REESE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. ;U ssious Afo. RURAL WATER SUPPLY RURAL WATER SUPPLY A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK ON THE SUPPLY OF WATER AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATERWORKS FOR SMALL COUNTRY DISTRICTS BY ALLAN GREENWELL, A.M.I.C.E. AND W. T. CURRY, A.M.I.C.E., F.G.S. LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL 1896 PREFACE BY G. C. GREENWELL, M.I.C.E., F.G.S. ONE of the greatest necessities of human life is an ample supply of wholesome water ; and few objects are' occasion- ally more difficult of attainment, not so much on account of any approach to impracticability as of certain hindrances to the mode of setting about it. The situation of individuals with respect to each other renders that combination of the constituent parts of society, which is necessary in order to bring about a general co-operation, very difficult to adjust. The supply of water enjoyed by one portion of the community may be sufficient both in quantity and in quality for all of its requirements; but the less happily circumstanced remainder may be dangerously near want. On the one hand, water is demanded, even though at the cost of the whole community ; while on the other, such compulsion appears to be extremely unjust. We are thus, at the very outset of the question of coercive water supply, met by antagonisms, which most certainly have not as yet been reconciled, with the result that many desirable schemes have either been quashed in their incipience, or, if completed under pressure, have given rise to heartburnings which have been productive of anything but peace and goodwill. This early stage of the proceedings is, however, in the vi PREFACE. present work supposed to have been passed over: the " tempest in the teapot " has exhausted itself, the strong will has prevailed, and the weak has gone to the wall as usual ; the powers necessary to establish the waterworks have been obtained, and to direct in plain language how the precious element is to be brought from its hidden spring or other sources for the good of the population of the rural districts is the object of this little work. There are various treatises, such as those by Messrs. Humber, Burton, Turner and Brightmore, and Fanning, as well as innumerable papers, which admirably deal with the questions of Water Engineering; but most, if not all of these, are of a more or less elaborate character ; and it appeared to the writers that an elementary work on the subject was much to be desired such as should enable the student to acquire a knowledge of the principles and con- struction of waterworks, simple in detail and efficient in application ; which would qualify him to arrange and com- plete a system of waterworks on a moderate and effective scale due qualification in which respect would lay the foundation for the future mastery of more important schemes. The Authors have endeavoured constantly to keep in view, so far as lay in their power, simplicity of expression and of formulae, in the hope of producing such a book as should be readable and intelligible by every one who earnestly desires to step on the lower rung of the ladder with the determination to climb gradually to the top. G. C. GREENWELL. DUFFIELD, NEAR DERBY, May, 1895. AUTHORS' PREFACE. THIS little contribution to the literature of Waterworks Engineering is based upon a series of articles which appeared in the " Student's Column " of the Builder, from July to December, 1894, the articles having since been revised and brought up to date. The Authors desire to express their grateful acknow- ledgment for the valuable information which they have obtained from the many standard works referred to in the text. A. G. W. T. C. LONDON, September, 1895. 1 OFTHF CVERSITY, ; CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. PRELIMINARY ... ... ... ... ... 1 II. VARIOUS METHODS or SUPPLY ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH ... ... ... 6 III. LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS,_EASEMENTS, AND COMPENSATION ... ... ... ... 12 IV. LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, EASEMENTS, AND COMPENSATION (continued) ... ... ... 20 V. GRAVITATION ... ... ... ... ... 27 VI. PUMPING BY STEAM, GAS, PETROLEUM, WATER, AND WIND POWER ... ... ... ... ... 32 VII. VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS ... ... ... 39 VIII. VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS (continued) ... ... 47 IX. RAINFALL, SPRINGS, STREAMS, AND THEIR MODE OF MEASUREMENT ... ... ... ... 54 X. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER ... ... ... ... ... 61 XI. PLANS, SECTIONS, LEVELLING, NECESSARY DATA ... 69 XII. MATERIALS ... ... ... ... ... 79 XIII. STORAGE OF WATER ... ... ... ... 88 XIV. STORAGE OF WATER (continued) ... ... ... 96 x CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE XV. STORAGE OF WATER (continued) ... ... ... 105 XVI. THE PURIFICATION OF WATEK FILTRATION ... 113 XVII. PIPES 123 XVIII. PIPES (continued) 128 XIX. FIRE-SERVICE, VALVES, AND METERS ... ... 138 XX. HOUSE CONNECTIONS AND FITTINGS ... ... 146 XXI. WATERWORKS KEGULATIONS ... ... ... 156 XXII. STORAGE OF EAIN-WATER ... ... ... 164 XXIII. SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES ... ... ... 172 XXIV. WELLS 181 XXV. WELLS (continued). LEAD POISONING ... ... 188 XXVI. PUBLIC INQUIRIES. CONCLUSION ... ... ... 198 XTNIVERSITY RURAL WATER SUPPLY. CHAPTER I. PEELIMINAKY. THE benefit of a plentiful supply of wholesome water in the country is hardly to be overestimated. Until recent years general systems of supply were almost entirely confined to towns, and, except in a few cases, where liberal-minded landowners carried out gravitation, or even small pumping schemes for the supply of water to their estates, rural populations were largely dependent upon open streams and shallow wells, which are always liable to pollution. The necessity for a proper supply of water to towns and con- gested populations generally is evident to all ; but the idea that there should be any difficulty in procuring potable water in the country would seem incredible to most people who had not made rural life more or less of a study. The matter, however, rises to great importance when we remember that country areas are the source of supply of most of the food which is consumed in towns ; and that when, for instance, a farm supplies milk for sale, any evil conditions under which that milk is produced follow it ; and an impure water supply at a farm is frequently the cause of an outbreak of typhoid fever amongst the consumers of the milk at a distance. A great change has, however, recently taken place, and B 2 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. schemes of rural water supply, especially in the Midlands, have" become as plentiful as blackberries. This is partly attributable to the advance in sanitary knowledge, and to the necessities of rural populations becoming daily more pressing. Sources liable to pollution tend to become more polluted, and pollution, generally speaking, is cumulative. The recent exceptionally dry seasons have brought to light distressing cases of privation, and one exposure has led to others. The Local Government Act, 1888, has enabled County Councils to put considerable pressure upon local authorities, when they are of opinon, on the report of their Medical Officer of Health, that such authorities are not properly performing their duties under the Public Health Acts, one of which is to provide efficient water supplies for their districts. The Local Government Act, 1894 (commonly known as the Parish Councils Act), includes two sections, which will probably facilitate the provision of many rural water supplies, which have hitherto appeared impracticable. Sec. 8 gives power to a parish council "to utilize any well, spring, or stream within their parish, and providing facilities for obtaining water therefrom, but so as not to interfere with the rights of any corporation or person." Sec. 16 provides that where a parish council resolve that a rural district council ought to have provided the parish with a supply of water " in cases where danger arises to the health of the inhabitants from the insufficiency or unwhole- someness of the existing supply of water " (Public Health Act, 1875, sec. 299), complaint may be made to the County Council, which may transfer those duties to itself, or may appoint a person to perform the duty. There are very important differences between urban and rural water supply, which often make the difficulties to be contended with much greater in the latter than in the former. Except where the scheme is carried out by private indivi- duals for the benefit of their estates, the duty of providing PRELIMINARY. 3 an efficient water supply usually devolves upon the local authority. By the Public Health Act-, 1875, sec. 299, it becomes the duty of a Local Authority to provide their district with a supply of water, " in cases where danger arises to the health of the inhabitants from the insufficiency or nn- wholesomeness of the existing supply of water, and a proper supply can be got at a reasonable cost." The money for carrying out such a supply is usually obtained on loan (after a Local Government Board inquiry), repayable by yearly or half-yearly instalments of principal and interest in thirty years. The present rate of interest is usually three and a half per cent, per annum, which makes the annual instalment 5 8s. 9 d. per cent. This annual charge, together with the working expenses, has to be met either by a water-rate over the whole area, or by charges made upon the consumers, or by both. In an urban district, where nearly the whole population benefits by the supply, a water-rate is not necessarily a hardship ; but in rural districts, where the area is determined by parish boundaries, and only a small portion of the population benefits by the supply, the case is different. As a conse- quence of the shuffling which frequently becomes possible through the intricacies of the law upon the subject, the few are sometimes benefited at the expense of the many. A small village had a fairly good water supply, but it included a patch of elevated ground excellently suited for building sites, but where water was conspicuous by its absence. Largely through the instrumentality of a local architect, himself a leading member of the local sanitary authority, this patch of ground was covered with houses of the villa class, in spite of section 6 of the Public Health (Water) Amendment Act, 1878, which makes it unlawful in any rural district for the owner of any dwelling-house which may be erected or rebuilt after the passing of this Act, to occupy or permit the same to be occupied without first obtaining the certificate of the sanitary authority, " that there is provided, within a reasonable^diotonoo -of^he house, 4 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. such an available supply of wholesome water as may appear to such authority to be sufficient for the consumption and use for domestic purposes of the inmates of the house." The houses being built and occupied, it became necessary to provide them with water ; so a scheme was approved and carried out by the Local Sanitary Authority. To meet the expenditure attendant upon the first cost of the scheme, for obvious reasons, a water-rate was made over the whole parish, instead of a charge being made on the consumers only. One of the inhabitants of the village, who resided upon his own property, had, previous to the above events, expended over a hundred pounds in order to efficiently supply his house with water from an excellent, never-failing well upon his premises. Notwithstanding that this supply had been pronounced of exceptional purity by competent analysts, this unfortunate owner was compelled to contribute some 5 a year for a commodity which he in no way required. It is needless to observe that this individual was not the only sufferer. In certain cases the Local Government Board will consent to a special district being constituted, excluding as far as possible such areas as will not receive or do not require a supply. The Local Government Board, however, are rarely in favour of this step for purposes of water supply alone. The only alternative, therefore, is to make a charge upon the consumers sufficient to cover the periodical instalments of principal and interest, as well as the working expenses of the scheme. The maximum charge which may lawfully be made (ex- cept under special circumstances) where a house is without a proper supply of water, and where a supply is enforced by a local authority, is 2d. a week per house, or 8s. Sd. a year. Where, however, the supply is given by agreement, the authority may make such reasonable charge as they think fit. Where the rate is levied upon the consumers only, it must be so adjusted as not to produce a profit which would benefit the ratepayers at large at the expense of the consumers. PRELIMINARY. 5 A usual charge is 2d. per week for houses with a rateable value under ten pounds per annum, and 5 per cent, per annum when the rateable value exceeds that amount. This scale averages 5 per cent, per annum throughout. If the annual instalment of principal and interest, together with the working expenses, does not exceed 5 per cent, on the rateable value of the property supplied, the scheme can be made self-supporting, as the remainder of the parish or parishes, receiving no benefit from the supply, need not be made to contribute. If, however, the expenditure exceeds the receipts, the balance must be met by a special water-rate levied over the whole area, irrespective of benefit. As the rateable value of rural is considerably less than that of urban districts, area for area, and as the length of pipe necessary for the supply of a given number of houses is many times greater, the first cost of a water supply scheme for a rural area must of necessity be made relatively small and the working expenses reduced to a minimum. To secure this end gravitation schemes are usually the only means which can be entertained, as the 5 per cent, above- mentioned rarely allows a sufficient margin for the working expenses of a pumping establishment. Occasionally a self- acting pumping system becomes possible where a fall of water can be utilized to work a water-wheel, turbine, or hydraulic ram. In the following pages, it is proposed to deal with such schemes as are usually feasible in rural districts, taking the above remarks into consideration. The various systems for affording such supplies will be described in detail, the principles explained, the machinery and materials carefully described, and the necessary information supplied both for preparing and carrying out the schemes. Plans, sections, specifications, and estimates of cost will be given, and, where possible, detailed prices of materials and workman- ship will be indicated. CHAPTEB II. VARIOUS METHODS OF SUPPLY. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH. THE selection of a source from which to obtain a water supply for a rural district, is dependent on a variety of considerations, among which are the following : 1. Purity of the supply. 2. Volume and permanency. 3. Elevation with regard to the district to be supplied. 4. Distance from the district to be supplied. 5. Nature of intervening ground. 6. Purchase of water rights and easements. In the " Suggestions as to Water Supply," etc., issued by the Local Government Board, the various sources from which water is usually obtained for purposes of domestic supply are arranged as follows : From mountain ranges, which act as condensers. From rivers and streams. From natural springs. From wells artificially formed. From impounding reservoirs. From a combination of two or more of these sources. Impurities likely to be met with in a source of water supply are of two kinds 1. Those that can be removed by inexpensive means e.a. mechanical filtration. t/ 2. Those which cannot be thus removed, or in the removal of which heavy expense would be incurred. VARIOUS METHODS OF JSSSfi^ Rs *^ Y) In the former class are included organic matter of vegetable origin in suspension e.g. peat, also non-poisonous mineral substances, such as carbonate of lime. In the latter class are included the products of decaying organic matter of animal origin, as well as actual organic life, or what is generally known as sewage contamination ; also poisonous substances, such as lead, and other substances, such as.common salt (NaCl) which becomes injurious when present in large quantities. Undoubtedly the first necessity of a water supply for domestic purposes is purity, and this must be assured at the outset. In taking samples of water for purposes of analysis, a perfectly clean stoppered Winchester quart bottle (holding about half a gallon) should be used. The bottle should have been previously washed out with a little strong sulphuric (H 2 S0 4 ) or hydrochloric (HC1) acid, and then rinsed with frequent changes of pure water until the rinsings do not redden a piece of blue litmus paper. Before taking the sample, the bottle and the stopper should be thoroughly rinsed with the water to be analyzed, and should then be filled to the neck with the water, stoppered, sealed, and labelled on the spot, and, if possible, analyzed within forty-eight hours. In submitting a sample of water for analysis, as much information as possible should be given as to the situation of the source from which it has been taken, both geologically and with regard to any possible causes of pollutions in the vicinity. It is only by reading the analysis of a sample of water in close conjunction with the most careful observation of the surroundings and conditions of the source from which it has been taken, that any reliable opinion can be formed as to the suitability or otherwise of the supply for domestic purposes. The River Pollution Commissioners, in their sixth report, classified the various sources with regard to potability as follows : RURAL WATER SUPPLY. ( 1. Spring water. ) Very Wholesome j 2. Deep well water. I palatable. ( 3. Upland surface water. ) Moderately 4. Stored rainwater. f palatable. Suspicious 5. Surface water from culti- vated land. 6. River water to which sewage Palatable. Dangerous gains access. 7. Shallow well water. Rainfall is, practically speaking, the ultimate source of all water supply, and the nearer the source the purer, though not necessarily the more palatable, the water. Rainfall is disposed of in three ways : 1 . +A portion is again evaporated. 2. Another portion flows over the surface of the ground to form streams and rivers. 3. The remainder sinks into the ground, and forms the underground reservoirs in which wells are sunk, issuing again at the lowest lip as springs. 1. Spring water. The water from deep-seated springs is usually organically pure, though frequently highly charged with mineral substances. Where, however, the outcrop of the water- bearing stratum, at the point where it yields the spring, is of large area, and upon it houses, farmyards, and other possible sources of pollution are in existence, great care should bo taken that the spring is not thereby affected. A spring rises on the side of a hill at the junction of the upper green sand with the Oxford clay. A farmhouse is situated about 150 yards distant from the spring, and 100 feet above it, on the outcrop of the upper green sand. A sample of water from the spring was submitted to the county analyst for examination, and the following is an extract from his report thereon : " This water is plainly contaminated with the products of decomposition of animal matter, and is liable, as has been the case in several recorded instances, to carry the infective matter of specific disease. A consideration of the facts of VARIOUS METHODS OF SUPPLY. 9 the case confirms me in this opinion, and the amount of pollution is greater than at first sight appears, because the green sand furnishes a water of more than average purity : probably about one-half the solid matter of this water is directly derived from the farm sewage." The intervening land between the farmyard and the spring is grass pasture, and there is no other discoverable source of pollution. 2. Deep well water. Deep wells, especially those sunk through an impervious bed of considerable area, afford supplies of excellent quality. Care must be taken that the portion of the well above the impervious bed is so constructed as to prevent percolation from the surface or from the upper strata. 3. Upland surface water. Water from this source is usually satisfactory, but is frequently discoloured with peat, even to such an extent as to render it unfit for domestic purposes. 4. Stored rain water. Where there is no other available source, and there is freedom from smoke, etc., rain water may be used for domestic purposes, but it is unpalatable on account of the absence of aeration. It should be filtered before storage, and the tank should be well ventilated. The three remaining sources are not fitted for domestic purposes. River water is, however, frequently used, but it requires efficient filtration, which renders it too expensive for use on a small scale. The next points for consideration are the volume and permanency of the source. To obtain this information frequent gaugings, taken over a considerable period, are necessary. The area of the watershed relied upon, the greatest and least rainfall, percolation, and evaporation are all important factors of the result. These points will be considered in a future chapter. Information from the oldest inhabitants of the locality must not be allowed too much weight, or serious consequences may result. In a recent survey for a village water supply, three io RURAL WATER SUPPLY. apparently deep-seated springs of most excellent quality were found in close proximity to each other. These springs were gauged on the 21st of March, 1893, and yielded a total volume of 820 gallons per minute. On April 8th they had fallen to 436 gallons per minute, and on May 6th to 207 gallons per minute. In June they were dry. In the course of the same survey a spring was brought under notice, as to the permanency of which opinions were somewhat conflicting. Reference was made to the "oldest inhabitants," three nonogenarian labourers, who stated that they had known the spring all their lives, and that it had never yielded less than a certain flow. This was in February, 1893, and shortly after the spring failed. The elevation of the source with regard to the district to be supplied is of great importance, for upon this will depend whether the natural flow of water by gravitation can bo utilized, or whether pumping must be brought into requi- sition. Especially for a rural supply, gravitation should be secured if possible ; for although the outlay is gene- rally much greater, a heavy annual cost is avoided. Occa- sionally, where a. sufficient quantity and fall of water are available, water-wheels, turbines, and hydraulic rams, which require no fuel and little attention, may be used ; and in exposed situations, windmills are sometimes employed for pumping water on a small scale. In deciding upon the relative merits of a gravitation and a pumping scheme, the distance of the source from the district to be supplied forms an important element ; for if the distance over which the water has to be carried, in the former case, is great and the fall slight, pipes of large diameter may be required, entailing considerable expense, while in the latter case the length of pipe may be incon- siderable. Especially in a gravitation scheme, on account of the relatively great distance over which the supply has usually to be carried, the question of easements is of great impor- tance ; whilst the question of water-rights affects both gravi- tation and pumping schemes to much the same extent. VARIOUS METHODS OF SUPPLY. \\ These claims frequently lead to so great an expense as to necessitate the total abandonment of a water-supply scheme. Every detail affecting these points should be carefully ascertained before any scheme is fully considered, and agree- ments in ivriting should be entered into with all parties in any way interested before works are commenced. In a recent water-supply scheme, a claim was overlooked which might have been easily settled for 5. In conse- quence of this omission a trial took place four years later, costing the authority who carried out the scheme over 600. CHAPTEE III. LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, EASEMENTS, AND COMPENSATION. THE persons carrying out a water scheme are technically known as the " undertakers," and may be classified as follows : 1. Private individuals or companies not possessing statutory or parliamentary powers. 2. Companies who have obtained a Provisional Order under the Gas and Water Facilities Acts, or the fuller powers of a private Act of Parliament. 3. Local Authorities, urban or rural, acting under (a) The Public Health Acts ; (b) A Provisional Order ; (c) A Private Act of Parliament. Private individuals or companies not possessing statutory or parliamentary powers are placed at a great disadvantage. They are liable to indictment or injunction for breaking up or obstructing the highways ; they cannot acquire water or land, except by agreement ; they cannot levy rates or make charges, except by agreement ; and the only advantage which they can claim is that they " cannot be compelled to furnish a supply of water to any one on any terms." It is obvious that, except where a landowner carries out a system of water supply for the benefit of his property, and where no difficulties arise as regards water-rights, ease- ments, etc., or obstructive highway authorities, further powers are generally necessary. The simplest and most economical way in which to obtain LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, ETC. 13 such powers is, to obtain a Provisional Order under the Gas and Water Facilities Act, 1870, which must afterwards be confirmed by Parliament. A Provisional Order can only be obtained with the consent of the Local Sanitary Authority, and provided that there is not already in existence any legally empowered water company, able and willing to afford the necessary supply. A Provisional Order (except in the case of a Local Sanitary Authority) does not confer compulsory powers as to purchase of land or water, or as to entry upon premises. To obtain these powers a special Act of Parliament is necessary. The powers conferred by a special Act are very compre- hensive, and are plainly set forth in the introduction to " The Law Kelating to Gas and Water," by Messrs. Michael and Will, as follows : " Thus authorized by a special Act, a company may take compulsorily lands and streams, subject to the provisions and restrictions of the Lands Clauses Acts in exercising such powers. The undertakers must make to the owners and occupiers of, and all other parties interested in, any lands or streams taken or used for the purposes of the special Act, or injuriously affected by the construction or maintenance of the works thereby authorized, or otherwise by the execu- tion of the powers thereby conferred, ' full compensation for the value of the lands and streams so taken or used, and for all damage sustained by such owners, occupiers, and other persons by reason of the exercise, as to such lands and streams, of the powers vested in the undertakers.' For the purpose of constructing waterworks, the undertakers may enter upon the lands and places described on the plans and in the books of reference, and may take the levels and set out the parts thereof, and dig and break up the soil, and trench and sough the same, and remove and use earth, stone, mines, minerals, trees, or other things. They may sink wells, make, maintain, alter, or discontinue reservoirs, waterworks, cisterns, tanks, aqueducts, drains, cuts, sluices, pipes, culverts, engines, and other works, and erect buildings ; they may also divert and impound water from the streams 14 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. mentioned for that purpose in the special Act or the said plans or books of reference, and alter the course of such streams, not being navigable, and take such waters as may be found in and under, or on the lands to be taken for con- structing the works. In the exercise of these powers, the undertakers are to do * as little damage as can be.' With respect to the breaking up of streets for the purpose of laying pipes, the undertakers are empowered to open and break up the soil and pavement of the several streets and bridges within the limits of the special Act, and to open and break up sewers, drains, or tunnels, within or under the same, and to lay down pipes, conduits, service-pipes and other works and engines, and from time to time to repair, alter, or remove the same." A Local Sanitary Authority (urban or rural) is placed in a somewhat different position to a company. Acting under the Public Health Act, 1875, a Local Sanitary Autho- rity is invested with all the necessary powers for carrying out and afterwards maintaining a water-supply scheme, and in a pecuniary sense, is much better situated than a company, insomuch as it can compel the whole district to wholly or partially contribute the funds to meet the necessary expen- diture, and is not restricted to the actual consumers of the water. Lands or easements necessary for any scheme oi water supply must, however, be obtained by agreement ; compulsory powers in this respect can only be secured by a Provisional Order or a special Act. A Local Authority having obtained a Provisional Order is, however, powerless, except by agreement, to purchase water-rights, i.e. the right to abstract water from streams, etc., and this difficulty can only be overcome by a special Act of Parliament. A further difference existing between the powers of a local sanitary authority and those of a company, consists in the privilege which the former possesses of purchasing the easement only of laying pipes through land, whilst a land- owner can compel a company to purchase the freehold of the land, except special provision has been made in the private Act. LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, ETC. 15 As the supply of water to communities is in the majority of cases undertaken by the Local Sanitary Authority, the following pages will, unless otherwise stated, be specially adapted to assist in the preparation and execution of such schemes. Sec. 308 of the Public Health Act, 1875, enacts as follows : " Where any person sustains any damage by reason of the exercise of any of the powers of this Act, in relation to any matter as to which he is not himself in default, full compensation shall be made to such person by the Local Authority exercising such powers ; and any dispute as to the fact of damage or amount of compensation shall be settled by arbitration in manner provided by this Act, or if compensation claimed does not exceed the sum of twenty pounds, the same may, at the option of either party, be ascertained by, and recovered before, a court of summary jurisdiction." Sec. 332 of the same Act further provides that : " Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize any Local Autho- rity to injuriously affect any reservoir, canal, river, or stream, or the feeders thereof, or the supply, quality, or fall of water, contained in any reservoir, canal, river, stream, or in the feeders thereof, in cases where any body of persons or person would, if this Act had not passed, have been entitled by law to prevent or be relieved against the injuriously affecting such reservoir, canal, river, stream, feeders, or such supply, quality, or fall of water, unless the Local Authority first obtains the consent in writing of the body of persons or person so entitled as aforesaid." These sections, taken together, indicate the importance attached to the purchase of and compensation for land and water rights, in connection with nearly every water-supply scheme. Unfortunately these matters are not regulated by recognized principles ; but the following details, taken from actual experience, will act as a guide in most cases likely to occur in general practice. In valuing property required for the construction of waterworks, the elements of value and interest to be 16 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. purchased are numerous, and vary according to the special circumstances of each case. The main points to be considered are : The value of the special adaptability of the site, of agricultural land, garden land, woods and plantations, houses and outbuildings, minerals, severance and injury, removal, trade and other fixtures, loss of trade profits, loss on forced sale. SPECIAL ADAPTABILITY OP THE SITE. The " special adaptability " value has been brought into considerable prominence in waterworks cases during the last few years. This element of value was first urged in the case of Sir Walter Eiddell and the Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company, and was afterwards an important feature in the case of the Countess Ossalinsky and the Corporation of Manchester, in reference to the Thirlmere scheme. These cases have been relied on as precedents in all the recent arbitrations under the Lands Clauses Act for waterworks purposes. The valuation is made on the special adaptability of the land for reservoir or other purposes arising from the special and physical conditions of the property. Such value must not be based upon the value to the purchaser, but upon the value to the owner or seller. In taking into consideration the special adaptability element, it is either taken as the whole value less the agricultural value, or in addition to the latter. In most cases, however, the agricultural value is excluded, and the property solely valued on its adaptability, to which must be added severance and other claims, if any. The value in such cases varies from 3 to 10 per acre, and at from twenty to twenty-eight years' purchase. In the case of Riddell v. Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company, which went to the Court of Appeal, Lord Bram- well said as follows : " Special value in special circum- stances should be adopted if you are dealing with reservoir sites, just as though you were dealing with building sites ; LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, ETC. 17 if you are wanting to buy land which is suitable for building purposes, you must pay building price for it." Again, in the case of Ossalinsky v. Corporation of Manchester, the Court held, " if apart from the particular purchaser and the particular Act, land has enhanced value from any special circumstances, the owner is entitled to it." This case did not go to the Court of Appeal, the judgment being adopted by both parties. AGRICULTURAL AND GARDEN LAND. Freehold land is usually estimated on the nett annual rental, at from twenty-eight to thirty-five years' purchase. Leasehold property is valued for the landlord on the rent and reversionary value, the tenants claiming the value of the unexpired term, with an allowance for forced sale and removal in proportion to the length of term. The owner of a reversion is entitled to such a sum as would, if accumulated at interest until the date when the property will fall in, amount to the fee-simple value. The valuation is made on a basis of 3 per cent. WOODS AND PLANTATIONS. These are accurately measured for the acreage, and then arranged under the following heads : Full-grown timber. Half-grown timber. Young plantations. Underwood. Full-grown timber is in most cases measured, owing to the uncertainty of judging their value by the eye, allowance being made for bark and loss in cutting. Half-grown timber is valued at an average price per acre, based upon the present age of the timber, and the time which will elapse before it will arrive at maturity. This period varies according to the situation, climate, and the nature of the trees. 18 RVRAL WATER SUPPLY. Young plantations are valued on the outlay in producing them viz. the plants, planting, fencing, draining, and other matters ; and the rate of interest depending on the appearance and quality of the trees. Underwoods are valued in a similar manner to half-grown timber. The land occupied by the woods and plantations is estimated at the fee-simple value. HOUSES AND OUTBUILDINGS. The value of these is estimated on the nett annual rental, less repairs, at twenty years' purchase, and an additional 10 per cent, for forced sale. Due regard must be paid, in making the valuation, to any prospective increase in the value of the property. MINERALS. Minerals existing under lands to be valued, can only be properly estimated when such have been proved either on the land to be valued or on some adjoining property. The valuation is based upon the annual rental at from ten to sixteen years' purchase. SEVERANCE AND INJURY. When a portion only of a property is required by the undertakers, the remaining portion is frequently diminished in value, or even rendered practically useless, for sheep or stock farming or other purposes, owing to the want of shelter, water, accessibility, etc. These disadvantages must be estimated, and the owner and occupier compensated accordingly. REMOVAL. This being in most cases a small matter, only a nominal compensation, if any, is allowed. LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, ETC. 19 TRADE FIXTURES. These are estimated according to the value of the machinery and other works, the horse-power (whether by steam, water, or horse-labour), the capability of the works for production or the ordinary work of the farm, and the state of repair. Loss OF TRADE PROFITS. These are estimated according to the extent and nature of the business, whether the loss will be partial or entail the closing of an established business, and as to whether the occupier is owner, lessee, or tenant. The value varies from one to six years' purchase of the profits, according to the circumstances. Loss FROM FORCED SALE. This is, in some cases, considerable, but 10 per cent, is generally added as compensation for this loss. ( 20 ) CHAPTEE IV. LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, EASEMENTS, AND COMPENSATION continued. RIPARIAN RIGHTS AND COMPENSATION. THE proprietor of any land adjoining or abutting on a stream has certain privileges or rights known as " riparian " (Lat. " ripa, " a " river bank "). The law relating to these rights has been, from time to time, set forth in many well-known cases, to some of which further reference will be made. In accordance with English law, the property in water flowing in a river or stream in its natural course belongs to no one, but the use of it to every one having a right of access to it. In Miner v. Gilmour, Lord Kingsdown observed as follows : " By the general law applicable to running streams, every riparian proprietor has a right to what may be called the ordinary use of the water flowing past his land for instance, the reasonable use of the water for his domestic purposes, and for his cattle, and this, without regard to the effect which such use may have in case of deficiency upon proprietors lower down the stream. But, further, he has a right to the use of it for any purpose, or what may be termed the extraordinary use of it, provided that he does not thereby interfere with the rights of other proprietors, either above or below him. Subject to this con- dition, he may dam up for the purpose of a mill, or divert LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, ETC. 21 the water for the purpose of irrigation ; but he has no right to interrupt the regular flow of the stream, if he thereby in- terferes with the lawful use of the water by other proprietors, and inflicts upon them a sensible injury." In the case of Chasemore v. Eichards, it was held that " The right to the enjoyment of a natural stream of water on the surface belongs naturali jure to the proprietor of the adjoining land as a natural incidence to the right to the soil itself. He has the right to have it come to him in its natural state, in flow, quantity, and quality, and to go from him without obstruction, upon the same principle that he is entitled to the support of his neighbour's soil for his own in its natural state. And such a right depends in no way upon prescription, or the presumed grant of his neighbour, nor from the presumed acquiescence of the proprietors above and below." Again, in Mason v. Hill, " A riparian proprietor can have no larger right than he has by nature against those above and below him. Hence the right to have a stream to flow in its natural state without diminution or alteration is an incident to the property in the land through which it passes ; but flowing water is publici juris, not in the sense that it is a bonum vacans, to which the first occupant may acquire an exclusive right, but that it is public and common in this sense only, that all may reasonably use it who have a right of access to it; that none can have any property in the water itself, except in the particular portion which he may choose to abstract from the stream and take into his pos- session, and that during the time of his possession only." If, then, a Local Sanitary Authority, or generally the promoters of a water-supply scheme, desire to utilize any spring or stream of water for that purpose, they must first come to terms with the owner of the land whereon the spring rises, or the riparian owner of that part of the stream from which they wish to take their supply. As such owner can only grant the limited powers which he himself possesses, terms must then be arranged with all the riparian owners lower down the stream who have 22 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. appropriated, or may appropriate, the water to a beneficial use. Such arrangements must be made in writing. " If any works are proposed to be done affecting any water or water rights, the proper course to be observed by a Local Authority is to serve a notice under the 328th section of the Public Health Act, 1875, on all persons interested, specifying the particulars of the matters and things intended to be done. Then will follow, either the consent of the parties interested, or there will be a reference to arbitration, and then will follow, either compensation for injury, if the injury can be compensated in money, or an abandonment of the proposed works." There is recourse to the promotion of a private Bill in Parliament, but this is too expensive, except in the case of very large schemes. Water rights require to be very carefully dealt with, and every detail should be settled before the works are commenced. In the first instance, the quantity of water should be gauged, by methods to be described later, the fall of the stream ascertained, and a careful investigation made of the use to which the water is put below the point of the pro- posed intake. The quantity of water required by any mills or other machinery worked by the stream should be obtained, as well as the quantity used for domestic, dairy, and other purposes. The head waters of a stream are usually required for the purposes of waterworks when storage is necessary. It therefore becomes a matter for serious consideration whether such abstraction, either wholly or partially, will deprive the riparian owners below the site of the proposed works of sufficient water for the purposes of fishing, irrigation, mills, factories, boundary fences, and other matters. The compensation in such cases is either given in kind or in money. The quantity in the former case varies from one-third to one-tenth of the available annual yield of the gathering ground, necessitating in numerous cases the con- struction of " compensation reservoirs." The object of these reservoirs is to store the flood water, so as to maintain a LAND VALUATION, RIPARIAN RIGHTS, ETC. 23 continuous or intermittent flow, as may be arranged or settled by Provisional Order or Act of Parliament. When the proprietors are disposed to treat, and are not numerous, it is better in most cases to purchase their rights and be relieved of a large proportion of the compensation water. There is no property in underground water, and any proprietor may sink or dig wells and obtain water, even if by doing so the water in a neighbouring proprietor's well is abstracted or diverted into another channel. In some cases wells are sunk to the spring supplying a stream, which by intercepting the spring at a higher point may considerably reduce the flow of water in the stream. "But although a landowner will not in general be restrained from drawing off the subterranean waters in the adjoining land, yet he will be restrained, if, in so doing, he drains off the water flowing in a defined surface channel through the adjoining land." As an instance of the application of this principle, the following case is given. A large provincial water company recently promoted a Bill to enable them to sink wells at various points along a stream, and pump the water which percolated into them to a storage reservoir. The riparian owners and residents in the valley opposed the Bill with such success that the quantity of water to be allowed to flow in the stream before pumping could proceed was so great as to render the Act when passed useless to the water company. Much of the above information has been extracted from the valuable legal works of Messrs. Michael and Will, and Messrs. W. C. & A. Glen, to whom thanks are due. EASEMENTS AND COMPENSATION. In laying the various mains and branches in connection with a system of water supply, it frequently becomes necessary to lay pipes or tunnel through private property. In cases where the purchase of the freehold of the land is not made obligatory or desirable, an easement is obtained. 24 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The term " easement " is defined in an ancient work called the " Terms de la Ley " as follows : " An easement is a privilege that one neighbour hath of another by writing or prescription, without profit, as a way or sink through his land or such like." An easement giving the right to lay pipes, build culverts, drive tunnels, etc., for the purpose of conveying water, implies a right of entry at all times for repairs or other purposes rendered necessary for its proper enjoyment. And, further, the person to whom the easement is granted may prevent the owner of the land from doing anything to interfere with such a right as, for instance, building houses or planting trees over the line of easement, or otherwise placing any obstruction to the full and proper enjoyment by the purchaser thereof. In the case of Pomfret v. Ricroft, Twysden, J., observed as follows : " If a man gives me a licence to lay pipes of lead in his land to convey water to my cistern, I may afterwards enter and dig the land to mend the pipes, though the soil belongs to another and not to me. Whoever grants a thing is supposed also tacitly to grant that without which the grant itself would be of no effect." In the case of Goodheart v. Hyett, the owner of the land commenced building over the line of easement, and the owner of the easement sought to restrain him from doing so, on the ground that if the house was built it would be impossible, or not reasonably practicable, for the owner of the' easement to have access to the pipe for repairs. The Court restrained the owner of the land from building over the line of easement. In taking into consideration the compensation due to the owner of the land, the elements of claim for damage may be classified as follows : 1. The privilege of carrying a certain thing, either con- tinuously or intermittently, over or under the land to the profit of the purchaser. 2. The right of entry to pipe or culvert at any time. 3. The right of preventing any buildings or other orrMr^^N UNIVERSITY or LAND VALUATION, RIP ARIA'. obstructions from being erected or built on the line of easement. 4. The interference with the profitable laying out of the land for building sites or otherwise. 5. The driving of the tunnel or excavation of the trench may have the effect of withdrawing the moisture from the crops, and thus depreciate the value of the land for agricul- tural purposes. On the other hand, it may be of great benefit where the land is marshy or waterlogged. 