ELL'S-ILLUSTRATED-CLASSICS INTERMEDIATE • SER1£S' Rnmamiatei &# 7™ HIUmMIBIIM HWWanllWBWBWWIWiaBIBBWa ION IN GAUL COMPTON M.A LONDON • G ' BELL- ^ • SONS ¥^ GIFT OF JANE KoSATHER Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2008 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.arcliive.org/details/caesarsseventlicaOOcaesricli OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. The Guardian : " Mr. Compton has made an admirable effort. His maps are excellent. . . . The general character of the notes is excellent. After the notes are appended a few pages of * idioms,' intended to teach the boy how to turn Latin into real English. We have seen few better bits of educational work than these idioms." The Classical Review: "This is in several ways a noteworthy school-book. . . . The idea of the whole is excellent, and the success in execution is considerable. ... It is to be hoped, and it is to be expected that other editors will follow the example of Mr. Compton. It is im- possible to have too much * realism ' in our teaching. . . . The * idioms ' embody an attempt to teach boys how to translate into decent English, and form, on the whole, an admirable piece of work." The Spectator: "A really admirable class-book. No one ought to find Caesar dull with these illustrations." The Academy: "The notes are good, and the 'Idioms' at the end very good. We are sure that Mr. Compton has made a valuable addition to the books available for fourth and fifth form use — perhaps even for more advanced students." The Athen^um: " The three great sieges of Avaricum, Gergovia and Alesia are alone sufficient to make the book both difficult and interesting. It is to be wished that all editors of classical books could imitate Mr, Compton in visiting the scenes of which their authors treat. " The National Observer: " The list of idioms is an admirable device for helping pupils to avoid Latin-English when translating, and English- Latin when composing. . . . Whether for school use or for private reading, Mr. Compton has produced a complete edition of Caesar de Bello Gallico, Lib. VII." ¥1^ ^ CAESAR'S SEVENTH CAMPAIGN IN GAUL B.C. 52. DE BELLO GALLICO LIB. VII. EDITED, WITH NOTES, EXCURSUS, AND TABLES OF IDIOMS, BY W. COOKWORTHY COMPTON, M.A., HEAD MASTER OF DOVER COLLEGE ; FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF JESUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE ; UNIVERSITY members' (latin) PRIZEMAN. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM SKETCHES BY E. T. COMPTON AND MAPS. J 1 > LONDON GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1907 I '=1 (^1 First published, February, 1889. Reprinted 1891, 1896, 1899, 1901, 1906, 1907. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. /^^^ O again, little book, and relieve, if you may, somewhat ^^^ of the drudgery of the Latin lesson, by showing those who use you that their book is not really uninteresting. Tell them how the kind indulgence of your critics (and especially of your friends at Harrow) has shown you how to mend some of your faults. Tell them, too, that you now have a key to explain your pictures, which before may have failed too often to "point the moral," however much they may have "adorned the tale." Uppingham, January^ 1892, 280243 PREFACE. (addressed to teachers.) THE present edition is an attempt to introduce into a school-book an element of pictorial interest, whereby the mind of the schoolboy may be led to find the subject of his author attractive in itself, and may thus cease to regard his book as a mere peg upon which to hang a certain wearisome drilling in elementary grammar — a process which has often caused the noblest specimens of ancient literature to " stink in the nostrils " of boys. The principal means whereby this end has been sought is the introduction of a series of illustrations taken from sketches made on the spots represented ; to which are added drawings illustrative of the fortifications, engines of war, and weapons used by the Romans and Gauls. These latter are taken from the admirable collection in the Museum of Romano-Gallic antiquities at St. Germain-en-Laye, to which the student is re- ferred for further study. With the same object in viewthe notes are especially addressed to the elucidation of the story ; and without overlooking diffi- culties of grammar or verbal criticism, the chief consideration has been to omit nothing that might add to a picturesque realiza- tion of the narrative. In the hope that these objects, and the steps taken towards their attainment, may commend themselves to a wider circle of vili PREFACE, Students than those who usually read Caesar, the writer wishes to put forward a plea that his author deserves a better fate than to be discarded as soon as the first difficulties of grammar have been overcome. The military student need only be reminded of the im- portance attached to Caesar's Commentaries by the greatest generals of modern times, and how it is said of Wellington that he always had a copy of Caesar with him during his campaign in India. For historical interest, for concise description of events in which he was a principal actor, and for purity of style, Caesar stands alone amongst Latin writers ; and it is contended that no scholar will attain to excellence of Latinity who is not familiar with Caesar, and that this familiarity cannot be acquired by those who only study Caesar in the Third or Fourth Form. As a contribution towards familiarity with Caesar's style, a collection has been made, as they occur, of such Latin expres- sions as should be rendered by some corresponding idiom in English, when a literal translation of the words can only produce a jargon that may pass for English in the mind of a schoolboy, but would be unintelligible to any reader not habituated to a mixture of Latin phraseology with English vocabulary. Who, for instance, would understand such expressions as " favourable battles," " the corn affair," " to confirm their minds " and the like ? And yet every teacher knows that a large proportion of a beginner's difficulties consists in learning to render such ex- pressions. It is therefore suggested that these idioms may with advantage be committed to memory, as a means of acquiring a correct vocabulary in both languages, and of accustoming the learner to look for the real English equivalent for the author's thought rather than a mere construe of his words. These Idioms, which occupy the place of the vocabularies PREFACE. ix appended to many elementary editions, are not given as a " construe ", though in many instances they may suggest one. Experience in teaching leads an editor to avoid, as far as pos- sible, furnishing in explanatory notes what an idle boy will grasp at as a " construe ", when he has no idea what are the several meanings of the author's words. For this reason, in the present edition, translations are not given in the notes, and the primary object of the Idioms is to suggest a Latin vocabulary as an aid to writing Latin prose, — for which reason the English idiom is given first, and translated into Latin from Caesar — whilst, as a secondary matter, some hints may be furnished where there is a difficulty as regards expression of the author's meaning in Eng- lish. Some explanation may be needed of the selection of the Seventh Book of the Gallic war as a subject for an attempt to embody the above objects. The work of some years in dealing with the difficulties of a Fourth Form in reading this book led the editor to make a tour through the principal places connected with the campaign of B.C. 52, and to repeat it after an interval of three years, in company with the artist, to whose pencil will be mainly due any success this effort may meet with. But it has also been remarked by no less an authority than the late Emperor of the French, that " the campaign of 702 (a. u. c.) is without dispute the most interesting in the double point of view — political and military. To the historian, it presents the affecting scene of tribes, hitherto divided, uniting in one national thought, and arming for the purpose of reconquering their in- dependence. To the philosopher it presents, as a result con- soling for the progress of humanity, the triumph of civilisation against the best combined and most heroic efforts of barbarism. Lastly, in the eyes of the soldier, it is a magnificent example of what may be done by energy and experience in war by a small X PREFACE. number contending against masses who are wanting in organi- sation and discipline." (History of Julius Caesar, English Translation, p. 552). Thus it is claimed that, whilst for excellence of Latmity the Seventh Book stands second to none of the Classics, in point of historical interest it comes before all other portions of the author's Commentaries ; and that it is worthy of the attention of scholars more advanced than those to whom Caesar is usually allotted. In revising Notes written several years ago whilst reading the book with a Form, the editor has availed himself of such valu- able works as the above-named " History" by Napoleon, the notes in Kraner's edition, Judson's " Caesar's Army," and in a final revision advantage has been taken of a few suggestions furnished by Mr. Peskett's notes in the Cambridge University Press Series. The maps are based upon v. Kampen's excellent series. In conclusion acknowledgment is due to Mr. T. E. Powell, a former colleague, for patient criticism of some of the notes and idioms, and to the late Edward Thring, whose name will ever be remembered amongst the pioneers of education, for much encouragement in an attempt to carry out, in a small way, a conception, the realization of which he looked forward to as the fulfilment of a dream of his life Uppingham, December y 1888. CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS, PLANS, AND MAPS. PACK 1. Representation of a Siege. Gallic wall (c. 23) surmounted by * turres. ' Breach effected by ' ram ' worked under cover of * musculus ' and * vineae/ Besiegers entering, some under * testudines. ' To right, ' turris ambulatoria' on wheels. In front (left) five Romans on * agger,' one working a *ballista' from behind a 'pluteus.' For terms cf. Excursus, pp. 1 14- 1 16 . . , Frontispiece 2. Map of Campaign. Caesar's march from Narbo (c. 8) to Alesia (c. 68) traced by arrows Facing I 3. Sens (Agedincum). Ancient town lay on left bank of Yonne — remains of site on hill to left — Sens (Senones) cathedral right .... 8 4. Trigubres (Vellaunodunum). Remains of Gallic town on height (left) .... 9 5. Gien (Cenabum). Situated on hill above Loire — bridge probably in same position as that mentioned by Caesar 9 6. Sancerre (Noviodunum). Ancient site on hill — Loire in foreground . . . .10 7. Bourges (Avaricum). Compare with map on p. 14. View taken from road S.W. of town, looking N.E. Avaricum lay round site of modem cathedral. Caesar's camp on rising ground (right). In front R. Auron il CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 8. Map of Avaricum and district 14 9. St. Just (Gallic camp near Avaricum). Sketch taken from W. of bend in R. Auron, beside which a canal. Vercingetorix' camp on hill opposite church of St. Just (Caesar's position). Catsar declined to cross water to attack Gauls 15 10. Gallic wall. a. Restoration (cf. Frontispiece), b. Bird's-eye view of a single layer of wall showing * trabes directae ' separated on outside 'singulis saxis,' inwardly *multo aggere,' and bound together *perpetuis trabibus quadragenos pedes.' c. Model (at St. Germain) of ruined Gallic wall discovered in S. of France, cf. Notes, p. 83 19 11. Plan and elevation of siege-works at Avaricum. Upper half of drawing shows sectional elevation of part of Avaricum (left) and town wall surmounted by 'turris.' Hollow to right of this filled by Roman * agger.' Dotted lines show corresponding details in ground plan below. A-A"^ portion of 'agger' parallel to wall between two 'turres,' with stairs, * vineae,' and ' pluteus.' Part to right tramway for * turris ambulatoria ' with ram inside, outside ' coriis intecta ' (c. 22). Lower part of drawing (after L. Napoleon) shows N.E. side of ground plan (S.W. side corresponding) , , 20 12. R. Allier (Elaver) near Varennes. Bend of river near Caesar's crossing. River flows away from foreground. Vercingetorix on left bank tried to prevent Romans crossing — outwitted by ruse on right bank , , 28 13. Gergovia from the south. Compare with map facing p. 30. Distant plateau site of Gergovia (now unoccupied). South gate attacked by Romans (c. 47) at notch near centre (sky-line over tower). Gauls on S. slope including hillock to left ('collis nudatus'). To left Puy de Jussat (village of Jussat at base) and heights of Risolles behind (Notes, p. 93). In front (centre), crowned by tower, Roche Blanche (' minora castra '), with natural escarpment on W. and S. sides (Notes, p. 90) and village of La Roche Blanche at its foot. Merdogne on distant slope of Gergovia PLANS AND MAPS, (see next sketch). Below (right) Donnezat, above which a spur of hill behind which Aedui ascended, appearing on Roman right (c. 50) above Merdogne (Notes, pp. 95, 96) . . 29 14. Gergovia from the west. Taken from point marked thus * on map. In distance, valley of Allier, Clermont extreme left. Gallic camp on right slope of hill, and on *collis nudatus' in front, where fortifications in construction at moment of Caesar's attack (c. 44). These works would be out of sight from town owing to slight rise behind (c. 48). * Dorsum iugi ' stretches from spectator to Gergovia (Notes, pp. 89, 93). W. gate of Gergovia at notch above * collis nudatus,' S. gate further to right. Aedui appear on terrace next above Merdogne . 29 15. Plan of Gergovia. After V. Kampen, with two alterations (Notes, pp. 93, 95) : * Collis nudatus ' fixed nearer Gergovia, and ascent of Aedui marked where alone it appears practicable . . facing 30 16. Nevers (Noviodunum). Town on height above Loire, on right bank • • .42 17. Corbeil (*palus perpetua '). Marsh Labienus attempted to cross occupied by modern town and valley of Esonne, tributary of Seine. Latter seen in fore- ground. Position taken up by Camulogenus on hill to right . 44 18. Melun (Metiosedum, cf. Index). Gallic town on island in river. Labienus arrives from left (south), crosses to island by boats, restores bridge, and gains N. bank of Seine (right) ,45 19. Plan of the battle before Lutetia. Lutetia on island. Labienus on right bank, Gauls on left. Five Roman cohorts sent up stream as ruse, main body march four miles down and cross river. Gauls divide forces to oppose both Battle fought near Issy, decided by 7th legion attacking Gallic rear. Gauls flee southwards past Mont- rouge • facing 47 20. Plan of the battle of the Vingeanne. Romans on march down valley of Vingeanne opposed by Gallic cavalry. Battle decided by Germans taking Gauls on left. Latter flee to Alesia. Cf. Notes, pp. 102, 103 . -103 XIV CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 21. Plan of Alesia. Gallic positions marked red. Army of relief under Commius left. March of Vercassivellaunus red line reappearing after circuit N. of Mt. R^a. Final struggle here. * on hill of Flavigny marks site occupied by Caesar (c. 85) . facing 53 22. Roman lines before Alesia (restoration), looking N. N. W. Sketched from point marked * in map facing p. 53, showing view seen by Caesar when directing battle. To left, defences on plain ; cavalry camps extreme left, double lines with ' turres ' at intervals, in immediate foreground * lilia,' etc., on a rise (central) a ' castellum. ' To right of this first Roman ditch (c. 72), behind which Mt. Rea with hollow (right) down which Vercassivellaunus delivered attack on Roman rear. Walls of Alesia on hill (right). Ose and Oserain marked by lines of trees 57 23. Details of Roman defences described cc. 72, 73. To left * agger' surmounted by *turris,' *cervus' projecting from escarpment, double ditch, rows of *cippi,' * lilia' in alternate lines (chess-board), three omitted where gap occurs, then * stimuli.' Above front view of 'agger,' etc., showing *pluteus* consisting of 'lorica' (wattled parapet) ' with * pinnae ' (battlements) supported by * valli ' (stakes). To right, bird's-eye view of ' cippi ' and ' lilia ' . . .57 24. View of the Plain of Laumes (Alesia) looking S.W. Sketch taken from N. side of Ose, W. of Gresigny (cf. map facing p. 53). In distance (centre) hill occupied by Commius. Extreme left Alesia and hill of Flavigny. Trees in centre mark R. Ose. To right Mt. Rea, in front of which final struggle with Vercassivellaunus and the besieged forces (cc. 84-88) 63 25. Alesia looking E., showing complete circuit of Roman lines. Sketched from hill occupied by Commius, looking across the lines on the plain. In centre Mt. Auxois (Alesia) with Napoleon's statue of Vercingetorix. Caesar's outer lines traversed all the hills seen around Alesia . . . .63 26. View of some trenches belonging to Caesar's camp before Avericum, to illustrate Note . . .79 PLANS AND MAPS, 27. Sketch of the battlefield by the Vingeanne, to illustrate Note 103 28. Armour and Gallic remains from Museum at St. Germain. A, * pilum * of legionary ; d. * eagle ' (standard of legion). c. sling ; d. * falx ' (hook for attacking fences) ; •) O t> _t> * f.vm^ oA *^:'^ « ' * • HISTORICAL SKETCH, — .^ ^^ duties at Lucca — a position at once within his province (see Notes c. i.), and convenient for observing events at Rome: for since the death of Crassus, in the preceding year, the rivalry between the surviving Triumvirs was no longer dis- guised. Here it was that Caesar received intelligence of the appointment of Pompeius as sole consul with full power to quell the disturbances in which the city was embroiled upon the death of Clodius, who was at the time of his assassinatioi: a candidate for the consulship. In the expectation that these troubles would involve Caesar in civil discord, the Gauls, smarting under the blow inflicted upon them by the execution of Acco, renewed their designs for shaking off the yoke of their conqueror. As a counterpoise to the universal conscription in Italy on the part of Pompeius, we find Caesar strengthening his position by a levy of fresh troops in his province, an act which was interpreted by the Gauls as an indication of a coming struggle for mastery in Italy, and so precipitated the rising in Gaul. The Carnutes are the first to take up arms, and are followed by the Arverni under the lead of Vercingetorix, the most prominent figure on the side of the Gauls in all Caesar's wars, and indeed the greatest champion of barbarian liberty before the days of Arminius. The first act of open hostility was the descent of the Carnutes upon the Roman colony at Cenabum on the Loire. Caesar hastened across the Cevennes, which formed the frontier of the Province, separating it from the Arverni, and having startled the Gauls by his sudden presence among them, marched no less rapidly back to the Province, thence to open the campaign of the year. This campaign consists of four distinct parts into which the text of the narrative has been subdivided in the following pages. THE CAMPAIGN OF B.C. 52. I. The Campaign against the Bituriges. Anxious to defend his own special protdg^s, the Boii, whom he had planted on the south side of the Loire, Caesar first hastened from Vienna on the Rhone to the relief of Gorgobina already besieged by Vercingetorix. At Agedincum he left his stores and two legions, making it his base of operations, and rapidly recovered Vellaunodunum, Cenabum, and Noviodunum. Here he was assisted by his German cavalry, a force destined to turn the fortunes of the day in his favour on more than one critical occasion. The capture of Noviodunum led to a council of war on the part of the Gauls, at which Vercingetorix, anticipating the strategic stroke whereby Napoleon was driven back from Moscow, recommended the destruction of the towns and stores in all directions as a means of driving the Romans out of the district; an exception being made in favour of Avaricum, as the most beautiful town in Gaul, though against the judgment of Vercingetorix. The siege of Avaricum is the first of the three great sieges of the year. The city stands upon a slight elevation, in the form of a peninsula, encircled by marshes, and only connected with the surrounding country by a narrow neck of raised ground. Upon this neck Caesar pitched his camp in front of the main gate of the town. Traces of the camp may still be seen in a new road recently cut through the ground on which it stood, and revealing on each side the V shaped foss, which protected the camp probably on the outer side against any invading force, which might surprise it whilst the Romans were all at work on the opposite (N. W.) side, before the walls of the town (see Notes c. xvii., and Illustrations, pp. 14, 79). The attack was made by assault on the south-east side of the town, as the marsh prevented an investment. After HISTORICAL SKETCH. various vicissitudes, recalling the siege of Plataea, during which Caesar gives the Gauls credit for both ingenuity and valour, the Romans surprised them during a heavy rain, and massacred almost the entire population, as Caesar himself confesses. The popularity of Vercingetorix appears to have gained rather than lost by the loss of Avaricum, as the event showed his wisdom in disapproving, at the first, of its preservation. 