 1800; d. London, Sept. 
 12, 1846. Pupil of Mattel; pro- 
 duced 3 operas without great success, 
 
 one, Ernani, Paris 1841; 1825-1840 
 taught singing in London; chiefly 
 known for vocal duets. 
 
 Gade (ga-da), Niels Wilhelm, compr. 
 b. Copenhagen, Feb. 22, 1817; d. 
 there, Dec. 21, 1890. Refused to 
 follow father's trade of instrument- 
 maker; after study under Wexschall, 
 Berggreen and Weyse, became vlt. 
 in royal orch. at Copenhagen, where 
 he gained much from practical 
 experience; Ossian overture, on 
 approval of Spohr and Schneider, 
 won prize 1841 and royal stipend for 
 travel; except for trip to Italy, 
 G. hved in Leipzig 1842-48, as 
 friend of Schumann and Mendels- 
 sohn; assistant and successor 1847 
 of latter as condr. at Gewandhaus; 
 after 1848 lived in Copenhagen as 
 orgt., condr. of Musikverein, court 
 capellm., prof.; though somewhat 
 influenced by his friends the German 
 romanticists, G's music has some 
 originality, and a Scandinavian flavor 
 of its own; he was the precursor of 
 composers who have more definitely 
 brought out that flavor and the one 
 who aroused international interest in 
 Northern music. He wrote 8 symph., 
 many part-songs, and cantatas Com- 
 ala, Erlkonigs Tochter, etc. 
 
 Gadsby, Henry Robert, compr. b. 
 Hackney, London, Dec. 15, 1842; 
 d. Putney, Nov. 11, 1907. Instruc- 
 tion received as member of St. 
 Paul's choir from W. Bayley all he 
 had; orgt. at Brockley; prof, of 
 harmony at Queen's Coll., London, 
 prof, at Guildhall, member of Philh. 
 Soc; composed many cantatas. The 
 Lord of the Isles, etc., part-songs, etc. 
 
 Gadski, Johanna [Emilia Agnes], dram, 
 sop. b. Anclam, Pomerania, June 15, 
 1871. Pupil of Schroeder-Chaloupa; 
 ddbut Berhn 1889, followed by 
 engagements in Berlin, Mayence, 
 Bremen, concerts in Holland; Amer- 
 ican season with Walter Damrosch 
 1895, subsequent seasons at Metro- 
 politan, London after 1899; 1899 
 at Bayreuth; married H. Tauscher, 
 1892. 
 
GAFORIO 
 
 Gaforio (ga-fo'-rio), [sometimes spelled 
 Gafori, Gafuri, etc.], Franchino, theor- 
 ist, b. Lodi, Jan. 14, 1451; d. Milan, 
 June 24, 1522. Lived in many Italian 
 cities, Mantua, Verona, Naples 
 (whence he was driven by plague), 
 finally at Milan, where he was singer 
 and master of boys in cath., first 
 singer in choir of Ludovico Sforza, 
 founder of music-school; writings 
 on theory valuable at time, histor- 
 ically interesting for evidence in 
 contest between schools of Milan 
 and Bologna. 
 
 Gagliano (gal-yi-a'no), Marco da, 
 compr. h. Gagliano, near Florence, 
 about 1575; d. there, Feb. 24, 1642. 
 From father's name called Marco di 
 Zanobia, but family name really 
 quite unknown. Pupil of Bati, 
 became maestro at S. Lorenzo; 1607 
 founder of Accademia degV elevati 
 in Florence; his opera Dafne, 
 performed Mantua 1607, an early 
 example of effort toward dramatic 
 expression in music; wrote responses 
 for Holy Week, madrigals, etc. 
 
 Galilei (ga-li-la'-i), Vincenzo, writer, 
 h. Florence, about 1533; d. there, 
 about 1600. Father of GaHleo G., 
 the astronomer; distinguished lute- 
 player, vlt.; one of those who dis- 
 cussed revival of Greek dramatic 
 theories at house of Count Bardi in 
 Florence; said to be one of first who 
 composed mUsic for single voice 
 with instr., — experiment which led 
 to opera; wrote discourses chiefly 
 directed against his former teacher, 
 Zarlino, and his theories about the 
 scale and tuning of lutes. 
 
 Galin (ga-lan), Pierre, theorist. b. 
 Samatan, Gers, France, 1786; d. 
 Bordeaux, Aug. 31, 1821. Teacher 
 of mathematics at Bordeaux, who 
 invented Meloplaste, method of 
 teaching sight-reading adopted by 
 Galin-Paris-Chev6 system; it con- 
 sists in referring all notes to the 
 tonic {" movable do " principle), and 
 in using figures to represent the 
 various notes of the scale. 
 
 Galileo (gal'-le-co), Paolo, pst. b. 
 Trieste, May 13, 1868. Debut with 
 recital at 15; a pupil at Vienna Cons, 
 of Epstein, won several prizes; after 
 success on Continent settled in N. Y. 
 1892, as teacher. 
 
 GANZ 
 
 Galuppi (ga-loop'-pi), Baldassare [called 
 U Buranello], compr. h. Burano, near 
 Venice, Oct. 18, 1706; d. Venice, 
 Jan. 3, 1785. First lessons from his 
 father; after failure of an opera, 
 studied under Lotti; 1741 visited 
 England, went twice to St. Peters- 
 burg; was maestro at St. Mark's, 
 director of Cons., and orgt. besides 
 compr. of some 74 operas, many 
 written to librettos by Goldoni, all 
 quite obsolete; composed also for 
 harpsichord. (Poem by R. Browning 
 does not refer to any particular 
 toccata.) 
 
 Gand (gan), Charles Nicholas Etig^ne, 
 vln.-maker. b. Paris, June 5, 1825; 
 d. Boulogne-sur-Seine, Feb. 5, 1892. 
 Son of Charles Frangois, eminent 
 maker and remarkable repairer of 
 vlns.; pupil in vln. playing of 
 Baillot at Cons., 1st prize 1839; 
 partner of his brother Charles 
 Adolphe and after C. A's death of 
 Bernardel brothers; among most 
 distinguished of modern makers; 
 keen knowledge of old instr. 
 
 Ganne (gan), Gustave Louis, compr. 
 b. Buxi6res-les-Mines?, Allier, France, 
 Apr. 5, 1862. Pupil at Paris Cons, 
 of Dubois and Franck; condr. orch. 
 at Paris, and at Monte Carlo ; comp. 
 waltzes, marches, songs, ballets, comic 
 operas Rabelais, Les saltimbanques, 
 Hans, the Flute-player. 
 
 Gansbacher (gens'-bak-er), Johann 
 Baptist, compr. b. Sterzing, Tyrol, 
 May 8, 1778; d. Vienna, July 13, 
 1844. Studied under Albrechts- 
 berger, and under Vogler at Vienna 
 and Darmstadt, where Meyerbeer 
 and Weber were companions; after 
 wandering life as soldier part of 
 time, capellm. in Vienna 1823; com- 
 posed 216 works, masses, offertories, 
 marches, serenades, etc.; only few 
 published. 
 
 Gantvoort (gant'-vort), Arnold J., 
 teacher, h. Amsterdam, Dec. 6, 1857. 
 Came to U. S. 1876; taught in 
 various places; 1894 head of normal 
 dept. for public school music teachers, 
 Cincinnati Coll. of Mus.; has pub- 
 lished public school readers. 
 
 Ganz (gans), Rudolf, pst. h. Zurich, 
 1877. First appearance as 'cellist at 
 10; began study of pf. at 16 with 
 
GANZ 
 
 GASPARO DA SAL6 
 
 uncle, Eschmann-Dumur; later stud- 
 ied pf. and comp. with Busoni, at 
 one of whose concerts he appeared 
 as soloist and compr. 1899; 1901- 
 1905 taught in Chicago; resigned 
 to lead virtuoso life; lives at Berlin. 
 
 Ganz, Wilhelm, pst. b. Mayence, 
 Nov. 6, 1833. Son of chorusmaster 
 at theatre in London, where he 
 settled in 1850; pupil of Eckert, 
 Anschiitz, etc.; after 1856 accom- 
 panist for Jenny Lind and for many 
 other prominent singers; 2d vln., 
 joint condr. at Wylde's New Phil- 
 harmonic Soc. Concerts, continued 
 1880-83 as Ganz's Orch. Concerts 
 where many works were first per- 
 formed; prof, of singing at Guildhall 
 School of Music. 
 
 Garat (ga-ra), Pierre Jean, singer, b. 
 Ustaritz, Apr. 25, 1764; d. Paris, 
 Mar. 1, 1823. Pupil of Beck at 
 Bordeaux; studied law at Univ. of 
 Paris, but abandoned it; private 
 secretary to Count of Artois, favorite 
 of Marie Antoinette; after Revolu- 
 tion sang at concerts Feydeau; 
 prof, of singing at Cons, after 1799; 
 taught Roland, Nourrit, and Mile. 
 Duchamp whom he married; his 
 remarkable voice included both 
 tenor and baritone registers; prodig- 
 ious memory on which he chiefly 
 relied rather than on knowledge. 
 
 Garcia (gar-si' -a or gar-the'-a), Manuel 
 del Popolo Vicente, singer [real name 
 Rodriguez]. b. Seville, Jan. 21, 
 1775; d. Paris, June 9, 1832. 
 Cathedral chorister, pupil of Ripa 
 and Almarcha; known as singer, 
 condr. and compr. at 17; great 
 success in Paris 1808-1811; 1811- 
 1816 in Naples, singer in Murat's 
 chapel, profiting by advice from 
 Anzani, composing, singing in Ros- 
 sini's operas (part of Almaviva was 
 written for him); 1816 in Paris, 
 until Catalani's mismanagement 
 drove him in 1817 to London; 1819- 
 24 again in Paris, then again in 
 London until 1825 when he brought 
 family and troupe to N. Y., where 
 they gave Italian operas with great 
 success; after short season in Mex- 
 ico, of the profits of which they were 
 robbed, returned to Paris, where 
 G. continued to compose and teach; 
 his own children Marie [see Malibran] 
 
 and Pauline [see Viardot-Garcia], 
 Nourrit, Rimbault among pupils; 
 of his 43 operas none is remembered. 
 His son, Manuel Garcia [Patricio 
 Rodriguez], teacher, b. Madrid, Mar. 
 17, 1805; d. London, July 1, 1906. 
 After lessons from his father and 
 Fetis, went to N. Y. as bass in 
 father's troupe; 1829 taught in 
 Paris, among his pupils were Jenny 
 Lind, Henriette Nissen, Catherine 
 Hayes, Mme. Marchesi, Santley, 
 Sontag; invented laryngoscope; 
 wrote Memoire sur la voix humaine; 
 taught at Paris Cons. 1842; leave 
 of absence 1849, resigned 1850; 
 1848 teacher at Royal Acad. Lon- 
 don, where he remained until 1895; 
 hundredth birthday celebrated with 
 international compUment. 
 
 Garden, Mary, dram. sop. h. Aberdeen, 
 Scotland, Feb. 20, 1877. Came to 
 Chicago very young; pupil of Mrs. 
 Duff, of Bangor, Me.; coached by 
 Trabadello and Fugere at Paris; 
 debut at Opera Comique in Char- 
 pentier's Louise, 1900, led to engage- 
 ment; created Melisande and other 
 parts; one of few foreign singers 
 really accepted by French audiences; 
 N. Y. debut Manhattan Opera, 1908; 
 Phila.-Chicago Op. engaged 1909-10. 
 
 Garlandia, Johannes de, writer, b. 
 England, or Ireland, about 1190. 
 Studied at Oxford and Paris; 1218- 
 1232 at Toulouse; after 1229 at 
 Univ.; still living in Paris 1245; 
 poet and grammarian as well as 
 author of treatises on mus. theory 
 and notation, printed in Cousse- 
 maker's Scriptores. 
 
 Garrett, George Mursell, compr. h. 
 Winchester, Eng., June 8, 1834; d. 
 Cambridge, Apr. 8, 1897. Pupil of 
 Elvey and Wesley; orgt. at Madras 
 1854-1856; 1857 at St. John's Coll. 
 Camb.; 1873 orgt. to Univ.; Univ. 
 lecturer and examiner; condr. St. 
 John's Mus. Soc; composed ora- 
 torio Shunammite and distinguished 
 church services. 
 
 Gasparo da Sal6 (gas-pa'-ro-da-sa-lo'), 
 [family name Bertolotti], vln.-maker. 
 b. Salo, province of Brescia, about 
 1542; d. Brescia, April 14, 1609. 
 After about 1563 gained renown at 
 Brescia as maker of viols, viola da 
 gambas, and contrabasses; said to 
 
GASTALDON 
 
 GEDALGE 
 
 have modernized form of vln. by 
 giving / holes present shape, etc.; 
 vlns. of his make not remarkable. 
 
 Gastaldon (gas-tal'don), Stanislas, com- 
 pr. b. Turin, Apr. 7, 1861. Has 
 published since early youth great 
 number of popular pf. pieces, fan- 
 tasias, etc.; composed one-act opera 
 Le Pater 1894. 
 
 Gatty, Sir Alfred Scott, compr. b. 
 Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, Apr. 25, 1847. 
 Son of vicar; studied at Cambridge; 
 poursuivant of arms. Herald's Col- 
 lege, London, 1880; composed 2 
 operettas, Sanford and Merton's 
 Christmas Party, Not at Home, songs 
 and books for children, many other 
 songs and pf. pieces. 
 
 Gatil, Alfred Robert, compr. b. Nor- 
 wich, Eng., Apr. 30, 1837. Choris- 
 ter in cath., then articled to Dr. 
 Buck; various appointments as orgt.; 
 condr. Walsall Philh. Soc; teacher 
 of harmony at Birmingham and 
 Midland Inst,; works include can- 
 tatas Hezekiah, Ruth, many psalms 
 and tunes of ])opular sentimentality; 
 The Holy City best known work. 
 
 Gauntlett, Henry John, orgt. b. Wel- 
 lington, Shropshire, July 9, 1805; d. 
 Kensington, London, Feb. 21, 1876. 
 Though showing early aptitude for 
 music (was orgt. in his father's 
 church at 9) he became lawyer and 
 practised until about 1842, holding 
 various positions as orgt. at same 
 time; brought about introduction of 
 C organ in Eng., instead of old F 
 and G instruments; drew attention 
 to Gregorian music; compiled many 
 collections of psalm-tunes, composed 
 favorite hymn-tunes. 
 
 Gavinies (ga-vi-ne-az'), Pierre, vlt. b. 
 Bordeaux, May 11, 1728; d. Paris, 
 Sept. 9, 1800. Appeared in Paris 
 1741 at Concerts spirituels; directed 
 them 1773-77; teacher at Cons, after 
 1795; called French Tartini; although 
 probably inferior to T. in originality 
 and ability, yet G. had great influ- 
 ence, as result of virtuosity, in found- 
 ing French school; composed 24 Mati- 
 nees, difficult and interesting studies, 
 also other vln. works and one opera. 
 
 Gayarre (ga-yar-ra), Julian, dram, 
 tenor, b. Roncal or Pampeluna, Jan. 
 9, 1844; d. Madrid, Jan. 2, 1890. 
 Son of blacksmith, educated by 
 
 Eslava at Madrid Cons.; debut at 
 Varese followed by engagements in 
 Rome, Milan, Vienna, St. Peters- 
 burg, South America, and London 
 (1877-1881), and in Madrid, where 
 he founded a school of singing for 
 poor youths. 
 
 Gajmor, Mrs. Jessie L., compr. b. St. 
 Louis, Mo., Feb. 17, 1863. Early pf. 
 lessons from Mrs. Ralston, later 
 theory and pf. from Maas, and 
 theory with C. B. Cady, A. J. Good- 
 rich, and A. Weidig; also had vocal 
 lessons with J. D. Mehan, and Ida 
 Lurig in Berlin; taught in Iowa 
 City, in Chicago, and at school of 
 her own in St. Joseph, Mo., where 
 she now lives (1910); composed a 
 great number of songs and pf . pieces; 
 though she has written some songs 
 for adults {Album of Rose Songs), her 
 specialty is works for children and 
 about them; beside many single 
 songs {Discontented Duckling, etc.) 
 she has written a Mother Goose 
 operetta The House that Jack Built, 
 and has had share in many collec- 
 tions. Songs of the Child World, 
 Melody Pictures for Little Players, 
 Lilts and Lyrics for Kindergarten, etc. 
 
 Gebhard, Heinrich, pst. h. Germany, 
 1878. Studied with a local bandman, 
 moved to the U. S. 1888, the family 
 locating in Boston, where he became 
 a pupil of Clayton Johns in piano 
 playing, theory, and composition; 
 later studied four years in Vienna 
 with Leschetizky; began his profes- 
 sional career in Boston in 1900; since 
 then has played with the leading 
 orchestras and chamber music organ- 
 izations, and is considered one of the 
 foremost American pianists; while 
 he presents excellent interpretations 
 of the classics he is especially inter- 
 ested in the works of modern com- 
 posers, such as Strauss, Faure, 
 D'Indy, Franck, Loeffler and Con- 
 verse; his compositions include a 
 string quartet, a sonata for violin 
 and piano (performed at Vienna), 
 and a number of piano pieces. 
 
 Gedalge (zha-dalzhe), Andre, compr. 
 b. Paris, Dec. 27, 1856. Pupil at 
 Cons, of Guiraud; 2d Prix de Rome 
 1886; composed several successful 
 operas, Le petit Savoyard, etc., 2 
 symph., pf. concerto, and Traits de 
 fugue. 
 
GEIBEL 
 
 GERLACH 
 
 Geibel (gi-bel), Adam, compr., orgt. 
 b. Neuenhein, near Frankfort, Ger- 
 many, Sept. 15, 1855. Became blind 
 in infancy; came to America 1862; 
 studied at Penna. Inst, for the Blind 
 until 1874, chiefly org. with D. D. 
 Wood; taught there until 1901; orgt. 
 in Philadelphia since 1873; publisher 
 Geibel and Lehmann, 1887-1906, 
 then as A. G. Mus. Co.; since 1902 
 has lectured on his own life; known 
 as compr. since 1875 of songs, pf. 
 pieces and choruses; some of the very 
 popular ones are Over the Hills at 
 Break of Day, My Kentucky Babe, 
 etc.; cantata The Nativity has been 
 successful. 
 
 Gelinek, Hermami Anton [called Cer- 
 
 vetti], compr. b. Horzeniowecs, Bo- 
 hemia, Aug. 8, 1709; d. Milan, Dec. 
 5, 1779. Priest who fled from mon- 
 astery and lived in Naples under 
 name C, gaining distinction as vlt. 
 and compr. of vln. and church music. 
 
 Geminiani (jem-in-i-a'-ni), Francesco, 
 vlt. h. Lucca, about 1680; d. Dublin, 
 Sept. 17, 1762. Pupil of Lunati, 
 Corelli, and possibly of A. Scarlatti; 
 after playing in band at Lucca, came 
 to England 1714, where he estab- 
 lished himself as teacher and infre- 
 quent concert player; lived in Dublin 
 1736-42, in Paris 1749-55, otherwise 
 in London; important as introducer 
 of Corelli's method and vln. tech- 
 nic into England, as author of Art 
 of Playing the Violin, first written 
 method; wrote other theoretical 
 treatises, and composed vln. music, 
 esteemed at time very difficult. 
 
 Gemiinder (ge-mun'-der), August [Mar- 
 tin Ludwig], vln.-maker. h. Ingel- 
 fingen, Wiirttemberg, Mar. 22, 1814; 
 d. New York, Sept. 1, 1895. Pupil 
 of father; after working in several 
 places, shop of own at Regensburg; 
 came to America 1846; first estab- 
 lished at Springfield, Mass., and 
 after 1860 in N. Y.; international 
 reputation as maker; especially 
 expert in copying old viohns. 
 
 Genee (zh^-na), Franz Friedrich Rich- 
 ard, compr. b. Danzig, Feb. 7, 1823; 
 d. Baden, near Vienna, June 15, 
 1895. Son of music director at 
 theatre; first studied medicine; pupil 
 in mus. of Stahlknecht at Berlin; 
 capellmeister at theatres in many 
 
 cities, finally at Vienna, from 1868 
 to retirement 1878; clever author of 
 librettos of which he wrote many, 
 some with F. Zell [pseud, of C. Wal- 
 zel]. Composed popular but transi- 
 tory operas {Nanon, etc.). 
 
 Georges (zhor-zhe), Alexandre, compr., 
 orgt., teacher, b. Arras, Feb. 25, 
 1850. Pupil at the Ecole Nieder- 
 meyer, Paris, where he took prizes; 
 orgt. of St. Vincent de Paul, and 
 teacher at the Ecole Niedermeyer; 
 compositions include operatic and 
 choral works, incidental music to 
 plays, orchestral pieces, and songs. 
 
 Gerardy (zha-rar'-di), Jean, 'cellist, 
 h. Spa, Belgium, Dec. 7, 1877. Pupil 
 of Bellman and at Verviers Cons.; 
 after occasional appearances as solo- 
 ist, made tours as virtuoso after 
 1888; has played in England, France, 
 Germany, Russia, Australia, America 
 (3 times) notably with Marteau and 
 Ysaye and with Kreisler and Hof- 
 mann. 
 
 Gerber (ger-ber), Ernst Ludwig, lexicog- 
 rapher, b. Sondershausen, Sept. 29, 
 1746; d. there, June 30, 1819. Son 
 of Heinrich Nikolaus (1702-1775), 
 compr., orgt.; pupil and successor of 
 father as orgt. and court secretary; 
 beginning with idea of bringing up 
 to date Walther's Lexikon, he wrote 
 under considerable difficulties His- 
 torisch-biographische Lexikon der 
 Tonkunstler 1742, enlarged and cor- 
 rected 1812; though necessarily out 
 of date, his work is foundation of all 
 succeeding ones, and still has value, 
 
 Gericke (ge'-rik-6), Wilhelm, condr. 
 h. Graz, Styria, Apr. 18, 1845. 
 Pupil of Dessoff at Vienna Cons.; 
 theatre condr. at Linz, 2d condr. of 
 Vienna court opera; condr. of Gesell- 
 schaft concerts after Brahms 1880; 
 1884-89 condr. of Bost. Symph. 
 Orch.; 1889-95 again of Gesellschaft 
 concerts, and 1898-1906 again of 
 Bost. Orch.; to his remarkable effi- 
 ciency in drilling the Boston Orch. 
 owes perfection of ensemble; as in- 
 terpreter, though sometimes ac- 
 cused of dryness, he was painstaking 
 and broad-minded. 
 
 Gerlach (ger'-lak), Theodor, compr. 
 b. Dresden, June 25, 1861. Student 
 at Berlin Univ.; pupil of Fr. Wtillner; 
 cantata Luthers Lob der Musica 
 
GERMAN 
 
 brought him into notice; theatre 
 condr. in Sondershausen and in 
 Posen, now at Carlsruhe; composed 
 chamber mus., several cantatas, suc- 
 cessful opera Matteo Falcone. 
 
 German, Edward [pseudonym of James 
 E. German- Jones], compr., condr. b. 
 Whitchurch, Shropshire, Feb. 17, 
 1862. Early organized local band, 
 for which he arranged and composed 
 music and for whose concerts he 
 taught himself to play vln. solos; in 
 1880 took lessons of Hay, and entered 
 Royal Acad., w^here he studied org. 
 under Steggall, vln. under Weist- 
 Hill and A. Burnett; taught vln. 
 there; vlt. in several theatre orch.; 
 1888 mus. director of Globe Th., 
 London, where he began to write 
 incidental music; among this music, 
 Henry VIII (for the Lyceum 1892) 
 is notable and has become popular 
 as suite; completed Sullivan's music 
 for The Emerald Isle 1901; composed 
 Princess of K ensi ngton f903, Tom 
 Jones 1907. 
 
 ensm\ 
 LHeii 
 
 Germer (gar'-mer) , Heinrich, p/. teacher. 
 b. Sommersdorf, Saxony, Dec. 30, 
 1837; d. Dresden, Jan. 4, 1913. Pupil 
 at Berlin Akademie; after a period 
 of teaching, settled in Dresden, where 
 he devoted himself to teaching and 
 writing books on pf. playing. 
 
 Gemsheim (garns'-hlm), Friedrich, jpst:, 
 compr. b. Worms, July 17, 1839. 
 After lessons on pf. from mother, 
 Pauer, and Rozenheim, and in theory 
 from Hauff, he studied at Leipzig 
 Cons, under Moscheles, Richter, etc., 
 and then for a year in Paris; teaching 
 at Saarbruck and Cologne, conductor 
 at Rotterdam, teacher at Stern Cons. 
 1890-97; and director Stern Gesang- 
 verein 1890-94; composed 4 symph., 
 concertos for pf. and vln., choral 
 works, and chamber music. 
 
 Gerster (gars'-ter), Etelka, dram. sop. 
 b. Kaschau, Hungary, June 25, 1857. 
 Pupil of Marchesi at Vienna Cons.; 
 debuT; Venice 1876; success at Genoa, 
 Marseilles, Berhn 1877, Pesth (where 
 she married impresario Gardini), 
 London, and America (1878, 1883, 
 1887); last appearance in London 
 1890; after period of retirement at 
 Bologna, opened school for singers, 
 Berlin, 1896; remarkable for colora- 
 tura singing and dramatic ability. 
 
 GIBBONS 
 
 Gesualdo (zha-swal'-do), Carlo, Prince 
 of Venosa, compr. b. about 1560; 
 d. Naples, 1614. Pupil of Nenna; 
 one of so-called chromaticists (Ban- 
 chieri, Vincentino, etc.); in seeking 
 to establish Greek system, came upon 
 many originalities; chiefly notable 
 for better adaption of music to words. 
 
 Gevaert (ga-vartO, Frangois Auguste, 
 compr., writer, b. Huysse, near Oude- 
 narde, July 31, 1828; d. Brussels, 
 Dec. 24, 1908. Son of a baker, who 
 finally permitted him to follow 
 marked musical bent; studied 1841 
 at Ghent Cons., under Mengal and 
 Sommere; while orgt. at Jesuits' ch., 
 compositions won praise and 1846 
 prize for 2 years' travel; after pro- 
 ducing 2 operas, went to Spain, 
 whence reports on Spanish music are 
 of value, to Italy and Germany; after 
 series of successful operas, became 
 chef de chant at Acad, of Mus., Paris, 
 until war closed Op^ra 1870; 1871 
 director Brussels Cons.; composi- 
 tions include operas and cantatas 
 for national occasions; important 
 works are researches in history, 
 Histoire et theorie de la musique 
 dans Vantiquite, Les origines du chant 
 liturgique, collections Les gloires 
 d' Italic, etc. and Traite d' instrumenta- 
 tion. 
 
 Giardini (zhiar-de'-ni), Felice de, vlt. 
 b. Turin, Apr. 12, 1716; d. Moscow, 
 Dec. 17, 1796. Chorister at Milan 
 Cath.; pupil of Paladini for singing, 
 comp., and harpsichord, of Somis for 
 vln.; after playing in theatre orch. in 
 Rome and Naples, appeared in Lon- 
 don with great success about 1750; 
 became leader of Ital. opera there 
 1752, manager 1756 and 1763-65, 
 and again after period of concert 
 giving and leading other orch., 1782- 
 83; 1784 retired to Italy; 1790, after 
 failure of comic opera in London, 
 took troupe to Russia; not much 
 success as composer or manager; as 
 virtuoso he was remarkable for brill- 
 iancy and absolute purity of into- 
 nation. 
 
 Gibbons, Orlando, compr. h. Cam- 
 bridge, 1583; d. Canterbury, June 
 5, 1625. Chorister at King's Coll. 
 1596-97; orgt. Chapel Royal 1604; 
 Mus. Bac. Cambridge 1606 and Mus. 
 Bac. and Mus. Doc. Oxford 1622; 
 1623 orgt. at Westminster Abbey, 
 
GIGOUT 
 
 1625 composed music for reception of 
 Henrietta Maria at Canterbury, 
 where he died suddenly; of his niusic, 
 Fantasias, especially those printed 
 in Parthenia (first music for virginal 
 1611) are as masterly as anything 
 before Bach; his madrigals {The 
 Silver Swan, O That the Learned 
 Poets, etc.) and anthems show the 
 influence of Italian music and an 
 effort to adapt the music to expres- 
 sion of the words. His son Christo- 
 pher, orgt. b. London (baptized 
 Aug. 22), 1615; d. there, Aug. 20, 
 1676. Chorister in Chapel Royal 
 and under uncle, Edward, at Exeter 
 Cath.; orgt. at Winchester Cath. 
 1638-1644 when he joined royalist 
 army; 1660 orgt. at Chapel Royal, 
 and at Westminster Abbey; com- 
 posed some motets, but is said to have 
 been more distinguished as performer. 
 
 Gigout (zhi-go), Eugene, orgt., compr. 
 b. Nancy, Mar. 23, 1844. Pupil at 
 maltrise of Nancy Cath. and at 
 Niedermeyer School, in Paris, where 
 he also taught for more than 20 
 years, and which he reentered as 
 prof, of org. 1902; 1863 became orgt. 
 at ch. of St. Augustin; 1885 founded 
 famous school for org., with state 
 subsidy; very successful as concert 
 orgt. throughout Europe, as teacher, 
 and as composer chiefly of org. 
 music, notably Album gregorien. 
 
 Gilchrist, William Wallace, compr. b. 
 Jersey City, Jan. 8, 1846. Pupil of 
 H. A. Clarke at University of Penn- 
 sylvania, Philadelphia; after teaching 
 in Cincinnati, choirmaster in Phila. 
 1873-1877; teacher at Phila. Mus. 
 Acad.; engaged in private teaching 
 in Philadelphia; founder and condr. 
 of Mendelssohn Club, Phila.; re- 
 tired 1914; has composed widely 
 notable choral works, 4:Qth Psalm 
 which won Cincinnati Festival prize. 
 Legend of Bended Bow, and others, 
 songs of considerable charm, Heart's 
 Delight, Dirge for Summer, Bugle 
 Song, etc., orchestral and chamber 
 music, mostly unpublished, showing 
 originality and skill in orchestration, 
 and much valuable church music. 
 
 Gillet (zhil'-la), Ernest [Vital Louis], 
 'cellist, b. Batignolles, Sept. 12, 1856. 
 Pupil at Niedermeyer School and 
 at Cons., 1st prize 1874* 'ceUist 
 
 GILSON 
 
 at Grand Op6ra 1875-82; living in 
 London; compr. of dance music, no- 
 tably popular Loin du hal. 
 
 Gilman, Lawrence, mu^ic critic, author. 
 b. Flushing, N. Y., July 5, 1878. 
 Educated at New York public schools 
 and Classical School, Hartford, 
 Conn., studied drawing and portrait- 
 painting; later, landscape-painting 
 with Wm. M. Chase, and illustration 
 at Art Students' League, N. Y. City, 
 on staff of N. Y. Herald 1896-98; 
 self-taught in musical theory, piano 
 and organ playing, and composition; 
 music critic of Harper's Weekly 
 since 1901; assistant editor of same 
 since 1903; author of the following 
 books: Phases of Modern Mu^ic 
 (1904); Edward MacDowell (1905); 
 The Music of To-morrow (1906); A 
 Guide to Strauss' Salome (1907); 
 Stories of Symphonic Music (1907); 
 A Guide to Debussy's Pelican et 
 Melisande (1907)' Aspects of Mod- 
 ern Cfpera (1908); Edward Mac- 
 Dowell: A Sm^ (1909, a revised 
 and enlarged ecroon of volume pub- 
 lished in 1905), contributor to maga- 
 zines; member of the National Insti- 
 tute of Arts and Letters in 1908; lives 
 in New York City. 
 
 Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield, condr. b. 
 near Dublin, Dec. 25, 1829; d. St. 
 Louis, Mo., Sept. 24, 1892. Member 
 first of Irish, then of English band 
 with which he came to Canada 1849; 
 condr. of military band in Salem, 
 Mass.; organizer and condr. 1859 of 
 Gilmore's Band in Boston; band- 
 master in Federal Army at New 
 Orleans, gave grand festival 1864; 
 conducted Nat'l Peace Jubilee 1869 
 and World's Peace Jubilee 1872, 
 both at Boston; in these festivals the 
 numbers of the chorus and orchestra 
 were large (in the last 2000 in orch. 
 and 20,000 in chorus) and orch. was 
 reinforced by actual cannon, bells, 
 etc.; traveled from N. Y. with band 
 in U. S., 1878 to Europe; arranged 
 much music, composed popular songs. 
 
 Gilson (zhil-son), Paul, compr. b. 
 Brussels, June 15, 1865. Studied 
 at Brussels Cons, under Cantillon, 
 Duyck, and Gevaert; 1889 Prix de 
 Rome; prof, harmony at Antwerp 
 Cons, after 1902; dir. Brussels Cons. 
 1910; composed choral works Sinai, 
 
GIORDANI 
 
 GLEASON 
 
 Francesca da Rimini, ballet La cap- 
 tive, operas, works for orch., of which 
 symph. poem La mer is most widely 
 known (played in Brussels 1892, Lon- 
 don 1896, Boston 1893, part only, 
 1898 whole); smaller orch. works 
 played in Chicago and Cincinnati; 
 modern harmonization combined 
 with originality and force of ideas. 
 
 Giordani (zhior-da-ne), Giuseppe [called 
 GiordaneVLo], opera compr. b. Naples, 
 1744; d. Fermo, Jan. 4, 1798. Pupil 
 of the Loreto Cons.; in London as 
 teacher and comp. 1772-82; returned 
 to Italy, devoted himself to dramatic 
 composition; in 1791 became master 
 of music at Fermo Cathedral; wrote 
 about 30 operas, chamber music, 
 piano pieces, songs and sacred works; 
 known by his song Caro mio hen. 
 
 Giordano (zhior-da'-no), Umberto, 
 compr. b. Foggia, Aug. 26, 1867. 
 After much opposition from artisan 
 parent, pupil of Serrao at Naples 
 Cons.; while still pupil, an opera won 
 commission from Sonzogno, the pub- 
 lisher, for Mala Vita (Rome 1892); 
 later opera, Andrea Chenier, Milan 
 1896, N. Y. 1896, Berlin 1898, Lon- 
 don 1903, greatest success of younger 
 Italian school; vulgarity of first 
 opera apparently due to libretto, as 
 later ones, though realistic and melo- 
 dramatic, are more refined. 
 
 Giorza (zhiort'-sa), Paolo, compr. b. 
 Milan, 1838. Pupil of his father 
 (orgt. and singer) and of LaCroix; 
 with exception of one opera, has 
 composed much ballet and dance mu- 
 sic, in which he has been remarkably 
 successful, also church music; lived in 
 the U. S. for a number of years. 
 
 Gladstone, Francis Edward, orgt. h. 
 Summertown, near Oxford, Mar. 2, 
 1845. Pupil of S. Wesley; many 
 positions as orgt. in Anglican and 
 after conversion 1887 at Rom. Cath. 
 churches; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 
 1879; prof, of counterpoint Trinity 
 College, London, 1881; of harmony 
 and counterpoint Royal Coll. Mus. 
 1883; composed services, masses, 
 org. mus. and Organ Students' Guide, 
 A Wet Sheet and Flowing Sea for 
 chorus and orch., sonatas, etc. 
 
 Glareanus (gla-re-a'-nus), Henricus, 
 [pseud, of Heinrich Loris], writer, b. 
 (jlarus; Switzerland, June, 1488; d. 
 
 Freiburg, Baden, Mar. 28, 1563. 
 Studied theology at Cologne, mus. 
 under Cochlaus; poet laureate under 
 Maximilian I; friend of Erasmus; 
 taught and lectured on history and 
 literature in Paris, Basle, and Frei- 
 burg; chief work Dodecachordon, 
 valuable source for history of men- 
 surable music, notation, etc., named 
 from claim for 12 modes instead of 8. 
 
 Glasenapp (glaz'-e-nap), Carl Friedrich, 
 
 writer. h. Riga, Oct. 3, 1847. 
 Student of philosophy at Dorpat; 
 headmaster at Riga since 1875; 
 ardent partisan of Wagner, wrote 
 Wagner- Lexikon and Richard Wag- 
 ner's Leben und Werken (5 vols. 1882- 
 1904, not yet completed) of which 
 translation and adaptation by Ash- 
 ton EUis appeared 1900-1904. 
 
 Glazunov (glaz'-6-noff), Alexander Con- 
 stantinovitch, compr. b. St. Peters- 
 burg, Aug. 10, 1865. Son of pub- 
 lisher and bookseller; early lessons 
 from Jelenovsky; studied at uni- 
 versity; Balakirev advised him to 
 study composition and theory with 
 Rimsky-Korsakov; also befriended 
 in Russia by A. Rubinstein, and 
 abroad by Liszt, he gained for his 
 works an audience at Weimar, at 
 Paris, at concerts of Exhibition of 
 '89, several of which G. conducted, 
 and in England; condr. of Russian 
 symph. concerts; since 1899 prof, of 
 instrumentation at St. Petersburg 
 Cons.; though belonging to circle 
 of Balakirev, he has never hotly 
 espoused its theories; indeed, he 
 claims to be a follower of Brahms in 
 his emphasis on pure form and " his 
 later works seem to be more academic 
 in spite of fondness for ballet; his 
 early s^^phonic poems are romantic 
 in feeling; his music is remarkable 
 for mastery of technical resource; 
 his form is lyrical and transparent; 
 his harmonic treatment, while not 
 striking, is effective; his instrumen- 
 tation is varied and sonorous; his 
 ideas come with ease and are often 
 lacking in significance, but he has 
 gained in self-restraint." [E. B. Hill.] 
 
 Gleason, Frederick Grant, compr. h. 
 Middletown, Conn., Dec. 17, 1848; 
 d. Chicago, Dec. 6, 1903. After 
 lessons from Dudley Buck in Hart- 
 ford, studied at Leipzig Cons, under 
 
GLIERE 
 
 Moscheles, Plaidy, and Richter, at 
 Berlin with Loeschhorn and Haupt, 
 at London with Beringer; after 
 several appointments as orgt., settled 
 in Chicago 1877 as successful pf. 
 teacher, finally director Auditorium 
 Cons.; critic for Tribune, wrote 
 operas, orch. mus. (played at World's 
 Fair and by Thomas's Orch.), can- 
 tata Culprit Fay, etc.; especially 
 skilful at harmonic effects. 
 
 Glidre (gli-ar'), Reinhold Moritzovitch, 
 compr. h. Kiev, Jan. 11, 1875. 
 Pupil of Taneiev and Ivanov at 
 Moscow Cons. 1894-1900; com- 
 posed 2 string quartets which at- 
 tracted attention in and out of 
 Russia, sextet, symph., played by 
 Russian Symph. Orch. in N. Y. 
 1906. 
 
 Glinka, Michail Ivanovitch, compr. b. 
 Novospaskoi, near Smolensk, June 1, 
 1804; d. Berlin, Feb. 15, 1857. 
 During early years on father's coun- 
 try estate showed great sensitiveness 
 toward mus.; while at school in St. 
 Petersburg 1817-22 took pf. lessons 
 from John Field and C. Meyer and 
 vln. from Bohm; 1824-28 held 
 gov't position; composed in ama- 
 teurish way; 1828-33 living in Italy 
 for health; admired works of Bellini 
 and Donizetti; 1833 went to Berhn 
 where Dehn gave him first real 
 instruction in theory; on return to 
 Russia 1834 set to work on long- 
 nourished plan of writing national 
 opera; result Life for the Czar per- 
 formed 1836 with great success; 
 second opera Russian and Ludmilla 
 1842, not quite* so successful; 1844 
 in Paris met Berlioz who admired 
 his works; after trip to Spain 
 returned to St. Petersburg, where 
 he turned attention to old church 
 modes; died when on visit to Dehn. 
 Pioneer of modern Russian music 
 he established Russian opera upon 
 basis of supremacy of voice, and, 
 though he used leitmotiven before 
 Wagner, he kept them in voice- 
 parts only; he first used Russian 
 folk-songs, bui he used them more 
 as an imitator than as a copyist; he 
 gained effect of local color by using 
 melancholy progressions, rhythms 
 of 5 and 7 beats, etc.; his orches- 
 tration was simple, but vigorous 
 and rich. 
 
 GLTJCK 
 
 Glover, Sarah Ann, writer, h. Nor- 
 wich, Eng., 1785; d. Malvern, Oct. 
 20, 1867. Her Manual of Norwich 
 Sol-Fa System 1845 contains ac- 
 counts of sol-fa notation, her inven- 
 tion, which was afterwards developed 
 by John Curwen. 
 
 Glover, Stephen Ralph, compr. h. 
 London, 1812; d. there, Dec. 7, 
 1870. Music teacher; 1840-70 
 composed about 1200 works, almost 
 all very popular, frivolous, and for- 
 gotten, with the exception of one 
 or two, such as " What Are the Wild 
 Waves Saying f " 
 
 Gluck (glook), [French, gluk], Christoph 
 Willibald, Ritter von, compr. b. 
 Weidenwang, near Neumarkt, in 
 Upper Palatinate, July 2, 1714; d. 
 Vienna, Nov. 15, 1787. Father was 
 gamekeeper on estates of Prince 
 Lobkowitz at Eisenberg, where G. 
 was taught in village school; at 12 
 sent to Jesuit School at Kommotau 
 he learned vln., harpsichord, org., 
 and singing; 1732 at Prague studied 
 under Czernohorsky, learned 'cello, 
 supporting himself by singing in 
 church, playing vln. at village dances 
 and concerts; 1736 at Vienna met 
 Prince Melzi, who, as his patron, 
 sent him to Italy, where he studied 
 4 years under Sammartini; 1741- 
 45 produced nine operas in different 
 Italian cities with such success that 
 in 1745 he was invited to London 
 ascompr. for Haymarket; the failure 
 there of two operas and pasticcio, 
 and scorn of Handel for his ignor- 
 ance of counterpoint are said to have 
 led G. to examine his own faults; 
 observation of Rameau's operas in 
 Paris, subsequent study of aesthetics 
 after visit to Dresden and Hamburg 
 led to dissatisfaction with Italian 
 opera; 1749-67 he produced in 
 Vienna many operas, the only im- 
 portant one being Orfeo ed Euridice 
 1762; with Alceste 1767, and Paride 
 ed Elena 1770, he definitely broke 
 with old traditions according to well- 
 thought-out theories which he made 
 clear in prefaces to published scores 
 (1769-70); unappreciated at home, 
 encouraged by Bailly du Rollet of 
 French embassy (hbrettist of Ivhi- 
 genie), went to Paris to produce 
 Iphigenie en Aulide; only the influence 
 of Marie Antoinette, former pupil 
 
GOBBAERTS 
 
 GOEPP 
 
 of G's, seems to have enabled him 
 to withstand violent opposition; 
 successful performance revolution- 
 ized at one blow French opera; 
 Orjphee 1774, and Alceste 1776, 
 rearrangements of earlier works, 
 continued success; Armide Ylll 
 showed power in tender as well as 
 tragic styles; partisans of Piccinni 
 and old Italian music attacked G. 
 by pamphlets and in other ways 
 until the " war " actually divided 
 French society; G. continued, with 
 Iphigenie en Tauride 1779, and Echo 
 et Narcisse 1779; forced by ill 
 health to retire to Vienna 1780. 
 Newman says, in Gluck and the 
 Opera, that " his theories of sub- 
 ordinating music entirely to poetry 
 were really neither new nor practical. 
 But to have insisted on the necessity 
 for making the verbal basis sound 
 and sane; to have repressed the 
 vanity and egotism of singers and 
 to have galvanized the orchestra to 
 life; to have struck away all the 
 pernicious excrescences that dis- 
 figured the aria and to have made 
 it a genuine expression of passion; 
 to have made the overture elu- 
 cidatory of coming drama; and 
 given unity to what had before been 
 a mere pasticcio was no small 
 labor." 
 
 Gobbaerts, Jean Louis, compr. b. 
 Antwerp, Sept. 28, 1835; d. Saint- 
 Gilles, near Brussels, May 5, 1886. 
 Pupil of Brussels Cons.; under 
 pseudonyms Streabbog, Ludovic, 
 and Levi produced some 1200 pf. 
 pieces, some very popular. 
 
 Godard (go-dar'), Benjamin Louis Paul, 
 
 compr. b. Paris, Aug. 18, 1849; d. 
 Cannes, Jan. 10, 1895. Vln. pupil 
 of Hammer, and, at Paris Cons., 
 of Reber and Vieuxtemps; after 
 several successful songs, 2 vln. 
 concertos, and some chamber music, 
 his dram, symph. Tasso took prize 
 offered by city of Paris 1878; wrote 
 several descriptive symph.. Sym- 
 phonic legendaire, Symph. orientale, 
 etc.; also 8 operas, 6 performed, of 
 which Jocelyn 1888, Le Dante 1890, 
 and La vivandiere (after his death 
 1895) were most successful; con- 
 ducted Concerts modernes as successor 
 to Concerts populaires 1885, but with- 
 out success. 
 
 Goddard, Arabella, pst. b. St. Servans, 
 St. Malo, Jan. 12, 1836. At six had 
 lessons from Kalkbrenner in Paris, 
 and later from Mrs. Anderson and 
 Thalberg in London where she ap- 
 peared 1850; after further study 
 with J. W. Davison (whom she 
 married 1859) made formal debut 
 1853; until retirement 1880, played 
 with success in London and in 
 Germany; made tour of world 
 (America, Australia, and India) 
 1873-76; style was marked by 
 classical reserve and high regard 
 for interpretation of composer's 
 meaning. 
 
 Godfrey, Daniel, bandmaster, b. West- 
 minster, Sept. 4, 1831; d. Beeston, 
 near Nottingham, June 30, 1903. 
 Father and two brothers also 
 military bandmasters, as are his 
 son and two of his nephews; pupil 
 on flute in Royal Acad. Mus.; band- 
 master Grenadier Guards 1856-1896; 
 brought this band to America 1872; 
 1896 formed own band; composed 
 successful military waltzes. 
 
 Godowsky (go-dof '-ski) , Leopold, pst. 
 h. Wilna, Russia, Feb. 13, 1870. 
 Precocious ability as compr.; first 
 appearance as pst. 1879 followed 
 by tour in Russia, Poland and Ger- 
 many; studied at Berlin Hoch- 
 schule under Bargiel and Rudorff; 
 American tour with Musin 1884; 
 after study with Saint-Saens, made 
 tours in France, England, again in 
 America; married Frieda Saxe 1901;- 
 director of Chicago Cons. 1895- 
 1900; reappearance in Berlin placed 
 him in front rank of technical vir- 
 tuosos; 1909 head of Master School 
 for Piano-playing, Vienna Conser- 
 vatory; composed Chopin arrange- 
 ments (studies on Chopin), concert 
 etudes, remarkable for brilliancy. 
 
 Goepp (g^p), Philip H., writer, b. 
 New York, June 23, 1864. Studied 
 in Germany, 1872-77; grad. at 
 Harvard 1884; studied law at Univ. 
 of Penna., Philadelphia, member of 
 Pennsylvania bar; devoted hirnself 
 to music 1891, teacher, pst. in 
 Philada.; commentator for pro- 
 grams of Philadelphia Orch.; author 
 of Symphonies and Their Meaning, 
 editor of Annals of Music in Phila., 
 contributor to Atlantic Monthly, 
 
GOETSCHIUS 
 
 GOMBERT 
 
 Goetschius (g6t'-shi-us), Percy, teacher. 
 b. Paterson, N. J., Aug. 30, 1853. 
 Pupil in Stuttgart Cons, of Lebert, 
 Pruckner, Doppler, and Faisst; 
 taught English classes there, substi- 
 tuted for Faisst, charge of women's 
 classes 1885; critic for several Ger- 
 man papers; 1890 prof, of harm., 
 pf. playing, Syracuse Univ.; 1892 
 charge of comp. dept. New England 
 Cons.; 1896-1905 private teacher in 
 Boston, orgt. in Brookline; 1905 prof, 
 of harmony Institute of Musical Art, 
 N. Y.; books Theory and Practice of 
 Tone-relations, Homophonic Forms 
 of Musical Composition, Lessons in 
 Music Form, and others of great 
 value; comp. chiefly church music. 
 
 Goetz (getz), Hermann, compr. b. 
 Konigsberg, Dec. 17, 1840; d. Hot- 
 tingen, near Zurich, Dec, 3, 1876. 
 After lessons from Kohler, studied 
 at Stern Cons, under Stern, Von 
 Biilow, and Ulrich; orgt. at Winter- 
 thur 1863-1870, though living after 
 1867 in Zurich where he gave lessons; 
 retired because of ill health in 1870; 
 success of opera Die Zahmung der 
 Widerspenstigen (The Taming of the 
 Shrew, based on Shakespeare's play) 
 at Mannheim 1874 first attracted 
 attention to grace and charm of his 
 works, chief among which are pf. 
 sonata for 4 hands, pf. concerto, and 
 often-played symph. in F; while jiot 
 strikingly original, his work is skilful 
 and charming. 
 
 Goldbeck (gold'-beck), Robert, pst. b. 
 Potsdam, Apr. 19, 1839; d. St. Louis, 
 May 16, 1908. Studied with Kohler 
 and Litolff; brought out opera Sol- 
 dier's Return London 1856; 1861 went 
 to N. Y.; 1867 founded a cons, in 
 Boston, 1868 one in Chicago; 1871-78 
 in St. Louis, condr. of Harmonic Soc. 
 and co-director of Beethoven Cons.; 
 N. Y. 1880-85; comp. 2 other operas, 
 pf. concerto, chamber music. 
 
 Goldmark (gold'-mark), Karl, compr. 
 b. Keszthely, Hungary, May 18, 
 1830. Son of cantor in Jewish syn- 
 agogue; after lessons from village 
 schoolmaster, studied at Vienna 
 Cons, under Jansa, Bohm, and 
 Preyer 1844-48; concert of works 
 Vienna 1857, another in Pesth 1859, 
 settled in Vienna as pf. teacher 1860; 
 overtures Sakuntala and Penthesilea 
 had attracted favorable notice; opera 
 
 Die Konigin von 'Saha Vienna 1875, 
 on composition of which he had 
 spent 10 years, won deserved suc- 
 cess in Germany, Italy, Spain; 
 produced in N. Y. 1905; other operas 
 are Merlin 1886, Das Heimchen am 
 Herd (based on Dickens's Cricket on 
 the Hearth) 1896, Gotz von Berlich- 
 ingen 1902; has also written male 
 choruses, vln. concerto, chamber 
 music, symph., etc., all marke(^^ by 
 skill in production of effect. 
 
 Goldmark, Rubin, compr. h. New 
 York, 1872. Nephew of Karl; pupil 
 of Livonius, Door, and Fuchs, and 
 in N. Y. of Joseffy and Dvorak; lives 
 and teaches in New York. Com- 
 posed Theme and Variations for 
 orch., played under Seidl, Hiawatha 
 overture played by Bost. Symph. 
 Orch., pf . trio, cantata, etc., pf . pieces. 
 
 Goldschmidt, Jenny Lind, see Lind, 
 Jenny. 
 
 GoldscKmidt, Otto, pst., condr. b. Ham- 
 burg, Aug. 21, 1829; d. London, 
 Feb. 24, 1907. Pupil of Schmitt and 
 Grund, Mendelssohn at Leipzig 
 Cons., and Chopin; played at con- 
 cert given by Jenny Lind London 
 1849; 1851 succeeded Benedict as 
 condr. of her American concerts; 
 married her 1852; after her death 
 1887 teaching in London; became 
 vice-principal Royal Acad, of Mus. 
 1863, founded Bach Choir 1875; 
 conducted several festivals; com- 
 posed cantata, pf. concerto, etc. 
 
 Goltermann, Georg Eduard, 'cellist, b. 
 Hanover, Aug. 19, 1824; d. Frank- 
 fort, Dec. 29, 1898. Son of orgt., 
 pupil of Prell and Menter; 1850- 
 52 concert tours; 1852 director at 
 Wurzburg, 1853 at Frankfort; now 
 retired; composed popular concerto 
 and other pieces for 'cello. Not to 
 be confused with August Julius G. 
 (1825-1876), prof, of 'cello at 
 Prague 1850-62, and member of 
 Stuttgart court band 1862-1870. 
 
 Gombert (gon-bar), Nicolas, compr. b. 
 Bruges, about 1495; d. after 1570. 
 In service of Emperor Charles V as 
 master of choristers in emperor's 
 chapel, and after 1537 in imperial 
 chapel at Madrid; though young 
 when Josquin Depres died, G. is con- 
 sidered his chief pupil; aided in devel- 
 oping interest in emotional truth of 
 
GOMEZ 
 
 GOSSEC 
 
 music and in secular music; his own 
 works are charmingly simple descrip- 
 tive pastoral or hunting scenes. 
 
 Gomez, Antonio Carlos, opera compr. 
 b. Campiners, Brazil, July 11, 1839; 
 d. Para, Sept. 16, 1896. Pupil of 
 Rossi at the Milan Cons., wrote a 
 number of operas, some of them 
 quite successful; in 1895 appointed 
 director of Para Cons. 
 
 Goodrich, Alfred John, theorist, b. 
 Chilo, O., May 8, 1847. Self-taught, 
 except for few lessons from father; 
 taught at Grand Cons. N. Y., at 
 Fort Wayne, Ind., Cons.; and at 
 Beethoven Cons. St. Louis; then 
 in Chicago as writer and teacher; 
 1905 in New York; in London, 1909- 
 10, Paris, 1910-11; published Ana- 
 lytical Harmony, Musical Analysis, 
 etc., of great value and originality. 
 
 Goodrich, Wallace, orgt. b. Newton, 
 Mass., May 27, 1871. Pf. pupil of 
 Clouston and Petersilea, org. of 
 Thayer, Gow, chiefly of Dunham; 
 orgt. in Newton at 15; N. E. Cons., 
 harmony and counterpoint under 
 Chadwick, theory under Elson, 
 under Rheinberger at Munich and 
 Widor at Paris, where he closely 
 studied church music; repetiteur at 
 Leipzig theatre; teacher org. and 
 comp. N. E. Cons, since 1897; orgt. 
 at Trinity Church from 1902-1908; 
 condr. Worcester festivals 1902- 
 1907; organizer and condr. Jordan 
 Hall Orch. concerts 1907 and of 
 Choral Art Society 1901-1907; condr. 
 Cecilia Society 1907-10; asst. condr. 
 Boston Opera Co, 1909. 
 
 Goodson, Katharine, pst. b. Watford, 
 Hertfordshire, June 18, 1872. After 
 childish appearances, studied at 
 Royal Acad, of Mus. under Beringer 
 and in Vienna with Leschetizky 
 1892-96; English debut 1896, pro- 
 vincial tour 1897, Berlin 1899, N. Y. 
 1908; toured with Kubelik 1902, 
 '03, '04; married Arthur Hinton 1903. 
 
 Gordigiani (gor-dizh-i-a-ni), Luigi, 
 compr. h. Modena, June 12, 1806; 
 d. Florence, Apr. 30, 1860. After 
 slight education, composed pf. pieces 
 under German pseuds. Zeuner and 
 Von Ftirstenberger; aided by two 
 Russian princes, composed and pro- 
 duced several operas; chief fame 
 rests on Canti Popolari Toscani, 
 
 either musical settings of actual 
 folk-songs or skilful imitations of 
 their spirit. 
 
 Goria, Alexandre Edouard, pst. b. 
 Paris, Jan. 21, 1823; d. there, July 6, 
 1860. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Lau- 
 rent, Zimmermann, and Dourlen 
 1830-39; compr. of popular pf. music, 
 fantasias, paraphrases on operatic 
 themes, and some meritorious etudes. 
 
 Gomo, Albino, pst., compr. b. Casal- 
 morano, Italy. Studied at Milan 
 Cons.; accomp. to Patti on American 
 tour 1881-82; teacher of pf. Cincin- 
 nati Coll. of Mus.; composed can- 
 tatas, concert studies, etc. 
 
 Goss, Sir John, compr. b. Fareham, 
 Hants, Dec. 27, 1800; d. Brixton, 
 London, May 10, 1880. Son of orgt.; 
 chorister at Chapel Royal under J. S. 
 Smith, pupil of Attwood; orgt. at 
 several churches, 1838 of St. Paul's; 
 compr. to Chapel Royal; knighted 
 1872; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1876; 
 composed about 27 anthems, many 
 glees, edited several collections of 
 hymns, psalms, etc.; wrote Introd. 
 to Harmony, etc.; " music is always 
 melodious and beautifully written 
 for the voices, and is remarkable for 
 a union of solidity and grace, with a 
 certain unaffected charm." [Grove.] 
 
 Gossec (gos'-sek'), Frangois Joseph, 
 
 compr. b. Vergnies, Belgium, Jan. 
 17, 1734 [ace. to record of birth 
 referred to in Hellouin's Gossec; 
 but Eitner and historical documents 
 of Paris Cons, give 1733]; d. Passy, 
 Feb. 16, 1829. Name variously 
 spelled Gosse, Gossez, Gosset; son of 
 farmer; chorister at Antwerp Cath.; 
 going to Paris 1751 with letters to 
 Rameau, became condr. of private 
 orch. of La Popeliniere; here he com- 
 posed first symphonies, performed 
 1754 (Haydn's were not written until 
 1755); while attached to household 
 of Prince de Conde, composed 1760 
 Messe des morts, famous for innova- 
 tion of a concealed orchestra in ad- 
 dition to one in church; founded 
 Concerts des amateurs 1770, revived 
 Concerts spirituels 1773, condr. of 
 Academic 1780; inspector of Cons. 
 1795, and teacher of comp. there 
 until 1814; member of Institute from 
 foundation 1795; composed many 
 successful operas, and wrote music 
 
GOTTSCHALD 
 
 GOUVY 
 
 for several occasions under the Revo- 
 lution; but chief fame rests on such 
 innovations as that in the Requiem 
 and in the origins of the symphony; 
 suffers from having been the imme- 
 diate precursor of greater composers 
 in every line. 
 
 Gottschald, Ernst, see Elterlein, E. von. 
 
 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pst. b. New 
 Orleans, May 8, 1829; d. Rio de 
 Janeiro, Dec. 18, 1869. At 12 went 
 to Paris where he studied under 
 Charles Halle, C. Stamaty, and Mal- 
 eden; gave successful concerts in 
 France and Switzerland 1845-52; 
 tour in U. S. 1853, so successful that 
 Strakosch engaged him for tour cov- 
 ering almost every town in U. S. and 
 Spanish America; death caused by 
 over-exertion. Brilliant and roman- 
 tic player, especially admirable in his 
 own works, almost all of which had 
 Spanish atmosphere; also composed 
 2 operas and orch. works. 
 
 Gotze (get-ze), Karl, compr. b. Weimar, 
 1836; d. Magdeburg, Jan. 14, 1887. 
 Pupil of Topfer, Gebhardi, and Liszt; 
 chorusmaster at Weimar; theatre 
 condr. Magdeburg, Berlin, etc.; com- 
 posed 4 operas, symph. poem. 
 
 Goublier (go-bli-a), Gustave, compr. 
 b. Paris. Actor at 17, pst. with 
 Houdin; saxophone player in band 
 of artillery school at Vincennes dur- 
 ing military service; orch. leader at 
 Parisian casinos, finally at Eldorado 
 and Folies Bergeres; composed music 
 for ballets, " revues," op^ra balls, 
 and many songs, Les yeux, Son 
 amant, Si vous ne m^'aimez pltis, and 
 popular Credo du paysan. 
 
 Goudimel (go-di-meF), Claude, compr. 
 h. Vaison, near Avignon, France, 
 about 1505; d. Lyons, Aug. 24, 1572. 
 Long supposed to have been head of 
 mus. school in Rome where Pales- 
 trina and others studied, but latest 
 evidence (Brenet: C. Goudimel, 
 1898) shows that he was probably 
 never in Rome. Composed masses 
 and songs and notably music for the 
 psalms in Huguenot psalter; lived 
 Metz and Lyons, killed in St. Bar- 
 tholomew massacre. 
 
 Gounod (go-no), Charles Francois, 
 
 compr. h. Paris, June 17, 1818; d. 
 there, Oct. 17, 1893. Father painter 
 
 and engraver, mother an accom- 
 plished pst., who gave him his first 
 lessons; studied at Lycee St. Louis, 
 entered Cons. 1836; pupil of Paer, 
 Lesueur, and Halevy; 1839 Grand 
 prix de Rome; studied Palestrina in 
 Italj^, and composed mass; after 
 visiting Austria and Germany be- 
 came orgt. at Missions etr anger es in 
 Paris; studied theology and thought 
 of taking orders; after 5 years of 
 seclusion, performance of Messe 
 solennelle in G, in London 1851, 
 brought him into prominence; on 
 commission from Opera, wrote Sapho 
 1851; his first operas, though praised 
 for musical skill, were not popular 
 successes; as condr. of Orpheon, a 
 union of singing societies and schools, 
 1852-60, he wrote for them several 
 choruses and 2 masses; with Faust 
 1859 he attained European fame as 
 compr., and, after Philemon et 
 Baucis 1860, Mireille 1864, etc., 
 almost touched the same height 
 again in Romeo et Juliette 1867; 1870- 
 75, during the war, G. Hved in Lon- 
 don, where he founded Gounod's 
 Choir (afterwards called Albert Hall 
 Choral Society, later Royal Ch. Soc), 
 appeared at Philharmonic and Crys- 
 tal Palace Concerts; after return to 
 Paris operatic work was less and less 
 successful; chief works of this period 
 are oratorios intended for English 
 audiences. Redemption, Birmingham 
 1882, and Mors et vita Birmingham 
 1885; the songs, There is a green 
 hill far away and Nazareth show 
 best of popular melody. Pougin 
 speaks of the characteristics of his 
 genius as a musical phrase, new in 
 form and characteristic in outline; 
 harmonies rich, refined, sometimes 
 unexpected; ingenious instrumenta- 
 tion full of color, grace, and elegance, 
 and the full enchanting language of 
 passion; emotional and passionate 
 he always was, even in his religious 
 music, and at his worst this quality 
 degenerates into weak sentimental- 
 ity; at his highest, it is the garden 
 scene in Fau^t. 
 
 Gourron (gor'-ron), A. R., see Alvarez. 
 
 Gouvy (go-ve), Louis Theodore, compr. 
 b. Goffontaine, near Saarbruck, July 
 3, 1819; d. Leipzig, April 21, 1898. 
 After taking degree at Metz, be- 
 came law student at Paris before he 
 
GOW 
 
 GRECHANmOV 
 
 received any musical teaching; he 
 studied with Elwart, and in Ger- 
 many and Italy; lived in Paris after 
 1846, with frequent visits to Ger- 
 many whither he moved about 1894; 
 composed 7 symphonies, concert 
 overture, serenade for strings, much 
 chamber and pf. mus.; several dra- 
 matic cantatas on classical subjects 
 (Elektra, Iphigenia, etc.); graceful 
 and melodious; music has been pop- 
 ular in Germany, but its lack of 
 force makes its duration improbable. 
 
 Gow, George Coleman, teacher, b. Ayer 
 Junction, Mass., Nov. 27, 1860. 
 Studied music with Blodgett at 
 Pittsfield and Story at Worcester; 
 grad. Brown Univ. 1884 and Newton 
 Theological Seminary; instructor of 
 harm, and pf. at Smith Coll., and 
 since 1895 prof, of mus. at Vassar 
 College; studied in Berlin with Buss- 
 ler 1892-93; has published songs and 
 text-book on harmony. 
 
 Graben-Hofifmann (gra-ben-hof'-man), 
 Giistav, compr. b. Bnin, Posen, Mar. 
 7, 1820; d. Potsdam, May 21, 1900. 
 Left profession of teacher to study 
 singing in Berlin; studied also under 
 Hauptmann in Leipzig; taught sing- 
 ing in Potsdam, etc., finally in Berlin; 
 wrote method and many very popu- 
 lar songs, 
 
 Gradener (grad'-e-ner), Hennann Theo- 
 dor Otto, teacheVj compr. h. Kiel, 
 May 8, 1844. Son of Karl Georg 
 Peter G. (1812-1883), 'cellist, teacher 
 of singing at Vienna and Hamburg 
 Cons., compr. of chamber music; 
 pupil of father and at Vienna Cons.; 
 orgt., vlt. in court orch., teacher of 
 harm, at Cons, in Vienna, and since 
 1899 prof, of harmony and counter- 
 point at Vienna Univ.; condr. Singa- 
 kademie; compositions all instru- 
 mental, show especial individuality 
 in chamber mus. 
 
 Grandval (gran-val), Marie FeUcie 
 Clemence de Reiset, Vicomtesse de, 
 compr. h. Saint Remy des Monts, 
 France, Jan. 20, 1830; d. Paris, Jan. 
 15, 1907. Began study at 6; at 12 
 pupil of Flotow in composition; later, 
 after 2 years' study with Saint-Saens, 
 she was able to compose in almost 
 every form, sometimes under pseuds. 
 Valgrand, Blangy; composed several 
 operas, of which Mazeppa (Bordeaux 
 1892) is the strongest, masses, and 
 
 other religious music, and oratorio 
 Ste. Agnes; she is praised for force, 
 individuality, and correctness of style. 
 
 Grasse, Edwin, vlt. h. New York, Aug. 
 13, 1884. Became blind in infancy; 
 pupil of Cesar Thomson, in Brussels, 
 where he took prize 1901; d^but in 
 Berlin 1902; concerts in Vienna, 
 London and many German cities 
 have won for him high praise, es- 
 pecially for perfection of tone and 
 depth of feeling; composed symph. 
 and suite for orch.; vln. concerto; 
 sonata, polonaise, and suite for pf. 
 and vln., 2 pf. trios, 2 pf. Etudes. 
 Resident of New York City. 
 
 Graun (groun), Karl Heinrich, compr. 
 h. Wahrenbriick, Saxony, May 7, 
 1701; d. Berlin, Aug. 8, 1759. Pupil 
 at Kreuzschule at Dresden, singer to 
 town council, pupil of Petzoldt and 
 J. C. Schmidt; also composed for 
 school choir; 1725 tenor at Dresden 
 opera; 1726 composed Pollidoro, with 
 great success, and 5 other operas; 
 under patronage of Frederick the 
 Great composed 50 Italian cantatas; 
 after 1740, as capellmeister of Italian 
 opera in Berlin, composed about 28 
 operas, many of which were success- 
 ful; most enduring work, however, is 
 sacred, a Te Deum, and remarkably 
 strong oratorio Der Tod Jesu, per- 
 formed annually at Berlin. 
 
 Gray, Hamilton [pseud, of William 
 Price Hartwell Jones], baritone, compr. 
 b. Flint, Eng., Oct. 17, 1871. 
 
 Greatorex, Thomas, orgt. b. North 
 Wingfield, Derbyshire, Eng., Oct. 5, 
 1758; d. Hampton, near London, 
 July 18, 1831. Pupil of B. Cooke 
 and protege of Earl of Sandwich; 
 orgt. at Carlisle; follower of young 
 Pretender in Italy; teacher of music 
 in London; 1793 condr. of Concert 
 of Antient Mus.; with others revived 
 vocal concerts; 1819 orgt. at West- 
 minster Abbey; condr. of several fes- 
 tivals; composed and arranged much 
 music for various concerts, arranged 
 Parochial Psalmody, composed glees. 
 
 Grechaninov (gret-cha-ne'-noff), Alex- 
 ander Tichonovitch, compr. b. Mos- 
 cow, Oct. 25, 1864. Studied at Mos- 
 cow Cons, until in 1890 he entered 
 St. Petersburg Cons.; pupil of Rim- 
 sky-Korsakov; composed quartet, pf. 
 pieces and " some songs with very 
 
GRECO 
 
 expressive melodies, and happy a 
 cappella choruses. He has some 
 affinities with Schubert." [Pougin.] 
 
 Greco (gra'-co), [or Greece], Gaetano, 
 
 teacher, compr. b. Naples, about 
 1680; d. (unknown). Pupil and suc- 
 cessor of A. Scarlatti at Cons, dei 
 Poveri; teacher also at Cons, of San 
 Onofrio; Pergolesi, Vinci, and Du- 
 rante his pupils; only few composi- 
 tions for harpsichord are known. 
 
 Greene, Edwin, compr. b. Gloucester, 
 England, Dec. 8, 1856. Entirely 
 self-taught in mus.; orgt. at 14 and 
 held various appointments until 40, 
 when he became invalid; compr. of 
 songs which, he says, " do not aim 
 at the classical but are written sim- 
 ply and solely for the people"; also 
 writes verses, some of which he has 
 set to music. 
 
 Greene, Harry Plunket, bass. b. Old 
 Connaught House, Co. Wicklow, 
 Ireland, June 24, 1865. Studied at 
 Stuttgart under Hromada and Goet- 
 schius, at Florence under Vannuccini, 
 and. at London under Welsh and 
 Blume; debut London 1888; since 
 then has been very popular at Lon- 
 don concerts and recitals, as intelli- 
 gent interpreter of songs and oratorio 
 parts; concert tour, U. S., 1893, and 
 later; pub. Interpretation in Song. 
 
 Greene, Maurice, compr. h. London, 
 1695 [1696?]; d. there, Dec. 1, 1755. 
 Chorister under C. King; org. pupil 
 of R. Brind; orgt. at St. Dunstan's, 
 St. Andrew's, St. Paul's 1718, Chapel 
 Royal 1727; friendship with Handel 
 broken off by discovery of similar 
 friendship with Bononcini; prof, of 
 music, Cambridge Univ. 1730; 1743 
 published Forty Select Anthems 
 which give him high rank among 
 English church composers. 
 
 Gregh (gr6g0, Louis, compr., publisher. 
 Composed and produced several 
 successful vaudeville operettas, Un 
 lycee de jeunes filles, Patard, Patard 
 et cie, and a number of songs. Lives 
 in Paris. 
 
 Gregoir (greg-6-ar), Edouard Georges 
 Jacques, compr., writer, h. Turnhout, 
 near Antwerp, Nov. 7, 1822; d. 
 Wyneghem, June 28, 1890. Studied 
 with his brother Jacques Mathieu 
 Joseph G., pst. (1817-1876); at 
 
 GRETRY 
 
 Biberich under Rummel; gave suc- 
 cessful concerts, toured with sisters 
 Milanollo 1842; 1851 settled in 
 Antwerp where he composed several 
 operas and oratorios, choruses, music 
 for pf. and harmonium; wrote many 
 articles and books, chiefly researches 
 into history of music in Netherlands. 
 
 Gregorov'itch, Charles, vlt. h. St. 
 Petersburg, Oct. 25, 1867. Studied 
 with Besekirskij, Wieniawski, and 
 Joachim; debut at Berlin 1886; 
 concertmaster at Helsingfors; has 
 played successfully in Europe, Eng- 
 land, and on two trips to America. 
 
 Gregory I, Pope. b. Rome, 540; d. 
 there, 604. Pope in 590. There has 
 been much discussion whether G. 
 personally supervised collection of 
 church music known as Gregorian 
 or whether it takes its name from 
 the time merely; general verdict 
 seems to be that he had a large 
 personal share; collection includes 
 music for the mass and other services 
 of the Church; important not only 
 because of wonderful, austere beauty 
 of music itself but also because, 
 together with the Ambrosian collec- 
 tion and a Spanish collection, this 
 church music represents theory of 
 music current in early Middle Ages. 
 
 Grell, Eduard August, compr. b. Ber- 
 lin, Nov. 6, 1800; d. Steghtz, near 
 Berhn, Aug. 10, 1886. Pupil of 
 father, an orgt., of Kaufmann and 
 Zelter; orgt. Nikolaikirche 1817, at 
 cathedral 1839, choirmaster there 
 1843-45; vice-director at Sing- 
 akademie 1832, teacher of comp. 
 1851, director 1853-1876; 1838 
 royal mus. director, 1858 professor. 
 Learned musician and excellent 
 teacher who held that vocal music 
 was only music of importance; 
 composed mass in 16 parts, choral 
 works; wrote Aufsdtze und Guta^hten. 
 
 Gretchaninov, see Grechaninov. 
 
 Gretry (gra-tri), Andre Ernest Modeste, 
 compr. b. Li^ge, Feb. 18, 1741 [ace. 
 to Gretry himself, Brenet's Life, and 
 Conservator}^ documents; but Rie- 
 mann, Pougin, etc., give Feb. 8]; 
 d. Montmorency, near Paris, Sept. 
 24, 1813. Father vlt.; chorister at 
 6 in St. Denis Collegiate ch. whence 
 his severe masters dismissed him 
 at 11; taught by Leclerc, Renekin, 
 
GRIEG 
 
 GROVE 
 
 and Moreau; inspired by perform- 
 ances of Italian opera co., he com- 
 posed 6 symphonies and mass; by 
 aid of Canon du Harlez studied in 
 Rome, but was always impatient 
 of instruction in counterpoint; after 
 9 years in Rome, and one in Geneva, 
 arrived in Paris where after two 
 years more he obtained libretto for 
 Le huron which won instant suc- 
 cess 1768; Lucile 1769 (which con- 
 tains song Ou peut-on etre mieux 
 qu'au sein de sa famille, which has 
 been called French Home, Sweet 
 Home) repeated success; and about 
 50 other operas followed; he was 
 honored by his .contemporaries, 
 admitted to the Institute 1795; 
 appointed inspector at Cons., but 
 resigned within year; pensioned by 
 Napoleon, retired to the " Hermit- 
 age " where Rousseau had lived; 
 he wrote his own Memoires very 
 entertainingly; the real founder of 
 French school of comic opera in his 
 real appreciation of the importance 
 of the text and his almost too great 
 insistence on clear declamation. 
 (See especially M. Brenet: GrMry.) 
 
 Grieg (greg), Edvard Hagerup, compr. 
 b. Bergen, June 15, 1843; d. Bergen, 
 Sept. 4, 1907. After first lessons 
 on pf. from his mother, he began to 
 compose at age of 9; on advice of 
 Ole Bull sent to Leipzig Cons., 
 where he studied composition with 
 Hauptmann, Richter, and Reinecke, 
 pf. with Wenzel and Moscheles; 
 after further study with Gade at 
 Copenhagen and influence of Hart- 
 mann there, he at last broke away 
 from German traditions; his Scan- 
 dinavian feeling was stimulated by 
 friendship with compr. Richard 
 Nordraak; after N's death 1866, 
 G. founded and conducted mus. 
 union in Christiania; 1865 and 1870 
 he visited Italy and saw much of 
 Liszt at Rome; 1879 played pf. 
 concerto at Leipzig; except for 
 Dccasional trips to Germany, and 
 visits to England in 1888, '89, '94 
 (when he received degree of Mus. 
 Doc. at Cambridge), and 1896, he 
 lived quietly at Bergen. His works 
 are not very numerous, about 100 
 songs, some 20 groups of pf. pieces, 
 the two suites based on Peer Gynt, 
 Aus Holbergs Zeit (suite), two 
 
 Nordische Weisen for string orcli., 
 Sigurd Jorsalfar, sonatas for pf. 
 and vln. and for pf. and 'cello, and 
 the pf . concerto are the most promi- 
 nent. " His music is lyrical, inti- 
 mate, exotic, suggestive, of striking 
 finesse; there are phrases polished 
 like gems, melodies of perfect pro- 
 portion, cadences consummate as 
 novel. Its defects are shortness of 
 musical phrase and too frequent 
 repetition; he was satisfied with the 
 dialect of folk music which fitted 
 his personal expression." [D. G. 
 Mason.] But that he gave adequate 
 expression to his personal feeling 
 and to his national emotion, that he 
 contributed the " essential quality 
 of naive and spontaneous romance," 
 is surely enough. 
 
 Grisi (gre'-ze), Ginlia, dram. sop. b. 
 Milan, July 28, 1811; d. Berlin, 
 Nov. 29, 1869. Taught by sister 
 Giuditta, mezzo sop. (1805-1840), by 
 Celli, and Guglielmi; first appear- 
 ance at 17; admired by both Rossini 
 and Bellini; ran away from engage- 
 ment at Milan; debut 1832 at 
 Italian Opera, Paris, where she sang 
 until 1849; first London appearance 
 1834; sang in London for many 
 seasons, with Rubini, Lablache, and 
 later with Mario who became her 
 second husband; visited U. S. 1854; 
 did not sing at all 1861-66, and 
 thereafter chiefly in concerts. 
 
 Grodzki, Boleslatis, compr. b. St. 
 Petersburg, Oct. 13, 1865. Studied 
 law, held public office, but resigned 
 to devote himself to musical journal- 
 ism and composition of songs, 
 choruses, and pieces for pf. and vln. 
 and 'cello; grouped by Pougin with 
 those whose own originality is not 
 strong enough to break with 
 " Russian School." 
 
 Grondahl, Agathe, see Backer-Gron- 
 dahl, A. 
 
 Grove, Sir George, writer, h. Clapham, 
 Surrey, Aug. 13, 1820; d. Sydenham, 
 
 ^ London, May 28, 1900. Civil engi- 
 neer by profession, shared in light- 
 house construction in Jamaica, 
 Bermuda, and Chester; Secretary 
 of Soc. of Arts 1850; as contributor 
 to Smith's Diet, of the Bible made 
 two trips to Holy Land; active 
 interest in Crystal Palace Concerts, 
 
GRUENBERG 
 
 GUIDO D' AREZZO 
 
 contributed analytical notes to pro- 
 grams for about 40 years; 1868 
 editor of Macmillan's Magazine; 
 1873 began to edit Did. of Music 
 and Musicians; 1878 visited Amer- 
 ica with Stanley; 1882 organized 
 and directed Royal Coll. of Mus.; 
 though untrained in musical prac- 
 tice or theory^ he became, by sheer 
 dint of listening, an intelligent and 
 sympathetic critic; his most original 
 musical writing is contained in the 
 article in his Diet., on Schubert, whose 
 works he rearranged by a theory of 
 his own. 
 
 Gruenberg (grlin-barg), Etigene, vlt. 
 b. Lemberg, Galicia, Oct. 30, 1854. 
 Studied at Vienna Cons, with 
 Heissler (vln.), Bruckner, Dessoff, 
 and Hellmesberger; member of 
 Leipzig Gewandhaus Orch., of Bos- 
 ton Symph. Orch. 1891-1898, teacher 
 of vln., viola, and ensemble 
 at N. E. Cons.; composed syrnph., 
 suite, dances, and songs; written 
 manual and theory of violin playing. 
 
 Gruenfeld, Alfred, pst. b. Prague, 
 July 4, 1852. Pupil of Hoger, 
 Krejci, and at Kullak's Acad, in 
 Berlin; living in Vienna as court 
 pianist and imperial chamber vir- 
 tuoso; makes frequent successful 
 tours throughout Europe. His 
 brother, Hermann, 'cellist, b. Prague, 
 Apr. 21, 1855. Studied at Prague 
 and Vienna Cons.; teacher at 
 Kullak's Acad. Berlin. 
 
 Griitzmacher (griitz'-mak-er), Friedrich 
 Wilhelm Ludwig, 'cellist, b. Dessau, 
 Mar. 1, 1832; d. Dresden, Feb. 22, 
 1903. Pupil of father, Drechsler, 
 and Schneider; 1848 in orch. in 
 Leipzig attracted notice of David; 
 1849 first 'cellist at Gewandhaus 
 Orch.; teacher at Leipzig Cons.; 
 chamber virtuoso at Dresden 1860, 
 instructor at Cons. 1877; of wide 
 influence as teacher (of Hegar, 
 Becker, etc.), editor and reviver of 
 classic works, author of valuable 
 studies; composer for his instrument. 
 
 Guadagnini (gwa-dan-ye'-ni), Lorenzo, 
 vln.-maker. b. Piacenza (?), about 
 1695 (?); d. Milan, after 1760. 
 One of prominent family of makers 
 extending from 18th century to 
 present; pupil of Stradivari, with 
 whom he worked at Cremona; 
 
 successfully followed his master; 
 his instruments are bold in design, 
 model inclined to flatness, with 
 scroll of considerable originality, 
 powerful, rich tone. Son Giovanni 
 Battista (1721-1786) made vlns. 
 more closely imitated from Stradi- 
 vari than his father's; his woods 
 are remarkable, but his varnish is 
 not so mellow as Lorenzo's. 
 
 Guamerius (gwar-na'-rius), family of 
 vln. -makers at Cremona. Andrea, 
 b. 1626; d. Dec. 7, 1698. Pupil of 
 N. Amati. Violins at first like 
 A's, later flatter with some changes 
 in sound holes; his son Giuseppe 
 (1680-1730) altered shape still fur- 
 ther; greatest of them was Giuseppe 
 Antonio, nephew of Andrea, called 
 G. del Gesu because of mark I. H. S. 
 on instruments, b. June 8, 1683; 
 d. about 1742. Pupil, probably, of 
 cousin Giuseppe, follower of Gasparo 
 da Said; works of three periods: 
 1st variable, experimental; 2d beau- 
 tiful instruments, with remarkable 
 amber varnish; 3d, bolder and heav- 
 ier model. 
 
 Guglielmi (gool-yel'-mi), Pietro, compr. 
 h. Massa di Carrara, May, 1727; d. 
 Rome, Nov. 19, 1804. Taught by 
 father (maestro di cappella to Duke 
 of Modena), by Durante in Cons, 
 di San Lorenzo; first opera, Turin 
 1755, followed by many successes; 
 after period in Dresden and London 
 on the return to Naples in 1777, 
 reconquered popularity which had 
 been lost to Paisiello and Cimarosa* 
 maestro at Vatican 1793; most 
 famous operas La bella pescatrice, 
 La serva innamorata, oratorio Deb- 
 bora e Sisera show fertility of 
 invention; son Pietro Carlo (1763- 
 1827) also composed operas. 
 
 Guide d* Arezzo (gue-do da-ret'-zo), 
 theorist! b. Arezzo, about 995; d. 
 Avellano (?), May 17 (?), 1050 (?). 
 Monk in Benedictine monastery 
 near Ferrara; invented new system 
 of teaching music which, some say, 
 caused him to be driven from 
 monastery; summoned to Rome and 
 commended by Pope John XIX 
 (possibly previously by Pope Bene- 
 dict VIII); became abbot at mon- 
 astery of Sante Croce, where he 
 died; his inventions have been ques- 
 tioned, but he seems clearly to have 
 
GUILMANT 
 
 GYROWETZ 
 
 introduced staff of four lines, one 
 between and one above two lines 
 previously used; also apparently 
 reconstructed scale on principle of 
 hexachords and diagram to explain 
 them by joints of left hand, known 
 as Guidonian hand; thirdly, in- 
 vented solmisation, use for notes 
 of scale of syllables do re mi, etc., 
 taken from Latin hymn. 
 
 Guilmant (gil'-mon), Alexandre Felix, 
 
 orqt. b. Boulogne, Mar. 12, 1837; d 
 Meudon, near Paris, March 30, 1911. 
 Pupil of father and of Lemmens, in 
 harmony of Carulli; orgt. at 16; 
 teacher in Boulogne Cons, at 20; 
 1871 orgt. of La Trinite, Paris; 1896 
 prof, at Cons.; visited United States 
 in 1893, 1897 and 1904; founded 
 organ concerts at Trocadero and 
 Schola Cantorum in Paris; has 
 published org. symphonies, sonatas, 
 etc., masses, motets, several collec- 
 jtions L'organiste pratique, etc.; one 
 of most prominent orgts., he has had 
 great influence everywhere by the 
 virtuosity of his own playing and 
 through his many pupils. 
 
 Guiraud (ge-ro'), Ernest, compr. b. 
 New Orleans, June 23, 1837; d. 
 Paris, May 6, 1892. Pupil of father, 
 Jean Baptiste G. (1803- about 1864), 
 also winner of Prix de Rome; pro- 
 duced opera at New Orleans at 15; 
 studied at Paris Cons, under Mar- 
 montel and Halevy; Grand prix de 
 Rome 1859; played at Concerts 
 populaires; 1876 prof, of harm, and 
 accompaniment at Cons.; composed 
 opera Sylvie and several other 
 ballets • and operas, none of which 
 was very successful. 
 
 Gulbranson, Ellen (nee Norgren); 
 dram. sop. b. Stockholm, March 3, 
 1863. Pupil at Stockholm Cons., 
 and in Paris of Marchesi and Elena 
 Kenneth; debut Stockholm, concert 
 1886, opera 1889; married G.; be- 
 came known in Germany about 1892; 
 played Brilnnhilde at Bayreuth 1896. 
 
 Gumbert (goom-bert), Ferdinand, 
 compr. h. Berlin, Apr. 22, 1818; d. 
 there, Apr. 6, 1896. Pupil of Fischer 
 and Clapius; debut as tenor at Son- 
 dershausen; sang 1840-42 as bari- 
 tone at Cologne; studied comp. with 
 C. Kreutzer; settled in Berlin as 
 teacher and compr.; wrote several 
 
 operettas and numerous songs (Bis 
 der Rechte kommt. Thou art my 
 Dream, etc.). 
 
 Gimgl (goong'l), Joseph, compr. h. 
 Zsamb^k, Hungary, Dec. 1, 1810; d. 
 Weimar, Jan. 31, 1889. Oboe player 
 and bandmaster in Austrian artil- 
 lery; 1843 orch. of his own in Berlin, 
 which he brought to America in 1849; 
 Royal Mus. Director 1850; infantry 
 bandmaster 1858; lived in Munich 
 1864-76, then in Frankfort; dance 
 music extraordinarily popular. 
 
 Gura (goo'-ra), Eugen, dram, baritone, 
 h. Pressern, Bohemia, Nov. 8, 1842; 
 d. Aug. 26, 1906. After lessons at 
 Polytechnic and Akademie at Vienna 
 and in Munich Cons., debut in 1865 
 at Munich; sang at Breslau, Leipzig 
 (where he was extremely popular), 
 Hamburg and Munich; sang in first 
 complete production of Ring der 
 Nibelungen, Bayreuth 1876; retired 
 from stage 1895. 
 
 Gurlitt, Cornelius, compr. h. Altona, 
 near Hamburg, Feb. 10, 1820; d. 
 there, June 17, 1901. Pupil of Rein- 
 ecke (father of C. Reinecke) and 
 Weyse; orgt. at Altona; prof, in 
 Hamburg Cons.; royal mus. director 
 1874; composed 3 operas and cham- 
 ber music, but is chiefly known as 
 writer of instructive pf. pieces, 
 wherein his " gift of pure melody, 
 knowledge of steps of pedagogics, 
 easy and refined form of expression 
 and acquaintance with power of the 
 forming hand " made him remark- 
 ably successful. 
 
 Gye, Mrs. E., see Albani, Emma. 
 
 Gyrowetz (zhi-ro-vets) , Adalbert, compr. 
 b. Budweis, Bohemia, Feb. 19, 1763; 
 d. Vienna, Mar. 19, 1850. Early 
 lessons from father, choirmaster; 
 studied law at Prague; as private 
 secretary to Count von Fiinfkircher, 
 compositions were performed; won 
 favor from Mozart in Vienna; after 
 2 years' study in Naples with Sala, 
 went to Paris and claimed author- 
 ship of some symphonies credited to 
 Haydn; produced opera, gave con- 
 certs, met Haydn in London; capell- 
 meister Vienna court opera 1804-31; 
 friends gave benefit concert to re- 
 lieve poverty 1843; compose.d 30 
 operas, 19 masses, over 60 sympho- 
 nies^ and other works now obsolete. 
 
HABENECK 
 
 HAHN 
 
 H 
 
 Habeneck (a'-be-nek), Frangois An- 
 toine, condr. b. Mezieres, Ardennes, 
 Jan. 22 [ace. to documents of 
 Paris Cons. Jan. 23 and June 1 are 
 also given], 1781; d. Paris, Feb. 8, 
 1849. Father, member of army band, 
 gave him vln. lessons; early composi- 
 tions without instruction; pupil of 
 Baillot at Paris Cons.; member of 
 orch. at Opera Comique and Op^ra; 
 leader at latter; founder and condr. 
 1828-48 Societe des concerts du 
 Cons.; director and condr. at Op^ra; 
 prof, of vln. at Cons.; among pupils 
 Alard and Leonard; great influence 
 in introducing Beethoven's music in 
 Paris. 
 
 Haberbier (ha-ber-ber), Ernst, pst. b, 
 Konigsberg, Oct. 5, 1813; d. Ber- 
 gen, Mar. 12, 1869. Pupil of father, 
 orgt.; 1832 became teacher at St. 
 Petersburg, court pst. there 1847; 
 gave concerts in London 1850; brill- 
 iant success in Paris 1852, and 
 thereafter alternately between St. 
 Petersburg and Moscow; taught in 
 Bergen after 1866; died while play- 
 ing at concert; system of pf. playing 
 based on division of difficult passages 
 between two hands; his Etudes poe- 
 sies are highly esteemed. 
 
 Haberl (ha'-berl), Franz Xaver, theor- 
 ist, b. Oberellenbach, Bavaria, Apr. 
 12, 1840; d. Regensberg, Sept. 7, 
 1910. Studied in seminary at Pas- 
 sau; took priest's orders 1862; 
 mus. dir. at seminary; orgt. at Rome 
 and 1871-82 at Ratisbon, where he 
 founded famous school of ch.mus.; 
 edited Musica Sacra, works of Pales- 
 trina (Breitkopf and Hartel Edition) ; 
 other collections; one of greatest 
 authorities on church mus. and its 
 history. 
 
 Hadden, James Cuthbert, orgt., writer. 
 b. Banchory-Ternan, near Aberdeen, 
 Sept. 9, 1861. Studied under private 
 teacher; after 1882 orgt. in several 
 places, 1889 in Edinburgh, where he 
 still lives; frequent contributor to 
 periodicals, author of lives of Handel, 
 Haydn, Mendelssohn, and Chopin, 
 editor of Scottish Musical Review. 
 
 Hadley, Henry Kimball, compr. b. 
 Somerville, Mass., Dec. 20, 1871. 
 Pupil of father; studied vln. in Bos- 
 ton with H. Heindl and C. N. Allen; 
 harmony with Emery, counterpoint 
 with Chad wick; 1894-95 studied 
 comp. in Vienna with Mandyczewski; 
 1896-1904 dir. music dept. St. Paul 's 
 School, darden City, L. I., and orgt. 
 in New York; Dec. 1897 1st syin- 
 phony Youth and Life produced in 
 New York under Seidl; 1899 prize 
 cantata In Music's Praise; 1901 2d 
 symphony The Four Seasons won 
 Paderewski Prize for American com- 
 position and N. E. Cons. Prize; 1906 
 3d symphony; also composed 3 comic 
 operas, 3 serious overtures; 3 ballet 
 suites, 6 ballades for chorus and 
 orch., string quartet, string trio, 
 sonata for vln. and pf., quintet for 
 strings and pf.. Symphonic Fantasia, 
 tone poem Salome, lyric drama Mer- 
 lin and Vivien, opera Safie produced 
 at Mayence 1909, The Culprit Fay, 
 rhapsody for orch., won prize in 1909 
 of Nat. Fed. of Music Clubs; many 
 anthems, part-songs, pf. pieces and 
 over a hundred songs; 1905-09 in 
 Europe; 1908 condr. at Mayence 
 Opera; 1909-11, condr. Seattle 
 Symph. Orch.; San Francisco Orch. 
 1911; prof, of Mus., Univ. of Cali- 
 fornia, 1911. 
 
 Hadow, William Henry, writer, h. 
 Ebrington, Gloucestershire, Dec. 27, 
 1859. Educated at Oxford; studied 
 mus. at Darmstadt and under C. H. 
 Lloyd; fellow, tutor, lecturer on mus., 
 examiner in Litterae Humaniores at 
 Oxford; has composed charming 
 songs, etc., but is chiefly noted for 
 Studies in Modern Music, Primer of 
 Sonata Form, A Croatian Composer 
 (sketch of Haydn), and other writ- 
 ings in which he treats the subjects 
 with literary skill and broad cul- 
 ture; editor Oxford History of Music 
 and author of volume on Viennese 
 period. 
 
 Hahn (han') , Jacob H., pst. , teacher, b. 
 Philadelphia, Dec. 1, 1847; d. 1902? 
 Early interest in mus.; orgt. in Chi- 
 cago while pupil of Ziegfeld, Mason, 
 
HAHN 
 
 HALL6 
 
 etc.; manager of several traveling 
 concert companies; dir. Female Sem. 
 at Coldwater, Mich. 1866-69, and 
 (after study with Richter and Plaidy 
 in Leipzig) dir. of mus. at Mich. 
 Female Seminary at Detroit 1872- 
 74; founder and dir. of Detroit Cons. 
 1874; successful teacher; composed 
 some pf. pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Hahn (an'), Reynaldo, compr. b. Ca- 
 racas, Venezuela, Aug. 9, 1875 [or 
 1874]. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Dubois, 
 Lavignac, and Massenet; 1st opera 
 given at Opera Comique 1898; pub- 
 lished charming songs (Chansons 
 grises, Chansons espagnoles, etc.); 
 opera La Carmelite 1902; incidental 
 mus. for Esther. 
 
 Hale, Philip, critic, b. Norwich, Vt., 
 Mar. 5, 1854. After early music les- 
 sons, orgt. in Northampton, Mass.; 
 graduated Yale 1876; member of 
 Albany bar 1880; lessons from D. 
 Buck 1876; in Europe 1882-87 with 
 Haupt, Faisst, Rheinberger, and 
 Guilmant; orgt. Albany, Troy, Rox- 
 bury, Mass. 1889-1905; critic on sev- 
 eral Boston papers, notably Journal 
 1891-1903, Herald after 1903; writer 
 of notes Bost. Symph. Orch. pro- 
 grams since 1902; Boston corre- 
 spondent Musical Courier 1892-98; 
 editor Musical Record, New Mu^ic 
 Review, etc. 
 
 Halevy (al-a-vi), Jacques Francois 
 Fromental EUe, compr. h. Paris, 
 May 27, 1799; d. Nice, Mar. 17, 1862. 
 Parents Jews, real name Levi ; entered 
 Paris Cons, at 10, pupil of Lambert, 
 Berton, and Cherubini; Prix de Rome 
 1819; 1827 produced one-act opera 
 and became prof, of harm, and 
 accomp., counterpoint and fugue 
 1833, composition 1840 at Cons.; 
 among pupils were Gounod, Masse, 
 Bizet, etc.; in 1829 Clari and Le 
 dilettante d' Avignon were successful; 
 chef de chant at Op^ra 1830-46; com- 
 pletion of Herold's Ludovic 1832, 
 production of La Juive and L' Eclair 
 1835 brought him to height of fame; 
 member of Institute 1836; he con- 
 tinued to produce operas with some 
 success even after Meyerbeer's Hu- 
 guenots (1836) had turned the fashion; 
 his operas contain many tender 
 melodies and show great dramatic 
 power, chiefly in differentiation of 
 
 character, but many passages are 
 vague, obscure, or monotonous; his 
 instrumentation, though interesting 
 to musicians, is often too refined 
 or strained for popularity; published 
 pleasant essays. Souvenirs et por- 
 traits, and Dernier s souvenirs. 
 
 Halir (ha-lerO, Carl, vlt. h. Hohenelbe, 
 Bohemia, Feb. 1, 1859; d. Berlin, 
 Dec. 21, 1909. After lessons from 
 father, studied under Bennewitz at 
 Prague Cons., then under Joachim 
 at BerHn; violin in Bilse's orch., 
 concertmaster at Konigsberg, Mann- 
 heim, Weimar 1884-94; leader at 
 Berlin Court Opera 1894-1904; 
 teacher at Hochschule after 1894; 
 successful trip to U. S. 1896-97; 1897 
 joined Joachim Quartet; married 
 Therese Zerbst, singer; esteemed all 
 over Europe as soloist and quartet 
 player of distinction. 
 
 Hall, Charles King, compr., writer, h. 
 London, 1845; d. there, Sept. 1, 1895. 
 Orgt. at several London churches; 
 author of School for the Harmonium 
 and Novello's Harmonium Primer; 
 composed church mus. and popular 
 operettas A Christmas Stocking, The 
 Naturalist, etc. 
 
 Halle, Adam de la, see Adam de la Halle. 
 
 Halle (hal'-la). Sir Charles [real name 
 Carl Halle], pst., condr. b. Hagen, 
 Westphalia, Apr. 11, 1819; d. Man- 
 chester, Eng., Oct. 25, 1895. Son of 
 orgt.; played in public frequently as 
 child; stud, with Rinck and G. Weber 
 at Darmstadt; in Paris after 1836, 
 studied with Kalkbrenner, became 
 friend of Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, and 
 Cherubini; Revolution of 1848 drove 
 him to England; 1857 founded and 
 directed Manchester Orch.; remark- 
 able condr., he brought orch. to 
 London and did much to introduce 
 music of Berlioz; also after 1852 gave 
 pf. recitals, among first in London, 
 at which he showed himself remark- 
 able Beethoven player; correct but 
 somewhat cold player; married for 
 second wife Wilma Maria Franziska 
 Neruda, known as Norman-Neruda, 
 vlt. b. Brunn, Mar. 29, 1839; d. Ber- 
 lin, Apr. 15, 1911. Father, orgt., 
 sister, pst., and brother, 'cellist. 
 Pupil of Jansa; d^but Vienna 1846; 
 1849 appeared in London; 1864 sen- 
 
HALLEN 
 
 sational success in Paris; married 
 Ludwig Norman; prolonged popu- 
 larity in London, after marriage with 
 Halle (1888) went with him to 
 Australia; American tour 1899. 
 
 Hallen (hal-len), Anders, compr. b. 
 Gothenburg, Sweden, Dec. 22, 1846. 
 Pupil of Reinecke, Rheinberger, and 
 Rietz; condr. Musical Union, Goth- 
 enburg, and of Philharmonic concerts 
 and royal opera, Stockholm; com- 
 posed operas, Hexfdllan 1896; ballad 
 cycles Vom Pagen und der Konigs- 
 tochter, Traumkonig und sein Lieb, etc. 
 
 Hallstrom (hal'-stram), Ivan Kristian, 
 compr. b. Stockholm, June 5, 1826; 
 d. there, Apr. 10, 1901. Student of 
 law; librarian to Crown Prince; 
 director of school of mus. 1861; com- 
 positions are national in subject as 
 well as in style; has written several 
 operas Der Bergkonig (most success- 
 ful), and cantata Die Blumen, which 
 took prize at Stockholm. 
 
 Hambourg, Mark, pst. b. Bogutchar, 
 S. Russia, May 30, 1879. Pupil of 
 father, pf. teacher, and of Lesche- 
 tizky; as youthful prodigy known 
 as Max H., gave concerts in 1891; 
 reappeared at Vienna Philharmonic 
 concerts, having played in Australia 
 the year before; 1896 again in Lon- 
 don; since then popular in many 
 cities; first appearance U. S. 1899 
 and successful concerts here 1900, 
 1902, etc. ; makes his home in London; 
 possessed of prodigious memory and 
 amazing technic; is said to be 
 " temperamentally akin to Rubin- 
 stein." 
 
 Hamerik, Asger [properly Hammerich], 
 
 compr. b. Copenhagen, Apr. 8, 1843. 
 Early aptitude for music encouraged; 
 pupil of Gade, Haberbier, and in 
 1860 of Von Bulow; abandoning pf. 
 studies, studied comp. in Paris with 
 Berhoz whose only pupil he claims to 
 be and whose substitute as condr. he 
 often was; 1872-98 director of Pea- 
 body Cons., Baltimore, where he gave 
 pf. concerts; composed 6 symphonies, 
 Poetique, Tragique, etc., and 2 choral 
 trilogies, 4 operas; occasionally bom- 
 bastic, but often genuinely lyrical 
 and really humorous. 
 
 Hamilton, Clarence Grant, teacher, 
 author, b. Providence, R. I., June 9, 
 1865. Educated in local schools 
 
 HANCHETT 
 
 and Brown University (A.B. 1888; 
 A.M. 1900); began the study of 
 piano playing at an early age, chief 
 teachers being Edward Hoffman and 
 Arthur Foote; studied organ and 
 theory with H. C. Macdougall and 
 theory with G. W. Chadwick; taught 
 mathematics and language at a 
 boys' school in Providence, and 
 piano, privately; associate professor 
 of music, Wellesley College, 1904; 
 organist Congregational Church, 
 Wellesley; officer of Music Teachers' 
 National Association, N. E. Chapter 
 American Guild of Organists; pub- 
 lished compositions include songs, 
 piano pieces, and anthems; author of 
 Outlines of Mu^ic History and Piano 
 Teaching: Its Principles and Prob- 
 lems; articles in musical magazines. 
 
 Hamma, Benjamin, compr. b. Fried- 
 ingen, Oct. 10, 1831. Studied with 
 Lindpaintner at Stuttgart where he 
 became director of new mus. school, 
 after having lived in Paris, Rome, 
 and Konigsberg; comp. an opera, 
 part-songs, etc. 
 
 Hammerschmidt (ham'-mer-shmit), An- 
 dreas, orgt., compr. b. Briix, Bohemia, 
 1611; d. Zittau, Oct. 29, 1675. Pupil 
 at Schandau of Stephan Otto; orgt. 
 at Freiburg and 1639 at Zittau; 
 originality^ makes him of importance 
 in development of Lutheran ch. mus. 
 before Bach; composed Geistliche 
 Concerten, Geistliche Madrigalen, Dia- 
 log zwischen Gott und einer glaubigen 
 Seele (form afterward developed into 
 Bach's cantatas and Handel's orato- 
 rios), Fest-Buss-und Danklieder (32 
 hymns, some of which are still in 
 use), masses, etc. 
 
 Hanchett, Henry G., pst., author, h. 
 Syracuse, N. Y., Aug. 29, 1853. 
 Father an amateur church organist, 
 mother a choir singer; began music 
 study at six years, played in public 
 at eight; graduated Syracuse High 
 School, 1871; N. Y. Homoeopathic 
 Medical College 1884; pupil in music 
 of Ernst Held, A. J. Goodrich, 
 Wm. H. Sherwood, Theodor Kullak, 
 Wm. Mason, A. K. Virgil; teacher 
 at various schools of music, including 
 Beethoven Conservatory, St. Louis, 
 Metropolitan Conservatory and 
 Adelphi School of Musical Art, New 
 York; director (1910) of musical 
 department National Park Seminary, 
 
HAI7DEL 
 
 HANDEL 
 
 organist Syracuse, N. Y., St. Louis, 
 New York, and suburban towns; 
 musical director at Monteagle, Tenn., 
 and De Funiak Springs, Fla., 
 Chautauquas; lecturer on music for 
 the Brooklyn Institute and New 
 York City Board of Education; has 
 
 S'ven lecture recitals throughout 
 anada and the United States; 
 author of several medical and the 
 following musical books: Teaching 
 as a Science and The Art of the 
 Musician; inventor of the Sostenuto 
 or tone-sustaining pedal in general 
 use in grand pianos; a founder of 
 the American Guild of Organists. 
 
 Handel, Georg Friedrich, compr. b. 
 Halle, Saxony, Feb. 23, 1685; d. 
 London, Apr. 14, 1759. Son of 
 surgeon-barber who, wishing the 
 son to be a lawyer, refused him all 
 musical instruction; but the boy 
 learned to play on a clavichord 
 which was concealed in the garret; 
 at 8 he played before Duke of 
 Weissenfels so well that the latter 
 overcame the father's objections. 
 After some lessons from Zachau, he 
 met Ariosto and Bononcini at 
 Berlin, and so impressed the elector 
 by playing and improvising that 
 he wished to send him to Italy, but 
 father still hoped that he would 
 study law; after father's death, he 
 did enter Halle University 1702, 
 being at same time orgt.; at Ham- 
 burg 1703-1706, he played in orch. 
 under Keiser, became friend of 
 Mattheson and quarreled with him; 
 composed 4 operas, of which Almira 
 was most successful. In Italy 1706- 
 1710 he produced operas and sacred 
 music at Naples, Florence, Rome, 
 and Venice; 1710 after few months 
 as capellmeister to elector of Han- 
 over he went to England, and 
 produced Rinaldo; he was again in 
 England 1712-1714, when elector 
 became George I, and Handel made 
 peace with king only after com- 
 position of the beautiful Water 
 MiLsic. After producing his last 
 German work. The Passion, in 
 Hanover, he became chapelmaster 
 to Duke of Chandos, for whom he 
 wrote the Chandos anthems, etc. 
 In 1720 undertook direction of 
 Italian Opera for a society known 
 as the Royal Acad, of Mus.; engaged 
 
 company including Senesino, and 
 produced Radamisto. Opposition to 
 his success on part of Bononcini and 
 Ariosto led to Muzio Scevola, for 
 which each one composed one act; 
 continued enmity of Bononcini, 
 aided by personal enemies of Handel, 
 caused division of London society; 
 1729 partner of Heidegger at King's 
 Theatre; defection of Senesino and 
 acquisition by opposition of such 
 singers as* Cuzzoni, Farinelli, and 
 Faustina Bordoni, with her husband 
 Hasse, pressed H. hard; on Heideg- 
 ger's retirement, his rivals gained 
 King's Theatre and Handel went to 
 Co vent Garden. H. became bank- 
 rupt 1737, and the other company 
 met no better fate. In 1738 he 
 turned to English oratorio, produc- 
 ing Saul, Israel in Egypt 1739, 
 Messiah 1742 in Dublin, 1743 in 
 London, Samson 1743, and others. 
 Although again bankrupt 1744, he 
 persisted in composition until blind- 
 ness 1752, and even thereafter, 
 Triumph of Time and Truth 1757. 
 He wrote about 40 operas and 
 about 30 oratorios and occasional 
 anthems, odes, etc.; edition of his 
 works edited by Chrysander in 94 
 volumes 1859-94 is final.. Person- 
 ally H. was proud, sensitive, im- 
 patient, given to terrible bursts of 
 rage and profanity, yet generous to 
 singers and those associated with 
 him, and to the poor. He frequently 
 plagiarized themes of other com- 
 posers, partly owing to contem- 
 porary carelessness in such matters 
 and partly because of an individual 
 lack of delicacy. His operas are 
 similar to those composed at the 
 time in France and Italy and not 
 much better; his instrumental music 
 is not so original as that of Bach or 
 Couperin; even his organ music is 
 not supreme. He excels in oratorio 
 only; there his power of producing 
 broad and massive effect has full 
 sway, and his limitations — lack of 
 delicacy and fine discrimination and 
 tendency toward mechanical means 
 — are not conspicuous. Comparison 
 with Bach rests on their being born 
 the same year, not on any real 
 resemblance between the laborious, 
 subtle, incessantly original work of 
 the retired organist and the conspicu- 
 ous achievements of Handel. 
 
HANDLO 
 
 HARTMANN 
 
 Handle, Robert de, writer. Author of 
 treatise commenting on that of 
 Franco of Cologne, dated 1326; 
 deals with notation, time-values, 
 and modes of rhythm, showing 
 unsettled state of notation. (See 
 Grove.) 
 
 Handrock (hand-rok), Julius, pst., 
 compr. b. Naumburg, June 22, 
 1830; d. Halle, Jan. 5, 1894. Lived 
 chiefly in Halle, as pf. teacher; 
 compositions mostly for pf. and 
 generally of an educational char- 
 acter. 
 
 Hanscom, E. W., compr. b. Durham, 
 Me., Dec. 28, 1848. Studied* in 
 native state, with two periods in 
 London, Berlin, and Vienna; has 
 published various secular and relig- 
 ious songs and choruses. 
 
 Hanslick, Eduard, critic, b. Prague, 
 Sept. 11, 1825; d. Baden, near 
 Vienna, Aug. 6, 1904. Son of bibliog- 
 rapher, student of law and philos- 
 ophy; stud. pf. with Tomaschek; 
 doctor's degree Vienna 1849; tutor 
 in aesthetics and mus. hist. Vienna 
 Univ. 1856, prof. 1870; public 
 lecturer 1859-63, critic to Wiener 
 Zeitung 1848-49, Presse 1855-64, and 
 Neue Freie Presst; first book Vom 
 Musikolisch-Schonen, epoch-making 
 in its insistence on the limitations 
 of mus. to musical ideas, was fol- 
 lowed by many others; an ardent, 
 often violent opponent of Wagner 
 and Liszt and equally violent sup- 
 porter of Brahms and Schumann. 
 
 Hardelot (ar-de-lo), Guy d' [pseud, of 
 Mrs. W. T. Rhodes, nee Helen GuyJ, 
 compr. b. Hardelot Castle, near 
 Boulogne-sur-Mer. Composed songs 
 chiefly French, with wide range of 
 feeling, and skill in composition; 
 Sans toi, Almond Blossoms, A 
 Bunch of Violets are well known; 
 visited America with Calve; living 
 in London. 
 
 Harding, Henry Alfred, orgt., writer. 
 b. Salisbury, July 25, 1856. Pupil 
 of Abram, Keeton, and Corfe; Mus. 
 Doc. Oxford 1882; examiner for 
 Soc. of Musicians; orgt. and director 
 at Sidmouth, later at Bedford; 
 compr. of setting of Psalm 106, 
 morning service, etc., author Analy- 
 sis of Form as displayed in Beethoven's 
 Sonatas, and Musical Ornaments. 
 
 Harknes, see Senkrah, Anna L. 
 
 Harris, Sir Augustus [Henry Glossop], 
 impresario. h. Paris, 1852; d. 
 Folkestone, Eng., June 22, 1896. 
 Originally actor, asst. stage manager 
 under Mapleson 1873; leased Drury 
 Lane Theatre, London, 1879, pro- 
 duced pantomimes and melodramas; 
 managed annual visits of Carl Rosa 
 Co. and in 1888 began long career 
 as manager of Co vent Garden; 
 made opera again the fashion in 
 London, introducing many new stars 
 and new works. 
 
 Harris, William Victor, compr. h. 
 New York, Apr. 27, 1869. Pupil of 
 Blum, Courtney, SchilHng, and 
 Seidl (conducting); orgt. in Brook- 
 lyn and N. Y.; condr. choral 
 societies in Utica and N. Y.; coach 
 at Metropolitan Opera 1892-95; asst. 
 condr. to Seidl at Brighton Beach 
 1895-96; hving in N. Y.; vocal 
 teacher and compr., chiefly of songs. 
 
 Harriss, Charles Albert Edwin, orgt., 
 compr. b. London, Dec. 15, 1862. 
 Chorister and orgt. at early age in 
 England; Hving since 1883 at 
 Montreal, orgt. at Ch. of St. James 
 the Apostle; founder of madrigal 
 society; compr. of opera, cantata, 
 much church mus.; had great 
 influence in increase of musical 
 interest in Montreal and Canada 
 generally. 
 
 Hart, John Thomas, vln.-maker. h. 
 Westminster, Dec. 17, 1805; d. 
 there, Jan. 1, 1874. Pupil of Gilkes, 
 and careful student of Italian violins, 
 in which he dealt as expert. His son 
 and business successor, George, vln.- 
 maker, writer, h. London, Mar. 23, 
 1839; d. near Newhaven, Apr. 25, 
 1891. Stud, at Royal Acad, with 
 Sainton and Macfarren; author of 
 very valuable work, Tfie Violin, 
 its Famous Makers and Their Imi- 
 tators 1875, and less authoritative 
 The Violin and Its Music 1881. 
 
 Hartmann, Johan Peter Emilius, compr. 
 h. Copenhagen, May 14, 1805; d. 
 there. Mar. 10, 1900. Grandson of 
 Johann Ernst H. (1726-1793), compr. 
 of Danish national hymn; son of 
 August Wilhehn, orgt.; his father's 
 assistant; at first a lawyer; taught 
 in Copenhagen Cons. "of which he 
 
HARTMANN 
 
 HATTON 
 
 was director 1840; Royal capellm. 
 1849; compr. of 4 successful operas 
 (Die Ravnen 1832 was first), sym- 
 phonies, incidental music; first 
 exponent of Scandinavian national 
 music; Gade was his son-in-law. 
 His son Emil, compr. b. Copen- 
 hagen, Feb. 21, 1836; d. there, July 
 19, 1898. Pupil of father and Gade; 
 court orgt. 1871 to retirement 1873; 
 1891 director of Mus. Society; 
 composed several operas and instr. 
 music. 
 
 Hartmann, Arthur, vU. b. Mat6 Szalka, 
 Hungary, July 23, 1881. Came to 
 America as infant. Educated here 
 entirely, chiefly as pupil of C. M. 
 Loeflfler; went to Berlin unheralded 
 1902, and after successful debut 
 played in various cities; lives and 
 teaches in Paris, where he is highly 
 esteemed; has composed for violin 
 and the voice. 
 
 Hasler [or Hassler], Hans Leo von, 
 compr. h. Nuremberg, 1564; d. 
 Frankfort, June 8, 1612. Eldest of 3 
 sons of Isaac H., town musician; 
 studied with father and with A. 
 Gabrieli in Venice; first German 
 compr. who studied in Italy; 1585 
 orgt. to Count Fugger; 1608 to 
 Christian II of Saxony; composed, 
 Latin motets and masses, which' 
 were said to unite beauty of Italian 
 and German art; holds same place 
 in German art that Palestrina does 
 in Itahan; brothers Jacob (1566- 
 1601), orgt., and Caspar (1570-1618), 
 orgt., clavier player, editor of collec- 
 tion of church music. 
 
 Hasse (has-se), JohannAdolph [Peter], 
 compr. b. Bergedorf, near Ham- 
 burg [baptized Mar. 25], 1699; d. 
 Venice, Dec. 16, 1783. Taught by 
 his father; influence of poet Ulrich 
 Konig led to engagements as singer 
 at Hamburg and at Brunswick, 
 where he produced only German 
 opera; 1724, after few lessons from 
 Porpora, became pupil of A. Scar- 
 latti; having composed serenade 
 sung by Tesi and Farinelli was com- 
 missioned to write Italian opera 
 which made him popular; known 
 as il caro Sassone; met and married 
 Faustina Bordoni for whom he 
 composed famous works; 1731 direc- 
 tor of Dresden opera, successful 
 despite rivalry of Porpora; about 
 
 1740 visited London, but did not 
 wish to be rival to Handel; after 
 losses in siege of Dresden, withdrew 
 to Vienna, where for the third time 
 he found a formidable rival in Gluck, 
 and saw possibilities of eclipse in 
 Mozart's beginnings; retired to 
 Venice about 1773. Composed over 
 100 operas, church music, concertos, 
 with much delightful melody. His 
 wife Faustina Bordoni, dram, mezzo 
 sop. h. Venice, 1700; d. there, 
 Nov. 4, 1783. Studied with Gas- 
 parini and B. Marcello; d^but 1716; 
 sang at Venice, Naples, Florence, 
 Vienna, London under Handel 
 (1726-30), where she astonished 
 by facility, rapidity, dexterity in 
 taking breath, and power of sustain- 
 ing notes; after marriage with 
 Hasse 1730, went with him to 
 Dresden and thence to Venice. 
 
 Hastings, Frank Se3miour, compr. h. 
 Mendham, N. Y., May 31, 1853. 
 Son of clergyman ; early played org,, 
 studied composition and singing in 
 such leisure as could be snatched 
 from business; composed chiefly 
 songs, of which Red, Red Rose has 
 had large sale, as well as anthem 
 Just a^ I am. 
 
 Hastings, Thomas, writer, compr. b. 
 Washington, Conn., Oct. 15, 1787; 
 d. New York, May 2, 1872. Self- 
 taught; editor Utica Recorder; after 
 1832 organized church choirs and 
 taught psalmody in N. Y.; wrote 
 History of Forty Choirs and Dis- 
 sertation on Musical Taste; com- 
 posed hymn-tunes. 
 
 Hastreiter (has'-trl-ter), Helen, dram, 
 contralto, h. Louisville, Ky., Nov. 
 14, 1858. Studied with Lamperti; 
 married Dr. Burgunzi, physician; 
 living in Genoa; has been great 
 favorite in Italy. 
 
 Hatton, John Liptrot, compr. h. 
 Liverpool, Oct. 12, 1809; d. Margate, 
 Sept. 20, 1886. Self-taught, except 
 for mere rudiments; went to Lon- 
 don 1832; condr. at Drury Lane 
 1842; brought out operetta there; 
 1844 prod. Pascal Bruno in Vienna; 
 1848 visited America; director at 
 Princess's Theatre, London, 1853-58; 
 composed much incidental music, 
 songs (many under pseud. Czapek), 
 cantatas, etc. 
 
HATTSTAEDT 
 
 HAWKINS 
 
 Hattstaedt, John J., pst., teacher, b. 
 Monroe, Mich., Dec. 29, 1851. 
 Father a clergyman; early showed 
 inclination toward music; studied 
 in the U. S. and in Germany; began 
 his professional career in Detroit, 
 locating in Chicago in 1875, as 
 teacher of piano in the Chicago 
 Musical College; founded American 
 Conservatory of Music, Chicago, in 
 1886, of which he is president and 
 teacher of the classes in advanced 
 piano playing; lectures on musical 
 pedagogy and aesthetics; contributor 
 to musical magazines; wrote a 
 history of music, 
 
 Hauck (howk), Minnie, dram. sop. 
 b. New York, Nov. 16, 1852. Pupil 
 of Curto at New Orleans, of Erani 
 at N. Y.; debut Brooklyn 1866; 
 after further instruction from M. 
 Strakosch, sang in London 1868, 
 Paris, and Vienna where she became 
 great favorite; engaged at Berlin 
 1874-77; at Brussels, at London, 
 (where she was first Carmen); mar- 
 ried E. V. Hesse-Wartegg 1881; 
 made three trips around the world, 
 appearing in many roles; retired 
 1896 to Lucerne. 
 
 Haupt (howpt), Carl August, orgt. b. 
 Kuhnau, Silesia, Aug. 25, 1810; d. 
 Berlin, July 4, 1891. Pupil of A. W. 
 Bach, Klein, Dehn, Schneider; orgt. 
 several Berlin churches, finally at 
 Parochialkirche; director mus. in- 
 stitute; famous for fine improvisa- 
 tions; many famous pupils, among 
 them J. K. Paine, Eugene Thayer, 
 Clarence Eddy. 
 
 Hauptmann (howpt'-man), Moritz, theo- 
 rist, compr. h. Dresden, Oct. 13, 
 1792; d. Leipzig, Jan. 3, 1868. Son 
 of state architect; pupil of Grosse, 
 Scholz, and Morlacchi; 1811 became 
 friend and pupil of Spohr; 1812 vlt. 
 Dresden court orch.; 1815-20 teach- 
 ing in Russia; member of Spohr 's 
 orch. at Kassel; on recommendation 
 of Mendelssohn and Spohr, ap- 
 pointed director at Thomasschule 
 and prof, of counterpoint at Leipzig 
 Cons.; valued teacher of pupils from 
 all over the world, Joachim, Von 
 Bulow, SuUivan, Ferd. David, Dud- 
 ley Buck, C. C. Converse, etc. In 
 his compositions, as in his teaching, 
 he emphasized unity of idea and 
 symmetry of form; wrote chiefly 
 
 part-songs, motets, canons, etc., 
 widely popular with choral societies; 
 also wrote abstruse but valuable 
 Nature of Harmony and Rhythm. 
 
 Hausegger (how'-seg-ger), Siegmund 
 von, compr. b. Graz, Aug. 16, 1872. 
 Taught by father, Friedrich H., 
 teacher of theory Graz Univ., and 
 by Pohlig, and at Styrian Musik- 
 verein; capellm. Graz, Bayreuth, and 
 condr. Kaim Orch. Munich, from 
 1903-06 condr. Museum Concerts 
 at Frankfort; conductor Hamburg, 
 1911; composed part-songs, grand 
 mass, opera Zinnover (Munich 1898); 
 symph. poems, Dionysische Fantasie, 
 Barbarossa, and Wieland der Schmied 
 interesting examples of ultra-modern 
 German orchestration. 
 
 Hauser (how'-ser), Miska, vlt. b. 
 Pressburg, Hungary, 1822; d. Vien- 
 na, Dec. 9, 1887. Studied with 
 Matalay, Kreutzer, and, at Vienna 
 Cons., with Mayseder and Sechter; 
 from 1840-74 appeared in Europe, 
 America, and Australia as virtuoso; 
 wrote Wanderbuch eines osterreich- 
 ischen Virtuosen about Am. tour; 
 composed Lieder ohne Worte for 
 violin. 
 
 Hausmann (hows'-man), Robert, 'cel- 
 list, b. Rottleberode, Harz Mts., 
 Aug. 13, 1852; d. Vienna, Jan. 19, 
 1909. Studied at Brunswick under 
 Th. MuUer, and at Berlin Hoch- 
 schule with Wm. Muller, under 
 Joachim's direction; further lessons 
 from Piatti; member of Hochberg 
 Quartet 1872-76; teacher at Ploch- 
 schule; member of Joachim Quartet 
 after 1879. 
 
 Havens, Charles Arthur, orgt. b. Essex, 
 N. Y. 1842. Studied in Boston; orgt. 
 in Chicago for 36 years at 1st Baptist 
 Church, where his choir is an impor- 
 tant part of the service; compr. of 
 over 150 church compositions from 
 simple gospel songs to elaborate 
 anthems. 
 
 Hawkins, Sir John, historian, h. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 30, 1719; d. Westminster, 
 May 21, 1789. By profession attor- 
 ney; 1740 member of Academy of 
 Antient Music, 1749 of Johnson's 
 Club; 1752 of Madrigal Society; upon 
 marriage to wealthy woman, retired 
 to Twickenham, where, among other 
 activities, he wrote his History of 
 
HAWLEY 
 
 Music; first vol. came out in same 
 year (1776) with that of Burney, 
 whom contemporaries considered 
 sup)erior but whom posterity judges 
 less trustworthy. 
 
 Hawley, Charles Beach, compr. b. 
 Brookfield, Conn., Feb. 11, 1858. Of 
 musical family; studied in New York 
 with Webb, Buck, Mosenthal, and 
 Rutenber; bass soloist and orgt. in 
 several churches; member of Men- 
 delssohn Glee Club, for which he has 
 composed many part-songs (My 
 Love's like a Red, Red Rose, Bugle 
 Song, They Kissed) ; also many songs 
 of charming melody. 
 
 Haydn (hidn), Franz Josef, compr. 
 b. Rohrau-on-the-Leitha, Austria, 
 Mar. 31 (baptized Apr. 1), 1732; d. 
 Vienna, May 31, 1809. Son of 
 Mathias H., wheelwright, sexton, 
 orgt., and singer, and his wife Maria, 
 formerly a cook; by recent evidence 
 Kuhac shows that H's ancestors were 
 Croatians and that his inheritance 
 is therefore Slavic, not Teutonic, a 
 theory to which Croatian folk-song 
 in his music and his fondness for 
 irregular rhythms give support; of 
 12 children 3 were musicians and 
 there was simple singing at home; 
 at 5, owing to influence of cousin, 
 J. M. Frankh, H. was sent to school 
 at Hainburg, where for two years, 
 though neglected and flogged, he 
 was taught rudiments of music, 
 playing on vln. and some other instr. ; 
 1740 taken by Reutter to Vienna as 
 chorister at St. Stephen's, where he 
 learned singing, vln., and clavier; 
 though he received no instruction in 
 composition, he studied Fux's Gradus 
 ad Parnassum and a work by Mat- 
 theson by himself, and composed a 
 great deal; 1748 supplanted as singer 
 by brother Michael, he was set 
 adrift without help from the school; 
 assisted by friends, he gave lessons, 
 studied C. P. E. Bach, and composed 
 1st mass; through influence of Metas- 
 tasio, obtained distinguished pupil, 
 through «whom he met Porpora; as 
 P's accompanist, met Gluck and 
 other contemporaries; 1755 at house 
 of Baron Fiirnberg he composed his 
 first quartet and what was really his 
 first symphony (the term was loosely 
 used before his time for any con- 
 certed instrumental piece); 1760 
 
 HAYDN 
 
 . married most unhappily, while in em- 
 ploy of Count Morzin; 1761 became 
 2d capellmeister under Werner, to 
 Prince Esterhazy, as 1st capellm. 
 after Werner's death 1766 to Prince 
 Nicolaus E., who succeeded in 1762. 
 H. had ample opportunity and en- 
 couragement for further composi- 
 tion; except for brief annual visits 
 to Vienna, his time was passed at 
 Eisenstadt, where he composed about 
 30 symph., 40 quartets, and nearly 
 all his operas; his works became 
 known and admired all over Europe; 
 he made many friends chief of whom 
 was Mozart, between whom and H. 
 there was mutual affection and 
 support. In 1790, on death of Prince 
 Nicolaus, musicians were dismissed, 
 though Haydn's pay was continued. 
 He yielded to pressure of Salomon 
 and visited London in 1791, where 
 he composed the " Salomon sympho- 
 nies," received degree from Oxford 
 and honor from all classes; 1792 in 
 Vienna again, where he gave lessons 
 to Beethoven; 1794 he went again 
 to England, and returned 1795 to 
 reorganize the Esterhazy musical 
 forces. Composed Austrian national 
 hymn, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser 
 1797. And in his old age produced 
 Die Schopfung (Creation) 1798 and 
 Die Jahreszeiten (Seasons) 1801. 
 His last years were prosperous and 
 happy, except for his concern for 
 his country. Though unattractive 
 in appearance, he was genial, kindly, 
 and humorous, so amiable that the 
 term " Papa Haydn " was widely 
 applied. His operas and his early 
 songs are not often played, his ora- 
 torios are closely second to Handel's; 
 his masses and The Seven Words on 
 the Cross are still valued for the 
 sincerity of their religious sentiment. 
 But chiefly H. is important as giving 
 final form to symphony and quartet, 
 as " father of orchestral music." His 
 own works, though they sometimes 
 seem simple and lacking in emotional 
 depth, are remarkable for the amaz- 
 ing variety of themes, the gaiety of 
 spirit, the accurate sense of structure, 
 and delicate, acute feeling for detail. 
 
 Haydn, Johann Michael, compr. h. 
 Rohrau, Sept. 14, 1737; d. Salzburg, 
 Aug. 10, 1806. Brother of F. J.; 
 remarkable for sop. voice when 
 
HAYNES 
 
 chorister at Vienna; orgt.; capellm. 
 at Grosswardein; 1762 concert- 
 master and director to archbishop, 
 and orgt. at Salzburg; married singer 
 Maria Magdalena Lipp; lost property 
 under French occupation but was 
 assisted by brother and Empress 
 Maria Theresa; at his school of comp. 
 taught Reicha, Weber, etc.; refused 
 offers of Prince Esterhazy to make 
 him vice-capellm. of his chapel in 
 hope of reorganization at Salzburg; 
 excellent church compr., admired by 
 contemporaries, but overshadowed 
 by his brother; his modesty pre- 
 vented him from publishing, but 
 many works are extant, notably 
 masses, graduals, offertories, some 
 orchestral works and org. preludes. 
 