6. The driving of the tunnel or excavation of the trench may intercept or divert underground water which previously had risen on other portions of the land. The methods adopted by experts, and the results arrived at, differ so materially as to render it impossible to give any common data upon which the valuation is based. This is chiefly due to the variety of opinions held as to what constitute the elements of damage, even on adjoining land when precisely the same conditions prevail. The following are, however, a few of the methods adopted by experienced valuers : 1. The length of the easement in yards is multiplied successively by 33 feet, the value per acre, and thirty years' purchase. 2. The length of the easement in yards is multiplied successively by 4 yards, the value per acre, and from forty to fifty years' purchase, and the result divided equally between the two parties to the easement. 3. The length of the easement in yards is multiplied by 8 yards, and then by half the value of the fee simple. To the results arrived at by any of the above methods a fixed price must be added for ventilating shafts, air-valve standards, or other surface arrangements, varying from 5s. to 6 each. The widths taken for easement for the purposes of valu- ation are somewhat elastic, varying from 6 feet to 66 feet. For pipes or culverts up to 2 feet diameter, the width is fre- quently taken as 12 feet ; for larger culverts the width taken generally varies from 12 feet to 33 feet. 26 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The average price is taken by some valuers at 3 per chain lineal, irrespective of width. Other valuers take from 3d. to 2s. per lineal yard for agricultural land, and from 5s. to 6 per lineal yard for building land, as the average price throughout the length of the easement. A Local Authority has full powers as to laying pipes, etc., along the highways under its control within its own district. With regard to highways outside its district, should any persons having the care of such highways object in writing, pipes must not be laid without the consent of the Local Government Board. The easement is usually granted conditionally upon the undertakers reinstating the road and keeping it in repair for one year after the com- pletion of the work, to the satisfaction of the authority granting the easement. In some cases the authority agree to accept a fixed sum per mile, relieving the undertakers from any further liability. CHAPTER V. GKAVITATION. IT has already been stated that a gravitation supply should always be adopted where possible, especially for rural districts. The principal requirements of a gravitation scheme are as follows : 1. That the spring or source of supply is situated at a sufficient elevation with regard to the place to be supplied, so as to produce a velocity in the pipes sufficient to deliver the quantity of water required. 2. That the intervening ground along the proposed line of pipes, between the source of supply and the district to be supplied, does not rise appreciably above the hydraulic mean gradient of the system. 3. That the pipes are selected of such dimensions as will discharge the requisite quantity without necessitating a greater velocity than 3 feet per second. 4. That sufficient storage-room is afforded, so as to allow for exceptional demands upon the supply, as well as for diminution in the latter in very dry seasons. The subject of the flow of water in pipes has been so elaborately dealt with in the various text-books, that only the leading principles affecting actual practice will be dealt with here. In the annexed figure (Fig. 1) a pipe is shown connecting two reservoirs A and B, in each of which the water is always kept at the same level. Vertical pipes, C 15 C 2 , C 3 , 4 , open at the upper end, are attached at intervals to the pipe AB. If 28 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. the extreme end B of the pipe AB be closed, the water will stand in the pipes C^ C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , at the level of the horizontal line AD, through the surface of the water in the reservoir A. As soon, however, as the end of the pipe at B is opened, and the water is allowed to flow uninterruptedly from the reservoir A to the reservoir B, the level of the water in the pipes Ci, C 2 , 3 , Cj, will sink to E 15 E 2 , E 3 E 4 , respectively. The line connecting the points E 1} E 2 , E 3 , E 4 is called the hydraulic mean gradient, or virtual slope of the system, and if the pipe AB be of uniform section throughout its length, the hydraulic mean gradient will be a straight line joining the surface of the water in A and B. This gradient is represented by the height of the reser- voir A above the reservoir B, divided by the length of the pipe, which is the sine of the angle made by the line of the gradient with the horizontal. It has been found that the velocity acquired by water flowing through a pipe varies directly as the square root of the quantity representing the hydraulic mean gradient, and directly as the square root of the diameter of the pipe. The section of the lines C 15 C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , situated between the line of pipe AB, and the hydraulic mean gradient denotes the pressure (in addition to the atmospheric pressure) in the pipe at those points, and it is evident that when the line of pipe and the hydraulic mean gradient coincide, the pipe may be replaced by an open channel. Suppose, however, that the line of pipe rises above the hydraulic mean gradient, it is clear that the pressure at that point is less than the atmospheric pressure by an amount indicated by the distance of the pipe above the hydraulic mean gradient. When this distance exceeds the height of a column of water which can be supported by the atmo- spheric pressure (34 feet), the pressure becomes nil, and flow ceases. Practically, the distance should never exceed 25 feet. When the pressure at any point F (Fig. 2) is less than the atmospheric pressure, the flow continues by syphonage until sufficient air is extracted from the water, which fills the summit of the pipe, and syphonage ceases. The pipe at GRAVITATION. 29 this point may then be replaced by an open channel. The pipe is practically divided into two sections, AF, FB, and the discharge at B must depend upon the quantity which the first section AF is capable of delivering at the point F. As the velocity, and, therefore, the discharge, depend upon the diameter of the pipe and upon the hydraulic mean 30 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. gradient, a deficiency in the latter may be made up by an increase in the former. In the case just cited, the diameter of the pipe between A and F should be increased, so that, with the gradient AF, the same volume of water may be delivered at the point F as the portion of the pipe between F and B is capable of discharging with the gradient FB. When the end of the pipe B (Fig. 1) was closed, the level of the water in the pipes C 15 2} C 3 , C 4 rose to the same horizontal level as the water in the reservoir A. The hydraulic mean gradient will, therefore, rise or fall between the lines AD, AB, according as the orifice at B is closed or open. In practice the orifice at B is never constantly open to its full extent, or, in other words, the maximum quantity that the main is capable of discharging is not constantly being discharged. Advantage is taken of this fact in the use of air- valves, which are fixed at the summit of all sections of the main which rise above the hydraulic mean gradient (calculated upon a maximum discharge). Whenever the consumption is less than the maximum, the hydraulic mean gradient rises, forcing the air out of the summits of the system and allowing syphonage to recommence, when the hydraulic mean gradient falls back to its lower position. The formulae generally used for calculation of velocity and discharge of water in pipes are : 1. v = 39 */Ti Where v = velocity in feet per second. d = diameter of pipe in feet. i = height of point of supply above point of dis- charge (h) divided by the length of the pipe (/) ( = 7), each of which must be referred to the same unit say feet. Where g = discharge in gallons per minute. d = diameter of pipe in inches. k = head in feet. I = length of pipe in yards. GRAVITATION. Z\ These formulae allow a sufficient margin for subsequent rusting in the pipes. By substituting the value 3 for v in the first equation, the following result is obtained d = -006 X [ n which enables the diameter of a pipe to be calculated where the head and length are known, so that the velocity may be three feet per second. A gravitation supply usually requires a larger storage capacity than a pumping supply, as the sources are gene- rally small at such elevations as will allow of gravitation. The amount of storage is regulated by the volume and per- manency of the source. This matter, together with the subject of collection, will be dealt with subsequently. When the source of supply is situated below the level of the immediately surrounding ground, and considerable expense would be entailed by excavation to a sufficient depth to allow a fall in the direction of supply, recourse may be had to a syphon. The summit of the syphon must theoreti- cally not exceed 34 feet above the level of the surface of the water from which the supply is to be drawn ; practically about 25 feet is the limit. Such systems of supply have been adopted at Abingdon and Warwick. The syphon may be charged by an air-pump attached to the longer leg, the communication with the main being cut off by means of a sluice-valve ; or the extremities of both legs may be closed by means of sluice-valves and the apparatus filled with water through a cock at its summit ; the cock is then closed and the sluice-valves opened, when flow immediately commences. When the water is highly aerated the syphon has to be frequently recharged. In calculating discharge, the head must be measured to the surface of the water in the reservoir, and not to the summit of the syphon. CHAPTER VI. PUMPING BY STEAM, GAS, PETKOLEUM, WATER, AND WIND POWER. THE various systems of motive power for pumping are determined by the work to be performed, the accessibility of the pumping station, and by local and other conditions depending upon the particular circumstances of each case. The unit of power in common use is the mechanical force necessary to perform a certain amount of work known as a horse power, and is equal to 33,000 Ibs. raised one foot high per minute. The terms used to express horse-power being somewhat indefinite, a brief reference may not be out of place. Nominal horse-power is a commercial term for stating the size of an engine without regard to the actual power it will develop. Actual or indicated horse-power is the power calculated from a diagram of the work performed by the steam in the cylinder, one horse-power being equal to 33,000 Ibs. lifted one foot high in one minute, or j , _ Units of work done per minute 33,000 Effective or brake horse-power is measured by a friction brake or dynamometer, and represents the actual horse- power less the power absorbed by the working parts of the engine or motor. It is only proposed to refer to the indicated horse-power except where otherwise stated* PUMPING BY STEAM, GAS, PETROLEUM, ETC. 33 Steam power as applied to pumping for waterworks, is of general application, and the results are more economical for heavy pumping than any other system. The engine for applying the power takes several well-known forms, among which may be mentioned the vertical, horizontal, beam, and Cornish engines, each of which has several types. Steam- engines are divided into two main systems non-condensing and condensing. The former exhaust their steam direct into the atmosphere, and the steam is used at full pressure, either partially or throughout the stroke, sufficient allowance being made to cut off and avoid back pressure. Condensing engines exhaust their steam into a chamber termed a condenser, which is in a state of partial vacuum owing to the steam coming in contact with a number of tubes through or around which cold water is circulating, or, in some cases, a jet of cold water. The air and condensed water are removed by an air-pump, which is worked from the engine. The water from the condensers having an average temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, is frequently used for feeding the boilers, but care must be taken to prevent grease getting into it and injuring the boilers. Condensing engines are divided into systems according to the number of expansions employed viz. simple or single cylinder, compound or two cylinders, triple or three cylinders, and so on as the range of expansion increases. The simple engine consists of a single cylinder in which the steam is exhausted by the condenser after having done its work. The compound engine consists of two cylinders ; the steam after being partially expanded in the small or high pressure cylinder is exhausted into the large, or low pressure cylinder, and there undergoes further expansion before being exhausted by the condenser. The chief difference between the simple and compound systems is that in the former case the whole range of the tempera- ture occurs in one cylinder, whereas in the latter it is divided between the two cylinders, and the loss due to the extreme variation of temperature in one cylinder is thereby prevented. Theoretically the low-pressure cylinder with steam pressure and expansion the same as the high- D 34 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. pressure cylinder worked on the simple or single system would develop more power than the two combined ; but practically, owing to the various losses that occur, the theoretical results cannot be attained. The advantages of the non-condensing engine are 1. The simplicity of the mechanism and construction. 2. Tlie easy accessibility to its working parts, and 3. Inexpensive foundations. In fuel economy, however, it does not compare favourably with the condensing engine for permanent work. It is chiefly used in waterworks for temporary purposes, or where only a small engine is required. The advantage of the condensing engine is its economy of fuel. The first cost is high, and the foundations are expensive, but for heavy pumping the satisfactory working of these engines, together with a fuel economy of about 25 per cent, over the non-condensing engines, outweigh any other considerations. THE CONSUMPTION OF COAL PEE I.H.P. PEE HOUR. Non-condensing engines from 4 to 7 Ibs. Condensing engines (simple) from 3 to 5 Ibs. Condensing engines (compound) from 1^ to 3 Ibs. Gas power is utilized by the explosion of a mixture of coal gas and air in the cylinder, which, acting on the piston, gives the requisite motion. The charge consists of air next the piston combining gradually with a mixture of gas and air, which becomes stronger until the firing point is reached. This gradual increase of explosive strength has the effect of doing the work gradually and preventing shocks, as well as sustaining the pressure at the end of the stroke. Pumping by gas has many advantages over the use of small steam engines 1. There is no loss when the engine is not working. 2. It can be started by merely turning the gas on and lighting the jet, at the same time giving the fly-wheel a start. 3. It can be fixed in almost any position, and requires no PUMPING BY STEAM, GAS, PETROLEUM, ETC. 35 attention, as must be the case when a boiler and steam engine are used. There are many forms of these engines, each claiming special advantages, and all giving satisfactory results. The consumption of gas per indicated horse-power varies from 17^ cubic feet per hour in the larger engines to 25 cubic feet per hour in the smaller sizes. Where the ordinary illuminating gas is either too costly or not available, the Dowson Gas Producers are frequently adopted, giving a non-illuminating gas which costs from 2d. to 4d. per 1,000 cubic feet. Petroleum-power engines differ from the gas engines chiefly in the method of delivering the oil in measured quantities with the requisite quantity of air. The oil is stored in a tank of sufficient capacity to serve for 12 or 24 hours as required. The firing light is obtained from the flame of a lamp kept continually burning. The advantages of this engine for pumping are 1. The cheapness of the oil. 2. The slight amount of attention required. 3. The small capital cost. 4. The facility of fixing in any position. The cost for oil varies from -fcZ. to l^d. per indicated horse-power per hour. Water-power may be utilized for pumping in several different ways, among which are hydraulic rams, water- wheels, and turbines. The hydraulic ram is frequently applied when the water is abundant and the fall moderate. The action is as follows: The momentum of the inflowing water when arrested is expended in forcing a portion of itself through the delivering-pipe into a tank or reservoir. If H = Height of source of supply above the ram. Ji = Height to which the water is to be forced. Q = Volume of supply. . D = ^undelivered. - = T ' F 36 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The advantages of the ram are 1. The simplicity of its parts. 2. The facility with which it can be fixed. 3. The little or no attention required. 4. Its moderate cost. Water-wheels for driving pumps and other purposes are named according to the way in which they are acted on by the water. 1. Overshot when the water is delivered on the top of the wheel. 2. Breast when delivered about the centre, and 3. Undershot when driven from the bottom, where there is a considerable velocity in the water. The overshot wheel gives the greatest power, with the least expenditure of water, and is therefore applicable where the supply of water is scanty. The horse-power (effective) is calculated as follows : PTTP Q X H in feet E.H.P. = -g- Q = Quantity of water in cubic feet per second. H = Effective height of the fall in feet. C = 13 for overshot wheels ; 15 for breast wheels ; 11 '7 for high-breast wheels ; 22 for undershot wheels. Turbines, when carefully designed with regard to the conditions of working, are the best and most efficient motors. They are divided into two classes, pressure and impulse turbines, the former acting partly by impulse and partly by pressure, and the latter entirely by impulse. The turbine consist of a cylinder revolving horizontally, to which are attached spiral discs. The water is introduced at the top, and by its pressure on the sides and bottoms of the spiral chambers, causes the cylinder to rotate. The power is applied to the pumps by means of suitable gearing. In some cases an efficiency of 78 per cent, of the total power expended has been attained. PUMPING BY STEAM, GAS, PETROLEUM, ETC. 37 Actual horse-power = -079 Qh Q = quantity of water passing through in cubic feet per second. li = height of the fall in feet. The theoretical horse-power contained in the water is calculated as follows : T.H.P. = -001892 Qh ~ 528-5 T.H.P. Q = nr Q = quantity of water in cubic feet per minute. 7* = head of water in feet. EFFECTIVE HORSE-POWER FOR DIFFERENT MOTORS. Theoretical power being ... =1-00 Turbine ......... = -70 Overshot wheel ...... = -68 High breast wheel ... ... = -60 Hydraulic ram ...... = '60 Breast wheel ... ... = '55 Undershot wheel ...... = -35 Wind-power is only economical for intermittent work, or where sufficient storage is provided for two or three days' supply. The wind pressure may generally be depended upon for seven or eight hours per day. The modern wind- mills for pumping are self-adjusting, and give exceedingly good results. They are being largely adopted for private supplies, or where their economical use permits. HP - 1,100,000 A = Total area of sails in square feet. V = Velocity of the wind in feet per second. Table of the efficiency of windmills working eight hours per day, with a wind velocity of fifteen miles per hour during pumping. RURAL WATER SUPPLY. Diam. of mill. Eevolutions per minute. A.H.P. developed. Quantity raised to a height of 100 feet. Feet. Galls. 12 55 \ 3,375 15 50 k 5,000 18 45 i 10,000 20 40 f 12,500 i TABLE OF WIND VELOCITY. Velocity in feet per second 12-13 17-15 21- 24-25 Velocity in miles per hour 8-27 11-69 14-31 16-53 Description of Wind Gentle Slight breeze Fresh breeze Strong breeze ( 39 ) CHAPTER VII. VARIOUS FOKMS OF PUMFS. THE force acquired by steam or other motive power may be applied through the medium of a pump, in three ways : firstly, by suction or lifting ; secondly, by forcing ; thirdly, by a combination of the two systems, lifting and forcing. The suction or lift pump (Fig. 3) is of common application for domestic supplies from wells or boreholes. It consists essentially of a cylinder or working barrel, with a suction pipe at the lower end, at the top of which is a valve, techni- cally called a " clack. 1 ' The delivery-pipe, or rising main, is attached to the upper end of the barrel, and through it a pump-rod, with a valve or bucket attached to its lower end, is worked up and down in the working-barrel. The upward movement of the bucket withdraws the pressure of the atmosphere from the surface of the water inside the suction pipe, and the pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of the water in the well forces the water up above the clack, or to such a height that the pressures on either side of the pipe are in equilibrium. The water retained by the clack passed through the valve at the lower end of the pump-rod as the latter moves down- wards, and is raised at each successive stroke until it reaches the top of the rising main or delivery- pipe, which in open- topped pumps is the top pump-tree or pipe. In small pumps, where the pump-rod works through a stuffing-box or gland (Fig. 4), the water can be raised to any re- quired height, but for economical purposes it is not ad- vantageous to lift it higher than 30 feet above the top RURAL WATER SUPPLY. of the pump. The height of the clack in the upper end of the suction-pipe should not exceed 25 feet above the lowest level of the water in the well, the best results being obtained from 10 feet to 15 feet, and in high speeds the shorter the suc- tion the greater the efficiency. Although theoretically, when the barometer is standing at 30 inches, the water should rise in the suction-pipe to a height of 33-99 feet from the surface of the water (the specific gravity of mercury being 13-596 X 30-4-12 = 33-99), it is impossible in FIG. 3. a, Working barrel ; &, bucket c, clack ; d, suction. FIG. 4. a, Stuffing-box; &, delivery, main. VARIOUS FORMS V^C* practice to obtain so perfect a vacuum asttTallow^ tEcT water to rise this height, owing to the variations of atmospheric pressure, imperfect joints, and the friction of the pump. The power to work the lift-pump is transmitted by rods working from a beam, or by bell-cranks, or, in a few cases, by direct action, as in the Bull engine. When worked by manual labour, either a lever or wheel and handle are used. In deep wells the lift-pump is generally used to lift the water to a tank at the surface, from which it is taken by force, or bucket and plunger pumps, and delivered at the height required. The price of the ordinary lift-pump, with a working barrel, 3 inches in diameter, complete, for a depth of 30 feet, is 5, and from 2s. Qd. to 2s. 9d. per foot beyond that depth. The capacity of this pump when worked by hand is equal to 400 gallons per hour, lifted from a depth of 30 feet. A double or " two-throw " pump (Fig. 5), the diameter of the barrels being 3 inches and the stroke 10 inches, worked from the surface by rods, and driven by a horse and gearing, will cost about 35, including 20 feet of suction pipe and 50 feet of rising main (or delivery-pipe), and air-vessel complete. Approximate quantities in gallons raised per hour by single, double, and treble-barrel pumps working at a uniform speed of 20 strokes per minute Dim. of pumps. Length of stroke. Single barrel. Double barrel. Treble barrel. Inches. Inches. 2* 9 165 i 330 495 3 9 240 480 720 3* 9 310 620 930 4 10 480 960 1440 4 12 575 1150 1725 5 12 900 1800 2700 5 15 1125 2250 3375 6 12 1280 2560 3840 6 15 1600 3200 4800 6 18 1920 3840 5760 These quantities raised assume the horse to travel at 12 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. an average rate of three miles per hour, the pumps thus making twenty strokes per minute with the single speed gear. Pumps up to 4 inch barrel may be worked at 30 strokes per minute ; unless the height the water has to be FIG. 5. raised is great, the speed of the larger sizes should vary from 20 to 25 strokes per minute according to the lift. The plunger or force-pump (Fig. 6) consists of a cylinder or working barrel, in which the piston or plunger works up and down through a stuffing-box or gland. The plunger is VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS. 43 either hollow or of solid metal, according to the conditions required, and may consist of one or more plungers, each working in its own barrel. The working barrel is of cast iron (or preferably of brass or bronze), and connected at one end with the delivery pipe, with valve-box and air- vessel beyond. The suc- tion-pipe and valve-box are at the other end. This pump works either horizontally or verti- cally, and its action is as follows : in the up- stroke of the plunger a vacuum is created which allows the water to enter through the suction-pipe into the working barrel and body of the pump, filling the space left by the plunger. The water is retained by a clack or valve at the top of the suction-pipe, and is again forced by the downstroke of the plunger through the delivery-pipe, being retained by the delivery- valve, and rises at each successive stroke until it reaches the point of discharge. During the tip-stroke of the plunger the forward motion of the water through the delivery-pipe would cease, and the discharge would therefore become intermittent instead of continuous. This is avoided by the a, Plunger; &, H-piece with doors; c, suction ; d, rising main ; e, valves; /, stuffing-box. 44 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. use of an air-vessel, the air of which being compressed during the descent of the piston or plunger re-acts and forces the water through the delivery main during the up- stroke. This prevents the shock to the working parts caused by the force which would be required to overcome the inertia of the water, and at the same time economizes the power of the engine by keeping the water in constant motion. The plunger or force-pump possesses great advantages over the lift-pump in most cases where it can be employed, and is especially suitable where considerable height has to be overcome, or where continuous working is required. It is not suitable in positions where the water is likely to rise above the pump, owing to the difficulty of access to the working parts in case of accident. In deep wells, therefore, the lift-pump with open top is to be recommended for the deep-pumping, and the plunger for subsequently raising the water to the required elevation. The lifting and forcing pump, or bucket and plunger com- bined (Fig. 7), was invented by Perkins, and introduced at the Lambeth Waterworks in 1848. The construction is similar to that of the forcing-pump described above, except that the ram or piston has a bucket attached by a rod to its lower end. The upper portion is enlarged to form the ram, having a sectional area equal to one-half that of the working barrel. The theoretical quan- tity of water which rises into the working barrel at each up-stroke of the bucket is equal to the capacity of the barrel through which it ascends, one-half of which quantity rises in the delivery or rising main on the descent of the bucket, and the remaining portion is discharged during the following up-stroke. The delivery from the pump is therefore con- tinuous. This is one of the best forms of double-acting pump, as it possesses nearly all the simplicity of the single- acting pump, and is free from the defects of the four-valve pumps. The quantity of water delivered at the up and down stroke is no more than with a pump with single action, the difference being that the double-action gives a VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS. 45 continuous, and the single-action an intermittent] delivery. This form of pump is used in nearly all the large waterworks. Horizontal engines and pumps, mainly direct act- ing, are frequently used for small supplies, and im- provements during the last few years have justified their use in many of the largest waterworks. The Worthington,Deane, David- son, and other well-known types give good results ; they are principally used for forcing to service re- servoirs. The pump-trees or pipes which constitute the suc- tion-pipe and rising main, form so important and costly a portion of the pumping apparatus as to re- quire careful design. They are usually 9 feet long, and consist of cast-iron pipes with flanges, or of wrought- iron or steel tubes, riveted or welded with flange-joints. The cast-iron pipes should be made of hard mottled- grey iron, re-melted in the cupola, and cast vertically in loam, care being taken to FIG. 7. keep the metal of uniform a, Plunger; &, bucket; c, stuffing- thickness and truly cylin- box; ^connection to valve cham- J J ber ; e, rising mam with stop back drical. In open-topped va i ve and air vessel. 4 6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. pumps the diameter is made from ^ inch to 1^ inch greater than the working barrel, so as to enable the valves to be withdrawn when repairs are necessary. In close-topped pumps working through a stuffing-box or gland the rising main is usually two-thirds the area of the working barrel. The pipes, whether constructed of cast or wrought iron, or of steel, have the flanges machine-faced so as to be perfectly plumb when bolted together. The joints are either made with red lead or flannel steeped in tallow, and bolted tightly together. In considerable heights of rising main, it is the usual practice to reduce the thickness of metal every 54 feet. The wrought-iron or steel tubes for large diameters should be riveted together with a butt- strap joint, and the flange formed with an angle-iron shrunk on the body of the pipe and riveted. The smaller sizes are usually welded or solid-drawn. The pipes should all be painted, or, in the case of small tubes, galvanized. The following table gives the weight and thickness of cast and wrought-iron pipes : Cast-iron flanged Pipes. Wrought-iron Tubes. Diameter. Thickness. Weight of 9 feet lengths. Thickness. Weight per foot. Inches. Inches. cwts. Ibs. B. W.G. Ibs. 1J 14 1-37 2 14 1-81 2 12 2-24 3 i 1 12 11 268 3 10 3-11 4 i g 1 49 10 355 4* 10 3-98 5 T 7 e 2 10 9 4-42 5* 9 4-85 6 f 2 65 9 529 7 3 32 8 i 3 81 9 T 9 fi 4 80 | 10 T 9 8 5 23 11 9 5 79 12 1 6 103 ( 47 ) CHAPTER VIII. VAKIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS continued. THE working-barrel is formed of hard grey metal, bored out truly cylindrical in the larger pumps, and with a gun- metal or copper liner inserted in the smaller ones. The ends are slightly bell-mouthed, and are made sufficiently long to allow from 3 inches to 12 inches clearance beyond the actual stroke of the pump. The thickness of the metal is greater than that of the rising main, owing to the wear and tear, and to allow for reboring when necessary. In forcing- pumps the top of the barrel is made tight, with a stuffing- box or gland packed with metallic material, which can be renewed without stopping the working of the pump. The clack or waist-piece contains a turned conical seating for the valve. In some cases, in open-topped pumps, a second seating of larger diameter is provided above the one generally in use. The advantage of this arrangement is that it enables a temporary valve to be lowered, in the event of an accident, to act until access can be had to the defective valve. Door-pieces are fixed so as to enable the bucket or clack to be examined or changed. These, of course, are only available when the water is below the level at which they are situated. The diameter of the suction-pipe may be reduced below the level of the clack or valve to from one-half to two-thirds of the area of the working-barrel, except in the case of quick-running pumps, when the diameter should not be less than that of the working- barrel. 48 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The rose, windbore, or strainer, at the bottom of the suction-pipes takes various shapes ; but care must be taken to make the aggregate area of the apertures not less than from two to two and a half times the area of the suction- pipe. The pump-rods are either made of wrought-iron with flanged joints bolted together, or of pitch-pine connected by means of iron side-plates and bolts running through the rods. Hard-wood guides are affixed to the rods when working in the rising main, and metal rollers guide the rods when working a plunger. The valves, of which there are at least two in every pump, either fixed or movable, require the most careful attention, as they frequently cause a large portion of the power of the pumping apparatus to be lost. It is essential that they should offer little resistance to the passage of the water in one direction, and close the passage quickly and entirely in the contrary direction, so as to prevent slip. The weight of the valve should be sufficient to close without knocking, and be light enough to be lifted without offering undue resistance to the water. In high lifts the valve is usually calculated at 1 Ib. in weight per square inch of area, equal to 2-3 feet of water ; and for low lifts it varies from i Ib. to \ Ib. per square inch of area. The velocity of the water through the valves should not exceed 5 feet per second. The valves used in pumps belong to one of two classes, the hinged or door, and the spindle valve. The flap or hinged valve (Fig. 8) consists of a flap or FIG. 8. sheet of leather, stiffened and weighted with metal plates, working on a hinge, the shell being of wood or metal. The butterfly valve (Fig. 9) is of frequent application, VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS. 49 and derives its name from the wings or flaps, consisting of semi-circular discs hinged to the centre of the shell. The wings, or flaps, are stiffened and weighted with metal plates, similar to the flap, or hinged valve, and the shell is formed of wood or metal. The mitre valve (Fig. 10), used mainly in horizontal FIG. 10. pumps, consists of a circular metallic disc, with conical So RURAL WATER SUPPLY. face, the upper portion having a short spindle to limit its lift, and feathers below to guide the valve on to its seat. The rubber disc valves (Fig. 11), both single and double, are largely used for lift-pumps, and consist of an iron or gun-metal seat or grid, either forming part of the shell or fitting into a recess in it. The rubber forms the valve, and is prevented from rising too high by the guard shown in the figure. The apertures in the seat or grid are placed at an angle to produce a circular motion in the water and thence in the valve. This prevents the valve from falling FIG. 11. in the same position and gradually cutting the rubber. Sufficient clearance must be allowed around the spindle for the lift of the valve. Strong dark blue rubber, which is a little heavier than pure rubber, stands better for heavy work. The double-beat valve (Fig. 12) was first introduced by the well-known firm of Harvey & West, of Hayle, for the Wicksteed Cornish engine at the East London Waterworks. It was designed to overcome the battering and the great wear and tear of the flap- valves, and has been used with VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS. 51 little modification up to the present time. It consists of a circular ring, on which the lower part of the valve beats, and a similar ring of less diameter on the plate of which the upper part beats, forming " the double beat." The FIG. 12. beats are formed of lignum-vitfe, white metal, or leather. They are fixed to the valve and beat on a gun-metal seat. The valve consists of a double cylinder, one within the other, forming one piece, open top and bottom, and jyorking on a spindle. f * V *" OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 52 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The webs connecting the parts together are placed at a slight angle, to cause the valve to rotate during the influx of water every time it rises and falls, which keeps the beats perfect and tends to prevent grooving. The great advantage of this valve is its small lift, owing to the two openings for discharge, the vibration caused by the closing of the valve being diminished in consequence. The three- and four-beat valves only present slight varia- tions, due to the multiple number of beats. The Eiedler valve, which is being largely used on the Continent for quick-speed pumps, is giving great satisfaction. Professor Kiedler, the inventor of the valve, has made a series of observations on the action of valves (Indicator- Versuche au Pumpen), and the valve referred to is the result of his investigations, with a view to remedying the defects of valves used in quick-speed pumps. The lift is performed automatically, and the closing of the valve is accomplished by a spring and lever. The air-vessel is simply a cylindrical vessel of cast- or wrought-iron, with a dome-top and inlet and outlet con- nections from the] pump at or near the base. The air in the upper part of the vessel is compressed until it balances the pressure of the water being pumped. At those parts of the stroke at which the motion of the pump piston exceeds the average speed, the surplus water further compresses the air to a small extent, and is thereby received into the air- vessel ; again, at those parts of the stroke where the speed of the piston is below the average, the water thus stored up in the air-vessel is forced out by the expansion of the air, and supplies the deficiency. The air-vessel equalizes the strain on the pumps and pipes through which the water flows, and renders the delivery nearly constant, and is to the flow of water what the fly-wheel is to an engine. The only trouble in practice is that of keeping the air-vessel charged with air, as compressed air in contact with water is more or less rapidly absorbed. Provision should be made either by having a small pump for the purpose of pumping air into the air-vessel, or a small cock should be fixed 017 VARIOUS FORMS OF PUMPS. 53 the suction pipe to allow air to be pumped with the water. The quantity of water contained in a pipe is determined by the formula x = '00283 1854 to 1884 Chalk 3 27-84 10-55 Lea Bridge 1852 to 1873 Soil 3 25-94 7-02 Rothampstead 1871 to 1892 Soil 5 30-11 13-90 In the Rothampstead experiments a solid block of earth was enclosed in a water-tight tank, and in each case the experiments were made with level surfaces. 3. The storm or flood water varies according to the absor- bent power of the ground over which it flows, together with the amount of evaporation. It either flows off the surface to form streams and rivers, which supply many towns, snch as London, York, and Chester, or it may be impounded in the head waters for the supply of towns at a distance. The average summer flow of water-sheds with rocks of medium absorbing power and steep slopes does not, as a rule, exceed 3-12 gallons per 1000 acres per second. In times of flood the flow off such water-sheds requires special precautions. Heavy rainfalls, causing excessive floods, have occurred RAINFALL, SPRINGS, STREAMS. 59 during the construction of reservoir dams, and are not by any means unusual : among others may be mentioned the following : :- O t-, "l. Reservoir. Owner. Date. II its J& &" Woodhead ... Manchester Corporation Oct., 1849 3125 Inches. 12- Rhodes Wood J> 59 Feb., 1852 1562 5-96 Vyrnwy Vartry Tansa Liverpool Corporation Dublin Corporation ... Bombay Corporation ... Jan., 1883 1112 3202 4640 4-24 12-22 17-71 An inch of rainfall per 24 hours per 1000 acres is equivalent to 42-01 cubic feet, or 261,951 galls, per second. 1 in. per acre = 100 tons = 22,400 galls. Although such extraordinary floods are of short duration, and occur at intervals of some years, yet the circumstances attending them must be taken into consideration in the design and construction of reservoir works, by providing means of passing such floods through the works without endangering them, and that such means of exit should be at all times clear, without the aid of manual or mechanical labour being required. The average daily flow of some of the large rivers is given below Per day. River Thames at Ditton 906 million galls. Severn 300 Ouse, at York ... 140 Tiber (Italy)... 5500 To arrive at an accurate estimate of the quantity of water available in a catchment area, it is necessary to have rain-gauges fixed as previously stated, and recorded every day with simultaneous gaugings of the flow of water in the 60 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. streams and springs. Careful attention must be given to the stratification and dip of the rocks, as it is by no means an infrequent occurrence for a large portion of the rainfall to follow the dip of the strata and rise as springs in an adjoining water-shed. The gauging of the rainfall, streams, and springs, should extend over as long a period as possible, in order that the necessary calculations may be based on reliable data. The experiments and results given as to evaporation and percolation are instructive and interesting from a scientific point of view, but have been carried out on too limited a scale to be relied upon for the general purposes of water engineering. ( 6i ) CHAPTEE X. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER. THE units of measurement usually adopted in gauging the flow of water, are the cubic foot and gallon for capacity, and a minute, second, or twenty-four hours for time. An imperial gallon of water at a temperature of 62 Fahr. and a barometric pressure of 30 inches, weighs 10 Ibs; and a cubic foot contains 6'235 (practically 6) gallons. The flow of water through sluices, pipes, or channels, is governed by the same laws as falling bodies, and its motion would be uniformly accelerated but for the resistance offered by the friction and form of the channel. The theoretical velocity due to the force of gravitation, friction being neglected, is expressed by the formula v = \/2gh~. Where v = velocity in feet per second. g the force of gravitation, or the velocity acquired by a body falling through space under the influence of the attraction of the earth, in one second. Ji = the head, vertical distance through which the water has fallen, or difference in level of the two ends of the channel, in feet. The numerical value of g varies slightly according to the altitude and the latitude. In England the value usually adopted is 32-2 feet per second. The above formula may therefore be written 62 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. v = 8-025 If to the natural head artificial pressure equivalent to h' feet has been added, then v = 8-025 vfr+~#. These formulae require modification according to the particular form of orifice through which water is discharged. GAUGING BY MEANS OF AN OEIFICB. The discharge of water through an orifice is propor- tional to the area of the orifice and the mean velocity of discharge. Theoretically the discharge from an orifice should be equal to the product of the velocity of discharge and the area of the orifice. Experiment has shown, how- ever, that the converging currents of water as they approach the aperture, produce a contraction in the area of the issu- ing stream, varying in degree according to the form of the orifice. This is called the vena contracta. A coefficient, determined by experiment, has therefore to be applied in each case, so as to make allowance for this contraction. The formula for discharge through an orifice may there- fore be written q = 8-025 c a y^ Where q = discharge in cubic feet per second. a area of orifice in square feet. li = head in feet, or the height of the surface of the water above the centre of the orifice. c = a coefficient applicable to the particular form of orifice. The following values for c are adapted from those given in Spon's Engineering Tables : Round or square orifices in a thin plate, -62. Sluice at end of a rectangular channel, -70. Short tubes (three diameters and under) with square edges, -81. Short tubes when the tube projects into a reservoir or cistern, '71. The following table give the results of experiments made MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW OF WATER. 63 by eminent observers upon circular orifices, with sharp inner edges : Name. Head. Diameter of orifice. Coefficient. Abbe'Bossut Castel Feet. 0-6 2-7 Inches. 1-0 1-2 0-649 0-629 Venturi 2'9 1'6 0*622 Eennie 1-0 l-u 0-633 Rennie 2-0 ro 0-619 Eytelwein . . . . 2'4 i-o 0-618 Weisbach 20 1-2 0-614 Mr. Mair Rumley, in his experiments at Messrs. Simpson and Co.'s works at Pimlico, recorded in the " Proceedings " of the Institution of Civil Engineers, found that the coefficient of discharge was affected by the temperature of the water. The discharge through a submerged orifice is calculated in exactly the same manner, except that the difference in level of the surface of the water on either side of the orifice is taken as the head. GAUGING BY MEANS OF WEIRS. For this purpose a sharp-edged weir (Figs. 14 and 15) gives the most satisfactory results. A still-water pond should be formed on the up-stream side of the weir, to steady the flow of the water. A peg should be driven at a point in this pond as far as possible from the weir, and the upper surface of the peg should be made perfectly level with the upper edge of the weir. As it is difficult to drive a peg with precision under water, especially when the bottom of the pond is hard and stony, the following is a useful practice : Drive the peg so that its upper surface is slightly below the required level, and then drive a long flat-headed nail into the top of the peg. By means of a hammer the nail may be easily driven until its head is exactly level with the upper surface, or sill, of the weir. To construct a weir for the purpose of ascertaining the discharge of a stream of water, a water-tight dam must be 6 4 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. formed, the best material for which is clay. In this dam the weir is fixed, which usually consists of a plank or frame FIG. 14. of wood, with a rectangular notch cut in its upper edge. The plank is kept in a vertical position by means of stakes driven on either side of it. The horizontal edge of the notch over which the water flows, must be fixed perfectly level, and must be bevelled so as to present a thin edge on the up-stream side. The depth of the water below the '%/lron. pi-ate 8 x '/a with, sTuzrp ' FIG. 15. sill of the weir on the up-stream side should not be less than three times the depth of the water flowing over the weir ; and the difference in level between the surface of the water on the down-stream side of the weir and the sill of the weir should not be less than half the maximum depth of the water flowing over the weir. The theoretical formula for the discharge of water through rectangular notches is "Where I length of notch in feet. pq= height in feet of the free-level of the discharg ing water above the sill. Q = discharge over weir in cubic feet per second* MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW OF WATER. 