2. The Campaign against the Arverni, At the end of the winter, when about to open the campaign in earnest against Vercingetorix and his followers, Caesar was summoned to quell a civil disturbance among the Aedui, whom he summoned to meet him at Decetia (Ddcize), and after settling the dispute, sent Labienus with four legions against the Senones, and himself set out with the remaining six against the Arverni, whose stronghold was Gergovia, an almost impreg- nable position on a hill, some 1300 feet high, a few miles south of Clermont-Ferrand. Crossing the Elaver (AUier) by a stratagem, he reached the foot of the hill on which Gergovia stood, and commenced operations for a siege, from which he was hastily called off by news of the defection of a contingent of the Aedui under Litavicus, destined to join him. By a rapid march he disarmed the rebels, but found on his return that the camp before Gergovia had been in extreme peril. Meantime the defection of Litavicus became the occasion of a renewed rising among the Aedui, checked however by the news of the failure of Litavicus, yet sufficient to supply Caesar with at least a pretext for giving up the attempt upon Gergovia, in which he had sustained heavy loss. For as he availed himself of what he believed to be an opportunity for the capture of the town by a coup-de-main, when the garrison were occupied in strengthening THE CAMPAIGN OF B.C. 52. xxi the approach on the easiest (west) side, the alarm was raised by the inhabitants, and the Romans were driven down the hill, with what even Caesar acknowledges to have been heavy loss, including forty-six centurions ; and though he fixes the blame on the too great zeal of his men, he evidently was glad of an excuse for abandoning the siege. Litavicus again stirred up the Aedui, and Eporedorix and Viridomarus, whom Caesar sent to announce his speedy arrival, themselves joined in the revolt, seizing Noviodunum (Nevers). Leaving Gergovia Caesar found a ford across the Loire, and hastened to his head-quarters at Agedincum, near which he was to meet Labienus on his return from 3. The Campaig7t against the Parisii. While Caesar was in the south, Labienus, marching down the Seine, met the Gauls under Camulogenus, a veteran chieftain, on a position near the Seine well defended by a morass. Failing to effect a crossing, Labienus retired, and, surprising Metiosedum (Melun), crossed to the right bank of the Seine, and encamped opposite Lutetia (Paris). Here news reached him of Caesar's retreat from Gergovia and of the rising among the Aedui. Accordingly he made plans for retiring from his isolated position, and, crossing the river, engaged with Camulo- genus below Lutetia. The Gauls, after a gallant struggle, were defeated, and Camulogenus slain. This success enabled Labienus to retreat unmolested upon Agedincum, near which he rejoined Caesar. 4. The Siege of Alesia and Conclusion of the War, By a plebiscite of all the tribes Vercingetorix was now made commander-in-chief. The revolt being stirred up on the borders HISTORICAL SKETCH. of the Province, Caesar, in hastening to its relief, encountered the Gallic host under Vercingetorix on the banks of the Vingeanne. A cavalry battle ensued resulting in the defeat of the Gauls, who fled to Alesia, the nearest fortress. Postponing the relief of the Province, Caesar proceeded to undertake the siege of Alesia, which he determined, mindful probably of his failure at Gergovia, to invest with a complete line of circumvallation. After a cavalry skirmish, in which the Gauls suffered some loss, Vercingetorix dismissed all his horse to raise an army for the relief of the fortress. Meanwhile Caesar completed his lines, and fortified them also on the outside against the relieving army. As a result of the great distress which followed the consumption of all the stores, the non-combatant inhabitants were driven out of the town. At last a huge army, raised from all Gaul, arrived to the relief of the besieged. Several battles resulted, in which the Gauls, on both sides of the lines, were repulsed, but not until they had rendered the position of the Romans extremely precarious. Seeing the final defeat and flight of their allies, the besieged garrison capitulated, and Caesar was able to dictate his terms to the Gallic tribes. SUMMARY. Part I. cc. i— 8. Introductory, I — 3. Rising of the Gauls during Caesar's absence in Italy — ^begun by the Carnutes — taken up by the Arverni under Vercingetorix. 6 — 8. Caesar's march across the Cevennes— surprise of the Arverni. Part II. cc. 9 — "^^^t' The Campaign against the Bituriges. Caesar successful, 9 — 13. Caesar hastens northwards — recovers Vellaunodunum, Cenabum, Noviodunum, and marches upon Avaricum. 14 — 16. The Bituriges burn their towns, sparing Avaricum. 18 — 21. Vercingetorix, accused by the Gauls of treason, is acquitted. Caesar attempts an attack upon the Gallic camp — retires to Avaricum. 22 — 23. The Gallic defences at Avaricum. 24 — 25. Caesar's siege-works attacked by night — the agger on fire — repulse of the Gauls. 26. The Gauls meditating flight, are deterred by the women. 27 — 28. Avaricum stormed during heavy rain — massacre of the defenders. 29—31. Vercingetorix reassures the Gauls — his reputation increased — other tribes roused to join in the revolt. 32 — 33. Caesar settles a dispute amongst the Aedui by appointing Con- victolitavis chief magistrate. Part III. cc. 34 — 56. TTie Campaign against the Arverni. Caesar fails, 34 — 35. Caesar sets out with six legions for Gergovia, leaving four with Labienus — outwits Vercingetorix and crosses the Elavcr. SUMMARY, 36. Caesar before Gergovia — the Gallic position — the Romans capture a strong position. 37 — 38. Treason of Convictolitavis and Litavicus — ^the latter deserts with a contingent intended for Caesar. 39 — 40. Caesar, warned by Eporedorix, advances from Gergovia to meet Litavicus, and disarms the force, Litavicus escaping to Gergovia. 41. The Roman camp before Gergovia attacked in Caesar's absence. Caesar hastens back. 42 — 43. General revolt of the Aedui. Caesar proposes to abandon the siege of Gergovia. 44 — 51. He attempts to take it by a surprise — is repulsed with heavy loss. 52 — 53. Caesar breaks up his camp and returns to the Aedui. 54 — 56. Eporedorix and Viridomarus, sent by Caesar to quiet the Aedui, join the revolt — Noviodimum burnt. Part IV. cc. 57 — 62. The Campaign against the Parisii. Labienus achieves no result. 57 — 58. Meanwhile Labienus starts from Agedincum for Lutetia — checked on the left bank, he crosses the Seine at Metiosedum. The Gauls under Camulogenus encamp on the left bank opposite Lutetia. 59 — 62. Surrounded by insurgent tribes Labienus crosses the Seine by stratagem, defeats the Gauls, and returns to Agedincum, meeting Caesar on his return from Gergovia. Part V. cc. 63—90. 7^ Campaign against the united Gallic forces at Alesia. Ccusar finally successful. 63 — 65. Vercingetorix made Imperator by a plebiscite of all the Gallic tribes — Caesar sends for German cavalry. 66 — 67. A cavalry battle decided in Caesar's favour by the Germans. 68 — 69. Vercingetorix falls back upon Alesia — its position. 70 — 71. The German cavalry again decide a battle in Caesar's favour — Vercingetorix disperses his cavalry to collect a relieving force, and prepares for a blockade. 72 — 74. Caesar's lines of circumvallation and countervallation, 75 — 76. The relief force raised in Gaul 240,000 strong. SUMMARY. 77 — 78. Distress of the besieged — a proposal to eat those who are unfit for fighting results in the expulsion of the latter from the town. 79. The arrival of the relieving army — joy of the besieged. 80—82. The Gauls twice repulsed from the Roman lines. 83—88. Final eifort and defeat of the Gauls. 8g — 90. Capitulation of Alesia — surrender of Vercingetorix — conclusion. \ Tofdce-p.l. CAMPAIGN OF B.C. 52 2 ' East of Gi-eeiwicfv 4° o 20 40 eo eo zo 40 60 so CAESAR LABIENUS C. lULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIUS SEPTIMUS. PART /. CC. 1—8. INTRODUCTORY, c. i. Caesar at Lucca in Italy holding the winter assizes (B.C. 53-52) — Death of Clodius — Schemes of revolt in Gaul. QUIETA Gallia Caesar, ut constituerat, in Italiam ad conven- i tus agendos proficiscitur. ibi cognoscit de Clodii caede se- natusque consulto certior factus, ut omnes iuniores Italiae coniu- rarent, delectum tota provincia habere instituit, eae res in Gal- 2 liam Transalpinam celeriter perferuntur. addunt ipsi et affingunt rumoribus Galli, quod res poscere videbatur, retineri urbano motu Caesarem neque in tantis dissensionibus ad exercitum venire posse, hac impulsi occasione, qui iam ante se populi 3 Romani imperio subiectos dolerent, liberius atque audacius de bello consilia inire incipiunt. indictis inter se principes Galliae 4 conciliis silvestribus ac remotis locis queruntur de Acconis morte j posse hunc casum ad ipsos recidere demonstrant ; mi- 5 serantur communem Galliae fortunam ; oiimibus pollicitationi- bus ac praemiis deposcunt, qui belli initium faciant et sui capi • tis periculo Galliam in libertatem vindicent. imprimis rationem 6 B PART L esse habendam dicunt, priusquam eorum clandestina consilia efferantur, ut Caesar ab exercitu intercludatur. id esse facile, 7 quod neque legiones audeant absente imperatore ex hibernis egredi, neque imperator sine praesidio ad legiones pervenire possit; postremo in acie praestare interfici, quam non veterem g belli gloriam libertatemque, quam a maioribus acceperint recu- perare. c. ii. The Carnutes undertake to head the revolt. His rebus agitatis profitentur Carnutes se nullum periculum 1 communis salutis causa recusare principesque ex omnibus bellum facturos pollicentur et, quoniam in praesentia obsidibus 2 cavere inter se non possint, ne res efferatur, ut iureiurando ac fide sanciatur, petunt, collatis militaribus signis, quo more eorum gravissima caerimonia continetur, ne facto initio belli ab reliquis deserantur. tum coUaudatis Carnutibus dato iureiu- 3 rando ab omnibus, qui aderant, tempore eius rei constituto ab concilio disceditur. c. iii. They surprise Cenabum (Gien), and massacre the Roman settlers — News of the insurrection spreads. Ubi ea dies venit, Carnutes Gutruato et Conconnetodumno i ducibus, desperatis hominibus, Cenabum signo dato concurrunt civesque Romanos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant, in his Gaium Fufium Citam, honestum equitem Romanum, qui rei frumentariae iussu Caesaris praeerat, interficiunt bonaque eorum diripiunt. celeriter ad omnes Galliae civitates fama perfertur. 2 nam ubicumque maior atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per agros regionesque significant ; hunc alii deinceps excipiunt et proximis tradunt, ut tum accidit. nam quae Cenabi oriente so.e gesta essent, ante primam confectam vigiliam in finibus Arvernorum audita sunt, quod spatium est milium circiter CLX. INTRODUCTORY, C. IV. Vercingetorix stirs up the revolt amongst the Arverni (Auvergne) — Meets with opposition, is banished, returns, is hailed king, proceeds to organize his forces. Simili ratione ibi Vercingetorix, Celtilli filius, Arvernus, i summae potentiae adulescens, cuius pater principatum Galliae totius obtinuerat et ob earn causam, quod regnum appetebat, ab civitate erat interfectus, convocatis suis clientibus facile in- cendit. cognito eius consilio ad arma concurritur. prohibetur 2 ab Gobannitione, patruo suo, reliquisque principibus, qui banc temptandam fortunam non existimabant, expellitur ex oppido Gergovia ; non destitit tamen atque in agris habet delectum 3 egentium ac perditorum. hac coacta manu, quoscumque adit ex civitate, ad suam sententiam perducit ; hortatur, ut com- 4 munis libertatis causa arma capiant, magnisque coactis copiis adversarios suos, a quibus paulo ante erat eiectus, expellit ex civitate. rex ab suis appellatur. dimittit quoque versus lega- 5 tiones ; obtestatur, ut in fide maneant. celeriter sibi Senones, 6 Parisios, Pictones, Cadurcos, Turonos, Aulercos, Lemovices, Andos reliquosque omnes, qui Oceanum attingunt, adiungit ; omnium consensu ad eum defertur imperium. qua oblata 7 potestate omnibus his civitatibus ob sides imperat, certum numerum militum ad se celeriter adduci iubet, armorum quan- 8 tum quaeque civitas domi quodque ante tempus efficiat, con- stituit : in primis equitatui studet. summae diligentiae sum- 9 mam imperii severitatem addit : magnitudine supplicii dubi- tantes cogit. nam maiore commisso delicto igni atque omni- 10 bus tormentis necat, leviore de causa auribus desectis aut sin- gulis effossis oculis domum remittit, ut sint reliquis documento et magnitudine poenae perterreant alios. PART L c. V. Vercingetorix marches upon the Bituriges (Bourges), who send across the Loire to the Aedui for aid— These despatch troops who return without crossing the Loire, professing to have suspected treachery — The Bituriges join Vercingetorix. His suppliciis celeriter coacto exercitu Lucterium Cadurcum, summae hominem audaciae, cum parte copiarum in Rutenos mittit ; ipse in Bituriges proficiscitur. eius adventu Bituriges ad 2 Aeduos, quorum erant in fide, legates mittunt subsidium roga- tum, quo facilius hostium copias sustinere possint. Aedui de 3 consilio legatorum, quos Caesar ad exercitum reliquerat, copias equitatus peditatusque subsidio Biturigibus mittunt. qui cum 4 ad flumen Ligerim venissent, quod Bituriges ab Aeduis dividit, paucos dies ibi morati neque flumen transire ausi domum rever- tuntur legatisque nostris renuntiant se Biturigum perfidiam 5 veritos revertisse, quibus id consilii fuisse cognoverint, ut, si flumen transissent, una ex parte ipsi, altera Arverni se circum- sisterent. id eane de causa, quam legatis pronuntiarunt, an 6 perfidia adducti fecerint, quod nihil nobis constat, non videtur pro certo esse ponendum. Bituriges eorum discessu statim 7 cum Arvernis iunguntur. c. vi. Caesar leaves Lucca for Gaul — A dilemma. His rebus in Italiam Caesari nuntiatis, cum iam ille urbanas i res virtute Cn. Pompei commodiorem in statum pervenisse in- tellegeret, in Transalpinam Galliam profectus est. eo cum 2 venisset, magna difficultate afficiebatur, qua ratione ad exer- citum pervenire posset, nam si legiones in provinciam arces- 3 seret, se absente in itinere proelio dimicaturas intellegebat ; si 4 ipse ad exercitum contenderet, ne iis quidem eo tempore, qui quieti viderentur, suam salutem recte committi videbat. INTRODUCTORY. c. Vll. Lucterius gains allies in the south for the insurrection — Caesar concentrates the forces and garrisons in the Province. Interim Lucterius Cadurcus in Rutenos missus earn civitatem i Arvernis conciliat. progressus in Nitiobroges et Gabalos ab 2 utrisque obsides accipit et magna coacta manu in provinciam Narbonem versus eruptionem facere contendit. qua re nun- 3 tiata Caesar omnibus consiliis antevertendum existimavit, ut Narbonem proficisceretur. eo cum venisset, timentes con- 4 firmat, praesidia in Rutenis provincialibus, Volcis Arecomicis, Tolosatibus circumque Narbonem, quae loca hostibus erant finitima, constituit, partem copiarum ex provincia supple- 5 mentumque, quod ex Italia adduxerat, in Helvios, qui fines Arvernorum contingunt, convenire iubet. c. vm. Caesar crosses the Cevennes — Vercingetorix, yielding to the alarm of the Arverni, comes to their support. His rebus comparatis, repress© iam Lucterio et remoto, quod » intrare intra praesidia periculosum putabat, in Helvios proficis- citur. etsi mons Cevenna, qui Arvernos ab Helviis discludit, * durissimo tempore anni altissima nive iter impediebat, tamen discussa nive sex in altitudinem pedum atque ita viis patefactis summo militum sudore ad fines Arvernorum pervenit. quibus 3 oppressis inopinantibus, quod se Cevenna ut muro munitos ex- istimabant, ac ne singulari quidem umquam homini eo tempore anni semitae patuerant, equitibus imperat, ut quam latissime possint vagentur et quam maximum hostibus terrorem inferant. celeriter haec fama ac nuntiis ad Vercingetorigem perferuntur ; 4 quem perterriti omnes Arverni circumsistunt atque obsecrant, PART 1. INTRODUCTORY, ut suis fortunis consulat, neve ab hostibus diripiantur, praeser- tim cum videat omne ad se belliim translatum. quorum ille 5 precibus permotus castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus. PART II. CC. g—33, THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BITURIGES, c. ix. Caesar leaves D. Brutus north of the Cevennes, and hastening to Vienna (Vienne), rejoins two legions wintering among the Lingones (Langres) — Vercingetorix returns to besiege Gorgobina. AT Caesar biduum in his locis moratus, quod haec de Ver- 1 cingetorige usu ventura opinione praeceperat, per causam supplementi equitatusque cogendi ab exercitu discedit, Brutum adulescentem his copiis praeficit; hunc monet, ut in omnis 2 partes equites quam latissime pervagentur : daturum se operam, ne longius triduo ab castris absit. his constitutis rebus suis 3 inopinantibus quam maximis potest itineribus Viennam per- venit. ibi nanctus recentem equitatum, quern multis ante 4 diebus eo praemiserat, neque diurno neque nocturno itinere intermisso per fines Aeduorum in Lingones contendit, ubi duae legiones hiemabant, ut, si quid etiam de sua salute ab Aeduis iniretur consilii, celeritate praecurreret. eo cum per- 5 venisset, ad reliquas legiones mittit priusque omnes in unum locum cogit, quam de eius adventu Arvernis nuntiari posset. hac re cognita Vercingetorix rursus in Bituriges exercitum 6 reducit atque inde profectus Gorgobinam, Boiorum oppidum, quos ibi Helvetico proelio victos Caesar coUocaverat Aeduis- que attribuerat, oppugnare instituit. PART II. THE CAMPAIGN c. X. Caesar again in a dilemma — He resolves to go to the assistance of his allies, the Boii, without waiting for the season. Magnam haec res Caesari difficultatem ad consilium capien- dum afferebat, si reliquam partem hiemis uno loco legiones contineret, ne stipendiariis Aeduorum expugnatis cuncta Gallia deficeret, quod nullum amicis in eo praesidium videret positum esse ; sin maturius ex hibemis educeret, ne ab re frumentaria duris subvectionibus laboraret. praestare visum est tamen 2 omnes difficultates perpeti, quam tanta contumelia accepta omnium suorum voluntates alienare. itaque cohortatus Ae- 3 duos de supportando commeatu praemittit ad Boios, qui de suo adventu doceant hortenturque, ut in fide maneant atque hostium impetum magno animo sustineant. duabus Agedinci legioni- 4 bus atque impedimentis totius exercitus relictis ad Boios profi- ciscitur. Capture of Vellaunodunum (Trigueres) and Cenabum (Gien). Altero die cum ad oppidum Senonum Vellaunodunum ve- i nisset, ne quem post se hostem relinqueret, quo expeditiore re frumentaria uteretur, oppugnare instituit idque biduo circum- vallavit ; tertio die missis ex oppido legatis de deditione arma 2 conferri, iumenta produci, sexcentos obsides dari iubet. ea qui 3 AGAINST THE BITURIGES, conficeret, Gaium Trebonium legatum relinquit. ipse, ut quam primum iter faceret, Cenabum Carnutum proficiscitur ; qui turn 4 primum allato nuntio de oppugnatione Vellaunoduni, cum longius earn rem ductum iri existimarent, praesidium Cenabi tuendi causa, quod eo mitterent, comparabant. hue biduo 5 pervenit. castris ante oppidum positis diei tempore exclusus in posterum oppugnationem differt quaeque ad eam rem usui sint militibus imperat et, quod oppidum Cenabum pons flumi- 6 nis Ligeris contingebat, veritus, ne noctu ex oppido profugerent, duas legiones in armis excubare iubet. Cenabenses paulo ante 7 mediam noctem silentio ex oppido egressi flumen transire coeperunt. qua re per exploratores nuntiata Caesar legiones, % quas expeditas esse iusserat, portis incensis intromittit atque oppido potitur perpaucis ex hostium numero desideratis, quin cuncti vivi caperentur, quod pontis atque itinerum angustiae lo PART II, THE CAMPAIGN multitudinis fugam intercluserant. oppidum diripit atque 9 incendit, praedam militibus donat, exercitum Ligerem traducit atque in Biturigum fines pervenit. c xiu Vercingetorix advances to meet Caesar — Caesar lays siege to Noviodunum (Sancerre) — Surrender of the town interrupted by arrival of Vercingetorix. Vercingetorix, ubi de Caesaris adventu cognovit, oppugna- 1 tione destitit atque obviam Caesari proficiscitur. ille oppidum 2 Biturigum, positum in via, Noviodunum oppugnare instituerat quo ex oppido cum legati ad eum venissent oratum, ut sibi 3 ignosceret suaeque vitae consuleret, ut celeritate reb'quas res conficeret, qua pleraque erat consecutus, arma conferri, equos produci, obsides dari iubet. parte iam obsidum tradita, cum 4 reliqua administrarentur, centurionibus et paucis militibus in- tromissis, qui arma iumentaque conquirerent, equitatus hostium procul visus est, qui agmen Vercingetorigis antecesserat. quem s simulatque oppidani conspexerunt atque in spem auxilii vena- runt, clamore sublato arma capere, portas claudere, murum complere coeperunt. centuriones in oppido, cum ex signifi- 6 catione Gallorum novi aliquid ab iis iniri consilii intellexissent, gladiis destrictis portas occupaverunt suosque omnes incolumes receperunt AGAINS7 THE BITURIGES, II Defeat of Vercingetorix before Noviodunum — Surrender of the town — Caesar marches upon Avaricum (Bourges). Caesar ex castris equitatum educi iubet proeliumque equestre i committit : laborantibus iam suis Germanos equites circiter CCCC submittit, quos ab initio secum habere instituerat. eorum impetum Galli sustinere non potuerunt atque in fugam 2 coniecti multis amissis se ad agmen receperunt. quibus profli- gatis rursus oppidani perterriti comprehensos eos, quorum ^ s^ QOUTQCS ^m^ ^^. Jh- =^sr-r- -^^^-^»p^feyg-| ■ Jff =" — =^7=^^^'^^:u'^~'-y| 1 (Xvax\,c.M.