 Hajnies, Walter Battison, orgt., compr. 
 b. Kempsey, Worcestershire, Nov. 
 21, 1859; d. London, Feb. 4, 1900. 
 Pupil of Prout and at Leipzig Cons, 
 of Reinecke and Jadassohn; won 
 Mozart scholarship; orgt. at Syden- 
 ham and Chapel Royal, Savoy; 
 director of mus. at Borough Poly- 
 technic; prof, of harmony at Royal 
 Acad.; composed symph., chamber 
 mus., 2 cantatas for women's voices, 
 and Elizabethan Lyrics. 
 
 Hays, William Shakespeare, compr. 
 b. Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1837; 
 d. Louisville, July 22, 1907. Wrote 
 his first song at 16, and in all several 
 hundred, almost all widely sold; 
 Evangeline, My Sunny Southern 
 Home, Molly Darling, etc.; also 
 occupied with editorial work for 
 Courier-Journal. 
 
 Heap, Charles Swinnerton, pst., compr. 
 b. Birmingham, Apr. 10, 1847; d. 
 there, June 11, 1900. Chorister, 
 pupil of Monk; winner of Mendels- 
 sohn Scholarship 1865, studied at 
 Leipzig under Moscheles, Haupt- 
 mann, Richter, and Reinecke; fur- 
 ther under Best in Liverpool; condr. 
 of Birmingham Philharmonic Union 
 1870-1886; of Birmingham Festival 
 Choral Society after 1895; chorus- 
 master for festival 1897; examiner 
 for Camb. Univ.; composed chamber 
 mus., overtures, cantatas (Maid of 
 Astolat), and several organ pieces. 
 
 Hedouin (a-do-an), Pierre, writer, b. 
 Boulogne, July 28, 1789; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 1868. Studied law in Paris, I 
 
 HEnmicH 
 
 Eractised in Boulogne; chef du 
 ureau at Ministry of Public Works, 
 Paris, after 1842; contributed to 
 periodicals, wrote novels, librettos, 
 composed some songs; chief mus. 
 writings are about Monsigny, Gr6- 
 try, Lesueur, Paganini, Gluck, etc.; 
 articles collected in Mosdique. 
 
 Heermann (har-man), Hugo, vlt. b. 
 Heilbronn, Mar. 3, 1844. Pupil of 
 de Meerts, de B^riot, and F^tis at 
 Brussels Cons., and in Paris; 1865 
 concertmaster at Frankfort; 1878 
 teacher at Hoch Cons, there; founded 
 Heermann Quartet, with Naret-Kon- 
 ing, Welcher, and Becker; has given 
 many concerts in Germany, France, 
 and England; in America 1903; 
 moved to Berlin, 1912. 
 
 Hegar (ha-gar), Friedrich, condr., 
 compr. b. Basle, Oct. 11, 1841. 
 Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of Haupt- 
 mann, Richter, David, and Plaidy; 
 after leading orch. in Warsaw and 
 Gebweiler, living in Paris and Lon- 
 don, settled 1863 in Zurich, where he 
 became condr. of Subscription Con- 
 certs and of Choral Soc, founded 
 mus. sch.; composed choral works, 
 Hymne an die Musik, Waldlied, Die 
 Trompete von Gravelotte, etc. 
 
 Hegner (hag'-ner), Anton, 'cellist, b. 
 Copenhagen, Mar. 2, 1861. Studied 
 at Copenhagen Cons., played there 
 and in Germany with great success; 
 now living in New York; composed 
 'cello concertos, quartets, about 60 
 songs. 
 
 Hegner, Otto, pst. h. Basle, Nov. 18, 
 1876. Pupil at Basle of Fricker, 
 Huber, and Glaus; appeared as 
 prodigy in several German cities, 
 m England and America 1888; 1904 
 teacher at Hoch Cons, in Frankfort; 
 has composed chiefly for pf. 
 
 Heinrich (hin'-rik). Max, baritone, 
 compr. b. Chemnitz, June 14, 1853. 
 Studied with Klitzsch at Zwickau 
 and at Dresden Cons.; taught in 
 Philadelphia, Alabama, at Royal 
 Acad. London 1888-93; successful 
 at large concerts in N. Y. 1882-88; 
 then located in Chicago, where he 
 gave " farewell recital" 1903, re- 
 moving to Boston; now (1910) settled 
 in New York; composed picturesque 
 songs, setting to Poe's Raven, etc. 
 
HELLER 
 
 HENSCHEL 
 
 Heller (el-lar'), Stephen, pst., teacher, 
 compr. b. Pesth, May 15, 1815; d. 
 Paris, Jan. 14, 1888. Pupil of 
 Brauer, played in public at 9; 
 studied with Halm at Vienna; gave 
 concerts 1827-32 in Hungary, Po- 
 land, and Germany; falling ill on 
 the way, was adopted by wealthy 
 family in Augsburg where he worked 
 at composition; 1838 at Paris, mem- 
 ber of Liszt-Chopin circle, popular 
 as player and teacher; except for 
 visits to London in 1849 and 1862, 
 lived in Paris; his early compositions 
 were praised by Schumann; his 
 works, all for pf., consist of Etudes, 
 Preludes, etc., and series of pieces 
 the names of which show romantic 
 attitude, Promenades d'un solitaire, 
 Nuits blanches, etc.; studies still 
 very popular for grace and fluency, 
 without triviality of thought and yet 
 without great dMficulty. 
 
 Hellmesberger, Georg, vlt. b. Vienna, 
 Apr. 24, 1800; d. Neuwaldegg, near 
 Vienna, Aug. 16, 1873. Pupil of 
 Bohm and Forster at Cons.; teacher 
 there 1821-1867, of Joachim, Ernst, 
 Auer, etc.; condr. at Imperial Opera 
 1829; pensioned 1867. His son 
 Georg, vlt., compr. b. Vienna, Jan. 
 27, 1830; d. Hanover, Nov. 12, 1852. 
 Studied comp. with Rotter; concert- 
 master at Hanover about 1850; 
 brought out 2 operas. His brother 
 Joseph, vlt., condr. b. Vienna, Nov. 
 3, 1828; d. there, Oct. 24, 1893. 
 Infant prodigy as vlt.; vln. prof. 1851- 
 1877, director 1851-1893 of Cons.; 
 condr. Gesellschaft Concerts 1851- 
 59, when he resigned in favor of Her- 
 beck, resuming position for one year 
 in 1877; concertmaster at Imperial 
 Opera, capellm. to emperor; quai-tet 
 concerts 1849-1887, important for 
 arousing interest in Beethoven's quar- 
 tets. His son Joseph, vlt. b. Vienna, 
 Apr. 9, 1855; d. there, Apr. 26, 1907. 
 Solo player at opera, prof, at Cons., 
 leader of quartet after his father, 
 compr. of 6 operas and 6 ballets. 
 
 Helmholtz (helm-holtz), Hermann Lud- 
 wig Ferdinand von, scientist. b. 
 Potsdam, Aug. 31, 1821; d Charlot- 
 tenberg, Sept. 8, 1894. Studied 
 medicine at Berlin, was prof, of 
 anatomy, physiology at several Ger- 
 man Universities, finally 1871 prof. 
 of natural philosophy at Berlin; 
 
 important mus. work is Sensations of 
 Tone as a Physiological Basis for 
 the Theory of Music, 1863, translated 
 by Ellis 1875; by experiments with 
 resonators, etc., H. determined quali- 
 ty of musical sounds, the value of 
 summational tones (the tones gen- 
 erated by 2 notes sounded together), 
 and he established the physiology 
 of the minor chord, of hearing of 
 musical tones, and of distribution of 
 harmonic intervals. 
 
 Henderson, William James, critic, h. 
 Newark, Dec. 4, 1855. Graduated 
 from Princeton 1876; self-taught in 
 music; compr. of several operettas; 
 critic on N. Y. Times, and later Sun; 
 author of many valuable and enter- 
 taining books: How Music Devel- 
 oped; Orchestra and Orchestral Music; 
 Richard Wagner; Modern Musicai 
 Drift, The Art of the Singer, etc. 
 
 Hennes (hen'-nes), Aloys, pf. teacher. 
 b. Aix-la-Chapelle, Sept. 8, 1827; 
 d. Berlin, June 8, 1889. Post-office 
 official; later pupil at Rhenish 
 School, Cologne, of Hiller and 
 Reinecke; taught in various cities, 
 after 1872 at Berhn; 1881 teacher 
 at Scharwenka's Cons.; his Klavier- 
 unterrichtsbriefe contains bright edu- 
 cational pieces; daughter Therese 
 (b. Dec. 21, 1861), successful pst. 
 
 Henning, Karl, vlt. h. Halberstadt, 
 Feb. 26, 1807; d. Zeitz, Oct. 1, 
 1865. Director of music in military 
 service; 1837 city musical director 
 in Zeitz; published 2 Schools for vln., 
 one for 'cello, and compositions and 
 teaching pieces for his instr. His 
 sonTheodor, b. Langensalza, Oct. 11, 
 1837. Pupil of Hauptmann and 
 David; director city orch. at Nord- 
 hausen; associated with father in 
 preparing vln. methods. 
 
 Henschel (hen'-shel), [Isidor] Georg, 
 compr., singer, condr. h. Breslau, 
 Feb. 18, 1850. Early training in 
 music; sang and played in public 
 1862, before entering Leipzig Cons. 
 
 1867, where he studied under Mos- 
 cheles, Reinecke, Richter, and 
 Goetze; after 1870 studied with 
 Kiel and Schulze at Berlin; sang 
 in concert perf. of Die Meistersinger 
 
 1868, at Cologne Festival 1874, in 
 England 1877 at concerts and 
 recitals, with great success; married 
 
HENSEL 
 
 HERMANN 
 
 1881; first condr. Boston Symph. 
 Orch. 1881-84; after that living 
 in London, . teaching at Royal 
 Acad., conducting London symph. 
 concerts, etc., and singing at impor- 
 tant festivals; composed choral 
 works and songs, incidental music to 
 Hamlet, opera Nubia (Dresden 
 1899), Requiem in memory of his 
 wife, since whose death he has 
 practically retired. His wife Lillian 
 June Bailey, soprano, b. Columbus, 
 O., Jan. 18, 1860; d. Kensington, 
 London, Nov. 4, 1901. Pupil of 
 C. Hayden, of Mme. Viardot, and 
 Mr. Henschel; extremely success- 
 ful as singer of light songs, and, 
 later, in concerts with her husband, 
 as interpreter of depth and beauty. 
 
 Hensel, Fanny Cacilia, pst., compr. 
 b. Hamburg, Nov. 14, 1805; d. 
 Berlin, May 14, 1847. Elder sister 
 of Mendelssohn, accomplished pst., 
 composer of several songs, six of 
 which were published with her 
 brother's; married the portrait- 
 painter Hensel 1829; intimacy be- 
 tween brother and sister was so 
 close and affectionate that shock of 
 her sudden death is said to have 
 hastened his. 
 
 Henselt, Adolf von, pst. h. Schwa- 
 bach, Bavaria, May 12, 1814; d. 
 Warmbrunn, Silesia, Oct. 10, 1889. 
 Pupil of Frau von Flath at Munich; 
 assisted by allowance from King to 
 study with Hummel at Weimar and 
 with Sechter at Vienna; 1838, after 
 great success in Germany at private 
 concerts only, owing to poor health 
 went to St. Petersburg, where he 
 was musician to the empress, teacher 
 of princess, inspector of mus. edu- 
 cation, etc.; developed strictly le- 
 gato touch and gained richness of 
 sound by holding down notes of 
 arpeggios; invented exercises for 
 stretching hands over wide-spread 
 chords; though he appeared very 
 rarely, he was hailed as one of 
 greatest players of his time; his 
 compositions are etudes, difficult 
 and of real musical value, some 
 minor pieces, and famous F minor 
 concerto. 
 
 Herbeck, Johann Franz von, condr. 
 b. Vienna, Dec. 25, 1831; d. there, 
 Oct. 28, 1877. Son of tailor, self- 
 taught, with exception of few lessons 
 
 in summer from Rotter; at Vienna 
 choir director, chorusmaster for 2 
 societies; condr. of Gesellschaft con- 
 certs, court capellm., 1870-75 direc- 
 tor at Imperial opera; compr. of 
 part-songs, church music; influen- 
 tial as condr. in bringing out many 
 novelties. 
 
 Herbert, Victor, compr. h. Dublin, 
 Ireland, Feb. 1, 1859. Grandson of 
 novelist Samuel Lover; educated at 
 Stuttgart Cons.; 'cellist in Stutt- 
 gart court orch.; 1886 'cellist at 
 Metropolitan Opera, N. Y.; played 
 at Seidl's concerts, acted as asst. 
 condr. and under Thomas; 1894-98 
 bandmaster 22d Regiment; 1898- 
 1904 condr. Pittsburg Symph. Orch.; 
 now living in New York; has oom- 
 posed 2 'cello concertos, Suite 
 Romantique, symph. poems, but is 
 chiefly known as compr. of fluent, 
 melodious, skilfully constructed op- 
 erettas. Serenade, Babes in Toyland, 
 Mile. Modiste, Natoma, etc. 
 
 Hering (har-ing), Carl Friedrich August, 
 vlt. h. Berlin, Sept. 2, 1819; d. 
 Burg, near Magdeburg, Feb. 2, 1889. 
 Pupil of Ries, Lipinski, and Tomas- 
 chek; vlt. in Berlin royal chapel, 
 founder of Sonatenverein and music 
 school; wrote Methods. 
 
 Heritte-Viardot (e-rit'-ve-ar'-do), Lou- 
 ise Pauline Marie, singing teacher, 
 h. Paris, Dec. 14, 1841. Daughter 
 of Louis Viardot and Pauline Garcia, 
 wife of consul-general Heritte; 
 teacher at St. Petersburg Cons., at 
 Hoch Cons., Frankfort, and in 
 Berhn; composed operas, cantatas, 
 vocal exercises, etc. 
 
 Herman, Reinhold Ludwig, vlt., compr. 
 b. Prenzlau, Sept. 21, 1849. Studied 
 at Stern Cons, with Ehrhch, Kiel, 
 and Stern; taught and conducted 
 in N. Y. 1871-78; director Stem 
 Cons. 1878-81; then again in N. Y., 
 condr. Liederkranz, prof, of sacred 
 history at Theol. Seminary; condr. 
 Handel and Haydn Soc, Boston, 
 1898-99; returned to Berlin. Com- 
 posed cantatas, chamber music, etc. 
 
 Hermann (har-man), Friedrich, vU., 
 compr., teacher, b. Frankfort, Feb. 
 1, 1828; d. Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1907. 
 Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of David, 
 Mendelssohn and Hauptmann; 1846- 
 75 played viola at Gewandhaus and 
 
HERMANN 
 
 HESSE 
 
 theatre orch.; 1848 teacher at Cons.; 
 compr. of symph. and chamber mus., 
 and editor Peters' and Augener's 
 pubUcations of classical music for 
 stringed instruments. 
 
 Hermann, Robert, compr. b. Berne, 
 Switzerland, Apr. 29, 1869. After 
 studying medicine at Geneva, entered 
 Frankfort Cons. 1891; left after few 
 months; with encouragement from 
 Grieg, studied with Humperdinck, 
 and by himself; 1910 living in Leip- 
 zig; compositions, some of which 
 on production in Berlin caused 
 different opinions, include symph., 
 overture, songs, quintet, Variations 
 pour rire, etc. 
 
 Herold (e-rol'), Louis Joseph Ferdi- 
 nand, compr. b. Paris, Jan. 28, 
 1791; d. Thernes, a suburb of 
 Paris, Jan. 19, 1833. Son and pupil 
 of Francois Joseph, himself a pupil 
 of C. P. E. Bach and pf. teacher, 
 but early aptitude not encouraged; 
 1806 entered Paris Cons, where he 
 was pupil of Louis Adam, Catel 
 and Mehul; Prix de Rome 1812; 
 pst. to Queen Carohne at Naples, 
 where he brought out first opera 
 1815; returned to Paris 1815, met 
 success with Les rosieres 1817; pst. 
 and chorusmaster at Italian Opera; 
 1827, as chef du chant at Op^ra, 
 wrote successful ballets; after period 
 of instrumental comp. and imitative 
 operas, returned to his own style 
 with success; greatest works are 
 Zampa 1831 (overture is universally 
 familiar) and Le pre aux clercs, 
 widely known in France; his Ludovic 
 was finished by Halevy; his music is 
 pleasant, graceful, his instrumenta- 
 tion clever; his own dramatic sense, 
 often hampered by poor hbrettos, 
 was fully equal to expression of fine 
 emotions. 
 
 Hervey, Arthur, writer, h. Paris, Jan. 
 26, 1855. Parents Irish; studied 
 with B. Tours and Marlois; aban- 
 doned purpose of entering diplomacy 
 1880; critic of Vanity Fair 1889-92 
 and later of London Post; com- 
 posed one-act opera, several sets of 
 songs, a scene for baritone and 
 orch. and a concert overture; wrote 
 Masters of French Miisic (1894), 
 French Music in the 19th Century 
 (1904), monograph on Liszt, 1911. 
 
 Herz (harts), Henri, pst., compr. b. 
 Vienna, Jan. 6, 1806; d. Paris, Jan. 5, 
 1888. Pupil of his father, of Hiinten, 
 and of Pradher and Reicha at the 
 Paris Cons.; won 1st pf. prize; 
 followed Moscheles' style of playing; 
 made successful tour as virtuoso; 
 in 1842 prof, at Paris Cons.; 
 American tour 1845-51; established 
 a successful pf. factory; resigned 
 from Cons. 1874; wrote over 200 
 compositions some of them very 
 successful, because they catered to 
 the popular taste of the period; his 
 experiences during his American 
 tour are described in Mes voyages en 
 Amerique (1866). 
 
 Herzogenberg-Peccaduc (hert-zo'-gen- 
 berg pec'-ca-dook), Heinrich, Baron 
 von, pst., com^pr. b. Graz, June 10, 
 1843; d. Wiesbaden, Oct. 9, 1900. 
 Studied at Vienna Cons, with 
 Dessoff; 1874 founded Bach-Verein 
 in Leipzig with Spitta, Von Holstein, 
 and Volkland; 1875 director; 1885- 
 92 prof, of comp. at Berlin Hoch- 
 schule; head of Meisterschule for 
 composition; works include mass, 
 psalms, large choral works, sympho- 
 nies, chamber mus. (especially vln. 
 sonatas), songs, etc. Married Eliza- 
 beth Stockhausen (1848-1892), pst. 
 
 , Willy, vZ^ b. Mannheim, July 14, 
 1859. Studied with father, profes- 
 sional vlt.; 1865-72 in America; 
 toured with Thomas Orch. when 9; 
 1872-76 played in Holland, Belgium, 
 Germany, and France; 1876-78 pupil 
 of Joachim; concertmaster at F' rank- 
 fort 1878, prof, at Rotterdam 1886, 
 leader in Halle Orch. at Manchester 
 1888; at Cologne 1895 as leader of 
 Giirzenich Orch. and Quartet and 
 prof, at Cons.; 1903 prof, at Royal 
 Acad. London; 1904-1907 and 1908- 
 1910 concertmaster Boston Symph. 
 Orch.; leader of Boston Symph. 
 Quartet, and 1908 of Hess-Schroeder 
 Quartet; prof, at Berlin Hochschule 
 1910. 
 
 Hesse (hes'-sg), Adolf Friedrich, orgt. 
 b. Breslau, Aug. 30, 1809; d. there, 
 Aug. 5, 1863. Son of org. builder; 
 studied with Berner and E. Kohler; 
 stipend granted by Breslau author- 
 ities enabled him to visit Leipzig, 
 Kassel, Hamburg, Berlin, and Wei- 
 mar; gave concerts, became friend 
 
HEUBERGER 
 
 HILLER 
 
 and pupil of Hummel, Rinck, and 
 Spohr; 1827 till time of death orgt. 
 at Breslau; director symph. con- 
 certs there; 1844 at Paris, 1846 in 
 Italy, and 1852 in England; play- 
 ing won admiration; composed 
 chamber and org. mus. 
 
 Heuberger (hoi'-bar-ger), Richard Franz 
 Joseph, compr., crit. b. Graz, Styria, 
 June 18, 1850. Civil engineer, de- 
 voted himself to mus. after 1876, 
 when he became choirmaster Vienna 
 Gesangverein ; 1878 condr. Singa- 
 kademie; 1881 critic for several 
 papers; 1902 teacher at Cons.; 1904 
 editor Neue Miisikalische Presse; 
 composed cantatas, ballets, operas, 
 orchestral works; author of life of 
 Schubert. 
 
 Hey (hi), JuUus, singing teacher, b. 
 Irmelshausen, Lower Franconia, 
 Apr. 29, 1832. At first art stu- 
 dent; then pupil of Lachner, and. 
 Schmitt; worked under Von Biilow 
 at Munich Sch. of Mus. (established 
 by Ludwig according to plans of 
 Wagner whom H. admired); after 
 Von Billow's departure, not succeed- 
 ing in reform of German singing, 
 resigned 1883; his Deutscher Gesangs- 
 unterricht expounds Wagner's views 
 on vocal training; since 1887 in 
 Berhn; many pupils now on German 
 stage. 
 
 Heymann (hi'-man), Carl, pst. b. 
 Filehne, Posen, Oct. 6, 1854. Son 
 of Isaac H., cantor at several cities; 
 studied with Hiller, Gemsheim, 
 Breunung at Cologne Cons, and 
 with Kiel; successful beginnings as 
 concert pst. abandoned from ill 
 health; mus. director Bingen, court 
 pst. Hesse; 1877-80 teacher at 
 Hoch Cons., Frankfort; has ap- 
 peared since as virtuoso, though ill 
 health persists; composed mus. for 
 pf. brilliant but not empty; Mac- 
 Dowell among pupils. 
 
 Hildach (hil-dak), Eugen, baritone, h. 
 Wittenberge-am-Elbe, Nov. 20, 1849. 
 First vocal lessons at 24; studied 
 with Frau El. Dreyschock at Berlin; 
 married fellow-pupil Anna Schubert, 
 mezzo soprano (b. 1852); both taught 
 at Dresden Conservatory, 1880-86; 
 since then devoted to concert sing- 
 ing; composed attractive songs and 
 duets. 
 
 EUles, Henry, compr., writer, b. Shrews- 
 bury, Dec. 31, 1826; d. Worthing, 
 Oct. 20, 1904. Held several ap- 
 pointments as orgt., finally St. 
 Paul's, Manchester; Mus. Doc. 
 1867; lecturer on harmony, etc. at 
 Owens Coll. and Victoria Univ., 
 later at Manchester Coll. of Mus.; 
 1885-88 editor Quarterly Mus. Re- 
 view; composed anthems, services, 
 2 oratorios, 3 cantatas; wrote 
 Grammar of Mv^ic and several 
 works on harmony. 
 
 Hilf, Amo, vlt. b. Bad Elster, Saxony, 
 Mar. 14, 1858; d. Aug. 2, 1909, at 
 Bad Elster. Lessons from father, 
 Wilhelm Christoph, and from David, 
 Rontgen, and Schradieck at Leipzig 
 Cons.; 1878-88 teacher at Moscow 
 Cons., 1888 at Sondershausen; 1889- 
 1891 leader of Gewandhaus Orch., 
 Leipzig, and of quartet; 1892 1st vln. 
 teacher Leipzig Cons. 
 
 Hill, Junius Welch, pst. h. Hingham, 
 Mass., Nov. 18, 1840. Pupil of 
 J. C. D. Parker in Boston, and of 
 Moscheles, Hauptmann, Reinecke, 
 etc., at Leipzig Cons.; orgt. at 
 various Boston churches; prof, of 
 mus. at Wellesley College 1884-97; 
 teacher in Boston; retired, removing 
 to Los Angeles; composed some 
 choruses and pf. pieces. 
 
 Hille (hir-la), Gustav, vlt. h. Jerichow- 
 am-Elbe, May 31, 1851. Pupil of 
 Wuerst and Joachim; 1879 member 
 Mendelssohn Quintet Club, Boston, 
 with which he toured 9 months; 
 then at Philadelphia Mus. Acad.; 
 later co-dir. of Leefson-Hille Cons., 
 Philadelphia; 1910 returned to Ger- 
 many; composed concertos and 
 solos for vln. 
 
 Hiller, Ferdinand von, compr. h. 
 Frankfort, Oct. 24, 1811; d. Co- 
 logne, May 10, 1885. Of wealthy 
 Jewish family; pupil of Hofmann, 
 Schmitt, and Vollweiler, later of 
 Hummel; played in public at 10; 
 at 15 in Vienna with Hummel; saw 
 Beethoven on his death-bed; in 
 Paris 1828-35 teaching, part of the 
 time at Choron's school, giving con- 
 certs with F^tis and Baillot; 1836 
 conducted CaciUenverein, Frank- 
 fort; 1839, aided by Rossini, brought 
 out opera at Milan; 1840 invited 
 by Mendelssohn to superintend 
 
HILLER 
 
 HOFFMAN 
 
 oratorio Die Zerstorung Jerusalems 
 in Leipzig; 1841 studied church 
 music with Baini; 1843-44 conducted 
 at Gewandhaus; 1847 capellm. at 
 Diisseldorf; 1850 at Cologne where 
 he organized Cons.; conducted 
 Giirzenich concerts and festivals; 
 1852-53 conducted Op6ra Italien at 
 Paris; 1884 retired; over 200 com- 
 positions, 6 operas, 6 cantatas, 
 much choral and instrumental mus.; 
 lectured and wrote articles about 
 the many great men whose lives his 
 touched: Erinnerungsblatter (1884). 
 
 Hiller, Johann Adam [real name Hiiller], 
 compr. b. Wendisch-Ossig, near 
 Gorlitz, Dec. 25, 1728; d. Leipzig, 
 June 16, 1804. Pupil of HomiUus 
 at Dresden; while at Leipzig Univ. 
 gave music lessons, played flute, and 
 sang; 1758 went as tutor to Leipzig, 
 where he revived Subscription Con- 
 certs and developed them into Ge- 
 wandhaus Concerts which he con- 
 ducted; 1771 founded school of 
 singing; 1789-1801 mus. dir. at 
 Thomasschule; inventor of Singspiel, 
 German form of short comedy 
 operetta, of which he wrote 13 
 {Lottchen am Hofe, Der Dorfbarbier, 
 etc.); also composed church music 
 and wrote several historical and 
 instructive works. 
 
 Hiller, Paul, orgt. b. Seifersdorf, Nov. 
 16, 1830. Orgt. at Breslau since 
 1870; compr. of pf . pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich, pst., 
 compr. h. Treuenbrietzen, Branden- 
 burg, Nov. 20, 1765; d. Berlin, 
 June 8, 1814. When student of 
 theology at Halle, fine pf. playing 
 won him patronage of Frederick 
 Wm. II, who sent him to Dresden 
 for 3 years' study with Naumann, 
 and to Italy for 2 years more; made 
 him chamber compr. and court cap- 
 ellm.; traveled to Stockholm, St. 
 Petersburg, France, and England; 
 retired to Pyrmont 1806; composed 
 several occasional cantatas, etc.; 
 several very popular operas (Fan- 
 chon das Leyermxidchen is the best), 
 many songs, etc., melodious and well- 
 written, now obsolete. 
 
 Hinckley, Allen, opera basso, b. Bos- 
 ton, Oct. 11, 1877. Father a min- 
 ister; student at Amherst College 
 and University of Pennsylvania; 
 
 musical education begun in Phila- 
 delphia where he sang in several 
 churches; with the encouragement 
 of Walter Damrosch he took up 
 serious work with Oscar Saenger in 
 New York; his professional debut 
 was at Hamburg, Germany, where 
 he remained until engaged for the 
 Metropolitan Opera Company in 
 1908; sang several seasons at Co vent 
 Garden, London, and at Bayreuth, 
 being recommended by Hans Richter ; 
 a member of the Metropolitan Opera 
 Company. 
 
 Hinton, Arthur, compr. b. Beckenham, 
 Kent, Nov. 20, 1869. Studied at 
 Royal Acad, with Sainton, Sauret, 
 and Davenport; sub-prof, of vln.; 
 further study with Rheinberger in 
 Munich; condr. theatre orch. in 
 London, etc.; composed opera, orch. 
 fantasia, 2 scenes from Endymion, 
 2 syjnphonies, pf. sonata, concerto, 
 etc. Married Katherine Goodson, pst. 
 
 Hipkins, Alfred James, lecturer, writer. 
 b. Westminster, June 17, 1826; d. 
 Kensington, June 3, 1903. From 
 1840 to death in pf. business with 
 Broad wood & Sons; always tuned 
 pianos for Chopin in England; 
 authority on history of pf.; reviver 
 of interest in harpsichord and clavi- 
 chord, on both of which he played; 
 also authority on scientific matters 
 of temperament and pitch; inter- 
 esting lecturer, contributor to Ency- 
 clopcedia Britannica, Grove's Diction- 
 ary, author of MiLsical Instruments, 
 History of the Pianoforte, etc. 
 
 Hirsch (hersh), Carl, compr. b. Wend- 
 ing, Mar. 17, 1858. After studying 
 in Munich, held various positions 
 as teacher, cantor, etc.; director at 
 Mannheim, Cologne, and of several 
 societies at Elberfeld; compr. of 
 many very popular choruses, chiefly 
 a cappella, and of cantatas, Die 
 Krone im Rhein, Landsknechtsleben, 
 etc. 
 
 Hobrecht, see Obrecht, Jacob. 
 
 Hofifman, Richard, pst. h. Manchester, 
 Eng., May 24, 1831; d. Aug. 17, 
 1909. Pupil of father, De Meyer, 
 Moscheles, Rubinstein, Thalberg, 
 and Liszt; came to New York 1847; 
 toured U. S. with Burke, vlt. 1848; 
 solo pst. with Jenny Lind; played 
 
HOFFMANN 
 
 HOLLANDER 
 
 with Gottschalk and Von Biilow; 
 remarkable as teacher; noteworthy 
 as eompr. of about 100 songs, pf. 
 pieces, etc. 
 
 Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor [Amadeus] 
 Wilhelm, writer, compr. h. Konigs- 
 berg, Jan. 24, 1776; d. Berlin, June 
 25, 1822. Studied music with 
 Podbielski while law student; trans- 
 ferred from position of assessor at 
 Posen because of caricatures; 1806 
 reduced by war, gave music lessons 
 in Warsaw; theatre director Bam- 
 berg 1808; 1810 wrote articles to 
 Allgemeine Musikzeitung over name 
 "Kapellmeister Kreisler"; condr. 
 at Leipzig and Dresden 1813-14; 
 from 1816 to death held judicial 
 position in Berlin; composed several 
 operas {Scherz, List, und Roche to 
 Goethe's words. Undine his best), 
 a, symph,, chamber mus.; known in 
 literature as writer of fantastic tales. 
 
 Hofmann, Heinrich [Carl Johann], 
 compr. b. Berlin, Jan. 13, 1842; d. 
 Gross Tabarz, July 16, 1902. Studied 
 at Kullak's Acad, with Grell, Dehn, 
 and Wuerst; successful pf. player 
 and teacher; devoted to composition 
 after 1869, when first opera was 
 successful; wrote 7 operas, many 
 cantatas, orch. works, notably Un- 
 garischen Suite and Frithjof symph. 
 beautiful pf. duets, etc. 
 
 Hofmann, Josef Casimir, pst. b. Cra- 
 cow, Jan. 20, 1876. Son of capell- 
 meister and operetta composer; pupil 
 of father; appeared as prodigy in 
 Germany and America 1885-87; pre- 
 vented by Soc. for Prevention of 
 Cruelty to Children from giving 
 more concerts, he pursued studies 
 in Berlin under Urban and Moszkow- 
 ski and under Anton Rubinstein in 
 Dresden; 1897 resumed life of travel- 
 ing virtuoso and has appeared with 
 success in many lands; has composed 
 concerto and some pf. pieces; striking 
 qualities of his playing are keen 
 intelligence, transparent interpreta- 
 tion made possible by amazing tech- 
 nical skill, and total lack of morbid- 
 ness. 
 
 Hoi, Richard, orgt., compr. b. Am- 
 sterdam, July 23, 1825; d. Utrecht, 
 May 14, 1904. Studied with Mar- 
 tens and Bertelman; traveled in 
 Germany; director choral soc. at 
 
 Amsterdam, and director of Society 
 for Promotion of Music; 1862 city 
 orgt. at Utrecht, later cathedral orgt. 
 and director of music school; condr. 
 at The Hague and Amsterdam; com- 
 posed church music, 2 symphonies, 
 orch. music, cantatas, etc. 
 
 Holbrooke, Josef Charles, compr. b. 
 Croydon, July 6, 1878. Pupil at 
 Royal Acad, of F. Corder and West- 
 lake; since 1898 entirely devoted to 
 composition, chiefly of orchestral 
 works in form of free symphonic 
 poems, on such subjects as The 
 Raven, The Masque of the Red Death, 
 Fantastic Variations; large choral 
 work The Bells, Birmingham Festi- 
 val 1907, with actual bells, etc., in 
 orchestra excited discussion. 
 
 Holden, Oliver, compr. b. Shirley, 
 Mass., Sept. 18, 1765; d. Charles- 
 town, Sept. 4, 1844. At first a car- 
 penter; began to write music about 
 time of moving to Charles town, 
 1787; trained choir to sing Ode to 
 Washington 1789; after 1792 con- 
 ducted music store, published and 
 composed music; first collection 
 America's Harmony; in Union Har- 
 mony 1793 first appeared Coronation, 
 most famous tune. 
 
 Hollander (hor-lender), Alexis, pst. 
 h. Ratibor, Silesia, Feb. 25, 1840. 
 Studied with Schnabel and Hesse at 
 Breslau, with Grell and A. W. Bach 
 at Berlin Royal Acad., and with 
 Bohmer; instructor at Kullak's Acad. 
 1861; condr. Cacilienverein 1864; 
 composed chamber music, duets, 
 choral and pf. works (6 Intermezzi 
 for left hand, etc.); edited Schu- 
 mann's pianoforte works and pub- 
 lished method for the voice. 
 
 Hollander, Gustav, vlt. h. Leobschiitz, 
 Upper Silesia, Feb. 15, 1855. Early 
 public appearance as pupil of father 
 a physician; studied 1867-69 at Leip- 
 zig Coris. with David and 1869-74 
 at Berlin Hochschule with Joachim 
 and Kiel; 1874 principal teacher at 
 Kullak's Acad.; gave concerts with 
 Carlotta Patti, with Scharwenka 
 and Grunfeld; 1881 at Cologne, 
 leader of Giirzenich concerts and 
 teacher at Cons.; 1895 director 
 Stern Cons. Berlin; 1896 concert- 
 master at Hamburg; successful tours 
 on Continent; works chiefly for vln. 
 
HOLLINS 
 
 HORNEMAN 
 
 Hollins, Alfred, orgt., pst. b. Hull, 
 Sept. 11, 1865. Totally blind; edu- 
 cated at Wilberforce Institution at 
 York, at Royal Normal College, Nor- 
 wood, where he took pf . lessons from 
 Hartvigson and org. from E. J. 
 Hopkins; studied with Von Billow 
 at Berlin; after several distinguished 
 appearances, visited U. S. with F. 
 J. Campbell in 1886 and again 1888; 
 held various appointments as orgt., 
 finally at Edinburgh; concerts in 
 Australia 1904; has composed an- 
 thems, org. pieces, a few songs and 
 piano pieces. 
 
 Holhnann, Joseph, 'cellist, b. Maas- 
 tricht, Holland, Oct. 16, 1852. Pupil 
 of Keller; under patronage of king 
 at Brussels Cons, as pupil of Servais, 
 Boisselet, and Fetis, winning 1st 
 prize ; at Paris pupil of Jacquard and 
 Savart; toured Scandinavia and 
 Germany with Strakosch and Ulman, 
 U. S. with Wolff 1892 and 1906; 
 numerous compositions for his in- 
 strument. 
 
 Holmes (ol'-mez), [originally Holmes], 
 Augusta Mary Amie, compr. b. 
 Paris, Dec. 16, 1847; d. there, Jan. 
 28, 1903. Of Irish parentage; early 
 appearance as pst.; first comp. under 
 name Hermann Zenta; studied comp. 
 with Lambert, instrumentation with 
 Klose; after 1875 pupil of Cesar 
 Franck; gained 2d p)lace in compe- 
 tition for city of Paris prize in 1878 
 with Lutece, and honorable mention 
 in 1880 with Les argonautes; com- 
 posed other symphonic poems (Ir- 
 lande, Pologne), several odes (Ludus 
 pro patria, Hymne a la paix), opera 
 La monta^ne noire (Grand Opera, 
 Paris 1895); often wrote words for 
 own music; showed " force rather 
 than grace, vigor rather than deli- 
 cacy, rare sentiment for melody, 
 breadth of phrase, care for form; 
 individuality of idea above most 
 women." [Pougin.] 
 
 Hoist, Eduard, compr. b. Copenhagen, 
 1843; d. New York, Feb. 4, 1899. 
 Came to New York about 1874; 
 actor, playwright, teacher of dancing, 
 composer of comic opera Our Flats, 
 music for military band Battle of 
 Manila, etc., and much music for pf. 
 of the sort suggested by such titles 
 as Dance of Demons, etc. 
 
 Homer, Sidney, compr. b. Boston, 
 Mass., Sept. 9, 1864. Studied with 
 Chadwick in Boston and with Rhein- 
 berger, Abel, etc. in Munich; taught 
 harmony and lectured on sympho- 
 nies, Wagner operas, etc. in Boston; 
 composed songs; 1895 married Louise 
 Dillworth Beatty, dram, contralto, 
 h. Pittsburg. Pupil of Misses Whin- 
 nery and GrofF in Phila., of W. L. 
 Whitney and S. Homer in Boston, 
 and after marriage, of Konigand 
 Lh6rie in Paris; debut at Vichy 1898; 
 London 1899, American debut San 
 Francisco 1900; member of Metro- 
 pohtan Opera Co., N. Y. since 1900. 
 
 Hood, Helen, compr. h. Chelsea, Mass., 
 June 28, 1863. Pupil of B. J. Lang, 
 Chadwick, and in Berlin of Moszkow- 
 ski; living in Boston; composed 
 songs, sacred and secular, works for 
 vln. and pf ., trio for vln., 'cello and pf . 
 
 Hopekirk, Helen, pst. h. Edinburgh, 
 May 20, 1856. Studied with Lich- 
 tenstein and A. C. Mackenzie, and 
 after 2 years at Leipzig, with Lesche- 
 tizky at Vienna; d^but Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig, 1878; after successful con- 
 certs in London 1879 and later in 
 Boston and New York 1883 and 
 1890, in Edinburgh and Vienna 1887 
 (where she studied composition with 
 Navratil and orchestration with 
 Mandl), settled in Boston 1897; mar- 
 ried W. Wilson; successful teacher; 
 gives occasional interesting recitals; 
 has composed, beside songs and pf. 
 pieces, pf . concerto and Concertstiick 
 for pf. and orch., other orch. works, 
 vln. sonata, etc. 
 
 Hopkins, Edward John, orgt., compr. 
 b. Westminster, June 30, 1818; d. 
 London, Feb. 4, 1901. Chorister 
 at Chapel Royal under Hawes; pupil 
 of Walmisley in harm, and counter- 
 point, but self-taught as orgt.; vari- 
 ous appointments as orgt., finally 
 1843-1898 at Temple Church, Lon- 
 don, where he raised music to very 
 high point; composed excellent an- 
 thems, edited madrigals, wrote The 
 Organ, Its History and Construction. 
 
 Homeman (hor'-ne-man), Johan Ole 
 Emil, compr. b. Copenhagen, May 
 13, 1809; d. there. May 29, 1870. 
 Compr. of stirring songs: Der Tapf- 
 ere Landsoldat and King Christian 
 
HORVATH 
 
 HULLAH 
 
 Stood by Lofty Mast (naval song 
 which first appeared in Hartmann's 
 opera Fiskerne 1775) are national 
 songs. 
 
 Horvath (hor-vat), Geza, compr. b. 
 Komaron, Hungary, May 27, 1868. 
 Pupil of L. Schytte, etc., at Vienna; 
 director of music school there; 
 librarian of ass'n of music school 
 proprietors; published over 60 easy 
 pf. pieces. 
 
 Howard, George H., teacher, h. Norton, 
 Mass., Nov. 12, 1843. Studied with 
 J. W. Tufts and B. F. Baker at Bost. 
 Mus. School, with Moscheles, Pap- 
 peritz, etc. at Leipzig Cons., with 
 Haupt and Kullak in Berlin; taught 
 at Boston Mus. School, at Michigan 
 Cons, at Olivet, and at N. E. Cons.; 
 1891 organized Boston School for 
 Teachers of Mus. of which he became 
 
 director; able teacher and lecturer. 
 
 • 
 
 Ho3rte, William Stevenson, orgt., compr. 
 h. Sidmouth, Sept. 22, 1844. Pupil 
 of Goss and Cooper; orgt. in various 
 London churches, finally at All 
 Saints' since 1868; successful recitals 
 both as orgt. and pst. in London and 
 Scotland; prof, of org. at Royal Coll, 
 since 1888, at Royal Acad. 1893, of 
 pf. at Guildhall; composed Book of 
 Litanies, choral wedding service, 
 church and organ music. 
 
 Hubay (ho-bl), Jeno [known as 
 Eugene Huber], vlt., compr. h. 
 Budapest, Sept. 14, 1858. Pupil of 
 father Carl (1828-1885), professor 
 at Pesth Cons.; appeared as prodigy 
 at 11; with stipend from state, 
 studied 5 years with Joachim; success 
 at Pasdeloup concerts in Paris 1878 
 led to friendship with Vieuxtemps; 
 1882 prof, at Brussels Cons.; 1886 
 succeeded father at Pesth; widely 
 praised as soloist and quartet player; 
 compr. of successful opera Luthier 
 de Cremone, concertos, sonatas, and 
 pieces for vln. of which Scenes from 
 the Czardas are universally popular. 
 
 Huber (ho-ber), Hans, compr. b. 
 Schonewerd, Switzerland, June 28, 
 1852. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of 
 Richter, Reinecke, etc.; taught at 
 Alsace, then at Basle mus. school, 
 of which he became director 1896; 
 his works include operas (Kudrun, 
 Der Simplicius, etc.), cantatas, con- 
 certos, sonatas and smaller works, 
 
 and 3 symphonies, No. 1 Tell symph. 
 and No. 2 celebrating the paintings 
 of Bocklin. 
 
 Hucbald [or Hugbaldus, Ubaldus, etc.], 
 writer, b. about 830; d. St. Amand, 
 near Tournay, June 25 (or Oct. 21), 
 930 (or June 20, 932). Ordained 
 priest 880; pupil of uncle, director 
 of school at Nevers; probably author 
 of treatises De harmonica institu- 
 tione, Musica enchiriadis, etc., though 
 doubts have been cast on fact of his 
 authorship; writings give earliest 
 clear statement of the beginnings of 
 music for several voices; originated 
 idea of representing the rise and fall 
 of tones by marks placed between 
 lines, beginning of notation. 
 
 Hiie (ii), George Adolphe, compr. b. 
 Versailles, May 6, 1858. Pupil at 
 Paris Conservatory of Reber and 
 Paladilhe, prizes in 1879, 1881, 1885; 
 compositions include orchestral, ope- 
 ratic and choral works, and songs. 
 
 Hueffer (heffer), Francis, writer, h. 
 Munster, May 22, 1843; d. London, 
 Jan. 19, 1889. Student of philology 
 and music in London, Berlin, Leip- 
 zig, and Paris; Ph.D. from Gottingen; 
 settled 1869 in London where he was 
 critic on Times, editor of Academy; 
 assisted English opera by writing 
 librettos for Mackenzie and Co wen; 
 greatly furthered cause of Wagner 
 in England by articles, by Life of 
 Wagner and by translation of Letters 
 of Wagner and Liszt; wrote many 
 vols, in Great Musicians Series, 
 studies on music of the troubadours, 
 etc. 
 
 Huhn (hune), Bruno [Siegfried], pst. 
 b. London, 1871. Pupil of Miss S. 
 Taunton; toured Great Britain, then 
 in 1889 Spain, Egypt and Australia; 
 1891 in New York, further study 
 with S. B. Mills and Alberti; played 
 there 1896; self-taught orgt., has 
 held various positions in N. Y.; re- 
 markable as accompanist; compr. of 
 songs, church and pf. music. 
 
 Hullah (hul-la), John Pyke, teacher, 
 writer, b. Worcester, Eng., June 27, 
 1812; d. Westminster, Feb. 21, 1884. 
 Studied with Horsley and Crivelh; 
 comp. several successful operas, 
 Barbers of Bassora 1837, etc.; after 
 observing Wilhem.'s classes in Paris 
 in 1830, he started (1841) popular 
 
HUGHES 
 
 HUMPERDINCK 
 
 classes for schoolmasters and others 
 by system of vocal music adapted 
 from Wilhem's; these classes, though 
 bitterly opposed, were attended by 
 about 25,000 people; 1844-74 prof, 
 of vocal music. King's Coll., London; 
 1870-73 condr. Royal Acad, stu- 
 dents' concerts; 1858 orgt. at Char- 
 ter House; composed many charming 
 songs {Oh that we two were May- 
 ing, The Three Fishers, etc.), ele- 
 mentary text-books, and accounts 
 of his method; The History of Mod- 
 ern Music, Transition Period of 
 Musical History. 
 
 Hughes, Rupert, author, compr. play- 
 wright b, Lancaster, Mo., Jan. 31, 
 1872. Father and mother well-train- 
 ed musical amateurs; brother, Felix 
 Hughes, a teacher of singing, Cleve- 
 land, O.; sister (Mrs. Herbert 
 Witherspoon) sang professionally in 
 Europe under the name Jeanne 
 Greta. H. showed early aptitude 
 for music by skill in reading music 
 at sight and at ten made his first 
 efforts at composition, first published 
 pieces being issued while he was in 
 college; studied music with Wilson 
 G. Smith at Cleveland, Edgar Still- 
 man Kelley, New York, and Charles 
 W. Pearce, London; but most of his 
 theoretical studies have been self- 
 directed; graduated from Western 
 •Reserve University (A.B.) and at 
 Yale (A.M.); connected editorially 
 with New York and London papers 
 and magazines, but later devoting 
 his time to the writing of plays, 
 books, magazine articles and short 
 stories; published works are Zal, a 
 musical novel; The Musical Guide, 
 (encyclopaedia); The Love Affairs 
 of Great Musicians; Famous Ameri- 
 can Composers; editor of Songs of 
 Thirty Americans (Musicians Libra- 
 ry) ; published compositions consist of 
 a few songs; lives in New York City. 
 
 Humfrey [or Humphry or Humphrys], 
 Pelham, compr. h. London, 1647; 
 d. Windsor, July 14, 1674. Chorister 
 at Chapel Royal; sent abroad by 
 Charles II to study under Lully; 
 1672 master of children at Chapel 
 Royal and compr. to king; composed 
 some fine songs, church music in 
 new style learned in France; said 
 to have been excellent lute player; 
 fondness for minor keys is remarkable. 
 
 Hummel (hoom-mel), Johann Nepo- 
 muk, pst., compr. h. Pressburg, 
 Hungary, Nov. 14, 1778; d. Weimar. 
 Oct. 17, 1837. Son and pupil of 
 Joseph H., director of Imperial 
 school of military music, and later 
 condr. at Vienna; there Johann 
 attracted attention of Mozart who 
 took him into his house as pupil for 
 2 years; debut at concert given by 
 Mozart in Dresden 1787; after tour 
 with father through Great Britain 
 (where he took some lessons of 
 Clementi in London) and Denmark, 
 studied further in Vienna with 
 Albrechtsberger, with advice from 
 Haydn and Salieri; 1804-11 suc- 
 cessor of Haydn as capellm. to 
 Prince Esterhazy; 1816 court capellm. 
 at Stuttgart, 1819 at Weimar; in 
 frequent leaves of absence visited 
 St. Petersburg, Paris, and London, 
 where ]^e conducted German opera 
 CO. for season of 1833. Composed 
 127 works, of which some concertos, 
 rondos, sonatas, a nonet, and a mass 
 are still played; teacher of Czerny, 
 Henselt, and Thalberg; successful 
 everywhere as performer and inter- 
 preter, especially noted for extem- 
 pore playing, in which he is said to 
 have excelled Beethoven; is variously 
 said to stand between old school of 
 tradition and new one of virtuosity, 
 and to have founded the new by his 
 delight in execution, his pleasure in 
 " orchestral " effects, and self-con- 
 scious effort; his method was of 
 value, but is now out of date. 
 
 Humperdinck, Engelbert, compr. h. 
 Siegburg, near Bonn, Sept. 1, 1854. 
 Student of F. Hiller at Cologne Cons, 
 where he won Mozart Stipend which 
 enabled him to go to Munich; there 
 he studied with Lachner and Rhein- 
 berger; winning the Mendelssohn 
 Prize in Berlin, he went 1879 to 
 Italy; met Wagner at Naples, fol- 
 lowed him to Bayreuth and assisted 
 in production of Parsifal 1881; 
 Meyerbeer Prize 1881 enabled him 
 to go to Italy; taught in Barcelona 
 Cons.; in Cologne Cons., at Hoch 
 Cons, in Frankfort and in Stock- 
 hausen's school; musical critic for 
 Zeitung; retired to Boppard 1896; 
 1900 head of Meisterschule for 
 comp. in Berlin; Humoreske for 
 orch. in 1880 attracted attention, 
 
HUNEKER 
 
 d'INDY 
 
 maintained by other orch. works 
 (Maurische Rhapsodie), choral works 
 Das Glilck von Edenhall, etc., opera 
 Hansel und Gretel (Weimar 1893, 
 and since then heard nearly every- 
 where); in this charming fairy-tale 
 opera H. shows himself a follower 
 of Wagner in choice of subject, in 
 use of characteristic themes reveal- 
 ing the motives and thoughts of the 
 characters, all handled with extreme 
 deftness; later operas Dornroschen 
 and Die Konigskinder have also 
 been successful. 
 
 Huneker, James Gibbons, critic, b. 
 Philadelphia, Jan. 31, 1860. Pupil 
 of Michael Cross and in Paris of 
 Th. Ritter and Doutreleau; settled 
 in New York 1888; teacher at Na- 
 tional Cons.; writer for Musical 
 Courier, dramatic critic N. Y. Sun 
 1902-1906; author of Mezzotints in 
 Modern Music, Life of Chopin, Franz 
 Liszt, 1911, and collection of stories 
 on musical themes, Melomaniacs, 
 Visionaries, etc. 
 
 Hiinten (un-ten'), Franz, pst. h. Co- 
 blenz, Dec. 26, 1793; d. there, Feb. 22, 
 1878. Studied with his father (orgt.), 
 at Paris Cons, with Pradher, Cheru- 
 bini, and Reicha, but took no prizes; 
 became fashionable composer and 
 teacher in Paris; 1836 removed to 
 Coblenz; pf. works, fantasias, sere- 
 nades, etc. commanded amazing 
 prices but are now practically un- 
 known; wrote also method for pf. 
 
 Htiss (hos), Henry Holden, pst., compr. 
 b. Newark, N. J., June 21, 1862. 
 Studied with father, with O. B. 
 Boise and at Munich Cons, with 
 Rheinberger; 1889 gave concert of 
 own works in New York, where he 
 lives, as teacher and compr.; has 
 written Death of Cleopatra (soprano 
 and orch.). Seven Ages of Man (bari- 
 tone and orch.), vln. concerto, and 
 pf. concerto, trio, sonatas. 
 
 Hiittenbrenner (hii-ten-bren-ner), An- 
 selm, pst. h. Graz, Styria, Oct. 13, 
 1794; d. Ober-Andritz, near Graz, 
 June 5, 1868. From early years stud- 
 ied singing, pf., and harmony with 
 Grell; studied law in Vienna in 1815, 
 and composition with Salieri; fellow 
 pupil of Schubert, intimate of Beetho- 
 ven; from 1816 to retirement in 1820 
 successful as pst. ; 1852 condr. Styrian 
 Musikverein; prolific compr., 9 mass- 
 es, 3 symphonies, over 500 songs. 
 
 Hyllested, August, pst., compr. h. Stock- 
 holm, June 17, 1858. Early appear- 
 ances as pst. 1863, 1869; pupil of 
 Dahl, and at Royal Cons, at Copen- 
 hagen of Neupert, Hartmann, Gade, 
 etc.; 1875-76 director of orch. and of 
 mus. soc; further study with Kiel, 
 Kullak, and Liszt; concerts in Eng- 
 land, in New York 1885; 1886-91 
 asst. dir. Chicago Mus. Coll.,1891-94 
 director in Gottschalk Lyric School; 
 after further tours in Scandinavia, 
 returned to Chicago 1897; composed 
 for pf., orch., and songs. 
 
 Diffe, Frederick, orgt., condr. h. 
 Smeeton-Westerby, Leicestershire, 
 Feb. 21, 1847. 1883 orgt. St. John's 
 Coll., Oxford; condr. Queen's Coll. 
 Mus. Soc; composed oratorio Vis- 
 ions of St. John the Divine, services, 
 overtures, etc. 
 
 Djinsky (il-yin-sky), Alexander Alex- 
 androvitch, compr. h. Tsarskoye- 
 Selo, Jan. 24, 1859. Studied at Berlin 
 with Kullak and Bargiel; 1885 pro- 
 fessor at Philharmonic Soc. music 
 school, Moscow; composed 3 orch. 
 suites, symphony, music to Oedipus 
 Rex and to Tolstoi's Tsar Feodor, 
 2 cantatas, one opera, pf . pieces, and 
 songs. 
 
 Imbart (an-bar) de la Tour, Jean Bap- 
 tiste Georges, tenor, b. Paris, May 20, 
 1865; d. Bouillon, 1911. Pupil at 
 Paris Cons., 1st prize 1890; debut 
 Geneva 1891; engagements at Op^ra 
 Comique, Paris, Brussels, and Gen- 
 eva; U. S. 1901 with Grau Co. 
 
 d'Indy (dan-diO, Paul Marie Vincent 
 [called Theodore], compr. b. Paris, 
 Mar. 27, 1851. Studied law at re- 
 quest of family and at same time pf. 
 with Dimmer and harmony with 
 Lavignac; after serving as volunteer 
 in Franco-Prussian war, selected 
 music as profession; kettle drum- 
 mer in orch. of Ass'n artistique 
 des concerts du Chdtelet, then 
 
ISAAK 
 
 chorusmaster; org. class at Cons. 
 1872-75, taking first accessit; long a 
 faithful and thorough pupil of C. 
 Franck; 1873 met Liszt at Weimar; 
 1875 overture Piccolomini performed 
 at Pasdeloup concerts; 1882 one-act 
 opera produced; 1885 won Paris 
 prize with Chant de la cloche; 1887 
 chorusmaster for Lamoureux con- 
 certs, having charge of chorus for 
 first Paris performance of Lohengrin; 
 with Franck and others founder of 
 Soc. nationale de musique; refused 
 prof, at Cons. 1895; with Bordes and 
 Guilmant founded 1896 Schola Can- 
 torum of which he is director and 
 prof, of comp.; visited America 1905, 
 where he conducted a few concerts of 
 Bost. Symph. Orch. Has composed 
 operas Fervaal, L'Etranger, symph. 
 on a mountain air (with pf.), symph. 
 No. 2, symph. poems Wallenstein, 
 Istar, La foret enchanUe, variations 
 for saxophone and orch., chamber 
 music, and some pf. pieces; author 
 of very valuable study of life and 
 works of C. Franck; has written a 
 Course in Musical Composition, biog- 
 raphies of Cesar Franck and Beeth- 
 oven; he is present leader of the 
 school of modern French composers; 
 he has great harmonic and contra- 
 puntal skill and a keenly intellectual 
 mind; his music is, perhaps, almost 
 too abstract, too free from emotion. 
 
 Isaak (e'-zak), Heinrich, contrapuntist. 
 b. Germany (Netherlands?) about 
 1450; d. Florence, 1517. Name is va- 
 
 JACKSON 
 
 riously spelled Izac, Ysaak, Yzac; 
 called in Italy Arrigo Tedesco; 1477- 
 90 orgt,, and director in household of 
 Lorenzo the Magnificent; later in 
 Rome; later at court of Maximilian 
 
 1 at Vienna; composed masses, and 
 sacred and secular songs, many of 
 which are very beautiful, 
 
 Isouard (iz'-6-ar), NiccoI6 [called Nic- 
 colo de Malte], compr. b. Malta, Dec. 
 6, 1775; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 1818. 
 Studied under Amendola, Sala, and 
 Gughelmi, while holding position in 
 bank; 1795 produced 1st opera; orgt. 
 and capellm. to Maltese Order; after 
 writing operas at home, went 1799 
 to Paris; Boieldieu's return from 
 Russia stimulated his best effort in 
 Jeannot et Colin and Joconde; wrote 
 in all about 50 operas, many masses, 
 motets, etc.; death hastened by envy 
 at Boieldieu's election to Academy. 
 
 Ivanov (e-va-noff), Michael Michailo- 
 vitch, compr. b. Moscow, Sept. 23, 
 1849. Studied with Tchaikovski 
 and Dubuc and with Sgambati and 
 others; since 1876 critic and fre- 
 quent contributor to several journals; 
 has composed symph., symph. poem, 
 requiem not published, a ballet and 
 
 2 operas; author of Pushkin in Mu^ic 
 and translator Hanslick's Vom Mu- 
 sikalisch-Schonen into Russian. 
 
 Ivanovici, compr. Roumanian national- 
 ity; d. 1902. Inspector-gen. of Rou- 
 manian military mus.; compr. of 
 famous waltzes. 
 
 Jackson, Samuel P., orgt. b. Man- 
 chester, Eng., Feb. 5, 1818; d. Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y., July 27, 1885. Son of 
 org. builder, learned father's trade, 
 and studied pf. with Moran, har- 
 monv with Thornton in New York, 
 whither he moved 1825; teacher of 
 pf. and org.; editor of Gems for 
 Organ, popular Org. Voluntaries. 
 
 Jackson, William, of Exeter, compr. 
 b. Exeter, May 28, 1730; d. there, 
 July 12, 1803. Pupil of Silvester, 
 orgt. at cath., and of Travers in 
 London; teacher at Exeter, 1777 orgt. 
 and choirmaster at cath.; composed 
 
 music to Lyddas, to Dying Christian 
 to His Soul, church music, several 
 collections of canzonets ( Time has not 
 thinn'd my flowing hair for 2 voices 
 was very popular), wrote Observations 
 on state of mv^ic in Eng., essays, and 
 was also landscape painter. 
 
 Jackson, William, of Masham, orgt. b. 
 Masham, Yorkshire, Jan. 9, 1815; 
 d. Bradford, Apr. 15, 1866. Son of 
 miller, self-taught on org. and other 
 instruments and in harmony; orgt. 
 at 16; 1839-52 in business as tallow- 
 chandler, but found time to compose 2 
 oratorios. Deliverance of Israel, Isaiah, 
 
JACOBSOHN 
 
 JANSA 
 
 a prize glee, etc.; 1852 music seller in 
 Bradford, condr. of Choral Union and 
 Festival Choral Soc; composed can- 
 tata The Year, church music, glees, 
 etc., compiled Bradford Tune Book. 
 
 Jacobsohn (ya'-k6b-son), Simon E., 
 vlt. b. Mitau, Kurland, Dec. 24, 
 1839; d. Chicago, Oct. 3, 1902. 
 Studied at Leipzig Cons.; leader of 
 orch. at Bremen 1860, of Thomas's 
 Orch., N. Y., 1872; teacher at Cin- 
 cinnati Cons.; then in Chicago. 
 
 Jadassohn (yad'-a-s6n), Salomon, 
 compr., teacher, b. Breslau, Aug. 13, 
 1831; d. Leipzig, Feb. 1, 1902. Stud- 
 ied with Hessler, Liistner, and Bro- 
 sig (harm.), at Leipzig Cons. 1848, 
 with Liszt at Weimar 1849, and with 
 Hauptmann at Leipzig 1853; taught 
 in Leipzig, condr. of Euterpe con- 
 certs, after 1871 teacher of composi- 
 tion, etc., at Leipzig Cons., where he 
 had wide influence; his many text- 
 books on various branches of har- 
 mony, Harmonielehre, Kontrapunkt, 
 Kanon und Fuge, etc., have all 
 been translated into English, some 
 into other languages; his method 
 was conservative, but not narrow; 
 his own compositions illustrate his 
 skill in composition and considerable 
 briUiancy of idea; they include 4 
 symphonies, overtures, pf. concerto, 
 quartets, 5 cantatas, motets, etc. 
 
 Jaell (yal), Alfred, pst., compr. h. 
 Trieste, Mar. 5, 1832; d. Paris, Feb. 
 27, 1882. Son and pupil of Eduard 
 J.; from debut as prodigy of 11 at 
 Venice, continued to travel and play; 
 1845-46 lived in Brussels, then in 
 Paris, then in America 1852-54, then 
 played everywhere in Europe; 1856 
 court pst. to king of Hanover; pub- 
 lished some original waltzes, noc- 
 turnes, etc., and many transcriptions 
 from modern composers; playing re- 
 markable for elegance rather than 
 forcCo In 1866 married Marie Traut- 
 mann, also pst. h. Steinseltz, Alsace, 
 Aug. 17, 1846. Pupil of Herz at Paris 
 Cons., winning 1st prize 1862; trav- 
 eled with husband; composed con- 
 certo, Valses melancoliques, Valses 
 mignonnes, etc., and valuable book 
 on Touch in pf. playing. 
 
 Jahn (yan). Otto, writer, b. Kiel, June 
 16, 1813; d. Gottingen, Sept. 9, 1869. 
 After study in Germany and France, 
 
 was lecturer on philology at Kiel, 
 1842 prof, of archaeology at Greifs- 
 wald, 1847 director of archaeological 
 museum at Leipzig, 1855 director of 
 museum and prof, of archaeology at 
 Bonn; greatest work Life of Mozart (4 
 vols. 1856-59, Eng. transl. 3 vols. 
 1882); authoritative work, first to 
 treat musical subject in modern criti- 
 cal comparative fashion; materials for 
 life of Haydn went to Pohl, those for 
 Beethoven to Thayer; wrote other es- 
 says on music, note on Mendelssohn's 
 Paulv^, and composed some songs. 
 
 Janko (yan'-ko), Paul von, inventor. 
 b. Totis, Hungary, June 2, 1856. 
 Studied at Vienna Polytechnic and 
 at Cons., with Bruckner, etc.; in- 
 vented pf . keyboard 1882, with 6 rows 
 of keys, so arranged that any note can 
 be struck in 3 different places; keys 
 are also narrower so that greater 
 range is acquired; it is an adaptation 
 of an earlier chromatic keyboard, and, 
 though adopted by some psts., has 
 not become popular success; J. lived 
 in Constantinople after 1892. 
 
 Jannequin (zha-ne-kan), Clement, 
 compr., living in either Germany or 
 France in 16th century; nothing is 
 known of life, as apparently he was 
 not attached to any court circles, 
 or to any church; pupil of Josquin 
 Depres; follower of Gombert in 
 descriptive or program music; com- 
 posed very few masses and motets, 
 but several hundred secular songs 
 {La bataille, descriptive of the battle 
 of Marignan, and a song on street 
 cries of Paris very popular). 
 
 Janotha (ya-no'-ta), Natalie, pst. b. 
 Warsaw, June 8, 1856. Studied 
 with Joachim and Rudorff at Berlin,' 
 then with Clara Schumann and 
 Brahms, and for harm, with F. Weber 
 and Bargiel; debut Leipzig 1874; 
 court pst. to German emperor; com- 
 positions chiefly for pf. 
 
 Jansa (yan-sa), Leopold, vU. b. Wil- 
 denschwert, Bohemia, Mar. 23, 1795; 
 d. Vienna, Jan. 24, 1875. Pupil of 
 Jehada, Zizius, Worzichek, and E. 
 Forster; 1823 chamber musician to 
 Count von Brunswick; 1824 member 
 of imperial orch. at Vienna; 1834 
 director of mus., prof, of vln. at 
 Vienna Univ.; banished for share in 
 benefit for revolutionists, lived in 
 
JANUSCHOWSKY 
 
 JOHN OF FORNSETE 
 
 London 1849-68; then, at amnesty, 
 returned to Vienna; less distinguished 
 as virtuoso than as teacher; Lady 
 Hall6, one of pupils. 
 Januschowsky (yan-u-shof'-ski), Geor- 
 gine von, dram. sop. b. Austria, about 
 1859. Debut about 1875; sang at 
 Stuttgart, Freiburg, etc.; Vienna 
 1877, at Leipzig 1879, in New York 
 1880; at Mannheim and Wiesbaden; 
 prima donna Vienna Opera 1893-95; 
 married Ad. Neuendorff, New York 
 musician. 
 
 Jaques-Dalcroze, see Dalcroze. 
 
 Jarvis, Charles H., pst. b. Philadelphia, 
 Dec. 20, 1837; d. there, Feb. 25, 1895. 
 Appeared in public at 7; founded 
 Phila. Quintet Club 1862; conducted 
 orch. concerts and gave historical 
 recitals; well-known teacher. 
 
 Jedliczka (yed-lich-ka), Ernst, pst. 
 h. Pultava, Russia, June 5, 1855; d. 
 Berlin, Aug. 3, 1904. At first 
 student of engineering; lessons from 
 N. Rubinstein, Tchaikovski, and 
 KUnd worth at Moscow; taught there 
 at Cons. 1879-86; then at Klind- 
 worth - Scharwenka Cons., Berlin, 
 1886-88; then at Stern Cons.; re- 
 markably successful teacher. 
 
 Jehin (zha-an), [Jehin-Prume], Frangois 
 Henry, vlt. b. Spa, Belgium, Apr. 
 18, 1839; d. Montreal, May 29, 1899. 
 Pupil of Servais at 4; of his uncle F. 
 Prume in Liege Cons., at Brussels 
 Cons, of De Beriot, Leonard, and 
 Fetis, of Vieuxtemps and Wieniaw- 
 ski; debut Dresden at 16, and tours 
 'n Russia and Germany with great 
 artists; 1862 vlt. to king of Belgium; 
 1863 traveled in Cuba, Mexico, 
 U. S., and Canada, and married 
 singer Rosita del Vecchio; finally 
 settled 1887 in Montreal; prof, at 
 Trafalgar Inst., founder of Artistic 
 Ass'n, etc.; retired 1896. Took place 
 of Vieuxtemps as head of " Belgian 
 school " of vlts., teacher of Ysaye. 
 
 Jensen (yen-sen), Adolf, compr. b. 
 Konigsberg, Jan. 12, 1837; d. Baden- 
 Baden, Jan. 23, 1879. Self-taught 
 at first, later pupil of Marpurg and 
 Ehlert; 1856 teaching in Russia; 
 capellm. Posen 1857; in Copenhagen 
 1858-60, with Gade; Konigsberg 
 1860; Berhn 1866-68, teaching at 
 Tausig's school until ill health com- 
 pelled him to retire; ardent admirer 
 
 of Schumann, with whom he corre- 
 sponded just before S's death. His 
 songs resemble Schumann's in their 
 original and poetic melody and 
 appropriateness of setting, as well 
 as in romantic charm; pf. works, too, 
 are lyric in quality. His brother 
 Gustav (1843-1895), vlt., pupil of 
 Joachim, teacher at Cologne, compr. 
 and editor of vln. works. 
 
 Joachim (yo-d-kim), Joseph, vlt. b. 
 Kittsee, near Pressburg, June 28, 
 1831; d. Berlin, Aug. 15, 1907. Be- 
 gan vln. study at 5 with Szervaczin- 
 ski with whom he appeared in public 
 at 7; 1841 at Vienna Cons, studied 
 with Hauser, G. Hellmesberger, the 
 elder, and Bohm 1843; after brilliant 
 appearances at the Gewandhaus, 
 Leipzig, and in London, he settled 
 quietly in Leipzig under friendly in- 
 fluence of Mendelssohn and instruc- 
 tion of David; 1849 concertmaster in 
 Weimar, but his disposition and 
 theories were so much opposed to 
 those of Liszt that in 1854 J. became 
 condr. of concerts and solo vlt. to 
 king of Hanover, where he stayed 
 till 1866; married Amalie Weiss 1863; 
 1868 organizer and director of new 
 department of Berlin Royal Acad, 
 of Arts — Hochschule fiir Ausiibende 
 Tonkunst (High-school for Practical 
 Music); here he taught great num- 
 bers of pupils; established Joachim 
 Quartet 1869 (Schiever, De Ahna, 
 Kruse, Halir successively played 2d 
 vln.; De Ahna, Rappoldi, Wirth, via.; 
 Wm. Miiller and Hausmann, 'cello). 
 J's compositions are earnest, even 
 melancholy; Hungarian concerto 
 most famous; has composed 2 other 
 concertos, 4 overtures, few pieces 
 for vln. and orch. and for via. and 
 pf.; playing was distinguished for 
 classical repose and dignity of man- 
 ner and spirit, flawless accuracy, 
 breadth, and fidelity of interpreta- 
 tion, entire freedom from virtuosity 
 merely as such; repertoire as soloist 
 and quartet player limited by same 
 earnestness and loftiness of ideal. 
 
 John of Fomsete, compr. d. Jan. 19, 
 1239(?). English Benedictine monk 
 of 13 century, from Forncett in Nor- 
 folkshire, who dwelt in monastery at 
 Reading in Berkshire; Coussemaker 
 attributes to him the composition 
 of old English canon Sumer is 
 
JOHNS 
 
 icumen in; for summary of argu- 
 ments concerning this authorship 
 see Grove's Diet., Vol. 4. 
 
 Johns, Clayton, compr. b. Newcastle, 
 Del., Nov. 24, 1857. Studied archi- 
 tecture in Phila.; 1879-82 studied 
 music in Boston with J. K. Paine 
 and W. H. Sherwood, and 1882-84 
 in Berlin with Kiel, Grabow, and 
 Rummel; after 1884 in Boston, 
 teaching (H. Gebhard among pupils) 
 and composing; has written Berceuse 
 and Scherzino for strings, some 
 small choral works, about 100 pf. 
 pieces, but is best known here and 
 abroad by songs, many of which have 
 great charm, without over-complex- 
 ity of mood or manner; noteworthy 
 for selection of good poetry as text. 
 Author of Essentials of Piano Play- 
 ing (1909). 
 
 Johnson, Herbert, singer, compr. b. 
 Middletown, Conn., 1861; d. Bos- 
 ton, July 21, 1904. Early showed 
 talent for music and was a chorister 
 in St. Stephen's P. E. Church, Prov- 
 idence, R. I.; studied first with local 
 teachers, and later in Boston, where 
 he commenced his career as a church 
 singer in the Brookline Baptist 
 Church. When the male quartet of 
 the Ruggles St. Baptist church was 
 organized in 1879 he was selected 
 as solo tenor and director of the 
 music of the church; during the 
 twenty-two years of its existence 
 the quartet was probably the most 
 popular organization of its kind in 
 the U. S. It was disbanded in 1901, 
 after which he was successively 
 tenor at the King's Chapel and 2d 
 Universalist Church. Organized and 
 directed the Johnson Quintet Club, 
 a successful concert club. During 
 his professional career he sang with 
 the leading choral societies of New 
 England. His best known composi- 
 tion is the sacred song Face to Face. 
 
 Jommelli (yom-mel-le), Nicola, compr. 
 h. Aversa, near Naples, Sept. 10, 
 1714; d. Naples, Aug. 25, 1774. 
 Pupil of Mozzillo, Durante, Feo, 
 Leo, Prato, and Mancini; produced 
 first opera at 23 under pseudonym 
 Valentino; later successes in Naples, 
 Rome, Bologna, where he was as- 
 sisted by Martini, and Venice where 
 he became director of cons.; 1745 in 
 
 JOSEFFY 
 
 Vienna, friend of Metastasio; 1749- 
 54 maestro of St. Peter's at Rome; 
 1754-69 capellm. in Stuttgart; failed 
 in Naples to win success by later 
 operas; sometimes called " the Ital- 
 ian Gluck"; perhaps greatest of 
 immediate predecessors of Mozart 
 in dramatic naturalness (he aban- 
 doned the da capo aria) and greater 
 consideration for orchestral color 
 and variety; composed about 50 
 operas {Arta^erse, Armida, Demo- 
 foonte, etc.), several oratorios and 
 cantatas, a famous miserere, etc. 
 
 Jonas (ho-nas), Alberto, pst. b. Ma- 
 drid, June 8, 1868. Studied with 
 Olave and Mendizabal, and at Ma- 
 drid Cons., at Brussels Cons, with 
 Gevaert; d^but Brussels 1880; 
 studied under Rubinstein at St. 
 Petersburg Cons, part of 1890; 
 tours in England and on Continent; 
 1894 head of pf. department Univ. 
 of Michigan; Berhn 1908. 
 
 Jonciferes (zhon-si-ar'), Victorin de 
 [pseud, of Felix Ludger Rossignol], 
 compr. b. Paris, Apr. 12, 1839; d. 
 there, Oct. 26, 1903. At first stu- 
 dent of painting; 1859 began to 
 study mus. with Elwart, and in 
 Leborne's class at Cons.; comp. inci- 
 dental mus. to Hamlet 1863; opera 
 Sardanapale 1867, and second opera 
 1869 not very successful, nor were 
 later works, though Dimitri attracted 
 attention and Chevalier Jean suc- 
 ceeded in Germany; critic for La 
 Liberie after 1871, and contributor 
 to other papers; president of Soc. des 
 compositeurs de musique; also com- 
 posed Symph. romantique, suites, vln. 
 concerto, etc. 
 
 Jones, Edward German-, see German, 
 Edward. 
 
 Jordan, Jules, tenor, teacher, b. Willi- 
 mantic. Conn., Nov. 10, 1850. 
 Living in Providence since 1870; 
 studied with Osgood in Boston, 
 Shakespeare in London, Sbri^lia 
 in Paris; choirmaster Grace Ch., 
 Prov., condr. of Arion Club; Mus. 
 Doc. Brown Univ.; has composed 
 opera, cantata, minor vocal works; 
 successful teacher. 
 
 Joseffy (yo-sef-fy), Rafael, pst. h. 
 Hunfalu, Hungary, July 3, 1853. 
 Early studies under Brauer in Buda- 
 pest, followed by lessons at Leipzig 
 
JOSQUIN 
 
 JUON 
 
 Cons, from E. F. Wenzel, and in 
 Berlin from Tausig; summers of 
 1870-71 in Weimar with Liszt; debut 
 Berlin 1872; successful appearances 
 in Vienna and elsewhere; since 1879 
 in N. Y. where he has taught, and 
 in about five years' practical retire- 
 ment 1891-96; hves at N. Tarry- 
 town, a suburb of New York City; 
 developed from the brilliant virtu- 
 osity of his first period into a riper 
 and more poetic musician; published 
 School of Advanced Pf. Playing 1902. 
 
 Josquin Desprls, see Depres. 
 
 Joumet (zhor'-na), [Hippolj^e Jules] 
 Marcel, hass. b. Grasse, Maritime 
 Alps, July 25, 1869. Studied with 
 Obin at Paris; debut Montpellier 
 1893, followed by engagement at 
 Brussels; Metrop. Op., New York, 
 since 1900; Covent Garden, London, 
 since 1898. 
 
 Jousse (zhos), J. b. Orleans, France, 
 1760; d. London, Jan. 19, 1837. 
 Went to London at Revolution; 
 taught singing and pf. there; wrote 
 several text-books. Lectures on Thor- 
 ough-bass, Catechism of Music. 
 
 Juch (yook), Emma Antonia Justine, 
 dram. sop. b. Vienna, 1861. Parents, 
 naturalized Americans, returned to 
 N. Y. 1864; at public schools and 
 when working in store, J. used spare 
 time for singing lessons, from Mme. 
 Murio-Celli; concert appearance. 
 New York 1881, led to 5 year engage- 
 ment with Mapleson for Italian 
 Opera in London; sang with Th. 
 Thomas for 3 seasons of Wagner 
 concerts; later organized English 
 opera company of her own with 
 which she toured U. S.; not often 
 heard after marriage to F. L. Well- 
 man; her voice was pure and strong, 
 and she was an intelligent actress. 
 
 Jude, William Herbert, compr. b. 
 Westleton, Suffolk, Eng., 1851. Orgt. 
 at Liverpool, founder of Purcell Soc. 
 there; editor Monthly Hymnal; orgt. 
 1889 in Manchester; lectured in Eng- 
 land and Australia; composed oper- 
 etta Innocents Abroad, revival songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Julian (zhu-li-an), or Jullien, Louis 
 [Georges] Antoine [Jules], condr. h. 
 Sisteron, Basses-Alpes, Apr. 23, 
 1812; d. Paris, Mar. 14, 1860. Son 
 of bandmaster; entered Paris Cons. 
 
 at 21, as pupil of Le Carpentier and 
 Halevy; impatient of instruction, 
 1836 became condr. of concerts of 
 dance music at Jardin Turc; 1838 
 went to London because of debts 
 and there established series of con- 
 certs given every season 1842-59, 
 opened shop for sale of own music, 
 leased theatre, brought out own 
 opera at great expense; brought 
 orchestra to America 1853; finally 
 arrested in Paris for debt; died in 
 insane asylum; compr, of quadrilles 
 of great popularity, sensational 
 condr., overfond of " monster " 
 bands, yet introduced many good 
 works to audiences. 
 
 Jullien (zhiil-li-an), Jean Lucien 
 Adolphe, critic, h. Paris, June 1, 1845. 
 Son and grandson of literary men; 
 studied law at Paris and music with 
 Bienaime; in early articles bravely 
 declared himself an admirer of Schu- 
 mann and Wagner; 1873 critic for 
 Journal des debats; authority on 
 18th century music; early works 
 deal with its various phases; wrote 
 also elaborate Life of Wagner and 
 Life of Berlioz; frequent contributor 
 to Le Menestrel and other journals. 
 
 Jungmann (yung'-man), Albert, compr. 
 b. Langensalza, Prussia, Nov. 14, 
 1824; d. Pandorf, near Vienna, Nov. 
 7, 1892. Studied with Korner and 
 Leibrock; prof, at St. CeciUa Acad. 
 Rome; 1853 manager for publishing 
 firm C. A. Spina and of succeeding 
 firm Jungmann and Lerch; composed 
 400 songs and light pf. mus. 
 
 JUngst (ytingst), Hugo, condr. b. 
 Dresden, Feb. 26, 1853. Pupil at 
 Dresden Cons.; founder 1876 and 
 condr. of Dresden Choral Soc; condr. 
 of Julius Otto Soc. and of Acad. 
 Gesangverein; composed about 60 
 male choruses. 
 
 Juon (yu-on), Paul, compr. h. Mos- 
 cow, Mar. 8, 1872. Pupil at Mos- 
 cow Cons, of Hrimaly, Taneiev, and 
 Arensky, at Berlin Hochschule of 
 Bargiel; settled in Berhn 1897; has 
 composed 2 symph., chamber music, 
 short pf. pieces, which are said to 
 combine Slav material with German 
 treatment; has published Harmonie- 
 lehre and German translation of the 
 life of Tchaikovski by the latter's 
 brother. 
 
KAHN 
 
 KASTNER 
 
 K 
 
 Kahn (kan), Robert, compr. b. Mann- 
 heim, July 21, 1865. Studied with 
 E. Frank, V. Lachner, Kiel, and 
 Rheinberger; received help from 
 Joachim in Berlin 1885; 1890 in 
 Leipzig, founded Ladies' Choral 
 Union, 1893 teacher of comp. at 
 Berlin Hochschule; compr. of cham- 
 ber mus., several works for female 
 chorus, and Mahomets Gesang for 
 mixed chorus and orch. 
 
 Klajanus (ka-ya-nus), Robert, condr. b. 
 Finland, Dec. 2, 1856. Studied at 
 Leipzig Cons., Paris, and Dresden; 
 founded Philharmonic Orch., Hel- 
 singfors; founder and condr. of 
 symph. chorus; compr. of symph. 
 poems, suites, etc., on national airs; 
 first representative of Finnish na- 
 tional music. 
 
 Kalinnikov (ka-lin'-nl-koff ) , Basil Ser- 
 geievitch, compr. h. Voina, Russia, 
 Jan. 13, 1866; d. Yalta, Crimea, 
 Jan. 11, 1901. Studied at Moscow 
 Cons, with Ilyinski and Blaramberg; 
 2d condr. at Italian opera, Moscow, 
 1893, but obliged by ill health, pos- 
 sibly brought on by early privation, 
 to retire in 1894 to Crimea; com- 
 posed 2 symphonies (one in G min. 
 best known), music to Tolstoi's Tsar 
 Boris, 2 symph. poems, some 
 chamber music; works show healthy 
 national spirit and freshness of 
 inspiration. 
 
 Kalisch, see Lehmann, Lilli. 
 
 Kalkbrenner, Friedrich Wilhelm 
 Michael, pst., compr. h. near Berlin, 
 1788; d. Enghien, near Paris, June 
 10, 1849. Son of Christian K., also 
 musician; 1798-1802 pupil at Paris 
 Cons, of L. Adam and Catel; 1813 
 played in Berlin and Vienna, met 
 Hummel and Albrechtsberger, of 
 whom he took lessons; 1814-23 popu- 
 lar teacher in London; 1823 partner 
 Pleyel pf. factory; as player dis- 
 tinguished for smooth suppleness; as 
 teacher, adapted Logier's chiro- 
 plast, aimed at independent action 
 of fingers and wrist; so vain that he 
 offered to make an artist of Chopin ; 
 composed 4 pf. concertos, some 
 
 sextets, quintets, etc., many fantasias, 
 variations, etc., all very popular in 
 his day; a Method with really good 
 exercises, especially for left hand. 
 
 Kalliwoda (kal-li-vo'-da), JohannWen- 
 zel, vlt., compr. b. Prague, Mar. 21, 
 1800; d. Carlsruhe, Dec. 3, 1866. 
 Pupil of Pixis in Prague Cons.; 
 played in theatre orch. 1816-22; 
 capellmeister to Prince Fiirstenberg 
 1823-53, then retired; composed 2 
 operas, 7 symph., overtures, orch. 
 fantasias, vln. concerto, chamber, 
 vln. and pf. mus., and songs. Son 
 Wilhelm (1827-1893), pupil and suc- 
 cessor of father. 
 
 Karasowski (ka-ra-sof-ski), Moritz, 
 writer, h. Warsaw, Sept. 22, 1823; 
 d. Dresden, Apr. 20, 1892. Pupil of 
 Kratzer; 'cellist in opera orch. at 
 Warsaw 1851; traveled 1858-60; 
 royal chamber virtuoso Dresden 
 1864; wrote History of Polish Opera, 
 Life of Mozart, Chopin's Youth, 
 Life of Chopin. 
 
 Karganoff (kar-gan'-of), Genari Osip- 
 ovitch, pst. h. Kashetin, Caucasus, 
 Apr. 30, 1858; d. Rostov-on-the- 
 Don, Feb. 23, 1890. Studied with 
 Reinecke and Brassin at Leipzig 
 Cons.; prof, of pf. at Tiflis; chiefly 
 notable for characteristic Russian 
 romances for pf. 
 
 Karl, Tom, tenx)r. b. Dublin, Jan. 19, 
 1846. Pupil of H. Phillips in Eng- 
 land and of Sangiovanni and Triulzi 
 in Italy; after singing in Italy sev- 
 eral years, came to America with 
 Parepa Rosa; 1872 entered comic 
 opera with Pinafore; long a member 
 of the Bostonians Co.; retired from 
 stage 1896; 1899 director of Operatic 
 School of Acad, of Dramatic Arts, 
 N. Y. 
 
 Kastner, Johami Georg, compr., writer, 
 h. Strassburg, Mar. 9, 1810; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 19, 1867. Studied with Maurer 
 and Romer; became orgt. at 10; 
 studied for church in Lutheran 
 Seminary, but at 20 became band- 
 master; brought out 4 operas, and 
 1835 was sent by town to Paris 
 where he studied under Berton and 
 
KAUFFMAN 
 
 KELLIE 
 
 Reicha, and where he lived there- 
 after; 1837 pubhshed treatise on 
 instrumentation (superseded by Ber- 
 lioz's), methods for various instru- 
 ments; originator of national band 
 competitions (Paris Exp, 1867); 
 contributor to magazines, compr. 
 of several operas, the biblical Der- 
 nier roi de Juda considered best; 
 also wrote Ldvres-Partitions, sym- 
 phony-cantatas preceded by disser- 
 tations, Les danses des morts, La 
 harpe d'Eole, Les voix de Paris, etc., 
 more valuable for information than 
 for music. 
 
 Kauffman (kowf-man), Fritz, compr. 
 tj. Berlin, June 17, 1855. Studied 
 natural science and became drug- 
 gist; 1878 entered Berhn Hochschule 
 as pupil of Kiel, took Mendelssohn 
 Prize; after year in Vienna, taught 
 and composed in Berlin; 1889 condr. 
 of Gesellschaft concerts at Magde- 
 burg; 1893 royal music director; 
 composed songs, choruses, opera, 
 symph., concerto, chamber music 
 and pf. pieces. 
 
 Katm (kown), Hugo, compr. b. Beriin, 
 Mar. 21, 1863. Studied with Raif 
 and Kiel at Berlin Hochschule; 
 teaching, conducting, and composing 
 in Milwaukee, U. S., after 1884; 
 1902 returned to Berlin; composed 
 symph. An mein Vaterland; symph. 
 poems, Minnehaha and Hiawatha; 
 2 operas, quartets, trio, octet, etc. 
 
 Elayser (ki'-zer), Heinrich Ernst, vlt., 
 teacher, b. Altona, Apr. 16, 1815; 
 d. Hamburg, Jan. 17, 1888. His 
 educational works for the violin, 
 Etudes, Op. 20 and 30, Studies in 
 Shifting, Op. 28, and a Method are 
 highly valued. 
 
 Keiser (ki'-zer), Reinhard, compr. h. 
 Teuchern, near Weissenfels, Jan. 
 (baptized 12), 1674; d. Hamburg, 
 Sept. 12, 1739. Educated by father, 
 church compr., and at Thomasschule, 
 Leipzig, under Schelle; 1692 pro- 
 duced pastoral Ismene and opera 
 Basilius; went to Hamburg 1694 
 where he lived for 45 years, produc- 
 ing about 116 operas; 1700 organizer 
 of winter concerts, combination 
 feasts of music and food; 1703 direc- 
 tor of opera; 1709 married into 
 nobility; 1719-21 at Stuttgart; 1723- 
 28 capellm. to king of Denmark; 
 
 1728 canon and cantor at Hamburg 
 cathedral; great influence on Ger- 
 man opera due to his efforts at real 
 dramatic expression wherein he first 
 broke away from French and Italian 
 models, and in his original use of 
 popular German subjects; contempo- 
 rary popularity was great; also com- 
 posed oratorios, cantatas for Christ- 
 mas and other occasions, church 
 pieces, divertimenti, etc. 
 
 Keler, Albert von [called Keler-Bela], 
 compr. h. Bartfeld, Hungary, Feb. 
 13, 1820; d. Wiesbaden, Nov. 20, 
 1882. After trying law and farming, 
 turned to music 1845; pupil at 
 Vienna of Sechter and Schlesinger; 
 vlt. at theatre; 1854 condr. of Gungl 
 Orch. at Berhn; 1855 succeeded 
 Lanner as condr. of band in Vienna; 
 1863 condr. Kurorch. at Wiesbaden; 
 retired 1873; compr. of showy, brill- 
 iant dance music. 
 
 Keller, Mathias, compr. h. Ulm, Wiirt- 
 temberg, Mar. 20, 1818; d. Boston, 
 1875. Studied at Stuttgart, and 
 later under Lindpaintner and Sey- 
 fried; bandmaster for 7 years; came 
 to Phila. 1846; 1st vln. at several 
 theatres; then in Boston, not very 
 prosperous; composed American 
 hyijm Speed our Republic to which 
 O. W. Holmes set new words Angel 
 of Peace for its successful revival at 
 Peace Jubilee. 
 
 Kelley, Edgar Stillman, compr. b. 
 Sparta, Wis., Apr. 14, 18&7. Pupil 
 of Merriam and Eddy, and at Stutt- 
 gart Cons, of Seifriz and others; 
 1880 in San Francisco as orgt., 
 teacher, and critic; composed inci- 
 dental music to Macbeth, comic opera 
 Puritania (and conducted orch. for 
 performances); Chinese suite Alad- 
 din, based on careful study of Chinese 
 music as are some of his songs, no- 
 tably Lady picking mulberries; inci- 
 dental music to Ben Hur shows 
 erudition beyond deserts of play; 
 taught and lectured in N. Y. (Univ. 
 Extension lectures 1896) ; later moved 
 to Berlin; returned to U. S. 1910. 
 
 Kellie, Lawrence, tenor, compr. b. 
 London, Apr. 3, 1862. Student of 
 law; 1884 studied at Royal Acad, 
 and privately with Randegger; debut 
 1886, recitals 1887; songs (Is it too 
 late? All for thee, etc.) very popular 
 
KELLOGG 
 
 KIEL 
 
 Kellogg, Clara Louise, dram. sop. b. 
 Sumterville, S. C, July, 1842. 
 Training from her mother, and in 
 New York after 1856; debut there 
 1861, London 1867, followed by 
 engagement; 1868-72 touring U. S.; 
 1872-74 singing in London; 1874 
 organized English opera co., super- 
 vised everything herself from trans- 
 lations of librettos to training of 
 chorus, singing 125 nights in one 
 season; after 1881 appeared chiefly 
 in concerts; married her manager, 
 Carl Strakosch, 1887, and soon after- 
 ward retired. 
 
 Kelly, Michael, tenor, compr. h. Dub- 
 lin, Dec, 1762; d. Margate, Oct. 9, 
 1826. Sang as lad in Dublin, and 
 appeared in Arne's Cymon; pupil at 
 Naples of Fenaroli and Aprile; sang 
 in Italy and Vienna, where he met 
 Mozart and sang in Nozze di Figaro; 
 sang in London after 1787; 1789 ap- 
 peared as compr. of several pieces; 
 1802 opened music shop; bankrupt 
 1811, opened wine shop; entertaining 
 Reminiscences published 1826. 
 
 Kemp, Robert [known as Father Kemp], 
 condr. b. Wellfleet, Mass., June 6, 
 1820; d. Boston, May 14, 1897. 
 Shoe dealer in Boston, who organized 
 and conducted Old Folks' Concerts 
 1854; published Autobiography 1868. 
 
 Kemierly-Rumf ord, Robert Hemy, bari- 
 tone, b. London, Sept. 2, 1870. 
 Studied with Henschel and Blume 
 and 1894 in Paris with Sbrigha; 
 d^but London 1893; popular festival 
 and concert singer in England; 1900 
 married Clara Butt [q. v.]. 
 
 Kerl [KerU, Kherl], Johann Kaspar 
 
 (von), orgt., compr. b. Adorf, Saxony, 
 Apr. 9, 1627; d. Munich, Feb. 13, 
 1693. After study in Vienna under 
 Valentini, sent by Ferdinand III to 
 Italy, where he was pupil of Caris- 
 simi; 1656-73 court capellmeister at 
 Munich; taught at Vienna, court 
 orgt. there 1677, returned to Munich 
 1684; details of his life uncertain; 
 remarkable for original resolution 
 of discords; composed org. works, 
 masses (one entirely on black notes), 
 etc. 
 
 Kern, Carl Wilhelm, compr. b. June 
 4, 1874, at Schhtz, Hesse-Darm- 
 stadt. Father, Carl August K., 
 
 organist and compr., supervised the 
 early education of his son, who later 
 studied under Friedrich Lux, organ 
 virtuoso at Mayence; came to the 
 U. S. in 1893; teacher in Elmhurst 
 College, near Chicago, where he 
 continued his musical studies; other 
 positions were at the Springfield, O., 
 School of Music, Dennison Univer- 
 sity, and the Baptist University, 
 Dallas, Tex.; located in St. Louis 
 1904, teacher in the Strassberger 
 Conservatories and musical editor 
 for the Shattinger Music Co.; com- 
 positions consist of piano pieces, 
 songs, anthems and organ works. 
 
 Ketten, Hemi, pst. b. Baja, Hungary, 
 Mar. 25, 1848; d. Paris, Apr. 1, 1883. 
 Pupil of Marmontel and Hal^vy; 
 compr. of light pf. pieces.; successful 
 performer. 
 
 Ketterer, [Nicolas] Eugene, pst. b. 
 Rouen, July 7, 1831; d. Paris, Dec. 
 18, 1870. Pupil of Marmontel at 
 Paris Cons, where he took 2d prize 
 in solfeggio 1847 and accessit in pf. 
 1852; brilliant success as pst. and 
 compr. of many fantasias, caprices, 
 etc. 
 
 Key, Francis Scott, poet. b. Frederick 
 Co., Md., Aug. 9, 1780; d. Balti- 
 more, Jan. 11, 1843. During British 
 invasion 1814, K., then lawyer in 
 Washington, went into enemy's lines 
 to effect exchange of captured friend; 
 detained on frigate during attack on 
 Fort McHenry, anxiety about result 
 inspired words of Star-spangled 
 Banner, to be sung to old drinking 
 tune Anacreon in Heaven; K's col- 
 lected poems published 1857. 
 
 Kiel (kel), Friedrich, compr. b. Puder- 
 bach, Oct. 7, 1821; d. Berlin, Sept. 
 14, 1885. Learned rudiments from 
 father, taught himself pf. and comp.; 
 vlt. in band of Prince von Wittgen- 
 stein; studied with Kummer at 
 Coburg and Dehn at Berlin, under 
 stipend from Friedrich Wilhelm 
 IV; gave private concerts of own 
 works; 1862 perf. of Requiem by 
 Stern Gesangverein brought him 
 prominence; 1865 taught comp. in 
 Stern Cons, and 1870 at Hochschule; 
 his compositions, masses, motets, 
 quartets, pf. pieces, songs, are 
 soundly classical; great success a& 
 teacher. 
 
KIENZL 
 
 KLAFSKY 
 
 Kienzl (kentsl), Wilhelm, compr. h. 
 Waizenkirchen, Upper Austria, Jan. 
 17, 1857. Studied at Graz, Prague, 
 Leipzig, and under Liszt at Weimar; 
 1879 degree Ph.D. at Vienna with 
 dissertation on Declamation which 
 attracted notice of Wagner; Hved 
 in Bayreuth 1879; capellmeister in 
 several places, Amsterdam, Ham- 
 burg, Munich 1892-93; then devoted 
 to comp. at Graz; operas Urvasi, 
 Heilmar der Narr, Don Quichote, and 
 especially Der Evangelimann (Berlin 
 1895) which has had tremendous suc- 
 cess, in popularized Wagnerian form 
 akin to Humperdinck's Hansel und 
 Gretel; also many songs and pf . pieces. 
 
 Kiesewetter (kes'-e-vet-ter), Raphael 
 Georg, Edler von Weisenbrunn, 
 writer. b. Holleschau, Moravia, 
 Aug. 29, 1773; d. Baden, near Vienna, 
 Jan. 1, 1850. Attached to Ministry 
 of War and Imperial councillor; 
 pupil of Albrechtsberger and Hart- 
 mann; enthusiastic amateur, patron, 
 and collector of music scores; author 
 of many works on music, most im- 
 portant being researches into Greek 
 music, Guido von Arezzo, and Die 
 Musik der Araber. 
 
 King, Julie, see Rive-King, Julie. 
 
 King, Oliver A., pst, b. London, 1855. 
 Pupil of Barnby, Holmes, and at 
 Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke; pst. to 
 Princess Louise; visited Canada and 
 New York 1880-83; prof, of pf. at 
 Royal Acad.; composed 3 cantatas, 
 symph., overtures, concertos, etc. 
 
 Kinkel, Johanna [nee Meckel], compr. 
 h. Bonn, July 8, 1810; d. London, 
 Nov. 15, 1858. Pupil of Bohmer in 
 Berlin; married publisher Matthieux 
 1832 but soon left him; married 
 poet Gottfried Kinkel 1843; com- 
 posed cantata and operetta; wrote 
 Acht Brief e an eine Freundin iiber 
 Clavierunterricht. 
 
 Kirchner (kirkh'-ner), Fritz, pst. h. 
 Potsdam, Nov. 3, 1840; d. there. 
 May 11, 1907. Studied with Kul- 
 lak, Wiierst, and Seyffert at Kullak's 
 Acad, where he taught 1864-89; then 
 in Madchenheim, Berlin; composed 
 educational music, chiefly for pf. 
 
 Kirchner, Theodor, compr. h. Neu- 
 kirchen. Saxony, Dec. 10, 1823; d. 
 Hamburg, Sept. 18, 1903. Pupil of 
 
 Becker in Leipzig; 1843-62 orgt. at 
 Winterthur; 1862-72 teaching in 
 Zurich; 1873 director* of Wurzburg 
 Cons.; Hved in Leipzig; 1883-90 
 teacher at Dresden Cons.; then 
 moved to Hamburg; works almost 
 entirely for pf . in style of Schumann, 
 short, with descriptive titles, yet 
 far from merely imitative; Album- 
 blatter and Nachtstiicke especially 
 notable. 
 Kimberger, Johann Philipp, theorist. 
 h. Saalfield, Thuringia, Apr. 24, 1721; 
 d. Berlin, July 27, 1783. Pupil of 
 Kellner, Gerber, and, 1739-41, of 
 J. S. Bach; taught and conducted 
 at Leipzig, in Lemberg; after study 
 with Fickler, became vlt. in Royal 
 Orch. Berlin; 1754 capellmeister to 
 Princess Amalie; composed correct 
 but cold fugues, etc., developed some 
 incorrect theories about tempera- 
 ment; most important work Die 
 Kunst des reinen Satzes 1774-79. 
 
 Kistler, CyriU, compr. b. Gross-Aitin- 
 gen, near Augsburg, Mar. 12, 1848; d. 
 Kissingen, Jan. 2, 1907. School- 
 teacher in various places; 1876 pupil 
 at Munich Cons, of Wiillner, Rhein- 
 berger, and F. Lachner; 1883 teacher 
 of theory and org. at Sondershausen 
 Cons.; 1885 principal of private 
 music school at Kissingen and pub- 
 lisher; 1884-94 editor of Mus. Tages- 
 fragen; opera Kunihild (1884, re- 
 vived 1893) excited some attention, 
 composed on Wagnerian principles; 
 wrote also other operas not very 
 successful, part-songs, marches, etc., 
 and harmony based on Wagner. 
 
 Kittl, Emmy, see Destinn, Emmy. 
 
 Kjerulf (kye-rulfO, Halfdan, compr. b. 
 Christiania, Sept. 15, 1815; d. there, 
 Aug. 11, 1868. Student of law; 1840 
 teacher of music; 1850 by govern- 
 ment grant studied at Leipzig under 
 Richter; after unsuccessful efforts 
 to establish concerts in Christiania, 
 he devoted himself to composition; 
 works are chiefly songs (with few pf . 
 pieces), of Scandinavian mood, tender 
 melancholy, charming simplicity and 
 genuine worth. 
 
 Klafsky [Lohse-K.], Katharina, dram, 
 sop. b. St. Johann, Hungary, Sept. 
 19, 1855; d. Hamburg, Sept. 22, 
 1896. After childhood of poverty 
 and service, sang in Komische Oper 
 
KLAUSER 
 
 KLINDWORTH 
 
 chorus at Vienna; after lessons from 
 Marchesi, returned to stage; short 
 retirement after marriage, followed 
 by small parts at Leipzig, London, 
 etc.; 1882 member of Neumann's 
 Wagner Company; took principal 
 parts at Hamburg; sang also at 
 Bremen, London, Munich, etc.; 
 Festival 1894, etc.; married 3d time 
 Otto Lohse 1895; came to U. S. with 
 Damrosch Co. 1895; distinguished 
 in Wagner roles, especially Brunn- 
 hilde. 
 
 Klauser (klow'-zer), Karl, editor, b. 
 St. Petersburg, Aug. 24, 1823. 
 Studied in Germany, but chiefly 
 self-taught; came to U. S. 1850; 
 1856-83 mus. director at Miss Por- 
 ter's School, Farmington, Conn.; 
 editor and arranger of many edi- 
 tions of classic comps. and joint 
 editor Famous Composers and Their 
 Works. 
 
 Klauwell (klow'-vel). Otto, writer. 
 h. Langensalza, Thuringia, Apr. 7, 
 1851. Studied at Bchulpforta, and, 
 after service in Franco-Prussian 
 war, at Leipzig Cons, under Richter 
 and Reinecke; Ph.D. at Univ. with 
 dissertation on development of 
 canon; 1874 taught at Cologne Cons. ; 
 1884 director of Teachers' Seminary 
 there; besides compositions, opera, 
 overture, etc., has written on history 
 of music and on pf. playing. 
 
 Kleeberg (kla-berg), Clotilde, pst. h. 
 Paris, June 27, 1866; d. Brussels, 
 Feb. 7, 1909. Pupil of Mmes. Retz 
 and Massart at Paris Cons., winning 
 1st prize 1878; debut at 12 with 
 Beethoven C minor concerto at 
 Pasdeloup concerts; 1883 played in 
 London and in following years in 
 Berlin and Vienna, everywhere with 
 success; married sculptor C. Samuel 
 1900; " sympathetic, delicate, truly 
 womanly executant of Schumann 
 and Chopin." [Bie.] 
 
 Kleffel, Amo, compr. b. Possneck, 
 Thuringia, Sept. 4, 1840. Pupil in 
 Leipzig at Cons, and privately of 
 Hauptmann; director mus. soc. 
 Riga 1863-67; capellmeister at thea- 
 tres in various cities, 1873-80 in 
 Berlin, 1886-92; 1894-96 teacher of 
 theory Stern Cons. Berlin; 1897- 
 1904 at Cologne; settled in Berlin 
 1904; composed opera, incidental 
 
 music to Faust and to Die Wichtel- 
 mannchen, overtures, pf. pieces, 
 (mostly short, some instructive), 
 songs; d. near Berlin, July 15, 1913. 
 
 Klein (khn), Bruno Oscar, compr. b. 
 Osnabriick, June 6, 1858; d. New 
 York, June 22, 1911. Pupil of father 
 (orgt.), of Rheinberger, Wiillner, and 
 Baermann at Munich Cons.; came to 
 America 1878; finally settled in New 
 York 1883; pf. teacher at Convent 
 of Sacred Heart, orgt. at St. Francis 
 Xavier 1884-94, prof, of counter- 
 point at Nat'l Cons. 1887-92; 
 occasional concerts in Germany; 
 composed opera Kenilworth, Ham- 
 burg 1895, pf. works, etc. 
 
 Kleinmichel (klin'-mJ-khel), Richard, 
 pst., compr. h. Posen, Dec. 31, 1846; 
 d. Charlottenburg, Aug. 18, 1901. 
 Studied with father, at Hamburg, 
 and at Leipzig Cons.; taught in 
 Hamburg and Leipzig, where he 
 became director of Stadt Th. 1882; 
 married Clara Monhaupt, dram, sop.; 
 lived in Magdeburg, then in Berlin; 
 composed 2 operas, both performed 
 at Hamburg, 2 symphonies, cham- 
 ber mus., valuable pf. etudes, and 
 arrangements from Wagner; many 
 years joint editor of Signale. 
 
 Klengel, Julius, 'cellist, b. Leipzig, 
 Sept. 24, 1859. Pupil of Hegar and 
 Jadassohn; 'cellist in Gewandhaus 
 Orch. since 1874; teacher at Cons, 
 since 1881; member of Gewandhaus 
 Quartet; remarkable for unexcelled 
 technical skill; gifted teacher; compr. 
 of 3 'cello concertos and solo pieces. 
 Brother Paul K., condr. b. Leipzig, 
 May 13, 1854. Pupil at Cons.; Ph. 
 D. Leipzig Univ. with dissertation 
 on aesthetics; condr. Euterpe Con- 
 certs 1881-86; 2d court capellmeister 
 Stuttgart 1888-93; condr. of Arion 
 Chorus, Leipzig, from 1893 to present 
 except from 1898 to 1903, when he 
 conducted Deutscher Liederkranz 
 in New York. 
 
 Klindworth (klint'-vort), Karl, pst., 
 teacher, b. Hanover, Sept. 25, 1830. 
 Played vln. as child, but could not 
 afford lessons; from 17-19 condr. 
 traveling opera troupe; then taught 
 in Hamburg; 1852 received assist- 
 ance which enabled him to study 
 with Liszt at Weimar; 1854-68 in 
 London as pst., teacher, organizer 
 
KLOTZ 
 
 KNORR 
 
 of artistic but unsuccessful concerts, 
 gradually gaining, himself, in popu- 
 larity; 1868-84 prof, of pf. at Mos- 
 cow Cons., where he accomplished 
 his greatest works, pf . score of Wag- 
 ner's Ring des Nihelungen and com- 
 plete edition of Chopin's works; 
 then in Berlin, joint condr. with 
 Joachim and Wiillner, of Philhar- 
 monic concerts and condr. of Wag- 
 nerverein, founder of music school, 
 which united with Scharwenka Cons. ; 
 1893 retired to Potsdam as private 
 teacher; has made arrangements of 
 Tchaikovski's Pathetique, etc., edited 
 Beethoven's sonatas, rescored Cho- 
 pin's F min. concerto, composed 
 etudes for pf ., Polonaise fantaisie, etc. 
 
 Klotz, vln.-makers, Mittenwald, Bava- 
 ria. Earliest Mathias, b, June 11, 
 1653; d. Aug. 16, 1743. Possibly pupil 
 of Stainer, and of Nicolo Amati in 
 Cremona for many years; wood of 
 his vlns. is good but often worm- 
 eaten; varnish is stiff. Son Sebas- 
 tian, b. Jan. 18, 1696; d. after 1743, 
 greatest of family; vlns. like Stain- 
 er 's, varnish thicker and better than 
 father's. His son Aegidius, 1733- 
 1805, when he took pains, one of best 
 makers of his time. Lutgendorff 
 gives 16 others of the family, mostly 
 named Sebastian, Mathias, Georg, 
 or Aegidius. 
 
 Klughardt, August [Friedrich Martin], 
 condr. b. Cothen, Nov. 30, 1847; 
 d. Dessau, Aug. 3, 1902. Studied 
 with Blassmamj and Reichel at 
 Dresden; th. condr. at Posen, 
 Liibeck, Weimar; court music direc- 
 tor at Weimar, Neustrelitz, and 
 Dessau; influenced by Liszt but not 
 extreme in following him; composed 
 4 operas, 5 symph., 2 suites, 5 over- 
 tures, chamber mus., symph. poem 
 Leonore, pf. mus. etc. 
 
 Knecht, Justin Heinrich, orgt. h. 
 Biberach, Wiirttemberg, Sept. 30, 
 1752; d. there, Dec. 1, 1817. Pro- 
 fessor of literature and music director 
 at Biberach 1771-1807; court direc- 
 tor at Stuttgart 1807-1809, when he 
 resigned because of intrigues at 
 court; rival of Abt Vbgler as orgt. 
 and theorist; wrote books on har- 
 mony, methods for org. and pf., 
 Lutkers Verdienst um Musick und 
 Poesie; of his compositions only 
 
 interesting one is Tongemalde der 
 Natur, symphony treating of same 
 subjects as Beethoven's Pastoral. 
 
 Kneisel (knf-sel), Franz, vlt. b. 
 Bucharest, Roumania, Jan. 26, 1865. 
 Son and pupil of bandmaster; pupil 
 at Bucharest Cons., and at Vienna 
 Cons, of Griin and Hellmesberger, 
 winning 1st prize; concertmaster at 
 Hofburg Th., of Bilse's Orch., Ber- 
 lin, and 1885-1903 of Boston Symph. 
 Orch.; 1902-03 condr. Worcester 
 Festivals; 1905 vln. prof, at Insti- 
 tute of Mus. Art in N. Y.; 1886 
 founded Kneisel Quartet; other 
 members have been E. Fiedler, O. 
 Roth, K. Ondricek, J. Theodorowicz, 
 J. Roentgen 2d vln.; L. Svecenski, 
 via.; F. Giese, A. Hekking, A. Schroe- 
 der, W. Willeke, 'cello; quartet has 
 accomplished much in revealing 
 beauties of chamber mus. to Ameri- 
 can audiences. 
 
 Kniese (kne'-z6), Julius, condr. b. 
 Roda, near Jena, Dec. 21, 1848; d. 
 Dresden, Apr. 22, 1905. Pupil of 
 Stade, Brendel, and Riedel; direc- 
 tor of Singakademie, Glogau, 1871- 
 76; condr. of singing society, Frank- 
 fort; director at Aix; after 1882 
 chorusmaster for festival perform- 
 ances at Bayreuth, 1889 director 
 of preparatory school for singers 
 there; composed opera, symph. poem, 
 4 books of songs.- 
 
 Knight, Joseph Philip, compr. b. Brad- 
 ford-on-Avon, July 26, 1812; d. 
 Great Yarmouth, June 1, 1887. 
 Org. pupil of Corfe; first songs pub. 
 under pseud. Philip Mortimer; 
 while Hving in U. S. 1839-41 pro- 
 duced most famous songs (Rocked 
 in the Cradle of the Deep, Why Chime 
 the Bells?); vicar and orgt. at Scilly 
 Islands; after marriage spent some 
 years abroad; composed about 200 
 songs, very popular in his day. 
 
 Knorr (knore), Julius, pf. teacher, b. 
 Leipzig, Sept. 22, 1807; d. there, 
 June 17, 1861. Student of philology 
 at Leipzig; debut Gewandhaus 1831; 
 friend of Schumann, editor of Neue 
 Zeitschrift 1834-35; introduced pre- 
 liminary technical exercises in ' pf . 
 teaching; wrote various " schools " 
 and methods, and a guide to the 
 literature of piano instruction. 
 
KOBBE 
 
 KOSSMALY 
 
 Kobbe (kob'-ba), Gustav, writer, b. 
 New York, Mar. 4, 1857. Pupil of 
 A. Hagen and Mosenthal; graduated 
 at Columbia College 1877, Law 
 School 1879; living in Morristown, 
 N. J.; frequent contributor to maga- 
 zines of articles on stage, singers, 
 and actors; published Wagner's Life, 
 My Rosary and other poems, Opera 
 Singers, The Pianolist, etc. 
 
 Kocian (kot'-si-an), Jaroslav, vlt. b. 
 Wildenschwert, Bohemia, Feb. 2, 
 1884. Father, schoolmaster, gave 
 him lessons at 3^; pupil at Prague 
 Cons, of oevclk and Dvorak; since 
 1901 has played with great success 
 in Europe and in America. 
 
 Koczalski (koshal'-ski) , Raoul Armand 
 Georg, pst., compr. b. Warsaw, Jan. 
 3, 1885. Pupil of his mother and 
 Godowsky; played as prodigy at 4 in 
 Warsaw and in subsequent years in 
 European capitals; court pst. to 
 Shah of Persia; said to have played 
 1000 times before 1896; several 
 compositions, fantasias, waltzes, etc. 
 
 Kohler (k^-ler). Christian Louis Hein- 
 rich, pst., compr. h. Brunswick, 
 Sept. 5, 1820; d. Konigsberg, Feb. 
 16, 1886. Pupil of Sechter, Sey- 
 fried. Von Booklet, etc., at Bruns- 
 wick and Vienna; director at several 
 theatres; after 1847 teacher and 
 founder of school for pf . and theory 
 at Konigsberg; contributor to Sig- 
 nale; though he composed 3 operas, 
 symph., cantata, etc., chief works are 
 didactic studies and pf. methods; he 
 develops technic in mechanical divis- 
 ions, for the fore-arm, the wrist, etc. 
 
 Kblling (k6'-ling), Carl W. P., compr. 
 b. Hamburg, Feb. 28, 1831. Com- 
 posed opera Schmetterlinge, Ham- 
 burg 1891; composed attractive pf. 
 pieces; teaching in Hamburg; came 
 to U. S. and located in Chicago. 
 
 Konnemann, Arthur, compr. b. Baden- 
 Baden, Mar. 12, 1861. PupU of 
 father (condr.) and of Krasselt; 
 condr. at several theatres; director 
 since 1887 of music school and orch. 
 soc. at Mahrisch-Ostrau; composed 
 7 operas, works for orchestra, scherzo, 
 suite, overture, etc., and songs. 
 
 Kontski, Antoine de, pst. h. Cracow, 
 Oct. 27, 1817; d. Ivanitshi, prov. of 
 Novgorod, Dec. 7, 1899. Pupil of 
 
 Markendorf at Warsaw and of Field 
 at Moscow; lived in Paris until 1851, 
 Berlin until 1853, St. Petersburg 
 untU 1867, then in London; visited 
 U. S. in 1885-86 and again on tour 
 round the world 1896-98; his playing 
 and his compositions were alike 
 delicate and brilliant but superficial; 
 3 brothers, ApoUinaire, Charies, 
 Stanislas, all vlts. 
 
 Kopylov (kopil'-off), Alexander, compr. 
 b. St. Petersburg, July 14, 1854. 
 Vocal instructor in Royal Court 
 Choir; classed by Pougin among 
 those faithful to the conventional 
 Russian school; composed symphony, 
 scherzo for orch., 2 quartets, several 
 choruses, and songs. 
 
 Korbay (korbayO, Francis Alexander, 
 
 tenor, pst. h. Pesth, May 8, 1846. 
 Pupil of Volkmann (comp.), G. Roger 
 (singing) and Liszt, his godfather, 
 (pf.); sang Budapest Nat'l Th. 1865- 
 68; toured Germany, England, and 
 America, as concert pst. until 1871, 
 where he was able to give song 
 recitals to own accomp.; taught and 
 lectured in N. Y.; 1894-1903 prof, 
 of singing Royal Acad., London, 
 where he has since lived; composed 
 Nuptiale for orch., songs, and tran- 
 scriptions of Hungarian folk-songs. 
 
 Korestchenko, Arseni Nicolaievitch, 
 
 compr. b. Moscow, Dec. 18, 1870. 
 Pupil of Taneiev and Arensky, win- 
 ner of gold medals at Moscow Cons, 
 where he now teaches counterpoint 
 and form; has composed 3 operas 
 (2 for one act, prod. Moscow 1900, 
 1902), ballet, symphonic lyrique, etc. 
 
 Koschat, Thomas, compr., hass. b. 
 Viktring, near Klagenfurt, Aug. 8, 
 1845. While studying natural 
 sciences at Vienna, joined opera 
 chorus, cathedral choir, etc.; 1871 
 wrote words in Carinthian dialect 
 and music of quartets for men's 
 voices of which he has written over 
 100 {Forsaken the best known); 
 organized Karnthner Quintet 1875; 
 composed Liederspiel Am Worthersee, 
 Singspiel, and opera. 
 
 Kossmaly (kos-ma'-li), Carl, writer. 
 b. Breslau, July 27, 1812; d. Stettin, 
 Dec. 1, 1893. Pupil of Berger, Zelter, 
 and Ivlein; th. condr. at various 
 German cities, at Stettin 1846-49; 
 
KOTZELUCH 
 
 KREHBIEL 
 
 wrote Schlesisches Tonkiinstler Lexi- 
 kon, works on Mozart, against Wag- 
 ner, and contributed often to the 
 Neue Zeitschrift, etc. 
 
 Kotzeluch (kot'-ze-look), Leopold Anton 
 [properly Leopold Antonin Kozeluh], 
 psL b. Wellwarn, Dec. 9, 1752; d. 
 Vienna, May 7, 1818. While law stu- 
 dent at Prague, composed ballet under 
 tuition of cousin Johann Anton K,, 
 which was so successful that he 
 turned to music 1771; music teacher 
 to Archduchess Elizabeth at Vienna; 
 chiefly memorable for disagreeable 
 behavior toward Mozart whom he 
 succeeded as court compr. 1792; 
 his numerous works, 25 ballets, 30 
 symph. 50 concertos, etc., are no 
 longer of interest. 
 
 Kotzschmar (kotz'-shmar), Hermann, 
 teacher, compr. b. Finsterwalde, Ger- 
 many, July 4, 1829; d. Portland, Me., 
 Apr. 15, 190S. Pupil of father on org. 
 and several wind instr., of his uncle 
 Hayne for pf. and J. Otto for comp.; 
 member of royal body-guard band 
 and of Dresden opera orch.; came 
 to America with Saxonia Band 1848; 
 orgt. in Portland, Me., after 1849; 
 condr. of choral societies; compr. of 
 church quartets, slight pf. pieces. 
 
 Kowalski (ko-val'-ski), Henri, pst. b. 
 Paris, 1841. Pupil of Marmontel 
 and Reber; gave concerts in Ger- 
 many, England, and America 1869; 
 composed an opera, produced with- 
 out success, Paris 1877, and rather 
 superficial pf. pieces; wrote A 
 tr avers V Amerique giving sarcastic 
 observations on America. 
 
 Kraus (krows), [Conrad Ferdinand 
 Hermann] Ernst, dram, tenor, b. Er- 
 langen, Bavaria, June 8, 1863. Pupil 
 of Galliera at Milan and of Schi- 
 mann-Regan at Munich; concert de- 
 but Munich 1893; opera d^but Mann- 
 heim 1893; engaged at Mannheim 
 and Berlin; came to Metropolitan, 
 N. Y. four seasons; 1901 at Bayreuth; 
 specialty, Wagner roles; now with 
 the Berlin opera. 
 
 Elrause (krow'-za), Anton, pst., condr. 
 b. Geithain, Saxony, Nt»v. 9, 1834; 
 d. Dresden, Jan. 31, 1907. Pupil of 
 Dietrich, and at Dresden of Wieck, 
 Reissiger, and Spindler; pst. debut 
 Geithain 1846; further study in 
 Leipzig Cons, under Moscheles, etc., 
 
 1850-53; condr. Leipzig Lieder- 
 tafel, director of Gesangverein at 
 Barmen 1859 to retirement 1897; 
 composed several songs, Princessin 
 Use (for declamation with pf.), and 
 very many melodious pf. studies. 
 
 Krause, Emil, pst. h. Hamburg, July 
 30, 1840. Pupil at Leipzig Cons, of 
 Hauptmann, etc.; 1860 teacher pf. 
 and theory at Hamburg; 1885 at 
 Cons.; published pf. method with 
 exercises, sonatas, variations, 3 
 cantatas, etc. 
 
 Krause, Martin, pst., teacher, b. Lob- 
 stedt, near Leipzig, June 17, 1853. 
 Studied with father, Fuchs, and at 
 Leipzig Cons, with Wenzel and 
 Reinecke; after some time spent in 
 teaching, giving successful concerts, 
 and an attack of nervous prostration, 
 became diligent disciple of Liszt 
 1883-85; with Siloti and others 
 founded 1885 Lisztverein, of which 
 K. is manager; teacher and writer in 
 Leipzig. 
 
 Krebs, Johann Ludwig, orgt. b. Buttel- 
 stadt, Thuringia, Feb. 10, 1713; d. 
 Altenburg, Jan., 1780. Pupil of fath- 
 er, orgt., and 1726-35 private pupil 
 at Leipzig Thomasschule of J. S. 
 Bach, who said K. was his best pupil; 
 orgt. at Zeitz, Zwickau, and Alten- 
 burg; works include Clavieriibungen, 
 sonatas, suites and preludes, etc. 
 
 Krebs, Mary (Brenning), pst. h. Dres- 
 den, Dec. 5, 1861; d. there,^June 27, 
 1900. Pupil of her father, Karl 
 August K. (1804-1880), pst. compr.; 
 debut Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1865; 
 up to the time of her retirement she 
 was well received in the leading 
 European musical centers. 
 
 Krehbiel (kra'-bel), Henry Edward, 
 writer, b. Ann Arbor, Mich., Mar. 
 10, 1854. Studied law at Cincinnati, 
 turned to journalism, with music as 
 specialty; mus. critic for Cincinnati 
 Gazette; editor N. Y. Mus. Review; 
 since 1880 mus. critic for N. Y. Tri- 
 bune; beside discriminating and 
 broad-minded criticism, has written 
 many magazine articles, program 
 notes for N. Y. concerts, and several 
 books: first, historical records, such 
 as Notes on Choral Mus. and Oratorio 
 Soc. of N. Y., Review of N. Y. Mus. 
 Seasons 1885-90, The Philharmonic 
 
KREISLER 
 
 KROGMANN 
 
 Society of N. Y., etc.; 2dly, aids 
 to students, How to Listen to Music, 
 transl. of Technics of vln. playing, 
 etc.; 3dly, more humanistic, Music 
 and manners in the ISth century; 
 Chapters of Opera; American con- 
 tributor to Grove's Dictionary. 
 
 Kreisler (kris'-ler) , Fritz, vlt. b. Vienna, 
 Feb. 2, 1875. Pupil of Hellmesberger 
 at Vienna Conservatory and of 
 Massart and Delibes at Paris Cons., 
 winning 1st prize 1887; after success- 
 ful tour in America with Rosenthal 
 1888-1889, studied medicine, art, 
 military science; resumed vln. with- 
 out briUiant success at first, but 
 at debut Berlin 1899 and on tour 
 in America 1900-1901 with Hofmann 
 and Gerardy, established position as 
 leading vlt.; playing is remarkably 
 vital and broad, and his programs 
 varied; has arranged many of the 
 early violin classics. 
 
 Kretschmer (kret'-shmer), Edmund, 
 compr. b. Ostritz, Saxony, Aug. 31, 
 1830; d. Dresden, Sept. 13, 1908. 
 Studied with J. [Otto and Joh. Schnei- 
 der at Dresden; 1863-97 court orgt.; 
 founder and condr. of Cacilia Singing 
 Soc; compr. of operas, Die Folkunger 
 and Heinrich der Lowe. 
 
 Kretzschmar (kretz'-shmar), August 
 Ferdinand Hermann, writer. b. 
 Olbernhau, Jan. 19, 1848. Pupil 
 of J. Otto at Dresden and of Richter, 
 Paul, etc., at Leipzig Cons.; 1871 
 Ph.D. with dissertation on Guido 
 d'Arezzo, and teacher of org. and 
 harm, at Cons.; condr. of several 
 societies in Leipzig, mus. director in 
 various towns, 1887 music director of 
 Leipzig Univ., condr. Riedel-Verein, 
 organizer of Academic Orch. Con- 
 certs; retired from conducting 1898; 
 dir. Royal High School for Music, 
 Berlin, 1909; valuable contributions 
 to periodicals, published lectures 
 on Cornelius, etc., and Fiihrer durch 
 den Concertsaal, 3 vols., analyses of 
 musical works. 
 
 Kreutzer (kroit'-zer), Conradin, compr. 
 b. Messkirch, Baden, Nov. 22, 1780; 
 d. Riga, Dec. 14, 1849. Studied 
 with Rieger and Weihrauch; medical 
 student 1799-1800; after production 
 of 1st opera at Freiburg, spent 5 
 years in Switzerland as pst. and 
 singer; 1804-1811 at Vienna, 2 yrs. 
 
 pupil of Albrechtsberger; capellmeis- 
 ter Stuttgart 1812; to Prince von 
 Furstenberg 1817-1822, at Leipzig 
 theatres intermittently 1825-40, at 
 City Th. Cologne 1840-46; there- 
 after in Vienna. Of his 30 operas 
 only Das Nachtlager in Granada, 
 Der Verschwender, Jery und Bdtely 
 have survived; of other works some 
 choruses are noteworthy {Die Kapelle, 
 etc.). 
 Kreutzer, Rodolphe, vlt. h. Versailles, 
 Nov. 16, 1766; d. Geneva, Jan. 6, 
 1831. Pupil of father, vlt. in the 
 court orchestra and of Stamitz; at 
 16 father's successor, 1790 solo vlt. 
 at Th. Italien where he produced 1st 
 opera; Lodoiska, best of his 40 operas, 
 prod. 1791; prof, of vln. at Cons. 
 1795; 1797 tour through Holland, 
 Germany, and Italy; 1798 at Vienna, 
 where he probably met Beethoven, 
 who dedicated to him vln. sonata, 
 Op. 47 (called Kreutzer sonata); on 
 return to Paris, wrote famous vln. 
 method, with Rode and Baillot; 1801 
 solo vlt., 1816 2d condr., 1817 1st 
 condr. at Opera; chamber musician 
 to Napoleon and to Louis XVIII; 
 retired 1825, embittered by loss of 
 influence; composed 15 quartets, 19 
 concertos, and many other works for 
 vln., of which 40 Etudes ou caprices is 
 universally recognized as invaluable. 
 
 Kroeger (kr6'-ger), Ernest Richard, 
 
 compr. b. St. Louis, Aug. 10, 1862. 
 Study of pf. and vln. began early, 
 but until 23 music was secondary 
 interest; his training has all been in 
 America; has been orgt., condr., head 
 of a college of mus., chief of Bureau 
 of Mus. for St. Louis Exposition of 
 1904; composed symph., symph. 
 poem Sardanapalu^ given by Seidl, 
 overture Hiawatha with genuine 
 Indian themes, given by Thomas 
 Orch., overture Thanatopsis, 
 Masque of Florentines, Ten Ameri- 
 can Sketches, for piano, some cham- 
 ber mus., and many pf. pieces, and 
 Bongs. 
 Krogmann, C. W., compr. h. Danvers, 
 Mass. Lived in Boston since third 
 year of age; mother was an organist 
 and other members of the family 
 were cultivated musical amateurs; 
 graduated from Boston High School; 
 musical education carried on under 
 mother and Henry Koerber, of 
 
KRUG 
 
 KUHNAU 
 
 Boston; began writing music at the 
 age of twelve, but published nothing 
 until 1896; compositions include 
 about 300 different pieces for piano 
 and voice, many of them having 
 marked educational value as well as 
 vogue among teachers. 
 
 Krug (kroog), Arnold, compr. b. Ham- 
 burg, Oct. 16, 1849; d. there, Aug. 
 4, 1904. Pupil of father, Gurlitt, 
 Reinecke; winning Mozart scholar- 
 ship 1869, studied with Kiel and 
 Frank in Berlin; pf. teacher at Stern 
 Cons., Meyerbeer scholarship en- 
 abled him to study in France and 
 Italy; 1878 organizer of Gesang- 
 verein at Hamburg, teacher at Cons, 
 after 1885, condr. of Altona Singakad- 
 emie; compr. of symph., overture 
 Otello, suite, choral works (Sigurd, 
 Nomadenzug, etc.), and excellent pf. 
 music. 
 
 Kruse (kroo'-za), Johann Secundus, 
 vlt. b. Melbourne, Mar. 23, 1859. 
 Appeared in public at 9; pupil of 
 Joachim at Berlin Hochschule, where 
 he later taught; 1882 solo vlt. and 
 sub-condr. Berlin Philharmonic; 
 1891 leader Bremen PhUh.; 1892-97 
 member of Joachim Quartet; 1897 
 in London founded quartet, 1902- 
 1904 organized several important con- 
 certs, revived Saturdaj'- Popular, etc. 
 