65 Owing to the interference with the free flow of the stream occasioned by the ends and sill of the notch,' a coefficient, c, has to be applied to this equation, bringing it to the form Q = | d The coefficient c varies with I and H. With values of H between -25 and 2, and with I not less than 2, the coefficient c is fairly constant, and may be taken as *62, which is the same as that for the discharge of water through round or square orifices in a thin plate, given above. In cases where extreme accuracy is not required, the following formula, proposed by the late Mr. Thomas Hawksley, F.R.S., may be employed : Q' _ lh \/Ji ~2~~ Where Q' = discharge over weir in gallons per second. Ji = depth of water flowing over weir in inches. I = length of notch in feet. The table given on p. 66 has been calculated from this formula. All measurements of depth should be taken at the peg above referred to, which should be situated at least 3 feet above the weir. A thin steel rule should be used for this purpose. Where, however, only the approximate discharge is required, the measurement may be taken over the sill of the weir. This method will obviously give a low discharge. GAUGING BY MEANS OF UNIFOEM CHANNELS. The calculation of the discharge by uniform channels, such as canals and bye-washes, is of great importance in waterworks engineering, and has received much attention. At the commencement of this chapter it was stated that the flow of water through sluice-pipes or channels is governed by the same laws as falling bodies, and its motion would be uniformly accelerated but for the resistance offered 66 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. W I rH rH CO CO rH G^l CO "^ 2 S3 O CM s 8 3 rH rH (M O IO IO IO t> t> CO rH I-H in I-H" t>T o" O5 O5 O rH i> oo O CO O5 rH O rH O GO rH O CO t*" GO CO oT cT of CN" t> l> GO rH rH CN rH O5 O s s GO" o o co CN CO s t^ O5^ C^ co" cT t>" 10 rH rH CO CO t> CO oo; rH^ c^ co^ oT r-T 10" oo" rH CO CO IO O CO o oo I CM rH I co" mav ^ e obtained ; these represent three miles by two miles. Price, full sheets, 2s. and 2s. 6d., quarter sheets Is. each. 4. One inch to the mile. Each sheet represents eighteen miles by twelve miles. Price (with one or two exceptions) Is. each. Before ordering plans an index map of the county, parish, or town in question should be obtained from Mr. Stanford. This will greatly facilitate the purchase, and save much delay and annoyance. It is generally best to have the sheets mounted on brown holland before they are sent. The charge is not heavy, and the results are excellent. The -2^00" th, commonly known as the 25 inches to the mile, scale is usually the most suitable for the general plan of a waterworks. Upon this plan the position of reservoirs PLANS, SECTIONS, LEVELLING, NECESSARY DATA. 71 and pumping-stations, and the lines of mains and branches are marked, the dimensions of the pipes being figured above them. The positions of sluice-valves, air-valves, hydrants, etc., are also indicated. The names of the owners and occupiers of all lands upon which it is proposed to con- struct works or lay pipes should be written in the enclo- sures ; and the names of owners and occupiers of mills, or other property in connection with which claims may be made as regards riparian rights, should also be entered against the property in question. Careful levellings must be made along the proposed lines of pipes, and these should be plotted to the same horizontal scale as the general plan and to a vertical scale of 20 feet to the inch. Detail plans and sections of reservoirs, pumping-stations, etc., should be drawn to a scale of not less than eight feet to an inch. The hydraulic mean gradients should be drawn upon the sections of the main and branch pipes. The following example will show the method of calcula- tion by which the losses of head due to friction, and hence the hydraulic mean gradients, are found. Suppose the storage reservoir to be situated at A (Fig. 16) and that 8640 gallons per day are to be delivered at the point C, 11,520 at the point E, and 14,400 at the point F. The lengths of the main and branches are shown on the section ; also the levels at each point. As the demand during the summer is frequently greater than that in the winter, and the demand during the middle of the day much exceeds that of the remainder, it is usual to take three times the average rate of supply as the basis upon which the diameters of the mains and branches are calculated. Reducing the rate per day to gallons per minute, the system must be so designed as to enable 18, 24, and 30 gallons per minute to be discharged at the points C, E, and F, respectively, with the head available. Assume a 4-inch pipe from A to B. Assume a 3-inch pipe from B to D. RURAL WATER SUPPLY. Assume a 2-inch pipe from D to F. Draw the horizontal line AA' through A and produce the ordinates through B, D, C, F, E, so as to cut AA' at B', D', 0', F', E, respectively. Then by the formula G = \/ j. - (or in practice by a set of tables), the loss of head due to the discharge of PLANS, SECTIONS, LEVELLING, NECESSARY DATA. 73 18 + 24 -f 30 = 72 gallons per minute through the pipe AB is found to be 83 feet. Make B'B" = 83 feet and join AB". Then AB" is the hydraulic mean gradient for the section AB, provided that no point in the pipe AB rises above the line AB". In the same manner the loss of head due to the discharge of 24 -}- 30 = 54 gallons per minute through the pipe BD is 79 feet. Make D'D" = 83 + 79 = 162 feet, and join B'D", which is the hydraulic mean gradient for the pipe BD. Again the loss of head due to the discharge of 30 gallons per minute through the pipe DF = 139 feet. Make F'F" = 83 + 79 + 139 = 301 and join D"F", which is the hydraulic mean gradient for the pipe DF. The point F is therefore only 1 foot above the hydraulic mean gradient at that point, and this may be neglected as insignificant. It now remains to determine the diameters of the branch pipes, BC and DE. The head at the point B, or the distance of the hydraulic mean gradient above that point, being 400 200 83 = 117 feet; and the point C being 250 - 200 = 50 feet above the point B ; the available head at the point C is 117 50 = 67 feet. The diameter of a pipe 2500 yards in length to discharge 18 gallons per minute with a head of 67 feet is found from the same equation to be 2-184 inches. A 2^-inch pipe (the commercial size next above 2*184) would therefore be used for this branch. The loss of head using a 2^-inch pipe, calculated in the same manner as in the previous cases, will be 34 feet. Make C'C" = 83 + 34 = 117 feet, and join B"C", which is the hydraulic mean gradient for the pipe BC. The head at the point D = 400 - 150 - 83 - 79 = 88 feet ; and as the point E is 180 150 = 30 feet above the point D, the available head at the point D = 88 - 30 = 58 feet. Calculating, as in the last paragraph, the diameter neces- sary to discharge 24 gallons per minute at the point E = 2-277 inches, a 2^-inch pipe would therefore be used for this branch also, and the loss of head for such a pipe would be 36 feet. 74 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. Make E'E" = 162 + 36 = 198 feet, and join D" E", which is the hydraulic mean gradient for the pipe DE. An examination of the section will now show that the pipes at no point rise above their respective hydraulic mean gradients, and that the latter are not situated unduly above the former. The velocity of the water in these pipes necessary to obtain the specified discharges must now be calculated. Let V = velocity in feet per second. G = discharge in gallons per minute. d = diameter of pipe in inches. Then V = > 26-0 Oldham 20-0 Dublin . 470 Perth 39-39 Dundee it 50-0 Kipon 23-0 Edinburgh M 40-0 Salisbury 40-0 Glasgow f< 50-0 Sheffield 21-0 Halifax M 23*75 1 Southampton 30'0 Hereford tt 30-0 Staley bridge 21-0 Huddersfield .. 22-5 Stratford-on-Avon 19-5 Keighley >a 30-0 Ulverston .. 400 Lanark 40'0 Warrington 20-0 TABLE OF WATER CONSUMPTION PER HEAD PER DAY IN FOREIGN TOWNS IN 1892. Galls, per Galls, per Town. head Town. head per day. per day. Bayonne 55 '0 Kiel 28-0 Berlin 22-9 Limoges 52'8 Bonn 63-0 Magdeburg 29 '7 Boston, U.S. A 76'0 Marseilles 99'0 Chicago 95-0 New York 65-0 Detroit 126'0 Paris 47'0 Frankfort 39'0 Philadelphia 56'0 Hamburg ... 52*0 Stuttgart 23-8 The consumption having been estimated according to the circumstances existing in the area to be supplied, the rain- fall within the proposed catchment basin is then to be determined. In estimating the storage required, the data afforded by any single or average year will not be sufficient. The estimate must be based on a period of years during go RURAL WATER SUPPLY. which the rainfall is below the average. There are several methods for determining the capacity of storage required, some by empirical formulae, others by graphical methods. Extreme care should be taken in adopting empirical formulae that due consideration is paid to the geological and other conditions existing within the catchment area to be dealt with. The late Mr. Thomas Hawkesley, F.K.S., deduced the following formula based upon his extensive experience 1000 Where z = the number of days' storage required (which varies from 100 to 250 days). r = average rainfall in inches during three con- secutive dry years, the average rainfall for a dry year being taken at five-sixths of that for an average rainfall of a long series of years. A graphical method was communicated to the Liverpool Engineering Society, in December, 1891, by Mr. T. Turner Tudsbury, and a further paper was recently read before the Austrian Society of Civil Engineers, by Herr W. Eippl, of which the following is a description : On an axis of abscissae, the months are laid off for each year of the period under consideration, and the demand of the town in cubic feet or gallons for each month plotted as ordinates, a slightly undulating curve drawn through the points so plotted gives the demand curve. In a similar way the supply curve is plotted, and represents the available rainfall from the water-shed. Whenever the supply curve rises above the demand curve, we have a surplus on hand, and when the latter curve rises above the former a deficiency is shown for the period indi- cated. From such a diagram the surplus or deficiency for each month can be scaled off and used in the construction of a mass curve. The months and years of the period involved are represented by abscissae as before ; but the ordinate at each month represents the algebraic sum of all the surpluses and deficiencies from the beginning of the period to that STORAGE OF point. The mass curve reveals the surplus or deficiency during the interval between any two points on the axis of abscissas, which is represented by the difference of the corresponding ordinates. An ascending curve shows an increasing, and a descending curve a decreasing storage ; while crests and hollows show occasions when demand and supply are balanced. IMPOUNDING OB STORAGE RESERVOIRS. The principal factors which determine the position of impounding reservoirs are 1. Purity of source. 2. Area of catchment basin. 3. Quantity of available rainfall. 4. Altitude and suitability of site. 5. Geological structure. 1. Purity of source, which has been already referred to, is of paramount importance. The most satisfactory area to impound water is where there is a sparse population, scant herbage, and an entire absence of cultivated land. The nearer these conditions are approached, either naturally or artificially, by collecting and diverting the sources of pollution, the nearer will an ideal water-shed be realized. 2. Area of catchment basin is found by drawing a contour line from the proposed site of the embankment along the ridges which form the water-shed, or from which the water sheds itself on either side. This may be ascertained from a contoured Ordnance map, or by running a contour on the ground and marking it on the map. The land within this line is then measured to arrive at the superficial area. 3. Quantity of available rainfall has been already de- scribed. 4. Altitude and suitability of site. The height of the source above the highest point of supply can easily be ascertained by an inspection of an Ordnance map, and a simple calculation will determine the available head for 92 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. supply. The pressure in the district to be supplied should at all times be sufficient to force the water above the highest buildings, and for this purpose an average pressure of 80 to 100 feet would be ample, and meet all requirements. In exceptional cases the only avail- able catchment area is not at a sufficient elevation to supply the district, and then the water has to be pumped from the impounding reservoir to another reservoir at a higher elevation. The greatest capacity with the least cost is the next object to be attained. Where a valley or lake can be utilized, the most economical method of forming a reservoir is to construct a dam at the inlet, the most desirable shape (Fig. 1 GA) being where the valley gradually FIG. 16A. widens out upwards from the dam with only a slight fall to it from the inlet. Such an arrangement would give the greatest capacity with the least cost for embankment, and the uniform depth resulting would prevent the growth of vegetation. Surface springs should be kept clear of the embankment on the inner side if possible, and if existing on the site of the outer portion, should be conveyed in pipes or concrete channels beyond the toe of the embankment. The materials of which the dam is to be formed will depend upon those which are available on the site of the dam, and will be dealt with in detail subsequently. 5. Geological structure of the area proposed to be utilized STORAGE OF WATER. 93 for the formation of an impounding reservoir should be exceedingly carefully examined. Too much stress cannot be placed upon a thoroughly practical examination by an expert geologist or engineer who has a practical knowledge of the subject, as a want of sufficient care at the outset may result in a largely increased cost of construction, or even a subsequent abandonment of the site. The site of the Woodhead reservoir of the Manchester Corporation had to be abandoned on account of the unsatisfactory foundations revealed after the excavations had commenced. The presence of permeable rocks dipping towards the dam is a source of trouble, and every precaution should be taken to prevent the water from percolating into them. The best FIG. 17. a, Pervious beds. method is to excavate to a sufficient depth along the out- crop, and afterwards to fill in the trench with puddle protected on the surface with concrete. The permeable strata should also be cut through by the puddle trench of the dam, or the water in the reservoir will gradually escape and rise as springs at a lower point in the valley, the quantity varying with the head of water in the reservoir (Fig. 17). Mr. Isaac Roberts, F.G.S., records the following observations upon the effect of pressure on the quantity of water that will pass through a square foot of sandstone of average coarseness, 10 inches in thickness : 94 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. Pressure. Percolation. 10 Ibs. per square incli - 4J gallons. 20 = 7 46 =19 The dislocations produced by faults, and the fissures proceeding from them, are also a fruitful source of anxiety. A knowledge of their positions can only be ascertained by trial pits systematically arranged ; boreholes should not be relied upon. The fault may be practically an open fissure, as well as a dislocation of the strata, raising a permeable bed to or near the level of an impervious one (Fig. 18), The FIG. 18. fissures extending on either side are even more difficult to deal with than the fault itself (Pig. [19); they frequently occur in the older rocks. The result of such fissures is to convey the water out of the reservoir either by the side of the dam or under it through permeable strata, where it may rise as springs. This entails a serious loss to the impounding works. In exceptional cases the matrix or material between the two cheeks of the fault is composed of fine silicious clay, which forms an effective dam in itself. The gorges forming outlets to valleys are frequently fissured, in many cases to such an extent as to render a site higher up the valley with a longer embankment preferable on the ground of economy STORAGE OF WATER. 95 of construction. The puddle trenches in many instances have to be carried to a depth of 150 to 200 feet, owing to the fissures found in the neck or gorge of a valley, the site of which superficially possesses an exaggerated importance owing to the short length of embankment required. The economy in one direction is, however, far exceeded by the costly foundations in the other. As an instance of serious results arising from a fissured foundation, where due pre- cautions have not been taken, we may refer to the Holmfirth reservoir, which burst in 1852, on the only occasion on FIG. 19. which it was filled. The embankment was constructed on fissured sandstone, and the water gradually escaped through the fissures, washing a portion of the embankment with it. Ultimately the embankment subsided below the weir-level, and a flood occurred completing its destruction. CHAPTEK XIV. STOKAGE OF WATER continued. THE site of the embankment, or dam, having been thoroughly proved by means of trial holes at least 5 feet square, and of sufficient depth to admit of a proper examination of the strata, the next step is to determine whether it is to be constructed of earth or masonry. Where there is a good compact clay foundation, and the clay is abundant in quantity, the dam must, for economical reasons, be formed of that material. Where, however, the position and quantity of suitable rock make conditions favourable for the construction of a masonry or concrete dam, then undoubtedly such a dam would be better, although the comparative cost would be much greater. Having decided upon the material for con- struction, it must be disposed of in the design according to experience, the recognized laws of such structures, and the peculiar circumstances of the case. Earthen embankments, as employed in the storage of water, consist, as a rule, of two trapezoidal-shaped figures formed of earth, clay, and stone, supporting a centre core of puddled clay, increasing in width directly as the depth (Fig. 17). The proportions of earthwork dams are limited by the angle of repose or slope at which the materials employed will stand. With cohesive materials this depends upon their power of absorbing water, which can best be found by experiment. Experiments upon several clays used in reservoir embankments show that the absorption by weight varies from 12 to 53 per cent. In the latter case the embankment failed several times during construction. STORAGE OF WATER. 97 In practice the outer slope should not be less than the ratio of 1^ horizontal to 1 vertical, and, as a rule, it is made either 2 or 2 to 1. The inner slope, which has a greater tendency to slip, owing to its angle of stability being reduced by the water, should not be less than 2 horizontal to 1 vertical, and is more frequently made 3 to 1. The total width of the bank at the level of the top of the puddle-wall should not be less than three times the width of the puddle at that level. This width from slope to slope varies from 10 feet to 30 feet. The height of the embankment above high-water level varies according to circumstances. In numerous cases where the inner slope is continued up to the top of the embank- FIG. 20. ment (Fig. 20) a greater height is required to prevent the waves from being driven over the top of the embankment in stormy weather. The late Mr. T. Stevenson, P.E.S.E., gives the following formula founded on his experience as a harbour engineer for finding the height of the waves in violent squalls : H = 1-5 V5 + (2-5 - #B) where H = the height of the waves in feet, where D = fetch in miles, which is the longest straight line that can be measured from any part of the dam to any part of the reservoir, when the latter is full and overflowing. It is found to be more convenient to make the slope steeper above the water line with a storm-wall at its summit (Fig. 21), or to build a storm-wall entirely across the embankment at the high-water level, with a coping projecting at least 6 inches (Fig. 22). This has the effect of curving the waves back, and affords every protection to the top of the bank. The height of the top of the bank above the water in flat slopes should not be less than 8 feet vertical, and with 9 8 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. steeper slopes 5 feet vertical, with a dwarf wall at tlie water line not less than 4 feet vertical. The width and batter or taper of the puddle-wall varies FIG. 21. with the materials of which it is composed. The clay used for the puddle should be carefully selected, and be of good FIG. 22. tenacious quality, comparatively free from sand, and entirely free from friable stones and vegetable matter. A small proportion of gravel is an advantage, and increases its stability. The clay should be turned over and weathered for two or three months, and then well cut, tempered, and worked in stages, and afterwards passed through pug-mills. It is then conveyed to the trench and inserted in layers. The top width of the puddle wall varies from 3 feet to 10 feet, and tapers outwards at from 1 in 8 to 1 in 16 down to the surface level, where it is either keyed into a concrete shoe as a base (Fig. 23 ) or is continued down in a trench until a sound foundation and retentive material are reached. The trench puddle is frequently carried down at a reverse or inward batter at rates of 1 in 8 to 1 in 16, according to circumstances (Fig. 24). When the pervious strata extend to a considerable depth it may be necessary to carry the trench down vertically the full surface width of the puddle-wall. Where this is done the bottom of the trench is covered with a layer of cement concrete connected to a key-piece of the same material, the layer at the base being STORAGE OF WATER. 99 12 inches or more in thickness. Where the strata are very porous or fissured, a wall of concrete, stone, or brickwork, FIG. 23. should be extended up the inner face of the trench as a protection to the puddle, and in some cases it is necessary FIG. 24. to use concrete in the trench instead of puddle. Water must in no case be in direct contact with the puddle. The whole of the soil and earthy materials as well as 100 RURAL WATER SUPPLY tree stumps and vegetation should be cleared off the site of the embankment, and no vegetable earth used in the construc- tion of the inner bank. The materials in the inner portion should consist of fine clayey or other adhesive material with a small proportion of stones or ballast, except towards the toe, where the proportion of stone should be increased, the outer portion consisting of dry, hard, and stony materials, with dry stone drains where necessary. The materials on either side of the bank should be well consolidated as the work proceeds. On either side of the puddle-wall a width of selected clayey material of not less than four times that of the puddle wall is formed for the purpose of keeping the puddle moist, and to assist in its protection. The whole of the materials should be deposited in layers of from 9 inches to 2 feet in thickness, curving or dipping towards the puddle-wall on either side. In some cases a bed of puddle is carried from the wall under the base of the inner slope and continued up the slope, sufficiently protected with selected material. The object of this is to render the inner bank impermeable (Fig. 25). FIG, 25. a, Puddle ; &, selected material. In excavating within the reservoir area for the purpose of providing material for the construction of the embankment, or with a view to increasing the capacity of the reservoir, care must bo taken not to remove an impervious covering STORAGE OF WATER. 101 over pervious strata, and thus create a difficulty which, it should be the main object to avoid. The inner slope should be protected with stone pitching over the entire area of the made embankment after it has become consolidated, the toe of this pitching being embedded in a concrete footing. The solid slopes, when of a clayey nature, are also usually pitched with stone for a vertical height of 3 feet above and at least 5 feet below the high- water line, as a protection from the wash of the waves, and as a preventative against the growth of vegetation in the shallow water, as well as against discoloration from the dissolved clayey matter. In cases where a reservoir is constructed practically on a table-land and embanked all round, sufficient material is excavated from the interior to form the embankments and provide the requisite capacity. The methods of construction are in every way similar to the foregoing. There are two indispensable accessories to an impounding reservoir, viz. the outlet and overflow weir, over which many difficulties have arisen and through which many disasters have occurred. The outlet arrangements are carried out in several ways, according to the special circumstances of each case. The method of carrying the outlet pipes through the deep portion of the made embankment has been rarely followed, and is only permissible in shallow reservoirs. The terrible disaster in 1864, at the Bradfield or Dale Dyke Reservoir, near Sheffield, when 250 lives were lost, resulted from this practice. In reservoirs not exceeding 25 feet in depth a syphon (the action of which has already been explained), is the most economical and efficient as well as the safest method of drawing the water off. It does not interfere in any way with the embankment below the high-water line, and the same method has been recommended by Sir Robert Rawlinson for drawing off the lower water from large reservoirs (Fig. 26). This obviates the necessity of carrying the tunnel outlet at so low a level. The advantages of doing so are less interference with the strata at great depths and economy 102 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. in construction. The system generally adopted in large reservoirs is to cut a trench or drive a heading through the solid rock at one end of the embankment, and construct a FIG. 2G. stone, brick, or concrete and iron culvert with a valve tower in the reservoir (Fig. 27). The base of the tower is below the deepest portion of the reservoir, unless a syphon ^is FIG. 27. adopted and arranged to draw off the water at different levels. The water is discharged through the supply main laid within the culvert. The advantage of this system is STORAGE OF WATER. 103 the facility with which any of the working parts can be examined and repaired without interfering with the embank- ment or being in any way a source of weakness to it. The question whether it is preferable to drive a heading or cut an open trench for the culvert depends upon the nature of the rock, apart from economical reasons. Where the rock is solid and compact a heading is preferable in most cases, but where the rock is fissured and contains many " backs," an open trench, which is filled in as the culvert progresses, is frequently the better course. This is due to the con- siderable difficulty attendant upon consolidating around the culvert in a timbered heading in fissured ground. In cases where it is necessary to cross the puddle-trench at a higher level than the bottom of the trench, the culvert should be FIG. 28. a, Wing walls ; b, valve well ; c, culvert ; e, course of stream. supply main ; supported on a concrete pier brought up from the solid rock. The valve tower may either be constructed of stone, brick, or iron, with draw-off pipes at different levels, communicating io 4 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. with a stand-pipe in the centre of the tower. Each draw-off pipe is controlled by a valve worked from the top of the tower, and the bell-mouths are turned upwards so as to admit of plugging from the surface in the event of anything going wrong with the valves within the tower. The method represented by Figs. 28 and 29, is not a system to be recommended. Here the outlet is placed in the deepest part of the embankment, and consists of a FIG. 29. a, Masonry forebay ; &, valve well ; c, culvert ; d, supply main. masonry forebay, supported by iron struts, and a draw-off well and tunnel, also in masonry. The tunnel is supported on a concrete pier (with or without slip-joints), where it crosses the puddle-trench. This system is objectionable, from the fact that many of these tunnels have been distorted or cracked, frequently developing leaks. Such structures, in all probability, constitute an element of weakness where the greatest strength is required. CHAPTER XV. STORAGE OF WATER continued. THE overflow or waste weir is placed at the embankment end of the reservoir on solid ground, with a concrete foun- dation. It consists of a heavy masonry base formed of large stones set in cement and well keyed together, with heavy pitching on the approach and discharge sides. The channel FIG. 30. on the discharge side is continued in a series of steps down the side of the embankment (Figs. 30 and 31) (the water- course being pitched with stone), and terminates in the original stream-course of the valley clear of the embank- ment. The purpose of the overflow weir is to_ prevent the OFTHF UNIVERSITY io6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. water in the reservoir from rising above the level of the embankment and flowing over, and, in the case of earthen structures, causing the inevitable destruction of the works. In practice the length of the weir is made from 2J feet to 4 feet per 100 acres of water-shed. The length is limited by the maximum height to which the water is allowed to rise above the crest of the weir, which should never exceed 2 feet, and is generally fixed at 18 inches. The conditions peculiar to each gathering-ground must bo taken into con- sideration in the design of such works, but the rules given above may be safely followed where no storm records are available. An instance of insufficient length of weir in con- nection with the Tittesworth reservoir of the Potteries FIG. 31. Waterworks occurred in 1862. In this case the drainage area was 6800 acres, and the waste-weir was 60 feet in length. The water in the reservoir rose 5 feet above the crest of the weir, and to within 1 foot of the top of the embankment. Where a bye-wash channel has been con- structed round the margin of the reservoir, from the inlet, of sufficient capacity, the length of the overflow weir may be reduced accordingly. A residuum pond is frequently constructed at the inlet end of a storage reservoir, with considerable advantage. This has the effect of reducing the velocity of the storm waters, arresting any detritus, and allowing the water to deposit the greater part of the matter held in suspension. The last is a matter of some impor- tance where the storm-waters are exceedingly turbid. The STORAGE OF WATER. 107 pond is formed by constructing a wall or embankment across the mouth of the inlet, the top level of which being about 12 inches above the high-water level of the reservoir. In the case of an] embankment it is necessary to face the top and slopes with heavy stone pitching or concrete. The inlet water is allowed to rise over the top of the residuum wall (which forms one long weir), and fall into the storage reservoir. The pond may be cleansed either by drawing off the water and removing the deposit by manual labour, or by means of pipes connected with the pond and continued through the reservoir to its outlet, delivering a continuous stream of sludge- water into the original river channel below the embankment. The design and construction of masonry or concrete dams, being rarely necessary for rural supplies, do not come within the scope of this book. The cost of storage reservoirs with earthen embankments varies considerably, according to circumstances, from 70 to 900 per million gallons of capacity. Service reservoirs are supplied direct from the impound- ing reservoir, or, where filtration is necessary, from the filter-beds. Their office is to regulate the variation in the daily consumption, and to provide sufficient storage to meet the requirements of supply in the event of any accident of a temporary nature occurring between them and the source. The quantity of storage to be provided varies according to circumstances ; but, as a rule, two days' storage will meet all emergencies. Where the source of supply is at a con- siderable distance, or somewhat inaccessible, and where there is a single main, or, in the case of a pumping supply, where there are no duplicate arrangements, it would be prudent to increase the storage capacity of the reservoir so as to make provision in the event of a breakdown. In order to enable the student to form an idea as to the variation during the day, the accompanying diagram (Fig. 32) is given, which is taken from a Deacon differen- tiating meter. This diagram shows graphically the daily variation in a manufacturing town of 48,258 inhabitants, O OOOOO OOO O O O OOOOOO S" g 8" STORAGE OF WATER. 109 and may be taken as a fair example. The abrupt rises and falls shown on it between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. are due to the supply to locomotives during those hours, the waste line or minimum flow being equal to 20,300 gallons per hour, which is chiefly due to defective fittings. The total con- sumption, including domestic and trade supply, per head of population is equal to 19'85 gallons, and the minimum flow 10-09 gallons per head, or practically one-half of the supply. The variations of supply during the different periods of the year are not so great as might be anticipated. The householder's favourite practice of allowing the taps to run during frosty weather, and the number of burst pipes, have the effect of raising the consumption in the town referred to frequently up to, and in excess of, the summer months. The following table gives the consumption per head per day for the last four years : GALLONS PER HEAD PER DAY. Month. 1890, 1891. 1892. 1893. January February March April May 19-77 19-57 20-38 18-95 20-99 29-30 23-26 21-54 20-38 21-06 23-26 21-24 22-53 23-11 23-39 28-50 23-43 22-75 23-14 22-11 20-81 22-50 23-31 23-25 July 21-05 23-62 22-90 21-69 August September October November December 21-79 21-40 21-10 20-58 24-21 21-66 22-13 22-13 21-30 23-54 21-73 21-72 22-08 21-26 23'29 20-63 18-78 20-08 21-91 19-90 The site for a service reservoir should be at a sufficient elevation, and within the immediate vicinity of the district to be supplied. It is usually constructed either of masonry, brickwork, or concrete, and roofed over ; or by excavation and embankments lined with concrete and pitching and left 1 10 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. open. It is absolutely necessary to cover the service reservoir when near a town or manufactories to prevent contamination, and especially so after filtration. Service reservoirs are only left uncovered when situated at some distance from any smoke or fumes from chemical or other works, and in such cases the depth must not be less than 10 feet, which may be increased with advantage so as to FIG. 33A. prevent the growth of vegetable matter which produces that peculiar fish-like smell so common in shallow reservoirs. Figs. 33 A and 33s are examples of open reservoirs, and Fig. 34 of a covered reservoir. Covered reservoirs should always have two feet of earth above the roof, to keep the water as cool as possible, and ventilators should be placed in the crowns of the arches. It is an advantage to have FIG. 33s. a wall dividing the tank or reservoir into two portions for the purpose of cleansing from time to time. Collecting tanks are used for storing the water from springs, and fulfil the offices of impounding reservoirs on a small scale, to which the duty of a service-tank is fre- quently added. These tanks are constructed of masonry, brickwork, or concrete, either with arched roofs, as in Fig. STORAGE OF WATER. in 34, or covered with iron plates supported by girders (Fig. 35). The cost of covered service reservoirs varies from 2 to 6, and of open reservoirs from l per 1000 gallons. FIG. 34. The usual accessories to a service or collecting reservoir, containing from 5000 galls, to 50,000 gallons, are the inlet and outlet, overflow and wash-out or scour-pipes. The inlet-pipe should be so arranged that the inflowing water may [be shut off or diverted from the reservoir when the latter is being repaired, etc. The mouth of the inlet-pipe is usually fixed slightly above the level of overflow. The outlet should be a few inches above the level of the floor of the reservoir, so as to allow for a certain amount of deposit from the water. Its mouth should be covered with a perforated cap, rose, or strainer, which is best constructed of tinned copper. The outlet should be commanded by a sluice-valve, fixed inside the reservoir, worked from above by a wheel and spindle. The supply from a reservoir is sometimes taken by means of a floating pipe (Fig. 35). This ingenious method allows of the water being always taken from a little below the surface, which is the clearest portion of the water in a reservoir. The overflow pipe is either a pipe taken through the wall of the reservoir, with its mouth at the highest point to which the water is to be allowed to rise, or it may consist of a vertical pipe carried 112 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. up from the floor of the reservoir, having a bell-mouth for receiving the overflow water, and an inlet at the base con- trolled by a valve which acts as a scour or wash-out pipe. In the latter case the pipe should be constructed of copper. The wash-out, or scour-pipe, has its mouth situated at the lowest point of the floor of the reservoir, which should be made to slope towards it. It should be large enough to empty the reservoir rapidly, and must have its outlet below FIG. 35. the level of the floor of the reservoir. It may either be controlled by a sluice- valve worked from the surface, or in small tanks by means of a brass plug and chain. In small tanks the overflow and wash-out are sometimes combined, the foot of the vertical overflow pipe being ground into the mouth of the wash-out ; by loosening and lifting the over- flow pipe the water is free to escape through the wash-out. Ladder-irons should be built into the wall of the reservoir to allow of access to the interior. The inner surface of the reservoir should be rendered with cement, which should be brought to a perfectly smooth surface with the trowel. Where the supply is obtained from springs, it is usually necessary to collect them by means of stone-ware pipes with open joints covered with broken stone. These pipes are connected by means of close-jointed pipes, and conveyed to a small tank, from whence they are conducted to the reser- voir. Great care must be taken in collecting springs, to avoid all chance of pollution. ( "3 ) CHAPTER XVI. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER FILTRATION. THE methods of "purifying" or rendering water suitable for domestic consumption are aeration, subsidence, precipi- tation, straining, and filtration. Aeration is a natural process of oxidation, the atmosphere acting on matter in solution, this action being facilitated by forming cascades and fountains to agitate and break up the water into thin sheets and spray. This method is employed by the West Gloucester Water Company, at Frampton Cotterill, to get rid of the large amount of dissolved sul- phuretted hydrogen contained in the water, which by this means is rendered bright and more palatable. Exposure to the atmosphere has the effect of softening hard waters by releasing the loosely combined carbonic acid and precipi- tating the carbonate of lime, but in such cases there is great liability to develop vegetable growth. The beneficial effects of aeration through the use of fountain inlets in destroying algse have been proved in two instances with remarkable results. The action of the atmosphere on running streams in rivers and channels is well known, the organic impurities being brought in contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere, and gradually oxydized and rendered innocuous. Subsidence is a process of settlement or gravitation of matter held in suspension, its rapidity depending on the specific gravity or fineness of the matter to be deposited. This action is continually proceeding in storage reservoirs to a greater or less extent, according to the condition of the 114 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. water, as well as in the settling ponds, residuum lodges, and shallow reservoirs, which are specially adapted for the purpose, and are usually a preparatory stage for nitration. Precipitation of certain impurities is produced by the addition of a precipitant, the most economical being caustic lime. A certain quantity of lime is added to a measured quantity of water in a tank, forming what is known as lime water; the clear liquid is drawn off by a float-pipe into another tank, and the water to be softened is added to it, the action being as follows : The caustic lime combines with the loosely combined carbonic acid in the water, forming carbonate of lime, which is precipitated along with the car- bonates already in solution. The lime process was patented by Dr. Thomas Clarke, of Aberdeen, in 1841, and all the more recent methods are based on this principle. It has been successfully applied in several waterworks, both for domestic and manufacturing purposes, and among the towns using one or more of the recent methods may be mentioned Colne Valley, Southampton, Wellingborough, Saffron Walden, St. Helen's, and Stroud. The cost of softening, to the extent of removing from 10 to 24 degrees of hardness, varies from ^d. to f d. per 1000 gallons. The hardness of water is stated in degrees, each degree representing one grain of carbonate of lime per gallon, and is found by noting the quantity of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in a gallon of water. The composition of clear lime-water being constant, it is found that if the degrees of hardness are divided into 130 it will approximately give the number of gallons of the water which can be softened by one gallon of lime water. The above process has the great advantage of destroying organic matter and producing a bright effluent. The following table gives the hardness of water in a large number of towns : Name of town. Glasgow (Loch Katrine) 0-80 Manchester (Thirlmere) T50 Sheffield T50 Liverpool (Lake Vyrnwy) 3-15 Name of town. Dundee Bournemouth Worcester ... Lowestoft .. Degrees of hardness. .. 3-28 .. 4-70 .. 806 9-00 OP THE DIVERSITY 1LTRATI&N. Name of town. jjegrees 01 Name of town. Newport (Mon.) a 10-40 London Cheltenham 11-56 Portsmouth Yarmouth ... 12-60 Canterbury Bristol 13-40 Stroud Northwich... 13-60 "Windsor . . . Nottingham 13-60 Southport ... Newcastle-on-Tyn 14-00 York Reading ... 14-50 Southampton St. Helen's 15-00 Sunderland Northampton rm T 15-47 11 . .! Wellingborough PURIFICATION OF WATER 16-00 1600 17-00 17-00 17-89 17-90 18-00 18-00 24-00 37-00 The commerc al and domestic economic advantages which a soft water possesses over a hard one are indisputable. The late Mr. Thomas Hawkesley, in recent evidence, however, stated that the death-rates for ten years, from 1882 to 1891, in twenty-seven large towns supplied with hard and soft water were: Hard-water supply, 20*2 per 1000 persons; and soft-water supply, 23*0 per 1000 persons = 13-9 per cent, excess over hard-water supplies. Straining, e.g. through screens of brass or copper set in wooden frames is absolutely necessary in all reservoirs. The screens intercept all floating and suspended matter larger than the mesh. They are removed from time to time for cleansing, which is usually performed by the ap- plication of a jet of water from a hose-pipe. The principle of filtration through sand, for the purpose of removing matters held in suspension, is often imperfectly appre- hended, the popular idea being that the sand simply acts as a sieve, and prevents the passage of any particles larger than the interstices between the grains, at the same time allowing a certain amount of subsidence to take place upon the upper surfaces. The sand, however, does much more than this the main action being due to the force of adhesion or mutual attraction between the particles in suspension and the whole surfaces of the grains of sand, and not the top surfaces only, as would be the case if the action were merely that of subsidence. It has also an effect, although small, on matters in solution, which is illustrated by the following analysis, by Dr. Percy Frankland, of river water before and after filtration : Ii6 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. RESULTS OP ANALYSES EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER 100,000. Total solid matters Before filtration. .. 28-40 123 After sand filtration. 26-20 119 nitrogen 025 o 022 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen 077 '102 1-6 089 111 1-6 Hardness, temporary permanent total . .. 11-5 .. 7-1 , 18-6 10-9 7-1 18-0 The fact that chemical analysis showed only a slight im- provement in the water after sand-filtration somewhat threw discredit upon sand-filters, and it is only within the last few years, since the methods of Koch and others drew the atten- tion of scientists to the bacteriological examination of water, that the remarkable efficiency attained by properly managed sand-filters in reducing the number of bacteria in water has been recognized. It was found that from 95 to 99 per cent, of the micro-organisms were removed by filtration from the London Water Company's supplies, reducing to a minimum the risk of pathogenic or disease-forming bacteria passing through the filters to the consumer. Dr. Percy Frankland has found that the water supplied to London after filtration contains less bacteria than many lake waters, a comparison of which is given as follows : New River (London), 38 colonies from 1 c.c. of water. Grand Junction (London), 47 colonies from 1 c.c, of water. Loch Katrine (Glasgow), 74 colonies from 1 c.c. of water. Loch Lintrathen (Dundee), 161 colonies from 1 c.c. of water. Lake Lucerne (Switzerland), 50 colonies from 1 c.c. of water. Lake Geneva (Switzerland), 38 colonies from 1 c.c. of water. Lake Constance (Switzerland), 58 colonies from 1 c.c. of Water. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER FILTRATION. 117 It would therefore appear that too much importance must not be attached to the number of bacteria present in drinking water, within certain limits, provided they are not of a pathogenic nature. The varieties of bacteria are very numerous, but most of these, with the exception of probably a few species, are beneficial rather than otherwise. Amongst the pathogenic bacteria that have been detected in water are the bacilli of tetanus, anthrax, typhoid, and the cholera spirillum. The advantages of sand filtration were strikingly illustrated at Hamburg and Altona during the cholera epidemic in 1892. These cities derive their supply from the river Elbe, the former without filtration, and the latter at a point in the river below the outfall sewers of both cities, but properly filtered, with the result that the relative pro- portion of cholera cases per 10,000 inhabitants was: Ham- burg 290, and Altona 40 (of which many were imported cases). A fact, which is receiving much attention from biologists at the present time, is that a filter-bed does not reach its normal state of efficiency, or technically "become ripe," until it has been in use five or six days ; this is believed to be due to the formation on the surface of the sand of a gelatinous microbic tissue (zoogloea) produced by bacteria. In the design of filter-beds many engineers take advantage of the site when on sloping ground to place the beds at different levels ; others prefer to keep one level throughout by excavations and embankments. The area of each bed should be arranged so as to give an equal flow in the drains, but should not be excessive ; and the distance for wheeling when the sand is being removed should not be too great. The number of beds should be sufficient to permit of half of them being out of use for cleansing purposes, the supply being maintained through the others. It is found convenient and economical to arrange the sand-washing apparatus in the centre of a battery of filter-beds. In some cases the washing apparatus is fixed in the centre of the bed, as at Belfast, but this arrangement is not generally adopted ; another method, which is, without doubt, the proper one, is to RURAL WATER SUPPLY. periodically reverse the filters and allow the water to flow upwards, and thus carry off the impurities through an over- FIG. 36. d s r v tfc_ //z.r^/7 ____Jf__4__ 1 1 1 & 1 BED 1 FIG. 37. a, Inlet; &, ventilating pipes; c, valve well; d, overflow; e, filtered water main ; /, overflow main ; g, sand washer. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER FILTRATION. 