-m'\ opera plebem concitatam existimabant, ad Caesarem perdux- erunt seseque ei dediderunt. quibus rebus confectis Caesar ad 3 oppidum Avaricum, quod erat maximum munitissimumque in finibus Biturigum atque agri fertilissima regione, profectus est, quod eo oppido recepto civitatem Biturigum se in potestatem redacturum confidebat. Vercingetorix advises the destruction of towns and stores in order to drive Caesar out of the country for want of supplies. Vercingetorix tot continuis incommodis Vellaunoduni, Cenabi, i Novioduni acceptis suos ad concilium convocat. docet longe 2 alia ratione esse bellum gerendum, atque antea gestum sit. 12 PART II. THE CAMPAIGN omnibus modis huic rei studendum, ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur. id esse facile, quod equitatu ipsi abun- 3 dent et quod anni tempore subleventur. pabulum secari non 4 posse ; necessario dispersos hostes ex aedificiis petere : hos omnes cotidie ab equitibus deleri posse, praeterea salutis causa 5 rei familiaris commoda neglegenda: vicos atque aedificia in- cendi oportere hoc spatio [a Boia] quoqueversus, quo pabu- landi causa adire posse videantur. harum ipsis rerum copiam 6 suppetere, quod, quorum in finibus bellum geratur, eomm opibus subleventur : Romanos aut inopiam non laturos aut 7 magno cum periculo longius ab castris processuros; neque g interesse, ipsosne interficiant, impedimentisne exuant, quibus amissis bellum geri non possit. praeterea oppida incendi opor- 9 tere, quae non munitione et loci natura ab omni sint periculo tuta, neu suis sint ad detractandam militiam receptacula neu Romanis proposita ad copiam commeatus praedamque tollen- dam. haec si gravia aut acerba videantur, multo ilia gravius 10 aestimare, liberos, coniuges in servitutem abstrahi, ipsos interfici, quae sit necesse accidere victis. The towns are burnt with the exception of Avaricum. Omnium consensu hac sententia probata uno die amplius 1 XX urbes Biturigum incenduntur. hoc idem fit in reliquis civi- 2 tatibus. in omnibus partibus incendia conspiciuntur ; quae etsi magno cum dolore omnes ferebant, tamen hoc sibi solatii proponebant, quod se prope explorata victoria celeriter amissa recuperaturos confidebant. deliberatur de Avarico in communi 3 concilio, incendi placeret, an defendi. procumbunt omnibus 4 Gallis ad pedes Bituriges, ne pulcherrimam prope totius Galliae urbem, quae et praesidio et ornamento sit civitati, suis manibus AGAINST THE BITURIGES. 13 succendere cogerentur ; facile se loci natura defensuros dicunt, 5 quod prope ex omnibus partibus flumine et palude circum- data unum habeat et perangustum aditum. datur petentibus 6 venia, dissuadente primo Vercingetorige, post concedente et precibus ipsorum et misericordia volgi. defensores oppido idonei deliguntur, c. xvi. Vercingetorix pitches his camp 16 miles from Avaricum— thence directs the defence and harasses Caesar's foraging parties. Vercingetorix minoribus Caesarem itineribus subsequitur et i locum castris deligit paludibus silvisque munitum, ab Avarico longe milia passuum XVI. ibi per certos exploratores in singula 2 diei tempora, quae ad Avaricum agerentur, cognoscebat et, quid fieri vellet, imperabat. omnis nostras pabulatiories 3 frumentationesque observat, dispersosque, cum longius neces- sario procederent, adoriebatur magnoque incommodo afiiciebat, etsi, quantum ratione provideri poterat, ab nostris occurrebatur ut incertis temporibus diversisque itineribus iretur. Caesar pitches his camp on the only accessible side of the town — suffers from want of supplies— Courage and determination of his men. Castris ad eam partem oppidi positis Caesar, quae intermissa i a flumine et a palude aditum, ut supra diximus, angustum habebat, aggerem apparare, vineas agere, turres duas consti- tuere coepit : nam circumvallare loci natura prohibebat. de 2 re frumentaria Boios atque Aeduos adhortari non destitit ; quorum alteri, quod nuUo studio agebant, non multum adiuvabant, alteri non magnis facultatibus, quod civitas erat exigua et infirma, celeriter, quod habuerunt, consumpserunt. 14 PART II. THE CAMPAIGN summa difficultate rei frumentariae affecto exercitu tenuitate 3 Boionim, indiligentia Aeduorum, incendiis aedificiorum, usque eo ut complures dies milites frumento caruerint et pecore e longinquioribus vicis adacto extremam famem sustentarent, nulla tamen vox est ab iis audita populi Romani maiestate et superiori- bus victoriis indigna. quin etiam Caesar cum 4 in opere singulaslegiones appellaret et, si acerbius inopiam ferrent, se di- missurum oppugnatio- nera diceret, universi ab eo, ne id faceret, pete- bant : sic se complures 5 annos illo imperante me- ruisse, ut nullam igno- miniam acciperent, nus- quam infecta re discede- rent : hoc se ignominiae 6 laturos loco, si inceptam oppugnationem reliquis- sent : praestare omnes 7 perferre acerbitates, quam non civibus Romanis, qui Cenabi perfidia Gallorum interissent, parentarent. haec eadem cen- 8 turionibus tribunisque militum mandabant, ut per cos ad Cae- sarem deferrentuj; AGAINST THE BITURIGES, IS C. XVIU. Vercingetorix moves his camp nearer to the town, and sets out to lay an ambuscade by night — Caesar marches to attack the camp in his absence. Cum iam muro turres appropinquassent, ex captivis Caesar i cognovit, Vercingetorigem consumpto pabulo castra movisse propius Avaricum atque ipsum cum equitatu expeditisque, qui inter equites proeliari consuessent, insidiarum causa eo profec- tum, quo nostros postero die pabulatum venturos arbitraretur. quibus rebus cognitis media nocte silentio profectus ad hostium 2 castra mane pervenit. illi celeriter per exploratores adventu 3 Caesaris cognito carros impedimentaque sua in artiores silvas abdiderunt, copias omnis in loco edito atque aperto instruxerunt. qua re nuntiata Caesar celeriter sarcinas conferri, arma expediri 4 iussit. c. xix. Description o'f the Gallic position — Caesar declines to attack. Collis erat leniter ab infimo acclivis. hunc ex omnibus fere i partibus palus difficilis atque impedita cingebat non latior ^=^y^^^ L « ^^■\ w K l^^ilsH^«n^^^ Kll^HBBB''<''!^niB •c ^^^s^^ pedibus quinquaginta. hoc se colle interruptis pontibus Galli a fiducia loci continebant generatimque distributi in civitates i6 PART II. 7 HE CAMPAIGN omnia vada ac saltus [eius paludis] obtinebant sic animo parati, ut, si earn paludem Romani perrumpere conarentur, haesitantes premerent ex loco superiore, ut, qui propinquitatem loci videret, 3 paratos prope aequo Marte ad dimicandum existimaret, qui iniquitatem condicionis perspiceret, inani simulatione sese ostentare cognosceret. indignantes milites Caesar, quod 4 conspectum suum hostes ferre possent tantulo spatio interiecto, et signum proelii exposcentes edocet, quanto detrimento et quot virorum fortium morte necesse sit constare victoriam ; quos cum sic animo paratos videat, ut nullum pro sua laude 5 periculum recusent, summae se iniquitatis condemnari debefe, nisi eorum vitam sua salute habeat cariorem. sic milites 6 consolatus eodem die reducit in castra reliquaque, quae ad oppugnationem pertinebant oppidi, administrare instituit C. XX. Vercingetorix defends himself against a charge of treason. Vercingetorix, cum ad suos redisset, proditionis insimulatus, i quod castra propius Romanes movisset, quod cum omni equi- tatu discessisset, quod sine imperio tantas copias reliquisset, quod eius discessu Romani tanta opportunitate et celeritate venissent : non haec omnia forfuito aut sine consilio accidere 2 potuisse ; regnum ilium Galliae malle Caesaris concessu quam ipsorum habere beneficio : tali modo accusatus ad haec re- spondit : quod castra movisset, factum inopia pabuli etiam 3 ipsis hortantibus ; quod propius Romanos accessisset, per- suasum loci opportunitate, quise ipse sine munitione defenderet: equitum vero operam neque in loco palustri desiderari debuisse 4 et illic fuisse utilem, quo sint profecti : summam imperii se 5 consulto nulli discedentem tradidisse, ne is multitudinis studio ad dimicandum impelleretur ; cui rei propter animi mollitiem AGAINST THE BITURIGES. 17 studere omnes videret, quod diutius laborem ferre non possent. Romani si casu intervenerint, fortunae, si alicuius indicio vocati, 6 huic habendam gratiam, quod et paucitatem eorum ex loco superiore cognoscere, et virtutem despicere potuerint, qui dimicare non ausi turpiter se in castra receperint. imperium 7 se ab Caesare per proditionem nullum desiderare, quod habere victoria posset, quae iam esset sibi atque omnibus Gallis explorata : quin etiam ipsis remittere, si sibi magis honorem tribuere, quam ab se salutem accipere videantur. * haec ut 8 intellegatis/ inquit, 'a me sincere pronuntiari, audite Romanes milites.' producit servos, quos in pabulatione paucis ante 9 diebus exceperat et fame vinculisque excruciaverat. hi iam 10 ante edocti, quae interrogati pronuntiarent, milites se esse legionarios dicunt ; fame et inopia adductos clam ex castris exisse, si quid fiumenti aut pecoris in agris reperire possent : simili omnem exercitum inopia premi, nee iam vires sufficere n cuiusquam nee ferre operis laborem posse : itaque statuisse imperatorem, si nihil in oppugnatione oppidi profecissent, triduo exercitum deducere. * haec,' inquit, *a me,' Vercinge- 12 torix, ^beneficia habetis, quem proditionis insimulatis, cuius opera sine vestro sanguine tantum exercitum victorem fame consumptum videtis ; quem turpiter se ex fuga recipientem ne qua civitas suis finibus recipiat, a me provisum est.' C. XXI. He is acquitted — The Garrison at Avaricum strengthened. Conclamat omnis multitudo et suo more armis concrepat, i quod facere in eo consuerunt, cuius orationem approbant : summum esse Vercingetorigem ducem, nee de eius fide dubi- tandum, nee maiore ratione bellum administrari posse, statuunt, ut decem milia hominum delecta ex omnibus copiis 2 c i8 PART II. THE CAMPAIGN in oppidum mittantur, nee solis Biturigibus communem 3 salutem committendam censent, quod paene in eo, si id oppi- dum retinuissent, summam victoriae constare intellegebant. c. xxii. The Gauls display great ingenuity in undermining the Roman mound, and harassing the Romans in other ways. Singulari militum nostrorum virtuti consilia cuiusquemoai * Gallorum occurrebant, ut est summae genus solertiae atque ad omnia imitanda et efficienda, quae ab quoque traduntur, aptissimum. nam et laqueis falces avertebant, quas cum a destinaverant, tormentis introrsus reducebant, et aggerem cuniculis subtrahebant, eo scientius, quod apud eos magnae sunt ferrariae atque omne genus cuniculorum notum atque usitatum est. totum autem murum ex omni parte turribus 3 contabulaverant atque has coriis intexerant. tum crebris diur- 4 nis nocturnisque eruptionibus aut aggeri ignem inferebant aut milites occupatos in opere adoriebantur et nostrarum turrium altitudinem, quantum has cotidianus agger expresserat, com- 5 missis suarum turrium malis adaequabant, et apertos cuniculos praeusta et praeacuta materia et pice fervefacta et maximi pon- derissaxis morabantur moenibusque appropinquareprohibebant. c, xxiii. Description of a Gallic walL Muri autem omnes Gallici hac fere forma sunt, trabes i directae perpetuae in longitudinem paribus intervallis, distantes inter se binos pedes, in solo collocantur. hae revinciuntur 2 introrsus et multo aggere vestiuntur : ea autem, quae diximus, intervalla grandibus in fronte saxis effarciuntur. his coUocatis 3 et coagmentatis alius insuper ordo additur, ut idem illud inter- AGAINST THE BITURIGES, 19 vallum servetur, neque inter se contingant trabes, sed paribus intermissae spatiis singulae singulis saxis interiectis arte contine- antur. sic deinceps omne opus contexitur, dum iusta muri alti- 4 tudo expleatur. hoc cum in speciem varietatemque opus deforme 5 non est, alternis trabibus ac saxis, quae rectis lineis suos a. Gallic wall, showing outside and perpendicular section. b. Bird's-eye viezv of a single layer of wall. T^T Trabes pedes xl. €. Model of remains of Gallic wall found at Murseins {Lot). ordines servant, turn ad utilitatem et defensionem urbium summam habet opportunitatem, quod et ab incendio lapis et ab ariete materia defendit, quae perpetuis trabibus pedes quad- ragenos plerumque introrsus revincta neque perrumpi neque distrahi potest. C. XXIV. The Roman siege-works completed, and set on fire by the besieged in the night. His tot rebus impedita oppugnatione milites, cum toto tem- i pore frigore et assiduis imbribus tardarentur, tamen continenti labore omnia haec superaverunt et diebus XXV aggerem latum pedes CCCXXX, altum pedes LXXX exstruxerunt. cum is murum hostium paene contingeret, et Caesar ad opus 2 PART 11. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BITURIGES, 21 consuetudine excubaret militesque hortaretur, ne quod omnino tempus ab opere intermitteretur, paulo ante tertiam vigiliam est animadversum fumare aggerem, quern cuniculo hostes succenderant, eodemque tempore toto muro clamore sublato 3 duabus portis ab utroque latere turrium eruptio fiebat : alii 4 faces atque aridam materiem de muro in aggerem eminus iaciebant, picem reliquasque res, quibus ignis excitari potest, fundebant, ut, quo primum occurreretur aut cui rei ferretur auxilium, vix ratio iniri posset, tamen, quod instituto Caesaris S semper duae legiones pro castris excubabant pluresque par- titis temporibus erant in opere, celeriter factum est, ut alii eruptionibus resisterent, alii turres reducerent aggeremque interscinderent, omnis vero ex castris multitudo ad restin- guendum concurreret. The fight continues all night — Remarkable courage of the Gauls — Final success of the Romans. Cum in omnibus locis consumpta iam reliqua parte noctis i pugnaretur, semperque hostibus spes victoriae redintegraretur, eo magis, quod deustos pluteos turrium videbant nee facile adire apertos ad auxiliandum animadvertebant, semperque ipsi recentes defessis succederent omnemque Galliae salutem in illo vestigio temporis positam arbitrarentur, accidit inspec- tantibus nobis, quod dignum memoria visum praetereundum non existimavimus. quidam ante portam oppidi Callus, qui a per manus sevi ac picis traditas glebas in ignem e regione turris proiciebat, scorpione ab latere dextro traiectus ex- animatusque concidit. hunc ex proximis unus iacentem 3 transgressus eodem illo munere fungebatur; eadem ratione ictu scorpionis exanimato alteri successit tertius et tertio quartus, nee prius ille est a propugnatoribus vacuus relictus 4 22 PART 21. THE CAMPAIGN locus, quam restincto aggere atque omni ex parte summotis hostibus finis est pugnandi factus. C XXVL The Gauls, meditating flight from the town by night, are deterred by the women. Omnia experti Galli, quod res nulla successerat, postero die i consilium ceperunt ex oppido profugere hortante et iubente Vercingetorige. id silentio noctis conati non magna iactura 2 suorum sese efFecturos sperabant, propterea quod neque longe ab oppido castra Vercingetorigis aberant, et palus, quae per- petua intercedebat, Romanos ad insequendum tardabat. iam- 3 que hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matresfamiliae repente in publicum procurrerunt flentesque proiectae ad pedes suorum omnibus precibus petierunt, ne se et communes liberos hosti- bus ad supplicium dederent, quos ad capiendam fugam naturae et virium infirmitas impediret. ubi eos in sententia perstare 4 viderunt, quod plerumque in summo periculo timor miseri- cordiam non recipit, conclamare et significare de fuga Romanis coeperunt. quo timore perterriti Galli, ne ab equitatu Roma- 5 norum viae praeoccuparentur, consilio destiterunt. c. xxvii. Under cover of heavy rain the Romans scale the walls of the town. Postero die Caesar promota turri directisque operibus, quae i facere instituerat, magno coorto imbre non inutilem hanc ad capiendum consilium tempestatem arbitratus est, quod paulo incautius custodias in muro dispositas videbat, suosque lan- guidius in opere versari iussit et, quid fieri vellet, ostendit. legionibusque intra vineas in occulto expeditis cohortatus, ut a aliquando pro tantis laboribus fructum victoriae perciperent, iis, AGAINST THE BITURIGES. 23 qui primi murum ascendissent, praemia proposuit militibusque signum dedit. illi subito ex omnibus partibus evolaverunt 3 murumque celeriter compleverunt. The besieged, thus surprised and surrounded, make for the opposite gate — Wholesale massacre — Of 40,000 only 800 reach the camp, where they are skilfully quartered by Vercingetorix. Hostes re nova perterriti muro turribusque deiecti in foro ac i locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt, hoc animo, ut, si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent. ubi neminem in aequum locum sese demittere, sed toto z undique muro circumfundi viderunt, veriti, ne omnino spes fugae lolleretur, abiectis armis ultimas oppidi partes continenti impetu petiverunt, parsque ibi, cum angusto exitu portarum se 3 ipsi premerent, a militibus, pars iam egressa portis ab equitibus est interfecta. nee fuit quisquam, qui praedae studeret. sic 4 et Cenabi caede et labore operis incitati non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non infantibus pepercerunt. denique omni 5 ex numero, qui fuit circiter milium XL, vix DCCC, qui primo clamore audito se ex oppido eiecerunt, incolumes ad Vercinge- torigem pervenerunt. quos ille multa iam nocte silentio ex 6 fuga excepit (veritus, ne qua in castris ex eorum concursu et misericordia volgi seditio oreretur), ut procul in via dispositis familiaribus suis principibusque civitatum disparandos dedu- cendosque ad suos curaret, quae cuique civitati pars castrorum ab initio obvenerat. c. xxix. Vercingetorix consoles his troops, and promises success. Postero die concilio convocato consolatus cohortatusque i est, ne se admodum animo demitterent, ne perturbarentur 24 PART 12. THE CAMPAIGN incommodo. non virtute neque in acie vicisse Romanos, sed i artificio quodam et scientia oppugnationis, cuius rei fuerint ipsi imperiti. errare, si qui in bello omnis secundos rerum 3 proventus exspectent : sibi numquam placuisse, Avaricum 4 defendi, cuius rei testes ipsos haberet ; sed factum imprudentia Biturigum et nimia obsequentia reliquorum, uti hoc incom- modum acciperetur. id tamen se celeriter maioribus commodis 5 sanaturum. nam quae ab reliquis Gallis civitates dissentirent, 6 has sua diligentia adiuncturum atque unum consilium totius Galliae effecturum, cuius consensui ne orbis quidem terrarum possit obsistere ; idque se prope iam effectum habere, interea 7 aequum esse, ab iis communis salutis causa impetrari, ut castra munire instituerent, quo facilius repentinos hostium impetus sustinerent. His policy is approved and his popularity increased. Fuit haec oratio non ingrata Gallis, et maxime, quod ipse i animo non defecerat tanto accepto incommodo, neque se in occultum abdiderat et conspectum multitudinis fugerat; plusque 2 animo providere et praesentire existimabatur, quod re integra primo incendendum Avaricum, post deserendum censuerat. itaque ut reliquorum imperatorum res adversae auctoritatem 3 minuunt, sic huius ex contrario dignitas incommodo accepto in dies augebatur. simul in spem veniebant eius affirmatione 4 de reliquis adiungendis civitatibusj primumque eo tempore Galli castra munire instituerunt et sic sunt animo confirmati, homines insueti laboris, ut omnia, quae imperarentur, sibi patienda et perferenda existimarent. AGAINS7 THE BITURIGES. 25 By energetic measures Vercingetorix redeems his pledges and strengthens his force. Nec minus, quam est pollicitus, Vercingetorix animo laborabat, i ut reliquas civitates adiungeret, atque eas donis pollicitationi- busque alliciebat. huic rei idoneos homines deligebat, quorum 2 quisque aut oratione subdola aut amicitia facillime capere posset, qui Avarico expugnato refugerant, armandos vestien- 3 dosque curat ; simul ut deminutae copiae redintegrarentur, 4 imperat certum numerum militum civitatibus, quem et quam ante diem in castra adduci velit, sagittariosque omnes, quorum erat permagnus numerus in Gallia, conquiri et ad se mitti iubet. his rebus celeriter id, quod Avarici deperierat, expletur. interim Teutomatus, Olloviconis filius, rex Nitiobrogum, cuius 5 pater ab senatu nostro amicus erat appellatus, cum magno equitum suorum numero et quos ex Aquitania conduxerat ad eum pervenit. c. xxxii. Caesar is called off from pursuit of Vercingetorix by a summons to arbitrate between two rival claimants for the chieftainship of the Aedui. Caesar Avarici complures dies commoratus summamque ibi i copiam frumenti et reliqui commeatus nanctus exercitum ex labore atque mopia rerecit. lam prope hieme confecta cum 2 ipso anni tempore ad gerendum bellum vocaretur et ad hostem proficisci constituisset, sive eum ex paludibus silvisque elicere sive obsidione premere posset, legati ad eum principes Aeduorum veniunt oratum, ut maxime necessario tempore civitati subveniat : summo esse in periculo rem, quod, cum 3 singuli magistratus antiquitus creari atque regiam potestatem annum obtinere consuessent, duo magistratum gerant et se 26 PART II. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BITURIGES, uterque eorum legibus creatum esse dicat. horum esse alterum 4 Convictolitavem, florentem et illustrem adulescentem, alterum Cotum, antiquissima familia natum atque ipsum hominem summae potentiae et magnae cognationis, cuius frater Valetiacus proximo anno eundem magistratum gesserit. civitatem omnem 5 esse in armis; divisum senatum, divisum populum, suas cuiusque eorum clientelas. quod si diutius alatur controversia, fore, uti pars cum parte civitatis confligat. id ne accidat, positum in eius diligentia atxjue auctoritate. Caesar meets the disputants and senators at Decetia (Decize) and decides in favour of Convictolitavis. Caesar, etsi a bello atque hoste discedere detrimentosum i esse existimabat, tamen non ignorans, quanta ex dissensionibus incommoda oriri consuessent, ne tanta et tarn coniuncta populo Romano civitas, quam ipse semper aluisset omnibusque rebus ornasset, ad vim atque ad arma descenderet, atque ea pars, quae minus sibi confideret, auxilia a Vercingetorige arcesseret, huic rei praevertendum existimavit et, quod legibus Aeduorum 2 lis, qui summum magistratum obtinerent, excedere ex finibu3 non liceret, ne quid de iure aut de legibus eorum deminuisse videretur, ipse in Aeduos proficisci statuit senatumque omnem et quos inter controversia esset ad se Decetiam evocavit. cum 3 prope omnis civitas eo convenisset, docereturque, paucis clam convocatis alio loco, alio tempore, atque oportuerit, fratrem a fratre renuntiatum, cum leges duo ex una familia vivo utroque non solum magistratus creari vetarent, sed etiam in senatu esse prohiberent, Cotum imperium deponere coegit, Convic- 4 tolitavem, qui per sacerdotes more civitatis intermissis magis tratibus esset creatus, potestatem obtinere iussit. PART IIL CC, 34—56. THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE ARVERNI. Caesar leaves Labienus with four legions to make an expedition northwards (c. 57) and starts with the remaining six for Gergovia. HOC decreto interposito cohortatus Aeduos, ut contro- i versiarum ac dissensionum obliviscerentur atque omni- bus omissis rebus huic bello servirent eaque, quae meruissent, praemia ab se, devicta Gallia, exspectarent, equitatumque omnem et peditum milia decern sibi celeriter mitterent, quae in praesidiis rei frumentariae causa disponeret, exercitum in duas partes divisit : quattuor legiones in Senones Parisiosque 2 Labieno ducendas dedit; sex ipse in Arvernos ad oppidum Gergoviam secundum flumen Elaver duxit ; equitatus partem illi attribuit, partem sibi reliquit. qua re cognita Vercingetorix 3 omnibus interruptis eius fluminis pontibus ab altera fluminis parte iter facere coepit. C. XXXV. Caesar and Vercingetorix march up the Elaver (Allier) on opposite sides, in full view of one another — By a stratagem Caesar gets his army across to the left bank, whereupon Vercingetorix hastens forward to Gergovia. Cum uterque utrique esset exercitus in conspectu fereque i e regione castris castra poneret, dispositis exploratoribus, necubi effecto ponte Romani copias traducerent, erat in 28 PART in, CAMPAIGN A GAINST THE AR VERNI, magnis Caesari difficultatibus res, ne maiorem aestatis partem flumine impediretur, quod non fere ante autumnum Elaver vado transiri solet. itaque, ne id accideret, silvestri loco castris * positis e regione unius eorum pontium, quos Vercingetorix rescindendos curaverat, postero die cum duabus legionibus in occulto restitit; reliquas copias cum omnibus impedimentis, 3 ut consueverat, misit, carptis quibusdam cohortibus, uti numerus legionum constare videretur. his quam longissime 4 possent progredi iussis, cum iam ex diei tempore coniecturam caperet in castra perventum, isdem sublicis, quarum pars inferior integra remanebat, pontem reficere coepit. celeriter 5 '^'^ _^. a)c K ilitr '«..v ^\x<,vv*xt/X«--»5) effecto opere legiouibusque traductis et loco castris idoneo delecto reliquas copias revocavit. Vercingetorix re cognita, 6 ne contra suam voluntatem dimicare cogeretur, magnis itineri- bus antecessit c. xxxvu Caesar reaches Gergovia — Description of the site — Caesar surprises and captures a strong position (la Roche blanche). Caiesar ex eo loco quintis castris Gergoviam pervenit eques- * trique proelio eo die levi facto, perspecto urbis situ, quae posita in altissimo monte omnis aditus difficiles habebat, de expugnatione desperavit, de obsessione non prius agendum constituit, quam rem frumentariam expedisset. at Vercinge- 2 30 PART III, THE CAMPAIGN torix castris prope oppidum [in monte] positis mediocribus circum se intervallis separatim singularum civitatium copias coUocaverat, atque omnibus eius iugi collibus occupatis, qua despici poterat, horribilem speciem praebebat principesque 3 earum civitatium, quos sibi ad consilium capiendum delegerat, prima luce cotidie ad se convenire iubebat, seu quid communi- candum, seu quid administrandum videretur, neque ullum fere 4 diem intermittebat, quin equestri proelio interiectis sagittariis, quid in quoque esset animi ac virtutis suorum, periclitaretur. erat e regione oppidi collis sub ipsis radicibus montis, egregie s munitus atque ex omni parte circumcisus ; quem si tenerent 6 nostri, et aquae magna parte et pabulatione libera prohibituri hostes videbantur. sed is locus praesidio ab his non nimis firmo tenebatur. tamen silentio noctis Caesar ex castris 7 egressus, priusquam subsidio ex oppido veniri posset, deiecto praesidio potitus loco duas ibi legiones collocavit fossamque duplicem duodenum pedum a maioribus castris ad minora perduxit, ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent. A conspiracy amongst the Aedui headed by Convictolitavis — Litavicus instructed to desert with a contingent intended for Caesar. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Convictolitavis Aeduus, 1 cui magistratum adiudicatum a Caesare demonstravimus, soUi- citatus ab Arvernis pecunia cum quibusdam adulescentibus coUoquitur ; quorum erat princeps Litavicus atque eius fratres, amplissima familia nati adulescentes. cum his praemium 2 communicat hortaturque, ut se liberos et imperio natos meminerint. unam esse Aeduorum civitatem, quae certis- 3 simam Galliae victoriam detineat; eius auctoritate reliquas contineri ; qua traducta locum consistendi Romanis in Gallia To fajoe j> 30 AGAINST THE ARVERNI. 31 non fore, esse nonnullo se Caesaris beneficio affectum, sic 4 tamen, ut iustissimam apud eum causam obtinuerit ; sed plus communi libertati tribuere. cur enim potius Aedui de suo S iure et de legibus ad Caesarem disceptatorem, quam Romani ad Aeduos veniant? celeriter adulescentibus et oratione 6 magistratus et praemio deductis, cum se vel principes eius consilii fore profiterentur, ratio perficiendi quaerebatur, quod civitatem temere ad suscipiendum bellum adduci posse non confidebant. placuit, ut Litavicus decern illis milibus, quae 7 Caesari ad bellum mitterentur, praeficeretur atque ea ducenda curaret, fratresque eius ad Caesarem praecurrerent. reliqua qua ratione agi placeat, constituunt. c. xxxviii, Litavicus prevails upon his force to desert, and puts to death the Romans under his escort. Litavicus accept© exercitu, cum milia passuum circiter XXX ' ab Gergovia abesset, convocatis subito militibus lacrimans, * quo proficiscimur,' inquit, ' milites ? omnis noster equitatus, * omnis nobilitas interiit; principes civitatis, Eporedorix et Viridomarus, insimulati proditionis ab Romanis indicta causa interfecti sunt, haec ab ipsis cognoscite, qui ex ipsa caede 3 fugerunt : nam ego fratribus atque omnibus meis propinquis interfectis dolore prohibeor, quae gesta sunt, pronuntiare.' producuntur hi, quos ille edocuerat, quae dici vellet, atque 4 eadem, quae Litavicus pronuntiaverat, multitudini exponunt : equites Aeduorum interfectos, quod collocuti cum Arvernis 5 dicerentur; ipsos se inter multitudinem militum occultasse atque ex media caede profugisse. conclamant Aedui et 6 Litavicum obsecrant, ut sibi consulat. * quasi vero,' inquit 7 ille, ' consilii sit res, ac non necesse sit nobis Gergoviam con- tendere et cum Arvernis nosmet coniungere. an dubitamus, 8 32 * PART III. THE CAMPAIGN quin nefario facinore admisso Romani iam ad nos inter- ficiendos concurrant? proinde, si quid in nobis animi est, persequamur eorum mortem, qui indignissime interierunt atque hos latrones interficiamus.' ostendit cives Romanos, qui eius 9 praesidii fiducia una erant : magnum numerum frumenti com- meatusque diripit, ipsos crudeliter excruciatos interficit. nuntios tota civitate Aeduorum dimittit, eodem mendacio de lo caede equitum et principum permovet; hortatur, ut simili ratione, atque ipse fecerit, suas iniurias persequantur. Eporedorix and Viridomarus, nobles of the Aedui, in favour with Caesar — The former announces to Caesar the treasonable designs of Litavicus. Eporedorix Aeduus, summo loco natus adulescens et i summae domi potentiae, et una Viridomarus, pari aetate et gratia, sed genere dispari, quem Caesar ab Divitiaco sibi traditum ex humili loco ad summam dignitatem perduxerat, in equitum numero convenerant nominatim ab eo evocati. his 2 erat inter se de principatu contentio, et in ilia magistratuum controversia alter pro Convictolitavi, alter pro Goto summis opibus pugnaverant. ex his Eporedorix cognito Litavici 3 consilio media fere nocte rem ad Caesarem defert; orat, ne patiatur civitatem pravis adulescentium consiliis ab amicitia populi Romani deficere; quod futurum provideat, si se tot hominum milia cum hostibus coniunxerint, quorum salutem neque propinqui neglegere, neque civitas levi momento aesti- mare posset. c. xl. Caesar advances to meet Litavicus — The troops surrender to him — Litavicus escapes to Gergovia. Magna affectus sollicitudine hoc nuntio Caesar, quod semper i Aeduorum civitati praecipue indulserat, nulla interposita a AGAINST THE ARVERNL 33 dubitatione legiones expeditas quattuor equitatumque omnem ex castris educit, nee fuit spatium tali tempore ad contrahenda castra, quod res posita in celeritate videbatur; Gaium Fabium 3 legatum cum legionibus duabus castris praesidio relinquit. fratres Litavici cum comprehendi iussisset, paulo ante reperit ad hostes fugisse. adhortatus milites, ne necessario tempore 4 itineris labore permoveantur, cupidissimis omnibus progressus milia passuum XXV, agmen Aeduorum conspicatus immisso equitatu iter eorum moratur atque impedit interdicitque omni- bus, ne quemquam interficiant. Eporedorigem et Viridomarum, 5 quos illi interfectos existimabant, inter equites versari suosque appellare iubet. his cognitis et Litavici fraude perspecta 6 Aedui manus tendere, deditionem significare et proiectis armis mortem deprecari incipiunt. Litavicus cum suis clienti- 7 bus, quibus more Gallorum nefas est etiam in extrema fortuna deserere patronos, Gergoviam profugit. c. xli. Returning to Gergovia Caesar receives a report of the danger to which his camp has been exposed by his absence. Caesar nuntiis ad civitatem Aeduorum missis, qui suo i beneficio conservatos docerent, quos iure belli interficere potuisset, tribusque horis [noctis] exercitui ad quietem datis castra ad Gergoviam movit. medio fere itinere equites ab 2 Fabio missi, quanto res in periculo fuerit, exponunt. summis copiis castra oppugnata demonstrant, cum crebro integri defessis succederent nostrosque assiduo labore defatigarent, quibus propter magnitudinem castrorum perpetuo esset iisdem in vallo permanendum. multitudine sagittarum atque omni 3 genere telorum multos vulneratos ; ad haec sustinenda magno Usui fuisse tormenta. Fabium discessu eorum duabus relictis 4 D 34 PART III. THE CAMPAIGN portis obstniere ceteras pluteosque vallo addere et se in poste- rum diem similemque casum apparare. his rebus cognitis 5 Caesar summo studio militum ante ortum solis in castra pervenit. c. xlii. The revolt spreads amongst the Aedui — Violence towards a Roman officer and others. Dum haec ad Gergoviam geruntur, Aedui primis nuntiis i ab Litavico acceptis nullum sibi ad cognoscendum spatium relinquunt. impellit alios avaritia, alios iracundia et temeritas, 2 quae maxime illi hominum generi est innata, ut levem audi- tionem habeant pro re comperta. bona civium Romanorum 3 diripiunt, caedes faciunt, in servitutem abstrahunt. adiuvat 4 rem proclinatam Convictolitavis plebemque ad furorem im- pellit, ut facinore admisso ad sanitatem reverti pudeat. Mar- 5 cum Aristium, tribunum militum, iter ad legionem facientem fide data ex oppido Cabillono educunt: idem facere cogunt eos, qui negotiandi causa ibi constiterant. hos continuo in 6 itinere adorti omnibus impedimentis exuunt; repugnantes diem noctemque obsident ; multis utrimque interfectis maiorem multitudinem armatorum concitant c. xliii. Vacillation of the Aedui — Caesar meditates a retreat from Gergovia. Interim nuntio allato, omnes eorum milites in potestate 1 Caesaris teneri, concurrunt ad Aristium, nihil publico factum consilio demonstrant ; quaestionem de bonis direptis decer- 2 nunt, Litavici fratrumque bona publicant, legatos ad Caesarem sui purgandi gratia mittunt. haec faciunt recuperandorum 3 suorum causa : sed contaminati facinore et capti compendio ex direptis bonis, quod ea res ad multos pertinebat, et timore AGAINST THE ARVERNL 35 poenae exterriti, consilia clam de bello inire incipiunt civitates- que reliquas legatio.nibus sollicitant. quae tametsi Caesar in- 4 tellegebat, tamen quam mitissime potest legates appellat : nihil se propter inscientiam levitatemque volgi gravius de civitate iudicare neque de sua in Aeduos benevolentia deminuere. ipse, maiorem Galliae motum exspectans, ne ab omnibus civi- 5 tatibus circumsisteretur, consilia inibat, quemadmodum ab Ger- govia discederet ac rursus omnem exercitum contraheret, ne profectio nata ab timore defectionis similis fugae videretur. c. xliv. Caesar discovers the enemy engaged in fortifying the saddle connecting Gergovia with the neighbouring heights (Risolles). Haec cogitanti accidere visa est facultas bene gerendae rei. i nam cum in minora castra operis perspiciendi causa venisset, animadvertit collem, qui ab hostibus tenebatur, nudatum hominibus, qui superioribus diebus vix prae multitudine cerni poterat. admiratus quaerit ex perfugis causam, quorum mag- 2 nus ad eum cotidie numerus confluebat. constabat inter omnes, 3 quod iam ipse Caesar per exploratores cognoverat, dorsum esse eius iugi prope aequum, sed hinc silvestre et angustum, qua asset aditus ad alteram partem oppidi : vehementer huic loco 4 illos timere nee iam aliter sentire uno colle ab Romanis oc- cupato, si alterum amisissent, quin paene circumvallati atque omni exitu et pabulatione interclusi viderentur : ad hunc mu- 5 niendum omnes a Vercingetorige evocatos. c. xlv. Caesar plans a feint upon these new defences to disguise a genuine attack on Gergovia itself (hoping to capture the town by a coup-de-main). Hac re cognita Caesar mittit complures equitum turmas i CO de media nocte j iis imperat, ut paulo tumultuosius omnibus 36 PART III. THE CAMPAIGN in locis vagarentur. prima luce magnum numerum impedi- x mentorum ex castris mulorumque produci deque his stramenta detrahi mulionesque cum cassidibus equitum specie ac simula- tione collibus circumvehi iubet. his paucos addit equites, qui 3 latius ostentationis causa vagarentur. longo circuitu easdem omnes iubet petere regiones. haec procul ex oppido videban- 4 tur, ut erat a Gergovia despectus in castra, neque tanto spatio, certi quid esset, explorari poterat. legionem unam eodem iugo 5 mittit et paulum progressam inferiore constituit loco silvisque occultat. augetur Gallis suspicio atque omnes illo munitio- 6 num copiae traducuntur. vacua castra hostium Caesar conspi- 7 catus tectis insignibus suorum occultatisque signis militaribus raros milites, ne ex oppido animadverterentur, ex maioribus castris in minora traducit legatisque, quos singulis legionibus praefecerat, quid fieri vellet, ostendit : imprimis monet, ut con- 8 tineant milites, ne studio pugnandi aut spe praedae longius progrediantur ; quid iniquitas loci habeat incommodi, pro- 9 ponit : hoc una celeritate posse vitari : occasionis esse rem, non proelii. his rebus expositis, signum dat et ab dextra parte 10 alio ascensu eodem tempore Aeduos mittit. c. xivi. Description of the Gallic camp — The Romans storming it, find it almost empty. Oppidi murus ab planicie atque initio ascensus recta regione. i si nullus amfractus intercederet, MCC passus aberat : quidquid 2 hue circuitus ad molliendum clivum accesserat, id spatium itineris augebat. a medio fere colle in longitudinem, ut natura 3 montis ferebat, ex grandibus saxis sex pedum murum, qui nos- trorum impetum tardaret, praeduxerant Galli atque inferiore omni spatio vacuo relicto superiorem partem coUis usque ad AGAINST THE ARVERNI. 37 munim oppidi densissimis castris compleverant. milites dato 4 signo celeriter ad munitionem perveniunt eamque transgressi trinis castris potiuntur ; ac tanta fuit in castris capiendis cele- 5 ritas, ut Teutomatus, rex Nitiobrogum, subito in tabernaculo oppressus, ut meridie conquieverat, superiore corporis parte nudata vulnerato equo vix se ex manibus praedantium militum eriperet. c. xlvii. Caesar sounds the retreat, but the soldiery, elated at their success, push on right up to the walls of the town. Consecutus id, quod animo proposuerat, Caesar receptui cani i iussit legionisque decimae, quacum erat, contionatus signa constituit ; at reliquarum milites legionum non exaudito tubae 2 sono, quod satis magna valles intercedebat, tamen ab tribunis militum legatisque, ut erat a Caesare praeceptum, retinebantur. sed elati spe celeris victoriae et hostium fuga superiorumque 3 temporum secundis proeliis nihil adeo arduum sibi existima- bant, quod non virtute consequi possent, neque finem prius sequendi fecerunt, quam muro oppidi portisque appropinqua- runt. turn vero ex omnibus urbis partibus orto clamore qui 4 longius aberant repentino tumultu perterriti, cum hostem intra portas esse existimarent, sese ex oppido eiecerunt. matres- 5 familiae de muro vestem argentumque iactabant et pectore nudo prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur Romanos, ut sibi parcerent, neu, sicut Avarici fecissent, ne mulieribus qui- dem atque infantibus abstinerent : nonnullae de muris per 6 manus demissae sese militibus tradebant. Lucius Fabius, cen- 7 turio legionis VIII, quem inter suos eo die dixisse constabat excitari se Avaricensibus praemiis neque commissurum, ut prius quisquam murum ascenderet, tres suos nanctus manipu- 38 PART III, THE CAMPAIGN lares atque ab iis sublevatus murum ascendit : hos ipse rursus singulos exceplans in murum extulit. c. xlviii. Cries of alarm reach the Gauls at the fortifications (c. 44), who rush to the rescue of the town — The Romans find themselves over-matched. Interim ii, qui ad alteram partem oppidi, ut supra demon- 1 stravimus, munitionis causa convenerant, primo exaudito cla- more, inde etiam crebris nuntiis incitati, oppidum ab Romanis teneri, praemissis equitibus magno concursu eo contenderunt. eorum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat suo- 2 rumque pugnantium numerum augebat. quorum cum magna 3 multitudo convenisset, matresfamiliae, quae paulo ante Roma- nis de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari et more Gallico passum capillum ostentare liberosque in conspectum proferre coeperunt. erat Romanis nee loco nee numero aequa con- 4 tentio : simul et cursu et spatio pugnae defatigati non facile recentes atque integros sustinebanL c. xlix. Caesar shifts his own position and sends to Sextius to cover the retreat. Caesar, cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque augeri copias i videret, praemetuens suis ad Titum Sextium legatum, quem minoribus castris praesidio reliquerat, misit, ut cohortes ex castris celeriter educeret et sub infimo colle ab dextro latere hostium constitueret, ut, si nostros loco depulsos vidisset, quo z minus libere hostes insequerentur, terreret. ipse paulum ex eo 3 loco cum legione progressus, ubi constiterat, eventum pugnae exsoectabat. AGAINST THE ARVERNL 39 cL The Aedui come in sight and cause a panic among the Romans — Fabius is killed on the wall — Gallant conduct of Petronius. Cum acerrime comminus pugnaretur, hostes loco et numero, i nostri virtute confiderent, subito sunt Aedui visi ab latere nostris aperto, quos Caesar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus distinendae causa miserat. hi similitudine armorum vehemen- 2 ter nostros perterruerunt, ac tametsi dextris humeris exsertis animadvertebantur, quod insigne pacatum esse consuerat, tamen id ipsum sui fallendi causa milites ab hostibus factum existimabant. eodem tempore Lucius Fabius centurio quique 3 una murum ascenderant circumventi atque interfecti muro praecipitantur. Marcus Petronius, eiusdem legionis centurio, 4 cum portas excidere conatus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac sibi desperans multis iam vulneribus acceptis, manipularibus suis, qui ilium secuti erant, ' quoniam,' inquit, ' me una vobis- cum servare non possum, vestrae quidem certe vitae prospi- ciam, quos cupiditate gloriae adductus in periculum deduxi. vos data facultate vobis consulite.' simul in medios hostis 5 irrupit duobusque interfectis reliquos a porta paulum summo- vit. conantibus auxiliari suis, ' frustra,' inquit, ' meae vitae sub- 6 venire conamini, quem iam sanguis viresque deficiunt : proinde abite, dum est facultas, vosque ad legionem recipite.' ita pug- nans post paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit c. li. Complete rout of the Romans with loss of 700 men. Nostri, cum undique premerentur, XLVI centurionibus « amissis deiecti sunt loco, sed intolerantius Gallos insequentes legio X tardavit, quae pro subsidio paulo aequiore loco con- 40 PART III. THE CAMPAIGN stiterat. banc nirsus XIII legionis cohortes exceperunt, quae a ex castris minoribus eductae cum Tito Sextio legato locum ceperant superiorem. legiones, ubi primum planiciem attige- 3 runt, infestis contra hostes signis constiterunt. Vercingetorix 4 ab radicibus collis suos intra munitiones reduxit. eo die milites