 KubeUk (ku'-be-lik), Jan, vlt. h. 
 Michle, near Prague, July 5, 1880. 
 Excellently taught by father, a gar- 
 dener, 1892-98 at Prague Cons, as 
 pupil of Sevcik; debut 1898 at Vienna 
 triumphant success; prolonged tour 
 on Continent; phenomenal success in 
 London at Richter concert, June 
 1900, led to season in which he cap- 
 tured all the musical and social 
 honors; American tour 1901-02, and 
 1902-03, though widely advertised, 
 did not attain the same success; 
 called a modern Paganini. K's 
 playing is most remarkable in pas- 
 sages of difficult technic, rather 
 than in those of emotional beauty. 
 
 Kiicken (kii'-ken), Friedrich Wilhelm, 
 
 compr. h. Bleckede, Hanover, Nov. 
 16, 1810; d. Schwerin, Apr. 3, 1882. 
 Son of peasant; pupil of brother-in- 
 law Liihrss and Aron; member of 
 Duke's orch.; in Berlin 1832, studied 
 under Birnbach; 1841 in Vienna 
 under Sechter; 1843^6 in Paris 
 
 under Halevy; 1851-61 capellmeister 
 at Stuttgart; 1861 resigned; pro- 
 duced several operas, but is chiefly 
 known as compr. of very popular 
 songs (Ach war's moglich dann, The 
 Swallows, etc.). 
 
 Kufiferath (kuf'-fer-at), Hubert Ferdi- 
 nand, y>s^. b.Muhlheim,Junell,1818; 
 d. Brussels, June 23, 1896. Pupil of 
 brothers Johann Hermann K. (1797- 
 1864) and Louis K. (1811-1882) and 
 of Hartmann, David, and Mendels- 
 sohn; condr. male chorus at Cologne 
 1841-44; teacher of royal family in 
 Brussels; after 1871 prof, counter- 
 point and fugue at Cons.; wrote 
 symphonies, concertos, and other pf. 
 music and Praktische Chorschule; son 
 Maurice (b. Jan. 8, 1852), able writer, 
 editor of Guide Musical. 
 
 Kuhe (koo'-6), Wilhelm, pst. b. Prague, 
 Dec. 10, 1823. Studied with Proksch, 
 Tomaschek, and Thalberg; settled in 
 London 1845; promoter of annual 
 Brighton Festivals 1870-82; 1886- 
 1904 prof, at Royal Academy; com- 
 posed graceful pf . music, operatic 
 fantasias, etc.; published RecoUcc- 
 Lions, 1896; d. London, Oct. 8, 1912. 
 
 Kuhlau (koo'-lou), Friedrich [Daniel 
 Rodolph], compr. b. tJlzen, Han- 
 over, Sept. 11, 1786; d. Copenhagen, 
 Mar. 12, 1832. Taught harmony 
 by Schwenke at Hamburg; went to 
 Copenhagen 1810 to escape conscrip- 
 tion; taught pf. and theory, was 
 royal chamber musician, court com- 
 poser; produced popular operas, 
 music to Heiberg's Elverhoe, pf. 
 concertos, sonatas, and sonatinas 
 which are still much admired and 
 valuable, especially for beginners. 
 
 Kuhnau (koo'-nou), Johann, compr. 
 h. Geising, Saxony, Apr. 6, 1660; 
 d. Leipzig, June 5, 1722. Pupil of 
 Hering and Albrici at Dresden 
 Kreuzschule; oantor at Zittau; 1682 
 went to Leipzig, where he was orgt. 
 at St. Thomas's; 1701 mus. dir. of 
 Univ., and cantor, preceding Bach; 
 wrote books on musical theory, 
 motets, etc.; greatest clavier compr. 
 before Bach; memorable as first 
 compr. of sonata as a piece in several 
 movements, not collection of dance 
 tunes; his Biblische Historien nebst 
 Auslegung in seeks Sonaten also 
 early example of program music. 
 
KULLAK 
 
 LACHNER 
 
 Kullak (kooF-lak), Theodore, pst., 
 teacher, b. Krotoschin, Posen, Sept. 
 12, 1818; d. Berlin, Mar. 1, 1882. 
 Student of medicine, and at same 
 time of music with Agthe and Dehn; 
 later studied in Vienna with Czerny, 
 Sechter, and Nicolai; 1846 court pst. 
 in Berlin; 1850 with Stern and Marx 
 founded Berlin Cons., later Stern 
 Cons.; 1855 founded own school, 
 where many famous pupils (Schar- 
 wenkas, Sherwood, JViees, Stern- 
 berg, etc.) were trained; composed 
 much effective pf. music and valu- 
 able instructive works, notably School 
 of octave-playing. Son Franz, teacher. 
 b. Berlin, Apr. 12, 1844. Studied 
 with father, Wieprecht, and Liszt; 
 1867 taught pf . and orch. in father's 
 academy, which he directed from 1882 
 until its closing in 1890. 
 
 Kunkel, Charles, compr., pst., teacher. 
 b. Sippersfeld, Germany, July 22, 
 1840. Early study directed by his 
 father (who came to the U. S. in 
 1848), later he was a pupil of Gott- 
 schalk and Thalberg; with his brother 
 Jacob, he won special recognition 
 for ensemble playing; located at St. 
 Louis, Mo. where he still lives (1914); 
 his list of compositions is a large one; 
 probably the best-known piece is his 
 Alpine Storm; wrote also under the 
 nom de plume Carl Sidus; at the 
 
 death of his brother in 1882, he 
 became head of the publishing busi- 
 ness of Kunkel Bros, and editor of 
 Kunkel' s Musical Review; author 
 of Royal Piano Method. 
 
 Kunkel, Jacob, pst., compr., pub. b. 
 Kleiniedsheim, Germany, Oct. 22, 
 1846; d. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 16, 1882. 
 Musical education mainly directed 
 by his brother Charles; founder of 
 publishing house of Kunkel Bros., 
 St. Louis, and of Kunkel' s Musical 
 Review; composed drawing-room 
 pieces which had considerable popu- 
 larity. 
 
 Ktmz (koonts), Conrad Max, compr. 
 b. Schwandorf, Dec. 30, 1812; d. 
 Munich, Aug. 3, 1875. Studied with 
 Stuntz at Munich; founded with 
 others and conducted Munich Lied- 
 ertafel; composed many very popular 
 vocal quartets, and 200 Canons for 
 pf., short technical studies. 
 
 Kwast (kvast), James, pst. h. Nijkerk, 
 Holland, Nov. 23, 1852. Taught by 
 father, by Bohme, at Leipzig Cons, 
 by Reinecke, Richter, etc., at Berlin 
 by Kullak and Wuerst, and at Brus- 
 sels by Brassin and Gevaert; 1874 
 teacher at Cologne Cons., 1883 at 
 Hoch Cons., Frankfort; composed 
 concerto, trio, and other pf . mus. 
 
 Labitzky (la-bit'-ski), Joseph, compr. 
 b. Schonfeld, Bohemia, July 4, 1802; 
 d. Carlsbad, Aug. 18, 1881. Pupil 
 of Veit at Petschau; 1st vln. Marien- 
 bad orch. 1820, of Carlsbad orch. 
 1821; toured S. Germany with own 
 orch.; after study with Winter in 
 Munich, leader of Carlsbad orch. 
 1835, and later went with this band 
 to England, Russia, etc.; composed 
 dance music in style of Strauss. Sons 
 August (1832-1903), coridr., associate 
 director with father, and Wilhelm, 
 vlt., lived in Canada. 
 
 Lablache (la-blash), Luigi, bass, b, 
 Naples, Dec. 6, 1794; d. there, Jan. 
 23, 1858. Pupil of Valesi at Cons, 
 della Piet^ de'Turchini; 1818 d^but 
 at San Carlino Th., Naples; married 
 Teresa Pinotti; appeared at Messina, 
 
 Palermo, Milan 1817-22, Venice, 
 Vienna, finally Paris, and London 
 1830, after which he was recognized 
 as greatest bass of time; sang con- 
 tinually in Paris and London until 
 retirement in 1856. Voice remark- 
 able for range of 2 octaves (Eb to 
 e'b), for flexibility, volume, and bell- 
 like quality; though of enormous 
 bulk, was admirable actor; greatest 
 part Leporello in Don Giovanni. 
 
 Lachner (lak'-ner), Franz, compr. b. 
 Rain, Upper Bavaria, Apr. 2, 1803; 
 d. Munich, Jan. 20, 1890. Pupil of 
 father, orgt., of Ett in Munich, and 
 of Stadler, Sechter, and Weigl in 
 Vienna, earning his living mean- 
 while as orgt. and vlt. ; intimate with 
 Schubert, acquainted with Beetho- 
 ven; capellmeister at Vienna, and 
 
LACK 
 
 LAMOTHE 
 
 founder of Philh. concerts, capellm. 
 at Mannheim 1834, at Munich 1836, 
 general court director there until 
 retirement 1862; wrote 4 operas, 
 8 orch. suites, 8 symph., etc. Bro- 
 thers Ignaz, condr., compr. (1807- 
 1895) and Vincenz, compr. b. Rain, 
 July 19, 1811; d. Carlsruhe, Jan. 22, 
 1893. Studied with father and with 
 brothers; succeeded Ignaz as orgt. 
 at Vienna 1831 and Franz as court 
 capellm. Mannheim. 1836-1873; 
 condr. of German opera London 
 1842, opera in Frankfort 1848; lived 
 in Carlsruhe after 1873, taught in 
 Cons, after 1884; composed popular 
 part-songs (Alt Heidelberg, etc.). 
 
 Lack (lak), [Marie] Theodore, pst., 
 compr. h. Quimper, Finistere, 
 France, Sept. 3, 1846. Studied at 
 Paris Cons, with Bazin and Mar- 
 montel; since 1863 teaching in Paris; 
 officer of Acad. 1881, of public in- 
 struction 1887; published large num- 
 ber of educational and technical 
 works of all degrees of difficulty, and 
 salon pieces noteworthy for charm 
 of melody and individuality. 
 
 Lacombe (la-konbe'), Louis [pseud, of 
 L. Trouillon], compr. b. Bourges, 
 Nov. 26, 1818; d. St. Vaast-la- 
 Hougue, Sept. 30, 1884. Studied at 
 Paris Cons, with Zimmermann; 1st 
 prize 1831; 1832 tour as pst.; 1834-39 
 in Vienna, pupil of Czerny, Seyfried, 
 etc.; after 1839 in Paris, teaching, 
 composing popular pf. music, 3 
 operas (La Madone only prod, during 
 his life), prize melodrama with 
 choruses Sapho, 2 dram, symph. 
 (Manfred, Arva), etc.; wrote essay 
 on Philosophie et musique. 
 
 Lacome (la-com'), Paul [properly Paul 
 Jean Jacques Lacome de TEstalenz], 
 
 compr. b. Houga, Gers, France, Mar. 
 4, 1838. After study in native place, 
 came to Paris where his operetta 
 won prize; composed several popular 
 operettas (La m^arechale Chaudron, 
 Les quatrefillesAymon, etc.), works for 
 wind instruments, pf. trio, org. mus. 
 and songs (notably Estudiantina). 
 
 Lafont (la-fon), Charles Philippe, vlt. 
 b. Paris, Dec. 1, 1781; d. near Bag- 
 neres-de-Bigorre, Aug. 14, 1839. 
 Studied with uncle Bertheaume, 
 Kreutzer, and Rode; after many 
 concert tours, chamber musician at 
 
 St. Petersburg 1808; court vlt. in 
 Paris 1815; 1816 contest with 
 Paganini at Milan; 1831-39 long 
 tour with pst. Herz; composed 7 
 vln. concertos, about 200 vocal 
 romances, 2 comic operas, etc. 
 
 Lalo (la-lo), Edouard [Victor Antoine], 
 
 compr. b. Lille, Jan. 27, 1823; d. 
 Paris, Apr. 22, 1892. Vln. pupil at 
 Lille Cons, of Baumann; 1st in Paris 
 in Armingaud-Jacquard quartet; 
 composed operas Fiesque (never per- 
 formed), La jacquerie (finished by 
 Coquard, perf. 1895), Le roi d' Ys 
 (1888, most notable for power and 
 characterization); 2 vln. concertos 
 (especially Symph. espagnole for vln. 
 and orch.). Rhapsodic norvegienne, 
 etc. ; ballet Namouna from which two 
 orch. suites were arranged; notable 
 especially for orchestration of delicate 
 and picturesque originality. 
 
 Lambert, Alexander, pst. h. Warsaw, 
 Nov. 1, 1862. Pupil of father Henry, 
 at Vienna Cons, of Epstein, at Berlin 
 of Urban in comp.; after concerts in 
 New York 1881, in Germany and 
 Russia, pupil for few months of 
 Liszt; came to America 1884; gave 
 concerts until 1892; 1888 director 
 N. Y. Coll. of Mus.; compositions 
 for pf. and technical works. 
 
 Lambillotte (lan-bi-yof), Louis, writer, 
 compr. b. Charleroi, Hainault, Mar. 
 27, 1797; d. Vaugirard, Feb. 27, 1855. 
 Orgt. at Charleroi and Dinant; mas- 
 ter of chapel of St. Acheul at Jesuit 
 Seminary; became Jesuit 1825; com- 
 posed 4 masses and other church 
 music; published Antiphonaire de 
 St. Gall with notes, and essays on 
 plain song. 
 
 Lamond', Frederick A., pst. h. Glas- 
 gow, Jan. 28, 1868. Pupil of brother 
 David; orgt. at Laurieston; studied 
 at Raff Cons., Frankfort, with 
 Max Schwarz, etc., then with Von 
 Billow and Liszt; debut Berlin 1885; 
 Glasgow and London 1886; Russia 
 1896, Paris 1899, U. S. 1902; es- 
 pecially distinguished as player of 
 Beethoven; gives recitals entirely of 
 B's sonatas. 
 
 Lamothe (la-mot), Georges, compr. b. 
 1837; d. Courbevoie, near Paris, Oct. 
 15, 1894. Skilful organist; compr. 
 of popular dance music. 
 
LAMOUREUX 
 
 LANNER 
 
 Lamoureux (la-mo-r^), Charles, condr. 
 b. Bordeaux, Sept. 21, 1834; d. Paris, 
 Dec. 21, 1899. Studied at Paris 
 Cons, with Girard, etc., winning 1st 
 prize 1854; solo vlt. at Th. Gymnase, 
 then at Op6ra; with Colonne, Adam, 
 and Pilet founded society for cham- 
 ber music 1860; founded Soc. de 
 I'harmonie sacree 1873, which gave 
 excellent performances of old and 
 new oratorios; sub-condr. Concerts 
 du Cons. 1872-77; condr. of Opera 
 Comique 1876-77; of Opera 1877-79; 
 founded 1881 Nouveaux Concerts, 
 known as Lamoureux Concerts, 
 especially important for presentation 
 of many works of new French school 
 and contemporary Germans; 1887 
 managed 1st perf. of Lohengrin in 
 Paris. 
 
 Lamperti (lam-par'-ti), Francesco, 
 singing teacher, b. Savona, Italy, 
 Mar. 11, 1813; d. Como, May 1, 1892. 
 Studied at Milan Cons., where he 
 taught 1850-75; then gave private 
 lessons; published books and exer- 
 cises on singing; followed old Italian 
 method, aiming at pure tone pro- 
 duction; among many famous pupils 
 are Albani, Sembrich, Campanini, 
 Cruvelli, Artot, Wm. Shakespeare. 
 His son, Giovanni Baptista L., also 
 singing teacher, h. 1840; d. Berlin, 
 March 18, 1910. Known as the 
 " Younger Lamperti," and an expon- 
 ent of his father's methods. Taught 
 first in Milan, then in Paris, and later 
 in Dresden; Sembrich one of his 
 pupils; wrote solfeggi and vocalises, 
 and The Technics of Bel Canto, origi- 
 nally in German, translated into 
 English 1905. 
 
 Landowska (lan-dof'-ska), Wanda, pst., 
 harpsichord player, b. Warsaw, 1877. 
 Pupil of Michalowski at Conserva- 
 tory and of Urban and Moszko wski ; 
 has pla,yed much in European cities, 
 specializing on the harpsichord; lives 
 in Paris, author of Bach et ses inter- 
 pretes (1906) and La musique an- 
 cienne (1908). 
 
 Lang, Benjamin Johnson, pst., condr. 
 b. Salem, Mass., Dec. 28, 1837; d. 
 Boston, Apr. 3, 1909. Studied with 
 his father, F. G. Hill, Jaell, Satter, 
 and Liszt (1885); orgt. in Boston at 
 Old South Church and King's 
 Chapel, and for Handel and Haydn 
 Soc. 25 years; condr. of H. and H. 
 
 Soc. 1895-96, of Apollo Club 1868- 
 1901, of Cecilia Society 1874-1907, 
 of Chickering Production Concerts 
 1904; teacher of Apthorp, Foote, 
 Nevin, etc.; of great importance to 
 musical life in Boston as organizer 
 of these societies and as condr. of 
 important and new works (from 
 Bach's B minor Ma^s to Elgar's 
 Gerontius) and as organizer of special 
 productions such as concert per- 
 formances of Parsifal 1891 and 1903; 
 at his best as choral condr. and in 
 executive accomplishment. His 
 daughter Margaret Ruthven, compr. 
 h. Boston, Nov. 27, 1867. Studied 
 with father, and, in Munich, vln, 
 with Drechsler and Abel, comp. with 
 Gluth in Munich and Chadwick in 
 Boston; composed 2 overtures, arias 
 with orch., performed by American 
 orchestras, but is most successful in 
 smaller works for pf . and songs, many 
 of which have been published. 
 
 Lange (iang'-a), Gustav, compr. b. 
 Schwerstedt, near Erfurt, Aug. 13, 
 1830; d. Wernigerode, July 19, 1889. 
 Studied with A. W, Bach, Grell, and 
 Loeschhorn; composed several hun- 
 dred effective pf . pieces, which have 
 been very popular. 
 
 Langey (lang'-e), Otto, 'cellist. b. 
 Leichholz, Oct. 20, 1851. Studied 
 with Specht, Ullrich, Cabisius, and 
 Fritze; 1877 played in London under 
 Halle and Richter; directed operas 
 and concerts; since 1889 teaching in 
 N. Y.; issues Langey Tutors, special 
 studies for different orch. instru- 
 ments. 
 
 Langhans (lang'-hans), Friedrich Wil- 
 helm, writer, b. Hamburg, Sept. 21, 
 1832; d. Berlin, June 9, 1892. Pupil 
 of David and Richter at Leipzig 
 Cons, and of Alard at Paris; vlt. at 
 Leipzig Gewandhaus; after liying in 
 several cities, settled in Berhn 1871; 
 teacher of hist, of mus. at Kullak's 
 Cons. 1874, at Scharwenka Cons. 
 1881; composed unimportant vln. 
 music, wrote valuable hist, works, 
 chiefly Geschichte' der Musik des 17, 
 18, und 19 Jahrhunderts, as continua- 
 tion of Ambros's history. 
 
 Lanner, Joseph [Franz Karl], compr. 
 h. Oberdobling, near Vienna, Apr. 
 12, 1801; d. there, Apr. 14, 1843. 
 Self-taught in vln. and comp.; led 
 
LARA 
 
 quartet in which Joh. Strauss played 
 viola; organized orch. for which he 
 composed dance music and with 
 which he gave concerts in Austria; 
 alternately with Strauss condr. at 
 court balls; originated modern Vien- 
 nese waltz; his dance music deser- 
 vedly popular in his day, full of 
 national gaiety and personal charm. 
 
 Lara (la'-ra), Isidore de, compr. b. 
 London, Aug. 9, 1858. Real name 
 said to be Cohen; studied at Milan 
 Cons, winning 1st prize for comp. 
 at 17; composed love songs which 
 won great drawing-room popularity; 
 after 1892 known as opera compr., 
 chiefly of Messaline which had suc- 
 cess at Monte Carlo and London 
 1899, and New York 1902, with Calve 
 in leading role. 
 
 Lassen (las'-sen), Eduard, compr. b. 
 Copenhagen, Apr. 13, 1830; d. 
 Weimar, Jan. 15, 1904. Moved to 
 Brussels at 2; studied at Cons, there, 
 winning Prix de Rome 1851; 1857 
 Liszt brought about production of 
 his opera in Weimar; Lassen suc- 
 ceeded Liszt as court capellmeister 
 1861-95; produced Tristan und 
 Isolde 1874, first time outside Munich; 
 composed 2 other operas, 2 sympho- 
 nies, music to several plays, notably 
 to Goethe's Faust, Te Deum, etc. 
 
 Lasso, Orlando di [Roland de Lattre, 
 Orlandus Lassus], compr. b. Mons, 
 Hainault, 1532; d. Munich, June 14, 
 1594 [other dates are b. 1520 or 1530; 
 d. 1595]. As boy chorister at Mons 
 said to have been thrice kidnapped 
 because of beautiful voice; visited 
 Sicily, Milan, Naples, Rome, where 
 he was director of mus. at St. John 
 Lateran 1541 or 1551; visited Eng- 
 land about 1554; then settled in 
 Antwerp until 1556 or '57, when he 
 became director of chamber mus. for 
 Duke of Bavaria; remained at 
 Munich until death, except for 
 visits to Italy and France (to court 
 of Charles IX, 1571). Composed 
 about 1600 sacred pieces and 800 
 secular ones; his sons published 
 Magnum, opv^s musicum (motets and 
 madrigals) in 1604; complete edi- 
 tion under editorship of Haberl and 
 Sandberger for Breitkopf and Hartel, 
 begun 1894, will fill 60 volumes; 
 Seven Penitential Psalms possibly 
 
 LAVOIX 
 
 most famous work; " genius towered 
 above that of all his contemporaries 
 except Palestrina; L. exhibited the 
 greater breadth and fertility, though 
 he was not as essentially ideal in 
 purely ritual music; his warmth of 
 human sympathy made his impress 
 upon progress wider." [Pratt.] 
 
 Laub (loub), Ferdinand, vlt. b. Prague, 
 Jan. 19, 1832; d. Gries, Tyrol, Mar. 
 17, 1875. Studied with Mildner 
 at Prague Cons.; played in pubhc 
 regularly after age of 9; went to 
 Vienna, Paris, and London; concert- 
 master at Weimar 1853; at Berlin, 
 concertmaster of court orch., leader 
 of quartet, teacher at Stern Cons.; 
 at Moscow 1866-74, prof, at Cons., 
 1st vln. in Musikgesellschaft; re- 
 markable for powerful playing of 
 large repertoire; composed solo pieces, 
 well-known Polonaise, etc. 
 
 Lavallee (la-val-la), Calixa, pst. b. 
 Vercheres, Canada, Dec. 28, 1842; 
 d. Boston, Mass., Jan. 21, 1891. 
 Pupil of father, of Marmontel and 
 Bazin at Paris Cons.; debut at 10; 
 solo pst. with Gerster's first Ameri- 
 can tour; settled in Boston; promi- 
 nent in Mus. Teachers' Nat'l Ass'n; 
 gave recitals of American composers' 
 works; composed 2 operas, oratorio, 
 symph., and many smaller works; 
 best known pf. piece The Butterfly. 
 
 Lavignac (la-vi-nyak), [Alexandre Jean] 
 Albert, writer, h. Paris, Jan. 22, 
 1846. Carried off many prizes as 
 pupil at Paris Cons., where he be- 
 came teacher of solfeggio 1881, and 
 prof, of harmony 1891; valuable 
 works on solfeggio and on musical 
 dictation; widely known for La 
 mu^sique et les mu^sidens, of which it 
 has been said that it is the one book 
 for a student to own if he can have 
 but one, and for Voyage artistique 
 a Bayreuth (transl. as The Music 
 Dramas of R. Wagner) one of best 
 thematic and literary guides to the 
 operas of Wagner; M vesical Education 
 (1902), Les gaietes du Conservatoire; 
 associate editor Dictionnaire encyclo- 
 pedique, to be issued by Conservatory 
 at Paris. 
 
 Lavoix (la-vo-a), Henri Marie Francois, 
 writer, b. Paris, Apr. 26, 1846; d. 
 there, Dec. 27, 1897. Called "L. fils" 
 to distinguish from father, custodian 
 
LAWES 
 
 LEGRENZl 
 
 of numismatics at Paris Nat'l Li- 
 brary; grad. Paris Univ.; studied 
 harm, and counterpoint with Cohen; 
 librarian Nat'l Library after 1865; 
 contributor to Revue et gazette musi- 
 cole; author of Les traducteurs 
 de Shakespeare en musique, and his- 
 . torical works, especially Histoire 
 de V instrumentation, and Histoire 
 de la musique. 
 
 Lawes, Henry, compr. h. Dinton, near 
 Salisbury, Dec, 1595; d. London, 
 Oct. 21, 1662. Pupil of Coperario; 
 1625 epistler and gentleman of Chap- 
 el Royal; music teacher in family of 
 Earl of Bridgewater; reinstated in 
 all positions at Restoration 1660; 
 wrote music for Milton's Comu^ and 
 other masques, paraphrases on the 
 psalms, and Ayres and Dialogues for 
 1, 2, and 3 voices; admired by con- 
 temporaries as singer as well as 
 compr. 
 
 Lazarus, Henry, clarinet player, h. 
 London, Jan. 1, 1815; d. there, Mar. 
 6, 1895. Pupil of Blizard and Chas. 
 Godfrey, Sr.; debut 1838; 2d clar. 
 at Sacred Harmonic Concerts; 1840, 
 on death of Wniman, 1st clar. there, 
 at opera, and at important concerts 
 and festivals; prof, at Royal Acad, 
 and at Military School of Music; re- 
 tired 1891; composed clar. pieces. 
 
 Lebert (la'-bert), Siegmund [pseud, of 
 S. Levy], teacher, b. Ludwigsburg, 
 Dec. 12, 1822; d. Stuttgart, Dec. 8, 
 1884. Studied at Prague Cons, with 
 Tomaschek, D. Weber, and Proksch; 
 taught in Munich; 1856-57 with 
 Faisst, Stark, Brachmann, and Spei- 
 del founded Stuttgart Cons.; pub- 
 lished, with Stark, Grosse Klavier- 
 schvle, edited classic pf. works; had 
 many famous pupils, but method is 
 no longer in favor. 
 
 Lebrun (le-bran), Paul Henri Joseph, 
 compr. b. Ghent, Apr. 21, 1861. 
 Pupil at Ghent Cons, of A. Samuel 
 and Ch. Miry; Prix de Rome 1891; 
 succeeded Miry as teacher of theory 
 at Ghent; director of Orph^on at 
 Cambrai, and of Cercle artistique; 
 composed opera La fiancSe d'Abydos, 
 prize symph. and other orchestral 
 works, choruses, etc. 
 
 Leclair (16-klar), Jean Marie, vU. h. 
 Paris, May 10, 1697; d. there, Oct. 
 22, 1764. Ballet dancer at Rouen; 
 
 balletmaster at Turin; Somis, at- 
 tracted by his compositions, induced 
 him to study vln.; in Paris after 1729 
 obtained insignificant post at opera 
 and royal orch.; after 1736 private 
 teacher and compr.; murdered, for 
 no discovered reason; compositions, 
 notably 48 sonatas for vln., are of 
 great value, equaling in originality 
 and charm and exceeding in diffi- 
 culty most contemporary works. 
 
 Lecocq (le-kok'), Alexandre Charles, 
 compr. h. Paris, June 3, 1832. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons, of Bazin and 
 Halevy, winning 2 prizes; 1857, with 
 Bizet, won prize offered by Offen- 
 bach for opera buffa; after repeated 
 failures, period as teacher and orgt., 
 won success with Fleur de the 1868, 
 closely followed by La fille de Mme. 
 Angot and Girofle-Girofla; com- 
 posed over 40 comic operas in style 
 of Offenbach, skilful but never deep 
 in construction, full of delightful 
 gaiety and spirit. 
 
 Le Couppey (le-ko-pa), Felix, pst. h. 
 Paris, Apr. 14, 1811; d. there, July 
 5, 1887. Studied at Paris Cons, 
 with Dourlen; asst. teacher there 
 1828, prof. 1843, substitute for Herz 
 1848; wrote instruction books for 
 pf. A B C du piano, Ecole du mecan- 
 isme, De V enseignement du piano 
 (Advice to Young Teachers). 
 
 Lefebure-Wely (le-fa-bur-va'-li), Louis 
 James Alfred, orgt. b. Paris, Nov. 
 13, 1817; d. there, Dec. 31, 1869. 
 PupU of father, orgt. at St. Roch, 
 and successor at 14; pupil at Paris 
 Cons, of Benoist for org., Berton 
 and Halevy for comp., and privately 
 of Adam and Sejan; orgt. at Made- 
 leine 1847-58, at St. Sulpice 1863- 
 69; remarkable orgt., especially for 
 original improvisations; compr. of 
 almost all styles, notably of fan- 
 tasias-for org., offertories, an O Salu- 
 taris, etc.; notable player on and 
 compr. for harmonium. 
 
 Legrenzi (le-grent-zi), Giovanni, compr. 
 h. Clusone, near Bergamo, about 
 1625; d. Venice, May 26, 1690. 
 Pupil of Pallavicino; orgt. at Ber- 
 gamo, maestro di cappella at Ferrara, 
 director Cons, dei mendicant! at 
 Venice, later maestro at St. Mark's, 
 where he reorganized and enlarged 
 orch.; composed operas, motets, and 
 
LEHMANN 
 
 LEMOINE 
 
 instrumental music of various kinds; 
 strengthened orch. accompaniment, 
 composed early chamber music, es- 
 pecially vln. sonatas. 
 
 Lehmann, Amelia, see under Leh- 
 mann, Liza. 
 
 Lelunann (la'-man), George, vlt. b. 
 New York, July 31, 1865. Studied 
 at Leipzig Cons, with Schradieck, 
 Hermann, Jadassohn, etc., and at 
 Berlin with Joachim; traveled as 
 soloist and leader of quartet; leader 
 Cleveland orch. 1886-89; teaching in 
 N. Y.; 1907 in Berlin; critic for 
 Musical America, etc. ; author of True 
 Principles of Art of Violin Playing. 
 
 Lehmann, Lilli, dram. sop. h. Wtirz- 
 burg, May 15, 1848. Pupil of 
 mother Marie, prima donna at 
 Kassel; debut at Prague; engaged at 
 Danzig, Leipzig 1870, and life en- 
 gagement at Berlin Opera 1876; 
 sang Bayreuth 1876; appeared Lon- 
 don in 1880 and successive seasons; 
 broke Berlin contract to stay in 
 America where she sang 1885-92; 
 after illness reappeared at Bayreuth 
 1896; has since then sung in Amer- 
 ica; married Paul Kalisch, tenor, 
 188S; great dramatic artist, espe- 
 cially in Wagner operas; published 
 Meine Gesangskunst, 1902. 
 
 Lehmann, Liza [real name Elizabetta 
 Nina Mary Frederika], compr. b. 
 London, July 11, 1862. Daughter of 
 painter Rudolf L. whose wife, also 
 compr., nee Amelia Chambers, com- 
 posed and arranged many songs 
 under initials A. L. Liza studied 
 with mother, Randegger, Rannkilde, 
 MacCunn, etc.; debut as concert 
 singer 1885, followed by success 
 until marriage to Herbert Bedford 
 (b. 1867), compr. of opera and 
 several arias for voice and orch.; 
 compr. of song-cycle In a Persian 
 Garden, and other cycles and songs. 
 Visited U. S. in 1909, 1910. 
 
 Le Jeime (le-zhen), Claude, compr. b. 
 Valenciennes, 1540 [or 1528]; d. 
 Paris, Sept. 23, 1564. Lived in 
 Paris; compr. to the king for a short 
 time; beside French songs his chief 
 composition is setting of psalms 
 (occasionally to melodies used by 
 Goudimel) with simple and beautiful 
 accompaniments, work much used 
 in Switzerland and Germany. 
 
 Lekeu (1^-k^), Guillaume, compr. b. 
 Neusy, Belgium, Jan. 20, 1870; d. 
 Angers, Jan. 21, 1894. Pupil at 
 Verviers Cons, and in Paris of Franck 
 and d'Indy; composed symph. poem 
 Hamlet, fantasia for orch., sonata for 
 vln. and pf., trio, and unfinished pf. 
 quartet of singularly poetic promise. 
 
 Lemaire (le-mar'), Jean Eugene Gaston, 
 
 compr. b. Sept. 9, 1854. Pupil of 
 the Ecole Niedermeyer; music critic 
 1888; compositions include orches- 
 tral works, ballets, pantomimes and 
 operettas, piano pieces and songs. 
 
 Lemare (le-mar'), Edwin Henry, orgt. 
 h. Ventnor, Isle of Wight, Sept. 9, 
 1865. Student and fellow at Royal 
 Acad., and fellow of Royal Coll. of 
 orgts.; several appointments at Car- 
 diff, Sheffield, and London; 1902-04 
 orgt. and director at Carnegie Hall, 
 Pittsburg; returned to London; dis- 
 tinguished as performer, especially 
 in producing orchestral effects; com- 
 positions for org. 
 
 Lemmens (lem'-mans), Jacques Nico- 
 las, orgt. b. Zoerle-Parwys, Belgium, 
 Jan. 3, 1823; d. Castle Linterport, 
 near Malines, Jan. 30, 1881. Pupil 
 of father, of Van der Broeck, at 
 Brussels Cons, of Fetis, winning 1st 
 prize, at Breslau at gov't expense 
 of A. Hesse; 1849 prof, at Cons.; 
 teacher of many famous pupils 
 (Mailly, Callaerts, etc.); after mar- 
 riage 1857 to Helene Sherrington 
 (b. Oct. 4, 1834), singer (pupil at 
 Brussels, concert singer in England, 
 in opera after 1860), L. lived in Eng- 
 land; 1879 opened training school 
 for church orgts. and choirmasters 
 at Mechlin; many valuable composi- 
 tions, method, notable for influence 
 toward bettering of org. and in- 
 creasing interest in Bach. 
 
 LemtOine (le-mo-an), Henri, pf. teacher, 
 publisher, b. Paris, Oct. 21, 1786; 
 d. there, May 18, 1854. Pupil at 
 Cons. 1798-1809; very successful pf. 
 teacher; 1817 succeeded to publishing 
 business of father Antoine Marcel L. 
 (1763-1817), guitar and viola player, 
 th. condr. at Paris. Henri pubhshed 
 educational pf . works, an elementary 
 method, simple harmony, etc.; pub- 
 lishing business continued by his son 
 Achille Philibert L. (1813-1895), and 
 grandsons Henri L. and Leon L. 
 
LENEPVEU 
 
 LESSMANN 
 
 Lenepveu (\^-n6-v6), Charles Ferdi- 
 nand, compr. b. Rouen, Oct. 4, 1840; 
 d. August, 1910. In Paris as law stu- 
 dent, studied solfeggio with Savard; 
 prize cantata induced him to study 
 with A. Thomas at Cons., where he 
 won Prix de Rome 1865; opera Le 
 Florentin, accepted 1867, performed 
 1874 without success; Velleda in 
 London 1882; also composed several 
 works (cantata, hymn, ode, etc.) 
 on Jeanne d'Arc; teacher of harmony 
 at Cons. 1880, prof. 1894; more suc- 
 cessful as teacher than as compr. 
 
 Leo (la'-o), Leonardo, compr. b. San 
 Vito degli Schiavi, Brindisi, 1694; 
 d. Naples, Oct. 31, 1744. Pupil at 
 Cons, della Pieta de' Turchini of 
 Provenzale and Fago (probably not 
 directly of Scarlatti and Pitoni); 
 2d maestro at Cons, and 1st at 
 Cathedral; 1st orgt, at royal chapel 
 1725; master at Cons, di San Ono- 
 frio, where he taught Piccinni, Jom- 
 melli, etc.; beside about 60 operas, 
 full of brilliant life and humor, com- 
 posed masses and church music 
 (notably a Miserere); advance over 
 other Neapolitans in sureness of 
 harmonic effects. 
 
 Leonard (la-6-nar), Hubert, vlt., teacher, 
 h. Bellaire, near Liege, Apr. 7, 1819; 
 d. Paris, May 6, 1890. Pupil of 
 Rouma at Liege, of Habeneck at 
 Paris Cons.; vlt, at theatres, at Opera 
 Comique and Opera; after successful 
 tour in Germany, where he first played 
 Mendelssohn's concerto, became prof, 
 at Brussels Cons. 1848-1867; then 
 taught in Paris. Composed 5 vln. 
 concertos, other vln. mus.; wrote 
 several methods and studies, espe- 
 cially in double-stopping. 
 
 Leoncavallo (la-on-ca-val'-lo) , Ruggiero, 
 compr. h. Naples, Mar. 8, 1858. 
 Pupil at Naples Cons, of Cesi for pf., 
 of Ruta and L. Rossi for comp.; first 
 opera Chatterton not at first success- 
 ful; gave singing lessons and played 
 at caf6 concerts; 2-act opera Pagli- 
 acci produced Milan 1892 made 
 him famous at once; later operas are 
 Medici (1st of trilogy, written before 
 Pagliacci), La Boheme, Zaza, Der 
 Roland (composed under commis- 
 sion from, almost in collaboration 
 with. Emperor William III of Ger- 
 many); skilful in appreciating and 
 bringing out an effect, he depends 
 
 somewhat too much on superficial 
 brilliancy; in the almost perfect 
 union of dramatic force and realistic 
 truth of Pagliacci he touched by far 
 his highest point, 
 
 Leroux (le-ro), Xavler Henri Napoleon, 
 compr. b, Velletri, Italy, Oct. 11, 
 1863. Studied at Paris Cons, with 
 Dubois and Massenet, winning sev- 
 eral prizes, finally Grand prix de 
 Rome 1885; prof, of harm, at Cons, 
 after 1896; composed incidental 
 music to Cleopdtre, Les perses, operas 
 Astarte, La reine Fiammetta, etc., 
 and some church music. 
 
 Leschetizky (les-che-titz-ki) , Theodor, 
 pst., teacher, b, Lancut, Austrian 
 Poland, June 22, 1830. Taught by 
 his father in Vienna, by Czerny and 
 Sechter; noticed as pst. 1845 while 
 still student of philosophy at Univ.; 
 after professional tours, taught at 
 St. Petersburg Cons. 1852-1878; 
 after that teaching in Vienna; mar- 
 ried to Annette Essipoff 1880-92; 
 composed some pf. pieces and one 
 opera; renowned as teacher of Pad- 
 erewski, Siloti, and very many 
 others; method, expounded by his 
 assistant Malwine Bree in Ground- 
 work of L. Method, consists in per- 
 fect control of each finger independ- 
 ently of others, and careful intellec- 
 tual analysis of music to be played; 
 aims to develop individual artist by 
 adaptations of method to his needs. 
 
 Leslie, Henry David, condr. b. London, 
 
 June 18, 1822; d. Llansaintfraid, 
 Wales, Feb. 4, 1896. Studied with 
 Chas. Lucas; 'cellist in Sacred Har- 
 monic Soc; secretary 1847 and 
 condr. 1855-61 of Amateur Mus. 
 Soc; condr. of choir formed by J. 
 Heming, afterward called Leslie's 
 Choir, 1855^78 and 1885-87; choir 
 took 1st prize Paris 1878, and gave 
 many successful concerts; L. was 
 condr. Herefordshire Philh. Soc. and 
 director of short Uved Nat'l Coll. of 
 Mus.; composed several oratorios, 
 cantatas {Judith, Holy rood, etc.) and 
 large number of part-songs. 
 
 Lessmann, W. J. Otto, editor, b. Rii- 
 dersdorfer, Jan. 30, 1843. Studied 
 with Ritter, Von Biilow, Kiel, etc.; 
 taught at Stern Cons, and at Tausig's 
 acad.; head of pf. school of own; 
 director of mus, dept. at school in 
 
LESUEUR 
 
 LIEBLING 
 
 Charlottenburg; owner and editor 
 1881-1907 of Allgemeine Musik- 
 Zeitung; composed several songs. 
 
 Lesueur (le-sii-er), Jean Frangois, 
 compr. b. Drucat-Plessiel, Feb. 15, 
 1760; d. Paris, Oct. 6, 1837. Choris- 
 ter at Amiens Cath.; at 14 became 
 master of mus. at Seez Cath., and 
 then held similar position at Paris, 
 Dijon, Tours, finally 1786 maitre de 
 chapelle at Notre Dame; had some 
 instruction from Roze and advice 
 from Sacchini; at Notre Dame he 
 gave elaborate performances of de- 
 scriptive and dramatic mus. ; defended 
 himself in several pamphlets; 1788- 
 1792 spent in retirement; inspector 
 of Cons. 1795-1820; prof. 1817; 
 maitre de chapelle to Napoleon and 
 Louis XVIII; composed 5 operas 
 {Ossian ou les hordes most famous), 
 cantatas, masses, etc.; teacher of 
 Berlioz (of whose descriptive " pro- 
 gram " mus. his was forerunner), 
 A. Thomas, Elwart, IJounod, and 
 many others. 
 
 Levi (la'-ve), Hermann, condr. b. 
 Giessen, Nov. 7, 1839; d. Munich, 
 May 13, 1900. Studied with V. 
 Lachner and at Leipzig Cons.; 
 director at Saarbriicken, Rotterdam, 
 Carlsruhe, and Munich 1872-1896; 
 famous condr. of Wagner operas, led 
 1st perf. of Parsifal at Bayreuth 
 1882; resigned 1896 on account of 
 mental disease. 
 
 Leybach (h'-bak), Ignace, pst., orgt. 
 b. Gambsheim, July 17, 1817; d. 
 Toulouse, May 23, 1891. Studied 
 with Pixis, Kalkbrenner, and 
 Chopin; orgt. at Toulouse Cath.; 
 distinguished pst., composed much 
 salon music; music for org. and for 
 harmonium, L' Organiste pratique, etc. 
 
 Liadov (lya'-doff), Anatol Constan- 
 tinovitch, compr. h. St. Petersburg, 
 May 11, 1855. Studied with father, 
 and with Johannsen and Rimsky- 
 Korsakov at Cons., where he taught 
 harmony, etc., after 1878; also 
 teacher at Imperial Chapel; capell- 
 meister there till 1869; after 1894 
 condr. mus. soc. concerts; with 
 Balakirev and Liapounov investi- 
 gated folk-songs for Geogr. Soc; 
 compositions chiefly for pf . mostly in 
 characteristic style of Russian school, 
 with occasional humorous touches. 
 
 Liapounov (lya'-poo-noff), Sergius 
 Michailovitch, compr. h. JarosTav, 
 Nov. 30, 1859. Studied at Nijni- 
 Novgorod and with Klindworth and 
 Hubert at Moscow Cons.; asst. 
 director Imperial Chap. 1894-1902; 
 collected folk-songs with Liadov and 
 Balakirev for Geogr. Soc; composed 
 symphony, ballade for orch., con- 
 certo for pf., and many smaller pf. 
 works; edited collection of national 
 songs. 
 
 Lichner (hkh'-ner), Heinrich, condr., 
 compr. b. Harpersdorf, Mar. 6, 
 1829; d. Breslau, Jan. 7, 1898. 
 Studied with Karow, Dehn, Baum- 
 gart and Hesse; cantor, orgt., condr. 
 of Sangerbund at Breslau; prolific 
 but not original compr. of psalms, 
 songs, pf. pieces, etc. 
 
 Lichtenberg (lich'-ten-berg), Leopold, 
 vlt. b. San Francisco, Nov. 22, 1861. 
 Pupil of Beaujardin, Lambert, and 
 Wieniawski, both in U. S. and in 
 Brussels; after season with Thomas 
 in N. Y., toured for 3 years in Europe 
 and America; member Bost. Symph. 
 Orch.; head vln. dept. National 
 Cons, in N. Y. since 1899. 
 
 Liddle, Robert William, compr. h. Dur- 
 ham, Mar. 14, 1864. Chorister at 
 Durham; pupil of Dr. Armes; orgt. 
 at N. Berwick and at Southwell 
 Minster since 1888; compr. of church 
 music and songs. 
 
 Lie (le), Sigurd, compr. h. Norway, 
 May 23, 1871; d. Christiania, Sept. 
 30, 1904. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; 
 condr. in Bergen; after study in 
 Berlin, condr. of choral soc. in 
 Christiania; good vlt. and compr. of 
 great promise, shown in a symph., 
 several orch. and chamber works, 
 songs, and pf. pieces. 
 
 Liebling (leb'-ling), Emil, pst. b. Pless, 
 Silesia, Apr. 12, 1851. Pupil of 
 KuUak, Ehrlich, Dachs, and Liszt; 
 came to America 1867, 1872 and 
 finally 1875; teaching, playing, etc. 
 in Chicago; valued contributor to 
 several journals; excellent teacher; 
 successful in lectures with pf. illus- 
 trations where wide repertoire is of 
 value; compr. of pf. mus. 
 
 Liebling (leb-ling), Georg, pst. h. Ber- 
 lin, Jan. 22, 1865. Studied with Kul- 
 lak, Urban, and Dorn; taught at 
 
LIND 
 
 LISZT 
 
 KuUak's Acad. 188(>-85; after tour 
 of Germany, with Liszt at Weimar 
 for 2 years; debut in Berlin 1884; 
 since then virtuoso; compr. of orch. 
 overture, concerto, pf. mus., etc. 
 
 Lind, Jenny, soprano, b. Stockholm, 
 Oct. 6, 1820; d. Wynd's Point, Mal- 
 vern, Eng., Nov. 2, 1887. Studied 
 under Berg and Lindblad at Court 
 Th. school; debut 1838; after fur- 
 ther lessons from Manuel Garcia in 
 Paris, sang at Opera 1842, but was 
 not engaged; debut Berlin 1844 fol- 
 lowed by triumphal tour through 
 Germany; London debut 1847; be- 
 came concert singer 1849; toured U. S. 
 1850-52, married O. Goldschmidt ; 
 after living quietly in Dresden, went 
 to London 1856; last public perf. 
 1870; known as " Swedish Nightin- 
 gale "; by sensational advertising 
 treating of her many private virtues, 
 her success in Eng. and U. S. was 
 unreasonably inflated; voice is de- 
 scribed by discriminating critics as 
 bright, sure, and of a certain " thrill- 
 ing" quality. 
 
 Lindblad (lint'-blat), Adolf Fredrik, 
 
 compr. b. Lofvingsborg, Sweden, 
 Feb. 1, 1801; d. there, Aug. 23, 1878. 
 Studied with Zelter in Berlin; Hved 
 in Stockholm after 1827; directed a 
 music school until 1861; composed 
 numerous songs with Swedish na- 
 tional feeling, which were made pop- 
 ular by singing of his pupil, Jenny 
 Lind. 
 
 Lindpaintner (lint'-pant-ner), Peter 
 Joseph von, compr. b. Coblenz, 
 Dec. 9, 1791; d. Nonnenhorn, Lake 
 of Constance, Aug. 21, 1856. Stud- 
 ied with Winter, and, while th. 
 director at Munich, with Gratz; after 
 1819 director at Stuttgart where he 
 made orch. famous; composed about 
 21 operas {Der Vampyr best known), 
 music to Faust, to Schiller's Song of 
 the Bell. 
 
 Lindsay, M., compr. b. Wimbledon, 
 Eng. Composer of songs and ballads, 
 somewhat in style of "Claribel"; 
 Home They Brought Her Warrior 
 Dead, and Bridge are well known; 
 now Mrs. J. Worthington Bliss. 
 
 Linley, Thomas, compr. h. Wells, Eng., 
 1732; d. London, Nov. 19, 1795. 
 Studied with Chilcot and Paradies; 
 conducted oratorios at Drury Lane; 
 
 1775 composed, with son, music for 
 Duenna by Sheridan, his son-in-law; 
 
 1776 became part owner and man- 
 ager of Drury Lane Th.; composed 
 music for many plays, madrigals, 
 etc. Three daughters Elizabeth Ann 
 L. (Sheridan's wife), Mary L., and 
 Maria L., all singers. Son Thomas L., 
 vlt., compr. b. Bath, 1756; drowned, 
 Grimsthorde, Lincolnshire, Aug. 7, 
 1778. Studied with Boyce and with 
 Nardini at Florence, where he became 
 friend of Mozart; vlt. in Bath con- 
 certs; collaborator with father. 
 
 Lipinski, Karl Joseph, vlt. b. Radzyn, 
 Poland, Oct. 30 (or Nov. 4), 1790; d. 
 Urlow, near Lemberg, Dec. 16, 1861. 
 Had only few lessons from father; 
 1810 concertmaster, 1812-14 leader 
 at Lemberg Th.; 1817-18 played 
 with Paganini, but in 1829 they met 
 again as rivals, 1839-61 concert- 
 master in Dresden; distinguished for 
 broad tone and skilful double stop- 
 ping; compositions. Military con- 
 certo, etc., are no longer played. 
 
 Listemann (list'-g-man), Bemhard 
 [Friedrich Wilhehn], vlt. b. Schlot- 
 heim, Thuringia, Mar. 25, 1839. 
 Studied with Ullrich, David, Vieux- 
 temps, and Joachim; concertmaster 
 Rudolstadt 1859-67; came to Amer- 
 ica with brother Ferdinand L., vlt. 
 (b. 1841); traveled with De Meyer; 
 leader Thomas orch., N. Y. 1871-74; 
 founder, condr. Boston Philharmonic 
 Club, of Bost. Philh. Orch. 1879-81; 
 concertmaster Symph. Orch. 1881- 
 85; founder of L. quartet and L. 
 concert co.; 1893, head of vln. dept. 
 Chicago Coll. of Mus.; removed to 
 Boston 1907; returned to Chicago 
 1910. 
 
 Liszt (list), Franz, pst., compr. b. Raid- 
 ing, near Odenburg, Hungary, Oct. 
 22, 1811; d. Bayreuth, July 31, 1886. 
 Son of Adam L., steward in service 
 of Prince Esterhazy; pf. pupil of his 
 father; after first pubhc appearance 
 at 9, several noblemen contributed 
 sums for future education; at Vienna 
 1821-23 pupil in pf. of Czerny, and 
 in comp. of Salieri and Randhart- 
 inger; highly praised by Beethoven 
 and many others; 1823 at Paris, 
 refused admission to Cons, as for- 
 eigner, continued comp. with Reicha 
 and Paer, took no more pf. lessons; 
 1824/25 played with great success 
 
LISZT 
 
 in London; 1825 operetta Don San- 
 cho produced in Paris; 1825-27 tours 
 in Eng. and Switzerland; 1827 death 
 of father made his support necessary 
 for family and 1827-39 he hved in 
 Paris, where he was in demand as 
 teacher and player and where he was 
 one of brilliant artistic circle includ- 
 ing Lamartine, Victor Hugo, George 
 Sand, Berlioz, Chopin, etc.; beside 
 the influence of these individuals and 
 the general romantic movement, he 
 was much interested in Saint-Simon- 
 ism but, apparently, never joined 
 its numbers; at this time occurred 
 his union with Countess d'Agoult 
 (Daniel Stern); 1839^7 traveled 
 widely over Europe establishing 
 position as greatest of pf. virtuosos 
 in long series of extravagant suc- 
 cesses; 1849-51 lived in Weimar, as 
 conductor of Court Theatre; here 
 he accomplished much for modern 
 music by performing new works, and 
 with the Princess of Sayn-Wittgen- 
 stein made his house and Weimar 
 musical center; period of greatest 
 teaching and most important com- 
 position; 1859 left Weimar because 
 objections were made to Cornelius's 
 Barber of Bagdad; friendly relations 
 were afterward established so that 
 from 1861 till death he divided time 
 between Pe§th, Weimar, and Rome; 
 at latter city his early fondness for 
 church reasserted itself and 1879 he 
 was admitted to the minor orders of 
 the priesthood and gained title 
 Abbe. As a man L. was distin- 
 guished among artists for breadth of 
 taste, and deep and real sympathy 
 for fellows expressed in most prac- 
 tical ways. As pst. he was greatest 
 that ever lived; his playing was re- 
 markable for " quiet brilliance of 
 rapid passages," for beauty of feeling 
 as well as for amazing skill; Wagner 
 said of it that it was " production, 
 not reproduction," As teacher, he 
 was often severe, always inspiring; 
 results must not be judged without 
 remembering that visitors at classes 
 were sometimes allowed, and that, 
 apparently, many of these claimed 
 to be pupils. As conductor, he was 
 as marvelous as at the piano in 
 interpreting the real intention and 
 ideas of the composer; to his catho- 
 licity of taste many owed encourage- 
 ment; among works which he 
 
 LLOYD 
 
 brought out at Weimar are Wagner's 
 Lohengrin, Tannhduser, and Flying 
 Dutchman, and works by Berlioz, 
 Schumann and Schubert. As com- 
 poser for pf., much of his work 
 transfers to pf. orchestral effects, 
 sometimes at a loss artistically; 
 his transcriptions, however, never 
 err in spirit, seldom in taste; for the 
 voice he wrote 5 masses, 9 oratorios 
 (2 unpublished), church music and 
 some great songs. Gollerich, in his 
 book Franz Liszt (1908), gives a full 
 catalog listing both published and 
 unpublished works. Some of the 
 figures are as follows: Orchestral 
 works, original and arrangements, 
 69; chamber music, 47; pf. and orch., 
 16; pf., original and arrangements, 
 822; melodramas, 8; organ, 47; part- 
 songs, 31; songs and ballads with 
 orchestra, 18; songs with piano, 90. 
 His greatest achievement as compr. 
 is invention of form known as " sym- 
 phonic poem," much used by later 
 comprs.; his own Dante and Faust 
 symphonies, Episodes from Lenau's 
 Faust, etc. illustrate his need of the 
 exterior suggestion of a program and 
 his " transformation " of themes. 
 His literary works, except those relat- 
 ing to Wagner, have only incidental 
 interest; the Life of Chopin is un- 
 trustworthy, the Mu^ic of the Gypsies 
 unscientific. 
 
 Litolff (lit'-olf), Henri Charles, pst., 
 publisher, h. London, Feb. 6, 1818; 
 d. Bois le Combes, near Paris, Aug. 6, 
 1891. Son of Alsatian vlt.; pupil of 
 Moscheles; debut at Covent Garden 
 at 12; cast off by family for marriage, 
 wandered on Continent, giving suc- 
 cessful tours; after separation from 
 1st wife, lived and played in several 
 cities; married widow of Meyer, pub- 
 lisher in Brunswick, whose business 
 he took over; published Collection 
 Litolff, first cheap, trustworthy edi- 
 tions of classics; 1860 left business 
 to adopted son Theodor, and de- 
 voted himself to composition in 
 Paris; composed several operas 
 (Heloise et Abelard, Les templiers), 
 overtures, concerto-symphonies, brill- 
 iant and characteristic pf. pieces. 
 
 Lloyd, Charles Harford, orgt., condr. 
 h. Thornbury, Oct. 16, 1849. Mus. 
 B. at Oxford 1871, Mus. Doc. 1891, 
 founded Univ. Mus. Club; orgt. at 
 
LLOYD 
 
 LOGIER 
 
 Gloucester Cath. 1876, at Christ 
 Church, Oxford 1882; condr. Three 
 Choirs festivals 1877, 1880; 1882 
 condr. Choral Soc. Oxford; taught 
 Royal Coll. Mus. 1887-92, at Eton 
 1892; composed several cantatas and 
 part-songs, of real melodic originality. 
 
 Lloyd, Edward, tenor, b. London, Mar. 
 7, 1845. Chorister at Westminster 
 Abbey under J. Turle; voice turned 
 to tenor without breaking; chorister 
 at Cambridge and Wells; gentleman 
 of Chapel Royal 1869-71; after that 
 devoted to festival and concert ap- 
 pearances until retiring 1900; in U. 
 S. 1888; distinguished for singing 
 Wagner selections and for creating 
 many new parts, such as those in 
 The Redemption, Mors et Vita, The 
 Golden Legend, The Dream of Ger- 
 ontius. 
 
 Lobe (l6'-ba), Johann Christian, teacher, 
 compr. b. Weimar, May 30, 1797; 
 d. Leipzig, July 27, 1881. Pupil on 
 flute of A. Riemann and E. A. Miiller; 
 soloist at Gewandhaus 1811; mem- 
 ber Weimar orch. 1811-42; founded 
 mus. school; in Leipzig as editor of 
 Allgemeine Musik Zeitung 1846-48, 
 and of other journals; author of 
 books on theory and composition, 
 and of Musikalische Briefe, Aus dem 
 Lehen eines Musikers, interesting 
 for critical comments and sketches 
 of contemporaries. 
 
 Locatelli (loc-a-tel'-li), Pietro, vlt. h. 
 Bergamo, 1693; d. Amsterdam, Apr. 
 1, 1764. Studied with CoreUi at 
 Rome; after much traveling, gave 
 regular concerts in Amsterdam; per- 
 formed marvelous feats of technic, 
 especially in double-stopping; com- 
 posed sonatas for flute, sonatas, 
 caprices, and concertos for vln., for 
 trio, and for quartet. 
 
 Locke, Matthew, compr. b. Exeter, 
 Eng., 1632; d. London, Aug., 1677. 
 Chorister at Exeter Cath., pupil of 
 E. Gibbon and possibly also of W. 
 Wake; compr. to Charles II, and 
 after conversion to Roman Catholi- 
 cism, orgt. to Queen Catherine; com- 
 posed music for Davenant's and 
 Dryden's plays and alterations of 
 Shakespeare; music for Macbeth 
 1672, long supposed to be his, is 
 now claimed, but without absolutely 
 final proof, as work of Purcell; wrote 
 
 " consorts " for several instruments, 
 airs, etc., and pamphlets against 
 Salmon, who proposed discarding 
 clefs in notation. 
 
 Loeffler (lef'-ler), Charles Martin [Tor- 
 nov], vlt., compr. b. Miihlhausen, 
 Alsace, Jan. 30, 1861. Pupil in vln. 
 of Leonard, Massart, Joachim, in 
 comp. of Guiraud and Kiel; played 
 in Pasdeloup's orch., in Prince Der- 
 vier's at Nice and Lugano, where he 
 was associated with Cesar Thomson; 
 came to N. Y. and to Boston, where 
 he was 1st violin at Boston Symph. 
 Orch. 1882-1903; teaching (A. Hart- 
 mann his pupil) and comp. in Boston; 
 composed songs, symph. poems (La 
 mort de Tintagiles, Les veillees de 
 V Ukraine, Avant que tu ne t'en ailles, 
 Villanelle dudioble, A Pagan Poem), 
 sextet, octet, works for wind instru- 
 ments and for vln. He has " certain 
 affinities with the French school [in 
 poetry as in music] whose essential 
 traits are finesse, a passion for the 
 recondite, a scrupulous avoidance of 
 too definite, too facile patterns, an 
 exquisite mastery of harmonic and 
 orchestral color; yet he is himself a 
 potential force of singular potency 
 [the potency of a] refined inspiration 
 and vivid individuality." [L. Gilman.] 
 
 Loeschhom (lesh'-hom), Carl Albert, 
 
 pst., writer. ' b. Berlin, June 27, 1819; 
 d. there, June 4, 1905. Studied with 
 L. Berger, Grell, and A. W. Bach at 
 Royal Inst, for church music, where 
 he taught pf. after 1851; gave cham- 
 ber concerts in Berlin, published 
 excellent pf. music, and many valu- 
 able studies for pupils of all grades, 
 and guide to pf. literature. 
 
 Logier (l6'-zhi-a), Johann Bemhard, 
 
 inventor, h. Kassel, Feb. 9, 1777; d. 
 Dublin, July 27, 1846. Flute pupil 
 of Weidner, taken to England at ten 
 by a gentleman; flutist in regimental 
 band, orgt. at Westport, Ireland, 
 bandmaster, music-seller and th. 
 director in Dublin; invented chiro- 
 plast, machine for holding hands in 
 proper position at pf.; 1823-26 in 
 Germany on invitation of gov't to 
 explain invention from which he 
 made fame and money; 1826 re- 
 opened Dublin shop; published meth- 
 ods and explanations of system and 
 few compositions. 
 
LOW 
 
 LUDWIG 
 
 Low (lev), Joseph, pst. b. Prague, 
 Jan. 23, 1834; d. there, Oct. 5, 1886. 
 After successful tour 1854, lived in 
 Prague 1856 to death, whence he 
 sent forth nearly 500 light pf . pieces, 
 many of them melodious and espe- 
 cially adapted to use of children. 
 
 Loewe (le'-va), Johann Carl Gottfried, 
 
 compr. b. Lobejiin, near Halle, Nov. 
 30, 1796; d. Kiel, Apr. 20, 1869. 
 Taught by father and by Tiirk, 
 at Francke Inst., Halle, where L. 
 received royal stipend; entered Halle 
 Univ. and Naue's Singakademie; 
 prof, and cantor at Stettin 1820-1866, 
 with many and frequent trips to other 
 parts of Germany, to England, etc.; 
 composed 1 opera, 17 oratorios, but 
 chiefly ballads for voice and pf.; 
 practically established ballad as artis- 
 tic form by infusing it with dramatic 
 feeling and applying principle of 
 leading motive. 
 
 Logroscino (16g-ro-she-no) , Nicola, com- 
 pr. b. Naples, about 1700; d. there, 
 1763. Pupil of Durante; collaborator 
 with Leo 1738; compr. of great 
 number of successful operas; 1747 
 taught music at cons, in Palermo; 
 superior to predecessors in comic 
 feeling; reputed, apparently without 
 just cause, inventor of concerted 
 
 - number at close of act. 
 
 Lolli (lol'-le), Antonio, vlt. b. Ber- 
 gamo, about 1730; d. Palermo, 1802. 
 Self-taught; leader at Stuttgart, 
 favorite of Empress Catherine, St. 
 Petersburg, 1773-78, in Paris 1779 
 and thereafter in Spain, Austria, 
 Germany, and England; wonderful 
 performer, but ignorant of other 
 qualities necessary to a musician. 
 
 Longhurst, William Henry, compr. b. 
 Lambeth, London, Oct. 6, 1819; d. 
 Harbledown, near Canterbury, June 
 17, 1904. Chorister at Canterbury 
 Cath. under Skeats, Elvey, and 
 Jones; lay clerk there, asst. orgt. 
 and orgt. 1873 to retirement 1898; 
 Mus. Doc. 1875; composed oratorio, 
 cantata, services, etc. 
 
 Loomis, Harvey Worthington, compr. 
 h. Brooklyn, Feb. 5, 1865. Studied 
 with Dvorak at N. Y. Nat'l Cons., 
 where he won scholarship, and also 
 with Mme. Schiller; composed very 
 successful music pantomimes which 
 
 have been given by amateurs and 
 at special performances in N. Y.; 
 written incidental music for plays, 
 songs, duets, and a cantata for chil- 
 dren; lectures on Indian music and 
 transcriptions of it. 
 
 Lortzing, Gustav Albert, compr. h. 
 Berhn, Oct. 23, 1801; d. there, Jan. 
 21, 1851. Son of actor, an actor 
 himself in small parts; except for 
 few lessons from Rungenhagen, 
 musically self-taught; singer Leipzig 
 Th. 1833-44, condr. of opera there 
 1844 and again 1849; capellmeister 
 Berlin Th. 1850; his operas did not 
 bring him appreciation or a liveli- 
 hood; yet they were successful and 
 distinguished for humor and melodi- 
 ousness, and some still hold the stage 
 (notably Czar und Zimmermann, 
 Der Wildschutz, Regina). 
 
 Lotti, Antonio, orgt., compr. b. Venice, 
 about 1667; d. Venice, Jan. 5, 1740. 
 Son of court capellmeister at Han- 
 over; pupil of Legrenzi at Venice; 
 produced opera at 16; chorister 1687, 
 2d orgt. 1692, 1st orgt. 1704-36 at 
 St. Mark's; visited Dresden 1717-19; 
 composed some 20 operas in older 
 style of Handel's predecessors, and 
 much distinguished church music 
 {Miserere is performed every Maundy 
 Thursday at St. Mark's). 
 
 Lucca (look'-ka), Pauline, dram. sop. 
 h. Vienna, Apr. 25, 1841; d. Paris, 
 Feb. 28, 1908. Early remarkable 
 for beautiful voice; pupil of Usch- 
 mann and Lewy; member of chorus 
 at Vienna opera 1856-59; prinia 
 donna at Olmiitz, Prague, Berlin 
 1861-72; in America 1872-74; there- 
 after sang in London, Madrid, St. 
 Petersburg, Vienna, where she lived 
 after retiring 1890; married Baron 
 von Rhaden, and after divorce Major 
 von Wallhofen; very remarkable 
 voice, with range of 2^ octaves, and 
 unusual powers of real characteriza- 
 tion, made her especially admired in 
 operas of Meyerbeer, Auber, Halevy, 
 etc. 
 
 Ludwig (lood'-vig), August, editor, 
 compr. b. Waldheim, Saxony, Jan. 
 15, 1865. Studied at Cologne Cons, 
 and Munich Cons.; remarkable for 
 attempt to complete Schubert's 
 " Unfinished " symphony by adding 
 two movements, Philosophen Scherzo 
 
LULLY 
 
 LUTHER 
 
 and Schicksals Marsche, performed 
 Berlin 1892; compr. of other orch. 
 works, songs, etc.; editor Neue Ber- 
 liner Musik Zeitung 1894-97; author 
 of Geharnischte Aufsdtze iiber Musik. 
 
 LuUy (lul'-li), Jean Baptiste de, compr. 
 h. Florence, 1633; d. Paris, Mar. 
 22, 1687. Learned violin and guitar 
 from Franciscan monk; at 13 in 
 service of Mile, de Montpensier 
 in whose kitchen he was one day 
 playing and being overheard was 
 transferred to her private band; 
 expelled for satire; after some in- 
 struction from Mertu, Roberdet, 
 and Gigault, became member of 
 King's band; 1652 director of small 
 band which echpsed the older; 1653 
 as court composer, composed 
 masques, etc.; 1672 obtained letters 
 patent from king for Academic royale 
 de musique (which stiU exists as 
 Grand Opera); the similar privilege 
 granted 1669 to Perrin and Cambert 
 was revoked, so L. '' stole " the 
 credit of originating the opera; his 
 first work Les fetes de V Amour et de 
 Bacchus 1672,- and the 19 succeeding 
 ones {Thesee, Psyche, Armide, etc.) 
 rank as the first French operas; in- 
 troduced accompanied recitative and 
 established French standard of cor- 
 rect declamation; strong sense of 
 dramatic effectiveness and gift for 
 rather sweet melodies enabled him 
 to make success and to have high 
 standard despite certain monotony of 
 rhythm and thinness of orchestration. 
 
 Lumbye, Hans Christian, compr. h. 
 Copenhagen, May 2, 1810; d. there. 
 Mar. 20, 1874. Compr. popular 
 dance music, called " the northern 
 Strauss "; condr., until 1865, of orch. 
 with which he made frequent tours; 
 galops, marches, etc. very popular 
 with orchestras of the sixties. 
 
 Lunn, Louisa Kirkby, mezzo sop. b. 
 Manchester, Eng., Nov. 8, 1873. 
 Pupil of Greenwood and of Visetti 
 at Royal Coll. of Mus., with Bouhy 
 in Paris; debut as student 1893 led 
 to engagement at Covent Garden 
 until 1896; with Carl Rosa Co. 1897- 
 99; married W. J. K. Pearson; since 
 1901 at Covent Garden; 1902 at 
 Metropolitan, N. Y., in various con- 
 certs, and again 1904 as Kundry in 
 English performance of Parsifal by 
 the Savage Co. 
 
 Lupot (lii-po), Nicolas, vln.-maker. h. 
 Stuttgart, 1758; d. Paris, Aug. 13, 
 1824. Of family of makers; his 
 grandfather Laurent (1696-1762) 
 worked at Luneville and Orleans; 
 his father Francois was at Stuttgart 
 1758-70, then at Orleans; Nicolas 
 made vlns. before he was 20; prob- 
 ably worked for Pique, opened shop 
 in Paris 1798; without attempting 
 originality, copied Stradivarius vlns. 
 and 'cellos, sometimes making sets 
 of 5 for quintet; called " French 
 Stradivarius "; succeeded by son-in- 
 law Gand. His brother Frangois 
 (1774-1837), maker of bows. 
 
 Lussan (lus-son), Zelie de, dram. sop. 
 h. New York, 1863. Pupil of her 
 mother; concert debut 1879, opera 
 debut with Boston Ideals 1885-88; 
 with Carl Rosa Co. in Eng. 1889; 
 greatest parts Carmen and Mignon; 
 with a brilliant but not great voice, 
 won by piquant charm of personality; 
 appeared in vaudeville 1908. 
 
 Lussy (liis-si), Mathis, writer, b. Stans, 
 Switzerland, April 8, 1828; d. Jan. 
 21, 1910. Studied with Businger 
 and Nageli; instead of studying 
 medicine in Paris, taught pf. there 
 after 1847; chiefly known as author 
 of Exercises de mecanisme, Traite de 
 V expression mu^icale, Histoire de la 
 notation mu^icale (with E. David, 
 which took Paris Acad, prize 1882), 
 and a Short Treatise on Musical 
 Rhythm. 
 
 Luther (looth-eer), Martin, reformer, 
 compr. b. Eisleben, Nov. 10, 1483; 
 d. there, Feb. 18, 1546. Relation to 
 music consists in reforms there as in 
 other matters of religious practise; 
 after leaving the Wartburg, issued 
 Formula missae, objecting to long 
 graduals; order for German mass, 
 compiled with capellmeister C. Rupff 
 and cantor J. Walther, first used 
 1524, calls for German creed and 
 certain German hymns; L. himself 
 sang and played flute; aside from 
 his wide influence in spreading Prot- 
 estant hymns in Germany, he wrote 
 words to several and music to 
 few; although all claims for him as 
 compr. have been denied, it seems 
 sure that he wrote chorale Ein feste 
 Burg ist unser Gott and probably 
 some 11 others. 
 
LUZZI 
 
 MACDOWELL 
 
 Luzzi (loot'-zi), Luigi, compr. b, 
 Olevano di Lomellina, Mar. 28, 1828; 
 d. StradeUa, Feb. 23, 1876. At first 
 medical student at Turin; composed 
 
 3 operas (2 performed), symphony, 
 funeral march, pf. music, hymns, 
 many inspired songs. [Baker.] 
 
 LvoiBf or Lwofif (Ivof), Alexis Feodor- 
 ovitch, compr. b. Reval, June 6, 
 1799; d. estate near Kovno, Jan. 7, 
 1871. Maj.-gen. and adj. to Em- 
 peror Nicholas; succeeded father as 
 director of Imperial Chapel 1837-61; 
 excellent vlt., organized successful 
 string quartet; made collection of 
 chants of Greek ritual; composed 
 
 4 operas, vln. concerto, caprices for 
 vln., and church music but especially 
 the Russian national hymn God Save 
 the Czar, written 1833; retired 1867. 
 
 Lynes (llns), Frank, orgt., compr. b. 
 Cambridge, Mass., May 16, 1858; 
 d. Bristol, N. H., June 24, 1913. 
 Studied at N. E. Cons., and with 
 Lang and Paine, and at Leipzig with 
 Reinecke, Richter, Jadassohn; filled 
 various organ positions in Boston; 
 compositions include successful 
 songs, piano pieces, choruses, etc. 
 
 Lysberg [originally Bevy, known as 
 Bovy-Lysberg], Charles Samuel, pst., 
 compr. b. Lysberg, near Geneva, 
 Mar. 1, 1821; d. Geneva, Feb. 15, 
 1873. Studied with Chopin and 
 Delaire in Paris; teacher of pf. at 
 Geneva Cons.; composed an opera 
 given at Geneva 1854, and popular 
 light pf. pieces, such as Le reveil des 
 oiseaux, Le chant du rouet, romantic 
 sonata U Absence. 
 
 M 
 
 Maas (mas), Joseph, tenor, b. Dart- 
 ford, Kent, Jan. 30, 1847; d. London, 
 Jan. 16, 1886. Chorister at Roches- 
 ter Cathedral; pupil of J. L. Hopkins, 
 Mme. Bodda-Pyne, andSangiovanni; 
 d^but London 1871; in opera 1872; 
 member Kellogg's Opera Co. in Amer- 
 ica, of Carl Rosa's in Eng.; not a very 
 good actor, he was more popular at 
 concerts and festivals, where his fin- 
 ished style placed him in first rank. 
 
 Maas, Louis Philipp Otto, pst., compr. 
 b. Wiesbaden, June 21, 1852; d. 
 Boston, Mass., Sept. 18, 1889. 
 Studied at Leipzig Cons, with Rei- 
 necke and Papperitz; and with Liszt; 
 taught at Leipzig Cons. 1875-80; 
 came to Boston 1880; condr. Philhar- 
 monic concerts 1881-82; teacher at 
 N. E. Cons.; composed symph. On 
 the Prairies, inspired by tours in West, 
 overtures, suites, pf. concerto, etc. 
 
 MacCarthy, Maud, vlt. b. Clonmel, 
 Ireland, July 4. 1884. Lived in 
 Sydney, New South Wales; pupil of 
 Arbos from 9 to 15, for two years 
 after d^but in 1894; after successful 
 concerts in London, played in U. S., 
 in New York 1898 and with Boston 
 Symph. Orch. 1902, 1903; tours in 
 Germany, Scandinavia, and Italy; 
 gave up violin playing for theosophy 
 about 1905. 
 
 MacCunn, Hamish, compr. b. Green- 
 ock, Scotland, Mar. 22, 1868. 
 Studied at Royal Coll. of Mus. under 
 Hubert Parry; overture Land of 
 Mountain and Flood brought him 
 into notice 1887; 1888-94 prof, at 
 Royal Coll.; condr. of Carl Rosa Co. 
 for some years, and of various light 
 opera companies; composed operas 
 (Jeanie Deans, etc.), several over- 
 tures; music almost entirely on 
 Scotch subjects, full of individual 
 Scotch feeling. 
 
 Macdougall, Hamilton Crawford, orgt., 
 teacher, b. Warwick, R. I., Oct. 15, 
 1858. Pupil in Boston of J. C. D. 
 Parker, S. B. Whitney, B. J. Lang, 
 and in London of E. H. Turpin and 
 Royal Coll. teachers; orgt. in Provi- 
 dence and Brookline; since 1900 prof, 
 of music at Wellesley College; 1908- 
 09 and 1910-11 special lecturer on 
 music at Brown Univ.; extension 
 lectures (public) on music, Provi- 
 dence, 1910. Composed music for 
 women's voices and pf. (Studies in 
 Melody Playing) ; contributor to 
 periodicals. 
 
 MacDowell, Edward Alexander, pst., 
 compr. b. New York, Dec. 18, 1861; 
 d. there, Jan. 23, 1908. Studied with 
 Buitrago, Desvernine, and Teresa 
 Carrefio; at Paris Cons. 1876-79 
 
MACFARLANE 
 
 MACKINLAY 
 
 with Marmontel and Savard. at 
 Frankfort with Heymann and Raff; 
 chief teacher of pf. at Darmstadt 
 Cons.; 1882 played for Liszt at 
 Weimar and by L's influence and 
 that of Raff M's works were played 
 at Allgemeiner Deutscher Musik- 
 verein at Zurich; after 4 years in 
 Wiesbaden, he lived in Boston, Mass. 
 1888-1896; prof, of music at Colum- 
 bia Univ. N. Y. 1896-1904; 1905 
 afflicted with brain disease from 
 which he never recovered; an excel- 
 lent teacher and individual player. 
 As compr. ranks among highest in 
 America, though he protested against 
 distinctions by nationality; follower 
 of Raff's romanticism; composed 
 symph. poems Hamlet and Ophelia, 
 Lancelot and Elaine, Lamia, In Oc- 
 tober, and most notable Indian 
 Suite, in which he used native airs 
 and in which his orchestration is at 
 its best; more distinguished as 
 compr. for pf. of four imposing 
 sonatas, Tragica, Eroica, Norse, 
 and Keltic, many groups of very 
 charming short sketches, each ex- 
 pressing the mood of some scene or 
 some poem; same exquisite expres- 
 sion of mood marks his songs, for 
 many of which he wrote the 
 words. 
 
 Macfarlaney William Charles, orgt., 
 compr. b. London, Oct. 2, 1870. 
 Parents moved to New York 1874; 
 M. was chorister in Christ Church, 
 New York, 1880-85; studied music 
 with his father and S. P. Warren; 
 gave org. recitals New York, 1886, 
 and later in many other cities; orgt. 
 Danbury, Conn., and various New 
 York churches; Temple Emanu-El 
 1898, St. Thomas's Episcopal 1900, 
 both of which positions he now 
 holds (1910); condr. Yonkers Choral 
 Society 1902; city orgt., Portland, 
 Me., 1913; founder of Amer. Guild 
 Org.; compositions include org. mus., 
 cantata The Message from the Cross, 
 songs, anthems, and part-songs. 
 
 Macfarren, Sir George Alexander, 
 
 compr., writer, h. London, Mar. 2, 
 1813; d. there, Oct. 31, 1887. Pupil 
 of his father, George M., dramatist, 
 of Lucas and of Potter at Royal Acad. 
 Mus., where he became prof. 1834 and 
 principal 1876; failing eyesight, re- 
 sulting in bhndiiess, did not interfere 
 
 with his teaching; prof, of mus. 
 at Cambridge Univ. 1875; knighted 
 1883; works include 9 performed 
 operas, 4 oratorios, 6 cantatas, 8 
 symphonies, much church music, 
 chamber music, songs, etc.; wrote 
 Rudiments of Harmony, Lectures 
 and Addresses and several other 
 studies. Life by H. C. Banister. His 
 wife Natalia {nee Andreae), singer, 
 teacher, translator of songs, librettos, 
 etc. His brother Walter Cecil, pst. 
 b. London, Aug. 28, 1826; d. there, 
 Sept. 2, 1905. Chorister at West- 
 minster Abbey under Turle; studied 
 at Royal Acad, with his brother, 
 Holmes, and Potter; taught there 
 1846-1903, conducted concerts 1873- 
 80; director Philharmonic Soc; suc- 
 cessful concert pst.; composed several 
 overtures, pf. sonatas and other 
 pieces, part-songs, etc.; edited pf. 
 works of Mozart, sonatas of Beetho- 
 ven, and series of Popular Classics. 
 
 Macirone. (ma-ki-ro'ne), Clara Angels, 
 pst. h. London, Jan. 20, 1821. 
 Taught at Royal Acad, by Potter, 
 Lucas, Holmes, and Negri; teacher 
 there and at schools for girls; condr. 
 of local society; compr. of church 
 music and many successful part- 
 songs. 
 
 Mackenzie, Sir Alexander Campbell, 
 
 compr. b. Edinburgh, Aug. 22, 1847. 
 Of musical family, father and grand- 
 father both vlts.; studied with 
 Ulrich and Stein at Sondershausen 
 Cons.; played in band there; at 
 Royal Acad, on King's Scholarship, 
 pupil of Sainton, Jewson, and Lucas; 
 1865-73 played vln., taught, con- 
 ducted at Edinburgh and elsewhere; 
 1878-88 chiefly in Florence, with 
 occasional seasons of conducting in 
 England; 1888 principal Royal Acad.; 
 1892-99 condr. Philharmonic Soc; 
 knighted 1895; composed for pf. and 
 violin, several operas (His Majesty, 
 Colomba, The Rose of Sharon), can- 
 tatas (The Cotter's Saturday Night, 
 etc.), 2 Scottish Rhapsodies for orch., 
 a Scottish concerto for vln.. La belle 
 dame sans merci ballad with orch., 
 London Day by Day suite; best work 
 marked by strong national feeling, 
 and individuahty. 
 
 MacKinlay, Mrs. J., see Sterling, An- 
 toinette. 
 
MACY 
 
 MAITLAND 
 
 Macy, James Cartwright, compr. b. 
 New York City, June 27, 1845. 
 Family belongs to the early colonists 
 of Massachusetts and New York; 
 early education received from par- 
 ents; in 1857 he entered the Elmira 
 (N. Y.) Academy; wl an the Civil 
 War broke out he enlisted and served 
 throughout the conflict; took up the 
 study of music again 1866-70, and 
 began composing; his long list of 
 works includes pieces for the piano 
 and other instruments as well as all 
 the vocal forms, songs, school songs, 
 part-songs, anthems, cantatas, oper- 
 ettas, etc.; his translations and adap- 
 tations of opera librettos, foreign 
 songs, etc. are notable as part of his 
 work during many years' connection 
 with American musical publishers, 
 especially Oliver Ditson Company, 
 of Boston; wrote two plays, The 
 Buckeye arid Two Lives, successfully 
 given in many of the large cities; 
 author of Young People's History 
 of Mu^ic. 
 
 Maelzel (meFtsel), Johann Nepomuk, 
 
 inventor, b. Ratisbon, Aug. 15, 1772; 
 d. at sea on voyage to America, July 
 21, 1838. Son of org. builder; in 
 Vienna 1792,. taught mus. and con- 
 structed automatic trumpeter and 
 Panharmonicon for which Beetho- 
 ven wrote orch. battle piece Vittoria; 
 M. made ear-trumpets for Beetho- 
 ven and others; adapted idea of 
 Winkel, of Amsterdam, into metro- 
 nome in 1816; traveled far, exhibit- 
 ing his inventions. 
 
 Maggini (ma-zhe'-ni), Giovanni Paolo, 
 
 vln.-maker. b. Botticino Marino, Aug. 
 25, 1580; d. Brescia, about 1632. 
 Apprenticed to Gasparo de Said; early 
 vlns. resemble his master's and are 
 often too much decorated; later ones 
 are more individual and are of 
 value especially because of well- 
 chosen wood, cut in a way of his 
 own. Son Pietro Santo also dis- 
 tinguished maker. 
 
 Mahillon (ma-e-yon), Charles Victor, 
 writer, h. Brussels, Mar. 10, 1841. 
 In firm with father as manufacturer 
 of wind instruments; editor Echo 
 Musical 1869-86; honorary custodian 
 museum of instr. at Brussels Cons, 
 since 1876; author of valuable 
 catalogue, of Elements d'acoustique 
 musicale et instrumentale, etc. 
 
 Mahler (ma'-ler), Gustav, compr., condr. 
 b. Kalischt, Bohemia, July 7, 1860. 
 Pupil at Vienna Univ., and at Cons, 
 of Epstein and Bruckner; condr. at 
 several theatres, capellmeister at 
 Kassel 1883-85, and at Prague as 
 Seidl's successor, where he gained 
 wide knowledge of scores by Wagner, 
 etc.; asst. of Nikisch at Leipzig 1886- 
 88; director of opera at Pesth 1888- 
 91, thoroughly reforming it; capellm. 
 at Hamburg 1891-97; since 1897 di- 
 rector of Vienna Opera, 1898-1900 
 condr. of Gesellschaft concerts; 
 condr. at Covent Garden 1892, and 
 at Metropolitan (N. Y.) 1907-09; 
 remarkably strong and individual 
 as condr.; composed operas and can- 
 tatas, but chiefly nine symphonies of 
 imposing architectural construction 
 and individuality of content. 
 
 Maillart (ma-e-yar), Louis [called Aime], 
 compr. b. Montpellier, Mar. 24, 
 1817; d. Moulins, May 26, 1871. 
 Studied at Cons, with Elwart, 
 Leborne, and Guerin; Prix de Rome 
 1841; of his 6 operas, cantatas, etc. 
 surviving work is Les dragons de 
 Villars. 
 
 Mailly (ma-e-vi), Alphonse Jean Ernest, 
 orgt. h. Brussels, Nov. 27, 1833. 
 Studied with Girschner at Brussels 
 Cons., where he became teacher of 
 pf. and org. 1868; praised by Berlioz 
 as virtuoso; composed sonatas, etc. 
 for org., and orch. works; living at 
 Brussels (1910). 
 
 Mainzer (min'-tser), Abbe Joseph, teach- 
 er, h. Treves, Germany, May 7, 
 1807; d. Manchester, England, Nov. 
 10, 1851. Educated at cathedral 
 maltrise, ordained priest 1826; ex- 
 iled during Polish revolution, went 
 to Brussels, to Paris 1834, where he 
 taught popular classes and edited 
 Chronique musicale, to London and 
 Manchester 1847, where he estab- 
 lished people's singing classes, wrote 
 Music for the Million, edited M's 
 Mus. Times which became present 
 Musical Times of London. 
 
 Maitland, John Alexander Fuller, 
 
 writer, b. London, Apr. 7, 1856. 
 Educated at Camb. Univ.; critic for 
 Pall Mall Gazette, Guardian, and 
 Times; author of Eng. Music in 
 XI X Century, lives of Joachim and 
 Schumann, etc.; editor of Fitzwilliam 
 
MALHERBE 
 
 Virginal Book, of revised ed. Grove's 
 Dictionary, translator of Spitta's 
 Bach, etc. 
 
 Malherbe (mar arbe), Charles Theodore, 
 
 compr., writer, b. Paris, Apr. 21, 
 1853; d. Cormeilles, Oct. 6, 1911. 
 Pupil of Danhauser, Wormser, and 
 Massenet; Danhauser's secretary on 
 tour of public school inspection 
 1880-81; asst. archivist to Paris 
 Opera 1896, archivist 1899; editor 
 of Menestrel, contributor to other 
 journals; compr. of unimportant 
 music, author of books on Wagner, 
 notes on several operas, Histoire de 
 la seconde Salle Favart, etc.; editor 
 of works of Rameau. 
 
 Malibran (mal-i-bron), Maria Felicita, 
 
 dram, contralto, b. Paris, Mar. 24, 
 1808; d. Manchester, England, Sept. 
 23, 1836. Daughter of Manuel 
 Garcia; played child's part in opera 
 at Naples at 5; after few lessons from 
 Panseron, pupil of her father; debut 
 London 1825 followed by improve- 
 ment and success in New York; un- 
 happy marriage to Malibran lasted 
 only a year; 1827 reappearances in 
 Paris and London established posi- 
 tion as chief singer of time; reputa- 
 tion and prices which she commanded 
 increased steadily; 1836 married De 
 Beriot, the vlt,, with whom she had 
 been associated since 1830; early 
 death caused by fall from horse and 
 over-exertion; charm seems to have 
 been peculiar timbre of her voice 
 (recognized as defective in middle 
 registers) , and great force of . indi- 
 vidual fascination; subject of many 
 romantic anecdotes. 
 
 Mailing, Otto Valdemar, compr. h. 
 Copenhagen, June 1, 1848. Studied 
 with Gade and J. P. E. Hartmann; 
 condr. of choral societies; orgt. in 
 Copenhagen; teacher of theory at 
 Cons.; compr. of symph., overture, 
 and other orch. works; Danish 
 choruses, national pf. pieces, etc. 
 
 Mancinelli (man-chi-ner-li), Luigi, 
 compr., condr. h. Orvieto, Feb. 5, 
 1848. Pupil in 'cello of Sbolci at 
 Florence, with few lessons in comp. 
 from MabeUini; 'cellist in theatre 
 orch. in Florence and Rome where 
 he became condr. in an emergency; 
 principal of Bologna Cons. 1881-86; 
 condr. in London 1886-88, at Madrid 
 
 MARBECK 
 
 1888-95; afterwards in London and 
 at Metropohtan, N. Y. 
 
 Manney, Charies Fontejni, compr. b. 
 Brooklyn, Feb. 8, 1872. Chorister 
 and soloist in Brooklyn; studied 
 theory with Wm. A. Fisher in N. Y., 
 and after coming to Boston, in 1898, 
 with Wallace Goodrich and P. Goet- 
 schius; composed anthems, songs, pf. 
 pieces, and sacred cantatas. 
 
 Manns (mans), August [Friedrich], 
 condr. h. Stolzenburg, near Stettin, 
 Mar. 12, 1825; d. Norwood, London, 
 Mar. 1, 1907. Pupil of Urban; clari- 
 net in bands at Danzig and Posen, 
 vlt. in Gungl's orch. at Berlin; condr. 
 in Berlin, Cologne, and finally 1855 
 at Crystal Palace, London, where he 
 changed wind band into full orch. 
 and conducted Saturday concerts 
 1856-1901, where he introduced and 
 made known many valuable works. 
 
 Mara (ma'-ra), Gertrude Elisabeth, 
 soprano, b. Kassel, Feb. 23, 1749; 
 d. Reval, Jan. 20, 1833. Daughter 
 of musician. Schmeling, learned to 
 play vln. alone; taken at 9 as prodigy 
 to Vienna and to London where she 
 was taught singing by Paradies; 
 under instruction of J. A. Hiller at 
 Leipzig she became first great German 
 singer; engaged for life at Dresden; 
 married unworthy 'cellist Mara; 
 1780 escaped or released from tyran- 
 ny of King Frederick II, went to 
 Vienna, Munich, and Paris, where 
 she sang in rivalry with Todi; 1784- 
 1802 won great popularity in London, 
 singing at Handel Festival and other 
 concerts; retired to Moscow, lost all 
 her property in fire 1812; taught in 
 Italy, failed totally on last appear- 
 ance in London 1819; voice of re- 
 markable range, stage presence al- 
 ways hampered by disease contracted 
 in childhood. 
 
 Marbeck [or Merbecke], John, compr., 
 orgt. h. 1523; d. Windsor, about 
 1585. Chorister and orgt. at Wind- 
 sor; condemned to death as heretic 
 and narrowly escaped burning 1544; 
 under Edward VI, free to declare 
 opinions, published (1550) Booke of 
 Common Praier Noted, in which 
 plain chant was adapted to the new 
 ritual; published also commentaries 
 and a few hymns; escaped later per- 
 secutions and held position as orgt. 
 
MARCELLO 
 
 MARETZEK 
 
 Marcello (mar-chel'lo), Benedetto, 
 compr. b. Venice, July 24, 1686; 
 d. Brescia, July 24, 1739. Venetian 
 nobleman, of high education, pupil 
 of Lotti and Gasparini; lawyer and 
 gov't official at Venice, Pola, and 
 Brescia; his greatest work is musical 
 setting for one to four voices of 
 Giustiniani's paraphrases of Psalms 
 I-L; also poet of distinction and 
 author of satirical essay 11 teatro alia 
 moda. 
 
 March, Mrs. G. E., see Gabriel, Virginia. 
 
 Marchand (mar-shon), Louis, orgt. 
 h. Lyons, Feb. 2, 1669; d. Paris, 
 Feb. 17, 1732. Orgt. at Versailles; 
 exiled 1717, became court orgt. at 
 Dresden to king of Poland; chal- 
 lenged to competition with J. S. 
 Bach, fled from the ordeal and re- 
 turned to Paris where his brilliant 
 talents brought him renown and 
 income as teacher; died in want. 
 
 Marchant, Arthur William, orgt., compr. 
 b. London, Oct. 18, 1850. Mus. 
 Bac. Oxford 1879; held several posi- 
 tions as orgt. in England, in Denver, 
 Col., 1880-82; after 1895 at Dumfries, 
 Scotland; composed services, an- 
 thems, songs, etc.; written Primer, 
 500 Fugue Subjects and Answers, 
 Voice Culture. 
 
 Marchesi de Castrone (mar-ka'-zi-de- 
 kas-tro'-na) , Salvatore [properly S. 
 de C. Marchese della Rajata], baritone, 
 teacher, b. Palermo, Jan. 15, 1822; 
 d. Paris, Feb. 20, 1908. Student of 
 law and music under Raimondi, Lam- 
 perti, etc. ; after exile 1848 made debut 
 New York; after study with Garcia 
 had success in London; after mar- 
 riage sang in England and on Conti- 
 nent and taught in several places 
 with his wife; compr. of some songs, 
 translator of libretti, author of vocal 
 method and vocalises. His wife Mar- 
 chesi de Castrone, Mathilde, teacher. 
 b. Frankfort-on-Mam, Mar. 26, 1826. 
 Daughter of merchant Graumann, 
 after the loss of whose fortune she 
 adopted music as profession; studied 
 in Vienna with Nicolai and in Paris 
 with Garcia; 1849 success as concert 
 singer in London; married 1852; 
 taught at Vienna Cons. 1854-61, at 
 Paris 1861, at Cologne Cons. 1865- 
 68, at Vienna Cons, again 1868-78, 
 
 then privately until 1881, when she 
 finally returned to Paris; famous 
 teacher of pure style of song, she has 
 had many famous pupils, lima de 
 Murska, Gerster, Melba, etc.; pub- 
 lished many vocalises, a method, and 
 reminiscences Marchesi and Music. 
 Her daughter Blanche, Baronne Cac- 
 camisi, asst. of mother, concert singer 
 of some success in England; operatic 
 debut Prague 1900; recitals in U. S. 
 1899, etc. 
 
 Marchetti (mar-ket'-ti), Filippo, compr. 
 b. Bolognola, Feb. 26, 1831; d. 
 Rome, Jan. 18, 1902. Student of 
 music from 12th year; pupil of 
 Conti at Naples 1850-54; 1st and 2d 
 operas, 1856, both successful; after 
 period of ill success, moved to Milan 
 1862, where his Romeo e Giulietta 
 was successful 1865, although Gou- 
 nod's was given at same time; Ruy 
 Bias, best work 1869, followed by 
 unsuccessful works; after 1880 teach- 
 ing; principal Reale Accad. di Santa 
 Cecilia in Rome 1881, dir. Liceo 
 there 1885. 
 
 Marchettus of Padua, theorist, living 
 in Cesena about 1270; d. about 1320. 
 In service of Rainier, Prince of 
 Monaco, living at Cesena and Ve- 
 rona; wrote 2 treatises, important 
 in history of notation; his system 
 of amplifying current methods was 
 so complex that it was abused as 
 foolish by contemporaries. 
 
 Marenzio (ma-rent'-seo), Luca, compr. 
 b. Coccagha, about 1556; d. Rome, 
 Aug. 22, 1599. Studied at Brescia 
 with Contini, in service of Sigismund 
 III of Poland, and of Cardinal Aldo- 
 brandino; maestro and cantor at 
 papal chapel; unsurpassed as compr. 
 of madrigals of which he published 
 about 15 books; great effect on con- 
 temporary English music. 
 
 Maretzek (ma-ret'-zek). Max, impre- 
 sario, b. Briinn, Moravia, June 28, 
 1821; d. Pleasant Plains, Staten 
 Island, N.Y., May 14, 1897. Studied 
 with Seyfried in Vienna; condr. in 
 Germany, France, London, and after 
 1848 in New York, Mexico, and 
 Havana; composed 2 operas (Ham- 
 let, The Sleepy Hollow, N. Y., 1879); 
 wrote Crotchets and Quavers, and 
 Sharps and Flats, accounts of own 
 experiences. 
 
MARGIS 
 
 Margis (mar-zhi), Alfred, compr. b. 
 Colombes, near Paris, Oct. 30, 1874. 
 Pupil of Chavagnat, etc.; early talent 
 shown in Valse hleue composed at 
 19, while in military service; then 
 followed series of successful popular 
 dances and songs Valse mauve, 
 Christmas valse, music to several 
 plays, revues, etc., and songs Roses 
 de France, etc. 
 
 Marie (ma-re), Gabriel Prosper, condr. 
 b. Paris, Jan. 8, 1852. Studied solfeg- 
 gio, pf. and harmony at Paris Cons.; 
 pst., drummer, and chorusmaster at 
 Lamoureux concerts; chef d'orch. at 
 several theatres and at Guilmant con- 
 certs at Trocadero; composed works 
 for orch. and for string instr. 
 
 Mario (ma'-reo), Giuseppe, Cavaliere 
 di Candia, dram, tenor, b. Cagliari, 
 Sardinia, Oct. 17, 1808; d. Rome, 
 Dec. 11, 1883. After 10 years in 
 Turin military service, became offi- 
 cer in Piedmontese guard; in Paris 
 1836, popular amateur, was per- 
 suaded to go on stage, and after 
 brief study with Bordogni and Pon- 
 chard, made debut 1838; went over 
 to Italian opera 1840; sang with 
 Tamburini, Lablache, and chiefly 
 with Grisi, whom he married; re- 
 tired 1867; noted not only for ex- 
 quisite singing but for rare beauty 
 of voice and distinguished presence. 
 
 Marks, James Christopher, compr. 
 b. Armagh, Ireland, May 4, 1835; 
 d. Clifton, July 17, 1903. Chorister 
 at Armagh Cath. under R. Turle; 
 deputy orgt. there; orgt, and choir- 
 master at Cork 1860; condr. Cork 
 mus. soc; compr. of oratorios, ser- 
 vices, etc. Son, same name, b. July 
 29, 1863; orgt. at Cork, compr. of 
 anthems, services, part-songs, etc.; 
 removed to New York, orgt. there. 
 
 Marmontel (mar-mon-tel'), Antoine 
 Frangois, compr., teacher, b. Cler- 
 mont-Ferrand, July 18, 1816; d. 
 Paris, Jan. 17, 1898. Pupil at Paris 
 Cons, of Zimmermann, Dourlen, 
 Halevy, and Lesueur; 1837 teacher 
 of solfeggio, 1848-87 of pf.; among 
 pupils were Bizet, d'Indy, Dubois, 
 and many others; pf. music is chiefly 
 instructive. Etudes de mecanisme, 
 etc.; writings on pf. playing and 
 teaching, Les pianistes celebres, Virtu- 
 oses contemporains, etc. 
 
 MARSTON 
 
 Marpurg (mar-poorg'), Friedrich Wil- 
 hehn, theorist. b. Marpurgshof, 
 near Seehausen, Nov. 21, 1718; d. 
 Berlin, May 22, 1795. Secretary to 
 Gen. Rothenberg at Paris (1746-49); 
 acquaintance of Rameau; lived at 
 Berlin and Hamburg; director of 
 lottery at Berlin 1763; critical writ- 
 ings distinguished for moderation 
 and good taste; wrote treatises on 
 composition, church music, Abhand- 
 lung von der Fuge (exhaustive treat- 
 ment of subject, his greatest work), 
 Historisch- Kritische Beitrdge, his- 
 tory of organ, method for pf., etc. 
 
 Marschner (marsh'-ner), Heinrich Au- 
 gust, compr. b. Zittau, Aug. 16, 
 1795; d. Hanover, Dec. 14, 1861. 
 Early admired as singer and pst.; 
 in Leipzig as law student was per- 
 suaded to become musician and 
 studied with Schicht; invited to 
 Vienna 1817, is said to have been 
 aided by Beethoven; production of 
 operas at Pressburg led to appoint- 
 ment at Dresden 1823 as joint condr. 
 with Weber and Morlacchi; capell- 
 meister Leipzig 1826-31, at Han- 
 over 1831-1859, when he retired. 
 Most famous operas are Der Vampyr, 
 Der Templar und die Jiidin, Hans 
 Heiling (greatest); among German 
 romantic comprs. M. is usually 
 placed next to Weber, with whose 
 works his show great similarity; 
 orchestration is brilliant and effec- 
 tive, and his flow of melody unceas- 
 ing both in operas and in ballads 
 and choruses, some of which are still 
 popular. 
 
 Marsick (mar-sik), Martin Pierre 
 Joseph, vlt. b. Jupille, Belgium, 
 Mar. 9, 1848. Studied at Liege 
 Cons, with Desire-Heynberg, at 
 Brussels Cons, with Leonard, at 
 Paris Cons, with Massart, and at 
 Berlin with Joachim; debut at Con- 
 certs populaires 1873; prof, of vln. 
 at Paris Cons. 1892-1900; long 
 artistic tours in Europe and in U. S. 
 1895-96; faultless but not emotion- 
 ally moving as performer. 
 
 Marston, George W., orgt., compr. b. 
 Sandwich, Mass., May 23, 1840; d. 
 there, Feb. 2, 1901. Studied with 
 J. E. Tufts in Portland, Me., and 
 on two trips to Europe; lived in 
 Portland as teacher of pf., organ and 
 harmony (H. A. Norris among 
 
MARTEAU 
 
 MASCAGNI 
 
 pupils); composed church music, 
 songs (Could ye come back to me, 
 Douglas, Marguerite, etc.). 
 
 Marteau (mar-to), Henri, vlt. b. 
 Rheims, Mar. 31, 1874. Son of 
 . musical parents; pupil of Bunzl, 
 then of Leonard; 1884 debut in 
 Vienna; 1885 chosen by Gounod to 
 play at Joan of Arc centenary; 
 studied at Paris Cons, with Marsick, 
 winning 1st prize 1892; came to U. S. 
 1893, 1898, 1906, played in Russia 
 1897-99; prof, at Geneva Cons. 1900; 
 succeeded Joachim as head of viohn 
 dept. in Berlin Hochschule 1908; one 
 of the great artists of his generation; 
 especially noteworthy for absence 
 of affectation combined with great 
 ability and wide range of expressive 
 power. 
 
 Martin, Sir George Clement, compr., 
 writer, b. Lambourne, Berkshire, 
 Sept. 11, 1844. Pupil of J. Pearson 
 and Stainer; orgt. to Duke of Buc- 
 cleugh, master of choristers at St. 
 Paul's, London, 1874, deputy orgt. 
 1876, orgt. 1888; teacher of org. at 
 Royal Coll.; composed services, Te 
 Deum for orch., arranged also for 
 military band, Te Deum sung at 
 Queen's Jubilee on steps of St. Paul's; 
 knighted 1897. 
 
 Martini (mar-te'-ni), Giovanni Battista 
 [or Giambattista, known as Padre M.], 
 compr., theorist, h. Bologna, Apr. 
 24, 1706; d. there, Oct. 4, 1784. Pupil 
 of father, vlt., Predieri, and Riccieri; 
 maestro di cappella at church of San 
 Francisco; took orders 1729; aided 
 by Perti and Zanotti became author- 
 ity on music, mathematics and his- 
 tory; largest library of time; con- 
 sulted as teacher by great contem- 
 poraries, Gluck, Mozart, Gretry, 
 etc.; compr. of church music, author 
 of history of ancient music, etc. 
 
 Martucci (mar-toot'-chi), Giuseppe, pst., 
 compr. h. Capua, Jan. 6, 1856; d. 
 J'^ne 1, 1909. Studied with father, 
 trumpet player; after debut as child 
 pst., studied at Naples Cons, under 
 Cesi, Serrao, and L. Rossi; profes- 
 sor there 1874, director of Societa del 
 Quartetto and other concerts ; director 
 of Liceo, Bologna, 1886, and of Cons, 
 in Naples 1902; composed 2 symph., 
 pf. concerto, chamber music and pf. 
 pieces; distinguished as virtuoso. 
 
 Marty (mar-te'), Eugene Georges, 
 compr. b. Paris, May 16, 1860. At 
 Paris Cons, took Grand prix de 
 Rome 1882; director vocal ensemble 
 classes Cons. 1892-1904; chorus- 
 master Eden Th. 1892, Grand Op^ra 
 1893; condr. Opera Comique 1900; 
 since 1901 at Cons.; composed 
 symph. poem Merlin enchante, over- 
 tures, pantomimes, operas, songs, etc. 
 
 Marx, Adolf Bemhard, theorist, b. 
 Halle, May 15, 1795; d. Berlin, May 
 17, 1866. Gave up legal position for 
 music; pupil of Tiirk and Zelter; 
 with Schlesinger founded Berliner 
 Allgemeine Mu^ik Zeitung (1824-30), 
 which helped cause of German mus.; 
 lecturer, prof, and mus. director at 
 Berlin Univ.; with KuUak and Stern 
 founded Stern Cons. 1850; retired 
 1856; wrote Die Lehre von der mus. 
 Komposition, Beethovens Leben und 
 Sclmffen, Gluck und die Oper, and 
 Erinnerungen. 
 
 Marzials (mar'-tsi-al), Theophile Jules 
 Henri, compr. h. Brussels, Dec. 21, 
 1850. Pupil of M. L. Lawson in 
 London, where he was made supt. of 
 mus. dept. at British Museum in 
 1870; good baritone singer; compr. 
 of several popular songs {Twicken- 
 ham Ferry, Three Sailor Boys, That 
 Sweet Story of Old, etc.). 
 
 Marzo (mart'-so), Eduardo, compr. h. 
 Naples, Nov. 29, 1852. Pupil of 
 Nacciarone, Miceli, and Pappalardo; 
 came to New York as pst. 1867; con- 
 ducted opera companies, accom- 
 panied Mario, Sarasate, and others; 
 orgt. in New York; teacher, singer, 
 composer chiefly of church music, 
 songs, compiler of vocal works. 
 
 Mascagni (mas-can'-yi) , Pietro, compr. 
 b. Leghorn, Dec. 7, 1863. Became 
 pupil of Soffredini in secret, against 
 father's wishes; befriended by uncle, 
 and later by Count Florestano; pupil 
 of Ponchieili and Saladino at Milan 
 Cons. ; conducted several small opera 
 companies, finally settling as teacher 
 and condr. of local society at Cerig- 
 nola; 1899 won prize offered by 
 Sonzogno, Milan publisher, for one- 
 act opera with his Cavalleria Rusti- 
 cana (perf. 1890); this brought him 
 at once universal renown; the dra- 
 matic force and intense emotionalism 
 of the music have been called cheap 
 
MASCHERONI 
 
 MASSE 
 
 sensationalism by later cooler judg- 
 ment, but the work is still popular, 
 and has had influence in encouraging 
 one-act works and developing a 
 somewhat crude realism in music; 
 later operas have been less and less 
 successful; they are L'Amico Fritz 
 1891, / Rantzau 1892, Roicliff 1894, 
 Zanetto and Silvano 1895, Iris 1898, 
 Le maschere 1901, Arnica 1905, Yso- 
 hel, 1912; dir. of Cons, at Pesaro 1895- 
 1903, when delayed return from tour 
 in U. S. caused him to be replaced. 
 
 Mascheroni (mas-ker-o'-ni), Angelo, 
 compr. b. Bergamo, about 1856; d. 
 there, April, 1905. While studying 
 law, took lessons of Boucheron; 
 capellmeister 1883 at Pordenone, 
 1885-1893 at Rome; chosen 1894 by 
 Verdi to conduct first perf . of Falstaff 
 at Milan and in other cities; com- 
 posed opera Lorenza 1901. 
 
 Mason, Lowell, teacher, h. Medfield, 
 Mass., Jan. 8, 1792; d. Orange. N. J., 
 Aug. 11, 1872. Self -taught^ directed 
 church choir at 16; clerk at Savannah 
 1812-27, teaching, conducting mean- 
 while, under influence of F. L. Abel, 
 with whom M. made collection of 
 psalm tunes published 1822 with- 
 out his name as Handel and Haydn 
 Society's Collection of Church Music; 
 came to Boston 1826, as director of 
 music at three prominent churches; 
 1827 pres. and condr. H. and H. Soc; 
 1832 with Webb estabhshed Acad- 
 emy of Music (for popular classes 
 and concerts); 1838 taught in public 
 schools; also established teachers' 
 conventions in several places; re- 
 moved to New York 1851; influence 
 of his classes, collections, and manuals 
 was very wide and largely promoted 
 increase of good music taste. His son 
 Mason, William, pst., teacher, b. Bos- 
 ton, Mass., Jan. 24, 1829; d. New 
 York, July 14, 1908. Pupil of H. 
 Schmidt in Boston (where he played 
 in 1846), of Moscheles, Hauptmann, 
 and Richter in Leipzig, of Drey- 
 schock in Prague, and of Liszt in 
 Weimar; after appearances abroad, 
 returned to U. S. 1854; made first 
 tour of pf. recitals alone; founded 
 chamber music concerts in N. Y. 
 with Theodore Thomas; honorary 
 Mus. Doc. Yale 1872; long and 
 successful career as teacher of 
 Sherwood, Riv^-King, Mathews and 
 
 many others; author of valuable pf. 
 methods. Pianoforte Technics and 
 Touch and Technic; his playing was 
 distinguished for remarkable accu- 
 racy and delicacy of touch; influen- 
 tial in introducing in America works 
 of Brahms and Schumann; Memories 
 of a Musical Life contains many anec- 
 dotes of his great contemporaries. 
 
 Mason, Daniel Gregory, writer, b. 
 Brookline, Mass., Nov. 20, 1873. 
 Graduated Harvard 1895; studied 
 music in Boston, N. Y., and Paris; 
 composed pf. music; wrote From 
 Grieg to Brahms, Beethoven and his 
 Forerunners, The Romantic Com- 
 posers, The Orchestral Instruments 
 and How to use T/iew (1909); edited 
 Masters in Music 6 vols. 1903-06; 
 contributor to Outlook and Scribner's 
 as well as to musical periodicals. 
 
 Mason, Luther Whiting, teacher, h. 
 Turner, Me., Apr. 3, 1828; d. Buck- 
 field, Me., July 14, 1896. Self- 
 taught; supt. of public school music 
 in LouisviUe and Cincinnati; in- 
 vented ^ " National System " of 
 graded instruction by charts and 
 books; 1865 reformed music in Bos- 
 ton primary schools; 1879-82 supt. 
 of school music in Japan, where such 
 music is now called " Mason-song." 
 
 Massart (mas-sar), Lambert Joseph, 
 vlt. b. Liege, July 17, 1811; d. Paris, 
 Feb. 13, 1892. Pupil of Delavau 
 who persuaded town of Liege to send 
 him to Paris; there refused admission 
 to Cons, as foreigner, became pupil 
 of R. Kreutzer; fine but shy per- 
 former; prof, at Paris Cons. 1843- 
 1890; among rnany famous pupils 
 were Wieniawski, Sarasate, Marsick, 
 Loeffler, etc. Wife, nee Louise Aglae 
 Masson (1827-1887), teacher of pf. 
 at Cons. 
 
 Masse (mas-sa), Felix Marie [called 
 Victor], compr. h. Lorient, Mar. 7, 
 1822; d. Paris, July 5, 1884. Studied 
 at Paris Cons, with Zimmermann and 
 Halevy; Grand prix de Rome 1844; 
 after publishing successful Melodies 
 and Romances, composed operas, of 
 which Les noces de Jeannette 1853 
 was by far most successful; La reine 
 Tapare and Miss Fauvette and others 
 well received; 1860-1876 chorusmas- 
 ter at Op^ra; 1866-80 prof, of comp. 
 at Cons.; member of Institute 1872. 
 
MASSENET 
 
 Massenet (mas-se-na), Jules Emile 
 Frederic, compr. b. Montaud, near 
 St. Etienne, May 12, 1842. Studied 
 at Paris Cons, with Laurent, Reber, 
 Savard, and A. Thomas; 1st prize 
 pf. 1859, fugue and Prix de Rome 
 1863; prof, of comp. at Cons. 1878- 
 1896; 1878 member of Academy; 
 compr. of several orch. suites, pf. 
 concerto, oratorios {Eve, La terre 
 promise, etc.), incidental music to 
 several plays, and about 20 operas, 
 of which the most noted are Don 
 Cesar de Bazan, Le Cid, Herodiade, 
 Esdarmonde, Thais, Manon, La 
 Navarraise, Le Jongleur de Notre 
 Dame; introduced orch. accompani- 
 ment to connecting dialogue in 
 Manon; otherwise music, though 
 skilful, often charming, and always 
 popular, contains neither the force 
 nor individuality which promises 
 permanence; d. Aug. 13, 1912. 
 
 Matema, Amalie, dram. sop. h. St. 
 Georgen, Styria, July 10,. 1847. 
 Daughter of schoolmaster; debut 
 Graz about 1864; after marriage 
 with actor Karl Friedrich, appeared 
 in operetta in Vienna, finally at 
 Vienna Opera 1869; from then until 
 retirement 1897 sang all great Ger- 
 man roles, especially Briinnhilde; 
 first Kundry in Parsifal 1882; sang 
 in N. Y. 1882, at Wagner Festival 
 1884, and several seasons at Metro- 
 politan after 1885; possibly "greatest 
 of German women singers." [Lahee.] 
 
 Mathews, William Smythe Babcock, 
 
 writer, b. New London, N. H., May 
 8, 1837. After study at home, in 
 Lowell, and Boston, taught pf. at 
 Macon, Ga., and other Southern 
 towns; frequent contributor to 
 Dwight's Journal and to Chicago 
 papers after settling there 1867; 
 edited magazine Music, largely col- 
 ored by his personal opinions, but 
 none the less interesting; wrote Out- 
 lines of Musical Form, How to Under- 
 stand Music, Popular Hist, of Mus., 
 The Masters and their Music, 100 
 Years of Music in America, Mu^ic, 
 Its Ideals and Methods, The Great in 
 Music; and several other instructive 
 works; d. Denver, Apr. 1, 1912. 
 
 Mathias (ma-ti-a), Georges Amedee 
 Saint Clair, pst., compr. b. Paris, Oct. 
 14, 1826; d. Pontoise, Oct. 14, 1910 
 Family German. Studied with Sav- 
 
 MAimEL 
 
 ard, Bazin, and Halevy at Cons., and 
 with Kalkbrenner and Chopin; prof, 
 at Cons. 1862-87; composed symph., 
 overtures, useful pf. Etudes, etc. 
 
 Mathieu (ma-ti-e), Emile Louis Victor, 
 compr. h. Lille, Oct. 16, 1844. 
 Studied at Louvain, at Brussels 
 Cons, with Fetis, Dupont, twice 
 winning 2d Grand prix de Rome, 
 1867-73 prof, at Louvain Mus. 
 School, 1881-98 director; 1873-74 
 chef d'orch. at Th. du Chatelet, 
 Paris; since 1898 director of Ghent 
 Cons.; compr. of several operas, can- 
 tatas, 3 grand Poemes lyriques et 
 symphoniques for which he wrote the 
 text. 
 
 Mattel (mat-ta'-i), Tito, compr. b. 
 Campobasso, near Naples, May 24, 
 1841. Pf. pupil of Maggoni, Thal- 
 berg, etc.; prof, at Sta. Cecilia Accad. 
 in Rome at 11; after tours in Europe, 
 settled in London 1865; condr. at 
 Her Majesty's Theatre; composed 
 2 operas, ballet, and much brilliant 
 pf. music; d. London, March 30,1914. 
 
 Mattheson (mat'-te-son), Johann, 
 writer, h. Hamburg, Sept. 28, 1681; 
 d. there, Apr. 17, 1764. Of extraor- 
 dinary versatihty, student of law, 
 of languages, orgt., pst., singer, actor, 
 and ambassador; sang and conducted 
 at harpsichord at Hamburg opera; 
 benefactor of Handel until their 
 quarrel; 1715-28 director and cantor 
 at cathedral where he contributed 
 to development of church cantata; 
 retired because of deafness; several 
 compositions, none extant; impor- 
 tant for many writings, chiefly for 
 biographies of contemporary musi- 
 cians and Der vollkommene Kapell- 
 meister. 
 
 Maunder, John Henry, orgt., compr. 
 b. Chelsea, London, Feb. 21, 1858. 
 Studied at Royal Acad.; orgt. at 
 Sydenham and Forest Hill; accomp. 
 for Sims Reeves and others; 
 trained choir for Henry Irving's 
 Faust; composed operetta, cantatas, 
 {From Olivet to Calvary, etc.) several 
 anthems, services, etc. 
 
 Maurel (mo-rel), Victor, baritone, b. 
 Marseilles, June 17, 1848. Studied 
 at Paris Cons, with Vauthrot and 
 Duvernoy; debut 1868 at Op^ra; 
 after seasons in Italy, Spain, Amer- 
 ica, St. Petersburg, etc. returned to 
 
MAYBRICK 
 
 MEHUL 
 
 Opera 1879-1894 (1883-84 he man- 
 aged with Corti vain attempt to 
 revive Italian Opera in Paris); at 
 Op^ra Comique 1894-1904, with 
 occasional appearances as actor; 
 published L Art du chant and Dix 
 ans de carrier e; greatest roles are 
 Don Juan, Rigoletto, and logo in 
 Verdi's Otello; distinguished for 
 excellence of dramatic impersonation 
 even after voice became worn; 
 teacher in New York 1909. 
 
 Maybrick, Michael, baritone [under 
 pseud. Stephen Adams], b. Liver- 
 pool, Jan. 31, 1844. Studied org. 
 with Best, pf. with Plaidy and 
 Moscheles, harm, with Richter at 
 Leipzig, and singing with Nava at 
 Milan; successful in English, Ameri- 
 can and Canadian concerts, especially 
 in own songs, of which several are 
 very popular ( Nancy Lee, Blue Alsa- 
 tian Mountains, etc.). 
 
 Mayer (ma-yar), Charles, pst. b. 
 Konigsberg, Mar. 21, 1799; d. 
 Dresden, July 2, 1862. Studied with 
 mother and in St. Petersburg with 
 Field, whose playing his closely 
 resembled; after tour to Paris with 
 father, clarinetist, 1814, became suc- 
 cessful teacher in St. P.; after tour 
 to Stockholm, Copenhagen, etc., 
 settled in Dresden 1850; composed 
 about 900 pieces, chiefly for pf . ; Polka 
 bohemienne, once very popular, Ma- 
 zurka in F sharp maj. included by 
 Klindworth in 1st ed. of Chopin's 
 works. 
 
 Maylath (mi'-lat), Heinrich, pst. b. 
 Vienna, Dec. 4, 1827; d. New York, 
 Dec. 31, 1883. Studied with his 
 father; after Continental tours, lived 
 in Russia, and after 1867 in New 
 York; compr. of instructive pf. music 
 and excellent concert pieces. 
 
 Mayseder (mf-za-der), Joseph, vlt., 
 compr. b. Vienna, Oct. 26, 1789; d. 
 there, Nov. 21, 1863. Studied with 
 Suche and Wranitzky; debut 1800; 
 2d vln. in Schuppanzigh quartet; 
 member of court orch. 1816; solo vlt. 
 court opera 1820, imperial chamber 
 virtuoso 1835; though he was a fasci- 
 nating player in elevated style, he 
 never went on tours, seldom gave con- 
 certs, after 1837 never played in pub- 
 lic; many distinguished pupils; about 
 63 compositions, dignified in style. 
 
 Mazas (ma-zas), Jacques Fereol, vlt. 
 b. Beziers, Sept. 23, 1782; d. there, 
 1849. Studied at Paris Cons, with 
 Baillot, 1st prize 1805; member of 
 orch. at Italian opera; traveled in 
 Europe, returning to Paris 1829-37; 
 director of music school at Cambrai 
 1837^1; wrote effective compo- 
 sitions for vln., duets for stringed 
 instruments especially valued, meth- 
 ods for vln. and viola, and 3 operas. 
 
 Mead, Olive, vlt. h. Cambridge, Mass., 
 Nov. 22, 1874. Studied vln. early, 
 with Eichberg and later with Kneisel; 
 played with considerable success at 
 many concerts, with Boston Symph. 
 Orch. 1898, 1899, 1900, 1904; leader 
 of Olive Mead Quartet. 
 
 Mees (mas), Arthur, condr. b. Co- 
 lumbus, O., Feb. 13, 1850. Studied 
 in Berlin with KuUak, Weitzmann, 
 and H. Dorn; condr. Cincinnati May 
 Festival chorus, and of societies in 
 N. Y., Albany, etc.; 1896 chorus 
 condr. to Thomas Orch.; writer of 
 program notes N. Y. Philharmonic 
 1887-96, and Chicago Orch. 1896- 
 97; condr. Worcester Festival 1908; 
 Cecilia Soc, Boston, 1912; published 
 Choir and Choral Music (1901). 
 
 Mehlig (ma'-lig), Anna, pst. h. Stutt- 
 gart, June 11, 1843. Pupil of Lebert 
 and of Liszt; debut about 1866; very 
 successful especially in England and 
 in America 1869-70; since marriage 
 to Falk of Antwerp has lived in 
 partial retirement. 
 
 Mehul (ma-ul), Etienne Nicolas, compr. 
 b. Givet, Ardennes, June 22, 1763; 
 d. Paris, Oct. 18, 1817. Son of a 
 cook, learned to play org. from blind 
 orgt. and was made orgt. at convent 
 at 10; became novice at monastery 
 of Lavaldieu in order to take lessons 
 of Hauser, whose deputy he became 
 1777; pf. pupil of Edelmann in Paris 
 after 1778; inspired by performance 
 of Iphigenie en Tauride 1779, be- 
 came disciple of Gluck who per- 
 suaded him to turn to operatic 
 comp.; after first success at Th. 
 Italien with Euphrosyne et Coradin 
 in 1790, M. produced 24 operas in 
 17 years, of which Stratonice, Uthal, 
 and especially Joseph are note- 
 worthy; also composed several polit- 
 ical chants; inspector of Cons, and 
 member of Academy 1795; though 
 
MEINARDUS 
 
 MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY 
 
 his symphonies were unimportant, 
 his operatic overtures (that to Le 
 jeune Henri, for example) are supe- 
 rior to those of contemporaries; operas 
 as whole show ingenuity, skill, re- 
 finement, and individuality in orches- 
 tral combinations and force of dra- 
 matic feeling carefully expressed in 
 accordance with the theories of 
 Gluck; his inspiration was not always 
 equal to his ability. 
 
 Meinardus (ml-nar'-dus), Ludwig Sieg- 
 fried, compr., writer, h. Hooksiel, 
 Oldenburg, Sept. 17, 1827; d. Biele- 
 feld, July 10, 1896. On advice of 
 Schumann, turned from 'cello play- 
 ing to composition; studied at Leip- 
 zig Cons., privately with Riccius, 
 with Liszt and with Marx; condr. at 
 Glogau; pf. teacher Dresden Cons. 
 1865-74; lived in Hamburg vmtil 
 1887, when he became orgt. at Biele- 
 feld; composed oratorios {Simon 
 Petrus, Luther in Worms, etc.), 
 choral ballads, etc., orch. and cham- 
 ber music; wrote autobiography, 
 books on Mattheson, Mozart, history 
 of German music. 
 
 Melba, Nellie [pseud, of Nellie Arm- 
 strong, nee Mitchell], dram,, sop. h. 
 Melbourne, Australia, May 19, 1859. 
 Early instructed in music, but father 
 objected to professional appearance; 
 after marriage in 1882 to Capt. Arm- 
 strong, studied with Mme. Marchesi 
 in Paris for one year; debut Brussels 
 1887 was followed by briUiant suc- 
 cesses in London, Paris, St. Peters- 
 burg, Italy, and America (where she 
 sang first in New York 1893), and 
 Australia 1902; her voice is remark- 
 ably even throughout its range of 
 2^ octaves, unusually flexible, and 
 brilliant and silvery in tone; her 
 repertoire includes the Italian roles, 
 many French ones {Juliette is one 
 of her favorites), Elsa being the only 
 Wagnerian one. 
 
 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (men'-del-son 
 bar'-tol-dy), Jacob Ludwig Felix, 
 compr. h. Hamburg, Feb. 3, 1809; 
 d. Leipzig, Nov. 4, 1847. Grandson 
 of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn 
 and son of banker (who added Bar- 
 tholdy to name in memory of his 
 brother-in-law), removed to Berlin 
 1812, where Felix and sister Fanny 
 showed early talent for music; 
 taught by their mother and L. 
 
 Berger on pf., Henning vln., and 
 Zelter theory; Felix played at con- 
 cert 1818, entered Singakademie 
 1819; weekly Sunday gatherings at 
 father's house gave him remarkable 
 opportunities to hear his own com- 
 positions played by small orch.; 
 taught by Mme. Bigot on first visit 
 to Paris 1816; met many of great 
 contemporaries on second visit 1825; 
 1826 composed overture to Mid- 
 summernighV s Dream; studied at 
 Berlin Univ.; 1824 had lessons from 
 Moscheles; 1829 produced Bach's 
 St. Matthew Passion at Berlin Singa- 
 kademie and thus revived interest 
 in Bach's works; 1829 made his first 
 trip to London, where he brought out 
 his first symphony; trip to Scotland, 
 where he received impressions ex- 
 pressed in Hebrides Overture, Scotch 
 symph., etc.; after long visit to Italy 
 and to Paris, again in London; on 
 return to Berlin failed to get position 
 as' condr. of Singakademie; 1833-35 
 town musical director at Diisseldorf, 
 conducting Lower Rhenish Festival 
 1833, Cologne 1835, and making 3d 
 trip to London; 1835 became condr. 
 at Gewandhaus Concerts in Leipzig, 
 position in which he attained very 
 great influence on musical life of all 
 Europe; 1837 married C^cile Char- 
 lotte Sophie Jeanrenaud, with whom 
 he lived a singularly happy life; 
 1843 with others founded Leipzig 
 Cons, and drew to it such teachers 
 as Hauptmann, David, and Schu- 
 mann; Fr. Wilhelm IV of Prussia 
 repeatedly tried to draw M. to Ber- 
 lin, where he lived for a while in 1841, 
 1842 as Royal Mus. director and in 
 1845, but he seems never to have 
 been as happy or as successful there 
 as in Leipzig; he made in all ten trips 
 to London, where he was most popu- 
 lar; his death followed shortly after 
 that of his sister Fanny and is said 
 to have been hastened by that shock. 
 M. was a conductor of rare power 
 and discernment, a performer of 
 surprising ability and expressiveness, 
 a generous critic and teacher, and 
 an individual of very great personal 
 charm, much of which appears in his 
 published letters. A versatile compr., 
 he wrote oratorios St. Paul and 
 Elijah, overtures, music to Antigone, 
 First Walpurgis Night, Midsummer^ 
 night's Dream, Athalia, OEdipus in 
 
MENTER 
 
 Colonos, 4 symph., vln. and 2 pf. 
 concertos, chamber mus., of which 
 the pf. trios rank high, many pf. 
 pieces, notably Songs without Words 
 and many brilhant concert pieces; 
 songs, part-songs, psalms, etc., comic 
 opera Son and Stranger, and parts of 
 opera Lorelei. 
 
 Menter, Sophie, pst. b. Munich, July 
 
 29, 1848. Daughter of 'cellist 
 Joseph M. (1808-1856); studied at 
 Munich Cons, with Leonhard, Schon- 
 chen, later with Lebert, Niest, Von 
 Bulow, Tausig, and Liszt; after suc- 
 cessful tour, appeared at Gewandhaus 
 in Leipzig 1867; studied further with 
 Tausig and Liszt; married 'cellist 
 Popper 1872, divorced 1886; taught 
 at St. Petersburg 1880-87; after that 
 made her home in Tyrol, playing 
 occasionally in concerts. 
 
 Mercadante, Giuseppe Saverio Raffaelle, 
 
 compr. h. Altamura, Sept. 17, 1795; 
 d. Naples, Dec. 17, 1870. Studied 
 with Zingarelli at Naples; early in- 
 strumental works won praise from 
 Rossini; after success of L'Apoteosi 
 d'Ercole 1819, composed series of 
 operas for different Italian cities; 
 1833 maestro di cappella at Novara, 
 1839 at Lanliano; 1840 director of 
 Naples Cons.; 1862 became blind; 
 composed masses and cantatas, 
 hymn to Garibaldi, funeral symph. 
 to Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti; most 
 notable opera II Giuramento. 
 