119 flow. Where this arrangement has been applied, the beds heave attained their efficiency within twenty-four hours. The basin of the filter-bed is either constructed partly by means of excavation and embankment, with a puddle-wall FIG. 38. lined with concrete (Fig. 36), or with concrete walls backed up with earth (Fig. 33s, Chap. XV.). The floor of the basin is formed so as to dip towards the outlet of the filter, which communicates with a valve well, from which it is conveyed to a clear-water basin (Fig. 37). The centre FIG. 39. or main drain in the filter-basin is constructed of brick- work, concrete or perforated glazed pipes, and the side or arterial drains of perforated pipes or bricks laid dry with spaced joints (Figs. 38, 39, 40, 41). Ventilating pipes are carried up the slopes or side walls above the water-level FIG. 40. from each of the arterial drains, and from 2 to 4 on the line of main drain. The inlet is arranged in various ways. Fig. 42 shows an arrangement that has been adopted with great success. 120 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The bed is formed of a layer of stone broken to pass through a 3^-inch. ring, but not through a 2^-inch. ring, and from 2 feet to 3 feet in thickness ; this is succeeded by a layer of gravel 12 to 18 inches thick in two or three FIG. 41. degrees of fineness, in some cases perforated tiles are used in preference ; finally, the filtering medium of sand is spread over the whole of the supporting material (Fig. 45), the thickness varying at different works as shown in the following table : THICKNESS OP SAND-FILTERS. Maximum. Minimum. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. Chelsea, London... 4 6 3 6 West Middlesex, London 3 3 2 6 Southwark, London 3 1 6 Grand Junction, London 2 1 3 Lambeth, London 3 2 6 New Eiver, London 2 3 1 5 East London, London 2 1 4 Dublin ' 2 6 1 Bristol 2 1 Malvern 2 6 1 6 Harrogate 2 ] Paisley 2 1 Barro w-in-Furn ess 2 1 Ulverston 2 1 Dr. Sims Woodhead, who has devoted considerable attention to the subject, suggests a minimum thickness of 3 feet. The sand for filtration should be hard and angular, and thoroughly washed, as well as the supporting material, before being deposited in the filter-basin. The rate of filtration should not exceed 5 inches per hour, or 2 gallons THE PURIFICATION OF WATER FILTRATION. 121 per hour per square foot. The mean rate of filtration in the London filters is less than 2% gallons per hour. The depth of water in a filter-bed in this country is usually from 2 feet to 3 feet, and from 4 feet to 7 feet where exposed to very low temperature, unless the beds are 122 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. covered over. The process of cleansing the filter-bed, where downward pressure only can be resorted to, is to remove a thin layer of sand half an inch or more in thickness, containing the perceptible suspended matter, and, if the sand is costly and has to be washed again for future use, to deposit it near the sand-washing apparatus, otherwise it is removed into a waste heap. The surface thus bared by the above process is raked over with a long pronged rake on two or three occasions, allowing a few days to elapse between each operation to aerate the sand. The cost of constructing sand-filters per square yard varies from 1 to 4, according to circumstances, and the cost of filtration, exclusive of capital, is from 4s. Qd. to 7s. per million gallons. "Magnetic carbide," spongy iron, " polarite," and other media have been applied with bene- ficial results to the treatment of impure waters, producing a bright and pure effluent ; and, in fact, with river waters the results fully justify the increased expenditure through their use. Mechanical filters, such as Dr. Anderson's Revolving Cylinders, containing oxide of iron, in a few cases where they have been employed, as at Hamburg, have given satisfactory results. ( 123 ) CHAPTER XVII. PIPES. WATER is conveyed in the various stages from the source to the consumer by means of open channels, tunnels, and culverts, or by pipes of cast- or wrought-iron, steel, lead, clay, and wood. Where the water is conveyed under pressure, pipes must be used, and they are generally more convenient and economical in construction. The thickness of the shell of the pipe and the form of joint depend upon the material employed, the capacity, and the pressure it will be required to withstand. In calculating the thickness of the shell, sufficient allowance must be made for imperfect workmanship, shocks in handling and laying in the trenches, also the weight of the superincumbent earth, and the traffic they will have to support, as well as the great strain which may come upon them on account of the sudden opening or closing of valves. The bursting strength of pipes is found by the following formulae : 1. p = s x hyp log R 2. s = - P hyp log R 3. Hyp log R = Where p = the internal pressure in tons per square inch. s = the maximum tensile stress in tons per square inch 7 tons being usually adopted as the value for cast-iron. R = the ratio of the outside diameter to the inside diameter. 124 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. A high factor of safety must be used to adequately allow for the strains imposed on the metal. Empirical formulae based on practice are found to be more convenient for the purpose of determining the thickness of metal. Theso formulae are numerous and widely divergent in their results, but the following, suggested by the late Mr. J. La Trobo Bateman, has been found to work well in practice : t = -25 9600 Where t = the thickness of the pipe in inches. H = the head of pressure in feet of water. d = the inside diameter of the pipe in inches. The following table for cast-iron pipes has been calculated from this formula for a head of 300 feet of water pressure : S3 A Thickness of metal. I 1 l 1 CD l |o s^s S 2 '3 ^0 la oo ^ w'o a S S ^j & ^ ||| -2 "o -2 U 03 *~ H 00 ^ no rQ ^0 60* g e Uro sj CO H CO Ol rH 10 co ^ CO i 00 01 ? ? CO co f y 01 y 01 y y in C; M9 8 10 Ol 00 2 ? y Ol ? p i to * rH Ol OS p CO ol 1 OS tO IN 01 rH to o co CO y -* 01 rH g to 2 CO in CO p s 00 CO 01 00 rH S * CO 9 Ol ? Ol P^H 01 m s <*< 01 5 c^ 01 in in S s 01 00 f- o in C5 oo S to CO rH Ol 1-1 * rt * Ol Ol M 1-1 ol 1 s ? o in 01 y in g CO rH co 4t* CO 2 Ol 00 CO 01 CO in in oo o 01 3 s? S Ol s s 1 qj 00 co rH rH M - 1 CO CO * CO - 1 CO f S 01 in y y 01 1 ? ? o rH CO co co s 1 co S 2 S g CO O CO p 00 00 in I-H 01 - 1 co rt 01 in Cl Ol Ol in 01 1 o 3 S CO 1 in M CD CO OS p 01 to co CO 05 CO rH 1 CO Ol 9 Ol CO CO i 9 Cl Ol y P S 01 Ol p rH in 9 co ^ Q>> S 11 IP P III ||| * J 8 *1 *| *!<3 Inches. Per cent. Cubic feet. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. 20 25 100 4-3 6-7 3-2 25 20 135 5-7 7-5 3-9 30 20 145 6-8 9-4 4-5 35 20 155 7-9 11-0 5-0 40 15 1C5 9-7 13-1 7-2 45 15 370 10-9 14-2 8-G STORAGE OF RAIN-WATER, 169 For any other size of roof or amount of rainfall, the numbers will be proportional. The area of roof-surface for collecting water must be measured on the flat, and not on the slope, and is the same as the area of the ground covered by the roof (if the ground be level). The average collecting area of house-roofs is about sixty square feet per individual. Hoofs of houses in towns, or near factories, or in; any situation where the air is liable to pollution, are not suitable for collecting water for dietetic purposes, and roofs covered with thatch, felt, lead or zinc the two last, on account of the solvent property of rain-water, must not be used for the purpose. Lead pipes in connection with the storage- tank must also be avoided. In order to obtain a satisfactory supply of water for domestic purposes from roofs or similar areas, the greatest constant care is necessary to keep the roofs and gutters clean, and to remove all bird-excrement, etc. The first portion of the rainfall collected from roofs, especially after a long period of dry weather, is usually of an impure nature, on account of the soot and other matters which have had time to accumulate. In order to prevent this portion from entering the storage tank, mechanical appliances, known as "rain-water separators," have been devised. These consist of vessels into which the rainfall is directed before passing into the storage tank, and which are so constructed as to collect the first portion of the flow, and when full to cant over, emptying their contents to waste, and at the same time placing the flow of water from the roof in direct communication with the storage tank. When the flow has ceased they return automatically to their original position. The rain-water may be stored in overground or under- ground cisterns, or reservoirs. The former have the advantage of enabling the water to be drawn direct by means of a tap, but are generally more expensive, and the water is subject to changes of temperature. The under- ground reservoir necessitates pumping,anjLis more liable UNIVERSITY i/o RURAL WATER SUPPLY. to permit of pollution. The water should be strained r-'ection C D I &-L^y '&t33EL \ -HHIHHhT H HUM II I I I 1 i i r i i I 1 I X I I i; T - 1 I I I I I T T MH Mil -BE ;--,-- -!- --J --:-4-H-- LJ-ij.!.^ 1 i 1 iHH HH IH H W FTFT H H H H II I i B FIG. 55. STORAGE OF RAIN-WATER. 171 through a copper strainer to keep back leaves, etc., and should be filtered before admission into the storage tank. The filtering material may be sand, polarite, or other suitable substance. The tank should be efficiently venti- lated ; have a sufficient covering of earth so that the water may be kept at an equable temperature ; and should be, if possible, provided with a wash-out valve for cleansing purposes. Fig. 55, is an illustration of a brick underground tank, with strainer and filter-bed, to contain 2500 gallons, designed for a small isolation hospital. Section A B FIG. 56. Where the roof surface is insufficient, a small area oi ground may be fenced off, and either underdrained by means of agricultural tiles, or the surface may be covered with tiles or concrete, and the rain-water falling upon it taken by means of pipes to a storage-tank. ( 172 ) CHAPTER XXIII. SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES. THE preparations of the drawings, specifications, and general conditions of an intended work should receive the greatest care and attention, the descriptions being in detail and clearly expressed, otherwise the contractor will construe them in one way and the engineer in another. It is there- fore in the interests of both parties to the contract that sufficient time and care should be taken in drawing up the clauses and in giving as much information as possible to the contractor. This will avoid disputes during the progress of the work, which usually result in claims for extra pay- ments over and above the contract amount. The bill of quantities showing the amount of work to be performed under each item of the specification is either prepared by the engineer or by a quantity surveyor, for which it is customary to allow from % to 1 per cent, on the amount of the accepted tender. This is charged through the bill of quantities, and repaid or transferred to the engineer or quantity surveyor by the contractor. It is not a desirable arrangement for the engineer to have any monetary trans- actions with the contractor, and it would undoubtedly be an advantage where the quantities are taken out by the engineer for this payment to be made direct to him by the person or persons for whom the work is being performed. The following specification for cast-iron pipes will act as a guide to the preparation of contracts for such works, at the same time giving an insight into; the style and method usually adopted in the preparation of specifications SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES. 173 generally. The general conditions in this case are embodied in the specification, and are not kept distinct, as is usual in large contracts for engineering works. Rural Sanitary District of . Cast-iron Pipes, Irregulars, and Special Castings. Specification to be observed by the contractor for the supply of ordinary iron pipes, irregular iron pipes, and special castings, to the Waterworks Department of the Local Authority of the Eural Sanitary District of . 1. The cast-iron pipes, from 3 inches to 12 inches in diameter, are to be in 9 feet lengths, and the 2-inch pipes are to be in 6 feet lengths, in each case exclusive of the socket. The whole or any portion of the above sizes to be spigot and socket, or half-turned and bored joints as may be directed to be supplied, and to be of the following weights, except when otherwise ordered. Diameter in inches. Length, exclusive of socket. Weight., including socket. Diameter in inches. Length, exclusive of socket. Weight, including socket. ins. ft. cwts. qrs. Ibs. ins. ft. cwts. qrs. Ibs. 2 6 19 8 9 3 2 10 3 9 1 7 9 9 4 2 6 4 9 1 1 15 10 9 5 3 5 9 2 2 11 9 5 2 1 6 9 2 1 14 12 9 6 2 22 7 9 3 19 2. Any pipes which deviate more than 3 per cent, from the stipulated weights will be rejected. The whole of the pipes are to be manufactured and afterwards tested by hydrostatic pressure, by and at the expense of the contractor. 174 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The test pressure to be equal to a column of water GOO feet high, and such pressure shall be maintained in each pipe at least two minutes, previous to which the connection between the pump and the testing-machine is to be cut off. Each pipe, while under the pressure, shall be rapped from end to end with a hand-hammer 4 Ibs. in weight, so as to discover any sandy, porous, or blown places. The pipes will be again proved by and at the expense of the authority, after they have been delivered at the place required. Any pipe which shall be found to be imperfectly coated, or in which any imperfections shall appear, or wherein any sand or air- holes shall appear to have been plugged up, or which shall not agree with the terms of the specification, will be rejected. 3. The irregular pipes and special castings are to include all branches, elbows, thimbles, clips, cant socket-pieces, hydrant, valve, meter, and stop-tap covers fitted as per pattern, also all flange and other special castings, samples of which may be seen on application at the waterworks offices. 4. The straight pipes are to be cast in dry sand moulds vertically, with the sockets downwards, and the curved pipes in loam or dry sand in close boxes ; the castings are to be made without the use of core-nails, chaplets, or thick- ness pieces, or any substitute for the same, and the contractor is to provide turned iron patterns, boxes, core-bars, and barrels for making all straight pipes, the flanges, spindles, sole plates, and cores of which are to be accurately turned, faced, bored, truly fitted and joined. The sand must be sufficiently fine and fresh to produce a smooth and perfect surface, and all the moulds and cores are to be properly black- washed and carefully dried. Great care is to be taken in preparing and drying the cores in order to ensure a smooth surface to the pipes internally. 5. All pipes of 5 inches diameter and under will be allowed to be cast at an angle of not less than 45 degrees from the horizontal. The pipes of each size respectively are to be of uniform bore and thickness of metal through- SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES. 175 out their respective length, and without any belts. The castings are to be free from scoriae, sand-holes, air -bubbles, cold-shuts, laps, washers, and all other imperfections ; and the pipes are to be truly cylindrical in the bore, straight in the axis, smooth within and without, and internally of the full specified diameters, and they shall have their inner and outer surfaces as nearly as possible concentric. An increased length of at least 6 inches is to be cast on the spigot end of each pipe, such increased length being after- wards cut off in a lathe to the specified size. All pipes are to be perfectly dressed and cleansed, so that no lumps or rough places are left in the barrels or sockets. The con- tractor will be charged with and must pay and defray any and all losses, charges, and expenses to or for which the Local Authority or their Committee may be put, or be liable by reason of any neglect with respect to the forms and sizes of the sockets and spigots. And for the better prevention of chills, uneven shrinkage, and cracks consequent thereon, the contractor must undertake that the pipes shall not be removed too hastily from the moulds, or be laid while hot upon cold or damp earth, or be exposed while in a heated state to wet or inclement weather. 6. Special precautions are to be taken in obtaining and maintaining the proper standard of quality of the mixture of iron, and in the melting of it. All the metal used shall be made from mine pig, without any admixture or proportion of cinder iron or other iron of inferior quality ; and the whole to be of the best tough, close-grained grey iron, to be remelted in a cupola or air-furnace. Whenever any castings are made, as many test-bars are also to be cast from the same metal as may be required by the Local Authority or their engineer. The test-bars are to be 2 inches by 1 inch by 3 feet 6 inches long, placed horizontally upon the narrow width, supported on bearings 3 feet apart, and to be capable of sustaining without breaking a weight of not less than 30 cwt., gradually applied in the centre of the bar, and pro- ducing a deflection of not less than from *3 to *4 of an inch. The contractor is to provide in his works, under cover and 1 76 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. protection, suitable and approved machines for testing the test-bars to the full satisfaction of the engineer before ho will be allowed to commence work under this contract. 7. All pipes which are ordered to have half-turned and bored joints are to be cast with such increased thicknesses of metal at the spigot and socket ends as will allow them to be so turned and bored and otherwise finished as that the spigot end of any pipe shall enter to the bottom and fit perfectly in the socket of any other pipe, and that when driven together, the whole of the turned and bored portions are in complete contact with each other, and form a perfectly water-tight joint, withont the aid of any cement, lead, paint, or other substance. The turning and boring is to be executed after the pipes are coated as hereinafter specified. The turned portion of the spigot is to be f of an inch in length, with a taper of 1 in 32, the socket having a similar taper to suit it. The spigot and socket joints, when so ordered, are to have a recess cast around the inside of the socket, and a bead on the spigot according to the directions of the Local Authority or their engineer. The sockets of all pipes under 4 inches in diameter are to have an allowance of \ of an inch, and above 4 inches in diameter an allowance of -jj- of an inch for the lead-joint. 8. Each pipe is to have a consecutive number, year (initials of authority), and maker's name cast on the socket, in the same order, as specified on each order for goods, and any pipe found to be defective under the tests applied shall not have its number replaced, such number on the defective pipe being disfigured by a chisel-cut. 9. All pipes, irregulars, and special castings are to be heated in a stove to a temperature of 300 Fahr., and then dipped into a solution known as Dr. Angus Smith's, which must be of a similar temperature to the pipes. 10. All irregular pipes and special castings are to be made according to particulars to be furnished hereafter by the engineer; but all patterns and moulds that may be required in connection with the above are to be provided at the cost of the contractor. SPECIFIC A TIONS 11. The engineer or any other person the Local Autho- rity may appoint will be empowered to reject any pipe or other casting he may consider defective, unsound, badly varnished, of inferior quality, or not in accordance with the order, and the same is to be removed by the contractor after notice has been given to him, at his own expense ; and if not removed within three days after a written notice has been served upon him, the whole or any portion of such defective material may be removed by the Authority at the contractor's expense. 12. Orders signed by the engineer or other authorized person for the Local Authority will be given from time to time for such descriptions of pipes and other articles as may be required under the contract, to be delivered within the following periods of time : Straight pipes, 2 to 8 inches in diameter, inclusive : 100 within 14 days, and 100 per week afterwards. Straight pipes, 9 to 12 inches in diameter, inclusive: 50 within 14 days, and 50 per week afterwards. Branch pipes, and other irregular or special castings, 2 to 8 inches in diameter, inclusive : 10 within 14 days. Branch, pipes, and other irregular or special castings, 9 to 12 inches in diameter, inclusive : 10 within 14 days. 13. Should the contractor fail to deliver the pipes, irre- gulars, or special castings as required, the Local Authority shall have power to determine or cancel the whole or any portion of the contract, or to order elsewhere any goods not supplied, and the difference in cost between the goods so supplied and the contract price may be charged to the con- tractor, or deducted from any amount due or to become due to him under the contract. 14. The pipes and all other castings are to be delivered to the station of the (Railway Company, when delivered by rail, or at the waterworks yard when delivered by road or canal, free of charge to the Local Authority, and the said Authority reserve to themselves the right to weigh all pipes and castings on their own weighing machines, and to pay for same according to such weights. N 178 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. 15. Should any dispute or difference of opinion arise as to the meaning or intention of this specification or of the contract, the interpretation of the same by the clerk to the Local Authority or other person to be agreed upon before entering on this contract, shall be binding and conclusive on both parties in the matters to which such interpretations shall refer. 1 6. The Local Authority do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any tender, and reserve to themselves the right to divide and accept part or parts only of a tender. 17. The contractor must enter into a bond for the due fulfilment of the contract under the penalty of 100, such bond and agreement containing the written terms and stipulations to be prepared by the clerk to the Authority, and sealed by the said Authority. 18. Payments will be made monthly after the next succeeding meeting of the Authority, if accounts are sent to the engineer on or before the day of any month. 19. Tenders are to be made on the annexed form, four prices per ton to be given, viz. : (1) For ordinary cast-iron pipes a. Spigot and socket. b. half-turned and bored. (2) For irregular castings. (3) For all other special castings. FORM OF TENDER. Address Date To the Kural Sanitary Authority. Gentlemen, I beg to tender for the following pipes, irregulars, and other castings, as per specification, for twelve months from the above date. SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES. 179 s. d. Ordinary cast-iron pipes (spigot and socket) per ton Ordinary cast-iron pipes (half-turned and bored) per ton Irregulars as under Taper or reducing pipes Thimble or other branches Saddle branches Bends, elbows, and cant sockets Thimbles or collars ... ~,. ) per ton Clips ... Cap ends Duckfoot bends Flange pieces (various) Blank flanges S 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 Special Castings as under Hydrant covers, as per sample, fitted Meter Stop-tap 55 55 / per ton Air-valve Meter caps False spindles of various lengths ... / Signed , Address . In preparing estimates of work to be performed, careful consideration must be given to the district in which the work is to be executed ; and the correct estimation of the prices requires considerable experience of practical work. The following statement is the actual cost of laying a 3-inch main along a main road, giving the details and i8o RURAL WATER SUPPLY. prices of each item. All estimates should be taken out in a similar manner. DISTANCE 117 YARDS S-INCH MAIN. No. 39 1 2 1 1 1 Tons. 3-in. pipes ... 2 5 by 3-in. branch 3 by 3-in. branch 3-in. bend ... c\vts, 1 1 1 qrs. 1 2 Ibs. 14 7 at at 5 10s. j> per ton l^d. per cwt. jj 5} 10 1 7 s. 5 13 10 5 16 9 3 1 2 2 d. 10 1 9 1 2 4 2 G Valve cover ... Lead Yarn Coal Cement Hauling ... 2 Wages paid for labour 1 1 2 1 2 7 2 at 16s at 12s, at 2d. at 9d. at 2s. at Is. . l^d. per cwt. , per cwt. ... per Ib. per cwt. ... per cwt. 3d. per ton... 21 8 11 CHAPTER XXIV. WELLS. WELL-SINKING on a large scale for rural water-supply is of rare occurrence, and the details, which necessitate an ex- tensive knowledge of practical geology, are so numerous and complicated that the subject cannot be dealt with satis- factorily within the limits of this book. The principles and methods have been comprehensively dealt with in several standard treatises upon the subject, and to these the student must be referred. As, however, wells may be said (and often unfortunately so) to form the most frequent source of supply for villages, groups of houses, and isolated dwellings in country districts, some details upon this branch of the subject will be given here. Wells may be classed under three heads 1. Shallow or surface wells (Fig. 56). 2. Deep wells (Fig. 57). 3. Artesian wells (Fig. 58). In Chapter II., whilst referring to the disposal of the rainfall, it was stated that " a portion of the rain sinks into the ground and forms the underground reservoirs in which wells are sunk, issuing again at the lowest lip as springs." When a porous stratum, such as sandstone or chalk, which has the power of retaining water in its pores or fissures, is superposed upon an impervious stratum, such as clay, the porous stratum will be saturated, and the water held up as in a basin, to a plane inclining towards the lowest lip, which is generally the outcrop of the impervious stratum. 182 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. If the porous stratum is adjacent to the surface of the ground, the plane of saturation is generally at no great depth ; and if a well is sunk to a point below this plane, water will collect in it and stand at the level of the plane. This constitutes a shallow well. Under these circumstances the level of the plane of saturation is very variable, being rapidly affected by the rainfall. As the rainfall in its FIG. 57. passage into and through the ground, on account of its highly solvent nature, takes up and carries with it any im- purities, more particularly of an organic nature, which it meets with on its way ; and as the distance through which it has to pass before flowing into the well is usually very short, shallow wells are dangerous sources of water supply for domestic purposes. It is only in such cases as where FIG. 58. the well is in an isolated position, in a rural district, and sufficiently removed from any possible source of pollution, that its use in this connection should be permitted. Wells of this description must be properly walled in or steined with stone, brickwork, or concrete, and in the two first cases the joints should be made thoroughly watertight with hydraulic lime-mortar or cement. The top of the wall WELLS. 183 should be protected by a raised kerb, where a bucket is used for drawing the water, and fitted with a proper cover, or where the water is drawn by means of a pump, the top of the well should be domed or flagged over. The bucket system has an advantage over the pump in affording greater facilities for cleaning out the well, which should be done once a year. On the other hand, the pump-well, through being permanently covered over, is less liable to pollution from the surface. As the water in shallow wells is usually of a soft nature, the suction pipe of the pump should not be composed of lead. Deep wells are those which are sunk through an impervious stratum to a porous or water-bearing stratum FIG. 59. beneath it, the water being held up in the latter by an im- pervious stratum underneath it again. The terms " deep " and " shallow," in connection with wells, do not, therefore, refer to the actual depth of the well, and a shallow well may, in fact, be deeper than a deep well. Deep wells, if properly constructed, constitute excellent sources for domestic supply. The rainfall which feeds them is collected upon the exposed surfaces of the water-bearing stratum, which are usually situated at a distance from the site of the well, and becomes purified in its passage through the ground. On account of its prolonged contact with strata at some depth below the surface, deep well-water usually contains a considerable 1 84 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. amount of mineral matter in solution which it has taken up during its passage; this gives it a hard character. Deep wells have also the advantage of being slowly affected by the rainfall, and the level of the water in them is fairly constant. It is of paramount importance that any perco- lation from the beds above the impervious bed through which the well is sunk should be effectually prevented. This is done in a manner similar to that described for shallow wells. The precautions at the surface are the same in both cases. The level at which the water will stand in a " deep well " depends upon the elevations of the collecting ground and the line of overflow, the principles upon which it depends being the same as already described in reference to the virtual slope or hydraulic mean gradient of water flowing in pipes. ^ There is a continuous flow of water in saturated strata from the collecting area towards the outlet, which is usually the bed of a river, or the shore of a lake, or the sea. The surface-level of this moving body of water, which may be called its virtual slope, depends upon the resistance of the materials which compose the strata through which it flows, the presence of faults or dislocations, and the physical features of the land ; technically, the first of these includes the other two. Should the point selected for sinking a deep well be situated beneath the virtual slope of the water in the satu- rated beds, then, when these beds are reached, the water will rise to the top of the well and (were it not for the resistance of the air) above it to the virtual slope at that point. This would constitute an artesian well. The name is derived from Artois, a province of France, where this form of well was first brought into general use. It will be evident to the student that the artesian well is only a special condition of the deep well. As in wells of this description the water rises of its own accord, either so as to overflow, or to within a certain distance from the surface, it is only necessary to dig the well to a sufficient depth to allow of the pump being fixed within 30 feet of the lowest level to WELLS. 185 which the water rises, and to afford sufficient storage capacity. The remaining portion may consist of a small perforation bored down to the required depth, which is lined with an iron tube, or occasionally left unlined when it passes entirely through rock. The Abyssinian or tube-well (Fig. 60) is economical and satisfactory where the ground is suitable, and where the water stands, or by deeper sinking may be made to rise within 30 feet of the surface of the ground. This well consists of iron tubes from 1 inch diameter, in sections, which are driven into the ground, the bottom section, which is perforated, having a steel point to enable it to pene- trate. As the tube is forced down into the ground, a fresh section is screwed on to the upper end of the last tube until the desired depth is reached. A pump is then fixed to the top of the composite tube, and the work is complete. An advan- tage possessed by this form of well is that it can usually be withdrawn and driven again in a new situation. Percolation of surface-water be- tween the lining of the well, and the ground through which it is driven, is also prevented. The following is an estimate for an Abyssinian tube-well in gravelly ground, whore driving-plant is provided and a well-driver, sent by the contractors to superintend fixing, labour being provided by the Authority. FIG. 60. 1 86 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. ESTIMATE. Depth, 30 feet s. d. 30 feet IJ-inch Abyssinian tube, hire of plant, and well- driver 4 18 8-inch Abyssinian column-pump, with foundation ... 2 15 Well-driver's time, travelling, say one day 10 Ditto, ditto, railway fares 1 10 Carriage and Cartage of Plant and materials 1 00 Labourer, 1 day ... .. ... 26 10 6 G For further information upon this subject, the student is referred to a pamphlet published by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliffe, Bunhill-row, London, E.G. The cost of digging wells depends upon the nature of the rock or soil through which the excavation has to be made, and upon the precautions which have to be taken to prevent the sides from falling in, and in dealing with the surface water. There are two principal methods of constructing the steining of a well in treacherous ground. The first is to excavate to a certain depth, and then to build the lining of the well to the surface of the ground upon a wooden ring or kerb. The excavation is then continued for a further depth, and the kerb, with the cylinder of brickwork, or other material, allowed to sink. The walling is then continued again to the surface, the excavation and walling being carried on alternately until the required depth is reached. Iron cylinders in sections are also used, the principle being the same. The second method consists in under-pinning and building beneath each section of the steining as con- structed. Half brick rings are usually sufficient, especially when laid in cement. The courses should break joints, and the bricks should be radiating. It is always advisable to have a puddle or concrete back- ing to the lining of a well, especially near the surface. CHAPTEE XXV. WELLS-oontfnwed. LEAD POISONING. SPECIFICATION of a well and other works required to be con- structed for Mr. , on land adjacent to the main road leading from to , in the parish of , in the county of . The works comprised in this contract are the excavation and lining of a well, and other works, as shown on the drawing (Fig. 61) attached to this specification, and here- inafter more particularly detailed and described. The site of the well is shown on the aforesaid drawings, and the strata will probably consist of Alluvium ... ... ... ... ... 2 feet Sand and gravel 4 Soft and hard marl ... ... ... 64 Sandstone... ... ... ... ... 10 The well is to be excavated or sunk to a depth of 80 feet, and 4 feet 6 inches diameter in the clear inside the brick- work lining. The excavation is to be trimmed back of sufficient width for the lining and concrete backing, or 7 feet 6 inches in diameter where lining is inserted with concrete backing, and 6 feet in diameter where brickwork lining only is inserted; the remainder of the excavation, where lining is not found necessary, is to be made 4 feet 6 inches in diameter, and neatly trimmed to the circle. The excavated material is to be removed by the con- tractor as part of this contract. Blasting with explosives will be permitted, but no shots are to be fired within one foot of the sides of the excavation. 1 88 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. The brickwork lining is to be 9 i aches in thickness, built solid in Portland cement mortar, and to consist of header and stretcher-courses, constructed in sections on the system known as " underpinning," but no section of the brickwork is to exceed one-fourth of the circumference, or 4 feet in vertical height as a maximum. Great care must be taken in measuring the height of the courses so as to avoid wide closing-joints. The brickwork is to be built in, as the Strata Feet Feet Surface round ALLUVIUM SAND & GRAVEL SOFT AND HARD MARL 7-61 64 SANDSTONE 70 80 '/Concrete ;te / 3ifi5#?$l' 5 ~* ^Brikfyork?fa FIG. 61. sinking proceeds, where the ground is not strong enough to stand alone. No vacant spaces are to be left behind the lining, but all such spaces must be filled in with fine cement. The lining is to be kept perfectly plumb, and worked from a radius-rod off the centre-line. The ring of cement concrete backing to the brickwork is to be carried to a depth of 20 feet from the surface, and to WELLS. 189 be 9 inches in thickness, and well rammed into its position behind the brickwork. The contractor is to provide, as part of this contract, all carriage, labour, materials, tools, pumping apparatus, or other means of lifting the water during the execution of works, and any other apparatus necessary for the due and proper execution of this contract. A hand windlass of elm-wood, with substantial standards and frame, is to be provided and fixed at the top of the well, after the sinking and other operations have been completed. A best Manilla rope, 2^ inches in circumference, with swivel attachment, and a strong elm or oak bucket, holding not less than 3 gallons, are also to be provided as part of this contract. The works are to be completed to the satisfaction of Mr. , within two months after the date of the signing of this contract. Payments will be made.weekly, at the rate of 80 per cent, of the total work executed. MATERIALS. The bricks are to be of approved manufacture. The cement-mortar is to be composed of one part of Portland cement, and three parts clean furnace ashes or sharp sand. The cement concrete is to be composed of one part of Portland cement, one part of clean, sharp sand, and three parts of small broken stone. The timber is to be of the best-seasoned elm, free from all imperfections. All other materials are to be of the best of their respective kinds. OF THE UNIVERSITY IQO RURAL WATER SUPPLY. ESTIMATE FOR SINKING AND LINING A WELL 80 FEET DEEP AND 4 FEET 6 INCHES IN DlAMETER. Cubic yards. At per cubic yard. Excavation. . d. s. d. 9f 23 52i 5| Alluvium, sand and gravel Soft marl Hard marl Sandstone 1 9 4 6 6 6 10 17 1 536 16 19 7 2 17 6 Brickwork. 32 Brickwork in cement 40 61 Concrete. 11| Portland cement concrete 1C 980 Miscellaneous. Elm windlass, frame, bucket and rope com- plete Wooden cover-doors Kemoving excavation to spoil Lifting water 316 066 4 10 500 112 3 8 LEAD POISONING. Constant reference has been made in the course of these pages to the solvent properties which water sometimes possesses with regard to lead. This subject was forced upon public attention a few years ago, on account of its serious consequences at Sheffield and other northern towns, where the water is very soft in character, and is principally derived from moorland. These alarming outbreaks led to much careful investigation both as regards the peculiar constituents of such waters as are most liable to become polluted with salts of lead, as well as the circumstances which tend to facilitate such pollution. LEAD POISONING. 191 Lead is a cumulative poison, and if water containing the most minute quantities is constantly employed for dietetic purposes, lead poisoning (plumbism or saturnism) must eventually supervene. The absorption of lead into the system constitutes a predisposing cause of many diseases, and there is a liability of symptomatic treatment, the true origin of the disorder being undiscovered. In fact, the theory has been propounded that nearly all cases of gout, Bright's disease (nephritis), and many other diseases, might be traced to lead poisoning. There is perhaps no subject upon which more diversity of opinion exists amongst scientists than that which relates, firstly to the essential characteristics of the water itself, and secondly, to the most favourable conditions under which water will attack lead. With regard to the activity of the water there are several theories : 1. Presence of acidity in the water. 2. Insufficiency of dissolved silica. 3. Absence of a sufficient proportion of dissolved carbonic acid (C0 2 ). 4. Deficiency of salts, especially of phosphates, carbonates, and sulphates. 5. Presence of sewage matter, especially of nitrates and nitrites. 1. Presence of Acidity in the Water. There is no doubt that certain waters, especially from moorland sources, possess a distinct acidity, and that their lead-dissolving properties are directly proportional to their degree of acidity. This was shown to be the case by the experiments conducted by Dr. Sinclair White in connection with the Sheffield outbreak, and communicated in a paper read at ie meeting of the British Medical Association, in Leeds, in August, 1889. The nature of this acid is, we believe, yet a mystery. One opinion is that it consists of sulphuric acid, derived from the oxidation of iron pyrites ; another opinion is that the 192 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. acid is of vegetable origin, and is due to the decomposition of vegetable matter (e.q. peat), possibly due to the action of bacteria. The remedies proposed in this case are (a) Contact with fragments of limestone. (6) Admixture of a proportion of milk of lime. (c) Admixture of a proportion of carbonate of soda. Contact with fragments of limestone, in addition to the admixture with the water of a certain quantity of quicklime, has been adopted with satisfactory results at Keighley. As the acidity of the water varies from time to time, the quantity of alkali necessary should be periodically determined by analysis, and added to the water in the form of powder or as milk of lime. This is the more important as it has been proved that an excess of lime increases the activity of water towards lead. Dr. Tidy is reported to have said that the beneficial action of limestone was due simply to the silica which it contained. Fragments of limestone become coated after a few weeks and require renewal ; brushing is said to be effective. The admixture of a proportion of carbonate of soda with the water has been strongly advocated by Dr. Percy F. Frankland (Sanitary Institute Congress, Brighton, 1890). The quantity to be used must be determined from time to time by analysis, 5 parts of carbonate of soda to 100,000 parts of water being an extreme case. This process has been adopted at Wakefield. 2. Insufficiency of Dissolved Silica. This opinion has been strongly advocated by Dr. Tidy and other eminent chemists, as the result of observations which appeared to show that the activity of a water towards lead was destroyed when it contained upwards of half a grain of silica per gallon. It would seem, however, that this is not invariably the case, from the following instances : (a) Water from the Punch Bowl, Hindhead, which LEAD POISONING. 193 contains O831 grains of silica per gallon, is said to act vigorously on lead. (6) Experiments made by Professor Williams, of Sheffield, showed that silica added in definite quantities to an acid water did not diminish its solvent action upon lead. (c) The High Level water at Sheffield acted vigorously upon lead whilst containing a larger proportion of silica than the Low Level water, which acted slightly or not at all upon lead. Besides this, Dr. Sinclair White (1889) is of opinion that " the amount of silica which moorland water will take up from flints, even after long contact, is very small, and in practice it would seem to be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to silicate by means of ordinary flints some of these waters to the extent of containing half a grain per gallon. Mr. A. H. Allen has never succeeded in adding more than a quarter of a grain per gallon in this way, and Professor Percy Frankland's experience is of a similar character." 3. Absence of a Sufficient Proportion of Dissolved Carbonic Acid (C0 2 ). This is tantamount to saying that a water should possess a certain degreo of temporary hardness, and this theory is borne out by Dr. Percy Frankland, who states that such waters " may be generally considered above suspicion." 4. Deficiency of Salts, especially of Phosphates, Carbonates, and Sulphates. In other words, soft waters are dangerous, and perhaps this is the most popular opinion upon the subject. It must be remembered, however, as already stated, that an excess of lime in a water tends to increase its activity towards lead ; and that hard waters, which derive their salts from sewage-polluted sources (nitrates, nitrites, etc.), are especially active towards lead. 194 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. 5. Presence of Sewage-matter, especially of Nitrates, and Nitrites. Although this condition of a water undoubtedly renders it more active towards lead, it is almost needless to say that such pollution is not an indispensable cause. It would appear that much time has been wasted in attempting to trace the property possessed by certain waters of attacking lead to one final cause, instead of admitting that many causes may be at work at the same time, either separately or conjointly. With regard to the most favourable conditions under which water will attack lead, there is nearly as much variety of opinion. A frequently stated dogma is that new lead only is to be feared, old lead becoming protected by a coating of carbonate of lead which forms upon its surface, Dr. Frank- land has, however, shown that some waters act more and more upon pipes from day to day. It was originally believed that carbonate and sulphate of lead were insoluble in water ; this was due to an error in the method adopted for analysis, which assumed that sulphide of lead was insoluble in water charged with sulphuretted hydrogen. Again, it has been shown that the coating of carbonate of lime and lead, which forms on a lead surface exposed to an active water, is pervious and does not act as a protection. This coating also is very liable to scale off as a result of vibration, e.g. in pipes, the opening and closing of taps, the passage of vehicles, change of temperature, etc. The influence of pressure upon the action of the water has also led to much diversity of opinion. Dr. Sinclair White states, as the result of experiment, that, " Other things being equal, the greater the pressure under which the water is stored the greater amount of lead is taken up. This influence is considerable, but no amount of pressure will, of itself, render a harmless water active towards lead." There is more agreement upon the influence of temperature, LEAD POISONING. 195 and Dr. Sinclair White's statement that, "Other things being equal, an increase in the temperature of the water increases its lead-dissolving power," may be taken as the general opinion. This point, taken in connection with the remarks made above upon "temporary hardness," is in- teresting. It seems to be generally accepted that lead surfaces exposed alternately to the action of air and water are more liable to be attacked ; also that water becomes more active by becoming charged with air. Where the water is acidulated its action is much increased when it can bring into circuit with the lead surfaces of iron, copper, zinc, brass, etc. ; in such cases an electric current appears to be set up, the lead being the soluble electrode. The importance of investigating the action of a proposed water-supply upon lead must be impressed upon the student. It must be borne in mind, in conducting this investigation, that the quality of a water from the same source varies considerably in this respect, and that all the conditions capable of affecting the question must therefore be carefully ascertained. When, however, the active property of the water towards lead has been discovered subsequently to the construction of the works, in addition to the best practical measures being taken by the authority to counteract the solvent property before the water leaves their reservoir, information (in the form of leaflets) should be distributed amongst the consumers, so as to enable them to take such protective measures as will minimize the danger. The following recommendations have been suggested by Dr. Frankland : (1) That no water should be collected for drinking pur- poses until after the tap has been allowed to run for such a length of time as will presumably clear the service-pipe, and that drinking or cooking water may, therefore, be advantageously collected immediately after a considerable quantity of water has been drawn for other domestic purposes. 