sunt paulo minus septingenti desiderati. c. Hi. Caesar reproves his troops for disregarding the signal for retreat. Postero die Caesar contione advocata temeritatem cupidita- 1 temque militum reprehendit^ quod sibi ipsi iudicavissent, quo procedendum aut quid agendum videretur, neque signo reci- piendi dato constitissent neque ab tribunis militum legatisque re- tineri potuissent. exposuit, quid iniquitas loci posset, quid ipse x ad Avaricum sensisset, cum sine duce et sine equitatu deprehen- sis hostibus exploratam victoriam dimisisset, ne parvum modo detrimentum in contentione propter iniquitatem loci accideret. quanto opere eorum animi magnitudinem admiraretur, quos j non castrorum munitiones, non altitudo montis, non murus oppidi tardare potuisset, tanto opere licentiam arrogantiamque reprehendere, quod plus se quam imperatorem de victoria atque exitu rerum sentire existimarent ; nee minus se in milite 4 modestiam et continentiam quam virtutem atque animi magni- tudinem desiderare. c. liii. Caesar challenges Vercingetorix to fight on the plain — after two skirmishes he breaks up his camp, and marches back to the Aedui. Hac habita contione et ad extremam orationem confirmatis i militibus, ne ob banc causam animo permoverentur neu, quod iniquitas loci attulisset, id virtuti hostium tribuerent, eadem de profectione cogitans, quae ante senserat, legiones ex castris AGAINST THE ARVERNI. ^\ eduxit aciemque idoneo loco constituit. cum Vercingetorix 2 nihilo magis in aequum locum descenderet, levi facto equestri proelio atque eo secundo in castra exercitum reduxit. cum 3 hoc idem postero die fecisset, satis ad Gallicam ostentationem minuendam militumque animos confirmandos factum existi- mans in Aeduos movit castra. ne tum quidem insecutis 4 hostibus tertio die ad fiumen Elaver pontem reficit atque exer- citum traducit. c. liv. Viridomarus and Eporedorix, though suspected of treachery, bear conciliatory messages from Caesar to the Aedui. Ibi a Viridomaro atque Eporedorige Aeduis appellatus dis- i cit cum omni equitatu Litavicum ad sollicitandos Aeduos profectum : opus esse ipsos antecedere ad confirmandam civi- tatem. etsi multis iam rebus perfidiam Aeduorum perspectam 2 habebat atque horum discessu admaturari defectionem civitatis existimabat, tamen eos retinendos non constituit, ne aut inferre iniuriam videretur aut dare timoris aliquam suspicionem. dis- 3 cedentibus his breviter sua in Aeduos merita exponit : quos 4 et quam humiles accepisset, compulsos in oppida, multatos agris omnibus ereptis copiis, imposito stipendio, obsidibus summa cum contumelia extortis, et quam in fortunam quamque in amplitudinem deduxisset, ut non solum in pristinum statum redissent, sed omnium temporum dignitatem et gratiam ante- cessisse viderentur. his datis mandatis, eos ab se dimisit c. Iv. Caesar's store-depot at Noviodunum (Nevers) destroyed. Noviodunum erat oppidum Aeduorum ad ripas Ligeris i opportuno loco positum. hue Caesar omnes obsides Galliae, a frumentum, pecuniam publicam, suorum atque exercitus im- 42 PART in. THE CAMPAIGN pedimentorum magnam partem contulerat ; hue magnum 3 numerum equorum huius belli causa in Italia atque Hispania coemptum miserat. eo cum Eporedorix Viridomarusque venis- 4 sent et de statu civitatis cognovissent, Litavicum Bibracte ab Aeduis receptum, quod est oppidum apud eos maximae auctoritatis, Convictolitavim magistratum magnamque partem senatus ad eum convenisse, legatos ad Vercingetorigem de pace et amicitia concilianda publice missos, non praetermittendum tantum commodum existimaverunt. itaque interfectis Novio- 5 duni custodibus quique eo negotiandi causa convenerant, pecuniam atque equos inter se partiti sunt ; obsides civitatum 6 Bibracte ad magistratum deducendos curaverunt; oppidum, 7 quod a se teneri non posse iudicabant, ne cui esset usui Roma- nis, incenderunt; frumenti quod subito potuerunt navibus 8 avexerunt, reliquum flumine atque incendio corruperunt ; ipsi 9 ex finitimis regionibus copias cogere, praesidia custodiasque ad ripas Ligeris disponere equitatumque omnibus locis iniciendi timoris causa ostentare coeperunt, si ab re frumentaria Roma- nos excludere [aut adductos inopia in provinciam expellere] possent. quam ad spem multum eos adiuvabat, quod Liger ex 10 nivibus creverat, ut omnino vado non posse transiri videretur. AGAINST THE ARVERNI, 43 c. Ivi. By a rapid march Caesar reaches the Loire, fords it, and proceeds to rejoin Labienus. Quibus rebus cognitis Caesar maturandum sibi censuit, si i esset in perficiendis pontibus periclitandum, ut prius, quam assent maiores eo coactae copiae, dimicaret. nam ne commu- 2 tato consilio iter in provinciam converteret, ut nemo non tum quidem necessario faciendum existimabat, cum infamia atque indignitas rei et oppositus mons Cevenna viarumque difficultas impediebat, tum maxime, quod abiuncto Labieno atque iis legionibus, quas una miserat, vehementer timebat. itaque 3 admodum magnis diurnis nocturnisque itineribus confectis con- tra omnium opinionem ad Ligerim venit, vadoque per equites 4 invent© pro rei necessitate opportuno, ut brachia modo atque humeri ad sustinenda arma liberi ab aqua esse possent, dis- posito equitatu, qui vim fluminis refringeret, atque hostibus 5 primo aspectu perturbatis incolumem exercitum traduxit fru- mentumque in agris et pecoris copiam nanctus, repleto his rebus exercitu iter in Senones facere instituit. PART IV. CC. 57—62. THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE PARISH, c. Ivii. On Caesar's departure for Gergovia (c. 34), Labienus sets out for the Parisii — is opposed by the Gauls under the veteran leader Camulogenus. DUM haec apud Caesarem geruntur, Labienus eo supple- i mento, quod nuper ex Italia venerat, relicto Agedinci, ut esset impedimentis praesidio, cum quattuor legionibus Lute- tiam proficiscitur. id est oppidum Parisiorum, quod positum CorUil t Pci\v.i w n *'%r^'' est in insula fluminis Sequanae. cuius adventu ab hostibus % cognito magnae ex finitimis civitatibus copiae convenerunt. summa imperii traditur Camulogeno Aulerco, qui prope con- 3 fectus aetate tamen propter singularem scientiam rei militaris ad eum est honorem evocatus. is cum animadvertisset perpe- ^ tuam esse paludem, quae influeret in Sequanam atque ilium THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE PARISH. 45 omnem locum magnopere impediret, hie consedit nostrosque transitu prohibere instituit. c. Iviii. Labienus tries in vain to cross a marsh — returns to Metiosedum (Melun) — captures the town and marches down the right bank of the Seine upon Lutetia (Paris), which the Gauls burn. Labienus primo vineas agere, cratibus atque aggere paludem ' explere atque iter munire conabatur. postquam id difficilius 2 confieri animadvertit, silentio e castris tertia vigilia egressus eodem, quo venerat, itinere Metiosedum pervenit. id est 3 lOTIttMSjium] oppidum Senonum in insula Sequanae positum, ut paulo ante de Lutetia diximus. deprehensis navibus circiter quinqua- 4 ginta celeriterque coniunctis atque eo militibus iniectis et rei novitate perterritis oppidanis, quorum magna pars erat ad bellum evocata, sine contentione oppido potitur. refecto 5 ponte, quem superioribus diebus hostes resciderant, exercitum traducit et secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit. hostes re cognita ab iis, qui a Metiosedo fugerant, Lutetiam 6 incendi pontesque eius oppidi rescindi iubent ; ipsi profecti a palude ad ripas Sequanae e regione Lutetiae contra Labieni castra considunt. 46 PART IV, THE CAMPAIGN c. Hx. On receipt of unfavourable rumours Labienus considers how he may fall back upon Agedincum. lam Caesar a Gergovia discessisse audiebatur, iam de i Aeduorum defectione et secundo Galliae motu rumores afferebantur, Gallique in colloquiis interclusum itinere et Ligere Caesarem inopia frumenti coactum in provinciam con- tendisse confirmabant. Bellovaci autem defectione Aeduo- z rum cognita, qui ante erant per se infideles, manus cogere atque aperte bellum parare coeperunt. tum Labienus tanta 3 rerum commutatione longe aliud sibi capiendum consilium, atque antea senserat, intellegebat, neque iam, ut aliquid ac- 4 quireret proelioque hostes lacesseret, sed ut incolumem exer- citum Agedincum reduceret, cogitabat. namque altera ex 5 parte Bellovaci, quae civitas in Gallia maximam habet opinio- nem virtutis, instabant, alteram Camulogenus parato atque instruct© exercitu tenebat; tum legiones a praesidio atque impedimentis interclusas maximum flumen distinebat. tantis 6 subito difficultatibus obiectis ab animi virtute auxilium peten- dum videbat. c. be He sends the boats taken at Metiosedum down stream — leaves half a legion to guard the camp — sends the other half up stream as a ruse — takes his three other legions to the boats below. Itaque sub vesperum consilio convocato cohortatus, ut ea, x quae imperasset, diligenter industrieque administrarent, naves, quas Metiosedo deduxerat, singulas equitibus Romanis attri- buit et prima confecta vigilia quattuor milia passuum secundo flumine silentio progredi ibique se exspectari iubet. quinque a cohortes, quas minima firmas ad dimicandum esse existimabat, To -fauoe-pAl. Laxxaon: GeorgeBdl&SooB. Sta,^ora;s G^grapH}^st^- AGAINST THE PARISH. 47 castris praesidio relinquit ; quinque eiusdem legionis reliquas 3 de media nocte cum omnibus impedimentis adverso flumine magno tumultu proficisci imperat. conquirit etiam lintres : 4 has, magno sonitu remorum incitatas in eandem partem mittit. ipse post paulo silentio egressus cum tribus legionibus eum locum petit, quo naves appelli iusserat. c. Ixi. The three legions cross before daybreak — The enemy discovering the stratagem prepare to oppose the Romans at all points. Eo cum esset ventum, exploratores hostium, ut omni flumi- i nis parte erant dispositi, inopinantes, quod magna subito erat coorta tempestas, ab nostris opprimuntur : exercitus equitatus- a que equitibus Romanis administrantibus, quos ei negotio prae- fecerat, celeriter transmittitur. uno fere tempore sub lucem 3 hostibus nuntiatur in castris Romanorum praeter consuetudi- nem tumultuari, et magnum ire agmen adverso flumine, soni- tumque remorum in eadem parte exaudiri, et paulo infra milites navibus transportari. quibus rebus auditis, quod existimabant 4 tribus locis transire legiones atque omnes perturbatos defectione Aeduorum fugam parare, suas quoque copias in tres partes distribuerunt. nam praesidio e regione castrorum relicto et 5 parva manu Metiosedum versus missa, quae tantum progredia- tur, quantum naves processissent, reliquas copias contra La- bienum duxerunt. c. Ixii. Labienus engages the enemy — After a brave resistance the Gauls are slain to a man — Labienus thus makes good his retreat upon Agedincum, whence he rejoins Caesar further south. Prima luce et nostri omnes erant transportati, et hostium i acies cernebatur. Labienus milites cohortatus, ut suae pris- a 48 THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE PARISH. tinae virtutis et tot secundissimonim proeliorum retinerent memoriam atque ipsum Caesarem, cuius ductu saepenumero hostes superassent, praesentem adesse existimarent, dat signum proelii. primo concursu ab dextro cornu, ubi septima legio 3 constiterat, hostes pelluntur atque in fugam coniciuntur ; ab 4 sinistro, quern locum duodecima legio tenebat, cum primi ordines hostium transfixi pilis concidissent, tamen acerrime reliqui resistebant, nee dabat suspicionem fugae quisquam. ipse dux hostium Camulogenus suis aderat atque eos cohorta- 5 batur. incerto etiam nunc exitu victoriae, cum septimae 6 legionis tribunis esset nuntiatum, quae in sinistro cornu gere- rentur, post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt signaque intulenint. ne eo quidem tempore quisquam loco cessit, sed 7 circumventi omnes interfectique sunt, eandem fortunam tulit Camulogenus. at ii, qui praesidio contra castra Labieni erant g relicti, cum proelium commissum audissent, subsidio suis ierunt collemque ceperunt neque nostrorum militum victorum impetum sustinere potuerunt. sic cum suis fugientibus per- 9 mixti, quos non silvae montesque texerunt, ab equitatu sunt interfecti. hoc negotio confecto Labienus revertitur Agedin- 10 cum, ubi impedimenta totius exercitus relicta erant : inde cum omnibus copiis ad Caesarem pervenit. PART V, CC. 63— go. CAPTURE OF ALESIA AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. c. Ixiii. The rising of the Gauls becomes more general — ^The Aedui wish to be recognized as leaders — The command of Vercingetorix confirmed — The Aedui are disaffected. DEFECTIONE Aeduorum cognita bellum augetur. i legationes in omnes partes circummittuntur : quantum a gratia, auctoritate, pecunia valent, ad sollicitandas civitates nitunturj nancti obsides, quos Caesar apud eos deposuerat, 3 horum supplicio dubitantes territant. petunt a Vercingetorige 4 Aedui, ut ad se veniat rationesque belli gerendi communicet re impetrata contendunt, ut ipsis summa imperii tradatur, et re 5 in controversiam deducta totius Galliae concilium Bibracte indicitur. eodem conveniunt undique frequentes. multi- 6 tudinis suffragiis res permittitur: ad unum omnes Vercinge- torigem probant imperatorem. ab hoc concilio Remi, Lin- 7 gones, Treveri afuerunt : illi, quod amicitiam Romanorum sequebantur; Treveri, quod aberant longius et ab Germanis premebantur: quae fuit causa, quare toto abessent bello et neutris auxilia mitterent. magno dolore Aedui ferunt se g deiectos principatu, queruntur fortunae commutationem et Caesaris in se indulgentiam requirunt ; neque tamen suscepto bello suum consilium ab reliquis separare audent. inviti 9 summae spei adulescentes Eporedorix et Viridomarus Ver cingetorigi parent. 50 PART y, CAPTURE OF ALESIA c. Ixiv. Vercingetorix explains his plans, to avoid an encounter, but to cut off the Roman supplies — He stirs up the tribes about the Province to revolt. Ipse imperat reliquis civitatibus obsides diemque huic rei « constituit. omnes equites, XV milia numero, celeriter con- venire iubet : peditatu, quem ante habuerat, se fore con- 2 tentum dicit, neque fortunam temptaturum aut in acie dimi- caturum ; sed, quoniam abundet equitatu, perfacile esse factu frumentationibus pabulationibusque Romanos prohibere ; aequo 3 modo animo sua ipsi frumenta corrumpant aedificiaque incen- dant, qua rei familiaris iactura perpetuum imperium liberta- temque se consequi videant. his constitutis rebus Aeduis 4 Segusiavisque, qui sunt finitimi provinciae, decern milia pedi- tum imperat : hue addit equites DCCC. his praeficit fratrem 5 Eporedorigis bellumque inferre AUobrogibus iubet. altera ex 6 parte Gabalos proximosque pagos Arvernorum in Helvios, item Rutenos Cadurcosque ad fines Volcarum Arecomicorum depopulandos mittit. nihilo minus clandestinis nuntiis lega- 7 tionibusque AUobrogas sollicitat, quorum mentes nondum ab superiore bello resedisse sperabat. horum principibus pe- 8 cunias, civitati autem imperium totius provinciae pollicetur. c. Ixv. The Helvii and Allobro2;es resist the Gauls — Caesar sends to Germany for auxiliary cavalry. Ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia cohortiura dua- 1 rum et viginti, quae ex ipsa coacta provincia ab Lucio Caesare legato ad omnes partes opponebantur. Helvii sua sponte cum * finitimis proelio congressi pelluntur et Gaio Valerio Donno- tauro, Caburi filio, principe civitatis, compluribusque aliis AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR, 51 interfectis intra oppida murosque compelluntur. Allobroges 3 crebris ad Rhodanum dispositis praesidiis magna cum cura et diligentia suos tuentur. Caesar, quod hostes equitatu superio- 4 res esse intellegebat et interclusis omnibus itineribus, nulla re ex provincia atque Italia sublevari poterat, trans Rhenum in Germaniam mittit ad eas civitates, quas superioribus annis pacaverat, equitesque ab his arcessit et levis armaturae pedites, qui inter eos proeliari consuerant. eorum adventu, quod 5 minus idoneis equis utebantur, a tribunis militum reliquisque equitibus Romanis atque evocatis equos sumit Germanisque distribuit. c. Ixvi. The Gauls muster — Caesar marches eastward to the succour of the Province and meets the army of Vercingetorix, who exhorts his troops to attack the retreating Romans and secure their freedom. Interea, dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae ex Arvernis i equitesque, qui toti Galliae erant imperati, conveniunt. magno a horum coacto numero, cum Caesar in Sequanos per extremes Lingonum fines iter faceret, quo facilius subsidium provinciae ferri posset, circiter milia passuum decem ab Romanis trinis 3 castris Vercingetorix consedit convocatisque ad concilium praefectis equitum, venisse tempus victoriae demonstrat. fugere in provinciam Romanos Galliaque excedere. id sibi ad 4 praesentem obtinendam libertatem satis esse ; ad reliqui tem- poris pacem atque otium parum profici : maioribus enim coactis copiis reversuros neque finem bellandi facturos. pro- inde agmine impeditos adorirentur. si pedites suis auxilium 5 ferant atque in eo morentur, iter facere non posse ; si, id quod magis futurum confidat, relictis impedimentis suae saluti con. sulant, et usu rerum necessariarum et dignitate spoliatum iri. nam de equitibus hostium, quin nemo eorum progredi modo 6 52 PART V, CAPTURE OF ALESIA extra agmen audeat, et ipsos quidem non debere dubitare. id quo maiore faciant animo, copias se omnes pro castris habi- turum et terror! hostibus futurum. conclamant equites, Sanctis- 7 simo iureiurando confirmari oportere, ne tecto recipiatur, ne ad liberos, ne ad parentes, ne ad uxorem aditum habeat, qui non bis per agmen hostium perequitasset c. Ixvii. The Gallic cavalry attack the Romans in front and on both flanks — Caesar meets them with his own cavalry supported by the infantry column — The Germans outflank the Gauls on the Roman right — The Gauls are put to flight. Probata re atque omnibus iureiurando adactis postero die in i tres partes distributo equitatu duae se acies ab duobus lateribus ostendunt, una a primo agmine iter impedire coepit. qua re * nuntiata Caesar suum quoque equitatum tripertito divisum contra hostem ire iubet. pugnatur una omnibus in partibus. 3 consistit agmen ; impedimenta intra legiones recipiuntur. si 4 qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque converti iubebat; quae res et hostes ad insequendum tardabat et nostros spe auxilii con- firmabat. tandem Germani ab dextro latere summum iugum 5 nancti hostes loco depellunt ; fugientes usque ad flumen, ubi Vercingetorix cum pedestribus copiis consederat, persequuntur compluresque interficiunt qua re animadversa reliqui, ne 6 circumvenirentur, veriti se fugae mandant. omnibus locis fit caedes. tres nobilissimi Aedui capti ad Caesarem perducun- 7 tur: Cotus, praefectus equitum, qui controversiam cum Con- victolitavi proximis comitiis habuerat, et Cavarillus, qui post defectionem Litavici pedestribus copiis praefuerat, et Epore- dorix, quo duce ante adventum Caesaris Aedui cum Sequanis bello contenderant. To face -p 53 AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR, 53 c. Ixviii. Vercingetorix withdraws to Alesia, pursued by Caesar, who sets about blockading the town. Fugato omni equitatu Vercingetorix copias suas, ut pro i castris collocaverat, reduxit protinusque Alesiam, quod est oppidum Mandubiorum, iter facere coepit celeriterque impedi- menta ex castris educi et se subsequi iussit. Caesar impedi- * mentis in proximum collem deductis duabus legionibus prae- sidio relictis secutus, quantum diei tempus est passum, circiter tribus milibus hostium ex novissimo agmine interfectis altero die ad Alesiam castra fecit, perspecto urbis situ perterritisque 3 hostibus, quod equitatu, qua maxime parte exercitus confide- bant, erant pulsi, adhortatus ad laborem milites Alesiam circumvallare instituiL c. Ixix, Description of the site of Alesia and position of the Gauls — Caesar's forts and lines. Ipsum erat oppidum in colle summo admodum edito loco, i ut nisi obsidione expugnari non posse videretur; cuius collis ^ radices duo duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant. ante id 3 oppidum planicies circiter milia passuum tria in longitudinem patebat : reliquis ex omnibus partibus colles mediocri inter- 4 iecto spatio pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant. sub 5 muro, quae pars collis ad orientem solem spectabat, hunc omnem locum copiae Gallorum compleverant fossamque et maceriam sex in altitudinem pedum praeduxerant. eius muni- 6 tionis, quae ab Romanis instituebatur, circuitus XI milia passuum tenebat. castra opportunis locis erant posita ibique 7 castella XXIII facta; quibus in castellis interdiu stationes ponebantur, ne qua subito eniptio fieret : haec eadem noctu excubitoribus ac firmis praesidiis tenebantur. 54 PART V, CAPTURE OF ALES I A c. Ixx. A cavalry battle again decided by the Germans results in the pursuit of the Gauls to their lines. Opere institute fit equestre proelium in ea planicie, quam i intermissam collibus tria milia passuum in longitudinem patere supra demonstravimus. summa vi ab utrisque contenditur. 