 Merkel, Gustav Adolf, compr. b. 
 Oberoderwitz, Saxony, Nov. 12, 
 1827; d. Dresden, Oct. 30, 1885. 
 Studied with Schneider and Otto 
 and to some extent with Schumann 
 and Reissiger; orgt. at Dresden; 
 taught in Cons, there .after 1861; 
 condr. of Singakademie 1867-73; 
 compositions almost all for org., of 
 great nobility, especially sonatas and 
 fugues. 
 
 Mersenne (mer-sen'), Marie, writer, b. 
 Oize, France, Sept. 8, 1588; d. Paris, 
 Sept. 1, 1648. Franciscan monk; 
 received full orders 1613; taught 
 philosophy at Nevers; studied mathe- 
 matics and music in company with 
 Descartes, etc., at Paris; wrote sev- 
 eral treatises of which most impor- 
 tant is Harmonie universelle, describ- 
 ing contemporary instruments and 
 theories, etc. 
 
 METHFESSEL 
 
 Merulo [properly Merlotti], Claudio, 
 [called da Correggio], orgt., teacher. 
 h. Correggio, April 8, 1533; d. Parma, 
 May 4, 1604. Studied with Menon 
 and Donati; orgt. at Brescia; 2d 
 orgt. 1557 and 1st orgt. 1556-86 at 
 St. Mark's, Venice; publisher there; 
 court orgt. to Duke of Parma; re- 
 nowned as player; compositions 
 (toccatas, etc.) of importance as 
 showing change to newer style which 
 culminated in Frescobaldi. 
 
 Merz, Karl, teacher, h. Bensheim, near 
 Frankfort, Sept. 10, 1836; d. Woos- 
 ter, O., Jan. 30, 1890. Studied with 
 father and Kunkel; came to U. S. 
 1854; taught in Lancaster, Pa., 
 Oxford and Wooster, O.; 1873 editor 
 of Cleveland Musical World; col- 
 lected essays, Music and Culture, 
 show thoughtful analysis. 
 
 Messager (mes'-sa-zha), Andre Charles 
 Prosper, condr., compr. h. Montlu- 
 9on, France, Dec. 30, 1853. After 
 studying at Niedermeyer school, 
 became pupil of Saint-Saens; orgt. 
 in several churches; condr. at Opera 
 Comique 1898; '' artistic director " 
 at Covent Garden, London, 1901-07; 
 Paris Opera 1907; completed score 
 of Bernicat's Francois les bas bleus 
 and has composed long series of 
 comic operas (La basoche, Les p'tites 
 Michu, Veronique most successful) 
 which, though lacking in originality, 
 are able and pleasing. His wife, nee 
 Dotie Davis, was pupil of Barnett 
 and Silas in London and of Messager 
 in Paris; under pseud. Hope Temple, 
 composed operetta The Wooden 
 Spoon and songs. 
 
 Metastasio (met-a-staz'-eo), Pietro 
 Antonio Domenico Bonaventura [real 
 name Trapassi], poet. b. Rome, Jan. 
 3, 1698; d. Vienna, Apr. 12, 1782. 
 Power of improvisation as child at- 
 tracted patronage of Gravina, who 
 educated him and changed his name; 
 court poet at Vienna after 1730; 
 librettos so much in demand that 
 some were set by 30 different comprs. ; 
 used by Gluck, Handel, Mozart (La 
 clemenza di Tito) and others; also 
 composed and sang. 
 
 Methfessel (met'-fessel), Albert Gottlieb, 
 compr. b. Stadtilm, Thuringia, Oct. 
 6, 1785; d. Heckenbeck, near Gan- 
 dersheim, Mar. 23, 1869. Chamber 
 
m:etra 
 
 musician at Rudolstadt; court cap- 
 ellmeister Brunswick 1832-42 when 
 he retired; composed an opera and 
 an oratorio; published in Liederbuch 
 and Liederkranz many songs for 
 male chorus which are still popu- 
 lar. Brother Friedrich M., compr. 
 (1771-1807); relative Ernst M.,condr. 
 (1802-1878) must not be confused 
 with condr. of same name at Winter- 
 thur (1811-1886). 
 
 Metra (ma-tra), Jules Louis Olivier, 
 condr., compr. b. Rheims, June 2, 
 1830; d. Paris, Oct. 22, 1889. Son 
 of actor and actor himself; pupil of 
 Roche; vlt., 'cellist, double-bass 
 player in Parisian theatres; after 
 short time as pupil of Elwart and 
 A. Thomas at Paris Cons., conducted 
 orch. at several theatres and balls at 
 Op^ra Com., Folies-Bergeres and 
 Op^ra; composed operettas, ballets, 
 and very popular waltzes (Le tour 
 du monde, La bague, etc.). 
 
 Meyer (mi'-er), Leopold von [sometimes 
 de], pst. b. Baden, near Vienna, 
 Dec. 20, 1816; d. Dresden, Mar. 5, 
 1883. Pupil of Fischhof and Field; 
 d^but 1835; long tours through 
 Europe and America; played chiefly 
 his own briUiant but empty com- 
 positions; of great ability but much 
 given to extravagant posing; famous 
 waltz Souvenir de Vienne. 
 
 Meyer-Helmund (ml'-er-heF-munt), 
 Erik, compr. b. St. Petersburg, Apr. 
 25, 1861. Pupil of father, Kiel, and 
 Stockhausen; successful concert 
 singer; compr. of charming songs, 
 some to own words, of 3 operas, and 
 a ballet; hves in Berlin. 
 
 Meyer-Olbersleben (mi'-er-ol'-bers-la- 
 ben). Max, compr. b. Olbersleben, 
 near Weimar, Apr. 5, 1850. Pupil of 
 father, MuUer-Hartung, Liszt, Cor- 
 nelius, Rheinberger, and Wiillner; 
 taught at Weimar 1876, Wiirzburg 
 1877, where he conducted Liedertafel; 
 director 1896 of Deutscher Sanger- 
 bund; dir. Cons. Wiirzburg; compr. 
 of 2 operas, but chiefly of choruses 
 and songs with pf. or orch. accomp, 
 
 Meyerbeer (ma'-yar-bar), Giacomo [real 
 name Jakob Liebmann Beer], com- 
 pr. b. Berlin, Sept. 5, 1791; d. 
 Paris, May 2, 1864. Of Jewish 
 descent; name changed to Meyer- 
 beer as condition of inheritance; 
 
 MIKULl 
 
 pupil on pf . of Lauska and Clementi, 
 in theory of Zelter, Bernh. Weber, 
 and 1810-12 of Abt Vogler at Darm- 
 stadt; in Vienna, after hearing Hum- 
 mel play, he spent several months 
 in retired practise, after which his 
 debut was successful; discouraged by 
 failure of early operas, went to Venice 
 to study, where he won earliest 
 successes by imitations of Rossini 
 {Emma di Resburgo, etc.); II cro- 
 ciato in Egitto is transitional; 1824- 
 31 he produced no opera; after long 
 study of French opera and assimila- 
 tion of contemporary spirit, pro- 
 duced Robert le Diable 1831 (great 
 success and great financial aid to 
 Op^ra) ; then followed Les Huguenots 
 1836 (probably the greatest), Le 
 prophete 1849, L'Etoile du Nord 1854, 
 Dinorah 1859, and U Africaine 1865; 
 after 1842 he was music director in 
 Berlin, where he conducted his own 
 works, brought out Weber's Eury- 
 anthe and Wagner's Rienzi and Der 
 fliegende Hollander. M's operas are 
 extraordinarily skilful in orchestral 
 color and dramatic effectiveness 
 much of which is due to the brilliant 
 librettos of Scribe; his music is not 
 always of even quality or interest; 
 his style adapts itself so remarkably 
 to each change of subject that there 
 is almost a total lack of the feeling 
 of individuality; one feels with 
 Meyerbeer, as with Scribe, a pref- 
 erence for dramatic effect, for 
 " jugghng with contrasts " rather 
 than for artistic truth. 
 
 Middelschulte, Wilhelm, orgt., compr. 
 b. April 3, 1863, at Werwe, West- 
 phaha. Pupil at the Inst, for 
 Church Music in Berlin of Haupt, 
 Loeschhorn, Commer, and Schroeder; 
 orgt. Berlin 1888, Chicago 1891; 
 since 1894 orgt. for Thomas Orches- 
 tra with important church positions; 
 compr. of valuable org. music. Canon 
 and Fy^u£ in D min., concerto for 
 org. and orch. on a theme of J. S. 
 Bach, Canon-Fantaisie on Bach 
 and Fu^ue on four Bach themes, and 
 Toccata on Einfeste Burg. 
 
 Mikuli (mi-koo'-li), Carl, pst., compr. 
 b. Czernowitz, Bohemia, Oct. 20, 
 1821; d. Lemberg, May 21, 1897. 
 Student of medicine at Vienna, of 
 music with Chopin and Reicha at 
 Paris; after successful tour in Russia, 
 
MILANOLLO 
 
 MOIR 
 
 became director of Lemberg Cons. 
 1858; founded own music sciiool 
 1888; edited Chopin's works with 
 emendations received directly from 
 C; own pf. compositions imitate 
 C's style; published also French and 
 Polish folk-songs, etc. 
 
 Milanollo, Maria, vlt. h. Savigliano, 
 near Turin, July 19, 1832; d. Paris, 
 Oct. 21, 1848. From 1838 to her 
 death played in concerts with her 
 sister Domenica Maria Teresa, vlt. 
 b. Savigliano, Aug. 28, 1827; d. 
 Paris, Oct. 25, 1904. Teresa had 
 lessons from Caldera and Mora at 
 Turin, and some in the course of 
 various tours from De B^riot and, 
 under a pseudonym, from Habeneck; 
 both sisters had brilliant success in 
 concerts in France, Germany, Hol- 
 land, and England; T. retired after 
 marriage to Parmentier, 1857, to 
 Toulouse and 1878 to Paris. 
 
 Mililotti, Leopoldo, singing teacher, h. 
 Ravenna, Aug. 6, 1835. Studied 
 and taught in Rome ; composed, with 
 brother Giuseppe (1833-83), 2 oper- 
 ettas. 
 
 Millard, Harrison, compr. b. Boston, 
 Mass., Nov. 27, 1830; d. Sept. 10, 
 1895. Member of church choir and 
 Handel and Haydn Soc. chorus; after 
 study in Italy, sang tenor on tour 
 through Great Britain with Cather- 
 ine Hayes; taught singing, composed 
 in N. Y. after 1856; composed opera 
 (never performed), mass, church 
 music, and over 350 songs. 
 
 Millocker (mil'-16k-er), Karl, compr. 
 b. Vienna, May 29, 1842; d. Baden, 
 near Vienna, Dec. 29, 1899. Pupil 
 at Vienna Cons.; capellmeister at 
 Graz, at Harmonie Th., Vienna, 
 and, after 1869, at Th. an der Wien; 
 composed pf. pieces, published 
 monthly in Musikalische Presse, and 
 long series of lively, deservedly pop- 
 ular operettas, of which Der Bettel- 
 student attained widest notice. 
 
 Mills, Robert Watkin, baritone, h. 
 Painswick, Gloucestershire, Mar. 4, 
 1856. Studied at Royal Acad, with 
 Holland, at Milan with Blasco, and 
 in London again with Barnby, Ran- 
 degger, and Blume; d^but 1884; 
 favorite at oratorios, festivals, and 
 concerts; has sung in Australasia, 
 Canada, and U. S. since 1894. 
 
 Mills, Sebastian Bach, pst. b. Ciren- 
 cester, England, Mar. 13, 1838; d. 
 Wiesbaden, Dec. 21, 1898. Pupil of 
 father. Potter, and Sterndale Ben- 
 nett, of Moscheles, etc., at Leipzig 
 Cons, of Liszt; while orgt, at Ro- 
 man Catholic Cath. at Sheffield, 
 appeared as pst. in Leipzig; 1859 
 d^but in New York was so successful 
 that he made his home there; great 
 influence, by teaching and playing, 
 on musical interest in N. Y.; com- 
 posed graceful works for pf . 
 
 Missa, Edmond Jean Louis, compr. h. 
 Rheims, June 12, 1861. Studied at 
 Paris Cons, with Massenet; Prix de 
 Rome 1883; teacher and compr. in 
 Paris; composed since 1886 series of 
 operas performed in Brussels and 
 Paris, Juge et partie, Ninon de Len- 
 clos, Muguette, etc. 
 
 Mocquereau (mok-ke-ro), Dom Andre, 
 editor, b. La Tessouale, near Cholet, 
 France, June 6, 1849. Educated at 
 Paris; 'cello player under Dancla; 
 member of order of Benedictines at 
 Solesmes 1875; teacher of choral 
 singing there; under Dom Pothier 
 studied Gregorian music; 1889 
 founded Paleographie musicale, pub- 
 lication under his editorship of 
 facsimiles of old Mss., with trans- 
 cription into modern notation and 
 valuable essays, some of which have 
 been reprinted separately; 6 parts 
 have appeared. 
 
 Moffat, Alfred Edward, compr. b. 
 Edinburgh, Dec. 4, 1866. Studied 
 with Bussler in Berlin; lives in Eng- 
 land and Germany; composed sev- 
 eral cantatas, school songs; published 
 collections of folk-songs, English 
 and Scotch; arranged classical works. 
 
 Mohr (mor), Hermann, compr. h. 
 Nienstedt, Oct. 9, 1830; d. Phila- 
 delphia, May 26, 1896. Studied at 
 Eisleben; founded Luisenstadt Cons, 
 at Berlin; taught in Phila. at Zeck- 
 wer's Cons, after 1886; composed 
 cantatas, pf. pieces, and especially 
 choruses for men's voices. 
 
 Moir, Frank Lewis, compr. b. Market 
 Harborough, England, Apr. 22, 1852; 
 d. Deal, July 14, 1904. Studied 
 painting at S. Kensington; won 
 scholarship in Nat'l Training Sch. of 
 Music; composed opera, church 
 services, and many songs. 
 
MOLIQUE 
 
 Molique (mo-lek), Wilhelm Bemhard, 
 vlt., compr. b. Nuremberg, Oct. 7, 
 1802; d. Kannstatt, May 10, 1869. 
 Pupil of father, of Spohr (for a few 
 lessons), of Rovelli at Munich; mem- 
 ber of th. orch. at Vienna, leader royal 
 orch. at Munich 1820, at Stuttgart 
 1826-49; after that in London until 
 retirement 1866; serious and re- 
 strained player, compr. chiefly for vln. 
 of some uninteresting works and of 
 really distinguished and valued con- 
 certos. 
 
 MoUenhauer (moF-len-how'-er), Emil, 
 vlL, condr. b. Brooklyn, Aug. 4, 
 1855. Son of Friedrich, vlL; at 9 
 appeared at Niblo's Garden, N. Y.; 
 member of orchestras at Booth's Th., 
 Thomas's, Damrosch's, Bijou Th. 
 (Boston), Boston Symph. 1884-88; 
 condr. of Germania and Boston 
 Festival Orch. (which gave concerts 
 throughout U. S. with distinguished 
 soloists), of Apollo Club after 1901, 
 of Handel and Haydn Soc. after 1899. 
 
 MoUoy, James Lyman, compr. b. Corno- 
 lore, Ireland, 1837; d. 1910. Member 
 of English bar; amateur musician; 
 compr. of songs (Love's Old Sweet 
 Song, etc.), editor of Irish melodies. 
 
 Mondonville (mon-don-vel'), Jean 
 Joseph Cassanea de, vlt., compr. b. 
 Narbonne, Dec. 25, 1711; d. Belle- 
 ville, near Paris, Oct. 8, 1772. Added 
 wife's name, de M., to his, Cassanea; 
 successful vlt. at Lille and at Con- 
 certs spirituels in Paris; 1744 in- 
 tendant of la chapelle du roi at Ver- 
 sailles; director of Concerts spirituels 
 1755-62; composed motets and operas 
 which were successful only because 
 they were supported by French party 
 in the Guerre des bouffons. 
 
 Moniuszko, Stanislaus, compr. h. Ubil, 
 Russia, May 5, 1820; d. Warsaw, 
 June 4, 1872. Pupil of Freyer 
 in Warsaw and Rungenhagen in 
 Vienna; teacher and orgt. in Wilna; 
 capellnieister 1858 and later prof, at 
 Cons, in Warsaw; published many 
 songs, church and organ music, and 
 15 operas in national style of Poland. 
 
 Monk, Edwin George, orgt., compr. h 
 Frome, Somersetshire, Dec. 13, 1819 
 d. Radley, near Oxford, Jan. 3, 1900 
 Pupil of father, of H. and G. Field, 
 after org. appointments in England 
 and Ireland, studied with G. A. 
 
 MONTE 
 
 Macfarren; precentor and music- 
 master at Radley; Mus. Doc. Oxford 
 1856; orgt. at York Cathedral 1859- 
 83; pubhshed anthems, etc., and 
 edited several volumes of chants 
 pointed, for Anglican service. 
 
 Monk, William Henry, orgt. h. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 16, 1823; d. Stoke New- 
 ington, London, Mar. 18, 1889. 
 Pupil of Adams, Hamilton, and 
 Griesbach; orgt. in London; choir- 
 master, orgt. 1849, and teacher of 
 vocal music 1874 at King's Coll., 
 London; prof, at School for Indigent 
 Blind 1851, in National Training 
 Coll. 1876; in Bedford Coll., London, 
 1878; mus. editor of Parish Choir, 
 of Hymns Ancient and Modern, 
 Scottish Hymnal, etc. 
 
 Monsigny (mon-se-ni), Pierre Alex- 
 andre, compr. h. Fauquembergue, 
 near St. Omer, Oct. 17, 1729; d. 
 Paris, Jan. 14, 1817. Abandoned 
 early studies to become clerk and 
 maitre d'hotel to Duke of Orleans; 
 1754, inspired by performance of La 
 serva padrona, began lessons in har- 
 mony with Gianotti and in five 
 months produced successful Les 
 aveux indiscrets; operas (notably 
 Aline, Le deserteur, Felix) ended in 
 1777; government positions lost in 
 Revolution, but pensioned by Op^ra 
 Com.; inspector at Cons. 1795-1802; 
 member of Academy 1813; works 
 charmingly melodious, without re- 
 markable skill. 
 
 Montagnana (mon-tan-ya'-na), Dom- 
 enico, vln.-maker. b. about 1700; d. 
 Venice (?), 1740. Probably pupil of 
 Stradivari, with whom he worked 
 and whose vlns. his resemble in a 
 general way, without being copies; 
 especially remarkable varnish; also 
 made violas; all his instruments val- 
 uable. 
 
 Monte (mon'-te), Philippe de [or de 
 Mens], compr. h. Mons or Malines, 
 about 1521; d. Vienna (?), July 4, 
 1603. At Antwerp 1557 about at 
 end of Lassus' residence there; capell- 
 meister to Maximilian II and Rudolf 
 II at Vienna and Prague; treas. and 
 canon at Cambrai, but apparently 
 did not live there; published 30 books 
 of madrigals, 2 of masses, and 7 of 
 motets, a few of which have been 
 reprinted. 
 
MONTEVERDE 
 
 MORLEY 
 
 Monteverde [or Monteverdi], Claudio 
 Giovanni Antonio, compr. b. Cre- 
 mona (baptized May 15), 1567; d. 
 Venice, Nov. 29, 1643. Viola player 
 in orch. of Duke Gonzaga at Mantua 
 and pupil in counterpoint of Ingeg- 
 neri, maestro to the duke; early 
 works, canzonets and madrigals, 
 show inipatience of conventional 
 restraint and desire for new progres- 
 sions; 1603 became maestro to duke; 
 1607 produced first opera, Orfeo; 
 1613 maestro at St. Mark's, Venice; 
 after 1637, when first opera house 
 opened in Venice, M. composed 
 many successful operas; almost none 
 of his works are extant; remarkable 
 as compr. who, by novel progressions 
 in his madrigals, etc., established 
 modern music despite opposition of 
 adherents of older polyphonic school, 
 the principles of which, as illustrated 
 in older church music, suffered 
 unduly from his success; in dramatic 
 music his innovations were enlarg- 
 ing orch., inventing new combina- 
 tions, using tremolo of strings, mak- 
 ing freer and more dramatic recita- 
 tive. 
 
 Moody, Charles Henry, orgt. b. Stour- 
 bridge, Worcestershire, Mar. 22, 
 1874. Pupil of T. W. Morgan; orgt. 
 at Tenbury, Wells, Wigan, Coventry, 
 and since 1902 at Ripon Cath.; condr. 
 of choral soc. and festival choirs at 
 Wigan, Coventry, Ripon; lecturer 
 on mus.; published Festival Magnifi- 
 cat, Mus. and Emotion, Evolution of 
 Ecclesiastical Mus., Choir Boy in the 
 Making and, under pseud. Coulthart 
 Brajrton, songs. 
 
 Moody, Fanny, soprano, h. Redruth, 
 Nov. 23, 1866. Pupil of Mme. 
 Sainton- Dolbv; d^but with Carl 
 Rosa Co. 1887; after 1894 sang in 
 Italian opera at Covent Garden and 
 Drury Lane; gave costume recitals; 
 successful in concerts in England 
 and provinces; married 'Southcote 
 Mansergh, bass, whose stage name 
 is Charles Manners; they have given 
 many concerts together, and opera 
 presentations in English. 
 
 Moore, Graham Ponsonby, pst., writer. 
 b. Ballarat, Australia, Apr. 14, 1859. 
 Pupil of Kullak at Berlin Cons, and 
 of Scharwenka and Moszkowski; 
 prof, at Royal Coll. Mus., London, 
 
 and examiner for R. A. M.; compr. 
 chiefly for pf. (C oncer tstiicke, studies, 
 nocturnes, archaic dances, etc.). 
 
 Morales (mo-ra'-l6th), Cristofero [Cris- 
 tobal], compr. b. Seville, Jan. 2, 
 1512; d. Malaga, June 14, 1553. 
 Member of Papal Chapel 1535-40; 
 maestro di cappella, Toledo, 1544^5, 
 singer at Malaga Cath. 1551; prob- 
 ably returned to Seville 1552; com- 
 posed 16 masses, several motets and 
 magnificats, some of which are sung 
 annually in Papal Chapel. 
 
 Morgan, George Washboume, orgt. h. 
 Gloucester, England, Apr. 9, 1822; 
 d. Tacoma, Wash., July, 1892. 
 Pupil of J. Amott; orgt. in several 
 churches in England, and after 1854 
 in New York; gave concerts on Bos- 
 ton Music Hall organ. 
 
 Morgan, John Paul, orgt. b. Oberlin, 
 O., Feb. 13, 1841; d. Oakland, Cal., 
 Jan., 1879. For many years in New 
 York as orgt. and compr., chiefly of 
 org. and church music; translated 
 Richter's Manual of Harmony; his 
 wife made English versions of words 
 to many songs and cantatas. 
 
 Morhange, see Alkan. 
 
 Morlacchi (mor-lak'-ki), Francesco, 
 compr. b. Perugia, June 14, 1784; 
 d. Innsbruck, Oct. 28, 1841. Studied 
 with Mazzetti, Caruso, Zingarelli, 
 and Martini; after writing church 
 music, he turned to opera, 1803, with 
 such success that in 1810 he became 
 capellmeister of Italian opera at 
 Dresden; wrote more operas, masses, 
 and oratorios; one of those who are 
 said to have combined Italian and 
 German qualities. 
 
 Morley, Charles, see Behr, F. 
 
 Morley, Thomas, compr. h. London, 
 1557 or 1558; d. there, about 1602. 
 Pupil of W. Byrd; Mus. Bac. Oxford 
 1588; orgt. at St. Giles's and at St. 
 Paul's; gentleman of Chapel Royal 
 1592; license to print granted 1598; 
 composed canzonets or short "ayres" 
 for 3 or 4 voices, madrigals, harpsi- 
 chord pieces in Fitzwilliam Virginal 
 Book, settings of some Shakespeare 
 songs, etc.; wrote first treatise on 
 music published in England, A plaine 
 and easie introduction, and a book of 
 Consort lessons; highly praised by 
 
MUCK 
 
 MUSIOL 
 
 advance in instrumental writing; his 
 first improvement was substitution 
 of more dignified and refined min- 
 uets; later he developed resources of 
 the orchestra so that the whole effect 
 is much richer than in Haydn's 
 symphonies, although M. never 
 attained the depth and nobility of 
 Beethoven. His operas were at first 
 in the simple Italian style, then after 
 attempting to imitate the French 
 opera as reformed by Gluck, in 
 Figaro and Don Giovanni he attained 
 a style of his own never equalled for 
 mixture of dignity, grace, exquisitely 
 comic feeling, and beauty; he com- 
 bines Italian vivacity with German 
 poetic truthfulness within his own 
 personality. 
 
 Muck (mook), Karl, condr. b. Wiirz- 
 burg, Oct, 22, 1859. Early lessons 
 from father, chancellor and amateur 
 mus.; studied philosophy at Heidel- 
 berg and Leipzig, music at Leipzig 
 Cons, under Richter and Reinecke; 
 condr. at Zurich 1880-81, Salzburg 
 1881-82, Brunn 1882-84, Graz 1884- 
 86, Prague 1886 -92, and, since 1892, 
 court capellmeister at Berlin Royal 
 opera; conductor of Boston Symph. 
 Orch. 1906-08, again 1912-, and at 
 Bayreuth 1901, 1902, '04, '06. 
 
 Mtiffat, Georg, conipr. b. Schlettstadt, 
 about 1645; d. Passau, Feb. 23, 1704. 
 Sudied LuUy's style in Paris; orgt. 
 Salzburg Cath,, then to Bishop of S., 
 then capellmeister to Bishop of Pas- 
 sau; published instrumental sonatas, 
 concbitos, some 50 dance pieces for 4 
 and 8 vlns., etc., together with instruc- 
 tions in playing string instruments. 
 
 Miiller, Carl Christian, compr., teacher. 
 b. Meiningen, Germany, July 3, 
 1831. Parents cultivated musical 
 amateurs; showed decided musical 
 bent at an early age and was given 
 instruction in piano playing and 
 harmony by members of the ducal 
 orchestra. In 1854 he came to New 
 York and connected himself with a 
 firm of piano makers, later joining 
 the theatre orchestra of Barnum's 
 Museum, of which he became leader. 
 In 1864 he turned his attention to 
 teaching, making a specialty of the 
 piano and harmony; member of the 
 faculty of the New York College of 
 Music; some of his pupils have risen 
 
 high in professional circles. Com- 
 positions include nearly all forms: 
 two overtures, an Idyl, a Suite in 
 G minor, a symphony in D minor, a 
 Sccna for tenor and orchestra, and 
 other pieces for orchestra; in cham- 
 ber music, a sonata for violin and 
 piano and three string quartets; 
 pieces for piano solo and with other 
 instruments, three sonatas, preludes 
 and postludes for the organ, songs, 
 quartets and anthems; some of the 
 large works have been performed by 
 the Manuscript Society and by 
 Theodore Thomas. He translated 
 Sechter's treatise The Correct Order 
 of Fundamental Harmonies, a valu- 
 able work of reference in musical 
 theory. Lives in New York City 
 (1910). 
 
 Muris (mii-ris'), Johannes de, theorist. 
 Disciple of Franco; trained at Ox- 
 ford; author of treatise Speculum 
 musiccB in 7 books, on theory and 
 practise of music; large claims have 
 been made for him, but influence 
 appears to have been rather con- 
 servative than innovating. 
 
 Murska, lima di, dram, soprano, b. 
 Croatia, 1836; d. Munich, Jan. 16, 
 1889. Pupil of the Marchesis in 
 Vienna; debut Florence 1862; had 
 great success in almost all capitals; 
 America 1873-76; voice was brilhant, 
 with range of nearly 3 octaves; 
 taught in N. Y. for short time, but 
 retired to Munich some years before 
 her death. 
 
 Musin (mii-zan), Ovide, vlt. h. Man- 
 drin, near Liege, Sept. 22, 1854. 
 Studied at Liege Cons, with Heyn- 
 berg and Leonard, and with latter at 
 Paris Cons., where he also taught a 
 year; successful tours around the 
 world; taught at Liege Cons, after 
 1897, prof, after 1898; teaching in 
 N. Y. 1908-10. 
 
 Musiol, Robert Paul Johann, compr., 
 writer, b. Breslau, Jan. 14, 1846; 
 d. Fraustadt, Oct. 18, 1903. Studied 
 at Seminary of Liebenthal, Silesia; 
 teacher and cantor at Rohrsdorf, 
 near Fraustadt, 1873-1891; author 
 of Catechismu^ der Mu^ikgeschichte, 
 editor of several music lexicons, 
 biographies of Fritze, Korner, and 
 Hugo Briickler; contributed to peri- 
 odicals, etc. 
 
NACHBAUR 
 
 NAUMANK 
 
 N 
 
 Nachbaur (nak'-bour) , Franz, tenor . b . 
 Schloss Giessen, near Friedrichshafen, 
 Mar. 25, 1835; d. Munich, Mar. 21, 
 1902. Pupil of Pischek while at Stutt- 
 gart Polytechnic; chorister at Basle; 
 sang at Lun^ville, and, after study 
 with Orth and Lamperti, at Mann- 
 heim, Hanover, Prague, Darmstadt, 
 Vienna, finally at Munich 1866-90; 
 created part of Walther in Die Meis- 
 tersinger; great repute in Germany. 
 
 Nachez (na-shez'), Tivadar, vlt. h. 
 Pesth, May 1, 1859. Studied with 
 Sabatil, Joachim at Berlin, and 
 Leonard at Paris; from headquar- 
 ters in Paris made successful Conti- 
 nental tours; settled in London 
 1889, where he is popular as concert 
 player; composed concertos, Hun- 
 garian rhapsodies and dances, etc. 
 
 Nadaud (na-do), Gustave, compr. b. 
 
 . Roubaix, France, Feb. 20, 1820; d. 
 Paris, Apr. 28, 1893. Distinguished 
 compr. of chansons, of which he 
 published some 15 volumes, usually 
 to his own words; also wrote 3 op- 
 erettas (Ledocteur Vieuxtemps, etc.). 
 
 Nageli (na'-g6-H), [Johann ?J Hans 
 Georg, compr., publisher, b. Wetzi- 
 kon, near Zurich, May 16, 1773; 
 d. there, Dec. 26, 1836. Publisher 
 at Wetzikon of editions of Handel and 
 Bach, and new works by Clementi, 
 Cramer, and Beethoven, into whose 
 sonata, Op. 31, No. 1, he interpolated 
 four measures; founder and president 
 of association for cultivation of music ; 
 held popular singing classes, com- 
 posed songs {Lied vom Rhein, Life let 
 us cherish), choruses, etc. 
 
 Nanini (na-ne'-ni), Giovanni Maria, 
 compr. h. Vallerano, about 1540; 
 d. Rome, Mar. 11, 1607. Pupil of 
 Goudimel ; maestro at Vallerano, and 
 1571-75 at Sta. Maria Maggiore at 
 Rome; founded music school where 
 Palestrina and nephew, Bernardino, 
 taught; member of choir 1577 and 
 maestro 1604 at Sistine Chapel, 
 where a Christmas motet of his is 
 annually sung; composed madrigals 
 and psalms distinguished even for 
 that great period. 
 
 Napravnik (na-prav'-nek), Eduard 
 Franzevich, compr., condr. h. Bejst, 
 Bohemia, Aug. 24, 1839. Son of 
 teacher, early orphaned; studied at 
 Prague org. school and with Kittl, 
 and at school for psts., where he later 
 taught; 1861 condr. of Prince Yusu- 
 pov's private orch. at St. Petersburg; 
 1863 orgt. at opera, 1867 2d con- 
 ductor, and 1869 conductor; 1869- 
 81 conducted concerts of Mus. Soc; 
 carried further Liadov's reforms, 
 including native works in opera 
 repertoire, etc.; compr. of several 
 operas, overtures, Russian and Bo- 
 hemian songs, etc. 
 
 Nardini (nar-de'-ni), Pietro, vlt. b. 
 Fibiana, 1722; d. Florence, May 7, 
 1793. Studied at Leghorn and with 
 Tartini at Padua; soloist in Stutt- 
 gart court orch. 1753-67; lived with 
 Tartini at Leghorn 1767-70; direc- 
 tor of mus. for Duke of Tuscany; 
 L. Mozart praised sentiment and 
 taste of his playing; composed con- 
 certos, sonatas, solos, duets, quar- 
 tets, and trios, 6 of each, of some 
 interest but old-fashioned. 
 
 Nares, James, orgt., compr. b. Stan- 
 well, Eng., April [baptized Apr. 19], 
 1715; d. London, Feb. 10, 1783. 
 Chorister in Chapel Royal under 
 Gates, Croft, and Pepusch; deputy 
 orgt. Windsor; orgt. of York Cath. 
 1734 and of Chapel Royal 1756, 
 where he became master of children 
 1757; took prize for catch, published 
 harpsichord lessons, catches, and 
 (most important) 20 anthems. 
 
 Naumann (nou'-man), Emil, writer, b. 
 Berlin, Sept. 8, 1827; d. Dresden, 
 June 23, 1888. Studied with Schny- 
 der von Wartensee, with Mendels- 
 sohn, at Leipzig Cons., and at Bonn 
 Univ.; mus. dir. at court church in 
 Berlin 1856; Ph.D. Univ. Berlin; 
 lecturer on hist, at Dresden Cons. 
 1873; wrote on opera (against 
 Wagner), on special periods of his- 
 tory, and Die Tonkunst in der Kvl- 
 turgeschichte (greatest work, trans- 
 lated as History of Mu^.; admirably 
 clear and readable, though not 
 always trustworthy in dates, etc.)- 
 
NAVA 
 
 NEUENDORFF 
 
 Nava (na'-va), Gaetano, singing teacher. 
 b. Milan, May 16, 1802; d. there. 
 Mar. 31, 1875. Son of guitar player 
 and compr.; after college education, 
 pupil of Federici at Milan Cons., 
 where he taught harmony and sing- 
 ing after 1837; Santley among 
 pupils; believed in development as 
 opposed to forcing; wrote method, 
 several books of vocalises and 
 church music. 
 
 Navratil (nav-ra'til), Karl, compr, b. 
 Prague, April 24, 1867. Pupil of 
 Ondricek and Adler; composed in 
 larger forms, operas, symphony, 5 
 symph. poems, concertos for pf. and 
 vln. 
 
 Nedbal, Oskar, viola player, h. Tabor, 
 Bohemia, Mar. 26, 1874. Pupil of 
 Dvorak and Bennewitz at Prague 
 Cons.; member of Bohemian Quar- 
 tet (with K. Hoffmann, Suk, and 
 Wihan) 1891-1906; condr. Bohemian 
 concerts in Vienna and London, of 
 Prague Philharm. Soc. until 1906; 
 composed for own instrument. 
 
 Neefe (na-f6), Christian Gottlob, orgt., 
 compr. b. Chemnitz, Feb. 5, 1748; 
 d. Dessau, Jan. 26, 1798. Studied 
 law at Univ. of Leipzig, but influ- 
 enced by J. A. Hiller composed 
 operettas, and 1777 became condr. of 
 traveling co.; orgt. at Bonn after 
 1782, where he was Beethoven's 
 teacher; accomp. and manager at 
 Bonn 1788-94; then condr. at 
 Dessau; last years in great poverty; 
 wrote and arranged several operas, 
 composed church mus., etc. 
 
 Neidlinger (nid'-ling-er), William Har- 
 old, compr. h. Brooklyn, July 20, 
 1863. Pupil of Dudley Buck and 
 C. C. Miiller; after some years 
 abroad (he taught singing in Paris), 
 settled in Chicago; later in New 
 York; compr. of 2 operas, and many 
 admirable songs. 
 
 Neitzel (nit'-zel). Otto, pst., writer, h. 
 Falkenburg, Pomerania, Julv 6, 
 1852. Studied at KuUak's Acad, 
 and at Berlin Univ.; concert tour 
 with Lucca and Sarasate; condr. at 
 Strassburg 1878-81 ; taught at Strass- 
 burg Cons., Moscow Cons. 1885, at 
 Cologne since 1887; lectured in U. S. 
 1906; critic for Kolnische Zeitung, 
 author of Fiihrer durch die Oper, 
 compr. of several operas. 
 
 Neri (na'-ri), Filippo, compr. h. 
 Florence, July 21, 1515; d. Rome, 
 May 26, 1595. Holy orders 1551; 
 for his lectures in oratory of San 
 Girolamo and later at Sta. Maria, 
 Animuccia and Palestrina com- 
 posed Laudi spirituali from which 
 developed the " oratorio "; N. organ- 
 ized seminary 1575; canonized 1622. 
 
 Neruda [or Norman Neruda], Wilma, 
 see Halle, Lady. 
 
 Nessler, Victor E., compr. b. Balden- 
 heim, Alsace, Jan. 28, 1841; d. 
 Strassburg, May 28, 1890. While 
 student of theology, studied mus. 
 with Stern and produced successful 
 opera (Fleurette 1864) and turned 
 to music; after further study in 
 Leipzig, was chorusmaster and condr. 
 at several theatres there; composed 
 12 operas, of which Der Rattenfdnger 
 von Hameln and Der Trompeter von 
 Sdkkingen have been extremely pop- 
 ular, especially in Germany; though 
 he had certain gift of popular melody, 
 never attained any original heights. 
 
 Nesvadba (nes-vad'-ba), Joseph, condr., 
 compr. b. Vyskef , Bohemia, Jan. 19, 
 1824; d. Darmstadt, May 20, 1876. 
 Student of philosophy at Prague, 
 where he produced opera Blauhart; 
 condr. at Carlsbad, Olmiitz, Graz, 
 Prague, Italian opera at Berlin, Ham- 
 burg; after 1864 court capellmeister 
 at Darmstadt; compr. of Bohemian 
 songs and dances. 
 
 Ne§vera (nesh-va'-ra), Joseph, compr., 
 choirmaster, b. Proskoles, Bohemia, 
 Oct. 24, 1842. Choir director at 
 Prague, Koniggratz, and Olmiitz 
 Cath.; compr. of 3 operas, sym- 
 phony, septet, much vln. and pf. 
 music, and distinguished church mus. 
 
 Neuendorff (noi-en-dorf), Adolf, condr. 
 h. Hamburg, June 13, 1843; d. 
 New York, Dec. 4, 1897. Came to 
 U. S. 1855; pupil of Matzka, Wein- 
 lich, and Schilling; debut as pst. 
 1859; vlt. in N. Y. theatre and in 
 Brazil; condr. in Milwaukee and 
 N. Y., in. Acad, of Mus., of Phil- 
 harmonic Soc, and (after period of 
 concert direction in Boston, of con- 
 ducting Juch Opera Co. and of 
 living in Vienna) of Metropolitan 
 Orch.; composed operas, songs, etc.; 
 of importance because of early 
 introduction of Wagner's music in 
 
NEXJKOMM 
 
 NICHOLL 
 
 U. S. and Mexico; first performance 
 of Lohengrin and Walkilre during 
 his term as condr. at Stadt Theatre, 
 N. Y., 1867-71; gave Wagner 
 Festivals with Th. Thomas. 
 
 Neukomm (noi-kom), Sigismund, Ritter 
 von, compr. h. Salzburg, July 10, 
 1778; d. Paris, Apr. 3, 1858. Pupil 
 of Weissauer, M. Haydn, and J. 
 Haydn, who took great interest 
 in him; condr. German opera at St. 
 Petersburg 1807; later in Paris, 
 friend of Cherubini, pst. to Talley- 
 rand; ennobled for Requiem on 
 Louis XVI; court director to Dom 
 Pedro of Brazil 1816-21; traveled 
 with Talleyrand; lived alternately 
 in Paris and London where he was 
 extremely popular until eclipsed by 
 Mendelssohn in 1837; composed 
 about 1000 works, oratorios, masses, 
 operas, org. and pf. pieces, all now 
 forgotten. 
 
 Neumann (noi-man), Angelo, tenor. 
 b. Vienna, Aug. 18, 1838; d. Prague, 
 Dec. 19, 1910. Debut 1859; sang at 
 Cracow, Pressburg, and Vienna, 
 1862-76; managed traveling Wag- 
 ner opera company, and operas in 
 Leipzig, Bremen, and Prague; set- 
 tled in Bremen; since 1885 in 
 Prague as director of Landestheatre; 
 author of Reminiscences. 
 
 Neupert (noi'-pert), Edmund, pst., 
 compr. b. Christiania, Apr. 1, 1842; 
 d. New York, June 22, 1888. Pupil 
 at KuUak's Acad.; teacher there, 
 at Stern Cons., at Copenhagen Cons. 
 1868, at Moscow Cons. 1881; after 
 1883 in N. Y., where he was known 
 as excellent teacher, and concert 
 performer; wrote useful Technical 
 Studies, Studies in Style, etc. 
 
 Nevada [pseud, for Wixom], Emma, 
 dram. sop. h. Alpha, near Nevada 
 City, Cal., 1862. Pupil of Mme. 
 Marchesi; d^but London 1880; 
 sang in prominent Italian cities, 
 Paris 1883, alternate nights with 
 Patti 1885, etc.; married Dr. Palmer 
 1885; voice light, of moderate power, 
 especially effective in staccato and 
 chromatic passages. 
 
 Nevin, Arthur Finley, compr. h. Apr. 
 •27, 1871, at Edge worth, Pa. Father, 
 Robert P., was prominent locally as 
 a musician and composer of political 
 
 songs, and later as editor and pub- 
 lisher of the Pittsburg Times and 
 Sunday Leader; educated in the 
 New England Conservatory of Music 
 and in Berlin, where he studied 
 composition with O. B. Boise; early 
 works were the comic operas The 
 Economites, referring to the social- 
 istic community near Pittsburg, 
 and The Candy Man, produced by 
 amateurs; in 1906 he completed his 
 grand opera Poia, based on a legend 
 of the Blackfeet Indians, among 
 whom Nevin lived for two years 
 gathering material; this opera was 
 first given in Pittsburg, Jan. 16, 
 1907; produced in Berlin, April 15, 
 1910; other compositions are Auf 
 Wiedersehen, Lorna Doone suite, 
 From Edgeworth Hills. 
 
 Nevin, Ethelbert Woodbridge, pst., 
 compr. b. Edgeworth, Pa., Nov. 25, 
 1862; d. New Haven, Conn., Feb. 
 17, 1901. After study in Dresden, 
 pupil of Lang and Emery in Boston, 
 and of Von Billow, especially of 
 Klindworth, and Bial at Berlin; 
 taught in Boston; abroad again 
 1892 in Paris, Berlin, and Italy, 
 teaching and composing; had great 
 talent for composition in smaller 
 forms for pf. and charming songs; 
 Narcissus probably his best known 
 piece. 
 
 Nevin, George Balch, compr. b. Ship- 
 pensburg. Pa., March 15, 1859. 
 Educated at State Normal School, 
 and at Lafayette College, Easton, 
 Pa.; pupil in music of Julia E. 
 Crane and Louis Arthur Russell; 
 filled several good choir positions 
 as baritone soloist; compositions in 
 all vocal forms; has been especially 
 successful in church music; some 
 of his well-known pieces are Bells of 
 Shandon, Song of the Armorer, the 
 Christmas cantata Tlie Adoration, 
 and the Easter cantata The Cruci- 
 fied; Nevin is not a professional 
 musician, and lives at Easton, Pa. 
 
 Niccolini, see NicoUni. 
 
 Nicholl, Horace Wadham, compr. b. 
 Tipton, near Birmingham, Mar. 17, 
 1848. Pupil of father and orgt. 
 S. Prince; orgt. at Dudley, at 
 Stoke-on-Trent, at Pittsburg, U. S., 
 after 1870, and at N. Y. 1879; 
 taught in Pittsburg and 1888-95 
 
NICHOLS 
 
 at Miss Porter's School, Farmington, 
 Conn., with Boekelmann; editor org. 
 dept. Freund's Music Trades Review, 
 contributor to Courier and other 
 periodicals; composed symphonies, 
 symph. poems, cycle of 4 oratorios, 
 widely-known org. pieces, etc. 
 
 Nichols, Marie, vlt. b. Chicago, Oct. 16, 
 1879. Pupil of E. Mollenhauer in 
 Boston, of Halir in Berlin, and 
 Debroux in Paris; debut Boston 
 1899; played with Bost. Festival 
 Orch. 1899-1901, with Berhn Phil- 
 harmonic 1903, concerts in London 
 and Paris 1903, and with Boston 
 Symph. Orch. 1905; made long 
 concert tours of U. S. 
 
 Nicode (ni-ko'-da), Jean Louis, pst., 
 compr. b. Jerczik, near Posen, 
 Aug. 12, 1853. Pupil of father, 
 Hartkas (orgt.), and of Kullak, 
 Wiierst, and Kiel at Kullak's Acad.; 
 taught in Berlin and established 
 Nicode concerts; after concert tour 
 through GaHcia and Roumania with 
 Mme. Artot, prof, at Dresden Cons. 
 1878-85; director Philharmonic 
 Concerts 1885-88; dir. Dresden 
 Neustadt Chorgesangverein after 
 1893; both as pst. and condr. he 
 is keen and appeciative interpreter; 
 compositions strong and sound, 
 mostly in larger forms, symph. 
 poems. Das Meer symph., 1888, for 
 chorus and orch., full of daring 
 imagination, and Gloria, 1906, for 
 large orch., chorus of men and boys, 
 in 6 long movements. 
 
 Nicolai (ni'-ko-ll). Otto, compr. h. 
 Konigsberg, June 9, 1810; d. Berlin, 
 May 11, 1849. Pupil of father in pf. 
 playing, and, after he had run away 
 at 16, of Zelter and Klein in Berlin, 
 under protection of Justizrath Adler; 
 while orgt. to Prussian embassy at 
 Rome, 1833, studied Italian mus. 
 under Baini; capellmeister at Vien- 
 na Th. 1837-38, when he returned 
 to Rome; court capellm. Vienna 
 1841-47; founder of Philharmonic 
 Soc; capellm. Berlin opera and Dom- 
 chor 1847; composed 5 operas whteh 
 had great popularity in Italy, where 
 N. was taken for native, two of which 
 were revised for German stage (Der 
 Tempter and Die Heimkehr des 
 Verbannten); work on which fame 
 rests is fresh, humorous Die lustigen 
 
 NIEMANN 
 
 Weiber von Windsor (The Merry 
 Wives of Windsor), brilliantly pro- 
 duced May, 1849, which has had 
 great success. 
 
 Nicolini (nik-o-le'-ni), [or Niccolini], 
 Giuseppe, compr. b. Piacenza, Jan. 
 29, 1762; d. there, Dec. 18, 1842. 
 Studied at Naples with Insanguine; 
 after 1793 brought out about 48 
 operas; maestro at Piacenza Cath. 
 1819; and thereafter chiefly devoted 
 to church music; comp. 40 masses, 
 about 100 psalms, etc. 
 
 Niecks, Frederick [orig. Friedrich], 
 writer, h. Diisseldorf, Mar. 3, 1845. 
 Vln. pupil of Langhans, Griinewald, 
 and Auer; debut at 12; from 13-21 
 member of concert orch. and student 
 in private and at Leipzig Univ.; 
 1868 orgt. and viola player in quar- 
 tet in Dumfries, Scotland; contrib- 
 utor to Monthly Mus. Record after 
 1875; became prof. mus. at Edin- 
 burgh Univ. 1891; distinguished lect- 
 urer and writer; author of Diet, of 
 Mu^. Terms, Chopin as Man and 
 Musician, Programme Music in the 
 Last Four Centuries. 
 
 Niedermeyer (ne'-der-ml-er), Louis, 
 compr., teacher, b. Nyon, Switzer- 
 land, Apr. 27, 1802; d. Paris, Mar. 
 13, 1861. Pupil of Moscheles, 
 Forster, Flora vanti, and Zingarelli; 
 intimate with Rossini; taught and 
 composed songs in Geneva; in Paris 
 after 1823, except for two years in 
 Brussels; produced 4 operas all 
 unsuccessful {Adieu a la France 
 from Maria Stuart is familiar); re- 
 organized Choron's institute for 
 church music, now under gov't 
 subvention as Ecole N.; founded 
 with Ortigue journal La maUrise 
 and published Methode d'accomp. du 
 plain chant, harshly criticized; com- 
 posed church music of some value. 
 
 Niemann (ne'-man), Albert, dram, 
 tenor, h. Erxleben, near Magde- 
 burg, Jan. 15, 1831. Singing at 
 Dessau in small parts, when dis- 
 covered and taught by F. Schneider 
 and Nusch, a baritone; after sing- 
 ing at Hanover, and further study 
 with Duprez in Paris, sang at Halle,. 
 Stuttgart, Hanover, and other towns, 
 finally at Berlin 1866-89 when he 
 retired; of heroic build and voice, 
 selected by Wagner for Tannhduser, 
 
NIKISCH 
 
 NOSKOWSKI 
 
 Paris, 1861, and for Siegmund in 
 Trilogy, Bayreuth, 1876, and sang 
 all Wagner parts in U. S. 1886-88. 
 
 Nikisch (nik'-ish), Arthur, condr. b. 
 Szent Miklos, Hungary, Oct. 12, 
 1855. Father bookkeeper to Prince 
 Lichtenstein; very precocious musi- 
 cal ability; appeared as pst. at 8; 
 pupil at Vienna Cons, of Dessoff, 
 Schenner, and Hellmesberger; prizes 
 for vln. playing and sextet; 1874 vlt. 
 in court orch., 1878 2d condr. under 
 A. Neumann at Leipzig Th. and 1882 
 first condr., attaining great distinc- 
 tion; 1889-93 condr. Boston Symph. 
 Orch.; director and condr. Budapest 
 opera 1893-95; condr. Leipzig Ge- 
 wandhaus 1895; later, visiting condr. 
 Berlin Philh., Hamburg Philh., and 
 in St. Petersburg; he gained much 
 admiration in Paris and London 1897 
 and following years as virtuoso 
 condr. ; one of first to conduct habit- 
 ually without score. 
 
 Nilsson, Christine, dram, soprano, b. 
 Sjoabel, near Wexio, Sweden, Aug. 
 20, 1843. Pupil of Baroness Leu- 
 hausen, F. Berwald, and Wartel in 
 Paris; d^but Th. Lyrique 1864 and 
 sang there till 1866, at Paris Opera 
 1868-70; in America 1870-72, 1873- 
 74; has been very popular on Conti- 
 nent and in London, where she gave 
 farewell concert 1888; voice was not 
 powerful but skilfully managed and 
 her acting (especially of Marguerite 
 in Faust) was restrained and effec- 
 tive; living in Paris (1914). 
 
 Nohl (nol), Carl Friedrich Ludwig. b. 
 Iserlohn, Dec. 5, 1831; d. Heidel- 
 berg, Dec. 15, 1885. Entered pro- 
 fession of law after study at Bonn, 
 Heidelberg, and Berlin; 1858 turned 
 to music; pupil of Dehn and Kiel; 
 prof, at Munich 1865-68, lecturer 
 and prof, at Heidelberg after 1872; 
 edited and wrote many valuable 
 works on Beethoven (life, letters, 
 contemporary judgments, etc.) and 
 on Mozart, etc.; almost all trans- 
 lated. 
 
 Nordica, Lillian, dram. sop. [real name 
 Lillian Norton] . b . Far mington , Me . , 
 May 12, 1859. Pupil of John O'Neill, 
 and at N. E. Cons.; concert debut 
 Boston 1876; traveled in Europe 
 as soloist with Gilmore's Band 1878; 
 pupil of Sangiovanni in Milan; 
 
 operatic debut Brescia 1879; sang 
 in Berhn, St. Petersburg and other 
 cities; Paris Opera 1881; after 
 marriage to F. A. Gower and his 
 disappearance in balloon, did not 
 sing until 1887, in London, where 
 she appeared regularly until 1893; 
 at Metropohtan, N. Y., from 1893- 
 1908, with some interruptions; 1894 
 at Bayreuth; 1910 great success in 
 Paris as Isolde; 2d husband Z. F. 
 Doeme, 3d G. W. Young; voice of 
 considerable power constantly devel- 
 oped, so that she was able to under- 
 take difficult Wagnerian parts; suc- 
 cess in concerts. 
 
 Nordraak (nor'-drak), Rikard, compr. 
 b. Christiania, June 12, 1842; d. 
 Berlin, Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil of 
 Kiel and Kullak; collected and 
 edited Norwegian folk-music; had 
 great influence on Grieg; composed 
 incidental music to Bjornson's plays, 
 pf. mus., etc., with Scandinavian 
 characteristics. 
 
 Norris, Homer Albert, compr. b. 
 Wayne, Me., 1860. Pupil of Mars- 
 ton, Turner, Emery, and Chadwick 
 at N. E. Cons, and of Guilmant, 
 Dubois, Godard, and Gigout in 
 Paris; orgt. at Lewiston and Port- 
 land, Me., at Ruggles St. Bapt. Ch., 
 Boston, and since 1904 at St. 
 George's, New York; author of 
 Practical Harmony on French Basis 
 and Art of Counterpoint; very suc- 
 cessful teacher of harmony, almost 
 only American who has not fol- 
 lowed the more voluminous Leipzig 
 and Munich methods; compr. of 
 about 50 songs, to words by Kipling 
 and other modern poets, of cantata 
 Nain and Flight of the Eagle, pas- 
 sages from Walt Whitman for 
 soprano, tenor, and baritone, on 
 very modern and original theory of 
 progressions. 
 
 Noskowski (nos-koff-ski) , Sigismund, 
 compr. b. Warsaw, May 2, 1848; 
 d. Aug., 1909. Pupil at Warsaw 
 Inst.; invented music notation for 
 blind; pupil of Kiel and Raif at 
 Berlin; condr. at Constance; direc- 
 tor of mus. soc. and prof, at Cons., 
 Warsaw; composed symphonies, 
 symphonic poem, variations, over- 
 ture, quartet, ballet, operas, and pf. 
 mus., national in character. 
 
NOTKER 
 
 Notker [called Balbulus], monk, compr., 
 writer, b. Elgg or Jonswill, 830; d. 
 St. Gall, April 6, 912. Chiefly distin- 
 guished for development of sequences 
 (some of his still extant) and for 4 
 treatises, one on plain song, the 
 others on theory and organs; some 
 attribute these writings to N. Lab- 
 .beo, monk at St. Gall in the tenth 
 century. 
 
 Nottebohm (not'-t6-bom), Martin Gus- 
 tav, writer, b. Liidenscheid, near 
 Arnsberg, Westphalia, Nov. 12, 
 1817; d. Graz, Oct. 29, 1882. 
 Studied at Berlin with Berger and 
 Dehn, at Leipzig with Schumann 
 and Mendelssohn, at Vienna with 
 Sechter; taught pf. and comp. at 
 Vienna; edited Beethoven's sketch 
 books and carefully investigated 
 many details of his career; com- 
 piled thematic lists of works of 
 Beethoven and Schubert ; coeditorof 
 works of Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, 
 etc. 
 
 Nourrit (nor-ri), dram, tenor, b. Paris, 
 Mar. 3, 1802; d. Naples, Mar. 8, 
 1839. Son of Louis N. (1780-1831), 
 also tenor; pupil of Garcia; d^but 
 Opera 1821; father's successor as 
 leading tenor there 1825; teacher 
 at Cons. 1827-37; mortified by 
 engagement of Duprez as associate 
 artist, left Paris in depression and 
 committed suicide; extraordinarily 
 skilful as singer and actor and very 
 popular; created Robert in Robert 
 le Diable, Rdoul in Les Huguenots 
 and many other parts. 
 
 Novacek (no'-va-chek), Ottokar Eugen, 
 vlt., compr. b. Fehertemplom, Hun- 
 gary, May 13, 1866; d. New York, 
 
 OBRECHT 
 
 Feb. 3, 1900. Pupil of father, Dont, 
 Schradieck, and Brodsky; Mendels- 
 sohn prize at Leipzig Cons. 1885; 
 member of Gewandhaus Orch., of 
 Brodsky Quartet, of Bost. Symph. 
 Orch. 1889-92, of Damrosch Orch., 
 N. Y., 1892-93, of Metropolitan 
 Opera orch., sometimes playing 
 vln., sometimes viola; retired from 
 playing because of illness 1899; 
 composed 3 string quartets, pf. con- 
 certo, caprices for pf. and vln., 
 etc.; mus. distinguished by striking 
 originality of idea and harmonic 
 development. 
 
 Novello, Vincent, publisher, h. London, 
 Sept. 6, 1781; d. Nice, Oct. 9, 1861. 
 Chorister in Sardinian Chapel under 
 Webbe; deputy orgt. to Webbe and 
 Danby, orgt. at Portuguese em- 
 bassy, and at Roman Catholic 
 Chapel, Moorfields; pst. to Italian 
 Opera; founder and occasional condr. 
 Philharmonic Soc; founder firm 
 Novello, Ewer & Co., publishers, 
 edited and published many valuable 
 collections; firm carried on by his 
 sons ; daughter Mary married Charles 
 Cowden Clarke, friend of Keats; 
 daughter Clara Anastasia (b. Lon- 
 don, June 10, 1818; d. Rome, 1908), 
 very successful concert and oratorio 
 singer in England and Germany; re- 
 tired to Italy 1860. 
 
 Novoviejski (no'-v6-vi-ey'-ski), Felix, 
 compr. b. Wartenburg, 1875. Stud- 
 ied at Stern Cons., Berlin, at Church 
 Music School, Ratisbon, and at Meis- 
 terschule, Berlin^ where he won 
 Meyerbeer prize; has composed 2 
 symphonies, an overture, and 2 
 oratorios. 
 
 o 
 
 Oakeley, Sir Herbert Stanley, compr. 
 b. Ealing, Middlesex, July 20, 1830; 
 d. Edinburgh, Oct. 26, 1903. Pupil 
 of Elvey, Moscheles, etc., at Leipzig 
 Cons., of Schneider in Dresden, of 
 Breidenstein at Bonn ; 1865-91 
 prof, of mus. at Univ. of Edinburgh; 
 holder of many honorary degrees; 
 remarkable org. player, compr. of 
 songs, anthems, etc.; promoter of 
 music in Edinburgh, especially of 
 ** Reid " concerts. 
 
 Obrecht [also written Hobrecht, Ober- 
 
 tus], compr. h. Utrecht, 1430; d. 
 Ferrara, 1505; capellmeister 1465 at 
 Utrecht (where he taught Erasmus); 
 1483-85 director of school of singing 
 at Cambrai, 1489-1500 at Bruges; 
 made trip to court of Lorenzo the 
 Magnificent at Florence, possibly 
 for a time in service of Duke of 
 Ferrara; 1492 master at Antwerp 
 Cath., where he was highly honored; 
 prolific compr. of chansons and 
 
OCHS 
 
 ONSLOW 
 
 masses, earliest compr, of passion 
 music; follower of Okeghem in school 
 of extremely elaborate counterpoint. 
 
 Ochs (oks), Siegfried, condr. b. Frank- 
 fort-on-Main, Apr. 19, 1858. At first 
 student of medicine ; pupil at Berlin 
 Hochschule of Kiel and Urban; 
 benefited by friendship of Von Bulow ; 
 condr. of Philharmonischer Chor, 
 which has grown into largest sing- 
 ing society in Berlin, where many 
 new works are brought out; teacher 
 and contributor to periodicals; com- 
 posed operas {In N amen des Gesetzes) , 
 choruses, canons, etc. 
 
 Ockenheim, see Okeghem. 
 
 Odington, Walter of [or Walter of 
 Evesham], writer, b. about 1250; 
 d. about 1316. Benedictine monk; 
 author of treatise De speculatione 
 musiccB on notation, instruments, 
 and descant; later life apparently 
 concerned with mathematics and 
 astronomy; first to emphasize major 
 triad as real consonance. 
 
 Oesten (est'-en), Theodor, pst., compr. 
 h. Berlin, Dec. 31, 1813; d. there. 
 Mar. 16, 187a Pupil of Politzki, 
 Bohmer, Rungenhagen, Schneider, 
 etc.; played other instruments; pop- 
 ular as- teacher and of great vogue 
 as compr. of graceful and sentimental 
 pieces (Les premieres violettes, etc.). 
 
 Offenbach (of'-fen-bak), Jacques, 
 compr. b. Cologne, June 21, 1819; 
 d. Paris, Oct. 5, 1880. Name origin- 
 ally Levy ; son of Jewish cantor; pupil 
 of Vaslin in 'cello playing at Paris 
 Cons.; member of Opera Comique 
 orch.; composed song parodies of 
 La Fontaine; 1849 condr. at Theatre 
 Frangais and won recognition by 
 composition of Chanson de Fortunio 
 for Musset's Chandelier; produced 
 several small pieces without much 
 success; 1855-66 managed Bouffes- 
 Parisiens Th. for himself, where he 
 brought out many works; 1872-76 
 manager of Th. de la Galte; 1877 
 trip to America; composed about 90 
 operas in 25 years; established Pari- 
 sian burlesque opera as type of light, 
 gay spirit and pleasant melody, 
 though music is often carelessly con- 
 structed; most noted works are 
 Orphee aux enfers, La belle Helene, La 
 grande duchesse de Gerolstein, and 
 Les contes d'Hoffmann. 
 
 Okeghem (ok'-6-hgm), [also written 
 Ockenheim, Okekem, etc.], Jean de, 
 compr. b. Termonde, E. Flanders, 
 about 1430; d. Tours, 1496 [Grove]. 
 1443-44 chorister at Antwerp Cath. ; 
 pupil of Dufay and possibly of 
 Binchois; compr. to Charles VII 
 at Paris; maltre de chapelle to Louis 
 XI, traveling in Spain and Flanders; 
 founder of later Netherland school, 
 marked by greater freedom of 
 thought and extreme ingenuity of 
 counterpoint; as teacher O. had high 
 reputation; through Josquin Depres 
 and other pupils traditions of school 
 widely spread. 
 
 Olitzka, Rosa, dram. alto. b. Berlin, 
 Sept. 6, 1873. Pupil of Artot and 
 Hey; concert debut Berlin, where 
 father was cantor at Jewish syna- 
 gogue; operatic d6but Briinn 1892, 
 engaged there; at Hanover 1892-93, 
 at London after 1893; m N. Y. 
 1895. 
 
 Oliver, Henry Kemble, compr. b. 
 Beverly, Mass., Nov. 24, 1800; d. 
 Boston, Aug. 10, 1885. Boy singer 
 in Park St. Ch., Boston; graduated 
 Dartmouth Coll., 1818; after teach- 
 ing in Salem, was adjutant general 
 of Mass., supt. of cotton mill, mayor 
 of Lawrence, and later of Salem; 
 state treas.; orgt.; founder, director 
 of clubs in Lawrence and Salem; 
 composed many old familiar hymn 
 tunes (Federal St., Hudson, etc.). 
 
 Olsen, Ole, compr., condr. h. Hammer- 
 fest, Norway, July 5, 1850. Studied 
 at Trondhjem and at Leipzig; after 
 graduating he located in Copen- 
 hagen as teacher and condr.; his 
 compositions include works for or- 
 chestra, piano pieces and songs; they 
 are delicate in style and show the 
 influence of Norwegian folk music. 
 
 Ondriczek (on'-dri-chek), Franz, vlt. 
 h. Prague, Apr. 29, 1859. Pupil of 
 father and member of his dance 
 orch.; studied at Prague Cons, and 
 at Paris Cons, with Massart; 1st 
 prize 1879; after two years more in 
 Paris, played in Berlin and Bohemia; 
 since has played successfully in Con- 
 tinental and American cities. 
 
 Onslow, George, compr. b. Clermont- 
 Ferrand, France, July 27, 1784; d. 
 there, Oct. 3, 1852. Pupil on pf. of 
 
ORTH 
 
 OUSELEY 
 
 Hiillmandel, Dussek, and Cramer, 
 and in comp. of Reicha; member of 
 Institute 1842; wrote 3 comic operas 
 of moderate success, and great 
 amount of chamber music, in which 
 he took great dehght, playing 'cello 
 in amateur quartet; of longest life 
 have been string quintets, some with 
 double-bass part, written for Drago- 
 netti. 
 
 Orth (ort), John, pst., teacher, b. near 
 Annweiler, Bavaria, Dec. 2, 1850. 
 Came to Taunton, Mass., when in- 
 fant; pupil of father, orgt. at 12, 
 studied in Boston 16-20; studied in 
 Germany for 5 years, pf. with Kul- 
 lak, Lebert, Pruckner, Deppe, and 
 Liszt, and comp. with Faisst, Kiel, 
 etc.; since 1875 teaching in Boston; 
 composed graceful pf. music. Mar- 
 ried, 1883, pupil Lizette E. Blood, 
 compr. (d. Boston, Sept. 14, 1913), 
 under name L. E. Orth, of Songs from 
 Mother Goose, Songs for Sleepy- 
 time, Mother Goose Songs without 
 Words (70 piano pes.), On the White 
 Keys (an Introduction to the Piano), 
 The Three Bears (operetta), three 
 light operas, over 300 piano teach- 
 ing pieces and various songs. 
 
 Osborne, George Alexander, pst., 
 teacher, h. Limerick, Ireland, Sept. 
 24, 1806; d. London, Nov. 16, 1893. 
 Self-taught until 18; in Brussels 
 taught crown prince; in Paris after 
 1826; pupil of Pixis and Fetis, later 
 of Kalkbrenner; at same time inti- 
 mate with Chopin, Berlioz, etc.; 
 after 1843 taught in London; com- 
 posed popular pf. music (La pluie 
 des perles, etc.), duets for vln. and 
 pf.; wrote on great contemporaries 
 for Mus. Ass'n and periodicals. 
 
 Osgood, George Laurie, compr. b. 
 Chelsea, Mass., April 3, 1844. Grad- 
 uated 1866 from Harvard, where he 
 directed glee club and orch.; pupil 
 in Germany of Sieber, Haupt, and 
 Franz, and in Italy of Lamperti; 
 concert tour in Germany and with 
 Thomas in America; condr. of Boyls- 
 ton Club; taught successfully in 
 Boston 1872-1906; now living (1910) 
 in Florence; published Guide in the 
 Art of Singing. 
 
 Otto, Ernst Julius, compr. b. Konig- 
 stein, Saxony, Sept. 1, 1804; d. Dres- 
 den, March 5, 1877. Pupil of Weinlig 
 
 at Dresden, of Schicht at Leipzig, 
 also studying at Univ.; taught at 
 Blochmann Inst., Dresden, cantor 
 and director at churches; condr. of 
 Liedertafel; created cycles of songs 
 for male voices {Gesellenfahrten, 
 Soldatenleben, etc.), wrote many 
 good songs, chiefly in collection 
 Ernst und Scherz. 
 
 Oudin (o-dan), Eugene Esperance, bari- 
 tone, b. New York, Feb. 24, 1858; 
 d. London, Nov. 4, 1894. Graduate 
 at Yale, member of bar; chorister 
 and director of church music in 
 N. Y.; practised law, manufactured 
 stained glass; returned to music • 
 after Chicago concert, 1886; member 
 of McCaull Opera Company; suc- 
 cessful in London in opera (created 
 Templar in Sullivan's Ivanhoe) and 
 in concerts; later sang in St. Peters- 
 burg; married, 1886, Louise Parker, 
 also singer. 
 
 Oulibichef (ou-lib'-i-sheff), Alexander 
 de, writer, h. Dresden, Apr. 2, 1794; 
 d.. Nijni Novgorod, Feb. 2, 1858. 
 Son of ambassador, himself a diplo- 
 matist; amateur vlt.; editor of St. 
 Petersburg Journal 1812-30; wrote 
 Nouvelle biographic de Mozart 1844, 
 containing some new and valuable 
 material; depreciation of Beethoven 
 called forth Lenz's defense Beethoven 
 et ses trois styles, to which O. replied 
 with Beethoven, ses critiques et ses 
 glossateurs, in which he maintains 
 disapproval of extravagance of B's 
 later works. 
 
 Ouseley (ozley). Sir Frederick Arthur 
 Gore, compr., theorist, h. London, 
 Aug. 12, 1825; d. Hereford, Apr. 6, 
 1889. Son of ambassador and 
 Orientalist; graduated at Oxford, 
 Mus. Doc. 1854; prof, of mus. at 
 Oxford Univ. 1855; ordained priest 
 1855 and appointed precentor at 
 Hereford Cath.; vicar and warden 
 of school at St. Michael's, Tenbury 
 which he founded and endowea; 
 excellent orgt. and theorist, author 
 of treatises on Harmony, Fugue, etc.; 
 English ed'r Naumann's History of 
 Music; comp. oratorio, songs, a few 
 glees, and many dignified church 
 comp.; raised standard of music at 
 Oxford; edited collection of Cathedral 
 Services and, with Monk, Anglican 
 Psalter Chants. 
 
PACHELBEL 
 
 PAGANINI 
 
 Pachelbel (pa-ker-bel), Johann, orgt., 
 compr. b. Nuremberg [baptized 
 Sept. 1], 1653; d. there, Mar. 3, 1706. 
 Studied with Schwemmer, and at 
 Altdorf and Ratisbon; at Vienna 
 pupil and deputy of J. K. Kerll; 
 positions at Eisenach, Erfurt, Stutt- 
 gart, Gotha, and "Nuremberg; com- 
 posed toccatas, chaconnes, and, 
 especially, elaborate chorales; musi- 
 cal ancestor of J. S. Bach; developed 
 chorale playing. 
 
 Pacher (pa'-ker), Joseph Adalbert, 
 
 compr. b. Daubrawitz, Moravia, 
 Mar. 29, 1816; d. Gmtinden, Sept. 3, 
 1871. Studied with Preyer and 
 Halm; taught in Vienna many years; 
 published more than 60 '' salon " 
 pieces. 
 
 Pachmann (pak'-man), Vladimir de, 
 
 pst. b. Odessa, July 27, 1848. Pupil 
 of father, amateur vlt., of Dachs at 
 Vienna Cons.; after appearance in 
 Russia 1869 worked by himself for 
 eight years, and, after appearing in 
 Germany, for two more; since then 
 has won great praise in Europe and 
 America; his many tricks of manner 
 and eccentricities of behavior on the 
 stage do not keep him from playing 
 with exquisite taste and expres- 
 siveness; Chopin is his specialty and 
 he is probably the greatest of all 
 Chopin players; retired 1912; lives in 
 Paris. 
 
 Pachulski (pa-kul'-ske), Heinrich, pst. 
 b. Lasa, Russia, Oct. 16, 1859. 
 Studied with Strobl and Zelenski at 
 Warsaw, with Taneiev, N. Rubin- 
 stein, and Pabst at Moscow Cons.; 
 teacher at Moscow after 1886; 
 composed orch. suite, pf. sonata, 
 studies, arrangements of Tchaikov- 
 ski's works. 
 
 Pacini (pa-che'-ne), Giovanni, compr. 
 h. Catania, Feb. 17, 1796; d. Pescia, 
 Dec. 6, 1867. Studied with Marchesi 
 and Mattel at Bologna, with Fur- 
 lanetto at Venice; 1813-1834 pro- 
 duced about 40 operas; because of 
 failure of last opened music school 
 at Viareggio, afterward moved to 
 Lucca; 1840-67 produced Saffo, his 
 
 best opera, and about 40 more; com- 
 posed many masses, cantatas, etc.; 
 popular imitator of Rossini. 
 
 Paderewskl (pad-ref'-ski), Ignaz Jan, 
 pst., compr. h. Kurilowka, Podolia, 
 Poland, Nov. 18, 1860. Pupil of 
 Roguszki at Warsaw Cons.; 1879-81 
 teaching at Warsaw Cons.; pupil of 
 Urban and Kiel at Berlin, and, after 
 teaching at Strassburg, of Leschet- 
 izky at Vienna; after 1887 a trium- 
 phant virtuoso; victim of much 
 extravagant and indiscriminate ad- 
 miration, often justly criticized by 
 musicians for forcing of tones, he 
 yet remains preeminent for exquisite 
 delicacy, even crescendos, and tre- 
 mendous force and commanding 
 power; compr. of various pf. pieces, 
 sonata, Op. 21, pf. concerto, opera 
 Manru (Dresden 1901, New York 
 and Boston 1902), and symphony 
 1909; opera Sakuntala not yet pro- 
 duced; compositions, especially those 
 in larger forms, are interesting enough 
 to justify their ambition; established 
 P. Fund, prizes for Aijierican com- 
 posers, 1900. Lives in Switzerland. 
 
 Paer (pa'-er), Ferdinando, compr. b. 
 Parma, June 1, 1771; d. Paris, May 
 3, 1839. Pupil of vlt. Ghiretti; 
 condr. at Venice 1791; 1797-1802 at 
 Vienna, 1802-1807 at Dresden; after 
 1807 at Paris as matt re de chapelle 
 to Napoleon, condr. Opera Comique, 
 at Th. Italien 1812-27; member of 
 Academy 1831; condr. royal cham- 
 ber music 1832; composed about 
 40 operas of conventional Italian 
 smoothness, without depth (best is 
 Camilla, prod, at Vienna, where P. 
 may have been influenced by Mo- 
 zart); unsuccessful rival of Rossini 
 in Paris. 
 
 Paesiello, see Paisiello. 
 
 Paganini (pag-a-ne'-ne), Niccol5, vlt. 
 b. Genoa, Oct. 27, 1782; d. Nice, 
 May 27, 1840. Son of shopkeeper; 
 pupil of Servetto and Costa; debut 
 1793; pupil of RoUa and Ghiretti; 
 1797 tour in Lombardy; 1798 ran 
 away from severe father and filled 
 his time with concerts, gambling, 
 
PAGE 
 
 PALESTRINA 
 
 and love affairs; 1801-04 did not 
 appear in public, and to this period 
 refer the false stories of his imprison- 
 ment, of his charming of jailer by- 
 playing on one string and of his league 
 with the devil; after year of prac- 
 tise appeared, 1805, exciting great 
 enthusiasm; 1805-08 court vlt. at 
 Lucca; after 1808 traveled in Italy 
 and other lands, Berlin 1829, Paris 
 and London 1831; partial retire- 
 ment after 1834; the nervous ec- 
 centricities natural to him now in- 
 creased by illness and dissipation 
 and fostered by cheap fondness for 
 display; but amazing technic sur- 
 passed that of any other player; ex- 
 tended compass of vln. and added 
 to its brilliance by developing use 
 of stopped harmonics; tone was pure 
 but lacking in richness; composed 
 caprices, sonatas, variations, etc., 
 many of which are too difficult for any 
 but players of first technical rank. 
 
 Page, Nathaniel Clififord, compr. b. San 
 Francisco, Oct. 26, 1866. Pupil of E. 
 S. Kelley; located in New York City, 
 1910; composed music to Cat and 
 the Cherub (London, 1899), Moonlight 
 Blossom (London, 1899), and Japan- 
 ese Nightingale (New York, 1903); 
 edited collection of Irish Songs, etc. 
 
 Paine, John Knowles, compr., teacher. 
 b. Portland, Me., Jan. 9, 1839; d. 
 Cambridge, Mass., Apr. 25, 1906. 
 Pupil of Kotzschmar at Portland, 
 of Haupt, Teschner, and Wieprecht 
 at Berlin Hochschule; organ concerts 
 in Berlin and U. S. 1861; 1862 in- 
 structor, 1873 asst. prof., 1875 prof, 
 at Harvard Univ. (first to hold chair 
 of music in American college); did 
 much to raise music to level of other 
 arts in education and, by recitals 
 and lectures outside classes, to ex- 
 tend knowledge of good music as 
 part of general culture; among pupils 
 were Foote, Converse, Clayton 
 Johns, and many others; composed 
 mass, symphony, music for (Edipus 
 Tyr annus and Birds, Columbus 
 March and Hymn for World's Fair, 
 symphonic poem, cantatas, and opera 
 Azara given in concert form only, 
 Boston, Cecilia Soc, 1907; of wide 
 influence in American musical life; 
 his own music is moderately con- 
 servative, seldom of striking origi- 
 nality. 
 
 Paisiello (pai-si-eF-lo), Giovanni, compr. 
 b. Taranto, Italy, May 9, 1741; d. 
 Naples, June 3, 1816. Pupil of 
 Presta and at Naples Cons, of Dur- 
 ante, Cotumacci, and Abos; taught 
 there 1754-59; composed successful 
 operas 1763-1776; 1776-1784 at St. 
 Petersburg, 1784-99 at Naples, maes- 
 tro di cappella to Ferdinand IV, whose 
 favor he lost during Revolution; 
 1802-03 in Paris under Napoleon, 
 1803 again at Naples; on a nominal 
 salary only after 1815; compr. of 
 over 100 operas, distinguished even 
 at time for charm of melody; his 
 Barbiere di Siviglia was so popular 
 that it hindered vogue of Rossini's 
 at first. 
 
 Paladilhe (pa-la-de-ye'), Emile, compr. 
 b. Montpellier, June 3, 1844. Pupil 
 at Paris Cons, of Marmontel, 
 Benoist, and Halevy; Grand prix de 
 Rome 1860; by opera Le Passant 
 1872 and song Mandolinata won 
 recognition; after several unsuccess- 
 ful operas wrote Patrie 1886, after 
 Sardou's play, which has had great 
 success; member Academy 1892, 
 
 Palestrina (pal-es-tre'-na) , Giovanni 
 Pierluigi da [Pierluigi family name], 
 compr. b. Palestrina, near Rome, 
 1526; d. Rome, Feb. 2, 1594. Noth- 
 ing known of early youth; orgt. 
 capellmeister at Palestrina 1544-51; 
 master of boys and capellmeister at 
 St. Peter's, Rome, 1551-55; although 
 not a priest, and having a wife and 
 children, admitted to Papal chapel 
 1555, but was dismissed in few months 
 and later in same year made capellm. 
 at St. John Late ran (for which church 
 he wrote famous Improperia) , at Sta. 
 Maria Maggiore 1561; again at St. 
 Peter's 1571. When the Council of 
 Trent (1545-63) tried to estabhsh 
 standard in church music, P's Mass of 
 Pope Mar cellus, previously published, 
 was used to illustrate the reforms 
 urged; these reforms included greater 
 regard for clearness and proper 
 accent of Latin words, restriction of 
 elaborated music phrases for same 
 purpose, discarding of secular tunes 
 (even indecent popular airs had been 
 used as bases for masses) ; Sixtus Vs 
 ^wish to make P. maestro of Sistine 
 Chapel was frustrated by refusal of 
 singers to serve under layman; asst, 
 of Pope Gregory XIII in revision of 
 
PALLONI 
 
 PAREPA-ROSA 
 
 liturgy, but most actual work done 
 by pupil Giudetti; of historical sig- 
 nificance as most important figure in 
 later Netherland school — the individ- 
 ual who more than any one else made 
 counterpoint a means of expression 
 instead of an end in itself — P's music 
 •».is also to those who deplore ^he 
 operatic, emotional element in church 
 music, the ^eai of lofty and dignified 
 expression. 
 
 Palloni (pal-lo'-nI),Gaetano, orgt., sing- 
 ing teacher, b. Cammerino, Italy, 
 Aug. 4, 1831. Studied with CeUini 
 at Fermo; orgt. there, 1854; pupil of 
 Mabellini at Florence; teaching sing- 
 ing there. 
 
 Palmer, Horatio Richmond, teacher. 
 b. Sherburne, N. Y., Apr. 26, 1834; 
 d. Nov., 1907. Studied with father 
 and in New York, Berlin, and Flor- 
 ence; 1857 head of music dept. 
 Rushford Acad.; in Chicago, edited 
 Concordia; conducted various ass'ns. 
 New Church Choral Union (mam- 
 moth chorus); dean of Summer 
 School of Music at Chautauqua, 
 N. Y.; many collections. Song Queen, 
 Song Herald, etc., useful in popular 
 classes. 
 
 Palmer, Mrs. R., see Nevada, Emma. 
 
 Panofka (pan-off '-ka), Heimich, sing- 
 ing teacher, b. Breslau, Oct. 3, 1807; 
 d. Florence, Nov. 18, 1887. Pupil 
 of Strauch and Forster in childhood, 
 later of Mayseder and Hoffmaim in 
 Vienna; played there, in Munich, 
 Berlin, finally, 1834, in Paris, where, 
 after some lessons from Bordogni, 
 founded unsuccessful school of sing- 
 ing; asst. condr. in London, where 
 he taught singing 1844-1852; 1852 
 returned to Paris; after 1866 taught 
 in Florence; vln. compositions are of 
 less value than his methods of sing- 
 ing and vocalises. 
 
 Panormo, Vincenzo Trusiano, vln.- 
 maker. b. Monreale, near Palermo, 
 Nov. 30, 1734; d. London, 1813. 
 Name may be derived from Palerm.o; 
 worked in Cremona, perhaps with 
 Bergonzi, and in Milan; in Paris 
 1750-72, 1783-89, in London 1772- 
 83; made many vlns. somewhat hke 
 Bergonzi's or Stradivari's, of rather 
 large model, with rich tone; several 
 sons also makers. 
 
 Panseron (pon-s^-ron), Auguste Math- 
 ieu, teacher, writer, b. Paris, Apr. 
 26, 1796 [1795]; d. there, July 29, 
 1859. Pupil of father and at Paris 
 Cons, with Berton and Gossec; 
 Grand prix de Rome 1813; accom- 
 panist to Opera Comique; teacher 
 of solfeggio at Cons. 1826, vocalisa- 
 tion 1831, and singing 1836-59; com- 
 posed many charming songs, sol- 
 feggi. Art of Singing, Art of Compo- 
 sition, Mois de Marie; A B C of 
 Music is a well-known work. 
 
 Panzner, Carl, condr. h. Teplitz, 
 Bohemia, Mar. 2, 1866. Pupil at 
 Dresden Cons.; capellmeister at 
 theatres in Sondershausen, Elber- 
 feld, Bremen, Leipzig, and 1899 of 
 Bremen Philharmonic. 
 
 Papini (pa-pe'-nl). Guide (gue-do), 
 vlt. h. Camagiore, near Florence, 
 Aug. 1, 1847. Pupil of Giorgetti; 
 d^but 1860; after tours in Europe, 
 taught at Dublin Royal Acad, of 
 Mus.; founded classical concerts 
 there; then in London; wrote mus. 
 for vln. and 'cello and vln. method. 
 
 Papperitz, Benjamin Robert, orgt., 
 compr., writer, b. Pirna, Dec. 4, 
 1826; d. Leipzig, Sept. 29, 1903. 
 Student and teacher of philology; 
 pupil of Hauptmann, Richter, and 
 Moscheles at Leipzig Cons., where 
 he taught harm, and counterpoint 
 after 1851; also orgt. in Leipzig 1868- 
 99; published org. and vocal mus. 
 
 Paradies (pa-ra-de'-es), [or Paradisi], 
 Pietro Domenico, compr. b. Naples, 
 1710; d. Venice, 1792. Pupil of 
 Porpora; opera compr. in Italy and 
 for some years after 1747 in London, 
 where he was sought as pf . and sing- 
 ing teacher of Mara, Thomas Linley, 
 and others; composed also for harp- 
 sichord. 
 
 Parent (pa-ron), Charlotte Frances 
 Hortense, pst. b. London, Mar. 22, 
 1837. Pupil of Mme. Farrenc at 
 Paris Cons.; 1st prizes, harmony 
 1855, pf. 1857; founded school for 
 pf. teachers, Paris; wrote method 
 with exercises; edited Repertoire 
 encyclopedique du pianiste. 
 
 Parepa-Rosa, Euphrosjme, dram. sop. 
 h. Edinburgh, May 7, 1836; d. Lon- 
 don, Jan. 21, 1874. Daughter of 
 Demetrius Parepa, Baron de Boyescu, 
 
PARISH-ALVARS 
 
 PARRY 
 
 and Elizabeth Seguin, singer and 
 P's first teacher; d^but Malta at 
 16; sang in Italy, Spain, London, 
 1857; America 1865, '67, 71; married 
 manager Carl Rosa 1867; Parepa 
 Rosa Co. especially successful in 
 America, in Eng. and Italian operas; 
 as a singer P. was more successful 
 in oratorio than in opera. 
 
 Parish- Alvars, Elias, harp player, b. 
 Teignmouth, Eng., Feb. 28, 1810; 
 d. Vienna, Jan. 25, 1849. Of Jewish 
 descent; pupil of Dizi, Labarre, and 
 Bochsa; tours on Continent and in 
 England 1831-47, except for two 
 years in Orient; 1847 chamber harp- 
 ist to Emp. of Austria; composed 
 concertos, fantasias, etc. for harp, 
 seeking new effects and strange 
 melodies {Voyage d'un harpiste en 
 Orient contains Greek, Bulgarian, 
 Turkish and other Eastern music). 
 
 Parker, Henry, compr., writer, h. Lon- 
 don, Aug. 4, 1845. After study with 
 Plaidy, Moscheles, and Richter at 
 Leipzig and with Lefort in Paris, 
 returned to London, where he taught 
 singing, composed, and conducted; 
 has written an opera, Jerusalem 
 (chorus and bass solo), songs, etc., 
 and The Voice: Production and Im- 
 provement. 
 
 Parker, Horatio William, compr., 
 teacher. h. Auburndale, Mass., 
 Sept. 15, 1863. Pupil of his mother, 
 of Emery, Orth, and Chadwick, 
 and of Rheinberger and Abel in 
 Munich; teacher at Cathedral 
 Schools, Garden City, L. I., and at 
 N. Y. Nat'l Cons, under Dvorak; 
 orgt. in N. Y. and at Trinity Ch., 
 Boston, 1893-1901; prof, music at 
 Yale Univ. after 1894; compr. of 
 symphony, overtures, church and 
 chamber mus., pf. pieces, and songs, 
 but chiefly of cantatas {Idylle, The 
 Kobolds, Dream King and His Love, 
 Holy Child) and oratorios Hora 
 Novissima, N. Y., 1893, Boston, Cin- 
 cinnati, and Worcester, Mass., festi- 
 vals and at Three Choirs Festival, 
 Worcester, Eng., 1899, as first Ameri- 
 can composition, and Legend of St. 
 Christopher, also given in England; 
 music possesses a certain " ascetic " 
 quality that makes it interesting to 
 musicians ; at his best reaches heights 
 of dignified beauty. 
 
 Parker, James Cutler Dumi, orgt., 
 writer, h. Boston, June 2, 1828. 
 Studied law in Boston and music in 
 Leipzig; in Boston after 1854; 
 organized Parker Club 1862, fore- 
 runner of Cecilia Soc; orgt. Trinity 
 Ch. 1864-91, of Handel and Haydn 
 Soc; prof. Boston Univ. Coll. of 
 Mus.; examiner N. E. Cons.; com- 
 posed cantatas, ch. mus.; translated 
 Richter's treatise on harmony. 
 
 Parkina [pseud, of Elizabeth Parkin- 
 son], sop. h. May, 1881. Pupil of 
 Mrs. Layton of Kansas City and 
 Mme. Marchesi; d^but and engage- 
 ment Op^ra Com., Paris, 1902; 
 Covent Garden 1904, Australia 1905. 
 
 Parmentier (par-man-ti-a), Mme., see 
 Milanollo, Teresa. 
 
 Parratt, Sir Walter, orgt. h. Hudders- 
 field, Feb. 10, 1841. Pupil of father; 
 appointment as orgt. at 11, and 
 later ones at Wigan, Magdalen Coll., 
 Oxford (and condr. of various socie- 
 ties), and since 1882 at St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor; 1883 prof. Royal 
 Coll. Mus.; Mus. D. Oxford 1894, 
 succeeded Sir Hubert Parry as prof, 
 mus. Oxford Univ. 1908; master of 
 mus. and orgt. to Victoria and 
 Edw. VII; composed anthems, etc., 
 contributor to Grove's Diet.; ex- 
 traordinary performer. (See Musical 
 Times, 1902.) 
 
 Parry, Sir Charles Hubert Hastings, 
 
 compr., writer. h. Bournemouth, 
 Eng., Feb. 27, 1848. Pupil of Elvey; 
 while at Eton, took Mus. B. at 
 Oxford, where later he studied with 
 Bennett and Macfarren, with lessons 
 outside from Dannreuther and Pier- 
 son; compr. chiefly of choral music 
 of original depth and sincerity 
 (setting of Shelley's Prometheus 
 1880, oratorio Job 1892, etc.); 
 choragus 1883, and prof, of mus. 
 1900-1908 Oxford Univ.; 1894 
 director Royal Coll. Mus.; has 
 written Studies of Great Composers, 
 Evolution of The Art of Mus., 
 Seventeenth Century in Oxford His- 
 tory of Music; critical works through- 
 out are distinguished by clear treat- 
 ment that makes them intelligible 
 even to lay readers; his music, on 
 the other hand, seems to appeal 
 more to trained ears; it is note- 
 worthy for elaborate development of 
 
PARSONS 
 
 themes, conciseness of form, and, 
 in choral works, for faithfulness of 
 accentuation and great power of 
 climax. 
 
 Parsons, Albert Ross, orgt. b. San- 
 dusky, O., Sept. 16, 1847. Pupil of 
 Ritter in N. Y., Moscheles, Reinecke, 
 etc. at Leipzig Cons., of Tausig, 
 KuUak, etc. at Berlin; orgt. in N. Y. 
 since 1871; translator of Wagner's 
 Beethoven, Lessmann's Liszt, edited 
 KuUak's works of Chopin; composed 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Pasdeloup (pa-d4-l6), Jules Etienne, 
 condr. b. Paris, Sept. 15, 1819; d. 
 Fontainebleau, Aug. 13, 1887. Pupil 
 at Cons, of Laurent and Zimmer- 
 mann; repetiteur there in solfeggio 
 1841, teacher of pf. 1847-50, of 
 ensemble singing 1855-68; founded 
 society of Cons, pupils 1851 for 
 giving symphony concerts; 1861, 
 with same orch., opened Concerts 
 populaires, where he gave admirable 
 concerts, including many new works, 
 until 1884; unsuccessful manager of 
 Th. Lyrique 1868-69; tried to revive 
 concerts in vain 1886. 
 
 Pasmore, Henry Bickford, orgt., teacher. 
 b. Jackson, Wis., June 27, 1857. 
 Studied voice, and organ with J. P. 
 Morgan in Oakland, Cal., with 
 Jadassohn, Reinecke, and Unger- 
 Haupt in Leipzig, with Shakespeare 
 and Cummings in London; orgt. in 
 San Francisco, and prof, of singing 
 at Univ. of Pacific; composed march, 
 overture, masses, songs, etc. 
 
 Pasquini (pas-que'-ni), Bernardo, orgt. 
 b. Massa di Valdinevole, Tuscany, 
 Dec. 8, 1637; d. Rome, Nov. 22, 
 1710. Pupil of Vittori and Cesti and 
 teacher of Durante and Gasparini; 
 orgt. Sta. Maria Maggiore; chamber 
 musician to Prince Borghese; com- 
 posed 2 operas, oratorio, pieces for 
 clavichord. 
 
 Pasta (pas'-ta), Giuditta [nee Negri], 
 dram. sop. b. Saronno, near Milan, 
 Apr. 9, 1798; d. villa on Lake Como, 
 Apr. 1, 1865. Pupil of Asioli at 
 Milan Cons.; d^but, 1815, followed 
 by unsuccessful appearances in Italy, 
 London, and Paris; after further 
 study with Scappa, reappeared Ven- 
 ice 1819, and, after 1822 in Paris and 
 1824 in London, was very successful 
 in both cities and again in Italy; 
 
 PAUER 
 
 after retiring in 1829^ reappeared 
 St. Petersburg 1840, and London 
 1850, with no success; voice was 
 strong but heavy and often not 
 clear when she first began to sing, 
 but unusually penetrating and ex- 
 pressive. 
 
 Patey, Janet Monach [nee Whytock], 
 contralto, h. London, May 1, 1842; 
 d. Sheffield, Feb. 28, 1894. Pupil of 
 Wass, Mrs. Sims Reeves, and Pin- 
 suti; member of Leslie's choir; on 
 provincial tour married John P., 
 bass, (1835-1901); succeeded to 
 Mme. Sainton-Dolby 's position as 
 leading contralto at the chief Eng- 
 lish concerts and festivals. 
 
 Patti, Adelina Adela Juana Maria, 
 
 soprano, b. Madrid, Feb. 10, 1843. 
 Pupil of father Salvatore P., tenor, 
 and her mother Caterina Chiesa, 
 dram, sop., of half-brother E. Barili, 
 and of Maurice Strakosch, husband 
 of her sister Amalia, under whose 
 direction she sang at concerts in 
 N. Y. in early fifties, making operatic 
 debut there in 1859; debut London 
 1861, Paris 1862; 1861-84, '85, '87 at 
 Covent Garden; voice of remark- 
 able compass, flexibility and sweet- 
 ness; especially good as Rosina in 
 II Barhiere; as concert singer has 
 also won praise, even on last of 
 several farewell tours 1906; married 
 Marquis de Caux 1868, Ernest 
 Nicolini 1886, and Baron Cederstrom 
 1899; lives at Craig Y Nos, in Wales. 
 
 Pattison, John Nelson, pst. b. Niagara 
 Falls, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1845; d. July, 
 1905. Pupil of Liszt, Thalberg, Hen- 
 selt, Von Billow, Haupt; concert pst., 
 on tours with Parepa-Rosa, Kellogg, 
 etc.; composed Niagara, symph. for 
 orch. and military band; many agree- 
 able pf. pieces. 
 
 Pauer (pow'-er), Ernst, pst., teacher. 
 b. Vienna, Dec. 21, 1826; d. Jugen- 
 heim. May 9, 1905. Pupil of Dirzka, 
 Mozart's son, Wolfgang A. M., and 
 Sechter, and of F. Lachner in 
 Munich; director mus. societies at 
 Mayence 1847-51; success of per- 
 formances in London led him to 
 settle there 1851; 1859-64 prof, at 
 Royal Acad. Mus., and 1876 at Nat'l 
 Training Sch., 1883 at Royal Coll. 
 Mus.; 1861 began series of historical 
 recitals of pf . music in chronological 
 
PAUL 
 
 PENFIELD 
 
 order, and. 1871 lectures on hist, of 
 pf. mus.; these and his pubhshed 
 collections, Alte Claviermusik, Old 
 English Composers, etc., have won 
 conspicuous praise; primer on 
 Musical Forms, etc., and some com- 
 positions; retired to Germany 1896. 
 His son Max, pst. b. London, Oct. 
 31, 1866. Pupil of father, of V. 
 Lachner; prof. Cologne Cons. 1887, 
 at Stuttgart Cons. 1897; successful 
 concert player, compr. of pf. pieces, 
 arranger of Mozart and Haydn 
 symphonies. 
 
 Paul (powl), Oskar, writer, b. Frei- 
 waldau, Apr. 8, 1836; d. Leipzig, 
 Apr. 18, 1898. Student of theology 
 at Leipzig Univ. and of music at 
 Cons, with Hauptmann, Richter, 
 and Plaidy; after living elsewhere, 
 returned to Leipzig as lecturer 1866; 
 translated Boethius, wrote Lehrhuch 
 der Harmonik, and authoritative 
 Geschichte des Claviers; founded 
 Musikalisches Wochenblatt. 
 
 Paumann (pow'-man), Conrad, orgt. 
 b. Nuremberg, about 1410; d. 
 Munich, Jan. 25, 1473. Blind from 
 birth; adopted and educated by 
 burgher Grundherr; orgt. Nurem- 
 berg 1446, at Munich after 1467; 
 wrote (1452) Fundamentum organ- 
 isandi, with exercises, one of ear- 
 liest attempts at purely instrumental 
 comp. 
 
 Paur (powr), Emil, condr. h. Czerno- 
 witz, Bukovina, Aug. 29, 1855. As 
 ' father's pupil on vln. and pf., ap- 
 peared at 8; studied at Vienna Cons, 
 with Dessoff and Hellmesberger; vlt. 
 in court orch. 1870; condr. at 
 Kassel 1876, Konigsberg, Mannheim 
 1880, Leipzig Stadt Th. 1891, Bost. 
 Symph. Orch. 1893-98, of N. Y. 
 Philharmonic 1898-1903; director 
 Nat'l Cons. N. Y. 1899-1903; condr. 
 of concerts, Berlin, Madrid, and 
 London, of Pittsburg Symphony 
 Orch. 1904-10; Berlin Roy. Op., 
 1912-13; as condr. aims rather to 
 bring out emotional content of music 
 than to make clear structural form. 
 
 Pajnie, John Howard, dramatist, b. 
 New York, June 9, 1792; d. Tunis, 
 Apr. 10, 1852. While schoolboy 
 and student at Union Coll., edited 
 and published periodicals; d^but on 
 stage, N. Y., 1809; lived in London 
 
 and Paris 1809-1832, where he knew 
 prominent men of the time; wrote 
 words to Home, Sweet Home in text 
 of Clari, or the Maid of Milan 
 (music by H. R, Bishop, after Sici- 
 lian air); returned to U. S. 1832; 
 consul at Tunis after 1841. 
 
 Peace, Albert Lister, orgt. b. Hudders- 
 field, Eng., Jan. 26, 1844; d. Mar. 14, 
 1912. Very precocious; orgt. at 9; 
 pupil of Horn and of Parratt; orgt. 
 at church in Glasgow 1866, 1870 at 
 Univ., 1879 at cathedral; 1875 Mus. 
 Doc. Oxford; 1897 succeeded Best 
 at St. George's Hall, Liverpool; 
 compr. of cantata and org. mus.; 
 edited Scottish Hymnal 1885. 
 
 Pearce, Charles William, compr., writer, 
 h. Sahsbury, Dec. 5, 1856. Pupil of 
 Aylward, Hoyte, E. J. Hopkins, etc.; 
 Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1884; orgt. 
 Salisbury and London; prof, of 
 organ and comp. 1882 and dean 
 1892 Trinity Coll., London; exam- 
 iner Cambridge 1888-91; lectured 
 on plain song, etc.; composed 
 choral and church music, organ 
 pieces, exercises in vocal training. 
 
 Pearsall, Robert Lucas de, compr. b. 
 Clifton, Mar. 14, 1795; d. Schloss 
 Wartensee, Lake Constance, Aug. 5, 
 1856. Practised law until 1825 
 when, abroad for his health, studied 
 music with Panny, and later with 
 Ett at Munich; 1842 settled at 
 Wartensee; composed madrigals and 
 choral works (O who will o'er the 
 downs so free? , Sir Patrick Spens, in 
 10 parts, etc.); part editor of old 
 Catholic song book, writer of essays 
 (study on fifths and octaves, etc.). 
 
 Pearson, H. H., see Pierson. 
 
 Pease, Alfred Humphries, pst., compr. 
 b. Cleveland, O., May 6, 1838; d. 
 St. Louis, Mo., July 13, 1882. 
 Pupil of KuUak, Von Billow, Wuerst, 
 and Wieprecht at Berlin; after 3 
 years' study in America, went on 
 long pf. tours; composed concerto, 
 Andante for orch., etc.; works per- 
 formed by Thomas Orch. 
 
 Pendleton, Mrs. W. F., see Blauvelt, 
 Lillian. 
 
 Penfield, Smith Newell, orgt. h. Ober- 
 hn, O., Apr. 4, 1837. Pupil of Flint 
 in N. Y., of Moscheles, Hauptmann, 
 
PEPPERCORN 
 
 PERSIANI 
 
 etc. in Leipzig; founder of Mozart 
 Club and Cons, at Savannah, Ga., 
 of Arion Cons., Brooklyn; orgt. in 
 N. Y. since 1882; composed string 
 quintet, anthems, pf. mus., songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Peppercorn, Gertrude, pst. b. West 
 Horsley, Surrey, Dec. 1, 1878. Pupil 
 at Royal Acad, of Matthay; gained 
 several prizes; appeared in Edin- 
 burgh about 1895; great success 
 in London, Nov. 1907; in U. S. 
 1908. 
 
 Pepusch (pa'-push), John Christopher, 
 compr. b. Berlin, 1667;d. London, July 
 20, 1752. Pupil for one year of Kling- 
 enberg and Grosse; early talents 
 hampered by poverty; appoint- 
 ment at Prussian court 1681-97; 
 vlt., cembalist, compr. at Drury 
 Lane Theatre, London, after 1700; 
 with others founded Acad, of Antient 
 Mus.; director of Lincoln's Inn 
 Theatre, where he composed and 
 arranged music for many plays {Beg- 
 gar's Opera, etc.); orgt. at Charter- 
 house; published treatises on har- 
 mony and ancient music, on which 
 he was authority. 
 
 Perabo (par'-a-bo), Johann Ernst, pst. 
 b. Wiesbaden, Nov. 14, 1845. Family 
 moved to N. Y. 1852; studied at 
 Hamburg with Andersen, and at 
 Leipzig Cons, with Moscheles, 
 Richter, etc.; after giving concerts 
 in West, settled, 1866, in Boston, 
 where he has since been known as 
 performer and able teacher, compr. 
 of pf. music and songs. 
 
 Pergolesi (par-go-la'-zi) , Giovanni Bat- 
 tista, compr. b. Jesi, near Ancona, 
 Jan. 3, 1710; d. Pozzuoh, near 
 Naples, Mar. .16, 1736. Pupil at 
 Naples of Greco, Durante, Feo, and 
 Matteis (vln.); early operas not suc- 
 cessful; composed 30 sonatas for 2 
 vlns. and bass, and mass; produced 
 La serva padrona 1732, only surviv- 
 ing opera, for many years standard 
 of amusing intermezzo, and during 
 the contest of tastes in Paris, was 
 regarded as typifying all character- 
 istic traits of Italian music; at first 
 production it was not more suc- 
 cessful than other operas and P. 
 retired in disappointment; Stabat 
 Mater often sung, composed just 
 before death. 
 
 Peri (pa'-rl), Jacopo, compr. b. 
 Florence, Aug. 20, 1561; d. there, 
 about 1630. At house of Bardi, he, 
 with others, in endeavor to reestab- 
 lislj declamation of Greek drama, 
 discovered modern recitative; Cac- 
 cini made earliest application of 
 discovery, but Peri's Dafne, 1594, 
 was first work really worthy of 
 name of opera; (Cavalieri's Rap- 
 presentazione di anim,a e di corpo 
 was first performed in public); P's 
 Euridice, 1600, was his greatest 
 success, and apparently his final 
 attempt in operatic form. 
 
 Perkins, Henry Southwick, condr. b. 
 Stockbridge, Vt., Mar. 20, 1833. 
 Pupil in Boston of Baker, Wether- 
 bee, etc.; pres. Iowa Normal Acad. 
 Mus. 1867-71, prof. mus. Iowa 
 State Univ. 1867-68; pres. of 
 Kansas Normal Acad. 1870-74; 
 founder Chicago Nat'l Coll. of Mus. 
 1890; conducted many festivals, 
 conventions, etc. ; edited song books. 
 
 Perosi (pa-ro'-ze), Lorenzo, compr. b. 
 Tortona, Italy, Dec. 23, 1872. 
 Studied with Saladino, and at Milan 
 Cons., and at Haberl's school for 
 church music in Ratisbon; maestro 
 di cappella at Imola, and 1897 at 
 St. Mark's, Venice; chorus director 
 at St. Peter's, Rome, since 1898 
 priest; compr. of trilogy of ora- 
 torios La passione di Crista, per- 
 formed 1897 with sensational suc- 
 cess; honorary maestro Papal Choir 
 1898; has composed 15 masses, org, 
 mus., and other oratorios' (La trans- 
 figurazione, Mose); especially popu- 
 lar in Italy, but even there later 
 works arouse less enthusiasm. 
 
 Perry, Edward Baxter, pst. b. Haver- 
 hill, Mass., Feb. 14, 1855. Blind 
 from youth; pupil of J. W. Hill, 
 and in Germany of Kullak, Mme. 
 Schumann, Pruckner, and Liszt; 
 gave some 1200 concerts in 10 years; 
 originated the lecture recital; author 
 of Descriptive Analyses of Piano 
 Works, etc., helpful if sometimes 
 over-sentimental interpretations; has 
 done much to increase appreciation 
 of good music. 
 
 Persian! (par-si-a'-ne), Fanny, dram, 
 sop. h. Rome, Oct. 4, 1812; d. 
 Passy, May 3, 1867. Pupil of father, 
 Niccolo Tacchinardi; married, 1830, 
 
PESSARD 
 
 compr. Giuseppe P. (1804-1869); 
 debut Leghorn 1832; engaged at 
 various Italian cities; after debut 
 in Paris, 1837, and London, 1838, won 
 great success in both capitals, until 
 1848; sang in 1858 but with less 
 success; voice was thin, liable to 
 sharpness, but managed with per- 
 fect finish; Donizetti wrote Lucia 
 for her. 
 
 Pessard (pes'-sar'), Emile Louis For- 
 tune, compr. b. Montmartre, May 28, 
 1843. Studied at Paris Cons, with 
 Bazin, Laurent, Carafa, etc.; Grand 
 prix de Rome 1866; inspector of 
 singing in Paris schools, director of 
 music at establishment of Legion of 
 Honor, prof, of harm, at Cons, since 
 1881; composed several operas 
 (Capitaine Fracasse, La dame de 
 trefle, etc.) and pf. pieces of value. 
 
 Petersilea (pa-ter-sir-ea), Carlyle, pst., 
 teacher, b. Boston, Mass., Jan. 18, 
 1844; d. Tropico, Cal., June 11, 
 1903. Studied with father, with 
 Moscheles, Hauptmann, etc. at 
 Leipzig Cons.; played in Germany; 
 founded P. Acad, of Mus., Boston, 
 1871; pf. teacher N. E. Cons. 1886; 
 went to California 1892; published 
 technical exercises, method, etc. 
 
 Petrucci (pe-trut'-che), Ottaviano dei, 
 
 printer, b. Fossombrone, June 18, 
 1466; d. there. May 7, 1539. Estab- 
 lished at Venice 1491; 1498 received 
 sole privilege for 20 years of print- 
 ing music; 1513 at Fossombrone, 
 similar privilege within Papal States 
 for 15 years; used two impressions, 
 printing first lines and then the 
 notes; his works beautiful examples 
 of earliest typography, many of 
 them extant in great libraries, 
 chiefly masses and motets. 
 
 Petschnikoff (petch'-ni-kof), Alexan- 
 der, vlt. b. Jeletz, Russia, Feb. 8, 
 1873. Pupil of Hrimaly; precocious 
 talent at Moscow Cons, gained dis- 
 tinguished patronage for him; tours 
 in Germany 1875-76, to America, 
 London, etc.; skilful player, .but 
 with some mannerisms. 
 
 Pfeififer (fa-far), Georges Jean, pst. 
 b. Versailles, Dec. 12, 1835; d. Feb. 
 14, 1908. Pupil of mother (who 
 was a pupil of Kalkbrenner), of 
 Maleden and Damcke; success in 
 
 PHILIDOR 
 
 Paris and London playing own con- 
 certos; also composed symph., 
 symph. poem, songs, and several 
 operas (Le legataire universel, 1901, 
 much the best); also partner in pf. 
 firm of Pleyel, Wolff & Co., as was 
 his father. 
 
 Pfeil (pfll), Heinrich, editor, h. Leip- 
 zig, Dec. 18, 1835; d. there, April 17, 
 1899. Self-taught; at first book- 
 seller; edited Sdngerhalle 1862-87, 
 Dorfanzeiger 1891-96; composed 
 male choruses, wrote small treatises 
 on hist, of mus. etc. 
 
 Pfitzner, Hans Erich, compr. b. Mos- 
 cow, May 5, 1869. Pupil of father, 
 condr. at Frankfort, and of Kwast and 
 Knorr, at Hoch Cons, there; taught 
 Coblenz Cons. 1892-93; condr. of 
 Mayence Th. 1894-95; 3d capell- 
 meister Mannheim 1895-96; teacher 
 at Stern Cons. 1897, dir. Stuttgart 
 Cons. 1907; condr. at Berlin Th.; 
 operas Der arme Heinrich, 1895, and 
 Die Rose vom Liebesgarten, 1901, 
 very successful, have given him 
 distinctive position among younger 
 extreme German comprs.; with 
 modern skill, he preserves a romantic 
 attitude. 
 
 Phelps, Ellsworth C, orgt. h. Middle- 
 town, Conn., Aug. 11, 1827. Self- 
 taught; orgt. and teacher New 
 London 1840, Syracuse, New- York, 
 and Brooklyn since 1857; over 30 
 years teacher in public schools; 
 composed sacred opera David, 
 symph. Hiawatha, pieces for mili- 
 tary band, etc. 
 
 Philidor [properly Danican], Francois 
 Andre, compr. h. Dreux, Sept. 7, 
 1726; d. London, Aug. 31, 1795. 
 Of musical family, several members 
 of which played wind instr. in 
 royal band (name P. was given to 
 great uncle by Louis XIII); pupil 
 of Campra; at first distinguished as 
 chess player at Aix and in London 
 1749, and author of book on chess; 
 1754 recalled to Paris; 1759-1796 
 produced about 25 operas (Le mare- 
 chal, Tom Jones, Ernelinde, etc.); 
 extremely popular but no longer 
 played; P. was first to introduce 
 unaccompanied quartet, and first 
 to be called forward after presenta- 
 tion of opera. 
 
PHILIPP 
 
 PIRANI 
 
 Philipp (fil-ip), Isidor Edmund, pst., 
 teacher, b. Budapest, Sept. 2, 1863. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mathias (1st 
 pf. prize 1883) and later of Heller, 
 Saint-Saens, and Ritter; played in 
 London 1890, has appeared regu- 
 larly at Paris concerts; established 
 chamber concerts 1890, concerts of 
 wind instruments 1896-1901; prof, 
 at Cons, since 1893; published pf. 
 mus., effective arrangements and 
 valuable studies based on Chopin, 
 Beethoven and Bach. 
 
 Phillips, Adelaide, dram. alto. b. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, Eng., 1833; d. 
 Carlsbad, Oct. 3, 1882. Family 
 came to Boston 1840; pupil of her 
 mother as dancer, appeared 1842; 
 by subscription, started by Jenny 
 Lind, studied with Garcia and in 
 Italy; debut Milan 1854; sang 
 Boston 1854, N. Y. 1856 (Am. 
 operatic debut), 1861 Havana, Paris, 
 Spain, etc.; member Boston Ideal 
 Co. from 1879; last stage appear- 
 ance 1881. 
 
 Piatti (pe-at'-te). Carlo Alfredo, 'cellist. 
 b. Bergamo, Jan. 8, 1822; d. Cro- 
 cetta di Nozzo, near Bergamo, July 
 19, 1901. Son of vlt. Antonio P. 
 (1801-1878); pupil of great-uncle 
 Zanetti, and at Milan Cons.; debut 
 1837 with own concerto; played in 
 th. orch. and on roving tours, on one 
 of which he played with Liszt; 1844 
 went to Paris and London, where, 
 1849, he became 'cellist at Italian op. 
 and at Popular Concerts; retired 
 1898; master of 'cello as Joachim 
 of vln.; very many pupils; compr., 
 especially of 6 sonatas for 'cello. 
 
 Piccini [Piccinni], (pit-che'-ne), Nicolo, 
 compr. b. Bari, Jan. 16, 1728; d. 
 Passy, near Paris, May 7, 1800. 
 Pupil at Naples Cons, of Leo and 
 Durante; early operas successful 
 despite vogue of Logroscino's; La 
 cecchina, 1760, most popular; 1762 
 wrote 6 operas in one year; dis- 
 couraged by preference of public for 
 work of Anfossi's, P., after illness, 
 produced / viaggiatori at Naples; 
 1776, on invitation, removed to 
 Paris and produced Roland, 1778; 
 supporters of Italian opera used P., 
 against his wish, as leader in 
 pamphlet war against Gluck and his 
 reforms (dramatic declamation and 
 
 more consistent, elaborate orches- 
 tration); also forced into rivalry 
 with Sacchini; principal teacher in 
 mus. school; at Revolution returned 
 to Naples, where he spent four years 
 under arrest for political reasons, 
 and, though later feted and pen- 
 sioned in Paris, lived in great 
 poverty. 
 
 Piccolomini, see Pontet, Henry. 
 
 Pieme (pi-ar'-na), Henri Constant 
 Gabriel, compr. b. Metz, Aug. 16, 
 1863. Studied at Paris Cons, with 
 Marmontel, Cesar Franck, and Mas- 
 senet; Grand prix de Rome 1882; fol- 
 lowed Franck as orgt. of Ste. Clo- 
 thilde 1890-98; composed several 
 operas (Tabarin, etc.), and music for 
 plays, symph. poem with chorus 
 L'An mil, cantata Croisade des 
 enfants widely produced, numerous 
 songs and pf. pieces; influences of 
 Franck and Massenet contend in his 
 music. 
 
 Pierson [originally Pearson], Henry 
 Hugo, compr. b. Oxford, Apr. 12, 
 1815; d. Leipzig, Jan. 28, 1873. 
 Pupil of Attwood and Corfe, and of 
 Rinck, Tomaschek, and Reissiger; 
 prof, at Edinburgh Univ. 1844; lived 
 after 1845 in Vienna, Hamburg, 
 and Leipzig; composed several 
 operas, oratorios (music to Faust), 
 songs and part-songs {The Mariners 
 of England, etc.). 
 
 Pinsuti (pin-su'-ti), Ciro, teacher, compr. 
 b. Sinalunga, Florence, May 9, 1829; 
 d. Florence, Mar. 10, 1888. Member 
 of Roman Accademia Filarmonica 
 at 11; taken to England, became 
 pupil of Potter and Blagrove; 1845- 
 47 pupil of Rossini at Bologna; after 
 1848 taught in London, at Royal 
 Acad, after 1856; Grisi, Patti and 
 Mario among pupils; brought out 
 several operas in Italy, received 
 many honors there; also composed 
 English and Italian songs. 
 
 Pirani (pi-ra'-ni). Eugenic, pst., compr. 
 b. Bologna, Sept. 8, 1852. Studied 
 at Bologna with GoHnelli, at Berlin 
 with Kiel and Kullak, at whose 
 Acad, he taught 1870-80; after ex- 
 tended tours, lived in Heidelberg 
 and Berlin after 1895; 1905 in New 
 York; composed symph. poem, bal- 
 let, concert studies, etc. 
 
piSTOCcm 
 
 Pistocchi (pis-tok'-ki), Francesco An- 
 tonio Mamiliano, teacher, compr. b. 
 Palermo, 1659; d. Bologna, May 
 13, 1726. Chorister at Bologna; 
 
 f)recocious compr. (first work pub- 
 ished at 8); pupil of Perti, Vas- 
 tamigli, and Monari; operatic singer 
 after 1675; capellmeister in Ansbach 
 1696; soon after return to Bologna 
 1700, founded first systematic school 
 of singing; composed operas, ora- 
 torios, Scherzi musicali (songs), 
 duets, etc. 
 
 Pitoni (pl-to'-ni) , Giuseppe Ottavio, com- 
 pr. b. Rieti, Mar. 18, 1657; d. Rome, 
 Feb. 1, 1743. Chorister at Rome 
 and pupil of Foggia; maestro di cap- 
 pella at Terra di Rotondo, at Assisi, 
 at Rieti, and at Collegio di S. Marco, 
 Rome, and at same time in several 
 churches, finally 1719 at St. Peter's; 
 taught Durante, Leo, and Feo; 
 composed masses on popular airs, 
 very many services (enough for one 
 year at St. Peter's), and many 
 motets, not published until after 
 his death. 
 
 Pitt, Percy, compr. b. London, Jan. 4, 
 1870. Educated in France, studied 
 music in Leipzig 1886-88, with Rein- 
 ecke and Jadassohn, and in Munich 
 1888-91 with Rheinberger; chorus- 
 master Motet Concerts in London 
 1895, orgt. at Queen's Hall 1896, 
 adviser and occasional condr. Covent 
 Garden 1902; excellent program 
 analyses; composed incidental mus. 
 to Paolo and Francesca, Flodden 
 Field, and Richard II, overture, 
 suites, an oriental rhapsody, coro- 
 nation march, songs for voice and 
 orch. 
 
 Pizzi (pit'-ze), Emilio, compr. h. Feb. 
 2, 1862. Pupil of PonchieUi and 
 Bazzini at Milan Cons.; took prizes 
 at Milan and Bologna for operas, 
 at Florence for quartets; director 
 music school at Bergamo and maes- 
 tro di cappella 1897 ; composed operas 
 especially for Patti, Gabriella (Bos- 
 ton, 1893) and Rosalba. 
 
 Plaidy (pla'-dl), Louis, pf. teacher, h. 
 Wermsdorf, Saxony, Nov. 28, 1810; 
 d. Grimma, Mar. 3, 1874. Pupil 
 of Agthe on pf. and Haase on 
 vln.; member of Leipzig Orch.; 
 studied pf. technic; 1843 invited 
 
 PLEYEL 
 
 by Mendelssohn to teach at Cons.; 
 private lessons after 1865; very 
 remarkable gift for teaching technic 
 benefited many pupils; his Tech- 
 nische Studien is still standard; also 
 pubhshed Der Klavierlehrer (the pf. 
 teacher's guide). 
 
 Plangon (plon-son), Pol Henri, dram, 
 bass. h. Fumay, Ardennes, June 12, 
 1854. Pupil of Duprez and later of 
 Sbrigha; debut Lyons 1879; Grand 
 Op^ra, Paris, 1883-93; London for 
 13 seasons; favorite there and in 
 N. Y. 
 
 Planquette (plon-ketO, Jean Robert, 
 
 compr. b. Paris, July 31, 1848; d. 
 there, Jan. 28, 1903. Pupil of Du- 
 prato at Cons.; composed songs and 
 saynetes for cafes-concerts; first oper- 
 etta 1874, and thereafter consider- 
 able success as opera compr., es- 
 pecially with Les cloches de Corne- 
 ville, 1877, very popular in England 
 and America as The Chimes of Nor- 
 mandy; also composed Surcouf, The 
 Old Guard, Paid Jones, etc. 
 
 Plante (plon-ta), Francis, pst. h. 
 Orthez, Basses-Pyrenees, Mar. 2, 
 1839; d. Perigueux, July, 1898. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons, of Marmontel, 
 1st prize 1849; pst. in trios with 
 Alard and Franchomme; pupil at 
 Cons, again, 1853, under Bazin for 
 comp.; after ten years' retirement, 
 in which he developed his style, 
 reappeared, 1872, as most finished 
 pst.; pubhshed only transcriptions. 
 
 Playford, John, publisher, h. London, 
 1623; d. there, about Nov., 1686. 
 Wrote Introduction to the Skill of 
 Munich, a few songs; published nearly 
 all English music 1648-85, among 
 others Hilton's Ayres, Campion's 
 Art of Descant, The whole booke 
 of Psalms, etc. Son and successor 
 Henry, b. May 5, 1657; d. about 
 1710. Published music of Purcell 
 and Blow; apparently retired about 
 1706 or '07. 
 
 Pleyel (pli'-el), Ignaz Joseph, compr. 
 b. Ruppertsthal, near Vienna, June 1, 
 1757; d. near Paris, Nov. 14, 1831. 
 Pupil of Wanhal and for five years 
 of Haydn; then in Rome and Vienna; 
 capellmeister at Strassburg min- 
 ster, position which he lost for politi- 
 cal reasons; condr. of Professional 
 
PODBERTSKY 
 
 Concerts in London 1791-92; went 
 to Paris 1795, where, in 1797, he 
 established pf. factory, still flourish- 
 ing as firm of P. Wolff et Cie.; pro- 
 lific instrumental compr. of some 29 
 symph., septet, sextet, five books of 
 quintets, 45 quartets, concertos, 
 sonatas, etc. 
 
 Podbertsky (pod-be rt'-ski), Theodor, 
 compr. b. Munich, Nov. 16, 1846; 
 d. there, Oct. 5, 1913. Director of 
 Munich Mannergesangverein; liv- 
 ing in Furstenfeldbriick since 1887; 
 composed popular part-songs. Am 
 Chiemsee, Friedrich Rotbart, Meeres- 
 stUle und gluckliche Fahrt. 
 
 Pohl (pol), Carl Ferdinand, writer. 
 b. Darmstadt, Sept. 6, 1819; d. 
 Vienna, Apr. 28, 1887. Gave up 
 position as orgt. because of ill health; 
 in London 1863-66 in research which 
 is foundation of Mozart and Haydn 
 in London; 1866 librarian and archiv- 
 ist to Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde 
 in Vienna; began life of Haydn, of 
 which one vol. (in 2 parts) was pub- 
 lished; to be completed by Mandy- 
 czewski. 
 
 Pohlig, Karl, condr., compr. b. Tep- 
 litz, Feb. 10, 1864. Pupil of Liszt 
 at Pesth and Rome; capellm. at 
 Graz, Hamburg, London (Co vent 
 Garden), Koburg, and Stuttgart 1900 
 -07; went to Philadelphia 1907 to 
 become dir. of the Philadelphia 
 Symph. Orch. ; has written works for 
 orchestra, songs and choruses. 
 
 Pole, William, writer, b. Birmingham, 
 Apr. 22, 1814; d. London, Dec. 3, 
 1900. Prof, of civil engineering at 
 Univ. Coll., London, 1859-76; orgt. 
 in London; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1864; 
 examiner for Lond. Univ. 1876-90; 
 composed some mus.; chiefly known 
 for analyses, critical essays. The 
 Story of Mozart's Requiem, and sug- 
 gestive Philosophy of Music, con- 
 tributor to Grove's Dictionary. 
 
 Polko, Elise [nee Vogel], writer, h. 
 Wackerbarthsruhe, near Dresden, 
 Jan. 13, 1822; d. Munich, May 15, 
 1899. After studying with Garcia 
 appeared at Frankfort as mezzo 
 soprano; after marriage appeared in 
 concert only; lived in various Ger- 
 man cities; author of many novels 
 
 PORGES 
 
 in which appear characters of musi- 
 cal hist. ; best known are sentimental 
 
 Mu^ikalische Mdrchen. 
 
 Pollini (pol-le'-ni), Francesco Giuseppe, 
 
 pst. b. Laibach, 1763; d. Milan, Sept. 
 17, 1846. Pupil of Mozart and Zinga- 
 relli; prof, of pf. at Milan Cons.; dis- 
 tinguished performer; probably origi- 
 nator of writing pf. mus. on 3 staves 
 in his 32 exercizi in forma di toccata, 
 in which he was followed by Liszt 
 and Thalberg; composed toccatas, 
 sonatas, variations, etc., pf. method, 
 Stabat Mater, etc. 
 
 Ponchielli (pon-ki-eF-le) , Amilcare, 
 compr. h. Paderno Fasolare, Cre- 
 mona, Aug. 31, 1834; d. Milan, Jan. 
 16, 1886. After study at Milan 
 Cons., was orgt. and bandmaster; 
 1856 produced opera / promessi 
 sposi, most successful in revised 
 version, 1872; after that continued 
 success with 9 others; maestro of 
 Piacenza Cath. 1881; most success- 
 ful opera Gioconda (Milan 1876, 
 London, N. Y., and Boston 1883); 
 ranked next to Verdi by Italians. 
 
 Popper, David, 'cellist. b. Prague, 
 Dec. 9, 1843. Pupil of Goltermann 
 at Prague Cons.; after successful 
 tours in Germany^ 1868-73, became 
 soloist at Vienna Opera; married 
 pst. Sophie Menter, 1872 (divorced 
 1886); for a number of years he 
 held no official position, for various 
 lengths of time being in London, 
 Paris, St. Petersburg, Vienna, Berlin, 
 etc.; since 1896 prof, in Budapest 
 Cons.; recognized all over Europe 
 as among finest 'cellists; has written 
 for 'cello (popular Sarabande and 
 Gavotte, suites, concertos), string 
 quartets, and monumental Violon- 
 cello School; d. Aug. 7, 1913. 
 
 Porges (por'-g^s), Heinrich, writer, 
 h. Prague, Nov. 25, 1837; d. Munich, 
 Nov. 17, 1900. Pupil of C. Miiller, 
 Rummel, and Zwonaf; editor with 
 Brendel of Neue Zeitschrift fiir 
 MusiJc 1863; 1867 called to Munich 
 by Ludwig II, editor of Suddeutsche 
 Presse, teacher at Royal Sch. and 
 Royal Music director after 1871; 
 organized P. Gesangverein 1886; 
 intimate with Cornelius and Wag- 
 ner, and the latter's champion in 
 many pamphlets and articles. 
 
PORPORA 
 
 Porpora (por-por'-a), Nicol6 Antonio, 
 compr. h. Naples, Aug. 19, 1686; 
 d. there, Feb., 1766. Pupil of Gae- 
 tano of Perugia and Mancini at 
 Cons, di San Loreto; maestro di cap. 
 to Portuguese ambassador; early 
 opera, Berenice, praised by Handel; 
 opened singing school about 1712, 
 where he had many very famous 
 pupils (Farinelli, Senesino, Tosi, 
 etc.); about 1721 virtuoso to Prince 
 of Hesse-Darmstadt; 1725 teacher 
 at Venice, and while there tried un- 
 successfully for favor at Vienna; at 
 Dresden, 1728, singing master to 
 princess and maestro at opera, in 
 which position he was bitter rival 
 of Hasse, who (1724) had deserted 
 P. for lessons from A. Scarlatti; 1729 
 -1736 intermittently in London, 
 where he directed opposition to 
 Handel without great success; then 
 lived in Venice, Vienna (where he 
 taught Haydn), again at Dresden 
 (where Hasse began to gain ground 
 against him); returning to Naples 
 about 1755, became maestro at the 
 cathedral and at Cons, di San Ono- 
 frio; died in poverty; operatic music 
 of conventional florid style; clavi- 
 chord music (fugues, etc.) of some 
 originality; greatest as teacher of 
 singing. 
 
 Porter, Frank Addison, teacher, b. 
 Dixmont, Me., Sept. 3, 1859. Pupil 
 at N. E. Cons. 1879-84 of Turner, 
 Emery, Chadwick, etc., at Leipzig of 
 Hofmann, Freitag, etc.; prof, of pf. 
 at N. E. Cons, since 1884; supt. of 
 normal course there since 1892; pub- 
 lished System of finger technic, noc- 
 turnes, mazurka, etc. 
 
 Portugal [or Portogallo] da Fonseca, 
 Marcos Antonio, compr. b. Lisbon, 
 Mar. 24, 1762; d. Rio de Janeiro, 
 Feb. 7, 1830: Pupil of Borselli, an 
 opera singer, and Orao, maestro at 
 cath.; accompanist Madrid opera 
 1782; after study in Italy, produced 
 successful operas (II Molinaro, L'As- 
 tuto, 1790); court condr. at Lisbon; 
 then in Italy producing operas in 
 various cities to 1799 {Fernando nel 
 Messico, masterpiece according to 
 F^tis); 1800 at Lisbon, 1810 followed 
 royal family to Brazil, continued posi- 
 tion there; some success in Germany 
 and England, but most of his 40 op- 
 eras were popular in Italy and Spain. 
 