196 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. (2) That the filtration of the water through any form of animal charcoal filter, practically guarantees its absolute freedom from lead. (3) That hot water acts more powerfully on lead than cold, and that, therefore, metal tea-pots and other soldered vessels for holding hot water should be avoided as much as possible. It is an interesting fact, not yet satisfactorily explained, that filters composed of " animal charcoal " have the property not only of removing lead after it has been dissolved, but of removing from an active water its property of dissolving lead, and that this property is continuous. Another point to be remembered is that the lead from which pipes are usually constructed is not chemically pure. They generally consist of two-thirds of new and one-third of old lead, the latter having been already used, and con- taining tin, zinc, antimony, and other metals, which facilitate the formation of electric currents. CHAPTER XXVI. PUBLIC INQUIRIES. CONCLUSION. IN the preliminary chapter it was stated that the money for carrying out waterworks by Local Authorities is usually obtained upon loan after a Local Government Board inquiry. The Public Health Act, 1875, sec. 293, empowers the Local Government Board to cause to be made from time to time, " such inquiries as are directed by this Act, and such inquiries as they see fit in relation to any matters concerning the public health in any place, or any matter with respect to which their sanction, approval, or consent is required by this Act." The principal matters connected with the supply of water to rural districts upon which public inquiries are held, are 1. The borrowing of money beyond a certain amount. 2. The carrying of water-mains without the district. 3. The purchase of lands otherwise than by agreement. 4. The formation of a special drainage district for purposes of water supply. 5. The construction of large reservoirs. The Public Health Act, 1875, sec. 295, states that "all orders made by the Local Government Board in pursuance of this Act shall be binding and conclusive in respect of the ig8 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. matters to which they refer, and shall be published in such manner as the Board may direct." Sec. 296 empowers inspectors of the Local Government Board "for the purposes of any inquiry directed by the Board (to) have in relation to witnesses and their examin- ation, the production of papers and accounts, and the inspection of places and matters required to be inspected, similar powers to those which Poor Law Inspectors have under the Acts relating to the relief of the poor for the purposes of those Acts." 1. THE BORROWING OF MONEY. By sees. 233, 234, Local Authorities are empowered, with the sanction of the Local Government Board, to borrow money for "permanent works" (e.g. waterworks), and for such purpose they may " mortgage to the person by or on behalf of whom such sums are advanced, any funds or rates out of which they are authorized to defray expenses incurred by them in the execution of this Act." In the case of a Rural Authority the cost of providing a supply of water to any contributory place within the district (e.g. parish) is by sec. 229, a special expense, and only the rate or rates out of which such expenses are payable may be mortgaged for that purpose. The total amount of the loans outstanding is not at any time to exceed the " assessable " value for two years of the premises assessable within the district in respect of which such money may be borrowed. By " assessable " must be understood " rateable " in this connection. Where the sum proposed to be borrowed, together with the balances of outstanding loans (if any), would exceed the assessable value for one year of such premises, the Local Government Board shall not give their sanction to such loan until one of their inspectors has held a local inquiry and reported to the said Board. The loan is usually obtained from the " Public Works PUBLIC INQUIRIES. CONCLUSION. 199 Loan Commissioners," on the recommendation of the Local Government Board. It must be remembered that the Local Government Board can only recommend, and cannot compel. 2. THE CARRYING OF WATER-MAINS WITHOUT THE DISTRICT. Sec. 32 requires a Local Authority, before commencing the construction or extension (sec. 54) of any water-main with- out the district, to give three months' notice by advertise- ment in one or more of the local newspapers circulated within the district where the work is to be made. Such notice is to describe the nature of the intended work, and shall state the intended termini thereof, and the names of the parishes, and the turnpike roads and streets, and other lands (if any), through, across, under, or on which the work is to be made, and shall name a place where a plan of the in- tended work is open for inspection at all reasonable hours ; and a copy of such notice shall be served on the owners or reputed owners, lessees or reputed lessees, and occupiers of the said lands, and on the overseers of such parishes, and on the trustees, surveyors of highways, or other persons having the care of such roads or streets. Sec. 33 is to the effect that if any objection is raised against the intended works the said works must not be commenced without the sanction of the Local Government Board. Sec. 34. " The Local Government Board may, on applica- tion of the Local Authority, appoint an inspector to make inquiry on the spot into the propriety of the intended work and into the objections thereto, and to report to the Local Government Board on the matters with respect to which such inquiry was directed, and on receiving the report of such inspector the Local Government Board may make an order disallowing or allowing, with such modifications (if any) as they may deem necessary, the intended work." 200 DETAILS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY. Sec. 285 provides that " any Local Authority may, with the consent of the Local Authority of any adjoining district, execute and do in such adjoining district all or any of such works and things as they may execute and do within their own district, and on such terms as to payment or otherwise as may be agreed on between them and the Local Authority of the adjoining district." An important issue has arisen in connection with the two last clauses, which is clearly set forth in the following extract from the Justice of the Peace for May 19, 1894, which applies equally to water-mains (sec. 54) : " Query : (2) If one authority desires to carry a sewer through land of an adjoining authority, will it be sufficient to comply with sec. 32, or will it be necessary to obtain the consent mentioned in sec. 285 ? "(3) If such consent is necessary, can it be arbitrarily withheld by the adjoining authority ? " Answer : (2) We think the consent of the adjoining authority must be obtained. Such consent is a condition precedent to the works being undertaken. " (3) If the consent is withheld, there is no power of com- pelling the consent to be given. It is, therefore, immaterial whether or not the consent is arbitrarily withheld, as such consent is necessary before undertaking the works." 3. THE PURCHASE OF LAND OTHERWISE THAN BY AGREEMENT. A Local Authority, after having complied with the re- quirements of sec. 176 (sub-sec. 2), with regard to publica- tion and the service of notices, may petition the Local Government Board to permit them to put into force the Land Clauses Consolidation Acts. After receiving such petition, and being satisfied that the necessary formalities as to publication and service of notices have been complied with, the Local Government Board may either dismiss the PUBLIC INQUIRIES. CONCLUSION. 201 petition or institute an inquiry. After such inquiry the Local Governmen "Board may grant the petition, with such modifications or conditions that the Board may think fit. 4. THE FORMATION OF SPECIAL DRAINAGE DISTRICTS. As stated in Chapter I., the Local Government Board are rarely in favour of this step for purposes of water supply alone. 5. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE RESERVOIRS. This refers only to reservoirs other than service-reservoirs or tanks which will hold not more than 100,000 gallons, and therefore rarely applies to questions of rural water-supply. The Local Authority is required to properly advertise the proposed work in the local newspapers, and if any person who would be affected by the intended work lodges an ob- jection, the Local Authority may appeal to the Local Government Board. After receiving such appeal the Local Government Board may institute an inquiry, after which they may make an order disallowing or allowing, with such modifications (if any), as they may deem necessary, the- intended work. Where a Local Authority make default (inter alia), in providing their district with a supply of water (sec. 299), and complaint is made to the Local Government Board, the Local Government Board, "if satisfied, after due inquiry, that the authority has been guilty of the alleged default, shall make an order limiting a time for the performance of their duty in the matter of such complaint. If such duty is not performed by the time limited in the order, such order may be enforced by writ of mandamus, or the Local Government Board may appoint some person to perform snch duty." Similar powers are now given by the Local Government Act, 1894 (sec. 16), to County Councils upon the complaint of Parish Councils. 202 DETAILS OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY. Before holding an inquiry, the Local Government Board require to be supplied with certain information in the form of statistics, plans, estimates, and details. The requirements of the Local Government Board as to plans have already been dealt with in Chap. XI. The remaining information has to be supplied upon forms issued for the purpose by the Local Government Board, which are filled up by the clerk or engineer, according to the nature of the queries. The appended form has to be filled up by the engineer of the proposed works Works of Water Supply. Estimates and Details. Name of Sanitary Authority . In the case of a Rural Sanitary Authority, name of con- iributory place for which the works are required . ESTIMATE FOE CAST-IRON MAINS. Name of street or road. Internal dia- meter of pipes in inches. Weight per yard. Total length in yards. Total weight. 1 . !!! i To carry Ibs. pressure on the inch. L P PH I cwts. Ibs. cwts. Ibs. s. d. PUBLIC INQUIRIES. CONCLUSION. 203 ESTIMATE FOR FITTINGS. 33 a a i |J 11 8 Description of Work. Nos. ll 5 ** *i rf O o ** Total. Remarks. "3 *= % <2 A 2 J .bpg 8 11 ^ S s. d. Fire-cocks and hydrants I Casings to fire-cocks and hydrants complete Sluice-valves . Casings to sluice-valves complete N.B. Describe the sluice-valves, fire-cocks and hydrants, and state if or not the valves, or any portion of them, are to be of gun-metal. Describe the casings and street fittings in detail. Furnish diagrams if they have been prepared. DETAILS OF THE WORKS. HEADINGS FOB A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS TO BE FURNISHED BY THE ENGINEER. Pumping Works. 1. Sort of engine proposed. 2. Estimated power of engine. 3. Estimated weight of coal per hour, per horse-power. 4. Volume of water to be lifted. 5. Head to which water is to be lifted. 204 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. 6. Internal diameter of rising-main, in inches. 7. Calculated velocity of water in feet per second, through the rising-main. Impounding and Storage Reservoir. 1 . Area of gathering ground, in acres. 2. Average annual depth of rainfall. 3. Surface area of reservoir when full, in acres. 4. Greatest depth of water in the reservoir when full, in feet. 5. Total volume when full, in gallons. 6. Length of bye-wash. 7. Height of the embankment above top water-level, and top width and thickness of the puddle-wall at bottom and at top. Covered Service Reservoir. 1. Area of reservoir in square yards. 2. Depth of water in reservoir when full, in feet. 3. Volume of water in reservoir when full, in gallons. N.B. Describe in writing the proposed mode of con- struction of covered reservoirs ; as, also, how the reservoir is to be ventilated, lighted, and worked. It is not desirable to make the pumping main a supply main also, nor should the velocity through any pumping main exceed 2 feet per second. The whole of the cast-iron pipes and other castings must be varnished. There should not be less than 3 feet in length of bye-wash for each 100 acres of gathering ground. Add any additional details necessary to a full explanation of the proposed works. Plans and sections, or tracings of them, together with details, must be furnished. PUBLIC INQUIRIES. SUMMARY. Description of work. Cost. Total cost. Remarks. *. d. s. d. Date- Signed- N.B. This form sliould be signed by the engineer of the proposed works. At the inquiry the engineer is called upon to describe and explain the proposed works, and is frequently subjected to a sharp cross-examination upon the details. It is therefore necessary that he should be fully prepared upon every point, and have his notes in such a form as to be ready for refer- ence at a moment's notice. A useful method is to use a note-book with an alphabetical margin, and to arrange the various matters alphabetically. This practice will be found simple and rapid. Another useful practice is to lay down the mains and branches upon a 1-inch Ordnance map indicating the positions of reservoirs, tanks, sluice-valves, hydrants, etc., and distinguishing by means of different colours the ownership of all lands built upon, passed through, or in any way affected by the intended works. In conclusion we would urge upon the student the neces- sity for careful thought and preparation before advancing any scheme for water supply. The details comprehended in the profession of a waterworks engineer are innumerable, but upon the full appreciation of these details will depend his success or failure. A small scheme requires, in its way, as much preparation as a largo one, and an error in calculation, 206 RURAL WATER SUPPLY. which in the latter would be insignificant, might be the ruin of the former. The habits of careful investigation, unerring accuracy, and steady perseverance, combined with a thorough practical knowledge, are qualifications which alone will lead to the execution of those works with which the engineer may afterwards be proud to hear his name associated. INDEX. 4 ERATION, 113 .1JL Agricultural land, valua- tion of, 17 Air-valyes, 30, 142 T3ACTERIA in water, 116 JD Brass, 81 Bricks, 82 Brickwork, cost of, 83 Bronze, 81 CAST-IEON pipes, 124, 173 , joints for, 124 , method of jointing, 130 , testing, 128 Catchment area, 91 Cement, Portland, 85 Channels, uniform, gauging by means of, 65 Clay, 86 , pipes, 132 , puddle, 98 Clarke's process, 114 Coal, consumption of, 34 Collecting tank, 111 Compensation, 15, 22 Concrete, 84 , cost of, 85 Consumption of water, 88 Copper, 81 Corrosion, 136 DEACON'S meter, 107 Discharge of water through pipes, 30 -BASEMENTS, 23 _CJ , definition, 24 , compensation, 24 Embankments, earthen, 96 Evaporation, 57 Estimates, 172 T1ERRULES, 154 Jj Filter-beds, 117 , cost of, 122 208 INDEX. Filtration, sand, 115 Fire-cocks, 141 Fire-service, 138 Flood- water, 58 Forced sale, loss from, 19 .f\ AEDEN land, valuation, 1 7 vJ Gas engine, 34 Gauging flow of water, 61 Impurities in water, 6 Iron, cast, 79 , pig, 79 , wrought, 80 L EAD, 81 pipes, 132 poisoning, 190 I Levelling, 76 Gradient, hydraulic mean, 28, ;Lj me 35 71 Gravel, 88 Gravitation, 27 , by means of an orifice, 62 .. s surface velocity, 67 , a uniform channel, f ATEEIALS, 79 1 , safe limit of stress, 82 65 a weir, 63 Gun-metal, 81 TT AEDNESS of water, 1 1 4 ll Height of waves, 97 Highway, pipes along, 14, 26, 147, 200 Horse-power, 32 House connections, 146 fittings, 146 - valuation, 18 Hydrants, 141 Hydraulic mean depth, 67 - gradient, 28, 71 ram, 35 TMPOUNDING reservoirs, 91 , factors of safety, 87 Meters, 143 Minerals, valuation of, 1 8 AEIFICE, flow of water U through, 62 Ordnance surveys, 69 Outlet of reservoir, 101 PEECOL ATION of rainfall, 1 58 Petroleum engine, 35 Pipes, cast-iron, 123 , , forms of joints, 124 , , method of casting, 127 , , jointing, 130 , , strength of, 124 INDEX. 209 Pipes, cast-iron, testing, 128 , clay, 132 , lead, 132 , wrought-iron, 131 Plans, 69 , Ordnance, 69 Plantations, valuation of, 17 Precipitation, 114 Provisional order, 13 Public inquiries, 197 Puddle clay, 98 Pumps, 39 Purification of water, 113 E AIN gauge, 56 Rainfall, disposal, 8 , measurement, 54 Special Act, powers conferred by, 13 Specifications, 172 Springs, 8 Standposts, 152 I Steam, pumping by, 33 Steel, 80 Stone, 82 Stoneware pipes, 132 Stop-cocks, 151 Storage of rain-water, 164 of water, 88 , , calculation, 90 reservoir, 91 -, cost of, 107 Rainwater separator, 1C9 , stored, 9, 164 Ram, hydraulic, 35 Regulations, waterworks, 156 Removal, 18 Reservoirs, impounding or storage, 91 Riparian rights, 20 Cl AMPLES , manner of taking, U 7 Sand, 86 filtration, 115 Service reservoirs, 111 Severance, 18 Site, special adaptability of, 16 Sluice valves, 142 S ources of water supply, 6 Storm water, 58 Straining screens, 115 Subsidence, 113 Supply, daily variation of, 107 Syphons, 31 TESTING fittings, 150 mains, 1 34 -pipes, 128, 133 Tin, 81 Trade fixtures, valuation, 19 , profit, loss, 19 Turbines, 36 UNDERGROUND watei, 23 Undertakers, 12 Upland surface water, 9 yALUATION of land, 16 V Valve tower, 102 210 INDEX. Valves, pump, 48 Velocity, gauging by means of surface, 67 of water in pipes, 30 Virtual slope, 28 \T7ASTE-WEIB, 105 V V Water-power, 35 Water-wheels, 36 Waterworks Clauses Act, 1847, 147 , 1863, 148 regulations, 150, 156 Waves, height of, 97 Wells, Abyssinian tube, 185 , Artesian, 184 , construction, 186 , deep, 9, 183 , shallow or surface, 182 , specification and esti- mate, 187 Wind power, 37 Wood, 86 Woods, valuation of, 17 Wrought-iron pipes, 131 , 81 OF THE (UNIVERSITY X* THE END. PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. Jiefttly, 3'iO pages Super-Royal Octiiro, I' rice 25$., buckram. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS, AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF WATERWORKS: A Practical Treatise for the use of Engineers and Students of Engineering BY W. K. BURTON, A.M.lNST.C.E., Professor of Sanitary Engineering in the Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan. TO WHICH IS APPENDED A PAPER ON THE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATERWORKS BY PROFESSOR JOHN MILNE, F.R.S. WITH NUMEROUS PLATES AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. CHAP. I. INTRODUCTORY. II. DIFFERENT QUALITIES OF WATER. III. QUANTITY OF WATER TO BE PRO- VIDED. IV. Ox ASCERTAINING WHETHER A PRO- POSED SOURCE OF SUPPLY is SUFFI- CIENT. V. Ox ESTIMATING THE STORAGE CAPA- CITY REQUIRED TO BE PROVIDED. VI. CLASSIFICATION OF WATERWORKS. VII. IMPOUNDING RESERVOIRS. VIII. EARTHWORK DAMS. IX. MASONRY DAMS. X. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER. XI. SETTLING RESERVOIRS. XII. SAND FILTRATION. XIII. PURIFICATION OF WATER BY ACTION OF IKON SOFTENING OF WATER BY ACTION OF LIME NATURAL FIL- TRATION, CHAP. XIV. SERVICE OR CLEAN WATER RESER- VOIRSWATER TOWERS STAND- PIPES. XV. THE CONNECTION OF SETTLING RE- SERVOIRS, FILTER BEDS, AND SERVICE RESERVOIRS. XVI. PUMPING MACHINERY. XVII. FLOW OF WATER IN CONDUITS, PIPES, AND OPEN CHANNELS. XVI11. DISTRIBUTION STSTEMS. XIX. SPECIA,L PROVISIONS FOR THE EX- TINCTION OF FIRE. XX. PIPES FOR WATERWORKS. XXI. PREVENTION OF WASTE OF WATER. XXII. VARIOUS APPLICATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH WATERWORKS. APPENDIX. By PROF. JOHN MILNE, F.R.S. CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE PRO- BABLE EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES ON WATERWORKS, AND THE SPECIAL PRE- CAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN EARTHQUAKE COUNTRIKS. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The chapter upon nitration of water is very complete, and the details of construction well illustrated. . . . The work should be specially valuable to civil engineers engaged in work in Japan, but the interest is by no means confined to that locality." Engineer. " It is with great pleasure that we chronicle an addition to the literature of this important branch of engineering, and we congratulate the author upon the practical common sense shown in the preparation of this work. . . . The plates and diagrams have evidently been pre- pared with great care, and cannot fail to be of great assistance to the student." Builder. " The whole art of waterworks construction is dealt with in a clear and comprehensive fashion in this handsome volume. . . . Mr. Burton's practical treatise shows in all its sections the fruit of independent study and individual experience. It is largely based upon his own practice in the branch of engineering of which it treats." Saturday Review. LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, B.C. Imperial 4to, 6 6s. net. JftniitsoineJy JiaJf-bon-in1 in COMPBEHEN8IYE TEEATISE OX THE Water Supply of Cities & Towns BY WILLIAM HUMBER, A.M.INST.C.E..&M.INST.M.E., AUTHOR OF "CAST AND WROUGHT-IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION," ETC. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates,! Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards of 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of Text. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. CHAP.' I. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SOME OF THE MEANS THAT HAVE BEEN ADOPTED FOR THE SUPPLY OF WATER TO CITIES AND TOWNS. II. WATER AND THE FOREIGN MATTER USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH IT. III. EAINFALL AND EVAPORATION. IV. SPRINGS AND THE WATER-BEARING FORMATIONS OF VARIOUS DIS- TRICTS. V. MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THE FLOW OF WATER. VI. ON THE SELECTION OF THE SOURCE OF SUPPLY. VII. WELLS. VIII. RESERVOIRS. IX. THE PURIFICATION OF WATER. X. PUMPS. CHAP. XI. PUMPING MACHINERY. XII. CONDUITS. XIII. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER. XIV. METERS, SERVICE PIPES, AND HOUSE FITTINGS. XV. THE LAW AND ECONOMY OF WATER- WORKS. XVI. CONSTANT AND INTERMITTENT SUP- PLY. XVII. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. APPENDICES, GIVING TABLES OF RATES OF SUPPLY, VELOCITIES, &c., &c., TOGETHER WITH SPECIFICATIONS OF SEVERAL WORKS ILLUSTRATED, AMONG WHICH WILL BE FOUND : ABERDEEN, BIDEFORD, CANTER- BURY, DUNDEE, HALIFAX, LAMBETH, ROTHERHAM, DUBLIN, AND OTHERS. OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced in English, or in any other language. . . . Mr. Humber's work is characterized almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises. " < Engineer. " We can congratulate Mr. Hunibar on having been able to give so large an amount of information on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns. The plates, fifty in number, are mostly drawings of executed works, and alone would have commanded the attention of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession." Builder. LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.C. Second Edition, Crown 8fo, 3'*0 pages, with Illustrations, 7s. (id., cJotJi. VNTATER ENGINEERING A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE MEASUREMENT, STORAGE, CONVEYANCE, AND UTILIZATION OF WATER FOE THE SUPPLY OF TOWNS, FOR MILL POWER, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. By CHARLES SLAGG, Water and Drainage Engineer, Associate Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Author of "Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns, and in Villages." SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. EMBANKMENTS OF WATERWORKS RESER- VOIRS QUANTITY OF WATER TO BE STORED APPURTENANCES OF RESERVOIRS DIS- CHARGE OF WATER FROM THE RESERVOIR APPROXIMATE COST OF A STORAGE RESER- VOIR CONCRETE FOR EMBANKMENTS AND DAMS STREAM GAUGES RAINFALL AREAS OF RIVER-BASINS CONDUITS TUNNELS SERVICE RESERVOIRS PRESSURE AND ITS EFFECTS IN PIPES AQUEDUCTS RIVERS AND WATERCOURSES COMPENSATION TO " As a small practical treatise on the water supply of towns, and on some applications of water-power, the work is in many respects excellent." Engineering. "The author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied by very clear and detailed explanations. . . . The application of water as a motive power is treated very carefully and exhaustively." Builder. MILLS OF WATER-POWER IN GENERAL- WATER WHEELS CORN MILLS WORK DONE BY WATER WHEELS TURBINES DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SERVICE RESERVOIRS DISTRIBUTION OF WATER PUMPING-MAINS AND ENGINES FLOODS STORAGE OF FLOOD WATERS RELIEF OF LAND FROM FLOODS REGULATION OF FLOOD WATERS RIVER CONSERVANCY COUNTRY BOARDS AND WATERSHED AREAS. LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.G. Fcap. 8co, nearly 4OO pa-yes, price 7s. 6d., cloth. THE HEALTH OFFICER'S POCKET-BOOK A GUIDE TO SANITARY PRACTICE AND LAW FOR MEDICAL OFFICERS OF HEALTH, SANITARY INSPECTORS, MEMBERS OF SANITARY AUTHORITIES, ETC. By EDWARD F. WILLOUGHBY, M.D. (Lond.), D.P.H. (Lond. & Camb.), Author of " Hygiene and Public Health," &c. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PART I. PRACTICAL HYGIENE. CHAP. I. MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE. II. METEOROLOGICAL PRACTICE. III. DEMOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS. IV. ENGINEERING MEMORANDA. V. SANITARY PRACTICE. VI. WATER. VII. DIETETICS. VIII. SCAVENGING. PART II. SANITARY LAW. ENUMERATION OF CLAUSES IN THE GREATER ACTS. ABSTRACTS OF ACTS IN PARLIAMENT. MINOR ACTS OF PARLIAMENT. LIST OF MODEL BYELAWS OF LOCAL GOVERN- MENT BOARD. FORMS OF NOTICES, ORDERS, &c. "It is a mine of condensed information of a pertinent and useful kind on the various subjects of which it treats. The matter seems to have been carefully compiled and arranged for facility of reference, and it is well illustrated by diagrams and woodcuts. The different subjects are succinctly but fully and scientifically dealt with." The Lancet. " We feel quite safe in recommending all those engaged in practical sanitary work to furnish themselves with a copy for reference. We can also recommend it for fetudy to those going in for the various examinations in public health, as it contains a large amount of valuable information on subjects which frequently appear in the examination papers, and which are not generally found in works on hygiene and public health." Sanitary Journal. LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.C, BOOKS ON WATER ENGINEERING, Ac., Published by CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. Lanje Crown Svo, l(Js., cloth. HYDRAULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lowis D'A. JACKSOX, Author of " Aid to Survey Practice," ike. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering, and has been a careful observer of the facts which have come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this brancli of the engineer's profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to all who desire to be acquainted with the latest development of this important subject." Engineering. Crown Svo, 14s., cloth. HYDRAULIC TABLES, COEFFICIENTS, AND FORMULAE for Find- ing the Discharge cf Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulae, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall, Catchment Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By JOHN NEVILLE, C.E., M.R.I.A. Third Edition, carefully revised, with considerable Additions. Numerous Illustrations. " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness . . . From the good arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations and abundance of formulae, the carefully calculated tables, and, above all. the thorough acquaintance with both theory and construction, which is displayed from first to last, the book will be found to be an acquisition." Architect. Fcap. Svo, 5s., cloth. ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS, AND BUILDINGS. By G. D. DBMPSKY, C.E. Revised, with large Additions, by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.G.E., Author of " Tramways," &c. Second Edition, Corrected. "The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey's excellent work is characterised by the compre- hensive grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient voucher." Athenaeum. "A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student." tiuilding News. Just published, Crown Svo, 2s. 6d., cloth. THE SANITARY ARRANGEMENT OF DWELLING-HOUSES: A Handbook for Householders and Owners of Houses. By A. J. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M.Inst.C.E. " This book will be largely read ; it will be of considerable service to the public. It is well arranged, easily read, and for the most part devoid of technical terms." Lancet. Fcap. Svo, 3s. Gd., cloth. SANITARY WORK IN THE SMALLER TOWNS AND IN VILLAGES. By CHARLES SLAGG, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. Second Edition, enlarged. " This is a very useful book. There is a great deal of work required to be done in the smaller ttowns and villages, and this little volume will help those who are willing to do it." Builder. Fcap. Svo, 4s., cloth. PLUMBING. A Text-Book to the Practice of the Art or Craft of the Plumber. With Chapters upon House Drainage and Ventilation. By WM. PATON BUGHAX, R.P., Sanitary Engineer. Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged, with 330 Illustrations. " A text-book which may be safely put into the hands of every young plumber, and which will also be found useful by architects and medical professors." Builder. Crown Svo, 2s. Qd., cloth. PUMPS AND PUMPING: A Handbook for Pump Users. ByM.Powi^ BALE, M.I.M.E., Author of " Woodworking Machinery," &c. Second Edition, Revised. "The matter is set forth as concisely as possible. In fact, condensation rather than diffuseness has been the author's aim throughout ; yet he does not seem to have omitted any- thing likely to be of use. ' Journal of Gas Lighting. LOXDOX : CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON, 7, Stationers' Hall Court, E.C. 7, STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LONDON, E.G. September, 1895. CATALOGUE OF BOOKS INCLUDING NEW AND STANDARD WORKS IN ENGINEERING: CIVIL, MECHANICAL, AND MARINE; ELECTRICITY AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING; MINING, METALLURGY; ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, INDUSTRIAL AND DECORATIVE ARTS; SCIENCE, TRADE AND MANUFACTURES; AGRICULTURE, FARMING, GARDENING; AUCTIONEERING, VALUING AND ESTATE AGENCY; LAW AND MISCELLANEOUS. PUBLISHED BY CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. J). K. Clark's Poc7cet-JBoofc for Mechanical Engineers. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OF TABLES, FORMULAE, RULES AND DATA. A Handy Book of Reference for Daily Use in Engineering Practice. By D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E., Author of " Raih^y Machinery," "Tramways," &c. Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged. Small 8vo, 700 pages, gs. bound in flexible leather covers, with rounded corners and gilt edges. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. MATHEMATICAL TABLES. MEASUREMENT OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FRENCH METRIC WEIGHTS AND MEA- SURES. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. MONEYS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY WEIGHT AND VOLUME. MANUFACTURED METALS. STEEL PIPES. BOLTS AND NUTS. SUNDRY ARTICLES IN WROUGHT AND CAST IRON, COPPER, BRASS, LEAD, TIN, ZINC. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. STRENGTH OF TIMBER. STRENGTH OF CAST IRON. STRENGTH OF WROUGHT IRON. STRENGTH OF STEEL. TENSILE STRENGTH OF COPPER, LEAD, ETC. RESISTANCE OF STONES AND OTHER BUILD- ING MATERIALS. RIVETED JOINTS IN BOILER PLATES. BOILER SHELLS- WIRE ROPES AND HEMP ROPES. CHAINS AND CHAIN CABLES. FRAMING. HARDNESS OF METALS, ALLOYS AND STONES. LABOUR OF ANIMALS. MECHANICAL PRIN- CIPLES. GRAVITY AND FALL OF BODIES. ACCELERATING AND RETARDING FORCES. MILL GEARING, SHAFTING, ETC. TRANSMISSION OF MOTIVE POWER. HEAT. COMBUSTION : FUELS. WARMING, VENTILATION, COOKING STOVES. STEAM. STEAM ENGINES AND BOILERS. RAILWAYS TRAMWAYS. STEAM SHIPS. PUMPING STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS. COAL GAS, GAS ENGINES, ETC. AIR IN MOTION. COMPRESSED AIR. HOT AIR ENGINES. WATER POWEK. SPEED OF CUTTING TOOLS. COLOURS. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. *** OPINIONS OP THE PRESS. " Mr. Clark manifests what is an innate perception ot what is likely to be useful m a pocket- book, and he is really unrivalled in the art of condensation. Very frequently we find the informa- tion on a given subject is supplied by giving a summary description of an experiment, and a state- jnent of the results obtained. There is a very excellent steam table, occupying five and-a-half pages ; and there are rules given for several calculations, which rules cannot be found in other pocket-books, as, for example, that on page 497, for getting at the quantity of water in the shape of priming in any kiown weight of steam. It is very difficult to hit upon any mechanical engineer- 'ing subject concerning which this work supplies no information, and the excellent index at the end ds to its utility. In one word, it is an exceedingly handy and efficient tool, possessed of which the engineer will be saved many a wearisome calculation, or yet more wearisome hunt through various text-books and treatises, and, as such, we can heartily recommend it to our readers, who must not run away with the idea that 'Mr. Clark's Pocket-book is only Molesworth in another form. On the contrary, each contains what is not to be found in the other ; and Mr. CKrk takes more room and deals at more length with many subjects than Molesworth possibly could." The Engineer, " It would be found difficult to compress more matter within a similar compass, or produce a book of 650 pages which should be more compact or convenient for pocket reference. . . Will be appreciated by mechnaical engineers of all classes." Practical Engineer. "Just the kind of work that practical men require to have near to them." English Me;hotnic. B 2 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS. Handbook for Works' Managers. THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK OF MODERN RULES, TABLES, AND DATA. For Engineers, Millwrights, and Boiler Makers; Tool Makers, Machinists, and Metal Workers; Iron and Brass Founders, &c. By W. S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Practical Engineer's Handbook." Fifth Edition, carefully Re- vised, with Additions. In One handsome Volume, medium Svo, price 155. strongly bound. \Just published. tST The A uthor having compiled Rules and Data for his own use in a great variety of modern engineering work, and having found his notes extremely useful, decided to publish them revised to date believing that a practical work, suited to the DAILY REQUIREMENTS OF MODERN ENGINEERS, would be favourably received. In the Fourth Edition the First Section has been re-written and improved by the. Addition of numerous Illustrations and new matter relating to STEAM ENGINES and GAS ENGINES. The Seccnd Section has been enlarged and Illustrated, and through- out the booh a great number of emendations and alterations have been tnade,with ths object of rendering the book more generally useful. V* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The author treats every subject from the point of view of one who has collected workshop notes for application in workshop tracts^, rather than from the theoretical or literary aspect. Th volume contains a great deal or tnat Ktn3 of information which is gained only by practical experi- ence, and is seldom written in books.' 1 Engineer, "The volume is an exceedingly useful one, brimful with engineers' notes, memoranda, and rules, and well worthy of being on every mechanical engineer's Vookshelf." Mechanical World. " The information is precisely that likely to be required in practice. . . . The work forms a desirable addition to the library not only of the works' manager, but of anyone connected with general engineering." Alining Jow nal. "A formidable mass of facts and figures, readily accessible through an elaborate Inde* . . . Such a volume will be found absolutely necessary as a book of reference in all sorts of ' works ' connected with the metal trades." Rj land's iron Trades Circular. " Brimful of useful information, stated in a concise torm, Mr. Mutton's books have met a press. ing want among engineers. The book must prove extremely useful to every practical niaa possessing a copy." Practical Engineer. Manual for Practical Engineers. THE PRACTICAL ENGINEER'S HAND-BOOK. Comprising a Treatise on Modern Engines and Boilers: Marine, Locomotive and Sta- tionary. And containing a large collection of Rules and Practical Data relating to recent Practice in Designing and Constructing all kinds of Engines, Boilers, and other Engineering work. The whole constituting a comprehensive Key to the Board of Trade and other Examinations lor Certi- ficates oi Competency in Modern Mechanical Engineering. By WALTER S, HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manaper'3 Handbook for Engineers," &c. With upwards of 370 Illustrations. Fourth Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, nearly 500 pp., price i8s, Strongly bound. t&r This work is designed as a companion to the Author's "WORKS' MANAGER'S HAND-BOOK." It possesses many new and original features, and con- tains, like its predecessor, a quantity of matter not originally intended for publica- tion, but collected by the author for his own use in the construction of a great variety of MODERN ENGINEERING WORK. The information is given in a condensed and concise form, and is illustrated by upwards of 370 Woodcuts ; and comprises a quantity of tabulated matter of great value to all engaged in designing, constructing, or estimating for ENGINES, BOILERS, and OTHER ENGINEERING WORK. V* OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. ' We have kept It at hand for several weeks, referring to it as occasion arose, and we have no* on a single occasion consulted its pages without finding the information of which we were in quest. " A thoroughly good practical handbook, which no engineer can go through without k arnlng something that wifl be of service to him." Marine Engineer. " An excellent book of reference for engineers, and a valuable text-book for students oj engineering." Scotsman. "This valuable manual embodies the results and experience of the leading authorities on mechanical engineering." Building Nevus. The author has collected together a surprising quantity of rules and practical data, and has Rde. . . . There is no doubt that this book is shown much judgment in the selections he has one of the most useful of its kind published, and will be a very popular compendium." Engineer. "A mass of information, set down in simple language, and in such a form that it can be easily referred to at any time. The matter is uniformly good and well chosen and is greatly elucidated one of the most useful books of reference." Practical Engineer. " Full of useful information and should be found on the office shelf cf all practical englneerr." Ensrlis'h Mecf-anu. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. MR. MUTTON'S PRACTICAL HANDBOOKS continued. Practical Treatise on Modern Steam-Boilers. STEAM-BOILER CONSTRUCTION. A Practical Handbook ior Engineers, Boiler-Makers, and Steam Users. Containing a large Col- lection of Rules and Data relating to Recent Practice in the Design, Con- struction, and Working of all Kinds of Stationary, Locomotive, and Marine Steam-Boilers. By WALTER S. HUTTON, Civil and Mechanical Engineer, Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. With upwards of 300 Illustrations. Second Edition. Medium 8vo, i8s. cloth. KS" This work is issued in continuation of the Series of Handbooks written by the Author, viz; "THE WORKS' MANAGER'S HANDBOOK" and "THE PRACTI- CAL ENGINEER'S HANDBOOK," which are so highly appreciated by Engineers for the practical nature of their information ; and is consequently written in the same style as those works. The Author believes that the concentration, in a convenient form for easy refer- ence, of such a large amount of thoroughly practical information on Stcatn-Boiiers, will be of considerable service to those for whom it is intended, and he trusts the book may be deemed worthy of as favourable a reception as has been accorded to its predecessors, *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "Every detail, both In boiler design and management, is clearly laid before the reader. Th volume shows that boiler construction has been reduced to the condition of one of the most exact sciences ; and such a book is of the utmost value to the fin de siecle Engineer and Works Manager. " Marine Engineer. " There has long been room now, because Mr. Hutton has filled it. It is a thoroughly practical book for those who are occu- . . re has long been room for a modern handbook on steam boilers ; there is not that reon> pied in the construction, design, selection, or use of boilers." Engineer. " The book is of so important and comprehensive a character that it must find its way into the libraries of everyone interested in boiler using or boiler manufacture if they wish to be thoroughly informed. We strongly recommend the book for the intrinsic value of its contents." Machinery Market. " The value of this book can hardly be over-estimated. The author's rules, formulae, &c., ar* all very fresh, and it is impossible to turn to the work and not find what you want. No practical 1 engineer should be without it." Colliery Guardian. Hutton's t( Modernised Templeton*" THE PRACTICAL MECHANICS' WORKSHOP COM- PANION. Comprising a great variety of the most useful Rules and Formulas in Mechanical Science, with numerous Tables of Practical Data and Calcu- lated Results for Facilitating Mechanical Operations. By WILLLAM TEMPLE- TON, Author of "The Engineer's Practical Assistant," &c. &c. Seventeenth Edition, Revised, Modernised, and considerably Enlarged by WALTER S. HUTTON, C.E., Author of "The Works' Manager's Handbook," "The Practical Engineer's Handbook," &c. Fcap. 8vo, nearly 500 pp., with S Plates and upwards of 250 Illustrative Diagrams, 6s., strongly bound for workshop or pocket wear and tear, *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " In Its modernised form Button's ' Templeton 'should have a wide sale, for It contains much valuable information which the mechanic will often find of use, and not a few tables and notes which he might look for in vain in other works. This modernised edition will be appreciated by all who have learned to value the original editions of ' Templeton.' ' English Mechanic. " It has met with great success in the engineering workshop, as we can testify ; and there are a great many men who, in a great measure, owe their rise in life to this little book." Building News. " This familiar text-bookwell known to all mechanics and engineers is of essential service ta the every-day requirements of engineers, millwrights, and the various trades connected with engineering and building. The new modernised edition is worth its weight in gold."uitctinp "This well-known and largely- used book contains Information, brought up to date, of the sort so useful to the foreman and draughtsman. So much fresh information has been introduced as to constitute it practically a new book. It will be largely used in the office and workshop." er> ' T^he'publishers wisely entrusted the task of revision of this popular, valuable, and useful book to Mr. Hutton, than whom a more competent man they could not have found." Iron. ^^ Temvleton's Engineer's and Machinist's Assistant* THE ENGINEER'S, MILLWRIGHT'S, and MACHINIST'S PRACTICAL ASSISTANT. A collection of Useful Tables, Rules and Data. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON. 7th Edition, with Additions. i8mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Occupies a foremost place among books of this kind. A more suitable present to an apprer tlce to any of the mechanical trades could not possibly be mz&e."BuOdi*f News. "A deservedly popular work. It should be in the ' drawer of every mechanic. '-I-.nghsH. Mechanic. CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. Foley's Office Reference Book for Mechanical Engineers. THE MECHANICAL ENGINEER'S REFERENCE BOOK, for Machine and Boiler Construction. In Two Parts. Part I. GENERAL ENGINEERING DATA. Fart II. BOILER CONSTRUCTION. With 51 Plates and numerous Illustrations. By NELSON FOLEY, M.I.N.A. Second Edition, Revised throughout and much Enlarged. Folio, 3 35. net half-bound. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. PART I. MEASURES. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS, &c., SQUARES, CUBES, FOURTH POWERS. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS. SURFACE OF TUBES RECIPROCALS. LOGARITHMS. MENSURATION. SPE- CIFIC GRAVITIES AND WEIGHTS. WORK AND POWER. HEAT. COMBUS- TION. EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. EXPANSION OF GASES. STEAM. STATIC FORCES. GRAVITATION AND ATTRACTION. MOTION AND COMPUTA- TION OF RESULTING FORCES. ACCU- MULATED WORK. CENTRE AND RADIUS OF GYRATION. MOMENT OF INERTIA. CENTRE OF OSCILLATION. ELEC- TRICITY. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. ELASTICITY. TEST SHEETS OF METALS. FRICTION. TRANSMISSION OF POWER. FLOW OF LIQUIDS. FLOW OF GASES. AIR PUMPS, SURFACE CON- DENSERS, &c. SPEED OF STEAMSHIPS. PROPELLERS. CUTTING TOOLS. FLANGES. COPPER SHEETS AND TUBES. SCREWS, NUTS, BOLT HEADS, &c. VARIOUS RECIPES AND MISCEL- LANEOUS MATTER. WITH DIAGRAMS FOR VALVE-GEAR, BELTING AND ROPES, DISCHARGE AND SUCTION PIPES, SCREW PROPELLERS, AND COPPER PIPES. PART II. TREATING OF, POWER OF BOILERS. RIVETING. BOILER SETTING, CHIM- USEFUL RATIOS. NOTES ON CON- STRUCTION. CYLINDRICAL BOILER SHELLS. CIRCULAR FURNACES. FLAT PLATES. STAYS. GIRDERS. KEYS, AND MOUNTINGS. FUELS, &c. EXAMPLES OF BOILERS AND SPEEDS OF STEAMSHIPS. NOMINAL AND NORMAL HORSE POWER. SCREWS. HYDRAULIC TESTS. WITH DIAGRAMS FOR ALL BOILER CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS OF MANY VARIETIES OF BOILERS. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " The book is one which every mechanical engineer may, with advantage to himself add to his library." Industries " Mr. Foley is well fitted to compile such a work. . . . The diagrams are a great feature he work. . . . Regarding the whole work, it maybe very fairly stated that Mr. Foley has produced a volume which will undoubtedly fulfil the desire of the author and become indispen- sable to all mechanical engineers." Marine Engineer. " We have carefully examined this work, and pronounce it a most excellent reference book for the use of marine engineers." Journal of American Society of Naval Engineers. " A veritable monument of industry on the part of Mr. Foley, who has succeeded in producing what is simply invaluable to the engineering profession." Steamshit. Coal and Speed Tables. A POCKET BOOK OF COAL AND SPEED TABLES, for Engineers and Steam-users. By NELSON FOLEY, Author of "The Mechanical Engineer's Reference Book," Pocket-size, 35. 6d. cloth. "These tables are designed to meet the requirements of every-day use ; they are of suffi- cient scope for most practical purposes, and may be commended to engineers and users of steam.?' Iron. "This pocket-book well merits the attention of the practical engineer. Mr. Foley has com- piled a very useful set of tables, the information contained in which Is frequently required by engineess, coal consumers and users of steam." Iron and Coal Trades Review. Steam Engine. TEXT-BOOK ON THE STEAM ENGINE. With a. Sup- plement on Gas Engines, and PART II. ON HEAT ENGINES. By T. M. GOODEVE, M.A., Barrister-at-Law, Professor of Mechanics at the Royal College of Science, London; Author of "The Principles of Mechanics," "The Elements of Mechanism," &c. Twelfth Edition, Enlarged. With nu- merous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 6s. cloth. " Professor Gpodeve has given us a treatise on the steam engine which will bear comparison with anything written by Huxley or Maxwell, and we can award it no higher praise." Engineer. " Mr. Goodeve's text-book is a work of which every young engineer should possess himseli." Mining Journal. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Gas Engines. ON GAS-ENGINES. With Appendix describing a Recent Engine with Tube Igniter. By T. M. GOODEVB, M.A. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. tfust published. " Liite all Mr. Goodeve's writing's, the present is no exception In point of general excellence It is a valuable little volume." Mechanical World. Steam Engine Design. A HANDBOOK ON 'LHE STEAM ENGINE, with especial Reference to Small and Medium-sized Engines. For the Use of Engine- Makers, Mechanical Draughtsmen, Engineering Students and Users of Steam Power. By HERMAN HAEDER, C.E. English Edition, Re-edited by the Author from the Second German Edition, and Translated, with considerable Additions and Alterations, by H. H. P. POWLES, A.M. I. C.E. , M.I.M.E. With nearly 1,100 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " A perfect encyclopaedia of the steam engine and its details, and one which must take a per- manent place in Engl-sh drawing-offices and workshops." A foreman Pattern-maker. " This is an excellent book, and should be in the hands of all who are interested in the con- struction and design of medium sized stationary engines. . . . A careful study of its contents and the arrangement of the sections leads to the conclusion that there is probably no other book like it in this country. The volume aims at showing the resulis of practical experience, and it certainly may claim a complete achievement of this idea." Nature. " There can be no question as to its value. We cordially commend it to all concerned in the design and construction of the steam engine." Mechanical World. Steam, Boilers. A TREATISE ON STEAM BOILERS: Their Strength, Con- struction, and Economical Working. By ROBERT WILSON, C.E. Fifth Edition. i2mo, 6s. cloth. "The best treatise that has ever been published on steam boilers." Engineer. "The author shows himself perfect master of his subject, and we heartily recommend all em ploying steam power to possess themselves cf the work." Rj land's Iron Trade Circular. Boiler Chimneys. BOILER AND*' FACTORY CHIMNEYS; Their Draught-Power and Stability. With a Chapter on Lightning Conductors. By ROBERT WILSON, A. I.C.E., Author of "A Treatise on Steam Boilers," &c, Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 3*. 6d. cloth. "A valuable contribution to the literature of scientific building." The Builder. Boiler Making. THE BOILER-MAKER'S READY RECKONER <* ASSIST- ANT. With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating, for the Use of Platers, Smiths and Riveters. By JOHN COURTNEY, Edited by D. K. CLARF, M.I.C.E. Third Edition, 480 pp., with i4olllusts. Fcap. 8vo, 75. half-boune. " No workman or apprentice should be without this book." Iron Tiade Circular. Locomotive Engine Development. THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT. A Popular Treatise on the Gradual Improvements made in Railway Engines between 1803 and 1894. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E., Author of " Safe Railway Working," &c. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. With 95 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth gilt. [Just published. " Students of railway history and all who are interested in the evolution of the modern locomo- tive will find much to attract and enlertain in this volume." The Times. " The author of this work is well known to the railway world, and no one probably has a better knowledge of the history and development of the locomotive. The volume btfoic us should be of value to all connected with the railway system of this country." Nature. Estimating for Engineering Work, &c. ENGINEERING ESTIMATES, COSTS AND ACCOUNTS: A Guide to Commercial Engineering. With numerous Examples of Esti- mates and Costs of Millwright Work, Miscellaneous Productions, Steam Engines and Steam Boilers; and a Section on the Preparation of Costs Accounts. By A GENERAL MANAGER. Demy 8vo, I2S. cloth. " This is an excellent and very useful book, covering subject-matter in constant requisition to every factory and workshop. . . . The book is invaluable, not only to the young engineer, but also to the estimate department of every works." Builder. " We accord the work unqualified praise. The information is given in a plain, straightforward minner. and bears throughout evidence of the intimate practical acquaintance of the author with every phase of commercial engineering." Mechanical World. 6 CROSBY LOCK WOOD SON'S CATALOGUE. of Engineering Formula?, &c. THE ENGINEER'S YEAR-BOOK FOR 1895. Comprising" Formulae, Rules, Tables, Data and Memoranda in Civil, Mechanical, Elec- tiical, Marine and Mine Engineering. By H. R. KEMPE, A.M. Inst.C.E., M. I. E.E., Technical Lfficer of the Engir.eer-in-Chiet's Office, General Post Office, London, Author of "A Handbook of Electrical Testing," "The; Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book," &c. W'hh 750 Illustrations, specially Engraved for the work. Crown 8vo, 650 pages, 8s. leather. [Just published. " Represents an enormous quantity of work, and forn;s a desirable book of reference." That Engineer. " The book is distinctly in advance of most simi'ar pi blicatior.s in this country'." Engineering " This valuable and well-designed book of reference meets the demands ot all descriptions of engineers." Saturday Re-view. "Teems with up-to-date information in every branch of engineering and construction." Building News. "The needs of the engineering profession could hard'y be supplied in a more admirable, complete and convenient form. To say that it more than sustains all comparisons is praise ot the-. highest sort, ar.d that may justly be said oi it.' Mining Journal. " There is certainly room 'or the new comer, which supplies explanations and d ; rections, as well as formulae and tables. It deserves to become one of the n.ost successful of the technical annuals." Architect. " Brings together with great skill all the technical information vhich an engineer has to use day by day. It is in every way admirably equipped, and is sure to prove successful." Scotsman, " The up-to-datene&s of Mr. Kempe's compilation is a quality that will not be lost on the busy people for whom the work is intended." G^asgc-zu Herald. Portable Engines. THE PORTABLE ENGINE; ITS CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT. A Practical Manual for Owners and Users of Steam Engines generally. By WILLIAM DYSON WANSERCUGH. With 90 Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This is a work of value to those who use steam machinery. . . . Should be read by everj one who has a steam engine, on a farm or elsewhere." Mark Lane Express. " We cordially commend this work to buyers and owners ol steam engines, and to those who- have to do with their construction or use." 7Yw*<:r Trades Journal. "Such a general knowledge of the steam engine as Mr. Wansbrough furnishes to the readej should be acquired by all intelligent owners and others who use the steam engine." Building Netus. " An excellent text-book of this useful form of engin". Thf Hints to Purchasers ' contain a. good deal of commonsense and practical wisdom." English Mechanic, Iron and Steel. " IRON AND STEEL " : A Work for the Forge, Foundry, Factory^ and Office. Containing ready, useful, and trustworthy Information for Iron- masters and' their Stock-taktrs ; Managers of Bar, Rail, Plate, and Shee* Rolling Mills; Iron and Metal Founders; Iron Ship and Bridge Builders ; Mechanical, Mining, and Consulting Engineers ; Architects, Contractors, Builders, and Professional Diau^htsmen. By CHARLES HOARE, Author oi "The Slide Rule," &c. Eighth Edition, Revised throughout aud considerably Enlarged. 32010, 6s. leather. " For comprehensiveness the book has not its equal." Iron. "One of the best of the pocket books." English Mechanic. "We cordially recommend this book to those engaged in considering the details of all kinds o/ iron and steel works," Naval Science. Elementary Mechanics. CONDENSED MECHANICS. A Selection of Formula;, Rules, Tables, and Data for the Use of Engineering Students, Science Classes, &c. In Accordance with the Requirements of the Science and Art Department. By W. G. CRAWFORD HUGHES, A.M.I.C.E. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. " The book is well fitted for those who are either confronted with practical problems in theii work, or are preparing for examination and wish to refresh their knowledge by going through theia formulae again." Marine Engineer. " It is well arranged, and meets the wants of those for whom it is intended." Rail-way Nevus.. Steam. THE SAFE USE OF STEAM. Containing Rules for Un- professional Steam-users. By an ENGINEER. Sixth Edition. Sewed, 6d. " If steam-users would but learn this little book by heart, boiler explosions would become sensations by their rarity." English Mechanic, Warming. HEATING BY HOT WATER; with Information and Sug- gestions on the best Methods of Heating Public, Private and Horticultural Buildings. By WALTER JONES. Second Edition. With 96 Illustra ions. Crown 8vo, vs. 6d. net. " We confidently recommend all interested in heating ty hot water to secure a copy of this. va'uable little treatise." The Plumber and Decorator, CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. & CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. Water Supply and Water-Works. THE WATER SUPPLY OF TOWNS AND THE CON- STRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS: A Practical Treatise for the Use ot Engineers and Students of Engineering. By W. K. BURTON, A.M.Inst C E. r Professor of Sanitary Engineering in the Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan,, and Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo Water-works. With an Appendix on the Effects of Earthquakes on Waterworks, by JOHN MILNE, F.R.S., Pro- fessor of Mining in the Imperial University of Japan. With numerous Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo, 255. buckram. [Just published. " The whole art of waterworks construction is dealt with in a clear and comprehensive fashion- in this handsome volume. . . . Mr. Burton's practical treatise shows in all its sections the fruitj of independent study and individual experience. It is largely based upon his own practice in the branch of engineering- of which it treats, and with such a basis a treatise can scarcely fail to be sug- gestive and useful." Saturday Revte-w. " Professor Burton's book is sure ot a warm welcome among engineers. It is written in clear and vigorous language and forms an exhaustive treatise on a branch of engineering the claims ol which it would be difficult to over-estimate." Scotsman. " The subjects seem to us to be ably discussed, with a practical aim to meet the requirements of all its probable readers. The volume is well got up, and the illustrations are excellent." The Lancet* The Water Supply of Cities and Towns. A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE on the WATER-SUPPLY OF CITIES AND TOWNS. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., and M. Inst. M.E., Author of "Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction," &c. &c. Illustrated with 50 Double Plates, i Single Plate, Coloured Frontispiece, and upwards ot 250 Woodcuts, and containing 400 pages of Text. Imp. 4to, 6 6s. elegantly and substantially half-bound in morocco. List of Contents, I. Historical Sketch of some of the means that have been adopted for the Supply of Water to Cities and Towns. II. Water and the Fo- reign Matter usually associated with it. III. Rainfall and Evaporation. IV. Springs and the water-bearing formations of various dis- tricts. V. Measurement and Estimation of the flow of Water VI. On the Selection of the Source of Supply. VII. Wells. VIII. Reser- Aberdeen, Bideford, Canterbury, Dundee, voirs. IX. The Purification of Water.-X. Halifax, Lambeth, Rotherham, Dublin, and Pumps. XI. Pumping Machinery. XII. others. "The most systematic and valuable work upon water supply hitherto produced In English, Of In any other language. . . . Mr. Humber's work is characterised almost throughout by an exhaustiveness much more distinctive of French and German than of English technical treatises." Engineer. "We can congratulate Mr. Humber on having been able to give so large an amount of Infor- mation on a subject so important as the water supply of cities and towns. The plates, fifty in number, are mostly drawings of executed works, and alone would have commanded the attention of every engineer whose practice may lie in this branch of the profession." Builder. Water Supply. RURAL WATER SUPPLY: A Practical Handbook on the Supply of Water and Construction of Waterworks for small Country Districts-. By ALLAN GKEENWELL, A.M.I. C.E., and W. T. CURRY, A.M. I.C.E., F.G.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. [Juit ready. Hydraulic Tables. HYDRAULIC TABLES, CO-EFFICIENTS, and FORMULM for finding the Discharge of Water from Orifices, Notches, Weirs, Pipes, and Rivers. With New Formulas, Tables, and General Information on Rainfall,, Catchment-Basins, Drainage, Sewerage, Water Supply for Towns and Mill Power. By JOHN NEVILLE, Civil Engineer, M.R.I.A. Third Ed., carefully Revised, with considerable Additions. Numerous Illusts. Cr. 8vo, 145. cloth, " Alike valuable to students and engineers in practice ; its study will prevent the annoyance ol avoidable failures, and assist them to select the readiest means of successfully carrying out an> given work connected with hydraulic engineering." Mining Journal. " It is, of all English books on the subject, the one nearest to completeness. . . . From the good arrangement of the matter, the clear explanations, and abundance of formulae, the carefully calculated tables, and, above all, the thorough acquaintance with both theory and construction, which is displayed from first to last, the book will be found to be an acquisition." Architect. Conduits. XIII. Distribution of Water. XIV, Meters, Service Pipes, and House Fittings. XV. The Law and Economy of Water Works. XVIi Constant and Intermittent Supply. XVII. Description of Plates. Appendices, giving- Tables of Rates of Supply, Velocities, &c. &c., together with Specifications of sever?! Works illustrated, among which will be found : ro CROSS Y LOCK WOOD &> SON 'S CA TA LOG UE. Hydraulics. HYDRA ULIC MANUAL. Consisting of Working Tables and Explanatory Text. Intended as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field Operations. By Lewis D'A. JACKSON, Author of "Aid to Survey Practice," " Modern Metrology," &c. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Large cr. 8vo, i6s. cl. " The author has had a wide experience in hydraulic engineering- and has been a careful ob- server of the facts which have come under his notice, and from the great mass of material at his command he has constructed a manual which may be accepted as a trustworthy guide to this branch of the engineer's profession. We can heartily recommend this volume to ail who desire to be acquainted with the latest develooment of this important subject." Engineering, " The standard-work in this department of mechanics." Scotsman. " The most useful feature of this work is its freedom from what is superannuated, and Its thorough adoption of recent experiments ; the text is, in fact, in great part a short account of the great modern experiments." Natu re. Water Storage, Conveyance, and Utilisation. WA TER ENGINEERING : A Practical Treatise on the Measure- ment, Storage, Conveyance, andUtilisation of Water for the Supply of Towns, for Mill Power, and for other Purposes. By CHARLES SLAGG, A. M.Inst.C.E., Author of "Sanitary Work in the Smaller Towns, and in Villages," &c. Second Edition. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. ys, 6d. cloth. "As a small practical treatise on the water supply ot towns, and on some applications 01 water-power, the work is in many respects excellent." Engineering. " The author has collated the results deduced from the experiments of the most eminent authorities, and has presented them in a compact and practical form, accompanied by very clear and detailed explanations. . . . The application of water as a motive power is treated very carefully and exhaustively." Builder. "For anyone who desires to begin the study of hydraulics with a consideration of the practical pplications of the science there is no better guide." Architect. Drainage. ON THE DRAINAGE OF LANDS, TOWNS, AND BUILD- INGS. By G. D. DEMPSEY, C.E., Author of "The Practical Railway En- gineer," &c. Revised, with large Additions on RECENT PRACTICE IN DRAINAGE ENGINEERING, by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Author or "Tramways: Their Construction and Working," "A Manual of Rules, Tables, and Data for Mechanical Engineers," &c, Second Edition, Cor- rected. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. "The new matter added to Mr. Dempsey's excellent work Is characterised by the comprehen- dve grasp and accuracy of detail for which the name of Mr. D. K. Clark is a sufficient voucher." Athenaum. " As a work on recent practice In drainage engineering, the book Is to be commended to II who are making that branch of engineering science their special study." Iron. " A comprehensive manual on drainage engineering, and a useful introduction to the student." Building Neivs. River Engineering. RIVER BARS: The Causes of their Formation, and their Treat- ment by " Induced Tidal Scour ; " with a Description of the Successful Re- duction by this Method of the Bar at Dublin. By I. J. MANN, Assist. Eng. to the Dublin Port and Docks Board. Royal 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "We recommend all interested in harbour works and, indeed, those concerned In the Im- provements of rivers generally to read Mr. Mann's interesting work on the treatment of river bars. ' ' Engineer. Tramways and their Working. TRAMWAYS: THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING. Embracing a Comprehensive History of the System ; with an exhaustive Analysis of the various Modes of Traction, including Horse-Power, Steam, Cable Traction, Electric Traction, &c.; a Description of the Varieties of ^Roll- ing Stock ; and ample Details of Cost and Working Expenses. New Edition, Thoroughly Revised, and Including the Progress recently made in Tramway Construction, &c.&c. By D. KINNEAR CLARK. M.Inst.C.E. With numerous Illustrations and Folding Plates. In One Volume, 8vo, 780 pages, price 28s., bound in buckram. \Just pitblisjied. " All interested in tramways must refer to it, as all railway engineers have turned to the author's work ' Railway Machinery.'" Engineer. " An exhaustive and practical work on tramways, In which the history of this kind of locomo- tion, and a description and cost of the various modes of laying tramways, are to be found." Building- News. " The best form of rails, the best mode of construction, and the best mechanical appliance! are so fairly indicated in the work under review, that any engineer about to construct a tramway will be enabled at once to obtain the practical information which will be of most service to him. 1 CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. i Student's Text-Book on Surveying. PRACTICAL SURVEYING: A Text-Book for Students pre- paring for Examination or for Survey-work in the Colonies. By GEORGE W. USILL, A.M.I. C.E., Author of "The Statistics of the Water Supply of Great Britain." With Four Lithographic Plates and upwards of 330 Illustra- tions. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Including Tables of Natural Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. Crown 8vo, 75. 6U. cloth ; or, on THIN PAPER, bound in limp leather, gi,t edges, rounded corners, for pocket use, 125. 6d. " The best forms of instruments are described as to their construction, uses and modes of employment, and there are innumerable hints on work and equipment such as the author, in his experience as surveyor, draughtsman, and teacher, has found necessary, and which the student ia his inexperience will find most serviceable." Engineer. ".The latest treatise in the English language on surveying, and we have no hesitation In say- ing that the student will find it a better guide than any of its predecessors Deserves to be recognised as the first book which should be put in the hands of a pupil of Civil Engineering, and every gentleman of education who sets out for the Colonies would find it well to have a copy." Architect. Survey Practice. AID TO SURVEY PRACTICE, for Reference in Surveying, Level. ling, and Setting-out ; and in Route Surveys of Travellers by Land and Sea. With Tables, Illustrations, and Records. By Lowis D'A. JACKSON, A.M.I.C.E., Author of " Hydraulic Manual," " Modern Metrology," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Large crown 8vo, 125. 6d. cloth. "A valuable vade-mecum for the surveyor. We can recommend this book as containing an admirable supplement to the teaching of the accomplished surveyor." Atkenaum, " As a text-Book: we should advise all surveyors to place It In their libraries, and study well the matured instructions afforded in its pages." Colliery Guardian. " The author brings to his work a fortunate union of theory and practical experience which, aided by a clear and lucid style of writing, renders the book a very useful one." Builder. Surveying, Land and Marine. LAND AND MARINE SURVEYING, in Reference to the Pre- paratipn of Plans for Roads and Railways; Canals, Rivers, Towns' Water Supplies; Docks and Harbours. With Description and Use of Surveying Instruments. By W. D. HASKOLL, C.E., Author of " Bridge and Viaduct Con- struction," &c. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Large cr.8vo.gs. cl. " This book must prove of 'great value to the student. We have no hesitation in recommend- ing it, feeling assured that it will more than repay a careful study." Mechanical If'orld. " A most ts jful and well arranged book. We can strongly recommeno it as a carefully-written and valuable text-book. It enjoys a well-deserved repute among surveyors." Builder, " This volume cannot fail to jjrove of the utmost practical utility. It may be safely recommended to all students who aspire to become clean and expert surveyors." Mining Journal, Field-Book for Engineers. THE ENGINEER'S, MINING SURVEYOR'S, AND CON- TRACTOR'S FIELD-BOOK. Consisting of a Series of Tables, with Rules, Explanations of Systems, and use of Theodolite for Traverse Surveying and Plotting the Work with minute accuracy by means of Straight Edge and Set Square only ; Levelling with the Theodolite, Casting-out and Reducing Levels to Datum, and Plotting Sections in the ordinary manner; setting-out Curves with the Theodolite by Tangential Angles and Multiples, with Right and Left-hand Readings of the Instrument: Setting-out Curves without Theodolite, on the System of Tangential Angles by sets of Tangents and Off- sets ; and Earthwork Tables to 80 feet deep, calculated for every 6 inches in depth. By W. D. HASKOLL, C.E. Fourth Edition, Crown 8vo, i2s. cloth. "The book is very handy ; the separate tables of sines and tangents to every minute will make it useful for many other purposes, the genuine traverse tables existing all the same." Athencrum. " iivery person engaged in engineeiing field operations will estimate the importance of such a work and the amount of valuable time which will be saved by reference to a set of reliable table! prepared with the accuracy and fulness of those given in this volume." Railway Newt. Levelling. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEVELLING. Showing its Application to purposes of Railway and Civil Engineering, in the Construction of Roads ; with MT.TELFORD'S Rules for the same. By FREDERICK W. SIMMS, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Seventh Edition, with the addition of LAW'S Practical Examples for Setting-out Railway Curves, and TRAUTWINE'S Field Practice of Laying-out Circular Curves. With 7 Plates and numerous Woodcuts. 8vo, 8s. 6d. cloth. ** TRAUIWINE on Curves may be had separate, 55. " The text-book on levelling in most of our engineering schools and colleges. ... The pul-Jishers have rendered a substantial service to the profession, especially to the younper members, by bringing out the present edition of Mr. Simms's useful book "Engineer. 12 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Trigonometrical Surveying. AN OUTLINE OF THE METHOD OF CONDUCTING A TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, for the Formation of Geographical and Topographical Maps and Plans, Military Reconnaissance, Levelling, &-c., with Useful Problems, Formulae, and Tables. By Lieut-General FROME, R.E. Fourth Edition, Revised and partly Re-written by Major General Sir CHARLES WARREN, G.C.M.G., R.E. "With ig Plates and 115 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, i6s. cloth. "The simple fact that a fourth edition has been called for Is the best testimony to Its merits. No words of praise from us can strengthen the position so well and so steadily maintained by this work. Sir Charles Warren has revised the entire work, and made such additions as were necessat7 to bring every portion of the contents up to the present date." Broad Arrov . Curves, Tables for Setting-out. TABLES OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES AND MULTIPLES for Setting-out Curves from 5 to zoo Radius. By ALEXANDER BEAZELEY, M.Inst.C.E. Fourth Edition. Printed on 48 Cards, and sold in a cloth box, waistcoat-pocket size, 35. 6d. " Each table is printed on a small card, which, being placed on the theodolite, leaves the hands free to manipulate the instrument no small advantage as regards the rapidity of work." Engineer. "Very handy ; a man may know that all his day s work must fall on two of these cards, which he puts into his own card-case, and leaves the rest behind.' Athenaum. Earthwork. EARTHWORK TABLES. Showing the Contents in Cubic Yards of Embankments, Cuttings, &c., of Heights or Depths up to an average of 80 feet. By JOSEPH BROADBENT, C.E., and FRANCIS CAMPIN, C.E. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. " The way in which accuracy Is attained, by a simple division of each cross section Into thre Clements, two in which are constant and one variable, is ingenious.'' A thenaeum. Earthwork, Measurement of. A MANUAL ON EARTHWORK. By ALEX. J. S. GRAHAM, C.E. With numerous Diagrams. Second Edition. i8mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. "A great amount of practical information, very admirably arranged, and available for rough estimates, as well as for the more exact calculations required in the engineer's and contractor 1 * offices. "Artizan. Tunnelling. PRACTICAL TUNNELLING. Explaining in detail the Setting, out of the works, Shaft-sinking and Heading-driving, Ranging the Lines and Levelling underground, Sub-Excavating, Timbering, and the Construction of the Brickwork of Tunnels, with the amount of Labour required for, and the Cost of, the various portions of the work. By FREDERICK W. SIMMS, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E. Third Edition, Revised and Extended by D. KINNEAR CLARK, M.Inst.C.E. Imperial 8vo, with 21 Folding Plates and numerous Wood Engravings, 305. cloth. "The estimation in which Mr. Slmms's book on tunnelling has been held for over thirty year* cannot be more truly expressed than in the words of the late Prof. Rankine : ' The best source of in formation or the subject of tunnels is Mr.F.W. Simms'swork on Practical Tunnelling.' " Architect* " It has been regarded from the first as a text-book of the subject. . . . Mr. Clark has added Immensely to the value o< the book." Engineer. Tunnel Shafts. THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TUNNEL SHAFTS: A Practical and Theoretical Essay. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.InstC.E.,. Resident Engineer, London and North- Western Railway. Illustrated with Folding Plates. Royal 8vo, I2S. cloth. " Many of the methods given are of extreme practical value to the mason ; and the observador & on the form of arch, the rules for ordering the stone, and the constraction of the templates will be found of considerable use. We commend the book to the engineer:".? profession." Building News- " Will be regarded by civil engineers as of the utmost value, and calculated to save much tima ani obviate many mistakes." Colliery Guardian. Oblique Bridges. A PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ESSAY ON OBLIQUE BRIDGES. With 13 large Plates. By the late GEORGE WATSON BUCK, M.l.C.E. Fourth Edition, revised by his Son, J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.I.C.E. ; and with the addition of Description to Diagrams for Facilitating the Con- struction of Oblique Bridges, by W. H. BARLOW. M.T.C.E. Roy. 8vo, ias cl. " The standard text-book for all engineers regarding skew arches Is Mr. Buck's treatise, and it would be impossible to consult a better." Engineer. "Mr. Buck's treatise is recognised as a standard text-book, and his treatment has divested the subject of many of the intricacies supposed to belong to it. As a guide to the engineer and archU tect, on a confessedly difficult subject, Mr. Buck's work is unsurpassed." Building A'evis. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. 13 Cast and Wrought Iron Bridge Construction. A COMPLETE AND PRACTICAL TREATISE ON CAST AND WROUGHT IRON BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, including Iron Foundations. In Three Parts Theoretical, Practical, and Descriptive. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A.M. Inst.C.E., and M.Inst.M.E. Third Edition, Re- vised and much improved, with 115 Double Plates (20 oi which now first appear in this edition), and numerous Additions to the Text. In Two Vols. f imp. 4to, 6 i6s. 6d. half-bound in morocco. "A very valuable contribution to the standard literature of civil engineering. In addition to elevations, plans and sections, large scale details are given which very much enhance the instruc- tive worth of those illustrations." Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. "Mr. Humber's stately volumes, lately issued in which the most important bridges erected during the last five years, under the direction of the late Mr. Brunei, Sir W. Cubitt, Mr. Hawk- thaw, Mr. Page, Mr. Fowler, Mr. Hemans, and others among our most eminent engineers, are drawn and specified in great detail," Engineer, Oblique Arches. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF OBLIQUE ARCHES. By JOHN HART. Third Edition, with Plates. Im- perial 8vo, 8s. cloth. Statics, Graphic and Analytic. GRAPHIC AND ANALYTIC STATICS, in their Practical Appli- cation to the Treatment of Stresses in Roofs, S&lid Girders, Lattice, Bowstring and Suspension Bridges, Braced Iron Arches and Piers, and other Frameworks. By R. HUDSON GRAHAM, C.E. Containing Diagrams and Plates to Scale. With numerous Examples, many taken from existing Structures. Specially arranged for Class-work in Colleges and Universities. Second Edition, Re- vised and Enlarged. 8vo, i6s. cloth. "Mr. Graham's book will find a place wherever graphic and analytic statics are used or studied." Engineer. "The work Is excellent from a practical point of view, and has evidently been prepared with smch care. The directions for working are ample, and are illustrated by an abundance of well- selected examples. It is an excellent text-book for the practical draughtsman." Athenaum. Girders, Strength of. GRAPHIC TABLE FOR FACILITATING THE COMPUTA- TION OF THE WEIGHTS OF WROUGHT IRON AND STEEL GIRDERS, etc., for Parliamentary and other Estimates. By J. H. WATSON BUCK, M.Inst.C.E. On a Sheet, zs. 6d. Strains, Calculation of. A HANDY BOOK FOR THE CALCULATION OF STRAINS IN GIRDERS ANDSIMILARSTRUCTURES,ANDTHEIRSTRENGTH. Consisting of Formulae and Corresponding Diagrams, with numerous details for Practical Application, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c, Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo, nearly 100 Woodcuts and 3 Plates, 75. 6d. cloth. " The formulae are neatly expressed, and the diagrams good." Athenaum, " We heartily commend this really har*dy book to our engineer and architect readers." Eng- lish Mechanic. Trusses. TRUSSES OF WOOD AND IRON. Practical Applications of Science in Determining the Stresses, Breaking Weights, Safe Loads, Scantlings, and Details of Construction, with Complete Working Drawings. By WILLIAM GRIFFITHS, Surveyor, Assistant Master, Tranmere School of Science and Art. Oblong 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. " This handy little book enters so minutely Into every detail connected with the construction of coof trusses, that no student need be ignorant of these matters." Practical Engineer. Strains in Ironwork. THE STRAINS ON STRUCTURES OF IRONWORK; with Practical Remarks on Iron Construction. By F. W. SHEILDS, M.Inst.C.E, Second Edition, with 5 Plates. Royal 8vo, 55. cloth. " The student cannot find a better little book on this subject." Engineer. 14 CROSBY LOCK WOOD <^ SON'S CATALOGUE. Barlow's Strength of Materials, enlarged byHumber. A TREATISE ON THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS; with Rules for Application in Architecture, the Construction of Suspension Bridges, Railways, &c. By PETER BARLOW, F.R.S. A New Edition, Revised by his Sons, P. W. BARLOW, F.R.S. , and W. H. BARLOW, F.R.S. ; to which are added, Experiments by HODGKINSON, FAIRBAIRN, and KIRKALDY; and Formulae for Calculating Girders, &c. Arranged and Edited by WM.HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E. Demy 8vo, 400 pp., with 19 large Plates and numerous Wood. cuts, i8s. cloth. " Valuable alike to the student, tyro, and the experienced practitioner, !t will always rank in future, as it has hitherto done, as the standard treatise on that particular subject." Engineer, " There is no greater authority than Barlow." Building News. " As a scientific work of the first class, it deserves a foremost place on the bookshelves of every civil engineer and practical n>echanic." English Mechanic. Cast Iron and other Metals, Strength of. A PRACTICAL ESSAY ON THE STRENGTH OF CAST IRON AND OTHER METALS. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. Fifth Edition, including HODGKINSON'S Experimental Researches. 8vo, I2S. cloth, Practical Mathematics. MATHEMATICS FOR PRACTICAL MEN: Being a Common- place Book of Pure and Mixed Mathematics. Designed chiefly for the use of Civil Engineers, Architects and Surveyors. By OLINTHUS GREGORY, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Enlarged by HENRY LAW, C.E. 4th Edition, carefully Revised by J. R. YOUNG, formerly Professor of Mathematics, Belfast College, With 13 Plates. 8vo, i is. cloth. ' The engineer or architect will here find ready to his hand rules for solving nearly every mathe- ifficulty that may arise in his practice. The rules are in all cases explained by means o/ examples, in which every step of the process is clearly worked out." Builder matical diffic " One of the most serviceable books for practical mechanics. . . It is an Instructive book fo the student, and a text-book for him who, having once mastered the subjects it treats of, needs occasionally to refresh his memory upon them." Building News. Railivay Working. SAFE RAILWAY WORKING. A Treatise on Railway Acci- dents : Their Cause and Prevention ; with a Description of Modern Appliances and Systems. By CLEMENT E. STRETTON, C.E., Vice-President and Con- sulting Engineer, Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants. With Illus- trations and Coloured Plates. Third Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 33. 6d cloth. " A book for the engineer, the directors, the managers ; and, In short, all who wish for informs. tlon on railway matters will find a perfect encyclopaedia in ' Safe Railway Working.' "Rail-way " We commend the remarks on railway signalling to all railway managers, especially where a uniform code and practice is advocated." Herepath's Rail-way Journal. "The author maybe congratulated on having collected, in a very convenient form, much valuable information on the principal questions affecting the safe working of railways." Rail- may Engineer. Heat, Expansion by, EXPANSION OF STRUCTURES BY HEAT. By JOHN KEILY, C.E., late of the Indian Public Works and Victorian Railway Depart meats, Crown 8vo, 35. f>d. cloth. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. Section I. FORMULAS AND DATA, Section II. METAL BARS. Section III. SIMPLE FRAMES. Section IV, COMPLEX FRAMES AND PLATES. Section V. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. Section VI, MECHANICAL FORCE OP HEAT. Section VII. WORK OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION. Section VIII. SUSPENSION BRIDGES. Section IX. MASONRY STRUCTURES. ' The aim the author has set before him, viz., to show the effects of heat upon metallic and other structures, is a laudable one, for this is a branch of physics upon which the engineer or arch - tect can find but little reliable and comprehensive data in books." Builder. " Whoever is concerned to know the effect of changes of temperature on such structures as suspension bridges and the like, could not do better than consult Mr. Keily's valuable and handy exposition of the geometrical principles involved in these changes." Scotsman. Field Fortification. A TREA TISE ON FIELD FORTIFICA TION, THE A TTA CK OF FORTRESSES, MILITARY MINING, AND RECONNOITRING. By Colonel I. S. MACAULAY, late Professor of Fortification in the R.M.A., Wool- wich, Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo, with separate Atlas of 12 Plates, I2S. cloth. CIVIL ENGINEERING, SURVEYING, etc. MR. H UMBER'S GREAT WORK ON MODERN ENGINEERING. Complete in Four Volumes, imperial 4to, price 12 izs., half-morocco. Each Volume sold separately as follows : A RECORD OF THE PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEER- ING. FIRST SERIES. Comprising Civil, Mechanical, Marine, Hydraulic, Railway, Bridge, and other Engineering Works, &c. By WILLIAM HUMBER, A-M.Inst.C.E., &c. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, drawn to a large scale, Photographic Portrait of John Hawkshaw, C.E., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. Thames, West London Extension Railway (5 plates); Armour Plates: Suspension Bridge, Thames (4 plates) ; The Allen Engine ; Su& pension Bridge, Avon (3 plates); Underground Railway (3 plates). Victoria Station and Roof, L. B. & S. C. R. |8 plates); Southport Pier (2 plates); Victoria Station and Roof, L. C. & D. and G. W. R. (6 plates); Roof of Cremorne Music Hall; Bridge over G. N. Railway ; Roof of Station, Dutch Rhenish Rail (2 plates) ; Bridge over the " Handsomely lithographed and printed. It will find favour w!th many who desire to preserve In a permanent form copies of the plans and specifications prepared for the guidance of the con- tractors for many important engineering works." Engineer. HUMBERTS PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. SECOND SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of Robert Stephenson, C.E., M.P., F.R.S., &c., and copious descriptive Letter- press, Specifications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. and Abergavenny Railway; Ebbw Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, and Abergavenny Rail- BSrkenhead Docks, Low Water Basin (15 plates); Charing Cross Station Roof, C. C. Railway (3 plates); Digswell Viaduct, Great Northern Railway ; Robbery Wood Viaduct, Great Northern Railway; Iron Permanent Way; Clydach Viaduct, Merthyr, Tredegar, way ; College Wood Viaduct, Cornwall Raii. way ; Dublin Winter Palace Roof (3 plates) ; Bridge over the Thames, L. C. & D. Railway (6 plates) ; Albert Harbour, Greenock (4 plates). ' Mr. Humber has done the profession good and true service, by the fine collection of examples he has here brought before the profession and the public." Practical Mechanic's Journal, HUMBERTS PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. THIRD SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 40 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of J. R. M'Clean, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress, Specifications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. MAIN DRAINAGE, METROPOLIS. North Side. Map showing Interception of Sewers ; Middle Level Sewer (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over River Lea (3 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Marsh Lane, North Woolwich Railway, and Bow and Barking Railway Junc- tion ; Outfall Sewer, Bridge over Bow and Barking Railway (3 plates); Outfall Sewer, Bridge over East London Waterworks' Feeder (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Reservoir (2 plates) ; Outfall Sewer, Tumbling Bay and Outlet ; Out- Sewer, Reservoir and Outlet (4 ] ); OutfaU (4 plates) ; Sewer, Filth Hoist; Sections of Sewers (North and South Sides). THAMES EMBANKMENT. Section of Rivet Wall ; Steamboat Pier, Westminster (2 plates) j Landing Stairs between Charing Cross and Waterloo Bridges; York Gate (2 plates); Over- flow and Outlet at Savoy Street Sewer (3 plates) ; Steamboat Pier, Waterloo Bridge (3 plates) Junction of Sewers, Plans and Sections Gullies, Plans and Sections; Rolling Stock Granite and Iroa Forts. fall Sewer, Penstocks. South Side. Outfall Sewer, Bermondsey Branch (2 plates); Outfall " The drawings have a constantly increasing v?.lue, and whoever desires to possess dear repwy sentations of the two great works carried out by our Metropolitan Board will obtain Mr. Humber'i rolume." Engineer. HUMBER'S PROGRESS OF MODERN ENGINEERING. FOURTH SERIES. Imp. 4to, with 36 Double Plates, Photographic Portrait of John Fowler, late Pres. Inst. C.E., and copious descriptive Letterpress Specifications, &c., 3 35. half-morocco. List of the Plates and Diagrams. plate para live. Abbey Mills Pumping Station, Main Drain- ; Barrow Docks (* Santiago and Va Metropolis (4 plates) ; Barrow Docks s) ; Manquis Viaduct, iraiso Railway (2 plates) ; Adam's Locomo- ve, St. Helen's Canal Railway (a plates) ; Cannon Street Station Roof, Charing Cross Mesopotamia ; Viaduct over the River Wye, Midland Railway (3 plates) ; St. Germans Via- duct, Cornwall Railway (2 plates); Wtought- Iron Cylinder for Diving Bell ; Millwall Docks (6 plates) ; Milroy's Patent Excavator ; Metro- politan District Railway (6 plates); Harbours! Ports, and Breakwaters (3 plates). Railway (3 plates) ; Road Bridge over the River Moka (2 plates); Telegraphic Apparatus for "We gladly welcome another years issue of this valuable publication from the able pen of Mr. Humber. The accuracy and general excellence of this work are well known, while its useful ness in giving the measurements and details of some of the latest examples of engineering, as carried out by the most eminent men in the profession, cannot be too highly prized." Artisan. 36 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. THE POPULAR WORKS OF MICHAEL REYNOLDS ("THE ENGINE DRIVER'S FRIEND"). locomotive- Engine Driving. LOCOMOTIVE-ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineersin charge of Locomotive Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS, Member of the Society 01 Engineers, formerly Locomotive Inspector L. B. and S. C. R. Ninth Edition, including a KEY TO THE LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE. With Illus- trations and Portrait ot Author. Crown 8vo. 45. 6d. clotn. "Mr. Reynolds has supplied a want, and has supplied it well. We can confidently recommend the book, not only to the practical driver, but to everyone who takes an interest in the performance of locomotive engines." The Engineer. " Mr. Reynolds has opened a new chapter In the literature of the day. Of th practical utility of this admirable treatise, we have to speak in terms of warm commendation." Athcnaum. " Evidently the work of one who knows his subject thoroughly." Rait-way Service Gazette, " Were the cautions and rules given in the book to become part of the every-day working of our engine-drivers, we might have fewer distressing accidents to deplore." Scotsman. Stationary! Engine Driving. STATIONARY ENGINE DRIVING : A Practical Manual for Engineersin charge of Stationary Engines. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Fifth Edition. Enlarged. With Plates and Woodcuts. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. "The author is thoroughly acquainted with his subjects, and his advice on the various points .treated is clear and practical. . . . He has produced a manual which is an exceedingly useful one for the class for whom it is specially intended." Engineering. " Our author leaves no stone unturned. He is determined that his readers shall not only know something about the stationary engine, bat all about it." Engineer. "An engineman who has mastered the contents of Mr.Reynolds's book will require but little actua experience with boilers and engines before he can be trusted to look after them." EnglishMechanic The Engineer, Fireman, and Engine-Boy. THE MODEL LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER, FIREMAN, and ENGINE-BOY. Comprising a Historical Notice of the Pioneer Locomotive Engines and their Inventors. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Second Edition, with Revised Appendix. With numerous Illustrations and Portrait of George Stephenson. Crown 8vo, 45. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " From the technical knowledge of the author it will appeal to the railway man of to-day more forcibly than anything written by Dr. Smiles. . . . The volume contains information of a tech- nical kind, and facts that every driver should be familiar with." English Mechanic. "We should be glad to see this book in the possession of everyone in the kingdom who has ever laid, or is to lay, hands on a locomotive engine." Iron, Continuous Railway Brakes. CONTINUOUS RAILWAY BRAKES : A Practical Treatise on the several Systems in Use in the United Kingdom ; their Construction and Performance. With copious Illustrations and numerous Tables. By MICHAEL, REYNOLDS. Large crown 8vo, gs. cloth. " A popular explanation of the different brakes. It will be of great assistance In forming public opinion, and will be studied with benefit by those who take an interest in the brake." English Mechanic. " Written with sufficient technical detail to enable the principle and relative connection of the various parts of each particular brake to be readily grasped." Mechanical World, Engine-Driving Life. ENGINE-DRIVING LIFE : Stirring Adventures and Incidents in the Lives of Locomotive-Engine Drivers. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. Third and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, is. Gd. cloth. [Just published. "From first to last perfectly fascinating. Wilkie Collins's most thrilling conceptions are thrown into the shade by true incidents, endless in their variety, related in every page." North British Mail. "Anyone who wishes to get a real insight into railway life cannot do better than read ' Engine- "Driving Life' for himself ; and if he once take it up he will find that the author's enthusiasm anf real Iwve of the engine-driving profession will carry him on till he has read every page." Saturday Review. focket Companion for Enginemen. THE ENGINEMAN'S POCKET COMPANION AND PR AC- TICAL EDUCATOR FOR ENGINEMEN, BOILER ATTENDANTS, AND MECHANICS. By MICHAEL REYNOLDS. With Forty-five Illustra- tions and numerous Diagrams. Third Edition, Revised. Royal i8mo, 35. 6d., strongly bound for pocket wear. This admirable work Is well suited to accomplish Its object, being the honest workmanship of competent engineer." Glasgow Herald. ' 'A most meritorious work, giving in a succinct and practical form all the Information an engine- mlnder desirous of mastering the scientific principles of his daily calling would require." The Miller. " A boon to those who are striving to become efficient mechanics." Daily Chronicle MARINE ENGINEERING, NAVIGATION, etc. 17 MARINE ENGINEERING, SHIPBUILDING, NAVIGATION, etc. focket-Book for Naval Architects and Shipbuilders, THE NAVAL ARCHITECT'S AND SHIPBUILDER'S POCKET-BOOK of Formula, Rules, and Tables, and MA RINE ENGINEER'S AND SURVEYOR'S Handy Book of Reference. By CLEMENT MACKROW, Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, Naval Draughtsman. Fifth Edition, Revised and Enlarged to 700 pages, with upwards of 300 Illustra- tions. Fcap., I2S. 6d. strongl} bound in leather. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, DECIMAL FRAC- TIONS. TRIGONOMETRY. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. MENSURATION. CEN- TRES AND MOMENTS OF FIGURES. MOMENTS OF INERTIA AND RADII OF GYRATION. ALGEBRAICAL EXPRES- SIONS FOR SIMPSON'S RULES. ME- CHANICAL PRINCIPLES. CENTRE OF GRAVITY. LAWS OF MOTION. DIS- PLACEMENT, CENTRE OF BUOYANCY. CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF SHIP'S HULL. STABILITY CURVES AND METACEN- TRES. SEA AND SHALLOW-WATER WAVES. ROLLING OF SHIPS. PRO- PULSION AND RESISTANCE OF VESSELS. SPEED TRIALS. SAILING, CENTRE OF EFFORT. DISTANCES DOWN RIVERS, COAST LINES. STEERING AND RUD- DERS OF VESSELS. LAUNCHING CAL- CULATIONS AND VELOCITIES. WEIGHT OF MATERIAL AND GEAR. GUN PAR- TICULARS AND WEIGHT. STANDARD GAUGES. RIVETED JOINTS AND RIVET- ING. STRENGTH AND TESTS OF MATE- RIALS. BINDING AND SHEARING STRESSES, ETC. STRENGTH OF SHAFT- ING, PILLARS, WHEELS, ETC. HY- DRAULIC DATA, ETC. CONIC SECTIONS, CATENARIAN CURVES. MECHANICAL POWERS, WORK. BOARD OF TRADE REGULATIONS FOR BOILERS AND EN- FOR BOILERS. LLOYD'S WEIGHT OF CHAINS. LLOYD s SCANTLINGS FOR SHIPS. DATA OF ENGINES AND VES- SELS. - SHIPS' FITTINGS AND TESTS. SEASONING PRESERVING TIMBER. MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER. ALLOYS, PAINTS, VARNISHES. DATA FOR STOWAGE. ADMIRALTY TRANSPORT REGULATIONS. RULES FOR HORSE- POWER, SCREW PROPELLERS, ETC. PERCENTAGES FOR BUTT STRAPS. ETC. PARTICULARS OF YACHTS. MASTING AND RIGGING VESSELS. DISTANCES OF FOREIGN PORTS. TONNAGE TABLES. VOCABULARY OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH TERMS. ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. FOREIGN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. FOREIGN MONEY. DISCOUNT AND WAGE TABLES. USE- FUL NUMBERS AND READY RECKONERS TABLES OF CIRCULAR MEASURES. TABLES OF AREAS OF AND CIRCUM- FERENCES OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF AREAS OF SEGMENTS OF CIRCLES. TABLES OF SQUARES AND CUBES AND ROOTS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. TABLES OF HYPERBOLICLOGARITHMS. TABLES OF NATURAL SINES, TANGENTS, ETC. TABLES OF LOGARITHMIC SINES, TANGENTS, ETC. GINES. BOARD OF TRADE REGULA TIONS FOR SHIPS. LLOYD'S RULES " In these days of advanced knowledge a work like this is of the greatest value. It contains a vast amount of information. We unhesitatingly say that it is the most valuable compilation-for its specific purpose that has ever been printed. No naval architect, engineer, surveyor, or seaman, wood or iron shipbuilder, cjn afford to be without this work." Nautical Magazine. "Should be used by all who are engaged in the construction or designs of vessels. . . . Will be found to contain the most useful tables and formulae required by shipbuilders, carefully collected from the best authorities, and put together in a popular and simple form." Engineer. " The professional shipbuilder has now, in a convenient and accessible form, reliable data foi solving many of the numerous problems that present themselves in the course of his work." Iron. " There is no douot that a pockst-book of this description must be a necessity in the ship- building trade. . . . The volume contains a mass of useful information clearly expressed and presented in a handy form." Marine Engineer. Marine Engineering. MARINE ENGINES AND STEAM VESSELS (A Treatise on). By ROBERT MURRAY, C.E. Eighth Edition, thoroughly Revised, with considerable Additions by the Author and by GEORGE CARLISLE, C.E., Senior Surveyor to the Board of Trade at Liverpool. I2mp, 55. cloth boards. " Well adapted to give the young steamship engineer or marine engine and boucr maker m general Introduction into his practical work." Mechan-Ual World. " We feel sure that this thoroughly revised edition will continue to be as popular in the future as It has been in the past, as, for its size, it contains more useful information than ny similar " As a compendious and usefu' guide to engineers of our mercantile and royal na^al services, we should say it cannot be surpassed." Building News. ' The information given is both sound and sensible, and well qualified to direct young se nds on the straight road to the extra chiefs certificate. ^ . . Most useful to surveyors, specto I ne iniormanon given is ouiu uimiot only be useful to the geologist, the practical miner, and the metallurgist but also very interesting to the general public." Iron. " As a history of the present state of mining throughout the world this book has a real value and it supplies an actual want." Athentcum. Earthy Minerals and Mining. A TREATISE ON EARTHY 6- OTHER MINERALS AND MINING. By D. C. DAVIES, F.G.S., Author of " Metalliferous Minerals,' &c. Third Edition, revised and Enlarged, by his Son, E. HENRY DAVIES, M.E., F.G.S. With about 100 Illustration?. Crown 8vo, ias. 6d. cloth. " We do not remember to have met with any English work on mining matters that contains the same amount of information packed in equally convenient form." Academy. " We should be inclined to rank it as among the very best of the handy technical and trades manuals which have recently appeared." British Quarterly Review. Metalliferous Mining in the United Kingdom. BRITISH MINING : A Treatise on the History .Discovery, Practical Development, and Future Prospects of Metalliferous Mines in the United King- dom. By ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S., Editor of " Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines," &c. Upwards of 950 pp., with 230 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised. Super-royal 8vo, 2 2s. cloth. " One of the most valuable works of reierence of modern times. Mr. Hunt, as Keeper of Mining Records of the United Kingdom, has had opportunities for such a task not enjoyed by anyone else and has evidently made the most ot them. . . . The language and style adopted are good, and the treatment of the various subjects laborious, conscientious, and scientific." Engineering. "The book is, in fact, a treasure-house of statistical information on mining subjects, and we know ol no other work embodying so great a mass of matter of this kind. Were this the only merit of Mr. Hunts volume, it would be sufficient to render it indispensable in the library of everyone interested in the development of the mining and metallurgical industries of this country. Athenceum. " A mass of Information not elsewhere available, and of the greatest value to those who may be Interested in our great mineral industries." Engineer. Underground Pumping Machinery. MINE DRAINAGE. Being a Complete and Practical Treatise on Direct-Acting Underground Steam Pumping Machinery, with a Descrip- tion of a larg"e number of the best known Engines, their General Utility and the Special Sphere of their Action, the Mode of their Application, and their merits compared with other forms of Pumping Machinery. By STEPHEN MICHELL. 8vo, 155. cloth. "Will be highly esteemed by colliery owners and lessees, mining engineers, and students generally who require to be acquainted with the best means of securing the drainage of mines. It ts a most valuable work, and stands almost alone in the literature of steam pumping machinerv. Colliery Guardian. "Much valuable Information Is given, so that the book Is thoroughly worthy Of an extensive circulation amongst practical men and purchasers of machinery." Mining fournal. 20 CROSS Y LOCK WOOD & SON 'S CATALOG UE. Prospecting for Gold and other Metals. THE PROSPECTOR'S HANDBOOK: A Guide for the Pro- spector and Traveller in Search of Metal-Bearing or other Valuable Minerals. By J. W. ANDERSON, M.A. (Camb.), F.R.G.S., Author of "Fiji and Nev Caledonia." Sixth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth ; or, 4$. 6d. leather, pocket-book form, with tuck. [Just published. "Will supply a much felt want, especially among Colonists, In whose way are so otten thrown many mineralogical specimens the value of which it is difficult to determine." kngineer. "How to find commercial minerals, and how to identify them when they are found, are the leading points to which attention is directed. The author has managed to pack as much practical detail into his pages as would supply material for a book three times its size." Mining yournaf. Mining Notes and Formulae. NOTES AND FORMULA FOR MINING STUDENTS. By JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, M.A., Certificated Colliery Manager, Professor of Mining in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Small crown 8vo, 25. 6d. cloth. " Invaluable to anyone who is working up for an examination on mining subjects." Iron atti Coal Trades Review. " The author has done his work In an exceedingly creditable manner, and has produced a bank that will be of service to students, and those who are practically engaged in mining operations." Engineer. Handybook for Miners. THE MINER'S HANDBOOK : A Handy Book of Reference on the Subjects of Mineral Deposits, Mining Operations, Ore Dressing, &c. For the Use of Students ?nd others interested in Mining matters. Compiled by JOHN MILNE, F.R S., Pro r essor of Mining in the Imperial University oi Japan. Revised Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 75. 6d. leather. [Just published. " Professor Milne's handbook is sure to be received with favour by all connected with mining, and will be extremely popular, among students." Athen&um. Miners 1 and Metallurgists' Pocket-Book. A POCKET-BOOK FOR MINERS AND METALLURGISTS. Comprising Ru'es, Formulae, Tables, and Notes, for Use in Field and Office Work. By F. DANVERS POWER, F.G.S., M.E. Fcap. 8vo, gs. leather. " This excellent book is an adnvrable example of its kind, and ought to find a large sale amongst English-speaking prospectors and mining engineers." Engineering. " A useful -vade-mecum containing a mass of rules, formulae, tables, and various other informa tion, necessary for daily eference." Iron. Mineral Surveying and Valuing. THE MINERAL SURVEYOR AND VALUER'S COMPLETE GUIDE, comprising a Treatise on Improved Mining Surveying and the Valua- tion of Mining Properties, with New Traverse Tables. By WM. LINTERN, Third Edition. Enlarged. I2mo, 4$. cloth. " A valuable and thoroughly trustworthy guide." Irsn and Coal Trades Review. Asbestos and its Uses. ASBESTOS: Its Properties, Occurrence, and Uses. With some Account of the Mines of Italy and Canada. By ROBERT H.JONES. With Eight Collotype Plates and other Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 12S, 6d. cloth. "An interesting and invaluable work." Colliery Guardian. Explosives. A HANDBOOK ON MODERN EXPLOSIVES. Being a Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Application of Dynamite, Gurr- Cotton, Nitro-Glycciine, and other Explosive Compounds. Including the Manufacture of Collodion-Cotton. By M. EISSLER, Author of " The Metal- lurgy of Gold," &c. Crown 8vo, IDS. 6d. cloth. "Useful not only to the miner, but also to officers of both services to whom blasting and the use. of explosives generally may at any time become a necessary auxiliary." Nature. " A veritable mine of tntornicitiv.n on the subject of explosives employed for military, mining and blasting purposes." -4rru.v and Na-vy Gazette. Iron, Metallurgy of. METALLURGY OF IRON. Containing History of Iron Manu- facture, Methods of Assay, and Analyses of Iron Ores, Processes of Manu- facture of Iron and Steel. &c. By H. PAUERMAN, F.G.S., A.R.S.M. With numerous Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Enlarged, ismc, 55. 6d. cloth. MINING AND METALLURGY. 21 Management. THE COLLIERY MANAGER'S HANDBOOK: A Compre- 'hensive Treatise on the Laying-out and Working of Collieries, Designed as a Book of Reference for Colliery Managers, and for the Use of Coal-Mining Students preparing for First-class Certificates. By CALEB PAMELY, Mining Engineer and Surveyor; Member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers ; and Member of the South Wales Insti- tute of Mining Engineers. With nearly 500 Plans, Diagrams, and other Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised, with Additions. Medium 8vo, about 700 pages. Price i 55. strongly bound. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. THEOLOGY. SEARCH FOR COAL. MINERAL LEASES AND OTHER HOLD- INGS. SHAFT SINKING. FITTING UP THE SHAFT AND SURFACE ARRANGE- MENTS. STEAM BOILERS AND THEIR FITTINGS. TIMBERING AND WALLING. NARROW WORK AND METHODS OF WORKING. UNDERGROUND CONVEY- ANCE. DRAINAGE. THE GASES MET WITH IN MINES ; VENTILATION. ON THE FRICTION OF AIR IN MINES. THEPRIESTMAN OILENGINE ; PETRO- LEUM AND NATURAL GAS -SURVEYING AND PLANNING. SAFETY LAMPS AND FIRE DAMP DETECTORS SUNDRY AND INCIDENTAL OPERATIONS AND APPLI ANCES. COLLIF.RYEXPLOSIONS. MIS- CELLANEOUS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS. Appendix: SUMMARY OF REPORT OF H.M. COMMISSIONERS ON ACCIDENTS IN MINES. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. " Mr. Pamely has not only given us a comprehensive reference book of a very high order, cuitablc to the requirements of mining engineers and colliery managers, but at the sime time has provided mining students with a class-book that is as interesting as it is instructive." Colliery Manager. " Mr. Pamely's work is eminently suited to the purpo'e for which it is intended being clear, Interesting, exhaustive, rich in detail, and up to date, giving descriptions of the very latest machines in every department. ... A mining engineer could scarcely go wrong who followed this work." Colliery Guardian. " This is the most complete ' all round ' work on coal-mining published in the English language. ... No library of coal-mining books is complete without it." Colliery Engineer (Scranton, Pa., U.S.A.). " Mr. Pamely's work is in all respects worthy of our admiration. No person in any responsible position connected with mines should be without a copy." Westminster Review. Goal and Iron. THE COAL AND IRON INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Comprising a Description of the Coal Fields, and of the Principal Seams of Coal, with Returns of their Produce and its Distribu- tion, and Analyses of Special Varieties. Also an Account of the occurrence of Iron Ores in Veins or Seams ; Analyses of each Variety ; and a History ot the Rise and Progress of Pig Iron Manufacture. By RICHARD MEADE, Assistant Keeper of Mining Records. With Maps. 8vo, i 8s. cloth. " The book is one which must find a place on the shelves of all Interested !n coal and Iron production, and in the iron, steel and other metallurgical industries." Engineer. " Of this book we may unreservedly say that it is the best of its class which we have ever met. ... A book of reference which no one engaged in the iron or coal trades should omit from hi* library " Iron and Coal Trades Review. Coal Mining. COAL AND COAL MINING: A Rudimentary Treatise on. By the late Sir WARINGTON W. SMYTH, M.A., F.R.S., &c., Chief Inspector of the Mines of the Crown. Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged, With numerous Illustrations. I2mo, 45. cloth boards. * As an outline is given of every known coal-field in this and other countries, as well as of th* principal methods of working, the book will doubtless interest a very large number of readers." Mining yournal. Subterraneous Surveying. SUBTERRANEOUS SURVEYING, Elementary and Practical Treatise on, with and without the Magnetic Needle. By THOMAS FENWICK, Surveyor of Mines, and THOMAS BAKER, C.E. Illust. izmo, 35. cloth boards. Granite Quarrying. GRANITES AND OUR GRANITE INDUSTRIES. By GEORGE F. HARRIS, F.G.S., Membre de la Societe Beige de Gdologie, Leo turer on Economic Geology at the Birkbeck Institution, &c. With Illustra- tions. Crown 8vo, zs. 6d. cloth. " A clearly and well-written manual on the granite Industry." Scotsman. " An interesting work, which will be deservedly esteemed." Colliery Guardian. " An exceedingly interesting- and valuable monograph on a subject which has hitherto received osiaccountably little attention in the shape of systematic literary treatment." Scottish Leadtr. 22 CROSBY LOCK WOOD S> SON'S CATALOGUE. Gold, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF GOLD : A Practical Treatise on the Metallurgical Treatment of Gold-bearing Ores. Including the Processes o3 Concentration and Chlorination, and the Assaying, Melting, and Refining ol Gold. By M. EISSLER, Mining Engineer and Metallurgical Chemist, formerly Assistant Assayer of the U. S. Mint, San Francisco. Third Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. With 187 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, izs. 6d. cloth. " This book thoroughly deserves its title of a ' Practical Treatise. 1 The whole process of gold milling, from the breaking of the quartz to the assay of the bullion, is described in clear and orderly narrative and with much, but not too much, fulness of detail." Saturday Rmeu\ " The work is a storehouse of information and valuable data, and we strongly recommend It to- all professional men engaged in the gold-mining industry." Mining Journal. Gold Extraction^ THE CYANIDE PROCESS OF GOLD EXTRACTION : and its Practical Application on the Witwatersrand Gold Fields in South Africa, by M. EISSLER, M.E., Mem. Inst. Mining and Metallurgy, Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. With Diagrams and Working Drawings. Large crown 8vo, ~s. 6d. cloth. | Just published. " This book is just what was needed to acquaint mining: men with the actual working- of a pro- cess which is not only the most popular, but is, as a general rule, the most successful for the extrac- tion of gold from tailings." Alining Journal. " The work will prove invaluable to all interested in gold mining, whether metallurgists or as investors." Chemical A'eu's. Silver, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF SILVER : A Practical Treatise on the Amalgamation, Roasting, and Lixiviation of Silver Ores. Including the Assaying, Melting and Refining, of Silver Bullion. By M. EISSLER, Author of ( 'The Metallurgy of Gold," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. With 150 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, los. 6d. cloth. " A practical treatise, and a technical work which we are convinced will supply a long-felt want amongst practical men, and at the same time be of value to students and others indirectly connected with the industries." Mining Journal. " From first to last the book is thoroughly sound and reliable." Colliery Guardian. " For chemists, practical miners, assayers, and investors alike, we do not know of any wort on the subject so handy and yet so comprehensive," Glasgow Herald. Lead, Metallurgy of. THE METALLURGY OF ARGENTIFEROUS LEAD: A Practical Treatise on the Smelting of Silver-Lead Ores and the Refining of Lead Bullion. Including Reports on various Smelting Establishments and Descriptions of Modern Smelting Furnaces and Plants in Europe and America. By M. EISSLER, M.E., Author of "The Metallurgy of Gold," &c, Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with 183 Illustrations, 125. 6d. cloth. " The numerous metallurgical processes, which are fully and extensively treated of, embracs all the stages experienced in the passage of the lead from the various natural states to its issue from the refinery as an article of commerce." Practical Engineer. " The present volume fully maintains the reputation of the author. Those who wish to obtain a thorough insight into the present state of this industry cannot do better than read this volume, and all mining engineers cannot far! to find many useful hints and suggestions in it." Industries. " It is most carefully written and illustrated with capital drawings and diagrams. In fact, it is the work of an expert for experts, by whom it will be prized as an indispensable text-book." Bristol Mercury. Iron Mining. THE IRON ORES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Their Mode of Occurrence, Age, and Origin, and the Methods of Searching for and Working them, with a Notice of some of the Iron Ores of Spain. By J. D. KENDALL, F.G.S., Mining Engineer. Crown 8vo, i6s. cloth. " The author has a thorough practical knowledge of his subject, and has supplemented a care- ful study of the available literature by unpublished information derived from his own observations, The result is a very useful volume which cannot fail to be of value to all interested in the iron industry of the country." Industries. " Mr. Kendall is a great authority on this subject and writes rom personal observation." Colliery Guardian. " Mr. Kendall s book is thoroughly well done. In it there are the outlines of the history of ore mining in every centre and there is everything that we want to know as to the character of the orrs of each district, their commercial value and the cost of working them "Iron and Steel Trades Journal. ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. 23 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, etc. Dynamo Management. THE MANAGEMENT OF DYNAMOS: A Hand) book of Theory and Practice for the Use of Mechanic?, Engineers, Students and others in Charge of Dynamo?. By G. W. LUMMIS PATERSON. With nume- rous Illustrations. Crown Svo, 35. 6d. clo;h. [Just published. Electrical Engineering. THE ELECTRICAL ENGINEER'S POCKET-BOOK OP MODERN RULES, FORMULAE, TABLES, AND DATA. By H. R. KEMPE, M.Inst.E.E., A. M.Inst.C.E., Technical Officer, Postal Telegraphs, Author of " A Handbook of Electrical Testing," &c. Second Edition, thoroughly Revised, with Additions. Royal 321110, oblong, 55. leather. " There is very little in the shape of formulae or data which the electrician is likely to want In a hurry which cannot be found in its pages." Practical Engineer. "A very useful book of reference for daily use in practical electrical engineering and Its various applications to the industries of the present day." Iron. " It is the best book of its kind." Electrical Engineer. "Well arranged and compact. The ' Electrical Engineer's Pocket-Book ' Is a good one." Electrician. [ Re-view. "Strongly recommended to those engaged in the various electricalindustries." Llecirical Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FITTING : A Handbook for Working Electrical Engineers, embodying Practical Notes on Installation Manage- ment. By JOHN W. URQUHART, Electrician, Author of " Electric Light," &c. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised, with Additional Chapters. Crown Svo, 55. cloth. " This volume deals with what may be termed the mechanics of electric lighting, and Is addressed to men who are already engaged in the work or are training for it. The work traverses a great deal of ground, and may be read as a sequel to the same author's useful work on 'Electric Light. '"Electrician. " This is an attempt to state In the simplest language the precautions which should be adopted in installing the electric light, and to g : ve information, for the guidance of those who have to run the plant when installed. The book is well worth the perusal of the workmen for whom it is written." Electrical Review. " We have read this book with a good deal of pleasure. We believe that the book will be of use to practical workmen, who will not be alarmed by finding mathematical formulae which they are unable to understand." Electrical Plant. Electric Light. ELECTRIC LIGHT : Its Production and Use. Embodying Plain Directions for the Treatment of Dynamo-Electric Machines, Batteries Accumulators, and Electric Lamps. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E., Author ot " Electric Light Fitting," " Electroplating," &c. Fifth Edition, carefully Revised, with Large Additions and 145 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 75. 6J. cloth. " The whole ground of electric lighting is more or less covered and explained in a very clear and concise manner." Electrical Retiifw. " Contains a good deal of very interest'ng information, especially in the parts where the author gives dimensions and w orking costs." Electrical Engineer. " A miniature -vade-mecum of the salient facts connected with the science of electric light- ing.' 1 Electrician. "You cannot for your purpose have a better book than 'Electric Light,' by Urquhart." Engineer. " The book is by far the best that we have yet met with on the subject." Athenaum. Construction of Dynamos. DYNAMO CONSTRUCTION : A Practical Handbook for the Use of Engineer Constntctors and Electricians-in-Charge. Embracing Frame- work Building, Field Magnet and Armature Winding and Grouping, Com- pounding, &c. With Examples of leading English, American, and Conti- nental Dynamos and Motors. By J. W. URQUHART, Author of "Electric Light." " Electric Light Fitting," &c. Second Editirn, Revised and En- larged. With 114 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. ' Mr. Urquhart's book is the first one which deals with these matters In such a way that the engineering student can understand them. The book is very readable, and the author leads his readers up to difficult sub'ects by reasonably simple tests." Engineering Rtvirtu. " The author deals with his subject in a style so popular as to make his volume a handbook of great practical value to enpineer constructors and electricians in charge." Scotsman. "'Dynamo ConstrucH"n ' more than sustains the high character of the author's previous publications. It is surf to te widely read by the large and rapidly increasing number of practica electricians." G/asff-K Htr ili. " A book for which a demand has long existed." Mechanical World. 34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. A New Dictionary of Electricity. THE STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY. A Popu- lar Dictionary of Words and Terms Used in the Practice of Electrical Engi- neering. Containing upwards of 3,000 Definitions. By T. O'CONNOR SLOANE, A.M., Ph.D.. Author of "The Arithmetic of Electricity," &c. Crown 8vo, 610 pp., 350 Illustrations, 75. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " The work has many attractive features in it, and is beyond doubt, a well put together and useful publication. The amount of ground covered maybe gathered from the fact that in the index about 5,000 references will be found. The inclusion of such comparatively modern words as ' impedence,' 'reluctance,' &c., shows that the author has desired to be up to date, and indeed there are other indications of carefulness of compilation. The work is one wh'ch does the author great credit and it should prove of great value, e-pecially to students." Electrical Review. Very complete and contains a large amount of useful information." Industries. " An encyclopaedia of electrical science in the compass of a dictionary. The information given is sound and clear. The book is well printed, well il.ustrated, and well up to date, and may DC confidently recommended." Builder. " The volume is excellently printed and illustrated, and should form part of the library of every one who is connected with electrical matters." Hard-ware Trade Journal. Electric Lighting of Ships. ELECTRIC SHIP.LIGHTING : A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ship's Electrical Plant. For the Use of Shipowners and Builders, Marine Electricians, and Sea-going Engineers-in-Charge. By }. W.URQUHART, C.E. With 88 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75 6d. cloth. " The subject of ship electric lighting is one of vast importance in these days, and Mr. Urqu- hirt is to be highly complimented for placing such a valuable work at the service of the practical marine electrician." 7 he Steamship. " Distinctly a book which of its kind stands almost alone, and for which there should be a demand." Electrical Re-view. Country House Electric Lighting. ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COUNTRY HOUSES : A Practical Handbook on the Erection and Running of Small Installations, with par- ticulars of the Cost of Plant and Working. By J. H. KNIGHT. Crown 8vo, is. wrapper. [Just published. Electric Lighting. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRIC LIGHT- ING. By ALAN A. CAMPBELL SWINTON, Associate I.E.E. Third Edition, Enlarged and Revised. With 16 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. is. 6d. cloth. "Anyone who desires a short and thoroughly clear exposition of the elementary principles of electric -lighting cannot do better than read this little work.' Bradford Observer. Dynamic Electricity. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By PHILIP ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D., Author of "The Ele- ments of Electric Lighting," &c. Cr. 8vo, with 120 Illustrations, IDS. 6d. cl. Electric Motors, &c. THE ELECTRIC TRANSFORMATION OF POWER and its Application by the Electric Motor, including Electric Railway Construction. By P. ATKINSON, A.M., Ph.D , Author of " The Elemen's of Electric Light- ing," &c. With 96 Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. Dynamo Construction. HO WTO MAKE A D YNA MO : A Practical Treatise for Amateurs. Containing numerous Illustrations and Detailed Instructions for Construct- ing a Small Dynamo, to Produce the Elpctric Light. By ALFRED CROFTS. Fourth Edition, Revised and Enlarged . Crown 8vo, 2S. cloth. "The instructions given in this unpretentious little book are sufficiently clear and explicit to enable any amateur mechanic possessed of average skill and the usual tools to be found in an a uateur's workshop, to build a practical dynamo machine." Electrician. Text Book of Electricity. THE STUDENTS TEXT-BOOK OF ELECTRICITY. By HENRY M. NOAD, F.R.S. 630 pages, with 470 Illustrations. Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo, gj. cloth. [Just published. Electricity. A MANUAL OP ELECTRICITY : Inducting Galvanism, Mag. netistn, Dia-Magnetistn, Electro-Dynamics. By HENRY M. NOAD, Ph D., F.R.S. Fourth Edition (1859). 8vo, i 45. cloth. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc, 25 ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. Building Construction. PRACTICAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION : A Handbook for Students Preparing for Examinations, and a Book of Reference for Persons Engaged in Building. By JOHN P. ALLEN, Surveyor, Lecturer on Building Construction at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle. Medium 8vo, 450 pages, with T, oco Illustrations. 125. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " This volume is one of the most complete expositions of building construction we have seen. Tt contains all that is necessary to prepare students for the various examinations in building con- struction." Building News. " The author depends nearly as much on his diagrams as on his type. The pages suggest the hand of a man of experience in building operations and the volume must be a blessing to many teachers as well as to students." The Architect. " The work is sure to prove a formidable rival to great and sma'I competitors alike, and bids fair to take a permanent place as a favourite students' text-book. The large number of illustra- tions deserve particular mention for the great merit thev possess for purposes of reference, in ex- actly corresoonding to convenient scales." your. Inst. Brit. Archts. The New London Building Act, 1894. THE LONDON BUILDING ACT, 1894; with the By-Laws and Regulations of the London County Council, and Introduction, Notes, Cases and Index. By ALEX. J. DAVID, B.A., LL.M. of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " To all architects and district surveyors and builders, Mr. David's manual will be welcome." Building News. " The volume will doubtless be eagerly consulted by the building fraternity." Ilhtstrated Carpenter and Builder. Concrete. CONCRETE: ITS NATURE AND USES. A Book for Architects, Builders, Contractors, and Clerks of Works. Bv GEORGE L. SUTCLIFFE, A.R.I.B.A. Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d. cloth. [J u $t published. " The author treats a difficult subject in a lucid manner. The manual fills a long-felt gap. It is careful and exhaustive : equally useful as a student's guide and a architect's book of reference." Journal of Royal Institu.ion of British Architects. " There is room for this new book, which will probably be for some time the standard work on the subject for a builder's purpose." Glasgow Herald. " A thoroughly useful and comprehensive work." British ArJiitect, Mechanics for Architects. THE MECHANICS OF ARCHITECTURE: A Treatise on Applied Mechanics, especially Adapted to the Use of Architects. Bv E. W. TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Building," &c. Second Edition, Enlarged. Illust. with 125 Diagrams. Cr. 8vo, 75. fid. cloth. [Just Published. 'The book is a very useful and heloful manual of architectural mechanics, and really contains sufficient to enable a careful and painstaking student to grasp the principles bearing upon the jority of building problems. . . . Mr. Tarn has added, by this volume, to the debt of gratitude which is owing to him by architectural students for the many valuable works which he has pro- duced for their use." The Builder. " The mechanics in the volume are really mechanics, and are harmoniously wrought in with the distinctive professional manner proper to the subject. ' The Schoolmaster. The New Builder's Price Book, 1896. LOCKWOOD'S BUILDER'S PRICE BOOK FOR 1896. A Comprehensive Handbook of the Latest Prices and Data for Builders, Architects, Engineers, and Contractors. By FRANCIS T. W. MILLER. 800 closely-printed pages, crown 8vo, 4.5. cloth. " This book is a very useful one. and should find a place In every English office connected with the building and engineering professions." Industries, " An excellent book of reference." Architect. " In its new and revised form this Price Book Is what a work of this k'nd should be compre- hensive, reliable, well arranged, legible, and well bound. 1 ' British Architect, Designing Buildings. THE DESIGN OF BUILDINGS: Being Elementary Notes on the Planning, Sanitation and Ornamentive Formation of Structures, based on Modern Practice. Illustrated with Nine Folding Plates. By W. WOOD- LEY, Assistant Master, Metropolitan Drawing Classes, &c. 8vo, 6s. cloth. Sir Wm. Chamber s's Treatise on Civil Architecture. THE DECORATIVE PART OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE, By Sir WILLIAM CHAMBERS, F.R.S. With Portrait, Illustrations, Notes, and an Examination of Grecian Architecture, by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A. Revised and Edited by W. H. LEEDS. 66 Plates, 4to, zis. cloth. 26 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &- SON'S CATALOGUE. Villa Architecture. A HANDY BOOK OF VILLA ARCHITECTURE : Being a Series of Designs for Villa Residences in various Styles, With Outline Specifications and Estimates. By C. WICKES, Architect, Author of "The Spires and Towers of England," &c. 61 Plates, 4to, i us. 6d. half-morocco. " The whole of the designs bear evidence of their being the work of an artistic architect, and they will prove very valuable and suggestive." Building News, Text-Booh for Architects. THE ARCHITECT'S GUIDE: Being a Text-Booh of Useful Information for Architects, Engineers, Surveyors, Contractors, Clerks of Works, &-c. &-c. By FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. " As a text-book of useful Information for architects, engineers, surveyors, &c., it would be hard to find a handier or more complete little volume." Standard, Taylor and Cresy's Rome. THE ARCHITECTURAL ANTIQUITIES OF ROME. By the late G. L. TAYLOR, Esq., F.R.I. B. A., and EDWARD CRESY, Esq. New Edition, thoroughly Revised by the Rev. ALEXANDER TAYLOR, M.A. (son of the late G. L. Taylor, Esq.), Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and Chap- lain of Gray's Inn. Large folio, with 130 Plates, 3 35. half-bound. " Taylor and Cresy's work has from its first publication been ranked among those professional books which cannot be bettered,' 1 Architect. Linear Perspective. ARCHITECTURAL PERSPECTIVE : The whole Course and Operations of the Draughtsman in Drawing a Large House in Linear Per- spective. Illustrated by 43 Folding Plates. By F.O.FERGUSON. Second Edition, Enla r ged. 8vo. 35. 6d. boards. [.Just published. " It is the most intelligible of the treatises on this ill treated subject that I have met with. ' E. INGRESS BELL, Esq., in the R.l.B.A. Journal. Architectural Drawing. PRACTICAL RULES ON DRAWING, for the Operative Builder and Young Student in Architecture. By GEORGE PYNE. With 14 Plates, 4to, 7s. 6d. boards. Vitruvius' Architecture. THE ARCHITECTURE of MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLL/0. Translated by JOSEPH GWILT, F.S.A., F.R.A.S. New Edition, Revised by the Translator. With 23 Plates. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. Designing, Measuring, and Valuing. THE STUDENTS GUIDE to the PRACTICE of MEASUR- ING AND VALUING ARTIFICERS' WORK. Containing Directions for taking Dimensions, Abstracting the same, and bringing the Quantities into Bill, with Tables of Constants for Valuation of Labour, and for the Calcula- tion of Areas and Solidities. Originally edited by EDWARD DOBSON, Architect. With Additions by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A. Sixth Edition. With 8 Plates and 63 Woodcuts. Crcwn 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "This edition will be found the most complete treatise on the principles of measuring and valuing artificers' work that has yet been published." Building Xe-wt. Pocket Estimator and Technical Guide. THE POCKET TECHNICAL GUIDE, MEASURER, AND ESTIMATOR FOR BUILDERS AND SURVEYORS. Containing Tech- nical Directions for Measuring Work in all the Building Trades, Complete Specifications for Houses, Roads, and Drains, and an easy Method of Estimat- ing the parts cf a Building collectively. By A. C. BEATON. Seventh Edit. Waistcoat-pocket size, is. 6d. leafher, gilt edges. " No builder, architect, surveyor, or valuer should be without his ' Beaton.' " Building Nnv t. Donaldson on Specifications. THE HANDBOOK OF SPECIFICATIONS: or, Practical Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder, in drawing up Specifications and Contracts for Works and Constructions. Illustrated by Precedents of Buildings actually executed by eminent Architects and En- gineers. By Professor T. L. DONALDSON, P.R.I.B.A., &c. New Edition. 8vo. with upwards of T.OOO pages of Text, and 33 Plates. i us. 5d. cloth. " Valuable as a record, and more valuable still as a book of precedents. . . . Suffice It to say that Donaldson's ' Handbook of Specifications ' must be bought by all architects." Builder. ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, etc. 27 Bartholomew and Rogers' Specifications. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE. A Guide to the Architect, Engineer, Surveyor, and Builder. With an Essay on the Structure and Science of Modern Buildings. Upon the Basis of the Work by ALFRED BARTHOLOMEW, thoroughly Revised, Corrected, and greatly added to by FREDERICK ROGERS, Architect. Third Edition, Revised, with Additions. With numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo, 155. cloth. " The collection of specifications prepared by Mr. Rogers on the basis of Bartholomew's work is too well known to need any recommendation from us. It is one of the books with which every young architect must be equipped." Architect, Construction* THE SCIENCE OP BUILDING : An Elementary Treatise on the Principles of Construction. By E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Architect. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With 59 Engravings. Fcap. 8vo, 45. cl, A very valuable book, which we strongly recommend to all students." Builder. House Building and Repairing. THE HOUSE-OWNER'S ESTIMATOR ; or, What will it Cost to Build, Alter, or Repair? A Price Book for Unprofessional People, as well as the Architectural Surveyor and Builder. By J. D. SIMON. Edited by F_ T. W. MILLER, A.R.I. B.A. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "In two years it will repay its cost a Hundred times over." Field. Cottages and Villas. COUNTRY AND SUBURBAN COTTAGES AND VILLAS: How to Plan and Build Them. Containing 33 Plates, with Introduction, General Explanations, and Description of each Plate. By JAMES W. BOGUB, Architect, Author of " Domestic Architecture," &c. 410, 105. 6d. cloth, Building ; Civil and Ecclesiastical. A BOOK ON BUILDING, Civil and Ecclesiastical, including Church Restoration ; with the Theory of Domes and the Great Pyramid, &c. By Sir EDMUND BECKETT, Bart., LL.D.,F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo, 55. cloth. " A book which Is always amusing and nearly always instructive." Titnes. Sanitary Houses, etc. THE SANITARY ARRANGEMENT OF DWELLING- HOUSES: A Handbook for Householders and Owners of Houses. By A. T. WALLIS-TAYLER, A.M. Inst. C.E. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. tfust published. " This book will be largely read ; it will be of considerable service to the public. It is weD arranged, easily read, and for the most part devoid of technical terms." Lancet. Ventilation of Buildings. VENTILATION. A Text Book to the Practice of the Art of Ventilating Buildings. By W. P. BUCHAN, R.P. izmo, 45. cloth. " Contains a great amount of useful practical information, as thoroughly interesting as it is technically reliable." British Architect. Ttie Art of Plumbing. PLUMBING. A Text Booh to the Practice of the Art or Craft oj the, Plumber. By WILLIAM I-ATON BUCHAN, R.P. Sixth Editior. 45. cloth. "A text-book which may be safely put in the hands of every young plumber." Builder. Geometry for the Architect, Engineer, etc. PRACTICAL GEOMETRY, for the Architect, Engineer, and. Mechanic. Giving Rules for the Delineation and Application of various Geometrical Lines, Figures and Curves. By E. W. TARN, M.A., Architect. 8vo, 95. cloth. " No book with the same objects In view has ever been published In which the clearness of the rules laid down and the illustrative diagrams have been so satisfactory." Scotsman. The Science of Geometry. THE GEOMETRY OF COMPASSES; or, Problems Resolved by the mere Description of Circles, and, the use of Coloured Diagrams and Symbols. By OLIVER BYRNK. Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. a8 CROSBY LOCKWOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. Tredgold's Carpentry 9 Revised & Enlarged by Tarn. THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CARPENTRY. A Treatise on the Pressure and Equilibrium of Timber Framing, the Resist- nnce of Timber, and the Construction of Floors, Arches, Bridges, Roofs, Uniting Iron and Stone with Timber, &c. To which is added an Essay on the Nature and Properties oi Timber, &c., with Descriptions of the kinds of Wood used in Building ; also numerous Tables of the Scantlings of Tim- ber for different purposes, the Specific Gravities of Materials, &c. By THOMAS TREDGOLD, C.E. With an Appendix of Specimens of Various Roofs of Iron and Stone, Illustiated. Seventh Edition, thoroughly revised and considerably enlarged by E. WYNDHAM TARN, M.A., Author of "The Science of Build- ing," &c. With 61 Plates, Portrait of the Author, and several Woodcuts. In One large Vol., 410, prk,e i 55. cloth. " Ought to be in every architect's and every builder's library." Builder. " A work whose monumental excellence must commend it wherever skilful carpentry Is con- cerned. The author's principles are rather confirmed than impaired by time. The additional plates are of great intrinsic value." Building Nevis. Woodworking Machinery. WOODWORKING MACHINERY: Its Rise, Progress, and Construction. With Hints on the Management of Saw Mills and the Economi- cal Conversion of Timber. Illustrated with Examples of Recent Designs by leading English, French, and American Engineers. By M. Powis RALE, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.M.E. Second Edition, Revised, with large Additions. Large crown 8vo, 440 pp., gs. cloth. [Just published, " Mr. Bale is evidently an expert on the subject and he has collected so mucn information that Che book is all-sufficient for builders and others engaged in the conversion of timber." Architect. "The most comprehensive compendium of wood-working machinery we have seen. The author is a thorough master of his subject." Building News. Saw Mills. SA W MILLS : Their Arrangement and Management, and the Economical Convei sion of Timber. (A Companion Volume to " Woodwork- ing Machinery.") By M. Powis BALE. Crown 8vo, tos. 6d. cloth. " The administration of a large sawing establishment is discussed, and the subject examined from a financial standpoint. Hence the size, shape, order, and disposition of saw-mills and the like are gone into in detail, and the course of the timber is traced from its reception to its delivery to its converted state. We could not desire a more complete or practical treatise." Builder. Nicholson's Carpentry. THE CA RP 'ENTER'S NEW G UIDE ; or, Book of Lines for Car- penters ; comprising all the Elementary Principles essential for acquiring a knowledge of Carpentry. Founded on the late PETER NICHOLSON'S Standard Work. New Edition, Revised by A. ASHPITEL, F.S.A. With Practical Rules on Drawing, by G. PYNK. With 74 Plates, 410, i is. cloth. Handrailing and Stairbuilding. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON HANDRAILING : Showing New and Simple Methods tor Finding the Pitch of the Plank, Drawing the Moulds, Bevelling, Jointing-up, and Squaring the Wreath. By GEORGE COLLINGS. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged, to which is added A TREATISE ON STAIRBUILDING. I2mo. zs. 6d. cloth limp. 1 ' Will be found of practical utility In the execution of this difficult branch of joinery." Builder. " Almost every difficult phase of this somewhat intricate branch of joinery is elucidated by the tid of plates and explanatory letterpress." Furniture Gazette. Circular Work. CIRCULAR WORK IN CARPENTRY AND JOINERY: A Practical Treatise on Circular Work of Single and Double Curvature. By GEORGE COLLINGS. With Diagrams. Second Edit, izmo, as. 6d. cloth limp. " An excellent example of what a book of this kind should be. Cheap in price, clear in definl- t'on and practical in the examples selected. "Builder. Handrailina. HANDRAILING COMPLETE IN EIGHT LESSONS. On the Square-Cut System. By J. S. GOLDTHORP, Teacher of Geometry and Building Construction at the Halifax Mechanic's Institute. With Eight Plates and over 150 Practical Exercises. 4to, $<>. fd. cloth. " likely to be of considerable value to joiners and others who take a pride in good work, we heartily ccmmend .t to teachers and students." Timber Trades Journal. CARPENTRY, TIMBER, etc. Timber Merchant's Companion. THE TIMBER MERCHANT'S AND BUILDER'S COM- PANION. Containing New and Copious Tables of the Reduced Weight and Measurement of Deals and Battens, of all sizes, from One to a Thousand Pieces, and the relative Price that each size bears per Lineal Foot to arvj given Price per Petersburg Standard Hundred ; the Price per Cube Foot of Square Timber to any given Price per Load of 50 Feet; the proportionate Value of Deals and Battens by the Standard, to Square Timber by the Load* of 50 Feet ; the readiest mode of ascertaining the Price cf Scantling per Lineal Foot of any size, to any given Figure per Cube Foot, &c. &c. By WILLIAM DOWSING. Fourth Edition, Revised and Corrected. Cr.Svo, 3$. cl. " Everything is as concise and clear as it can possibly be made. There can be no doubt that every timber merchant and builder ought to possess it." Hull Advertiser. " We are glad to see a fourth edition of these admirable tables, which for correctness and simplicity of arrangement leave nothing to be desired." Timber Trades Journal. Practical Tinriber Merchant. THE PRACTICAL TIMBER MERCHANT. Being a Guide for the use of Building Contractors, Surveyors, Builders, &c., comprising useful Tables for all purposes connected with the Timber Trade, Marks of Wood, Essay on the Strength of Timber, Remarks on the Growth of Timber, &c. By W. RICHARDSON. Second Edi ion. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. cloth. "This handy manual contains much valuable information for the use of timber merchants, builders, foresters, and all others connected with the growth, sale, and manufacture of timber." Journal of Forestry. Packing-Case Makers, Tables for. PACKING-CASE TABLES ; showing the number of Super- ficial Feet in Boxes or Packing-Cases, from six inches square and upwards. By W. RICHARDSON, Timber Broker. Third Edition. Oblong 4to, 3$. 6d. d-, " Invaluable labour-saving tables." Ironmonger. "Will save much labour and calculation." Grocer. Superficial Measurement. THE TRADESMAN'S GUIDE TO SUPERFICIAL MEA- SUREMENT. Tables calculated from i to 200 inches in length, by i to 108 inches in breadth. For the use of Architects, Surveyors, Engineers, Timber Merchants, Builders, &c. By JAMES HAWKINGS. Fourth Edition. Fcap., 35. 