2 laborantibus nostris Caesar Germanos summittit legionesque pro castris constituit, ne qua subito irruptio ab hostium pedi- tatu fiat, praesidio legionum addito nostris animus augetur : 3 hostes in fugam coniecti se ipsi multitudine impediunt atque angustioribus portis relictis coacervantur. Germani acrius 4 usque ad munitiones sequuntur. fit magna caedes : nonnuUi 5 relictis equis fossam transire et maceriam transcendere co- nantur. paulum legiones Caesar, quas pro vallo constituerat, promoveri iubet. non minus, qui intra munitiones erant, 6 perturbantur Galli : veniri ad se confestim existimantes ad arma conclamant; nonnulli perterriti in oppidum irrumpunt. Vercingetorix iubet portas claudi, ne castra nudentur. multis 7 interfectis, compluribus equis captis Germani sese recipiunt. c. Ixxi. Vercingetorix despatches his horsemen to raise a relieving army, ad- monishing them of the importance of the crisis — He divides the supplies, and withdraws into the town. Vercingetorix, priusquam munitiones ab Romanis perfi- , ciantur, consilium capit, omnem ab se equitatum noctu dimit- tere. discedentibus mandat, ut suam quisque eorum civitatem ^ adeat omnesque, qui per aetatem arma ferre possint, ad bellum cogant ; sua in illos merita proponit obtestaturque, ut suae 3 salutis rationem habeant neu se de communi libertate optime meritum hostibus in cruciatum dedant. quod si indiligentiores PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA. 55 fuerint, milia hominum delecta LXXX una secum interitura demonstrat. ratione inita se exigue dierum XXX habere 4 frumentum, sed paulo etiam longius tolerari posse parcendo. his datis mandatis, qua opus erat intermissum, secunda vigilia 5 silentio equitatum mittit. frumentum omne ad se referri 6 iubet ; capitis poenam iis, qui non paruerint, constituit : pecus, cuius magna erat copia ab Mandubiis compulsa, viritim ^ distribuit ; frumentum parce et paulatim metiri instituit ; co- 8 pias omnes, quas pro oppido collocaverat, in oppidum recipit. his rationibus auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum parat 9 administrare. c. Ixxii. Caesar's lines of circnmvallation — trenches — ramparts — battlements. Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis et captivis Caesar haec i genera munitionis instituit. fossam pedum XX directis lateri- bus duxit, ut eius fossae solum tantundem pateret, quantum summa labra distarent ; reliquas omnes munitiones ab ea fossa a pedes CCCC reduxit, id hoc consilio, quoniam tantum esset necessario spatium complexus, nee facile totum corpus corona militum cingeretur, ne de improviso aut noctu ad munitiones hostium multitudo advclaret, aut interdiu tela in nostros operi destinatos conicere possent hoc intermisso spatio duas fossas 3 XV pedes latas eadem altitudine perduxit : quarum interiorcm, campestribus ac demissis locis, aqua ex flumine derivata com- plevit. post eas aggerem ac vallum XII pedum exstruxit ; 4 huic loricam pinnasque adiecit grandibus cervis eminentibus ad commissuras pluteorum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hostium tardarent, et turres toto opere circumdedit, quae pedes LXXX inter se distarent. PART K CAPTURE OF ALESIA c. Ixxiii. To free himself from being harassed by the Gauls, Caesar devises further pitfalls to be added to his entrenchments — cippi — ^lilia — stimuli. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et tantas i munitiones fieri necesse deminutis nostris copiis, quae longius ab castris progrediebantur ; ac nonnumquam opera nostra Gain tentare atque eruptionem ex oppido pluribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. quare ad haec rursus opera * addendum Caesar putavit, quo minore numero militum muni- tiones defendi possent. itaque truncis arborum aut admodum firmis ramis abscisis atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus perpetuae fossae quinos pedes altae ducebantur. hue illi stipites demissi et ab infimo revincti, ne revelli possent, 3 ab ramis eminebant. quini erant ordines, coniuncti inter se 4 atque implicati ; quo qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimis vallis induebant. hos cippos appellabant. ante quos obliquis 5 ordinibus in quincuncem dispositis scrobes trium in altitudinem pedum fodiebantur paulatim angustiore ad infimum fastigio. hue teretes stipites feminis crassitudine ab summo praeacuti et 6 praeusti demittebantur, ita ut non amplius digitis quattuor ex terra eminerent ; simul confirmandi et stabiliendi causa singuli 7 ab infimo solo pedes terra exculcabantur, reliqua pars scrobis ad occultandas insidias viminibus ac virgultis integebatur. huius generis octoni ordines ducti temos inter se pedes dista- 8 bant, id ex similitudine floris lilium appellabant. ante haec 9 taleae pedem longae ferreis hamis infixis totae in terram infodiebantur mediocribusque intermissis spatiis omnibus loci.s disserebantur : quos stimulos nominabant 58 PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA c. Ixxiv. Caesar constructs similar works on the outer side of his lines, as a defence against a relieving army. His rebus perfectis regiones secutus quam potuit aequissimas i pro loci natura qualtuordecim milia passuum complexus pares eiusdem generis munitiones, diversas ab his, contra exteriorem hostem perfecit, ut ne magna quidem multitudine, si ita accidat, [eius discessu] munitionum praesidia circumfundi possent, ac ne cum periculo ex castris egredi cogantur, dierum 2 XXX pabulum frumentumque habere omnes convectum iubet. c. Ixxv. In answer to the appeal of Vercingetorix, the Gauls raise an army, amounting (on paper) to 281,000. Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Galli concilio principum j indicto non omnes eos, qui arma ferre possent, ut censuit Vercingetorix, convocandos statuunt, sed certum numerum cuique ex civitate imperandum ; ne tanta multitudine confusa nee moderari nee discernere suos nee frumentandi rationem habere possent. imperant Aediiis atque eorum clientibus, 2 Segusiavis, Ambivaretis, Aulercis Brannovicibus, Brannoviis, milia XXXV; parem numerum Arvernis, adiunctis Eleutetis, Cadurcis, Gabalis, Vellavis, qui sub imperio Arvernorum esse consuerunt ; Sequanis, Senonibus, Biturigibus, Santonis, 3 Rutenis, Carnutibus duodena milia; Bellovacis X; totidem Lemovicibus; octona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis et Helvetiis; [Suessionibus], Ambianis, Mediomatricis, Petrocoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitiobrogibus quina milia; Aulercis Ceno- manis totidem; Atrebatibus IIII; Veliocassis, Lexoviis et Aulercis Eburovicibus tema ; Rauracis et Boiis bina ; XXX 4 AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 59 universis civitatibus, quae Oceanum attingunt, quaeque eorum consuetudine Aremoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero Curiosolites, Redones, Ambibarii, Caletes, Osismi, [Veneti,] Venelli. ex his Bellovaci suum numerum non compleverunt, 5 quod se suo nomine atque arbitrio cum Romanis bellum gesturos dicerent, neque cuiusquam imperio obtemperaturos : rogati tamen ab Commio pro eius hospitio duo milia una miserunt c. Ixxvi. Caesar's vassal, Commius, joins the rest of the Gauls in their supreme eflfort for liberty — The army raised amounts to 248,000 — The command is shared between Commius, Viridomarus, Eporedorix and Vercassivellaunus — Full of confidence they march to the relief of Alesia. Huius opera Commii, ita ut antea demonstravimus, fideli i atque utili superioribus annis erat usus in Britannia Caesar; quibus ille pro meritis civitatem eius immunem esse iusserat, iura legesque reddiderat atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat. tamen i tanta universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae, ut neque beneficiis neque amicitiae memoria moverentur, omnesque et animo et opibus in id bellum incumberent. coactis equitum VIII milibus et 3 peditum circiter CCXL, haec in Aeduorum finibus recense- bantur, numerusque inibatur, praefecti constituebantur : Com- mio Atrebati, Viridomaro et Eporedorigi Aeduis, Vercassi- vellauno Arverno, consobrino Vercingetorigis, summa imperii traditur. his delecti ex civitatibus attribuuntur, quorum con- 4 silio bellum administraretur. omnes alacres et fiduciae pleni 5 ad Alesiam proficiscuntur, neque erat omnium quisquam, qui 6 aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustineri posse arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti proelio, cum ex oppido eruptione pugna- retur, foris tantae copiae equitatus peditatusque cernerentur. 6o PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA • c Ixxvii. Amongst the besieged distress leads to various counsels — Critognatus proposes holding out to the last, even supporting the able-bodied upon the flesh of such as are unfit for service. At ii, qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita die, qua auxilia i suorum exspectaverant, consumpto omni frumento inscii, quid in Aeduis gereretur, concilio coacto de exitu fortunarum suarum consultabant. ac variis dictis sententiis, quarum pars 2 deditionem, pars, dum vires suppeterent, eruptionem censebat, non praetereunda oratio Critognati videtur propter eius singu- larem ac nefariam crudelitatem. hie summo in Arvernis ortus 3 loco et magnae habitus auctoritatis, * nihil/ inquit, * de eorum sentcntia dicturus sum, qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine appellant, neque hos habendos civium loco neque ad consilium adhibendos censeo. cum his mihi res sit, qui 4 eruptionem probant: quorum in consilio omnium vestrum consensu pristinae residere virtulis memoria videtur. animi 5 est ista moUitia, non virtus, inopiam paulisper ferre non posse, qui se ultro morti offerant, facilius reperiuntur, quam qui dolorem patienter ferant. atque ego banc sententiam pro- 6 barem (tantum apud me dignitas potest), si nullam praeter- quam vitae nostrae iacturam fieri viderem ; sed in consilio 7 capiendo omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium concitavimus. quid hominum milibus LXXX uno 8 loco interfectis, propinquis consanguineisque nostris animi fore existimatis, si paene in ipsis cadaveribus proelio decertare cogentur ? nolite hos vestro auxilio exspoliare, qui vestrae 9 salutis causa suum periculum neglexerunt, nee stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut animi imbecillitate omnem Galliam pro- stemere et perpetuae servituti subicere. an, quod ad diem 10 non venerunt, de eorum fide constantiaque dubitatis? quid AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 6i ergo? Romanos in illis uiterioribus munitionibus animine causa cotidie exerceri putatis? si illorum nuntiis confirmari w non potestis omni aditu praesepto, his utimini testibus appro- pinquare eorura adventum; cuius rei timore exterriti diem noctemque in opere vcrsantur. quid ergo mei consilii est? 12 facere, quod nostri maiores nequaquam pari bello Cimbrorum Teutonumque fecerunt; qui in oppida compulsi ac simili inopia subacti eorum corporibus, qui aetate inutiles ad bellum videbantur, vitam toleraverunt neque se hostibus tradiderunt. cuius rei si exemplum non haberemus, tamen libertatis causa 13 institui et posteris prodi pulcherrimura iudicarem. nam quid 14 illi simile bello fuit? depopulata Gallia Cimbri magnaque illata calamitate finibus quidem nostris aliquando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt; iura, leges, agros, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. Romani vero quid petunt aliud, aut quid i5 volunt, nisi invidia adducti, quos fama nobiles potentesque bello cognoverunt, horum in agris civitatibusque considere atque his aeternam iniungere servitutem? neque enim umquam alia condicione bella gesserunt. quod si ea, quae in longinquis 16 nationibus geruntur, ignoratis, respicite finitimam Galliam, quae in provinciam redacta, iure et legibus commutatis, securi- bus subiecta perpetua premitur servitute.' c. Ixxviii, The inhabitants and all who are unfit for service are driven from the town, but refused permission to pass the Roman lines. Sententiis dictis constituunt, ut ii, qui valetudine aut aetate i inutiles sunt bello, oppido excedant, atque omnia prius ex- periantur, quam ad Critognati sententiam descendant : illo a tamen potius utendum consilio, si res cogat atque auxilia Hiorentur, quam aut deditionis aut pacis subeundam condi- 62 PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA, cionem. Mandubii, qui eos oppido receperant, cum liberis 3 atque uxoribus exire coguntur. hi, cum ad munitiones 4 Romanorum accessissent, flentes omnibus precibus orabant, ut se in servitutem receptos cibo iuvarent. at Caesar dispositis 5 in vallo custodiis recipi prohibebat. c Ixxix. The relieving army occupies the hill west of Alesia, a mile from the Roman lines — The besieged, overjoyed at the sight of relief, display their ranks in front of the walls and prepare to assault the lines. Interea Commius et reliqui duces, quibus summa imperii i permissa erat, cum omnibus copiis ad Alesiam perveniunt et coUe exteriore occupato non longius mille passibus ab nostris munitionibus considunt. postero die equitatu ex castris educto 2 omnem eam planiciem, quam in longitudinem tria milia passuum patere demonstravimus, complent pedestresque copias paulum ab eo loco abditas in locis superioribus constituunt. erat ex oppido Alesia despectus in campum. concurrunt his 3 auxiliis visis ; fit gratulatio inter eos alque omnium animi ad laetitiam excitantur. itaque productis copiis ante oppidum 4 considunt et proximam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent seque ad eruptionem atque omnes casus comparant. c Ixxx. In a battle with the relieving army the Germans again decide the issue in Caesar's favour. Caesar omni exercitu ad utramque partem munitionum i disposito, ut, si usus veniat, suum quisque locum teneat et noverit, equitatum ex castris educi et proelium committi iubet. erat ex omnibus castris, quae summum undique iugum tene- 2 bant, despectus, atque omnes milites intenti pugnae proventum exspectabant. Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expeditosque 3 64 PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA, levis armaturae interiecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilio suc- currerent et nostrorum equitum impetus sustinerent. ab his 4 complures de improviso vulnerati proelio excedebant. cum suos pugna superiores esse Galli confiderent et nostros multi- tudine premi viderent, ex omnibus partibus et ii, qui muni- tionibus continebantur, et hi, qui ad auxilium convenerant, clamore et ululatu suorum animos confirmabant. quod in 5 conspectu omnium res gerebatur neque recte ac turpiter factum celari poterat, utrosque et laudis cupiditas et timor ignominiae ad virtutem excitabat. cum a meridie prope ad solis occasum ^ dubia victoria pugnaretur, Germani una in parte confertis turmis in hostes impetum fecerunt eosque propulerunt, quibus 7 in fugam coniectis sagittarii circumventi interfectique sunt, item ex reliquis partibus nostri cedentes usque ad castra 8 insecuti sui colligendi facultatem non dederunt. at ii, qui ab 9 Alesia processerant, maesti prope victoria desperata se in oppidum receperunt. c. Ixxxi. The Gauls make another attempt by night, supported by a simultaneous attack on the part of the besieged — The Romans take up the defensive and are relieved from forts further off. Uno die intermisso Galli atque hoc spatio magno cratium, i scalarum, harpagonum numero effecto, media nocte silentio ex castris egressi ad campestres munitiones accedunt. subito 2 clamore sublato, qua significatione qui in oppido obsidebantur de suo adventu cognoscere possent, crates proicere, fundis, sagittis, lapidibus nostros de vallo proturbare reliquaque, quae ad oppugnationem pertinent, parant administrare. eodem 3 tempore clamore exaudito dat tuba signum suis Vercingetorix atque ex oppido educit. nostri ut superioribus diebus, ut 4 cuique locus erat attributus, ad munitiones accedunt ; fundis AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 65 librilibus sudibusque, quas in opere disposuerant, ac glandibus Gallos proterrent. prospectu tenebris adempto multa utrimque 5 vulnera accipiuntur ; complura tormentis tela coniciuntur. at 6 Marcus Antonius et Gaius Trebonius legati, quibus eae partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostros premi in- tellexerant, his auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis deductos sub- mittebant. C. Ixxxii. Failure and withdrawal of both Gallic armies. Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galli, plus multitudine > telorum proficiebant; posteaquam propius successerunt, aut se stimulis inopinantes induebant aut in scrobes delati trans- fodiebantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiecti pilis muralibus interibant. multis undique vulneribus acceptis nulla munitione * perrupta, cum lux appeteret, veriti, ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus castris eruptione circumvenirentur, se ad suos receperunt. at interiores, dum ea, quae a Vercingetorige ad 3 eruptionem praeparata erant, proferunt, priores fossas explent, diutius in his rebus administrandis morati prius suos discessisse 4 cognoverunt, quam munitionibus appropinquarent. ita re infecta in oppidum reverterunt. C. Ixxxiii. The Gauls attempt a relief by a circuitous movement to the north under Vercassivellaunus — A simultaneous attack is made from all sides. Bis magno cum detrimento repulsi Galli, quid agant, con- i sulunt ; locorum peritos adhibent : ex his superiorum castrorum situs munitionesque cognoscunt. erat a septentrionibus collis, 2 quem propter magnitudinem circuitus opere circumplecti non potuerant nostri : necessario paene iniquo loco et leniter declivi castra fecerunt. haec Gaius Antistius Reginus et Gaius Cani- 3 r 66 PART V, CAPTURE OF ALESIA nius Rebilus legati cum duabus legionibus obtinebant. cog- 4 nitis per exploratores regionibus duces hostium LX milia ex omni numero deligunt earum civitatum, quae maximam virtutis opinionem habebant \ quid quoque pacto agi placeat, occulte 5 inter se constituunt ; adeundi tempus definiunt, cum meridies esse videatur. his copiis Vercassivellaunum Arvernum, unum ^ ex quattuor ducibus, propinquum Vercingetorigis, praeficiunt. ille ex castris prima vigilia egressus prope confecto sub lucem 7 itinere, post montem se occultavit militesque ex nocturno labore sese reficere iussit. cum iam meridies appropinquare vide- 8 retur, ad ea castra, quae supra demonstravimus, contendit ; eo- demque tempore equitatus ad campestres munitiones accedere et reliquae copiae pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt. c. Ixxxiv. Vercingetorix supports the attack by a sortie— Alarm of the Romans. Vercingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos conspicatus ex oppido i egreditur; cratis, longurios, musculos, falces reliquaque, quae eruptionis causa paraverat, profert. pugnatur uno tempore ^ omnibus locis acriter atque omnia temptantur : quae minime visa pars firma est, hue concurritur. Romanorum manus tan- 3 tis munitionibus distinetur nee facile pluribus locis occurrit. multum ad terrendos nostros valuit clamor, qui post tergum 4 pugnantibus exstitit, quod suum periculum in aliena vident virtute constare: omnia enim plerumque, quae absunt, vehe- 5 mentius hominum mentes perturbant. c. Ixxxv. A supreme effort is made on both sides — The Romans waver under the attack of Vercassivellaunus (on Mt. Rea). Caesar idoneum locum nanctus, quid quaque in parte gera- i tur, cognoscit, laborantibus summittit. utrisque ad animum z AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 67 occurrit, unum illud esse tempus, quo maxime contendi con- veniat : Galli, nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omni salute des- 3 perant; Romani, si rem obtinuerint, finem laborum omnium exspectant. maxime ad superiores munitiones laboratur, quo 4 Vercassivellaunum missum demonstravimus. iniquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet momentum, alii tela s coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt; defatigatis in vicem integri succedunt. agger ab universis in munition em con- 6 iectus et ascensum dat Gallis, et ea, quae in terra occultave- rant Romani, contegit ; nee iam arma nostris, nee vires suppe- tunt. c. Ixxxvi. Caesar sends Labienus to charge the enemy by a sortie from the lines in case of necessity — Gallant attack by the besieged. His rebus cognitis Caesar Labienum cum cohortibus sex 1 subsidio laborantibus mittit : imperat, si sustinere non posset, 2 deductis cohortibus eruptione pugnaret ; id nisi necessario ne faciat. ipse adit reliquos, cohortatur, ne labori succumbant; 3 omnium superiorum dimicationum fructum in eo die atque hora docet consistere. interiores desperatis campestribus locis 4 propter magnitudinem munitionum loca praerupta ex ascensu temptant : hue ea, quae paraverant, conferunt : multitudine 5 telorum ex turribus propugnantes deturbant, aggere et cratibus fossas explent, falcibus vallum ac loricam rescindunt. c. Ixxxvii. Caesar sends all his available forces to the point assailed by the besieged and repairs thither himself — Having repulsed the sortie from the town, he joins Labienus, with further reinforcements, on Mt. Rea. Mittit primo Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus Caesar, i post cum aliis Gaium Fabium legatum; postremo ipse, cum 2 68 PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA vehementius pugnarent, integros subsidio adducit. restitute 3 proelio ac repulsis hostibus eo, quo Labienum miserat, con- tendit ; cohortes quattuor ex proximo castello deducit, equi- 4 turn partem se sequi, partem circumire exteriores munitiones et ab tergo hostes adoriri iubet. Labienus, postquam neque 5 aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere poterant, coactis una [XL] cohortibus, quas ex proximis praesidiis deductas fors obtulit, Caesarem per nuntios facit certiorem, quid faciendum existimet. accelerat Caesar, ut proelio intersit C. Ixxxviii. Caesar's arrival encourages his troops — The appearance of cavalry in their rear puts the Gauls to flight — Despair of the besieged. Eius adventu ex colore vestitus cognito, quo insigni in 1 proeliis uti consueverat, turmisque equitum et cohortibus visis, quas se sequi iusserat, ut de locis superioribus haec declivia et devexa cernebantur, nostri proelium committunt. utrimque clamore sublato excipit rursus ex vallo atque 2 omnibus munitionibus clamor. nostri emissis pilis gladiis 3 rem gerunt. repente post tergum equitatus cernitur; co- hortes aliae appropinquant. hostes terga vertunt; fugien- tibus equites occurrunt : fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux 4 et princeps Lemovicum, occiditur; Vercassivellaunus Arver- nus vivus in fuga comprehenditur ; signa militaria LXXIIII ad Caesarem referuntur : pauci ex tanto numero se incolumes in castra recipiunt. conspicati ex oppido caedem et fugam 5 suorum desperata salute copias a munitionibus reducunt. fit protinus hac re audita ex castris Gallorum fuga. quod nisi 6 crebris subsidiis ac totius diei labore milites essent defessi. omnes hostium copiae deleri potuissent. de media nocte 7 missus equitatus novissimum agmen consequitur : magnus AND CONCLUSION OF THE WAR. 69 numerus capitur atque interficitur, reliqui ex fuga in civitates discedunt. c. Ixxxix. Vercingetorix summons a council and places his life in their hands — Ambassadors are sent to Caesar, who dictates his terms — Vercingetorix is surrendered and the city capitulates. Postero die Vercingetorix concilio convocato id se bellum i suscepisse non suarum necessitatum, sed communis libertatis causa demonstrat, et quoniam sit fortunae cedendum, ad 2 utramque rem se illis offerre, seu morte sua Romanis satisfacere seu vivum tradere velint. mittuntur de his rebus ad Caesarem 3 legati. iubet arma tradi, principes produci. ipse in munitione 4 pro castris consedit : eo duces producuntur. Vercingetorix deditur, arma proiciuntur. reservatis Aeduis atque Arvernis, 5 si per eos civitates recuperare posset, ex re'iquis captivis toto exercitui capita singula praedae nomine distribuit. Gaul regarrisoned. His rebus confectis in Aeduos proficiscitur ; civitatem i recipit. eo legati ab Arvernis missi, qu le imperaret se facturos 2 pollicentur. imperat magnum numer urn obsidum. legiones in 3 hiberna mittit. captivorum circiter viginti milia Aeduis Ar- vernisque reddit. Titum Labienum duabus cum legionibus et 4 equitatu in Sequanos proficisci iubet : huic Marcum Sempro- nium Rutilum attribuit : Gaium Fabium et Lucium Minucium 5 Basilum cum duabus legionibus in Remis collocat, ne quam ab finitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. Gaium Antistium 6 Reginum in Ambivaretos, Titum Sextium in Bituriges, Gaium Caninium Rebilum in Rutenos cum singulis legionibus mittit 70 PART V. CAPTURE OF ALESIA Quintum Tullium Ciceronem et Publium Sulpicium Cabilloni 7 et Matiscone in Aeduis ad Ararim rei frumentariae causa col- locat. ipse Bibracte hiemare constituit. his litteris cognitis 8 Romae dierum viginti supplicatio redditur. NOTES. 