 PRAGER 
 
 Potter, Philip Cipriani Hambly, pst., 
 compr. h. London, Oct. 2, 1792; 
 d. there, Sept. 26, 1871. Studied 
 with father, Attwood, Callcott, 
 Woelfl, etc.; debut as pst. and compr. 
 1816; studied comp. with A. Forster 
 at Vienna, where Beethoven gave 
 him advice; prof, of pf. at Royal 
 Acad. Mus. 1822; principal there 
 1832, resigned 1859; composed sona- 
 tas, concertos, two books of praise- 
 worthy studies; distinguished condr. 
 of Madrigal Soc. and admirable 
 performer. 
 
 Pougin (p6-zhan), Arthur [real name 
 Francois Auguste Arthur Paroisse- 
 Pougin], writer. h. Chateauroux, 
 Aug. 6, 1834. Son of actor; pupil 
 of Alard and Reber at Paris Cons.; 
 th. vlt.; condr. at several theatres; 
 member Opera Comique orch. 1860- 
 63; since then critic for several 
 papers (Menestrel, of which he became 
 chief editor after 1885, Le Thedtre, 
 etc.); author of musical articles in 
 Larousse's Diet, universel, author of 
 supplement to Fetis's dictionary, 
 etc., and, beside many articles, of 
 biographies of Bellini, Auber, Ra- 
 meau, Verdi, etc. 
 
 Powell, Maud, vlt. h. Peru, 111., Aug. 
 22, 1868. Mother an amateur 
 compr.; pupil of Wm. Lewis in 
 Chicago, of Schradieck in Leipzig, 
 of Dancla in Paris, and, after play- 
 ing in London, of Joachim in Berlin; 
 debut there and in New York 1885; 
 leader Maud Powell String Quartet 
 1894; very distinguished and skilful 
 player. Married H. Godfrey Turner, 
 1907. 
 
 Pradher [rightly Pradere], (pra-dar), 
 Louis Barthelemy, pst., compr. b. 
 Paris, Dec. 18, 1781; d. Gray, 
 Haute-Saone, Oct., 1834. Pupil of 
 Gobert and Berton at Cons., where 
 he became pf. prof. 1802; among 
 pupils Herz, Dubois, etc.; retired 
 1827; published operas and much 
 pf. mus. (sonatas, rondos, fantasias, 
 etc.). 
 
 Prager (prag'-er), Ferdinand Christian 
 Wilhehn, teacher, h. Leipzig, Jan. 
 22, 1815; d. London, Sept. 1, 1891. 
 Son of vlt. Heinrich Aloys P. (1783- 
 1854); pupil of Hummel and Pape; 
 teacher in The Hague and London 
 
PRATORIUS 
 
 PROCH 
 
 after 1834; English correspondent for 
 Schumann's Neue Zeitschrift, sup- 
 porter of Wagner, influential in 
 calling W, to London 1855; compr. 
 of symph. poems, pf. mus. (Crepus- 
 cule, etc.), author of Wagner as I 
 knew him. 
 
 Pratorius, Michael, compr., writer. 
 b. Kreuzberg, Thuringia, Feb. 15, 
 1571; d. Wolfenbuttel, Feb. 15, 
 1621. Capellmeister at Liineburg, 
 orgt. and capellm. to Duke of Bruns- 
 wick, prior of Monastery of Ringel- 
 heim; prolific compr. of 15 volumes 
 of Polyhymnia, 16 of Musae Sioniae, 
 etc.; chiefly distinguished as author 
 of Syntagma musicum, 1615-20, 
 treatise, partly in Latin, partly in 
 German, on ecclesiastical music, on 
 all known instruments (with very 
 valuable woodcuts) and styles of 
 compositions. 
 
 Pratt, Silas Gamaliel, compr. h. Addi- 
 son Vt., Aug. 4, 1846. Pupil of 
 Bendel, Kullak, Wiierst, and Kiel, 
 and on later trip, 1875, of Dorn 
 and Liszt; organized Chicago Apollo 
 Club 1871; gave symphony con- 
 certs, concerts of own works, his 
 opera Zenobia 1882; pf. prof, at 
 N. Y. Metropolitan Cons. 1890; 
 removed to Pittsburg 1907; com- 
 posed 2 operas, 2 symphonies, can- 
 tata, suites, part-songs, etc., ar- 
 ranged spectacle The War in Song. 
 
 Pratt, Waldo Selden, writer, teacher, b. 
 Philadelphia, Nov. 10, 1857. Grad- 
 uated at WiUiams College 1878; 
 Johns Hopkins Univ. 1878-80; Mus. 
 D. Syracuse Univ. 1895; asst. dir. 
 Metropol. Museum, N. Y., 1880-82, 
 registrar Hartford Theol. Seminary 
 1888-95; teacher of elocution Trinity 
 Coll. 1891-1905; lecturer on mus. 
 hist, at Smith Coll. since 1895, at 
 Mt. Holyoke 1896-99, at Inst. Mus. 
 Art, N. Y., 1905; orgt. and condr. 
 of choral soc. in Hartford; prof. mus. 
 and hymnology at Hartford Theol. 
 Seminary since 1882; Mus. Ed. 
 Century Dictionary, etc.; author of 
 Mus. Ministries in the Church, 1901, 
 and valuable text-book Hist, of 
 Mus. 1907. 
 
 Prentice, Thomas Ridley, pst. h. 
 Paslow Hall, Ongar, Essex, July 6, 
 1842; d. Hampstead, July 15, 1895. 
 
 Pupil of W. and G. A. Macfarren 
 at Royal Acad.; taught there; gave 
 Monthly Popular Concerts at Brixton 
 1869-74; orgt. 1872; pf. prof. Guild- 
 hall Sch. 1880, at Blackheath Cons. 
 1881; organized twopenny concerts 
 for working classes; most valuable 
 work The Musician, notes on pf. 
 instruction books; composed can- 
 tata, anthems, pf. mus., etc. 
 
 Prescott, Oliveria Louisa, compr., writer. 
 b. London, Sept. 3, 1842. Pupil at 
 Royal Acad. Mus. and of Lindsay 
 Sloper, Macfarren, etc.; successful 
 teacher of harmony; author of clear, 
 useful text-book. Musical form, 
 compr. of 2 symph., overtures, pf. 
 concerto, etc., psalms, cantata Lord 
 Ullin's Daughter, songs, etc. 
 
 Prevost (pra-v6), Eugene Prosper, com- 
 pr., condr. h. Paris, Aug. 23, 1809; 
 d. New Orleans, Aug. 30, 1872. Pupil 
 at Paris Cons, of Seuriot, Jelen- 
 sperger, and Lesueur; Grand prix de 
 Rome 1831; produced several suc- 
 cessful operettas; condr. at Havre, 
 at New Orleans 1838-1862, then at 
 Bouffes Parisiens and the Champs 
 Elysees; later compositions unsuc- 
 cessful; returned to New Orleans 
 1867. 
 
 Preyer, Carl A., compr., teacher, b. 
 Pforzheim, Germany, July 28, 1863. 
 Began musical instruction under a 
 local teacher at the age of 9, contin- 
 uing at Stuttgart, at Vienna under 
 Navratil, and in Berlin under Urban 
 and Barth; began his professional 
 career in 1884; after coming to the 
 United States he became successive- 
 ly professor of music in Baker Uni- 
 versity, Baldwin, Kas., 1889-91, 
 and at University of Kansas, Law- 
 rence, 1893, with which institution 
 he is still connected (1910). His 
 compositions number about fifty 
 niainly for piano and voice; among 
 his works for piano are a number of 
 fine technical studies which have 
 been well received by teachers; Mus. 
 Doc. Baker University 1909. 
 
 Proch (pr6k), Heinrich, compr. b. 
 Bohmisch-Leipa, Julv 22, 1809; 
 d. Vienna, Dec. 18, 1878. Studied 
 vln. and law; capellmeister in 
 Vienna at theatre, at court opera 
 1840-70, of comic opera 1874; many 
 
PROUT 
 
 PURCELL 
 
 famous pupils (Tietjens, Materna, 
 etc.); compr. of very popular lieder 
 (Von der Alpe tont das Horn, etc.). 
 
 Prout, Ebenezer, compr., theorist, h. 
 Oundle, Northamptonshire, Mar. 1, 
 1835; d. London, Dec. 5, 1909. Pf. 
 pupil of Salaman, otherwise self- 
 taught; orgt. in several places; prof, 
 of pf. Crystal Palace Sch. of Art 
 1861-85; prof, of harmony and 
 comp. at Nat'l Training School 
 1876, at Royal Acad. 1879, at Guild- 
 hall Sch. 1884; prof. mus. at Dublin 
 Univ. 1894; editor Monthly Mus. 
 Record 1871-74, critic for Academy 
 and Athenceum; editor of some of 
 Handel's oratorios, with additional 
 accomp. ; most distinguished as writer 
 of primer on Instrumentation, and of 
 series Harmony, Counterpoint, Double 
 Counterpoint, Fugue, Mus. Form, 
 Applied Forms, and The Orchestra. 
 
 Pruckner, Dionys, pst. b. Munich, 
 May 12, 1834; d. Heidelberg, Dec. 
 1, 1896. Pupil of Niest and of 
 Liszt; settled in Vienna 1855; prof. 
 Stuttgart Cons. 1859, to reputation 
 of which he largely contributed; 
 court pst. 1864; excellent teacher. 
 
 Prudent (prii-don), Emile, pst. b. 
 Angouleme, April 3, 1817; d. Paris, 
 May 13, 1863. Adopted by piano 
 tuner in childhood; pupil at Paris 
 Cons, of Le Couppey, Zimmermann, 
 and Laurent; first performance at 
 concert with Thalberg, whom he 
 closely imitated and nearly equaled; 
 successful tours in Germany and 
 England, admired as teacher and 
 performer in Paris; compr. of tran- 
 scriptions and salon music, brilliant 
 but now out of fashion. 
 
 Puccini (poo-che'-ne), Giacomo, compr. 
 h. Lucca, June 22, 1858. Great- 
 great-grandfather, grandfather, and 
 father all compr. of church music, 
 great-grandfather notable theorist; 
 student at Milan Cons., on pension 
 from queen, under Ponchielli; first 
 opera, Le Villi, successful 1884; 
 revised the next year; second, Edgar, 
 1889, failure; better success with 
 Manon Lescaut 1893; first triumph 
 with La Boheme 1896; Tosca 19C0, 
 continued success, and Madam But- 
 terfly, though hissed at first per- 
 formance, Milan, 1904, has since been 
 successful, not only in Italy but 
 
 almost everywhere else,- London 
 1905, New York and Boston, English 
 version. P. is one of most popular of 
 contemporary composers; he differs 
 from Mascagni and other Italians 
 in seeking for more than mere sensa- 
 tion, and from followers of Wagner 
 in not endeavoring to establish any 
 abstract truth; his orchestration 
 shows brilliant technic and vari- 
 ety; his melody, typically Italian in 
 its fluency and somewhat obvious 
 emotionalism, is modern in its psy- 
 chological truth, so far as is possible 
 with his librettos, which have often 
 been disconnected melodramatic 
 scenes rather than artistic creations. 
 
 Pudor (poo'-dor), Heinrich, writer, b. 
 Dresden, Aug. 29, 1865. Son of 
 Johann Friedrich P. (1835-1887), 
 proprietor of Dresden Cons. 1859-87; 
 succeeded father at Cons, until 1890, 
 when he sold out to E. Krantz; 
 prolific writer, at first extravagant, 
 but more restrained in later works; 
 wrote Die alten und die neuen Wege 
 in der Mu.s., etc. 
 
 Pugnani (poon-ya'-nl), Gaetano, vlt. 
 b. Turin, Nov. 27, 1731; d. there, 
 June 15, 1798. Pupil of Somis and 
 Tartini; leader court orchestra Turin 
 1752; long tours after 1754 to Paris 
 and London, where he conducted 
 opera orch. and produced opera; 
 1770 at Turin established vln. school; 
 among pupils Viotti, Polledro, etc.; 
 composed 9 concertos (only 1 pub- 
 lished), chamber music. 
 
 Pugno (pii-no), Stephane Raoul, pst. 
 b. Montrouge, Seine, France, June 
 23, 1852. Pupil at Niedermeyer Sch. 
 and Paris Cons., winning 3 first 
 prizes, pf. 1866, harmony '67, organ 
 '69; orgt. in Paris since 1896; prof, 
 of harmony 1892-96, and of piano 
 1896-1901 at Cons.; since about 
 1893 has been distinguished as per- 
 former, especially of classical music; 
 successful concerts with Ysaye in 
 Paris, London, and U. S.; playing 
 notable for smooth tone, intense 
 expression, combined with force; 
 compr. of oratorio, ballets, etc. 
 
 Purcell, Henry, compr. h. West- 
 minster, London, 1658; d. there, 
 Nov. 21, 1695. Called " the young- 
 er"; father, also Henry P. (d. Aug. 
 
PYNE 
 
 11, 1664), gentleman of Chapel Royal 
 after Restoration, master of chor- 
 isters, Westminster Abbey, member 
 of King's band; after early death of 
 father, Henry was chorister at 
 Chapel Royal under Cooke and 
 Pelham Humfrey, who is said to 
 have shown him the French style 
 of music; early a compr.; pupil in 
 composition of Blow; copyist at 
 Abbey 1676-78, 1688-90, orgt. there 
 1680 (unsupported tradition gives 
 Blow credit for resigning in pupil's 
 favor); orgt. at Chapel Royal 1682; 
 composed anthems and songs from 
 early age, '* lessons " for harpsi- 
 chord; sonatas, fantasias, etc. for sev- 
 eral instruments; incidental music 
 for plays (the so-called "operas" 
 are mostly detachable songs); of 
 these the most notable are Dido and 
 jEneas (probably 1688-90), Dio- 
 clesian 1690, Dryden's King Arthur 
 1691. Reckoned as greatest English 
 compr.; there have been frequent 
 editions of his works, but no accu- 
 rate ones until foundation of Purcell 
 Society 1878, 16 volimies published 
 up to 1908. Chief characteristics 
 of music are " fondness for austere 
 melody, relieved by strongly marked 
 rhythm, delight in moving basses 
 and skill in handling ground bass, 
 love of 'false relations,' beside 
 general technical ingenuity com- 
 bined with direct passionate expres- 
 sion." [Grove.]; unfortunate for 
 English music that he had no im- 
 mediate successors. (Biography by 
 W. H. Cummings.) 
 
 QUINAULl 
 
 Pyne, John Kendrick, orgt. b. London, 
 Aug. 21, 1810; d. there. Mar. 2 (4?), 
 1893. Son of James Kendrick, 
 tenor (1785-1857); pupil of Crotch 
 at Royal Acad.; orgt. at Bath 
 Abbey from 1839. Son James Ken- 
 drick, orgt. h. Bath, Feb. 5, 1852, 
 Pupil of father and S. S. Wesley; 
 orgt. at Bath, etc., finally at Man- 
 chester Cath. 1876; prof, at Manches- 
 ter Royal Coll. Mus. 1893; in Phila- 
 delphia 1875; compr. of services, 
 etc.; well-known recital orgt. 
 
 Pyne, Louisa Fanny, dram. sop. h. 
 England, Aug. 27, 1832; d. London, 
 Mar. 20, 1904. Pupil of Smart, 
 appeared with sister at early age; 
 debut on stage, Boulogne, 1849; 
 sang in London 1849-54, U. S. 
 1854-56, again in England estab- 
 lished, with Wm. Harrison, H.-P. 
 Opera Co., giving English operas; 
 
 ' after marriage to F. Bodda, baritone, 
 in 1868, retired from stage; devoted 
 to teaching. 
 
 Pythagoras, mathematician, b. Samos, 
 Greece, about 582 B. C; d. Meta- 
 pontum, about 500. Though he 
 wrote no books, his disciples, Euclid, 
 Ptolemy, etc. preserved his doc- 
 trines which he is thought to have 
 gained in the Egyptian esoteric 
 schools where he spent several years; 
 in music he counted only the oc- 
 tave and the fifth as consonances 
 (fourth being fifth below); third 
 and sixths consequently dissonant 
 intervals. 
 
 Quantz, Johann Joachim, flute player, 
 h. Oberscheden, Hanover, Jan. 30, 
 1697; d. Potsdam, July 12, 1773. 
 Played double-bass at 8; at 10, as 
 apprentice to uncle, town musician 
 at Merseburg, studied clavichord 
 with Kiesewetter, and learned other 
 instruments; member of town orch. 
 at Dresden; studied counterpoint 
 with Zelenka and Fux at Vienna; 
 1718 oboist in royal orch. at Dresden, 
 later played flute there, after study- 
 ing with Buffardin; and resumed 
 position after trip to Italy, Paris, 
 and London; teacher of Frederick 
 
 the Great, when crown prince, and 
 after his accession 1740, chamber 
 musician and compr.; invented 
 second key and sliding top for flute; 
 wrote method and composed about 
 300 concertos and 200 sonatas and 
 other pieces. ' 
 
 Qimjault (ke-no'), Jean Baptiste Mau- 
 rice, singer, actor, d. Gien, 1744. At 
 Th. Frangaise 1712-18, tragedian 
 there until 1733; wrote more than 
 20 interludes, ballets, etc. (a 4-act 
 ballet Les amours des deesses, 1728, 
 had considerable success in Paris). 
 
RACHMANINOFF 
 
 RAMEAU 
 
 R 
 
 Rachmaninoff (rak-man'-^-nof), Sergei 
 Vassilievitch, pst., compr. b. Nov- 
 gorod, Russia, Apr. 2, 1873. Studied 
 at St. Petersburg and Moscow Cons., 
 pf. with Siloti and theory with 
 Arensky; gold medal 1891; after con- 
 cert tour in Russia, and appearance 
 at London Philharmonic, 1899, ap- 
 pointed pf. prof, at Maryinsky Inst, 
 f orgirls, Moscow 1893 ; American tour 
 1909-10; has composed opera Aleko, 
 Fantasia, Bohemian Caprice, etc. 
 for orch., pf. concerto, two sympho- 
 nies, Elegiac trio, some songs, and pf . 
 music (Variations, Musical moments, 
 Preludes, etc.), which contains novel 
 and varied harmonic effects, well 
 worth the effort of overcoming the 
 considerable technical difficulty. 
 
 Radecke (ra'-d6-k6), Albert Martin 
 Robert, compr. b. Dittmannsdorf, 
 Oct. 31, 1830; d. Wernigerode, June, 
 1911. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; mem- 
 ber Gewandhaus orch.; condr. Singa- 
 kademie. dir. City Th.; gave concerts 
 in Berhn, mus. director of court 
 theatre there 1863-87, court capell- 
 meister 1871, director of Stern Cons. 
 1883-88, of Royal Inst, for Church 
 Mus. 1892; compr. orch. works, espe- 
 cially excellent pf . trios and songs. 
 
 Raff (raf), Joseph Joachim, compr. b. 
 Lachen, Lake of Zurich, May 27, 
 1822; d. Frankfort-on-Main, June 
 25, 1882. Son of orgt., educated at 
 Wiirttemberg and in Schuryz; be- 
 came school-teacher, continuing 
 alone study of comp., pf. and vln.; 
 on Mendelssohn's recommendation 
 some pf. pieces were published 1843; 
 devoted himself to composition; 
 until 1850 in Cologne, Wiesenstetten, 
 and Stuttgart, though encouraged 
 by liiszt and Von Biilow, many 
 chances of success failed; 1850 in 
 Weimar, where he wrote articles for 
 Neue Zeitschrift and where Liszt 
 produced opera Konig Alfred; after 
 1856 in Wiesbaden, in demand as 
 teacher; symphony An das Vater- 
 land won prize Vienna 1863; director 
 of Hoch Cons, at Frankfort 1877; 
 much work done to earn living; of 
 the rest, though symphonies, etc. 
 
 are frequently of some melodic 
 charm and are worked up with 
 great care, the inherent weakness 
 of his ideas has caused them already 
 to disappear from programs. 
 
 Raif (rif), Oskar, pf. teacher. h. 
 Zwolle, Holland, July 31, 1847; d. 
 Berhn, July 29, 1899. Studied with 
 father, Carl R., and Tausig; prof, 
 of pf. at Royal High School, Berlin, 
 after 1875; a specialist in technic 
 known as the " dumb thumb " sys- 
 tem; composed pf. concerto, sonata, 
 etc. 
 
 Raimondi (ra-mon'-di), Pietro, compr. 
 b. Rome, Dec. 20, 1786; d. there, Oct. 
 30, 1853. Pupil of La Barbara and 
 Tritto at Naples; lived as teacher 
 and successful opera compr, in 
 Genoa; a director of th. at Naples 
 1824-33; prof, of counterpoint at 
 Naples Royal Cons. 1825-32, at 
 Palermo Cons. 1832-52; maestro di 
 cappella, St. Peter's', Rome, 1852-53; 
 composed fugues, requiems, masses, 
 oratorios, 3 of which were produced 
 simultaneously in Rome, 1852, as a 
 feat of contrapuntal skill. 
 
 Ramann (ra'-man), Lina, writer, h. 
 Mainstockheim, June 24, 1833; d. 
 Munich, March 30, 1912. Pupil of 
 Frau Brendel at Leipzig; founded 
 normal mus. sem'y Gliickstadt, 1858, 
 and with Ida Volkmann school at 
 Nuremberg, 1865; wrote Grundriss 
 der Technik des Klavier spiels, his- 
 torical essays, and biography of 
 Liszt, 1880-93; edited L's works. 
 
 Rameau (ra-mo), Jean Philippe, theor- 
 ist, compr. b. Dijon, Sept. 25, 1683; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 12, 1764. Of musical 
 family and precocious ability; studied 
 at Jesuit Coll., Dijon; 1701 sent to 
 Italy, but did not care for prevaihng 
 styles; played vln. in traveling opera 
 company and was orgt. in several 
 places, finally at Lille, since his teacher 
 Marc hand in jealousy kept him from 
 Paris; after four years obtained posi- 
 tion in Paris and published, 1726, 
 Nouveau systeme de musique theo- 
 rique; after writing songs, etc. for 
 plays, composed opera Samson, which 
 
RANDEGGER 
 
 READING 
 
 was rejected; Hippolyte et Aricie, 
 1733, not very successful, but with 
 Les Indes galantes, 1735, and Castor 
 et Pollux, 1737, he was launched on 
 career of success. In opera marked 
 advance over LuUy in dramatic 
 sincerity and larger conceptions; he 
 gives richer and more expressive 
 orchestral backgrounds, with special 
 part for each instrument, and more 
 frequent solos for wood-wind; not 
 happy in composing for voice and 
 hampered by theory that any libretto 
 would do; in mus. theory, he first re- 
 duced study of chords to a systematic 
 basis and established satisfactorily 
 the science of " equal temperament "; 
 his is preeminently the " reflecting, 
 calculating genius of a philosopher." 
 
 Randegger (ran-dezh-er), Alberto, sing- 
 ing teacher, b. Trieste, Apr. 13, 1832; 
 d. London, Dec. 17, 1911. Pupil of 
 Lafont and Ricci; condr. at several 
 Italian cities; prod. 2 operas; went to 
 London 1854; singing teacher at 
 Royal Acad. 1868 and at Royal Coll. : 
 conducted Italian opera 1857, Carl 
 Rosa Co. 1879-85, Norwich Festival 
 1881-1905; composed dram, cantata 
 Fridolin, 2 soprano scenes, Medea, 
 Saffo, psalms, etc.; author of valu- 
 able Primer of Singing. 
 
 Randolph, Harold, pst. b. Richmond, 
 Va., Oct. 31, 1861. Father a lawyer 
 and writer; both parents good ama- 
 teur musicians; began to study music 
 at about eight years of age, and re- 
 ceived bulk of musical education at 
 the Peabody Conservatory, Balti- 
 more; began professional career at 
 sixteen, and filled various positions as 
 organist and choirmaster up to 1906, 
 when he retired from church work; 
 director of Peabody Conservatory 
 since 1898; has appeared as pianist 
 with most of the principal American 
 orchestras and chamber music organ- 
 izations; first pianist entirely Ameri- 
 can-taught to achieve wide public 
 recognition; reorganized the Con- 
 servatory and greatly enlarged its 
 scope. 
 
 Rappoldi (rS,p-p6r-de), Edouard, vlt. 
 b. Vienna, Feb. 21, 1839; d. Dresden, 
 May 16, 1903. Pupil in Vienna 
 Cons, of Jansa, Bohm, and Sechter; 
 vlt. in court orch.; leader at Rot- 
 terdam; condr. at Liibeck, Prague, 
 
 etc.; teacher at Berlin Hochschule 
 1871-77; leader of opera orch. and 
 head teacher vln. at Dresden Cons. 
 1877-98, where he retired. Wife, 
 Laura, nee Kahrer, pst. b. Mistel- 
 bach, near Vienna, Jan, 14, 1853. 
 Pupil at Vienna Cons, and with Liszt. 
 
 Rauchenecker (row'-ken-ek-er), Georg 
 Wilhelm, condr., compr. h. Munich, 
 Mar. 8, 1844; d. Elberfeld, July 17, 
 1906. Pupil of Th. Lachner, Baum- 
 gartner, and Walter; vlt. at Lyons; 
 director at Avignon Cons., at Win- 
 terthur; condr. Berlin Philharmonic 
 1884, and mus. dir. Elberfeld after 
 1889; composed 3 operas and success- 
 ful string quartets. 
 
 Ravel (ra-velO, Maurice, compr. h. 
 Ciboure, Basses-Pyrenees, Mar. 7, 
 1875. Pupil at Paris Cons., pf. with 
 De B^riot, harmony with Pessard, 
 1892-95, comp. with G. Faure, 1897- 
 1900; as applicant for Prix de Rome, 
 1905, is said to have been victim of 
 favoritism; has composed Shehera- 
 zade overture. The Toys' Christmas 
 for orch., quartet which has been 
 widely played; his music is of " radi- 
 cal harmonic structure, ingenious 
 detail, and pervasive imagination." 
 
 Ravenscroft, Thomas, compr. b. Lon- 
 don, 1593; d. London, 1635. Choris- 
 ter at St. Paul's under Pearce; Mus. 
 B. Cambridge 1607; his Pammelia, 
 1609, first collection of part-songs, 
 rounds, etc. printed in England; 
 issued other collections, Deutero- 
 melia, Melismata, Discourse (on nota- 
 tion), and Whole Booke of Psalms 
 " by sundry authors." 
 
 Ravina (ra-vi-na), Jean Henri, pst., 
 compr. b. Bordeaux, May 20, 1818; 
 d. Paris, Sept. 30, 1906. Entered at 
 Paris Cons., studied with Zimmer- 
 mann, Laurent, Reicha, and Leborne; 
 1st pf. prize 1834, 1st harmony 1836; 
 teacher 1835-37; long concert tours, 
 composed salon music Douce pensee; 
 Cdlinerie, Etudes de style et de per- 
 fection. 
 
 Reading, John, compr. Three of this 
 name: 1. Vicar at Lincoln Cath., 
 master of choristers 1670; orgt. 
 Winchester Cath. 1675-81, at W. 
 Coll. 1681-92, when he died. 2. 
 Orgt. at Chichester Cath. 1674^1720. 
 3. b. 1677; d. Sept. 2, 1764. Orgt., 
 master of choristers, Lincoln, and 
 
REAY 
 
 REICHA 
 
 orgt. after 1707 at several London 
 churches; one of these is supposed 
 to be compr. of tune Adeste fideles. 
 
 Reay, Samuel, teacher, b. Hexham, 
 Eng., Mar. 17, 1822; d. Newark, 
 July 22, 1905. Chorister at Durham; 
 pupil of Henshaw and Stimpson; 
 orgt. in several places; song school- 
 master of Newark Parish Ch. after 
 1899; condr. Newark Philharmonic 
 Soc. ; compr. of anthems and services, 
 editor of Songs and ballads of North- 
 ern England. 
 
 Reber (ra-bar), Napoleon Henri, compr. 
 b. Miihlhausen, Alsace, Oct. 21, 
 1807; d. Paris, Nov. 24, 1880. 
 Studied with Reicha and Lesueur 
 at Paris Cons., where he was prof, 
 of harmony after 1851, of comp. 
 1862; inspector of branch cons. 1871; 
 member of Academy 1853; composed 
 chamber mus., ballet, operas (Le 
 pere Gaillard, 1852), noteworthy 
 orchestral works (4 symphonies, 
 suite, scenes lyriques Roland) ; wrote 
 useful Traite d' harmonic. 
 
 i^ebi^ek (ra'-bl-ch6k), Josef, vlt. b. 
 Prague, Feb. 7, 184€; d. Berlin, 
 Mar. 24, 1904. Pupil at Prague 
 Cons.; vlt. in Weimar court orch.; 
 leader at theatres Wiesbaden and 
 Prague; director Warsaw, condr. 
 Pesth, Wiesbaden; capellmeister 
 Berlin Philharmonic 1897-1903; 
 composed symph. in D minor. 
 
 Rebikoff (ra-bf-kof), Vladimir Ivano- 
 vitch, compr. b. Krasnoyarsk, Si- 
 beria, June 1, 1866. Studied at 
 Moscow Cons., at Berlin with 
 Mlihler, and at Vienna; lived in 
 Odessa, in Kishineff, where he 
 founded branch Mus. Soc, then in 
 Moscow; early compositions simple 
 and pleasing; later ones, chiefly for 
 pf. (Melomimiques, Esclavage et 
 liberte, etc.), are experiments in un- 
 conventional forms and unusual 
 consonances, imitations, etc. 
 
 Redhead, Richard, orgt. h. Harrow, 
 Eng., Mar. 1, 1820; d. Hellingley, 
 Sussex, Apr. 27, 1901. Chorister at 
 Magdalen Coll., Oxford, where he 
 was pupil of Vicary; orgt. in London 
 1839-1901; composed services, an- 
 thems, etc., for Anglican Church, 
 and compiled collections of hymns, 
 chants, etc. 
 
 Reeves, John Sims, tenor, h. Wool- 
 wich, Sept. 26, 1818; d. Worthing, 
 Oct. 25, 1900. Early played org., 
 vln., 'cello, oboe, and bassoon; pupil 
 of Cramer, Callcott, Hobbs, and 
 Cooke; debut as baritone Newcastle- 
 on-Tyne, 1839, sang tenor in London 
 1842; after further study with Bor- 
 dogni and Mazzucato, appeared 
 Milan 1846 as leading tenor; very 
 popular in England, especially, in 
 both opera and oratorio; " his 
 operatic career was more or less 
 overshadowed by the great place he 
 made for himself in oratorio," at 
 Handel Festival, 1857, in Eli and 
 Naaman (written for him) and 
 many new works; farewell concert 
 1891, but reappeared under pres- 
 sure of need in 1893, and 1896; 
 published reminiscences My Jubilee. 
 
 Reger (ra-ger). Max, compr. h. Brand, 
 Bavaria, Mar. 19, 1873. Pupil of 
 Lindner and H. Riemann at Sonders- 
 hausen and Wiesbaden, where Reger 
 taught, 1895-96; after military ser- 
 vice and severe illness finally settled 
 in Munich 1901; prof, of harmony 
 and counterpoint at Royal. Acad, and 
 condr. of Porgesscher Gesangverein, 
 Leipzig, 1908; compr. of great origi- 
 nality and contrapuntal skill; ex- 
 treme in disregard of established 
 limitations of form and key; he has 
 composed songs, variations, sonatas 
 (some for vln. alone), org. works, 
 and Sinfonietta and Serenade for orch. 
 
 Rehberg (ra-berg), Willy, pst. h. 
 Morges, Switzerland, Sept. 2, 1862. 
 Pupil of father, Friedrich R., of 
 Hegar, Weber, and Freund at Zurich, 
 and at Leipzig Cons., where he later 
 taught; condr. concerts of court 
 orch. and Singakademie at Alten- 
 berg 1888-90; teacher of pf. at 
 Geneva Cons.; after 1890 capell- 
 meister of Geneva orch.; composed 
 sonata, gavotte, etc., for pf. 
 
 Rehfeld (ra'-felt), Fabian, vlt., compr. 
 b. Tuchel, W. Prussia, Jan. 23, 1842. 
 Studied with Zimmermann and 
 Griinwald; Royal chambei- musician, 
 Berlin, 1868;. concertmaster court 
 orchestra 1873, professor 1903; 
 compr. for vln. 
 
 Reicha (ri'-ka), Anton, theorist, compr. 
 h. Prague, Feb. 27, 1770; d. Paris, 
 May 28, 1836. Pupil of uncle 
 
REICHART 
 
 Joseph R. [or Rejcha], compr. and 
 vU.; flute player Bonn orch., where 
 Beethoven played viola; pf. teacher 
 Hamburg 1794-99; lived in Vienna 
 1801-08, intimate with Beethoven 
 and circle; Uved in Paris after 1808; 
 produced operas, taught (Elwart, 
 Dancla, etc. among pupils); prof, 
 counterpoint and fugue at Cons. 
 1818; member Academy 1835; com- 
 posed chamber music (some for 
 horns, etc.) and wrote theoretical 
 works, clear and successful, but now 
 out of date. 
 
 Reichardt (rik'-ardt), Johann Friedrich, 
 compr. b. Konigsberg, Nov. 25, 1752; 
 d. Giebichenstein, near Halle, June 
 27,1814. Pupil of C. G. Richter and 
 Veichtner; student of philosophy at 
 Leipzig; capellmeister to Frederick 
 the Great 1775; founded Concerts 
 spirituels, for which he wrote pro- 
 grams; journeys to London and 
 Paris 1786; dismissed by F. Wilhelm 
 II, 1794; inspector of salt works at 
 Giebichenstein; capellmeister to 
 Jerome Napoleon; his numerous 
 Singspiele affected German opera 
 by establishing national character; 
 as song compr. he marks transition 
 between earlier comprs. and Schu- 
 bert; also wrote passion music, 
 anthems, etc.; instrumental works 
 of no great importance. 
 
 Reichmann (rik'-man), Theodor, dram, 
 baritone, b. Rostock, Mar. 15, 1849; 
 d. Marbach, Lake of Constance, 
 May 22, 1903. Studied in Berhn, 
 Prague and with Lamperti in Milan; 
 sang at Magdeburg 1869, Berhn, 
 Cologne, Munich, etc.; at Vienna 
 Court Opera 1882-99; created Am- 
 fortas in Parsifal, Bayreuth, 1882; 
 N. Y. 1889-91; after 1893 again in 
 Vienna. 
 
 Reimann (ri'-man), Heinrich, orgt. 
 b. Rengersdorf, Mar. 14, 1850; d. 
 Chariot tenburg, May 24, 1906. Pupil 
 of father at Glatz Gymnasium, Bres- 
 lau Univ.; resigned positions as 
 teacher and school director; con- 
 ducted choral societies; critic and 
 writer; asst. librarian Royal Library, 
 Berlin, orgt. to Berlin Philharmonic 
 until 1875; teacher of org. and theory 
 at Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons, 
 until 1894; orgt. at Kaiser Wilhelm 
 Memorial Church 1895; critic for 
 
 REINKEN 
 
 Allgemeine MiLsik Zeitung, compr. 
 of org. mus,, author of biog. of 
 Schumann, etc. 
 
 Reinagle (ri'-nagle), Alexander Robert, 
 orgt., compr. b. Brighton, Aug. 21, 
 1799; d. Kidhngton, near Oxford, 
 Apr. 6, 1877. Of musical family; 
 teacher, orgt. at Oxford; wrote 
 instruction books for vln. and 'cello; 
 composed hymn tune St. Peter. 
 
 Reinecke (ri'-nek-S), Carl Heinrich 
 Carsten, pst., compr., condr. b. 
 Altona, June 23, 1824; d. March 10, 
 1910, at Leipzig. Pf . pupil of father; 
 after 1843 made tours in Scandinavia 
 and Germany; friend of Mendels- 
 sohn and Schumann at Leipzig; pst. 
 to Christian VIII; after some 
 years in Paris, taught at Cologne 
 Cons. 1851; was director Barmen 
 1854-59; dir. and condr. Singaka- 
 demie, Breslau, 1859-60; condr. 
 Gewandhaus, Leipzig, 1860-95; also 
 prof, of pf. and comp. at Leipzig 
 Cons. 1860-1902, where he had 
 many famous pupils, Joseffy, Maas, 
 etc.; leader in Leipzig for 25 years; 
 works, especially those for pf., and 
 chamber mus., show skill in con- 
 struction and considerable romantic 
 feeling; settings for women's voices 
 of Dornroschen, Schneewittchen, etc., 
 also noteworthy; besides concertos 
 for 'cello, vln., harp, operas, can- 
 tatas, overtures, etc., contributions 
 to English and German periodicals. 
 
 Reinhold (rin-holt), Hugo, compr. b. 
 Vienna, Mar. 3, 1854. Chorister at 
 court chapel; pupil of Bruckner, 
 Dessoff, and Epstein at Cons.; suite 
 for pf . and strings, minuet and fugue 
 for orch., and string quartet have at- 
 tracted notice, as well as songs and 
 pf. music. 
 
 Reinken (rin'-ken), Johann Adam, 
 
 orgt., compr. h. Wilshausen, Lower 
 Alsace, Apr. 27, 1623; d. Ham- 
 burg, Nov. 24, 1722. Pupil of 
 Scheidemann at Hamburg 1654-57; 
 orgt. at Deventer 1657-58; then 
 assistant and successor, 1663, to 
 Scheidemann; distinguished per- 
 former whom Bach walked from 
 Liineberg to hear; wrote Hortus 
 musicus (2 vlns., via., bass). Partite 
 diverse, toccata, variations, and 
 fugue; other works burned by 
 direction of his will. 
 
REINTHALER 
 
 Reinthaler (rin'-ta-ler), Carl Martin, 
 
 compr. b. Erfurt, Oct. 13, 1822; 
 d. Bremen, Feb. 13, 1896. Pupil of 
 G. A. Ritter, and of Marx, in sing- 
 ing of Geraldi and Bordogni in 
 Paris and in Rome; teacher of 
 singing, Cologne Cons., 1853; mus. 
 dir., orgt. at Cathedral; condr. of 
 Singakademie and Liedertafel at 
 Bremen; compr. of 2 operas, widely 
 popular oratorio Jephtha, famous 
 Bismarck- Hymne, symphony, and 
 choral works. 
 
 Reisenauer (ri'-zen-ou-er), Alfred, pst. 
 b. Konigsberff, Nov. 1, 1863; d. 
 Libau, Oct. 31, 1907. Pupil of 
 Kohler and Liszt; d^but with Liszt 
 1881; after studying law in Leipzig, 
 reappeared with brilliant success 
 1886; prof. pf. at Leipzig Cons. 
 1900; in America 1904; special 
 characteristics not spectacular ex- 
 hibition, but sympathetic interpre- 
 tation of varied comprs.; at his best 
 with Schumann and Liszt. 
 
 Reissiger (ris'-sig-er), Carl Gottlieb, 
 compr. b. Belzig, near Wittenberg, 
 Jan. 31, 1798; d. Dresden, Nov. 7, 
 1859. Pupil of Schicht at Leipzig; 
 appeared as singer and pst. at 
 Vienna; stud. comp. with Winter 
 at Munich; tour of Italy 1824 to 
 examine conservatories and submit 
 plan; after teaching at Berlin Inst, 
 for Ch. Mus., organized The Hague 
 Cons. 1826; dir. German Opera at 
 Dresden; court capellmeister; com- 
 posed some 10 operas (overture to 
 Die Felsenmuhle was popular), ora- 
 torio, masses, many sonatas and 
 rondos for various instruments. 
 
 Reissmann (ris'-man), August, writer. 
 b. Frankenstein, Silesia, Nov. 14, 
 1825; d. Berlin, Dec. 1, 1903. 
 Pupil of Jung, Baumgart, Richter, 
 etc.; in Weimar with Liszt 1850-52; 
 lived in Halle, in Berhn 1863-80, 
 where he lectured at Stern Cons., in 
 Leipzig, Wiesbaden, and again Ber- 
 lin; wrote biographies of Schumann, 
 Schubert, Haydn, Weber, etc.; books 
 on opera and history (Geschichte 
 des deutschen Liedes), edited Gathy's 
 lexicon, and Mendel's; composed 
 operas, ballet, oratorio, etc. 
 
 Rellstab (reF-stab), Heinrich Friedrich 
 Ludwig, writer, b. Berlin, Apr. 13, 
 1799; d. there, Nov. 27, 1860. Son 
 
 RESZKE 
 
 of Johann Carl Friedrich R., printer, 
 lecturer, critic (1759-1813); artillery 
 officer, teacher of mathematics and 
 history in military school; retired 
 from army 1821; critic on Vossische 
 Zeitung; author of satires against 
 Sontag and Spohr, for each of which 
 he was imprisoned; edited mus. 
 paper /m, etc., 1839-41; contributed 
 to others' biographies of Liszt, etc.; 
 well known as novelist, author of 
 " 1812." 
 
 Remenyi (re-men'-yl), [real name Hoff- 
 mann], Eduard, vlt. h. Heves, or 
 Miskolcz, Hungary, July 17, 1830; 
 d. San Francisco, Cal., May 15, 1898. 
 Pupil at Vienna Cons, of Bohm; 
 played in America; after advice 
 from Liszt, 1853, solo vlt. to Queen 
 Victoria, and, 1860, to Emperor of 
 Austria after amnesty (he was exiled 
 in '48); after 1865 began series of 
 long successful tours, Paris 1865, 
 1875, London 1877, even around 
 the world; transcribed for vln. 
 Field's nocturnes, Chopin's waltzes 
 and other pf. music; of great tech- 
 nical skill, brilliance, and vigor of 
 execution at his best, but uneven in 
 achievement as he was wandering 
 by nature; gave Brahms his start 
 as accomp., first discovering his 
 genius. 
 
 Renaud (re-no), Maurice, baritone, b. 
 Bordeaux, 1862. Studied at Paris 
 Cons.; sang at Brussels 1883-90; 
 Op^ra Comique, Paris, 1890-91; at 
 Op^ra since 1891; N. Y. 1906-10; 
 of wide repertoire; sings and acts 
 with great intelligence and so much 
 care that at times he is accused of 
 lack of spontaneity. 
 
 Rendano (ren-da'-no), Alfonso, pst. h. 
 Carolei, near Cosenza, Calabria, 
 Apr. 5, 1853. Studied at Naples and 
 Leipzig Cons, and with Thalberg; 
 popular as performer in London and 
 Italy; composed considerable salon 
 music. 
 
 Reszke (resh-ka), Jean de, dram, 
 tenor, h. Warsaw, Jan. 14, 1852. 
 Studied with Ciaffei, Cotogni, and 
 Sbriglia; debut 1874, London 1875, 
 and engagements in Italy and Paris 
 as baritone; debut as tenor Madrid 
 1879; 1st tenor at Paris Op^ra 
 1884-89; sang in London after 1887, 
 and in New York after 1895; retired 
 
REYER 
 
 to Paris 1902, where he teaches 
 singing; remarkable singer, whose 
 repertoire finally included Wagner- 
 ian operas as well as French and 
 Italian. Brother Edouard, dram, 
 bass. b. Warsaw, Dec. 23, 1855. 
 Pupil of Jean, Ciaffei, Steller, and 
 Coletti; debut Warsaw 1876; at Th. 
 Itahen, Paris, 1885-98; followed 
 Jean in English and American 
 engagements and into retirement, 
 
 Reyer (ra-yar), [properly Rey], Louis 
 Etienne Ernest, compr. b. Mar- 
 seilles, Dec. 1, 1823; d. Toulon, Jan. 
 15, 1909. While in government 
 office at Algiers, composed mass and 
 songs; studied mus. in Paris with 
 aunt, Mme. Farrenc; prod, sym- 
 phonic ode 1850; member of Acad- 
 emy 1876; composed operas La 
 statue 1861, Sigurd 1884, SalammbS 
 1890, latter two successful; choruses 
 and church music; highly ranked as 
 compr. of richly colored music in 
 school of Berlioz, and as critic and 
 essayist. 
 
 Reznicek (rez'-ni-chek), Emil Nicolaus, 
 Freiherr von, compr. h. Vienna, 
 May 4, 1861. Studied law at Graz, 
 music at Leipzig Cons.; theatre 
 capellmeister in several places, finally 
 at Mannheim 1896-99; founded 
 concerts for small orch. at Berlin, 
 where he has Hved since 1902, con- 
 ducting also in Warsaw and Russia; 
 teacher at Klindworth-Scharwenka 
 Cons. 1906; composed overtures, 
 symphonies, etc., and operas (not- 
 ably Donna Diana, Till Eulenspiegel) . 
 
 Rheinberger (rin'-berger), Joseph Ga- 
 briel, compr. b. Vaduz, Liechten- 
 stein, Mar. 17, 1839; d. Munich, 
 Nov. 25, 1901. Pupil of Herzog, 
 Leonhard, and J. J. Mayer at Royal 
 Sch. of Mus., Munich, where he 
 taught 1859; orgt. at court ch., 
 condr. Oratorio Soc; r^petiteur court 
 opera 1865-67; court capellmeister 
 1877; teacher in Royal Acad, from 
 1867 till death; renowned every- 
 where as teacher (Chadwick, Parker, 
 and Goodrich among many Ameri- 
 can pupils); composed operas {Die 
 sieben Raven, etc.), cantatas and 
 oratorios (Christophoru^, etc.), over- 
 tures, concertos (2 for org.), and 
 especially 20 org. soriatas, which 
 combine great skill with ideas of 
 greater smoothness and beauty. I 
 
 RICHTER 
 
 Rhodes, Mrs., see Hardelot, Guy d*. 
 
 Richards, Henry Brinley, compr., pst. 
 h. Camarthen, Wales, Nov. 13, 
 1817; d. London, May 1, 1885. 
 Pupil at Royal Academy, King's 
 Scholar 1835, '37; concert pst. and 
 teacher in London; composed pf. 
 mus., songs, notably popular God 
 bless the Prince of Wales, military 
 marches, Albert Edward, etc. 
 
 Richardson, Nathan, teacher, h. S. 
 Reading, Mass., July 31, 1827; d. 
 Paris, France, Nov. 19, 1859. While 
 pupil in Boston composed popular 
 march Gen. Taylor's Own, etc.; 
 pupil in Leipzig of Moscheles, etc., 
 in Dresden of Willmers, and espe- 
 cially at Prague of Dreyschock; 
 after return to America published 
 Modern School for Pf.; publisher 
 and mus. seller in Boston; despite 
 increasing ill health, for which he 
 journeyed to Smyrna and to Paris, 
 pubhshed New Method for pf. 1859. 
 
 Richter (rik'-ter), Ernst Friedrich 
 Eduard, theorist, compr. h. Gross- 
 Schonau, Saxony, Oct. 24, 1808; d. 
 Leipzig, Apr. 9, 1879. Student of 
 theology at Leipzig Univ.; music 
 pupil of Weinlig; asst. of Haupt- 
 mann at Cons. 1843; condr. of 
 Singakademie 1843-47; orgt. at vari- 
 ous churches, finally, 1868, director 
 and cantor at Thomaskirche; 
 beside skilful compositions, wrote 
 widely known Text-book of Harmony 
 1853, of Counterpoint 1872, of Fugue 
 1859. Son Alfred, b. Leipzig, Apr. 
 1, 1846. Taught at Cons. 1872-83; 
 lived in London, then again in 
 Leipzig; published additional exer- 
 cises, etc. to father's Harmony. 
 
 Richter, Hans, condr. b. Raab, Hun- 
 gary, Apr. 4, 1843. Chorister in 
 court chapel, Vienna; pupil of 
 Sechter and others at Cons., learn- 
 ing pf . and French horn; horn player 
 in th. orch., Vienna; copied Die 
 Meistersinger for Wagner at Lucerne 
 1866-67; chorusmaster Munich 
 Opera; court condr. under Von 
 Bulow 1868-69; condr. of first per- 
 formance of Lohengrin, Brussels, 
 1870; capellmeister at Pesth Nat'l 
 Th. 1871-75, at Vienna Opera 1875- 
 1900, 1st capellm. 1893; condr. 
 of Vienna Gesellschaft concerts^ 
 1884-90; 1900-1911 condr. of Hall^ 
 
RIEDEL 
 
 RIMBAULT 
 
 Orch. at Manchester, England, and 
 of annual concerts in London; con- 
 ducted 1st performances of the Ring 
 1876 and subsequent Bayreuth fes- 
 tivals; Lower Rhine and Birming- 
 ham festivals after 1885; remark- 
 able mastery due to complete 
 knowledge of technic of every instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Riedel (re'-del), Carl, condr., compr. 
 h. Kronenberg, Oct. 6, 1827; d. 
 Leipzig, June 3, 1888. Revolution 
 of '48 turned him from silk dyeing 
 to music; after study with Carl 
 Wilhelm and at Leipzig Cons., 
 organized, 1854^ Riedelverein for per- 
 formance of ancient church music; 
 pres. 1868 of Allgemeiner deutscher 
 Musikverein, and of Wagnerverein ; 
 edited works of Schiitz, Frank, 
 Eccard, etc.; published collections 
 of old Bohemian and German songs. 
 
 Riego (re-a'-go), Teresa del, compr. 
 b. London. Musical studies carried 
 on chiefly at West Central Coll. of 
 Mus., London, pf. and comp. under 
 Sewell-Southgate, also studied vln. 
 and singing; composed about 75 
 songs, sacred and secular, including 
 cycles; pf. works in Mss. 
 
 Riemann (re'-man), Carl Wilhelm 
 Julius Hugo, writer. h. Gross- 
 mehlra, near Sonde rshausen, July 
 18, 1849. Pupil of Frankenberger, 
 Barthel, and Ratzenberger, of law, 
 philosophy, and history at Berlin 
 and Tubingen, and, after war of 
 1870, at Leipzig Cons.; Ph.D. 
 Gottingen 1873, with mus. thesis; 
 teacher and lecturer at Bielefeld, 
 Leipzig, Cons, of Hamburg, Sonders- 
 hausen, and Wiesbaden; 1895 again 
 univ. lecturer at Leipzig; beside 
 numerous compositions, chiefly for 
 pf., has written on history of nota- 
 tion, history of theory, pf. playing 
 (notably Guide to Art of Phrasing), 
 series of musical catechisms {Instru- 
 mentation, Bach's well-tempered Clav- 
 ichord, etc.); edited works of Ra- 
 meau, Friedemann Bach, etc.; com- 
 piled Opern- Handbuch, Musik-Lexi- 
 kon (1882; 7th ed. 1909), of great 
 value. 
 
 Riemenschneider (re'-men-shni-der) , 
 Georg, condr. b. Stralsund, Apr. 1, 
 1848. Studied with Haupt and 
 Edel; theatre condr. Liibeck and 
 
 Danzig; orch. condr. Breslau; com- 
 posed opera and symphonic "pict- 
 ures " Julinacht, etc. 
 
 Ries (res), Ferdinand, pst., compr. b. 
 Bonn, Nov. 29, 1784; d. Frankfort- 
 on-Main, Jan. 13, 1838. Son of 
 Franz (1755-1846), music director to 
 Elector Franz at Bonn, and friend 
 of Beethoven; pupil of Beethoven 
 at Vienna 1801-05, and of Albrechts- 
 berger; after living in Paris, tour- 
 ing in Germany, Scandinavia, and 
 Russia, teaching and playing in 
 London 1813-24, he retired; lived at 
 Frankfort after 1830; though good 
 pst. and compr. of operas, sympho- 
 nies, chamber mus., etc., he is chiefly 
 known for intimate biog. of Beetho- 
 ven. Brother Hubert, vlt. b. Bonn, 
 Apr. 1, 1802; d. Berlin, Sept. 14, 
 1886. Pupil of Spohr and Haupt- 
 mann; leader royal orch. Berlin 
 1836; teacher Kgl. Theatreinstru- 
 mentalschule 1851-72; author of 
 excellent methods and exercises. 
 His son Franz (b. 1846), excellent 
 vlt.; 1st prize Paris Cons. 1868; 
 gave up playing because of health; 
 head of music publishing firm, Ries 
 and Erler, Berlin. 
 
 Rietz (retz), Julius, 'cellist, condr., 
 compr. b. Berlin, Dec. 28, 1812; d. 
 Dresdeji, Sept. 12, 1877. Son of 
 royal chamber musician Johann 
 Friedrich; brother of Eduard (1802- 
 1832); friend of Mendelssohn, foun- 
 der Berlin Philharmonic; pupil of 
 Schmidt, Romberg, and Ganz; mem- 
 ber th. orch. Konigstadt; condr. at 
 Diisseldorf, as asst., 1834, and suc- 
 cessor, 1835, of Mendelssohn; at 
 Liepzig, condr. at th. 1847-54, at 
 Gewandhaus 1848, prof, of comp. at 
 Cons.; condr. of opera and court 
 chapel, Dresden, 1860, and director 
 of Cons.; edited works of Mozart, 
 Beethoven, and complete works of 
 Mendelssohn, to whose period belong 
 R's compositions, operas, concertos, 
 choruses, etc. 
 
 Rimbault (rim-bolt), Edward Francis, 
 writer, h. London, June 13, 1816; 
 d. there, Sept. 26, 1876. Pupil of 
 father, Stephen Francis R. (1773- 
 1837), orgt., of Samuel Wesley, and 
 Crotch; gave lectures on English 
 music history from 1838; founded, 
 with Taylor and Chappell, Mus. 
 Antiquarian Society, for pubhcation 
 
RIMSKY-KORSAKOV 
 
 RITTER 
 
 of old English mus. 1840; edited 
 publications of Antiquarian, Motet, 
 Percy societies. Cathedral Chants, 
 some of Handel's works; wrote 
 histories of org., of pf., etc. 
 Rimsky-Korsakov (rim'-ski-kor'-sa- 
 koff), Nikolas Andreievitch, compr. 
 b. Tikhvin, prov. of Novgorod, May 
 21, 1844; d. St. Petersburg, June 21, 
 1908. While student at Naval Inst, 
 at St. P. studied 'cello with Ulich 
 and pf. with Kanille; officer in navy 
 until 1873 (coming to U. S. in 1862); 
 began serious study of music with 
 Balakirev of whose circle he became 
 influential member; prof. comp. 
 St. P. Cons. 1871-1905, when he 
 resigned to be reinstated in a few 
 months, then served until death; 
 inspector of marine bands 1873-84, 
 director of Free Sch. of Mus. 1874- 
 87, and condr. of its concerts until 
 1881; asst. condr. Imperial Orch. 
 1883, and one of condrs. of Russian 
 Symph. Concerts 1886-1901; he 
 composed operas {Mlada, etc.), many 
 orchestral works, 3 symphonies 
 {Antar is No. 2), overtures, sym- 
 phonic poems (Sadko, etc.), suite 
 for orch. (Scheherazade), chamber 
 mus., pf. pieces, songs, choruses 
 (By the Waters of Babylon, etc.), and 
 edited 2 collections of folk-songs; 
 most admired in Russia as compr. 
 of operas dealing with local mythol- 
 ogy; he is best known elsewhere as 
 compr. of orchestral music rem^ark- 
 able not for form but for an almost 
 oriental richness of color (attained 
 in earlier works by skilful handling 
 of limited orch.), by variety of me- 
 lodic effects, and insistent rhythms. 
 
 Rinck, Johann Christian Heinrich, 
 
 orgt. h. Elgersburg, Thuringia, 
 Feb. 18, 1770; d. Darmstadt, Aug. 7, 
 1846. Pupil of several orgts., finally 
 of Kittel (pupil of J. S. Bach); 
 town orgt. Giessen, 1790; orgt. and 
 teacher Darmstadt 1805; made 
 tours through Thuringia; one of 
 foremost players of time; besides 
 large Orgelschide, wrote many Chorol- 
 vorspiele, etc. 
 
 Rinuccinl (rin-u-che'-ne), Ottavio, li- 
 brettist, b. Florence, 1562; d. there, 
 1621. Wrote words for earliest 
 operas. Peri and Caccini's Dafne, 
 Peri's Euridice, and Monteverde's 
 Arianna a Nasso. 
 
 Risler (ris-lar), Joseph Edouard, pst. 
 b. Baden-Baden, Feb. 23, 1873. 
 Pupil of Dimmer and Dubois at Paris 
 Cons. 1883-90, and of d'Albert and 
 Stavenhagen; rep^titeur at Bay- 
 reuth 1896, '97 and at Paris Op^ra 
 for performance of Meister singer; 
 1906 member of Conseil superieur 
 at Paris Cons.; of impeccable 
 technic, specially praised for soft- 
 ness of touch and statue-hke repose. 
 
 Ritter, Alexander, vlt. b. Narva (or 
 Reval), Russia, June 27, 1833; d. 
 Munich, Apr. 12, 1896. Pupil of 
 Franz Schubert in Dresden, of 
 David and Richter at Leipzig Cons.; 
 leader at Meiningen, Weimar, and 
 Wiirzburg where he founded music 
 business; member of Meiningen orch. 
 under Von Bulow; later in Munich; 
 composed 2 operas (Derfaule Hans, 
 Wem die Krone), symph. poems 
 (Erotische Legende, etc.); an enthusi- 
 astic radical whose influence on others 
 (R. Strauss, etc.) was through philos- 
 ophy and poetry rather than music. 
 
 Ritter, Frederic Louis, teacher. h. 
 Strassburg, June 22, 1834; d. Ant- 
 werp, July 22, 1891. Studied with 
 Schletterer, Hauser, and J. G. 
 Kastner; taught in Lorraine; went 
 1856 to Cincinnati where he organ- 
 ized Cecilia voc. soc. and Phil- 
 harmonic Orch.; in New York 1861, 
 condr. of Sacred Harmonic Soc. and 
 Arion; 1867-95 prof, of mus. at 
 Vassar Coll.; wrote Hist, of Music, 
 Mus. in Eng., Mus. in America; 
 composed unimportant symphonies, 
 concertos, psalms, etc. 
 
 Ritter, Hermann, teacher, b. Wismar, 
 Sept. 16, 1849. Teacher at royal 
 mus. school at W^iirzburg; note- 
 worthy for introduction of a larger 
 viola alta, with fuller and less nasal 
 tone, sort of revived tenor, con- 
 structed after rules of violin-making; 
 use of instr. spread by many pupils; 
 author of history of viola alta, theory 
 of mus. and of aesthetics, illustrated 
 mus. hist. 
 
 Ritter, Theodore [pseud, of T. Bennet], 
 
 pst., compr. b. near Paris, Apr. 5, 
 1841; d. Paris, Apr. 6, '1886. Pupil 
 of Liszt; successful performer; com- 
 posed pf . pieces, dramatic scenes (Le 
 paradis perdu, Mephistopheles) and 
 two unsuccessful operas. 
 
mvt-KING 
 
 Rive-King (re'-va-king), Julie, pst., 
 compr. b. Cincinnati, O., Oct. 31, 
 1857. Pupil of Wm. Mason and 
 S. B. Mills, of Reinecke and Liszt; 
 d^but Leipzig 1874; compositions 
 include Impromptu, Polonaise hero- 
 'ique, etc.; has played with almost 
 every orch. and under every condr. 
 in America. Lives in Chicago. 
 
 Robjohn, W. J., see Florio, Caryll. 
 
 Robyn, Alfred G., compr. b. St. Louis, 
 Apr. 29, 1860. Son of Wm. R. (" who 
 organized first symph. orch. west of 
 Pittsburgh." Hughes.); orgt., suc- 
 ceeding father; solo pst. with Emma 
 Abbott Co.; composed sacred and 
 secular songs and successful comic 
 operas {The Yankee Consul, etc.); 
 removed from St. Louis to Brooklyn, 
 1910; orgt. and teacher there. 
 
 Rochlitz (r6k'-litz), Johann Friedrich, 
 writer, h. Leipzig, Feb. 12, 1769; 
 d. there, Dec. 16, 1842. Studied 
 music with Doles at Thomasschule, 
 theology at Univ.; wrote novels 
 touching music; founded Allgemeine 
 musikalische Zeitung 1798, editor to 
 1818, contributor to 1835 (one of 
 first to recognize Beethoven's great- 
 ness); director of Gewandhaus con- 
 certs after 1805; wrote Fiir Freunde 
 der Tonkunst, collected essays, bio- 
 graphical studies, etc. 
 
 Rockstro [originally Rackstraw], Wil- 
 liam Smyth, writer, b. North Cheam, 
 Surrey, Jan. 5, 1823; d. London, July 
 2, 1895. Pupil at Leipzig of Men- 
 delssohn, Hauptmann, and Plaidy; 
 taught pf. and singing in London; 
 lived at Torquay; orgt. Babbacombe; 
 lectured at Royal Acad, after 1891 , 
 taught plain song at Royal Coll. 
 Mus.; wrote Practical Harmony, 
 lives of Handel, Mendelssohn, Jenny 
 Lind, General History of Music, 
 History of Music for Young Students; 
 History of the Boehm Flute; com- 
 posed madrigal, O too cruel fair, sacred 
 cantata; edited psalter, with accomp. 
 
 Rode (rod'), Jacques Pierre Joseph, 
 
 vlt.^ h. Bordeaux, Feb. 16, 1774; d. 
 Chateau-Bourbon, near Damazon, 
 Nov. 25, 1830. Pupil of Fauvel and 
 Viotti; debut Paris 1790; leader of 
 2d vlns. at Th. Feydeau 1790-94; 
 solo vlt. Opera 1794-99; tours in 
 Holland, Germany, and to London; 
 
 ROGERS 
 
 prof, at Cons. 1795; solo vlt. to 
 Napoleon 1800, to Emp. Alexander 
 of Russia 1803-08, having gone there 
 with Boieldieu; after further tours 
 in Germany, etc., lived in Berlin 
 before retiring to Bordeaux; Boc- 
 cherini wrote concertos for him in 
 Spain 1799, Beethoven finished 
 sonata Op. 96 in Vienna; final ap- 
 pearance in Paris 1828 a failure; 
 compositions include concertos, quar- 
 tet, etc. no longer popular; but a 
 Method (written with Baillot and 
 Kreutzer) endures, as do his 24 
 Caprices en forme d' etudes. 
 
 Roder (re-der), Martin, compr. b. 
 Berhn, Apr. 7, 1851; d. Cambridge, 
 Mass., June 10, 1895. Studied at 
 Berlin Hochschule ; chorusmaster 
 at Milan Th. 1873-80; organized 
 Choral Soc. there; after some ex- 
 perience as opera condr., taught 
 singing in Berlin, at Scharwenka 
 Cons. 1881-87; prof, at Royal Acad. 
 Mus. in Dublin 1887-92; director 
 vocal dept. N. E. Cons., Boston, after 
 1892; composed 3 operas {Vera 
 only one produced), 2 mysteries, 
 symphonic poems, songs; also wrote 
 essays in German and Italian. 
 
 Roeckel (rek'-el), Joseph Leopold, pst., 
 teacher, b. London, Apr. 11, 1838; 
 d. 1908. Studied with father and 
 with brother Eduard, with Eisen- 
 hofer and Gotze; prolific song compr., 
 also wrote cantatas {Fair Rosa- 
 mond, Ruth, etc.), baritone scena 
 Siddartha; used pseud. Eduard Dom; 
 married Jane Jackson, pst., teacher, 
 compr., under pseud. Jules de Sivrai. 
 
 Rogers, Clara Kathleen, soprano, h. 
 Cheltenham, Eng., Jan. 14, 1844. 
 Daughter of John Barnett, compr. 
 Pupil of parents, of Gotze, after 1860 
 of Moscheles, Richter, etc. at Leipzig 
 Cons., of Sangiovanni at Milan; 
 debut Turin 1863, under stage name 
 Clara Doria; sang in Italy, London, 
 in U. S. with Parepa-Rosa Co., with 
 Maretzek Co. 1872-73; married 
 Henry M. Rogers, Boston, 1878; 
 wrote songs. Philosophy of Singing 
 Rnd My Voice and I (1910). 
 
 Rogers, James Hotchkiss, orgt., compr. 
 h. Fair Haven, Conn., Feb., 1857. 
 Pupil of J. M. Towne, C. Eddy; in 
 Berlin with Loeschhorn, Ehrlich, 
 Haupt, and Rohde, and in Paris 
 
ROHDE 
 
 ROPARTZ 
 
 with Guilmant, Widor, and Fissot; 
 orgt, in Burlington; la.; since 1883 
 in Cleveland, O., as orgt., teacher, 
 dir. of Rubinstein Club; compr. of 
 Lenten cantata The Man of Naza- 
 reth, Easter The New Life, songs, 
 pf. and org. pieces, anthems, etc, 
 
 Rohde (ro'-da,), Eduard, compr., teacher. 
 b. Halle-on-Saale, 1828; d. Berlin, 
 Mar. 25, 1883. Choirmaster St. 
 Georgenkirche; singing teacher at 
 Sophien Gymnasium; compr. of ex- 
 cellent motets, cantata Schildhorn, 
 and an elementary text-book for pf. 
 
 Rolla, Alessandro, vlt. h. Pa via, Apr. 
 22, 1757; d. Milan, Sept. 15, 1841. 
 Studied with Renzi and Conti; court 
 soloist at Vienna, leader of ducal 
 orch. at Parma; maestro, solo vlt. 
 to Eugene Beauharnais, prof, at Cons, 
 at Milan; teacher of Paganini; com- 
 posed ballet, concertos, etc. for vln. 
 
 Romberg, Andreas Jakob, vlt. h. 
 Vechta, near Munster, Apr. 27, 1767; 
 d. Gotha, Nov. 10, 1821. Son of Ger- 
 hard Heinrich R. (1745-1819), clari- 
 net player and mus. dir.; debut at 
 7; on tour with cousin Bernhard R. 
 1784; soloist Concerts spirituels Paris 
 1784; member Bonn orch. 1790-93; 
 after tours in Italy and unsuccessful 
 attempt to produce compositions in 
 Paris, succeeded Spohr as capell- 
 meister, Gotha, 1815; composed 8 
 operas, Das Lied von der Glocke and 
 other cantatas, psalms, etc. His 
 cousin Bernhard Romberg, 'cellist. 
 b. Dincklage, near Munster, Nov. 
 12, 1767; d. Hamburg, Aug. 13, 1841. 
 Son of Anton (1742-1814), bassoon- 
 ist, brother of Gerhard; went on 
 tour throughout Europe with An- 
 dreas; prof, at Paris Cons. 1800-03; 
 soloist in Berhn court orch. 1805, 
 capellmeister 1815-19; composed 9 
 concertos, caprices, etc. on national 
 airs, operas, etc. 
 
 Ronald, L., see Russell, Landon. 
 
 Ronconi (ron-ko'-ni), Giorgio, baritone, 
 singing teacher, b. Milan, Aug. 6, 
 1810; d. Madrid, Jan. 8, 1890. Son 
 of Domenico R. (1772-1839), tenor; 
 established music school at Cordova 
 1863; taught in New York 1867. 
 
 Rontgen (r4nt'-g6n), JuUus, 'pst. b. 
 Leipzig, May 9, 1855. Son of Engel- 
 bert (1829-1897), vlt.) pupil of 
 
 Hauptmann, Richter, Plaidy, etc., 
 and of F. Lachner in Munich; d^but 
 Stuttgart 1875; teacher Amsterdam 
 Mus. Sch. 1878; condr, of concerts 
 of Soc. for Promotion of Mus. 1886- 
 1898; one of founders of Amster- 
 dam Cons.; popular as player and 
 teacher; composed chamber music, 
 symph., ballad for orch., edited 
 14 altniederldndische Volkslieder. 
 
 Root, George Frederick, teacher, compr. 
 h. Sheffield, Mass., Aug. 30, 1820; 
 d. Barley's Island, Aug. 6, 1895. 
 Taught flute playing by father, 
 learned other instruments easily; 
 in music store in Boston 1836, mem- 
 ber Boston Academy chorus, pupil 
 of G. J. Webb; 1850 studied in Paris; 
 Flower Queen, first cantata by 
 American compr., published over 
 pseud. G. Friedrich Wurzel; 1853 
 opened Normal Music Institute; 
 1858 member of publishing firm 
 Root and Cady in Chicago; compiled 
 alone or with others many collections 
 of part-songs Academy Vocalist, 
 Sabbath Bell, etc.; most widely known 
 as prohfic compr. of Civil War songs 
 (The Battle-cry of Freedom, JvLst 
 before the battle, mother. Tramp, 
 tramp, tramp, the boys are marching) 
 and songs of religion and sentiment 
 (The vacant chair. Knocking, knock- 
 ing, etc.). R. was pioneer in writing 
 of cantatas, war songs, and gospel 
 hymns; in his autobiography Story 
 of a Musical Life, he says: " I am one 
 who, from such resources as he finds 
 within himself, makes music for the 
 people, having always a particular 
 need in view." His son Frederick 
 Woodman R., singing teacher, b. 
 Boston, Mass., June 13, 1846. Pupil 
 of father, B. C. Blodgett, and Wm. 
 Mason; orgt. in Chicago; after study 
 in Europe 1869-70, edited Song 
 Messenger. 
 
 Rooy, Anton van, see Van Rooy. 
 
 Ropartz (ro-parts), J. Guy, compr., 
 condr., critic, writer, h. Guingamp, 
 June 15, 1864, Studied for the bar; 
 pupil of Dubois and Massenet at the 
 Paris Conservatory, and later of 
 Cesar Franck; dir. of Conservatory 
 at Nancy 1894; wrote orchestral and 
 choral works, incidental music for 
 plays, chamber music, piano and 
 organ pieces and songs. 
 
RORE 
 
 Rore^ Cipriano de, compr. b. Mechlin 
 or Antwerp, 1516; d. Parma, Sept. 
 1565. Pupil of Willaert; in service 
 of Duke of Ferrara; asst. and suc- 
 cessor 1563 to Willaert as maestro 
 at St. Mark's, Venice; soon after 
 chorusmaster to • Duke of Parma; 
 published first book of madrigals 
 1542, various later ones, motets, and 
 3 masses; " he went much beyond 
 his master and his school in the free 
 and dexterous use of chromatic 
 tones and harmonies, and his style 
 has a novel richness and geniality." 
 [Pratt.] 
 
 Rosa, Carlo [real name Carl August 
 Nicolas Rose], impresario, h. Ham- 
 burg, Mar. 21, 1842; d. Paris, Apr. 
 30, 1889. Made early tours as vlt.; 
 after study at Leipzig and Paris 
 Cons., concertmaster at Hamburg 
 1863-65; on concert tour 1867, met 
 and married Parepa, singer; opera 
 company they organized played 
 successfully in U. S. and in London; 
 after Parepa's death 1874, R. con- 
 tinued as Carl Rosa Co. seasons of 
 English opera in London and prov- 
 inces. 
 
 Rosellen (ro-zel-lan), Louis Henri, pf. 
 teacher, h. Paris, Oct. 13, 1811; d. 
 there. Mar. 20, 1876. Pupil of Prad- 
 her, Zimmermann, Fetis, Hal^vy, 
 etc. at Paris Cons., and of H. Herz; 
 r6p6titeur in solfeggio at Cons.; pub- 
 lished useful Manuel des pianistes, 
 and over 200 pf . pieces, very popular 
 in their day. 
 
 Rosenhain (ro'-zen-hin), Jakob, pst. 
 h. Mannheim, Dec. 2, 1813; d. Baden- 
 Baden, Mar. 21, 1894. Pupil of 
 Schmitt and Schnyder von Warten- 
 see; tour as prodigy at 9; lived at 
 Frankfort, Paris, and Baden-Baden; 
 accompanied Paganini 1830; dis- 
 tinguished teacher and able per- 
 former; compr. of operas, sym- 
 phonies, pf. concertos and other 
 orch. works, pf. mus., and songs. 
 
 Rosenthal (ro'-zen-tal), Moritz, pst. 
 h. Lemberg, Dec. 18, 1862. Pupil 
 of Galoth who left him to work 
 out own technic, of Mikuli, and 
 Joseffy; debut Vienna 1876, followed 
 by tour; pupil of Liszt 1876-86, at 
 both Weimar and Rome, at same 
 time studying philosophy at Vienna 
 University; after 6 years without 
 
 ROSSINI 
 
 public appearance, he played at 
 Liszt Verein in Leipzig, in America 
 with Kreisler 1888-89, where he 
 gained first great success; following 
 seasons in Europe have been marked 
 by increasing enthusiasm; his tech- 
 nic is prodigious, and he is some- 
 times accused of displaying it at the 
 cost of good taste; others claim that 
 he gives adequate artistic expres- 
 sion to a virile temperament, quite 
 free from sentimentality. 
 
 Rossi, Countess, see Sontag, Henriette. 
 
 Rossini (ros-se'-ni), Gioacchino Antonio, 
 compr. b. Pesaro, Feb. 29, 1792; d. 
 Ruelle, near Paris, Nov. 13, 1868. 
 Father town trumpeter and mother 
 amateur singer; pupil of A. Tesei at 
 Bologna and of Mattei for composi- 
 tion, giving himself further training 
 by copying scores; 1st opera pro- 
 duced Venice 1810; first serious opera 
 Tancred 1813, followed by L'ltaliana 
 in Algeri, so firmly established his 
 reputation that he agreed to supply 2 
 operas a year to Barbaja at Naples; 
 besides this contract, composed 
 Barber of Seville (Rome 1816) in 
 three weeks; jealousy for Paisiello's 
 work on same subject made first 
 performance a failure, but the sec- 
 ond was a triumph; wrote for Bar- 
 baja in Milan and Naples about 28 
 operas; cool reception of Semira- 
 mide, Venice, 1823, made him go to 
 London where he gained fortune 
 from concerts and lessons; after five 
 months went to Paris as director of 
 Theatre Itahen; R. became thor- 
 oughly French and produced for 
 Paris Op^ra, 1829, his French opera 
 William Tell; thereafter fell into 
 inexplicable inactivity, writing prac- 
 tically nothing else but the Stabat 
 Mater 1832; married singer Isa- 
 bella Colbran, later Olympe Pelis- 
 sier. As a man he was brilliant, 
 witty, cynical, pleasure-loving; in 
 music he differed from his Italian 
 forerunners in his use of full accom- 
 paniments in place of older recitativo 
 secco, in development of orchestral 
 variety, especially in horn parts, in 
 composition of cadenzas (not leav- 
 ing them to singers); he falls short 
 of later composers in idealism; he 
 wrote quite frankly for popularity 
 both with singers and audience, sup- 
 plying voice parts of originality and 
 
ROTOLI 
 
 RUBINSTEIN 
 
 brilliancy; his great fertility in in- 
 vention of melody led to too great 
 facility and frivolity; but just these 
 * qualities when they are appropriate, 
 as in the Barber of Seville, make a 
 masterpiece. 
 
 Rotoli (rot-o-li), Augusto, compr. b. 
 Rome, Jan. 7, 1847; d. Boston, Nov. 
 26, 1904. Pupil of Lucchesi; chor- 
 ister at St. Peter's; condr. and 
 founder of choral soc; teacher of 
 princess; maestro of royal chapel of 
 Sudario 1878; vocal instructor New 
 England Cons, after 1885; choir- 
 director at St. James Church, Bos- 
 ton, after 1896; compr. of Roman 
 Mass, many songs, and secular 
 comp.; successful teacher. 
 
 Rouget de L'Isle (ro-zha-de-lel), Claude 
 Joseph, compr. b. Lons-le-Saunier, 
 Jura, May 10, 1760; d. Choisy-le- 
 Roi, June 26, 1836. Composed 
 French national hymn, La Marseil- 
 laise, 1792, while military engineer 
 at Strassburg; later in Paris com- 
 posed Chant ' du combat, etc., 25 
 Romances and 50 Chants frangais. 
 
 Rougnon (ro-non), Paul Louis, compr. 
 h. Poitiers, Aug. 24, 1846. Student 
 at Paris Cons. (1st prize counter- 
 point and fugue 1870) where he 
 became prof, of solfeggio 1885; 
 composed 2 operas, pf. studies and 
 pieces; author of Dictionnaire mus- 
 ical des locutions etrangeres. 
 
 Rousseau (ro-so), Jean Jacques, theor- 
 ist, h. Geneva, June 28, 1712; d. 
 Ermenonville, near Paris, July 3, 
 1778. Though not trained in music, 
 soon after coming to Paris he copied 
 music for living, wrote articles on 
 music for the Encyclopedic, pam- 
 phlets on notation, and entered the 
 Guerre des bouffons on the side of 
 Italian music; his Lettre sur la 
 musique franqaise went so far as to 
 deny all musical or melodic possi- 
 bilities to the French language; his 
 own opera Le devin du village prod, 
 at Fontainebleau 1752 and Paris 1753 
 was simple pastoral; his Pygmalion 
 nib is accompanied declamation. 
 
 Rousseau, Samuel Alexandre, compr. 
 b. Neuve-Maison, Aisne, June 11, 
 1853; d. Paris, Oct. 1, 1904. Pupil 
 at Paris Cons.; Prix de Rome 1878; 
 chef d'orchestre at Th. Lyrique after 
 1892; maltre de chapelle at Ste. 
 
 Clothilde; chorusmaster Soc. des 
 Concerts; critic for U Eclair; prof, 
 of harmony at Cons.; composed 
 operas which had not striking suc- 
 cess {La cloche du Rhin, etc.), masses, 
 psalms, etc. 
 
 Rowbotham, John Frederick, writer. 
 b. Edinburgh, Apr. 18, 1854. Stud- 
 ied at Oxford, at Stern Cons., Berlin, 
 Paris, Vienna, etc.; author of 
 History of Music [as far as trou- 
 badours]. How to write music cor- 
 rectly. Private life of great composers, 
 The troubadours and courts of love. 
 
 Roze, Marie Hippolyte [ne'e Ponsin], 
 soprano, b. Paris, Mar. 2, 1846. 
 Pupil of Mocker at Cons., 1st prizes 
 in singing and opera 1865; debut 
 Opera Com., 1865, led to en^ge- 
 ments there and at Op^ra until 1870 
 when she went to the war; there- 
 after she sang in London; married 
 Henry Mapleson; in America 1877; 
 member Cari Rosa Co. 1883-89; Car- 
 men favorite part; after 1890 teach- 
 ing in Paris; farewell tour 1894. 
 
 Rubini (ru-be'-ne), Giovanni Battista, 
 tenor, b. Romano, near Bergamo, 
 Apr. 7, 1795; d. near there, Mar. 2, 
 1854. Pupil of father Rosio; debut 
 Pavia 1814; sang at Naples, Vienna, 
 Milan, Paris, success mounting to 
 triumph during last three engage- 
 ments; 1832-43 alternately in Lon- 
 don and Paris; went with Liszt to 
 Berlin 1843; retired with fortune 
 1845; his methods influenced comprs. 
 of period, Rossini, Donizetti, and es- 
 pecially Bellini; a poor and indiffer- 
 ent actor, he was master of every kind 
 of ornament and of simple melody. 
 
 Rubinstein (ro'-bin-stin), Anton Gre- 
 gorovitch, pst., compr. b. Wech- 
 wotynecz, Bessarabia, Nov. 28, 
 1829; d. Peterhof, near St. Peters- 
 burg, Nov. 20, 1894. Pupil of his 
 mother and Villoing; played with 
 teacher in Paris; on advice of Liszt 
 studied with Dehn in Berlin; in 
 Vienna and Hungary 1846-48, 
 teaching and playing; in St. Peters- 
 burg, composed several Russian 
 operas (Dimitri Donskoi, etc.); fur- 
 ther tours in Western Europe 1854- 
 58; condr. of St. P. Music Soc. 
 1859; founder of Cons., director 
 1862-67 and later 1887-90; con- 
 ducted Philh. Soc. and Choral Soc. 
 
RUBINSTEIN 
 
 RUSSELL 
 
 Vienna 1871-72; 1867-70 in Europe, 
 1872-73 in America his triumphs as 
 pst. were continuous; as pst. his 
 technic rivaled even Liszt's, but 
 his playing was even more note- 
 worthy for its variety of emotion 
 and almost magic charm. His great 
 ambition was to be known as a 
 compr., and he wrote songs, many 
 pf. pieces, quartets and sonatas, 6 
 symphonies (of which the 2d, Ocean 
 symph., has 7 movements), mus. 
 character pieces, overtures, 5 pf. 
 concertos, vln. concerto, 2 for 'cello, 
 operas and oratorios (Feramors, Der 
 Damon, Dos verlorene Parodies, Nero, 
 etc.). His compositions suffered be- 
 cause of his lack of sympathy for 
 contemporary movements; he ad- 
 mired classical form and disliked 
 works of Wagner, Liszt, and Berlioz; 
 but beside this his lack of ability to 
 criticize his own work left much of it 
 tedious; his smaller works, notably 
 the songs and some of the pf. pieces, 
 attain greatness; the larger ones, with 
 the exception of the D minor con- 
 certo, seem to be passing from sight, 
 though some critics, among them 
 Saint-Saens, hold that " when we 
 have passed over the fashion of ex- 
 treme modulation, when we have 
 ignored the strivings after effect and 
 complication . . . . " we may come 
 back to his strong simplicity. 
 
 Rubinstein, Nikolai Gregorovitch, pst. 
 [brother of Anton R.]. b. Moscow, 
 June 2, 1835; d. Paris, Mar. 23, 
 1881. Pupil at Berhn of Dehn and 
 KuUak; founded 1859 Moscow Mus. 
 Soc. which estabHshed Moscow 
 Cons., 1866, of which R. was director 
 until death; conducted concerts in 
 Moscow, St. Petersburg, and 1878 
 in Paris; as pst. resembled his 
 brother; distinguished as teacher of 
 Taneiev, Siloti, Sauer, etc. 
 
 Riibner (riib'-ner), Cornelius, pst. h. 
 Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1853. Pupil 
 of Gade and Reinecke; condr. 
 Carlsruhe Philharmonic Soc. 1892- 
 1904; appointed prof, of mus. at 
 Columbia Univ., New York, March 
 1904, to succeed E. A. MacDowell. 
 
 Ruckers, harpsichord makers at Ant- 
 werp. Hans, Sr., d. about 1642, 
 had four sons: Franz, b. 1576; Hans,. 
 Jr., b. 1578; Andries, b. 1579; and 
 Anton, b. 1581; of whom 2d and 
 
 3d were especially noted; Andries 
 Jr. (1607-1667), also maker; instru- 
 ments of this family are scarce, but 
 all of a singularly sweet, pure tome; 
 many of them very elaborately 
 painted, inside and out. 
 
 Riickauf (ruk'-ouf), Anton, compr. h. 
 Prague, Mar. 13, 1855; d. Schloss 
 Alt-Erlaa, Austria, Sept. 19, 1903. 
 Pupil at Prague Organ Sch. and of 
 Proksch (at whose institute he 
 taught), on gov't stipend, studied 
 with Nottebohm and Navratil in 
 Vienna, where he lived; aided in song 
 comp. by his friend Gustav Walter; 
 wrote about 80 songs, modern in 
 feeling, for both voice and pf . 
 
 Rudersdorfif (roo'-ders-dorf), Hermine, 
 dram. sop. h. Ivanowsky, Ukraine, 
 Dec. 12, 1822; d. Boston, Mass., 
 Feb. 26, 1882. Pupil of Bordogni 
 and Micherout; concert singer in 
 Germany 1840; after 1841 opera at 
 Carlsruhe, Frankfort, Breslau, Ber- 
 lin, and London 1854-65; married 
 Dr. Kiichenmeister 1844; sang at 
 Boston Jubilees 1871-72; remained 
 there as teacher (Emma Thursby 
 among pupils) , and as concert singer. 
 
 Rumford, Robert Henry Kennerley, 
 see under Butt, Clara. 
 
 Rununel, Franz, pst. b. London, Jan. 
 11, 1853; d. Berlin, May 3, 1901. 
 Pupil of Brassin at Brussels Cons., 
 1st prize 1872; tour in Holland with 
 Ole Bull and Minnie Hauck 1877-78; 
 American tours 1878, 1886, 1898; 
 taught in Berhn at Stern Cons.; lived 
 for some time at Dessau; distin- 
 guished pst. and comp. for pf . 
 
 Russell, Henry, baritone, compr. b. 
 Sheerness, Dec. 24, 1813; d. Maida 
 Vale, London, Dec. 7, 1900. Studied 
 in Bologna, with Rossini in Naples; 
 singer in London 1828 and Canada 
 1833; orgt. in Rochester, N. Y.; 
 gave concerts in U. S. and England; 
 composed many famous songs, A 
 life on the ocean wave, Cheer, boys, 
 cheer (official army and navy songs), 
 Woodman spare that tree; success in 
 dramatic songs. The maniac, etc.; 
 2 volumes of memoirs. Son Henry, 
 singing teacher, impresario. Covent 
 Garden and Boston Opera Co. Son 
 Landon, b. London, June 7, 1873, 
 compr., under pseud. Landon Ronald, 
 
RUSSELL 
 
 SAFONOFF 
 
 of many popular songs; pst. with 
 L' Enfant prodigue 1891, condr. at 
 Drury Lane Th. 1896; 1910 director 
 of Guildhall School of Music, succeed- 
 ing Wm. H. Cummings. 
 
 Russell, Louis Arthur, teacher, writer. 
 b. Newark, N. J., Feb. 24, 1854. 
 Pupil of Warren and Miiller in New 
 York, of Tours, Shakespeare, and 
 Henschel in London; orgt. in New- 
 ark 1878-95; condr. Schubert Vocal 
 Soc, etc.; founder of Newark Coll. 
 of Mus. where he is director, teacher 
 of singing, pf., and theory; author 
 of Embellishments of Music, The 
 Commonplaces of Vocal Art, English 
 , Diction for Singers and Speakers. 
 
 Rust, Wilhelm, orgt., editor, h. Des- 
 sau, Aug. 15, 1822; d. Leipzig, 
 May 2, 1892. Pupil of uncle W. C, 
 and Schneider; in Berlin, teacher, 
 orgt., condr, of BachVerein 1862-74, 
 teacher of theory Stern Cons.; 1878 
 in Leipzig, orgt. at Thomaskirche, 
 teacher in Cons., 1880 cantor at 
 Thomasschule; composed motets 
 and choruses; distinguished co- 
 editor of works of Bach, publ. by 
 Bach Gesellschaft. 
 
 Ruthardt (root'-hardt), Adolf, pf. 
 teacher, h. Stuttgart, Feb. 9, 1849. 
 Student at Cons, there; teacher in 
 Geneva 1868-85, at Leipzig Cons, 
 since 1886; wrote Das Klavier: ein 
 geschichtlicher Abriss, Chormeister- 
 Biichlein (biographies) and some 
 volumes of Eschmann's Wegweiser, 
 
 Ryan, Thomas, clarinet and viola 
 player, b. Ireland, 1827; d. New 
 Bedford, Mass., Mar. 5, 1903. 
 Came to U. S. 1844, studied in 
 Boston; original member of Men- 
 delssohn Quintet Club formed in 1849 
 (other members A. and W. Fries, F. 
 Riha, and Lehmann), and only 
 member who persisted during 40 
 years of the club and its wide tours; 
 published Recollections of an old 
 musician 1899. 
 
 Ryder, Thomas Philander, orgt. h. 
 Cohasset, Mass., June 29, 1836; d. 
 Somerville, Mass., Dec. 2, 1887. 
 Pupil of G. Satter; orgt. at Tremont 
 Temple, teacher, successful choral 
 director, gifted accomp.; popular 
 piano transcriptions of Old Oaken 
 Bucket, Nearer my God to Thee, 
 etc. 
 
 Saar (sar), Louis Victor Franz, compr., 
 critic, b. Rotterdam, Dec. 10, 1868. 
 Pupil of Rheinberger and Abel at 
 Munich Cons, and of Brahms in 
 Vienna; accompanist to New York 
 Opera 1892-95; teacher of counter- 
 point and comp. at Nat'l Cons. 
 1896-98, at Coll. of Mus., Cincin- 
 nati 1909; critic for Staats-Zeitung 
 and New York Review; comp. for pf. 
 and many songs. 
 
 Sacchini (sa-ke'-ne), Antonio Maria 
 Gasparo, compr. b. Pozzuoli, near 
 Naples, July 23, 1734; d. Paris, 
 Oct. 8, 1786. Son of fisherman; 
 aided by Durante, studied with him, 
 Fiorenza, and Manna at Cons, in 
 Naples; success of early operas so 
 great that he rivaled Piccini in 
 Rome; after Alessandro nelV Indie 
 1768, director of Cons, in Venice; 
 lived in London 1772-82, producing 
 several operas; fled for debt to Paris, 
 where he produced remodeled operas 
 and two new ones Dardanus and 
 
 CEdipe d Colone; in later works 
 influenced by Gluck; operas care- 
 fully, effectively composed, obsolete 
 because lacking in originality. 
 
 Sachs (saks), Hans, mastersinger. b. 
 Nuremberg, Nov. 5, 1494; d. there, 
 Jan. 19, 1576. Wrote some 5000 
 poems and tales, composing numer- 
 ous melodies; most important of 
 Nuremberg mastersingers; shoe- 
 maker by trade; represented by 
 Wagner in Die Meister singer. 
 
 Safonofif (saf-6n'-of), Wasili, condr. h. 
 Istchory, Caucasus, Feb. 6, 1852. 
 Pupil of Zaremba, Brassin, and Les- 
 chetizky at St. Petersburg Cons., 
 where he taught 1881-85; teacher 
 1885 and director Moscow Cons. 
 1889-90; Goedicke and Lh^vinne 
 his pupils; condr. in various cities, 
 St. Petersburg Imperial concerts 
 1890, Vienna, New York Philhar- 
 monic 1904-1909; conducts with- 
 out baton, with great skill and the 
 force of magnetic personality.* 
 
SAINTON 
 
 SALMON 
 
 Sainton (san-ton), Prosper Philippe 
 Catherine, vlt. b. Toulouse, June 5, 
 1813; d. London, Oct. 17, 1890. 
 Studied with Habeneck at Paris 
 Cons., 1st prize 1834; member 
 Op6ra and Cons, orchestra; taught 
 Toulouse Cons. 1840-44, at London 
 Royal Acad, after 1845; leader 
 Philharmonic 1846-54, of Sacred 
 Harmonic Soc. after 1848, at Covent 
 Garden, etc.; composed vln. con- 
 certos, solos, etc. His wife Sainton- 
 Dolby, Charlotte Helen, contralto. 
 b. London, May 17, 1821; d. there, 
 Feb. 18, 1885. Pupil of Mrs. Mon- 
 tague and at Royal Acad, of Ben- 
 nett, Crivelli, and Elliott; d6but 
 Philharmonic concert 1841; sang 
 on Continent; from time of her 
 marriage 1860 to 1870 leading singer 
 in concert and oratorio; Mendels- 
 sohn wrote contralto part in Elijah 
 for her voice and dedicated songs to 
 her; 1872 opened vocal academy; 
 also composed cantatas and songs. 
 
 Saint-Saens (san-sons'), Charles Camille, 
 compr. b. Paris, Oct. 9, 1835. Pre- 
 cocious pst.; pupU at Cons, of Stam- 
 aty, Maleden, Hal^vy, and Benoist; 
 1st organ prize 1851; orgt. St. M^ry 
 1853, Madeleine 1858-77; pf. teacher 
 at Niedermeyer Sch.; resigned all 
 positions 1870; as pst. and orgt. has 
 long held enviable reputation in 
 Europe (America 1906); has com- 
 posed for stage La princesse jaime, 
 Samson et Dalila (Weimar 1877), Les 
 barbares (1901), etc., several can- 
 tatas, five pf. concertos, three violin 
 concertos, chamber music, and many 
 pieces for pf., beside symphonic 
 poems, by which he is most widely 
 known, Phaeton, Le rouet d' Omphale, 
 La jeunesse d' Hercule, and Le danse 
 macabre; has published essays Har- 
 monie et mdodie, Portraits et souve- 
 nirs, Essai sur les lyres et cithares; 
 dryness of which his music is often 
 accused is due partly to foUowdng of 
 scholastic formulas, which his great 
 skill enables him to do; vivid roman- 
 tic coloring in his symph. poems. 
 
 Salaman, Charles Kensington, pst. h. 
 London, Mar. 3, 1814; d. there, June 
 23, 1901. Studied with Rimbault 
 and C. Neate, and after London 
 d^but 1828, with Herz in Paris; 
 taught in London after 1831; gave 
 annual orchestral concerts, founded 
 
 chamber concerts, Mus. Soc, and 
 Mus. Ass'n; lived in Munich, Vienna, 
 and Rome 1836 and 1846; contrib- 
 utor to Times, Concordia, etc.; com- 
 posed songs (/ arise from dreams of 
 thee), music for Jewish synagogue, 
 etc. 
 Saleza (sa-la'-za), Luc Albert, dram, 
 tenor, h. Bruges, B^arn, Oct. 18, 
 1867. Won 1st prize in singing and 
 opera at Paris Cons. 1888; debut 
 Op^ra Com. 1888; sang at Nice, 
 Grand Op^ra, Paris, Monte Carlo, 
 New York 1899-1901. 
 
 Salieri (sal-e-a'-rl), Antonio, compr. h. 
 Legnano (Verona), Aug. 19, 1750; 
 d. Vienna, May 7, 1825. Studied 
 with brother Francesco, vlt., and 
 Simoni, orgt., and with Pescetti and 
 Pacini at Venice; taken to Vienna 
 by Gassmann for whom he acted as 
 substitute and whom he succeeded 
 as Italian opera condr. and chamber 
 musician; intimate pupil of- Gluck 
 who helped him bring out Les Dan- 
 aides at Paris (at first announced as 
 joint production, but G. gave S. full 
 credit after success); next success 
 with Tarare, revised as Axur, rk 
 d' Ormus; court capellmeister Vienna 
 1788-1824; composed about 40 
 operas, skilfully written both for 
 voice and instruments, none of 
 which survived. 
 
 Salmon, Alvah Glover, pst., compr. b. 
 at Southold, N.^ Y., Sept. 23, 1868. 
 His father was in business, but pre- 
 vious generations included members 
 who attained literary and musical 
 distinction; he began the study of 
 music at six years of age and made a 
 number of appearances in various 
 parts of the U. S. as a boy pianist; 
 graduated from the New England 
 Conservatory 1888, and later studied 
 in St. Petersburg; since his return 
 to the U. S. has given piano recitals 
 and lecture recitals on Russian music 
 before the leading conservatories, 
 colleges and musical clubs in various 
 parts of the country; his composi- 
 tions include about 100 numbers in 
 different forms, although the major- 
 ity of his published works are for 
 the piano; he has also edited many 
 pieces for American publishers, and 
 contributed to the leading musical 
 magazines; teacher in Boston for a 
 number of years; New York 1909. 
 
SALOM^ 
 
 SANDBERGER 
 
 Salome (sa-l6-ma), Theodore Cesar, 
 orgt. b. Paris, Jan. 20, 1834; d. St. 
 Germain, July, 1896. Studied at 
 Paris Cons, with A. Thomas and 
 Bazin; 2d Prix de Rome 1861; 
 r^p^titeur of solfeggio at Cons. 
 1872-73; 2d orgt. at La Trinity; 
 maltre de chapelle at Lyc^e St. Louis, 
 professor at Coll. RoUin; comp. 
 symphony and org. mus. 
 
 Salomon, Johami Peter, vlt. b. Bonn, 
 Jan., 1745; d. London, Nov. 25, 1815. 
 Member of Elector's orch. at Bonn; 
 concertmaster to Prince Henry of 
 Prussia; in London after 1781 dis- 
 tinguished as quartet player and 
 orchestral leader; founded London 
 Philharmonic Soc. 1813; gave series 
 of concerts 1786; persuaded Haydn 
 to visit London 1791 and 1794; H. 
 wrote several symphonies and last 
 quartets for S., and began The 
 Creation at his suggestion; S. com- 
 posed opera Windsor Castle 1795. 
 
 Salter, Mary Turner, compr. b. Peoria, 
 III., March 15, 1856. Parents musi- 
 cal but not professionals; began 
 career as singer when a child; studied 
 singing with Alfred Arthur, of Cleve- 
 land, O., and Dr. Schilling, of Burling- 
 ton, Iowa; in 1876 went to Boston, 
 studied at N. E. Cons., with O'Neill 
 and Mme. Rudersdorff ; sang in Port- 
 land, Me., with Annie Louise Cary 
 and in Ole Bull's concerts in Boston; 
 held church positions in Boston, New 
 Haven and New York; taught sing- 
 ing at Wellesley College; married 
 Sumner Salter; lives at Williams- 
 town, Mass.; has composed about 
 one hundred songs, some of them 
 very successful. 
 
 Salter, Sumner, orgt., compr. b. Bur- 
 lington, Iowa, June 24, 1856. Grad- 
 uated at Amherst Coll.; studied 
 music in Boston; editor of Pianist 
 and Organist, N. Y. 1895-97; director 
 of music at Syracuse, N. Y., 1881- 
 1886; Atlanta, Ga., 1886-1889; Cor- 
 nell Univ. 1900-1905; Williams 
 Coll. 1905; composed church music, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Samara (sa-ma'-rS,), Spire, compr. b. 
 Corfu, Nov. 29, 1861. Studied at 
 Athens with Stancampiano and at 
 Paris with Delibes; composed several 
 operas which have been successful in 
 Paris and Italy, notably Flora 
 
 mirabilis 1886; realistic La martire 
 1894 and Mile, de Belle Isle 1905 
 fairly successful. 
 
 Samarofif, Olga [nee Hickenlooper], pst. 
 b. at the military post of San Antonio, 
 Tex., Aug. 8, 1881; her grandmother, 
 Mrs. L. P. Grunewald, in her younger 
 days a concert pianist of Munich, 
 and later in New Orleans, was her 
 first teacher; later she studied in 
 Paris with the elder Marmontel and 
 Widor; in 1895 she entered the class 
 of Delaborde in the Conservatoire, 
 the first American woman to be ad- 
 mitted to the piano classes; from 
 Paris she went to Berlin and studied 
 under Jedliczka; her general educa- 
 tion was received from private 
 teachers and in the Convent du St. 
 Sacrement, Paris; professional career 
 began in New York, Jan. 18, 1905, 
 with the N. Y. Symphony Orchestra; 
 she has had three American, three 
 London, and one Continental season, 
 about 300 concerts and recitals up to 
 season of 1909-1910, appearing with 
 the leading orchestras; married Sto- 
 kovski,condr. Cincinnati Orch., 1911. 
 
 Sammartini (sam-mar-te'-ne), Gio- 
 vanni Battiste, orgt. h. Milan, 1704; 
 d. 1774. Orgt. in 2 Milan churches; 
 maestro di cappella at convent 1730- 
 70; teacher of Gluck; sometimes 
 called (Riemann says " most un- 
 justly ") forerunner of Haydn in 
 composition of symphonies (S. wrote 
 24) and chamber mus. 
 
 Samuel, Adolphe Abraham, compr. h. 
 Li^ge, July 11, 1824; d. Ghent, Sept. 
 11, 1898. Studied at Cons, at Li^ge 
 and Brussels, where he won Grand 
 prix de Rome 1845 and where he 
 taught harmony after 1860; founded 
 Brussels pop. concerts 1865 and 
 annual festivals 1869; director Ghent 
 Cons. 1871; composed 5 operas, 5 
 symphonies, symphonic fragment 
 Roland d Roncevaux, a *' mystic " 
 symph. with chorus ChristiLs, over- 
 tures, etc.; wrote Cours d' harmonic. 
 
 Sandberger, Adolf, compr., editor, b. 
 Wurzburg, Dec. 19, 1864. Studied 
 at Royal Schools at Wurzburg and 
 Munich, at Univ. of W, and Berlin; 
 Ph.D. 1887; custodian mus. dept. 
 Munich Library, lecturer at Univ.; 
 prof, of mus. Prague Univ. 1898, 
 Munich 1900; edited works of Lassus, 
 
SANDERSON 
 
 SAUIUET 
 
 is general editor of Denkmaler der 
 Tonkunst in Bay em and ed, of 
 some vols., compr. of overtures, 
 symph. poems, etc., author of life 
 of Cornelius, essays on Chabrier's 
 Gwendoline, Lassus, Haydn's quar- 
 tets, etc. 
 
 Sanderson, Sibyl, dram, soprano, b. 
 Sacramento, Cal., Dec. 7, 1865; d. 
 Paris, May 16, 1903. Early ability; 
 pupil at Paris Cons, of Massenet, 
 and also of Sbriglia and Marchesi; 
 d^but The Hague 1888; at Op^ra 
 Com. 1889; Massenet wrote Esdar- 
 monde and Thais for her, Saint-Saens 
 Phryne; in New York 1894 and 1898 
 with Grau Co.; retired 1897 after 
 marriage to A. Terry, who died 
 shortly after, but returned to stage 
 1901; of rare beauty, an exquisite 
 though light voice, she charmed 
 rather by her own personality than 
 through art. 
 
 Sandoni, Mme., see Cuzzoni. 
 
 Santley, Sir Charles, baritone. b. 
 Liverpool, Feb. 28, 1834: Pupil of 
 Nava in Milan, of Garcia in London: 
 d^but at Pavia 1856, London 1857, 
 stage d^but 1859; member of Carl 
 Rosa Co. 1875; visited America 1871 
 and 1891, Australia 1899; especially 
 distinguished in Elijah, Faust, Fly- 
 ing Dutchman (which he first sang 
 in English); composed some church 
 music, published reminiscences Stu- 
 dent and Singer 1892, The Art of Sing- 
 ing and Vocal Declamation, 1908; 
 knighted 1907. 
 
 SapeUnikofif (sa-peF-nl-kof), Wassili, 
 pst. b. Odessa, Nov. 2, 1868. Pupil 
 of Kessler and of Brassin and Sophie 
 Menter at St. Petersburg Cons., 
 whither he was sent by town on A. 
 Rubinstein's advice; debut 1888 
 Hamburg; widely successful tours. 
 
 Saran, August Friedrich, condr. b. 
 Altenplathow, Saxony, Feb. 28, 1836. 
 Studied with Ehrlich and Robt. 
 Franz; studied theology at Halle, 
 teacher, army chaplain, supt. at 
 Zehdenick, Brandenburg; condr. of 
 choral soc. at Bromberg; arranged 
 old German songs; wrote pampflet 
 on Franz. 
 
 Sarasate (sa-ra,-sa'-t6), Pablo de [in 
 full P. Martin Meliton S. y Navas- 
 cuez], vlt. b. Pamplona, Spain, Mar. 
 
 10, 1844; d. Biarritz, Sept. 20, 1908. 
 Precocious appearance in Spain; 
 pupil of Alard at Paris Cons, where 
 he won 1st prize 1857; career of long 
 successful tours, to the East and to 
 America several times, 2d 1889 with 
 d' Albert; Lalo, Bruch, and Saint- 
 Saens all wrote works for him; note- 
 worthy for purity of tone, flexi- 
 bility of style, accuracy and firmness 
 of technic; his own compositions 
 Zigeunerweisen, .Iota aragonesa and 
 4 books of transcriptions for vln. of 
 Spanish dances; not so remarkable 
 for technical dexterity as for irre- 
 sistible swing with which he played, 
 especially own compositions. 
 
 Sarti, Giuseppe [called "il Domeni- 
 chino"], compr. b. Faenza, Dec. 28, 
 1729; d. Berlin, July 28, 1802. Pupil 
 of Padre Martini; orgt. at Faenza; 
 opera II re pastore (Venice 1753) led 
 to call to Copenhagen as opera- 
 director and royal condr.; dismissed 
 1775 for political reasons; director 
 of Cons, at Venice; maestro at 
 Milan Cath. 1779; teacher of Cheru- 
 bini, compr. of successful operas; last 
 18 years of life in St. Petersburg 
 with exception of few years before 
 1793 when he founded mus. sch. in 
 the Ukraine, where he developed 
 Italian opera, composed Te Deum 
 and other works for court choir; 
 prolific compr. but of the little that 
 was published the most is now 
 obsolete. 
 
 Sauer (sou'-er), Emil, pst. h. Ham- 
 burg, Oct. 8, 1862. Pupil of his 
 mother, of N. Rubinstein at Moscow, 
 and of Liszt at Weimar 1884-85; 
 successful virtuoso since 1882; direc- 
 tor of Klavier-Meisterschule at 
 Vienna Cons. 1901-07; living in 
 Dresden; composed 2 pf. concertos, 
 Suite moderne for pf., smaller pf. 
 works and songs; also wrote Meine 
 Welt: Bilder aus dem Geheimfache 
 meiner Kunst und meines Lehens 
 1901; played in America 1899 and 
 1909; of wonderfully fluent technic 
 himself, he is also admirable teacher; 
 works are skilfully composed, but 
 are not profound in idea. 
 
 Sauret (s6-ra), Emile, vlt. b. Dun-le- 
 Roi, Cher, France, May 22, 1852. 
 Pupil at Paris Cons, and of De B^riot 
 at Brussels Cons.; appeared 1866, 
 
SAWYER 
 
 SCARLATTI 
 
 first in England, then in France, 
 Italy, America 1872, 1874-76 (later, 
 1877, 1895); teacher Kullak's Acad. 
 Berlin 1880-81, at Royal Acad. 
 Mus. London 1891-1903, at Chicago 
 Mus. Coll. 1903-06; now teaching 
 privately in Geneva; married Teresa 
 Carreno 1872, later divorced; com- 
 posed considerable music for vln. 
 and has written valuable method; 
 playing graceful and elegant, of 
 French school. 
 
 Sawyer, Frank Joseph, orgt., writer. 
 b. Brighton, Eng., June 19, 1857; 
 d. Brighton, May, 1908. Pupil at 
 Leipzig Cons, of Richter and others; 
 pupil and asst. of J. F. Bridge; Mus. 
 Doc. Oxford 1884; orgt. at Brighton 
 and condr. until 1896 of choral and 
 orch. soc; prof, sight singing Royal 
 Coll. Mus.; gave recitals, lectures 
 on hist, of org., dance, etc.; composed 
 oratorio, cantatas, Concertstiick, 
 Romance, etc., technical pf. exer- 
 cises; author of Primer on Extempori- 
 sation. 
 
 Sax, Antoine Joseph [called Adolphe], 
 instrument maker, b. Dinant, Nov. 
 6, 1814; d. Paris, Feb. 4, 1894. Pupil 
 of Bender at Brussels Cons, on flute 
 and clarinet; invented improvements 
 in clarinet; 1842 invented saxophone, 
 metal wind instr. with single-reed 
 mouthpiece and conical bore; instrs. 
 encouraged by Berlioz and other 
 musicians; added saxhorn and sax 
 tromba; teacher of saxophone Paris 
 Cons. 1857. 
 
 Sbriglla (sbril'-yia), Giovanni, singing 
 teacher, b. Naples, 1840. Pupil of 
 De Roxas at Naples Cons.; debut as 
 operatic tenor 1861; sang in Italy, in 
 New York with Patti, in Havana, 
 etc.; distinguished teacher of sing- 
 ing in Paris; reformed voice of Jean 
 de Reszke from baritone to tenor, 
 taught Plan9on, Nordica, Sanderson, 
 etc. 
 
 Scalchi (skS,l'-kl), Sofia, dram, mezzo 
 sop. h. Turin, Nov. 29, 1850. Par- 
 ents both singers; pupil of Bocca- 
 badati; d^but Mantua 1866; sang at 
 various Italian cities, in England 
 1868-90; first appeared in America 
 1882; married LolH 1875; voice of 
 fine quality and such range that she 
 could take mezzo sop. and contralto 
 parts 
 
 Scaria (ska'-ria), Emil, dram. bass. b. 
 Graz, Sept. 18, 1840; d. Blasewitz, 
 near Dresden, July 22, 1886. Pupil 
 of Netzer, Gentiluomo, and Lewy; 
 debut Pesth 1860; after few months' 
 study with Garcia in London 1862, 
 was engaged at Dessau, Leipzig, 
 Dresden, and Vienna Opera after 
 1872; first Wotan in Wagner's Ring 
 Bayreuth 1876, and Gurnemanz in 
 Parsifal 1882. 
 
 Scarlatti, Alessandro, compr. h. Tra- 
 pani, Sicily, 1659; d. Naples, Oct. 24, 
 1725. Nothing known of early life 
 and training; conducted first known 
 opera Rome 1680; maestro to Queen 
 Christina of Sweden, to Viceroy at 
 Naples 1694; asst. to Foggia, maestro 
 at Sta. Maria Maggiore, Rome, 1703, 
 and successor 1707-09; maestro at 
 royal chapel, Naples; teacher at 3 
 conservatories there; among pupils 
 Durante, Leo, Hasse, Porpora, etc.; 
 dir. Sta. Maria Maggiore, dir. to 
 Cardinal Ottoboni in Rome; in 
 Naples again after 1709; composed 
 over 100 operas and 200 masses; 
 founder of Neapolitan school of 
 opera; broke up the monotony of 
 continued recitative by using recita- 
 tive both with and without full 
 accomp. and by introducing formal 
 aria; established popular type of 
 overture in three movements, the 
 2d slow; within these forms his 
 own work is entirely lacking in 
 diversity; it has " grace, suavity, 
 dexterous neatness of articulation." 
 His son Domenico Scarlatti, compr., 
 harpsichord player, h. Naples, Oct. 
 26, 1685; d. there, 1757. Pupil of 
 father and Gasparini; arranged and 
 composed operas; chosen to compete 
 with Handel 1709, he equaled H. on 
 harpsichord, but not at org. ; maestro 
 at St. Peter's, Rome, 1715-19; maes- 
 tro al cembalo Italian Opera, London, 
 1719-20; court cembalist at Lisbon 
 1721-54 (except 1725-29); returned 
 to Naples, where gambling reduced 
 his family to poverty, which Fari- 
 nelli relieved; in- his harpsichord 
 music used new effects, gained by 
 crossing hands, by broken chords, 
 by displaced accents, etc., which 
 contributed largely to beginning of 
 technic; style of his works also is 
 modern in its freedom from formal 
 construction. 
 
SCHARWENKA 
 
 SCHILLINGS 
 
 Scharwenka (shar-ven'-kS,), Ludwig 
 Philipp, compr. b. Samter, Posen, 
 Feb. 16, 1847. Pupil of Wiierst at 
 KuUak's Acad., Berlin, and of H. 
 Dorn; teacher of theory and comp. at 
 Kullak's 1870; with brother Xaver 
 founded Scharwenka Cons. 1881; 
 went with X. to New York 1891, but 
 continued own cons, with Gold- 
 schmidt 1892 until it was joined 
 with Klindworth Cons. 1893; com- 
 posed many pf. pieces (Ldndler, 
 Album polonais, choral works, 2 
 symph., suite, symph. poem, etc. 
 His brother Franz Xaver Schar- 
 wenka, pst., compr. b. Samter, Jan. 
 6, 1850. Pupil of KuUak and Wuerst 
 at K's Acad., where he taught 1868- 
 74; after successful debut 1869, gave 
 annual concerts of chamber and 
 orchestral music; founded Scharw. 
 Cons, with Philipp 1881; director 
 till 1891, then established S. Cons, 
 in New York; 1898 director of 
 Scharwenka-Klindworth Cons., and 
 ieacher of pf.; as pst. remarkable 
 for combination of great power with 
 repose and rich, singing tone; as 
 compr. he shows power, strong 
 sense of rhythm, and Polish national 
 color, in symph., 4 pf. concertos (of 
 which 1st is widely praised), chamber 
 music, Polish dances, etc. for pf., 
 and one opera, Mataswintha (Weimar 
 1896, N. Y. 1897). Visited U. S. 1910. 
 
 Scheel (shal), Fritz, condr. b. Liibeck, 
 Germany, Nov. 7, 1852; d. Philadel- 
 phia, March 12, 1907. Condr. of 
 juvenile orch. at 10, vln. pupil of 
 David at Leipzig; concertmaster 
 Bremerhaven City Orch.; director 
 Chemnitz; at Hamburg 1890 alter- 
 nated with Von Billow at subscrip- 
 tion concerts; 1893 conducted at 
 World's Fair; then in San Francisco; 
 first condr. of Philadelphia Orch. 
 1900 until death, building up and 
 establishing orch. ; condr. of Orpheus 
 Club and Eurydice Chorus. 
 
 Scheidemann (shf-de-man), Heinrich, 
 orgt. b. Hamburg, about 1596; d. 
 there, 1654. Pupil of father, Hans, 
 and his successor; also pupU of 
 Sweelinck at Amsterdam; associated 
 with Praetorius in contributing to 
 Himmlische Lieder, one of which, 
 Frisch auf und lasst uns singen, was 
 popular; teacher of Weckmann and 
 Reinkcn; other works not extant. 
 
 Scheldt (shidt), Samuel, orgt. b. Halle- 
 on-Saale, 1587; d. there, Mar. 14, 
 1654. Pupil of Sweelinck at Am- 
 sterdam; orgt. and capellmeister at 
 Halle; composed mostly for voice, 
 but wrote also chorale preludes (one 
 of first to develop chorales in elabo- 
 rate style) ; famous work Tahulatura 
 nova, 1624, org. fantasies, and church 
 pieces; in technic, extended use of 
 pedal. 
 
 Schein (shin), Johann Hermann, 
 
 compr. b. Griinhain, Saxony, Jan. 
 29, 1586; d. Leipzig, Nov. 19, 1630. 
 Soprano at Electoral Chapel at 
 Dresden; studied at Schulpforte 
 and at Leipzig Univ.; capellmeister 
 Weimar 1615; cantor Thomasschule 
 Leipzig 1616; composed Cantional, 
 choral melodies for Lutheran ch., 
 Venus Krdntzlein, songs in 5 parts, 
 concerted instr. pieces; style notably 
 smooth and masterly. 
 
 Schelling (shel-ling), Ernest Henry, 
 pst. h. Belvidere, N. J., July 26, 
 1876. Precocious appearance in 
 Philadelphia 1880; pupil of Mathias, 
 Moszkowski, Pruckner, Leschetizky, 
 Paderewski, etc.; has played since 
 1901 in Europe, N. and S. America; 
 court pst. to Duke of Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin; compr. symph., symph. 
 legends, chamber music, pf. concerto 
 and small pieces. 
 
 Schikaneder (shi-kan-a'-der), Emanuel 
 Johann, librettist, b. Regensburg, 
 April 9, 1751; d. Vienna, Sept. 21, 
 1812. Tragedian, singer in traveling 
 troupe; met Mozart in Salzburg; 
 when manager in Vienna, wrote 
 Zauberflote, for which M. composed 
 music; success of opera lifted him 
 only temporarily from poverty ; also 
 wrote texts for Winter, Haibel, etc. 
 
 Schilling, Bertha, see Breval, Lucienne. 
 
 Schillings (shil-lings) , Max, compr. b. 
 Duren, Rheinland, Apr. 19, 1868. 
 Studied with Brambach and Von 
 Konigslow at Bonn and at Munich; 
 trainer of chorus at Bayreuth; chief 
 condr. of Stuttgart Court Opera and 
 concerts of court orchestra 1907; 
 composed operas, Ingwelde 1894, 
 Der Pfeifertag 1896, Moloch 1906; 
 fantasia for orch., orchestral accomp. 
 for declamation of Hexenlied, etc.; 
 accused of imitating Wagner, he is 
 strongly defended by admirers, who 
 
SCmNDLER 
 
 SCHOENEFELD 
 
 claim for him individuality of style, 
 pure " aristocratic " melody, har- 
 monic skill and care above other 
 moderns, extreme regard for modu- 
 lation, and deep personal feeling. 
 
 Schindler (shint-ler), Anton, writer. 
 b. Medl, Moravia, 1796; d. Bocken- 
 heim, Jan. 16, 1864. Vlt., capell- 
 meister at German Opera, Vienna, 
 and later at Mtinster and Aix-la- 
 Chapelle; about 1817-27 intimate 
 friend and helper, living in same 
 house with Beethoven, whose biog- 
 raphy he wrote 1840. 
 
 Schira (she'-rS,), Francesco, condr., 
 teacher, b. Malta, Sept. 19, 1815; 
 d. London, Oct. 15, 1883. Studied 
 at Milan Cons.; produced 1st opera 
 there; conducted at Lisbon and 
 taught in Cons.; after 1842 in Lon- 
 don as condr. of Princess's Th.; at 
 Drury Lane 1847 and 1852, and at 
 Co vent Garden 1848-52; after that 
 gained renown as teacher of singing; 
 composed some 10 operas and other 
 vocal music. 
 
 Schlesinger (shla'-sing-er), Sebastian 
 Benson, compr. b. Hamburg, Sept. 
 
 24, 1837. Came to Boston at 13, 
 where he studied with Dresel; Ger- 
 man consul at Boston; later living 
 in Paris; compr. of over 100 songs 
 and pf. pieces. 
 
 Schmitt (shmit), Aloys, pst., teacher, 
 h. Erlenbach, Bavaria, Aug. 26, 
 1788; d. Frankfort-on-Main, July 
 
 25, 1866. Father a cantor, who 
 taught him; studied comp. with 
 Andr^; lived in Frankfort after 1816, 
 except for short time in Berlin and 
 Hanover; wrote valuable method, 
 delicate Etudes, etc., as well as 
 chamber and orch. music. 
 
 Schmitt, Hans, pf. teacher, h. Koben, 
 Bohemia, Jan. 14, 1835; d. Vienna, 
 Jan. 15, 1907. At first oboe player; 
 pf . pupil of Dachs when 25 at Vienna 
 €ons., where he won medal, and later 
 taught, having classes in pf. expres- 
 sion 1875-1900; composed many re- 
 markable works for pf. instruction, 
 notably 300 studies without octaves, 
 pedal studies, etc.; wrote a valuable 
 work on The Pedals of the Piano. 
 
 Schnecker (shnek'-er), Peter August, 
 orgt., compr. b. Hesse-Darmstadt, 
 Aug. 26, 1850; d. N. Y., Oct. 3, 1903. 
 Came to America 1865; pupil of 
 
 S. P. Warren, N. Y., and at Leipzig 
 Cons. 1874 of O. Paul and Richter; 
 orgt, in N. Y. after 1872; written more 
 church music than almost any other 
 American (org. mus. and cantatas for 
 church), songs, and vln. works, etc., 
 beside numerous transcriptions. 
 
 Schneider (shnl'-der), Johann Chris- 
 tian Friedrich, compr. h. Alt-Walt- 
 ersdorf. Saxony, Jan. 3, 1786; d. 
 Dessau, Nov. 23, 1853. Son and 
 pupil of orgt. Johann Gottlob S. 
 (1753-1840); student at Leipzig 
 Univ.; also pupil of Unger; orgt. 
 Leipzig 1807, of Thomaskirche 1812; 
 opera condr. 1816, director Stadt Th. 
 1817; in Dessau court capellmeister 
 1821, organizer of Liedertafel, found- 
 er of School of Mus. 1829 (closed 
 1854); R. Franz among pupils; 
 conducted at many festivals; com- 
 posed oratorios popular at time. Das 
 Weltgericht, Die Silndflut, etc., 23 
 symph., overtures, etc.; pf. works 
 collected. 
 
 Schnorr von Carolsfeld (shnor-von-ka'- 
 rols-felt), Ludwig, dram, tenor, b. 
 Munich, July 2, 1836; d. Dresden, 
 June 21, 1865. Son of painter; 
 studied at Leipzig Cons., and with 
 J. Otto and Devrient; debut Carls- 
 ruhe 1858; tenor at Dresden after 
 1860; created part of Tristan, 
 Munich, 1865, his wife Malvina 
 (1825-1904) singing Isolde. 
 
 Schnyder von Wartensee (shni'-der von 
 var'-ten-sa), Xaver, teacher, compr. 
 h. Lucerne, Apr. 16, 1786; d. Frank- 
 fort-on-Main, Aug. 27, 1868. Stud- 
 ied with Kienlen in Vienna; after 
 fighting in 1815, taught at Yverdun, 
 and after 1817 at Frankfort; wrote 
 charming vocal music, opera For- 
 tunat, cantatas, part-songs, etc., 2 
 symphonies, and published System 
 der Rhythmik. 
 
 Schoenefeld (she-ne-felt), Henry, pst. 
 b. Milwaukee, Oct. 4, 1857. Studied 
 at Leipzig with Papperitz, Richter, 
 Schradieck, etc., and at Weimar with 
 Lassen ; after tour in Germany settled 
 in Chicago; from 1879 in Chicago as 
 pst., teacher, condr. of Germania 
 Mannerchor; 1904 removed to Los 
 Angeles; composed Three Indians, ode 
 with orch., 2 symph. {Rural, etc.), 2 
 overtures {In the Sunny South containv 
 negro melodies), vln. sonata, etc. 
 
SCHOLTZ 
 
 SCHUBERT 
 
 Scholtz (sholts), Hermann, pst., compr. 
 b. Breslau, June 9, 1845. Pupil of 
 Brosig, Riedel, Plaidy, and at 
 Munich of Von Biilow and Rhein- 
 berger; taught at Royal Sch. Mu- 
 nich, 1870-75; since 1875 in Dresden; 
 composed pf. concerto, trio, pas- 
 sacaglia, ballade, etc. for pf.; edited 
 Peters's Ed. of Chopin's and Heller's 
 etudes. 
 
 Scholz (sholts), Bemhard E., compr. 
 h. Mayence, Mar. 30, 1835. Studied 
 with E. Pauer at Mayence and 
 Dehn at Berlin; teacher at Royal 
 School, Munich, 1856-59; court 
 capellmeister Hanover 1859-65; after 
 seasons in Florence and Berlin, 
 condr. of Breslau Orch. Soc. 1871-83, 
 succeeded Raff 1883-1908 as director 
 of Hoch Cons., Frankfort, where he 
 made his way in face of intriguing 
 opposition ; composed songs, chamber 
 music, symph. (Malinconia), choral 
 works, requiem, etc. 
 
 Schradieck (shra'-dek), Henry, vlt. 
 b. Hamburg, Apr. 29, 1846. Pupil 
 of father, of Leonard at Brussels 
 Cons., of David at Leipzig; leader 
 of orch. at Bremen; teacher Moscow 
 Cons. 1864-68; leader of Philhar- 
 monic concerts, Hamburg, of Gewand- 
 haus Orch., Leipzig, 1874-82, teach- 
 ing at Cons.; prof. Cincinnati Cons. 
 1883-89., and, after season in Ham- 
 burg, prof, at Nat'l Cons., New York, 
 at Broad St. Cons., Phila., and 1910 
 Institute of Applied Music, New York ; 
 compr. of valuable technical exercises. 
 
 Schroeder (shred-er), Alwin, 'cellist. 
 h. Neuhaldensleben, near Magde- 
 burg, June 15, 1855. Pf. pupil of 
 father and brother Hermann (b. 
 1843), vln. pupil of De Ahna at Berlin 
 Hochschule, self-taught as 'cellist; 
 1st 'cellist in orchestras in Leipzig, 
 and Hamburg; 1881 succeeded broth- 
 er Carl (b. 1848) at Gewandhaus, in 
 th. orch., and at Cons.; member 
 of Petri Quartet; member Boston 
 Symph. Orch. 1886-1903 and 1910, of 
 Kneisel Quartet 1891-1908, of Hess- 
 Schroeder Quartet 1908-10. 
 
 Schroeder-Devrient (shr^-dar-d^-vri- 
 ant), Wilhelmine, dram. sop. b. 
 Hamburg, Dec. 6, 1804; d. Coburg, 
 Jan. 26, 1860. Father baritone, 
 mother actress Sophie Schroder, she 
 acted herself until 17; pupil of 
 
 Mozatti at Vienna; debut there 
 1821; great success, especially in 
 revival of Fidelio, 1822; married 
 actor C. Devrient 1823, divorced 
 1828; at Court Opera, Dresden, 
 1823-1847, except for visiting sea- 
 sons in other capitals; her voice was 
 not remarkable or very well man- 
 aged, but her abilities as actress 
 were great. 
 
 Schroeter (shr^-ter), Christoph Gott- 
 lieb, orgt., theorist, h. Hohenstein, 
 Saxony, Aug. 19, 1699; d. Nord- 
 hausen, Nov., 1782. Pupil at Kreuz- 
 schule, Dresden, student of theology 
 at Leipzig; copyist for Lotti 1717; 
 after travel in Germany and Eng- 
 land, lectured at Jena Univ.; orgt. 
 at Minden, after 1732 at Nord- 
 hausen; composed seven sets of 
 cantatas for church year, other 
 church music; wrote on general bass 
 ("first to represent major and 
 minor triads as sole fundamental 
 chords ") and description of hammer 
 action for keyed instruments, on 
 which invention of pf. is based; 
 claims this invention in work pub- 
 lished 1763, ten years after death of 
 Silbermann, who is usually supposed 
 to have established invention of 
 Cristofori. 
 
 Schubert (shu-bart), Franz Peter, 
 
 compr. h. Lichtenthal, near Vienna, 
 Jan. 31, 1797; d. Vienna, Nov. 19, 
 1828. Son of schoolmaster, one of 
 19 children (brother Ignaz gave him 
 lessons and Ferdinand took care of 
 him); sweetness of soprano voice 
 secured him attention at Convict 
 School and Court Chapel, where he 
 was taught harmony by Rucziszka; 
 taught in lowest class of father's 
 school 1813-16; released 1817 from 
 this by friend F. von Schober, with 
 whom he lived thereafter (except 
 1819-21); taught music to daugh- 
 ters of Count Esterhazy 1818; ac- 
 quainted with Beethoven during his 
 last illness 1827; concert of his own 
 works early in 1828; repeated efforts 
 to gain some lucrative position 
 always failed; though appreciated 
 by contemporary musicians and to 
 some extent by the public, he was 
 underpaid by his publishers and 
 always struggling against poverty. 
 Began to compose very early, and 
 fertility of production increased as 
 
SCHUCH 
 
 SCHUMANN 
 
 life lasted; during last year wrote 
 10th symph., mass in E flat, Miri- 
 am's Song, quintet, quartet, 3 
 sonatas, and songs later published 
 as Swan Songs; Sir Geo. Grove, 
 whose article on S. in his Dictionary 
 is the standard in English, describes 
 him as a " bom bourgeois, never 
 really at his ease except among his 
 equals and chosen associates; with 
 them he was genial .... even 
 boisterous . . . Simplicity curi- 
 ously characterizes his whole life." 
 He composed 17 operas, of which 
 7 were performed and of which Die 
 ZwUlingshriider, Alfonso und Estrella, 
 Fierabras, are at least familiar 
 names; the incidental music to 
 Rosamunde is well known from 
 orchestral suite; 6 masses, several 
 psalms, hymns, occasional cantatas, 
 Miriams Siegesgesang, etc.; chamber 
 music (octet, quintets, trios), pf. 
 mus. (sonatas, waltzes, impromptus, 
 etc.); 7 overtures, vln. concerto; 10 
 symphonies, of which one is known 
 as the Unfinished; several hundred 
 songs. Most admired for sym- 
 phonies and songs. The symphonies 
 are praised for their romantic emo- 
 tional expression; Schubert's great 
 innovation was " the introduction 
 of the song into the sjmiph.", most 
 notably in the Unfinished symph. 
 in B min.; the fluency and fertility 
 of his invention command admira- 
 tion but his work is condemned for 
 diffuseness, lack of firmness and 
 originality in harmonic structure. 
 For the best of the songs there is 
 little but praise; he wrote three 
 kinds of songs: the simpler Lied, 
 like those of his predecessors; a 
 more dramatic and original variety 
 in which the changing emotions of 
 the poems are followed throughout; 
 and declamatory ones. Among so 
 many, inevitably some songs are of 
 inferior quality; sometimes this was 
 due to lack of care, sometimes to 
 poor words. At his best, in such 
 songs as Who is Sylvia? The Erl 
 King, etc., S. shows perfect dramatic 
 appropriateness combined with sheer 
 loveliness of melody, unequaled by 
 any other composer. 
 