6d. cloth. " A useful collection of tables to facilitate rapid calculation of surfaces. The exact area of a.ty surface of which the limits have been ascertained can be instantly determined. The book will bio found of the greatest utility to all engaged in building operations." Scotsman, " These tables will be found of great assistance to all who require to make calculations In supei ficial measurement. " English Mechanic. Forestry. THE ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY. Designed to afford In- formation concerning the Planting and Care of Forest Trees for Ornament or Profit, with Suggestions upon the Creation and Care of Woodlands. By F.B, HOUGH. Large crown 8vo, IDS. cloth. Timber Importer's Guide. THE TIMBER IMPORTER 'S, TIMBER MERCHANTS } AND BUILDER'S STANDARD GUIDE. By RICHARD E. GRANDY. Compris- ing an Analysis of Deal Standards, Home and Foreign, with Comparative Values and Tabular Arrangements for fixing Net Landed Cost on Baltic and North American Deals, including all intermediate Expenses, Freight, Insurance, &c. &c. Together with copious Information for the Retailer and Builder. Third Edition, Revised. i2mo, 2s. cloth limp. "Everything It pretends to be: built up gradually, it leads one from a forest to a treenail, anoj throws in, as a makeweight, a host of material concerning bricks, columns, cisterns, Sic.">itis/ Mechanic. 30 CROSBY LOCK WOOD 6- SON'S CATALOGUE. DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. Woods and Marbles (Imitation of), SCHOOL OF PAINTING FOR THE IMITATION OF WOODS AND MARBLES, as Taught and Practised by A. R. VAN DER BURG and P. VAN DER BURG, Directors of the Rotterdam Painting Institution. Royal foliOj i8i by izi in., Illustrated with 24 full-size Coloured Plates; also 12 plain Plates, comprising 154 Figures, Second and Cheaper Edition, Price i iis.Qd. List of Plates. i. Various Tools required for Wood Painting a, 3. Walnut: Preliminary Stages of Graining end Finished Specimen 4. T ools used for Marble Painting and Method of Manipulation 6. St. Remi Marble: Earlier Operations and Finished Specimen 7. Methods of Sketching different Grains, Knots, &c. 8, 9. Ash: Pre- minary Stages and Finished Specimen 10. Methods of Sketching Marble Grains ir, is. Breche Marble: Preliminary Stages of Working snd Finished Specimen 13. Maple : Methods of Producing the different Grains 14, 15. Bird's- eye Maple: Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 16. Methods of Sketching the dif- ferent Species of White Marble 17, 18. White .... _ .. . . of Pre Finished Specimen 19. Mahogany : Specimens of various Grains and Methods of Manipulation ao, 2i. Mahogany: Earlier Stages and Finished Specimen 22, 23, 24. Sienna Marble : Varieties of Grain, Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 25, 26, 27. Juniper Wood : Methods of producing Grain, &c. : Preliminary Stages and Finished Specimen 28, 29, 30. Vert de Mer Marble: Varieties of Grain and Methods of Working Unfinished and Finished Speci- mens 31. 32. 33. Oak : Varieties of Grain, Tools Employed, and Methods of Manipulation, Pre- liminary Stages and Finished Specimen 34, 35, 36. Waulsort Marble: Varieties of Grain, Un- finished and Finished Specimens, Marble: Preliminary Stages of Process and " Those who desire to attain skill in the art of painting woods and marbles will find advantage consulting this book. . . . Some of the Working Men's Clubs should give their young men the opportunity to study It." Builder. " A comprehensive guide to the art. The explanations of the processes, the manipulation and management of the colours, and the beautifully executed plates will not be the least valuable to the ttudent who aims at making his work a faithful transcript of nature," Building News, Wall Taper. WALL PAPER DECORATION. By ARTHUR SEYMOUR JENNINGS, Author of " Practical Paper Hanging." With numerous Illustra- tions. Demy 8vo [In preparation. House Decoration. ELEMENTARY DECORATION. A Guide to the Simpler Forms of Everyday Art. Together with PRACTICAL HOUSE DECORA- TION. By JAMES W. FACEY. With numerous Illustrations. In One Vol., 54. strongly half- bound House Painting, Graining, etc. HOUSE PAINTING, GRAINING, MARBLING, AND SIGN WRITING, A Practical Manual of. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. Sixth Edition With Coloured Plates and Wood Engravings. I2mo, 6s. cloth boards. " A mass of information, of use to the amateur and of value to the practical man." English Mechanic Decorators, Receipts for. THE DECORATOR'S ASSISTANT: A Modern Guide to De- corative Artists and Amateurs, Painters, Writers, Gilders, &c. Containing upwards of 600 Receipts, Rules and Instructions ; with a variety of Informa- tion for General Work connected with every Class of Interior and Exterior Decorations, &c. Sixth Edition. 152 pp., crown 8vo, is. in wrapper " Full of receipts of value to decorators, painters, gilders, &c. The book contains the gist of arger treatises on colour and technical processes. It would be difficult to meet with a work so full of varied information on the painter's art." Building News. Moyr Smith on Interior Decoration. ORNAMENTAL INTERIORS, ANCIENT AND MODERN, By J. MOYR SMITH. Super-royal 8vo, with 32 full-page Plates and numerous smaller Illustrations, handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, price i8s. " The book is well illustrated and handsomely got up, and contains some true criticism and good many good examples of decorative treatment." The Builder, DECORATIVE ARTS, etc. 31 British and Foreign Marbles. MARBLE DECORATION and, the Terminology of British and, Foreign Marbles. A Handbook for Students. By GEORGE H. BLAGROVE, Author of " Shoring and its Application," &c. With 28 Illustrations. Crown Svo, 35. 6d. cloth. " This most useful and much wanted handbook should be in the hands of every architect and fcuilder." Budding World. " A carefully and usefully written treatise ; the work is essentially practical." Scotsman Marble Working, etc. MARBLE AND MARBLE WORKERS: A Handbook for Architects, Artists, Masons, and Students. By ARTHUR LEE, Author of " A Visit to Carrara," " The Working of Marble," &c. Small crown Svo, 2s. clotb. " A really valuable addition to the technical literature of architects and masons." Building DELAMOTTE'S WORKS ON ILLUMINATION AND ALPHABETS. A PRIMER OF THE ART OF ILLUMINATION, for the Use of Begiiners : with a Rudimentary Treatise on the Art, Practical Directions for its Exercise, and Examples taken from Illuminated MSS., printed in Gold and Colours. By F. DELAMOTTE. New and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 6s. orna- mental boards. "The examples of anc'.ent MSS. recommended to the student, which, with much good sense, the author chooses from collections accessible to all, are selected with judgment and knowledge, ts well as taste." Athen&utn. ORNAMENTAL ALPHABETS, Ancient and Medieval, from the Eighth Century, with Numerals; including Gothic, Church-Text, large and small, German, Italian, Arabesque, Initials for Illumination, Monograms, Crosses, &c. &c., for the use of Architectural and Engineering Draughtsmen Missal Painters, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers Carvers, &c. &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal Svo, oblong, 23. 6d. ornamental boards. " For those who Insert enamelled sentences round gilded chalices, who blazon shop legends ovet shop-doors, who letter church walls with pithy sentences from the Decalogue, this book will be use- ful." A tfientzu nt. EXAMPLES OF MODERN ALPHABETS, Plain and Ornamental; including German, Old English, Saxon, Italic, Perspective, Greek, Hebrew, Court Hand, Engrossing, Tuscan, Riband, Gothic, Rustic, and Arabesque; with several Original Designs, and an Analysis of the Roman and Old English Alphabets, large and small, and Numerals, for the use of Draughtsmen, Sur- veyors, Masons, Decorative Painters, Lithographers, Engravers, Carvers, &c. Collected and Engraved by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. New and Cheaper Edition. Royal Svo, oblong, zs. 6d. ornamental boards. " There Is comprised In It every possible shape into which the letters of the alphabet and aumerils can be formed, and the talent which has been expended in the conception of the various plain and ornamental letters is wonderful." Standard, MEDIEVAL ALPHABETS AND INITIALS FOR ILLUMI- NATORS. By F. G. DELAMOTTE. Containing 21 Plates and Illuminated Title, printed in Gold and Colours. With an Introduction by J. WILLIS BROOKS. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Small 4to, 45. ornamental boards. " A volume In which the letters of the alphabet come forth glorified in gilding andall the colours f the prism interwoven and intertwined and intermingled." Sun. THE EMBROIDERER'S BOOK OF DESIGN. Containing Initials, Emblems, Cyphers, Monograms, Ornamental Borders, Ecclesiastical Devices, Mediaeval and Modern Alphabets, and National Emblems. Col- lected by F. DELAMOTTE, and printed in Colours. Oblong royal Svo, is. 6d. ornamental wrapper. " The book will be of great assistance to ladles and young children who are endowed with the art of plying the needle in this most ornamental and useful pretty work." East Anglian Times. Wood Carving. INSTRUCTIONS IN WOOD-CARVING, for Amateurs; with Hints on Design. By A LADY. With Ten Plates. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown Svo, ss. in emblematic wrapper. " The handicraft of the wood-carver, so well as a book can mpart It, may be learnt from ' A Lady's' publication." A thenceum. 32 CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. The Heavens and their Origin. THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE: Chapters on the Origin and Construction of the Heavens. By J. E. GORE, F.R.A.S. Illustrated by 6 Stellar Photographs and 12 Plates. 8vo, i6s. cloth. " A valuable and lucid summary of recent astronomical theory, rendered more valuable and attractive by a series of stellar photographs and other illustrations. 1 ' The Times. " In presenting a clear and concise account of the present state of our knowledge, Mr. Gos* has made a valuable addition to the literature of the subject." Xatitre. " As interesting as a novel, and instructive withal ; the text being made still more luminous by Stellar photographs and other illustrations. . . . A most valuable book." Manchester Examiner " One of the finest works on astronomical science that has recently appeared in our language. Leeds Mercury* The Constellations. STAR GROUPS: A Student's Guide to the Constellations. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., M.R.I. A., &c., Author of " The VisibleJUniverse," " The Scenery of the Heavens." With 30 Maps. Small -ito, 55. cloth, silvered. "A knowledge of the principal constellations visible in our latitudes m.iy be easily acquired from the thirty maps and accompanying text contained in this work." Nature. " The volume contains thirty maps showing stars of the sixth magnitude the usual naked-eye limit and each is accompanied by a brief commentary, adapted to facilitate recognition and bring to notice objects of special interest. For the purpose of a preliminary survey of the ' midnight pomp ' of the heavens, nothing could be better than a set of delineations averaging scarcely twenty square inches in area, and including nothing that cannot at once be identified." Saturday Review. " A very compact and handy guide to the constellations.'' Athenaeum. Astronomical Terms. AN ASTRONOMICAL GLOSSARY; or, Dictionary of Terms used in Astronomy. With Tables of Data and Lists of Remarkable and Interesting Celestial Objects. By J. ELLARD GORE, F.R.A.S., Author of " The Visible Universe," &c. Small crown Svo, zs. 6d. cloth. " A very useful little work for beginners in astronomy, and not to be despised by more ac\] vanced students." The Times. " Astronomers of all kinds will be glad to have it for reference." Guardian. The Microscope. THE MICROSCOPE : Its Construction and Management, in- eluding Technique, Photo-micrography, and the Past and Future of the Microscope. By Dr. HENRI VAN HEURCK. Re-Edited and Augmented from the Fourth French Edition, and Translated by WYNNE E. BAXTER, F.G.S. 400 pages, with upwards of 250 Woodcuts. Imp. 8vo, i8s. cloth. " A translation of a well-known work, at once popular and comprehensive/' 2"itnes. " The translation is as felicitious as it is accurate." Nature. The Microscope. PHOTO-MICROGRAPHY. By Dr. H. VAN HEURCK. Extracted from the above Work. Royal Svo, with Illustrations, is. sewed. Astronomy. ASTRONOMY. By the late Rev. ROBERT MAIN, F.R.Sv Third Edition, Revised, by WM. T. LYNN, B.A., F.R.A.S., tamo, zs. cloth. " A sound and simple treatise, and a capital book for beginners." iCno-juledgt, Recent and Fossil Shells. A MANUAL OF THE MOLLUSC A : Being a Treatise on Recent and Fossil Shells. By S. P. WOODWARD, A.L.S., F.G.S. With an Appendix on Recent and Fossil Conchological Discoveries, by RALPH TATE, A.L.S^ F.G.S. With 23 Plates and upwards of 300 Woodcuts. Reprint of Fourth Edition, 1880. Crown Svo, 75. 6d. cloth. " A most valuable storehouse of conchological and geological information." Science Geology and Genesis. THE TWIN RECORDS OF CREATION; or, Geology and Genesis : their Perfect Harmony and Wonderful Concord. By GEORGE W VICTOR LE VAUX. Fcap. Svo, 55. cloth. " A valuable contribution to the evidences of Revelation, and disposes very conclusively of the- arguments of those who would set God's Works against God s Word. No real difficulty is shirkad and no sophistry is left unexposed.' The Rock. Geology. RUDIMENTARY TREATISE ON GEOLOGY, PHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL. With especial reference to the British series of Rocks. By R. TATE, F.G.S. With 250 Illustrations, izmo, 55. cloth, boanda NATURAL SCIENCE, etc. 33 DR. LARDNER'S COURSE OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. HANDBOOK OF MECHANICS. Re- written and Enlarged by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. "Mr. Loewy has carefully revised the book, and brought It up to modern requirements." Nature. HANDBOOK OF HYDROSTATICS & PNEUMATICS. Enlarged by B. LOEWY, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. " For those ' who desire to attain an accurate knowledge of physical science without the pro- found methods of mathematical investigation.' this work is well adapted." Chemical News. HANDBOOK OF HEAT. Edited and almost entirely Re- written by BENJAMIN LOEWY, F.R.A.S., &c. Post 8vo, 6s. cloth. "The style is always clear and precise, and conveys Instruction without leaving any cloudiness or lurking doubts behind." Engineering. HANDBOOK OF OPTICS. By Dr. LARDNER. Edited by T. O. HARDING, B.A. Post 8vo, 55. cloth. "Written by an able scientific writer and beautifully illustrated." Mechanics Magazine. HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By Dr. LARDNER. Edited by G. C. FOSTER, B.A. Post 8vo, 5$. cloth. " The book could not have been entrusted to anyone better calculated to preserve the terse and lucid style of Lardner." Popular Science Review. HANDBOOK OF ASTRONOMY. By Dr. LARDNER. Fourth Edition by E. DUNKIN, F.R.A.S. Post 8vo, gs. 6d. cloth. " Probably no other book contains the same amount of information In so compendious and well- arranged a form certainly none at the price at which this is offered to the public." Athenaeum. "We can do no other than pronounce this work a most valuable manual of astronomy, and we strongly recommend it to all who wish to acquire a general but at the same time correct acquaint* ance with this sublime science." Quarterly Journal of Science. DR. LARDNER'S MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. Edited by Dr. LARDNER. With upwards of 1,200 Engravings on Wood. In 6 Double Volumes, i is. in a new and elegant cloth binding ; or handsomely bound in half-inorocco, 315. 6d. " A cheap and Interesting publication, alike Informing and attractive. The papers combine subjects of importance and great scientific knowledge, considerable inductive powers, and a popular style of treatment." Spectator. The ' Museum of Science and Art ' Is the most valuable contribution that has ever been made to the Scientific Instruction of every class of society." Sir DAVID BRHWSTER, In the North British Review. ** Separate books formed from the above, fully Illustrated, suitable for Workmen's Libraries, Science Classes, etc. Common Things Explained. 55. i Steam and its Uses, zs. cloth. The Microscope, zs. cloth. Popular ideology, zs. Qd. cloth. Popular Physics, zs. 6d. cloth. Popular Astronomy, 4$.6d.cloth. The Bee and White Ants. zs. clotb. The Electric Telegraph, is. Dr. Lardner's School Handbooks, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR SCHOOLS. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d "A very convenient class-book for junior students In private schools." British Quarterly Review. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. Fcap. 8vo, 35. 6d. " Clearly written, well arranged, and excellently illustrated." Gardener's Chronic!*, THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. By Dr. LARDNER. Re- vised by E. B. BRIGHT, F.R.A.S. Fcap. 8vo, zs. Gd. cloth. " One of the most readable books extant on the Electric Telegraph." English Mechanic. D 34 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY. Chemistry for Engineers, etc. ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY; A Practical Treatise for the Use of Analytical Chemists, Engineers, Iron Masters, Iron Founders, Students, and others. Comprising Methods of Analysis and Valuation of the Principal Materials used in Engineering Work, with numerous Analyses, Examples, and Suggestions. By H. JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 400 pp., with Illustra- tions, IDS. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " In this work the author has rendered no small service to a numerous body of practical men. . . . The analytical methods may be pronounced most satisfactory, being as accurate as the despatch required of engineering chemists permits." Chemical News. " The book will be very useful to those who require a handy and concise resume of approved methods of analysing and valuing metals, oils, fuels, &c. It is, in fact, a work for chemists, a guide to the routine of the engineering laboratory. . . . The book is full of good things. As a hand- book of technical analysis, it is very welcome." Builder. " The analytical methods given are, as a whole, such as are likely to give rapid and trust- worthy results in experienced hands. There is much excellent descriptive matter in the work, the chapter on ' Oils and Lubrication ' being specially noticeable in this respect." Engineer. Explosives and Dangerous Goods. DANGERO US GOODS : Their Sources and Properties, Modes of Storage, and Transport. With Notes and Comments on Accidents aris- ing therefrom, together with the Government and Railway Classifications, Acts of Parliament, &c. A Guide for the use of Government and Railway Officials, Steamship Owners, Insurance Companies and Manufacturers and users of Explosives and Dangerous Goods. By H.JOSHUA PHILLIPS, F.I.C., F.C.S. , Author of "Engineering Chemistry, &c." Crown 8vo, 350 pp., gs. cloth. [Just ready. Alkali Trade, Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, etc. A MANUAL OF THE ALKALI TRADE, including the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid, Sulphate of Sloda, and Bleaching Powder. By JOHN LOMAS, Alkali Manufacturer, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and London. With 232 Illustrations and Working Drawings, and containing 390 pages of Text. Second Edition, with Additions. Super-royal 8vo, i ios. cloth. This book is written by a manufacturer for manufacturers. The working details of the molt approved forms of apparatus are given, and these are accompanied by no less than 939 wood en- gravings, all of which may be used for the purposes of construction. Every step in the manu- facture is very fully described in this manual, and each improvement explained." Athenceum. The Elowpipe. THE BLOWPIPE IN CHEMISTRY^ MINERALOGY, AND GEOLOGY. Containing all known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By Lieut.- Colonel W. A. Ross, R.A., F.G.S. With 120 Illustrations. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. "The student who goes through the course of experimentation here laid down will gain a better insight into inorganic chemistry and mineralogy than if he had ' got up ' any of the best text-books, and passed any number of examinations in their contents." Chemical Nevis, Commercial Chemical Analysis. THE COMMERCIAL HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL ANA- LYSIS; or, Practical Instructions for the determination of the Intrinsic or Commercial Value of Substances used in Manufactures, in Trades, and in the Arts. By A. NORMANDY. New Edition, by H.M. NoAD.F.R.S. Crown 8vo, i2s. 6d. cloth. "We strongly recommend this book to our readers as a guide, alike indispensable to the ousewife as to the pharmaceutical practitioner." Medical Times. Dye-Wares and Colours. THE MANUAL OF COLOURS AND DYE- WARES : Their Properties, Applications, Valuations, Impurities, and Sophistications. For the use of Dyers, Printers, Drysalters, Brokers, &c By J. W. SLATER. Second Edition, Revised and greatly Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. 11 A complete encyclopaedia of the materia tinctoria. The information given respecting each article Is full and precise, and the methods of determining their value are given with clearness, and are practical as well as valuable." Chemist and Druggist. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, CHEMISTRY, etc. 35 Modern Brewing and Malting. A HANDYBOOK FOR BREWERS: Being a Practical Guide to the Art of Brewing and Malting. Embracing the Conclusions of Modern Research which bear upon the Practice of Brewing. By HERBERT EDWARDS WRIGHT, M.A. Crown 8vo, 530 pp., izs. 6d. cloth. " May be consulted with advantage by the student who Is preparing himself for examinational tests, while the scientific brewer will find in it a resume of all the most important discoveries ol modern times. The work is written throughout in a clear and concise manner, and the author takes great care to discriminate between vague theories and well-established facts." Brewers' yournal. "We have great pleasure in recommending this handybook, and have no hesitation In saying that it is one of the best if not the best which has yet been written on the subject of beer-brewing in this country, and it should have a place on the shelves of every brewer's library." The Brevier's Guardian. " Although the requirements of the student are primarily considered, an acquaintance of hatf- an-hour's duration cannot fail to impress the practical brewer with the sense of having found a trustworthy guide and practical counsellor in brewery matters." Chemical Trade Journal. Analysis and Valuation of Fuels. FUELS: SOLID, LIQUID, AND GASEOUS, Their Analysis and Valuation. For the Use of Chemists and Engineers. By H. J. PHILLIPS, F.C.S., formerly Analytical and Consulting Chemist to the Great Eastern Railway. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 5$. cloth. " Ought to have its place in the laboratory of every metallurgical establishment, and wherever fuel Is used on a large scale." Chemical News. " Cannot fail to be of wide Interest, especially at the present time." Railway News. Pigments. THE ARTIST'S MANUAL OF PIGMENTS. Showing their Composition, Conditions of Permanency, Non-Permanency, and Adul- terations ; Effects in Combination with Each Other and with Vehicles ; and the most Reliable Tests of Purity Together with the Science and Art Department's Examination Questions on Painting. By H. C. STANDAGE. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, 2s. 6d. cloth. "This work is indeed multum-in-famo, and we can, with good conscience, recommend It to all who come in contact with pigments, whether as makers, dealers or users." Chemical Review, Gauging. Tables and Rules for Revenue Officers, Brewers, etc. A POCKET BOOK OF MENSURATION AND GAUGING : Containing Tables, Rules and Memoranda for Revenue Officers, Brewers, Spirit Merchants, &c. By J. B. MANT (Inland Revenue). Second Edition, Revised. i8mo, 45. leather. " This handy and useful book is adapted to the requirements of the Inland Revenue Depart- ment, and will be a favourite book of reference." Civilian. " Should be in the hands of every practical brewer." Brewers' yournal. INDUSTRIAL ARTS, TRADES, AND MANUFACTURES. Cotton Spinning. COTTON MANUFACTURE: A Manual of Practical Instruc- tion in the Processes of Opening, Carding, Combing, Drawing, Doubling and Spinning of Cotton, the Methods of Dyeing, &c. For the Use of Opera- tives, Overlookers and Manufacturers. By JOHN LISTER, Technical In- structor, Pendleton. 8vo, ?s. 6d. cloth. [Just published. " This invaluable volume is a distinct advance in the literature of cotton manufacture." Machinery. " It is thoroughly reliable, fulfilling nearly all the requirements desired." Glasgow Herald. Flour Manufacture, Milling, etc. FLOUR MANUFACTURE: A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice. By FRIEDRICH KICK, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the Second Enlarged and Revised Edition with Supplement. By H. H. P. POWLES, A.-M.Inst.C.E. Nearly 400 pp. Illus- trated with 28 Folding Plates, and 167 Woodcuts. Royal 8vo, 255. cloth. " This valuable work Is, and will remain, the standard authority on the science of milling. , . The miller who has read and digested this work will have laid the foundation, so to speak, of a sue cessful career ; he will have acquired a number of general principles which he can proceed to apply. In this handsome volume we at last have the accepted text-book of modern milling in good, sound English, which has little, if any, trace of the German idiom." The Miller. " The appearance of this celebrated work In English is very opportune, and British millers will, we are sure, not be slow In availing themselves of its pages." Millers' Gazette. 36 CROSBY LOCK WOOD & SON'S CATALOGUE. Agglutinants. CEMENTS, PASTES, GLUES AND GUMS: A Practical Guide to the Manufacture and Application of the various Agglutinants re- quired in the Building, Metal- Working, Wood-Working and Leather-Work- ing Trades, and for Workshop, Laboratory or Office Use. With upwards of 900 Recipes and Formulae. By H. C. STANDAGE, Chemist. Crown 8vo, zs. 6d. cloth. [Just published, " We have pleasure in speaking favourably of this volume. So far as we have had experience, which is not inconsiderable, this manual is trustworthy." Athentzwn. " As a revelation of what are considered trade secrets, this book will arouse an amount of curiosity among the large number of industries it touches." Daily Chronicle. ollect In this goodly collection of receipts it would be strange if a cement for any purpose cannot be found." Oil and Colourman's yournal. Soap-making. THE ART OF SOAP-MAKING: A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Hard and Soft Soaps, Toilet Soaps, etc. Including many New Processes, and a Chapter on the Recovery of Glycerine from Waste Leys. By ALEXANDER WATT. Fourth Edition, Enlarged. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. "The work will prove very useful, not merely to the technological student, but to the practical soap-boiler who wishes to understand the theory of his art." Chemical Ne-ws. "A thoroughly practical treatise on an art which has almost no literature in our language. We congratulate the author on the success of his endeavour to fill a void In English technical litera- ture." Nature. Paper Making. PRACTICAL PAPER-MAKING: A Manual for Paper-makers and Owners and Managers of Paper-Mills. With Tables, Calculations, &c. By G. CLAPPERTON, Paper-maker. With Illustrations of Fibres from Micro- Photographs. Crown 8vo, 55. cloth. [Just published. "The author caters for the requirements of responsible mill hands, apprentices, &c., whilst his manual will be found of great service to students of technology, as well as to veteran paper makers and mill owners. The illustrations form an excellent feature." Paper Trade Review. " We recommend everybody interested in the trade to get a copy of this thoroughly practical book." Paper Making. Paper Making. THE ART OF PAPER MAKING : A Practical Handbook of the Manufacture of Paper from Rags, Esparto, Straw, and other Fibrous Materials* Including the Manufacture of Pulp from Wood Fibre, with a Description of the Machinery and Appliances used. To which are added Details of Processes for Recovering Soda from Waste Liquors. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " The Art of Soap-Making" With Illusts. Crown 8vo, 75. 6d. cloth. " It may be regarded as the standard work on the subject. The book Is full of valuable in- formation. The ' Art of Paper- making,' is in evry respect a model of a text-book, either for a technical class or for the private student." Paper and Printing Trades yournal. Leather Manufacture. THE ART OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE. Being a Practical Handbook, in which the Operations of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing are fully Described, and the Principles of Tanning Ex- plained, and many Recent Processes Introduced ; as also the Methods for the Estimation of Tannin, and a Description of the Arts of Glue Boiling, Gut Dressing, &c. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Soap-Making," &c. Second Edition. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. 1 ' A sound, comprehensive treatise on tanning and Its accessories. It Is an eminently valuable production, which redounds to the credit of both author and publishers." Chemical Review. Boot and Shoe Making. THE ART OF BOOT AND SHOE-MAKING. A Practical Handbook, including Measurement, Last-Fitting, Cutting-Out, Closing, and Making, with a Description of the most approved Machinery employed. By JOHN B. LENO, late Editor of St. Crispin, and The Boot and Shoe-Maker. izmo, zs. cloth limp. " This excellent treatise Is by far the best work ever written. The chapter on clicking, which shows how waste may be prevented, will save fifty times the price of the book." Scottish Leather Trader. Wood Engraving. WOOD ENGRAVING; A Practical and Easy Introduction to the Studv of the Art. By WILLIAM NORMAN BROWN. Second Edition. With numerous Illustrations. i2mo, is. 6d. cloth limp. " The book Is clear and complete, and will be useful to anyone wanting to understand the first elements of the beautiful art of wood engraving." Graphic. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 37 Watch Adjusting. THE WATCH ADJUSTER'S MANUAL: A Practical Guide for the Watch and Chronometer Adjuster in Making, Springing, Timing and Adjusting for Isochronism, Positions and Temperatures. By C. E. FRITTS. 370 pages, with Illustrations, 8vo, i6s. cloth. {Just published. Horology. A TREATISE ON MODERN HOROLOGY, in Theory and Prac- tice. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, ex-Director of the School of Horology at Ma9on, by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Besancon Watch Manufacturer, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With 78 Woodcuts and 22 Coloured Copper Plates. Second Edition. Super- royal 8vo, 2 2s. cloth ; 2 IDS. half-calf. " There Is no horological work in the English language at all to be compared to this produc- tion of M. Saunier's for clearness and completeness. It is alike good as a guide for the student and as a reference for the experienced horologist and skilled workman." Horological Journal. "The latest, the most complete, and the most reliable of those literary productions to which continental watchmakers are indebted for the mechanical superiority over their English brethren In fact, the Book of Books, is M. Saunier's 'Treatise.'" Watchmaker, Jeweller and Silversmith. Watchmaking. THE WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. Intended as a Work- shop Companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and the Allied Mechani- cal Arts. Translated from the French of CLAUDIUS SAUNIER, and considera- ably enlarged by JULIEN TRIPPLIN, F.R.A.S., Vice-President of the Horological Institute, and EDWARD RIGG, M.A., Assayer in the Royal Mint. With numerous Woodcuts and 14 Copper Plates. Third Edition. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. 11 Each part is truly a treatise In Itself. The arrangement Is good and the language is clear and concise. It is an admirable guide for the young watchmaker." Engineering. " It is impossible to speak too highly of its excellence. It fulfils every requirement In a hand- book intended for the use of a workman. Should be found in every workshop." Watch and Clockmaker. " This book contains an immense number of practical details bearing on the daily occupation Of a watchmaker." Watchmaker and Metal-worker (Chicago). Watches and Timekeepers. A HISTORY OF WATCHES AND OTHER TIMEKEEPERS. fAMES F. KENDAL, M.B.H.Inst. is. 6d. boards ; or 2S. 6d. cloth gilt. Kendal's book, for its size, is the best which has yet appeared on this subject In the English language." Industries. " Open the book where you may, there is interesting matter in it concerning the ingenious devices of the ancient or modem horologer. The subject is treated in a liberal and entertaining spirit, as might be expected of a historian who is a master of the craft." Saturday Review. Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, etc. ELECTRO-DEPOSITION : A Practical Treatise on the Electrolysis of Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel, and other Metals and Al'oys. With descrip- tions of Voltaic Batteries, Magneto and Dynamo-Electric Machines, Ther- mopiles, and of the Materials and Processes used in every Department of the Art, and several Chapters on Electro-Metallurgy. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Electro-Metallurgy," &c. Third Edition,Revised. Crown 8vo, gs. cloth. "Eminently a book for the practical worker In electro-deposition. It contains practical descriptions of methods, processes and materials as actually pursued and used in the workshop." Engineer, Electro-Metallurgy. ELECTRO-MET A LL URG Y ; Practically Treated. By ALEXANDER WATT, Author of " Electro-Deposition," &c Tenth Edition, including the most recent Processes. 12010, 43. cloth boards. "From this book both amateur and artisan may learn everything necessary for thesuccessfu prosecution of electroplating." Iron. Working in Gold. THE JEWELLER'S ASSISTANT IN THE ART OF WORK- ING IN GOLD : A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen, Compiled from the Experience of Thirty Years' Workshop Practice. By GEORGE E. GEE, Author of "The Goldsmith's Handbook," &c. Cr. 8vo, 7$. 6d. cloth. ' This manual of technical education is apparently destined to be a valuable auxiliary to a By JA "Mr.Kt handicraft which is certainly capable of great improvement." The Times. " Very useful in the workshop, as the knowledge is practical, having been acquired by long experience, and all the recipes and directions are guaranteed to be successful." Jeweller ana 38 CROSBY LOCK WOOD - SON '5 CATALOGUE. Electroplating. ELECTROPLATING: A Practical Handbook on the Deposi. tlon ot Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Aluminium, Brass, Platinum, &c. &c. With Descriptions of the Chemicals, Materials, Batteries, and Dynamo Machines used in the Art. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E., Author of " Electric Light," &c. Third Edition, with Additions. Crown 8vo. 55. cloth. " An excellent practical manual." Engineering. " An excellent work, giving the newest information." Horological Journal. Electrotyping. ELECT ROT Y PING : The Reproduction and Multiplication of Print- ing Surfaces and Works of Art by the Electro-deposition of Metals. By J. W. URQUHART, C.E. Crown 8vo, 55. eloth. " The book is thoroughly practical. The reader Is, therefore, conducted through the leading lw of electricity, then through the metals used by electrotypers, the apparatus, and the depositing processes, up to the final preparation of the work." Art Journal. Goldsmiths' Work. THE GOLDSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Third Edition, considerably Enlarged, ismo, 35. 6d. cl. bds, "A good, sound educator, which will be accepted as an authority." Horological Journal. Silversmiths' Work. THE SILVERSMITH'S HANDBOOK. By GEORGE E. GEE, Jeweller, &c. Second Edition, Revised. i2mo, 35. 6d. cloth. " The chief merit of the work is its practical character. . . The workers In the trade will speedily discover its merits when they sit down to study it." English Mechanic. *** The above two works together, strongly half-bound, Price 75. Sheet Metal Working. THE SHEET METAL WORKER'S INSTRUCTOR: For Zinc, Sheet Iron, Copper, and Tin Plate Workers. Containing Rules far describing the Patterns required in the Different Branches of the Trade. By R. H. WARN, Tin Plate Worker. With Thirty-two Plates. 8vo, 75. 6d. cl. Bread and, Biscuit Baking. THE BREAD AND BISCUIT BAKER'S AND SUGAR- BOILER'S ASSISTANT. Including a large variety of Modern Recipes. By ROBERT WELLS, Practical Baker. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. 11 A large number of wrinkles for the ordinary cook, as well as the baker." Saturday Review, Confectionery for Hotels and Restaurants. THE PASTRYCOOK AND CONFECTIONER'S GUIDE. For Hotels, Restaurants and the Trade in general, adapted also for Family Use. By ROBERT WELLS. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. ' We cannot speak too highly of this really excellent work. In these days of keen competition out readers cannot do better than purchase this book." Bakers' Times. Ornamental Confectionery. ORNAMENTAL CONFECTIONERY: A Guide for Bakers, Confectioners and Pastrycooks ; including a variety of Modern Recipes, and Remarks on Decorative and Coloured Work. With 129 Original Designs. By ROBERT WELLS. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 55. " A valuable work, practical, and should be in the hands of every baker and confectioner. The Illustrative designs are alone worth treble the amount charged for the whole work." Bakers' Times. Flour Confectionery. THE MODERN FLOUR CONFECTIONER. Wholesale and Retail. Containing a large Collection of Recipes for Cheap Cakes, Biscuits, &c. With Remarks on the Ingredients used in their Manufacture. By R. WELLS. Crown 8vo, zs. cloth. The work is of a decidedly practical character, and In every recipe regard is had to economi- cal working." North British Daily Mail. Laundry Work. LA UN DRY MANAGEMENT. A Handbook for Use in Private and Public Laundries, Including Descriptive Accounts of Modern Machinery and Appliances for Laundry Work. By the EDITOR of "The Laundry Journal." Second Edition. Crown 8vo, zs. 6d. cloth. " This book should certainly occupy an honoured place on the shelves of all housekeepers who wish to keep themselves ait courant of the newest appliances and methods." The Queen. INDUSTRIAL AND USEFUL ARTS. 39 HANDYBOOKS FOR HANDICRAFTS. By PAUL N. HASLUCK, EDITOR OF "WORK "(NEW SERIES) ; AUTHOR OF " LATHEWORK," "MILLING MACHINES," &c. Crown 8vo, 144 pages, cloth, price is. each. i^f These HANDYBOOKS have been written to supply information for WORKMEN, STUDENTS, and AMATEURS in the several Handicrafts, on the actual PRACTICE of the WORKSHOP, and are intended to convey in plain language TECHNICAL KNOW- LEDGE of the several CRAFTS. In describing the processes employed, and themanipU' lation of material, workshop terms are used; workshop practice is fully explained; and the text is freely illustrated with drawings of modern tools, appliances, and processes. THE METAL TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Foot-Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations. Price is. " The book will be of service alike to the amateur and the artisan turner. It displays thorough knowledge of the subject." Scotsman. THE WOOD TURNER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual for Workers at the Lathe. With over 100 Illustrations. Price is. "We recommsnd the book to young turners and amateurs. A multitude of workmen have hitherto sought in rain for a manual of this special industry." Mechanical World, THE WATCH JOBBER'S HANDYBOOK. A Practical Manual on Cleaning, Repairing, and Adjusting. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. Price is. "We strongly advise all young persons connected with the watch trade to acquire and study this Inexpensive - general traders." British Trade yournal. New Wages Calculator. TABLES OF WAGES at 54, 52, 50 and 48 Hours per Week. Showing the Amounts of Wages from One-qiiarter-of-an-hour to Sixty-four hours in each case at Rates ot Wages advancing by One Shilling from 45. to 555. per week. By THOS. GARBUTT, Accountant. Square crown 8vo, 6s. half-bound. \Just published. ilron and Metal Trades 9 Calculator. THE IRON AND METAL TRADES' COMPANION. For expeditiously ascertaining the Value of any Goods bought or sold by Weight, from is. per cwt. to ii2s. per cwt., and from one farthing per pound to one shilling per pound. By THOMAS DOWNIE. 396 pp., gs. leather. " A most useful set of tables ; nothing like them before existed." Building News. " Although specially adapted to the iron and metal trades, the tables will be found useful in -ivery other business In which merchandise is bought and sold by weight." Rail-way Nmt. 42 CROSBY LOCK WOOD &> SON'S CATALOGUE. "DIRECT CALCULATOR S," By M. B. COTSWORTH, of Holgate, York. QUICKEST AND MOST ACCURATE MEANS OF CALCULATION KNOWN. ENSURE ACCURACY and SPEED WITH EASE, SAVE TIME and MONEY. Accounts may be charged out or checked by these means in about one third he time required by ordinary methods of calculation. These unrivalled " Calculators " have very clear and original contrivances- for instantly finding the exact answer, by its fixed position, without even sighting the top or side of the page. They are varied in arrange- ment to suit the special need of each particular trade. All the leading firms now use Calculators, even where they employ experts. N.B. Indicator letters in brackets should be quoted. "RAILWAY &* TRADERS' CALCULATOR " (R. & T.) ios. 6d. Including Scale of Charges for Small Parcels by Merchandise Trains. " Direct Calculator" the only Calculator published giving exact charge for Cwts., Qrs. and Lbs., together. " Calculating Tables " for every id. rate to iocs, per ton. " Wages Calculator." " Percentage Rates." " Grain, Flour, Ale, &c., Weight Calculators." " DIRECT CALCULATOR (I R) " including all the above except "Calculating Tables." 75. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (A)" by %d., is. each opening, exact pence to 405. per ton. 55. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (B) " by id., 45. each opening, exact pence to 405. per ton. 45. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (C) " by id. (with Cwts. and Qrs. to- nearest farthing), to 405. per ton. 45. 6d. " DIRECT CALCULATOR (Ds) " by id. gradations. (Single Tons- to 50 Tons, then by fifties to 1,000 Tons, with Cwts. values below in exact pence payable, fractions of \A. and upwards being counted as id. 6s. Gd. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (D) " has from 1,000 to 10,000 Tons in addition to the (Ds) Calculator. 75. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (Es) " by id. gradations. (As (D) to 1,000 Tons, with Cwts. and Qrs. values shown separately to the nearest farthing). 55. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (E) " has from 1,000 to 10,000 Tons in addition to the (Es) Calculator. 6s. 6d. "DIRECT CALCULATOR (F) " by id., 2s. each opening, exact, pence to 405. per ton. 45. 6d. 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Originally Written by WILLIAM YOUATT. Thirteenth Edition, entirely Re-written, considerably Enlarged, and brought up to the Present Requirements of Agricultural Practice, by WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D., Steven Lecturer in the University of Edinburgh, Author of "The Elements of Agriculture," &o. Royal 8vo, 1,100 pp., with over 450 Illustrations. i us. 6d. strongly and handsomely bound. EXTRACT FROM PUBLISHERS' ADVERTISEMENT. " A treatise that made its original appearance in the first decade of the century, and that enters upon its Thirteenth Edition before the century has run its course, has undoubtedly established its position as a work of permanent value. . . The phenomenal progress of the last dozen years in the Practice and Science of Fanning has rendered it necessary, however, that the volume should be re-written,. . . . and for this undertaking the publishers were fortunate enough to secure the services of Dr. FREAM, whose high attainments in all matters pertaining to agriculture have been so emphatically recognised by the highest professional and official authorities. In carrying out his editorial duties, Dr. FREAM has been favoured with valuable contributions by Prof. J. WORTLEY AXE, Mr. E. BROWN, Dr. BERNARD DYER, Mr. w. J. MALDEN, Mr. R. H. REW, Prof. SHELDON, Mr. T. SINCLAIR, Mr. SANDERS SPENCER, and others. " As regards the illustrations of the work, no pains have been spared to make them as repre- sentative and characteristic as possible, so as to be practically useful to the Farmer and Grazier." SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. BOOK I. ON THE VARIETIES, BREED- ING, REARING, FATTENING, AND MANAGEMENT OF CATTLE. BOOK II. ON THE ECONOMY AND MAN- AGEMENT OF THE DAIRY. BOOK III. ON THE BREEDING, REAR- BOOK VII. ON THE BREEDING, REAR- ING, AND MANAGEMENT OF POULTRY, BOOK VIII. ON FARM OFFICES AND IMPLEMENTS OF HUSBANDRY. BOOK IX. ON THE CULTURE AND MAN- AGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS. ING, AND MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. BOOK X. ON THE CULTIVATION AND BOOK IV. ON THE BREEDING, REAR- APPLICATION OF GRASSES, PULSE, ING, AND FATTENING OF SHEEP. AND ROOTS. BOOK V. ON THE BREEDING, REARING, i BOOK XI. ON MANURES AND THEIR AND FATTENING OF SWINE. APPLICATION TOGRASS LAND&CROPS BOOK VI. ON THE DISEASES OF LIVE BOOK XII. MONTHLY CALENDARS OF STOCK. FARMWORK. *** OPINIONS OF THE PRESS ON THE NEW EDITION. ' Dr. Fream is to be congratulated on the successful attempt he has made to give us a work which will at once become the standard classic of the farm practice of the country. We believe that it will be found that it has no C9mpeer among the many works at present in existence. . . . The illustrations are admirable, while the frontispiece, which represents the well-known bull, New Year's Gift, bred by the Queen, is a work of art." The Times. " The book must be recognised as occupying the proud position of the most exhaustive work freference in the English language on the subject with which it deals." Athenceum. " The most comprehensive guide to modern farm practice that exists in the English language to-day. . . . The book is one that ought to be on every farm and in the library of every land-, owner." Mark Lane Express. " In point of exhaustiveness and accuracy the work will certainly hold a pre-eminent and unique position among books dealing with scientific agricultural practice. It is, in fact, an agri- cultural library of itself."- North British Agriculturist. " A compendium of authoritative and well-ordered knowledge on every conceivable branch of the work of the live stock farmer : probably without an equal in this or any other country." Yorkshire Post. British Farm Live Stock. FARM LIVE STOCK OF GREAT BRITAIN. By ROBERT WALLACE, F.L.S., F.R.S.E., &c., Professor of Agriculture and Rural Eco- nomy in the University of Edinburgh. Third Edition, thoroughly Revised and considerably Enlarged. With over 120 Phototypes of Prize Stock. Demy 8vo, 384 pp., with 79 Plates and Maps, I2S. 6d. cloth. " A really complete work on the history, breeds, and management of the farm stock of Great Britain, and one which is likely to find its way to the shelves of every country gentleman's library." The Times. ' The latest edition of ' Farm Live Stock of Great Britain ' is a production to be proud of, and Its Issue not the least of the services which its author has rendered to agricultural science." Scottish Farmer, " The book is very attractive . . . and we can scarcely imagine the existence of a fanner who would not like to have a copy of this beautiful work." Mark Lane Express. 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