1. Quieta Gallia : the tribes, which at the close of almost every cam- paign appeared 'pacati,' had to be annually reconquered. The execution of Acco (VI. c. 44) had aroused the spirit of all the Keltic nobility ; and whilst Caesar was in Italy, far away from his legions, there seemed to be a good opportunity for throwing off the Roman yoke. in Italiam : Italy here in its wider sense, i.e.^ including Gallia Cisalpina, which formed part of Caesar's proconsular province. Lucca would be his residence, not being included in Etruria till the days of Augustus. ad conventus agendas : as Proconsul Caesar had to administer justice to his province. This he did during the winter months, going through the districts as a judge *on circuit.' de Clodii caede : cf. Index. Senatusque consulto : we learn from Cicero's speech on behalf of Milo, that by a decree of the Senate Pompeius had been invested with the power (though not the title) of Dictator and ordered to make a conscription throughout Italy. Consulto, ? for de consulto^ to avoid repeating de, iuniores: those from the age of seventeen to forty-six constituted the * inventus,' and were liable to be called out. coniurarent: in case of a general conscription, the oath of allegiance (sacramenlum) was administered wholesale (^^wiurare), the general taking two standards [vexilla) in the hand and calling upon all who wished well to the State to follow him. Otherwise one man out of each legion repeated the form of oath, and the rest, each in turn, stepped out and took the oath in the words * idem in me.' 2. res : beginners should observe the numerous senses in which this word is used. The English equivalent must be determined by the context ; vide some two dozen instances given in the *' Idioms," pp. 1 19-132. celeriter : for the manner in which news was spread cf. c. 3, 2. quod zx. id quod, id being in apposition to the clause following in the Ace. and Inf. 72 NOTES. urbano motu : cf. Historical Sketch, p. xii. 3. qui dolerent : ^«/with Subjunctive here indicates a reason, "seeing that they." 4. de Accents morte: cf. VI. c. 44, where Acco is executed as a ringleader in the last revolt. 5. qui faciant: the Subjunctive indicates the intention^ the Present follows the Historic Present deposcunt. 6. eorum : irreg. for sua^ Caesar being the main subject of thought, 7. legiones : two were near the Treveri, two among the Lingones, six at Agedincum (VI. c. 44). II. 1. nullum periculum: referring to the challenge in i, 5, * sui capitis periculo.' 2. coUatis — signis : the Gauls, like the Germans in Tacitus (Germania, c. 11), attended their assemblies in arms, and to bind themselves solemnly together their custom was to make a sheaf of their standards and swear by this emblem of unity. quo : agreeing with more, or, as some take it, substantival (= * whereby '). 3. /"WW, ^'c. : sentences thus formed of a string of clauses (Abl. Abs. and other Participials, as well as subordinate clauses introduced by Relatives) are best split up into short sentences in English, e.g, a vote of thanks is given, the oath is taken, a date fixed and the assembly breaks up. III. 1. ga dies : dies = * a day* is always masc. in Prose, hence in plural it is never found in the feminine. In the singular it is often feminine in the sense oia fixed date^ and always so when used for a period of tiitie (poetically). Here *ea dies' refers to the above * tempore constituto ' and = *' the ap- pointed time," cf. I. c. 6 "Diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. v. Kal. Apr. = They fix a date for a general meeting on the banks of the Rhone. The day fixed was the 28th of March." negotiaiidi: * negotiatores,' men, commonly of equestrian rank, settled in the provinces as corn-factors and agents to * mercatores' at Rome, combining with this occupation banking and money-lending. "Nemo Gallorum sine cive Romano quicquam negotii gerit : nummus in Gallia nullus sine civium Romanorum tabulis commovetur." — Cic. pro Font. v. 11. 2. maior atqueillustrior: i.e.., *than usual j' a common use of the Com- parative. 3. quae gesta essent : the Subjunctive must not be taken as that of a dependent question, as though it read 'audiverunt quae, &c.' The mood NOTES. 73 rather indicates " things which had happened even at Cenabum, 150 miles off," as distinguished from " /"/^i? things which, &c." (Lat. quae gesta ., on wheels, cf. Illustration, p. 20. propius Avaiicum: i.e.y to the 'collis' described in the next chapter. This is supposed to be a hill opposite St. Just, some ten miles up the Auron, cf. Map and Illustration, which show a position corresponding with the description in c. 19. inter equites : for this Gallic and German custom, cf. I. c. 48. Every horseman had for his support a man on foot, trained to keep apace with the other, on an emergency helping himself by holding on to the horse's mane. These were a source of great mischief to the enemy, whom they would assail with unlooked-for showers of arrows or javelin-thrusts ; cf. also below cc. 36, 65, 80. 3. in loco edito : vide Illustration, on the right. 4. sarcinas conferri : cf. Excursus, § 3. XIX. 2. generatim : i.e., as a stimulus to bravery and patriotism, cf. c. 36, 2 * separatim singularum civitatium copias collocavera/ ' (at Gergovia). vada ac s alius : ** fords and passages "L. Napoleon. The word ja//«j is puzzling. If we read eius paludis, it must be takei^ as referring to the overgrown parts where willows, &c., might facilitate 9 cro<;';ing. Kraner NOTES, 8i would omit the words in brackets, and take * scUtus ' as referring to the wooded approaches to the hill. haesitantes: i.e.y in the morass. 3. propinquitatem : the two armies are only separated by the morass, so that to a casual observer (' qui videret ') the Gauls appeared prepared to fight a battle on equal terms; but on a more careful inspection ('qui perspiceret ') the disadvantage the attacking party would be under (through having to plunge into the swamp) became apparent. ^ui . . . qui : observe the absence of a Conjunction in Latin where we insert * whilst.' inani sirnulatione : the charge of a sham display of valour is at least un- generous on Caesar's \ art. In c. 25 he testifies that there was no lack of courage amongst the Gauls. He probably wishes to discredit the speech of Vercingetorix in the next chapter, and to show that there was no possi- bility of attacking the position taken by the Gauls, thus justifying his withdrawal in the face of the enemy, by representing their eagerness for battle as a sham, when they knew he could not reach them. 5. pro sua laude: i.e.y Caesaris ; referring to the subject of videaty not of recusent ; cf. c. 8, 4, note. XX. I. redisset: ?.ther than the capture of the town? And yet he affects to have gained his NOTES. .95 object when he had captured a few empty encampments, cf. note on c. 47, 1. 10. alij ascensu : the Plan shows a slightly different route from that given by L. Napoleon and others. A second survey of the ground, after some years' interval, has only sufficed to confirm the impression that the point at which the Aedui are seen (c. 50) is to be found on the upper shoulder, the lower position being out of sight from the ravine under the south gate, where the fight took place (c. 48). But in order to reach the upper shoulder a troop of armed men would be obliged to make a longer circuit to the north, the south-east corner of the hill being practically inaccessible. XLVI. 2. hue . . . accesserat : i.e.y to the 1,200 paces. 3. a medio fere colle: i.e.y half way between the top and the bottom: the site of the wall is along one of the terraces nearer the top than the bottom (see Plan). densissimis caztris : hardly tallies with * mediocribus intervallis ' of c. 36, 2 ; but if the Gallic force resembled that at Alesia (80,000), the encampments of the various tribes may well have been fairly close together. 4. irinis castris: beginners will observe that nouns only used in the plural are multiplied by distributive numerals, e.g.^ * bina castra* (not duo). Each * castra ' here denotes the encampment of one tribe. XLVII. 1. quod animo prop suerat : it cannot be seriously believed that Caesar never intended to do more than capture three empty encampments, and frighten away one of the Gallic chieftains, cf. on c. 45, 9. receptui cani : is it to be credited that the retreat was sounded before Caesar saw the hopelessness of his undertaking ? If the signal was really given at this juncture, it must have been because he already knew that the alarm would be given and his attempt frustrated. legioiiis decimae : his oldest and favourite legion, cf. note on c. 34, 2. 2. va les intercedebat : the * valley ' is the hollow which runs down from the south gate, past the village of Merdogne, towards the Roche Blanche. This is hardly 100 yards wide, and if the advanced part of the army failed to hear the trumpet-call from so short a distance, they must have been out of sight in the hollow, not beyond it. Either * intercedebat ' is not accurate, or the signal was not actually sounded as stated. retinebantur : the Imperfect denotes an action attempted but not com- pleted. 96. NOTES. 4. qui longius aberant : i.e., in the further parts of the town. 7. Avaricensihus praemiis : cf. c. 27, 2 *iis quiprimi murum ascenaissent praemia proposuit. ' For the fate of Fabius, cf. c. 50, 3. manipulares : the privates or legionaries, as distinguished from officers — suos = of his own maniple and century. XLVIII. I. su/>ra : cf. c. 44, 5. eo contenderunt : a level way leads from the saddle under the gate in the south-west corner to the south gate. 4. nee loco . . . aequa contentio : the Gauls had the advantage of the wall at their back and the Romans below them. XLIX. I. suh infimo colle : collis here seems to refer to Gergovia itself; but it might mean the Roche Blanche, for Sextius' position is KJidoubtedly in the hollow between the two. ab dextro latere : the enemy came up from the west, and would have Sextius on their right, if they pursued the Romans down the hollow. 3. progressus : i.e., to a position nearer the hollow (see Plan), so as to cover the left flank of the Gauls [unless we read * regressus,' making his * progress ' a * strategic movement to the rear ' = down hill. 1. ab latere . . . aperto : as a soldier carries his shield on the left arm, leaving the sword hand free, this (right) side is called latus apertum. The Aedui — probably the very men who had been under Litavicus — coming over the shoulder to the east would appear on the Romans' right as they faced north. As their appearance was unexpected, they must have been intended only to create a diversion [fftanus distinendae causa) by a threatened attack on the north side, or at least at the eastern end of the town. Finding the height quite inaccessible in either of those directions, they kept along under the final escarpment, until they now came in sight, giving the Romans the impression that they were Gauls come out of the eastern end of the town. 2. dextris . . . ^^j^r^w.- ?.^., loosed from the 'sagum,' or military cloak, A coin found on the hill of Gergovia represents on one side a chief of the Arverni, and on the obverse a soldier with head and shoulder bared. 4. sui fallendi: i.e., as a ruse to deceive the Romans. For the con struction, cf. on c. 43, 2. NOTES, 97 eiusdem legionis: we gather, from the special mention of these two ®fficers, that the 8th legion was in the fore-front of the battle. sibi desperans : Caesar only uses a Dative with desperare here and in III. c. 12, *suis fortunis desperare.' LI. I. xlvt centurionibus : the three legions principally engaged (the loth and 13th were covering the retreat, and one was supporting the feint on Risolles, c. 45) would number 180 centurions ; if forty-six of these fell, the number of officers killed (one out of every four) would be quite out of proportion to the whole loss given below at 700. A story is told that in this fight Caesar himself lost his sword (which he afterwards was shown in a temple of the Arverni) : if this is true it would show that at least the loth, and therefore probably also the 13th, took part in the fight as the other legions were driven down the hill. The positions finally occupied seem to show that all five legions shared in the flight. patdo aequiore loco : it is difficult to fix the positions taken by the loth and 13th legions. The loth probably fell back to the level ground above the village of Donnezat, and the 13th was stationed on the eastern slope of the Roche Blanche ('ceperant locum superiorem '). 3. plankiem attigerunt : an admission that the flight of the Romans was a rush pell-mell down to the very bottom of the hill. infestis . . . signis : for the uses of * signa,' cf. Idioms, c. 47. infestus is an old participle of infero = I point towards, whence its meaning * hostile.' 4. paulo minus septingenti : for the case unaffected by the comparison, cf. *amplius viginti urbes ' (c. 15, i). LI I. 1. stbt ipsi iudicavissent : cf. on c. 45, 8. He had told them that an op- portunity was to be seized (* occasionis esse rem '), but had not, on his own showing, explained that they were to be satisfied with the capture of a few empty encampments, cf. on c. 47, i. 2. ad Avariaim : not *at Avaricum ' (cf. on c. 37, i), but before the camp of Vercingetorix (St. Just), cc. 18, 19. LIII. 1. quag ante senserai : i.e.y when he decided (c. 43) that his presence was required among the Aedui. 2. nihilo magis : the MSS. have minusy which may be correct. tn aequum locum: ue.^ in front of the greater camp (see Plan). Mis H 98 NOTES. repulse would intensify the impression that his retreat was flight (cf. c. 42, 5), so he offers battle where he can rely on his superior tactics to gain either a victory or the moral advantage of having his challenge declined. 4. pontem reficit: not the same bridge as that by which he had crossed before, but another (higher up, near Vichy) of those destroyed by Ver- cingetorix (c. 34, 3). Kraner objects to the use of «^, and inserts *pervenit;' before * pontem,' but there is no MSS. authority for doing so. LIV. I. ipsos antecedere : whether they here acted in good faith or not we have no means of judging. They are men of the class pithily described by a modem statesman as * political rodents, ' and their defection in the next chapter may have been only due to their finding the state so far committed to revolt that it would be hopeless for them to try to stem the tide. 4. quos : = qiiales^ /.£sse Caesar always uses al>. 8. requirunt: not = ask for his pardon, but 'miss' the wonted favour. LXIV. 1. reliquis cwitatibus : i.e.y those which had only now joined the revolt (c. 4, 7). 2. quern antea habuerat: the Indie, marks an explanatory parenthesis by the writer ; had the words been put into the mouth of Vercingetorix *habuerit ' would have been used. 3. frumenta corrionpant : cf. c. 55, 8 ' reliquum (frumentum) flumine atque incendio corruperunt. ' 7. AUobrogas: Caesar indiscriminately uses a Greek or Latin form of the Accusative to several Gallic tribe-names, e.g.^ c. 9, 4 'in Lingones,* and I., c. 26 'adLingonas.' ab superiore bello: ?.e been mainly derived^ IDIOMS: A LIST OF CORRESPONDING PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH AND LATIN ARRANGED UNDER THE HEADS OF THE CHAPTERS FROM WHICH THEY ARE ADAPTED. To enlist To levy troops To chafe at one's subjection To entertain designs To inaugurate a "spirited foreign policy " To convene an assembly At the risk of one's life To assert one's liberty To form a plan. To divulge a scheme Prestige conturare, dekctum habere, se subiectum dolere. consilia inire. liberius atque audacius de bello con- silia inire incipere. concilium indicere. capitis periculo. sese in libertatem vindicare (cf. liber tatem vindicare^ c. 76). rationem habere. consilium ej^erre. vetus belli gloria (cf. 62, 76). c. n. To discuss a subject To take security by interchange of hostages To imply the greatest solemnity To return a vote of thanks to — The assembly breaks up rem agitare, obsidibus inter se caverc. gravissimam caerimoniam continere, collaudare — . ab concilia discediiur. To settle for trading purposes To be in charge of the commis- sariat negotiandi causa consistere. rei frumentariae prcuesse (cf. rei /. praejicere aliquem). ii8 IDIOMS, To aspire to the crown To gain over To remain faithful To invest with supreme power To be a warning to the rest The most rigorous discipline— " coercion " regnum appetere. ad suam sentmtiain perducere (cf. conciliare, c. 7)' in fide manere. \ deferre imperium ad (cf. permit tere ' summam imperii, c. 79). esse reliquis docu77iento. ) summa imperii severiias. To be in alliance with some one alicuius esse in fide. To despatch a contingent to some copias subsidio alicui mittere, one's aid My plan is to — id mihi consilii est ut — (cf. quid mei consilii est ? c. "]*]). To be greatly embarrassed To be placed in a dilemma To fight a pitched battle ^ mai ] : magna difificultate affici (cf. res mihi t in magnis difficultatibus^ c. 35). proelio dimicare. c. vn. It is of paramount importance to — omnibus consiliis antevertendum est ut — . To be some one's neighbours fines alicuius contingere. To take by surprise inopinantes opprimere. To take measures for the protection fortunis alicuius consulere. of some one's property To make a move in the direction of castra movers in aliquem versm» some one c. ix. To happen usu venire. To forecast, anticipate opinione praecipere. To scour the country in all direc- in omnes partes pervagari, tiOQS IDIOMS, 119 To endeavour, take care I arrive by forced marches dare operam. quam maxiniis possum itinerilms pervenio. c. X. To cause great perplexity To suffer from the difficulty of get- ting supplies to the front To endure any hardship To submit to an indignity To alienate some one magnam dijfficultatem afferre, duris subvectionibtis laborare, omnes difficultates perpeti, contumeliam accipere. voluntaUs alicuius alienare. To command a more ready supply of provisions To invest a town (blockade) To besiege To assault To storm Things useful for the purpose Outposts cf. Pickets Sentinels Scouts Night-watches Almost the entire number are cap- tured To conceive hope of relief To entertain some new design To man the wall To draw the sword expeditiore re frumentaria utu circumvallare oppidum. obsidere oppugnare. expugnare. quae ad rem tisui sint. excubiae, stationes, custodiae, custodes, exploratores. vigiliae, vigiles. perpatici desiderantttr quin cuncti capiantur. c. xu. in spent auxilii venire, novi aliquid inire consiliu viurum complere. gladium destringere. c. xin. With heavy loss multis amissis. To fall back upon the main column se ad agtnen recipere. To reduce to subjection in potestatem redigere. To meet with repeated checks Private interests c. xiv. continua incommoda accipere. rei familiaris commoda. I20 IDIOMS, A town by its artificial defences and oppidum munitiont et loci natura its natural position impregnable ab omni periculo tutum. A hiding-place for shirking military ad detrectandam militiam reuptacu' service lum, C. XV. With victory almost in oxe's grasp prope explorata victoria (cf. explo- ratam victoriam ditnitierCy c. 52). To repair one's losses amissa recuperare. To beseech some one on one's procumbere alicui ad pedes, ut (or knees to — ne) — . To grant a petition dare petenti veniam, c. xvi. From hour to hour in singula did tempora. To inflict heavy loss upon magno incommodo afficere. To provide by a scheme ratione providers c. xvii. To relieve the extreme pangs of extremam famem sustentare, hunger To retire without achieving one's infecta re discedere, object To regard as a stain upon one's ignominiae ferre loco, reputation c. xviii. To exhaust one's supply of forage consumere pabulum. To get ready for action arma expedire. c xix. An almost impassable swamp palus difficilis atque impedita. To fight a battle on equal terms aequo marte dimicare. How many brave lives victory costs ! quot virorum fortium morte constat victoria. To be so firmly resolved as to refuse sic animo paratus esse ut recuset, C XX. To accuse of treason proditionis insimulare. So critical a moment tanta opportunitas. Effeminacy animi mollities^ mollitia (c. 77). Without shedding a drop of blood sine sanguine. IDIOMS. 