 Schuch (shook), Ernst, condr. b. Graz, 
 Nov. 23, 1847. Vln. pupil of Stoltz 
 and Dessoff; mus. dir. at Breslau, 
 
 Wiirzburg, Graz, Basle, etc.; at 
 Dresden court condr., court council- 
 lor, general dir. ; married Clementine 
 Proska (b. 1853), singer at Dresden 
 since 1873. 
 
 Schulhoff (shool'-hof), Julius, pst., 
 compr. b. Prague, Aug. 2, 1825; d. 
 Berlin, Mar. 13, 1898. Pupil of 
 Kisch, Tedesco, and Tomaschek; 
 d^but Dresden 1842; after playing 
 in Leipzig, lived in Paris, where he 
 gave concerts; friend of Chopin; 
 long tours in Europe 1849-53; 
 taught in Paris, Dresden, Berlin; 
 compositions all for pf., good salon 
 music, include sonata, 12 Etudes, 
 caprices waltzes, etc.; not to be 
 confounded with J. Schulhof, compr., 
 in Pesth. 
 
 Schumann (shoo-man), Georg Alfred, 
 compr. b. Konigstein, Saxony, 
 Oct. 25, 1866. No relation to 
 Robert; pupil of father (city mus. 
 director), of Fischer, Rollfuss, etc. 
 at Dresden, and of Reinecke, Zwint- 
 scher, etc. at Leipzig Cons.; director 
 Danzig Gesangverein 1891-96, of 
 Bremen Philharmonic 1896-99, of 
 Berlin Singakademie 1900; his chief 
 compositions are cantata Amor und 
 Psyche, overture LiebesfrUhling, or- 
 chestral variations on choral, Toten- 
 klage for chorus and orch., Ridh, 
 an oratorio. 
 
 Schiunann, Robert Alexander, compr. 
 h. Zwickau, Saxony, June 8, 1810; 
 d. Endenich, near Bonn, July 29, 
 1856. Son of publisher and book- 
 seller, who had made some transla- 
 tions from English; showed mus. 
 abihty at school, organizing band 
 of his fellows; after death of father, 
 1825, mother insisted on his study- 
 ing law at Leipzig Univ. and at 
 Heidelberg; supported by teacher 
 Wieck, gained permission to be 
 musician; maimed his hand per- 
 manently by use of a machine for 
 finger development; studied com- 
 position with Dorn, and composed 
 early pf. works. In 1834 with others 
 founded Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik, 
 which he edited until 1844 and which 
 was published until 1908; in this 
 paper he wrote acutely and gener- 
 ously of his contemporaries and 
 introduced Brahms and others to 
 general notice; here too started the 
 device, afterward transferred to his 
 
SCHUMANN 
 
 SCHttTT 
 
 music, of writing under several 
 names, Florestan, Eusebius, etc., as 
 members of " Davidsbiind," a society 
 of defence against Philistines; S's 
 essays for the journal were later 
 issued in separate volumes. Having 
 fallen in love with his teacher's 
 daughter, Clara Wieck, whose father 
 refused his consent, S. had to go 
 through the unpleasant ordeal of 
 asserting his right in the courts; he 
 married after long delay in 1840. 
 Nervous troubles, loss of memory, 
 etc., drove him from Leipzig to 
 Dresden, and thence to Diisseldorf, 
 where he was not successful as 
 director of choral society; after 
 concert tour with wife in Holland, 
 morbid moods increased, until, after 
 an attempt at suicide, 1854, he was 
 confined in an asylum at Bonn. 
 
 S> composed curiously almost all 
 his works in one form at one time; 
 his pf. works before his marriage, 
 songs in years immediately after, 
 then symphonies (3 in one year), 
 then chamber music and at the end, 
 less successfully, choral works. All 
 his works are marked by strong 
 personality and tinged with the 
 romantic ideal of close union between 
 art and life. In his pf. mus. many 
 of the titles {Carnaval, for example) 
 suggest more or less definite pro- 
 grams; yet with this modern color 
 is combined a polyphony based on 
 admiration and study of Bach; 
 it is distinguished for " beauty of 
 phrases, variety of accompaniment, 
 audacity of discord." [Hadow.] In 
 the songs and less directly in the 
 chamber music (besides 3 quartets 
 for strings, notably lovely one in 
 A minor, 3 pf. trios and pf. quintet, 
 these, too, have titles Mdrchenerzdh- 
 lungen, Fantasiestilcke) , his music is 
 always uttering a message of sig- 
 nificance. " He marks an epoch 
 because for the first time details of 
 form are not so much derived from 
 established rules as freshly gener- 
 ated by the necessities of the idea." 
 [Pratt.] His orchestral works con- 
 sist of 4 symph., 4 concert over- 
 tures, concertos and concertstiicke 
 for pf. and for vln., etc.; choral 
 works are Paradise and the Peri, 
 Das Gliick von Edenhall, etc., and 
 opera Genoveva. In these larger 
 forms, though they contain passages 
 
 of rare beauty there is a lack of 
 sustained nobility which keeps them 
 below the highest. 
 
 Schumann, Clara Josephine, pst. b. 
 Leipzig, Sept. 13, 1819; d. Frankfort- 
 on-Main, May 20, 1896. Daughter 
 and pupil of Friedrich Wieck; first 
 appearance in pubhc 1828; played 
 at Leipzig 1830, tours 1832, Paris 
 1839, with brilliant success; married 
 Robert Schumann 1840; after S's 
 death, lived in Berlin and Wies- 
 baden, again appearing at concerts; 
 taught at Hoch Cons. Frankfort 
 1878-92; as player she had as wide 
 renown as any woman ever gained; 
 her specialty lay in a soft, lingering 
 finger pressure; her compositions are 
 earnest and original both in idea 
 and in harmonic treatment; she 
 edited, also, her husband's complete 
 works. 
 
 Schumann-Heink (hink), Ernestine, 
 [nee Roessler], dram, contralto, b. 
 Lieben, near Prague, June 15, 1861. 
 Studied in Graz with Marietta 
 Leclair; ddbut Dresden 1878; sang 
 Dresden until 1882 when she married 
 Heink and went to Hamburg; ap- 
 pearances as guest at Paris, London; 
 Bayreuth 1896 increased fame; 1899- 
 1904 Berlin court opera; first ap- 
 peared in N. Y. 1898, at Metropoli- 
 tan irregularly until 1902, at Man- 
 hattan 1906; season of comic opera 
 with Edwards' Love's Lottery 1904; 
 concerts 1907, etc.; became an Amer- 
 ican citizen 1908; strong, deep voice 
 and excellent dramatic power. 
 
 Schuppanzigh (shoop-pan'-zig), Ignaz, 
 vlt. h. Vienna, 1776; d. there, Mar. 
 2, 1830. Organized and conducted 
 Augarten concerts; as member of 
 Prince Rasumovsky's quartet played 
 quartets of Haydn, Mozart, and 
 Beethoven (the last under the 
 compr's own direction); quartet 
 went on tours to Germany and 
 Russia; S. member court orch. 1824, 
 director German opera 1828; com- 
 posed for vln. solo. 
 
 Schiitt (shtitt), Eduard, pst, b. St. 
 Petersburg, Oct. 22, 1856. Pupil 
 at St. Petersburg Cons, of Petersen 
 
 • and Stein, and at Leipzig Cons.; 
 condr, Akademischer Verein, Vienna; 
 has composed pf. concerto, serenade 
 for strings, opera, variations for two 
 
SCHttTZ 
 
 pf. and very many pf. works of un- 
 equal value; at the best brilliant and 
 difficult. 
 
 Schiitz (shutz), Heinrich, compr. b. 
 Kostritz, Saxony, Oct. 8, 1585; d. 
 Dresden, Nov. 6, 1672. Chorister 
 in court chapel at Kassel; entered 
 as law student Marburg Univ.; 
 Landgrave Moritz sent him to Venice 
 where he studied with Gabrielli 1609- 
 12; court orgt. Kassel; capellmeister 
 at Dresden (acting 1615, actual 
 appointment 1617); during confusion 
 at Dresden during 30 Years' War, 
 frequently acted as court condr. at 
 Copenhagen; conditions at Dresden 
 were so confused that the greater 
 part of S's activity lay elsewhere. 
 S. first brought into Germany the 
 new ideas and is important as pred- 
 ecessor of Bach and as compr. of 
 Daphne, 1st German opera (written 
 on same libretto by Rinuccini that 
 Peri had used), produced at Torgau 
 1627; also wrote several Passions, 
 motets which tend to dramatic 
 oratorio form, chorales, etc. 
 
 Schjrtte (shiit'-ta), Ludwig Theodor, 
 pst., compr. b. Aarhus, Jutland, 
 Apr. 28, 1848; d. Berlin, Nov. 10, 
 1909. Druggist before 1870; after 
 that pupil of R6e, Neupert, Gade, 
 etc., of Taubert and Liszt; taught at 
 Hor^k's Inst. Vienna 1887-88; later 
 lived at Berlin; composed about 
 110 pf. works, Nordische Volkstim- 
 men, Amorinen, etc., concerto, song 
 cycle, opera Der Mameluk, burlesque 
 operetta Circus-Damen, and Hero. 
 
 Scontrino (skon-tre'-no), Antonio, 
 compr. b. Trapani, May 17, 1850. 
 Pupil of Platani, and at Palermo 
 Cons.; after tours as contra-bass 
 player, and study in Munich, taught 
 and played in Milan; teacher of 
 comp. Palermo Cons. 1891; since 
 1892 at Mus. Inst, in Florence; com- 
 posed mus. to d'Annunzio's Fran- 
 cesca da Rimini, several operas, 
 Sinfonia marinaresca, overtures, vln. 
 works, etc. 
 
 Scriabine (skrya-ben), Alexander Ni- 
 colaievitch, compr. b. Moscow, Jan. 
 10, 1872. Pupil of Safonoff and 
 Taneiev at Moscow Cons.; gold 
 medal 1892; after bringing out many 
 compositions on European tours, 
 taught pf. 1898-1903 at Moscow 
 
 SEIDL 
 
 Cons.; now devoted to comp.; has 
 produced 2 symph., RSverie for orch., 
 concerto, 3 sonatas, studies, etc. for 
 pf.; widely spoken of as brilliant pst. 
 and compr. of individuality, though 
 delicacy of pf . pieces suggests Chopin, 
 and general orchestral style suggests 
 Wagner. Visited U. S. in 1907. 
 
 Sechter (sek'-ter), Simon, teacher, b. 
 Friedberg, Bohemia, Oct. 11, 1788; 
 d. Vienna, Sept. 10, 1867. Studied 
 with Kozeluch and Hartmann; 
 teacher at Inst, for Blind 1811; court 
 orgt.; prof, harmony and counter- 
 point Vienna Cons, after 1851; 
 Henselt, Bruckner, and Vieuxtemps 
 among pupils; masterpiece Grund- 
 satze der musikalische Komposition; 
 composed much church music but 
 published little. 
 
 Seeboeck (sa-bek), W. C. E., pst. b. 
 Vienna, 1860; d. Chicago, 1907. Pupil 
 of Epstein and Nottebohm in Vienna, 
 and of Rubinstein; traveled in Europe 
 and East; came to Chicago 1881; 
 accompanied Apollo club, taught, 
 composed innumerable songs and 
 2 operas; delicate and ingenious per- 
 former. 
 
 Seeling (saMing), Hans, pst. h. Prague, 
 1828; d. there. May 26, 1862. Went 
 to Italy 1852, thence on tour to the 
 East, living in turn after 1857 ii. 
 Italy, Paris, and Germany; performer 
 of excellent style and continued 
 success; composer of brilliant pf. 
 pieces, Lorelei, Memories of an Artist 
 (arranged later for orch. by MuUer- 
 Berghaus). 
 
 Seidl (sidl), Anton, condr. h. Pesth, 
 May 7, 1850; d. New York, Mar. 28, 
 1898. Studied at Leipzig Cons.; 
 chorusmaster at Vienna Opera under 
 Richter; recommended by R. to 
 Wagner whom he assisted with pro- 
 duction of Ring, etc., until 1879; 
 condr. Leipzig opera 1879-82; condr. 
 of Neumann's touring Wagner Opera 
 Co. 1882-83; condr. Bremen ope 'a 
 1883-85; at Metropolitan, N. Y.. 
 1885-1892, 1895-97, supplementary 
 German opera 1895; of Philharmonic 
 Concerts in N. Y. and on tours with 
 orch. ; 1897 condr. at Covent Garden 
 and at Bayreuth; not an academi- 
 cally trained condr., his complete 
 devotion (especially to Wagner's 
 music), his great gifts, and mastery 
 
SEIFERT 
 
 SEROV 
 
 of orchestra made him very power- 
 ful; most important in estabhshing 
 admiration for Wagner in U. S. 
 
 Seifert (si'-fert), Use, -pf. teacher, b. 
 Romhild, Thuringia, Feb. 9, 1852. 
 Studied with Blassmann, Merkel, 
 Nieode, etc. at Dresden Cons., where 
 he now teaches; orgt. at Dresden; 
 known for editions of older instruc- 
 tive pf. music, compositions for pf., 
 songs, and widely used pf. method. 
 
 Seiss (sis), Isidor Wilhelm, pst. b. 
 Dresden, Dec. 23, 1840; d. Cologne, 
 Sept. 25, 1905. Pupil of Wieck and 
 J. Otto, and at Leipzig Cons, of 
 Hauptmann; teacher at Cologne 
 Cons. 1871; condr. Mus. Gesellschaft; 
 made very interesting transcriptions 
 of Haydn quartets, editions of 
 Beethoven's dances, etc.; fine critic, 
 as well as tasteful compr. chiefly of 
 instructive pieces. 
 
 Selby, Bertram Luard, orgrf. b. Ightham, 
 Kent, Eng., Feb. 12, 1853. Pupil 
 at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke and 
 Jadassohn; orgt. Salisbury Cath. 
 1881-83, in London, Rochester Cath. 
 since 1900; composed incidental 
 music to Helena in Troas 1886, a 
 musical duologue, Weather or no, 
 1896, orchestral Idyl, quintets, pf. 
 pieces, songs, etc. 
 
 Selmer, Johann, compr., condr. b. 
 Christiania, Norway, Jan. 20, 1844; 
 d. Venice, July 22, 1910. After pre- 
 liminary studies he spent two years 
 at the Paris Cons, under Thomas; 
 at Leipzig 1872-74; returning to 
 Norway he succeeded Svendsen as 
 director of the Christiania Musical 
 Society; compositions include num- 
 bers for orchestra, choral works, 
 transcriptions of folk-songs and many 
 songs; his works belong to the music 
 school with a realistic tendency. 
 
 Sembrich (sem'-brik) Marcella [stage 
 name of Praxede Marcelline Kochan- 
 ska; Sembrich is mother's maiden 
 name], dram. sop. h. Wisniewczyk, 
 Galicia, Feb. 15, 1858. Pupil in 
 vln. and pf. at Lemberg Cons, of 
 Stengel (whom she later married), 
 also of Epstein at Vienna; discovered 
 the value of her voice and became 
 pupil of Rokitansky, and Lamperti; 
 d^but Athens 1877; after study of 
 German opera with R. Lewy, engaged 
 
 at Dresden 1878-80, at London 1880- 
 85; first appearance in N. Y. 1883, 
 sang there 1898-1900, 1901-1909, 
 when she formally retired; on con- 
 cert tours of wide range, from St. 
 Petersburg to Spain and San Fran- 
 cisco, and in operas where genuine 
 soprano is required, she has every- 
 where won ardent admiration for 
 the exquisite quality of her voice 
 (which is compared to Patti's) and 
 at the same time for her deeply in- 
 telligent artistic mastery. 
 
 Senesino (sen-e-ze-no), [stage name of 
 Francesco Bemardi], dram, mezzo sop. 
 b. Siena, about 1680; d. there, about 
 1750. Pupil of Bernacchi at Bologna; 
 first sang at Dresden; 1719 engaged 
 by Handel for London where he 
 appeared in several of Handel's and 
 Bononcini's operas 1720-28, 1730-33, 
 then at rival house under Porpora 
 1733-35; returned to Siena with for- 
 tune ; voice of less wide compass than 
 Farinelli's, but quite its equal in 
 clear, flexible tone, and in simple 
 expressiveness. 
 
 Senkrah [pseud, of Arma Loretta Hark- 
 
 nes], vlt. b. Williamson, New York, 
 June 6, 1864; d. Weimar, Sept., 1900. 
 Pupil of Hilf, Wieniawski, and Mas- 
 sart; 1st prize Paris Cons. 1881, 
 concert tours since 1882; married 
 Hoffmann, of Weimar, 1888; com- 
 mitted suicide. 
 
 Serafino (se-ra-fe'-no), Santo, vln.- 
 maker. h. Udine, 1678; d. Venice, 
 1735. Pupil probably of Tyrolese 
 maker, later, by own statement, of 
 Amati; as early as 1710 he was 
 settled at Venice; shape of instru- 
 ments like Stainer's or Amati's, 
 seldom varied; closely resembles 
 work of Ruggeri; wood of ex- 
 traordinary beauty, with remarkable 
 red varnish. Grandson Giorgio, also 
 maker at Venice 1742-47; inferior 
 imitative work. 
 
 Serov, Alexander Nikolaievitch, compr. 
 b. St. Petersburg, Jan. 23, 1820; d. 
 there, Feb. 1, 1871. Lawyer by pro- 
 fession, holding government offices 
 till 1868; had lessons on 'cello from 
 Schuberth; after some early composi- 
 tions, in 1850 turned to mus. criti- 
 cism, in which he showed violent par- 
 tisanship for Wagner, etc.; composed 
 grand operas to his own librettos. 
 
SERVAIS 
 
 SHEPARD 
 
 Judith 1863, Rogneda 1865, and 3 
 unfinished {Power of Evil completed 
 by Soloviev, produced 1871); lect- 
 ured at Moscow and St. Petersburg 
 universities; operas especially ad- 
 mired for natural quality of national 
 life. 
 
 Servais (sar'-va), Adrien Frangois, 
 
 'cellist, b. Hal, near Brussels, June 
 6, 1807; d. there, Nov. 26, 1866. 
 Pupil of father and at Brussels Cons. 
 of Platel; played in theatre orch.; 
 concert debut Paris 1834; after 
 playing in London and further study 
 spent 12 years in tours; prof, at 
 Brussels Cons, after 1848; composed 
 16 fantasias, 3 concertos, caprices 
 and duets on operatic airs with Gre- 
 goir and Vieuxtemps. Son Joseph 
 (1850-1885), also 'cellist; member 
 Weimar orch., prof, at Brussels Cons. 
 
 Sevcik (sef-chik), Otokar Joseph, vln. 
 teacher, b. Horazdowitz, Bohemia, 
 Mar. 22, 1852. Pupil of father, A. 
 Sitt, and Bennewitz; concertmaster 
 Salzburg and 1873 Vienna; teacher 
 at Kiev 1875-92; 1892-1909 at 
 Prague Cons.; 1909 Vienna Con- 
 servatory; his original system has 
 produced many notable pupils, 
 Kubelik, Kocian, Marie Hall, etc.; 
 method, published in 4 books, fol- 
 lows system of stopping of semitones 
 by same fingers on each string; in 
 later book technic of bow carried 
 out in minute detail. 
 
 Seyfried (sl-fred), Ignaz Xaver, Ritter 
 von, compr. h. Vienna, Aug. 15, 
 1776; d. there, Aug. 27, 1841. Gave 
 up study of law; mus. pupil of 
 Mozart, Kozeluch, Albrechtsberger, 
 and Von Winter; capellmeister at 
 Vienna theatres 1797-1826; compr. 
 of many unimportant works; edited 
 Beethoven's exercises, Albrechts- 
 berger's theoretical works, etc.; 
 contributor to Allgem. Zeitung and 
 Cacilia. 
 
 Sgambati (sgam-ba'-te), Giovanni, pst., 
 compr. b. Rome, May 18, 1843. 
 Pupil of Aldega, Barbieri, Nata- 
 lucci, and Liszt; gave orchestral 
 concerts; produced Beethoven's 
 Eroica and Liszt's Dante symph. 
 in Italy;, after concert tours in Italy 
 and Germany, taught, since 1877, at 
 pf. school connected with Accad. di 
 S Cecilia; admirer of Wagner, who 
 
 recommended him to publisher 1876; 
 composed symph., widely known 
 quartet in D flat, quintets, requiem, 
 exquisite pf. music {Pikces lyriques, 
 Melodies poetiques, etc.). 
 
 Shakespeare, William, singing teacher. 
 b. Croydon, Eng., June 16, 1849. 
 Chorister and orgt. when a boy; 
 pupil of Molique, at Royal Acad, 
 of Bennett, as Mendelssohn Scholar 
 at Leipzig Cons, of Reinecke, and 
 at Milan with Lamperti for voice 
 especially; fine tenor singer, popular 
 in Eng. concerts, etc. after 1875; 
 prof. Royal Acad. 1878-86; distin- 
 guished as teacher; published Art 
 of Singing 1898, '99, revised 1910. 
 
 Sharpe, Herbert Francis, pst. b. Hali- 
 fax, Yorkshire, Mar. 1, 1861. Stu- 
 died at Nat'l Training School, where 
 he was Queen's Scholar; debut Lon- 
 don 1882; prof. Royal Coll. Mus. 
 1884, examiner of Associated Board 
 1890; organized trio concerts 1899- 
 1902; composed comic opera, over- 
 ture, pieces for flute or vln. and pf., 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Shedlock, John South, writer, b. Read- 
 ing, Eng., Sept. 29, 1843. Graduated 
 at London Univ. 1864; pupil of Lii- 
 beck and Lalo; taught and played 
 in London; critic for Academy 1879; 
 for Athenceum 1901; lectured Royal 
 Acad.; published many articles, 
 useful book on Pianoforte sonata, 
 origin and development. 
 
 Shelley, Harry Rowe, compr. b. New 
 Haven, Conn., June 8, 1858. Pupil 
 of G. J. Stoeckel at Yale, of Dudley 
 Buck, Vogrich, and Dvorak; orgt. 
 in New Haven, Brooklyn, and N. Y.; 
 teacher of theory and comp. at 
 Metropolitan Coll., N. Y.; composed 
 opera, cantatas (The inheritance 
 divine, Death and life), ballads, songs, 
 and excellent church and org. music. 
 
 Shepard, Frank Hartson, orgt. b. 
 Bethel, Conn., Sept. 20, 1863. Pupil 
 of E. Thayer, and, after several 
 appointments as orgt., of Zwint- 
 scher, Jadassohn, Reinecke, etc., at 
 Leipzig, where he was orgt. of Eng. 
 church; orgt. and founder of music 
 school at Orange, N. J.; author of 
 How to Modulate and Harmony 
 Simplified, in which he develops 
 the theory of " attendant chords "; 
 d. Orange, N. J., Feb. 15, 1913. 
 
SHEPARD 
 
 SILOTI 
 
 Shepard, Thomas Griffin, orgt. b. 
 Madison, Conn., Apr. 23, 1848; d. 
 Brooklyn, 1905 (?). Pupil of G. W. 
 and J. P. Morgan; orgt. in New Ha- 
 ven, at various churches since 1865; 
 instructor of Yale Glee Club; condr. 
 New Haven Oratorio Soc, of Apollo 
 Club, teacher of theory, org., etc.; 
 compr. of cantata, anthems, offer- 
 tories, etc. 
 
 Sherwood, William Hall, pst., teacher. 
 b. Lyons, N. Y., Jan. 31, 1854; d. 
 Chicago, Jan. 7, 1911. Pupil of his 
 father, of Wm. Mason, etc., and for 
 five years in Europe of Kullak, 
 Weitzmann, Deppe, Liszt, etc.; 
 d^but BerHn; after 1876 gave con- 
 certs in U. S., then taught at N. E. 
 Cons., Boston, and in N. Y.; after 
 1889 in Chicago head of pf. dept. at 
 Cons., 1897 of Sherwood Piano Sch.; 
 head of music department Chautau- 
 qua, N. Y.; teacher of Clayton 
 Johns and A. Whiting; compositions, 
 all for pf., include suites, Scherzo 
 caprice, etc.; eminent American vir- 
 tuoso, especially remarkable for 
 wide range, intelligent use of tech- 
 nical ability, and reposeful reser- 
 vation of power. 
 
 Shield, William, compr. b. Whickham, 
 Durham, Mar, 5, 1748; d. London, 
 Jan. 25, 1829. Pupil of father and 
 of Avison; after apprenticeship to 
 shipbuilder, became condr. in Scar- 
 borough th.; vlt. in opera orch., 
 London 1772, 1st viola 1773-1791; 
 compr. to Co vent Garden 1778-91, 
 1792-97; resigned from theatre 1807; 
 master of royal music 1817; author 
 of popular songs {The Thorn, The 
 Ploughboy, etc.), Introd. to harmony, 
 Rudiments of thorough-bass, and about 
 40 farces, operas, etc., into which 
 he frequently interpolated famous 
 songs of others; melodies vigorous, 
 refined; English favorite. 
 
 Sibelius (si-ba'-lius), Jean, compr. b. 
 Tavastehus, Finland, Dec. 8, 1865, 
 Pupil of Wegelius at Mus. Inst., 
 Helsingfors, and of A. Becker and 
 K. Goidmark; teacher of theory at 
 Inst, and Orchestra School, Helsing- 
 fors, after 1893; for a time enjoyed 
 gov't pension; composed Finnish 
 opera The Maiden in the Tower, 
 said to be first nat'l opera, 2 sym- 
 phonies, symph. poems, Der Schwan 
 von Tuonela,En Saga Lemminkdinen, 
 
 Finlandia, etc., and songs; note- 
 worthy for use of folk-songs, per- 
 sistent repetition of single notes and 
 of 5-4 rhythms. 
 
 Sieber (se'-ber), Ferdinand, singing 
 teacher, b. Vienna, Dec. 5, 1822; d. 
 Berlin, Feb. 19, 1895. Pupil of 
 Misch and Ronconi; sang in opera; 
 taught in Dresden 1848-54, then 
 in Berlin; composed over 100 works, 
 including very many valuable 
 vocalises and exercises as well as 
 songs; compiled catal(^ of 10,000 
 songs, arranged accordmg to voice. 
 
 Sieveking (se'-v6-king), Martinus, pst. 
 b. Amsterdam, Mar. 24, 1867. 
 Studied with father, F. Coenen, and 
 with Rontgen at Leipzig Cons.; 
 played with success in Paris, London, 
 and U. S. 1895. 
 
 Silas (se'-laz), Eduard, pst., compr. h. 
 Amsterdam, Aug. 22, 1827; d. Lon- 
 don, Feb. 8, 1909. First appearance 
 as prodigy at Amsterdam, 1837; 
 studied with Grua, Lacombe, Kalk- 
 brenner, and at Paris Cons, with 
 Benoist and Halevy; orgt. in Eng. 
 1850; prof, harmony at Guildhall 
 Sch. and at London Acad. Mus.; 
 compositions, which have made way 
 in face of adverse criticism, include 
 mass (prize, Belgium, 1866), oratorio 
 Joash, pf. concerto. Mythological 
 pieces for orch., many pf. pieces; 
 opera and theoretical works unpub- 
 lished. 
 
 Silcher (sil'-ker), Friedrich, compr. h. 
 Schnaith, Wurttemberg, June 27, 
 1789; d. Tubingen, Aug. 26, 1860. 
 Pupil of father and orgt. Auberlen;. 
 taught at Stuttgart; mus. dir. Univ. 
 Tubingen after 1817; by his Samm- 
 lung deutscher Volkslieder and Choral- 
 buch, did much to advance German 
 popular singing; some of his song>* 
 therein have become folk-songs 
 (Aennchen von Tharau, Ich weie 
 nicht was soil es bedeuten); publishea 
 harmony method. 
 
 Siloti (sM6'-te), Alexander, pst. h. 
 Charkov, Russia, Oct. 10, 1863. 
 Studied at Moscow Cons. 1875-81 
 with Zwereff, N. Rubinstein, and 
 Tchaikovski; debut Moscow 1880, 
 followed by great success in Leipzig; 
 after further study with Liszt, 
 1883-86, at Weimar, prof, at Moscow 
 Cons. 1887-90; concert tours; condr. 
 
SIMPER 
 
 SLAUGHTER 
 
 Moscow Philharmonic 1901-02, St. 
 Petersburg, etc.; American tours 
 1898, 1903. 
 
 Simper, Caleb, orgt. b. Barford St. 
 Martin, Wiltshire, Sept. 12, 1856. 
 Orgt. in Worcester 14 years; manager 
 for E. J. Spark; living in Barnstable; 
 compr. of many simple anthems 
 (/ will feed my flock, He is risen), and 
 of some prize hymn tunes. 
 
 Sinding, Christian, compr. b. Kongs- 
 berg, Norway, Jan. 11, 1856. Stud- 
 ied at Leipzig Cons, with Reinecke, 
 and at Dresden, Munich, and Berlin; 
 orgt. and teacher at^ Christiania; 
 composed for orch. symphonies, pf. 
 concerto, symph. poem, pf. quartets 
 and quintet, vln. sonatas, and many 
 pf. pieces (Variations, Romance, 
 CharacterstiXcke, very popular Frilh- 
 lingsrauschen, etc.); technical ability 
 is fluent and sure, his ideas, though 
 not deep, are melodious and often 
 interestingly national in flavor, and 
 his treatment of them is modern. 
 
 Singelee (san-zhe-la), Jean Baptiste, 
 
 vlt. b. Brussels, Sept. 25, 1812; d. 
 Ostende, Sept.' 29, 1875. Composed 
 many works for vln., especially fan- 
 tasias on operatic airs, and several 
 concertos. Daughter Louise (1844- 
 1886) was singer, and his brother 
 Charles (1809-1867) was also vlt. 
 
 Singer, Otto, pst. h. Sora, Saxony, 
 July 26, 1833; d. New York, Jan. 3, 
 1894. Pupil at Kreuzschule, Dres- 
 den, at Leipzig Cons, of Moscheles, 
 Hauptmann, etc., and of Liszt; 
 taught in Leipzig, Dresden, in New 
 York at Mason and Thomas Cons. 
 1867-73, in Cincinnati Coll. of Mus. 
 1873-1893, then again in N. Y.; also 
 condr. May Festivals at Cincinnati; 
 composed cantatas (Landing of Pil- 
 grim Fathers, etc.), symphonies, con- 
 certos, Symphonic fantasia, etc. His 
 son Otto, condr., compr. h. Dresden, 
 Sept. 14, 1863. Early youth spent 
 in U. S. A. where he studied with his 
 father; then in Germany with Kiel, 
 Joachim and Rheinberger. Condr. 
 Heidelberg Liederkranz, 1888; suc- 
 cessor to Zollner as teacher Cologne 
 Cons, and dir. Mannergesangsvereins 
 1890; in Leipzig 1892; later settled 
 in Munich. Especially skilful in 
 transcr. for piano complicated mod- 
 ern orchestral scores. 
 
 Sitt, Hans, vlt. h. Prague, Sept. 21, 
 1850. Son of vln. -maker, Anton S.; 
 pupil at Prague Cons, of Bennewitz, 
 Mildner, etc.; leader th. orch. Bres- 
 lau 1867, capellmeister there, in 
 Prague 1870-73, and in Chemnitz 
 1873-80; condr. at Nice; founder of 
 popular concerts at Leipzig, teacher 
 in Cons., viola player in Brodsky 
 Quartet, condr. Bach Verein 1885- 
 1903, Singakademie, and concerts 
 at Altenburg; composed concertos 
 for vln. and viola, solos, etc. which 
 have been well received. 
 
 Sivori (si-vo'-ri), Ernesto Camillo, vlt. 
 b. Genoa, Oct. 25, 1815; d. there, 
 Feb. 18, 1894. Debut at 6 as pupil 
 of Restano; later studied with Costa 
 and Paganini, whom he imitated 
 and whose works he interpreted 
 well; almost constant tours after 
 1827 to England, to U. S. 1846-48, 
 etc. ; style somewhat cold and devoid 
 of feeling. 
 
 Sjogren (sha-gren'), Johann Gustav 
 Emil, compr. b. Stockholm, June 16, 
 1853. Studied at Stockholm Cons, 
 and at Berlin with Kiel and Haupt; 
 orgt. in Stockholm since 1891; compr. 
 of pf. music, vln. sonatas, and espe- 
 cially of songs, not exclusively Scan- 
 dinavian in feeling. 
 
 Skroup (shkroop), Franz, compr. h. 
 Vosicz, Bohemia, June 3, 1801; d. 
 Rotterdam, Feb. 7, 1862. Student 
 of law and music at Prague; condr. 
 Bohemian Th., Prague, and at Rot- 
 terdam opera after 1860; brought 
 out works of Wagner; as compr., es- 
 pecially of songs, attained great pop- 
 ularity (national hymn Where is My 
 Country ?), and of first national Bohe- 
 mian opera (DrdTenik); with Sme- 
 tana accomplished deliberately the 
 emancipation of national art by 
 developing national color; Skroup 
 initiated movement. Brother Jan 
 Nepomuk (1811-1892), chorusmaster, 
 capellmeister, condr., singing teacher 
 at Prague. 
 
 Slaughter, Walter A., compr. h. Lon- 
 don, Feb., 1860; d. there, Apr. 2, 
 1908. Pupil of A. Cellier and 
 Jacobi; condr. of several London 
 theatres; compr. of several success- 
 ful musical comedies, An Adamless 
 Eden, A French Maid; music to 
 Thackeray's Rose and Ring, etc. 
 
SLIVmSKI 
 
 SMITH 
 
 Slivinski (sli-vin'-ski), Joseph von, pst. 
 b. Warsaw, Dec. 15, 1865. Studied 
 at Warsaw with Strobl, at Vienna 
 with Leschetizky for four years, at 
 St. Petersburg with A. Rubinstein; 
 debut 1890; played in England and 
 America 1893 (again in 1900 and 
 1901); playing remarkable for ac- 
 curacy, strength, spirit, and variety. 
 
 Smallwood, William, orgt., compr. b. 
 Kendal, Eng., Dec. 31, 1831; d. there, 
 Aug. 6, 1897. Studied with Camidge 
 and Phillips; orgt. Kendal 1847-97; 
 compr. of instructive pf. pieces 
 (Flowers of Melody, etc.), anthems, 
 etc.; author of widely sold Piano- 
 forte Tutor. 
 
 Smart, Sir George Thomas, compr. b. 
 London, May 10, 1776; d. there, 
 Feb. 23, 1867. Chorister in Chapel 
 Royal under Ayrton ; pupil of Dupuis 
 and Arnold; vlt. at Salomon con- 
 certs; condr. of concerts at Dublin, 
 knighted there; original member 
 Philharmonic Soc; condr. of its con- 
 certs 1813-44; director City Con- 
 certs 1818; orgt. 1822, and compr. 
 1838, at Chapel Royal; gave lessons 
 in singing until over 80; edited Gib- 
 bons' madrigals, etc., published 2 
 vols, of sacred music, collection of 
 glees (Squirrel and Butterfly's Ball, 
 well known) ; as condr. he introduced 
 several important works into Eng- 
 land (Beethoven's Mount of Olives); 
 influential in engaging Weber to 
 bring out Oberon in Eng.; Weber 
 died at S's house. 
 
 Smart, Hemy, orgt., compr. h. London, 
 Oct. 26, 1813; d. there, July 6, 1879. 
 Pupil of father Hemy (1778-1823, 
 brother of Sir George), and Kearns; 
 orgt. at several London churches 
 after 1836; blind after 1864; dis- 
 tinguished orgt., composed much 
 for his instrument; also wrote can- 
 tatas (Bride of Dunkerron, King 
 Rene's Daughter, etc.); especially 
 noteworthy as compr. of part-songs 
 (Waves' Reproof, Ave Maria, Night 
 Sinks on the Wave, etc.). 
 
 Smetana (sme'-ta-nS,), Bedrich, compr. 
 h. Leitomischl, Bohemia, Mar. 2, 
 1824; d. Prague, May 12, 1884. Pf. 
 pupil of Proksch and Liszt; opened 
 mus. school Prague 1848; condr. 
 Philharmonic Soc. at Gothenburg, 
 Sweden, 1856; after concert tour in 
 
 Sweden and Germany, condr. Nat'l 
 Bohemian Th., Prague, 1866-74, 
 when he became deaf; continued 
 composition under increasing diffi- 
 culty until he became insane, 1882; 
 in asylum April, 1884; beside many 
 works for pf., songs, etc., composed 
 for orch. (Wallenstein's Lager, series 
 of 6 symphonic poems, Md vlasl, 
 *' My Country"), and 8 operas (Die 
 verkaufte Braut, Libu^a, Der Ku^s, 
 etc.), quartet Aus meinem Leben 
 (mus. autobiography); greatest of 
 Bohemian composers, real creator 
 of artistic Bohem. mus. and of later 
 school (Dvorak and Fibich). [Lives 
 by Wallek, Ritter, and Hostinsky.] 
 
 Smith, Alice Mary, compr. h. London, 
 May 19, 1839; d. there, Dec. 4, 1884. 
 Studied with W. S. Bennett and G. 
 A. Macfarren; married F. Meadows 
 White 1867; comp. 5 cantatas (Ode 
 to the Northeast Wind, etc.), symph., 
 overtures (Endymion, Ma^qu£ of 
 Pandora), quartets, clarinet concerto, 
 songs, duets (O That We Two Were 
 Maying, etc.); possibly most distin- 
 guished of English women comprs. 
 of her period. 
 
 Smith, Edward Sydney, compr. b. 
 Dorchester, July 14, 1839; d. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 3, 1889. Studied with 
 Moscheles, Plaidy, etc. at Leipzig 
 Cons.; teacher in London after 
 1859; composed showy but not 
 very difficult pf. mus. (Le jet d'eau, 
 The Spinning Wheel, etc.); some- 
 times used pseud. Victor Delacom:. 
 
 Smith, Gerrit, orgt. h. Hagerstown, 
 Md., Dec. 11, 1859; d. July 21, 1912. 
 Grad. Hobart College; pupil Stutt- 
 gart Cons., of E. Thaver. W. H. 
 Sherwood, Haupt, and Rohde; orgt. 
 at Buffalo while still studying; since 
 at Albany and New York; prof, of 
 music at Union Theological Semi- 
 nary; pres. Mss. Soc; distinguished 
 concert orgt.; compr. cantata David 
 and smaller works, chiefly songs and 
 pf. pieces. 
 
 Smith, Wilson George, pst., compr. b. 
 Elyria, O., Aug. 19, 1855. Studied 
 at Cincinnati with O. Singer 1876- 
 80, at Berlin with Kiel, P. and X. 
 Scharwenka, Moszkowski, etc. 1880- 
 82; teaching in Cleveland since 1882; 
 composed many brilliant pf. works, 
 Hommage di Grieg, h Schumann, d 
 
SMYTH 
 
 SPALDING 
 
 Chopin, etc., in wliich he skilfully 
 follows the masters in question; 
 teaching works, Scale playing, etc., 
 are valuable. 
 
 Smyth, Ethel Mary, compr. b. Lon- 
 don, Apr. 23, 1858. Pupil at Leipzig 
 Cons, and of H. von Herzogenberg; 
 comp. chamber mus., serenade for 
 orch., overture Antony and Cleo- 
 patra, Solemn Mass (London 1893); 
 operas Fantasia (Weimar 1898) and 
 Der Wald (Dresden 1901, London 
 1901, '02 and New York Metropoli- 
 tan 1903), Les naufrageurs (Leipzig 
 and Prague 1906). 
 
 Sodermann (se-der-man), August Johan 
 compr. h. Stockholm, July 17, 1832; 
 d. there, Feb. 10, 1876. Pupil of 
 Leipzig Cons.; condr. Stockholm Th. 
 after 1862; composed about 60 
 works, operettas Wedding at Ulfasa, 
 incidental music to Jungfrau von 
 Orleans, part-songs {Brdllop, quartet 
 for women's voices, popular in Ger- 
 many), mass (said to be greatest 
 work), songs to words of Bellman; 
 ''compositions, though thoroughly 
 Swedish, are not national." [Grove.] 
 
 Sokolov (sok-o-loff'), Nicholas Alex- 
 androvitch, compr. h. St. Peters- 
 burg, Mar. 26, 1859. PupU of 
 Johannsen and Rimsky-Korsakov 
 at St. P. Cons.; teacher of theory 
 at Imperial Chapel 1886, at Cons. 
 1896; composed string quartets, 
 symphonies, works for vln., pf., and 
 voices, music to Shakespeare's 
 Winter's Tale and to A. Tolstoi's 
 Don Juan. 
 
 Soloviev (sol-o-vyof), Nicolai Theo- 
 pemptovitch, compr., critic, h. Petro- 
 sadovsk, pro v. of Olonetz, Russia, 
 May 9, 1846. Pupil of Zaremba at 
 Imp. Cons.; prof, of harmony and 
 mus. hist, at St. Petersburg Cons.; 
 counsellor of state; critic and editor 
 of lexicon; composed operas {Cor- 
 delia 1885), overture on a national 
 theme, symph. poem Russes et 
 Mongols; completed Serov's Power 
 of the Demon. 
 
 Somervell, 'Arthur, compr. h. Wind- 
 ermere, Eng., June 5, 1863. Studied 
 at Berlin Hochschule, and at Royal 
 Coll. Mus. with Parry and Stanford; 
 government inspector for England, 
 Wales, and Scotland; Mus. Doc. 
 Cambridge 1903; composed many 
 
 graceful songs, orchestral ballads 
 and cantatas, Helen of Kirkconnell, 
 Forsaken Merman, Seven Words 
 from Cross, few orchestral works. 
 
 Somis (so-mis'), Giovanni Battista, vlt. 
 b. Piedmont, 1676; d. Turin, Aug. 
 
 14, 1763. Pupil of Corelli; court 
 soloist and condr. at Turin; teacher 
 of Giardini, Leclair, and Chabran; 
 comp. sonatas for vln., 'cello, and pf. 
 
 Sontag, Hemiette Gertrude Walpurgis, 
 dram. sop. h. Coblenz, Jan. 3, 
 1806; d. Mexico, June 17, 1854. 
 Child actress; pupil at Prague Cons, 
 of Pixis, Triebensee, Czeska, etc.; 
 sang at Vienna; created title part 
 in Euryanthe 1823; great success in 
 Leipzig, Berlin, and Paris, where she 
 defeated Catalani, breaking Berlin 
 contract 1827; married Count Rossi 
 in London 1828; retired from stage 
 1830, continued success in concerts, 
 returned to stage 1848, singing with 
 unfailing fortune in London, Paris, 
 New York, 1852, and Mexico. 
 
 Soubies (so-bes'), Albert, writer, b. 
 Paris, May 10, 1846. After admis- 
 sion to bar, studied comp. at Cons, 
 with Savard and Bazin; revived 
 Almanach des spectacles 1874-79; 
 critic for Le soir, contributor to 
 Menestrel, etc.; has written series of 
 histories of music in separate coun- 
 tries (Russia, Portugal, etc.), histories 
 of opera and comic opera chiefly in 
 Paris, and work on Wagner. 
 
 Sousa, John Philip, condr., compr. b. 
 Washington, D. C, Nov. 6, 1854. 
 Pupil of J. Esputa and G. F. Ben- 
 kert; condr. traveling company at 
 17; vlt. in Offenbach's Co. 1877; 
 director Philadelphia Church Choir 
 Pinafore Co.; leader of U. S. Marine 
 Corps band 1880-92; condr. of own 
 band with which he has been on 
 extended tours; compr. of several 
 comic operas (The Bride-elect, El 
 Capitan, etc.), and many stirring 
 military marches, which have been 
 very popular. 
 
 Spalding, Albert, vlt. b. Chicago, Aug. 
 
 15, 1888. Studied with Jean Buit- 
 rago in New York, with Chiti in 
 Florence (where he appeared at 
 private concert at 10); passed 
 examination for professorship at 
 Bologna Cons, at 14; after further 
 study with Lefort in Paris, debut 
 
SPALDING 
 
 there 1906; continued success in 
 Europe 1907, '08 and in New York 
 1909. 
 
 Spalding, Walter Rajmiond, teacher, b. 
 Northampton, Mass., May 22, 1865. 
 Graduated Harvard 1887, A.M., 
 with honors in music, 1888; also 
 studied in Paris and Munich; 
 master of classics and mus. at St. 
 Mark's School, Southboro, 1889-92; 
 orgt. at Emmanuel Ch., Boston, 
 1887-88, orgt. and choirmaster 1898- 
 1900; teacher 1895, asst. prof, after 
 1903 of harmony at Harvard, made 
 prof, in 1907; influential in raising 
 standard of school mus.; author of 
 Tonal Counterpoint (with Foote) 
 and Modern Harmony. 
 
 Spanuth, August, compr., critic, editor. 
 b. Hanover, March 15, 1857. Began 
 musical education at an early age 
 and made first public appearance at 
 seventeen ; studied composition with 
 Raff and piano with Carl Heymann; 
 made American debut as pianist in 
 1886; teacher in Chicago Musical 
 College 1887-1893; then located in 
 New York City as private teacher 
 and musical critic for New Yorker 
 Staats Zeitung; removed to Berlin 
 1906; teacher in the Stern Conser- 
 vatory and editor of Signale fur die 
 niusikalische Welt; published works 
 consist of piano pieces, songs, studies; 
 editor of the Liszt piano volumes in 
 The Musicians Library. 
 
 Spark, William, compr. b. Exeter, 
 Eng., Oct. 28, 1823; d. Leeds, June 
 16, 1897. Chorister at Exeter Cath. ; 
 articled pupil of S. S. Wesley; orgt. 
 at Leeds, founder Leeds Mus. Soc; 
 Mus. Doc, Dublin, 1861; editor 
 Organists' Quarterly Journal; com- 
 posed oratorio, org. mus., wrote 
 Memoirs of Wesley and H. Smart, 
 Musical Memories, Musical Remi- 
 niscences; also published cantatas, 
 anthems, etc. 
 
 Speidel (spl'-del), Wilhehn, pst. b. 
 Ulm, Sept. 3, 1826; d. Stuttgart, 
 Oct. 13, 1899. Pupil of father 
 (teacher and chorus director), and 
 at Munich with Wanner, Kuhe, and 
 I. Lachner; taught at Thann, and 
 Munich 1848-54; mus. dir. Ulm; 
 at Stuttgart, condr. Liederkranz 
 1857, part founder of Cons., teacher 
 there, except 1874-84 when he had 
 
 SPITTA 
 
 his own Ktinstler und Dilettanten- 
 schule fur Klavier; composed cho- 
 ruses, symphony, sonatas, etc. 
 
 Spicker, Max, condr., teacher. b. 
 Konigsberg, Aug. 16, 1858. PupU for 
 five years of L. Kohler, and at 
 Leipzig Cons, for one year under 
 Wenzel, Richter, etc.; theatre condr. 
 at Heidelberg, Ghent, etc.; condr. 
 Beethoven Mannerchor, New York, 
 1882-88; dir. Brooklyn Cons. 1888- 
 95; later teacher of harm, and 
 counterpoint at Nat'l Cons., N. Y.; 
 composed suite, cantata, and many 
 songs. 
 
 Spiering (sper'-ing), Theodore B., vlt. 
 b. St. Louis, Sept. 5, 1871. Studied 
 with Schradieck at Cincinnati, and 
 four years with Joachim at Berlin; 
 founder and leader S. Quartet of 
 Chicago, which gave admirable 
 concerts 1893-1905; with Thomas 
 Orch. 1892-96; dir. of S. Vln. Sch., 
 Chicago, 1899-1902, of Chicago Mus. 
 Coll. 1902-05; gave concerts in 
 Europe 1905-06; located in Berlin 
 1907; concertmaster Philharm. Soc, 
 N. Y., 1909-10; returned to Berhn. 
 
 Spindler (spind'-ler), Fritz, pst., compr. 
 b. Wiirzbach, Nov. 24, 1817; d. 
 Niederlossnitz, near Dresden, Dec. 
 
 26, 1906. Studied theology first; 
 pupil of Fr. Schneider; successful 
 teacher in Dresden after 1841; com- 
 posed over 300 pieces for pf. (Frisch- 
 es Leben very popular), 2 symph., 
 pf. concerto, string quartet, etc. 
 
 Spinney, Walter, orgt., compr. h. 
 Salisbury, Mar. 26, 1852; d. Leam- 
 ington, June 21, 1894. Of musical 
 family, father and brothers orgts., 
 sister pst.; articled pupil of Richard- 
 son at Salisbury Cath.; orgt. at 
 parishes of Salisbury, Doncaster, 
 Leamington, succeeding brother 
 Frank S. (1850-1888); issued col- 
 lections The organ library and The 
 vesper bell, which contain some origi- 
 nal works. 
 
 Spitta, Johann August Philipp, his- 
 torian, b. Wechold, Hanover, Dec. 
 
 27, 1841; d. Berlin, Apr. 13, 1894. 
 Student of philology at Gottingen; 
 teacher at several gymnasia; co- 
 founder of Bach Verein at Leipzig; 
 1875 prof. mus. hist. Berlin Univ., 
 teacher and director 1882 in Hoch- 
 schule; author of exhaustive and 
 
SPOHR 
 
 authoritative life of J. S. Bach (trans, 
 in 3 vols.), hfe of Schumann origin- 
 ally for Grove's Diet., 2 collections of 
 essays; contributions to periodicals, 
 esp. to Vierteljahrsschrift fiir Musik- 
 wissenschaft, which he founded, with 
 Chrysander and Adler; edited works 
 of Buxtehude, began those of Schiitz 
 (finished by brother Friedrich, b. 
 1852). 
 
 Spohr (spor), Ludwig, vlL, compr. b. 
 Brunswick, Apr. 5, 1784; d. Kassel, 
 Nov. 22, 1859. His father, a physi- 
 cian, was amateur flute player, his 
 mother, a singer and pst., was 
 S's first teacher; pupil at five of 
 Riemenschneider, Dufour, and at 
 Brunswick of Maucourt and Hart- 
 ung; member of ducal orch. and at 
 duke's request pupil of F. Eck, with 
 whom he went to St. Petersburg; 
 1803 again in orch.; 1804 successful 
 first tour; 1805 leader at Gotha, 
 married Dorette Scheidler, harp- 
 player; on tour with her 1807, 1809; 
 condr. 1st mus. festival in Germany, 
 Frankenhausen 1809; condr. in 
 Vienna 1812-15; after tour of 
 Italy, where he played with Paganini, 
 opera condr. Frankfort 1817-19; 
 1820 visited England, first to conduct 
 there with baton; court condr. at 
 Kassel 1822 until retirement 1857; 
 conducted at several festivals, visited 
 -England 1839, but could not get 
 lea Ye to conduct his Fall of Babylon 
 at Norwich 1842; besides several 
 works for pf., harp, and songs, com- 
 posed 11 operas {Faust, Jessonda 
 much the best), oratorios (Das 
 jiingste Gericht, etc.), 9 symphonies 
 (some with titles, Die Jahreszeiten, 
 Irdisches u. Gottliches im Menschen- 
 leben); several overtures, and 15 
 vln. concertos (8th a Gesangsszene) , 
 which are still played; wrote also 
 valuable Violin School and Auto- 
 biography, full of self-content and 
 strange criticisms; as condr., among 
 first to appreciate Wagner. 
 
 Spontini (spon-te'-nl), Gasparo Luigi 
 Pacifico, compr. b. Majolati, An- 
 cona, Nov. 14, 1774; d. there, Jan. 
 24, 1851. Son of peasants, who 
 intended him for priesthood; ran 
 away to a friendly uncle; pupil of 
 Sala and Tritto at Cons, in Naples;- 
 early operas won advice from Pic- 
 cini; composed at Rome, Venice, 
 
 STAINER 
 
 etc.; in Paris after 1803 friendship 
 with poet Jouy and admiration for 
 Mozart changed style; La V estate, 
 brought out at Opera through 
 influence of Empress Josephine 1807, 
 won prize offered by Napoleon; 
 married daughter of Erard; di- 
 rector of Italian Opera 1810-12, 
 dismissed on charge of " financial 
 irregularity," declined offer of rein- 
 statement 1814, when he became 
 court compr. to Louis XVIII; as 
 compr. to Friedrich Wm. II, had 
 great success at Berlin; difficulties 
 there, however, led to retirement 
 1841 as narrow escape from disgrace; 
 operas (especially La Vestale, Fer- 
 nand Cortez, Olympic) are planned 
 with fine breadth, but details do 
 not carry out plan; his technical 
 knowledge of harmony and instru- 
 mentation was defective and his 
 melody lacked lightness and variety. 
 
 Stadler, Maximilian, compr., writer, b. 
 Melk, Lower Austria, Aug. 4, 1748; 
 d. Vienna, Nov. 8, 1833. Son of 
 baker, educated at Jesuit College, 
 Vienna; entered Benedictine Order 
 1772; priest, abbot at Lilienfeld 
 1786, Kremsmiinster 1798; during 
 residence at Vienna, friend of 
 Haydn and Mozart; compr. of 
 much church music; ardent de- 
 fender of authenticity of Mozart's 
 Requiem (Verteidigung der Echtheit 
 . . . 1826). 
 
 Stainer, Jakob, vln.-maker. h. Absam, 
 Tyrol, July 14, 1621; d. there, 1683. 
 Possibly pupil of Herz, an org. 
 builder, but probably pupil of some 
 of many obscure makers of his dis- 
 trict; went to Italy 1646, where he 
 had chance to examine Italian 
 models, though he was probably 
 never pupil of Amati; vln.-maker 
 to court of Austria 1669; accusa- 
 tion of heresy destroyed prospects; 
 died in debt and insane; greatest 
 German maker; vlns. are heavy in 
 form (" clumsy " ace. to Hdrt), later 
 ones somewhat improved in design 
 and varnish; all have moderately 
 strong, clear tone. 
 
 Stainer,* Sir John, compr., orgt. b. 
 London, June 6, 1840; d. Verona, 
 Mar. 31, 1901. Chorister at St. 
 Paul's; pupil of Bayley, Steggall, 
 and Cooper; positions as orgt., 
 Univ. orgt. Oxford 1860; Mus. Doc. 
 
STAMATY 
 
 STASNY 
 
 there 1865; orgt. St. Paul's 1872- 
 88; prof, of mus. at Oxford 1889, 
 of org. and harmony at Nat'l 
 Training School; principal there 
 1881, prof, after School became 
 Royal Coll. 1883; gov't inspector 
 1882; knighted 1888, and other 
 distinctions ; composed oratorios Gid- 
 eon, Crucifixion (most popular), 
 cantatas (Daughter of Jairus, etc.), 
 many services, etc. {Sevenfold Amen 
 is well known), all marked by dignity 
 and feeling which he showed as orgt.; 
 wrote manuals Harmony, Organ, 
 Mu^ic of the Bible and Dufay and 
 His Contemporaries. 
 
 Stamaty (sta-ma-te), Camille Marie, 
 pst. b. Rome, Mar. 23, 1811; d. 
 Paris, Apr. 19, 1870. At first em- 
 ployed at gov't office; pupil of 
 Kalkbrenner; at first concert, 1835, 
 appeared as pst. and compr.; after 
 further study with Mendelssohn 
 returned to Paris, where he was suc- 
 cessful as teacher; Gottschalk, Saint- 
 Saens among pupils; wrote valuable 
 Rhythme des doigts, and many etudes, 
 sonatas, and a pf. concerto; " at a 
 time when others were seeking easy 
 successes, he was distinguished for 
 purity of style and elevation of 
 thought." [Rapin.] 
 
 Stamitz (sta'-mitz), Carl, vlt. b. Mann- 
 heim, May 7, 1746; d. Jena, 1801 
 (buried Nov. 11). Son of Johann 
 Wenzl Anton S., vlt. (1717-1761); 
 pupil of father and of Cannabich; 
 member Electoral Orch. ; leader orch. 
 of Due de Noailles in Paris 1770-85; 
 after tours in Germany and resi- 
 dence in St. Petersburg, condr. 
 academical concerts at Jena after 
 1800; composed operas Der verliebte 
 Vormund and Dardanus, 70 sym- 
 phonies, duets for vln., 'cello, etc.; 
 one of very first to cultivate symph. 
 as form; disputes priority with 
 Haydn. 
 
 Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers, compr., 
 condr. b. Dublin, Sept. 30, 1852. 
 Of musical family; pupil of Sir 
 Robt. Stewart, A. O'Leary, E. 
 Pauer; student at Cambridge; orgt. 
 Trinity CoU. 1873-92, condr. C. 
 Univ. Mus. Soc. 1874-93; after 
 study with Reinecke and Kiel, took 
 M.A., Camb., 1877; Mus. Doc. at 
 both Univ.; prof, of comp. and 
 condr. at Royal Coll. Mus. after 
 
 1883; prof. mus. at Cambridge 
 since 1887; condr. Bach Choir 1885, 
 Leeds Philharmonic Soc. 1897; com- 
 posed several operas (Canterbury 
 Pilgrims, Shamu^ O'Brien), remark- 
 able choral works (The Revenge, 
 Phaudrig Crohoore, etc.), 5 sym- 
 phonies, notably an Irish one, music 
 to Tennyson's Queen Mary, and 
 smaller instrumental works; edited 
 coll. of Irish airs; especially skilful 
 in use of orchestral colors. 
 
 Stanley, Albert Augustus, orgt., teacher, 
 h. Manville, R. I., May 25, 1851. 
 After study in Providence, pupil of 
 Reinecke, Richter, etc., in Leipzig 
 at Cons, and privately; orgt. Provi- 
 dence 1876-88; prof. mus. Univ. of 
 Michigan since 1888; composed 
 symph. The Soul 's awakening, symph. 
 poem Attis, ode for Providence cen- 
 tennial, songs, church music, etc. 
 
 Stark, Ludwig, teacher, h. Munich, 
 June 19, 1831; d. Stuttgart, Mar. 22, 
 1884. Studied philosophy at Univ., 
 mus. with I. and F. Lachner; co- 
 founder Stuttgart Cons. 1857, where 
 he taught harmony, history, and 
 singing until 1873; condr. S. Sing- 
 verein; edited with Lebert Grosse 
 Klavierschule, with Faisst Lieder- 
 schule, and other valuable instruc- 
 tive works. 
 
 Stasny (staz'-ne), Ludwig, compr., 
 arranger, b. Prague, Feb. 26, 1823; 
 d. Frankfort-on-Main, Oct. 30, 1883. 
 Pupil Prague Cons.; military condr. 
 1846-68; condr. Frankfort Palmen- 
 garten after 1871; produced 2 operas; 
 made orch. arrangements of Wagner 
 operas, etc.; composed dances based 
 on or imitated from folk-tunes. His 
 
 Stasny (staz'-ne), Carl Richard, pst., 
 teacher, b. Mayence, Mar. 16, 1855. 
 Early showed aptitude for music, and 
 at 8 began lessons in pf. playing; 
 entered a course in civil engineering 
 which he gave up at 17; on the 
 advice of Raff the father sent young 
 Stasny to Vienna to study with 
 Ignaz Briill; two years later he went 
 to Kruger at Stuttgart, and in 1879 
 to Weimar with Liszt, where he 
 remained for two years; in 1878 
 he began a series of concert tours 
 which lasted until 1885, and took 
 him to all the important cities of 
 
STAUDIGL 
 
 STENHAMMER 
 
 Europe; teacher at the Hoch Cons., 
 Frankfort, 1885-1891, where he made 
 a special study of Schumann's works 
 with Clara Schumann; in 1891 he 
 came to the N. E. Cons., Boston, 
 and is still, 1910, connected with 
 that institution. 
 
 Staudigl (stou'-digl), Joseph, dram, 
 bass. b. Wollersdorf, Lower Austria, 
 Apr. 14, 1807; d. Michaelbeuern- 
 grund, near Vienna, Mar. 28, 1861. 
 Student of medicine; member of 
 opera chorus at Vienna, then chief 
 bass; court singer 1831; distinguished 
 in concert hall as well as on stage; 
 hisane after 1856. Son Joseph, bari- 
 tone, b. Vienna, Mar. 18, 1850. 
 Pupil of Rokitansky at Vienna 
 Cons.; singer at Carlsruhe. 
 
 Stavenhagen (sta'-ven-ha-gen), Bern- 
 hard, pst. b. Greiz, Reuss, Nov. 25, 
 1862. Pupil at Berlin Meister- 
 schule of Kiel, at the Hochschule of 
 Rudorff, of Liszt 1885-86; Mendels- 
 sohn Prize, Berlin, 1880; after 
 brilliant tours in Europe and U. S. 
 1894-95, court condr. at Weimar 
 1895-98, at Munich 1898; director 
 Royal Academy 1901-04; now in 
 Weimar; distinguished player, espe- 
 cially of Liszt's works; compr., 
 also, of pf. pieces, Norse songs, pf. 
 concerto, etc. 
 
 Stcherbatcheff (stcher'-bat-chof), Nico- 
 las de, compr. h. Russia, Aug. 24, 
 1853. After spending some time 
 in Rome and elsewhere (pupil of 
 Liszt at Weimar) became closely 
 connected with young Russian 
 school; composed 2 Idyls and Sere- 
 nade for orch., several charming pf. 
 pieces (Feeries et pantomimes), and 
 3ongs to Russian and German words. 
 
 Steane, Bruce Harry Dennis, orgt., 
 compr. b. Camberwell, London, 
 June 22, 1866. Chorister at 8, 
 asst. orgt. at 12; held various posi- 
 tions as orgt. and choirmaster; very 
 numerous services, anthems, and 
 org. pieces, and sacred cantata 
 Ascension. 
 
 Steggall, Charles, orgt. b. London, 
 June 3, 1826; d. there, June 7, 1905. 
 Studied at Royal Acad, with Ben- 
 nett; prof . there of org. and harmony 
 1851-1903; Mus. Doc. Camb.; orgt. 
 Lincoln's Inn Chapel after 1864; 
 composed services, edited psalter, 
 
 Hymns, Ancient and Modern. Son 
 Reginald, compr. b. London, Apr. 
 17, 1867. Pupil at Royal Acad, 
 and org. professor there since 1895; 
 compositions (mass, symph., 2 scenas 
 Elaine and Alcestis) show him to 
 belong to advanced modern school, 
 
 Steibelt (sti-belt), Daniel, pst. b. Ber- 
 hn, 1765; d. St. Petersburg, Sept. 20, 
 1823. Studied with Kirnberger; 
 pubhshed sonatas and gave concerts 
 in Saxony, etc., before coming to 
 Paris 1790; superseding J. D. Her- 
 mann and Pleyel became favorite 
 pst. and teacher; opera Romeo et 
 JwZie^te successful 1793; leaving Paris 
 for debts, etc., 1797, won renown in 
 London; German tour 1799 included 
 disastrous challenge to Beethoven; 
 brought out Haydn's Creation, Paris, 
 1800, and revisited city 1805-08; 
 after further tours, condr. of opera 
 in St. Petersburg 1810; his pf. music 
 is of melodramatic style {U Or age, 
 finale of 3d concerto, was played 
 
 • widely); also composed operas. 
 
 Steinbach (stin-bak), Fritz, condr. b. 
 Grunsfeld, Baden, June 17, 1855. 
 Pupil of brother Emil (b. 1849) 
 and at Leipzig Cons, where he won 
 Mozart Scholarship; 2d capellmeis- 
 ter, Mayence, 1880-86; court condr. 
 Meiningen 1886-1902; condr. and 
 dir. of cons, at Cologne 1902; compr. 
 of septet, 'cello sonata, and other 
 works. 
 
 Steingraber (stin'-grab-er), Theodor, 
 publisher, b. Neustadt-on-Orla, Jan. 
 25, 1830; d. Leipzig, Apr. 5, 1904. 
 Founder of firm in Hanover, in 
 Leipzig since 1890; under pseud. 
 Gustav Damm, wrote pf. method, 
 and editions of pf. works. 
 
 Stengel, Mme. W., see Sembrich, 
 Marcella. 
 
 Stenhammer, Wilhelm, compr. b. 
 Stockholm, Feb. 7, 1871. Son of 
 Ulrik, song compr.; pupil at Stock- 
 holm Cons., and of H. Barth in 
 Berlin; director Philharmonic Soc. 
 1898, condr. Royal Th. 1900 in 
 Stockholm; member Aulin Quartet; 
 after some smaller works, gained 
 distinction by Prinzessan och Sven- 
 nen, festival cantata, etc.; 2 operas 
 1898, 1903 have been successful; 
 also composed choral works, sonata, 
 songs, etc. 
 
STERLING 
 
 STEWART 
 
 Sterling, Antoinette, contralto, b. Ster- 
 lingsville, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1850; d. 
 Hampstead, London, Jan. 9, 1904. 
 Studied with Abella, Mme. Mar- 
 chesi, Viardot-Garcia, and Manuel 
 Garcia; church singer in Brooklyn; 
 after concert d^but, London, 1873, 
 had great success in oratorio and 
 concerts; married J. Mackinlay 
 1875; gave series of concerts in 
 America 1875; "essentially a ballad 
 singer "; Lost Chord and other songs 
 written for her; son published A. S. 
 and Other Celebrities 1906. 
 
 Stem, Leopold Laurence, 'cellist, b. 
 Brighton, Eng., Apr. 5, 1862; d. 
 London, Sept. 10, 1904. Student of 
 chemistry; studied music with 
 Piatti, and at Leipzig with Klengel 
 and Davidoff; tour 1886 with Patti; 
 brought out DvoMk's concerto 1895; 
 toured U. S. and Canada 1897-98; 
 after that appeared but rarely; 
 married Nettie Carpenter, vlt., 1891, 
 and Suzanne Adams, singer, 1898. 
 
 Sternberg, Constantin Ivanovitch von, 
 
 pst., compr. h. St. Petersburg, July 
 9, 1852. Studied with Moscheles, 
 Coccius, Richter, etc. at Leipzig 
 Cons., with KuUak, Dorn, etc. at 
 Berlin Akademie, and with Liszt in 
 vacations; condr. and chorusmas- 
 ter Leipzig 1867-69; condr. Wiirz- 
 burg, Mecklenburg (where he was 
 dir. of Acad, and court pst.); after 
 tours in Germany, Russia, Asia 
 Minor, U. S., 1880-85, became direc- 
 tor of Atlanta Coll. of Mus. 1885-89; 
 director of S. Sch. of Mus. in Phila. 
 since 1890; compositions for pf. show 
 skill and knowledge of the genius of 
 the instrument. 
 
 Stevens, Richard John Samuel, compr. 
 b. London, Mar. 27, 1757; d. there, 
 Sept. 23, 1837. Chorister at St. 
 Paul's under William Savage; orgt. 
 at Temple Church 1786 and Charter 
 House 1796; prof, in Gresham Col- 
 lege 1801; composed harpsichord 
 sonatas, edited Sacred Music but i^ 
 chiefly noted as compr. of remark- 
 able glees; prizes from Catch Club 
 1782 and '86; among favorites are 
 Ye Spotted Snakes, Blow, blow, thou 
 winter wind, and Sigh no more. 
 
 Stevenson, Frederick, orgt., compr. h. 
 Newark, Nottinghamshire, Eng., 
 Sept. 16, 1845. Father and mother 
 
 musical, the latter a fine singer; sang 
 in parish choir as a boy, studied org. 
 with Thirtle and Reay; attended St. 
 John's Coll., H^irstpierpoint, sang 
 in choir; 1867-1883 orgt. in London 
 and suburbs; studied harmony with 
 Macfarren, counterpoint with Bridge; 
 conductor of three choral societies, 
 prof, of voice and theory Blackheath 
 Cons.; 1883 came to U. S. as pre- 
 centor of St. John's Cath., Denver; 
 later orgt. and choirmaster St. 
 Mark's Ch., dir. of Denver Cons.; 
 1894 removed to Los Angeles, Cal., 
 where he is orgt. and choirmaster 
 of St. John's, Christ Church and 
 Jewish Temple, dir. of choral clubs; 
 has written in many forms, sacred 
 and secular choral works, part-songs, 
 anthems, songs, and a few pieces for 
 orchestra and military band. 
 
 Stewart, Humphrey John, compr., orgt. 
 h. London, Eng., May 22, 1856. 
 Boy chorister, and church organist 
 at the age of 11; education carried 
 on under private teachers, during 
 which time he served as organist of 
 several English churches; came to 
 the United States in 1886, locating 
 at San Francisco, where he was or- 
 ganist of several churches; for sev- 
 eral years organist of Trinity Church, 
 Boston, from which city he returned 
 to San Francisco, where he now 
 (1910) resides; organist of St. Domi- 
 nic's church, and of two Jewish 
 synagogues, condr. Handel and 
 Haydn Society. Compositions in- 
 clude three comic operas. Bluff King 
 Hal (1889), His Majesty (1890) and 
 The Conspirators (1900); The Na- 
 tivity, oratorio (1888); Mass in D 
 minor (1907); music drama Monte- 
 zuma (1903) produced as a forest 
 play by the Bohemian Club of San 
 Francisco; orchestral suite, Scenes 
 in California (1906); incidental 
 music to many plays, songs, piano 
 and violin pieces, part-songs and 
 church music; won the gold medal 
 for composition A. G. O., 1900, 
 Kimball Prize of the Chicago Mad- 
 rigal Club (1907); Mus. Doc. Uni- 
 versity of the Pacific; music critic 
 San Francisco Examiner and Even- 
 ing Post. 
 
 Stewart, Sir Robert Prescott, orgt. b. 
 DubHn, Dec. 16, 1825; d. there. Mar. 
 24, 1894. Chorister and orgt. at 
 
STIEHL 
 
 STRADIVARI 
 
 Dublin; condr. Univ. Choral Soc; 
 Mus. Doc. Dublin 1851; prof. 
 Dublin Univ. 1861, at Royal Irish 
 Acad. 1872, condr. of Philharmonic 
 1873; knighted 1872; composed 
 several important odes, cantatas, 
 and many deservedly popular glees; 
 lectures and writings are of value. 
 
 Stiehl (stel), Heinrich Franz Daniel, 
 orgt b. Lubeck, Aug. 5, 1829; d. 
 Reval, May 1, 1886. Studied with 
 Lobe, and at Leipzig Cons, with 
 Moscheles, Gade, and Hauptmann; 
 orgt. and condr. Singakademie at St, 
 Petersburg 1853-66; tours in Ger- 
 many, Italy, and England, condr. 
 at Belfast; after 1880 orgt. and condr. 
 at Reval; many compositions for 
 orch., chamber music and 2 operas. 
 
 Stock, Frederick, condr. b. Nov. 11, 
 1872, at Jiihch, Germany. Father, 
 a bandmaster in the German army, 
 was his first teacher; entered Cologne 
 Conservatory in 1886, graduating as 
 violinist; while a member of the Mu- 
 nicipal Orchestra studied composi- 
 tion under Humperdinck, ZoUner and 
 Franz WiiUner; came to the U. S. 
 in 1895, joined the Chicago Orches- 
 tra, becoming assistant conductor 
 to Theodore Thomas in 1899; from 
 1903-1905 he conducted all of the 
 orchestra concerts outside of Chicago 
 and on Thomas' death succeeded to 
 the conductorship; compositions in 
 the large forms include overtures, 
 a symphonic poem, symphonic varia- 
 tions on an original theme, played 
 in Chicago, Pittsburg, and at the Wor- 
 cester Festival in 1906, a symphony 
 in C minor, produced at Chicago, 
 Dec. 31, 1909, and afterward at the 
 Cincinnati Festival 1910; Stock is 
 also conductor of the Musical Art 
 Club (vocal), of Chicago. 
 
 Stockhausen (stock'-hou-zen), Julius, 
 baritone, teacher, b. Paris, July 22, 
 1826; d. Frankfort-on-Main, Sept. 
 22, 1906. Son of Franz, compr. and 
 harpist (1792-1868), and concert 
 singer Margarete Schmuck (1803- 
 1877); studied at Paris Cons, and 
 with Manuel Garcia; favorite con- 
 cert singer; condr. Philharmonic 
 and Singakademie at Hamburg 
 1862-67; condr. Stern Gesangverein 
 at Berlin 1874-78; teacher of singing 
 at Hoch Cons., Frankfort, 1878-79, 
 and 1882-98; then gave private 
 
 lessons; published method; beauty 
 of voice and care for interpretation 
 made him wonderful singer of Schu- 
 bert's and Schumann's works. 
 
 Stojowski (sto-yofs'-ki), Sigismund 
 Denis Antoine, jpst. b. Strelzy, 
 Poland, May 14, 1870 [Riemann. 
 Paris Cons, documents Apr. 8]. 
 Studied at Cracow with Zelenski 
 and at Paris Cons, with Diemer and 
 Delibes; 1st prizes pf. and comp. 
 1889; later pupil of Paderewski; 
 teacher at Inst, of Mus. Art, N. Y., 
 1906-1911; has composed orchestra 
 suite, symph., pf. concerto, studies, 
 and sonatas for pf. and vln. 
 
 Storace, Stephen, compr. ■ h. London, 
 Jan. 4, 1763; d. there, Mar. 19, 1796. 
 Studied vln. with father and at Cons, 
 of San Onofrio, Naples; traveled 
 with sister Ann Selina, singer (1766- 
 1817), in Italy, lived in Vienna, where 
 he knew Mozart; produced 2 operas 
 in Vienna, and, after 1787, many in 
 London (The Haunted Tower, No 
 Song, no Supper, etc.); often intro- 
 duced work of other comprs. into 
 operas; pleasant melodies, with orch. 
 accomp.; much influenced by Mozart. 
 
 Story, Emma Eanies, see Eames, Emma. 
 
 Stradella (stra-del'-la), Alessandro, 
 compr. h. Naples, 1645; d. Genoa, 
 June, between 6 and 16, 1681. 
 Dates, places, and details of biog- 
 raphy are all obscure; unauthenti- 
 cated story that he eloped with a 
 Venetian lady whose lover hired 
 a man to murder S.; the assassin, 
 fascinated by S's music, advised 
 him to flee; a second murderer fol- 
 lowed him to Genoa and there killed 
 him; subject of Flotow's opera 
 Stradella; said to have been fine 
 singer and harpist; composed about 
 150 works, operas, oratorios (San 
 Giovanni Battista best known), can- 
 tatas, madrigals, etc., fluent, but 
 not deep; his Serenata contains sub- 
 jects which Handel used in Israel 
 in Egypt: familiar Pieta Signore, 
 attributed to S., probably by Rossini. 
 
 Stradivari (stra-di-va'-ri), or Stradi- 
 varius, Antonio, vln.-maker. h. Cre- 
 mona, 1644; d. there, Dec. 18, 1736. 
 Pupil of Amati; began to sign vlns. 
 with own name 1666; early instr. on 
 Amati model, of rather poor mate- 
 rials; from 1684-1700 carried on 
 
STRAKOSCH 
 
 series of experimental alterations 
 in shape and in cuttings; " Long 
 Strad " first made 1690; final period 
 after 1703, attained highest point 
 ever reached in vln .-making, care- 
 fully looking after smallest details 
 himself, and making slight variations 
 apparently to meet variations in 
 material; his varnish also varies in 
 color and defies analysis, the secret 
 of it having been long sought in 
 vain; many instruments are named 
 Messie, Dolphin, Pucelle, etc.; S. 
 also made 'cellos and violas; author- 
 itative life is that by W. H., A. F., 
 and A. E. Hill (London, 1902). 
 
 Strakosch (stra-kosh'), Maurice, im- 
 presario, h. Lemberg, 1825; d. 
 Paris, Oct. 9, 1887. Pf. pupil of 
 Sechter in Vienna; taught in N. Y. 
 1845-60; after 1856 managed opera 
 troupe; organized opera season at 
 JParis 1873-74; European agent for 
 Patti (who was his sister-in-law) and 
 for other singers; managed theatre 
 Rome 1884-85; published Souvenirs 
 d'un impresario 1887. Brother Max 
 (d. 1892) managed in jVmerica while 
 Maurice was in Eng.; joined him in 
 Rome. 
 
 Strauss (strous), Johann, I, compr. b. 
 Vienna, Mar. 14, 1804; d. there, 
 Sept. 25, 1849. Son of keeper of 
 beer garden and dance hall; having 
 run away from apprenticeship to 
 bookbinder, became pupil of Poly- 
 schansky and Seyfried; member of 
 dance hall orch., of Lanner Quartet 
 1823; deputy condr. of L's orch.; 
 organized own orch. 1826, compos- 
 ing first waltzes at this time; after 
 concert tours, bandmaster 1st Vienna 
 Militia reg't 1834; further tours took 
 him as far as Paris and London 
 1837-38; condr. court balls in Vienna 
 1845; " father of the waltz," com- 
 posed over 150 waltzes, quadrilles and 
 marches, in which by fire and spirit 
 and by skilful orchestration he raised 
 dance mus. to high level. His son, 
 
 Strauss, Johann, II, compr. b. Vienna, 
 Oct. 25, 1825; d. there, June 3, 1899. 
 Against wishes and without knowl- 
 edge of father pupil of Drechsler; 
 as condr. of restaurant orch. at 
 Hietzing won great success; after 
 father's death made tours with 
 united orchestras; condr. St. Peters- 
 burg 1855-63, of Vienna court balls 
 
 STRAUSS 
 
 1863-70; after 1870 composed sev- 
 eral charming operettas Die Fleder- 
 maus, Zigeunerbaron; called " The 
 Waltz King"; composed Blue Dan- 
 ube, Wine, Woman, and Song, etc.; 
 music has never been surpassed in 
 its kind for popularity or for merit. 
 His brothers, Joseph (1827-1870), 
 deputy condr. for Johann 1853; later 
 condr. of own orch.; also successful 
 compr. of dance music; Eduard (b. 
 1835) followed Johann, as court ball 
 condr. 1870; also compr. 
 
 Strauss, Richard, compr. h. Munich, 
 June 11, 1864. No relation to 
 Viennese dance compr.; son of 
 Franz, horn player in court orches- 
 tra; pupil in comp. of F, W. Meyer 
 while still at gymnasium; preco- 
 cious as compr. ; condr. at Meiningen 
 succeeding Von Billow 1885; after 
 travel in Italy, 3d capellmeister 
 Munich 1885-89; asst. to Lassen, 
 court capellm. at Weimar 1889-92; 
 journey to Greece and Egypt to 
 recover from illness 1892; married 
 singer Pauline de Ahna 1894; court 
 capellm. Munich 1894, and at Berlin 
 1899; visited London 1897 and as 
 condr. 1903; came to America 1904, 
 gave concerts with Philadelphia 
 Orch., with Wetzler Orch. in N. Y., 
 and conducted other orchestras. His 
 works include a few pf. pieces, 
 sonata for vln. and pf., 'cello and 
 pf., concerto for vln., quartet, etc., 
 many very beautiful songs and some 
 larger choral works (Wanderers Sturm- 
 lied, Taillefer, etc.), 2 symph., 8 
 symph. poems, Av^ Italien 1886, Don 
 Juan 1889, Macbeth 1891, Tod und 
 Verkldrung 1890, Till Eulenspiegels 
 lu^tige Streiche 1895, Also Sprach 
 Zarathustra 1895, Don Quixote 1898, 
 Ein Heldenleben 1899; Burleske for 
 pf. and orch.; Sinfonia Domestica; 
 incidental mus. for pf. to Enoch 
 Arden; 4 operas Guntram 1894, 
 Feuersnot 1901, Salome 1905, Elektra 
 1909, Der Rosenkavalier, 1911. Early 
 works follow classical forms and tra- 
 ditions, not without individuality. 
 Later, somewhat under influence of 
 Alexander Ritter (more in directions 
 of general culture than in music) he 
 turned to freer modern forms, with 
 Av^ Italien; he has carried on the 
 Berlioz-Liszt idea of poetic or 
 program music to a greater degree 
 
STREABBOG 
 
 SULLIVAN 
 
 of realistic effect, at times, as in 
 Don Quixote, even to the grotesque ; 
 he endeavors to express not only 
 moods and emotions, but psycho- 
 logical states of mind and systems of 
 abstract thought. Not an inventor 
 of especially beautiful or long sus- 
 tained melodies, he is a complete 
 master of the resources of the modern 
 orchestra, which he has extended 
 by some new devices and the adop- 
 tion of some new instruments 
 (heckelphone, etc.). Though he is 
 capable of producing passages of 
 great beauty, e. g. songs. Tod und 
 Verk., his unusual skill seems at 
 times to have led him into mere 
 piling up of effects, just as his 
 extraordinary audacity, his ambi- 
 tion to present the whole of life, his 
 sense of contrast, have led him to 
 over insistence on the merely ugly, 
 as in the Heldenleben and Elektra 
 and the merely trivial, as in the 
 Sinf. Domestica. 
 
 Streabbog, see Gobbaerts. 
 
 Strelezki (stre-let-ski), Anton [pseud, of 
 A. B. Bnrnand], compr. b. Croydon, 
 Dec. 5, 1859. Studied at Leipzig 
 Cons, and with Clara Schumann; 
 compr. of some very popular pf . music. 
 
 Strong, George Templeton, compr. h. 
 New York, about 1855. Son of 
 Geo. T., once pres. of N. Y. Phil- 
 harmonic; pupil at Leipzig Cons.; 
 teacher at N. E. Cons. 1891-92; 
 obliged to resign because of ill- 
 health; living in Switzerland; compr. 
 of 2 symph. (No. 2 Sintram, several 
 times performed, shows brilliant 
 instrumentation), symph. poems. 
 Haunted Mill for chorus and orch., 
 etc. 
 
 Strube (stroo'-be), Gustav, vlt., compr. 
 h. Ballenstedt, Harz, Mar. 3, 1867. 
 Pupil of father, member of local 
 orch.; studied at Leipzig Cons, with 
 Hermann, Brodsky, Reinecke, and 
 Jadassohn; member Gewandhaus 
 Orch.; prof. Mannheim Cons.; mem- 
 ber Boston Symph. Orch. since 1891; 
 condr. summer popular concerts, 
 asst. condr. Worcester Co. Mus. 
 Ass'n; has comp. suite for vln. and 
 pf., 3 overtures, 2 symph. poems, 
 2 vln. concertos, 2 symphonies, etc. 
 many of which have been played 
 by Boston Symph. Orch, 
 
 Sucher (sook'-er), Rosa [nee Hassel- 
 beck], dram. sop. b. Velburg, Upper 
 Palatinate, Feb. 23, 1849; d. Apr. 5, 
 1908; debut at Treves; sang at 
 Konigsberg, Berlin, and Danzig; 
 engaged for Leipzig Stadt Th. by 
 Josef Sucher (1844-1908), whom she 
 married 1877; went to Hamburg 
 with husband 1879; and to Berlin 
 Opera 1888-1898 (Josef retired from 
 post at Berlin 1899); extraordinary 
 range of repertoire, but notable for 
 Isolde, Eva, and Kundry; sang at 
 Bayreuth 1886 and 1888; and in N. Y. 
 under Damrosch 1894; retired 1903. 
 
 Sudds, "William F., compr., writer, b. 
 London, Mar. 5, 1843. Parents 
 moved 1850 to Gouverneur, New 
 York state; self-taught in vln., 
 'cello, guitar, and cornet; band- 
 master in Civil War; later studied 
 at N. E. Cons, with Thayer and 
 Eichberg; many published pf. pes. 
 and songs, teacher at Gouverneur. 
 
 Suk (sook), Josef, compr. b. Kfecovic, 
 Bohemia, Jan, 4, 1874. Studied 
 with father and at Prague Cons, 
 with Bennewitz and Dvorak, who 
 later became his father-in-law; 2d 
 vln, in Bohemian Quartet from 
 1892, with Hoffmann, Nedbal, and 
 Wihan; compr. overtures, serenade, 
 chamber music, suite Ein Mdrchen, 
 and 2 symphonies. 
 
 Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour, compr. 
 h. London, May 13, 1842; d. there, 
 Nov. 22, 1900, Chorister at Chapel 
 Royal under Helmore; first Mendels- 
 sohn Scholar at Royal Acad, Mus,, 
 pupil of Goss and Bennett; studied 
 at Leipzig with Moscheles, Haupt- 
 mann, etc; orgt. in London; condr. 
 Promenade concerts at Covent Gar- 
 den 1878-79; principal Nat'l Train- 
 ing School 1876-81; knighted 1883; 
 composed songs (Lost Chord, The 
 Long Day Closes) , oratorios ( Prodigal 
 Son, Golden Legend) , incidental music 
 to Tempest and Merchant of Venice, 
 a grand opera, Ivanhoe, 1891; great 
 popularity, however, rests on long 
 series of comic operas produced 
 chiefly at the Savoy Theatre, many 
 of them to words by W. S. Gilbert, 
 among which may be named Trial 
 by Jury 1875, H. M. S. Pinafore 
 which had unequaled popularity 
 in England and U. S. (whither S. 
 
SUPP^ 
 
 SZUMOWSKA 
 
 came 1879), Pirates of Penzance 
 1880, Patience 1881, Mikado 1885; 
 The Emerald Isle, completed by E. 
 German, 1901; distinguishing feat- 
 ures of these operettas are unity of 
 spirit between compr. and libret- 
 tist, unfaihng gaiety and variety of 
 rhythm and melody, and at same 
 time refinement of educated musical 
 taste. 
 Suppe (soop-pa), Franz von [real name 
 Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo 
 Cavaliere Suppe Demelli], compr. b. 
 Spalato, Dalmatia, Apr. 18, 1820; 
 d. Vienna, May 22, 1895. Played 
 the flute and composed early; while 
 student of philosophy at Padua, 
 studied mus. with Cigala and Ferrari, 
 later at Vienna Cons, with Sechter 
 and Seyfried; theatre condr. at 
 Pressburg, Baden, and Vienna 1865- 
 95; produced great number of operet- 
 tas and musical farces and burlesques; 
 chiefly known out of Germany by 
 Fatinitza 1876, Boccaccio 1879, and 
 overture to Poet and Peasant. 
 
 Surette, Thomas Whitney, lecturer. 
 b. Concord, Mass., Sept. 7, 1862. 
 Studied with A. Foote and J. K. 
 Paine (grad. Harvard 1891); orgt. 
 at Concord, musicmaster at Hill 
 School, Pottstown, Pa., orgt. choir- 
 master at Baltimore; since 1896 
 lecturer on mus. for Amer. Univer- 
 sity Extension Soc; lectured at 
 Univ. of Oxford, Eng. 1899, 1905, 
 regularly appointed there 1907; 
 author of valuable syllabi on various 
 periods of mus. hist.; operetta Pris- 
 dlla; or, the Pilgrim's Proxy 1889, 
 very popular. 
 
 Sussmayer (siis'-ma-er), Franz Xaver, 
 compr. h. Schwanenstadt, Upper 
 Austria, 1766; d. Vienna, Sept. 17, 
 1803. Pupil of Salieri, pupil and 
 friend of Mozart; capellmeister 
 Nat'l Th., Vienna, 1792, court opera 
 1794; compr. of several operettas 
 {Der Wildfang, etc.); wrote instru- 
 mentation for airs in Mozart's Titus. 
 
 Svendsen (svent'-sen), Johan Severin, 
 vU., compr. condr. h. Christiana, 
 Sept. 30, 1840; d. Copenhagen, June 
 13, 1911. Bandmaster in army, wan- 
 dering vlt., studied at Leipzig Cons, 
 with David, Hauptmann, etc.; toured 
 Scandinavia and England; member 
 Paris orchestras 1868-69; concert- 
 master Leipzig Euterpe concerts 
 
 1871; visited New York and married 
 an American 1871; condr. Christiania 
 concerts 1872-77, 1880-83; court 
 condr. Copenhagen 1883; condr. 
 Royal Theatre there since 1896; 
 works remarkable for individuality 
 and entire lack of " national " char- 
 acteristics, include songs, chamber 
 mus., concertos for vln. and 'cello, 
 two symphonies, Carnaval a Paris, 
 Rhapsodies norvegiennes, etc. 
 
 Sweelinck (sva'-link), Jan Pieter, 
 compr. b. Amsterdam, 1562; d. 
 there, Oct. 16, 1621. Pupil of Jacob 
 Buyck, and of his father Pieter (d. 
 1573), orgt.; successor of father at 
 church, composed psalms, masses, 
 sacred and secular songs; complete 
 works published by Amsterdam Soc. 
 for Promotion of Mus.; chief work 
 was establishment of true organ 
 fugue with development from single 
 subject; said to have been first to 
 employ pedal in fugal part. 
 
 Swert (svart), Jules de, 'cellist, b. 
 Louvain, Aug. 15, 1843; d. Ostende, 
 Feb. 24, 1891. Pupil of Servais at 
 Brussels Cons.; after long tours, 
 concertmaster Diisseldorf 1865; 1st 
 'cellist Weimar 1868; royal concert- 
 master, 'ceUist, prof, at Hochschule, 
 Berlin, 1869-73; traveled, hved in 
 Wiesbaden and Leipzig; director 
 Ostende Mus. Sch. 1888; prof, at 
 Cons, of Ghent and Bruges; com- 
 posed operas, symphony, fantasias, 
 etc. for 'cello. 
 
 Sydenham, Edwin Augustus, orgt., 
 compr. b. Somersetshire, Oct., 1847; 
 d. Scarborough, Feb. 18, 1891. 
 Chorister at Stratford-on-Avon; pupil 
 at Leipzig Cons.; orgt. at several 
 places, finally at Scarborough; 
 teacher, compr. of anthems, pf . and 
 vln. pieces. 
 
 Szarwady, see Clauss-Szarvady, Wil- 
 helmine. 
 
 Szekely (she'-ke-le), Imre Emeric, 
 pst. b. Matyfalva, Hungary, May 
 8, 1823; d. Pesth, April, 1887. 
 Studied at Pesth; after many long 
 concert tours, with especial success 
 in London, settled finally in Pesth 
 after 1852; taught, composed works 
 for orchestra and pf. (concertos, 
 Etudes, etc.). 
 
 Szumowska, Antoinette, see Adamow- 
 ski, Mrs. Joseph. 
 
TALLIS 
 
 TARTHa 
 
 Tallis, Thomas, compr., orgt. h. be- 
 tween 1520 and 1529; d. London, 
 Nov. 23, 1585. Orgt. at Waltham 
 Abbey until 1540; gentleman of 
 Chapel Royal under Henry VIII, 
 Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth; 
 joint orgt. with his pupil Byrd, with 
 whom he also obtained privilege of 
 printing music and ruled paper 1575; 
 composed services, prayers, responses, 
 etc., and song in 40 parts for 8 five- 
 part choirs. 
 
 Tamagno (ta-man'-yo), Francesco, 
 dram, tenor, b. Turin, 1851; d. 
 Varese, Aug. 31, 1905. After slight 
 instruction at Cons, sang in choruses, 
 and after military service made 
 debut at Palermo 1873; selected by 
 Verdi to create Otello at Milan 1887; 
 thereafter of universal fame, sang 
 successfully at European capitals 
 and in U. S. 1890, 1893; especially 
 remarkable for power of voice and 
 physique. 
 
 Tamberlik (tam'-ber-lik), Enrico, dram, 
 tenor, b. Rome, Mar. 16, 1820; d. 
 Paris, Mar. 15, 1889. Left study of 
 law to study singing at Bologna 
 with Guglielmi and Borgna; debut 
 Naples 1840; sang in Spain, London 
 1850-64, winters at St. Petersburg, 
 Paris, Spain, and America; settled 
 in Madrid after 1877 as manufac- 
 turer of arms. 
 
 Tamburini (tam-boo-re'-ni), Antonio, 
 dram. bass. b. Faenza, Mar. 28, 
 1800; d. Nice, Nov. 9, 1876. Pupil 
 of father, Boni, and Asioh; debut 
 Cento 1818; sang in Italy for im- 
 
 Sresario Barbaja at Naples and 
 lilan 1824-32; at Th. Italien, Paris, 
 1832^1, with Grisi, Rubini, La- 
 blache, etc.; alternate seasons in 
 London; 10 years in Russia; retired 
 1859. 
 
 Taneiev (tan-e'-yef), Sergei Ivanovitch, 
 pst., compr. b. Russia, Nov. 25, 
 1856. Pupil at Moscow Cons, of 
 N. Rubinstein, Hubert, and Tchai- 
 kovski; tour with Auer 1876; after 
 two years in Paris, prof, of harmony 
 and instrumentation Moscow Cons. 
 1878, of pf. 1880-88, of free comp. 
 
 1883-87; director and condr. of 
 ensemble classes 1885-89; prof, of 
 counterpoint 1888, of fugue 1891, 
 of mus. from 1897; as pst. first to 
 play Tchaikovski's C min. con- 
 certo and other works; as compr. of 
 operatic trilogy Oresteia (St. Peters- 
 burg 1895), symph., 6 pf. quartets, 
 etc. remarkable as contrapuntist; 
 author and translator of books on 
 counterpoint. 
 
 Tans'ur, William, compr. b. Dun- 
 church, about 1700; d. St. Neots, Oct. 
 7, 1783. Orgt. and teacher in several 
 places in Surrey and Leicestershire; 
 composed Compleat Melody (many 
 editions of this popular psalm collec- 
 tion have varying titles), Melodia 
 Sacra, Psalm-singer's Jewel, etc., 
 and wrote New Musical Grammar 
 and Dictionary 1756. 
 
 Tapper, Thomas, author, teacher, b. 
 Canton, Mass., Jan. 28, 1864. Grad- 
 uated at Am. Coll. of Musicians of 
 Univ. of State of N. Y.; studied in 
 Europe; rnarried pst. Bertha Feiring 
 Maas; editor The Musical Record 
 and Review 1903-1904, Musician 
 1904r-1907; lecturer; instructor Inst. 
 Mus. Art, N. Y.; author of Chats 
 with Music Students, Natural Course 
 inMu^., The Music Life, First Studies 
 in Music Biography, etc. 
 
 Tappert, Wilhelm, writer, h. Ober- 
 Thomaswaldau, Silesia, Feb. 19, 
 1830; d. Siidende, near Berhn, Oct. 
 27, 1907. Schoolmaster until 1856; 
 pupil at Kullak's Acad, and of Dehn; 
 in Berhn after 1866; editor Allgem. 
 deiUsche Musikzeitung 1876-80; there- 
 after on staff Musikalisches Wochen- 
 hlatt; author of Wagner- Lexikon 
 (coll. of terms of abuse against W.), 
 Wandernde Melodien, works on old 
 notation, etc., also pubhshed ar- 
 rangements of old German songs 
 and pf. studies. 
 
 Tartini (tar-te'-ni), Giuseppe, vlt. b. 
 Pirano, Istria, Apr. 12, 1692; d. 
 Padua, Feb. 16, 1770. Studied 
 theology and law, with eager desire 
 for vln.; secret marriage led to 
 charge of abduction before which 
 
TAUBERT 
 
 TELEMANN 
 
 he fled to monastery at Assisi, where 
 for two years he studied mus. with 
 Cernohorsky; after appearing at 
 Padua, so influenced by hearing 
 Veracini at Venice that he retired 
 again to Ancona, where further 
 study by himself led to better knowl- 
 edge of intonation and discovery of 
 combinational tones; solo vlt. and 
 condr. Padua 1721; chamber musi- 
 cian in Prague 1723-25; again in 
 Padua, where he founded vln. sch. 
 1728; Nardini, Laboussaye among 
 pupils; works consist of very many 
 concertos and sonatas for vln. and 
 other instruments; (famous Trillo 
 del diavolo, supposed to have been 
 produced in rivalry with devil, one 
 of posthumous works); " style united 
 finish of Corelli with greater vigor, 
 passion, and daring, and he excelled 
 in double-stopping and other efi'ec- 
 tive devices." [Pratt.] 
 
 Taubert (tou'-bert), Carl Gottfried Wil- 
 helm, pst., compr. b. Berlin, Mar. 
 23, 1811; d. there, Jan. 7, 1891. 
 Pupil of Neithardt, L. Berger, and 
 B. Klein; student at Berlin Univ.; 
 taught in Berlin; accoinp. at court 
 concerts 1831; condr. opera and 
 symph. concerts 1842, court capell- 
 meister 1845; 1st capellm. 1869; re- 
 tired 1870; composed 5 operas, music 
 to Tempest (very successful), Othello, 
 and other plays, 4 symph., and smaller 
 works, popular Kinderlieder, etc. 
 
 Tauscher, Mme., see Gadski, Johanna. 
 
 Tausig (tou'-sig), Karl, pst. b. War- 
 saw, Nov. 4, 1841; d. Leipzig, July 
 17, 1871. Pupil of father Aloys T. 
 (1820-1885), who was pupil of Thal- 
 berg, and compr.; pupil of Liszt 
 from age of 14 (1855-59); debut 
 Berlin 1858 at orchestral concert 
 under Von Biilow; gave orch. con- 
 certs in Vienna 1862; opened school 
 for advanced pf. playing in Berlin 
 1866; composed some pf. music, but 
 is especially noted for editions of 
 dementi and other older writers, 
 arrangements of Bach, pf. edition 
 of Meister singer, Daily Studies, etc.; 
 surpassed even Liszt in wonderful 
 brilliancy of technic, but despite 
 remarkable sense of style never 
 quite equaled him in interpretation. 
 
 Taylor, Samuel Coleridge-, see Cole- 
 ridge-Taylor, Samuel, 
 
 Tchaikovski (chl-kof'-ski), Peter Ilyitch, 
 compr. b. Wotkinsk, province of 
 Wjatka, May 7, 1840; d. St. Peters- 
 burg, Nov. 6, 1893. As a child dis- 
 played no especial mus. ability; 
 entered gov't service; 1855-58 pf. 
 lessons from Kiindinger, sang in 
 choir under Lomakin; attempts at 
 composition led him to give up ser- 
 vice 1863 to enter St. Petersburg 
 Cons., where he was taught by 
 Zaremba (theory), A. Rubinstein 
 (comp.), Ciardi (flute), and Stiehl 
 (organ); taught theory at Moscow 
 Cons. 1866-77; contributor to jour- 
 nals 1872-74, and thereafter devoted 
 to composition; married 1877 and 
 separated from wife after few weeks; 
 same year formed friendship with 
 Frau von Meek, who out of her 
 riches gave him generous pension 
 that he might be free to create; 1887- 
 89 tours as condr. in Germany; 1890 
 lived in Florence; 1891 conducted 
 in Paris and New York, 1892-93 in 
 Germany and England, where Camb. 
 Univ. gave him degree; composed 
 11 operas (Eugen Onegin, Pique 
 Dame best known), cantatas, songs, 
 6 symphonies (No. 6 is the " Pathe- 
 tique), 7 symph. poems {Tempest, 
 Manfred, Francesca da Rimini, Romeo 
 and Juliet, Hamlet, Fatum, Le Voie- 
 vode), 3 pf. concertos, 1 vln. concerto, 
 3 string quartets, trio, etc., some pf. 
 works, and songs. Most widely 
 known of Russian comprs., but con- 
 sidered by Russians as less charac- 
 teristically national than any other. 
 His music is marked by bold modula- 
 tions, strong rhythms, and gorgeous- 
 ness of orchestral coloring, by which 
 he expresses intense personal emo- 
 tions; he is quite romantic in the 
 warmth of his feeling, brilliancy of 
 imagination and lack of reserve; 
 " his real contribution to the history 
 of music lies in his modification of 
 symphonic form in obedience to a 
 poetic idea." [Newman.] Remark- 
 ably detailed life by brother Modest 
 T. has been translated into German 
 by Juon, and, in part, into English 
 by Rosa Newmarch. 
 
 Telemann (tel'le-man), Georg Philip, 
 compr. b. Magdeburg, Mar. 14, 
 1681; d. Hamburg, July 25, 1767. 
 Self-taught in all but rudiments; 
 composed opera at 12, conducted 
 
TEMPLE 
 
 THEILE 
 
 church music at 14; student of law 
 and languages at Leipzig Univ.; orgt. 
 1704, and mus. dir. at Neukirche; 
 concertmaster at Eisenach 1708, 
 capellmeister there 1709 until death, 
 though he never lived there; capell- 
 meister Frankfort 1712; mus. dir, 
 to town of Hamburg after 1721; 
 more widely known and rated higher 
 in his day than his friend and con- 
 temporary J. S. Bach; composed 
 fluent and correct works, operas, 
 overtures, sonatas, etc. 
 
 Temple, Hope, see Messager, Mme. 
 Andre. 
 
 Temina (ter-ne'-nS), Milka, dram. sop. 
 b. Begizse, Croatia, Dec. 19, 1864. 
 Pupil of Gansbacher; debut at Leip- 
 zig 1883; sang at Ganz, Bremen, 
 Munich 1890, New York after 1896, 
 (sang Kundry in Parsifal there 1903), 
 Bayreuth 1899; one of most power- 
 ful of great Wagnerian singers. 
 
 Terpander, Greek musician, b. Antissa, 
 Lesbos, 7th cent. B. C, Called 
 " father of Greek music "; developed 
 lyric forms. 
 
 Terry, Mme., see Sanderson, Sibyl. 
 
 Tesi-Tramontini (ta'-z6-tra-mon-te'-ni) , 
 Vittoria, singer, b. Florence, about 
 1695; d. Vienna, 1778. Pupil of 
 Redi at Florence and Campeggi at 
 Bologna; d^but Bologna; sang in 
 Handel's Rodrigo 1709; Agrippina 
 1719, etc.; engagements in Venice 
 and Dresden 1719, Venice and 
 Naples 1719-38; for many years in 
 Madrid with Farinelh; in Vienna 
 1749. 
 
 Thalberg (tar-barg), Sigismond, pst, 
 com.pr. b. Geneva, Jan. 7, 1812; d. 
 Naples, Apr. 27, 1871. Natural son 
 of Prince Moritz Dietrichstein who 
 had him educated at Vienna; pupil 
 of Hummel and Sechter, but greatly 
 indebted to Mittag, bassoon player; 
 early appearances as pst. and compr. ; 
 first tour, 1830, won triumph in 
 Paris 1835, withstood rivalry of 
 Liszt 1836; went to Brazil 1855, to 
 North America 1856, retired to 
 Naples 1858-62, again on tours to 
 Paris, London, and Brazil in 1863, 
 then again in retirement; compr. of 
 concerto, sonata, nocturnes, etudes, 
 many operatic fantasias; developed 
 use of 3d staff with melody between 
 chord passages; as virtuoso he was 
 
 remarkable for breadth and power 
 as well as delicacy, especially for 
 ability to bring out an air strongly, 
 facility in crossing hands, etc.; yet 
 playing is said to have lacked expres- 
 siveness of Chopin's and Liszt's. 
 
 Thayer, Alexander Wheelock, writer. 
 b. South Natick, Mass., Oct. 22, 1817; 
 d. Trieste, July 15, 1897. Graduated 
 at Harvard 1843; asst. librarian 
 there 1843-49; in Germany 1849-51 
 collecting material for Beethoven 
 biog., writing to D wight's Journal, 
 etc.; staff N. Y. Tribune after 1852; 
 after 1854 lived in Europe (except 
 1856-58 in Boston); attached to 
 American Embassy at Vienna 1862, 
 consul at Trieste after 1865; pub- 
 lished chronological list of Beetho- 
 ven's works, Ein kritischer Beitrag 
 zur B. Literatur and 3 vols, of Life 
 of B. translated into German by 
 Deiters (1866-78); Vol. IV not com- 
 pleted; new ed. by Deiters cut short 
 by his death; life based on most 
 thorough and faithful use of sources. 
 
 Thayer, Arthur Wilder, compr., condr. 
 b. Dedham, Mass., Aug. 26, 1857. 
 Pupil of Guilmette, Adams, Chad- 
 wick, and Zerrahn; condr. of choral 
 societies in Lowell, Salem, Worcester, 
 Providence; supt. schools in Ded- 
 ham and Milton; mus. dir. Newton 
 churches. 
 
 Thayer, Whitney Eugene, orgt. b. 
 Mendon, Mass., Dec. 11, 1838; d. 
 Burlington, Vt., Jan. 27, 1889. 
 Pupil in Boston and later in Ger- 
 many of Haupt and Wieprecht; 
 assisted at opening of Boston Music 
 Hall organ 1862, where he was orgt. 
 later; editor Organist's Journal, 
 Choir Journal, condr. Boston Choral 
 Union, etc.; gave free org. recitals 
 in Boston 1869; orgt. N. Y. 1881-88. 
 
 Theile (ti'-la), Johann, compr. h. 
 Naumburg, July 29, 1646; d. there, 
 June 24, 1724. Gamba player in 
 Leipzig; studied with H. Schiitz; 
 capellmeister to Duke of Holstein 
 1673; wrote Adam und Eva for 
 opening of Hamburg Opera 1678; 
 capellm. to Duke of Brunswick, 
 later at Merseburg; taught Zachau 
 and Buxtehude; composed also 
 Christmas oratorio, a German Pas- 
 sion, Noviter inventum opus mu^., 
 etc. (20 masses), and opus secundum 
 
THIBAUD 
 
 (sonatas, etc. for various instru- 
 ments) ; called " father of counter- 
 point " by his contemporaries. 
 
 Thibaud (ti-bo), Joseph Jacques, vlt. 
 h. Bordeaux, Sept. 27, 1880. Pupil 
 of father; then at Paris Cons, of 
 Marsick; 1st prize 1896; solo vlt. 
 in Colonne's orch.; later, through 
 many concert tours, became known 
 as a distinguished artist. 
 
 Thibaut (ti-bo), Anton Friedrich Justus, 
 writer, b. Hameln, Jan. 4, 1774; d. 
 Heidelberg, Mar. 28, 1840. Prof, of 
 jurisprudence at Univ.; author of 
 Ueher Reinheit der Tonkunst (Engl, 
 as Purity in Musical Art) of which 
 there have been many editions; it is 
 opposed to romantic theories. 
 
 Thiele (te-la), Friedrich Ludwig, orgt. 
 b. Harzgerode, near Bernburg, Nov. 
 18, 1816; d. Berlin, Sept. 17, 1848. 
 Studied with A. W. Bach at Royal 
 Inst, for ch. mus., Berlin; orgt. Paro- 
 chial church there after 1839; vir- 
 tuoso performer and compr. for his 
 instrument. Son Felix Richard T. 
 (1847-1903), compr. of Deutschen 
 Flaggenliedes. 
 
 Thoma (to'-mS), Rudolf, teacher, b. 
 Lehsewitz, near Steinau-on-Oder, 
 Feb. 22, 1829; d. Nov., 1908. 
 Studied at Royal Inst, for ch. mus., 
 Berlin; cantor at Hirschberg 1857, 
 Breslau 1862; founder of singing 
 isociety and director of mus. school; 
 Royal mus. dir. 1870; composed 2 
 operas, 2 oratorios, church music, etc. 
 
 Thomas, Arthur Goring, compr. h. 
 Ralton Park, Sussex, Nov.' 21, 1851; 
 d. London, Mar. 20, 1892. Did not 
 begin study of music until 1874, 
 when he was pupil of E. Durand in 
 Paris; 1876-79 studied with SuUivan 
 and Prout at Royal Acad. Mus., 
 London; operas Esmeralda 1883 
 and Nadeshda 1885, cantata Swan 
 and Skylark, and other compositions 
 (psalm, choral ode, vocal scenes, 
 songs, suite, vln. sonata, etc.) were 
 of such a quality as to cause deep 
 regret at the shortness of his career, 
 
 Thomas (to-ma'), Charles Louis Am- 
 broise, compr. b. Metz, Aug. 5, 
 1811; d. Paris, Feb. 12, 1896. Son 
 of a musician; pupil at Paris Cons, 
 of Zimmermann, Kalkbrenner, Dour- 
 len, and Lesueur; 1st prizes pf. 
 1829, harmony 1830, Grand prix de 
 
 THOME 
 
 Rome 1832; produced 9 works in 
 Paris 1837-43, then only one in 
 five years, after which he reappeared 
 with Le Caid; however not until 
 Mignon, 1866, did he attain distinc- 
 tion; Hamlet, 1868, was also popular, 
 but Mignon seems the only one des- 
 tined to hold its place in general 
 repertoire; member of Acad. 1851, 
 prof, of comp. at Cons. 1852, and 
 director there 1871; also composed 
 songs, occasional cantatas, and very 
 popular male choruses (Le chant des 
 amis, Le carnaval de Rome, etc.); 
 " style is characterized by great 
 dramatic truth, by striking versa- 
 tility in handling characters and 
 situations, and by thorough mastery 
 of orchestration. Had his gift of 
 real musical invention been greater, 
 he would have ranked among the 
 best opera writers." [Pratt.] 
 
 Thomas, Theodore, condr. h. Esens, 
 East Friesland, Oct. 11, 1835; d. 
 Chicago, Jan. 4, 1905. Vln. pupil 
 of his father; public appearance at 
 6; family emigrated 1845 to New 
 York; member of N. Y. orch.; went 
 on concert tours as soloist after 
 1851 with Jenny Lind, Grisi, etc.; 
 founded Mason and Thomas Soirees 
 of chamber music with Wm. Mason; 
 played in orchestras, occasionally 
 conducting until 1861; 1864 organ- 
 ized orch. of his own for Symphony 
 Soirees which continued with some 
 interruptions to 1878; 1866 started 
 summer concerts with programs far 
 in advance of anything previously 
 given in N. Y.; tour of orch. 1869; 
 disbanded 1876; director Cincin- 
 nati Festivals after 1872, of Cin. Coll. 
 of Mus. 1878-80, of Brooklyn Phil- 
 harmonic 1862, '63, '66-68, 73-91, 
 of N. Y. Philharmonic 1877-78, 79- 
 91, of Am. Opera Co. 1885-87 of 
 World's Columbian Exposition 1893 
 and of Chicago Orch. from 1891 till 
 death; at various times condr. of 
 choral societies; remarkable influ- 
 ence on music in U. S. especially in 
 developing wide taste for orchestral 
 music of best kind. 
 
 Thome (to-ma), Franbis [Francois Luc 
 Joseph], compr. b. Port Louis, 
 Mauritius, Oct. 18, 1850; d. Paris, 
 Nov. 16, 1909. Studied at Paris 
 Cons, with Marmontel and Duprato; 
 1st prize counterpoint 1870; teacher 
 
THOMSON 
 
 in Paris; compr. of ballet (Djelma), 
 pantomimes (L' Enfant prodigue), 
 mystery {V Enfant Jesus), symph. 
 " ode, romances, many popular simple 
 pf. pieces (Le simple aveu, etc.); and 
 some songs. 
 
 Thomson (ton-son), Cesar, vlt. h. 
 Liege, Mar. 17, 1857. Studied with 
 father and at Liege Cons, where he 
 won gold medal at 1 1 ; pupil of Vieux- 
 temps, Leonard, Wieniawski, and 
 Massart; very successful in Spain 
 and Italy; chamber musician Baron 
 von Derwies at Lugano; capell- 
 meister Bilse's orch. at Berlin; 
 teacher at Liege Cons. 1883-97, at 
 Brussels Cons, since 1898; many 
 concert tours in Europe and America 
 (1894-95); as teacher and player 
 his influence tends to establishment 
 of technic of very high order (his 
 own work, especially in double- 
 stopping, is remarkable); on the 
 side of expression, especially in 
 comparison with Ysaye, he is called 
 cold, lofty, ascetic. 
 
 Thuille (tii-e-ye), Ludwig Wilhelm 
 Andreas Maria, compr. b. Bozen, 
 Tyrol, Nov. 30, 1861; d. Munich, 
 Feb. 5, 1907. Studied at Innsbruck 
 with Pembaur, at Munich with 
 Baermann and Rheinberger; teacher 
 of pf. and theory there after 1883, 
 prof. 1890; first attracted notice by 
 sextet; later composed operas (Lo- 
 betanz 1898, Gugeline 1901), songs, 
 etc.; author, with R. Louis, of 
 Harmonielehre. 
 
 Thursby, Emma, sop. h. Brooklyn, 
 Nov. 17, 1857. Pupil of Meyer, 
 Erani, Mme. Rudersdorff, and in 
 Milan of Lamperti and Sangiovanni; 
 American concert debut 1875, fol- 
 lowed by series of concerts with 
 Gihnore and church appointment in 
 New York; European tour with 
 Maurice Strakosch 1878, 1881-82 
 very successful; living in N. Y.; 
 voice not very large, but of great 
 charm and admirably managed. 
 
 Tichatschek (ti-ka-chek), Joseph Aloys, 
 dram, tenor, h. Ober-Weckelsdorf, 
 Bohemia, July 11, 1807; d. Blase- 
 witz, near Dresden, Jan. 18, 1886. 
 Son of weaver; went to Vienna to 
 study medicine, but became pupil 
 of Cicimera; member of theatre 
 chorus and chorusmaster; sang at 
 
 TINEL 
 
 Graz, Vienna, and Dresden court 
 opera 1838 until 1872 when he was 
 pensioned; created Rienzi 1842, 
 Tannhduser 1845. 
 
 Tieffenbriicker, see Duififopruggar. 
 
 Tiehsen (te'-sen). Otto, compr. h. 
 Danzig, Oct. 13, 1817; d. Berhn, May 
 15, 1849. Studied at Royal Acad., 
 Berlin; especially known as song 
 compr.; wrote also opera Annette, 
 Christmas cantata, a 6-part Kyrie 
 and Gloria. 
 
 Tiersot (ti-ar-s6), Jean Baptiste Elisee 
 Julien, writer, b. Bourg, Bresse, 
 France, July 5, 1857. Studied with 
 Savard, Massenet, and Cesar Franck 
 at Paris Cons., where he became 
 asst. librarian in 1883, librarian 
 1909; contributor to Menestrel and 
 other periodicals; author of Histoire 
 de la chanson populaire en France, 
 Rouget de Lisle, Hector Berlioz et 
 la sodete de son temps; Ronsard et le 
 musique de son temps, etc.; editor of 
 works of Gluck, Adam de la Halle, 
 etc. 
 
 Tietjens (tet-yens), Therese Johanne 
 Alexandra, dram. sop. h. Hamburg, 
 July 17, 1831; d. London, Oct. 3, 
 1877. Debut Hamburg 1849; sang 
 at Frankfort, Vienna 1856, London 
 1858-71, with Lumley at Her 
 Majesty's Theatre, at Drury Lane, 
 Co vent Garden, and Haymarket; 
 sang in Paris 1863 and America 
 1875; as an actress, she was earnest 
 but lacking in magnetism; her style 
 of singing was noble and pure and 
 became greater as her voice increased 
 in flexibility. 
 
 Tinctoris, Johannes [real name Jean de 
 Vaerwere], writer, compr. h. Poper- 
 inghe, about 1446; d. Nivelles, 1511. 
 Maestro to Ferdinand of Aragon 
 at Naples; sent to France to engage 
 singers, he stayed there; became 
 canon at Nivelles; wrote earliest 
 dictionary of mus. terms (about 
 1475), book on counterpoint, and 
 various points of theory; composed 
 mass and chansons. 
 
 Tinel (ti-nel), Edgar, compr. h. Sinay, 
 Belgium, Mar. 27, 1854. Pupil of 
 father, an orgt., and at Brussels Cons, 
 of Brassin, Dupont, Gevaert, Kuf- 
 ferath, and Mailly; 1st prize pf. 
 1873, Grand prix de Rome 1877; 
 
TIRINDELLI 
 
 TORELLl 
 
 director of Inst, for Sacred Mus. at 
 Mechlin; inspector of state mus. 
 schools 1889; prof, of counterpoint 
 and fugue at Brussels Cons. 1896; 
 dir. Cons. 1909; oratorio Franciscus, 
 1888, widely produced because of its 
 great height of originality (marred 
 by prolixity), masses, motets, pf. 
 pieces, songs, etc. have followed; 
 author of Le chant gregorien. 
 
 TirindeUi (ti-rln-d6l'-li), Pietro Adolf o, 
 
 vU. h. Conegliano, May 5, 1858. 
 Studied at Milan Cons, and with 
 Boniforti, later with Griin in Vienna, 
 and with Massart in Paris; prof, at 
 Liceo Benedetto Marcello, Venice, 
 1887, director 1893; condr. of orch. 
 there; prof, at Cincinnati Coll. of 
 Mus.; composed operas and suc- 
 cessful songs. 
 
 Titl (tetl), Anton Emil, compr. b. 
 Bernstein, Moravia, Oct. 5, 1809; 
 d. Vienna, Jan. 21, 1882. Capell- 
 meister at Vienna Burgtheater after 
 1850; composed operas (Die Burg- 
 frau, Das Wolkenkind), overtures, 
 mass, etc. 
 
 Tomaschek (to'-mS,-sh6k), Wenzel 
 Johann [Vaclav Jan Toma§ek], 
 
 compr., teacher, h. Skutsch, Bo- 
 hemia, Apr. 17, 1774; d. Prague, 
 Apr. 3, 1850. Pupil of Wolf at 
 Chrudim; gave mus. lessons while 
 studying law at Prague Univ.; 
 finally devoted himself to music 
 teaching in Prague; Dreyschock, 
 Tedesco, etc. among pupils; good 
 pst. and orgt., compr. of symph., 
 pf. concerto, cantatas, songs, sonatas, 
 etc., for pf., of remarkably finished 
 style, unfortunately obscured by 
 contemporary Beethoven, meetings 
 with whom he records in his 
 autobiography, which appeared in 
 periodical Lihussa for 1845; mus. 
 said to have influenced Schumann. 
 
 TombeUe (ton-beF), Fernand de la 
 [real name Antoine Louis Joseph 
 Gue3n-and Femand Fouant de la T.], 
 compr. b. Paris, Aug. 3, 1854. 
 Studied at Cons, with Guilmant and 
 Dubois; teacher of theory at Schola 
 Cantorum; won Chartier Prize for 
 chamber mus.; composed much org. 
 and church mus. and orch. suites. 
 Impressions nationales, Tableaux 
 musiciens, and operetta. 
 
 Tomllns, William Lawrence, teacher. 
 b. London, Feb. 4, 1844. Pupil of 
 G. A. Macfarren and Silas; in 
 America after 1869; condr. Chi-« 
 cago Apollo Club 1875-98; organ- 
 ized children's choruses and wage- 
 earners' concerts; trained 1500 
 children for World's Fair chorus; 
 vocal teacher; author of Children's 
 Songs and How to Sing Them; since 
 1898 devoted to training school- 
 teachers; organized Nat'l Training 
 Sch, for sch. mus. teachers, Chicago, 
 1903; later removed to London. 
 
 Topfer (t6p'-fer), Johann Gottlob, orgt., 
 writer, h. Niederrossla, Thuringia, 
 Dec. 4, 1791; d. Weimar, June 8, 
 1870. Studied with Schlomilch and 
 with Destouches, Riemann, and A. 
 E. Miiller; teacher at Weimar 
 Gymnasium and Seminary 1817; 
 town orgt. Weimar 1830; wrote 
 authoritative works on org. con- 
 struction Die Orgelbaukunst, etc., 
 also Theoretischpraktische Organisten- 
 schule, Choralbuch, cantata Die Or- 
 gelweihe, and various compositions 
 for instrument. 
 
 Topliff, Robert, orgt. h. 1793; d. 
 London, Apr. 27, 1868. Bhnd; orgt. 
 at South wark; edited Selection of 
 Melodies of Tyne and Wear, Script- 
 ure Melodies, etc.; composed sacred 
 songs {Consider the Lilies, Heaven 
 Our Home, etc.). 
 
 Torchi (tor'-ki), Luigi, writer, b. Mor- 
 dano, Bologna, Nov. 7, 1858. After 
 graduation from Cons., studied with 
 Serrao at Naples, and with Reinecke, 
 Jadassohn, and Paul at Leipzig; 
 prof. mus. hist. Pesaro 1885-91, of 
 mus. hist. 1891, and comp. 1895 at 
 Bologna, where he is also pres. of 
 Philh. Acad.; compr. of symph., 
 operas, church music, but better 
 known as author of contributions to 
 mus. hist., many of which have 
 appeared in Rivista mu^. itoliana; 
 editor of U Arte mus. in Italia (mus. 
 of 17th and 18th cent.). 
 
 Torelli (to-rel'-li), Giuseppe, vlt. b. 
 Verona, about 1660; d. Ansbach, 
 1708. Studied at Bologna, church 
 vlt. there; after concert tour in 
 Germany, concertmaster at Ans- 
 bach after 1703; helped, with 
 Corelli, to establish form of con- 
 certo grosso, in which solo instrument 
 
TOSI 
 
 TROUTBECK 
 
 is set off by accomp. of others; T, 
 long considered inventor of the form, 
 but, although his were published 
 before Corelli's, C. had used the form 
 earlier; T. is, however, originator 
 of solo vln. concerto; instrumental 
 works are all sonatas or concertos. 
 
 Tosi (to'-zl). Pier Francesco, singing 
 teacher. h. Bologna, 1647; d. 
 London, 1727. Pupil of father, a 
 compr.; after singing with success 
 in Italy and Dresden, settled in 
 London 1692; gave concerts and 
 lessons; noted for one book, Opinioni 
 de' cantori . . . . o sieno osser- 
 vazioni sopra canto figurato, in Eng- 
 lish as Observations on Florid Song. 
 
 Tosti, Francesco Paolo, singing teacher, 
 compr. b. Ortona, Abruzzi, Apr. 9, 
 1846. Pupil at Naples of Pinto, 
 Conti, and Mercadante; asst. 
 teacher there until 1869; taught in 
 Rome, London after 1875, where he 
 taught royal family and became 
 prof, at Royal Acad. 1894; pub- 
 lished coll. of Canti populari abruz- 
 zesi and many Italian and English 
 songs (Non m' ama piu, etc.). 
 
 Tourjee (toor-jaO, Dr. Eben, teacher, 
 h. Warwick, R. I., June 1, 1834; d. 
 Boston, Apr. 12, 1891. Chiefly self- 
 taught; sang and played org.; opened 
 mus. store in Fall River, and organ- 
 ized classes in pf., voice, and org.; 
 orgt. and choirmaster at Newport; 
 founded Mus. Inst, at Greenwich 
 1859; in Germany 1863, took lessons 
 of A. Haupt and studied conserva- 
 tory system; founded Providence 
 Cons, and N. E. Cons., Boston, 1867; 
 first to establish class teaching and 
 conservatories in U. S.; also influen- 
 tial in peace jubilees, and in public 
 school music. 
 
 Tours (toorz), Berthold, vlt., editor, b. 
 Rotterdam, Dec. 17, 1838; d. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 11, 1897. Studied with 
 father, orgt., Verhulst, and at cons, 
 of Brussels and Leipzig; after two 
 years in Russia, settled in London 
 1861; adviser to publishers Novello, 
 Ewer & Co. after 1870, and editor of 
 many works and arrangements for 
 them; author of Primer of Violin, 
 compr. of services, anthems, etc. 
 
 Tourte (toort), Frangois, bow maker. 
 h. Paris, 1747; d. there, Apr., 1835. 
 Of family of bow makers; effected 
 
 such radical reforms that he is prac- 
 tically creator of modern bow; paid 
 attention to selection of wood (ren- 
 dering it flexible and permanently 
 curved), length, and method of at- 
 taching hairs, etc.; improved bow 
 had great importance in develop- 
 ment of modern vln. technic. 
 
 Tozer, John Ferris, orgt., compr. h. 
 Exeter, Nov. 8, 1857. Chorister 
 Exeter Cath.; pupil of Angel and 
 Wood; Mus. Doc. Oxford 1896;" orgt. 
 and amateur tenor; holds position 
 in Exeter Bank; composed psalms, 
 cantata King Neptune's Daughter, 
 pf. pieces, and songs, of which Lead, 
 kivdly light is best known; ed. coll. 
 of sailors' songs. 
 
 Trebelli, Zelia [stage name of Z. Therese 
 Caroline GuiUemin or Gillibert], 
 dram, mezzo sop. h. Paris, Nov. 12, 
 1838; d. Etretat, Aug. 18, 1892. 
 Pupil of Wartel; debut Madrid 1859; 
 successful in Germany and London 
 after 1862; marriage to Bettini, 1863, 
 soon followed by separation; tour 
 to U.S. 1884; excellent actress, had 
 voice of great flexibility and brill- 
 iancy. 
 
 Treville (tra-ve-yeO , Yvonne de, sop. h. 
 Galveston, Aug. 25, 1881. Appeared 
 in Boston 1898; after singing in New 
 York with Castle Sq. Opera Co., 
 studied with Mme. Marchesi in 
 Paris 1900; sang in Madrid 1901, 
 Op^ra Comique, Paris, 1902, Stock- 
 holm Opera and St. Petersburg Opera 
 1903, Cairo 1904. 
 
 Trot^re, H. [pseud, of Henry Trotter], 
 compr. h. London, Dec. 24, 1855. 
 Compr. of popular songs {In Old 
 Madrid, The Deathless Army, Love Can 
 Wait, etc.);d. London, Apr. 10, 191 j;. 
 
 Troutbeck, Rev. John, writer, h. Blen- 
 cowe, Cumberland, Eng., Nov. 12, 
 1832; d. London, Oct. 11, 1899. 
 Graduated at Oxford 1856, took 
 orders 1855, precentor Manchester 
 Cath. 1865, minor canon Westmin- 
 ster 1869; wrote Primer of Mus. for 
 Schools, Primer for Ch. CJioir Train- 
 ing, compiled Westminster Hymn- 
 book, and translated librettos of 
 Bach's Christmas Oratorio, Gluck's 
 two Iphigenias and Orpheus, Wag- 
 ner's Flying Dutchman and several 
 others. 
 
TROWBRIDGE 
 
 TYE 
 
 Trowbridge, John Eliot, compr. h. 
 Newton, Mass., Oct. 20, 1845. 
 Parents good church choir singers; 
 studied organ with B. C. Blodgett, 
 piano with Junius W. Hill; salesman 
 of musical instruments, teaching 
 after business hours; organist in 
 Boston and suburbs, principally 
 Newton, where he still (1910) resides; 
 pianist to Musical Association of 
 Newton conducted by the late 
 Eugene Thayer, and gained experi- 
 ence in the training of large bodies 
 of singers,which he afterwards turned 
 to account as conductor of choral 
 societies and composer of choral 
 works; published compositions in 
 1870, the first of a long series of suc- 
 cessful works on large and small 
 forms, over one hundred in number, 
 including two oratorios, two can- 
 tatas, Mass in E, operetta, anthems, 
 quartets, songs, etc.; d. Feb. 24, 1912. 
 
 Truette, Everett E., orgt., compr. b. 
 Rockland, Mass., 1861. Graduated 
 at New England Cons. 1881; Mus. 
 Bac. Boston University, 1883; 
 studied in Europe, 1883-1885, with 
 Haupt, Guilmant, and Best; from 
 Jan., 1885, he was orgt. and choir- 
 master at various Boston churches 
 and now serves the Eliot Congrega- 
 tional Church, Newton, a suburb of 
 Boston; he has been active as a 
 recitalist, especially in inaugurating 
 organs; has been successful as a 
 teacher, many of his pupils filling 
 responsible positions in Boston and 
 vicinity; a founder of the Amer. 
 Guild of Orgts.; composer of organ 
 works and anthems. 
 
 Tua (too'-a), Teresina [properly Maria 
 Felicita T.], vlt. b. Turin, May 22, 
 1867. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mas- 
 sart; 1st prize 1880; brilliant success 
 on Continent, in England (after 
 1883), and America 1887; married 
 Count Franchi-Verney 1891, with- 
 drew from concerts until 1895. 
 
 Tuckerman, Samuel Parkman, orgt. 
 b. Boston, Feb. 11, 1819; d. New- 
 port, June 30, 1890. Pupil of C. 
 Zeuner; orgt. and choirmaster St. 
 Paul's Ch., Boston, 1840, and after 
 trip to England, where he received 
 degree Mus. Doc. at Lambeth and 
 studied in various cathedrals; one 
 of first to play on Mus. Hall Organ, 
 
 Boston; gave many lectures and re- 
 citals; composed church music. 
 
 Tiirk, Daniel Gottlob, orgt., teacher, h. 
 Claussnitz, Saxony, Aug. 10, 1750; 
 d. Halle, Aug. 26, 1813. Pupil in 
 harmony of Homilius; and in vln. of 
 Hiller while at Leipzig Univ.; theatre 
 vlt.; cantor and teacher at Halle 
 1776-1787, mus. dir. of Uhiv. there 
 1779, orgt. 1787; Karl Lowe his 
 pupil; published org. method, im- 
 portant Clavier schule, books for 
 beginners, sonatas, sonatinas, etc. 
 
 Turle, James, orgt., teacher, b. Somer- 
 ton, Somerset, Eng., Mar. 5, 1802; d. 
 London, June 28, 1882. Asst. orgt. 
 Westminster, orgt. and choirmaster 
 1831-1875; condr. of Antient Con- 
 certs 1840-43; musicmaster at sch. 
 for Indigent Blind 1829-56; com- 
 posed church music, compiled, with 
 Bridge, Westminster Abbey Chant 
 Book, edited with Taylor People's 
 Music Book, wrote Art of Singing at 
 Sight; very famous as teacher. 
 
 Turner, Alfred Dudley, pf. teacher, h. 
 St. Albans, Vt., Aug. 24, 1854; d. 
 there, May 7, 1888. Pupil of J. C. 
 
 D. Parker and Mme. Schiller at N. 
 
 E. Cons., where he taught; Porter 
 and Denude his pupils; composed 
 smaller pf . pieces and valuable octave 
 studies. 
 
 Turpin, Edmund Hart, orgt. h. Not- 
 tingham, May 4, 1835; d. London, 
 Oct. 25, 1907. Studied with Hullah 
 and Pauer in London; orgt. at Not- 
 tingham, London, after 1857; Mus. 
 Doc. Lambeth 1889; editor Mus. 
 Standard for some years after 1880; 
 editor Mus. News; condr. various 
 societies; compr. of Song of Faith, 
 oratorios, anthems, symph., and 
 chamber music. 
 
 Tye, Christopher, orgt., compr. b. 
 Westminster, about 1508; d. Mar., 
 1572. Chorister and gentleman of 
 Chapel Royal; orgt. Ely Cath. 1541- 
 62; Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1545; 
 translated chapters 1-14 of Acts of 
 Apostles into verse and set them to 
 mus.; also published services and 
 anthems in strong, sincere style; 
 much admired by contemporaries; 
 revival of Eng. church music after 
 upheaval of Reformation attributed 
 to him. 
 
UGOLINI 
 
 VAN BREE 
 
 u 
 
 Ugolini (oo-go-le-ni), Vincenzo, compr. 
 b. Perugia, about 1570; d. there, May 
 6, 1638. Pupil of Nanini in Rome, 
 maestro at St. Peter's 1620-26; 
 teacher of Benevoli; compr. of 2 
 books of madrigals, 4 of motets, 
 masses, psalms, etc., in style of 
 Palestrina. 
 
 Ulibisheff, see Oulibischeff. 
 
 Upton, George Putnam, writer, b. 
 Boston, Oct. 25, 1834. Graduated 
 from Brown University 1854; in 
 journalism in Chicago after 1855, on 
 staff of Tribune since 1861; founder 
 of Apollo Club; besides critical work 
 which has done much to develop 
 mus. taste in the West, has written 
 several books: Woman in Mus., and 
 a full series Standard Operas, Can- 
 tatas, Oratorios, Symphonies, also 
 Concert Guide, Musical Memories, 
 etc., giving useful summaries. 
 
 Urban (or'-ban), Heinrich, vlt., compr. 
 h. Berlin, Aug. 27, 1837; d. there, 
 Nov. 24, 1901. PupU of Ries, Laub, 
 Hellmann, etc.; teacher at KuUak's 
 Acad, after 1881; noted theorist; 
 composed Friihling symph., 3 over- 
 tures, vln. concerto, vln. pieces. 
 
 songs. Brother Friedrich Julius U. 
 
 (b. 1838), singing teacher in Berlin. 
 
 Urso, Camilla, vlt. h. Nantes, France, 
 June 13, 1842; d. New York, Jan. 
 20, 1902. Father orgt. and flute 
 player; began vln. at 6, gave concert 
 at 7; at Paris Cons, pupil of Mas- 
 sart; came to America 1852 and 
 played throughout country with 
 great success, at first with Sontag, 
 Alboni, and then alone; after mar- 
 riage to F. Lu^re did not appear 
 until 1863; after that gave concerts 
 chiefly in West and South of U. S.; 
 very distinguished player, who did 
 a great deal toward arousing en- 
 thusiasm for vln. among American 
 women. 
 
 Urspnich (or'-spruk), Anton, pst., 
 compr. b. Frankfort-on-Main, Feb. 
 17, 1850; d. there, Jan. 11, 1907. 
 Studied with I. Lachner and Wallen- 
 stein. Raff, and Liszt; teacher of pf. 
 at Hoch Cons.; at Raff Cons. Frank- 
 fort since 1887; composed opera Der 
 Sturm (after Shakespeare's Tempest), 
 comic opera, symph., pf. concerto, 
 chamber mus., sonata and other small 
 pf. works. 
 
 V 
 
 Vaccai (vac-ca-I), Niccolb, compr. b. 
 Tolentino, Papal States, Mar. 15, 
 1790; d. Pesaro, Aug. 5, 1848. Stud- 
 ied with Jannaconi at Rome and 
 with Paisiello at Naples; produced 
 1st opera 1815; dissatisfied with 
 success on stage, became singing 
 teacher at Venice, Vienna, Paris, 
 and London; prof, of comp. and 
 censor at Milan Cons. 1838^4; 3d 
 act of his Giulietta e Romeo was gen- 
 erally substituted for that of Bellini's 
 Capuleti ed Montecchi; composed 
 several other operas, etc., and good 
 method of singing. 
 
 Valentini (val-en-te'-nl), Pietro Fran- 
 cesco, compr. h. Rome, about 1570; 
 d. there, 1654. Studied with Nanini; 
 composed some operas and motets, 
 
 but is chiefly known as compr. of 
 especially learned canons, of one of 
 which 2000 solutions are possible. 
 
 Valle de Paz (val-la-da-paz), Edgardo 
 del, compr., writer, h. Alexandria, 
 Egypt, Oct. 18, 1861. Of Italian 
 parentage; pupil of Cesi and Serrao 
 at Cons, at Naples; since 1890 pf. 
 prof, at Royal Inst, at Florence; 
 founder and editor of La nuava 
 musica 1896; comp. symph. suites, 
 notable pf. sonata, etc. 
 
 Van Bree (van-bra), Jean Bernard, 
 
 vlt., compr. b. Amsterdam, Jan. 29, 
 1801; d. there, Feb. 14, 1857. After 
 study with Bertelmann, member of 
 th. orch., Amsterdam; director Felix 
 Meritis Soc. 1829-1857, founder of 
 Cecilia, dir. Mus. School of Soc. for 
 
VAN CLEVE 
 
 VEccm 
 
 Promotion of Mus.; composed 3 
 operas, 2 melodramas, masses, over- 
 tures, cantata, etc. 
 
 Van Cleve, John Smith, pst., teacher. 
 b. Maysville, Ky., Oct. 30, 1851. 
 Blind from 9th year; pupil of Noth- 
 nagel in Columbus, O., of Lang and 
 Apthorp in Boston and of Stein- 
 brecher in Cincinnati; taught at 
 Inst, for Blind, at Columbus and at 
 Janesville, Wis.; critic and teacher 
 Cincinnati 1879-97; after a period 
 in Chicago, moved to Troy, O.; now 
 in New York (1914); published 
 poems, lectures on mus., etc. 
 
 Van den Eeden (van-den-a'den), Gilles, 
 orgt. d. Bonn [buried, June 20], 1782. 
 Court compr. at Bonn; retired 1780; 
 first teacher of Beethoven. 
 
 Van den Eeden (vS,n-den-a'den), Jean 
 Baptiste, compr. b. Ghent, Dec. 26, 
 1842. Pupil at Ghent and Brussels 
 Cons.; prize for comp. 1869; dir. mus. 
 sch. at Mons; composed oratorio 
 {Jacob van Artevelde, etc.), symph. 
 poem La lutte au X VI sibcle, etc. 
 
 Vanderstraeten [Van der Straeten], (van- 
 diir-stra-ten) , Edmond, writer, h. 
 Oudenarde, Belgium, Dec. 3, 1826; 
 d. there, Nov. 25, 1895. Studied 
 philosophy at Ghent, counterpoint 
 and comp. at Brussels with Bosselot 
 and Fetis, whose secretary he be- 
 came; held life position in Royal 
 Library and made several trips to 
 Germany and Italy to report on 
 musical questions; compositions are 
 of no importance compared to La 
 musique a Oudenarde avant le XIX 
 sik^le in 7 vols., and other authori- 
 tative works, the results of careful 
 research in archives. 
 
 Van der Stucken (van-der-stoo'-ken), 
 Frank Valentin, condr. b. Fredericks- 
 burg, Texas, Oct. 15, 1858. Went 
 to Antwerp 1866; pupil there of 
 Benoit, at Leipzig of Reinecke, 
 Grieg, and Langer; capellmeister 
 Breslau 1881-82; in Rudolstadt with 
 Grieg and in Weimar with Liszt 
 1883; director Arion Soc. New York 
 1884 (taking soc. on tour in Europe 
 1892), of concerts of " novelties " 
 and of American comprs., in N. Y. 
 1885-88, of Cincinnati Cons, and 
 Orch. 1895, dean of Cin. Coll. of 
 Mus. 1897-1903; resigned 1908 and 
 removed to Europe; composed songs, 
 
 choral works, music to Shakespeare's 
 Tempest and orchestral pieces Idylle, 
 Pax TriumpKans, symphonic prolog 
 (he first used the term) William 
 Ratcliff; work both as compr. and 
 condr. shows power, full command of 
 widest modern forces and methods, 
 and originality of idea. 
 
 Van Dyck (van-dik), Ernest Marie 
 Hubert, dram, tenor, b. Antwerp, 
 Apr. 2, 1861. Studied law first, was 
 journalist at Brussels and Paris; 
 pupil in mus. of Callaerts, Demast, 
 Wicart, and Bax; sang at Lamou- 
 reux concerts, Paris, 1883-88, sing- 
 ing Lohengrin for first time in Paris 
 at concert performance, and other 
 Wagnerian parts; sang and acted the 
 role at Bayreuth 1888; then engaged 
 at Vienna, Paris Opera 1888 for 
 about ten years, at St. Petersburg, 
 London, and in America (where he 
 first sang in Chicago 1899). 
 
 Van Rooy (van roy), Anton [Antonius 
 Maria Josephus], dram, baritone. 
 b. Rotterdam, Jan. 12, 1870. Boy 
 chorister; then in cigar business; 
 studied with Stockhausen at Frank- 
 fort; first successes in concert; sang 
 at Bayreuth 1897, London 1898, 
 New York 1899; Wotan one of great 
 parts. 
 
 Van Westerhout (van ves'-ter-6t), 
 Niccolo, compr. h. Mola di Bari, 
 Italy, Dec, 1862; d. Naples, Aug. 21, 
 1898. Studied with Arienzo at Roy. 
 Cons. Naples; taught harmony there 
 after 1897; composed 5 operas, 
 symph., vln. concerto, excellent pf. 
 pieces, etc.; theatre in Mola named 
 for him. 
 
 Van Zandt, Marie, dram. sop. h. 
 New York, Oct. 8, 1861. Pupil of 
 Lamperti; debut Turin 1879; sang 
 in London, Paris 1880-85; tours 
 throughout Europe and America 
 1890; back at Opera Comique 1896; 
 voice light, but sweet ; on one or two 
 occasions it has failed her, and 
 caused reversals in otherwise suc- 
 cessful career; Mignon her great part. 
 
 Vecchi (vec'-ke), Orazio, compr. b. 
 Modena, 1550; d. there, Feb. 19, 
 1605. Canon and archdeacon of 
 Correggio; maestro at Modena Cath. 
 and at ducal court; composed can- 
 zonets, madrigals, etc., but most 
 notably Amfiparnasso, " commedia 
 
VECSEY 
 
 harmonica," series of 5-part madri- 
 gals accompanied by pantomime 
 (1597), early step in direction of 
 operatic music. 
 
 Vecsey (vetchy), Franz von, vlt. b. 
 Budapest, Mar. 23, 1893. Father 
 vlt., mother pst.; pupil of Hubay; 
 debut as infant prodigy Budapest; 
 played in Berlin 1903, and England 
 1904; later in U. S. especially praised 
 by Joachim. 
 
 Veracini (v6-ra-che-ni), Francesco 
 Maria, vlt. h. Florence, about 1685; 
 d. near Pisa, 1750. Appearance at 
 Venice had great influence on Tar- 
 tini's style; soloist at I^ondon Italian 
 opera 1715-17; chamber virtuoso at 
 Dresden and at Prague; again in 
 London 1735-36, success of his opera 
 Adriano did not counterbalance his 
 envy of rival, Geminiani; retired 1747; 
 compositions, 24 vln. sonatas, etc.; 
 rather modern in feeling. 
 
 Verdelot (var-d€-lo), Philippe, compr. 
 d. before 1567. Lived at Florence 
 1530-40; singer at St. Mark's, Venice ; 
 composed several books of madri- 
 gals, motets, and masses. 
 
 Verdi (var'de), Fortunio Giuseppe Fran- 
 cesco, compr. h. Le Roncole, near 
 Busseto, Italy, Oct. 10, 1813; d. 
 Milan, Jan. 27, 1901. Son of work- 
 ing people; org. lessons from local 
 orgt. whom he succeeded at 11; 
 while employed in distillery at 
 Busseto, lived in house of musical 
 people, took lessons of one, Provesi, 
 and became leader of local Philhar- 
 monic Society; refusal of authorities 
 to admit him to Milan Cons, (they 
 did not find evidence of talent for 
 music) sent him back to Busseto 
 where he conducted an orchestra in 
 face of opposition; 1838, two years 
 after marriage to Margherita Barezzi 
 moved to Milan; failure of first opera 
 and death of wife and two children 
 came close together; first success 
 was Nahucco 1842, followed by / Lom- 
 hardi 1843 and the triumph oiErnani, 
 1844; then after several minor works 
 came Rigoletto 1851, Trovatore and 
 Traviata 1853, Un hallo in maschera 
 1859; with Laforza del destino 1862, 
 and Don Carlos 1867, and markedly 
 in A'ida (written for Khedive of 
 Egypt, 1st performed at Cairo 1871), 
 he turned away from earlier style 
 
 VIADANA 
 
 which was the purely lyric Italian 
 manner to one with more attention 
 to richness of orchestration and 
 appropriateness of music; between 
 1871 and 1887, Verdi wrote no dra- 
 matic works, only the Manzoni 
 Requiem 1874; in 1887 with Otello 
 and 1893 with Folstaff he achieved 
 the only adequate operatic settings 
 of Shakespeare, and also wrote with 
 an entire truthfulness of dramatic 
 expression, an elaborateness of in- 
 strumentation, and an absence of 
 empty ornament surprising in a 
 man so old and so successful in 
 other styles; question of the influ- 
 ence of Wagner on these later works 
 is still debated, but the influence 
 seems to have been limited to seri- 
 ousness of attitude and careful 
 orchestration rather than in adapt- 
 ing of leit motif or subordination 
 of voice parts. In still widely pop- 
 ular earlier operas he shows a fer- 
 tility of melody scarcely equaled 
 by any one except Rossini, which 
 overbalances the extreme thinness 
 of his orchestration. 
 
 Vere (var), Clementine Duchene de 
 [de Vere-Sapio], sop. b. Paris. 
 Pupil of Mme. Albertine-Baucarde 
 at Florence; debut there at 16; after 
 concert success in Europe, returned 
 to stage 1896; came to U. S. 1899 
 with troupe managed by her hus- 
 band, Sapio; sang in N. Y. 1897, 
 etc.; strong, brilliant soprano; Lucia 
 one of favorite parts. 
 
 Verhulst (var-hoolsf), Johannes Jo- 
 sephus Herman, compr. b. The 
 Hague, Mar. 19, 1816; d. there, 
 Jan. 17, 1891. Studied at local 
 Cons, with Volcke, at Cologne with 
 Klein, and at Leipzig with Mendels- 
 sohn; condr. Euterpe concerts, Leip- 
 zig; Royal Mus. Dir. at The Hague 
 1842; condr. of concerts of Soc. for 
 Promotion of Mus. at Rotterdam; 
 organizer of great Dutch festivals; 
 condr. of Diligentia 1860-86 and 
 Cecilia concerts at The Hague; re- 
 tired 1886; composed symph., 3 
 overtures, 7 festival cantatas which 
 give him high rank among Dutch 
 comprs.; friend of Schumann. 
 
 Viadana (ve-a-da'-na), Ludovico da 
 [properly L. Grossi], compr. b. Via- 
 dana, near Mantua, 1564; d. Gual- 
 tieri, May 2, 1645. Member of 
 
viArdot-garcia 
 
 VINCENT 
 
 monastic order; maestro at Mantua 
 1594-1609, and after 1644, in the 
 meantime at Fano and Venice; to 
 his Cento Concerti, 1602, used to be 
 attributed use of basso continuo, 
 but figured bass occurs in works of 
 Banchieri 1595; V. was, however, 
 first to use the term, and first to use 
 bass as necessary part of church con- 
 certo, distinctly in style of modern 
 melodic comp. 
 
 Viardot-Garcia (vi-ar-do garthi'-a), 
 [Michelle Ferdinande] Paulme, dram, 
 mezzo sop. h. Paris, July 18, 1821. 
 d. Paris, May 18, 1910. Daughter 
 of Manuel del P. G. with whom she 
 early went to America; pf. lessons 
 in Mexico and after return to Europe 
 of Meysenberg and Liszt; studied 
 comp. with Reicha; concert debut 
 Brussels 1837; stage d^but London 
 1839; sang at Theatre Italien, Paris, 
 1839, until marriage with director 
 Viardot 1841; then long tours in 
 Europe; created Fides in Le ProphHe, 
 1849, and Sapho, 1851, at Paris Opera; 
 sang Orphee and Alceste in revival 
 of Gluck's operas at Paris 1859, and 
 Brussels 1861; retired 1863; taught 
 Paris Cons. 1871-75; among pupils 
 Artot, A. Sterling, M. Brandt; com- 
 posed operas, vocalises, etc. Daugh- 
 ters Louise Heritte-V., teacher of 
 singing, and compr. ; Mme. Chamerot 
 V. and Marianne V., concert singers. 
 Son Paul vlt. and writer. 
 
 Vidal (vi-dal), Louis Antoine, writer, 
 h. Rouen, July 10, 1820; d. Paris, 
 Jan. 7, 1891. Pupil of Franchomme 
 on 'cello; great work Les instruments 
 d archet, 3 volumes, with illustra- 
 tions, giving accounts of bow instru- 
 ments, famous makers, virtuosi, of 
 music printing, and catalogs of cham- 
 ber music. 
 
 Vidal, Paul Antonin, compr. b. Tou- 
 louse, June 16, 1863. Won Grand 
 prix de Rome at Paris Cons. 1881; 
 teacher there of solfeggio since 1894, 
 of pf. accomp. since 1896; condr. of 
 Sunday concerts and 1896 chef 
 d'orchestre at Paris Opera; com- 
 posed ballets, pantomimes, comic 
 operas (La maladetta, etc.), oratorio 
 Le noel, orch. suites. 
 
 Vierling (ver-ling), Georg, compr. b. 
 Frankenthal, Palatinate, Sept. 5, 
 1820; d. Wiesbaden, June 1, 1901. 
 
 Pupil of father, orgt., of Neeb, Rinck, 
 and Marx; orgt. at Frankfort-on- 
 Oder 1847; condr. Liedertafel at 
 Mayence 1852-53; founder and 
 condr. Berlin Bach-Verein; resigned 
 1859; composed chiefly cantatas and 
 other choral works {Hero und Lean- 
 "der) Roma noblis, for 6-part 
 chorus, symphony, overtures. 
 
 Vieuxtemps (vie-ton), Henri, vlt. h. 
 Verviers, Belgium, Feb. 20, 1820; 
 d. Mustapha, Algiers, June 6, 1881. 
 Pupil of father, instr. maker and 
 tuner, Lecloux (with whom he made 
 tour at 8), of De Beriot at Brussels; 
 while playing in Paris, Germany, 
 Austria, and London, took lessons 
 in comp. from Sechter in Vienna 
 and Reicha in Paris; tours in Russia 
 1838-39, America 1844-45 (again in 
 1857 and 1870); vlt. to Czar and 
 prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1846- 
 52; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1871-73; 
 paralysis of left side ended career 
 1873; as player he was fond of dra- 
 matic effects and was remarkable 
 for perfect intonation; with De 
 Beriot, founder of modern school of 
 playing; compositions, especially eix 
 concertos, are popular. 
 
 Vilbac (vfl-bak), Alphonse Charles 
 Renaud de, pst., orgt. b. Mont- 
 pellier, June 3, 1829; d. Brussels, 
 Mar. 19, 1884. Pupil at Paris Cons, 
 of Lemoine, Halevy, and Benoist; 
 Grand prix de Rome 1844; orgt. at 
 St. Eugene, Paris, after 1856; nearly 
 blind; composed much cheap mus. 
 besides operas Au clair de lune, 
 Almanzor, method and pleasant 
 pieces for pf . 
 
 Villoing (virioing), Alexander Ivano- 
 vitch, pf. teacher, h. St. Petersburg, 
 1808; d" there, Sept., 1878. Teacher 
 of Anton and Nicolas Rubinstein; 
 author of Ecole pratique du piano 
 with clever exercises, and of concerto 
 and pf. pieces. 
 
 Vincent, Charles John, orgt., compr. 
 b. Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, 
 Eng., Sept. 19, 1852. Pupil of 
 father, chorister at Durham Cath. 
 under Armes; studied at Leipzig 
 Cons.; various appointments as 
 orgt.; head of firm of music pub- 
 lishers in London; examiner for 
 Trinity Coll.; composed oratorio 
 
vmci 
 
 Ruth, cantatas, overtures, songs; 
 wrote First Principles of Mus., 
 Choral Instructor for Treble Voices, etc. 
 
 Vinci (vin'-che), Leonardo, compr. b. 
 Strongoli, Calabria, 1690; d. Naples, 
 1732, Studied with Greco at Naples 
 Cons.; maestro at Royal Chapel, 
 Naples; entered monastery of Broth- 
 ers of the Rosary 1728; as opera 
 compr. noteworthy for simple dra- 
 matic emotion and quality of ac- 
 comp.; most noted operas are 
 Ifigenia in Tauride, Didone abban- 
 donata, Alessandro nelV Indie; said 
 to have been poisoned. 
 
 Viotti (ve-ot'ti), Giovanni Battista, vlt., 
 compr. b. Fontaneto da P6, Ver- 
 celli, Italy, May 23, 1753; d. London, 
 Mar. 3, 1824. Son of blacksmith; 
 without teaching played so well that 
 he was sent to Pugnani at Turin; 
 member of royal orch.; after 1780 
 made tours to Germany, Russia, 
 London, and Paris, with great suc- 
 cess; irritated at lack of attention 
 at one of his concerts, gave up play- 
 ing and devoted himself to teaching 
 (Rode and Baillot were pupils) and 
 direction of Italian opera with Leon- 
 ard until the Revolution; after living 
 in London and Hamburg, settled in 
 Paris again; director of Op^ra 1819- 
 22 when he resigned; as composer 
 of nearly 30 concertos, sonatas, etc., 
 teacher and performer, he is leader 
 of modern vln. music; " the first 
 to apply to the vln. concerto the 
 full system of sonata form and the 
 new resources of orchestration." 
 [Pratt.] 
 
 Virdung (vir-doongh') , Sebastian, orgt. 
 [Dates not known.] Priest; orgt. 
 at Basle; author of important early 
 illustrated work Mv^ica Getutscht, 
 etc., Basle, 1511, describing mus. 
 instruments of period and giving tab- 
 lature of lute and flute. 
 
 Visetti (vi-set'-tl), Alberto Antonio, 
 condr., teacher, b. Spalato, Dalma- 
 tia, May 13, 1846. Studied at Milan 
 Cons, with Mazzucato; conducted 
 concerts at Nice; condr. to Empress 
 Eugenie in Paris; at fall of Empire 
 became director of vocal dept. in 
 London Nat'l Training School; wrote 
 History of Art of Singing, translated 
 into Italian HuUah's Hist, of Mod. 
 Mv^. and Hueffer's Studies. 
 
 VOGLER 
 
 Vitali (vi-ta'-16), Giovanni Battista, 
 compr. b. Cremona, about 1644; 
 d. Modena, Oct. 12, 1692. Pupil of 
 Cazzati; via. player in ch. in Bologna; 
 2d maestro to Duke of Modena 
 after 1674; important compr. in 
 sonata form before Corelli. 
 
 Vittoria, Tomaso Ludovico da [properly 
 Tomas Luis de Victoria], compr. b. 
 Avila, Spain, about 1540; d. Madrid, 
 about 1613. Pupil at Rome of 
 Escobedo and Morales; maestro at 
 German Coll. 1573, at San ApoUinare 
 1575; vice-maestro at Royal Chapel, 
 Madrid, 1589-1602; contemporary 
 and friend of Palest rina; published 
 hymns (before P's), motets, and 
 masses (especially noteworthy is a 
 requiem); style closely resembles 
 that of Palestrina, but is, neverthe- 
 less, not merely imitative. 
 
 Vivaldi (vi-val'-di), Antonio, vlt. b. 
 Venice, about 1680; d. there, 1743. 
 Son of vlt. at San Marco; early 
 ordained priest and called " il prete 
 rosso " because of red hair; in service 
 of Elector of Darmstadt; director 
 after 1713 of Venetian Cons, della 
 Pieta, and vlt. at St. Mark's; wrote 
 about 25 operas and many vln, con- 
 certos, of which Bach arranged 16 
 for clavier, 4 for org. and one for 
 four claviers and string orch. 
 
 Vogl (vogl), Johann Michael, tenor. 
 b. Steyr, Aug. 10, 1768; d, Vienna, 
 Nov. 19, 1840. Law student at 
 Vienna; under persuasion of Siiss- 
 mayer joined opera co. at Court Th. 
 1794^1822; first to introduce to 
 public songs of Schubert who was 
 his friend and companion. 
 
 Vogler (vog'-ler), Georg Joseph [known 
 as Abt v.], compr., orgt. b. Wiirz- 
 burg, June 15, 1749; d. Darmstadt, 
 May 6, 1814. Pupil of Padre Martini 
 at Bologna, and of Vallotti at Padua; 
 entered holy orders in Rome; found- 
 ed Tonschule, became court chap- 
 lain and 2d capellmeister at Mann- 
 heim; journeyed to Paris, Spain, 
 and the Orient 1783-86; court condr,, 
 founder of mus, school at Stockholm 
 1786-99; court capellm, and again 
 founder of mus, school at Darmstadt; 
 Meyerbeer and Weber his pupils; 
 traveled with portable organ to 
 illustrate his theories of simplifica- 
 tion of instrument; wrote advanced 
 theoretical works on harmony, choral 
 
VOGRICH 
 
 VUILLAUME 
 
 singing, etc., some 10 operas, much 
 church and org. music. 
 
 Vogrich (vog'-ritch). Max Wilhelm 
 Carl, pst., compr. b. Hermannstadt, 
 Transylvania, Jan. 24, 1852. Played 
 in public at 7; pupil at Leipzig Cons, 
 of Wenzel, Reinecke, Moscheles, etc.; 
 long tours in Europe and S. America 
 1870-78, N. America with Wilhelmj 
 1878, Australia 1882-86; since 1886 
 living in N. Y.; produced 4 operas 
 with his own librettos, oratorio, 
 cantatas, mass, 2 symph., vln. con- 
 certo, numerous pf. pieces. 
 
 Vogt, A. S., orgt., compr., condr. b. 
 Washington, Ont., Aug. 14, 1861; 
 father an organ builder; showed 
 early aptitude for music; organist 
 at twelve; educated in public schools 
 and abroad; early musical education 
 begun under local teachers, contin- 
 ued at New England Conservatory, 
 1881-82 under Dunham, Emery, 
 and Buckingham, and at Leip- 
 zig under Jadassohn, Ellengel, Reh- 
 berg, Ruthardt and Reinecke; re- 
 turned to Toronto in 1888; orgt. and 
 choirmaster at Jarvis St. Baptist 
 church, choir gaining splendid repu- 
 tation during his incumbency up to 
 1906; teacher in Toronto College of 
 Music 1888-92, Toronto Cons. 1892- 
 1913; director, 1913; conductor Men- 
 delssohn Choir, of Toronto, one of 
 the best in America; author of Mod- 
 ern Pianoforte Technique (1900) ; com- 
 poser of part-songs ; for several years 
 music critic of Toronto Saturday 
 Night. 
 
 Vogt, Jean, pst., compr. b. Gross-tinz, 
 Jan. 17, 1823, near Leignitz; d. 
 Eberswalde, July 31 , 1888. Pupil of 
 Bach and Grell in Berlin, and Hesse 
 and Seidel in Breslau; made many 
 concert tours; in 1861 he located in 
 Dresden, in 1865 went to Berlin as 
 teacher in the Stern Cons., and in 
 1871 to New York; returned to Ber- 
 lin in 1873; most important work an 
 oratorio, Lazarus. 
 
 Voigt, Henriette [nSe Kuntze], pst. 
 b. Leipzig, Nov. 24, 1808; d. there, 
 Oct. 15, 1839. Pupil of Berger, and 
 friend of Rochlitz, Mendelssohn, and 
 Schumann. 
 
 Volbach (vol-bak), Fritz, condr. h. 
 Wipperfiirth, near Cologne, Dec. 17, 
 1861. Studied at Cologne Cons., at 
 
 Heidelberg and Bonn, and at Royal 
 Acad. Berlin with Haupt, Taubert, 
 and Loeschhorn; teacher of hist, and 
 Gregorian chant at Inst, for Ch. 
 Mus. 1887; condr. Klindworth Cho- 
 rus; condr. of choral societies in 
 Mayence 1892; comp. symph. poems 
 Ostern, Alt Heidelberg du feine, can- 
 tatas, etc.; has written life of Handel 
 and books on performing of H's 
 works and on Gregorian chant. 
 
 Volckmar (yolk'-mar), Wilhelm Valen- 
 tin, orgt. b. Hersfeld, Kassel, Dec. 
 26, 1812; d. Homberg, near Kassel, 
 Aug. 27, 1887. Ph.D. at Marburg; 
 mus. teacher at Homburg Seminary 
 after 1835; excellent performer and 
 compr. of org. concertos, 20 sonatas, 
 symph., method, and exercises. 
 
 Volkmann, Friedrich Robert, compr. 
 b. Lommatzsch, Saxony, Apr. 6, 
 1815; d. Pesth, Oct. 30, 1883. Org. 
 and pf . pupil of father, a cantor; vln. 
 and 'cello with Friebel, comp. with 
 Anacker and K. F. Becker at Leipzig; 
 encouraged by Schumann; taught 
 at Prague 1839-42, and, except for 
 1854-58 at Vienna, at Pesth, part of 
 the time at Nat'l Acad.; composed 
 2 symphonies, serenades for strings 
 and overtures and smaller works for 
 various instruments, many pf . works, 
 2 masses, sacred and secular songs, 
 etc.; akin to Schumann in manner of 
 writing, V. is most widely known for 
 string serenades. 
 
 Voss, Charles, pst. b. Schmarsow, near 
 Demmin, Pomerania, Sept. 20, 1815; 
 d. Verona, Aug. 28, 1882. After 
 study in Berlin, became great favor- 
 ite in Paris; composed much salon 
 music and some serious concertos, 
 etudes, etc. 
 
 Vuillaume (vwe-yom), Jean Baptiste, 
 
 vln.-maker. b. Mirecourt, Vosges, 
 Oct. 7, 1798; d. Paris, Mar. 19, 1879. 
 Worked with father Claude, at Paris 
 with Chanot, and in partnership 
 with Lete; after 1828 alone; enthu- 
 siasm for old vlns. so hindered sale 
 of his own that he manufactured 
 almost perfect imitations of Strads. 
 and of Duiffopruggar vlns. and 'cellos 
 (theory that D. was perfector of vln. 
 due to these forgeries); several 
 inventions, octobasse, cont re-alto, 
 p^dale sourdine, machine for making 
 gut strings of equal thickness, etc. 
 
WACHS 
 
 WAGNER 
 
 w 
 
 Wachs (vaks), Etienne Victor Paul, 
 pst. b. Paris, Sept. 19, 1851. Stud- 
 ied at Paris Cons, with Mass6, Mar- 
 montel, and C. Franck; 1st prize 
 org. playing 1877; orgt. at St. Mary; 
 treatises on harmony and counter- 
 point; comp. popular pf. pieces. 
 
 Wachtel (vak'-tel), Theodor, dram. ten. 
 b. Hamburg, Mar. 10, 1823; d. 
 Frankfort-on-Main, Nov. 14, 1893. 
 Son of livery stable keeper, whose 
 business he carried on until voice 
 was "discovered"; pupil of Fraulein 
 Grandjean; debut in Hamburg, and, 
 after further study in Vienna, sang 
 in many cities, London 1862, Berlin 
 1865, Paris 1869, U. S. 1871 and 
 1875; brilliant l^ric tenor, good in 
 French and Italian operas. 
 
 Waelrant (wal'-ront), Hubert, teacher, 
 h. Tongerloo, Brabant, about 1517; 
 d. Antwerp, Nov. 19, 1595. Stud- 
 ied with Willaert at Venice; founder 
 of school in Antwerp 1547, partner 
 of Laet as publisher; "as teacher he 
 broke with old system of solmisation 
 by hexachords, introducing new 
 system of 7-tone names, bo, ce, di, 
 ga, lo, ma, ni, called bocedisation or 
 bobisation." 
 
 Wagenseil (va'-gen-sll), Georg Chris- 
 toph, compr. h. Vienna, Jan. 15, 
 1715; d. there. Mar. 1, 1777. Pupil 
 of J. J. Fux; mus. teacher to Maria 
 Theresa, teacher and compr. to 
 her children; composed divertimenti, 
 symph., sonatas, operas, etc. 
 
 Wagner (vag'-ner), Cosima, b. Dec. 
 25, 1841. Daughter of Franz Liszt 
 and Countess d'Agoult, who wrote 
 over pseud, of Daniel Stern; after 
 their separation, C. lived with Liszt's 
 mother, then with mother of Hans 
 von Billow, whom she married in 
 1857; visited Wagner and his wife 
 on their wedding trip and again a 
 year later; C. went to live with Wag- 
 ner about 1864, and after her divorce 
 from Von Biilow, in 1869, married 
 W. 1870; her devotion and sym- 
 pathy were a great support to him 
 during his life; after his death she 
 managed the Bayreuth festivals. 
 
 Wagner, Richard [orig. Wilhelm Rich- 
 ard], compr. h. Leipzig, May 22, 
 1813; d. Venice, Feb. 13, 1883. Son 
 of Friedrich W., clerk of the police, 
 and Johanna Rosina, nee Bertz; 
 after death of Fr., widow married 
 Ludwig Geyer, actor, singer, author 
 and portrait painter who took her 
 children to Dresden; Richard went 
 to the Kreuzschule, and 1827, when 
 family moved to Leipzig after death 
 of stepfather, to Nikolai Gymnasium 
 at Leipzig; took early interest in 
 mythology, great tragedies, and in 
 music, though he never learned to 
 play on an instrument; after some 
 independent attempts at comp., had 
 some ineffective lessons from G. 
 Miiller, and while student of philol- 
 ogy and aesthetics at Leipzig Univ., 
 studied comp. with Th. Weinlig 
 and became familiar with scores of 
 Beethoven and Mozart; symphony 
 performed 1833; 1833 became chorus- 
 master at Wiirzburg Th., where his 
 brother Albert was singer and stage 
 manager, here wrote Die Feen, not 
 performed until 1888; 1834 condr. 
 of Magdeburg Th., where two per- 
 formances of his Das Liebesverbot 
 ended its career; married Wilhelmine 
 Planer 1836; condr. at Konigsberg 
 1837, at Riga 1837; 1839-42 lived 
 in great poverty in Paris, compos- 
 ing songs, arranging dances, etc., 
 trying to get hearing at Op^ra, 
 where, despite some help from 'Mey- 
 erbeer, he got but little for the li- 
 bretto for The Flying Dutchman. 
 With the performance of Rienzi in 
 Dresden 1842, began W's fame and 
 his even greater troubles (he was 
 there to superintend rehearsals); its 
 great success led to performance 
 1843 of Der Fliegende Hollander, 
 which was, however, too advanced 
 to succeed. The remaining events 
 of his life, briefly, are as follows: 
 Became condr. at Dresden 1843 and 
 produced Tannhduser there 1844; 
 his Proposition for Nat. Th. having 
 been ignored, W. became impatient 
 and expressed some sympathy with 
 May Revolution; as a result, he was 
 obliged to leave Dresden 1849; lived 
 
WAGNER 
 
 WALLNOFER 
 
 in Zurich for 3 years, publishing 
 many pamphlets {The Art Works of 
 the Future, Judaism in Music, Opera 
 and Drama, etc.), in which he ex- 
 pounded many of the theories he 
 later put into practise; 1855 con- 
 ducted 8 concerts in London; 1860 
 Liszt produced Lohengrin at Weimar; 
 1861, after concerts in France, came 
 three performances of Tannhduser 
 in Paris which ended in practical 
 riots; from 1861-64, W. gave con- 
 certs in Russia and elsewhere; 1863 
 pubhshed poem of Das Ring der 
 Nibelungen,^ in despair of a chance 
 to produce it; at this juncture Lud- 
 wig II came to the throne of Ba- 
 varia and invited W. to live at 
 Munich and superintend perform- 
 ances of his works; Von Billow came 
 to conduct, and it was at this time 
 that his wife Cosima transferred her 
 affections to W., who had separated 
 from his wife in 1860; 1865, owing to 
 protests of Ludwig's court against 
 extravagant favors, W. left Munich 
 for Switzerland, where he lived until 
 1872, when he moved to Bayreuth; 
 Tristan and Die Meistersinger were 
 produced at Munich in 1865 and '68; 
 and there were preliminary perform- 
 ances of parts of the Ring 1869, 70; 
 W. societies, formed all over the 
 world, raised money to build theatre 
 at Bayreuth, where finally the com- 
 plete Ring 1876, and Parsifal 1882, 
 were performed; died while at Venice 
 for health. The chief reforms which 
 W. introduced into the opera are 
 first, unity to which drama, music, 
 and scenery all contribute, conse- 
 quent subordination of singers, and 
 removal of all separate numbers and 
 opportunities for individual display; 
 second, the expression by the ac- 
 companying orchestra of the states 
 of mind and soul of the characters, 
 made clear by the use of leading 
 motives, that is, short musical 
 phrases identified with single ideas. 
 Aside from these technical points, 
 the music is the loftiest attempt yet 
 made in the history of opera, for gen- 
 eral depth of significance combined 
 with rare beauty of tone. His son, 
 
 Wagner, Siegfried Richard, compr. 
 b. Triebschen, June 6, 1869. 
 Studied architecture at polytechnic 
 school; music with Kniese and 
 
 Humperdinck; concert condr. in vari- 
 ous places in Germany since 1893; at 
 Bayreuth as assistant dir. since 1894, 
 joint condr. since 1896; compr. of 
 symph. poem Sehnsucht, and operas 
 Der Bdrenhduter 1899, Herzog Wild- 
 fang 1901, Der Kobold 1904, Stern- 
 engehot 1908, Banadietrich 1909. 
 
 Waldteufel (vald'-toi-fel), Emil, compr. 
 b. Strassburg, Dec. 9, 1837. Pupil 
 at Paris Cons, of Marmontel and 
 Laurent; exhibitor in pf. manufac- 
 tory; success of waltzes turned him 
 to comp.; compr. to Empress Eu- 
 genie, dir. of court balls; very popu- 
 lar compr. of dances Espaha, Estu- 
 diantina, etc. 
 
 Walker, Edjrth, dram, contralto, h. 
 Hopewell, New York, 1870. At first 
 school-teacher; church singer; pupil 
 of Orgeni at Dresden Cons., sang at 
 Vienna Court Opera 1899-1903; at 
 New York since 1903; developed her 
 voice, naturally of great range, so 
 that she now sings soprano parts. 
 
 Walker, Ernest, orgt., writer, h. Bom- 
 bay, July 15, 1870. Author of His- 
 tory of Mus. in England; compr. of 
 songs for 1, 2, and 4 voices, which 
 are praised for delightful originality; 
 successful settings to verses by W. 
 E; Henley. 
 
 Wallace, William Vincent, compr. b. 
 Waterford, Ireland, June 1, 1814; 
 d. Chateau de Bages, Haute Ga- 
 ronne, Oct. 12, 1865. Vlt. in Dub- 
 lin churches; after 1835 wandered to 
 Australia, S. America, Mexico, U. S., 
 etc. giving successful concerts; in 
 London 1845-47, prod. Maritana, 
 Matilda of Hungary; after 1853 
 chiefly in London and Paris; operas, 
 especially Maritana, Lurline, The 
 Amber Witch, etc., were very success- 
 ful, as were also pf. nocturnes; operas 
 full of fluent if somewhat ordinary 
 melody, and rivaled Balfe's in 
 popularity. 
 
 Wallnofer (val'-n^f-er), Adolf, singer. 
 b. Vienna, Apr. 26, 1854. Studied 
 comp. with Waldmiiller and others, 
 singing with Rokitansky; sang con- 
 certs in Vienna as baritone; after 
 1880 sang tenor at Olmiitz, with 
 Neumann's Wagner Co., at Bremen, 
 and Prague, New York 1897-99, and 
 Russia; composed 3 operas and 
 many ballads {Schon Rohtraut, etc.). 
 
WALMISLEY 
 
 WASIELEWSKI 
 
 Walmisley, Thomas Forbes, compr. h. 
 London, 1783; d. there, July 23, 
 1866. Pupil of Thomas Attwood; 
 orgt. at St. Martin-in-the-Fields 
 after 1810; composed many popular 
 glees, of which he published 4 col- 
 lections. Son Thomas Attwood W. 
 (1814-1856), orgt., prof, of music at 
 Cambridge, compr. of church music. 
 
 Walther von der Vogelweide (val'-ter 
 von-der v6'-gel-wI-dS), minnesinger. 
 b. in Tyrol, about 1168; d. Wurz- 
 burg, about 1230. Most famous 
 lyric poet of mediaeval Germany; 
 introduced as character in Die 
 Meistersinger by Wagner. 
 
 Walther ( val'-ter), Johann Gottfried, 
 
 orgt., lexicographer, b. Erfurt, Sept. 
 18, 1684; d. Weimar, Mar. 23, 1748. 
 Studied with Adlung, Kretschmar, 
 and J. B. Bach; orgt. Erfurt 1702; 
 town orgt. at Weimar 1707, court 
 musician 1720; compr. of choral 
 variations, preludes, fugues, etc.; 
 chief work Musikalisches Lexikon, 
 first encyclopedia of biography, 
 terms, etc., 1732, a work whose value 
 is greater than would appear from 
 meagre mention of W's friend J. S. 
 Bach; corrections prepared for the 
 second edition were used by Gerber. 
 
 Walthew, Richard Hemy, compr. b. 
 Islington, London, Nov. 4, 1872. 
 Pupil at Roy. Coll. Mus. of Hubert 
 Parry; first gained notice by per- 
 formance of own concerto, London, 
 1894; has comp. orch. suite, festival 
 march, pieces for clarinet and pf., 
 and music to Browning's Pied Piper 
 of Hamelin. 
 
 Wanhal (van-hal), Tohami Baptist, 
 compr. b. Neu-Necnanitz, Bohemia, 
 May 12, 1739; d. Vienna, Aug. 26, 
 1813. Son of peasant; at first self- 
 taught, later studied in Italy; men- 
 tally deranged for several years; 
 compr. of numerous symph., sonatas 
 (some with titles. Battle of Trafalgar, 
 etc.), and chamber music; very pop- 
 ular at time of Haydn despite super- 
 ficiality of his music. 
 
 Wareing, Herbert Walter, orgt. h. 
 Birmingham, Apr. 5, 1857. Pupil 
 of Swinnerton Heap, and at Leip- 
 zig of Reinecke, Jadassohn, etc.; 
 Mus. Doc. Cambridge 1886; vari- 
 ous org. appointments; pf. prof, at 
 
 Malvern Coll.; composed cantatas 
 ( New Year's Eve, Wreck of the Hes- 
 perus), overture, 10 concert pieces for 
 vln. and pf., anthems, and services. 
 
 Warren, George William, orgt. b. 
 Albany, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1828. Self- 
 taught; positions in Albany, Brook- 
 lyn, and at St. Thomas's, N. Y.; 
 composed church music and pub- 
 lished Hymns and Tunes. 
 
 Warren, Richard Henry, condr., compr., 
 orgt. b. Albany, N. Y., Sept. 17, 
 • 1859. Son of George WiUiam War- 
 ren, orgt.; began study of music at 
 an early age; orgt. and choirmaster 
 in New York at various churches 
 after 1877; 1907 at Church of the 
 Ascension, which position he still 
 holds (1910); condr. N. Y. Church 
 Choral Society 1886-1895, 1903- 
 1907, and of series of orchestral con- 
 certs 1905; condr. Yonkers Choral 
 Society; has composed 6 operettas, 
 cantata, orchestral works, string 
 quartet, songs, anthems, etc. 
 
 Warren, Samuel Prowse, orgt. b. 
 Montreal, Feb. 18, 1841. Org. pupil 
 of Haupt, pf. of Gustav Schumann, 
 instrumentation of Wieprecht; orgt. 
 at All Souls', N. Y. 1866-68, at 
 Trinity 1874-76, at Grace Church 
 1868-74 and 1876-94; since 1895 1st 
 Presby. at Orange, N. J., has given 
 great many recitals throughout coun- 
 try; compr. of church music, part- 
 songs, org. and pf. mus. 
 
 Wartel (var-teF), Pierre Francois, tenor, 
 singing teacher, b. Versailles, Apr. 3, 
 1806; d. Paris, Aug., 1882. Studied at 
 Choron's Inst., at Paris Cons, under 
 Banderali, and Nourrit; (1st prize 
 1829); debut 1830; sang at Paris 
 Op^ra for 15 years; after tours, 
 taught in Paris; Trebelli among 
 pupils. 
 
 Wasielewski (va-si-e-lef'-ski), Joseph 
 W. von, vlt. b. Gross-Leesen, near 
 Danzig, June 17, 1822; d. Sonders- 
 hausen, Dec. 13, 1896. Pupil at 
 Leipzig Cons, of David, Hauptmann, 
 and Mendelssohn and of David pri- 
 vately; member of Gewandhaus 
 Orch.; critic for Signale and other 
 journals; concertmaster at Diissel- 
 dorf under Schumann 1850-52; 
 condr. singing society at Bonn; after 
 Uving in Dresden, became town mus. 
 
WATSON 
 
 WECKERLIN 
 
 dir. at Bonn, 1869-1884, when he re- 
 tired; taught history at Sonders- 
 hausen Cons.; wrote lives of Schu- 
 mann, Reinecke, etc., histories of 
 vln., 'cello, and of instrumental 
 music; composed vln. music and 
 patriotic songs. 
 
 Watson, William Michael, compr. b. 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, July 31, 1840; 
 d. E. Dulwich, London, Oct. 3, 1889. 
 Founded West End Sch. of Mus., 
 London, 1883; composed cantata 
 Aladdin, songs {Afloat, my country 
 calls me, etc.), pf. mus.; wrote 
 poetry; composed under pseudonym 
 Jules Favre. 
 
 Webb, George James, orgt. b. Rush- 
 more Lodge, near Salisbury, Eng., 
 June 24, 1803; d. Orange, N. J., 
 Oct. 7, 1887. Orgt. at Falmouth, 
 at Old South Ch., Boston, after 1830; 
 co-founder and condr. Boston Acad- 
 emy of Mus. 1836; pres. Handel and 
 Haydn Soc. 1840; went to Orange 
 1870, and retired there, after teach- 
 ing in N. Y. 1876-85; edited period- 
 icals Mus. Library, Mu^. Cabinet, 
 published Vocal Technics, etc., edited 
 Young Ladies' Vocal Class Book, 
 and similar collections; did much to 
 establish popular interest in music 
 and to extend public instruction. 
 
 Webbe, Samuel, compr. b. Minorca, 
 1740; d. London, May 25, 1816. 
 Pupil of Barbandt; master of music 
 at Portuguese chapel in London; 
 secretary to Catch Club 1784; li- 
 brarian of Glee Club 1787; composed 
 nine books of glees, 27 of them win- 
 ning Catch Club prizes (Discord, dire 
 sister, When winds breathe soft, 
 etc.). His son Samuel W., Jr. 
 (1770-1843), also composed catches, 
 and held several positions as orgt. 
 
 Weber (va'-ber), Carl Maria Friedrich 
 Ernst, Freiherr von, compr. b. Eu- 
 tin, Aldenburg, Dec. 18, 1786; d. 
 London, June 5, 1826. Son of lieu- 
 tenant, counsellor and judge; youth 
 spent among wandering actors, etc.; 
 pupil of his brother, of Heuschkel, 
 of M. Haydn, and Kalcher, and 
 of Abt Vogler in Vienna; private 
 secretary to Duke of Wiirttemberg, 
 gay life cut short by imprisonment 
 and exile for insult to King; wandered 
 to Mannheim, Darmstadt, Switzer- 
 land, giving concerts; mus. dir. of 
 
 opera in Prague 1813, worked bard 
 to accomplish improved results; 
 established a national opera at 
 Dresden 1817; encountered difficul- 
 ties as champion of German opera 
 against Italian; composed cantata, 
 a very popular concert piece. Invi- 
 tation to the Dance, for pf. and orch., 
 and songs; became widely known, 
 however, only in 1821 with per- 
 formance of Der Freischiitz at Ber- 
 lin; EUryanthe followed 1823; Oberon 
 was composed on order from London 
 and brought out there 1826; after con- 
 ducting 12 performances of the work 
 W. died. He composed many works 
 for pf . (of which he was distinguished 
 player), some for orch., but is most 
 important as opera compr. Keen, 
 first hand knowledge of the stage 
 enabled him to make his works 
 dramatically effective, and he seems 
 to have anticipated Wagner in de- 
 sire to have all the arts contribute 
 to one operatic whole. Depth of 
 meaning and significance, and lofti- 
 ness of expression are entirely lack- 
 ing in his work; his melodies are 
 often superficial and his accompani- 
 ments heavy. His value lies in his 
 power of presenting a romantic pict- 
 ure, of suggesting the emotional 
 setting of a folk-story, by ingenious 
 details of orchestral color (he made 
 several discoveries in wood-wind 
 effects). He was the first thorough- 
 ly German opera compr. and the 
 first of the line of German roman- 
 ticists. 
 
 Weber, Gottfried, theoriM. b. Freins- 
 heim, near Mannheim, Mar. 1, 
 1779; d. Kreuznach, Sept. 21, 1839. 
 Lawyer, public prosecutor at Darm- 
 stadt; amateur pst., 'cellist, and flute 
 player; condr, soc. at Mannheim, 
 founder of cons, there; opera direc- 
 tor at Mayence; his Versuch einer 
 Geordneten Theorie der Tonsetzkunst 
 introduced system of indicating 
 major chords by capital, minor by 
 small letters, etc.; wrote other theo- 
 retical books and articles; founded 
 journal Cdcilia 1824. 
 
 Weckerlin (vek'-ar'-lan) , Jean Bap- 
 tiste Theodore, writer, b. Gebweiler, 
 Alsatia, Nov. 9, 1821; d. Trottberg, 
 May 20, 1910. Left business of cot- 
 ton-dyeing 1844 to study at Paris 
 Cons, v/ith Pcmhard and Halevy; 
 
WEELKES 
 
 taught; joint dir. of Soc. Ste. C6cile; 
 asst. librarian at Cons. 1869, librarian 
 1876-1909; published bibliog. cata- 
 log 1885; success with one-act opera 
 L'Organiste dans Vembarras followed 
 by others; compr, of larger choral 
 works; has written Histoire de V in- 
 strumentation, Musiciana (interest- 
 ing anecdotes and essays), collected 
 Chansons populaires des provinces, etc. 
 
 Weelkes, Thomas, compr. b, about 
 1578; d. Dec, 1623. Orgt. at Win- 
 chester Coll. 1600, at Chichester 
 Cath. 1608; Mus. Bac. Oxford 1602; 
 published ballets and madrigals from 
 1598 to 1614, contributing As Vesta 
 was from Latmos Hill Descending to 
 the Triumphs of Oriana; part-writ- 
 ing excellent and original. 
 
 Wegelius (va-ga'-lius), Martin, condr., 
 compr. b. Helsingfors, Nov. 10, 
 1848. Student of philosophy and 
 condr. of academical choral society; 
 pupil of Bibl at Vienna and of Rich- 
 ter and Paul in Leipzig; condr. Fin- 
 nish opera and mus. soc. at Helsing- 
 fors, director of cons.; published 
 overture, cantatas, songs, etc., Swed- 
 ish text-book on harmony, and 
 Course in Key Finding. 
 
 Weidenbach (vl-den-bak), Johannes, 
 pf. teacher, b. Dresden, Nov. 29, 
 1847; d. Leipzig, June 28, 1902. 
 Pupil at Leipzig Cons., and teacher 
 there from 1873. 
 
 Weigl (vigl), Joseph, compr. b. Eisen- 
 stadt, Hungary, Mar. 28, 1766; d. 
 Vienna, Feb. 3, 1846. Son of orch. 
 'cellist and opera singer; studied 
 with Albrechtsberger and Salieri; 
 produced over 30 operas 1788-1825, 
 mostly for La Scala, Milan; 2d 
 court condr. 1825, and after that 
 wrote masses, offertories, etc.; most 
 popular opera Die Schweizerfamilie; 
 long in repertoire. 
 
 Weil, Oscar, compr., teacher, b. Co- 
 lumbia Co., N. Y., 1839. Educa- 
 tion carried on in private school at 
 Albany, N. Y., after which he went 
 to Leipzig, where he studied under 
 Richter, Reinecke, and Plaidy, and 
 at Paris, where he became closely 
 acquainted with Stephen Heller; 
 served in the War of the Rebellion 
 in which he was wounded, and com- 
 menced his professional career after 
 the close of the war; compositions 
 
 WEISS 
 
 include four operas, many songs, 
 duets, etc., and piano pieces; now 
 (1910) lives in San Francisco. 
 
 Weingartner (vin'-gart-ner), Paul Felix, 
 condr., compr. b. Zara, Dalmatia, 
 June 2, 1863. Pupil of W. A. Remy, 
 won Mozart Prize at Leipzig Cons., 
 and stayed with Liszt at Weimar; 
 th. condr. at Konigsberg 1884, 
 Danzig 1885-87, and Hamburg 1887- 
 89, Mannheim 1889-91; 2d capell- 
 meister Berlin Court opera 1891-97; 
 ill health obliged him to resign all 
 but conducting of symph. concerts 
 1897; 1898-1908 conducted Kaim 
 Orch. in Munich; 1908 succeeded 
 Mahler as director of the Vienna 
 Court opera; resigned 1911; conduct- 
 ed concerts in America 1904, '05, '06; 
 conducted Wagner operas, Boston, 
 1912; composed 3 operas (Sakuntala, 
 Malawika, and Genesiu^), 3 sym- 
 phonies, several symphonic poems 
 {Konig Lear, Gefilde der Seligen), 
 songs, sextet, etc.; has written Ue- 
 ber das Dirigiren and Die Symphonic 
 nach Beethoven; condr. of remarkable 
 breadth, being able to bring out not 
 only the intellectual structure of a 
 work, but also its poetic significance. 
 
 Wemlig (vin'-lig). Christian Ehregott, 
 orgt. h. Dresden, Sept. 30, 1743; 
 d. there. Mar. 14, 1813. Pupil of 
 Homilius; orgt. at Leipzig, Thorn, 
 and at Dresden, where he was also 
 accomp. at Italian Opera; cantor 
 at Kreuzschule 1785; composed so- 
 natas, cantatas, etc. Nephew and 
 pupil Christian Theodor W. (1780- 
 1842), was cantor at Bologna, Dres- 
 den, and Leipzig; teacher of theory 
 to Richard Wagner; wrote a Magni- 
 ficat, and Anleitung zur Fuge. 
 
 Weinzierl (vln-zerl), Max, Ritter von, 
 
 compr. b. Bergstadtl, Bohemia, Sept. 
 16, 1841; d. Modling, near Vienna, 
 July 10, 1898. Capellmeister at 
 Vienna theatres, chorusmaster of 
 Mannergesangverein; artistic dir. of 
 singakademie; composed operettas 
 {Don Quixote, etc.), psalm, oratorio, 
 part-songs, etc. 
 
 Weiss (vis), Julius, vln. teacher, writer. 
 b. Berlin, July 19, 1814. Pupil of 
 Henning and Rungenhagen; music 
 selling business established by father 
 descended to him in 1852; published 
 instructive vln. pieces, critical works. 
 
WEITZMANN 
 
 WESTPHAL 
 
 Weitzmann (vltz'-man), Klarl Fried- 
 rich, teacher, author, b. Berlin, Aug. 
 10, 1808; d. there, Nov. 7, 1880. 
 Pupil of Henning, Klein, Spohr, and 
 Hauptmann; chorusmaster and vlt. 
 at Riga Th., at Reval 1836; leader of 
 Imp. Orch., St. Petersburg, and ch. 
 mus. dir. there; after study in libra- 
 ries of Paris and London, settled in 
 Berlin as teacher; friend of Liszt; 
 wrote 3 operas, books of studies, on 
 counterpoint, etc., on Greek mus., 
 and, most notably, Geschichte des 
 Klavierspiels und der Klavierliteratur 
 (trans.). 
 
 Wellings, Joseph Milton, compr. b. 
 Handsworth, Staffordshire, Dec. 4, 
 1850. Compr. of a "sketch," The 
 Dancing Master (produced London 
 1894), other larger works, and many 
 
 popular songs (At the Ferry, Sortie 
 
 Day, Only a Rose, etc.). 
 
 Wendling (vend'-ling), Carl, vlt. b. 
 Strassburg, Aug. 10, 1875. Pupil 
 of Schuster at Strassburg Cons., of 
 Joachim and Halir at Berlin; con- 
 certmaster 1899-1903 at Meiningen 
 and Stuttgart; of Boston symph. 
 orch. 1907-08; of Festival orch. at 
 Bayreuth; now at Stuttgart. 
 
 Wenzel (vent'-sel), Ernst Ferdinand, 
 pst. b. Walddorf, Saxony, Jan. 25, 
 1808; d. Bad Kosen, Aug. 16, 1880. 
 While student of philosophy at Leip- 
 zig was pupil of Wieck and intimate 
 with Schumann; frequent contribu- 
 tor to Neue Zeitschrift; taught pf . at 
 Leipzig Cons. 1843-1880. 
 
 Wert (vart), Jacob van [Jacques or 
 Giaches de], compr. b. Netherlands, 
 1536; d. Mantua, May 23, 1596. 
 Going to Italy when young, became 
 maestro to Duke of Mantua about 
 1566, later at Ch. of Sta. Barbara; 
 prohfic compr. of madrigals, motets, 
 etc. 
 
 Wesley, Samuel, orgt. b. Bristol, Eng., 
 Feb. 24, 1766; d. London, Oct. 11, 
 1837. Son of hymn writer, and 
 nephew of the famous Methodist; 
 pupi^ of brother Charles W. (1757- 
 1834); amazingly precocious vlt. 
 and orgt.; injury to head caused 
 frequent attacks of nervous disease 
 during his life and prevented work 
 altogether after 1830; condr. Bir- 
 mingham Festival; greatest Eng. 
 orgt. of his day both in improvising 
 
 and in playing works of Handel 
 and Bach; influential in introducing 
 ^yorks of latter to England; pub- 
 lished edition of W ohltemperirte Kla- 
 vier 1810; composed much church 
 music, sonatas, marches for pf., etc.; 
 wrote also Letters to Mr. Jacobs about 
 Bach. His son Samuel Sebastian, 
 orgt., compr. b. London, Aug. 14, 
 1810; d. Gloucester, Apr. 19, 1876. 
 Chorister at Chapel Royal; orgt. at 
 several London churches (at one 
 time at 4 simultaneously), at Here- 
 ford Cath. 1832-34, at Exeter Cath. 
 1835, at Leeds Parish Ch. 1842, Win- 
 chester Cath. 1849, Gloucester Cath. 
 1865; condr, there of Three Choirs 
 Festival; Mus. Doc. Oxford; one of 
 best of Eng. church comprs.; wrote 
 anthems (especially vol. of 12), ser- 
 vices, songs, and glees; in every- 
 thing his music was distinguished 
 by exquisite appropriateness; his 
 church music had good influence on 
 contemporaries through dignity and 
 loftiness of tone and its combination 
 of old form with original harmonies. 
 
 West, John Ebenezer, orgt., compr. h. 
 Hackney, London, Dec. 7, 1863. 
 Son of William W. cow.pr. and Clara 
 soprano; studied at Royal Acad, 
 with Bridge and Prout; orgt. and 
 choirmaster at St. Mary's; adviser 
 to Novello, Ewer & Co.; composed 
 cantatas, incidental music to King 
 Robert of Sicily, overture, org. music, 
 etc. 
 
 Westbrook, William Joseph, orgt. b. 
 London, Jan. 1, 1831; d. Sydenham, 
 Mar. 24, 1894. Pupil of Temple; 
 several appointments as orgt.; condr. 
 S. Norwood Mus. Soc. 1865-78; Mus. 
 Doc. Cambridge 1878; founder, with 
 Hammond and Crowdy, of Musical 
 Standard; comp. oratorio, cantata, 
 services, etc.; translated vln. meth- 
 ods of Alard, De Beriot, and Dancla; 
 wrote Organ Tutor, Alphabet of Mu^. 
 Notation, etc. 
 
 Westphal (vest'-fal), Rudolf Georg Her- 
 mann, writer, b. Oberkirchen, Lip- 
 pe-Schaumburg, July 31, 1826; d. 
 Stadthagen, July 11, 1892. Stud- 
 ied philology at Marburg; lecturer 
 at Tubingen, prof, at Breslau, Jena, 
 Moscow; after 1880 lived in Leipzig 
 and Stadthagen; wrote many books 
 on rhythm and metre, especially that 
 of the Greeks; differed from other 
 
WETZLER 
 
 WIDOR 
 
 writers in conclusion that Greek 
 music was polyphonic, an opinion 
 which he himself finally abandoned. 
 
 Wetzler (vetz'-ler), Hermann Hans, 
 
 orgt., condr. b. Frankfort-on-Main, 
 Sept. 8, 1870. Studied pf. with 
 Clara Schumann, comp., etc. with B. 
 Scholz, Knorr, and Humperdinck; 
 came to N. Y. 1893; orgt. at Trinity 
 Ch. 1897-1901; conducted orch. con- 
 certs 1902, founded W. Symph. Con- 
 certs (Lichtenberg condr.) 1903-05; 
 since then in Hamburg. Composed 
 for pf., concert overture, symph. 
 poem. 
 
 White, Maude Valerie, compr. b. Di- 
 eppe, June 23, 1855. Studied with 
 May and Rockstro, and at Roy. 
 Acad., where she won Mendelssohn 
 scholarship, and in Vienna; com- 
 posed mass and pf. music, and is 
 ranked very high among women 
 comprs. in England because of songs 
 (especially settings of Shelley), not 
 only for beauty of music but because 
 of regard to words. 
 
 Whiting, Arthur Battelle, pst. b. Cam- 
 bridge, Mass., June 20, 1861. Pupil 
 of Sherwood, Chadwick, J. C. D. 
 Parker, and at Munich Mus. Sch. 
 of Rheinberger; after some years in 
 Boston, settled in New York as pst. 
 and teacher; gives frequent recitals 
 and plays with Kneisel and other 
 quartets; has given at Harvard and 
 elsewhere illustrated lectures on 
 chamber music; compositions (song- 
 cycle Floriana, chamber mus., over- 
 ture, suite for string orch. and 
 horn quartet, fantasia for pf. and 
 orch.), noteworthy for intelligent 
 construction, show gain in expres- 
 sive feeling; has published a book 
 on the use of the piano pedals. 
 
 Whiting, George Elbridge, orgt., compr. 
 b. Holliston, Mass., Sept. 14, 1842. 
 Played at Worcester, Hartford 
 (where he founded Beethoven Soc), 
 and at Boston; after study with 
 G. W. Morgan in N. Y. and Best in 
 Liverpool, and later with Haupt and 
 Radecke at Berlin, taught at N. E. 
 Cons., Boston, resigning 1897; at 
 Cincinnati Coll. of Mus. 1878-83; 
 again at N. E. Cons.; orgt. Church 
 of Immaculate Conception, Boston, 
 1876-78, and 1883-1910; composed 
 organ sonata and other pieces for the 
 
 instrument, church music, masses, 
 a festival Te Deum, cantatas, of which 
 The Tale of the Viking and Henry of 
 Navarre are best known, a symph., 
 an overture and concerto. 
 
 Wliitney, Myron William, bass. b. 
 Ashby, Mass., Sept. 5, 1836; d. 
 Sandwich, Mass., Sept. 19, 1910. 
 Studied with Frost, Randegger, and 
 Vannuccini; debut as oratorio singer, 
 Boston, 1858; success in oratorio, 
 sang also with Boston Ideal Co. in 
 opera; retired 1900. 
 
 Whitney, Samuel Brenton, orgt. b. 
 Woodstock, Vt., June 4, 1842. Pupil 
 of Wels in N. Y., of Paine in Cam- 
 bridge; orgt. at Appleton Chapel, 
 Cambridge, and at Ch. of the 
 Advent, Boston, 1871-1908; one of 
 earliest to establish boy choir in 
 America; organized festivals of par- 
 ish choirs; founded class in church 
 music at N. E. Cons.; composed 
 many services, processionals, etc. 
 
 Wichtl (viktl), Georg, vlt. b. Trost- 
 berg, Bavaria, Feb. 2, 1805; d. Bunz- 
 lau, Silesia, June 3, 1877. Studied 
 at Munich; member of Th. orch.; 
 1st vlt. in court orch. at Lowen- 
 burg, Silesia; mus. dir. and capellm. 
 there; retired on pension 1863; to 
 Breslau 1870, then to Bunzlau; 
 comp. opera, oratorio, melodrama, 
 mass, and songs, orch. mus., con- 
 certo, method, and many instructive 
 pieces for vln. 
 
 Wickede (vik'-6-d6), Friedrich von, 
 compr. h. Domitz-on-Elbe, July 28, 
 1834; d. Schwerin, Sept. 11, 1904. 
 Army officer, then official in post- 
 office; pupil in mus. of J. Vieth; 
 after 1872 composing in Leipzig and 
 Munich; wrote opera, funeral march 
 for Emp. Wm. I, overture Per aspera 
 ad astra, and notable songs. 
 
 Widor (vi'-dor), Charles Marie, orgt., 
 compr. b. Lyons, Feb. 21, 1844. 
 Son of orgt., pupil of Lemmens and 
 F^tis at Brussels; orgt. at Lyons 
 1860-69, at St. Sulpice, Paris, 1870; 
 prof, of org. at Cons. 1890, of coun- 
 terpoint and fugue 1896; critic; 
 elected member of Academy 1910; 
 has composed operas, ballets (LaKor- 
 rigane was popular), masses, psalms, 
 symphonies for orchestra, etc., but 
 most original works are 10 organ 
 
WIECK 
 
 WILHELMJ 
 
 "symphonies" {Gothique, etc.); wrote 
 also Technique of Modern Orch. (sup- 
 plement to Berlioz). 
 
 Wieck (vek), Friedrich, pst., teacher. 
 b. Pretzsch, near Wittenberg, Aug. 
 18, 1785; d. Loschwitz, near Dres- 
 den, Oct. 6, 1873. Student of 
 theology, private tutor, founder of 
 pf. factory and circulating library 
 of mus. at Leipzig; distinguished as 
 pf. teacher; among pupils his daugh- 
 ter Clara and her husband R. Schu- 
 mann, Von Billow, Krause, etc.; 
 after 1840 in Dresden taught singing 
 also; published pf. studies, etc. 
 
 Wlegand (ve'-gant), Josef Anton Hein- 
 rich, dram. bass. b. Friinkisch- 
 Krumbach, Odenwald, Sept. 9, 1842; 
 d. Frankfort, May 28, 1899. In 
 business in Paris, took lessons in 
 singing; member of opera at Zurich 
 1870, Cologne, Frankfort 1873-77, 
 Leipzig 1878-82, Vienna 1882-84, 
 Hamburg 1884-90, Munich 1890-97; 
 sang in America 1877, at Bayreuth 
 1886; became insane 1897. 
 
 Wiehmayer (ve'-mi-er), Johann Theo- 
 dor, pst. b. Marienfeld, Westpha- 
 lia, Jan. 7, 1870. Pupil at Leipzig 
 Cons, of JadassoTin, Reinecke and 
 Coccius, and of M. Krause; debut 
 Leipzig 1890; after tour in Sweden, 
 settled as teacher in Leipzig, after 
 1902 at Cons.; now at Stuttgart; 
 compositions for pf., special studies, 
 Schule der Finger-Technik, Ton- 
 leiterschule, etc. 
 
 Wieniawski (vyen-yaf '-ski) , Henri, vlt. 
 b. Lublin, Poland, July 10, 1835; d. 
 Moscow, Apr. 12, 1880. Pupil at 
 Paris Cons, of Clavel and Massart 
 (1st prize 1846), and, after concerts 
 , in Russia, of Colet in harmony; after 
 long tours in Europe with brother 
 Joseph, solo vlt. to Czar 1860-72; 
 prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1862- 
 67; played in U. S. with Rubinstein 
 1872; prof, at Brussels Cons. 1874- 
 77; composed 2 vln. concertos. Le- 
 gends (very popular), Phantasie on 
 Faust, La carnaval russe, etudes, 
 etc.; technical ability was very great; 
 he was accused of lack of taste in dis- 
 play of it and of falling short in mat- 
 ter of expressiveness. His brother, 
 
 Wieniawski, Joseph, pst. h. Lublin, 
 May 23, 1837. Pupil at Paris Cons, 
 of Zimmermann, Marmontel, and 
 
 Alkan, after tour with Henri of 
 Liszt at Weimar, and of Marx at 
 Berlin; taught at Moscow Cons. 
 1865-69, and founded pf. sch. there; 
 dir. Warsaw Soc. 1875-76; teacher 
 in Brussels Cons. ; comp. pf . concertO; 
 waltzes, polonaises, and mazurkas for 
 pf.; d. Brussels, Nov. 11, 1912. 
 
 Wietrowetz (vye'-tro-vetz), GabrieUe, 
 vlt. b. Laibach, Carniola, Jan. 13, 
 1866. Studied with Casper and 
 Joachim, winning Mendelssohn Prize 
 at Berlin; debut Miinster 1885; tours 
 in Europe; 1st woman to teach at 
 Berlin Hochschule. 
 
 Wih'tol, Josef, compr. h. Wolmar, 
 Livonia, July 26, 1863. Studied at 
 Mitau, at St. Petersburg Cons, with 
 Jadassohn and Rimsky-Korsakov; 
 prof, of harm, there since 1886, at 
 mus. sch. since 1897; mus. editor of 
 St. P. paper; composed symph. poem, 
 dramatic overture, symph,, quartet, 
 pf. pieces; named by Pougin among 
 more original of modern Russians. 
 
 Wilbye, John, compr. h. 1573(?). Prob- 
 ably teacher of mus.; perhaps lute 
 player; composed two sets of mad- 
 rigals of exceptional charm; orgt. in 
 London 1598; contributed to Tri- 
 umphs of Oriana. 
 
 Wild, Harrison M., orgt., condr. h. at 
 Hoboken, N. J., Mar. 6, 1861. 
 Educated at Dyrenfurth College; 
 studied at Leipzig, with Zwintscher, 
 Rust, and Richter; began professional 
 work in Chicago at fourteen years 
 of age; organist at Unity, Ascension, 
 and Grace churches; conductor of 
 Apollo Club and Mendelssohn Club, 
 Chicago, and Mendelssohn Club, 
 Rockford, 111.; lives (1910) in 
 Chicago. 
 
 Wilhelm (vil'-helm), Carl, compr. h. 
 Schmalkalden, Sept. 5, 1815; d. 
 there, Aug. 26, 1873. Pupil of Bott, 
 Spohr, Andre, and A. Schmitt; di- 
 rector of Krefeld Liedertafel for 
 which he wrote Die Wacht am Rhein, 
 first publ. 1854, for which he 
 received pension 1870. 
 
 Wilhelmj (vil-hel'-my), August Emil 
 Daniel Ferdinand, vlt. b. Usingen, 
 Nassau, Sept. 21, 1845; d. London, 
 Jan. 22, 1908. Pupil of Fischer; 
 debut at 8; introduced to David by 
 Liszt, became D's pupil at Leipzig 
 
WILHEM 
 
 WINDERSTEIN 
 
 Cons., also studying with Haupt- 
 mann and Richter; after further 
 study with Raff, made tours to 
 Switzerland 1865, then all over 
 Europe, to America (1871-74, 1878), 
 and 4 years' trip around the world 
 1878-82; leader Bayreuth orch. at 
 production of Nibelungen Ring 1876; 
 founded vln. sch. with Niemann at 
 Biebrich-on-Rhine; 1894 prof, at 
 Guildhall, London; arranged tran- 
 scriptions from Wagner and pub- 
 lished vln. school, 
 
 Wilhem (vil'-em), [real name Boc- 
 quillon], Guillaume Louis, condr. b. 
 Paris, Dec. 18, 1781; d. there, Apr. 
 26, 1842. Left army to study mus. 
 at Paris Cons.; applied method of 
 "mutual instruction," in vogue in 
 French schools, to teaching of mus.; 
 1819 organized system for mus. 
 teaching in Paris schools; 1820 dir. 
 of normal schools; 1830 from re- 
 unions of pupils developed OrpJieons, 
 popular societies for choral singing, 
 quite new in France and still exist- 
 ing; details of method published in 
 many manuals. 
 
 Willaert (vil'-lart), Adrian, compr. b. 
 Bruges (?), Flanders, about 1480; 
 d. Venice, Dec. 7, 1562. Pupil of 
 Jean Mouton and Josquin Depres; 
 in Rome 1516, and Ferrara; in service 
 of Ludovic II of Bohemia; maestro 
 at St. Mark's, Venice, after 1527; at 
 his mus. school taught De Rore, 
 Gabrieli, etc.; founder of Venetian 
 school of comp., generally character- 
 ized by richer, broader effects in 
 place of puzzling detail; creator of 
 style of writing for 2 choirs. 
 
 WiUeby, Charles, compr. b. Paris, 
 Aug. 4, 1865. Studied with Lam- 
 perti; has written a number of suc- 
 cessful songs. 
 
 Williams, Charles Francis Abdy, writer. 
 h. Dawlish, July 16, 1855. Edu- 
 cated Sherburne and Cambridge; 
 studied in Leipzig; compr. of music 
 for Greek plays at Bradford Coll. 
 1895, 1898, 1900, hymns, anthems, 
 etc.; author of lives of Bach and 
 Handel, Story of Musical Notation, 
 Story of Organ, and Story of Organ 
 Music. 
 
 Willis, Richard Storrs, compr., writer. 
 b. Boston, Feb. 10, 1819; d. Detroit, 
 May 7, 1900. Brother of N. P. 
 
 Willis; composed for orch. while a 
 Yale student; pupil of Schnyder von 
 Wartensee and Hauptmann; jour- 
 nalist in N. Y., editor of Mws. World 
 and other magazines and compr. of 
 Ch. Chorals, Student Songs, Waif 
 of Song (patriotic songs), author of 
 poems Pen and Lute. 
 Wilm (vilm), Nicolai von, pst., compr, 
 h. Riga, Mar. 4, 1834; d. Wiesbaden, 
 Feb., 1911. Studied at Leipzig Cons, 
 with Hauptmann, Plaidy, etc.; 2*1 
 capellmeister Riga 1857-58; teacher 
 of pf . and theory at Imperial Nicolai 
 Inst, at St. Petersburg 1860-75; Hved 
 in Dresden, since 1878 in Wiesbaden; 
 composed chamber mus., suites for 
 pf., 4 hands, and popular pf. solos 
 (10 Characterstiicke, etc.). 
 
 Wilson, Grenville Dean, teacher, compr. 
 h. Plymouth, Conn., Jan. 26, 1833; 
 d. Nyack, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1897. 
 Pupil of mother, Donheim, and A. 
 W. Johnson; taught in Lenox, New 
 York, Saratoga, and at Lasell Semi- 
 nary, Auburndale, Mass.; in charge 
 of mus. dept. Rockland Inst., Ny- 
 ack, 1871; founder of Nyack Symph. 
 j and Choral Societies; composed 
 I many songs and popular pf. pieces 
 (Chapel in the Mountains, etc.). 
 
 Wilson, John, lute player, h. Favers- 
 ham, Kent, Apr. 5, 1594; d. West- 
 minster, Feb. 22, 1673. Mus. Doc. 
 Oxford 1644; prof, of mus., Oxford, 
 1656-62; gentleman of Chapel Royal, 
 J musician to Charles II; wrote Psal- 
 1 terium Carolinum, on sufferings of 
 ' Charles, Cheerful Ayres, etc., music 
 ' to some of Shakespeare's songs. Sigh 
 1 no more, etc.; identity with actor 
 ' questioned. [Rimbault: Who wa^ 
 I Jack Wilson?] 
 
 j Wilson, Mrs. W., see Hopekirk, Helen. 
 
 jWinderstein (vin-der-stin), Hans Wil- 
 I helm Gustav, condr. h. Liineberg, 
 Hanover, Oct. 29, 1856. Pupil of 
 Schradieck, Hermann, Richter and 
 Rust at Leipzig Cons.; member of 
 Gewandhaus Orch., of private orch. 
 at Nice 1880-84; vln. teacher at 
 Winterthur Cons.; condr. at Nurem- 
 berg; director of Kaim Concerts and 
 Philh. Orch., Munich, 1893-96; or- 
 ganized W. Orch., Leipzig, 1896, 
 Philh. concerts there and at Halle; 
 condr. Leipzig Singakademie 1898; 
 composed few orch. and vln. works. 
 
WINDING 
 
 WOLF-FERRARI 
 
 Winding, August (Henrik), pst., compr. 
 b. Taars, Denmark, Mar. 24, 1835. 
 Studied at Copenhagen, with Rein- 
 ecke and R6e, at Prague with Drey- 
 schock, and with Gade at Copen- 
 hagen; dir. of Copenhagen Cons.; 
 compositions mostly for piano, and 
 chamber music. 
 
 Winkelmann (vin'-kel-man), Hermann, 
 dram, tenor, h. Brunswick, Mar. 8, 
 1849; d. Jan. 19, 1912. Studied with 
 Koch at Hanover; debut Sonders- 
 hausen 1875; sang at Altenburg, 
 Darmstadt, Hamburg, and Vienna 
 after 1883; sang Parsifal at Bayreuth 
 1882. Another of same name, teacher 
 at Raff Cons, and orgt. Frankfort. 
 
 Winogradsky (ve-no-grad'-ski), Alex- 
 ander Nicolaievitch, condr. b. Kiev, 
 Russia, Aug. 3, 1854. Pupil of 
 Soloviev at St. Petersburg Cons.; dir. 
 Imp. Sch. of Mus. at Saratov 1884- 
 86; pres., dir., and condr. of Imp. Soc. 
 of Mus. at Kiev after 1888; condr. 
 Russian programs in Paris 1894 and 
 1896. 
 
 Winter (vin'-ter), Peter von, compr. 
 b. Mannheim, 1754; d. Munich, Oct. 
 17, 1825. Pupil of Abt Vogler; vlt. 
 in Electoral Orch., dir. court theatre; 
 court capellmeister at Munich after 
 1788; in frequent leaves of absence 
 produced operas in Italy, Paris, 
 and London; most successful operas 
 were Das unterbrochene Opferfest 
 1796, Marie von Montalban 1798; his 
 Labyrinth is sequel to Magic Flute 
 of Mozart, whom W. violently dis- 
 liked; mus. entertaining but not 
 learned. 
 
 Winterberger (vin'-ter-bar-ger), Alex- 
 ander, pst. b. Weimar, Aug. 14, 
 1834. Studied at Leipzig Cons, and 
 with Liszt; in Vienna 1861-69; pf. 
 prof, at St. Petersburg Cons. 1869- 
 72; then in Leipzig; compr. of origi- 
 nal pf. mus., songs, editor of Liszt's 
 Technical Studies. 
 
 Wirth (virt), Emanuel, vlt. b. Luditz, 
 Bohemia, Oct. 18, 1842. Pupil of 
 Kittl and Mildner at Prague Cons.; 
 concertmaster Baden-Baden; teach- 
 er at Rotterdam Cons., orch. leader 
 1864-77; viola player in Joachim 
 Quartet, in place of Rappoldi 1877; 
 prof, at Berlin Hochschule; remark- 
 able vlt., has also acquired distinction 
 in viola playing. 
 
 Witek (vlt-6k), Anton, vU. b. Saaz, 
 Bohemia, Jan. 7, 1872. Pupil at 
 Prague of Bennewitz; 1894-1910 
 concertmaster of the Philharmonic 
 Orch., Berlin; 1910 concertmaster 
 Boston Symphony Orch.; has given 
 many concerts in European music 
 centers and is highly esteemed as a 
 chamber music player; 1903 organ- 
 ized Berlin Philharmonic Trio, with 
 Joseph Malkin 'cellist and Mrs. Witek 
 (nee Vita Gerhardt) a Danish pianist. 
 
 Wohlfahrt (vol'-fart), Heinrich, teacher. 
 b. Kossnitz, near Apolda, Dec. 16, 
 1797; d. Connewitz, near Leipzig, 
 May 9, 1883. Studied with Haser 
 at Weimar; cantor and tutor in va- 
 rious towns; teacher at Jena and 
 Leipzig; author of Kinder-Clavier- 
 schule, Theoretisch-praktische Mod- 
 ulationsschule, and instructive pieces 
 especially for children. 
 
 Wolf (volf), Hugo, compr. b. Win- 
 dischgratz, Styria, Mar. 13, 1860; d. 
 Vienna, Feb. 22, 1903. Self-taught, 
 except for one year at Vienna Cons, 
 whence he was dismissed for dis- 
 obedience to rules; once thought of 
 emigrating to America but aban- 
 doned idea; 2d capellmeister at Salz- 
 burg for short time in 1880; mus. 
 critic for Wiener Salonblatt 1884-88; 
 most fruitful period of life ten years 
 after 1886; became insane in 1897 
 and had only brief periods of con- 
 valescence after that; composed op- 
 era Der Corregidor produced 1896, 
 mus. to Ibsen's Fest im Solhau{], 
 symph. poem Penthesilea, etc.; but 
 widespread enthusiasm which has 
 led to formation of Hugo-Wolf-Ve- 
 rein, publication of life, letters, and 
 his works rests upon his songs Mori- 
 kelieder, Goethe-Cyclu^, Spanischeg 
 Liederbuch, Italienisches Liederbuch, 
 etc.; his songs carry the principle o^ 
 absolute truth to the words to ex- 
 treme; the accomp. fixes the mood, 
 and explains the voice part. 
 
 Wolf -Ferrari (v6lf-fer-ra'-re), Erman- 
 no, compr. b. Venice, Jan. 12, 1876. 
 Son of painter; self-taught until en- 
 trance at Munich Sch. 1893 as pupil 
 of Rheinberger; director since 1902 
 of Liceo Benedetto Marcello at Ven- 
 ice; noteworthy opera compr. {La 
 Sulamita, Cenerentola 1900, Le donne 
 curiose, etc., and oratorio La vita 
 nuova 1903; also chamber music. 
 
WOLFL 
 
 WORMSER 
 
 Wolfl (v^lfl), Joseph, compr. b. Salz- 
 burg, 1772; d. London, May 21, 
 1812. Pupil of L. Mozart and M. 
 Haydn; so distinguished ais pst. that 
 he was called superior to Beethoven 
 and Mozart; lived Warsaw 1792-94, 
 Vienna 1794-98; tour to Paris 1801; 
 on tour with EUmenreich, obliged on 
 account of E's faults to flee to Brus- 
 sels and London; published concer- 
 tos, pf. works, operas. 
 
 Wolle (wol'-la), John Frederick, condr. 
 b. Bethlehem, Pa., Apr. 4, 1863. 
 Educated at Moravian Coll. and 
 Theol. Seminary; teacher of mus. 
 1879; orgt. 1881-84; pupil of Rhein- 
 berger at Munich 1884-85; orgt. at 
 Bethlehem 1885-1905, at Lehigh 
 Univ. 1887-1905; organized Bethle- 
 hem Choral Union 1882; conducted 
 Bach Festivals, 1900, 1901, 1903; 
 1905-11 prof. mus. at Univ. of Cali- 
 fornia; revived Bach Fest, 1912. 
 
 Wollenhaupt (vol'-len-haupt), Her- 
 mann Adolf, pst. b. Schkeuditz, near 
 Leipzig, Sept. 27, 1827; d. New 
 York, Sept. 18, 1863. Pupil of Knorr 
 and Hauptmann at Leipzig; after 
 1845 taught and played in New 
 York; European concerts 1855; 
 composed about 100 effective works 
 for pf . 
 
 Wolstenholme, William, orgt. b. 
 Blackburn, Feb. 24, 1865. Blind 
 from birth; educated at Worcester 
 College for Blind; studied mus. with 
 Dr. Done; early appearances in Wor- 
 cester; Mus. B. Oxford 1887; orgt., 
 teacher after 1888 at Blackburn; 
 American tour 1908; composed can- 
 tata Lord Ullin's Daughter, songs, 
 org. and pf . pieces. 
 
 Wolzogen (volt'-zo-gen), [imd Neu- 
 haus], Hans Paid, Freiherr von, 
 
 writer, h. Potsdam, Nov. 13, 1848. 
 Student of mythology and philology 
 at Berlin; wrote in Potsdam; sum- 
 moned by Wagner to edit Bayreuther 
 Blatter 1877, published many the- 
 matic guides to operas as well as 
 pamphlets supporting theories of 
 Wagner whom he ardently admired. 
 
 Wood, Henry Joseph, condr. h. Lon- 
 don, Mar. 3, 1870. Precocious pst. 
 and orgt.; appeared as orgt. at ex- 
 hibitions 1883 and '85; pupil of Prout, 
 Macfarren, etc., at Royal Acad.; 
 some success as compr. of songs, 
 
 cantatas, etc.; condr. with Rousbey 
 Co. 1890, asst. at Savoy under Cel- 
 lier, condr. at several operatic per- 
 formances; gave lessons in singing 
 and held opera classes; 1895 gave 
 Promenade Concerts with selected 
 band, since 1896 Symphony Con- 
 certs, at which most distinguished 
 condrs. have appeared as guests; 
 conducted in Paris, Berlin, and N. Y. 
 1904; as condr. less successful with 
 sustained classical works than in 
 modern compositions where his 
 vivacity and force have sway. 
 
 Wood, Mary Knight, compr. h. East- 
 hampton, Mass., Apr. 7, 1857. Pu- 
 pil of Lang, Parsons, Cornell, and 
 Huss; songs are noteworthy for un- 
 expected effects; Serenade, Ashes of 
 Roses are popular; also wrote pf. 
 trio. 
 
 Woodman, Ra3ntnond Himtington, orgt., 
 compr. h. Brooklyn, Jan. 18, 1861. 
 Pupil of father, Buck, and Cesar 
 Franck at Paris; asst. to father, orgt. 
 on Long Island, and orgt. himself at 
 Norwich, Conn., and in New York; 
 editor of N. Y. Evangelist 1894-97; 
 prof, of mus. at Packer Inst, since 
 1894; head of org. dept. Metropoli- 
 tan Coll. of Mus. 1889; composed 
 excellent works for pf ., org. and voice. 
 
 Woodward, Rev. Herbert Hall, compr. 
 h. at The Friars, near Liverpool, Jan. 
 13, 1847; d. London, May 25, 1909. 
 Educated at Oxford and Cuddeston 
 Theol. Seminary; priest at Wantage; 
 minor canon Worcester Cath. 1881, 
 precentor 1890; composed several 
 services, Te Deum, and anthems (The 
 sun shall he no more thy light, The 
 radiant morn hath passed away), etc. 
 
 Woolf, Benjamin Edward, critic, compr. 
 b. London, Feb. 16, 1836; d. Boston, 
 Feb. 7, 1901. Pupil of his father, 
 with whom he came to America in 
 1839; org. pupil of W. R. Bristow, 
 New York; condr. theatres in Bos- 
 ton, Philadelphia, and New Orleans; 
 dram, and mus. critic Boston Globe, 
 Gazette, and Herald; compr. of sev- 
 eral successful operettas (Westward 
 Ho! etc.); author of play Mighty 
 Dollar. 
 
 Wormser (vorm-zar), Andre Alphonse 
 Toussaint, compr. b. Paris, Nov. 1, 
 1851. Pupil at Paris Cons, of Mar- 
 montel and Bazin; 1st prize for pf. 
 
WORK 
 
 WYMAN 
 
 playing 1872, Grand prix de Rome 
 1875; composed overtures and suites 
 for orch., pf. works, ballets, and 
 pantomimes (Diane et Endymion, 
 and notably UEnfant prodigue 1890, 
 which was also given in London 1891, 
 and America 1893). 
 
 Work, Henry Clay, compr. b. Middle- 
 town, Conn., Oct. 1, 1832; d. Hart- 
 ford, June 8, 1884. Self-taught; 
 compr. of songs on Northern side of 
 Civil War, with great earnestness of 
 feeling and swing that made them 
 at once popular; also wrote temper- 
 ance songs (Father come home, etc.); 
 best known song is Marching through 
 Georgia. 
 
 Wouters (vo'-tar), Frangois Adolphe, 
 
 comjpr. b. Brussels, May 28, 1841. 
 Pupil at Brussels Cons.; since 1871 
 prof, of pf. there; also orgt. and 
 compr. of 3 solemn masses, 3 short 
 masses, symph. overture, pf. studies, 
 etc. 
 
 Wojrrsch (voirsh), Felix von, compr. 
 b. Troppau, Silesia, Oct. 8, 1860. 
 Self-taught, except for some lessons 
 from Chevallier in Hamburg; condr. 
 of Singakademie since 1895 and orgt. 
 at Altona, and condr. since 1903 of 
 town sjonph. and Volkskonzerte; 
 composed prolog to Dante's Divine 
 Comedy, operas, oratorios and choral 
 works (Passion music, Deutsche Heer- 
 bann, etc.). 
 
 Wrangell, Wassili Georgievitch, 
 Baron, compr. h. St. Petersburg, 
 June 25, 1862; d. there, Mar. 10, 
 1901. Court page (retired 1883), 
 pupil of Johannsen at St. Peters- 
 burg Cons. 1885-90; editor Nouvellist 
 1898-99; composed one symphony, 
 a suite for orchestra, music to plays, 
 songs, etc. 
 
 Wranitzky (vran-it'-ski), Paul, vlt., 
 compr. b. Neureisch, Moravia, Dec. 
 30, 1756; d. Vienna, Sept. 28, 1808. 
 Studied in Vienna with Krauss; vlt. 
 in Esterhdzy Orch. under Haydn; 
 capellmeister Vienna sjonph. opera 
 1785-1808; composed operas, ballets, 
 incidental mus., chamber mus., and 
 27 symphonies almost as popular as 
 Haydn's at the time. 
 
 Wrede (vra'-da), Ferdinand, compr. h. 
 Brokel, Hanover, July 28, 1827; d. 
 
 Frankfort-on-Oder, Jan. 20, 1899. 
 Pf. pupil of Marschner, Methfessel, 
 and Litolff; cantor at Frankfort, 
 condr. of Singakademie, and public 
 school singing teacher; compr. of 
 choruses, etc. 
 
 WiiUner (viil'-ner), Franz, condr. h. 
 Miinster, Westphalia, Jan. 28, 1832; 
 d. Braunfels an der Lahn, Sept. 7, 
 1902. Pupil of C. Arnold, Schind- 
 ler, Kessler, Dehn, and Rungen- 
 hagen, and at Brussels, Cologne, and 
 other cities; pf. teacher at Munich 
 Cons. 1856; town mus. dir. Aix-la- 
 Chapelle 1858; conducted, with 
 Rietz, Rhine Festival 1864, also 
 those of 1882, '86, and '90; again at 
 Munich condr. court chapel, dir. of 
 choral classes in sch. of mus. 1867; 
 condr. court opera and acad. con- 
 certs 1869; court capellmeister and 
 artistic dir. cons, at Dresden 1877; 
 condr. Berlin Philharmonic 1883-84; 
 of Giirzenich concerts at Cologne 
 and dir. of cons.; composed some 
 works for chorus, distinguished as 
 teacher and condr. 
 
 Wiillner, Ludwig, baritone, h. Miin- 
 ster, Aug. 19, 1858. Son of Franz 
 W. Educated at Munich, Berlin, 
 and at Strassburg; Ph.D.; 1884- 
 87 teacher at Miinster and began to 
 study music; 1889 began career as 
 actor at Meiningen; 1895 made tours 
 as reader, and in 1896 began ap- 
 pearances as a lieder singer, in which 
 his splendid intelligence and great 
 gifts in interpretation have given 
 him world-wide recognition; espe- 
 cially noted as ballad singer and for 
 his renderings of Brahms' songs. 
 
 Wurm (vorm), Marie J. A., pst. b. 
 Southampton, Eng., May 18, 1860. 
 Pupil of Pruckner and Stark at 
 Stuttgart, of Mehlig, Krebs, Raff, 
 and Frau Schumann, and of Sullivan, 
 Bridge, etc.; recitals in London, 
 Berlin, Meiningen, etc.; compr. of 
 concerto, quartet, sonata, etc. for pf.; 
 teacher cons. Hanover. 
 
 Wyman, Addison P., compr. h. Corn- 
 ish, N. H., June 23, 1832; d. Wash- 
 ington, Penn., Apr. 15, 1872. Teach- 
 er of vln. in Wheehng, W. Va.; 
 founder of mus. sch. at Claremont, 
 N. H., 1869; compr. of pf. pieces such 
 as Silvery Waves, Woodland Musings. 
 
YRADIER 
 
 ZELTER 
 
 Yradier (e-ra-di-a), Sebastian, compr. 
 d. Vittoria, 1865. Works in Span- 
 ish style. 
 
 Ysaye (e-za-a'), Euglne, vlt. b. Liege, 
 Belgium, July 16, 1858. Pupil of 
 father, condr. and vlt. at Liege Cons., 
 and at Brussels Cons, of Wieniawski 
 and Vieuxtemps, and, with state 
 aid, of Massart at Paris; leader in 
 
 Bilse's Orch. Berlin until 1881; tours 
 with A. Rubinstein; in Paris, friend 
 of Franck; prof, at Brussels Cons. 
 1886-97; condr. of orchestra founded 
 by himself (Societe des Concerts 
 Ysaye) since 1894; as player, his 
 technic is admirable, but subser- 
 vient to warm emotional expression; 
 some compositions not published, in- 
 cluding 6 violin concertos. 
 
 Zachau (tsa'-kou), Friedrich Wilhelm, 
 orgt. b. Leipzig, Nov. 19, 1663; d. 
 Halle, Aug. 14, 1712. Orgt. at 
 Liebfrauenkirche after 1684; org. 
 teacher of Handel; some org. pieces, 
 chorals, etc. have been published 
 by Breitkopf and Hartel. 
 
 Zarembski (tsa-remb'-ski), Jules de, 
 pst. b. Shitomir, Russian Poland, 
 Feb. 28, 1854; d. there, Sept. 15, 
 1885. PupQ of Dachs and Liszt; pf. 
 prof, at Brussels Cons, after 1879; 
 has composed concert studies, Sere- 
 nade burlesque, etc. 
 
 Zarlino (tsar-le'-no), Giosefifo, theorist. 
 b. Chioggia, Mar. 22, 1517; d. Ven- 
 ice, Feb. 14, 1590. Member of 
 Franciscan order 1537; studied with 
 Willaert at Venice after 1541; maes- 
 tro di cappella at St. Mark's 1565 
 till death; famous in his day as 
 compr., but only few compositions 
 extant {Modvlationes, Lectiones pro 
 Mortuis) ; published Instituzioni Har- 
 moniche 1558, and 2 later works, 
 beside pamphlets on other subjects; 
 he gives clear statement of prin- 
 ciples of canon and elaborate coun- 
 terpoint; was the first to work out 
 distinction between the major and 
 minor as types of harmonic structure, 
 theory developed later by Haupt- 
 mann and others. 
 
 Zarzycki (tsar-tsits'-kl), Alexander, pst. 
 b. Lemberg, Austrian Poland, Feb. 
 21, 1831; d. Warsaw, Nov. 1, 1895. 
 Pupil at liCmberg and Paris; success- 
 ful concerts on the Continent; condr. 
 Warsaw Mus. Soc. 1870; dir. Cons. 
 
 there after 1879; composed concerto, 
 polonaises, etc. for pf. 
 
 Zeckwer, Richard, teacher, b. Stendal, 
 Prussia, Apr. 30, 1850. Educated 
 at gymnasium, Stendal, and at Univ. 
 of Leipzig; musical education at 
 Leipzig Cons., under Moscheles, 
 Hauptmann, E. F. Richter, Pap- 
 peritz and Reinecke; grad. there, 
 1869; came to U. S. 1869; began 
 teaching in PhUa. Musical Acad., 
 1869; became its prop'r 1876; organ- 
 ist at Ch. of St. Vincent de Paul, 
 Germantown, 1871-78; organist Ca- 
 thedral, Phila., 1879-80; lecturer on 
 acoustics before musical societies 
 and at Franklin Inst., Phila.; also 
 at Phila. Acad. Natural Sciences; 
 composer of songs and piano com- 
 positions, also of two overtures. 
 Festival and Bride of Messina; 
 author of A Scientific Investigation 
 of Touch 1902. 
 
 Zeisler, see Bloomfield-Zeisler, Fanny. 
 
 Zelter, Carl Friedrich, condr. h. Ber- 
 lin, Dec. 11, 1758; d. there. May 15, 
 1832. Son of mason and intended 
 for same trade; but after study with 
 Kirnberger and Fasch, became lead- 
 er in Rellstab's concerts; member 
 of Singverein (afterwards Singakad- 
 emie), deputy condr., condr, 1800; 
 organized Ripienschule for orch. 
 practise 1807; also orgt. Berhn Lie- 
 dertafel 1809, first of such male 
 choral societies; founder of Roy. 
 Inst, for Ch. Mus. 1819, dir. until 
 death; noteworthy for large corre- 
 spondence with Goethe, as theory 
 
ZEPLER 
 
 ZOLLNER 
 
 teacher of Mendelssohn, and for im- 
 portant songs and part-songs; also 
 wrote oratorio, requiem, etc., and 
 biog. of Fasch. 
 
 Zepler, Bogmnil, compr. b. Breslau, 
 May 6, 1858, Graduated in medi- 
 cine at Breslau; mus. pupil of H. 
 Urban; parody on Cavalleria Rus- 
 ticana called Cavalleria Berolina, 
 1891, attracted nptice; compr. of 2 
 or 3 other operettas, ballet, songs, 
 etc. 
 
 Zerrahn (zer-ran'), Carl, condr. b. 
 Malchow, Mecklenburg, July 28, 
 1826; d. Milton, Mass., Dec. 29, 
 1909. Studied at Rostock with 
 Weber, and at Hanover and Berlin; 
 came to America 1848 as flute player 
 in Germania Orch,; condr. of Handel 
 and Haydn Soc, Boston, 1854-95, 
 of Harvard Mus. Ass'n concerts, of 
 Worcester Festival, Salem Oratorio 
 Society, occasional festivals like 
 Handel and Haydn and Peace Jubi- 
 lees; teacher of harmony and con- 
 ducting at N. E. Cons ; not so highly 
 trained as Th. Thomas, he yet ac- 
 complished much in accustoming 
 audiences of U. S., esp. Boston, to 
 good orchestral music and in de- 
 veloping taste for it. 
 
 Zichy (zitchy), Geza, Count, pst. b. 
 Sztara, Hungary, July 22, 1849. 
 Lost right arm at 17, but persisted, 
 with lessons from Mayrberger, Volk- 
 mann, and Liszt, until he became 
 amazing virtuoso with left hand; 
 lawyer, in public service, gives con- 
 certs chiefly for charity; pres. of 
 Hung. Nat'l Acad., intendant of 
 Pesth Opera 1890-94; composed 2 
 operas, cantata, melodrama, studies 
 and pieces for left hand. 
 
 Zielinski, Jaroslaw de, pst., compr. b. 
 Galicia (Austrian Poland), Mar. 31, 
 1847. Educated at gov't school, 
 Lemberg, and military school, Vi- 
 enna, at the same time studying 
 music under Mikuli, Schulhoff, Ce- 
 rutti and Frye; 1863-64 engaged in 
 the Polish revolt against Russia; 
 early in 1864 came to U. S., served 
 in Mass. regiment until close of the 
 Civil War; took up music as a pro- 
 fession, lived in New York City, 
 Grand Rapids. Mich., Detroit, and 
 Buffalo, 1888-1910; moved to Los 
 Angeles 1910; compositions for orch. 
 
 and pf . ; has contributed many articles 
 to magazines; article in Century Li- 
 brary of Music on The Poles in Music. 
 
 Zimmermann, Agnes Marie, pst. h. 
 Cologne, July 5, 1845. Studied at 
 Royal Acad., London, with Potter, 
 Pauer, Macfarren, etc.; twice King's 
 scholar; d^but London 1863, Leip- 
 zig 1864; especially excellent in play- 
 ing classical mus., some of which she 
 has edited; composed vln. sonatas, 
 pf. trio, songs, choruses, and nu- 
 merous pf. works. 
 
 Zimmermann, Pierre Joseph Guillaume, 
 pf. teacher, h. Paris, Mar. 19, 1785; 
 d. there, Oct. 29, 1853. Son of pf. 
 maker; pupil at Cons, of Boieldieu, 
 Rey, Catel, and Cherubini; 1st prize 
 pf. 1800, harmony 1802; pf. prof, 
 there 1816^8; among pupils were 
 Alkan, Marmontel, etc.; composed 
 songs and variations, romances, etc. 
 for pf.; great work is Encyclopedic 
 du pianiste (parts 1 and 2 pf . method, 
 part 3 harmony). 
 
 Zingarelli, Nicola Antonio, compr. h. 
 Naples, Apr. 4, 1752; d. Torre del 
 Greco, near Naples, May 5, 1837. 
 Pupil of Fenaroli and Speranza at 
 Cons, in Naples; produced 1st opera 
 1768, but had not much success be- 
 fore Alsinda, Milan, 1785; wrote 27 
 operas before 1811 (most famous 
 Giulietta e Romeo, Milan, 1796); 
 maestro at Milan Cath. 1792, at 
 Loreto, at St. Peter's Rome 1804; 
 imprisoned and sent to Paris 1811 
 for refusing to conduct Te Deum at 
 birth of Napoleon's son, was released 
 by N.; dir, royal coll. of mus. at 
 Naples 1813, maestro at Cath. 
 1816; Bellini, Mercadante, Morlacchi 
 among pupils; composed operas and 
 great deal of church music, 2 masses 
 for every day in year, etc. 
 
 Zollner (ts6F-ner), Heinrich, compr. 
 b. Leipzig, July 4, 1854. First in- 
 tended for law; pupil at Leipzig Cons, 
 of Reinecke, Jadassohn, Richter, and 
 Wenzel; mus. dir. DorpatUniv. 1878; 
 condr. of several societies and teach- 
 er at Cons., Cologne, 1885; took 
 male chorus on tour to Italy 1889; 
 condr. New York Deutscher Lieder- 
 kranz 1890; dir. mus. Leipzig Univ. 
 1898, and condr. Paulinerchor; 
 teacher of comp. at L. Cons. 1902, 
 succeeding Reinecke; mus. critic of 
 
ZXJMPE 
 
 Tageblatt; 1907 went to Berlin as 
 teacher in Stern Cons.; 1908 at Ant- 
 werp as dir. Flemish op.; composed 
 many male choruses, cantatas, etc., 
 as well as symph., orch. episode, etc. 
 
 Zumpe (ts6m-pa), Hermann, condr., 
 compr. b. Taubenheim, Apr. 9, 
 1850; d. Munich, Sept. 4, 1903. 
 Teacher in Weigsdorf and Leipzig; 
 played triangle in Stadt Theatre, 
 pupil in music of Tottmann; helped 
 Wagner in preparation of scores of 
 Nibelungen Ring at Bayreuth 1873- 
 76; capellmeister in theatres at Salz- 
 burg, Frankfort, Hamburg, etc., and 
 after few years' teaching, court ca- 
 pellm. at Stuttgart 1891; condr. 
 Verein fur Klassische Kirchenmusik 
 1893; court capellm. Munich 1895 
 court capellm. at Schwerin 1897 
 resumed position at Munich 1900 
 composed operas, overture, songs. 
 
 ZWINTSCHER 
 
 Zumsteeg (tsom-stag'), Johann Rudolf, 
 'cellist, compr. b. Sachsenflur, Od- 
 enwald, Jan. 10, 1760; d. Stuttgart, 
 Jan. 27, 1802. Intimate with Schil- 
 ler; diverted from sculpture by mus. 
 lessons of Poh, etc.; court capellm. 
 1792; composed 8 operas and works 
 for 'ceUo, but most notably 20 bal- 
 lads; first of many comprs. to set 
 music to Ritter Toggenburg, Leonore, 
 and other ballads later treated by 
 Schubert, Loewe, etc. 
 
 Zwintscher (zvint'-sher), Bruno, pst. 
 b. Ziegenhain, Saxony, May 15, 
 1838; d. March 4, 1905. Pupa of 
 J. Otto and at Leipzig of Plaidy, 
 Moscheles, Richter, etc.; teacher of 
 pf. there 1875-1896 when he re- 
 signed and went to Dresden to teach 
 privately; his Technical School is a 
 continuation of Plaidy's; also wrote 
 School of Ornaments, 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
 Apthorp, W. F., d. Vevey, Switzerland, 
 
 Feb. 19, 1912. 
 Baermann, C, d. Newton, Mass., Jan. 
 
 17, 1913. 
 Blockx, J., d. May 26, 1912. 
 Bowman, E. M., d. Brooklyn, Aug. 27, 
 
 1913. 
 Bronsart, H. von, d. Munich, Nov. 3, 
 
 1913. 
 Buonamici, G., d. Florence, March 18, 
 
 1914. 
 Chadwick, George Whitefield, Won 
 
 Federation of Women's Music Club 
 
 Prize, 1911, with Suite symphonique. 
 Cowen, F. H., Published My Art and 
 
 My Friends (Reminiscences), 1913. 
 Engehnann, H., d. Philadelphia, May 5, 
 
 1914. 
 Fiedler, A. M., Returned to Hamburg. 
 Gaul, A. R., d. Birmingham, Sept. 13, 
 
 1913. 
 Giorza, Paolo, d. Seattle, May 4, 1914. 
 Hadden, J. C, d. Edinburgh, May 1, 
 
 1914. 
 KoUing, C. W. P., d. Chicago, May 3, 
 
 1914. 
 Korbay,F. A., d. London, March 9, 1913. 
 Liebling, E., d. Chicago, Jan. 20, 1914. 
 Marchesi, M., d. London, Nov. 18, 1913. 
 Marty, G., d. Paris, Oct. 11, 1908. 
 Maybrick, M., d. Buxton, Aug. 25 (26), 
 
 1913. 
 
 Molloy, J. L.,. d. Wooleys, Hambledon, 
 Feb. 4, 1909. 
 
 Miiller, Carl Christian, d. New York, 
 June 4, 1914. 
 
 Navratil, Karl, d. Vienna, April 6, 1914. 
 
 Nordica, Lillian, d. Batavia, Island of 
 Java, May 10, 1914. 
 
 Papml, G., d. London, Oct. 3, 1912. 
 
 Parker, H. W., Won $10,000 prize, 
 Metropol. Op. Co., 1911, with opera, 
 Mona; Federation of Women's Clubs 
 Prize, with aria Le crepuscule, 1911. 
 
 Perkins, H. S., d.Chicago, Jan. 20, 1914. 
 
 Puccini, G., Opera, Girl of the Golden 
 West, produced, N. Y., Dec, 1910. 
 
 Pugno, R., d. Moscow, Jan. 3, 1914. 
 
 Rachmaninoff, S., Condr., St. Peters- 
 burg Op., 1912. 
 
 Saint-Saens, C, Oratorio, The Prom- 
 ised Land, produced, Gloucester 
 Festival, 1913. 
 
 Schuch, Ernst Von, d. Dresden, May 
 10, 1914. 
 
 Scriabine, A., Symph. poem, Prome- 
 theus, 1913. 
 
 Stanford, C. V., Published Musical 
 Composition, 1913. 
 
 Strube, G., Teacher of comp., Peabody 
 Cons., Baltimore, 1913. 
 
 Tinel, E., d. Brussels, Oct. 28, 1912. 
 
 Wolf-Ferrari, E., Operas II segreto di 
 Susanna and L'amore medico. 
 
SUPPLEMENT TO 
 BALTZELL'S DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS 
 
 ALBENIZ 
 
 Albeniz, Isaac, compr., pst. b. Cam- 
 pred6n, Spain, May 29, 1860; d. 
 Cambo les Bains, France, May 19, 
 1910. Educated at Barcelona, stud- 
 ied music with grand-uncle, a pupil 
 of Herz; played piano at 3 years of 
 age; gave a concert at 4; taken to 
 Paris and placed under Marmontel's 
 instruction; 1868 entered Madrid 
 Cons., studying with Mendizabal; 
 ran away from home before he was 
 10 and gave concerts with much 
 success; was robbed of all his earn- 
 ings; returned to Madrid for a short 
 period and then again left home; 
 this time visited the West Indies 
 and the U. S.; next at Leipzig, pupil 
 of Jadassohn and Reinecke, then at 
 Brussels Cons., under Brassin, Du- 
 pont le jeune, and Gevaert ; after an 
 interval of concert tours resumed 
 his studies at Brussels and won a 
 first prize; spent some time with 
 Liszt at Weimar and Buda-Pesth; 
 1880 began a series of concert tours 
 with great financial success ; tried his 
 hand at managing a dramatic com- 
 pany and lost fortune; 1883 devoted 
 himself to composition, teaching, and 
 concert work; wrote several operas, 
 a number of songs, and nearly 300 
 piano pieces, filled with the Spanish 
 rhythmic and melodic character. 
 
 Alden, John Carver, compr., pst. b. 
 Boston, Mass. Father a good ama- 
 teur musician, mother a well-known 
 amateur pst., a pupil of Webb; 
 educated at Bridgewater Acad, and 
 under a private tutor; studied piano 
 and harmony with Franz and Car- 
 lyle Petersilea, in Boston, piano with 
 Plaidy and Paul, and harmony and 
 theory with Papperitz and Paul in 
 
 AMBROSE 
 
 Leipzig; began teaching in Boston 
 in 1880, later in New York, and then 
 again in Boston; head of piano de- 
 partment, Converse Coll., S. C, 
 1892, position he still fills (1914); 
 compositions mostly piano pieces 
 and songs, a few technical studies 
 and anthems; author of several 
 small works on pfte. -playing. 
 
 Allen, Nathan Henry, orgt., compr. 
 b. Marion, Mass., Apr. 14, 1848. 
 Educated at High School, at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., and Phillips Acad., 
 Andover, Mass.; studied music at 
 Providence; went to Germany in 
 1868 to train for the vocal profes- 
 sion; on account of injury to voice 
 turned to the organ; studied with 
 Haupt and Grell, and, later, orches- 
 tration with Van der Stucken, in 
 New York; on return from Germany, 
 1871, orgt. at New Bedford, Mass., 
 later moved to Hartford; in 1883 
 orgt. at Center Church, remaining 
 there 23 years; 1906 removed to 
 Worcester, Mass., where he now 
 resides (1914). Much interested in 
 the early history of music in America, 
 particularly in New England, has 
 written on the subject; about 100 
 published compositions, anthems and 
 organ music, original and tran- 
 scriptions. 
 
 Ambrose, Paul, compr., orgt. b. 
 Hamilton, Canada, Oct. 11, 1868; 
 son of R. S. Ambrose. Educated in 
 public schools and Collegiate Inst.; 
 studied music with father; 1886 went 
 to New York, studied piano with 
 Parsons, composition with Klein, 
 orchestration with Buck; Oct., 1886 
 orgt. Madison Ave. M. E. Church, 
 
AMBROSE 
 
 ARONSON 
 
 New York, 1890 of St. James' M. E. 
 Church, position he still fills (1914); 
 1906 teacher of piano and history of 
 music, American Inst. Applied Mu- 
 sic, New York; 1904 dir. mus. dept. 
 N. J. State Norm. Sch., Trenton, 
 N. J., where he now (1914) resides; 
 compositions include songs, piano 
 pieces, anthems, and part songs. 
 
 Ambrose, Robert Steele, orgt., compr. 
 b. Chelmsford, Eng., 1824; d. Ham- 
 ilton Ont., March 31, 1908. Father, 
 grandfather, and great-grandfatl er 
 were organists of the parish church; 
 family emigrated to Canada, in 1834, 
 locating near Guelph, Ont.; as a 
 youth became orgt. at St. George's 
 Church, Guelph; 1847 in Kingston 
 as teacher, and finally as orgt. at 
 St. George's Cath.; 1863 orgt. 
 Church of Ascension, Hamilton, Ont., 
 and dir. in Hamilton Ladies' Coll.; 
 composed in various forms, best 
 known by his sacred songs, particu- 
 larly One sweetly solemn thought, 
 pubHshed in 1876. 
 
 Ambrosio, Alfred d*, compr., vlt. b. 
 Naples, June 13, 1871; studied at 
 Naples Cons., composition under 
 Bossi; went to Nice, 1895; 1898 
 located in Paris, where he now lives; 
 member of board of examiners for the 
 Cons. ; organized string quartet which 
 bore his name; composed about forty 
 pieces for violin, best known being his 
 Canzonetta; other compositions are 
 for orchestra and piano; has pub- 
 lished a concerto for violin. Op. 51. 
 
 Andrews, Addison Fletcher, compr., 
 tenor, b. Cavendish, Vt., April 2, 
 1857. Mother musically talented; 
 educated at Dartmouth Coll. (1878), 
 Columbia Law School (1880); stud- 
 ied viohn with Godone, 1868-1870, 
 singing with Tamaro, 1884-1886; 
 self-taught in composition; tenor 
 various churches and choirs, prin- 
 cipally in New York City, 1878- 
 1903; reported for New York dailies 
 (Tribune), and contributed verse to 
 papers and magazines; opened church 
 choir agency in New York City, 
 1892; compositions include songs, 
 sacred and secular (0 for a day of 
 Spring), anthems, part-songs, piano 
 and violin pieces, a collection of 
 children's songs. 
 
 Andrews, J. Warren, orgt. h. Lynn, 
 Mass., 1860. Studied music at early 
 age, played organ at 12; in 1879 
 went to Newport, R. I., then to 
 Cambridge, to Minneapolis, locat- 
 ing in New York in 1896, at the 
 Church of the Divine Paternity, his 
 pubhc recitals being a feature of 
 Lenten season; established Church 
 Music School in 1900; founder 
 A. G. O.; has given recitals in many 
 of the leading American cities; com- 
 positions for organ and choir are 
 favorably known. 
 
 Andrews, Mark, orgt., compr. h. 
 Gainsborough, Eng., March 31, 1875. 
 Father a fine amateur musician; dis- 
 played musical talent as a child; 
 studied with Ruck, sub-organist 
 Rochester Cathedral; largely self- 
 taught in composition; A. R. G. O. 
 at age of 19; came to U. S. in 1902; 
 orgt. at Montclair, N. J., conductor 
 of local choral societies, and director 
 of music in the high school; com- 
 positions include anthems, songs, 
 piano pieces, 2 organ sonatas, and a 
 cantata The Visit of Socrates and 
 Athene. 
 
 Andrews, George Whitfield, orgt. h. 
 Wayne, Ohio, Jan. 19, 1861. Parents 
 good amateur musicians; pupil at 
 Oberlin, O., Cons, and in Europe of 
 Papperitz, Jadassohn, Rheinberger, 
 Guilmant, and d'Indy; began pro- 
 fessional work as orgt. and teacher 
 at Meadville, Pa., 1879; Toledo, 
 Ohio, 1881; 1882 instr. in Oberlin 
 Cons.; 1892, prof, of organ and 
 composition; 1901 conductor Ober- 
 lin Musical Union, and later of con- 
 servatory orchestra; compositions, 
 mostly unpublished, are for organ, 
 voice and orchestra; contributed to 
 American History and Encyclopoedia 
 of Music; received degrees A.M. 
 (1900) and Mus. Doc. (1903) from 
 Oberlin Coll. 
 
 Aronson, Rudolph, compr., condr., im- 
 presario, b. New York, Apr. 8, 1856. 
 Parents good amateur musicians; 
 educated in public schools of New 
 York City, studied violin, piano and 
 harmony with Leopold Meyer; 1874- 
 1877 with fimile Durand, Paris Cons. ; 
 1876 reported first Wagner Festival, 
 at Bayreuth, for New York paper; 
 
ATJBERT 
 
 BILSE 
 
 1877 inaugurated Sunday Night 
 Concerts in New York; directed con- 
 certs at Metropol. Concert Hall, 
 1880-1882; mgr. Casino Theatre, 
 Popular Sunday Night Concerts; 
 directed American tours of Marteau, 
 Carreno, Kocian, and other virtuosi; 
 1902 visited Africa, guest of Sultan 
 of Morocco; compositions, over 250 
 in number, include an operetta, a 
 suite for full orchestra, and many 
 pieces for small orchestra and for 
 piano ; published Theatrical and Musi- 
 cal Memoirs (1913); lives in New 
 York City. 
 
 Aubert, Louis-Franfois-Marie, compr. 
 b. Parame, Feb. 15, 1877. Taught by 
 father, an excellent musician; en- 
 
 tered the solfege class of Lavignac at 
 the Paris Cons, at the age of 10; boy 
 chorister at the Madeleine and soloist 
 at church festivals; musical and Uter- 
 ary studies were carried on simul- 
 taneously; in the Cons, teachers were 
 Diemer, piano, Lavignac, harmony, 
 Vidal, accompaniment, Godard and 
 Lefebvre, ensemble, Faure, compo- 
 sition; principal works are a Fan- 
 taisie for piano and orchestra, 
 Crepuscule d'automne (a cycle of 
 six poemes) Nuit Mauresque, with 
 orchestra; has also written a num- 
 ber of choruses, secular and sacred; 
 for the theatre his works are Chry- 
 sothemis, a ballet (1904) and La 
 foret bleue, an opera, produced in 
 U. S. in 1913, at Boston. 
 
 Baldwin, Ralph Lyman, orgt., teacher. 
 b. Easthampton, Mass., March 27, 
 1872. First musical instruction 
 from mother; orchestral player at 
 10 years of age; educated in pubHc 
 schools of Easthampton, graduated 
 Wilhston Sem., 1890; studied music 
 in Boston, 1890-92, under Chad wick, 
 Emery, Heindl, and Elson; orgt. at 
 Easthampton, 1894, Northampton, 
 Mass., 1896; 1899 superv. mus. in 
 Northampton; 1900, asst. in summer 
 school for mus. superv., at North- 
 ampton, dir., 1904; superv. mus., 
 Hartford, Conn., 1904, orgt., 4th 
 Cong. Church, same city; condr. 
 choral club, men's voices; composi- 
 tions include sonata for the organ, 
 Burlesca e Melodia for organ, an- 
 thems, and songs. 
 
 Bamabee, Henry Clay, basso. h. 
 Portsmouth, N. H., Nov. 14, 1833. 
 1850 to 1854, in business, after that 
 developed as a baritone and come- 
 dian; sang in church choirs, Boston, 
 nearly nineteen years; organized 
 Bamabee Concert Co. about 1870; 
 member Ideal Opera Co., 1879; one 
 of three organizers of The Boston- 
 ians (1887), remaining with that 
 organization until his retirement in 
 1906; apart from his famous "cork 
 leg" and special comedy sketches in 
 the old Barnabee Concert Company, 
 greatest role was the Sheriff of Not- 
 
 tingham in Robin Hood; pubhshed 
 My Wanderings, reminiscences of 
 his career, 1913. 
 
 Bergh, Arthur, compr., condr. h. St. 
 Paul, Minn., 1882. Parents ama- 
 teur musicians; educated in schools 
 of St. Paul; studied viohn and piano 
 at 5 years of age; moved to New 
 York 1903; teacher of violin, har- 
 mony, composition at N. Y. Inst. 
 Mus.; with N. Y. Symph. and 
 Metropol. Op. House orchestras for 
 several years; 1911 dir. of city orch. 
 to give educational concerts; moved 
 to Boston, 1913; assisted in the 
 organization of the Amer. Mus. 
 Soc; compositions in nearly all 
 forms, songs, anthems, part-songs, 
 piano and violin pieces. The Raven, 
 a melodrama. 
 
 Bellincioni, Gemma, coloratura sopr. 
 b. Como, Aug. 18, 1866. Pupil of 
 father and Corsis; debut, 1881, at 
 Naples; traveled with Tamberlik in 
 Spain, and became one of the most 
 celebrated prima donnas in Europe; 
 married Stagno (tenor); created 
 soprano role in Cavalleria Rusticana. 
 
 Bilse, Benjamin, condr. b. Liegnitz, 
 Aug. 17, 1816; d. there, July 13, 
 1902. Began music studies as a 
 child; town musician 1843, brought 
 orchestra to such perfection that in 
 
BLUMENTHAL 
 
 BROUNOFP 
 
 1867 he took it on a concert tour 
 to the Paris Expo.; 1868 located 
 in Beriin and estabhshed a series 
 of popular concerts which he con- 
 tinued for nearly 20 years; retired 
 to private life, in Liegnitz, in 
 1884. 
 
 Blumenthal, Jacques (Jacob), compr. 
 b. Hamburg, 1829; d. Chelsea, a 
 suburb of London, May 17, 1908. 
 Pupil of Henri Herz; composed 
 a number of piano pieces, but is 
 best known by his songs, some 
 of which still have a hold on the 
 pubhc. 
 
 Bomscheinj'^Franz Carl, compr., vlt. h. 
 Baltimore, Feb. 10, 1879. Studied 
 vln. with his father and later entered 
 Peabody Cons., studying vln. with 
 Van Hulsteyn, harmony and com- 
 position under Kahmer, Hamerik, 
 and Boise; won composition prize 
 for string qt., 1900; grad. 1902, 
 and soon after entered the Cons, 
 as teacher which position he still 
 fills; has won prizes offered by 
 choral organizations, and has writ- 
 ten in various styles; published 
 works include vln. concerto. Suite 
 and smaller pieces for vln., songs, 
 part-songs, cantatas (Djinns), pieces 
 for piano, besides several large 
 works still in manuscript; has acted 
 as mus. crit. for Baltimore Evening 
 Sun. 
 
 Branscome, Gena, compr. h. Picton, 
 Ontario. Began professional work 
 in music while still a girl; studied 
 composition with Borowski, in Chi- 
 cago, and later with R. Ganz and 
 Humperdinck; has written in many 
 forms, but is best known by her 
 songs; married John Ferguson Ten- 
 ney, of New York City. 
 
 Breithaupt, Rudolph Maria, teacher, 
 author, h. Brunswick, Germany, 
 Aug. 11, 1873. Mother a highly 
 gifted piano player; educated in the 
 local high school (Gymnasium), at 
 the same time studying music; pst. 
 of amateur quartet, played double 
 bass in orchestra of pupils from the 
 various gymnasia; first studied law 
 at Jena, Leipzig, and Berlin, later 
 theory of music with Paul, Riemann, 
 
 and Kretzschmar, in Leipzig, with 
 studies in psychology, etc.; 1897 
 decided on musical career; after a 
 short period at the Leipzig Cons, 
 under Teichmliller, Jadassohn, and 
 Paul, carried on studies by himself; 
 after a year in Vienna (1900-01) 
 located in Berlin as writer on 
 music, critic, teacher of piano play- 
 ing; since 1903 has limited himself 
 mainly to teaching; compositions 
 comparatively few, principally songs, 
 piano pieces and etudes; author 
 of treatises on piano technic, 
 Die natiirliche Klaviertechnik (1904), 
 Schule des Gewichtsspieles (1906), 
 Part II of the previous named 
 book, issued in French, 1907, in 
 English, 1909. 
 