121 C XXI. Victory is assured, if — summa victoriae in eo constat^ si — . c. xxii. Valour is met by ingenuity virtuti consilia occtirrunt. To be busy at the works in opere occupari, versari (c. 27). c xxiii. To lie in juxtaposition inter se contingere. At equal distances apart paribus intermissis spatiis, A structure not unpleasing in its opus in specicm varietatemque non variegated appearance deforms. To be most convenient summam habere opporiunitatem, c. xxiv. To prosecute works without inter- nullum tempus ab opere iniermittere, mission To determine rationem inire (cf. c. 71). To work in relays partitis temporibus esse in opere. c. XXV. A battle rages on all sides in omnibus locis pugnatur. I renew my hopes spes mihi redintegratur. Fresh relays relieve them as they recentes defessis succedunt (cf. /»• become exhausted tegri defessis succedunt^ c. 41). To depend upon a critical moment in vestigia temporis poni. Worthy of record memoria dignus, c. xxvi. No expedient is of any avail res nulla succedit. Physical weakness naturae et virium infirmitas. To remain steadfast in one's deter- in sententia perstare. mination Panic leaves no room for pity timor misericordiam non recipit. c. xxvii. To reap in victory the fruits of toil pro laboribus fructum victoriae per- cipere. 122 IDIOMS. C. XXVIU. An unexpected occurrence To throng along the whole length of the wall Pell-mell, helter-skelter Bowed down with years At a late hour of the night To have people sorted and con- ducted to their friends res nova, toto undique muro circumfundi, continenti iinpetu, aetate confectus. multa iam node. disparandos deducendosque ad suos curare. C. XXIX. To lose heart To gain a victory in the open field To repair a loss by more substantial gains To stand aloof from the rest se animo demittere, in acie vincere. incommodum maioribus commodis sanare. ah reliquis dissentire. C XXX. To lose one's presence of mind To seek concealment To avoid observation To be possessed of foresight and sagacity With fortunes still unimpaired Not inured to toil animo deficere, pertnoveri (c. 53). se in occultum abdere. conspectum multitudinis fugere. animo providere et praesentire, re integra, instutus laboris. I apply myself to the task of uniting To win by artful words or friendly deeds To provide arms and clothing for some one To make good the losses of the field His mercenaries animo laboro ut aditmgam, oratione subdola aut amicitia capert. armandum vestiendumque aliqtiem curare, deminutas copias redintegrare, quos conduxit. c. xxxn. To recruit after toil and deprivation ex labore atque inopia reficere, A most urgent crisis maxime necessarium tempus. The position is most critical summo est in periculo res. IDIOMS. 123 To hold office magistratum gerere. A promising and distinguished youth Jlorens et illustris adulescens. To keep up a quarrel alere controversiam, c. xxxiii. To decorate with all kinds of dis- omnibus rebus ornare. tinctions To have recourse to force of arms ad vim atque arma descendere, Togiveone'sfirstattentiontoamatter rei praevertere {z^. z. 79). To infringe some one's rights deminuen aliquid de iure aliatius. To break down a bridge To repair a bridge c. xxxiv. pontem interrumpere^ rescindere (C: 35). pontem rejicere (c. 58). To throw out vedettes To ford a river To form a guess C. XXXV. disponere exploratores^ custodias (c. 55). vado transire flumen. coniecturam capere* C. XXXVl. To arrive after five days' march quintis castris pervenire. To reconnoitre a position situm perspicere. To be difficult of access on all sides omnes aditus difficiles habere. To get the commissariat in order A general's staff To let no day pass without testing Opposite a town Reinforcements arrive rem frumentariam expedire. quos sibi (dux) ad consilitim capie,n- dum delegit (cf. c. 76). nullum diem intermiitere quin per- spiciat. e regione oppidi, subsidio veniiur. To bribe To put under an obligation 0. xxxvii. pectinia sollicitare^ cf. praemio de- ducere. benejicio afficere. To put to death unheard c. xxxvin. indicia causa interficere. 124 IDIOMS, Of high rank Of humble origin To take no account of C. XXXIX. sumtno loco natus. humililoco natus, levi memento aestimare. c. xl. Without a moment's hesitation Success depends upon rapidity To make overtures for surrender To cry quarter nulla interposita dubitatione, res in celeritate posita est, deditionem significare, mortem deprecari. c. xli. The situation is critical res est in periculo. To prepare for a repetition of the se in posterum < diem similemqtte occurrence on the following day casum apparare. xlii. To allow oneself time for inquiry To treat a casual rumour (mere hearsay) as an established fact To add fuel to the fire To entice out under promise of safe conduct c. To fascinate with the profits realized from the spoil c. An opportunity for achieving one's object c. A display of sham cavalry In a straight line As the crow flies To make the ascent more gentle As the nature of the ground allows To take a siesta spatium sibi ad cognoscendum relin* quere. levem auditionem pro re comperta habere, rem proclinatam adiuvare, data fide educere, xliii. capere compendia ex direptis bonis, xliv. facultas bene reigerendae, xlv. equitum species ac simulatio. xlvi. recta regions. si nullus anfractus intercedit, mollire clivum. ut natura locifert. meridie conquiescere. IDIOMS, 125 To set oneself a task To halt (of an army) To give the signal for a charge To sound a retreat To wheel round, change fronts To advance To engage Former successes As fast as they come up To display Fresh reinforcements To dislodge c. xlvii. animo aliquid propomre, signa constituere. signa inferrc (c. 62) (cf. infesta signa, c. 51). signa referrCy receptui canere, signa converters, signa promovere. signa conferre. superiorum temporum secundat proelia. C xlviii. ut quisque primus venit, in conspectum proferre. recentes atque integri. c xlix. loco depellere. cl. A fierce hand-to-hand struggle takes acerrime comminus pugnatur, place To be outnumbered Whilst there is a chance a tnultitudine opprimi (cf. multitu- dine premerey c. 80). data faculiate. c. li. To rally infestis contra hostes signis consistere. c. Hi. To reprove insubordination and pre- licentiam arrogantiamque rept ehen- sumption dere. To look for discipline and self- modestiam et continentiam desiderare, restraint c. liii. To humble some one ostentationem alicuius minuere. To reassure animos confirmare* c. liv. To raise to a condition of prosperity in fortunam et amplitudintm and affluence deductre. 126 IDIOMS. State funds c Iv. pecunia publica. c Ivi. A godsend under embarrassing quod pro ret necessitate opportunum circumstances est. To provision an army frumento explere exercitum. c Ivii. The supreme command suinma imperii. Unequalled military knowledge singularis scientia rei militaris. To summon to a post (of honour) ad honorem evocare. To make a district impassable locum impedire. c Iviii. To make a road To call out (reserves) ' To capture a town without striking a blow iter munire. ad bellum evocare. sine contentione oppido potiri. c. lix. Change of circumstances rerum commutatio. To aim at territorial aggrandisement cogitare ut aliquid acquirat. To assume the offensive hostes proelio lacessere. To rely upon presence of mind ab animi virtute auxilium petere. Towards nightfall Down stream Up stream At full speed cf. at full gallop To put in (of ships) C. Ix. sub vesperum, secundo flumine, adverso Jlumine. incitatus. incitatis equis. appelli. To entrust with an vmdertaking There is an unusual commotion c. Ixi. negotio praeficere. praeter consuetudinem tumultuatur. c. Ixii. To bear in mind one's former pres- pristinae virtutis retinere memoriam tige (cf. pristinam belli laudem recupe- rare^ c. 76). IDIOMS. 127 Brilliant successes in the field To be present in person The issue of the battle secundissima proelia, praesens adesse. exitus victoriae. c. Ixiii. Plans for a campaign rationes belli gerendi. To refer a question to a plebiscite multitudinis suffragiis rem per mittere. ad unum omnes. summae spei adulescentes* All to a man Youths of great promise A very easy matter Sacrifice of private interest c. Ixiv. perfaciU factu. rd familiaris iactura. By no possibility Skirmishers c Ixv. nulla re, levis armaturae pedites (cf. leves armaturae, leves armis^ levibus armis pedites i ^c). c. Ixvi. Lasting peace and freedom from reliqui temporis pax atque otium. molestation A result which I confidently antici- id quodfuturum conjido, pate To take to one's heels suae saluti consulere. To deprive of the necessaries of life usu rerum necessariarum spoliare. c. Ixvii. To administer an oath to some one iureiurando aliquem adigere. AiS long as daylight permits c Ixviii. quantum diei tempus patitur. To be impregnable To face the east To station pickets c Ixix. nisi obsidione expugnari non posse, ad orientem solem spectare (cf. ver- gere^ I. c. i). siationes disponert. 128 IDIOMS, c. Ixx. A plain lying between hills planitUs intermissa collibus. Both sides do their utmost summa vi ab tUrisque contenditur. c. Ixxi. To be of an age for military service per aetatem arma ferre posse (cf. aetate ad bellum inutUes^ c. 77). To do yeoman's service for the optime de communi libertate mereri, commonvvrealth To take stock rationem inire. To deal out scanty rations of com frutnentum parce et paulatim metiri. c. Ixxii. In order to guard against a surprise ne de improviso hostium multitudo advolei. Men told ofif to the works homines operi destinati. Low-lying meadow-land campestria ac demissa loca c. Ixxiii. To arrange in a chess-board pattern in quincuncetn disponere. Gradually narrowing to the bottom paulatim angustiore ad injiinum fastigio. c. Ixxiv. I keep on the level as far as regiones sequor quam possum iiis, Gams : a legatus of Caesar, who defended his camp before Ger- govia (cc. 40, 41), took part in the siege of Alesia (c. %'])^ and after the campaign was left with Basilus among the Remi. FabiuSy Lucius : a centurion of the eighth legion, who lost his life in the attempt to capture Gergovia (cc. 47, 50). Cabali : (G^vaudan) a tribe south of the Arverni. Gergcmia : the chief town of the Arverni, standing on a mountain plateau 1,300 ft. above the valley of the Elaver, a few miles south of Cler- mont-Ferrand, and still known by its Roman name. The site is fully described in the text (cc. 36, &c.), cf. also Illustrations (p. 29} and Flan. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES, 135 Gobannitio : the uncle of Vercingetorix, who tried to suppress his nephew's movement for the liberation of Gaul (c. 4). Gorgobina : chief town of the Boii. Its site is disputed. Gutruatus : (or Cotuatus), associated with Conconnetodumnus in the attack upon the Roman colony at Cenabum (c. 3). Helvetii : a warlike Keltic tribe occupying the country east of the Jura, conquered in the first campaign, I. cc. 24-26. Ilelvii : a Keltic tribe, dwelling on the slopes of the Cevennes within the Province. Labienus : a legatus of Caesar who took a prominent part in the Gallic war, but joined Pompeius against his old chief in the Civil war (cc. 57-62, 86). Lemovices : (Limousin, Limoges) a Keltic tribe south of the Loire (c. 75). Lexovii : (Lisieux) a tribe of Aremorica, at the mouth of the Seine. Liger : (Loire) the river which drains central Gaul, separating the Aedui and Bituriges (c. 5). LingSnes: (Langres) a Keltic tribe north of the Aedui (c. 66). Litavicus : a noble of the Aedui sent in command of troops to join Caesar before Gergovia ; he induced his men to mutiny on the march, but, when confronted by Caesar, fled to Gergovia, and thence proceeded to Bibracte to stir up revolt amongst his tribe (cc. 37-40, 55). Lucterius : a chief of the Cadurci employed by Vercingetorix to gain the alliance of the Ruteni (cc. 5, 7). Luietia : the capital of the Parisii (Paris), situated on the island in the Seine, now called la Cite (c. 57). Mandubii : a Keltic tribe west of the Lingones, whose chief town was Alesia (c. 68). The fate of the tribe during the blockade of their capital is only darkly hinted at (c. ^%). Matisco: (Macon) a town of the Aedui, on the Sa6ne. Mediomatrici : (Metz) a tribe dwelling on the Moselle. Metiosedum : probably the correct reading for Melodunum (Melun) which appears in some MSS., and has been substituted owing to the influence of the modern name originally applied to a later settlement on the right bank of the Seine, and afterwards effacing the name of the older town on an island in the river, cf. Illustration (c. 58). Mortni : a Belgic tribe on the straits of Dover (c. 75). Narho : (Narbonne), an important emporium of the Volcae Arecomici, on the Gulf of Lions, made a Roman colony by Crass^Ms (118 B.C.), and 136 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. capital of the Province, which thence took the name of Gallia Nar- bonensis. Nervii : a Belgic tribe west of the Meuse (c. 75). Nitiobroges : a tribe dwelling on the Garonne. Their king Teutomatus joined Vercingetorix (c. 31), and had a narrow escape at Gergovia (c. 46). Novioduniitn (i) : a town of the Bituriges, between Cenabum and Avari- cum (c. 12). Its site is disputed : Napoleon III. decides for Sancerre, of which an Illustration is given (p. 10). Noviodunum (2) : (Nevers) a town on the Aedui, on the Loire, close to its junction with the Allier (c. 55). Ollovico : father of Teutomatus, king of the Nitiobroges, and honoured by the Roman Senate with the title of * Amicus ' (c. 31). Osismi: the most westerly of the tribes of Aremorica (c. 75). Parisii: (Paris) a tribe on the Seine, whose chief town was Lutetia, in- vaded by Labienus (cc. 57-62). Petrocorii: (Perigord) a Keltic tribe on the Garonne (c. 75). Petronius: a centurion of the eighth legion, who displayed conspicuous bravery in the disastrous attack upon Gergovia (c. 50). Pictdnes : (Poitou) a maritime race south of the Loire'(c. 75). Pompeius : Caesar's great rival and opponent in the Civil war : sole consul for the year 52 B.C. (c. 6). Provincial (Provence) the south-eastern portion of Gaul, also called Gallia Narbonensis, which before Caesar's proconsulate had been made a Roman province. Raurdci: a tribe occupying the southern part of Alsace (c. 75). Rebilus : one of Caesar's legati, who with Reginus commanded the camp at the foot of Mont Rea in the siege of Alesia. At the close of the campaign he was sent to the Ruteni (cc. 83, 90). He captured Thapsus in the African war, and was consul for a few hours at the end of the following year (B.C. 45) giving occasion for Cicero's jest : nihil eo consule mali factum est : fuit enim mirijica vigilantia^ qui suo toto consulatu somnum non viderit. Reddnes : (Rennes) one of the tribes of Aremorica (c. 75). Reginus: see Rebilus. He was sent to winter among the Ambivareti (cc. 83, 90). Remi: (Rheims) a Belgic tribe who submitted at once to Caesar and remained faithful to him (c. 63) when the other tribes generally re- volted. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 137 Rhenus : (Rhine) the river which in Caesar's time formed a boundary between Gauls and Germans. The latter have been obliged in recent times to seek a more *' scientific frontier " as a protection from ag- gression. Rhodanus : (Rhone) rising in the Alps forms the northern boundary of the Province, then joins the Arar (Saone) and flows south into the G. of Lions. Ruteni: (Rhodez) a border tribe, part of which was within (Provinciales), part north of the Province (cc. 71, 75). Rutilus: a legatus of Caesar attached at the close of the campaign to the forces sent under Labienus to the Sequani. Santdni: (Saintonge) a maritime tribe north of the Garonne (c. 75). Sedulitis : the chief of the Lemovices slain before Alesia (c. 88). Segusidvi : a tribe between the Rhone and Auvergne, bordering on the Province (c. 64). Sendnes : (Sens) an influential tribe of the upper Seine and Yonne, whose capital Agedincum was used by Caesar as head -quarters. They were descended from the Senones of north-eastern Italy, who destroyed Rome B.C. 390. Seqtmna : (Seine) divides the Galli from the Belgae. Sequani : a powerful Keltic tribe east of the Saone. SexHus: one of Caesar's legati, in command of the lesser camp before Gergovia. At the close of the campaign he was sent to command a legion among the Bituriges, and later became governor of Numidia (cc. 49,51,90). Suessiones : (Soissons) a Belgic tribe north of the Seine, allied with the Romans. Sulpicius : (Rufus) a legatus of Caesar associated with Q. Cicero in charge of the commissariat amongst the Aedui after the campaign of B.C. 52. He was afterwards engaged in the Civil war in Spain and obtained the governorship of Illyria. Teutomatus : the king of the Nitiobroges who brought a considerable con- tingent to the aid of Vercingetorix after the fall of Avaricum. He narrowly escaped capture at the hands of the Romans before Gergovia (cc. 31, 46). Tolosdtes: (Toulouse) that part of the Volcae which inhabited Tolosa (c. 7). Trebonius : one of Caesar's legati commissioned to superintend the sur- render of Vellaunodunum (c. 11), and associated with M. Antonius in command of the lines on the plain before Alesia (c. 81). He served in Spain in the Civil war, commanded at the siege of Massilia and was 138 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. raised to the consulship by Caesar the year before the assassination of the latter, in which Trebonius took part. As governor of Asia in the following year he was assassinated by Dolabella at Smyrna. Treveri: (Treves) a Keltic tribe dwelling on the Moselle, in frequent con- flict with their German neighbours (c. 63). Turdni: (Touraine) a Keltic tribe on the lower Loire (cc. 4, 7$). Valetiacus : a Vergobret of the Aedui who unconstitutionally nominated his brother Cotus as his successor, and so caused the dispute with Con- victolitavis (c. 32). Veliocassi: (Vexin) a tribe of Aremoricaon the north of the Seine (c. 75). Vellaui: (Velay) a tribe north of the Cevennes, adherents of the Arvemi (c. 75). Vellaunodunum : a town of the Senones between Agedincum and Cenabum (c. 11). Its site is disputed : Napoleon III. decides for Trigueres, which is represented in the Illustration (p. 9). Venelli: one of the tribes of Aremorica (c. 75). VercassivellauHMs : a cousin of Vercingetorix, and one of the four generals in command of the army raised for the relief of Alesia. He was en- trusted with the final attempt to break through the lines on the slopes of Mont Rea, but fell into the hands of the conquerors (cc. 76, 83, 85, 88). Vercingetorix : the heroic king of the Arvemi, whose gallant struggle for the liberty of Gaul forms the subject of the seventh book of Caesar's Commentaries. After his surrender at Alesia, he was taken to Rome, and graced Caesar's triumph five years later. His fate was no exception to the usual lot of captives in war, for he was mercilessly put to death in the Tullianum after the triumph. Vienna : (Vienne) chief town of the Allobroges, on the Rhone (c. 9). Viridomarus : an Aeduan of humble origin introduced to Caesar by Divi- tiacus, and thenceforward associated in all the acts of his companion Eporedorix (cc. 38, 39, 54, 55, 63, 76). Volcae Arecomici: that portion of the tribe of the Volcae which dwelt nearer the Rhone and sea-coast, c. 64. [The other part were called V. Tectosages.] The Volcae occupied that part of the Province which lav west of the Rhone, and resisted Hannibal's passage of that river. Uniform with this Volume. Croiun 8z>o, with 23 Illustrations^ a Map of Sicily^ and Plan of Syracuse^ 2s. 6d. net. THE ATHENIANS IN SICILY Being Selections from Thucydides Books VI and VII Edited, with Introduction, Notes, Idioms, etc., by W. COOKWORTHY COMPTON, M.A. FROM THE PREFACE. 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