 Burleigh, Henry Thacker, baritone, 
 compr. b. Erie, Pa., Dec. 2, 1867. 
 Educated in public schools, grad. 
 High School, 1887; sang in local 
 churches; 1892 went to New York, 
 entered Nat. Cons., completed a 
 four years' course, studying sing- 
 ing with Christian Fritsch, compo- 
 sition with Rubin Goldmark, and 
 Dvorak, and counterpoint with Max 
 Spicker; teacher of singing during 
 his last year at the Cons.; bar. at 
 St. George's Church, 1894, and in 
 1902 at Temple Emanuel, positions 
 which he still occupies (1914); com- 
 positions mostly songs (Jean), some 
 anthems, a set of piano pieces 
 (From the Southland), and a volume 
 of plantation songs. 
 
 Brounoff, Platen, compr., condr. b. 
 EHzabeth, S. Russia, 1863. Father 
 journalist; educated in local gym- 
 nasia; studied Warsaw Acad. Mus., 
 graduating in 1882; St. Petersburg 
 Cons. 1882-91, with Rubinstein, 
 Rimsky-Korsakov, Gabel and Re- 
 petto (singing); came to U. S. 1891, 
 sang in opera, and located in New 
 Haven; 1892 went to New York; 
 dir. choral organizations; lectured 
 on Russian music, Hebrew folk- 
 songs, etc.; compositions in nearly 
 ail forms, one opera, incidental 
 dramatic music, cantatas, overture 
 for orchestra, three suites for piano 
 and orchestra, and songs; collected 
 and arranged book of Hebrew folk- 
 songs. ^ 
 
CALVOCORESSI 
 
 CHASE 
 
 Calvocoressi, Michael D., critic, b. 
 Marseilles, Oct. 2, 1877. Parents 
 were Greeks; in 1886 he went to 
 Paris where he received his educa- 
 tion; began music study in 1893, 
 studied harmony with Xavier Le- 
 roux; self-taught in composition; 
 began musical criticism in 1902, con- 
 tributing to various European papers ; 
 1909-10 mus. crit. for Gil Bias, later 
 for Comedia illustre, at the same 
 time serving as correspondent for 
 the London Morning Post and con- 
 tributor to the Musical Times; has 
 attained distinction and popularity 
 as a lecturer on musical subjects; 
 translated many songs by Russian 
 composers into English, French, 
 and German; critical writings in- 
 clude essays on Liszt, Russian 
 music, Glinka, Moussorgsky, etc.; 
 has translated Reger's Beitrdge zur 
 Modulations and Rimsky-Korsa- 
 kov's treatise on orchestration into 
 French. 
 
 Carpenter, John Alden, compr. b. 
 Park Ridge, III., Feb. 28, 1876. His 
 mother, Elizabeth Green Carpenter, 
 was a fine musician and singer, and 
 gave him his earliest instruction at 
 the age of 5; later teachers were 
 Amy Fay and W. C. E. Seeboeck, 
 piano, theory J. K. Paine, Harvard 
 Univ., Edward Elgar, and Bernhard 
 Ziehn; degree of A.B., Harvard 1897; 
 associated in business in Chicago 
 with brothers, but devotes much 
 time to composition ; published works 
 include two volumes of children's 
 songs, a number of songs of fine 
 quality, and a sonata for violin and 
 piano. 
 
 Caplet, Andre, condr., compr. h. 
 Havre, 1879. Began music study, 
 piano and harmony, at 10 with 
 Woollett, and violin with local 
 player; while a youth first viohn in 
 Havre orch., and coach for singers; 
 entered Paris Cons, in 1896, with 
 Leroux in composition; Grand prix 
 de Rome, 1901; early showed re- 
 markable aptitude for conducting; 
 
 asst. to Colonne, resigned the Prize 
 at the end of the second year, spent 
 a year in Germany; after return to 
 Paris became intimate friend of 
 Debussy and did much to give the 
 works of the latter public presenta- 
 tion; came to Boston Opera House, 
 1911, as condr.; compositions include 
 works for string and wind instru- 
 ments, a piano quintet, Legende for 
 harp and orch.. Septet for strings 
 and women's voices, and piano 
 pieces. 
 
 Chaff in, Lucien Torrey Gates, orgt., 
 compr. h. Worcester, Mass., March 
 23, 1846. Educated in public 
 schools, and Brown University (A.B. 
 1867); studied music with Eugene 
 Thayer and others; orgt. at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., Buffalo, N. Y., Brook- 
 lyn, Marble Collegiate Church, 1st 
 Baptist, New York, at Morristown, 
 E. Orange, and Newark, N. J., now 
 (1914) at North Presbyterian, New 
 York; opened many organs 1870-85; 
 mus. ed. Buffalo Express, later 
 Commercial Advertiser, New York; 
 many years sec. Manuscript Soc, 
 New York, member Am. Guild Org.; 
 compositions include songs, anthems, 
 cantatas, and pieces for organ and 
 piano. 
 
 Chase, Mary Wood, pst., author, b. 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1868. 
 Father prof, in Cornell Univ., 
 mother musical; educated in public 
 schools of Ithaca, N. Y., pupil N. E. 
 Cons., Boston, 1884-87, studying 
 piano, singing, theory; in Berlin, 
 1893-96, with Raif and Barth; 
 began professional work in Boston, 
 1887; Winona, Minn., 1887-89; 
 later in college at Russelville, Ky. ; 
 asst. to Raif in Berlin, 1894-96; 
 private work in Chicago, 1896-1903; 
 co-dir. piano dept. sch. mus. 1903- 
 07; dir. Mary Wood Chase Sch., Chi- 
 cago, since 1907; soloist with lead- 
 ing orchestras; published Natural 
 Laws in Piano Technic, 1910; con- 
 tributor to leading musical maga- 
 zines. 
 
CLIPPINGER 
 
 DELLINGER 
 
 Clippinger, David Alva, teacher of sing- 
 ing, author, b. 1860. Parents excel- 
 lent amateur musicians; educated 
 in N. W. Ohio Normal Univ., Ada, 
 O.; studied music at Ft. Wayne, 
 Ind., composition with Gleason, at 
 Chicago, and with Eugene Thayer; 
 singing with F. W. Root, Lyman 
 Wheeler, Randegger, Shakespeare, 
 Henschel, and Behnke; began teach- 
 ing in M. E. College in Ft. Wayne, 
 Ind.; located in Chicago, 1887, as 
 teacher of singing and choral condr. ; 
 author of Development of the Sing- 
 ing Voice, Systematic Voice Train- 
 ing, Elements oj Voice Culture, 
 Studio Notes; ed. Western Musical 
 Herald. 
 
 Constantino, Florencio, tenor, b. Bar- 
 celona, Spain. Ran away from 
 home, shipped on a steamer for 
 Buenos Ay res; interested passengers 
 by singing, and introduced to dir, 
 
 " of opera house at Montevideo, who 
 gave opportunity to study operatic 
 roles, in which he appeared later in 
 South American cities; after a time 
 returned to Europe, making first 
 
 success in Manon, at Nice; engaged 
 for a time at St. Petersburg, later 
 at Madrid, with appearances at 
 Berlin and London; engaged for 
 San Carlo Co., by Henry Russell, 
 for tours of the United States, 1906; 
 member of Manhattan Op. Co., 
 N. Y., 1907-09; Boston Op. Co., 
 1910-12, leaving there to return to 
 South America; voice lyric in quality. 
 
 Copp, Evelyn Ashton Fletcher, teacher. 
 b. Woodstock, Canada, 1872. Father, 
 barrister, and mother, both musical 
 amateurs; educated in private schools 
 in Canada and abroad; musical edu- 
 cation began in Canada at 5, con- 
 tinued in England, and on the Con- 
 tinent; pupil of Orlando Mansfield, 
 Henrietta Schmidt, Oscar Bruckner, 
 Riemann, Mme. Cornells Servain; 
 began professional labors in Canada, 
 1894, teaching in private schools; 
 worked out the Fletcher method of 
 musical instruction and kindergarten 
 work; N. E. Cons. Boston, 1897; 
 since then has introduced her system 
 widely in the U. S. and Europe; lives 
 BrookUne, Mass 
 
 Davies, Henry Walford, orgt., compr. 
 b. Oswestry, Sept. 6, 1869. Father 
 amateur musician; early displayed 
 musical gifts, chorister St. George's 
 Chapel, Windsor, 1882; 1885-1890 
 pupil and asst. to Sir Walter Parratt; 
 1890 won scholarship at Roy. Coll. 
 Mus., studied under Parry, Stan- 
 ford, and Rockstro; 1891 orgt. 
 Christ Church, Hampstead; Mus. 
 B., Cambridge, 1892, Mus. Doc, 
 1898; 1895-1903 prof, counterpoint 
 Roy. Coll. Mus.; 1898, orgt. Temple 
 Church, succeeding E. J. Hopkins, 
 1903 condr. Bach Choir; composi- 
 tions in many forms, include quartet 
 in Eb for piano and strings, two 
 sonatas for viohn and piano, songs, 
 part-songs, anthems, etc.; a mystery 
 play, Everyman, attracted consider- 
 able attention. 
 
 Davis, Jessie Bartlett, contralto, h. 
 near Morris, 111., August, 1860; d 
 Chicago, May 14, 1905. Musical 
 education mostly with Frederick W. 
 
 Root, Chicago; became known in 
 choir work until 1879; began oper- 
 atic career as Buttercup in Pinafore; 
 afterwards studied for grand opera, 
 appearing with success as Siebel in 
 Faust; member of the Carleton and 
 American op. companies; after study 
 in Paris, joined the well-known 
 Bostonians with whom she remained 
 for many years; 1880 married W, J. 
 Davis, Chicago theatrical manager. 
 
 Dellinger, Rudolph, compr., condr. h. 
 Graslitz, Bohemia, July 8, 1857; d. 
 Coswig, near Dresden, Sept. 24, 
 1910. Father a maker of wood- 
 wind musical instruments, and wished 
 the son to follow the trade; the boy's 
 inclination lay in the direction of a 
 musical career, and he was finally 
 placed under the inrtruction of the 
 director of the local cons.; later 
 went to the cons, at Prague, where 
 he managed to secure sufficient pro- 
 fessional work to maintain himself 
 for several years; clarinet player in 
 
DICKINSON 
 
 ELMAN 
 
 city theatre at Briinns; after several 
 years of unsettled life in Austrian 
 cities he came, 1883, to Hamburg; 
 he remained here as condr. until 
 1893, going thence to Dresden as 
 condr. until his death; composed 
 eight operettas; also well-known 
 song Komm herah, Madonna 
 Theresa (Don Cesar). 
 
 Dickinson, Clarence, orgt., compr. h. 
 La Fayette, Ind., May 7, 1875. 
 General education at Miami Univ., 
 Oxford, O., and at Northwestern 
 Univ., Evanston, 111.; studied with 
 Harrison Wild at Chicago, Rei- 
 mann and Singer, Berlin, Guilmant, 
 Vierne, and Moszkowski, Paris; orgt. 
 and choirmaster, St. James P. E. 
 Ch., Chicago; condr. Musical Art 
 Soc, until 1909 when he went to 
 New York as orgt. Brick Pres. Ch.; 
 condr. Mendelssohn Glee Club, 
 New York, and Bach Festival 
 Soc, Montclair, N. J.; prof, sacred 
 mus.. Union Theol. Sem., New 
 York; composed songs, part-songs, 
 church music, and pieces for the 
 organ. 
 
 Ditson, Oliver, mus. pub. b. Boston, 
 Oct. 20, 1811 ; d. there, Dec. 21, 1888. 
 As a youth with Samuel Parker, book- 
 seller; 1834 formed firm Parker and 
 Ditson, music publishers; 1840 
 acquired the business ; orgt. and choir- 
 master Bulfinch St. Ch. ; liberal pat- 
 ron of musical enterprises ; much of his 
 success due to close relations with 
 composers and artists; Oliver Ditson 
 Company organized after his death, 
 John C. Haynes, Pres. ; 1907 Charles 
 H. Ditson, son of Oliver, became 
 Pres. and sole owner. 
 
 Douty, Nicholas, compr., tenor, b. 
 Philadelphia, April 14, 1870. Mother 
 a good singer and pst.; boy chorister 
 in Philadelphia churches; educated 
 in the public schools of Philadelphia; 
 studied organ with Minton Pyne 
 (St. Mark's Church), harmony and 
 composition with other local teach- 
 ers; discovered a tenor voice, and 
 studied with Wilham Castle, Mme. 
 Osgood-Dexter, Randegger, and 
 Sbriglia; successful concert and ora- 
 torio singer; compositions include 
 songs, part-songs, pieces for the piano 
 and organ. 
 
 Duncan, William Edmundstoune, 
 
 compr., author, b. Sale, Eng., Apr. 
 22, 1866. Father interested in folk- 
 song, mother a good amateur pst.; 
 educated at a local school, studied 
 music with a pupil of Halle, and 
 later, 1879-82, organ and counter- 
 point with Dr. Coy; won a scholar- 
 ship in 1883 at the Roy. Coll. Mus., 
 London, studied composition with 
 Parry, 1883-86, also organ with Sir 
 George Martin, piano with Ernst 
 Pauer, and violin and viola with 
 Gibson and Gompertz, thus earning 
 a place in the college orchestra; 
 after leaving the college he remained 
 in London as orgt., teacher, and 
 music critic for London papers; 1893 
 returned to Sale, and organized Old- 
 ham Coll. Mus.; now critic for Man- 
 chester News and Leader; composi- 
 tions in many forms, an opera, works 
 for orchestra, a naval ode, for cho- 
 rus and orchestra, sonata for piano, 
 songs, organ pieces, and church 
 music; author of History of Music , 
 Life of Schubert, Story of Min- 
 strelsy, Story of the Carol, and Melo- 
 dies and How to Harmonize Them. 
 
 E 
 
 Elman, Mischa, vlt. h. Stalnoje, Kiev, 
 Russia, Jan. 20, 1892. Father a 
 schoolmaster; learned to play by 
 ear; admitted to Imp. Mus. Sch. at 
 Odessa, pupil of Fidelmann; 1903 
 went to St. Petersburg to study 
 with Leopold Auer; played in public 
 for the first time in Oct., 1904, in 
 St. Petersburg, followed in the same 
 
 month by a performance in Berlin; 
 this began his career as a virtuoso; 
 March, 1905, made his first appear- 
 ance in London; in the U. S., New 
 York, Dec, 1908; since that time has 
 played in the various music centres 
 of Europe and the U. S.; transcribed 
 for the violin pieces from the older 
 classical repertoire. 
 
ENESCO 
 
 FISCHER 
 
 Enesco, Georges, vlt. b. Cordaremi, 
 Roumania, Aug. 7, 1881. Father a 
 farmer; learned to play country tunes 
 by ear on the violin; a traveling musi- 
 cian taught the boy notation and he 
 began to compose ; at 7 years old he 
 was taken to Vienna, accepted by 
 Hellmesberger as a pupil, and lived in 
 his family for 4 years ; took first prizes 
 for violin playing and harmony at 11; 
 went to Paris, studied violin with 
 Marsick, composition with Faure; 
 in 1899 won first prize in violin 
 playing; concert of his works given 
 in Paris, June, 1897; Poeme Roumain 
 produced by Colonne, Feb., 1898; 
 made a fine reputation as a virtuoso 
 throughout Europe; court vlt. to 
 Queen of Roumania; other works 
 are 2 symphonies, Symphonie con- 
 certante for 'cello and orchestra. 
 Pastorale fantaisie, 2 violin sonatas, 
 
 a symphony for wood wind, Suite 
 for orch., Op. 9. 
 
 Erb, John Lawrence, orgi., compr., 
 author, b. near Reading, Pa., Feb. 
 5, 1877. Educated in publicand pri- 
 vate schools, Pottstown, Pa., studied 
 music with local teacher ; in Metropol. 
 Coll. Mus., New York, 1894-1899, 
 pupil of Buck, H. R. Shelley, R. H. 
 Woodman, H, W. Greene; began pro- 
 fessional work, 1892, as orgt. and 
 teacher, Pottstown, 1895, New York, 
 1897, 2nd Unitarian Church, Brook- 
 lyn; 1905-1913 dir. Cons, of Music, 
 Univ. of Wooster, O.; orgt. Chicago, 
 1913; has published JoAannes Brahms 
 (a biography), 1905, Hymns and 
 Church Music, 1910, Elements of 
 Harmony and Elementary Theory, 
 1911; compositions include pieces for 
 organ, piano, songs and anthems. 
 
 Farnsworth, Charles Hubert, teacher, 
 author, h. Cesarea, Turkey, 1859. 
 General education at Robert Coll., 
 Constantinople; studied music in a 
 desultory way as a boy, but did not 
 begin serious work until he was 18, 
 taking up piano, organ, singing, 
 composition, and school music, orgt. 
 at Worcester, Mass., 1884; prof, of 
 mus. State Univ., Colorado, 1888- 
 1900; Teacher's Coll., Columbia 
 Univ., N. Y. City, 1900, position he 
 still fills; author of Education Through 
 Music, Teachers' Coll. Record, 
 Teaching of School Music, Songs for 
 Schools, articles in encyclopsedias and 
 dictionaries; prominent in educa- 
 tional work in music in U. S. 
 
 Ferir, lEmile, viola-player, b. Brussels, 
 July 18, 1873. Father an army 
 officer; first studied painting; en- 
 tered Brussels Cons., studying with 
 Firket and Ysaye making the violin 
 his instrument; won first prize 1891; 
 member of Lamoureux Orch., Paris, 
 1892, Scottish Orch., Glasgow, 1893, 
 Queen's Hall Orch. and Philh. Orch. 
 London, 1896-1903; viola player of 
 Kruse Quartet; 1903 came to Boston 
 as principal viola player of the 
 Symph. Orch.; member of Arbos, 
 
 Boston Symph., and Hess-Schroeder 
 
 Quartets. 
 
 Finden, Amy Woodforde, compr. h. 
 ChiU, where her father was British 
 consul. Mother, a good pst., gave 
 her first lessons; studied at Royal 
 Acad. Mus. London, with Adolf 
 Schloesser; began to compose at an 
 early age, pubhshing a waltz at 15; 
 married army officer, and lived in 
 India, which gave material for much 
 of her music; has written a number 
 of successful song cycles. 
 
 Fischer, Carl, publisher, b. Buttstaedt, 
 Germany, Dec. 7, 1851 ; family inter- 
 ested in the making of musical in- 
 struments; as a young man became 
 familiar with the business in Ger- 
 many, Switzerland, France, and 
 England; established musical instru- 
 ment and music publishing house in 
 New York City, 1872, paying 
 special attention to band and or- 
 chestra pubh cations; founded The 
 Metronome, monthly journal for 
 band and orchestra, 1885; Musical 
 Observer, 1907. 
 
 Fischer, Emil, basso, b. Brunswick, 
 Germany, 1840. Both parents opera 
 
FLETCHER 
 
 FRIML 
 
 singers; first appeared at Gratz, 
 1857, in Jean de Paris; sang with 
 success in opera houses of Bruns- 
 wick, Hamburg, Berlin, Vienna, 
 St. Petersburg, and Dresden, be- 
 coming especially renowned in Wag- 
 nerian roles; came to America, 1885; 
 with the Metropol. Op. Comp., 
 1885-1898; in Holland and Germany, 
 1899, 1900, as singer and director; re- 
 turned to New York, 1902; most 
 famous roles, Hans Sachs, and 
 Wotan. 
 
 Fletcher, Alice Cunningham, ethnolo- 
 gist, b. Boston, 1845. Educated 
 in private schools; gathered mater- 
 ial concerning music of the Omaha 
 Indians in connection with eth- 
 nological investigations for the Pea- 
 body Museum, Cambridge, Mass.; 
 published in book form with the 
 assistance of John C. Fillmore, 
 under the title A Study of Omaha 
 Music; later works are Indian Story 
 and Song from North America, 1900, 
 and sections in reports on cere- 
 monials. The Ha-Ko, and The 
 Omaha Tribe; asst. in ethnology, 
 Peabody Museum, since 1882, holder 
 of Thaw Fellowship since 1891; 
 special agent of the government in 
 various investigations. 
 
 Flesch, Carl, vlt. b. Moson, Hungary, 
 Oct. 29, 1873. Father was a physi- 
 cian; when he was 10 he was sent 
 to Vienna to continue his studies; 
 1886-90 was a pupil of Griin at 
 the Cons.; 189(>-94 he spent at 
 Paris, in Marsick's class at the 
 Cons.; 1894 won first prize and 
 made his d^but shortly afterward 
 at Vienna with great success; 1897- 
 1902 prof, in the Cons, at Bucharest 
 and leader of a string quartet under 
 the patronage of the Queen of 
 Roumania; 1903-08 prof, at the 
 Amsterdam Cons.; 1908 removed to 
 Berlin; established his reputation 
 as a virtuoso of the highest rank 
 through a series of five historical 
 programs covering the great works 
 in the violin literature; visited the 
 U. S., season of 1913-14; has edited 
 studies by Kreutzer and Paganini. 
 
 Forsyth, Cecil, compr. b. Kent, Eng- 
 land, 1870. Studied with Oakeley, 
 and later with Stanford at the Roy. 
 
 Coll. Mus., London; compositions 
 include an opera, concerto for violin 
 and orchestra (1903), 4 orchestral 
 studies on characters from Hugo's 
 Les Miserahles, chamber music, 
 pieces for solo voice and orchestra, 
 2 masses, and songs. 
 
 Forsyth, Wesley Octavius, pst., compr. 
 b. near Toronto, Canada, Jan. 26, 
 1862. Studied in Toronto, later 
 with Zwintscher, Ruthardt, and 
 Krause at Leipzig, and Epstein at 
 Vienna; also with Arthur Friedheim; 
 studied harmony, composition, etc., 
 with Jadassohn, Schreck, orchestra- 
 tion with R. Hofmann, at Leipzig; 
 located at 'Toronto, where he is dir. 
 Metropol. Sch. Mus.; mus. critic for 
 The Week; compositions chiefly for 
 piano and voice. Prelude and Fugue 
 for organ, and two or three orches- 
 tral pieces. 
 
 Fremstad, Olive, sopr. b. Stock- 
 holm. Parents both fine singers; 
 began musical studies at an early 
 age, appearing in public as pst. at 
 9; 7 years later parents came to the 
 U. S., first locating in Chicago, then 
 in Minneapolis, where she taught 
 music; 1890 went to New York to 
 study singing; 1893 studied with 
 Lilli Lehmann; 1894 sang in Col- 
 ogne, and made debut in II Trova- 
 tore, Aug., 1895; 1896 sang at Bay- 
 reuth; 1899 at Vienna Opera; 
 studied at Milan, and in 1900 en- 
 gaged at Munich Opera for three 
 years; appeared at Covent Garden, 
 London; New York debut, 1903, 
 at Metropol. Op. House; created 
 Salome at Metropol. 1907; voice 
 has wide range and sympathetic 
 quality. 
 
 Friml, Rudolf, compr., pst. b. Prague, 
 Dec. 7, 1881. Musical talent mani- 
 fested itself at an early age; he 
 played in pubhc at 3; began regular 
 music studies at 7, under Juranek, 
 piano, Forster, harmony, Dvorak, 
 composition ; commenced professional 
 career in 1900 as pst. on concert 
 tour with KubeUk, with whom he 
 traveled for four years; composi- 
 tions include several ballets and 
 operas {Firefly), piano concerto, in- 
 strumental pieces and songs; Uves in 
 New York. 
 
FUMAGALLI 
 
 GILIBERT 
 
 Fumagalli, Luca, pst., compr. b. 
 Inzago, Italy, 1837; d. Milan, June, 
 1908. Studied at Milan Cons.; 
 graduated at an early age in piano 
 and composition; first took up the 
 career of concert pianist in Italy 
 and France; also appeared in Lon- 
 don and visited U. S.; spent several 
 years in Philadelphia as teacher in 
 Cons.; after return to Italy brought 
 
 out an opera, not very successful; 
 located in Milan, devoting his time 
 largely to teaching; examiner at 
 the Cons.; edited Beethoven's so- 
 natas for Ricordi; wrote a great 
 many piano pieces in brilliant style, 
 not especially difficult, or original, 
 and fantasias on opera themes, an 
 opera, and a Sinfonia Marinaresca, 
 which has been highly praised. 
 
 G 
 
 Galston, Gottfried, pst. b. Vienna, 
 Aug. 31, 1879. Studied music in 
 Vienna Cons, under Schenner; 1894- 
 99 with Leschetizky; studied theory 
 with Jadassohn, at Leipzig, 1899- 
 1900; general education in Vienna 
 schools and higher institutions' of 
 learning, 1885-1898; concert debut 
 at Leipzig, 1900; since then has con- 
 certized in all parts of the world; 
 teacher of virtuosity class at Stem's 
 Conserv., Berlin, 1904-07; honorary 
 prof, at Imper. Acad., St. Peters- 
 burg; devotes himself to concert 
 work with the exception of teaching 
 a few advanced pupils during sum- 
 mer months at his home, Planegg, 
 near Munich; author of Studien- 
 buch (Berlin, 1911), notes on the in- 
 terpretation of concert pieces. 
 
 Gerhardt, Elena, lieder singer. h. 
 Leipzig, Nov. 11, 1883. Began to 
 study singing at 16, with Mme. 
 Hedmont; made first pubUc appear- 
 ance at 20; took up heder singing as 
 a career, and won enviable distinc- 
 tion in this line in the leading cities 
 of Europe; made a few appearances 
 in opera; visited the U.S., 1912, 1913. 
 
 Gilbert, Henry Franklin Belknap, 
 
 compr. b. Somerville, Mass., Sept. 
 26, 1868. _ Father, Benjamin F. 
 Gilbert, a singer, orgt., and compr. 
 of church music; mother, Therese A. 
 Gilson, concert and church singer; 
 educated in public schools of Cam- 
 bridge, Somerville, and Reading, 
 Mass.; studied violin with Emil 
 MoUenhauer, harmony with George 
 H. Howard, and composition with 
 MacDowell, 1889-92; played violin 
 in orchestras, musical editor for a 
 Boston publisher; musical editor for 
 
 E. S. Curtis' The North, American 
 Indian, transcribing and arranging 
 Indian songs from phonographic 
 records; composed many songs, not- 
 ably Pirate Song, orchestral pieces. 
 Two Episodes, Americanesque, Com- 
 edy Overture on Negro Themes, Negro 
 Rhapsody (1913), etc., a few piano 
 pieces, particularly those based on 
 American Indian themes; compiler 
 of 100 Folk Songs for Schools. 
 
 Gilder, John Francis, compr. d. Bor- 
 dentown, N. J., Dec. 9, 1908. 
 Studied music with Donat Saar, Wm. 
 Mason, Robert Goldbeck and others; 
 accompanied PMme. Anna Bishop on 
 tour from New York to San Francisco 
 in 1873; published brilliant piano 
 pieces in the drawing-room style, and 
 songs, upwards of 100 in all. 
 
 Gatti-Cassaza, Giulio, impresario, h. 
 Ferrara, Italy, 1869. Began career 
 as a civil engineer, which he aban- 
 doned for music at the age of 25; 
 soon after became manager of the 
 Municipal theatre of Ferrara; dir. 
 La Scala, Milan, 1898-1908, coming 
 to New York, in the latter year, to 
 succeed Heinrich Conried as manager 
 Metropol. Op House, a position 
 which he still holds (1914) ; married 
 Frances Alda, opera singer, 1910. 
 
 Gilibert, Charles, baritone, b. Paris, 
 1865(?); d. New York, Oct. 11, 1910. 
 Studied with private teachers before 
 entering the Cons., from which he 
 graduated with honors; engaged at 
 Opera Comique, at Brussels, Covent 
 Garden; American debut, Dec. 18, 
 1900, at Metropol. Op. House, New 
 York in Romeo and Juliet; after 
 retirement pi Grau, returned to 
 
GLUCK 
 
 GUNN 
 
 Paris; 1906 engaged by Hammerstein 
 for Manhattan Op. House, New York ; 
 later with Metropol.; also successful 
 in concert work, particularly in the 
 French classic and modern repertoires. 
 
 Gluck, Alma (Reba Fierson), sopr. b. 
 Bucharest, May 11, 1884. Parents 
 musical; education received in the 
 U. S. in public schools of New York; 
 studied singing with Buzzi-Peccia, 
 and in 1913 was coached by Sem- 
 brich; began professional activity 
 at the Metropol. Op. House, New 
 York, Nov. 16, 1909, with which 
 company she is permanently con- 
 nected; has been very successful in 
 concert and oratorio. 
 
 Gottschalg, Alexander Wilhelm, orgt., 
 compr. h. Mechelrode, near Weimar, 
 Feb. 14, 1827; d. Weimar, May 31, 
 1908. Pupil in music, 1842-47, of 
 Topfer, in Weimar, and of Liszt; 
 1847 teacher at Tiefurt, 1870-1881 
 teacher at the Seminar, Weimar, and 
 court org. ; 1874-1903 teacher of hist, 
 mus. at the Cons.; editor of several 
 musical papers; edited a large number 
 of collections of organ music; com- 
 posed church music, secular choruses, 
 and pieces for organ and piano. 
 
 Grainger, Percy, pst., compr. b. 
 Brighton, Victoria, 1884. Father 
 architect and engineer; mother fine 
 amateur musician, and first teacher; 
 gave a concert in Melbourne at 10, 
 and by various engagements earned 
 money to take him to Germany for 
 study under Kwast, in Berlin, for 
 six years; later studied with Busoni; 
 recitals in all parts of Europe made 
 him known as "the Australian pian- 
 ist"; Grieg praised him for his 
 interpretation of Norwegian music; 
 compositions include works for or- 
 chestra, chorus, and chamber music, 
 Molly on the Shore, for strings (an 
 Irish reel setting), and a number of 
 pieces for piano. 
 
 Greene, Herbert Wilber, teacher of 
 singing, b. Holyoke, Mass. Father 
 a tenor singer, and singing school 
 teacher; educated in Holyoke public 
 schools; musical education in New 
 York, London, and Paris, under 
 Rivarde, Shakespeare, and Sbriglia; 
 taught in Albany, N. Y., 1873, New 
 
 Haven, and Hartford, 1876-1883; 
 New York, 1884; with C. B. Hawley 
 founded the Metropol. Cons. 1886; 
 1898 began teaching privately; musi- 
 cal editor Godey's Magazine, vocal 
 editor Etude, Musician, lecturer on 
 music for Board of Education, New 
 York; compositions include an album 
 of songs; edited Standard Graded 
 Course of Singing. 
 
 Griswold, Putnam, hass. b. Minne- 
 apolis, d. New York, Feb. 26, 1914. 
 Spent boyhood in Boston; later went 
 to California; began music studies at 
 22; later went to Europe, was under 
 the instruction of Randegger, Bouhy, 
 and Emerich; was engaged for the 
 Royal Opera, Berhn, and later at 
 Covent Garden, London, and Metro- 
 politan, New York, retaining perma- 
 nent connection with the three com- 
 panies; created principal roles in 
 Stanford's Much ado about nothing, 
 Nevin's P&la, Parker's Mona, and 
 Leoncavallo's Maria; very success- 
 ful in opera and concert. 
 
 Grovlez, Gabriel, pst., compr. b. Lille, 
 1879; studied at Paris Cons., pupil 
 of Diemer, Lavignac, and Faure; 
 successful concert tours throughout 
 Europe, teacher of pfte. at Schola 
 Cantorum, Paris; condr. at Op4ra 
 Comique, at San Carlos Th., Lisbon, 
 and later at Theatre des Arts, Paris; 
 compositions include two symphonic 
 poems, Scene et ballet, for a piece 
 adapted from the Chinese, a sonata 
 for viohn and pfte., pieces for piano 
 and more than 50 songs. 
 
 Gunn, Glenn Dillard, pst., critic, h. 
 Topeka, Kans., Oct. 2, 1874. Mother 
 a gifted pst.; educated in public 
 and private schools of Lexington, 
 Ky., and Evansville, Ind., musical 
 education under direction of mother; 
 studied in Leipzig, 1894-99, under 
 Zwintscher, Reinecke, Teichmiiller, 
 Paul, Kretzschmar; began profes- 
 sional activity as asst. to Teich- 
 miiller 1897; located in Chicago, 1899, 
 teacher in American Cons.; later 
 with Chicago Mus. Coll. ; mus. critic 
 Chicago Journal, 1902-05, Inter- 
 Ocean, 1905-09, Tribune, 1909; lec- 
 turer at Univ. Chicago, 1905; wrote 
 biography of Wm. H. Sherwood, and 
 many magazine articles. 
 
HACKETT 
 
 HEKKING 
 
 H 
 
 Hackett, Karleton, critic, teacher of 
 singing, b. Brookline, Mass., Oct. 
 8, 1867. Parents excellent amateur 
 musicians; grad. Roxbury Latin 
 School, 1887, studied at Harvard 
 two years; went to Florence, studied 
 with Vannuccini and Vanini, 1889- 
 93, with Henschel in London, 1896; 
 located in Chicago, 1893, as teacher; 
 dir. voc. dept. Northwestern Univ. 
 Mus. Sch., Evanston, 111., 1895; 
 1896 head voc. dept. American Cons., 
 Chicago, vice-pres. in 1905; mus. 
 critic Chicago Evening Post, and 
 contributor to the leading musical 
 magazines of the U. S. ; pupils con- 
 nected with several opera companies. 
 
 Hall, Marie, vlt b. Newcastle-on- 
 Tyne, Eng., April 8, 1884. Parents 
 strolling musicians, the father a 
 harpist; showed talent at an early 
 age; first violin lessons from father, 
 then with Hildegarde Werner, Max 
 Mossel, and Johann Kruse, London, 
 and two years with Sevcik, at 
 Prague; first appearance in Vienna, 
 1903, with much success; toured 
 England and the colonies, and the 
 U. S., 1904-10; 1911, married Ed- 
 ward Baring; lives in London. 
 
 Hamlin, George, tenor, b. Chicago, 
 1874(?). He showed musical talent 
 at an early age, but it was not until 
 he reached the age of 16 that the 
 fine quality of his voice induced 
 serious study with local teachers, 
 and, later, in Europe; from the time 
 he entered the concert and oratorio 
 fields to the present he has been 
 unifornily successful and early won 
 reputation as a tenor of the first 
 rank among American artists; was 
 first to introduce the songs of R. 
 Strauss to the American pubHc; 
 1911 made operatic debut with 
 Chicago Opera Co., in Herbert's 
 Natoma. 
 
 Hammond, William Gardiner, orgt., 
 compr. b. Mellville, L. I., Aug. 9, 
 1875. Mother a well-trained musi- 
 cian; educated in public schools; 
 took charge of choir at Newport, 
 
 R. I. at 15; studied piano at Newport 
 and with Alexander Lambert and 
 Aug. Spanuth, at N. Y.; orgt. and 
 choirmaster at St. John's Chap., 
 Newport; then at various churches 
 in Brooklyn, 1903-12 at 1st Ref. Ch., 
 from which he resigned to go abroad 
 for special study; compositions in- 
 clude secular choral works, an 
 Easter cantata, and a large number 
 of songs. 
 
 Harwood, Basil, orgt., compr. b. 
 Olveston, England, April 11, 1859. 
 Educated at Oxford University, 
 Mus. B. 1880, B. A. 1881, Mus. D. 
 1896; studied piano with J. L. 
 Roeckel, organ with G. Riseley, 
 theory with Dr. Corfe, at Oxford, 
 and composition, for a short time, 
 at Leipzig Cons., under Reinecke 
 and Jadassohn; orgt. London, 1883- 
 87, at Ely Cath., 1887-92, and 
 Christ Church Cath., Oxford, 1892- 
 1912; condr. Oxford Orch. Ass'n., 
 1892-98, Oxford Bach Choir, 1896- 
 1900; compositions include a Psalm 
 for chorus and orchestra, church 
 music, organ pieces, and songs. 
 
 Hasselmans. Alphonse-Jean, compr., 
 harpist, h. Liege, March 5, 1845; 
 father a distinguished musician, dir. 
 of theatre and Cons, at Strassburg; 
 went to Paris at an early age and 
 soon became very successful as a vir- 
 tuoso ; made extensive concert tours 
 in company with other artists; teacher 
 of the harp at the Cons, in 1884, 
 where his class became very popular, 
 with many brilliant pupils to bis 
 credit. 
 
 Hekking, Anton, 'cellist, h. The Hague, 
 Sept. 7, 1856. Studied with local 
 teachers, then at the Paris Cons, 
 under Chevillard and Jacquard; 
 successful tour with Annette Essip- 
 off; solo 'celhst Bilse Orch. in 
 Berlin; with Philh. Orch., Berlin, 
 1882, 1884-88, 1898-1902; European 
 tour with Ysaye, 1882; American 
 tour, 1888, remaining in that coun- 
 try (Boston and New York) until 
 1902; returned to Berlin. 
 
HEMPEL 
 
 HUTCHESON 
 
 Hempel, Frieda, sopr. b. Leipzig, 
 1885. Began music study as a 
 child specializing on the piano; at 
 17 commenced vocal studies under 
 Frau Nicklas-Kempner, in Berlin, 
 and remained with her for three 
 years, making a specialty of colora- 
 tura work, for which her voice 
 seemed specially adapted; debut in 
 Berlin, 1905, in the role of the 
 Widow Fluth in The Merry Wives 
 of Windsor and the Queen in The 
 Huguenots, this was followed by an 
 engagement for five years at The 
 Royal Opera in Schwerin; at the 
 end of two years she was released 
 from her contract by the personal 
 request of the Emperor William and 
 became a member of the Royal 
 Opera at Berlin; 1911 appeared at 
 the Metropol. Opera, New York, 
 and in succeeding seasons; her reper- 
 toire includes forty-six roles. 
 
 Hertz, Alfred, condr. b. Frankfort, 
 July 15, 1852. Pupil at Raff Cons.; 
 condr. at theatre Halle, Altenburg, 
 Elberfeld, Breslau (1895), New York, 
 Metropol. Op. House, 1902, which 
 position he still fills (1914); con- 
 ducted Parsifal performances, 1903- 
 04. 
 
 Hill, Edward Burlingame, compr., 
 teacher, b. Cambridge, Mass., Sept. 
 9, 1872; father, prof, in Harvard 
 Univ., a skilled amateur, as was also 
 the mother; grad. Harvard Univ., 
 1894; studied piano with Lang, 
 Arthur Whiting, and with Louis 
 Breitner, at Paris; composition with 
 J. K. Paine, and F. F. Bullard, at 
 Boston, and Widor, at Paris; instru- 
 mentation with Chad wick; taught 
 pfte. and harmony, Boston, 1898- 
 1901; ed. Musical World, 1902-03; 
 contributor to leading American 
 musical magazines; mus. crit. for 
 Boston Transcript; became instr. 
 in music. Harvard Univ., 1908; 
 published compositions include Jack 
 Frost (pantomime for orch.), chorus 
 for women's voices and orch., piano 
 pieces, and songs. 
 
 Holt, Hosea E., teacher, b. Ashburn- 
 ham, Mass.; d. Lexington, Mass., 
 Oct. 18, 1898. Educated in music 
 at Boston; for several years he 
 taught music in the Normal School 
 
 at Bridgewater, Mass.; from 1868 
 to his death he served in the Boston 
 public schools in a similar capacity; 
 published sight singing methods for 
 use in schools. 
 
 Horn, Charles Edward, opera singer, 
 compr. h. London, June 21, 1786; 
 d. Boston, Oct. 21, 1849. Son of 
 Karl Friedrich Horn (a German 
 musician who settled in England 
 and was orgt. of St. George's Chapel, 
 Windsor); after several years of 
 activity in London as singer and 
 opera composer, came to New York, 
 where, owing to loss of voice, he 
 was forced to take up music teach- 
 ing and opened a music-shop; 1843- 
 47 he spent in London, returned to 
 the U. S., locating in Boston, where 
 he was director of the Handel and 
 Haydn Society; compositions include 
 26 light operas in English, 3 ora- 
 torios, a cantata, and many small 
 vocal pieces. 
 
 Huhn, Bruno, compr., orgt. b. London, 
 1871. In his early youth he traveled 
 extensively in Europe and the East; 
 studied singing with Mme. Anna 
 Lankow; 1891 came to New York, 
 a.s orgt., and has since resided there; 
 highly esteemed as teacher and 
 coach for singers; has written many 
 successful songs, sacred and secular, 
 and choral works. 
 
 Humiston, William Henry, compr. h. 
 Marietta, O., Apr. 27, 1869. General 
 education in Chicago pubUc schools 
 and Lake Forest Coll., graduating in 
 1891; studied piano with Mathews 
 and organ with Eddy, in Chicago; 
 went to New York, 1894, studied 
 coniposition with MacDowell; filled 
 positions as organist and condr. 
 of traveling opera companies; con- 
 tributor to musical periodicals, writer 
 of program notes for the N. Y. 
 Philh. Soc. concerts, and asst. mus. 
 crit. Evening Post; composed songs, 
 works for orchestra, and several 
 large choral pieces. 
 
 Hutcheson, Ernest, pst., compr. h. 
 Melbourne, Australia, 1877. First 
 public appearance at the age of 5 
 with a tour of Australia; several 
 years later at Leipzig, graduated 
 1890, studied under Zwintscher, 
 
KERKER 
 
 KRAUSS 
 
 Reinecke, and Jadassohn, and 
 afterwards with Stavenhagen in 
 Weimar; after completing studies he 
 gave recitals in Berlin, and spent 
 some years in concert work in 
 Europe; teacher at Peabody Cons. 
 Mus., Baltimore, 1900-1912; suc- 
 ceeded William H. Sherwood, 1911, 
 as head of the piano department at 
 the Chautauqua Inst.; 1912 went 
 to Berlin for a time, devoting him- 
 
 self to teaching and concert work; 
 among his best known pupils may 
 be mentioned Olga Samaroff- 
 Stokovski; author of the Elements 
 of Piano Technic; Guide to Richard 
 Strauss ^'Elektra"; compositions in- 
 clude a concerto for piano, one for 
 violin, an orchestral suite, a sym- 
 phonic poem, piano pieces, songs, 
 and arrangements for piano of 
 orchestral scores (mainly Wagner's). 
 
 K 
 
 Kerker, Gustav, condr. b. Herford, 
 Germany, Feb. 28, 1857. Parents 
 both musical, and from them re- 
 ceived earliest instruction; essayed 
 conducting at the age of 16; con- 
 ductor. New York Casino, in 1889, 
 a position he filled for several years; 
 1906-1911, mostly in Vienna, in 
 light opera work; has composed 
 many musical comedies, the most 
 successful being Belle of New York, 
 Pearl of Pekin, and The Billionaire; 
 a pleasing composer in his particular 
 field; lives in New York. 
 
 Knorr, Iwan, compr. h. Mewe, West 
 Prussia, Jan. 3, 1853. Studied 
 music at Leipzig Cons, under Rein- 
 ecke and Richter; 1874 teacher at 
 Charkov, Russia, 1878 dir. of theo- 
 retical instruction at the Charkov 
 branch of the Royal Mus. Soc; 1883 
 teacher of theory and composition 
 at the Hoch Cons., Frankfort, 1908 
 was made dir.; among his pupils 
 may be named the Englishmen, 
 Cjo-il Scott, Percy Grainger, Roger 
 Quilter, Algernon Ashton; composi- 
 tions include three operas, and a 
 number of works for orchestra and 
 chamber music; has written text- 
 book Aufgahen f.d. Unterricht i.d. 
 Harmonielehre (1903), a biography 
 of Tchaikovski, and analyses for 
 Musikfuhrer. 
 
 Koenen, Tilly, contralto, b. Island of 
 Java. Parents returned to Holland, 
 locating at Apeldoorn; the child 
 showed musical talent, and first 
 studied the piano with a view to a 
 concert career; won first prize for 
 piano playing at The Hague Cons., 
 at the age of 18; a year later, after 
 
 her voice showed its unusual quali- 
 ties, she decided to devote herself 
 exclusively to singing; considered 
 one of the foremost lieder singers of 
 Europe. 
 
 Korngold, Erich, compr. b. Briinn, 
 Austria, May 29, 1897. Father an 
 accomplished musician and critic; 
 showed remarkable musical apti- 
 tude at the age of 4; began study 
 of the piano and harmony at 5; 
 began to write small compositions 
 at 8; pupil of Zemlinski; composi- 
 tions include a pantomime, Der 
 Schneeman (1909), Don Quixote 
 suite (1909), Trio for piano, violin 
 and 'cello. 
 
 Kotzschmar, Mary A. Torrey, teacher, 
 author, b. Sacramento, Cal., 1852. 
 Educated in private schools in Cali- 
 fornia and Maine; studied music 
 with Herman Kotzschmar, Portland, 
 Me. (whom she afterward married), 
 Virgil, in New York, Jedliczka in 
 Berlin; 'began teaching in Kotzsch- 
 mar Piano School, Portland, Me., 
 1867; published Half Hour Lessons 
 in Music, 1907; contributor to lead- 
 ing American musical and general 
 magazines. 
 
 Krauss, GabrieUe, sopr. h. Vienna, 
 Mar. 24, 1842; d. Paris, Jan. 6, 1906. 
 Pupil of Mme. Marchesi at the 
 Vienna Cons.; 1860-68 engaged at 
 the Vienna Opera; 1868-1887 with 
 the Grand Opera at Paris; her best 
 roles were the great dramatic parts 
 in Aida, Norma, etc.; 1870 honorary 
 member of the Society of Cons. 
 Concerts, and 1880 an officer of the 
 Academy, 
 
KREBS 
 
 LAZARUS 
 
 Krebs, Karl, mus. crit. b. Hanseburg, 
 Prussia, Feb. 5, 1857; first took a 
 scientific course and then turned to 
 music, studying under Scharwenka 
 and Barth, at the same time taking 
 courses in the history and philosophy 
 of music under Spitta and others ; 1 892 
 received degree Ph.D.; 1895 suc- 
 ceeded Spitta as teacher of history of 
 music at the Royal High School of 
 Music ; mus. critic for Vossische Zeit- 
 ung, Moderne Kunst, Deutsche Rund- 
 schau and Der Tag; contributed val- 
 uable treatises on the history of music 
 to prominent German pubUcations. 
 
 Kunwald, Ernst, condr. b. Vienna, 
 Apr. 14, 1868. Father a lawyer; 
 
 studied law, taking the degree Dr. 
 Jur., then turned to music; first a 
 pupil of Gradener, in composition, 
 and Epstein, in piano; went to the 
 Leipzig Cons, and entered the classes 
 of Jadassohn; began his professional 
 career in 1895 as conductor at Ros- 
 tock, and several small German 
 cities; made his first public suc- 
 cess at Madrid, 1900-01, producing 
 the Nihelungen Ring dramas; 1902- 
 1906 first conductor at Frankfort 
 Opera; 1906, at the City Theatre, 
 Nuremberg; guest condr., N. Y. 
 Philh. Orch., 1906; 1907-1912 condr. 
 Philh. Orch., Berlin; 1912 ccepted 
 post of condr. Cincinnati Symph. 
 Orch. 
 
 Lachmund, Carl V., pst., teacher, b. 
 Booneville, Mo., 1857. Went to 
 Germany as a boy, received general 
 education there; pupil at Cologne 
 Cons, of Seiss, piano, in composi- 
 tion of Jensen and Hiller; later 
 studied in Berlin with Moszkowski 
 and Scharwenka, and Krell in com- 
 position (Paderewski a fellow-stu- 
 dent) ; with • Liszt at Weimar for 
 three years; appeared as pst. in 
 leading German music centres, win- 
 ning the appreciation of pubhc and 
 critics; located in New York City 
 as pst., condr., and teacher, founded 
 Cons. Music, 1896; 1912, removed to 
 Portland, Ore.; condr. string orch. 
 for women; author of Retrospections 
 of Three Years^ Study with Liszt, 
 embodying verbatim lessons given 
 to the Weimar class (in press, 1912); 
 compositions include several over- 
 tures, concert ^tude, Valse im- 
 promptu, Op. 12, A Woodland Lul- 
 laby, a New £tude Method, and songs. 
 
 Lachaume, Aime, pst., dir. h. Paris; 
 came to New York in 1890, where 
 he resided for a time, later returning 
 to Paris; has conducted light opera 
 and musical comedy, and has com- 
 posed pantomimes, and other in- 
 cidental music; ranks high as an 
 ensemble player. 
 
 Lahee, Henry Charles, author. b. 
 \ London, Eng., July 2, 1856. Father 
 
 was a well-known composer and 
 pianist; began music study at an 
 early age; chorister in St. Michael's, 
 Tenbury, under Sir F. A. G. Ouseley; 
 traveled extensively, 1873-79; 1879 
 came to U. S. and engaged in busi- 
 ness; 1891-98 secretary N. E. Cons., 
 Boston; 1899 established Boston 
 Musical Bureau; author Famous 
 Singers, Famous Pianists, Famous 
 Violinists, Grand Opera in America, 
 The Organ and Its Masters, Grand 
 Opera Singers of To-day. 
 
 Lassalle, Jean Louis, baritone. h. 
 Lyons, Dec. 14, 1847; d, Paris, 
 Sept. 7, 1910. Entered Paris Cons., 
 1867; debut at Liege, 1869; after 
 engagements at several French cities 
 he was called to the Paris Opera, 
 1872-93; was also very popular in 
 London; retired in 1894, and went 
 into business, losing most of his 
 savings; in 1901 began teaching, 
 and became a professor of singing 
 at the Cons, in 1903, which posi- 
 tion he filled up to the time of his 
 death; his singing was remarkable 
 for beauty of voice and for charm of 
 diction and phrasing. 
 
 Lazarus, Gustave, compr. h. Cologne, 
 July 19, 1861. Studied music at 
 the local Cons., pupil of Seiss, Jen- 
 sen, and Wiillner; located in Berlin, 
 teacher at Scharwenka Cons.; 1899 
 succeeded Emil Breslaur as dir. 
 
LEEFSON 
 
 LHEVINNE 
 
 Berlin Cons, and Sem. for piano 
 teachers; compositions include two 
 operas, suite for orchestra, chamber 
 music, works for chorus and orches- 
 tra, part-songs, songs, and piano 
 pieces. 
 
 Leefson, Maurits, pst., condr. h. 
 Amsterdam, Jan. 26, 1861. Studied 
 music with his father, later with 
 Ferd. Hiller, Isidor Seiss, and Franz 
 Wiillner; condr. Liedertafel, Cologne, 
 1883-87; came to U. S. in 1887, and 
 accepted position as teacher of pfte. 
 in Philadelphia Mus. Acad., where 
 he remained until 1899, when he 
 founded the Leefson-Hille Cons, in 
 Philadelphia, of which he is dir.; 
 compositions include works for piano, 
 male chorus, and songs. 
 
 Lehar, Franz, compr. b. Komorn, 
 Hungary, Apr. 30, 1870. Father 
 bandmaster in the Austrian army; 
 began to study violin at 5 at the 
 Prague Cons.; studied composition 
 with Fibich, and at 16 won recogni- 
 tion from Dvorak and Brahms with 
 two sonatas; 1888 solo violinist at 
 Barmen-Elberfeld theatre; a year 
 later returned to Austria and en- 
 tered the military service as a musi- 
 cian; 1890 became bandmaster at 
 Losoncz, where he remained until 
 the end of 1893, devoting much time 
 to his first dramatic compositions ; 
 1894-96 bandmaster at Pola; his 
 early operas did not meet with 
 success, and he turned his attention 
 to operetta in which he was to win 
 world-wide fame with his tuneful 
 waltz opera, The Merry Widow. 
 
 Levy, Jules, cornet virtuoso, b. in 
 London about 1840. Began the 
 cornet at an early age, mostly self- 
 taught; joined Godfrey's Band when 
 still a young man, and appeared first 
 as a soloist at the Princes^' Theatre 
 in London, 1861; traveled over Eng- 
 land and the Continent as a cornet 
 virtuoso, coming to America in 
 1865; for more than thirty years, 
 L^vy reigned supreme in his especial 
 field, and was well known through- 
 out America and Europe. 
 
 Lewing, Adele, pst., compr. b. Han- 
 over, Germany. Family musical, 
 grandfather A. C. Prell, a well- 
 
 known 'cellist; after graduating from 
 local high school, made first public 
 appearance at 14; later went to 
 Leipzig studying with Reinecke and 
 Jadassohn; decided to come to the 
 U. S. and after a successful concert 
 trip located in New York City; 
 studied piano 3 years with Lesche- 
 tizky and composition with Fuchs, 
 in Vienna; compositions mostly for 
 piano and voice; song, Fair Rohtraut, 
 won Musical Record prize 1899; has 
 written many lyrics. 
 
 Lewis, Carrie Bullard, compr, b. 
 Boston, Dec. 26, 1865. Parents 
 musical, brother, Frederic Field 
 Bullard, a well-known composer; 
 educated in public schools of Boston; 
 studied piano with mother, later 
 with Wm. H. Sherwood and his wife; 
 in Europe 1890-92; married Leo R. 
 Lewis, prof. Mus. Tufts Coll., 1892; 
 published under her own name and 
 the pseudonyms, Carrie Bullard and 
 Caryl B. Rich, three collections of 
 children's songs, two operettas for 
 children, secular and sacred songs, 
 part-songs, and anthems. 
 
 Lewis, Leo R., compr., educator, b. 
 Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 11, 1865. 
 Father a minister and principal of 
 a small college; moved to Boston 
 1867; L. was educated in Boston 
 pubhc schools. Tufts Coll., 1883-87, 
 Harvard, 1887-89, with highest 
 honors in music; studied music and 
 languages in Europe 1889-92; in- 
 structor in French, Tufts Coll., 
 1892; prof. Hist, and Theory Mus., 
 Tufts Coll., 1895, still retaining 
 work in French; edited a large num- 
 ber of college musical publications, 
 composed several cantatas and op- 
 erettas for young people, a sonata 
 for violin and piano, anthems, ser- 
 vices, part-songs, etc.; with S. W. 
 Cole, compiled valuable sight sing- 
 ing method, Melodia and Harmonia. 
 
 Lhevinne, Joseph, pst. h. Moscow, 
 Dec, 14, 1874. Father was a mem- 
 ber of the Roy. Op. Orch.; the boy 
 studied in the Moscow Cons, first 
 under Krisander, 1879-86, and from 
 1886-92 under Safonoff ; first appear- 
 ance in pubUc at 8; in 1890 played 
 the Emperor concerto of Beethoven, 
 with Rubinstein conducting; began 
 
LIPKOWSKA 
 
 LORET 
 
 concertizing in 1892; 1895 won 
 Rubinstein Prize for piano-playing; 
 1897-98 in military service; 1902-06 
 prof, in Moscow Cons.; first visit to 
 the U. S. Jan., 1906; permanent 
 residence, Wannsee, a suburb of 
 Berlin. 
 
 Lipkowska, Lydia, sopr. b. 1886, prov. 
 of Poltava, S. Russia. Graduated 
 from a girl's school at 17; entered 
 St. Petersburg Cons.; two years 
 later (1905) made debut at Imper 
 Th., St. Petersburg; Paris debut in 
 1909, at the Chatelet and Opera 
 Comique; Boston Op. Co., Nov., 
 1909-1911. 
 
 Lohse, Otto, condr. b. Dresden, Sept. 
 21, 1859. Educated in the Dresden 
 Cons., pupil of Draeseke, Wlillner, 
 Richter (piano), and Fr. Griitz- 
 macher ('cello); 1877-79 'cellist in 
 Dresden Court Orch.; 1880-82 piano 
 teacher in mus. sch. at Wilna; 1882- 
 89 condr. at municipal theatre, 
 Riga; 1893-95 condr. Hamburg 
 Th.; 1894 condr. German opera sea- 
 son, London; 1895-97 in U. S.; 1897- 
 1904 condr. municipal theatre, Strass- 
 burg; 1901-04 dir. German opera 
 season, London; 1904 opera condr. 
 at Cologne; composed an opera Der 
 Prim wider Willen (Riga, 1890) and 
 many songs; married Katharina 
 Klafsky, soprano, 1895. 
 
 Lombard, Louis, compr., author, b. 
 Lyons, France, Dec. 15, 1861. 
 Studied music at the Nat. Cons., 
 Marseilles, being admitted at 9 
 years of age; came to the U. S. in 
 1876, played in orchestra, in con- 
 certs, and filled positions as condr. 
 of opera companies; in 1886 traveled 
 in Europe for a time, and then re- 
 turned to the U. S.; studied law at 
 the Columbia Univ. but did not 
 practice; went to Utica, N. Y., and 
 founded a successful cons, of music; 
 1896 sold the school, went to New 
 York City, and began financial oper- 
 ations in Wall St. amassing a large 
 fortune; 1899 married a daughter 
 of Thomas Allen, a railroad builder 
 and magnate in the Western States, 
 and retired from business life; re- 
 moved to Paris and shortly after 
 purchased the famous Trevano Cas- 
 tle, in Switzerland, where he gives 
 
 orchestral concerts and opera repre«- 
 sentations the greater part of the 
 year, frequently appearing as condr. ; 
 composed in nearly all forms, a grand 
 opera, a light opera, many orchestral 
 pieces and nearly one hundred songs; 
 author of Observations of a Bachelor, 
 Observations of a Traveler, Observa- 
 tions of a Musician, The Art Melo- 
 dious, The Vicious Virtuoso, pub- 
 lished in four languages. 
 
 Longy, Georges, oboist, h. Abbeville, 
 France, 1868. Began the study of 
 music at 5, piano, violin, and oboe; 
 1882 entered Paris Cons.; 1886 won 
 first prize for oboe playing; 1887 
 member of Op. Comique Orch.; 1880 
 soloist with Colonne Orch.; 1895 
 reestablished a society for the culti- 
 vation of chamber music for wind 
 instruments; 1898 came to Boston 
 as first oboist of the Boston Symph. 
 Orch.; 1900 founded the Longy Club 
 whose concerts of chamber music for 
 wind instruments are much appre- 
 ciated by music lovers in Boston 
 and other cities. 
 
 Lorenz, Edmund Simon, compr., au- 
 thor, h. near North Lawrence. O., 
 July 13, 1854. Educated in High 
 School, Toledo, O., Otterbein Univ., 
 O., Yale Divinity School, with 
 graduate work in Germany; largely 
 self-taught in music; began writing 
 simple tunes for church and Sunday- 
 school at 17, easy church anthems at 
 19; compiled a large number of 
 books for Sunday-school and church 
 use, which have had a large sale; 
 pres. Lebanon Valley Coll., Penn- 
 sylvania, 1887-89; owing to nervous 
 breakdown was compelled to give 
 up career in the ministry and educa- 
 tional work; began publishing music 
 for church and Sunday-school, 1890, 
 at Dayton, O.; 1894 issued The 
 Choir Leader, 1897 Choir Herald, 
 and Der Kirchenchor, monthly choir 
 magazines .for popular chorus choirs; 
 has edited a large number of anthem 
 collections, written cantatas and 
 special services for religious occas- 
 ions; lectured on church music 
 before theolog. seminaries; author 
 of Practical Church Music (1909). 
 
 Loret, Clement, compr., orgt. b. Ter- 
 monde, France, 1833; d. Bois 
 
LUNN 
 
 MANNES 
 
 Colombe, Feb., 1909. Son of orgt. 
 and org. builder; studied at Brussels 
 Cons., organ with Lemmens, and 
 theory with Fetis; took first organ 
 prize; orgt. at Paris churches, and 
 enjoyed high repute as a teacher; 
 compositions include etudes, organ 
 music, pieces for piano, and songs; 
 transcribed for organ Handel's con- 
 certs for organ and orch. 
 
 Lunn, Charles, teacher of singing, b. 
 Birmingham, Eng., Jan. 5, 1838; d. 
 London, Feb. 28, 1906. Studied 
 singing in Italy; a fine singer, and 
 later a successful teacher; lived and 
 taught in Birmingham, 1867-95; 
 after that, until his death, in Lon- 
 don; author of an important con- 
 tribution to the literature of singing. 
 The Philosophy of Voice (1874, 10th 
 ed. 1906). 
 
 Lutkin, Peter Christian, compr., orgt. 
 b. Thompsonville, Wis., March 27, 
 
 1858. Parents musical; educated in 
 public grammar and private schools 
 in Chicago; boy chorister; studied 
 organ, and received appointment as 
 organist, 1872; studied organ with 
 Eddy, theory with Gleason; went to 
 Berhn, 1881, studied piano with 
 Raflf, organ with Haupt, composi- 
 tion with Bargiel; entered Roy. 
 High Sch. Music for a time; spent 
 one year in Vienna with Leschetizky, 
 followed by period in Paris where 
 he studied piano composition with 
 Moszkowski; returned to Chicago; 
 was orgt. and choirmaster in Chicago 
 churches; dir. theoretical dept. Amer. 
 Cons. Mus.; dir. of Mus., North- 
 western Univ., Evanston, 1891; dir. 
 of choral societies; organized, 1909, 
 North Shore Music Festival; lec- 
 turer on church music at several 
 theological seminaries; compositions 
 mostly for church use; musical 
 editor of M. E. Church hymnal; 
 author of Music in the Church. 
 
 M 
 
 Macmillen, Francis, vlt. h. Marietta, 
 O., Oct. 14, 1885. Began to study 
 music at an early age, piano and 
 violin, the latter with Bernhard 
 Listemann, in Chicago; went to 
 Berlin at 10 years of age, studied 
 with Markees at the Royal High 
 Sch. Mus.; 1900 with Thomsor at 
 Brussels; 1902 shared first prize for 
 violin playing, also won another 
 prize for playing; played in public 
 with success in Brussels and other 
 cities of the Netherlands; London, 
 1903; in U.S., seasons of 190&-07, 
 1910-11. 
 
 Manchester, Arthur Livingston, teacher, 
 author, b. Burlington Co., N. J., 
 1862. Parents good amateur musi- 
 cians; educated in public schools, 
 and at Pennington Sem.; began 
 music study at 8, orgt. at 13, also 
 teaching; studied with Zeckwer and 
 Gilchrist in Philadelphia, 1879-82; 
 later singing with Frederick Bussman 
 and F. H. Tubbs; dir, music at 
 Beaver Coll., 1882-86; later Clarion 
 State Norm. Sch. and Martha Wash- 
 ington Coll.; assoc. ed. Etude, 1893- 
 96; ed. Musician 1896-1901; with 
 
 Oliver Ditson Co. 1901-04; dir. 
 music dept. Converse Coll. 1905- 
 1913; mus. dir. S. Atlantic States 
 Mus. Fes.; 1913 dir. dept. of mus. 
 S. W. Univ., Georgetown, Tex.; au- 
 thor of Twelve Lessons on the Funda- 
 mentals of Voice Production, State 
 of Mu^ic Education in the U. S. 
 
 Mandyczewski, Eusebius, historian, 
 critic, h. Czernowitz, Aug. 18, 1857. 
 Studied music with R. Fuchs and 
 Nottebohm in Vienna; gave up his 
 university course in 1880 and turned 
 to music; 1887 chorus master to the 
 Vienna Singakademie and archivist 
 to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde; 
 teacher of theoiy of music at the 
 Cons. 1897, 1900 of history of music; 
 1897 received the degree of Doctor 
 of Music from Leipzig Univ. for 
 his services to the complete edition 
 of Schubert's works; musical ad- 
 viser to the department of education; 
 completed Pohl's Haydn, and re- 
 vised the complete edition of Haydn's 
 works. 
 
 Mannes, David, vlt. h. New York, 
 1866; commenced music study at 
 
MANEN 
 
 MATTIOH 
 
 nine years of age; educated in public 
 schools of New York; studied with 
 de Ahna, 1891, with Halir, 1892-93, 
 Ysaye, 1903; began professional 
 work in New York, first with dance 
 orchestra, then with theatre orches- 
 tra, 1891 with New York Symphony 
 Orchestra under Walter Damrosch, 
 concert-master, 1900-12; organized 
 Mannes Quartet; director N. Y. 
 Music School Settlement and ad- 
 viser to Music School Settlement for 
 colored people, founded 1911; with 
 Mrs. Mannes gives popular sonata 
 recital series. 
 
 Manen, Joan, vU. b. Barcelona, 
 March 14, 1883; began study of 
 music before he was 4, father, a 
 skilled amateur, teaching him violin 
 and piano; later studied with a 
 pupil of Alard, and made a concert 
 tour as a "wonder-child," coming 
 in contact with many distinguished 
 violinists and learning from them; 
 has composed for violin and orches- 
 tra, and two operas, Jeanne de 
 Naples and Acte. 
 
 Marshall, John Patten, compr., orgt. 
 b. Rockport, ' Mass., Jan. 9, 1877. 
 Educated in public schools of Rock- 
 port and Gloucester; studied music 
 at Boston, under Lang, Chadwick, 
 MacDowell, Norris, and Wallace 
 Goodrich; orgt. St. John's Church, 
 Boston, 1896-1905, First Ch. 1909-; 
 Prof. Mus., Boston Univ., 1903, 
 which position he still fills (1914); 
 dir. of music, Middlesex School, 
 Concord, Mass., 1902-1912; lec- 
 turer in music, Mass. Univ. Exten- 
 sion, and Lasell Inst., 1911-12; pub- 
 lished a syllabus of a Course in 
 Musical History and Music Appre- 
 ciation; compositions include songs 
 and piano pieces. 
 
 Martin, Hugh Whitfield (called Ric- 
 cardo), tenor. Studied singing in 
 New York, in Paris with Sbriglia, 
 Escalais, Jean de Reszke, and Lom- 
 bardi in Florence; debut at Muni- 
 cipal Opera, Nantes, 1904, taking 
 the name Richard, afterward changed 
 to Riccardo; went to Italy to study; 
 Italian debut at Vienna, Nov. 4, 
 1905; engaged at Odessa, 1905-06, 
 and also at Lisbon during carnival 
 season, 1905-07; engaged with San 
 
 Carlo Op. Co. and sang with great 
 success in American cities; first 
 appearance in the U. S. at New 
 Orleans, Nov. 27, 1906; engaged 
 with Metropol. Op. Co., New 
 York; Co vent Garden, London, 
 season 1910. 
 
 Mathews, Blanche Dingley, teacher. 
 b. Auburn, Me., May 27, 1873. 
 Parents musical; educated in public 
 schools. Auburn and Lewiston; stud- 
 ied music with local teachers; then 
 with Barth in Berlin, MacDowell 
 and Busoni in Boston, W. S. B. 
 Mathews in Chicago; began pro- 
 fessional activity in Chicago in 
 1901, gradually beginning to special- 
 ize in the training of teachers; 
 located in Denver, Col., 1910; com- 
 piled Child's First Grade; author 
 of Harmonic Ear Training. 
 
 Matthay, Tobias Augustus, teacher, b. 
 London, Feb. 19, 1858, Father a 
 teacher of languages; began the 
 study of music at 6, entered Roy. 
 Acad. Mus. 1871; 1872 won Stem- 
 dale Bennett Scholarship; studied 
 under Bennett, Sullivan, and Prout 
 in composition, piano under Mac- 
 Farren; teacher of piano at Roy. 
 Acad. Mus. 1876, prof. 1880; founded 
 Matthay Pfte. Sch. of which he is 
 dir.; has composed works for orch.; 
 chamber music, songs and pfte. 
 pieces {Elves, Love- Phases, Prelude 
 and Studies, Op. 16); published Act 
 of Touch, 1903, First Principles of 
 PHe.- Playing, Some Commentaries on 
 Piano- Playing, Relaxation Studies, 
 Double Thirds, Scales, and Their 
 Mastery, The Fore- Arm Rotation 
 Principle, The Child's First Steps in 
 Piano- Playing; in preparation (1913) 
 The Laws and Teaching of Interpre- 
 tation. 
 
 Mattioli, Lino, compr., 'cellist, teacher 
 of singing, h. Traversetolo, near 
 Parma, Italy, 1853. Father a good 
 amateur vlt.; M. was educated in 
 the village school; entered the Royal 
 Cons, at Parma, in 1865, completing 
 an eight years' course in four, 
 studying composition, piano, 'cello, 
 and singing; in 1870 began profes- 
 sional work as 'cellist in the theatres 
 of various Italian cities, notably 
 Genoa, Florence, Rome, and Milan; 
 
MATZENAUER 
 
 MUGELLINI 
 
 later made a concert tour through 
 India; in 1882 played 'cello in 
 quartet engagements in Italy with 
 Joachim; 1883 came to New York 
 as solo 'cellist in the orchestra of 
 the Abbey-Grau Co.; in May, 1884, 
 went to Cincinnati as 'cellist, and 
 teacher of singing in the Coll, of 
 Mus., where he is still engaged; 
 among his pupils may be mentioned 
 Mary Hissem de Moss, soprano, 
 Carl Gantvoort, baritone, and 
 Wm. Ebann, 'ceUist; well-known 
 compositions are the songs Where 
 Love Abides, Ave Maria, and Ber- 
 ceuse and Danse montagnarde for 
 'cello. 
 
 Matzenauer, Margarethe, contralto, b. 
 Hungary. Father an orchestral 
 condr.; mother an opera singer; 
 began study of music as a child; 
 debut as Puck in Oberon at Strass- 
 burg, where she remained for three 
 years; went to Hofoper at Munich, 
 has sung at Bayreuth; with Metro- 
 politan Op. Co., season 1911-12; 
 at the close of the New York engage- 
 ment went to the Stadt Th., Ham- 
 burg, with privilege of visiting 
 United States for two seasons; 
 in addition to . her admirable work 
 as a singer she is an actress of 
 unusual force and intensity; married 
 Ferrari-Fontana, operatic tenor, 
 1912. 
 
 Mengelberg, Josef Willem, condr. b. 
 Utrecht, March 28, 1871. Educated 
 in local schools and under local 
 musicians, later studied at the 
 Cologne Cons., pupil of Wiillner, 
 Seiss and Jensen; 1891 condr. at 
 Luzerne, 1895 condr. Concertgebouw 
 Orch., Amsterdam, 1898 also of the^ 
 vocal society, Toonkunst; 1907 he 
 added to his other professional 
 work the direction of the Museum 
 Concerts and the Cacilienverein 
 of Frankfort; he is also a very 
 capable pianist, and has a email 
 number ^of compositions to his 
 credit. 
 
 Miersch, Paul Frederic Theodore, 
 
 compr., 'cellist, h. Dresden, Jan., 
 1868. Son of Carl Friedrich Miersch, 
 a portrait painter and scientist; 
 educated in public schools of Dres- 
 den; pupil at Royal Cons,, Munich, 
 
 'cello with Joseph Werner, composi- 
 tion with Rheinberger, 1883-87; 
 came to U. S. and located in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, as teacher and soloist, 
 1888; N. Y. Philh. Club, 1891-92; 
 solo 'cellist N. Y. Symph. Orch. 
 1898 to present (1914). 1892-98, 
 in same capacity with Metropol. 
 Op. House Orch.; compositions in- 
 clude pieces for orchestra, 'cello 
 and violin, 'cello and piano, and 
 songs. 
 
 Mildenberg, Albert, compr. h. Brook- 
 lyn, 1877. Educated in Ecole de 
 ville, Paris; studied music with 
 Joseffy in New York, Joseph Jemain, 
 in Paris, Martucci, and Carignani 
 in Milan; dir. of mus. dept. of 
 several schools near New York 
 City; 1907-1909 in Paris, dir. 
 Society symphonique; 1908 opera 
 accepted for performance at Imper. 
 Op. House, Vienna; 1909 director 
 New York School of Opera; compo- 
 sitions in all forms, principally 
 vocal and operatic, and include 
 three grand operas, four light 
 operas, many songs (The Violet, 
 Ich Hebe dich), and piano pieces 
 {Intermezzo "Astarte," Waterways of 
 Venice) . 
 
 Morena, Berta, sopr. h. Wiirzburg, 
 Germany, Jan. 27, 1878. Studied 
 singing at Munich with Mme. 
 Sophie Rohr-Brajnin, and with Mme. 
 Regina de Sales, at London; debut 
 at Munich Court Theatre, with 
 which she is still connected; first 
 American appearance at Metro- 
 pol. Op., N. Y., March 4, 1908; 
 sang with same company in later 
 years. 
 
 Mugellini, Bruno, pst., compr. b. 
 Picena, Italy, Dec. 24, 1871; d. 
 Bologna, Jan. 15, 1912. Favorite 
 pupil of G. Martucci, under whom 
 he studied, beginning in his sixteenth 
 year; succeeded Martucci as director 
 of the Liceo Musicale on the latter's 
 death; he was highly esteemed as a 
 pianist throughout Europe, partic- 
 ularly in Berlin; his compositions 
 include a symphonic poem for 
 chorus and orchestra, Alle fonti del 
 Clitumno (1889), a quintet, a sonata 
 for 'cello and piano, and an opera, 
 Catullo. 
 
MYER 
 
 OLDBERG 
 
 Myer, Edmund J., teacher, author, b. 
 near Gettysburg, Pa., Jan. 21, 1846; 
 father was a tenor singer; general 
 education in Wyoming Sem., King- 
 ston, Pa., and Dickinson Coll., Wil- 
 liamsport. Pa., 1860-65; musical 
 education in Philadelphia and New 
 York; began professional activity in 
 New York City, in 1878, as church 
 and concert singer and teacher; 
 teacher at Nat. Summer Sch., Lake 
 
 Chautauqua; 1906 moved to Seattle, 
 Wash.; author of Truths of Im- 
 portance to Vocalists (1883), The 
 Voice from a Practical Standpoint 
 (1886), Voice Training Exercises 
 (1887), Vocal Reinforcement (1891), 
 Position and Action in Singing 
 (1897), The Renaissance of the 
 Vocal Art (1902), A Vocal Instructor; 
 contributed to leading musical 
 journals. 
 
 N 
 
 Newman, Ernest, critic, author, h. 
 Liverpool, Nov. 30, 1869. Prepared 
 for Indian Civil Service, then en- 
 tered business, not commencing 
 musical work until 1903, when he 
 became a teacher at the Midland 
 Inst., Birmingham; 1905 critic for 
 Manchester Guardian, 1906 for Bir- 
 mingham Daily Post; author of 
 Gluck and the Opera (1895), Study 
 of Wagner (1899), Musical Studies 
 (1905), Wagner and Elgar in the 
 Music of the Masters series (1906), 
 Hugo Wolf (1907), Richard Strauss 
 (1908), translation of Schweitzer's 
 Bach (1912); he has in preparation, 
 at the time of this writing a second 
 volume of the Musical Studies, a new 
 work on Wagner, and a history of 
 music; during his business career he 
 published several books deahng with 
 financial questions. 
 
 Noack, Sylvain, vlt. b. Rotterdam, 
 Aug. 21, 1881. At first intended to 
 become a pst. but decided to devote 
 himself entirely to the violin when 
 he was 14; first teacher was Andre 
 Spoor; 1898 entered Amsterdam 
 Cons., studied under Elderling and 
 
 was a member of the Concertgebouw; 
 won first prize at the Cons. 1900; 
 1903 teacher in the Cons.; 1905 
 located at Rotterdam, giving much 
 time to chamber music and traveling 
 as a virtuoso; 1906 concert-master 
 Aix-la-Chapelle Orch.; 1908 second 
 concert-master Boston Symph. Orch. 
 
 Noble, Thomas Tertius, orgt., compr. 
 h. Bath, 1867; studied music at an 
 early age; appeared in public at 11; 
 orgt. at Colchester at 14; 1889 
 entered Roy. Coll, Music, London, 
 pupil of Parratt, Stanford, and 
 Bridge; later studied with Rhein- 
 berger, at Munich; 1890 asst. to 
 Stanford, at Trinity Coll., Cam- 
 bridge; 1893 orgt. at Ely Cathedral; 
 orgt. York Minster, 1897-1913; 1913 
 accepted position at St. Thomas' 
 Church, New York; founded York 
 Symph. Soc, 1898; 1910 revived 
 York festivals, for which he com- 
 posed the Pageant Mu^ic; other 
 compositions are incidental music to 
 Aristophanes' Wasps, an opera, Kili- 
 bergs, A Festival Cantata, Gloria 
 Domino, pieces for organ, anthems, 
 services, etc. 
 
 Oldberg, Ame, pst., compr. h. Youngs- 
 town, O., July 12, 1874. Studied 
 music with American teachers; 1893, 
 in Vienna under Leschetizky; later 
 studied composition with Rhein- 
 berger at Munich; 1899 returned 
 to U. S. ; accepted position as teacher 
 in school of music connected with 
 
 Northwestern University, Evanston, 
 111.; compositions include 2 sym- 
 phonies, 2 overtures, a theme and 
 variations for orchestra, concertos 
 for piano, organ, horn, chamber 
 music, a song cycle for con- 
 tralto' and orchestra, and pieces 
 for piano. 
 
PARLOW 
 
 RAINS 
 
 Parlow, Kathleen, vlt. b. Calgary, 
 Alberta, Canada, 1890. Mother 
 played the violin; family moved to 
 San Francisco; began study of violin 
 at 5 years of age, gave concerts at 7; 
 pupil of Henry Holmes, an Enghsh 
 violinist, residing in San Francisco; 
 played in London several times in 
 1905; through the patronage of cer- 
 tain wealthy music lovers was en- 
 abled to study with Leopold Auer, 
 at St. Petersburg; 1907 played suc- 
 cessful concert engagements in Bel- 
 gium, Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, 
 several German cities, and England; 
 won great praise on her first tour 
 of the U. S., season of 1910-11. 
 
 Patten, Willard, compr. b. Milford, 
 Me., May 26, 1853. Father a good 
 amateur musician; studied music 
 in Boston and New York, and later 
 made extensive original studies and 
 research; graduated from High Sch., 
 and continued his literary studies 
 privately; began professional career 
 in Bangor, Me., produced an oper- 
 etta in 1882; appeared in public as 
 singer and conductor, organized the 
 Handel Society; removed to Minne- 
 apolis, 1883, becoming active as 
 teacher, choirmaster and conductor; 
 organized Philharmonic Club, 1898; 
 compositions include an oratorio, 
 Isaiah, an opera bouffe. La Fianza, 
 a grand opera Pocohontas, to which 
 he supplied the libretto, and other 
 smaller works. 
 
 Pratt, John Haraden, compr. b. Free- 
 port, Me., Nov. 20," 1848. Father, 
 
 Simeon P., was a teacher of country 
 singing schools; 1869 went to Port- 
 land, Me., and studied with G. W. 
 Marston; 1873 removed to Cali- 
 fornia to take up professional work 
 in Oakland and San Francisco; 
 1876-78 studied harmony and coun- 
 terpoint with John P. Morgan, then 
 living in California; 1879 went to 
 Leipzig and studied with Jadassohn, 
 A. Richter, Wenzel, Coccius, and 
 Zwintscher; 1881 returned to San 
 Francisco; orgt. and teacher in San 
 Francisco; active in educational 
 musical work in his state; composi- 
 tions mostly vocal. 
 
 Presser, Theodore, music publisher, h. 
 July 3, 1848, at Pittsburgh; clerked 
 in a music store, studied music, 
 taught several years, spent two 
 years in study at Leipzig Conserva- 
 tory; in 1883 in Philadelphia, estab- 
 lished^n educational musical journal. 
 The Etude, around which has since 
 been built a large music publishing 
 business. 
 
 Proctor, George William, pst. h. 
 Boston, Mass., Dec. 18, 1875. Father 
 a musician; educated in the public 
 schools of Boston; famous as a boy 
 chorister; principal piano teacher 
 was Leschetizky at Vienna; began 
 professional career in the U. S., 
 season of 1896-97; has played in 
 most of the cities of the U. S., and 
 with the leading orchestras and 
 quartets; gave concerts in Europe; 
 teacher of piano at the New England 
 Cons., Boston. 
 
 R 
 
 Radoux, Jean Theodore, compr. h. 
 Liege, Nov. 9, 1835; d. there. Mar. 
 20, 1911. Father was a gunsmith 
 and a fine musical amateur; studied 
 at the local cons., and with Halevy 
 at Paris; 1859 won the Prix de Rome; 
 applied himself dihgently to com- 
 position and musical pedagogy; 1856, 
 teacher of bassoon in Cons.; 1872 
 appointed dir.; composed 2 operas, 
 2 one act operettas, 2 oratorios, and 
 several smaller choral works, as well 
 as some important orchestral pro- 
 
 ductions, many songs, and choruses; 
 published Solfbges de concours, and 
 a book on the life and works of 
 Vieuxtemps; with Gevaert and Ben- 
 oit he was responsible for the Belgian 
 musical renaissance. 
 
 Rains, Leon, bass. b. New York, Oct. 
 1, 1870. Sang in pubhc at 12 as a 
 boy soprano; took up a business 
 career, but continued musical and 
 dramatic work after his voice had 
 changed; studied with New York 
 
RECKENDORF 
 
 RUNCIMAN 
 
 teachers; scholarship, 1891, at Nat. 
 Cons., New York; pupil of Oscar 
 Saenger, three years; 1896 in Paris, 
 with Bouhy; 1897 with Metropol. 
 Opera Co., New York; continued 
 summer study with Bouhy, and in 
 1899 engaged at Dresden Opera; 
 also does some private teaching 
 (Van Hoose, a pupil); has consider- 
 able skill as a painter; lives in 
 Dresden. 
 
 Reckendorf, Alois, teacher, b. Tre- 
 bitsch, Moravia, June 10, 1841; d. 
 Leipzig, Apr. 10, 1912. Studied 
 music at Leipzig Cons., 1865-67, 
 having previously pursued scientific 
 studies at Vienna and Heidelberg; 
 teacher of piano and theory at 
 Leipzig Cons. 1877-1912, Wilhelm 
 Bachaus among his pupils; com- 
 posed a few piano pieces and songs. 
 
 Reed, William, orgt., compr. b. 
 Montreal, Sept. 9, 1859. Mother 
 was musical; educated at choir 
 school of St. John the Evangelist, 
 Montreal; Oxford Univ. 1878-82; 
 musical education at Montreal and 
 in England, studying organ, piano, 
 violin and composition; began musi- 
 cal career as orgt. of Ch. St. John 
 the Evangehst, 1873; orgt. at Keble 
 Coll., Oxford, during stay at Univ.; 
 since 1882 orgt. in Canada, mainly 
 in Montreal and Quebec, making his 
 home in the latter city, as teacher and 
 composer; has written much church 
 music,, cantatas, anthems, etc., sec- 
 ular part-songs, and organ music ; con- 
 tributed articles to the musical press 
 of the U. S. and Canada. 
 
 Riviere, Jules, condr. b. Aix-en- 
 Othe, Nov. 6, 1819; d. Colwyn Bay, 
 England, Dec. 27, 1900. Educated 
 in Paris; came to London as a 
 protege of Jullien, and succeeded 
 him as condr. at Covent Garden; 
 was also mus. dir. of other organiza- 
 tions and of concert series in the 
 large provincial cities; pubUshed My 
 Musical Life and Recollections, 1893. 
 
 Rhys-Herbert, William, orgt., compr. 
 b. Resolven, South Wales, 1868. 
 Sang as a boy and filled an organ 
 position while still in his youth ; 
 studied piano with local teachers, 
 and theory and organ with Dr. 
 Karn, London Coll. Mus.; gained 
 
 degrees Mus. Bac, later Mus. Doc. 
 from Trinity Univ., Toronto; orgt. 
 Hennepin Ave. Minneapolis, M. E. 
 Ch., 1899-1911; 1911 went to the 
 Ch. of the Redeemer; composed 
 successful operettas, Sylvia, Nautical 
 Knot, and Bulbul, and a cycle of sa- 
 cred cantatas, Bethlehem, The Naz- 
 arene, Bethany, Calvary, and Olivet. 
 
 Rothwell, Walter Henry, condr. h. 
 London, 1872. Father was English, 
 mother Austrian, and a prominent 
 pianist; began music studies at 9 in 
 Roy. Acad., Vienna, piano, history 
 of music, and composition; won first 
 prize and gold medal at 16; after 
 graduation continued studies with 
 Epstein in piano, Fuchs in composi- 
 tion, and Bruckner in harmony and 
 counterpoint; later he went to 
 Munich and studied with Thuille 
 and Van Schillings; 1889 concertized 
 in Austria and Germany as pst.; 
 1885 asst. condr. at Hamburg opera 
 under Mahler; after engagements in 
 several opera houses in Germany 
 and Austria condr. at opera in 
 Amsterdam, 1903; 1904 came to 
 U. S. to conduct Parsifal for H. W, 
 Savage and also gave first produc- 
 tion of Madam Butterfly in U. S.; 
 1908 condr. St. Paul Symph. Orch. 
 
 Ruffe, Titta, baritone, h. in Tuscany, 
 spending boyhood in Rome; father 
 an artist in iron and bronze, the boy 
 following the same fine, even while 
 he was a pupil at St. Ceciha Cons.; 
 was told he had neither voice nor 
 dramatic ability for an operatic 
 career; later tutored by his brother, 
 Ettore, he showed great promise; 
 debut at the Costanzi Th., Rome, 
 as the Herald in Lohengrin; first 
 success was at Catania, as Renato 
 in Un hallo in maschera; then fol- 
 lowed engagements in various Euro- 
 pean cities; with Metropolitan Opera 
 Co., N. Y., 1912-13 and following 
 season ; he is an ardent student of 
 Shakespeare; family name is Titta. 
 
 Runciman, John, critic. Since 1894 
 music critic for the London Saturday 
 Review, editor and pubhsher of The 
 Chord and the Musicians Library; au- 
 thor of Old Scores and New Readings, 
 a collection of essays which previous- 
 ly appeared in various magazines. 
 
SAMMARCO 
 
 SCHOENBERG 
 
 Sammarco, Mario, baritone, b. Pa- 
 lermo, 1872. Pupil of Cantelli, an 
 opera singer; debut at a Milan 
 theatre, going later to the famous 
 La Scala; as his reputation became 
 fixed he appeared in the leading 
 European cities and in South Amer- 
 ica; New York debut Feb. 1, 1907. 
 Manhattan Op. House; he created 
 a number of baritone roles, among 
 them Franchetti's Germania, and 
 Leoncavallo's Zaza; decorated by 
 Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese 
 rulers. 
 
 Saunders, Joseph Gordon, teacher, b. 
 London, 1837; died there, Jan. 17, 
 1912; Mus. Doc. Oxford Univ. 1878; 
 a founder of Trinity College, London, 
 teacher of pfte,, harmony, and condr. 
 ensemble class; author of Examples 
 in Strict Counterpoint and Fingering 
 and Phrasing; composer of church 
 music, studies for pfte. and organ, 
 part-songs, etc. 
 
 Scheidemantel, Karl, baritone. h. 
 Weimar, Jan. 21, 1859. Educated 
 in his native city, pupil of Bodo 
 Borcher; 1878-86 attached to Court 
 Theatre; studied with Stockhausen 
 during summer of 1881-83; 1886 
 engaged at Bayreuth as Amfortas in 
 Parsifal; the same year was engaged 
 for the Dresden court opera; in 1909 
 he brought out, with success, a 
 revised version of Mozart's Cosl 
 fan tutte; pubhshed Stimmbildung, 
 1907-08. 
 
 Schiller, Madeline, pst. b. London, 
 1851(?), d. New York, July 3, 1911. 
 Pupil of Isaacs, Benedict, Hall6, 
 and Moscheles; d^but at Gewand- 
 haus, Leipzig; tours in England, 
 Australia, and U. S.; married M. E. 
 Bennett, of Boston; taught in that 
 city for several years, and then 
 again took up concert work until a 
 severe illness left her with a dread 
 for public appearance; removed to 
 New York where she enjoyed a high 
 reputation as a teacher 
 
 Schott, Anton, tenor, b. Burg Stau- 
 feneck (Swabian Alps), 1846; d. 
 Stuttgart, Jan. 9, 1913; served in 
 
 the army, including Franco-Prussian 
 campaign, studied singing and made 
 d^but at Munich, at the close of 
 1871; 1872-75 at Berlin Court opera 
 as well as at Schwerin; 1877-80 at 
 Hannover; 1882 member of Neu- 
 mann's traveling Wagner Co.; 1883- 
 84 member of Metropol. Op. Co., 
 N. Y., later went to Pacific Coast, 
 remained there as teacher until 1902, 
 when he returned to New York, 
 soon afterward going back to Wiirt- 
 emburg, Germany. 
 
 Schmidt, Arthur P., music publisher. 
 b. Altona, Germany, April 1, 1846; 
 came to United States in 1866, 
 locating in Boston where he entered 
 the music business of George D. 
 Russell and Co.; in 1876 he estab- 
 lished a business of his own, which 
 now has branches in New York and 
 Leipzig; he has contributed largely 
 to progress of music in the U. S. by 
 the publication of the works of 
 American composers, notably Mac- 
 Dowell, Foote, Chadwick, Mrs. 
 Beach and others. 
 
 Schmitt, Florent, compr. b. Blamont 
 (Lorraine), Sept. 28, 1870. Father 
 was a musician, greatly interested in 
 church music and hostile to Wagner; 
 first studies in music at Nancy, 
 under Hess, orgt. at Cathedral, and 
 in harmony with Sandre, director 
 of local Cons.; 1889 entered Paris 
 Cons.; studied harmony with Du- 
 bois, Lavignac, Massenet, and Faur6 ; 
 1900 won Prix de Rome; following 
 his stay in Italy he traveled in 
 Europe, North Africa, and Turkey, 
 collecting impressions for his later 
 works; now makes his home in 
 Paris; his compositions show the 
 influence of Chabrier and Debussy; 
 important works are La Tragedie de 
 Salome (1911) for orchestra, Psalm 
 XL VI, a quintet for piano and 
 strings (1909), piano pieces (Mus- 
 iques intimes, Nuits Romaines, Luci- 
 oles, Rhapsodies), songs with orches- 
 tral accpt., and for four voices, Op. 39. 
 
 Schoenberg, Arnold, compr. b. Vienna, 
 Sept. 13, 1874. Studied music with 
 his brother-in-law, Alexander von 
 
SCHUECKER 
 
 SEVERN 
 
 Zemlinsky; continued his studies 
 alone, sedulously devoting himself 
 to the works of Bach, Mozart, and 
 Beethoven; later was deeply in- 
 fluenced by Brahms, and in a less 
 degree, by Mahler; 1902 went to 
 Berlin as prof, of composition at the 
 Stern Cons.; 1903-11 he was again 
 in Vienna working at composition 
 and bringing his compositions before 
 the pubhc; in 1911 he returned to 
 Berlin where he now lives; his first 
 quartet, Verkldrte Nacht, was not 
 well received at first but has gained 
 in appreciation since then; his later 
 works have aroused extreme oppo- 
 sition in all cities where they have 
 been performed, yet he has a small 
 circle of enthusiastic followers; pub- 
 lished a harmony text-book, Harmo- 
 nielehre. 
 
 Schuecker, Heinrich, harpist. b. 
 Vienna, 1868; d. Boston, Apr., 1913. 
 Father a member of the Imperial 
 and Roy. Op., Vienna; educated in 
 a local coll. ; studied at Vienna Cons, 
 six years; came to Boston as harp 
 soloist of the Symph. Orch., 1888, 
 with which organization he was 
 connected until his death ; teacher of 
 harp playing at the N E. Cons., 
 Boston; trained a large number of 
 pupils. 
 
 Scott, Cjrril Meir, compr. b. Oxton, 
 England, Sept. 27, 1879. Studied 
 piano in England; at 17 went to 
 Frankfort, Germany, and studied 
 composition, etc., at the Hoch Cons. 
 under Iwan Knorr; belongs to the 
 ultra-modern school of composers; 
 has written in various forms, a 
 symphony, 2 rhapsodies, Christmas 
 overture, and other work for orchestra ; 
 a sextet for piano and strings, Op. 26, 
 string quartet. Op. 28, quintet for 
 piano and strings. Op. 57, are among 
 his chamber music works; La belle 
 dame sans merci for soprano, bari- 
 tone, and orchestra and Helen of 
 Kirkconnel for baritone and orches- 
 tra; his piano music is in the De- 
 bussy style; has written charming 
 songs, notably some settings of old 
 English lyrics. 
 
 Scott, Henri, bass. b. Coatesville, Pa., 
 Apr. 8, 1876. Showed musical incli- 
 
 nations at an early age, filled choir 
 positions in Philadelphia churches, 
 and studied with local teachers; later 
 in New York, where he studied with 
 Saenger; gained a fine reputation as 
 an oratorio and concert singer, and 
 also appeared in A'ida and Faust 
 with a Philadelphia amateur opera 
 company; after a concert tour with 
 Caruso he was engaged by Hammer- 
 stein for the Manhattan Op. Co.; 
 when this was closed he went to 
 Italy and was successful there in 
 various operas; returned to U. S., 
 and became a member of the Chicago 
 Op. Co. 
 
 Scotti, Antonio, baritone, b. Naples, 
 1866. Intended for the priesthood 
 his fine voice attracted attention 
 and he was drawn to the career of 
 a singer; studied first with Mme. 
 Paganini (niece of the famous 
 violinist), and later with F. Lam- 
 perti; debut at Malta in A'ida; ap- 
 peared at Milan, Turin, and Verona; 
 1891 with Tamagno's company in 
 S. America; returned to Europe, 
 sang at Madrid, one year, three 
 years in Russia; Co vent Garden, 
 London, 1899; New York 1900-01; 
 since then member of Metropol. Op. 
 Co.; repertoire is large, especially 
 strong in modern works. 
 
 Seifriz, Max, condr. h. Rottweil, Oct. 
 9, 1827; d. Stuttgart, Dec. 20, 1885. 
 Pupil of Taglichsbeck, at Hechingen, 
 where S. became violinist of the 
 ducal orchestra in 1841 ; 1849 viohn- 
 ist at the city theatre, Ziirich; 1854 
 court conductor at Lowenberg; after 
 the death of his patron, in 1869, he 
 removed to Stuttgart, becoming 
 court music director in 1871; com- 
 posed a symphony, an overture, 
 incidental music to Jungfrau von 
 Orleans, and many part songs for 
 men's voices; with Edmund Singer 
 published a violin method. 
 
 Severn, Edmund, vlt., compr. b. 
 Nottingham, Eng., Dec. 10, 1862. 
 Parents came to the U. S. in 1866; 
 father a violinist and teacher, and 
 in his mother's family were several 
 viohnists; received general educa- 
 tion in pubhc schools of Hartford, 
 Conn.; studied violin with father, 
 and in 1879, 1884-86 with Liste- 
 
SHACKLEY 
 
 SLEZAK 
 
 mann, Boston; studied with Wirth, 
 in Berlin, 1888-90; self-taught in 
 composition as a young man, stud- 
 ied with Philipp Scharwenka in Ber- 
 lin, 1888-90; and with G. W. Chad- 
 wick, in Boston, 1890-91; began 
 professional activity in Hartford as 
 player and teacher; leader of own 
 orchestra, 1879, condr. of various 
 organizations; organized str. qt.; 
 condr. of choral organizations; re- 
 moved to New York, 1897; composi- 
 tions for orchestra include an over- 
 ture, symph. poem, concerto for 
 violin, chamber music, pieces for 
 violin, a cantata, and some piano 
 pieces. 
 
 Shackley, Frederick N., compr., orgt. 
 h. Laconia, N. H., Oct. 25, 1868. 
 Educated in public schools of Lewis- 
 ton, Me.; studied music in Boston 
 under Homer Norris, G. W. Chad- 
 wick, S. B. Whitney, and Warren A. 
 Locke; began professional work at 
 Lewiston and Auburn, Me., 1885; 
 orgt. St. John's Episc. Theol. Sch., 
 Cambridge, Mass., 1892-94; orgt. 
 Ch. Messiah, Auburndale, 1894-96; 
 orgt. Ch. Ascension, Boston, Mass., 
 since 1896; published compositions 
 over 100, and include the cantata, 
 A Song of Praise, many anthems, 
 and sacred songs, organ arrange- 
 ments of works of MacDowell, 
 Tschaikowsky and others. 
 
 Shepherd, Arthur, compr. h. Paris, 
 Idaho, Feb. 19, 1880. Father and 
 mother musical although without 
 regular training; educated in local 
 schools; musical education at N. E. 
 Cons., Boston, Mass., 1892-97, piano 
 with Carl Faelten, harmony with 
 Benjamin Cutter, counterpoint and 
 composition with Goetschius, and 
 Chadwick; began professional career 
 at Salt Lake City teaching piano, 
 conducted theatre orch. and Salt 
 Lake Symph. Orch. until 1908, 
 when he came to Boston as teacher 
 of harmony and counterpoint at 
 N. E. Cons.; condr. several musical 
 organizations; compositions include 
 symph. poem, overture, and suite 
 for orchestra, large choral works, a 
 pfte. sonata and smaller pieces, songs, 
 etc.; won Paderewski Prize with 
 Overture joyeuse, Nat. Fed. of 
 
 Women's Mus. Club Prize, with 
 pfte. sonata, Op. 4, and song, The 
 Lost Child. 
 
 Singer, Edmund, vlt. b. Totis, Hun- 
 gary, Oct. 14, 1830; d. Stuttgart, 
 Jan., 1912; Pupil of EUinger and 
 Kohne in Pesth; after a concert 
 tour at the age of 11 went to Vienna 
 and spent a year under Bohm; a 
 series of concerts in Paris was very 
 successful; 1846 solo vioUnist at 
 Pesth Th.; again started on tours 
 and settled in Weimar, 1854-56, as 
 concertmaster; from that time until 
 death, In Stuttgart as concertmaster 
 and prof, of vln. at the Cons.; en- 
 joyed great repute as a teacher; with 
 Seifriz published a Violinschule. 
 
 Sinigalia, Leone, compr. h. Turin, 
 Aug. 14, 1868. Studied composition 
 with Bolzoni at the Liceo Musicale 
 Giuseppe Verdi; later continued his 
 studies with Mandyczewski at 
 Vienna; in this city he made the 
 acquaintance of Goldmark and Dvo- 
 rak, and was taken as a pupil by the 
 latter; compositions include works 
 for orchestra, chamber music for 
 strings and for wind instruments, a 
 concerto, a Rhapsody, and a Romance 
 for violin and orchestra, sbngs, and 
 choral works. 
 
 Sleeper, Henry Dike, orgt. h. Patten, 
 Me., Oct. 9, 1865; student at Har- 
 vard, 1885-87; grad. Hartford Theol. 
 Sem., 1891; studied music at Worces- 
 ter, Mass., Hartford, Conn., Chi- 
 cago, Philadelphia, and London; 
 instr. mus. at Beloit Coll., Wis., 
 1891-94; prof, mus., Georgetown 
 Coll. (Ky.) 1894-95; Univ. Wis- 
 consin, 1895-98; instr. and prof. mus. 
 Smith Coll., 1898 to present (1914); 
 orgt. in various churches; composed 
 music for organ and church service. 
 
 Slezak, Leo, tenor. h. Schonberg, 
 Austria, 1874. Showed musical 
 talent as a boy; at 22 was well- 
 known in Austria and Germany as 
 an opera singer; won his first great 
 success at Berlin, as Lohengrin, being 
 engaged at the Royal Opera; 1900 
 was at Covent Garden; 1901-08 at 
 Vienna; 1908 went to Paris to study 
 with Jean de Reszke; first appear- 
 ance in New York, Nov. 18, 1909; 
 
SMOLIAN 
 
 SPINELLI 
 
 also successful in concert engage- 
 ments; his voice is unusually power- 
 ful and fine in quality. 
 
 Smolian, Arthtir, critic, b. Riga, Dec. 
 3, 1856; d. Leipzig, Nov. 5, 1911. 
 Pupil of Rheinberger, Wiillner, and 
 Barmann, at Munich; condr. at 
 Kroll's, in Berlin, Basel, and Stet- 
 tin, and of a choral organization in 
 Leipzig, at the same time active as 
 a teacher and critic for Leipzig 
 papers; 1884-90 in Wiesbaden; 1890, 
 teacher at Carlsruhe Cons., and 
 critic for a local paper; 1901 critic 
 Leipzig Zeitung, editor Musikfuhrer 
 and Opernfiihrer, for which he wrote 
 many most valuable analyses; also 
 edited Neue Musikalische Presse, 
 contributed musical articles to Brock- 
 haus' Konversations-Lexikon; wrote 
 Von Schwinden der Gesangeskunst 
 (1903), Stella del Monte (after Ber- 
 lioz memoirs); a well known con- 
 tributor in late years to Signale; 
 composed a number of pleasing 
 songs and part-songs. 
 
 Sonneck, Oscar George Theodore, 
 
 historian, author, b. Jersey City, 
 N. J., Oct. 6, 1873. Educated in 
 public schools, Hoboken, N. J., Ger- 
 man gymnasia, Univ. Heidelberg, 
 1893, Munich, 1893-97, studying 
 principally psychology, aesthetics, and 
 history of music; began study of 
 piano at 5 years of age; while in 
 Germany continued music studies 
 at IQel, Frankfort with Kwast, 
 composition at Munich with Sachs, 
 instrumentation with Knorr at 
 Frankfort, conducting at Sonders- 
 hausen, 1898; pianistic career closed 
 on account of injury to hand, and 
 attention centered on theoretical 
 subjects; chief of Division of Music, 
 Library of Congress, since Aug., 
 1902; pubUshed a few compositions 
 while in Germany; Mr, Sonneck's 
 contributions to the history of the 
 music of the U. S. and the bibliog- 
 raphy of music are extremely valu- 
 able; among them are Scheme for 
 Classification of Music and Literature 
 of Music, 1904, Francis Hopkinson 
 and James Lyon, 1905 (two studies 
 in early American music). Bibli- 
 ography of Early Secular American 
 Music, 1905, Early Concert Life in 
 America, 1907, Early Opera in 
 
 America, 1907, Catalogue of Dramatic 
 Music in the Library of Congress, 
 1908, Report on the Star Spangled 
 Banner, America, Hail Columbia, 
 Yankee Doodle, 1909, Catalogue of 
 full Scores of Orchestral Music in the 
 Library of Congress, 1912; nearing 
 completion (1913) is a very valuable 
 Catalogue of 17th and ISth Century 
 Opera Librettos in the Library of 
 Congress; in addition to these books 
 Mr. Sonneck has contributed about 
 100 important articles and essays on 
 historical subjects to American and 
 European musical magazines; pub- 
 lished two volumes of verse, Seufzer, 
 1895, Eine Totenmesse, 1898. 
 
 Spence, William Ramsay, orgt., compr. 
 b. Montreal, Feb. 27, 1859. Father 
 a stained glass artist, mother musi- 
 cal; educated at St. John's Sch.; boy 
 chorister in St. John's Ch.; studied 
 music and became orgt. at St. 
 John's, in 1878, holding position 
 for 18 years, except a short time 
 when he was at Trinity Ch.; 1896 
 orgt. at Brighton, Mass., a suburb 
 of Boston; 1901 returned to Mon- 
 treal, orgt. Ch. of the Advent; com- 
 positions number about 150, songs, 
 part-songs, anthems, pieces for piano, 
 'cello, violin, and organ, and a 
 cantata, The Story of Bethlehem. 
 
 Spencer, Allen, pst. b. Fair Haven, 
 Vt., Oct. 30, 1870. Father was a 
 great lover of music; educated in 
 local schools; pupil of Edgar H. 
 Sherwood at Rochester, N. Y., 1888- 
 89; with Wm. H. Sherwood 1889-92; 
 studied counterpoint and compo- 
 sition with P. C. Lutkin at Chicago, 
 1891-94; began recital work in 1891; 
 teacher in American Cons., Chicago, 
 since 1892; many concert engage- 
 ments in the middle West, and a 
 number of appearances with promi- 
 nent orchestras, bringing out many 
 novelties; has composed in many 
 different forms but published very 
 little; author of 40 Lessons to a 
 Teacher of Beginners. 
 
 Spinelli, Nicola, compr. b. Turin, 
 July 29, 1865; d. Rome, Oct. 18, 
 1909. Studied at the Naples Cons, 
 with Serrao and Palumbo; came 
 before the public with opera / guanti 
 gialli, and A ba^so porta, 1894, which 
 
SPROSS 
 
 STRAUS 
 
 was warmly received by the Italian 
 public, and also in Rome. 
 
 Spross, Charles Gilbert, compr. b. 
 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Jan., 1874. 
 Father and mother good singers; 
 educated in public schools of Pough- 
 keepsie; studied music with local 
 teachers, and later, piano, with 
 Xaver Scharwenka, composition with 
 Emil Gramm and Carl V. Lach- 
 mund, in N. Y.; appeared in public 
 as pst. at an early age; orgt. in 
 Poughkeepsie, Paterson, N. J., Rut- 
 gers Presb. Ch., New York, now at 
 Paterson; accompanist for noted 
 artists, Schumann-Heink, Melba, 
 Mary Garden, Nordica, etc.; com- 
 positions include a sacred cantata. 
 The Word of God, anthems, part- 
 songs, and over 50 songs, Will-o-the- 
 wisj), The Wind, Ishtar, Jean, Yester- 
 day and To-day. 
 
 Spry, Walter, pst. h. Chicago, Feb. 
 27, 1868. Mother was musical; edu- 
 cated in Chicago schools; teachers 
 were August Hyllested, 1886-88, 
 Clarence Eddy, 1888-89, Theodore 
 Leschetizky, 1889-90, Ernst Ru- 
 dorff, 1890-93, Samuel Rousseau, 
 1895-96; began professional career 
 in Chicago in 1893; asst. to Wm. H. 
 Sherwood, 1903-05; now dir. Walter 
 Spry Piano Sch., Chicago; has 
 written compositions in various 
 forms, piano pieces, songs, and for 
 orchestra; Essays for the Classroom, 
 a pedagogic work is nearly ready for 
 pubhsher (1914). 
 
 Stair, Patty, compr., orgt. b. Cleve- 
 land, O., Nov. 12, 1869. Family 
 artistic, musical, and literary for 
 many generations; educated in pub- 
 lic and private schools of Cleveland; 
 studied music at Cleveland Cons., 
 with Franklin Bassett, 1882-92; 
 began teaching, church organ work, 
 and composition at 14; filled various 
 appointments as orgt. in Cleveland; 
 1912 East End Bapt. Ch.; teacher in 
 Cleveland Cons, since 1889; composi- 
 tions include anthems, part-songs, 
 songs, pieces for violin, piano and 
 organ, small numbers for orchestra, 
 one light opera; some of her well 
 known pieces are Minuet (women's 
 voices). Little Dutch Lullaby (wom- 
 en's voices). These are they (anthem). 
 
 Stokowski, Leopold, condr. h. Lon- 
 don, Apr. 18, 1882. Father was a 
 Polish exile, his mother an Irish 
 woman; studied piano and violin as 
 a child, and later learned several 
 orchestral instruments; studied organ 
 and filled position as orgt. at St. 
 James, Piccadilly, London ; his talent 
 for composition was developed under 
 the instruction of Parry and Stan- 
 ford, and at 14 he won a prize for 
 a choral work to be performed at 
 St. Paul's, London; came to U. S. 
 in 1905 as oYgt. at St. Bartholomew's 
 Ch., New York; after several years of 
 service he resigned and went abroad, 
 doing guest conducting at London and 
 Paris; engaged as condr. Cincinnati 
 Symph.Orch., 1909-12; 1912 resigned 
 and soon afterward accepted post as 
 condr. Philadelphia Orch.; 1911 mar- 
 ried Olga Samaroff, pst. 
 
 Stransky, Josef, condr. h. Bohemia, 
 
 1872. Father a professional musi- 
 cian; studied at Leipzig under 
 Jadassohn, *at Vienna under Fuchs 
 and Bruckner; condr. at Prague for 
 5 years, at Hamburg Op., 7 years, 
 and of Bltithner Orch. and Gura Op., 
 Berlin; accepted conductorship of 
 New York Philh. 1911-12, contract 
 renewed for three years at the end 
 of first season. 
 
 Straube, Karl, orgt. b. Berhn, Jan. 6, 
 
 1873. Pupil of H. Reimann (organ), 
 Riifer, and Alb. Becker; has been 
 known as a virtuoso organist since 
 1894, making a specialty of his- 
 torical programs; 1897 orgt. at 
 Wesel; 1902 at St. Thomas Ch., 
 Leipzig; 1903 dir. Bachverein; 1907 
 teacher of organ playing at the 
 Cons.; 1908 made professor; edited 
 Liszt's organ works, and other valu- 
 able collections of organ music a new 
 edition of Bach's organ works is'being 
 issued under his supervision; in his 
 concert work he has brought out 
 many of Max Reger's compositions. 
 
 Straus, Oskar, compr., condr. h. 
 Vienna, Apr. 6, 1870. Studied com- 
 position with Gradener at Vienna, 
 and with Bruch at Berlin; theatre 
 condr. 1895-1900 at Briinn,^ Tep- 
 litz, Mayence, and Berlin; in the 
 latter city he won fine success as 
 condr. at von Wolzogen's t)ber- 
 
TAFFANEL 
 
 TORRINGTON 
 
 bretti Theatre, for which he wrote a 
 number of hght musical pieces; more 
 serious in style are an overture Der 
 Traum ein Leben, a Serenade for 
 
 string orchestra, a violin sonata, the 
 comic operas, Der schwarze Mann and 
 Columhine,Sind a number of operettas; 
 has also written some piano pieces. 
 
 Taffanel, Paul, condr., Uutist. b. 
 Bordeaux, Sept. 16, 1844; d. 1908. 
 Father, a music teacher and band- 
 master in the French army, first 
 instructor in flute, vioUn and piano 
 playing; so rapid was his progress 
 that at 10 he appeared with success 
 in public as flute soloist; several 
 years elapsed before he again played 
 in concerts; he received much valu- 
 able help from Guercy, a celebrated 
 virtuoso; in 1858 he came under 
 the instruction of Dorus, and in 
 1860 followed him to the Paris Cons., 
 winning a first prize in flute playing; 
 in 1862 won a first prize in harmony, 
 and one in 1865 in counterpoint and 
 fugue; 1862-64 in orchestra of Op^ra 
 Comique, then in the Grand Op^ra 
 orch., 1871 solo flutist; 1890 third 
 condr., and in 1893 first condr., 
 1892-1901 condr. Soc. des Concerts; 
 1893 prof, of flute at the Cons, and 
 in charge of the orchestral class; 1872 
 founded Soc. Classique, consisting of 
 a quintet of strings and one of wind 
 instruments, for performance of 
 chamber music combinations. 
 
 Taylor, Franklin, psi., teacher. b. 
 Birmingham, Eng., Feb. 5, 1843. 
 Taught by his mother, beginning 
 lessons at 4; studied organ, with 
 Bedmore, orgt. Litchfield Cath., 
 substituting for his teacher at 12 
 years; went to Leipzig, in 1859, 
 studied with Plaidy, Moscheles, 
 Richter, and Hauptmann; fellow 
 pupils were Sullivan, Grieg, Bache, 
 Carl Rosa, etc.; studied with Clara 
 Schumann; located in London, 1863, 
 teacher Nat. Train. Sch. for Music, 
 1876; Roy. Coll. Mus. 1882; author 
 of Primer of Pfte. -playing, Pfte.- 
 Tutor for Beginners, Technique and 
 Expression in Pfte. -playing, compiler 
 of an extensive set of studies for pfte. ; 
 contributor to Grove's Dictionary. 
 
 Teichmiiller, Robert, teacher, b. Bruns- 
 wick, May 4, 1863. Received his 
 first musical instruction from his 
 
 father, a pupil of Plaidy; studied 
 3 years at Leipzig Cons., but was 
 forced to give up career as a vir- 
 tuoso on account of a nervous affec- 
 tion of the arm; devoted himself to 
 teaching, in which he has been very 
 successful; 1897 teacher in Leipzig 
 Cons., 1908 made head of the piano 
 dept. in Cons.; publications are 
 mainly in the line of revisions of 
 standard works in the teaching and 
 concert repertoires. 
 
 Teyte (Tate), Maggie, sopr. b. 1889, 
 Scotch-Irish descent; studied with 
 Jean de Reszk6 for five years; made 
 d6but at Monte Carlo, in 1906; 
 appeared in Paris as Melisande in 
 Debussy's opera; with Chicago- 
 Philadelphia Opera Co., 1911-1913; 
 although she is small in point of 
 physique her voice has surprising 
 warmth and carrying power; has had 
 fine success as a concert artist in U. S. 
 
 Toscanini, Arturo, condr. b. Milan, 
 Italy. Pupi] of the Cons, in that 
 city; associated at La Scala, Milan, 
 with Gatti-Cassaza, and accom- 
 panied the latter to New York, in 
 1908; condr. Metropol. Op. House, 
 since 1908; by many esteemed the 
 best opera condr. of his time. 
 
 Torrington, Frederic Herbert, orgt., 
 teacher, b. Dudley, Eng., Oct. 20, 
 1837. Father was a physician; early 
 showed musical inchnations, and 
 commenced violin study at 7; began 
 piano study a year later; 1852 articled 
 pupil of Jas. Fitzgerald, organ, pfte., 
 andchoirtraining; 1858orgt. atBewd- 
 ley, also playing vln. in orchestras; 
 1859 located at Toronto, Can., as 
 orgt. and choirmaster; remaining 
 there 12 years; orgt. at King's 
 Chapel, Boston, 1871-73, and a teach- 
 er at the N. E. Cons.; 1873 returned 
 to Toronto, as orgt. MetropoHtan 
 Methodist Ch., until 1907; condr. 
 Toronto Philh. Soc. for 20 years; 
 founded Toronto Coll. Mus., 1888; 
 composed church music and songs. 
 
VANNUCCmi 
 
 WHELPLEY 
 
 V 
 
 Vannuccini, Luigi, teacher, b. Fojano, 
 Dec. 4, 1828; d. Montecatini, Aug., 
 1912; taught by his father, a theatre 
 director; studied at Florence Cons., 
 receiving diploma as violinist; gave 
 up that instrument and turned to 
 the piano, meanwhile serving as a 
 
 violinist in a theatre orchestra; 1848 
 condr. at Florence, later in other 
 Italian cities in same capacity; 
 finally took up the work of training 
 singers with much success; com- 
 
 posed masses, 
 studies. 
 
 songs, and vocal 
 
 w 
 
 Wallace, William, compr. b. Greenock, 
 Scotland, 1860. Father a distin- 
 guished surgeon; W. studied medi- 
 cine at Glasgow Univ. and at 
 Vienna; in 1888 went to London 
 intending to make music his pro- 
 fession; studied for a short time at 
 the Roy. Acad. Mus., being pre- 
 vented from completing his course 
 there; compositions, mostly in large 
 forms, and modern in style, include 
 2 symphonies, 6 symphonic poems, 
 4 suites, chamber music, vocal 
 scenas, a cantata, song cycles, and 
 songs; editor for a time of New 
 Quarterly Musical Review; author of 
 The Threshold of MusiCj&n inquiry into 
 the development of the musical sense. 
 
 Ware, Harriet, compr., pst. h. Wau- 
 pun, Wis.; moved to Minnesota as 
 a child; family musical and literary; 
 received general education in an 
 academy near St. Paul, from which 
 she also graduated in piano; studied 
 in New York with Dr. Wm. Mason; 
 later in Paris with Stojowski, sing- 
 ing with Juliana and other noted 
 teachers; went to Berlin, studied 
 piano with Mme. Griinwald, com- 
 position with Hugo Kaun; began 
 professional activity in New York 
 City as a teacher of piano and sing- 
 ing; from 1906-12 gave her time to 
 teaching, composition, and concert 
 playing; gave up teaching in 1912; 
 pubhshed first compositions in 1906, 
 compositions include a successful 
 cantata Sir Oluf, and many songs 
 (Boat Song, Hindu Slumber Song, 
 Sunlight Waltz Song). 
 
 Wamke, Heinrich, 'cellist, h. Wesse- 
 biiren, Germany, Aug. 30, 1871. 
 Father a violinist, brothers all musi- 
 
 cians; began to study piano at 6, 
 'cello at 10; when he was 12 he en- 
 tered Hamburg Cons., studied with 
 Gowa, and made his first public ap- 
 pearances in that city; from there 
 he went to Leipzig and studied with 
 Julius Klengel; d^but at Gewand- 
 haus; has been with orchestras 
 in Baden-Baden, Frankfort-on-the- 
 Main, Kaim Orch. at Munich; 1905 
 came to Boston Symph. Orch. as 
 first 'cellist; 1905-07, 'cellist in 
 Boston Symph. Quartet/ 
 
 Weidig, Adolf, compr., teacher, h. 
 Hamburg, Germany, Nov. 28, 1867. 
 Father a member of Hamburg Th. 
 Orch.; educated in Hamburg schools; 
 studied music in Hamburg Cons., 
 under H. Riemann, Von Bemuth, 
 and Bargheer; won Mozart Prize at 
 Frankfort, 1888, for string quartet 
 and songs; studied at Munich with 
 Rheinberger and Abel; offered post 
 of asst. condr. at the Royal Op., 
 Munich, but came to the U. S., 
 joining Theodore Thomas Orch. as 
 vlt.; member of the Spiering String 
 Qt,; 1893 teacher of theory of music 
 and violin at American Cons., Chi- 
 cago, later associate dir.; has taught 
 many students, among them Grant- 
 Schaefer, Mokrejs, Mrs. Gaynor, 
 Clarence Dickinson; compositions 
 include orchestral works. Overture 
 to Sappho, Semiramis, etc., chamber 
 music, pieces for the piano, violin, 
 'cello, songs, choruses. 
 
 Whelpley, Benjamin Lincoln, orgt., 
 compr. b. Eastport, Me., Oct. 23 
 1864. Educated at Boynton high 
 school ; studied music in Boston, with 
 A. D. Turner, G. W. Sumner, B. J. 
 
WHITE 
 
 WOOLLETT 
 
 Lang, and others, beginning in 1879; 
 with Delaborde, in Paris, 1890; be- 
 gan professional career in Boston, fill- 
 ing various positions as orgt. ; at pres- 
 ent (1914), orgt. Arlington St. Ch.; 
 compositions include songs, pieces 
 for piano, organ, violin, and 'cello. 
 
 White, Carolina (Carolyn), sopr. b. 
 Dorchester, Mass., Dec. 23, 1883. 
 Studied singing with Weldon Hunt, 
 of Boston; began concert work in 
 Boston, 1906; went to Italy in 1907, 
 studied with Sebastiani, at Naples, 
 and made d^but at the San Carlo, 
 Dec. 5, 1908, as Gutrune in Gotter- 
 ddmmerung, afterwards appearing 
 in modem Italian works; after a stay 
 in Boston she returned to Italy for 
 repertoire etudy, singing in Tosca, 
 Madam Butterfly, La Gioconda, and 
 other operas; 1910 joined Chicago 
 Op. Co., created part of Minnie in 
 Puccini's Girl of the Golden West; 
 1910 married Paul Longone, asst. 
 dir. San Carlo Op., Naples^ 
 
 White, Charles A., compr. of a number 
 of popular songs {Marguerite, When 
 the Leaves Begin to Turn) ; founder of 
 a music publishing firm in Boston, 
 in 1869, under the name, White, 
 Smith and Perry; later Mr. Perry 
 withdrew, and the firm became 
 White, Smith & Co.; in 1890 the 
 name was changed to White-Smith 
 Publishing Co., and the business was 
 incorporated under the same name 
 in 1897. Mr. White died in Jan., 
 1892, and was succeeded by his 
 son, the present head, D, L. White; 
 the attitude of the firm toward Ameri- 
 can music has always been encour- 
 aging, and they now control the 
 work of several prominent composers, 
 notably C. W. Cadman. 
 
 Williams, Frederich Arthur, compr. h. 
 Oberlin, O., March 3, 1869. Mother 
 a choir singer; educated in public 
 schools of Cleveland and under a 
 tutor at home; musical education, 
 piano, vioHn, and trombone, rather 
 desultory, owing to removal from 
 Cleveland to a small village in 
 Michigan; returned to Cleveland, 
 studied piano and organ with James 
 H. Rogers, later piano and compo- 
 sition with Wilson G. Smith, organ 
 
 with C. E. Clemens; 1899 with Wm. 
 H. Sherwood; commenced profes- 
 sional work in Cleveland, where he 
 still lives, giving his time to teach- 
 ing and composition; has published 
 Wrist and Forearm Studies, Octave and 
 Chord Studies, and many piano pieces 
 especially designed for use in teach- 
 ing (Processional March, Butterflies, 
 Zephyr Waltz, At Evening. 
 
 Williams, H. Evan, tenor, b. Mineral 
 Ridge, O., Sept., 1867. Family 
 Welsh, both father and mother were 
 fine amateur singers; studied 4 years 
 with Louise von Freihitzsch, 3 with 
 James Sauvage, and 3 with J. D. 
 Mehan; made debut at Worcester, 
 Mass., Festival, 1896, and has since 
 gained a commanding position in 
 concert and oratorio work through- 
 out the U. S.; his voice has a fine 
 robust quality and extremely high 
 range; lives at Akron, O. 
 
 Witherspoon, Herbert, basso, b. Buf- 
 falo, N. Y., July 21, 1873; grad. 
 Yale, 1895; studied music while at 
 Yale, and in New York, London, 
 and Paris; sang in oratorio and 
 church choir, 1896-98; in EngUsh 
 grand opera, under H. W. Savage, 
 1898-1900; successful as concert 
 and oratorio singer; 1908 engaged 
 as basso with Metropol. Op. Co., 
 New York; lives in New York. 
 
 Wood, David Duffie, orgt, compr. h. 
 Pittsburg, 1838. d. Philadelphia, 
 March 27, 1911. Blind by accident 
 at 3 years of age; learned to play 
 flute as a boy; pupil at Penna. Inst, 
 for Instr, Blind, Philadelphia; studied 
 organ with Wilhelm Schnabel, 1851- 
 52; 1858 to time of death, instructor 
 and head of mus. dept. at the Inst.; 
 orgt. St. Stephen's P. E. Ch., Phila- 
 delphia, 1865; to time of death com- 
 positions mostly anthems and songs. 
 
 Woollett, Henry Edouard Sanford, 
 compr., author, b. Havre, Aug. 13, 
 1864, of English parentage. Studied 
 music with local teachers, and then 
 went to Paris, where he was a 
 pupil, in piano and harmony, of 
 Pugno, and for a short time, in 
 composition, of Massenet; returned 
 
YORK 
 
 ZIEHN 
 
 to Havre and gave himself up to 
 diligent study of the masters; he is 
 largely self-taught in composition; 
 made himself the leading musician 
 in Havre; two noted pupils are 
 Caplet and F4vrier; president Soc. 
 de Ste. Cecile and Cercle de I'art 
 moderne; founded Society d'enseigne- 
 ment musical, an elementary school 
 of music, in which over 200 pupils 
 
 are given free instruction; compo- 
 sitions in nearly all forms, several 
 large choral works, a large amount 
 of chamber musie, and piano 
 pieces; a book of Etudes for piano, 
 largely problems in rhythm and 
 tonality; Histoire de la musique; 
 Traite de prosodie for the use of 
 composers. 
 
 York, Francis L., orgt.^ teacher, h. 
 Ontonagon, Mich., 1861. Graduated 
 Univ. Mich., 1882, M.'A., 1883; 
 studied with Guilmant, in Paris, 
 1892 and 1898; dir. Detroit Cons. 
 Mus., position he still fills; orgt. 
 
 Central M. E. Ch., Detroit; city 
 musical historian, 1901; author Har- 
 mony Simplified and Counterpoint 
 Simplified; furnished report on Ameri- 
 can conservatories to French gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Zach, Max Wilhelm, condr. b. Lem- 
 berg, Austria, Aug. 31, 1864. Par- 
 ents cultivated musical amateurs; 
 educated in grammar and Latin 
 schools, Lemberg and Vienna; stud- 
 ied music at Vienna Cons. 1880-86, 
 vioUn; with Griin, harmony, counter- 
 point, and composition under Grad- 
 ener, Fuchs, and Kren; 1886 mem- 
 ber of Boston Symph. Orch., as solo 
 viola player; condr. of Pop. Concerts; 
 1907 condr, St. Louis Symph. Orch., 
 which position he still fills (1914); 
 has written some light piano music, 
 songs, and pieces for children. 
 
 Zandonai, Riccardo, compr. b. Sacco, 
 Italy, 1883. Studied music under 
 Gianferrai, dir. of Trento Cons.; 
 1889 at the Rossini Cons., Pesaro, 
 under Mascagni; 1902 won prize in 
 composition; 1908 produced first 
 opera at Turin, Cricket on the Hearth; 
 other works are Conchita, produced 
 at Milan, 1911, and given in Boston, 
 season of 1913-14; Meloenis, Milan, 
 1912; Ave Maria, for women's 
 voices, strings and harp, Padre 
 nostro, for chorus, orch., and org., 
 and a Mediceval Serenade for solo 
 'cello, 2 horns, harp and strings. 
 
 Zimbalist, Efrem., vlt. h. Rostov, 
 Russia, 1889. Father condr. of an 
 orchestra; began to play the violin 
 at an early age, received regular 
 instruction at 7, played Spohr con- 
 certo in public at 9; began to study 
 in St. Petersburg with Leopold 
 
 Auer, in 1901^ and remained with 
 him for a period of 6 years, inter- 
 rupted by a serious illness; won 
 Russian Govt, gold medal and a 
 special prize of $900 for two years; 
 made first real public appearance 
 in BerUn, Nov., 1907, with Philh. 
 Orch.; from Berlin he went to Lon- 
 don and won immediate success; 
 since then he has played in the 
 leading music centres of Europe; in 
 U. S, season of 1911-12; has com- 
 posed a Suite internationale for vln. 
 and orch. a Suite for vln. and pfte., 
 and some songs. 
 
 Ziehn, Bernhard, theorist, h. Erfurt, 
 Thuringia, Jan. 20, 1845, d. Chi- 
 cago, Sept. 8, 1912; education in 
 local schools, where he also had in- 
 struction in music; made thorough 
 study of the works of the masters, 
 upon which he based his future 
 teaching; began professional work 
 at Miihlhausen, in Thuringia; came 
 to Chicago, 1868, and taught pfte. 
 and theory; among his pupils are a 
 number of prominent American 
 musicians; Mme. Zeisler, John A. 
 Carpenter, Arthur Dunham, Glenn 
 Dillard Gunn, Wilhelm Middle- 
 schulte, etc.; author of System der 
 tJbungen fur Klavier spieler, Har- 
 monie-und Modulationslehre, Manual 
 of Harmony, 6 and 6 Part Harmonies 
 and How to Use Them, Canonical 
 Studies; contributed to Allgemeine 
 Musikzeitung and Die Musik, 
 
r 
 
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